A dictionary of English etymology

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A dictionary of Englisii etymology^

olin.anx

3 1924 031 471 711

A DICTIONARY

OF

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY

BY

HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD,

LATE FELLOW OF CHE. COLL. CAM.

THOROUGHLY REVISED AND ENLARGED ;
WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGK,

LONDON :
TRUBNER & CO., 8 & 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1872.

[All Sights reserved.']

INTRODUCTION.

ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE.

It requires only a superficial acquaintance with the principal languages of
Europe to recognise their division into four or five main classes, each comprising
a number of subordinate dialects, which have so much in common in their stock
of words and in their grammatical structure, as irresistibly to impress us with the
conviction that the peoples by whom they are spoken, are the progeny, with
more or less mixture of foreign elements, of a common ancestry. If we compare
German and Dutch, for instance, or Danish and Swedish, it is impossible in either
case to doubt that the people speaking the pair of languages are a cognate racej
that there was a time more or less remote when the ancestors of the Swabians
and the Hollanders, or of the Danes and Swedes, were comprised among a people
speaking a common language. The relation between Danish and Swedish is of
the closest kind, that between Dutch and German a more distant one, and we
cannot fail to recognise a similar relationship, though of more remote an origin,
between the Scandinavian dialects, on the one hand, and the Teutonic, on the
other, — the two together forming what is called the Germanic class of Languages.

A like gradation of resemblance is found in the other classes. The Welsh,
Cornish, and Breton, like the Danish and Swedish, have the appearance of descent
from a common parentage at no very distant period, and the same is true of
Gaelic and Manx. On the other hand, there is a greater diiFerence between
Gaelic and Welsh than there is between any of the branches of the Germanic
class; while, at the same time, there are peculiarities of grammatical structure
common to both, and so much identity traceable in the roots of the language, as
to leave no hesitation in classing them as branches of a common Celtic stock. And
so in the Slavonic class, Polish and Czech or Bohemian, as Russian and Servian,
are sister languages, while the difierence between Russian and Polish is so great
as to argue a much longer separation of the national life.

vi THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.

In the case of the Romance languages we know historically tliat the countries
where Italian, Proven5al, French, Spanish, &c., are spoken, were thoroughly col-
onised by the Romans, and were for centuries under subjection to the empire.
We accordingly regard the foregoing class of languages as descended from Latin,
the language of the Imperial Government, and we account for their divergences,
not so much from the comparative length of their separate duration, as from
mixture with the speech of the subject nations who formed the body of the
people in the different provinces.

With Latin and the other Italic languages, Umbrian and Oscan, of which
slight remains have coime down to us, must be reckoned Greek and Albanian,
as members of a family ranking with the Germanic, the Celtic, and Slavonic
stocks, although there has not been occasion to designate the group by a collect-
ive name. When we extend our survey to Sanscrit and Zend, the ancient
languages of India and Persia, we find the same evidences of relationship in the
fundamental part of the words, as well as the grammatical structure of the
language, which led us to regard the great families of European speech as de-
scendants of a common stock.

Throughout the whole of tliis vast circle the names of the numerals unmis ■
takeably graduate into each other; however startling the dissimilarity may be in
particular cases, where the name of a number in one language is compared with
the cori-espoiiding form in another, as when we compare five and quinque, four
and tessera, seven and hepta. The names of the simjplest blood relations, s.s father,
mother, brother, sister, are equally universal. Many of the pronouns, the prepo-
sitions and particles of abstract signification, as well as words designating the
most familiar objects and actions of ordinary life, are part of the common
property.

Thus step by step has been attained the conviction that the principal races of
Europe and of India are all descended from a single people, who had already
attained a considerable degree of clvihsation, and spoke a language of grammatical
structure similar to that of their descendants. From this primeval tribe it is
supposed that colonies branched off in different directions, and becoming isolated
in their new settlements, grtew up into separate peoples, speaking dialects assum-
ing more and more distinctly their own peculiar features, until they gradually
developed in the form of Zend and Sanscrit and the different classes of European
speech.

The light which is thus thrown on the pedigree and relationship of races be-
yond the reach of history is however only an incidental result of linguistic study.
For language, the machinery and vehicle of thought, and indispensable con-
dition of all mental progress, holds out to the rational inquirer a subject of as
high an intrinsic interest as that which Geology finds in the structure of the
Globe, or Astronomy in the movements of the heavenly bodies.

Etymology embraces every question concerning the structure of words. It
resolves them into their constituent elements, traces their growth and relation-
ships, examines the changes they undergo in their use by successive generations of

LIMIT OF ANALYSIS. vii

men, or in the mixture of speech brought about by the vicissitudes of war or of
peaceful intercourse, and seeks in every way to elucidate the course by which the
words of a language have come to signify the meaning which they suggest to a
native ear.

The first step that must be taken in the analysis of a word, is to distinguish the
part which contains the fiindamental significance, from the grammatical ele-
ments used to modify that significance in a regular way, such as the inflections of
verbs and of nouns, the terminations which give an abstract or an adjectival or
diminutival sense to the word, or any similar contrivances in habitual use in the
language. It will be convenient to lay aside for separate consideration these
grammatical adjuncts, and to confine our attention, in the first place, to the radical
portion of the word. If we take the word Enmity, for example, we recognise
the termination ty as the sign of an abstract noun, and we understand the word
as signifying the state or condition of an enemy, which is felt as the immediate
parent of the English word. Now we know that enemy comes to us through the
French ennemi from Latin inimicus, which may itself be regularly resolved into
the prefix in (equivalent to our un), implying negation or opposition, and amicus,
a friend. In amicus, again, we distinguish the syllable -us as the sign of a noun in
the nominative case ; -ic- as an element equivalent to the German -ig or English -y
in windy, hairy, &c., as an adjective termination indicating poissession or connec-
tion with ; and finally the radical element am, signifying love, which is presented
in the simplest form in the verb amo, I love.

Here our power of analysis is brought to a close, nor would it advance our
knowledge of the structure of language by a single step, if it could be shown that
the syllable am was a Sanscrit root as well as a Latin one. It would merely be
one more proof of a primitive connection between the Latin and the Indian
races, but the same problem would remain in either case, how the syllable am
could be connected with the thought of love. Thus sooner or -later the Etymol-
ogist is brought to the question of the origin of Language. The scientific ac-
count of any particular word will only be complete when it is understood how
the root to which the word has been traced could have acquired its proper signi-
ficance among the founders of Language. The speech of man in his mother
tongue is not, among children of the present day, a spontaneous growth of nature.
The expression itself of mother-tongue shows the immediate source from whence
the language of each of us is derived. The child learns to speak from the inter-
course of those in whose care he is placed. If an English infant were removed
from its parents and committed to the charge of a Greek or a Turkish home, he
would be troubled by no instinctive smatterings of English, but would grow up in
the same command of Greek or of Turkish as his foster brothers.

Thus language, like writing, is an art handed down from one generation to
another, and when we would trace upwards to its origin the pedigree of this grand
distinction between man and the brute creation, we must either suppose that the
line of tradition has been absolutely endless, that there never was a period at
which the family of man was not to be found on earth, speaking a language be-

viii FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE.

queathed to him by his ancestors, or we must at last arrive at a generation which
was not taught their language by their parents. The question then arises, how
did the generation, in which language was originally developed, attain so valuable
an art ? Must we suppose that our first parents were supernaturaUy endowed
with the power of speaking and understanding a definite language, which was
transmitted in natural course to their descendants, and was variously modified in
different lines of descent through countless ages, during which the race of man
spread over the earth in separate families of people, until languages were pro-
duced between which, as at present, no cognisable relation can be traced ?

Or is it possible, among the principles recognised as having contributed ele-
ments more or less abundant in every known language, to indicate a sufficient
cause for the entire origination of language in a generation of men who had not
yet acquired the command of that great instrument of thought, though, in
every natural capacity the same as ourselves ?

When the question is brought to this definite stage, the same step will be
gained in the science of Ismguage which was made in geology, when it was re-
cognised that the phenomena of the science must be explained by the action of
powers, such as are known to be active at the present day in working changes on
the structure of the earth. The investigator of speech must accept as his start-
ing-ground the existence of man as yet without knowledge of language, but en-
dowed with intellectual powers and command of his bodily frame, such as we
ourselves are conscious of possessing, in the same way that the geologist takes his
stand on the fact of a globe composed of lands and seas subjected, as at the pre-
sent day, to the influence of rains and tides, tempests, fi-osts, earthquakes, and sub-
terranean fires.

A preliminary objection to the supposition of any natural origin of language
has been raised by the modern German school of philosophers, whose theory
leads them to deny the possibility of man having ever existed in a state of mutism.
' Man is only man by speech,' says W. v. Humboldt, ' but in order to discover
speech he must already be man.' And Professor Max Miiller, who cites the
epigram, adopts the opinion it expresses. ' Philosophers,' he says (Lectures on
the Science of Language, p. 347), 'who imagine that the first man, though left
to himself, would gradually have emerged from a state of mutism, and have in-
vented words for every new conception that arose in his mind, forget that man
could not by his own power have acquired the faculty of speech, which is the
distinctive character of mankind, unattained and unattainable by the mute crea-
tion.' The supposed difficulty is altogether a fallacy arising from a confusion
between the faculty of speech and the actual knowledge of language.

The possession of the faculty of speech means only that man is rendered ca-
pable of speech by the original constitution of his mind and physical frame, as a
bird of flying by the possession of wings j but inasmuch as man does not learn to
speak, as a bird to fly, by the instinctive exercise of the proper organ, it. becomes
a legitimate object of inquiry how the skilled use of the. tongue was orio-inally
acquired.

DOCTRINE OF MAX MULLER. ix

It is surprising that any one should have stuck at the German paradox, in the
face of the patent fact that we all are born in a state of mutism, and gradually
acquire the use of language from intercourse with those around us, while those
who are cut off by congenital deafness from all opportunity of hearing the speech
of others, remain permanently dumb, unless they have the good fortune to meet
with instructors, by whom they may be taught not only to express their thoughts
by manual signs, but also to speak intelligibly notwithstanding the disadvantage
of not hearing their own voice.

Since then it is matter of fact that individuals are found by no means wantmg
in intelligence who only attain the use of speech in mature life, and others who
never attain it at all, it is plain that there can be no metaphysical objection to the
supposition that the family of man was in existence at a period when the use of
language was wholly unknown. How man in so imperfect a state could manage
to support himself, and maintain his ground against the wild beasts, is a question
which need not concern us.

The high reputation of Professor Max Miiller as a linguist, and the great
popularity of his Lectures on Language, have given to the doctrine which
he there expounds, an importance not deserved either by the clearness of
the doctrine itself, or by any light which it throws on the fundamental problems
of Language. He asserts (p. 369) that the 400 or 500 roots to which the
languages of different famihes may be reduced, are neither inteijections nor
imitations, but 'phonetic types produced by a power inherent in human
nature. Man in his primitive and perfect state had instincts of which no traces
remain at the present day, the instinct being lost when the purpose for which it
was required was fulfilled, as the senses become weaker when, as in the case of
scent, they become useless.' By such an instinct the primitive Man was en-
dowed with the faculty of giving articulate expression to the rational conceptions
of his mind. He was * irresistibly impelled to accompany every conception of
his mind by an exertion of the voice, articulately modulated in correspondence
with the thought v?^hich called it forth, in a manner analogous to that in which a
body, struck by a hammer, answers with a different ring according as it is com-
posed of metal, stone, or wood.f <

At the same time it must be supposed that the instinct which gave rise to the
expression of thought by articulate sound, would enable those who heard such
sounds to understand what was passing in the mind of the person who uttered
them. At the beginning the number of these phonetic types must have been
almost infinite, and it would only be by a process of natural elimination that
clusters of roots, more or less synonymous, would gradually be reduced to one
definite type (p. 371). Thus a stock of significant sounds would be produced
from whence all the languages on earth were developed, and when ' the creative
faculty, which gave to each conception as it thrilled the first time through the

* It was an instinct, an instinct of the mind as in-esistible as any other instinct. — p. 370.
+ The faculty peculiar to man in his primitive state by which every impression from without
received its vocal expression from within must be accepted as a fact. — p. 370, n.

X NO FOUNDATION IN EX;PERIENCE.

brain a phonetic expression,' had its object ftilfilled in the establishment of lan-
guage, the instinct faded away, leaving the infants of subsequent generations to learn
their language of their parents, and those who should be born deaf to do as well
as they could without any oral means of communicating their thoughts or
desires.

By other writers of the same philosophical school the instinct is retained in
permanence, in order to account for the vitality of words during the vast period
of time, from the first branching off of the pristine Arian stock into different
families, down to the present day. It is practically such an instinct which
Curtius demands as the basis of any theory of language, in the very valuable in-
troduction to his Grunziige der Griech. Etym., p. 91.

In all the languages of the Indo-European family, he says ' from the Ganges to
the Atlantic the same cotnbination sta designates the phenomenon of standing,
while the conception of flowing is as widely associated with the utterance plu
or slightly modified forms. This cannot be accidental. The same conception
can only have been united with the same vocal utterance for so many thousand
years, because in the consciousness (geflihl) of the people there was an inward
bond between the two, that is, because there was for them a persistent tendency
to express that conception by precisely those sounds. The Philosophy of Speech
niust lay down the postulate of a physiologic potency of sounds (einer physiolo-
gischen geltung der laute), and it can no otherwise elucidate the origin of words,
than by the assumption of a relation of their sounds to the impression which the
things signified by them produce on the soul of the speaker. The signification
thus dwells like a soul in the vocal utterance : the conception, says W. v. Hum-
boldt, is as little able to cast itself loose from the word as man can divest himself
of his personal aspect.'

It is a fatal objection to speculations like the foregoing that they appeal to
principles of which we have no distinct experience. If it were true that there is
in the constitution of man a physiologic connection between the sounds sta and
plu and the notion of standing and flowing respectively, it^must be felt by all
mankind alike, and it should have led to the universal use of those roots for the
expression of the same ideas in other languages as well as those of the Indo-
-European stock. But in my own case I have no consciousness of any such con-
nection. I do not find that the sound sta of itself calls up any idea in my mind,
and to an unlearned English ear it is as closely connected with the ideas of
stabbing, of stamping, and of starting, as it is with that of standing. We know
that our children do not speak instinctively at the present day, and to say that
speech came in that way to primitive Man is simply to avow our inability to
give a rational account of its acquisition. A rational theory of language should
indicate a process supported at every step by the evidence of actual experience,
by which a being, in every other respect like ourselves, might have been led fi-om
a state of mutism to the use of Speech. Nor are the elements of a rational answer
to the problem far to seek, if we are content to look for small beginnings, and do
not regard the invention of language as the work of some mute genius of the

GESTURE NATURAL TO MAN. xi

ancient -vVorM, forecasting the benefits of oral communication and elaborating of
himself a system of vocal signs.

' If in the present state of the wdrld,' says Charma, ' some philosopher were to
wonder how man ever began these houses, palaces, and vessels which we see
around us, we should answer that these were not the things that man began with.
The savage who first tied ihe branches of shrubs to niake himself a shelter was
not an architect, and he who first floated on the trunlc of a tree was not the
creator of navigation.' A like allowance must be made for the rudeness of the
first steps in the process when we are required to explain the origin of the com-
plicated languages of civilised life.

If language was the work of human intfelligence we may be sure that it was
accomplished by exceedingly slow degrees, and when the true mode of procedure
is finally pointed out, we must not be surprised if we meet with the same appa-
rent disproportion between the grandeur of the structure and the homeliness of
the mechanism by which it was reared, which was foUnd so great a stumbling-
block in geology when the modern doctrines of that science began to prevail.

The first step is the great difficulty in the problem. If once we can imagine
a man like ourselves, only altogether ignorant of language, placed in circum-
stances under which he- will be instinctively led to make use of his voice, for the
purpose of leading others to think of something beyond the reach of actual
apprehension, we shall have an adequate explanation of the first act of speech.

Now if man in his pristine condition had the same instincts with ourselves he
would doubtless, before he attained the command of language, have Expressed
his needs by means of gestures or signs addressed to the eye, as a traveller at the
present day, thrown among people whose language was altogether strange to him,
would signify his hunger by pointing to his mouth and making seihblance of eat-
ing. Nor is there, in all probability, a tribe of savages so stupid as not to under-
stand gestures of such a nature. ' Tell me,' says Socrates in the Cratylus, ' if
we had neither tongue nor voice and wished to call attention to something,
should we not imitate it as well as we could with gestures ? Thus if we wanted
to describe anything either lofty or light, we should indicate it by raising the
hands to heaven ; iif we wished to describe a horse or other animal, we should
represent it by as near an approach as we could make to an imitation in our own
person.'

The instinctive tendency to make use of significant gestures was cleai-ly shown
in the case of Laura Bridgman, who being born blind and deaf aflforded a singu-
lar opportunity for studying the spontaneous promptings of Nature. Now after
Laura bad learned to speak on her fingers she would accompany this artificial
mode of communitlating her thoughts with the imitative or symbolical gestures
which were taught her by Nature. ' When Laura once spoke to me of her own
crying when a little child,' says Lieber (Smithsonian contributions to Knowledge,
vol. 2), 'she accompanied her words with a long face, drawing her fingers down
the face, indicating the copious flow of tears.' She would also accompany her
yes and no with the ordinary nod and shake of the head which are the natural

^" MAN NATuKALLY VOCAL.

expression of acceptance and aversion,* and which in her case were certainly not
learned from observation of others.

To suppose then that primitive Man would spontaneously make use of gestures
to signify whatever it was urgently needful for him to make known to others, is
merely to give him credit for the same instinctive tendencies of which we are
conscious in ourselves. But strong emotion naturally exhales itself in vocal
utterance as well as in muscular action. Man shouts as he jumps for joy. And
this tendency is felt equally by the deaf and dumb, whose utterances are com-
monly harsh and disagreeable in consequence of not hearing their own voice. It
was accordingly necessary to check poor Laura when inclined to indulge in this
mode of giving vent to her feelings. She pleaded that ' God had given her much
voice,' and would occasionally retire to enjoy the gift in her own way in private.
Man then is a vocal animal, and when an occasion arose on which the sign-
making instinct was called forth by the necessities of the case, he would as readily
be led to imitate sound by the voice as shape and action by bodily gestures.
When it happened in the infancy of communication, that some sound formed
a prominent feature of the matter which it was important to make known, the
same instinct which prompted the use of significant gestures, where the matter
admitted of being so represented, would give rise to the use of the voice in imi-
tation of the sound by which the subject of communication was now characterised.

A person terrified by a bull would find it convenient to make known the
object of his alarm by imitating at once the movements of the animal with his head,
and the bellowing with his voice. A cock would be represented by an attempt
at the sound of crowing, while the arms were beat against the sides in imitation
of the flapping of the bird's wings. It is by signs like these that Hood describes
his raw Englishman as making known his wants in France.

Moo ! I cried for milk —

If I wanted bread

My jaws I set agoing,

And asked for new-laid eggs

By clapping hands and crowing.

Hood's Own.

There would be neither sense nor fun in the caricature if it had not a basis of
truth in human nature, cognisable by the large and unspeculative class for whom
the author wrote. .

A jest must be addressed to the most superficial capacities of apprehension, and
therefore may often aflFord better evidence of a fact of consciousness than a train
of abstruse reasoning. It is on that account that so apt an illustration of the
only comprehensible origin of language has been found in the old story of the
Englishman at a Chinese banquet, who being curious as to the composition of a
dish he was eating, turned round to his native servant with an interrogative
Quack, quack ? The servant answered. Bowwow ! intimating as clearly as if he

* Me tumetli thet neb blithelich touward to thinge thet me lovelh, and frommard to thinge
thet me hateth. — Ancren Riwle, 254.

NURSERY IMITATIONS. xiii

spoke in English that it was dog and not duck that his master was eating. The
communication that passed between them was essentially languagej comprehen-
sible to every one who was acquainted with the animals in question, language
therefore which might have been used by the first family of man as well as by
persons of different tongues at the present day.

The imitations of sound made by primitive Man, in aid of his endeavours to
signify his needs by bodily gestures, would be very similar to those which are
heard in our nurseries at the present day, when we represent to our children
the lowing of the cow, the baaing of the sheep, or the crowing of the
cock. The peculiar character of the imitation is given at first by the tone of
voice and more or less abrupt mode of utterance, without the aid of distinct con-
sonantal articulation, and in such a manner we have no difficulty in making imita-
tions that are easily recognised by any child acquainted with the cry of the animal.
The lowing of the cow is imitated by the prolonged utterance of the vowel sound
oo-ooh ! or, with an initial m or I, which are naturally produced by the opening
lips, mooh! or J)ooh! In the same way the cry of the sheep is sounded in our nur-
series by a broken baa-aa-ah ! in Scotland liae ! or mae ! By degrees the imitative
colouring is dropped, and the syllables moo or baa pronounced in an ordinary
tone of voice are understood by the child as signifying the cry of the cow or the
sheep, and, thus being associated with the animals in question in the mind of the
child, might be employed to lead his thoughts to the animal itself instead of the
cry which it utters, or, in other words, might be used as the name of the animal.
It so happens that the English nurse adds the names cow and lamb, by which
she herself knows the animals, to the syllables which are significant to the child,
who thus learns to designate the animals as moo-cow and baa-lamb, but nothing
of this kind could take place at the commencement of language, when neither
party was as yet in possession of a name for the object to be designated, and in
some cases the same syllables by which the nurse imitates the cry are used with-
out addition as the name of the animal itself. The bark of a dog is represented
in our nurseries by the syllables bow-wow, and the child is first taught to know
the dog as a bowwow. The syllables moo (mu, muK) and mae (rfie, rnah) in the
South of Germany represent the voice of the cow and the sheep or goat, and with
Swabian children muh and mdh are the names of the cow and sheep or goat
(Schmid). In parts of England the imitative moo is lengthened out into mully,
in the sense of lowing or suppressed bellowing; and mully or mully cow is the
children's name of the cow. The Northamptonshire dairymaid calls her cows to
. milking, come Moolls, come Moolls ! (Mrs Baker). On the same principle among
Swabian children the name of Molle, Molli, or Mollein, is given to a cow or calf.

It is true that the names we have cited are appropriated to the use of children,
but it makes no difference in the essential nature of the contrivance, by whom the
sign is to be understood; and where we are seeking, in language of the present
day, for analogies with the first instinctive endeavours to induce thought in others
by the exercise of the voice, the more undeveloped the understanding of the per-
son to whom the communication is addressed, the closer we shall approach to the

xiy ACTUAL FORMATION OF A WORD.

conditions under which language must have sprang up in the infancy of Man.
Where then can the principle which first gave it significance be sought for with
so much reason, as in the forms of speech adapted to the da^vning intellect of our
own children, and in the process by which it is made comprehensible to them ?
Dr Lieber, in his paper on the vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman above cited, gives
an instructive account of the birth of a word under his own eyes.

' A member of my own family,' he says, ' showed in early infancy a pecu-
liar tendency to form new words, partly from sounds which the child caught,
as to woh for to sfop, from the interjection woh! used by wagoners when
they wish to stop their horses ; partly from symphenomenal emission of sounds.
Thus when the boy was a little above a year old he had made and established in
the nursery the word niw, for everything fit to eat. I had watched the growth
of this word. First, he expressed his satisfaction at seeing his meal, when hungry,
by the natural humming sound, which all of us are apt to produce when approving
or pleased with things of a comnion character, and which we might express thus,
hm. Gradually, as his organs of speech became more skilful and repetition made
the sound more familiar and clearer, it changed to the more articulate wn and
im. Finally an n was placed before it, nim being much easier to pronounce than
im when the mouth has been clpsed. But soon the growing mind began to
generalise, and nim came to signify everything edible; so that the boy would
add the words good or bad which he learned in the mean time. He would now
say good, nim, had nim, his nurse adopting the word with him. On one occasion
he said^e nim, for bad, repulsive to eat. There is no doubt that a verb to nim
for to eat would have developed itself, had not the ripening mind adopted the
vernacular language which was offered to it ready made. We have, then, here
the origin and history of a word which commenced in a symphenomenal sound,
and gradually became articulate in sound and general in its meaning, as the organs
of speech, as well as the mind of the utterer, became more perfect. And is not
the history of this word a representation of many thousands in every language
now settled and acknowledged as a legitimate tongue ? '

'■ Dr Lieber does not seem to have been aware how fi-equent a phenomenon it
is which he describes, nor how numerous the forms in actual speech connected
with the notion of eating which may be traced to this particular imitation. A
near relation of my own in early childhood habitually used mum or mummum for
food or eating, analogous to Magyar mammogni, Gr. fiafifi&v (Hesych.), in chil-
dren's language, to eat. Heinicke, an eminent teacher of the deaf-and-dumb
cited by Tylor (Early Hist., p. 72), says: 'All mutes discover words for them-
selves for different things. Among over fifty whom I have partially instracted
or been acquainted with, there was not one who had not uttered at least a few
spoken names which he had discovered for himself, and some were very clear and
distinct. I had under my instruction a born deaf-mute, nineteen years old, who
had previously invented many writeable words for things. For instance, he called
to eat, mumm, to drink, schipp, &c.' In ordinary speech we have the verb to
mump, to move the lips with the mouth closed, to work over with the mouth,

ONOMATOPCEIA. xv

as to mump food (Webster) ; to mumliley to chew with toothless gums j Swedish
mummsa, to mump, mumble, chew with difficulty (Oehrlauder) ; Bavarian mem-
meln, memmexen, mumpfen, mumpfeln, to move the lips in continued chewing;
mampfen, to eat with a full mouth j on. mujnpa, to fill the mouth, to eat
greedily (Haldorsen). With a different development of the initial sound we have
Galla djam djeda, djamdjamgoda (to say djam, make djamdjam), to smack in eat-
ing ; South Jutland hiamsk, voracious, greedy ; at hiamske i sig, to eat in a greedy
swinish manner (Molbech) ; Swedish dialect gamsa, jamsa (yamsa), jammla,
jumla, to chew laboriously, to mumble^ leading to the Yorkshire yam, to eat;
yamming, eating, or more particularly the audibility of the rnasticating process
(Whitby GL). To yam is a slang term for eating among sailors. In the Negro
Dutch of Surinam nyam is to eat ; nyam nyam, food (Tylor, Primitive Culture, i.
1 86). The Chinese child uses nam for eat, agreeing with Ein. nama (in chil-
dren's language), Sw. namnam, Wolof nahenahe, delicacies, tidbits ; Zooloo nam-
lita, to smack the lips after eating or tasting, and thence to be tasteful, to be plea-
sant to the mind ; Soosoo (W. Africa) nimnim, to taste ; Vei (W. Africa) nimi,
palatable, savory, sweet (Koelle). And as picking forbidden food would afford
the earliest and most natural type of appropriating or stealing, it is probable that
we have here the origin of the slang word nim, to take or steal (indicated in the
name of Corporal Nym), as well as the Sw. dial, nvrnma, Gothic niman, to take.
Nimm'd up, taken up hastily on the sly, stolen, snatched (Whitby Gl.). ' Mother-
well, the Scotch poet,' says the author of Modern Slang, ' thought the old word
nim (to snatch or pick up) was derived from nam, nam, the tiny words or cries
of an infant when eating anything which pleases its little palate. A negro pro-
verb has the word : Buckra man nam crab, crab nam buckra man. Or, in the
buckra man's language : White man eat [or steal] the crab, and the crab eats
the white man.' — p. i8o.

The traces of imitation as a living principle giving significance to words have
been recognised from the earliest period, and as it was the only prinr'plc on
which the possibility of coining words came home to the comprehension of every
one, it was called Onomatopoeia, or word-making, while the remaining stock of
language was vaguely regarded as having come by inheritance fi-om the first
establishers of speech. ' 'Oyo/mTOTrotla quidem,' says Quintilian, ' id est, fictio no-
,minis, Graecis inter maximas habita virtutes, nobis vix permittitur. Et sunt plurima
ita posita ab iis qui sermonem primi fecerunt, aptantes adfectibus vocem. Nam
mugitus et sibilus et murmur inde venerunt.' And Diomedes, ' 'OvofiaToiroda est
dictio configurata ad imitandam vocis confusae significationem, ut tinnitus aeris,
clangorqae tubarum. Item quum dicimus valvos stridere, oves lalare, aves tin-
nire.' — Lersch, Sprach-philosophie der Alten, iii. 130-1. Quintilian instances the
words used by Homer for the twanging of the bow (Xi'ySs j3tos), and the fizzing
of the fiery stake (tff/f e) in the eye of Polyphemus.

The principle is admitted in a grudging way by Max Miiller (and Series, p.
298) : ' There are in many languages words, if we can call them so, consisting of
mere imitations of the cries of animals or the sounds of nature, and some of them

xvi OBJECTION OF MAX MULLER.

have been carried along by the stream of language into the current of nouns and
verbs.' And elsevs^here (p. 89) with less hesitation, 'That sounds can be rendered
in language by sounds, and that each language possesses a large stock of words
imitating the sounds given out by certain things, who would deny ? '

We could not have a clearer admission of the imitative principle as a vera
causa in the origination of language. Yet in general he revolts against so simple
a solution of the problem.

'I doubt,' he says, speaking of words formed on the bowwow principle,
' whether it deserves the name of language.' ' If the principle of onomatopoeia
is applicable anywhere it would be in the formation of the names of animals.
Yet we listen in vain for any similarity between goose and cackling, hen and cluck-
ing, duck and quacking, sparrow and chirping, dove and cooing, hog and gruntingj
cat and mewing, between dog and harking, yelping, snarling, und growling. We
do not speak of a bowwow, but of a dog. We speak of a cow, not of a moo ; of
a lamb, not of a baa.' — Lect. p. ^6^.

We shall answer the objection by showing that the name of the animal in
the greater part of the instances specified by Miiller is a plain onomatopoeia in
one language or another j that we do speak of a Moo and of a Baa in some other
language if not in Enghsh, and that this plan of designation is widely spread over
every region of the world, and applied to every kind of animal which utters a
notable sound. As far as the cry itself is concerned it would hardly occur to
any one to doubt that the word used to designate the utterance of a particular
animal would be taken from imitation of the sound. When once it is admitted
that there is an instinctive tendency to imitation in Man, it seems self-evident
that he would make use of that means of representing any particular sound that
he was desirous of bringing to the notice of his fellow. And it is only on this
principle that we can account for the great variety of the terms by wiiich the
cries of different animals are expressed. Indeed, we still for the most part recog-
nise" the imitative intent of such words as the clucking of hens, cackling or
gaggling of geese, gobbling of a turkey-cock, quacking of ducks or fi-ogs, cawing
or quawking of rooks, croaking of frogs or ravens, cooing or crooing of doves,
hooting of owls, bumping of bitterns, chirping of sparrows or crickets, twittering
of swallows, chattering of pies or monkeys, neighing or whinnying of horses,
purring or mewing of cats, yelping, howling, barking, snarling of dogs, grunting
or squealing of hogs, bellowing of bulls, lowing of oxen, bleating of sheep, baaing
or maeing of lambs.

While ewes shall bleat and little lambkins tiuu Ramsay.

But the cry of an animal can hardly be brought to mind without drawing with it
the thoughts of the animal itself. Thus the imitative utterance, intended in the
first instance to represent the cry, might be used, when circumstances required,
for the purpose of bringing the animal, or anything connected with it, before the
thoughts of our hearer, or, in other words, might be used as the designation of
the animal or of anvthing associated with it. If I take refuge in an African

IMITATIVE NAMES. xvii

village and imitate the roaring of a lion while I anxiously point to a neighbour-
ing thicket, I shall intimate pretty clearly to the natives that a lion is lurking in
that direction. Here the imitation of the roar will be practically used as the
name of a lion. The gestures with which I point will signify that an object of
terror is in the thicket, and the sound of my voice will specify that object as a
lion.

The signification is carried on fi-om the cow to the milk which it produces, when
Hood makes his Englishman ask for milk by an imitative moo. In the same way
the representation of the clucking of a hen by the syllables cock ! cock ! gack !
gack ! (preserved in It. coccolare, Bav. gackem, to cluck) gives rise to the forms
coco, kuho, and gaggele or gagkelein, which are used as the designation of an egg
in the nursery language of France, Hungary, and Bavaria respectively. In
Basque, koioratz represents the clucking of a hen, and koko (in children's speech)
the egg which it announces (Salaberry). It is among birds that the imitative
nature of the name is seen with the clearest evidence, and is most universally ad-
mitted. We all are familiar with the voice of the cuckoo, which we hail as the
harbinger of spring. We imitate the sound with a modulated. Aoo-Aoo, harden-
ing into a more conventional cook-coo, and we call the bird cuckoo with a continued
consciousness of the intrinsic significance of the name. The voice of the bird is
so singularly distinct that there is hardly any variation in the syllables used to re-
present the sound in different languages. In Lat. it is cuculus (coo-coo-l-us), in
Gr. KOKKvi,, in g. kuckuch {cook-cook) or guckguck. In Sanscrit the cry is written
kuhii, and the bird is called kuMka, kuhii-rava (rava, sound), whose sound is
kuhii — (Pictet, Origines Indo-Europeennes). We represent the cry of birds of
the crow kind by the syllable caw or quawk, which is unmistakeably the source
of the name in the most distant dialects, as Du. kauwe, kae, Picard cau, a daw,
Sauscr. kdka, Arabic kdk, ghak, Georgian quaki, Malay gdgak, Barabra koka,
Manchu kaha, a crow (Pictet). British Columbia kahkah, a crow. Long-
fellow in his Hiawatha ^ves kahkahgee as the Algonquin name of the raven.
The imitative nature of such names as these have been recognised from the
earliest times, and a Sanscrit writer of at least the 4th century before Christ is
quoted by Miiller (Lect. i. 380, 4th ed.). 'Kdka, crow, is an imitation of the
sound (Mku kdka, according to Durga), and this is very common among. birds.'
But already Philosophy was beginning to get the better of common sense, and
the author continues : ' Aupamanyava however maintains that imitation of the
sound does never take place. He therefore derives kdka, crow, fi-om apakd-
layitavya ; i. e. a bird that is to be driven away.' Another Sanscrit name for
the crow is kdrava (whose voice is kd), obviously formed on the same plan with
kuhurava (whose voice is kuM) for the cuckoo. Yet the word is cited by Mul-
ler as an example of the fallacious derivations of the onomatopoeists. Kdrava, he
says, is supposed to show some similarity to the cry of the raven. But as soon as
we analyse the word we find that it is of a different structure from cuckoo or
cock. It is derived fi-om a root ru or kru, having a general predicative power,
and means a shouter, a caller, a crier (p. 349, ist ed.). Sometimes the hoarse

i

xviii IMITATIVE NAMES.

sound of the cry of this kind of bird introduces an r into the imitative syllablei
and we use the verb to croak to designate their cry, while crouk, in the North of
England, is the name for a crow. So we have Polish krukac, to croak, kruk, a
crow ; Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys, a crow ; Du. kraeyen, to caw or croak,
kraeye, 6. krahe, a crow. The corresponding verbal forms in German and Eng-
lish krahen, to crow, have been appropriated by arbitrary custom to the cry of the
cock, but the word is not less truly imitative because it is adapted to represent
different cries of somewhat similar sound. In South America a crowlike bird is
called caracara.

The crowing of a cock is represented by the syllables kikeriki in g., coqueri-
cot in Fr., cacaracd in Languedoc, leaving no doubt of the imitative origin of
lUyrian kukurekati, Malay kukuk, to crow, as well as of Sanscr. kukhuta. Fin.
kukko, Esthonian kikkas, Yoruba koklo, Ibo akoka, Zulu kuku, and e. cock.

The cooing or crooing (as it was formerly called) of a dove is signified in g.
by the verbs gurren or girren. Da. kurre, girre, Du. korren, kirren, koeren. To a
Latin ear it must have sounded tur, tur, giving turtur (and thence It. tbrtora,
tortbla, Sp. tbrtola, and e. turtle) as the Lat. name of the bird, the imitative
nature of which has been universally recognised from its reduplicate form. Alba-
nian tourre, Heb. tor, a dove. In Peru turtuli is one kind of dove ; cuculi
another. Hindi, ghughu, Pers. kuku, gugu, wood-pigeon.

The plaintive cry of the peewit is with no less certainty represented in the
names by which the bird is known in different European dialects, in which we
recognise a fundamental resemblance in sound, with a great variety in the par-
ticular consonants used in the construction of the word : English peewit, Scotch
peeweip, teewhoop, tuquheit, Dutch kievit, German kielitz, Lettish kiekuts, Magy.
lilits, libufs, Swedish kowipa, French dishuit, Arabic tdtwit. The consonants t,
p, k, produce a nearly similar effect in the imitation of inarticulate sounds, and
when an interchange of these consonants is found in parallel forms (that is,
synonymous forms of similar structure), either in the same or in related dialects,
it may commonly be taken as evidence that the imitative force of the word has'
been felt at no distant period.

The hooting of the owl is a note that peculiarly invites imitation, and accord-
ingly it has given rise to a great variety of names the imitative character of which
cannot be mistaken. Thus Latin ulula may be compared with ululare, or Gr.
oKokv^uv, to cry loudly. In French we have hulotte fi-om huller, to howl or
yell, as "Welsh hwan from hwa, to hoot. Lat. lulo, Fr. hibou, It. gufo, German
luhu, uhu, Mod.Gr. coucouva, coccovaec, Walachian coucouveike, Algonquin kos
kos-koo-o, are all direct imitations of tlie repeated cry.

'The cry of the owl,' says Stier in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, xi. p. 219, ' ku-ku-
ku-va-i is in the south (of Albania) the frequent origin of the name, in which
sometimes the first, sometimes the second part, and sometimes both together,
are represented.'

Mr Farrar in his Chapters on Language (p. 24) observes that if the vocabu-
lary of almost any savage nation is examined, the name of an animal will gen-

IMITATIVE NAMES. xix

erally be found to be an onomatopoeia, and he cites from Threlkeld's Australian
Grammar kong-ko-rong, the emu ; pip-pi-ta, a small hawk ; kong-kong, frogs j
all expressly mentioned by the author as taking their names from their cry. No
one will doubt that the name of the pelican karong-karong is formed in the same
manner. Mr Bates gives us several examples from the Amazons. ' Sometimes
one of these httle bands [of Toucans] is seen perched for hours together among
the topmost branches of high trees giving vent to their remarkably loud, shrill,
and yelping cry. These cries have a vague resemblance to the syllables tocano,
tocano, and hence the Indian name of this genus of birds.' — Naturalist on the
Amazons, i. 337. Speaking of a cricket he says, 'The natives call it tanand, in
allusion to its music, which is a sharp resonant stridulation resembling the sylla-
bles ta-na-nd, ta-na-nd, succeeding each other with little intermission.' — i. ajo.
We may compare the Parmesan tananai, loud noise, rumour; Arabic tantanat,
sound, resounding of musical instruments. — Catafogo.

The name of the cricket indeed, of which there are infinite varieties, may
commonly be traced to representations of the sharp chirp of the insect. Thus
E. cricket is from crick, representing a short sharp sound, as , 6. schrecke,
(Jieuschrecke) , schrickel, from schrick, a sharp sound as of a glass cracking
(Schmeller). g. schirke. Fin. sirkka, may be compared with g. zirken, oE. chirk,
to chirp J Lith. swirplys with 6. schwirren, to chirp ; Lat. grylhis, g. grille, with
Fr. grillen, to creak ; Bret, skril with n. skryle, Sc. skirl, to shrill or sound
sharp. The Arabic sarsor, Corean sirsor, Albanian tsentsir, Basque quirquirra
carry their imitative character on their face.

The designation of insects from the humming, booming, buzzing, droning ,
noises which they make in their flight is very common. We may cite Gr.
PofijivXwg, the humble- or bumble-bee, or a gnat ; Sanscr. bambhara, bee, bamba,
fly, ' words imitative of humming ' — Pictet ; Australian bumberoo, a fly (Tylor) ;
Galla bombi, a beetle ; German hummel, the drone or non-working bee ; Sanscr.
druna, a bee, Lithuanian tranas, German drohne, a drone, to be compared with
Sanscr. dhran, to sound, German dronen, to hum, resound, Danish dron, din,
peal, hollow noise, Gaelic dranndan, humming, buzzing, growling. The drone
of a bagpipe is the open pipe which keeps up a monotonous humming while the
tune is playing. The cockchafer is known by the name of the buzzard in the

North of England.

'And I eer'd un a bumming 3.vf3.y

Like a buzsard-dock o'er my eead.' — Tennyson, Northern Farmer.

Basque burrumba, n muttering noise as of distant thunder;' a cockchafer

(Salaberri). The Welsh chwyrnu, to buzz (corresponding to Swedish hurra and

E. whirr), gives rise to chwymores, a hornet, and probably indicates that g.

horniss and e. hornet are from the buzzing flight of the animal, and not from its

sting considered as a horn. The. name of the gnat may be explained from

Norse gnetta, knetta, to rustle, give a faint sound, Danish gnaddre, to grumble.

Coming to the names of domestic animals we have seen that the lowing of

the ox is represented by the syllables boo and moo. In the N. of England it is

b 2

XX NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

called booing, and a Spanish proverb cited by Tylor (Prim. Cult. i88) shows
that the same mode of representing the sound is familiar in Spain. 'Habld el
buey e dijd bu/' The ox spoke and said ioo/ From this mode of representing the
sound are formed Lith. lulauti (to hoo-loo), to bellow like a bull, Zulu lulula,
to low, and (as we apply the terra bellowing to the loud shouting of men) Gr.
lioao), to shout, Lat. boo, to shout, to make a loud deep sound. From the same
imitative syllable are Lith. bubenti, to grumble as distant thunder ; biibnas, a
drum ; btibleti, to bump as a bittern ; Illyr. bubati, to beat hard, to make a noise;
Galla boa, to boohoo, to weep.

In barbarous languages the notion of action is frequently expressed, and a
verbal form given to the word by the addition of elements signifying make or
say. ~ Thus from mamook, make, the traders' jargon of Columbia has
mamook-poo, to make poo, to shoot ; mamoo-heeheek, to make laugh, to
amuse. — ^Tylor. The Galla uses goda, to make, and djeda, to say, in the
same way, and from lilbil, imitation of a ringing sound, it has bilbilgoda,
to ring, to sound. The same office is performed in an advanced stage of language
in a more compendious way by the addition of an I, a. k or g, or a z to the im-
itative syllable. Thus from miau, representing the mew of a cat, the Fr. forms
miau-l-er, as the Illyr. (with a subsidiary k), maukati, to mew. From baa, or
bae, are formed Lat. ba-L-are, Fr. be-l-er, to baa or bleat j from bau, represent-
ing the bark of a dog, Piedmontese fi bau, or bau-l-i, to make bow, to bow-
wow or bark. The Piedm. verb is evidently identical with our own bawl, to
shout, or with on. baula, to low or bellow, whence baula, a cow, bauli, bolt,
w. bwla, a bull. In Swiss the verb takes the form of bullen, agreeing exactly
with Lith. bullus and e. bull. On the same principle, from the imitative moo
instead of boo, the Northampton dairymaid calls her cows moolls.

The formation of the verb by a subsidiary h ov g gives Gr. fivKaofiai, Illyr.
muJiati, bukati, Lat. mugire, OFr. mugler, bugler. Da. loge, to low ; and thence
Lat. buculus, a bullock, bucula, a heifer, Fr. bugle, a buffalo, bullock, a name
preserved in our bugle-horn. With these analogies, and those which will presently
be found in the designations of the sheep or goat and their cries, it is truly sur-
prising to meet with linguistic scholars who deny that the imitative boo can be
the origin of forms like Gr. (iove, Lat. bos, bovis. It. bue, ox, Norse bu, cattle, w.
bu, Gael, bo, Manx booa, Hottentot bou (Dapper), Cochin Chinese bo (Tylor), a
cow. Yet Geiger, in his Ursprung der menschlichen Sprache [1868], p. 167,
plainly asserts that the supposition of such an origin. is inadmissible. His analysis
leads him to the conclusion that the words (iovg and cow may be traced to a
common origin in the root guav, and therefore cannot be taken from the cry of
the animal. But when I find that the ox is widely called Boo among different
families of men from Connemara to Cochin China, it seems to me far more cer-
tain that the name is taken from the booing of the animal than any dogmas can
be that are laid down concerning such abstractions as the Sanscrit roots.

The cry of the sheep or goat is universally imitated by the syllables baa, bae,
mah, mae, as that of the cow by boo, or moo, and in Hottentot baa was the

NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. xxi

name of a sheep, as lou of an ox. In the Vei of W. Africa laa, in Wolof
bae, a goat.

With a subsidiary ^ or ^ the imitative syllable produces Swiss laggen, hadg-
gen, Magy. lek-eg-ni, leg-et-ni, Illyr. leknuti, to bleat, and thus explains the origin
of forms like Sw. Idgge (Rietz), a sheep or ewe, Gr. /3^k»), (iriKov (Hesych.), a
sheep or goat, Illyr. lekavica, a sheep. It. lecco, a goat. From the imitative mae,
we have Sanscr. menAda (ndda, sound, cry), a goat ; and with the subsidiary k or
g, Gr. /xijeao/iat, firixal^ta, Illyr. meketati, mecati, G. meckern, Magy. mekegni, Gael.
meigeal, Vorarlberg maggila (corresponding to Fr. meugler, for the voice of the
ox), to bleat ; Gr. /xj/caScj, goats, lambs.

The same radical with a subsidiary / gives Gael, meil, Manx meilee, to bleat,
showing the origin of Scotch Mailie, as the proper name of a tame sheep, and of
Gr. firjXov (maelon), a sheep or a goat, and Circassian maylley, a sheep (Lowe).

The name of the hog is another instance where Miiller implicitly denies all
resemblance with the characteristic noises of the ani mal. And it is true there is
no similarity between hog and grunt, but the snorting sounds emitted by a pig
may be imitated at least as well by the syllables hoch, hoc'h (giving to c'h the
guttural sound of Welsh and Breton), as by grunt. In evidence of the aptness of
this imitation, we may cite the cry used in Suffolk in driving pigs, remembering
that the cries addressed to animals are commonly taken from noises made by
themselves. ' In driving, or in any way persuading, this obstinate race, we have
no other imperative than hooe ! hooe ! in a deep nasal, guttural tone, appropri-
ately compounded of a groan and a grunt.' — Moor's Suffolk words, in v. sus-sus.
Hence Breton hoc ha, to grunt, and hoc'h, houch, ^. hwch, a hog, leaving little
doubt as to the imitative origin of the e. name. In like manner we find Lap-
pish snorkeset, to grunt, undoubtedly imitative, and snorke, a pig ; Fin. naskia, to
smack like a pig in eating, and naski, a pig. If Curtius had been aware of the
Sc. grumpf, a grunt, and grumphie, a sow, he would hardly- have connected
Hasychius' ypo/j^ae, a sow, with the root ypaipm, applied to the rooting of the ani-
mal with its snout. Moreover, although the imitation embodied in Lat. grun-
nire, Fr. grogner, and e. grunt, does not produce a name of the animal itself,
it gives rise to It. grugno, Fr. groin, e. grunny, the snout of a pig, and thence
groin, the snout-shaped projections running out into the sea, by which the shingle
of our southern coast is protected. And obviously it is equally damaging to
MUller's line of argument whether the onomatopoeia supplies a name of the ani-
mal or only of his snout.

Among the designations of a dog the term cur, signifying a snarling, ill-brej
dog, may with tolerable certainty be traced to an imitative source in on. karra,
to snarl, growl, grumble, 6. kurren, to rumble, grumble. Kurren und murren,
ill-natured jangling ; Sc. curmurring, grumbhng, rumbling. The g. kurre, oe.
curre-fish (as Da. knurfisk, from knurre, to growl, mutter, purr), is applied to
the gurnard on account of the grumbling sounds which that fish is said to utter.
It is probable also that e. hound, a. hund, a dog, may be identical with Esthon.
hunt (gen. hundi), a wolf, from hundama, to howl, corresponding to ohg. hunon.

xxii MULLER ANSWERED,

to yelp, Sc. hiine, to whine. So Sanscr. Mrava (whose cry is M), a jackal
(Benfey) .

The nursery names of a horse are commonly taken from the cries used in the
management of the animal, which serve the pRrpose as well as the cries of the
animal itself, since all that is wanted is the representation of a sound associated in
a lively manner with the thought of the creature to be named.

In England the cry to make a horse go on is gee, and the nursery name for a
horse is geegee. In Germany hott is the cry to make a horse turn to the right ;
ho, to the left, and the horse is with children called hotte-pdrd (Danneil), hutt-
jenho-peerd (Holstein Idiot.). In Switzerland the nursery name is hottihuh, as
in Yorkshire highly (Craven Gloss.), from the cry halt, to turn a horse to the
right. In Finland, humma, the cry to stop or back a horse, is used in nursery
language as the name of the animal. The cry to back a horse in Westerwald is
huff whence houfe, to go backwards. The same cry in Devonshire takes the
foriaof haap / haap back/ Provincial Da. Aoj6j6e c!i^ / back ! From the cry thus
used in stopping a horse the animal in nursery language is called hoppe in Frisian
(Outzen), houpy in Craven, while hiipp-peerdken in Holstein is a hobby horse or
child's wooden horse. Thus we are led to the Fr. hobin, e. hobby, a little am-
bling horse, g. hoppe, a mare, Esthonian hoibo, hobben, a horse.

In the face of so many examples it is in vain for Miiller to speak of onomato-
pceia as an exceptional principle giving rise to a few insignificant names, but ex-
ercising no appreciable influence in the formation of real language. ' The ono-
matopoeic theory goes very smoothly as long as it deals with cackling hens and
quacking ducks, but round that poultry-yard there is a dead wall, and we soon
find that it is behind that wall that language really begins.' — 2nd Series, p. 91.
' There are of course some names, such as cuckoo, which are clearly formed by an
imitation of sound. But words of this kind are, like artificial flowers, without a
root. They are 'sterile and unfit to express anything beyond the one object which
. they imitate.' ' As the word cuckoo predicates nothing but tlie sound of a par-
ticular bird, it could never be applied for expressing any general quality in which
other animals might share, and the only derivations to which it might give rise
are words expressive of a metaphorical likeness with the bird.' — ist Series, p. ^6<,.
The author has been run away witla by his own metaphorical language. An
onomatopoeia can only be said to have no root because it is itself a livino- root, as
well adapted to send forth a train of derivations as if it was an offshoot from
some anterior stock. If a certain character is strongly marked in an animal, the
name of the animal is equally likely to be used in the metaphorical designation
of the character in question, whether it was taken from the cry of the animal or
from some other peculiarity. The ground of the metaphor lies in tlie nature of
the animal, and can in no degree be affected by the principle on which the name of
the species is formed. Thus the comparison with artificial flowers becomes a
transparent fallacy which the author ought at once to have erased, when he found
himself in the same page indicating derivatives like cuckold, coquette, cockade,
coquelicot, as springing from his types of a lifeless stock. If onomatopoeias can

IMITATIONS OFTEN UNLIKE EACH OTHER. xxiii

be used in giving names to things that bear a metaphorical likeness to the ori-
ginal object, what is there to limit their efficiency in the formation of language?
And how can the indication of such derivatives as the foregoing, be reconciled
with the assertion that there is a sharp line of demarcation between the region of
onomatopoeia and the ' real ' commencement of language ? The important ques-
tion is not what number of words can be traced to an imitative source, but
whether there is any difference in kind between them and other words.

The imitative principle will in no degree be impugned by bringing forwards
any number of names which cannot be shown to have sprung from direct imita-
tion, for no rational onomatopoeist ever supposed that all names were formed on
that principle. It is only at the very beginning of language that the name would
necessarily be taken from representations of sounds connected with the animal.
As soon as a little command of language was attained, a more obvious means of
designation would frequently be found in something connected with the appear-
ance or habits of the animal, and it is a self-evident fact that many of the animals
with which we are familiar are named on this principle. The redbreast, white-
throat, redpole, lapwing, wagtail, goatsucker, woodpecker, swift, diver, creeper,
speak for themselves, and a little research enables us to explain the name in in-
numerable other cases on a similar plan. Nor will there be any presumption
against an imitative origin even in cases where the meaning of the name remains
wholly unknown. When once the name is fully conventionalised all conscious-
ness of resemblance with sound is easily lost, and it will depend upon accident
whether extrinsic evidence of such a connection is preserved. There is nothing
in the e. name of the turtle or turtle-dove to put us in mind of the cooing of the
animal, and if all knowledge of the Lat. turtur and its derivatives had been lost,
there would have been no grounds for suspicion of the imitative origin of the
word. It is not unlikely that the on. hross, e. horse, may have sprung from a
form corresponding to Sanscr. hresh, to neigh, but as we are ignorant of any
Indian name corresponding to horse, or any Western equivalent of the Sanscr.
hresh, it would be rash to regard the connection of the two as more than a pos-
sibility. Even in case of designations appropriated to the cries of particular
animals or certain kinds of sound, it is commonly more from the consciousness of
a natural tendency to represent sound in this manner, and indeed from the con-
viction that it is the only possible way of doing so, that we regard the words ■ as
intentionally imitative, than from discerning in them any intrinsic resemblance
to the sounds represented. The neighing of a horse is signified by words strik-
ingly unlike even in closely related tongues ; Fr. hennir. It. nitrire, Sp. rinchar,
relinchar, Sw. wrena, wrenska, g. frenschen, wiehern, Du. runniken, ginniken,
Irieschen, Sanscr. hresh, Bohem. fehtati, Lettish sweegt. Yet we cannot doubt
that they all take their rise in vocal imitations of the sound of neighing or whin-
nying.

With the designations of animal cries may be classed those of various inar-
ticulate noises of our own, as sigh, sol, moan, groan, cough, laugh (originally pro-
nounced with a guttural), titter, giggle, hickup (Sanscr. hikkd, Pl.D. hukkup.

xxiv IMITATIONS OF SOUND.

snukkup), snore, snort, wheeze, shriek, scream, the imitative nature of which will
be generally admitted.

The sound of a sneeze is peculiarly open to imitation. It is represented in e.
by the forms a-kishoo ! or a-atcha I of which the first is nearly identical with the
Sanscr. root kshu, or the w. tisio (tisho), to sneeze. From the other mode of
representing the sound a child of my acquaintance gave to his sister the name of
Atchoo, on account of her sneezing ; and among American tribes it gives rise to
several striking onomatopoeias cited by Tylor ; haitshu, atchini, atchian,
aritischane, &c.

It is certain that where in the infancy of Speech the need was felt of bringing
a sound of any kind to the thoughts of another, an attempt would be made to
imitate it by the voice. And even at the present day it is extremely common to
give life to a narration by the introductionof intentionally imitative words, whose
only office it is to bring before the mind of the hearer certain sounds which
accompany the action described, and bring it home to the imagination with the
nearest approach to actual experience.

' Bang, bang, bang ! went the cannon, and the smoke rolled over the
trenches.' ' Hoo, hoo, hoo ! ping ping, ping ! came the bullets about their ears.'
'Haw, haw, haw ! roared a soldier from the other side of the valley.' 'And at
it both sides went, ding, dong ! till the guns were too hot to be worked.' — Read,
White Lies, 1865.

To fall plump into the water is to fall so suddenly as to make the sound
'plamp.' 'Plump! da fiel he in das wasser.' So imac,^ represents the sound of a
sharp blow, and to cut a thing smack off is to cut it off at a blow. Ding-
dong, for the sound of a large bell, ting-ting, for a small one; tick-tack,
for the beat of a clock ; pit-a-pat, for the beating of the heart or the
light step of a child ; thwick-thwack, for the sound of blows, are familiar
to every one. The words used in such a manner in German are especially
numerous. Klapp, klatsch, for the sound of a blow. ' He kreeg enen an de
oren : klapp I segde dat ' : he caught it on the ear, clap ! it cried — Brem. Wtb.
A smack on the chops is represented also by pratx, plitsch-platsch. — Sanders.
Puff, pump, lumm, for the sound of a fall; knack, for that of breaking;
knarr, for the creaking of a wheel, fitsche-falsche, for blows with a rod, stripp-
strapp-stroll, for the sound of milking.

When once a syllable is recognised as representing sound of a certain kind it
may be used to signify anything that produces such a sound, or tliat is accom-
panied by it. Few words are more expressive than the e. hang, familiarly used
to represent the sound of a gun and other loud toneless noises. Of a like forma-
tion are Lettish lunga, a drum ; debhes-lungotais (deifies, heaven), the God of
thunder ; Zulu bongo, for the report of a musket (Colenso) ; Australian bung-
bung ween, thunder (Tylor) ; Mei gbengben, a kind of drum. To bang is then to
do anything that makes a noise of the above description, to beat, to throw
violently down, &c. Let. bangas, the dashing of the sea ; Vei gbangba, to ham-
mer, to drive in a nail ; on. banga, to hammer ; Da. banke, to knock, beat, tlirob.

FANCIFUL PRINCIPLES OF SIGNIFICANCE, xxv

The sharp cry of a chicken or a young child is represented by the syllables
pi, pu.

We sail gar chekinnis cheip and gaisliiigis pew. — Lyndsay.

In Austria pi/ pi/ is used as a call to chickens (Tylor). Fr. piou, piou,
peep, peep, the voice of chickens (Cot.) ; piailler, piauler, e. pule, to cry like
a chick, a whelp, or a young child ; Gr. imrli^u), Lat. pipilo, pipio, Mantuan
far pipi, to cry pi, pi, to cheep like a bird or a young child. It. pipiare,
pipare, to pip like a chicken or pule like a hawk ; pigolare, pigiolare, to squeak,
pip as a chicken. — Florio. Magyar pip, cry of young birds ; pipegni, pipelni,
to peep or cheep; pipe, a chicken or gosling; Lat. pipio, a young bird;
It. pippione, pigione, piccione, a (young) pigeon. The syllable representing a
sharp sound is then used to designate a pipe, as the simplest implement for pro-
ducing the sound. Fr. pipe, a fowler's bird call ; G. pfeife, a fife or musical pipe.
At last all reference to sound is lost, and the term is generalised in the sense of any
hollow trunk or cylinder.

In cases such as these, where we have clear imitations of sound to rest on, it is
easy to follow out the secondary applications, but where without such a clue we
take the problem up at the other end and seek to divine the imitative origin of a
word, we must beware of fanciful speculations like those of De Brosses, who finds
a power of expressing fixity and firmness in an initial st; excavation and hollow
in.sc; mobility and fluid in ^, and so forth. It seems to him that the teeth
being the most fixed element of the organ of voice, the dental letter, t, has been un-
consciously (machinalement) employed to designate fixity, as k, the letter proceed-
ing from the hollow of the throat, to designate cavity and hollow. S, which he
calls the nasal articulation, is added to intensify the expression. Here he abandons
the vera causa of the imitation of sound, and assumes a wholly imaginary principle
of expression. What consciousness has the child, or the uneducated man, of the
part of the mouth by which the different consonants are formed ?

But even the question as to the adaptation of certain articulations to represent
particular sounds will be judged very differently by different ears. To one the
imitative intention of a word will appear self-evident, while another will be
wholly unable to discern in the word any resemblance to the sound which it is
supposed to represent. The writer of a critique on Wilson's Prehistoric Man
can find no adaptation to sound iii the words, laugh, scream, bleat, cry, and
whimper. He asks, 'What is there in whimper which is mimetic ? and ii simper
had been used instead, would there have been less onomatopceia ? Is rire like
laugh ? Yet to a Frenchman, doubtless, rire seems the more expressive of the
two.'

In language, as in other subjects of study, the judgment must be educated by a
wide survey of the phenomena, and their relations, and few who are so prepared
will doubt the imitative nature of the word in any of the instances above cited
from Wilson.

Evidence of an imitative origin may be found in various circumstances, not-

■xxvi EVIDENCES OF IMITATION.

ably in what is called a reduplicate form of the word, where the significant
• syllable is repeated with or without some small variation, either in the vowel or
consonantal sound, as in Lat. murmur (by the side of g. murren, to grumble),
turtur, susurrus (for sur-sur-us) ; tintinno, tintino, along with tinnio, to ring ;
pipio, to cry pi, pi ; It. tontonare, tonare, to thunder, rattle, rumble (Fl.) ;
gorgogHare {to vaake gorgor) , to gurgle; Mod.Gr. yapyapii^to (to make gargar),
to gargle ; Poppopvi^to, It. ioriogliare (to make borbor), to rattle, rumble, bubble,
along with Du. borrelen, to bubble; Zulu raraza, to fizz like fat in frying;
Hindoo tomtom, a drum ; W. Indian chack-chack, a rattle made of hard seeds in
a tight-blown bladder (Kingsley), to be compared with Sc. chack, to clack, to
make a clinking noise, or with Manchu kiakseme {seme, sound), sound of dry
wood breaking.

If laugh were written as it is pronounced, laqfF, there would be nothing in
the word itself to put us in mind of the thing signified. The imitation begins
to be felt in the guttural ack of g. lachen, and is clearly indicated in the redupli-
cate form of the Du. lachachen, to hawhaw or laugh loud, preserved by Kilian.
The same principle of expression is carried still further in the Dayak kakakkaka,
to go on laughing loud ; Manchu kaka-kiki, or kaka-faka. Pacific aka-aka, loud
laughter. Mr Tylor illustrates the Australian wiiti, to laugh, by quoting from
the 'Tournament of Tottenham,'

We te he ! quoth Tyb, and lugh.

In other cases the imitative intention is witnessed by a variation of the vowel
corresponding to changes in the character of the sound represented. Thus crack
signifies a loud hard noise ; cricli, a sharp short one, like the noise of a glass
breaking ; creak, a prolonged sharp sound. Clack expresses such a sound as that
of two hard pieces of wood striking against each other j click, a short sharp
sound, as the click of a latch or a trigger; cluck, a closed or obscure sound.
Hindustani karak is rendered, crash, crack, thunder ; kuruk, the clucking of a
hen ; karkarana, to crackle like oil in boiling ; kirkirdnd, to gnash the teeth j
kurkurSnO., to cluck, to grumble. To craunch implies the exertion of greater
force than when we speak of crunching such a substance as frozen snow or a
biscuit. The change through the three vowels, i, a, u, in German, is very com-
mon. The Bremisch Dictionary describes knaks, kniks, knuks, as representing
the sound made when something breaks; knaks, of a loud strong sound; kniks,
of something fine and thin, like a glass or the chain in a watch ; knuks, when it
gives a dull sound like a joint dislocated or springing back. In the same \^'ay
we have knarren, to creak ; knirren, to grate the teeth ; knurren, to growl,
grumble; garren, girren, gurren, to jar, coo, rumble, &c. Sometimes the ex-
pression is modified by a change of the consonant instead of the vowel. Thus
in Zulu the sonants b and g are exchanged for the lighter sound of the spirants
p and k in order to strengthen the force of a word. Pefuxela, to pant ; bejii-
zela, to pant violently (Colenso). But perhaps the expressive power of a word
is brought home to us in the most striking manner when the same significa-

SIMILAR FORMS IN REMOTE TONGUES. xxvii

tion is rendered by identical or closely similar forms in widely distant languages.
The noise of pieces of metal striking together, or of bells ringing, is represented
in Manchu by the syllables kiling-kiling, kiling-kalang, to be compared with g.
kl'mg-kling, the tingling sound of a Utde bell (Ludwig) ; Ming-Hang, the sound of
a stringed instrument, the clink of glasses j Lat. clango, e. clank, clink. Manchu
kalar-kilir, for the clinking of keys or tinkling of bells, is identical with g. klirren,
the gingling of glasses, chinking of coin, clash of arms. Manchu tang-tang,
Chinese tsiang-tsiang, for the ringing of bells, correspond to e. ding-dong, and
illustrate the imitative nature of tivgle, jingle, jangle. Manchu <juar-guar, for the
croaking of frogs, agrees with g. quarren, to croak ; Manchu hak for the sound of
coughing or clearing the throat, witli our expression of hawking or of a hacking ,
cough. Manchu pour-pour represents the sound of boihng water, or the bubbling
up of a spring, corresponding in e. to the purling of a brook, or to Du. borrelen,
to bubble up. Manchu kaka, as Fr. caca and Finnish adkkd, are applied to the
excrements of children, while cacd / is used in e. nurseries as an exclamation of
disgust or reprobation, indicating the origin of Gr. KaKog, bad. Manchu tchout-
chou-tchatcha, for the sound of privy whispering, brings us to Fr. chuchoter, for
chut-chiit-er, to say chut, chut, to whisper. The whispering of the wind is repre-
sented in Chinese by the syllables siao-siao (Miiller, I. 368), answering to the
Scotch sough or sooch. The imitative syllable which represents the purling of a
spring of water in the name of the Arabian well Zemzem, expresses the sound of
water beginning to boil in e. simmer. The syllables lil-bil, which represent a
ringing sound in Galla lilbil-goda (to make UlUV), to ring or jingle, and bilhila,
a bell, are applied to the notes of a singing bird or a pipe in Albanian billil, a
nightingale, a boy's whistle, Turk, bulbiil, a nightingale. The sound of champ-
ing with the jaws in eating is imitated by nearly the same syllables in Galla
djamdjamgoda (to make djamdj am), Magyar csamm-ogni, csam-csogni,and e. champ.
The Turcoman halaidlac'h, uproar, disturbance (F. Newman), has its analogues in
E. hullabaloo and Sanscr. hala-hald-faMa (falda, sound), shout, tumult, noise.
The E. pitapat may be compared with Australian pitapitata, to knock, to pelt as
rain, Mantchu patapata, Hindustani bhadbhad for the sound of fruits pattering
down from trees, Fr. patatras for the clash of falling things, Maori pata, drops of
rain (Tylor, Prim. Calt. i. 192). Tiie Galla gigiteka, to giggle, is based on the
same imitation as the e. word, and the same may be said of Zulu kala, cry, wail,
sing as a bird, sound, compared with Gr. koXiw, and e. call; as of Tamil muro-
muro and e. murmur. The Australian represents the thud of a spear ora bullet strik-
ing the object by the syllable toop, corresponding to which we have Galla tub-
djeda (to say tub), for a box on the ear ; Sanscr. tup, tubh, and Gr. rvir (in tvittio,
tTviror), to strike. The imitation of the same kind of sound by a nasal intonation
gives the name of the Indian tomtom, and Gr. rifiirayov, a drum ; Galla tuma, to
beat, fumtu, a workman, especially one who beats, a smith. The Chinook jar-
gon uses the same imitative syllable in tumtum,* the heart; tumwata, awater-
* ' Mme P. bent her head, and her heart went thump, thump, at an accelerated note.'

Member for Paris, 1871.

xxviii ADMITTED IMITATIONS.

fallj and it is also found in Lat. tum-ultus, w. tymmesll, disturbance, in e. thump,
AS. tumbian (to beat the ground), to dance, and Fr. tomber, to fall.

The list of such agreements might be lengthened to any extent. But although
the resemblance of synonymous words in unrelated languages affords a strong pre-
sumption in favour of an imitative origin, it must not be supposed that the most
striking dissimilarity is any argument vi^hatever to the contrary. The beating of
a drum is represented in e. by rubadub, answering to g. brumberum, Fr. rataplan
or rantanplan. It. tarapatan, parapatapan. We represent the sound of knocking
at a door by rat-tat-tat-tat, for which the Germans have poch-poch or puk-puk
(Sanders). We use bang, the Germans puff, and the French pouf, for the
report of a gun. Mr Tylor indeed denies that the syllable puff here imitates the
actual sound or bang of the gun, but he has perhaps overlooked the constant
tendency of language to signify the sound of a sudden puff of wind and of the
collision of solid bodies by the same syllables. The It. buffetto signifies as well a
buffet or cuff, as a puff with the mouth or a pair of bellows. So in Fr. we have
souffler, to blow, and soufflet, a box on the ear or a pair of bellows, while e.
blow is applied as well to the force of the wind as to a stroke with a solid body.
The use of g. puff, to represent the sound of a blow or of an explosion is uni-
versally recognised by the dictionaries. ' Der puff, the sound of a blow or shock ;
bang, blow, thump.' — Nohden.

No doubt the comparison of vocal utterances with natural sounds is slippery
} ground, and too many cases may be adduced where an imitative origin has been
/ maintained on such fanciful grounds as to throw ridicule on the general theory,
or has been claimed for words which can historically be traced to antecedent ele-
ments. Nevertheless, it is easy in every language to make out numerous lists of
words to the imitative character of which there will in nine cases out of ten be
an all but universal agreement. Such are bump, thump, plump, thwack, whack,
smack, crack, clack, clap, flap, flop, pop, snap, rap, tap, 'pat, clash, crash, smash,
swash, splash, slash, lash, dash, craunch, crunch, douse, souse, whizz, fizz, hiss,
whirr, hum, boom, whine, din, ring, bang, twang, clang, clank, clink, chink,
jingle, tingle, tinkle, creak, squeak, squeal, squall, rattle, clatter, chatter, patter,
mutter, murmur, gargle, gurgle, guggle, sputter, splutter, paddle, dabble, bubble,
blubber, rumble.

Notwithstanding the evidence of forms like these, the derivation of words
from direct imitation, without the intervention of orthodox roots, is revolting to
the feelings of Professor Miiller, who denounces the lawlessness of doctrines that
• would undo all the work that has been done by Bopp, Humboldt, and Grimm,
and others during the last fifty years — and throw etymology back into a state of
chronic anarchy.' 'If it is once admitted that all words must be traced back to
definite roots, according to the strictest phonetic rules, it matters little whether
those roots are called phonetic types, more or less preserved in the innumerable
impressions taken from them, or v^hether we call them onomatopoeic and inter-
jectional. As long as we have definite forms between ourselves and chaos, we
may build our science like an arch of a bridge, that rests on the firm piles fixed

INTERJECTIONS OF FEELING. xxix

in the rushing waters. If, on the contrary, the roots of language are mere ab-
stractions, and there is nothing to separate language from cries and interjections,
then we may play with language as children play with the sands of the sea, but
we must not complain if every fresh tide wipes out the little castles we had built
on the beach.' — 2nd Series, p. 94.

If Grimm and Bopp had established an immovable barrier between us and
chaos, it might save some trouble of thought, but the name of no master of the
Art will now guarantee the sohdity of the ground on which we build ; we must
take it at our own risk though Aristotle himself had said it. The work of every
man has to stand the brunt of water and of fire, and if wood, hay, or stubble is
found in the building of Grimm or Bopp, or of any meaner name, it is well that
it be burnt up.

We come now to the personal interjections, exclamations intended to make
known affections of the mind, by imitation of the sounds naturally uttered under
the influence of the affection indicated by the interjection. Thus ah!, the inteij.
of grief, is an imitation of a sigh ; ugh .', the interj. of horror, of an utterance at
the moment of shuddering.

At the first beginning of life, every little pain, or any unsatisfied want, in the
infant, are made known by an instinctive cry. But the infant speedily finds that
his cry brings his mother to his side, that he has only to raise his voice in order
to get taken up and soothed or fed. He now cries no longer on the simple im-
pulsion of instinct, but with inteUigence of the consolation which follows, and
it is practically found that the child of the unoccupied mother, who has time to
attend to every little want of her nurseling, cries more than that of the hard-
working woman whose needs compel her to leave her children a good deal to
themselves. In the former case the infant gives expression in the natural way to
aU his wants and feelings of discomfort, and wilfuUy enforces the utterance as a
call for the consolation he desires. But when the infant petulantly cries as a
call for his mother, he makes no nearer approach to speech than the dog or the
cat which comes whining to its master to get the door opened for it. The pur-
pose of the cry, in the case of the animal or of the infant, is simply to call the
attention of the mother or the master, without a thought of symbolising to them,
by the nature of the cry, the kind of action that is desired of them. It is not
until the child becomes dimly conscious of the thoughts of his mother, and cries
for the purpose of making her suppose that he is in pain, that he has taken the
first step in rational speech. The utterance of a cry with such a purpose may
be taken as the earliest type of interjectional expression, the principle of which is
clearly enounced by Lieber in his account of Laura Bridgman, formerly cited.

' Crying, wringing the hands, and uttering plaintive sounds, are the sponta-
neous symphenomena of despair. He in whom they appear does not intention-
ally produce them. He however who beholds them, knows them, because they
are spontaneous, and because he is endowed with the same nature and organisa-
tion ; and thus they become signs of despair. Henceforth rational beings may
intentionally produce them when they desire to convey the idea of despair.'

XXX PRINCIPLE or INTERJECTIONS.

The principle which gives rise to interjections is precisely the same as that
which has been so largely illustrated in the naming of animals. If I wish to
make a person of an unknown language think of a cow, I imitate the lowing of
the animal ;, and in the same way when I wish him to know that I am in pain, or
to think of me as suffering pain, I imitate the cry which is the natural expression
of suffering. And as the utterance used in the designation of animals speedily
passes from the imitative to the conventional stage, so it is with the interjec-
tions used to express varieties of human passion, which are frequently so toned
down in assuming an articulate form as to make us wholly lose sight of the in-
stinctive action which they represent, and from whence they draw their signifi-
cance.

The nature of interjections has been greatly misunderstood by MUUer, who
treats them as spontaneous utterances, and accordingly misses their importance
in illustrating the origin of language. He says, ' Two theories have been started
to solve the problem [of the ultimate nature of roots], which for shortness' sake
I shall call the Bowwow theory and the Poohpooh theory. According to the
first, roots are imitations of sounds j according to the second, they are involuntary
interjections.' — ist Series, p. 344. And again, ' There are no doubt in every
language interjections, and some of them may become traditional, and enter into
the composition of words. But these interjections are only the outskirts of real
language. Language begins where interjections end. There is as much differ-
ence between a real word such as to laugh, and the interjection ha ! ha ! as there
is between the involuntary act and noise of sneezing and the verb to sneeze.' 'As
in the case of onomatopoeia, it cannot be denied that with interjections too some
kind of language might have been formed ; but not a language like that which
we find in numerous varieties among all the races of men. One short interjec-
tion may be more powerful, more to the point, more eloquent than a long speech.
In fact, interjections, together with gestures^ the movements of the muscles, of
the mouth, and the eye, would be quite sufficient for all purposes which language
answers with the majority of mankind. Yet we must not forget that hum!
ugh ! tut ! pooh ! are as little to be called words as the expressive gestures which
usually accompany these exclamations.' — p. ^6g — 371. And to the same effect
he cites from Home Tooke. ' The dominion of speech is founded on the down-
fall of interjections. Without the artful intervention of language mankind would
have had nothing but interjections with which to communicate orally any of their
feelings. The neighing of a horse, the lowing of a cow, the barking of a dog
the purring of a cat, sneezing, coughing, groaning, shrieking, and every other in-
voluntary convulsion with oral sound, have almost as good a title to be called
parts of speech as interjections have. Voluntary interjections are only employed
where the suddenness and vehemence of some affection or passion return men to
their natural state and make tliem forget the use of speech, or when fi-om some
circumstance the shortness of time will not permit them to exercise it.' Diver-
sions of Purley, p. 32. 'When the words of Tooke are cited in opposition to the
claims of interjections to be considered as parts of speech, it should be remem-

PRINCIPLE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxi

bered, that to say that the cries of beasts have almost 'as good a title to the name
of language as interjections, is practically to recognise that some additional &nc-
tion is performed by interjections, and the difference thus hazily recognised by
Tooke is, in truth, the fundamental distinction between instinctive utterance and
rational speech.

The essence of rational speech lies in the intention of the speaker to impress
something beyond the mere sound of the utterance on the mind of the hearer.
And it is precisely this vchich distinguishes interjections from instinctive cries. It
is not speaking when a groan of agony is wrung from me, but when I imitate a
groan by the inteijection ah 1 for the purpose of obtaining the sympathy of my
hearer, then speech begins. So, when I arp humming and hawing, I am not
speaking, but when I cry hm ! to signify that I am at a loss what to say, it is not
the less language because my meaning is expressed by a single syllable. It is
purely accident that the syllables haha, by which we interjectionally represent the
sound of laughter, have not been retained in the sense of laugh in the grammatic-
al part of our language, as is actually the case in some of the North American
dialects, for example, in the name of Longfellow's heroine Minnehaha, explained
as signifying the laughing water. The same imitation may be clearly discerned
in Magy. hahota, loud laughter, in Fin. hahottaa, hohottaa, and somewhat veiled
in Arab, kahkahah, Gr. Koxafw, Kayxa^u), Lat. cachinno, to hawhaw or laugh
loud and unrestrainedly.

Miiller admits that some of our words sprang from imitation of the cries of
animals and other natural sounds, and others from interjections, and thus, he says,
some kind of language might have been formed, which would be quite sufficient
for all the purposes which language serves with the majority of men, yet not a
language like that actually spoken among men. But he does not explain in what
fondamental character a language so formed would differ from our own, nor can
he pretend to say that the words which originate in interjections are to be dis-
tinguished from others.

To admit the mechanism as adequate for the production of language, and yet
to protest that it could not have given rise to such languages as our own, because
comparatively few of the words of our languages have been accounted for on this
principle, is to act as many of us may remember to have done when Scrope and
Lyell began to explain the modern doctrines of Geology. We could not deny
the reality of the agencies, which those authors pointed out as in constant opera-
tion at the present day on the frame-work of the earth, demolishing here, and
there re-arranging, over areas more or less limited ; but we laughed at the suppo-
sition that these were the agencies by which the entire crust of the earth was
actually moulded into its present form. Yet these prejudices gradually gave way
under patient illustrations of the doctrine, and it came to be seen by every one that
if the powers indicated by Lyell and his fellow-workers could have produced the
effects attributed to them, by continued operation through unlimited periods of
time, it would be unreasonable to seek for the cause of tlie phenomena in
miracle or in convulsions of a kind of which we have no experience in the history

xxxii LANGUAGE OF GESTURE.

of the world. And so in the case of language, when once a rational origin of
words has been established on the principle of imitation, the critical question
should be, whether the words explained on this principle are a fair specimen of
the entire stock, whether there is any cognisable difference between them and
the rest of language ; and not, what is tlie numerical proportion of the two
classes, whether the number of words traced to an imitative origin embraces a
fiftieth or a fifth of the roots of language.

There can be no better key to the condition of mihd in which the use of
speech would first have begun, than the language of gesture in use among the
deaf-and-dumb, which has been carefully studied by Mr Tylor, and admirably de-
scribed in his ' Early History of Mankind.' ' The Gesture-language and Picture-
writing,' he says, ' insignificaat as they are in practice in comparison with speech
and phonetic writing, have this great claim to consideration, that we can really
understand them as thoroughly as perhaps we can understand anything, and by
studying them we can realise to ourselves in some measure a condition of the
human mind which underlies anything which has as yet been traced in even the
lowest dialect of language, if taken as a whole. Though, with the exception of
words which are evidently imitative, like peewit and cuckoo, we cannot at present
tell by what steps man came to express himself by words, we can at least see how
he still does come to express himself by signs and pictures, and so get some idea
of the nature of this great movement, which no lower animal is known to have
made or shown the least sign of making.' 'The Gesture-language is in great
part a system of representing objects and ideas by a rude outline-gesture, imitat-
ing their most striking features. It is, as has been well said by a deaf-and-dumb
man, a Picture-language. Here at once its essential difiference from speech be-
comes evident. Why the words stand and go mean what they do is a question to
which we cannot as yet give the shadow of an answer, and if we had been taught
to say stand where we now say go, and go where we now say stand, it would be
practically all the same to us. No doubt there was a sufficient reason for these
words receiving the meanings they now bear, but so far as we are concerned there
might as well have been none, for we have quite lost sight of the coimection be-
tween the word and idea. But in the Gesture-language the relation between idea
and sign not only always exists, but is scarcely lost sight of for a moment. "When
a deaf-and-dumb child holds his two first fingers forked like a pair of legs, and
makes them stand and walk upon the table, we want no teaching to tell us what
this means nor why it is done. The mother-tongue (so to speak) of the deaf-and-
dumb is the language of signs. The evidence of the best observers tends to prove
that they are capable of developing the Gesture-language out of their own minds
without the aid of speaking men. The educated deaf-mutes can tell us from
their own experience how Gesture-signs originate.

The following account is given by Kruse, a deaf-mute himself, and a well-
known teacher of deaf-mutes, and author of several works of no small abiUty :

'Thus the deaf-and-dumb must have a language without which no thought can be
brought to pass. But here nature soon conies to his help. What strikes him

GESTURE SIGNS. xxxiii

most, or what makes a distinction to him between one thing and another, such
distinctive signs of objects are at once signs by which he knows these objects, and
knows them again j they become tokens of things. And whilst he silently
elaborates the signs he has found for single objects, that is, whilst he describes
their forms for himself in the air, or imitates them in thought with hands,
fingers, and gestures, he developes for himself suitable signs to represent ideas,
which serve him as a means of fixing ideas of different kinds in his mind, and
recalling them to his memory. And thus he makes himself a language, the so-
called Gesture-language, and with these few scanty and imperfect signs a way for
thought is already broken, and with his thought, as it now opens out, the lan-
guage cultivates itself, and forms further and further.'

Mr Tylor proceeds to describe some of the signs used in the Deaf-and-Dumb
Institution at Berlin : —

' To express the pronouns I, thou, he, I push my fore-finger against the pit
of my stomach for /, push it towards the person addressed for thou, point with
my thumb over my right shoulder for he. When I hold my right hand flat
with the palm down at the level of my waist, and raise it towards the level of
my shoulder, that signifies great ; but if I depress it instead, it means little. The
sign for man is taking off the hat ; for child, the right elbow is dandled upon the
left hand. The adverb hither and the verb to come have the same sign, beckon-
ing with the finger towards oneself. To hold the first two fingers apart, like a
letter V, and dart the finger tips out from the eyes is to see. To touch the ear
and tongue with the forefinger is to hear, and to taste. To speak is to move
the lips as in speaking, and to move the lips thus while pointing with the fore-
finger out from the mouth is name, or to name, as though one should define it to
point out ly speaking. To pull up a pinch of flesh from the back of one's hand
is flesh or meat. Make the steam curling up from it with the forefinger, and it
becomes roast meat. Make a bird's bill with two fingers in front of one's lips
and flap with the arms, and that means goose j put the first sign and these to-
gether, and we have roast goose. To seize the most striking outline of an object,
the principal movement of an action, is the whole secret, and this is what the
rudest savage can do untaught, nay, what is more, can do better and more easily
than the educated man.'

In the Institutions, signs are taught for many abstract terms, such as when or
yet, or the verb to be, but these, it seems, are essentially foreign to the nature of
the Gesture-language, and are never used by the children among themselves.
The Gesture-language has no grammar, properly so called. The same sign stands
for the agent, his action, and the act itself, for walk, walkest, walked, walker, the
particular sense in which the sign is to be understood having to be gathered
from the circumstances of the case. ' A look of inquiry converts an assertion
into a question, and fully serves to make the difference between The master is
come, and Is the master come ? The interrogative pronouns who ? what ? are
made by looking or pointing about in an inquiring manner j in fact, by a num-
ber of unsuccessful attempts to say, he, that. The deaf-and-dumb child's way of

xxxiv VOCAL SIGNS ANTERIOR TO GRAMMAR.

asking, Who has beaten you ? would be. You beaten ; who was it ? ' Where
the inquiry is of a more general nature, a number of alternatives are suggested.
'The deaf-and-dumb child does not ask. What did you have for dinner yester-
day ? but. Did you have soup ? did you have porridge ? and so forth. — What is
expressed by a genitive case or a corresponding preposition may have a distinct
sign of holding in the Gesture-language. The three signs to express the gar-
dener's knife, might be the knife, the garden, and the action of grasping the
knife, putting it into his pocket, or something of the kind. But the mere
putting together of the possessor and possessed may answer the purpose.'

The vocal signs used at the first commencement of speech would differ from
the gestures which they supplemented or replaced only in being addressed to the
ear instead of the eye. Each separate utterance would be designed to lead the
hearer to the thought of some scene of existence or sensible image associated with
the sound which the utterance is intended to represent, and it might be used to
signify a substantive object, or a quality, or action, according to the circumstances
of the case. . The deaf-mute touches his lip to signify either the lip itself or the
colour red, and the word lip might equally have been used in both these senses,
as, in fact, the term pink is applied indifferently to a particular flower and a mix-
ture of white and red, or orange to a certain fruit and its peculiar colour. An
imitation of the sound -of champing with the jaws might with equal propriety
signify either something to eat or the act of eating, and on this principle we have
above explained the origin of words like mum or nim, which may occasionally be
heard in our nurseries expressing indifferently the senses of eat or of food. Nor is
this comprehensiveness of signification confined to the self-developed language of
children. In ordinary English the same word may often be used in such a con-
struction as to make it either verb or noun, substantive or adjective, or sometimes
interjection or adverb also. When I speak of going to hunt or to Jish, gram-
marians would call the word a verb. When I speak of joining the hunt or catching
zjish, it is a substantive. In the expression of a hunt-ball or Jish-dinner the prior
element is used to qualify the meaning of the following noun, and thus performs
the part of an adjective. The syllable bang represents a loud dull sound, and when
it is uttered simply for the purpose of giving rise to the thought of such a sound,
as when I say. Bang ! went the gun, it is called an interjection. But when it is
meant to indicate the action of a certain person, as when I say. Do not bang the
door, it is a verb. When it expresses the subject or the object of action, as in die
sentence. He gave tlie door a bang, it is a noun. When I say. He ran bang up
against the wall, bang qualifies the meaning of the verb ran, and so is an adverb.
But these grammatical distinctions depend entirely upon the use, in other instances
or in other languages, of appropriate modifications of the significant syllable,
whether by additions or otherwise, in expressing such relations as those indicated
above. The office of all words at the beginning of speech, like that of the Inter-
jections at the present day, would be simply to bring to mind a certain object of
thought, and it would make no difference in the nature of the word whether that
object was an agent, or an act, or a passive scene of existence. The same word

NATURE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxv

moo would serve to designate the lowing of the cow or the cow itself. It is only
when a word, signifying an attribute of this person or of that, coalesces with the
personal pronouns, or with elements expressing relations of time, that the verb
will begin to emerge as a separate kind of word from the rest of speech. In the
same way the coalescence with elements indicating that the thing signified is the
subject or the object of action, or expressing the direction of motion to or from
the thing, or some relation between it and another object, will give rise to the
class of nouns. We have in Chinese an example of a language in which neither
verb nor noun has yet been developed, but every syllable presents an independent
image to the mind, the relations of which are ouly marked by the construction of
the sentence, so that the same word may signify under different circumstances
what would be expressed by a verb, a noun, or an adjective in an inflectional
language. The syllable ta conveys the idea of something great, and may be used
in the sense of great, greatness, and to be great. Thus tafu signifies a great man;
Jii ta, the man is great.^ — Miiller I. 255. The sense of in a place is expressed in
Chinese by adding such words as cung, middle, or nei, inside, as kuo cung, in the
empire. The instrumental relation is indicated by the syllable y, which is an old
word meaning use ; as y ting (use stick), with a stick. It is universally supposed
that the case-endings of nouns in Greek, Latin, and Sanscrit have arisen from the
coalescence of some such elements as the above, as in the case of our own com-
pounds, whereto, whereof, wherefore, wherehy, wherewith, the subsidiary element
being slurred over in pronunciation, and gradually worn' down until all clue to its
original form and signification has been wholly lost. It is otherwise with the
personal inflections of the verbs, whose descent from the personal pronouns is in
many cases clear enough.

Interjections are of the same simple significance as the words in Chinese, or
as all words must have been at the first commencement of speech. Their mean-
ing is complete in itself, not implying a relation to any other conception. The
purpose of the interjection is simply to present a certain object to the imagina-
tion of the hearer, leaving him to connect it with the ideas suggested by any
preceding or following words, as if successive scenes of visible representation were
brought before his eyes. The term is chiefly applied to exclamations intended
to express a variety of mental or bodily affections, pain, grie^ horror, contempt,
wonder, &c., by imitating some audible accompaniment of the affection in ques-
tion. Thus the notion of pain or grief is conveyed by an imitation of a sigh or
a groan ; the idea of dislike and rejection by an imitation of the sound of spit-
ting. The interjection will be completely accounted for in an etymological
point of view, when it is traced to a recognised symphenomenon (as Lieber calls
it) of the affection, that is, to some outward display of the affection, that admits
of audible representation. Why the affection should display itself in such a
manner is a question beyond the bounds of etymological inquiry, but is often
self-evident, as in the case of spitting as a sign of dislike.

The interjections which occupy the most prominent place in the class are
perhaps those which represent a cry of pain, a groan, a sigh of oppression and

xxxvi DEVELOPMENT OF VERBS AND NOUNS.

grief. Such are g. ach, Gael, ach, och, ochan, w. och, e. ah, oh, It. ai, ahi, ohi,
Gr. o'i, &, Lat. ah, oh, oi, hei, Illyr. jao, jaoh. A widespread form, representing
probably a deeper groan, is seen in Gr. oval, Lat. vce. It. guai, w. gwae, Illyr.
vaj, Goth, wai, ohg. ui, w^wa, as. wd, wAwa, e. woe, on. j;ez.

The representation of a sigh or groan by the syllable ah ! ah ! assumes the
shape of a substantive or a verb in w. och, ochan, g. ach, a groan or lamentation ;
vir. ocAJ, ochain, 6. achen, dchzen, to groan, Gr. axofiai, to bewail oneself, ctica-
X'fw (to cry ach ! ach !) dx£<Jj "-X^^hh '° grieve, to rriourn. It passes on to
signify the cause of the groaning in as. ace, cece, e. ache, pain, suffering, and in
Gr. a-xoe, pain, grief. The form corresponding to Lat. vce, however, has more
generally been used in the construction of words signifying pain, grief, misery.
6. weh, pain, grief] affliction; die wehen, the pangs of childbirth; kopfweh,
zahnweh, headache, toothache ; wehen (Schmeller), to ache, to hurt ; Let. wai-
idt, to injure; Illyrian vaj, w. gwae; It. guajo, misfortune, woe.

It Is very common in an early stage of speech to form verbs by the addition
of elements signifying ^02/ or make to an imitative syllable. Thus in the lan-
guage of the Gallas the sound of a crack is represented by the syllables cacaA
(where c stands for a click with the tongue) ; the chirping of birds by the syllable
tirr or trrr; the champing of the jaws by djamdjam ; and cacak djeda (to say
cacak) is to crack; tirr-djeda, to chirp; djamdjam goda (goda, to make), to
smack or make a noise as swine in eating. A similar formation is frequent in
Sanscrit, and is found in g. weh schreien, weh klagen, to cry woe ! to lament ;
wehthun, to do woe, to cause pain, to ache. A more artificial way of express-
ing action is to replace the elements signifying say or make by the sound of an
I, n, or r, in Gr. mostly a %, at the close of the radical syllable. Thus the Latin
has la.-l-are, to cry laa ! the Piedmontese, Jar lau-lau, and more artificially
lau-l-e, to make bow-wow, to bark ; Fr. miau-l-er, to cry miau ! Albanian
miau-l-is, miau-n-is, I mew; Gr. aiai^to, to cry at, al, to lament, oi/iiifoj, to cry
oi[iot, ah me ! yapyapi^a), to sound yapyap, to gargle. In this way from the
root guai, wai, representing a cry of pain, are formed e. wai-l. It. guaj-ire, guaj-
ol-ire, to yell or cry out pitifully, to lament, Bret, gwe-l-a, to weep, n. vei-a, on.
vei-n-a (to cry vei .'), to yell, howl, lament, g. weinen, to weep.

We get a glimpse of the original formation of verbs in the way in which the
interjection sometimes coalesces with the personal pronoun. The utterance of
the interjection alone would naturally express the pain or grief of the speaker
himself, but when joined with the mention of another person, the exclamation
would refer with equal clearness to the suffering of the person designated. Fee
till! Fee victis / Woe unto thee ! Woe unto them ! Accordingly, when the
speaker wishes emphatically to indicate himself as tlie sufferer, he adds the pro-
noun of the first person. Hei mihi / Ah me ! Aye me ! Sp. Ay di me I Gr.
o'i^oi. It. ohimi ! oim'el Illyr. vaj me t Let. waiman I woe is me. And so com-
plete is the coalescence of the interjection and the pronoun in some of these
cases, as to give rise to the formation of verbs like a simple root. Thus from
oifioi springs otjucifw, to wail, lament ; from oimi, oimare, to wail or cry alas

EXPRESSION OF HORROR. xxxvii

(Florio) ; from Let. waiman I waimanas, lamentation, waimandt, to lament,
showing the formation of the oe. waiment, of the same signification. Now if
we examine the purport of the utterance ohimi ! ah me ! we shall see that it is
intended to let the hearer know that the speaker is in pain or grief, and thus has
essentially the same meaning -with the Or. ayoyiai I bemoan myself, I cry ach !
I am in pain. And no one doubts that the fiai of ax"/'"' '^ the pronoun of the
first person joined on to an element signifying lamentation or pain, a notion
which is expressed in the clearest manner by a syllable like ctx or ach, represent-
hig a cry of pain.

The interjection in Italian coalesces also with the pronoun of the second and
third person : ohitu, ! alas for thee, ohisS ! alas for him (Florio), suffering to thee,
to him, corresponding to Gr. dxeaai, ax^rai, although in these last the identity
of the verbal terminations with the personal pronoun is not so clearly marked as
in the case of the first person of the verb.

UGH !

The effects of cold and fear on the human frame closely resertible each other.
They check the action of the heart and depress the vital powers, producing a con-
vulsive shudder, under which the sufferer cowers together with his arms pressed
against his chest, and utters a deep guttural cry, the vocal representation of which
will afford a convenient designation of the attitude, mental or bodily, with which
it is associated. Hence, in the first place, the interjection ugh! (in German uh!
hu ! in French ouf !) expressive of cold or horror, and commonly pronounced
with a conscious imitation of the sound which accompanies a shudder. Then
losing its imitative character the representative syllable appears under the form of
ug or hug, as the root of verbs and adjectives indicating shuddering and horror.
Kilian has huggheren, to shudder or shiver. The oe. ug or houge was used in the
sense of shudder at, feel abhorrence at.

The rattling drum and trumpet's tout

Delight young swankies that are stout ;

What his kind frighted mother ugs

Is niusick to the sodger's lugs. — Jamieson, Sc. Diet.

In a passage of Hardyng cited by Jamieson it is related how the Abbess of Cold-
inghame, having cut off her own nose and lips for the purpose of striking the
Danish ravishers with horror, —

' Counselled al her systers to do the same
To make their foes to houge so with the sight.
And so they did, afore the enemies came
Eche-on their nose and overlip full right
Cut off anon, which was an hougly sight. '

Here, as Jamieson observes, the passage clearly points out the origin of the word
ugly as signifying what causes dread or abhorrence, or (carrying the derivation to
its original source) what makes us shudder and cry ugh !

Ugh! the odious ugly fellow. — Countess of St Albans.

xxxviii ASTONISHMENT.

It may be observed that we familiarly use frightful, or dreadfully ugly, for the
extreme of ugliness. The radical syllable is compounded with a different termin-
ation in Scotch ugsome, what causes horror.

The uffsomeness and silence of the nycht
In every place my sprete made sore aghast. — Douglas, Virgil.
From the same root are on. ugga, to fear, to have apprehension of j uggr, fright,
apprehension; uggligr, frightful, threatening; uggsamr, timorous. Then as
things of extraordinary size have a tendency to strike us with awe and terror, to
make us houge at them (in the language of Hardyng), the term huge is used to
signify excessive size, a fearful size. The connection of the cry with a certain
bodily attitude comes next into play, and the word hug is applied to the act of
pressing the arms against the breast, which forms a prominent feature in the
shudder of cold or horror, and is done in a voluntary way in a close embrace or
the like.

GR. fia^ai ! LAT. BABjE ! VA.YM \

The manifestation of astonishment or absorption in intent observation, by the
instinctive opening of the mouth, is familiar to every one.

I saw a smith stand with his hammer — thus,
The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool,
With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.— K. John.

The physical cause of the phenomenon appears to be, that the least exertion
in breathing interferes with the power of catching any very slight sounds for
which we are listening ; and as we breathe with greater ease with the mouth open,
when we are intently engaged in the observation of an object of apprehension or
wonder, listening for every sound that may proceed from it, the mouth instinct-
ively opens in order to calm down the fimction of breathing, and to give the fairest
play to the sense of hearing. Now the exertion of the voice at the moment of
opening the lips produces the syllable ha, which is found as the root of words in
the most distant languages signifying wonder, intently observe, watch, expect,
wait, remain, endure, or (passing from the mental to the bodily phenomenon)
gape or open the mouth, and thence open in general. The repetition of the syl-
lable ha, ha, gives the interjection of wonder in Greek and Latin, jSa/3at ! babae!
papae ! The exclamation ba ! is used in the North of France in a similar manner,
according to Hecart (Diet. Rouchi),-and the same author explains hahaie as one
who stares with open mouth, a gaping hoohy. "Walloon hawi, to gaze with open
mouth (Grandgagnage) ; eshawi. Old English ahaw, Fr. ehahir, ahauhir, to cause
to cry ha ! to set agape, to astonish.

In himself was all his state
More solemn than the tedious pomp which waits
On princes, wlien tlieir rich retinue long
Of horses led and grooms besmeared with gold,
Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. — Milton.

In the remote Zulu we find hahaxa, to astonish. The significant syllable is

ATTENTION, SILENCE. xxxix

strengthened by a final d in several of the Romance dialects (' the d being in an-
cient Latin the regular stopgap of the hiatus.' — Quart. Rev. No. 148), as in It.
ladare, to be intent upon, to watch, to loiter, tarry, stay ; stare a lada, to observe,
to watch, to wait ; sladigliare, Proven9al badalhar, to yawn ; hadar, to open the
mouth, gola hadada, with open mouth ; pouerto ladiero, an open door ; Fr. lader,
to open (Vocab. de Berri), badault (badaud), a gaping hoyden, a fool (Cot.) ;
Catalan badia, Portuguese hahia, an opening where the sea runs up into the land,
a bay ; Breton badalein, to yawn ; bada, badaoui, to be stupified, dazzled, aston-
ished. In, France the simpler form of the root, without the addition of the final
d, gives Old Fr. baer, baier, beer, to be intent upon, to hanker after, to gape ;
bouche beante, a gueule bee, with open mouth ; bailler, to gape or yawn. Abaier
is explained by Lacombe, ' ^couter avec etonnement, bouche beante, inhiare lo-
quenti.' The adoption of Fr. abaier gave rise to e. abeyance, expectation, sus-
pense, and OE. able, to remain, abide, endure.

At sight of her they sudden all arose

In great amaze, ne wist which way to chuse.

But Jove all fearless forced them to abie. — F. Queen.

The same transition from the sense of earnest observation to that of expecta-
tion or mere endurance until a certain end, is seen in Latin attendere, to observe,
to direct the mind to, and Fr. attendre, to expect, to wait ; and again in Italian
guatare, to look, to watch, compared with e. wait, which is radically identical
and was itself originally used in the sense of look.

Beryn clepyd a maryner, and bad hym sty on lofl:,
And wejiie aftir our four shippis aflir us doith dryve.

As the vowel of the root is thinned down from a to j in the series baer, baier,
abaier, aby, or in Gr. (x""^) X""''*^' xaoKw, compared with Lat. Mo, to gape, we
learn to recognise a similar series in It. badare, Gofhic beidan, to look out for, to
expect, await, and E. bide, abide, to wait.

HUSH ! HIST !

A representation of a whispering or rusthng sound by the utterance of a pro-
longed sh or ss, or of different combinations of s with h, p, or t, is widely used for
the purpose of demanding silence or cessation of noise, or of warning one to listen.
Hence the interjections of silence, hush 1 hist I whist I pist ! (Hal.), Sc. whish !
whisht ! G. ps ! psch 1 pst I husch ! tusch ! Da. tys ! Sw. tyst I Lat. st I It. zitto,
Piedm. cito I ciuto I Fr. chut I Turk, silsd, I Ossetic ss 1 sos 1 silence! Fernandian
sial listen! tush! Yoruba .sfo ! pshaw! (Tylor, Prim. Cult. I. 178.)

The interjection seems in all cases to arise from a representation of a low
whispering sound, but the principle on which it acts as a demand of silence may
be explained in two ways. In the first place it may be understood as an exhort-
ation to lower the voice to a whisper, or more urgently, not to let even a whisper
or a rustle be heard ; but more generally perhaps it is to be understood as an in-

xl LISTENING.

timation to be on the watch for the least whisper that can be heard, for which
purpose it is necessary that the hearer should keep perfectly still. Thus we have
Sc. whish, whush, a rushing or whizzing sound, a whisper. — Jam.

Lat her yelp on, be you as calm's a mouse.

Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.

The It. %itto is used exactly in the same way ; non fare zitfo, not to make the
least sound ; non sentirse un zitto, not a breath to be heard ; stare zitto, to be
silent. Pissipissi, pst, hsht, still ; also a low whispering ; pissipissare, to psh, to
hsht ; also to buzz or whisper very low. — Fl. To pister or whister are provincially
used in the sense of whisper.— Hal. The w. hust (pronounced hist), a buzzing
noise, hush (Rhys), husting, whisper, speak low, correspond to e. hist ! silence !
listen ! In the same way answering to g. tusch ! Da. tys I hush ! the g. has tus-
chen, tuscheln, to whisper j zischen, zischeln, ziischeln, to hiss, whizz, fizz, whisper.
6. husch! represents any slight rustling sound, the sound of moving quickly through
the air. ' Husch / sau^&a v/'n husch / Amch. rusch und durchbusch.' ' Husch t
was rauscht dort in den gebiischen.' In this last example it will be seen that the
interjection may be understood either as a representation of the rustling sound that
is heard in the bushes, or as an intimation to listen to it. The Gr. ai'Ci^, to give
the sound ai, to hiss, signifies also, to cry hush ! to command silence, showing
that the syllable ai, like the Fernandian sia ! was used in the sense of hush.
Hence must be explained Lat. sileo, Goth, silan (formed on the plan of Lat. la-
l-o, to cry haa), to be hushed or silent. In Gr. o-tyaw, to be silent, criya^w, to put
to silence, the root has the form of e. sigh, representing the sound of a deep-drawn
breath, or the whispering of the wind. In like manner the Sc. souch, sugh,
swouch, souf, OE. swough, Magy. sug-, suh-, representing the sound of the wind, or
of heavy breathing, lead to Sc. souch, silent, calm. To keep a calm souch ; to
keep souch, to keep silent. — Jam. Hence as. suwian, swugan, swigan, 6. schwei-
gen, to be silent. The syllable representing a whispering sound is sometimes
varied by the introduction of an I after the initial w, f, or h. Thus firom forms
like whisper (g. wispern, wispeln), whister, pister, whist! hist I we pass to as.
wlisp (speaking with a whispering sound), lisping, G.Jiispern,flustem, to whisper,
ON. hlusta, to listen, as. hlyst, gehlyst, the sense of hearing. The primitive mute
then falls away, leaving the initial / alone remaining, as in g. lispeln, to whisper,
also to lisp ; Du. luysteren, to whisper, as well as to listen (Kil.) ; E. list I synon-
ymous with hist ! hark, and thence the verb to listen.

The notion of a suppressed utterance of the voice is very generally conveyed
by modifications of the syllable.ma, representing the sound made with the closing
lips ; rmi, mum, mut, muk, mus, to which are often added a rhyming accompani-
ment on the plan of such expressions as hugger-mugger, hubble-bubble, heller-skelter.
^ Thus we have Gr. fivZuv ^irirc ypv^tii', to say neither mu nor gru, not to utter a
syllable J Lat. muttio or mutio, as e. mutter, to say Triut, to utter low indistinct
sounds; non muttire, non. dicere muttum, to keep silence. Equivalent phrases are
Fr. ne sonner mot ; It. non fare ne motto ne totto (Altieri) ; Sp. no decir mus ne
chus, ni rnistar ni chislar ; Du. noch mikhen noch kikken; g. nicht miicken, nicht

SILENCE, CONCEALMENT. xli

mix noch kix sagen; Swiss nichtmutz thun. The form mum may perhaps be from
a repetition of the imitative syllable mu mu, as in Vei mumu, dumb. It is used by
the author of Pierce Plowman in the sense of the least utterance, where, speaking
of the avarice of the monks, he says that you may sooner

mete the mist on Malvern hills

Than get a mum of their mouths ere money be them shewed.

Hence, by ellipse of the negative, mum ! silence ! Fr. Mom ! ne parlez plus
— Palsgr. In the same way the Fr. uses mot, as, ne sonnex mot / not a syllable !
— Trevoux.

With every step of the track leading up to the Lat. mutus, speechless, so clearly
marked out, it is impossible to hesitate between the formation of the word in the
manner indicated above, and the derivation from Sanscr. toz2, to bind, maintained
by Miiller, and from so glaring an example we may take courage not always to
regard the question as conclusively settled by the most confident production of
a Sanscrit root. As the Fr. uses both mom / and mot ! as an injunction of
silence, so a person stands mum. or mute when not a muTn or a mut comes from
his mouth. Moreover, the sense of speechlessness is expressed on the same
principle in the most distant tongues. Thus from Magy. kuk, a slight sound,
is formed kukkanni (identical with the Da. kitten in the expression noch mikken
noch kikken), to mutter, and kuka, dumb. The Vei jmimu, Mpongwe imamu,
dumb, are essentially identical with our mum, silent, whence mummers, actors in
durabshow. Mr Tylor quotes also Zulu momata, to move the mouth or lips;
Tahitian omumo, to murmur ; mamu, to be silent ; Fiji nomonomo, Chilian nom/t,
to be silent ; Quiche mem, mute; Quichua amu, silent, dumb. — Prim. Cult. I.
185.

The ideas of silence and secresy or concealment are so closely connected, that
from juufo) we readily pass to fivarrjpwv, the secret rites of Greek worship, whence
E. mystery, something hidden from the comprehension. In the same way from
the representative mus (Sp. no decir mus ui chus) we have Lat. musso, to mutter,
to be silent, and thence Fr. musser, to hide ; musse, a private hoard. ' Cil que
musce les furmens, est escoramenge es gens : qui abscondit frumenta maledicetur
in populis.' Cotgrave calls hide-and-seek the game of musse. So also from the
parallel form muk must probably be explained the familiar hugger mugger, applied
to what is done in secret, and mucker, to lay up a (secret) store. Exmoor mug-
gard (muttering), sullen, displeased. — Halliwell. Gr. jxvyfioe, a muttering.

The interj. hem / ahem I hm t hum / represent the sound made in clearing
the throat in order to call the attention of the hearer to the speaker. In Latin it
lias frequently the force of the interj. en ! (which may be merely another mode
of representing the same utterance) when the speaker points to something, or
does something to which he wishes to call attention. Hem! Davum tibi : Here!
(pointing) there is Davus for you. Oves scabrae sunt, tam glabrae, hem, quam
haec est manus : — as smooth, see here ! as this hand. When addressed to a person

xlii THE PRONOUN ME.

going away it has the effect of stopping him or calling him back. Thus Du. hem
is explained by Weiland an eKclamation to make a person stand still: hem 1 hoor
hier, haWol hark there. Mr Tylor notices an analogous exclamation Tnma / 'hallo,
stop," in the language of Fernando Po. Then, as the notion of bringing to a stand
naturally leads to that of stopping a person in something that he is doing, thfc
interj. ham ! is used in Hesse as a prohibition to children. Ham I ham ! Don't
touch that, leave that alone. Hum 1 Hummel an interj. of prohibition.— Brem.
Wtb. Hence hamm holln, to keep one in check, to restrain. Du sast mi
wbll hamm holln, you shall attend to my hamm ! shall stay where I chuse, do
as I direct (Danneil). The conversion of the interj. into a verb gives Du. hemmen,
hammen, to call back by crying hem I (Weiland), and g. hemmen, to restrain, keep
back, to stop or hinder a proceeding; together with thcE. Aem, to confine. 'They
hem me in on every side.' A hem* is the doubling down which confines the threads
of a garment and hinders them from ravelling out.

The point of greatest interest about the interj. hem is that it offers a possible,
and as it seems to me a far from improbable, origin of the pronoun me, Gr. emo-,
as shown in the cases ijiov, ifioi, ifii. We have seen that the primary purpose
of the interj. is to call the attention of the hearer to the presence of the person
who utters the exclamation, and this, it must be observed, is precisely the office of
the pronoun me, which signifies the person of the speaker. Ifem is often used
in Latin when the speaker turns his thoughts upon himself. Hem ! misera
occidi ! Ah wretched me ! I am lost. Hem ! scio jam quid vis dicere. Let me
see — I know what you would say. In the line .

Me, Me, adsum qui feci, in me convertite tela,
we might read the passage without alteration of the meaning.
Hem ! Hem ! adsum qui feci.

The use of articulations consisting- mainly of the sound of m or n to signify the
speaker himself, is so widely spread in every family of man, that this mode of
designation must be based on some very obvious principle of significance.

In an interesting paper on the pronouns of the first and second person by Dr
Lottner, in the Philological Trans, of 1859, ^^ shows that in upwards of seventy
Negro languages the pronoun of the first person is ma, me, mi, man, na, ne, nge,
ngi, ni, in, with m and n as personal prefixes. And the word is formed on the same
plan in almost all families of language. In the Finnic family we have Ostiac ma,
Vogul am. Lap. mon ; in Turkish -m as possessive affix, as in laba-m, my father.
Then again Burmese nga, Chinese ngo, Corean nai, Australian ngai, Kassia 7tga,
Kol ing, aing, Tamul nan, Basque ni, Georgian me, and among the languages of
N. and S. America, ni, ne, vo, na, miye, in, ane, aid, &c. The Bushmen of the Cape,

* Mr Tylor cites the derivation of G. hemmen, ' to stop, check, restrain,' from the interj.
hem ! signifying stop ! as an obvious extravagance. Tliere is however so close a connection
in meaning between the interjection and the verb, that it is not easy to understand the grounds
of the censure from the mouth of one who fully admits the legitimacy of derivation from inter-
jections.

THE PRONOUN ME. xliii

whoSe pronoun of the first person is written mm. by Lichtenstein, probably retain
the purest type of the expression, the principle of which appears to be the confine-
ment of the voice within the person of the speaker, by the closure of the lips or
teeth in the utterance of the sounds m, n, ng. It is certain that something of this
kind is felt when we sound the voice through the nose iu an inarticulate way
with closed lips, in order to intimate that we are keeping our thoughts to ourselves,
and are not prepared, or do not choose, to give them forth in speech. The sound
which we utter on such an occasion appears in writing in the shape of the inter].
hm ! and as it marks the absorption of the speaker in his own thoughts, it might
naturally be used to designate himself in the early lispings of language before the
development of the personal pronouns : in other words, it might serve as the basis
of the pronoun me. Nor is the formation of the pronoun on such a plan by any
means a new suggestion.

The Grammarian Nigidius (as quoted by A. Gellius, 1. x. c. 4) asserts that in
pronouncing the pronoun of the first person {ego, mihi, nos), we hem in, as it
were, the breath within ourselves (spiritum quasi intra nosmetipsos coercemus),
and hence he conceives that the word is naturally adapted to the meaning it ex-
presses. He probably felt the truth of the principle in the case of me, and blun-
deringly extended it to ego, in the pronunciation of which there is certainly no
hemming in of the voice. It is of the nasals m, n, ng only that this character
can properly be aflSrmed, and these, as we have seen, seem to be indifferently
employed as the basis of me and its correlatives all over the globe. Plato in the
Cratylus speaks of the letter n as keeping the sound within the speaker, and on
that principle implicitly explains the meaning of the preposition iv, in, which is
the mere articulation of the consonantal sound in question.

The application of an inteij. signifying see here I to the sense of me, would
be strictly parallel to the use of It. n and vi, properly signifying here and there, in
the sense of us and you. Other instances of a like nature are given by W. v.
Humboldt in his essay on the connection between the adverbs of place and the
personal pronouns. Thus in the language of Tonga, mei signifies hither, motion
towards the speaker ; atu, motion from the speaker to the person spoken to, and
these particles are used in construction (like It. d and vi) for me or us and you.
'Bea behe mei he tunga fafine'^wlien spoke hither the several women, i. e.
when several women spoke to me or us. So tdla, to tell ; tdla mei, to tell
hither, to tell me or us ; tdla tu, to tell thither, to tell you. Here we seem to
have the veiy forms of the Lat. pronouns me and fu, for which it is remarkable
that the Tonga has totally different words, au and coy. In Armenian there is a
suffix s, which originally means this or here, but takes the meaning of / and my.
Thus hair-s, this father, I a father, my father. In American slang a man speaks
of himself as this child.

Another consequence of the closing of the mouth in the utterance of the
sound of m or n may explain the use of those articulations in expressing rejec-
tion, refusal, negation. The earliest type of rejection is the closing of the
mouth, and the aversion of the head from the proffered breast, and the inherent

xliv NEGATION. ENJOYMENT.

propriety of the symbolism is obvious. De Brosses observes that the articulations
n and s, both of which he considers as nasal sounds, are naturally adapted to sig-
nify negation or contrariety, giving as examples the words infinity and It. sfor-
tunato. He overlooks the fact, however, that this It. .s is merely the remnant of
a Lat. dis, and gives no other example of the supposed negative power of the
letter. Moreover, the reason he suggests for attributing such a significance to
the nasals is simply absurd. Of the two channels, he says (ch. xiv. § 29), by which
the voice is emitted, the nose is the least used, and it changes the sound of the
vowel, which adapts it for the interjection of doubt, and for the expression of
the privative idea. The expression of negation by means of nasals is exemplified
in Goth, nl, Lat. ne, in (in composition), Gr. ju?;, Masai (E. Africa) emme, erne, m- ;
Vei ma ; Haussa n, n, representing a sound of which it is impossible to convey a
correct idea by visible signs.- — Schou. Mr Tylor cites Botocudo yna (making
the loudness of the sound indicate the strength of the negation) ; Tupi aan, aani;
GuatOTwcM; Miranha rzaw j ; Quichua a7/7a, 777a7;i2« {sNhence manamni, to deny);
Quiche ma, man, mana ; Galla hn, kin, km ; Coptic an, emmen, en, mmn ;
Fernandian 'nt, all signifying not.

ENJOYMENT AND DISGUST.

The most universal and direct source of pleasure in animal life is the appe-
tite for food, and it is accordingly from this source that are taken the types used
in expressing the ideas of gratification or dislike. The savage expresses his ad-
miration and pleasure by smacking his lips or rubbing his belly, as if relishing
food or rejoicing in a hearty meal; he indicates distaste and rejection by signs of
spitting out a nauseous mouthful. Thus Petherick, speaking of a tribe of negroes
on the Upper Nile, says, ' The astonishment and delight of these people at our
display of beads was great, and was expressed by laughter and a general rubbing
of their bellies.' — Egypt and the Nile, p. 448. And similar evidence is adduced
by Leichardt from the remoter savages in Australia. ' They very much admired
our horses and bullocks, and particularly our kangaroo-dog. They expressed
their admiration by a peculiar smacking or clacking with their mouth and lips.'
— Australia, p. ^2^.

The syllable smack, by which we represent the sound made by the lips or
tongue in kissing or tasting, is used in English, Swedish, German, Polish, &c., in
the sense of taste. Du. smaeck, taste ; smaecklic, sweet, palatable, agreeable to
the taste. In the Finnish languages, which do not admit of a double consonant
at the beginning of words, the loss of the initial 5 gives Esthonian maggo, makko,
ta-ite; maggus, makke. Fin. makia, sweet, well-tasting; maiskia, to smack the
lips ; maisto, taste ; maiskis, a smack, a kiss, also relishing food, delicacies. The
initial .s is lost also in Fris. macke, to kiss. The initial consonant is somewhat
varied without impairing the imitative effect in Bohemian mlaskati, to smack in
eating ; mlaskanina, delicacies ; and in Fin. naskia, g. knatschen, to smack \^'ith
the mouth in eating, showing the origin of Lettish nnschkeht, g. naschen, to be
nice in eating, to love delicacies ; ndscherei, dainties.

ENJOYMENT. DISGUST. xlv

Again, we have seen that Leichardt employs the syllables smack and clack as
equally appropriate to represent the sound made by the tongue and palate in the
enjoyment of tasty food, and in French, claquer de la langue is employed for the
same purpose. We spsak of a click with the tongue, though we do not happen
to apply it to the smack in tasting. The Welsh has gwefusglec (gwefus, lip), a
smack with the lips, a kiss. From this source then we may derive Gr. yXvKvg,
sweet, analogous to Du. smaecklic, Fin. mak'ia, from the imitative smack. The
sound of an initial cl or gl is readily confounded with that of tl or dl, as some
people pronounce glove, dlove, and formerly tlick was used where we now say
click. Thus Cotgrave renders Fr. niquet, a tnicke, tlick, snap with the fingers.
The same combination is found in Boh. tlaskati, to smack in eating, tleskati, to
clap hands ; and Lat. stloppus, parallel with sclopus, a pcip or click with the
mouth. From the sound of a smack represented by the form tlick or dlick I
would explain Lat. delicits, anything one takes pleasure in, delight, darling ; to-
gether with the cognate delicatus, what one smacks one's chops at, dainty, nice,
agreeable, as corruptions of an earlier form, dlicice, dlicatus. And as we have
supposed Gr. yXwKuc (glykys) to be derived from the form click or glick, so from
tlick or dlick would be formed dlykis or dlukis (diucis), and ultimately dulcis,
sweet, the radical identity or rather parallelism of which with yXvKve has been
recognised on the principle of such an inversion. When the sound of an initial
tl or dl became distasteful to Latin ears, it would be slurred over in different
ways, and diucis would pass into dulcis by inverting the places of the liquid and
vowel, while the insertion of an e in dlicice, dlicatus, as in the vulgar umberella
for umbrella, would produce delicice, delicatus. It is true that an intrusive
vowel in such cases as the foregoing is commonly (though not universally) short,
but the long e in these words may have arisen from their being erroneously re-
garded as compounds with the preposition de.

The attitude of dislike and rejection is typified by signs of spitting out an
unsavoury morsel, as clearly as the feelings of admiration and pleasure by signs
of the relishing of food. Thus Gawaine Douglas expresses his disgust at the way
in which the harmonious lines of Virgil were mangled by incompetent trans-
lators.

His ornate goldin verses mare than gilt,
I sfittefor disspite to see thame spylte
By sic ane wicht. — 5. 44.

' Would to God therefore that we were come to such a detestation and loathing

of lying that we would even spattle at it, and cry fy upon it and all that use it.' -

Dent's Pathway in Halliwell. The Swedish j!/)o« signifies spittle, and also derision,
contempt, insult. The traveller Leichardt met with the same mode of expression
among the savages of Australia; 'The men commenced talking to them, but
occasionally interrupted their speeches by spitting and uttering a noise like pooh !
pooh! apparently expressive of their disgust.' — p. 189. It is probable that this

xlvi OFFENCE.

Australian interjection was, in fact, identical with our own pooh 1 and like it, in-
tended to represent the sound of spitting, for which purpose Burton in his African
travels uses the native tooht 'To-o-h! Tuh ! exclaims the Muzunga, spitting
with disgust upon the ground.' — Lake Regions of Africa, a. 346.

The sound of spitting is represented indifferently with an initial p, as in Maori
puhwa, to spit out ; Lat. spuere, to spit ; respuere (to spit back), to reject with dis-
dain ; despuere, to express disgust or disdain ; or with an initial t, as in Sanscr.
t'hiit'M, the sound of spitting ; Pers. thu kerdan, Chinook mamook took, Chilian
tuvcutun (to make tliu, tooJi, tuv), to spitj Arabic tufl, spittle; Galla twu / re-
presenting the sound of spitting ; tufa, to spit ; tufada, to spit, to despise, scorn,
disdain ; with which may bs joined English tuff, to spit Hke a cat. In Greek
iTTVd) the imitation is rendered more vivid by the union of both the initial sounds.

BLURT ! PET ! TROTZ !

The feelings of one dwelling on his own merits and angry at the short-
comings of another are marked by a frowning brow, a set jaw, and inflated cheeks,
while the breath is drawn in deep inspirations and sent out in puffs through the
nostril and passive lips. Hence the expressions of breathing vengeance, fuming with
anger, swelling with pride.

Sharp breaths of anger puffed
Her fairy nostrils out. — Tennyson.

The sound qf hard breathing or blowing is represented by the syllables puff, Tiuff,
whiff, whence a huff is a fit of ill-temper ; to huff, to swell with indignation or
pride, to bluster, to storm. — Johnson. The It. luffa is explained in Thomas'
Italian Dictionary 'the despising blast of the mouth which we call shirping.'
Brescian lofa, to breathe hard, to puff, especially with anger. — -Melchiori. Then,
as ill-will vents itself in derision, luffa, leffa, a jest, a trick; heffare, to trick or
cheat ; heffarsi, to laugh at ; luffone, a jester, a buffoon.

"When the puff of anger or disdain is uttered with exaggerated feeling it pro-
duces an explosive sound with the lips, represented by the syllable Hurt, which
was formerly used as an interjection of defiance. ' Bbirt I master constable,' a
fig for the constable. Florio speaks of ' a Hurt with one's mouth in scorn or de-
rision.' To Hurt a thing out is to bring it out with a sudden explosion as if spit-
ting something out of the mouth. A Uirt of greeting in Scotch is a burst of
crying.

A contemptuous whiff or blurt is otherwise represented by the sounds ft, pt,
prt, tt, trt. Thus w. wfft I is explained by Davis, vox abhorrentis et exprobrantis.
Wfft, a scorn or slight, a fie ; wfftio, to cry shame or fie, to push away with dis-
approbation.— Lewis. Sanscr. phut, phut, imitative sound of blowing ; expression
of disregard, indignation, anger.— Benfey. The It. petto, a blurt, petteggiare,
pettacchiare, to blurt with the mouth or lips (Fl.), Fr. pktarade, a noise made with
the mouth in contempt (Sadler), explain the interjections on. putt! Da. pytt ! Sw.
pyt I pshaw ! tut ! nonsense ! Norman pet! pour imposer un silence absolu. —
Decorde.

OFFENCE. CONTEMPT. xlvii

From the latter form of the mterjection we have e. pet, a fit of ill-humour or
of anger ; to take pet, to take huff, to take oiFence ; pettish, passionate, ill-hu-
moured. To pet a child is to indulge it in ill-humour, and thence o pet, a darling,
an indulged child or animal. Then as a child gives vent to his ill-humour by
thrusting out his lips and making a snout, or making a lip, as it is called in nursery
language, a hanging lip is called a pet lip in the N. of England. To pout, in De-
vonshire to poutch or poutle, Illyriau pufitise, Mzgyavpittyesxtni (pitty, a blurt
with the mouth), Geuevese faire la potte, signify to show ill-will by thrusting
out the lips. Hence Genevese potlu, pouting, sulky; Magy. piltyasx, having
projecting lips; Genevese pottes, Prov. potz, lips; Languedoc pot, pout, a hp;
poutet, a kiss ; poutouno, a darling. Again, as in the case of It. hvffa, heffa,
above-mentioned, we pass from the expression of ill-will to the notion of a dis-
agreeable turn in Da. puds, Sw. puts (to be compared with Devon. poutcK\, g.
posse, a trick.

The E. tut I (an exclamation used for checking or rebuking — Webster) seems
to represent an explosion from the tongue instead of the lips, and gives rise to the
provincial tutty, ill-tempered, sullen (Hal.), and probably tut-mouthed, having a
projecting underjaw; on. tota, snout ; Sw. tut, Da. tud, a spout, compared to
the projecting lips of a sulky child.

A more forcible representation of the explosive sound is given by the intro-
duction of an r, as in on. prutta d hesta, to sound with the lips to a horse in
order to make him go on ; Sw. pnista, to snort, to sneeze ; Magy. prussz,
ptriissz, as well as iiissz, triissz, sneeze. The resemblance of a .sneeze to a blurt
of contempt is witnessed by the expression of a thing not to be sneezed at, not to
be scorned. Thus the Magy. forms afford a good illustration of the oe. in-
terjections of scorn. Prut! Ptrot ! Tprot I e. Tut I Fr. Trut! and g. Trotz !

The Manuel des Pecch^s, treating of the sin of Pride, takes as first example
the man

— that is unbuxome all
Ayens his fader spirital,.
And seyth Prut ! for thy cursyng, prest. — I. 3016.

Hence are formed the oe. prute, prout, now written proud, and the Northern
E. prutten, to hold up the head with pride and disdain (Halliwell), which in the
West of E. (with inversion of the liquid and vowel) takes the form of purt, to
pout, to be sulky or sullen, g. protzen, Dvl. pratten, to sulk; protzig, prat,
surly, proud, arrogant. Then, as before, passing from the figure of a contemptu-
ous gesture to a piece of contemptuous treatment we have on. pretta, to play a
trick ; prettr, a trick. And as from the form pet I putt I was derived Swiss
Romance potte, a lip, so from prut I may be explained ohg. prort, a lip, and
figuratively a margin or border.

The imitation of the explosive sound with an initial tr, as in Magy. trussxen-
ni, to sneeze, gives It. truscare, to blurt or pop with one's lip or mouth (Fl.) ;
triiscio di lahbra, Fr. true, a blurting or popping with the lips or tongue to en-

xlviii DEFIANCE. DISGUST.

courage a horse ; on. trutta, to make a noise of such a description in driving
animals : vox est instigantis vel agentis equos aut armenta. — Gudmund. Hence
Fr. trut/ (an interj. importing indignation), tush, tut, fy man (Cot.); from
which we pass to Sw. dialect truta, to pout with the lips, make a snout ; trutas,
to be out of temper; trut, a snout, muzzle, spout. From the same source is the
6. trutz, trolz, tratz, expressing ill-will, scorn, defiance. Trutz nit ! do not sulk.
— Kladderadatsch. Trotz Ueten, to bid defiance ; trotzen, to defy, to be forward
or obstinate, to pout or sulk, to be proud of; trotzig, haughty, insolent, perverse,
peevish, sulky. — Griebe. Du. <rofien,7o»-ien, to irritate, insult; Valencian trotar,
to deride, to make a jest of. Sc. dort, pet, sullen humour ; to take the dorts, to
be in a pet ; dorty, pettish, saucy, dainty.

A special application of the exclamation of impatience and displeasure is to
send an inferior packing from one's presence. Thus from true, representing a
blurt with the mouth, is to be explained It. truccare, to send, to trudge or pack
away nimbly (Fl.) ; trucca via ! be off with you. Venetian troxare, to send
away. The exclamation in Gaejic takes the form of truis ! be oiF, said to a dog,
or a person in contempt (Macalpine). In oe. truss I was used in the same
way.

Lyere — was nowher welcome, for his manye tales

Over al yhonted, and yhote, trusse. — Piers PI. Vis. v. 1316.

To hete truss is an exact equivalent of g. trotz bieten. In Modern E. the expres-
sion survives in the shape of trudge.

This tale once told none other speech prevailed,

But pack and trudge .' all leysare was to long.— Gascoigne.

FAUGH ! FIE !

There is a strong analogy between the senses of taste and smell, as between
sight and hearing. When we are sensible of an odour which pleases us we snuff
up the air through the nostrils, as we eagerly swallow food that is agreeable
to the palate ; and as we spit out a disagreeable morsel, so we reject an offens-
ive odour by stopping the nose and driving out the infected air through the
protruded lips, with a noise of which various representations are exhibited in the
interjections of disgust. 'PifF! PhewIPhit!' excraims a popular writer, — 'they
have all the significance of those exclamatory whiffs which we propel from our
lips when we are compelled to hold our noses.' — Punch, Sept. a, 1863.

The sound of blowing is imitated all over the world by syllables like u'hew,fu,
pu. The interj. whew/ represents a forcible expiration through the protruded
lips, ' a sound like that of a half-formed whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or
dislike' (Webster). Sc. quliew, NB.whew, expresses the sound made by a body
passing rapidly through the air. To wTiew, Maori whio, to whistle ; wldu, a stroke
with a whip ; kowMuwhm, to blow, to winnow.

The derivatives from the form pu orfu are extremely numerous, on. pua, g.
pusen, pfausen,pusten, Gr. (pvaau, Vith. pusu, puttu, pusti, Gael, puth (pronounced
puh), Illyr. puhati, Fin. puhhata, piihkia, Hawaii puhi, Maori ptihipiiJii, pupi'iJii,

OFFENSIVE SMELL. xlix

CLmchnaptiJiuni (Tylor), Zulupupuza, Malay puput.topviff or blow. TheSanscrit
put, phut, imitative sound of blowing (Benfey), with puphma, the lungs, may be
compared with Maori pu^a, to pant, and puka-puka, the lungs. Again, we have
lAa^.Juni,*fuvm, Galla lufa, afufa, Qxiichkpula (Tylor), Sc. faff. It. luffare,
E. puff, to blow.

From forms like the foregoing we pass to the interjections expressing disgust
at a bad smell. Sanders in his excellent g. dictionary explains pu/ as an interj.
representing the sound made by blowing through the barely opened lips, and
thence expressing the rejection of anything nasty. ' Ha puh I wie stank der alte
mist.' The sense of disgust at a bad smell is expressed iii like manner by Lat.
phui I phu I fa ! fi ! (Forcell.), Venetian puh ! fi ! (Patriarchi), Fr. pouak ! fi !
Bret._/bei/_/ec'A / -b.. faugh ! fah I phew I Russ.ya/ tfal

It is obvious that the utterance of these interjections of disgust has the effect
of announcing, in the most direct manner, the presence of a bad smell, and if the
utterance is accompanied by gestures pointing out a particular object it will be
equivalent to an assertion that the thing stinks or is rotten. It will then be
necessary only to clothe the significant syllable in grammatical forms in order to
get verbs or nouns expressing ideas connected with the notion of offensive smell.
Accordingly we have Sanscr. pu, pMka, stinking ; puti, putrid, stinking matter,
civet ; pity, to stink, to putrefy ; Gr. vvQw, to rot ; Lat. puteo, putor, putidus,
puter, putresco, pus ; Fr. puer, to stink ; OFr. pulant, stinking. The Zulu says
that the 'meat says pu,' meaning that it stinks. Timorese poop, putrid; Quiche
pohir, to rot; puz, rottenness; Tupi puoA, nasty (Tylor). At the same time
from a form corresponding to Bret.^oei.' and t,. faugh/ the Lat. \iasfceteo and
fietidus, fetid, alongside of puteo and putidus. From the iovtnfa! are Old Norse
fuinn, rotten ; faki, stench or anything stinking ; fa,ll, stinking, rotten ; fyla,
stench. In the Gothic Testament the disciple speaking of the body of Lazarus
says Jahfals ist : by this time he stinketh. Modern Norse ^5*/, disgusting, of bad
taste or smell, troublesome, vexatious, angry, bitter. Han va fal aat os, he was
enraged with us. The e. equivalent is foul, properly ill smelling, then anything
opposed to our taste or requirements, loathsome, ugly in look, dirty, turbid (of
water), rainy and stormy (of the weather), unfair, underhand in the transactions of
life. ON. Fulyrdi, foul words ; falmenni, a scoundrel. From the adjective again
are derived the verb to Jile or d^le, to make foul ; and Jllth, that which makes
foul.

The disagreeable impressions of smell produce a much more vivid repugnance
than those of taste, and being besides sensible to all around, they afford the most
convenient type of moral reprobation and displeasure. And probably the earliest
expression of these feelings would occur in teaching cleanliness to the infant.

• This representation of the sound of blowing or breathing may not improbably be the
origin of the taoifu, Sanscrit bhu, of the verb to be. The negro who is without the verb to be
in his own language supplies its place by live. He says, Your hat no lib that place you put him
in. — Farrar, Chap. Lang. p. 54. Orig. Lang. p. 105. A child of my acquaintance would say,
Where it live ? where is it ? Now the breath is universally taken as the type of life.

d

1 REPROBATION. HATE.

The interjection fy ! expresses in the first instance the speaker's sense of a bad
smell, but it is used to the child in such a manner as to signify, That is dirty ; do
not touch that j do not do that ; and then generally, You haVe done something
displeasing to me, something of which you ought to be ashamed. Laura Bridge-
man, who was born deaf and blind, used to utter the sound ff ox Ji when dis-
pleased at being touched by strangers.

When used in a figurative sense to express moral reprobation the inteij. often
assumes a slightly different form from that which expresses disgust at a bad smell.
Thus in -e,. faugh I ovfoh / express disgust, ^e / reprobation. In 6. perhaps pfu !
or pfui I are chiefly employed in a moral sense ; fui I oxfi I with respect to smell.
P/ai dich an ! pfu die menschen an! shame on them. But the line cannot be
very distinctly drawn, and in Piatt Deutsch the expression is fu dik an ! as in
Grisons fudi I shame on you. Yx.f, I commonly expresses reprobation, but it is
also used with respect to smell. Fi t qu'il sent mauvais. Faire f, d'une chose, to
turn up one's nose at it, to despise it.

When we consider that shame is the pain felt at the reprobation of those to
whom we look with reverence, including our own conscience, and when we
observe the equivalence of expressions like pfu, dich I fie on you, and shame on
you, we shall easily believe that pu ! as an expression of reprehension, is the
source of Lat. pudet, it shames me, it cries pu ! on me ; pudeo, I lie under pu !
I am ashamed. In like manner repudio is to be explained as I pooh back, I
throw back with disdain; and probably refuto, to reject, disdain, disapprove, is
derived in the same way from the other form of the interj. fu ! being thus
analogous to g. pfuien, anpfuien, ^.fyne, to cry fie ! on, to express displeasure :
ein fynte hund, a scolded dog. The expression then passes on to signify the feel-
ings which prompt the utterance of the inteij. ; disgust, abhorrence, hate. Thus
from Russ./k/ is formed yi/to (properly to cry fa!), to abhor, to loathe; from
^ ■ ffi I fie ! ffiaidd, loathsome ; ^^etrftZio, to loathe, to detest; and so doubtless
from the same form of the inteij. is to be explained the Goth, fijan, os.fjd, as.
fian, to hate, and thence Goth. ^j/'aHc?, g. feind, an enemy, and oN.^andi, pro-
perly an enemy, then, as e. fiend, the great enemy of the human race. From
the same source are E.foe {oN.fidi i) and feud, enmity or deadly quarrel.

The aptness of the figure by which the natural disgust at stench is made the
type of the feelings of hatred, is witnessed by the expression of ' stinking in the
nostrils ' said of anything that is peculiarly hateful to us.

Professor Miiller objects to the foregoing derivations that they confound to-
gether the Sanscrit roots piiy, to decay, the source of puteo, and M.foul, and piy,
to hate, corresponding to fijan and fiend (II. g^). But he does no't explain
where he supposes the conftision to take place, and there is in truth no inconsist-
ency between the doctrine in the text and the distinct recognition of the roots in
question. We are familiar in actual speech with two forms of the interjection
of disgust; the one comprising g. puh ! Fr. pouah ! e. faugh! foh! addressed
especially to smells; the other answering to g. pfui! Fr.// E.fie! and express-
ing aversion in a more general way. From the first of these we derive puteo and

NURSERY WORDS.

foul; from the second, yS/a/i i^nA fiend. If we suppose the analogous forms pu !
and pi/ to have been used in a similar way by the Sanscrit-speaking people, it
would give a rational account Of the roots pliy and piy, which MUUer is content
to leave untouched as ultimate elements, but we ought not to be charged with
confounding them together because we trace them both to a common principle.

PAPA, MAMMA.

^ A small class of words is found in all languages analogous to, and many of
them identical with, the e. forms, mamma, papa, mammy, daddy, lahy, babe, pap
(in the sense of breast, as well as of soft food for children), expressing ideas jnost
needed for communication with children at the earliest period of their life. A
long list of the names of father and mother was published by Prof. I. C. E. Busch-
man in the Trans, of the Berlin Acad, der Wiss. for i8ja, a translation of which
Is given in the Proceedings of the Philolog. Soc. vol. vi. It appears that words of
the foregoing class are universally formed from the easiest articulations, ba, pa, ma,
da, ta, na, or db, ap, am, at, an. We find m,a, me, mi, mu, mam, mama, meme,
moma, mother, and less frequently nearly all the same forms in the sense of father j
pa, ba, pap, bap, bab, papa, baba, paba, fqfe, fabe, father ; ba, baba, bama, fa,
fafa,fawa, be, b'l, bo, bill, mother; ta,da, tat, tata, tad, dad, dada, dade, tati, titi,
father ; de, tai, dm, deda, tite, mother ; nna, nan, nanna, ninna, nang, nape, father;
na, mna, nan, nana, nene, neni, nine, nama, mother. In the same way the changes
are rung on ab, aba, abba, avva, appa, epe, ipa, obo, abob, ubaba, dbban, father ;
amba, abai, aapu, ibu, ewa, mother ; at, oat, ata, atta, otta, aita, atya, father ; hada,
etta, ate, mother ; anneh, ina, una, father ; ana, anna, enna, eenah, ina, onny, inan,
unina, ananak, mother. La Condamine mentions abba or bala, or papa and mama,
as common to a great number of American languages differing widely from each
other, and he adverts to a rational explanation of the origin of these designations.
'If we regard these words as the first that children can articulate, and consequently
those which must in every country have been adopted by the parents who heard
them spoken, in order to make them serve as signs for the ideas of father and
mother.' — De Brosses, i. 215.

The speech of the mother may perhaps unconsciously give something of an
articulate form to the meaningless cooings and mutterings of the infant, as the song
of the mother-bird influences that of her young. At any rate these infantile
utterances are represented in speech by the syllables ba, fa, ma, ta, giving rise to
forms like e. babble, mqffle,fqffle,famble, tattle, to speak imperfectly like a child,
to talk unmeaningly ; oe. mamelen, babelen, to babble, mutter ; mammer, to mut-
ter; Gr. pa^aia, to say ba, ba, to speak inarticulately (whence jSa^w, to speak) ■
Mod.Gr. fia/iovKi^ia, to mumble, mutter, &c. Accordingly the joyful or eager
utterances of the child when taken up by the mother, or when offered the breast,
would sound to her as if the infant greeted her by the name of mama, &c., or as
if it called for the breast by that name, and she would adopt these names herself
and teach her child the intelligent use of them. Thus Lat. mamma, the infantile
term for mother, has remained, with the dim. mamilla, as the name of the breast,

d 2

m NURSERY WORDS.

and the same is the case with Fin. mamma, Du. mamme, mother, nurse, breast ;
mammen, to give suck. When one of the imitative syllables as ma had thus been
taken up to designate the mother, a different one, as la, pa, or ta, would be ap-
propriated by analogy as the designation of the father.

Besides the forms corresponding to Lat. mamma, mamilla, papilla, e. pap, for
the breast, a class of names strongly resembling each other are found all over the
world, which seem to be taken from a direct imitation of the sound of sucking.
Thus we have Sanscr. cJiush, to suck ; chuchi, the breast ; chuchuka, the nipple-j
Tarahumara (Am.) tschitschi, to suck; Japan, tschitscki, tsifsi, the breast, milk ;
Maiichu tchetchen, Magy. tsets, Tung, tyoen, tygen (Castren), Samoiede ssuso (to
be compared with Fr. sucer, to suck), ssudo, Kowrarega susu, Malay soosoo, Gudang
tyutyu, Chippeway totosJi, Mandingo siso, Bambarra sing, Kurdish ciciek. It. (in
nursery language) cioccia, Albanian sissa, g. zitze, e. (nursery) diddy, titty, teat,
Malay dada, Hebrew dad, g. dialects didi, titti, the breast or nipple ; Goth, dadd-
jan, to suck (Pott. Dopp. ^i).

The name of the laly himself also is formed on the same imitative principle
which gives their designation to so many animals, viz. from the syllables la, la,
representing the utterance of the infant. The same principle applies to others of
these infantile words. The nurse imitates the wrangling or drowsy tones of the
infant, as she jogs it to sleep upon her knee, by the syllables na, na, la, la. To
the first of these forms belongs the Italian lullaby, ninna nanna ; far la ninna
nanna, to lull a child ; ninnare, ninnellare, to rock, and in children's language
nanna, bed, sleep. Far la nanna, andare a nanna, to sleep, to go to bed, go to
sleep. In the Mpongwe of W. Africa nana, and in the Swahili of the Eastern
coast lala, has the sense of sleep. In Malabar, nin, sleep (Pott). The imitation
gives a designation to the infant himself in It. ninna, a little girl; Milanese nan,
nanin, a caressing term for an infant. Caro el mi nan, my darling baby. Sp.
nino, a child. In Lat. nanus, a dwarf, the designation is transferred to a person
of childish stature, as in Mod.Gr. vivlov, a young child, a simpleton, and in e.
ninny it is transferred to a person of childish understanding. From the imi-
tative /a, la, are g. lallen, to speak imperfectly like a child, from whence, as in
other cases, the sense is extended to speaking in general in Gr. XaXito, to chatter,
babble, talk. From the same source are Lat. lallo, and e. /a//, primarily to sing
a child to sleep, then to calm, to soothe. In Servian the nurses' song sounds /yu,
lyu, whence lyulyiiti, to rock ; lyulyashka, a cradle.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE.

Another important element of speech, of which a rational explanation may
perhaps be found in infantile life, is the demonstrative particle ta or da, the very
name of which shows that it corresponds to the act of pointing out the object to
which we wish to direct attention. In the language of the deaf-and-dumb, point-
ing to an object signifies that, and serves the purpose of verbal mention, as is
seen at every turn in an account of the making of the will of a dumb man
quoted by Tylor. The testator points to himself, then to the will, then touches

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE. liii

his trowsers' pocket, ' the usual sign by which he referred to his money,' then
points to his wife, and so on. But, indeed, we do not need the experience of
the deaf-and-dumb to show that pointing to an object is the natural way of call-
ing attention to it. Now in our nurseries the child uses the syllable ta for vari-
ous purposes, as to express. Please, Thank you. Good-bye j mostly supplement-
ing the utterance by pointing or stretching out the hand towards the object to
which it has reference. A child of my acquaintance would ask in this way for
what it desired. ' Ta I cheese ' (pointing towards it), give me that cheese.
Ta / in a different tone returns thanks for something the child has accepted, and
may be rendered, that is it, that gratifies me. When it says ta-ta I on being
carried out of the room it accompanies the farewell by waving the hand towards
those whom it is quitting, implying the direction of its good will towards them,
as it might by blowing a kiss to them. Sanders (Germ. Diet.) describes dada as
a word of many applications in g. nurseries, as, for instance, with reference to
something pretty which the child desires to have. The Fr. child, according to
Menage, says da-da-da, when he wants something, or wants to name something.
• The child,' says Lottner in the paper on the personal pronouns above quoted,
' sees an object, and says ta! ' (and at the same time points to it with his finger,
I add) ; ' we may translate this by there (it is), or that it is, or carry me thither,
or give me it, and by a variety of expressions besides, but the truth is, that every
one of these interpretations is wrong, because it replaces the teeming fulness of
the infantile word by a clearer but less rich expression of our more abstract lan-
guage. Yet if a choice betvi^een the different translations must be made, I trust
that few of my readers will refuse me their consent, when saying : there the ad-
verb is by far the most adequate.' — Phil. Trans. 1859. We may carry the
matter further and say that the infantile ta or da simply represents the act of
pointing, all the incidental meanings being supplied by the circumstances of the
case. It is preserved in mature language in g. da, the fundamental signification
of which is to signify the presence of an object. ' Dd / nehmen Sie ! ' ' Dd I
Ihr piusent.' Dieser da (as Lat. is-te), this here. Bav. der da-ige, a specified
person, as it were by pointing him out. A doubling of the utterance gives Gr.
ToSe (or in Attic more emphatically roSj)j this here ; as well as Goth, thata (ta-ta),
E. that. The primitive import of the utterance is completely lost sight of in Lat.
da, give; properly (give) that, to be compared with the nursery da-da, by
which a g. child indicates or asks for an object of desire. In the expression Da,
nehmen Sie, with which something is handed over to another, the word da repre-
sents the holding out the object or the act of giving. In the language of Tonga,
as Dr Lottner observes, the verb to give is almost invariably replaced by the ad-
verbs signifying hither or thither, 'nay, seems to have been lost altogether.'
Mei ia giate au = hither this to me — give me this. Shall I thither this to thee =
shall I give you this.

When we seek for a natural connection of the utterance ta ! witli the act of

pointing,* we shall find it, I believe, in the inarticulate stammerings of the infant

* Lottner's explanation is not satisfactory. He adopts in the main the view of Schwartze,

liv ANALOGY.

when he sprawls with arms and legs in the mere enjoyment of life. The utter-
ance so associated with the muscular action of the child sounds in the ear of the
parent like the syllables da-da-da, which thus become symbolical of muscular
exertion, whether in the more energetic form of beating, or of simply stretching
out the handj as in giving or pointing.

The syllable da is used to represent inarticulate utterance in Swiss dadem,
dodem, to chatter, stutter, tattle, and this also seems the primitive sense of Fr.
dadee, childish toying, speech, or dalliance. — Cot. Dada in German nurseries
has the sense of smacks or blows. Das kind hat dada bekommen. The same
sense is seen in Galla dadada-goda (to make dadada), to beat, to knock, and in
Yoruha da, strike, beat, pay.

The greater part of our thoughts seem at the first glance so void of any re-
ference to sound as to throw great difficulty in the way of a practical belief in
the imitative origin of language. ' That sounds can be rendered in language by
sounds,' says Muller, ' and that each language possesses a large stock of words
imitating the sounds given out by certain things, who would deny ? And who
would deny that some words originally expressive of sound only might be trans-
ferred to other things which have some analogy with sound ? But how are
things which do not appeal to the sense of hearing — how are the ideas of going,
moving, standing, sinking, tasting, thinking, to be expressed ? ' — and Series, p.
89. The answer to the query is already given in the former part of the passage :
by analogy, or metaphor, which is the transference of a word from one significa-
tion to another; the conveyance of a meaning by mention of something which
serves to put us in mind of the thing to be signified. But in several of the in-
stances specified by Miiller it is not difficult to show a direct connection with
sound. Thus we have seen that the conceptions of taste are expressed by re-
ference to the smacking of the lips and tongue in the enjoyment of food. The
idea of going is common to a hundred modes of progression that occur in actual
existence, of which any one may, and one in particular must, in every mode of
expressing the idea, have been the type from which the name was originally
taken. In the case of the word go itself, for which Johnson gives seventy
meanings, the original is that which he places first, to walk, to move step by step,
a sense which lends itself in the piost obvious manner to imitative expression, by
a representation of the sound of the footfall. The connection between thought
and speech is so obvious that we need be at no loss for the means of expressing
the idea of thinking. Thus Gr. (ppil^to is to say ; (jipal^ofiai, to say to oneself, to

speaking of the demonstrative in his Coptic Grammar: — 'Every object is to the child a living
palpable thing. When it cannot reach anyv^here with its hand, then instinctively it utters a
cry, in order to cause to approach that which has awakened its interest.^ ' I add,' says Lottner : — •
' When the soul, becoming aware of the ciy issuing forth from its own interior, takes it up as
a sign for the indefinite outward reality, which is the object of its desire, and shapes it into an
articulate sound, then we have a pronoun demonstrative. '

TRANSFER FROM SOUND TO SIGHT. Iv

think, while \6yoe signifies both speech and thought. In some of the languages
of the Pacific thinking is said to be called speaking in tlie belly. Maori mea and
ki both signify to speak as well as to think.

The connection between the senses of taste and smell is so close that expres-
sions originally taken from the exercise of the one faculty are constantly transferred
to the other. The 6. schmecken, to smack or taste, is used in Bavaria in the sense
of smell, and schmecker, in popular language, signifies the nose. So firom Lat.
sapere (which may probably spring from another representation of the sound of
smacking) comes sapor, taste, and thence e. savour, which is applied to impres-
sions of smell as well as to those of the palate, while sapere itself, properly to' dis-
tinguish by taste, is extended to the exercise of the understanding, to have dis-
cernment, to be wise. Sapiens, a man of nice taste, also wise, discreet, judicious.
In the same way the Goth, snutrs, as. snotor, wise, prudent, may be explained
firom the Gael, snot, to snilF, snuff the air, smell, and figuratively, suspect ; Bav.
sniiten, to sniff, smell, search ; on. snudra, to sniff out. Here it will be seen the
expression of the idea of wisdom is traced by no distant course to an undoubted
onomatopceia.

The same sort of analogy as that which is felt between the senses of smell and
taste, unites in like manner the senses of sight and hearing, and thus terms ex-
pressing conceptions belonging to the sense of hearing are figuratively applied to
analogous phenomena of the visible world. In the case of sparkle, for example,
which is a modification of the same imitative root with Sw. spraka, Lith. sprageti,
to crackle, rattle, the rapid flashing of a small bright light upon the eye is signi-
fied by the figure of a similar repetition of short sharp impressions on the ear.
Fr. pStiller is an imitative form signifying in the first place to crackle, then to
sparkle, and, in the domain of movement, to quiver. Du. tintelen, to tinkle, then
to twinkle, to glitter.

Again, iclat (in Old Fr. esclat), properly a clap or explosion, is used in the
sense of brightness, splendour, brilliancy. The word bright had a similar origin.
It is the equivalent of g. pracht, splendour, magnificence, which in ohg. signified
a clear sound, outcry, tumult. Bavarian bracht, clang, noise. In as. we have
beorhtian, to resound, and beorht, bright. In the old poem of the Owl and the
Nightingale bright is applied to the clear notes of a bird.
Heo — song so schille and so iriAte
That far and ner me hit iherde. — 1. 1654.

Du. scTiateren, scheteren, to make a loud noise, to shriek with laughter ; schiteren,
to shine, to glisten ; Dan. knistre, knittre, gnittre, to crackle ; gnistre, to sparkle.
Many striking examples of the same transference of signification may be quoted
from the Finnish, as kilind, a ringing sound, a brilliant light ; kilid, tinkling, gUt-
tering ; wilistd, to ring as a glass ; willata, unlella, wilahtaa, to flash, to glitter ;
kimistd, to sound clear (parallel with e. chime), kimmaltaa, kiimottaa, to shine, to
ghtter, &c. In Galla, bilbila, a ringing noise as of a bell 5 bilbilgoda (to make
bilbil), to ring, to glitter, beam, ghsten, Sanscr. wamara, a rustling sound ; Gr.
fiapfiaipw, to glitter.

Ivi VIEWS OF THE ANCIENTS.

The language of painters is full of musical metaphor. It speaks of harmoni-
ous or discordant colouring, discusses the tone of a picture. So in modern slang,
which mainly consists in the use of new and violent metaphors (though perhaps,
in truth, not more violent than those in which the terms of ordinary language
had their origin), we hear of screaming colours, of dressing loud. The specula-
tions of the Ancients respecting the analogies of sound and signification were
extremely loose, as may be seen in the Cratylus, where Socrates is made to explain
the expressive power of the letter-sounds. The letter r, he says, from the mo-
bility of the tongue in pronouncing it, seemed to him who settled names an ap-
propriate instrument for the imitation of movement. He accordingly used it for
that purpose in piiv and poij, flow and flux, then in rpd/xoe, Tpa)(yg, Kpovtiv,
BpavEiv, ipuKuv, Kep^arl'ieiv, pvfi^Civ, tremour, rough, strike, break, rend, shatter,
whirl. Observing that the tongue chiefly slides in pronouncing I, he used it in
forming the imitative words XtTof, smooth, \nrap6e, oily, KoWiiSije, gluey,
6\tadaveii', to slide. And observing that n kept the voice within, he framed the
words ivSov, kvTOQ, within, inside, fitting the letters to the sense.

Much of the same kind is found in an interesting passage of Augustine, which
has been often quoted.

' The Stoics,' he says, 'hold that there is no word of which a clear account
cannot be given. *And because in this way you might say that it would be an
infinite task if you had always to seek for the origin of the words in which you
explained the origin of the former one, it was easy to suggest the limitation :
Until you come to the point where there is direct resemblance between the
sound of the word and the thing signified, as when we speak of the tinkling (tin-
nitum) of brass, the neighing of horses, the bleating of sheep, the clang (clango-
rem) of trumpets, the clank (stridorem) of chains, for you perceive that these
words sound like the things which are signified by them. But because there are
things which do not sound, with these the similitude of touch comes into play, so
that if the things are soft or rough to the touch, they are fitted with names that
by the nature of the letters are felt as sofl; or rough to the ear. Thus the word
lene, soft, itself sounds soft to the ear ; and who does not feel also that the word
asperitas, roughness, is rough like the thing which it signifies ? Voluptas, pleasure
is soft to the ear ; crux, the cross, rough. The things themselves affect our feel-
ings in accordance with the sound of the words. As honey is sweet to the taste,
so the name, mel, is felt as soft by the ear. Acre, sharp, is rough in both ways.
Lana, wool, and vepres, briars, affect the ear in accordance with the way in which
the things signified are felt by touch.

It was believed that the first germs of language were to be found in the
words where there was actual resemblance between the sound of the word and

* Et quia hoc modo suggerere facile fuit, si diceres hoc infinitum esse quibus verbis alterius
verbi originera interpretaris, coram rursus a te originem quaerendam esse, donee perveniatur
eo ut res cum sono verbi aliqua similitudine conclnnat, &c. — Principia Dialecticse c. v. in
vol. 1. of his works.

ANALOGY OF SOUND AND MOVEMENT. Ivii

the thing which it signified : that from thence the invention of names proceeded
to take hold of the resemblance of things between themselves ; as when, for ex-
ample, the cross is called crux because the rough sound of the word agrees with
the roughness of the pain which is suffered on the crossj while the legsare called
crura, not on account of the roughness of pain, but because in length and
hardness they are like wood in comparison with the other members of tlie
body.'

It is obvious that analogies like the foregoing are far too general to afford any
satisfactory explanation of the words for which they are supposed to account. If
any word that sounded rough might signify anything that was either rough or
rigid or painful it would apply to such an infinite variety of objects, and the limits
of the signification would be so vague, that the utterance would not afford the
smallest guidance towards the meaning of the speaker. Still it is plain that there
must be some analogy between sound and movement, 'and consequently form, in
virtue of which we apply the terms rough and smooth to the three conceptions.
The connection seems to lie in the degree of effort or resistance of which we
are conscious in the utterance of a rough sound, or in the apprehension
of a rough surface. We regard the sound of r as rough compared with
that of I, because the tongue is driven into vibration in the utterance
of r, making us sensible of an effort which answers to the resistance felt
in the apprehension of a rough surface, while in I the sound issues without re-
action on the vocal organs, like the hand passing over a smooth surface. A greater
degree of roughness is when the inequalities of the surface are separately felt, or in
sound, when the vibratory whir passes into a rattle. In a still higher degree of
roughness the movement becomes a succession of jogs, corresponding to the ine-
qualities of a rugged surface or a jigged outline, or, in the case of the voice, to the
abrupt impulses of a harshly broken utterance. Again, we are conscious of miM-
cular effort when we raise the tone of the voice by an actual rise of the vocal ap-
paratus in the throat, and it is precisely this rise and fall of the bodily apparatus
in the utterance of a high or low note, that makes us consider the nstes as high
or low. There are thus analogies between sound and bodily -movement which
enable us, by utterances of the voice without direct imitation of sound, to signify
varieties of movement, together with corresponding modifications of figured sur-
face and outline. The word twitter represents in the first instance a repetition of
a short sharp sound, but it is applied by analogy to a vibratory movement that is
wholly unaccompanied by sound. The feeling of abruptness in sound is given by
a syllable ending with one of the mutes, or checks as they are called by Muller,
consisting of the letters b, d, g, p, t, k, the pecuharity of which in pronunciation
is that 'for a time they stop the emission of breath altogether ' (Lect. ii. p. 138).
Hence in pronouncing a syllable ending in a mute or check we are conscious
of an abrupt termination of the vocal effort, and we employ a wide range of syl-
lables constructed on that principle to signify a movement abruptly checked, as
shag, shog, jag, jog, jig, dag, dig, stag (in stagger, to reel abruptly from side to
side), joli, jih, stab, rug, tug; Fr. sag-oter, to jogj sac-cade, a rough and sudden

Iviii FROM MOVEMENT TO SUBSTANCE.

jerk, motion, or check. The syllable suk is used in Bremen to represent a jog in
riding or gomg.'lDat geit jummer suk I suk! of a rough horse. Ene olde suksuk,
an old worthless horse or carriage, a rattletrap. Sukkeln, g. schuckeln, schockeln, to
jog. On the same principle we have g. zack, used interjectionally to represent a
sharp sudden movement j zacke, a jag or sharp projection ; zickzack, e. zigzag,
applied to movement by impulses abruptly changing in direction, or the figure
traced out by such a movement ; the opposition in the direction of successive im-
pulses being marked by the change of vowel from i to a. The production of
sound, however, is so frequent a consequence of movement, that we never can be
sure, in cases like the foregoing, that the word does not originally spring from
direct imitation. Such seems certainly the case with the syllables tick, tack, tock,
representing sharp short sounds of different kinds, and analogous movements.
Thus we have B. tick-tack for the beat of a clock ; Parmesan tic-toe for the beat
of the heart or the pulse, or the ticking of a watch j Bolognese tec-tac, a cracker;
It. tech-tech, toch-toch, tecche-tocche, for the sound of knocking at a door.
Hence tick or tock for any light sharp movement. To tick a thing off, to mark
it with a touch of the pen ; to take a thing on tick, to have it ticked or marked
on the score ; to tickle, to incite by light touches. Bolognese tocc, Brescian toch,
the blow of the clapper on a bell or knocker on a door, lead to Spanish tocar, to
knock, to ring a bell, to beat or play on a musical instrument, and also (with the
meaning softened down) to Italian toccare, French toucher, to touch. The Mi-
lanese toch, like English tick, is a stroke with a pen or pencil, then, figuratively, a
certain space, so much as is traversed at a stroke ; on bell tocch di strada, a good
piece of road ; then, as Italian tocco, a piece or bit of anything.

The same transference of the expression from phenomena of sound to those of
bodily substance takes place with the syllables muk, mik, mot, tot, kuk, kik, &c.,
which were formerly mentioned as being used (generally with a negative) to ex-
press the least appreciable sound. The closeness of the connection between such
a meaning and the least appreciable movement is witnessed by the use of the same
word still to express alike the absence of sound or motion. Accordingly the g.
muck, representing in the first instance a sound barely audible, is made to signify
a slight movement. Mucken, to mutter, to say a word ; also to stir, to make the
least movement.

The representative syllable takes the form of mick or kick in the Dutch phrase
noch micken noch kicken, not to utter a syllable. Then, passing to the significa-
tion of motion, it produces Dutch micken, Illyrian migati, to winkj micati
(mitsati), to stir; Lat. micare, to glitter, to move rapidly to and fro. The analogy
is then carried a step further, and the sense of a slight movement is made a step-
ping-stone to the signification of a material atom, a small bodily object. Hence
Lat. and It. mica, S-panish miga, Fr. mie, a crum, a little bit. The train of thought
runs through the same course in Dutch kicken, to utter a slight sound ; Fr. chicoter,
to sprawl like an infant ; Welsh cicio, and e. kick, to strike with the foot. Then
in the sense of any least portion of bodily substance, It. cica, Fr. chic, chiquet, a
little bit ; chique, a quid of tobacco, a playiug-marble, properly a small lump'of

MODIFICATION BY CHANGE OF VOWEL. lix

clay ; Sp. chico, little. In the same way from the representation of a slight sound
by the syllable mot, mut, as in e. mutter, or in the Italian phrase nonfare ne motto
ne lotto, not to utter a syllable, we pass to the Yorkshire phrase, neither moit nor
doit, not an atom ; e. mote, an atom, and mite, the least visible insect; Du. mot,
dust, fragments ; It. motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth.

The use of a syllable like tot to represent a short indistinct sound is shown in
the Italian phrase above quoted ; in o.n. taut, n. tot, a whisper, murmur, mutter j
E. totle, to whisper (Pr. Pm.) ; titter, to laugh in a subdued manner. The ex-
pression passes on to the idea of movement in e. tot, to jot down or note with a
slight movement of the pen ; totter, tottle, to move slightly to and fro, to toddle
like a child ; titter, to tremble, to seesaw (Halliwell) ; Lat. titilh, to tickle (pro-
vincially tittle), to excite by slight touches or movenjents. Then, passing from the
sense of a slight movement to that of a small bodily object, we have e. tot,
anything small ; totty, little (Halliwell) ; Da. tot. So. fait, a bunch or flock of
flax, wool, or the like j It. tozzo, a bit, a morsel ; e. tit, a bit, a morsel, anything
small of its kind, a small horse, a little girl ; titty, tiny, small ; titlark, a small
kind of lark; titmouse (Du. mossche, a sparrow), a small bird; tittle,- a jot or little
tit. It. citto, zitio, a lad ; citta, zitella, a girl. The passage from the sense of a
light movement to that of a small portion is seen also in pat, a light quick blow,
and a small lump of something; to dot, to touch lightly with a pen, to make a
slight mark; and dot, a small lump or pat. — Halliwell. To jot, to touch, to jog,
to note a thing hastily on paper ; jot, a small quantity.

The change of the vowel from o or o toi, or the converse, in such expressions
as zigzag, ticktack, seesaw, belongs to a principle which is extensively applied in
the development of language, when an expression having already been found for
a certain conception, it is wished to signify something of the same fundamental
kind, but difFeriug in degree or in some subordinate character. This end is com-
monly attained by a change, often entirely arbitrary, either in the vowel or the
initial consonant of the significant syllable. The vowel changes from i to a in
tick-tack, for the beating of a clock, not because the pendulum makes a different
sound in swinging to the right or to the left, but simply in order to symbolise the
change of direction. A similar instance of distinction by arbitrary difference is
noticed by Mr Tylor in the language of gesture, where a wise man being symbol-
ised by touching the tip of the nose with the forefinger, the same organ is touched
with the little finger to signify a foolish man. In a similar way the relations of
place, here, there, and out there, corresponding to the personal pronouns, I, you,
and he, are frequently distinguished by what appears to be an arbitrary change of
the vowel sound. Pott (Doppelung p. 48) cites from the African Tumale, gni,
gno, gnu, for the three personal pronouns, where the vowels follow in regular scale
(i, e, a, 0, u) according to the proximity of the object indicated. But the same
language has re this, ri that, where the order is inverted. The following table is
from Tylor (Prim. Cult. i. 199).

Javan. iki, this ; ika, that ; iku, that, further off; Malagasy to, here (close
at hand); eo, there (further of!) ; ao, there '(at a short distance).

Ix INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE.

Japan ko, here j ka, there.

Canarese ivanu, this j fi;araM, that (intermediate) j wana, that.

Tamul i, this ; ^, that.

Dhimas isho, ita, here ; usho, uta, there.

Abchasian aSn, this ; ulri, that.

Ossetic am, here ; Mm, there.

Magyar ez, this ; az, that.

Zulu ajoa, here 5 ojOo, there; /e«, this ; /wo, that; /mya, that in the distance.

Yoruba na, this ; ni, that.

Fernandian olo, this ; ole, that.

Sahaptin (America) kina, here ; feraa, there.

Mutsun ne, here ; km, there.

Tarahumara ibe, here j abe, there.

Guarani nde, ne, thou ; ndi, ni, he.

Botocudo ati, I ; ofj, thou, you, to.

Carib ne, thou ; ni, he.

Chilian tva, this ; <t;e^, that.
Here, as Mr Tylor remarks, no constant rule is observed, but sometimes i and
sometimes a is used to denote the nearer object.

Of a similar nature is the distinction of sex by a change of vowel, as in Italian
0 for the male, and a for the female. Fin. ukko, an old man ; akha, an old woman ;
Mangu chacha, mas ; cheche, femina ; ama, father ; erne, mother. Carib lala,
father; biii, mother. Ibu (Afr.) nna, father; nne, mother. It is probably
to a like principle of distinction that the k, k (tt), qu, w, which form the initial
element of the interrogative in Sanscr., Gr., Lat., and 6. respectively, owe their
origin. The interrogative pronouns who ? or what f are expressed in gesture
by looking or pointing about in* an inquiring manner, in fact (says Tylor), by a
number of unsuccessful attempts to say he, that. Then, as the act of pointing was
represented in speech by the particle ta, it seems that the interrogative signification
was given hy the arbitrary change from ta to ka, from whence may be explained the
various initials of the interrogative in the different members of the Indo-Germanic
family.

On the other hand, there is often an innate fitness in the change of vowel to
the modification of meaning which it is made to denote. The vowels a and o
are pronounced with open throat and full sound of the voice, while we compress
the voice through a narrower opening and utter a less volume of sound in the
pronunciation of i or e. Hence we unconsciously pass to the use of the vowel i
in expressing diminution of action or of size. A young relation of mine adopted
the use of baby as a diminutival prefix.* Baby-Thomas was his designation for
the smaller of two servants of that name. But when he wishes to carry the di-
minution further, he narrows the sound of the word to bee-bee, and at last it be-
comes a beebee-beebee thing. In the same way seems to be formed Acra (Aft-.)
bi, child, young one; tiiio, little, small (Pott. loo). It seems to me probable that

• Vei (fen, child, also little.

EXPRESSION OF VOWEL SOUNDS. Ixi

this sense of the thinness of the sound of i or ee is simply embodied in the
diminutival wee. ' A little wee face with a little yellow beard.' — Merrv Wives.
A further development of the significant sound gives the nursery weeny* surviv-
ing in regular speech in g. wenig, little, few j Sc. wean, a child. And perhaps
the E. tiny may be attained through the rhyming tiny-winy or teeny-weeny,
analogous to winy-piny, fretful, speaking in a pipy tone of voice. It will be ob-
served that we express extreme diminution by dwelling on the narrow vowel :
• a little tee - -ny thing,' making the voice as small as possible.

The consciousness of forcing the voice through a narrow opening in the pro-
nunciation of the sound ee leads to the use of syllables like peep, keeh, teet, to sig-
nify a thing making its way through a narrow opening, just beginning to appear,
looking through between obstacles. Da. at pippe frem is to spring forth, to make
its way through the bursting envelope, whence Fr. pepin, the pip or pippin, the
germ from whence the plant is to spring. The Sw. has tittafrem, to peep through,
to begin to appear ; titta, to peep, in old e. to teet.

The rois knoppis tetand furth thare hed

Gan chyp and kythe thare vemale lippis red. — Douglas Virgil, 401. 8.

The peep of dawn is when the curtain of darkness begins to lift and the first streaks
of light to push through the opening.

The sound of the footfall is represented in German by the syllables trapp-trapp-
trapp ; from whence Du. trap, a step, trappen, to tread, Sw. trappa, stairs. The
change to the short compressed i in trip adapts the syllable to signify a light quick
step : Du. trippen, trippelen, to leap, to dance (Kil.) ; Fr. trSpigner, to beat the
ground with the feet. Clank represents the sound of something large, as chains 5
clinJi, or chink, of smaller things, as money. To sup up, is to take up liquids by
large spoonfiils j to sip, to sup up by little and little, with lips barely open. Top,
nab, knob, signify an extremity of a broad round shape j tip, nil, nipple, a similar
object of a smaller size and pointed shape.

Where a sound is kept up by the continued repetition of distinct impulses on
the ear, the simplest mode of representing the continued sound is by the repetition
of a syllable resembling the elementary impulse, as ding-dong, g. lim-lam. It.
din-din, don-don, for the sound of bells ; murmur, for a continuance of low and
indistinct sounds j pit-a-pat, for a succession of light blows ; low-wow, for the
barking of a dog, &c. In barbarous languages the formation of words on this
principle is very common, and in the Pacific dialects, for instance, they form a con-
siderable proportion of the vocabulary. From cases like the foregoing, where an
imitative syllable is repeated for the purpose of signifying the continued repetition
of a certain phenomenon, the principle of reduplication, as it is called, is extended
to express simple continuance of action, or even, by a fiirther advance in abstrac-
tion, the idea of action in general, while the special nature of the action intended
is indicated by the repeated syllable. In some African languages repetition is
habitually used to qualify the meaning of the verb. Thus we have Wolof sopa,

* ' A little weeny thing.' I have known Weeny kept as a pet-name by one who had been
puny in childhood.

Ixii REPETITION. FREQUENTATIVE ELEMENTS.

to love, sopasopa, to love constantly ; Mpongwe kamha, to speak, kamha-gamla,
to talk at random ; kenda, to walk, kendagenda, to vi^alk about for amusement.
Again, from Maori muka, flax, muka-muka (to use a bunch of flax), to wipe
or rub; mawhiti, to skip, mawhitiwhiti, a grasshopper; puka, to pant, puka-
puka, the lungs, the agent in panting ; Malay ayun, to rock, ayunayunan, a
cradle. That the principle is not wholly lifeless fn English is witnessed by the
verb pooh-pooh, to say pooh ! to, to treat with contempt.

It is obvious that the same device which expresses continuance in time may
be applied to continuance or extension in space. Thus in the Pacific loa, loloa,
signify long; lololoa, very long (Pott. 97). And generally, repetition or contin-
uance of the significant sound expresses excess in degree of the quality signified.
Mandingo ding, child ; if very young, ding-ding; Susa di, child ; didi, little child
(p. 99). Madagascar ratsi or ratchi, bad ; ratsi-ratsi, or rdtchi, very bad. ' In the
Gaboon the strength with which such a word as mpolu is uttered, serves to show
whether it is great, very great, or very very great, and in this way, as Mr Wilson re-
marks in his Mpongwe grammar, the comparative degrees of greatness, smallness,
hardness, rapidity and strength, &c., may be conveyed with more accuracy than
could readily be conceived.' — ^Tylor, Prim. Cult. i. 196. The same principle of
expression is in familiar use with ourselves, although not recognised in written
language; as when we speak of an e-n^--rOTOMS appetite, or a little tee--ny thing.

The use of reduplicate forms is condernned by the taste of more cultivated
languages, and the sense of continuance is expressed in a more artificial way by
the frequentative form of the verb, as it is called, where the effect of repetition is
given by the addition of an intrinsically unmeaning element, such as the syllable
et, er, or el, acting as a sort of echo to the fundamental syllable of the word.
Thus in E. racket, a clattering noise, or in Fr. cliqu-et-is, clash of weapons, the
imitative syllables, rack and clique, are echoed by the rudimentary et, instead of
being actually repeated, and the words express a continued sound of rack, rack, or
click, click.

It is true that such a syllable as et or it could only, properly speaking, be used
as an echo to hard sounds, but many devices of expression are extended by analogy
far beyond their original aim, and thus et or it are employed in Lat. and Fr. to
express repetition or continuance in a general way, without reference to the par-
ticular nature of the repeated phenomenon. So from clamo, to call, clamito, to
keep calling, to call frequently ; from Fr. tache, a spot, tach-et-er, to cover with
spots. The elements usually employed in e. for the same purpose are composed of
an obscure vowel with the consonants I or r, on which the voice can dwell for a
length of time with a more or less sensible vibration, representing the effect on
the ear when a confiased succession of beats has merged in a continuous murmur.
Thus in the pattering of rain or hail, expressing the fall of a rapid succession of
drops on a hard surface, the syllable pat imitates the sound of a single drop, while
the vibration of the r in the second syllable represents the murmuring sound of
the shower when the attention is not directed to the individual taps of which it is
composed. In like manner to clatter is to do anything accompanied by a sue-

FREQUENTATIVE ELEMENTS. Ixiii

cession of noises that might be represented by the syllable clat ; to crackle, to
make a succession of cracks ; to rattle, dabble, bubble, guggle, to make a succes-
sion of noises that might be represented individually by the syllables rat, dab, bub,
gug. The contrivance is then extended to signify continued action unconnected
with any particular noise, as grapple, to make a succession of grabs ; shuffle, to
make a succession of shoves; draggle, waggle, joggle, to continue dragging, wag-
ging, jogging. The final el or er is frequently replaced by a simple I, which, as
Ihre remarks under gncella, has something ringing (aliquid tinnuli) in it. Thus
to mewl and pule, in Fr. miauler andpiauler, are to cry mew and pew ; to wail
is to cry woe ; Piedmontese bau-l-S, or fi bau, to make bau-bau, to bark like
a dog.

By a fiirther extension the frequentative element is made to signify the simple
employment of an object in a way which has to be understood from the circum-
stances of the case. Thus to knee-l is to rest on the bent knee ; to hand-le, to em-
ploy the hand in dealing with an object. In cases like these, where the frequejit-
ative element is added to a word already existing in the language, the effect of
the addition is simply to give a verbal signification to the compound, an end which
might equally be attained by the addition of verbal inflections of person and tense,
without the intervention of the frequentative element.

It seems accordingly to be a matter of chance whether the terminal I is added
or omitted. The Fr. miauler and beler correspond to E. mew and baa ; the G.
knie-en to E. kneel. In e. itself, to hand, in some applications, as to handle, in
others, is used for dealing with an object by the hand.

The application of the frequentative el or er to signify the agent or the in-
strument of action (as in as. rynel, a runner, or in e. rubber, he who rubs, or what
is used in rubbing) is analogous to the attainment of the same end by repetition
of the significant syllable, as shown above in the case of Malay ayunayunan, a
cradle or rocker from ayun, to rock, or Maori puka-puka, the lungs (the puffers of
the body), from puka, to puff.

The same element is found in the construction of adjectives, as mAS.Jicol, fickle,
to be compared with g. Jickfacken, to move to and fro, and in as. wancol, g.
wankel, wavering, by the side of wanken, wankeln, to rock or wag.

When we come to sum up the evidence of the imitative origin of language,
we find that words are to be found in every dialect that are used with a con-
scious intention of directly imitating sound, such asjlap, crack, smack, or the in-
terjections ah ! ugh ! But sometimes the signification is carried on, either by a
figurative mode of expression, or by association, to something quite distinct from
the sound originally represented, although the connection between the two may
be so close as to be rarely absent from the mind in the use of the word. Thus
the word Jlap originally imitates the sound made by the blow of a flat surface,
as the wing of a bird or the corner of a sail. It then passes on to signify the
movement to and fro of a flat surface, and is thence applied to the moveable
leaf of a table, the part that moves on a hinge up and down, where all direct
connection with sound is lost. In like manner crack imitates the sound made

Ixiv ORIGIN OF METAPHOR EASILY OBSCURED.

by a hard body breaking, and is applied in a secondary way to the effects of. the
breach, to the separation between the broken parts, or to a narrow separation
between adjoining edges, such as might have arisen from a breach between them.
But when we speak of looking through the crack of a door we have no thought
of the sound made by a body breaking, although it is not difficult, on a moment's
reflection, to trace the connection between such a sound and the narrow open-
ing which is our real meaning. It is probable that smack is often used in the
sense of taste without a thought of the smacking sound of the tongue in the
enjoyment of food, which is the origin of the word.

When an imitative word is used in a secondary sense, it is obviously a mere
chance how long, or how generally, the connection with the sound it vf'as
originally intended to represent, will continue to be felt in daily speech. Some-
times the connecting links are to be found only in a foreign language, or in
forms that have become obsolete in our own, when the unlettered man can only
regard the word he is using as an arbitrary symbol. A gull or a dupe is a person
easily deceived. The words are used in precisely the same sense, but what is
the proportion of educated Englishmen who use them with any consciousness of
the metaphors which give them their meaning ? Most of us probably would be
inclined to connect the first of the two with guile, deceit, and comparatively few
are aware that it is still provincially used in the sense of an unfledged bird.
When several other instances are pointed out in which a young bird is taken as
the type of helpless simplicity, it leaves no doubt that this is the way in which
the word gull has acquired its ordinary meaning. Dupe comes to us from the
French, in which language it signifies also a hoopoe, a bird with which we have
so little acquaintance at the present day, that we are apt at first to regard the
double signification as an accidental coincidence. But when we find that the
names by which the hoopoe is known in Italian, Polish, Breton, as well as in
French (all radically distinct), are also used in the sense of a simpleton or dupe,
we are sure that there must be something in the habits of the bird, which, at
a time when it was more familiarly known, made it an appropriate type of the
character its name in so many instances is used to designate. We should
hardly have connected ugly with the interjection ugh/ if we had not been
aware of the obsolete verb ug, to cry ugh ! or feel horror at, and it is only the
accidental preservation of occasional passages where the verb is written houge,
that gives us the clue by which huge and hug are traced to the same source.

Thus tlie imitative power of words is gradually obscured by figurative use
and the loss of intermediate forms, until all suspicion of the original principle of
their signification has faded away in the minds of all but the few who have made
the subject their special study. There is, moreover, no sort of difference either
in outward appearance, or in mode of use, or in aptness to combine with other
elements, between words which we are anyhow able to trace to an imitative
source, and others of whose significance the grounds are wholly unknown. It
would be impossible for a person who knew nothing of the origin of the words
huge and vast, to guess from the nature of the words which of the two was de-

INSUFFICIENT OBJECTIONS. Ixv

rived from the imitation of sound; and when he was informed that huge had
been explained on this principle, it would be difficult to avoid the inference that
a similar origin might possibly be found for vast also. Nor can we doubt that a
wider acquaintance with the forms through which our language has past would
make manifest the imitative origin of numerous words whose signification now
appears to be wholly arbitrary. And why should it be assumed that any words
whatever are beyond the reach of such an explanation ?

If onomatopoeia is a vera causa as far as it goes; if it affords an adequate
account of the origin of words signifying things not themselves apprehensible by
the ear, it behoves the objectors to the theory to explain what are the limits of
its reach, to specify the kind of thought for which it is inadequate to find ex-
pression, and the grounds of its shortcomings. And as the difficulty certainly
does not lie in the capacity of the voice to represent any kind of sound, it can
only be found in the limited powers of metaphor, that is, in the capacity of one
thing to put us in mind of another. It will be necessary then to show that
there are thoughts so essentially differing in kind from any of those that have
been shown to be capable of expression on the principle of imitation, as to escape
the inference in favour of the general possibility of that mode of expression.
Hitl^erto, however, no one has ventured to bring the contest to such an issue.
The arguments of objectors have been taken almost exclusively from cases where
the explanations offered by the supporters of the theory are either ridiculous on
the face of them, or are founded in manifest blunder, or are too far-fetched to
afford satisfaction ; while the positive evidence of the vahdity of the principle,
arising from cases where it is impossible to resist the evidence of an imitative
origin, is slurred over, as if the number of such cases was too inconsiderable to
merit attention in a comprehensive survey of language.

That the words of imitative origin are neither inconsiderable in number, nor
restricted in signification to any limited class of ideas, is sufficiently shown by
the examples given in the foregoing pages. We cannot open a dictionary with-
out meeting with them, and in any piece of descriptive writing they are found
in abundance.

No doubt the number of words which remain unexplained on this principle
would constitute much the larger portion of the dictionary, but this is no more
than should be expected by any reasonable believer in the theory. As long as
the imitative power of a word is felt in speech it will be kept pretty close to the
original form. But when the signification is diverted from the object of imita-
tion, and the word is used in a secondary sense, it immediately becomes liable to
corruption from various causes, and the imitative character is rapidly obscured.
The imitative force of the interjections ah I or ach I and ugh I mainly depends
upon the aspiration, but when the vocable is no longer used directly to represent
the cry of pain or of shuddering, the sound of the aspirate is changed to that of
a hard guttural, as in ache (ake) and vgly, and the consciousness of imitation is
wholly lost.

In savage life, when the communities are small and ideas few, language is

Ixvi CORRUPTION OF LANGUAGE.

liable to rapid change. To this effect we may cite the testimony of a thoughtful
traveller who had unusual opportunities of observation. 'There are certain
peculiarities in Indian habits which lead to a quick corruption of language and
segregation of dialects. When Indians are conversing among themselves they
seem to have pleasure in inventing new modes of pronunciation and in distort-
ing words. It is amusing to notice how the whole party will laugh when the
wit of the circle perpetrates a new slang term, and these words are very often
retained. I have noticed this during long voyages made with Indian crews.
When such alterations occur amongst a family or horde which often live many
years without comnlunication with the rest of their tribe, the local corruption of
language becomes perpetuated. Single hordes belonging to the same tribe and
inhabiting the banks of the same river thus become, in the course of many years'
isolation, unintelligible to other hordes, as happens with the Collinas on the
Jurua. I think it very probable, therefore, that the disposition to invent new
words and new modes of pronunciation, added to the small population and habits
of isolation of hordes and tribes, are the causes of the wonderfiil diversity of lan-
guages in South America.' — Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons, i. 330.

But even in civilised life, where the habitual use of writing has so strong a
tendency to fix the forms of language, words are continually changing in pro-
nunciation and in application fi'om one generation to another j and in no very
long period, compared with the duration of man, the speech of the ancestors be-
comes unintelligible to tlieir descendants. In such cases it is only the art of
writing that preserves the pedigree of the altered forms. If English, French, and
Italian were barbarous unwritten languages no one Would dream of any re-
lation between bishop, evique, and vescovo, all immediate descendants of the Latin
episcopus. Who, without knowledge of the intermediate diumus and giomo,
would suspect that such a word as jour could be derived from dies ? or without
written evidence would have thought of resolving Goodbye into God be with you
(God b' w' ye), or topsyturvy into topside the other way (top si' t' o'er way) ?
Suppose that in any of these cases the word had been mimetic in its earlier form,
how vain it would have been to look for any traces of imitation in the later ! If
we allow the influences which have produced such changes as the above to
operate through that vast lapse of time required to mould out of a common stock
such languages as English, Welsh, and 'Russian, we shall wonder rather at the
large than the small number of cases, in which traces of tlie original imitation
are still to be made out.

The letters of the alphabet have a strong analogy with the case of language.
The letters are signs which represent articulate sounds through the sense of sight,
as words are signs which represent every subject of thought through the sense of
hearing. Now the significance of tlie names by which the letters are known in
Hebrew and Greek affords a strong presumption that they were originally pic-
torial imitations of material things, and the presumption is converted into moral
certainty by the accidental preservation in one or two cases of the original por-
traiture. The zigzag line which represents the wavy surface of water when used

COMPARISON WITH LETTERS. Ixvii

as the symbol of Aqyarius among the signs of the zodiac is found in Egyptian
{lieroglyphigs with the force of the letter n* If we cut the symbol down to the
three last strokes of the zigzag we shall have the n of the early Greek in-
scriptions, which does not materially difter from the capital N of the present
day.

But no one from the mere form of the letter could have suspected an inten-
tion of representing water. Nor is there one of the letters, the actual form of
which would afford us the least assistance in guessing at the object it was meant
to represent. Why then should it be made a difficulty in admitting the imitat-
ive origin of the oral signs, that the aim at imitation can be detected in only a
third or a fifth, or whatever the proportion may be, of the radical elements of
our speech ? Nevertheless, a low estimate of the number of forms so traceable
to an intelligible source often weighs unduly against the acceptance of a rational
theory of language.

Mr Tylor fully admits the principle of onomatopoeia, but thinks that the
evidence adduced does not justify ' the setting up of what is called the Inter-
jectional and Imitative theory as a complete solution of the problem of original
language. Valid as this theory proves itself within limits, it would be incautious
to accept a hypothesis which can perhaps account for a twentieth of the crude
forms in any language, as a certain and absolute explanation of the nineteen
twentieths which remain. A key must unlock more doors than this, to be taken
as the master key ' (Prim. Cijlt. i. ao8). The objection does not exactly meet
the position held by prudent supporters of the theory in question. We do not
assert that every device by which language has been modified and enlarged

♦ The evidence for the derivation of the letter N from the symbol repiresenting water (in
Coptic noun) cannot be duly appreciated unless taken in conjunction with the case of the
letter M. The combination of the symbols I and 2, as shown in the subjoined illustration,
occurs very frequently in hieroglyphics with the force of MN. The lower symbol is used for
«, and thus in this combination the upper symbol undoubtedly has the force of m, although it
is said to be never used independently for that letter.

1 h^LLUj i Ly3
2AAAA/\ j V\^

9 N 10 V\ iil/| l-^ia

J^ n

Now if the two symbols be epitomised by cutting them down to their extremity, as a lioi>
is represented (fig. 13) by his head and fore-legs, it will leave figures 3 and 4, which are idenr
tical with the M and N of the early Phoenician and Greek. Figures 5, 6, 7, are forms of
Phoenician M from Gesenius ; 8, ancient Greek M ; 9, Greek N from Gesenius ; 10 and 11
from Inscriptions in the British Museum.

e 2

Ixviii INDUCTION OF RATIONAL ORIGIN SUFFICIENT."

as, for instance, the use of a change of vowel in many languages to express com-
parative nearness or distance of position) has had its origin in imitation of sound.

Our doctrine is not exclusive. If new 'modes of phonetic expression, un-
known to us as yet,' should be discovered, we shall be only in the position of the
fathers of modern Geology when the prodigious extent of glacial action in former
ages began to be discovered, and we shall be the first to recognise the efficiency of
the new machinery. Our fundamental tenet is that the same principle which
enables Man to make known his wants or to convey intelligence by means of
bodily gesture, would prompt him to the use of vocal signs for the same purpose,
leading him to utterances, which either by direct resemblance of sound, or by
analogies felt in the effort of utterance, might be associated with the notiqu to
be conveyed. The formation of words in this way in all languages has been
universally recognised, and it has been established in a wide range of examples,
differing so greatly in the nature of the signification and in the degree of
abstraction of the idea, or its remoteness from the direct perceptions of sense, as
to satisfy us that the principles employed are adequate to the expression of every
kind of thought. And this is sufficient for the rational theorist of language. If
man can anyhow have stumbled into speech under the guidance of his ordinary
intelligence, it will be absurd to suppose that he was helped over the first steps
of his progress by some supernatural go-cart, in the shape either of direct in-
spiration, or, what comes to the same thing, of an instinct unknown to us at the
present day, but lent for a while to Primitive Man in order to enable him to
communicate with his fellows, and then withdrawn when its purpose was accom-
plished.

Perhaps after all it will be found that the principal obstacle to belief in the
rational origin of Language, is an excusable repugnance to think of Man as
having ever been in so brutish a condition of life as is implied in the want of speech.
Imagination has always delighted to place the cradle of our race in a golden age
of innocent enjoyment, and the more rational views of what the course of life
must have been before the race had acquired the use of significant speech, or
had elaborated for themselves the most necessary arts of subsistence, are felt by
unreflecting piety as derogatory to the dignity of Man and the character of a
beneficent Creator. But this is a dangerous line of thought, and the only safe
rule in speculating on the possible dispensations of Providence (as has been well
pointed out by Mr Farrar) is the observation of the various conditions in which
it is actually allotted to Man (without any choice of his own) to carry on his
life. What is actually allowed to happen to any family of Man cannot be in-
compatible either with the goodness of God or with His views of the dignity of
the human race. And God is no respecter of persons or of races. However
hard or degrading the life of the Fuegian or the Bushman may appear to us, it can
be no impeachment of the Divine love to suppose that our own progenitors were
exposed to a similar struggle.

We have only the choice of two alternatives. We must either suppose that
Man was created in a civilised state, ready instructed in the arts necessary for

COMPLETION OF MAN. Ixix

the conduct of life, and was permitted to fall back into the degraded condition
which we witness among savage tribes ; or else, that he started from the lowest
grade, and rose towards a higher state of being, by the accumulated acquisitions
in arts and knowledge of generation after generation, and by the advantage
constantly given to superior capacity in the struggle for life. Of these alterna-
tives, that which embodies the notion of continued progress is most in accord-
ance with all our experience of the general course of events, notwithstanding
the apparent stagnation of particular races, and the barbarism and misery occa-
sionally caused by violence and warfare. We have witnessed a notable advance
in the conveniences of life in our own time, and when we look back as far as
history will reach, we find our ancestors in the condition of rude barbarians.
Beyond the reach of any written records we have evidence that the country was
inhabited by a race of hunters (whether our progenitors or not) who sheltered
in caves, and carried on their warfare with the wild beasts with the rudest wea-
pons of chipped flint. Whether the owners of these earliest relics of the human
race were speaking men or not, who shall say ? It is certain only that Language
is not the innate inheritance of our race ; that it must have begun to be acquired
by some definite generation in the pedigree of Man ; and as many intelligent and
highly social kinds of animals, as elephants, for instance, or beavers, live in har-
mony without the aid of this great convenience of social life, there is no ap-
parent reason why our own race should not have led their life on earth for an in-
definite period before they acquired the use of speech; whether before that epoch
the progenitors of the race ought to be called by the name of Man, or not.

Geologists however universally look back to a period when the earth was peo-
pled only by animal races, without a trace of human existence ; and the mere
absence of Man among an animal population of the world is felt by no one as
repugnant to a thorough belief in the providential rule of the Creator. Why
then should such a feeling be roused by the complementary theory which bridges
over the interval to the appearance of Man, and supposes that one of the races of
the purely animal period was gradually raised in the scale of intelligence, by the
laws of variation affecting all procreative kinds of being, until the progeny, in
the course of generations, attained to so enlarged an understanding as to become
capable ot appreciating each other's motives ; of being moved to admiration and
love by the exhibition of loving courage, or to indignation and hate by malignant
conduct ; of finding enjoyment or pain in the applause or reprobation of their
fellows, or of their own reflected thoughts ; and sooner or later, of using imitative
signs for the purpose of bringing absent things to the thoughts of anodier mind ?

TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.

AS.
^Ifr. Gr.

B.

Bav.

Bigl.

Boh.
Brem. Wtb.

Bret.
Carp.
Castr.

Cat.
Cimbr.

Cot.

Da. or Dan.

dial.

Dief.

Dief. Sup.

Dn.
Due.

D.V.
E.

Esth.
Fin.

Anglo-Saxon.

Elfric's Grammar at the

end of Somner's Diet.
Baile/sEngl. Diet., 1737.
Bavarian.
Biglotton seu Diet.

Teutonico-Lat. 1654.
Bohemian or Czech.
Bremisch- Nieder- Saeh-

siches Worterbueh,

1768.
Bas-Breton or Celtic of

Brittany.
Carpentier, Supplement to

Dueange, 1766.
Couzinid, Diet, de la

langue Romano - Cas-

traise, 1850.
Catalan.
Cimbrisch, dialect of the

Sette Commune.
Cotgrave, Fr.-Eng. Diet.
Danish.

Provincial dialect.
Diefeiibach, Vergleiehen-

des Worterbueh der

Gothischen Sprache,

1851.
Diefenbaeh, Supplement

to Dueange, 1857.
Dutch.

Dueange, Glossarium Me-
diae et Infimse Latini-

tatis.
Douglas' Virgil.
English.
Esthonian.
Finnish.

Fl.

Florio, Italian-Eng. diet. '

1680.

F.Q.

Faery Queen.

Fr.

French.

Fris.

Frisian.

G.

German.

Gael.

Gaelic.

Grandg

Grandgagnage, Diet, de

la langue Wallonne,

1845.

Gris.

Romansch, Rhseto-Ro-

manee, or language of

the Grisons.

Hal.

Halliwell's Diet, of Ar-

chaic and Provincial

words, 1852.

Idiot.

Idioticon or Vocabulary

of a dialect.

Illyr.

lllyrian.

Jam.

Jamieson, Diet, of Scot-

tish Language.

K. or Kil.

Kilian, Diet. Teutonieo-

Lat.

Kuttn.

Kiittner's Germ. - Eng.

Diet., 1805.

Lang.

Diet. Languedoeien-

Frang. par Mr L. S. D.,

1785.

Lap.

Lapponic or language of

Lapland.

Lat.

Latin.

Let.

Lettish.

Lim.

Beronie, Diet, du patois

du Bas-Limousin (Cor-

rfeze).

Lith.

Lithuanian.

Magy.

Hungarian or Magyar.

MHG.

Middle High German.

TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.

Mid.Lat.

Latin of the Middle Ages.

Roquef.

Roquefort, Gloss, de la

N.

Norwegian or Norse.

Langue Romaine.

0.

Old.

Rouchi

Patois of the Hainault.

OHG.

Old High German.

Hecart, Diet. Rouehi-

ON.

Old Norse, Icelandic.

Frang.

Palsgr.

Palsgrave, I'Esclaircisse-

R.R.

Chaucer's translation of

ment de la langue Fran-

the Roman de la Rose

goise.

Russ.

Russian.

Pat. de Brai.

Diet, du patois du Pays

Sc.

Lowland Scotch.

de Brai, 1852.

Schm.

Sehmeller, Bayerisches

Piedm.

Piedmontese.

Worterbuch.

P1.D.

Piatt Deutsch, Low Ger-

Serv.

Servian.

man dialects.

Sp.

Spanish.

Pol.

Polish.

Sw.

Swedish.

P.P.

Piers Plowman.

Swab.

Swabian.

Prov.

Provengal.

Swiss Rom.

Swiss Romance, the Fr.

Pr.Pm.

Promptorium Parvulo-

patois ofSwitzerland.

rum.

Venet.

Venetian.

Ptg.

Portuguese.

W.

Welsh.

R.

Richardson's Eng. Diet.

Walach.

Walachian or Daco-Ro-

Rayn.

Raynouard, Diet. Proven-

mance.

Sal, 1836. 1

Wall.

Walloon.

ERRATA.

Lines with * affixed are counted from the bottom.

CM S
xy

XX

xxvii
xlvii

3 I

14 I

21 I

26 2

28 I

100
III
118

134
141

146
147

30 I

33 I

37 I

43 2

55 I

59 I

72 I

n I

85 I

159 2

178 I

186 I

192 I

195

203

2 for Oehrlauderr. Oehrlander

13 mamoo-heeheek r. iiia-

mookheehee

2* note r. rate

7 puiiti r. puHti

25 i5^//2 r. i5^/i'«

35 sadalen r. sadelen

2* alieni ;>■. alicui

6 sveritet r. sverdit

6* Asknace r. Askance

1 woud r. word

12 allagerr. alUger

39 ahaverie r. haverie

4* crtOT r. cti;;?

24 baltresac r. baltresca

10* nokkutomax.nokkutama

22* willekem, r. willekom

45 Blab r. Blob

22* plowied r. plowied

23 budowaer. budowad

14 & 21 for ^i?/- read ^i?;"

3* kilistaa r. kilistaa

13* bugiie r. buque

10* brodiquin r. brodequin

8* katowai r. katowai

10* perairrantr.percurrunt

I* kimista^x. Mmista

2 kumisia r. kumista
5 komista r. komista

7 yi[iaioa r. yjnaifia

7 comelia r. comelid

28 head ^. hand

2 /r»& r, treetle

13* £3&& '

34 curccio r. cruccio

21* deyrie, woman r. deyrie-
•woman

1 5 ^iji^a r. tf'i'ii'<2

29 ^i?^i2! r. i^oy«
• 16 (/ijtf r. ^i>>

a"^

o-

S

Ph

0

S

204

I

28

or doda r. i^d'(/a

214

I

16

dtmdi r. dunda ,

218

I

21

daguaucho r. agtcaducho

219

2

26*

talkickt r. talkicht

226

2

10

dele , after ream

233

2

30

or-matk r. br-matk

235

2

9

p'aaw r.paaw

236

I

18

kymmenta i. kymmenta

242

I

22

scapare r. Jirajid

260

2

22*

_;?;«;« x.fiimn

262

I

16*

fiatch x.flaich

26s

I

16

floda x.fioda

271

I

22

averted ?-. diverted

278

2

l*& 2*frata r.frata

284

2

31

Gaffar r. Gaffer

285

I

17

leo r. les

287

2

13*

■ loucrare r. /o?<«'^

289

2

4

i?rt« r. Rati

312

I

I

gores X. gores

313

I

5

graz'us X. graztis

—

—

graz'ilas x. grasilas

3IS

2

23*

krofx. kraf

322

I

3

grod X. grdd

323

I

IS

ealley x. fealley

325

2

11

gatta X. gdtah

338

I

30

Jonan r. Johan

—

33

celebrare r. celebrari

341

2

5

dele drive

342

2

24*

sapa'us X. sap'dus

347

I

6

hau r. han

349

I

8*

eidiadh r. eideadh

359

I

■ 12*

a'av- X. d'av-

360

2

19*

nias r. niais

361

I

8*

Jans X. Hans

362

2

29

pa X. pa

364

I

II*

a' X. d'

367

I

15*

kat X. kat

380

I

20*

pa r. pa

382

2

15

sa X. sa

ERRATA

IS

Q

V

M

^

.s

Fli

u

(X,

0

382

2

15

for hie r. /fli?^

568

2

23*

"or vrd r. vra

—

l6

/«/^« r. &V««

580

2

13

kilina r. kilina

390

I

28*

^rt r./«

583

I

24

sk'ap r. j/Ja/

I

24*

? r. .

587:

!^2

7

/aV r. /or

2

19*

salunda r. salutida

595

2

27

piskslang r. piskslang

2

9*

lengom r. engom

597

2

6

slagga X. sl'agga

391

2

7

ph. r. /«

598

2

26

sibly's ;-. sybil's

— •

12

reglisses, r, reglisse,

599
600

I

21*

sWdra r. slodra

398

I

21
19*

laspa r. /a'j^a;
schloti r. schlott

I

20*

bart r. ^ar^

403

I

6

louUour r. loudour

—

—

19*

forbi X. forbi

408

I

24

madde r. madde

600

2

10*

nagot r. ?2(?g-o^

411

2

14*

mazgai r. masgat

601

I

4*

sloejhose x. sluefhose

415

2

19

betide i^. betidde

604

I

9

debaub r. bedaub

416

I

13

wyry r. wyryf

607

2

6

scamutzeln r. schmutzeln

418

425
448
463

I
2
2
I
2

9*

6*

10

29*

II*

argente r. argento
moczy^ r. moczyc
-redom r. tredon
Anson r. Auson
fl:'«;z^ r. rf'««£

609

613
615
616
621

I
2
2
2
2

7*
21
6*

30
21*

nagot X. nagot
schneppen x. schnappen
buzowadx. buzo-wai
oars r. ears
besolen r. besolen

467

I

13*

;(;X?aw r. ;^Xa2^w

2

15

pedanto r. pedante

67s

I

9

toma X. tomma

469

I

2*

septum r. septum,

678

2

33

ati r. a«

472

2

15

^rzV/^. 1-. i*/'/;:/^,

68s

2

13

Hanneberg r. Henne-

478

2

14*

macken r. machen

berg

495
513

I

2

22*
20

prmcipo r. principe
koden r. k'dden

714

I

24

nagot X. nagot

2

7*

rampelen r. rompelen

—

2

5*

Wahcher x. Walscher

530

2

22

rdg r. rdj

—

—

4*

walschen x. walschen

532
534

2
I

23

7
18

r&gan r. r^/a'^
remodero r. remordeo
sembarre r. se7nbrare

729

2

12*
11*

Ah X. Ah
wikka X. wikkeh

537

2

24

ruffaae r. ruffare

734

I

13

go. r. g°a

539

I

20

bunk r. buuk

—

2

9

•vyju X. wyjtc

540

I

4

albi r. labi

—

—

—

vyti X. tuyti

558
566

2

2

14*
13

chaetse r. scliaetse
scrur r. j«'«/

736

I

S*

ga r. ga

DICTIONARY

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

An asterisk (*) is prefixed to words where the etymology of the first edition has been
materially altered.

A, as a prefix to nouns, is commonly
:he remnant of the AS. on, in, on, among,
is aback, as. on-bsec ; away, AS. on-
ftrseg ; alike, as. on-lic.

In the obsolete adown it represents the
vs. o/j of or from ; AS. of-dune, literally,
"rom a height, downwards.

As a prefix to verbs it corresponds to
;he Goth, us, out of; OHG. ur, ar, er, ir;
J. er, implying a completion of the
iction.

Thus G. erwachen, to awake, is to wake
ip from a state of sleep ; to abide, is to
N3S.t until the event looked for takes
jlace ; to arise, to get up from a recum-
Dent posture.

Ab-, Abs-, A- In Lat. compounds,
iway, away from, off. To abuse is to use
in a manner other than it should be ; ab-
lution, a washing off ; to abstain, to hold
iway from. Lat. a, ab, abs, from.

Abaft. AS. a/tan, be-ceftan, baftan,
ifter, behind. Hence on-bceftan, abaft.
The word seems very early to have ac-
juired the nautical use in which alone
t survives at the present day.

Jvery man shewid his connyng tofore the ship
and baft. — Chaucer, Beryn. 843.

Abandon. Immediately from Fr.
ibandonner, and that from the noun
'andon (also adopted in English, but now
)bsolete), command, orders, dominion.
The word Ban is common to all the lan-
guages of the Teutonic stock in the
ense of proclamation, announcement,
K .

ABANDON

remaining with us in the restricted ap-
plication to Banns of Marriage. Passing
into the Romance tongues, this word be-
came bando in Italian and Spanish, an
edict or proclamation, bandon in French,
in the same sense, and secondarily in
that of command, orders, dominion,
power :

Than Wallace said, Thou spelds of mychty

thing,
Fra worthi Bruce had resavit his crown,
I thoucht have maid Ingland at his dandown^
So wttrely it suld beyn at his will.
What plesyt him, to sauff the king or spill.

Wallace.

Hence to embandon or abandon is to
bring under the absolute command or
entire control of any one, to subdue, rule,
have entire dominion over.
And he that thryll (thrall) is is nocht his.
All that he has emhandownyt is
Unto his Lord, whatever he be. — Bruce, i. 244.

He that dredeth God wol do diligence to plese
God by his werkes and abandon himself with all
his might well for to do. — Parson's Tale.

Thus we see that the elliptical expres-
sion of 'an abandoned character,' to
which the accident of language has at-
tached the notion of one enslaved to vice,
might in itself with equal propriety have
been used to signify devotion to good.

Again, as that which is placed at the
absolute command of one party must by
the same act be entirely given up by the
original possessor, it was an easy step
from the sense of conferring the com-
mand of a thing upon some, particular
1

2 ABASH

person, to that of renouncing all claim to
authority over the subject matter, without
particular reference to the party into
whose hands it might come ; and thus in
modern times the word has come to be
used almost exclusively in the sense of
renunciation or desertion. ' Dedicio —
abaundunem-ent,' the surrender of a
castle. — Neccham.

The adverbial expressions at abandon,
bandonly, abandonly, so common in the
'Bruce' and 'Wallace' like the OFr. d,
son bandon, A. bandon, may be explained,
at his own will and pleasure, at his own
impulse, uncontroUedly, impetuously, de-
terminedly. 'Ainsi s'avancerent de
grand volonU tous chevaliers et ecuyers
et prirent terre.' — Froiss. vol. iv. c. 1 1 8.

To Abash. Originally, to put to con-
fusion from any strong emotion, whether
of fear, of wonder, shame, or admiration,
but restricted in modern times to the
effect of shame. Abash is an adoption
of the Fr. esbahir, as sounded in the
greater number of the inflections, esba-
hissons, esbahissais, esbahissant. In or-
der to convert the word thus inflected
into English it was natural to curtail
merely the terminations ons, ais, ant, by
which the inflections differed from each
other, and the verb was written in Eng-
lish to abaisse orabaish, as ravish, polish,
furnish, from ravir,polir,fournir.

Many English verbs of a similar deriv-
ation were formerly written indifferently
with or without a final sh, where custom
has rendered one or other of the two
modes of spelling obsolete. Thus obey
was written obeisse or obeyshe j betray,
betrash.

Speaking of Narcissus stooping to
drink, Chaucer writes :

In the water anon was sene
His nose, his mouth, his eyen shene,
And he thereof was all abashed.
His owne shadow had him betrashed ;
For well he wened the forme to see
Of a ohilde of full grete beauti.— R. R. 1520.

In the original —

Et il maintenant s'ibahit
Car son umbre si le irahit
Car il cuida voir la figure
D'ung enfant bel a demesure.

On the other hand, burny was formerly
in use as well as burnish ; abay or abaw
as well as abaisse or abaish :

I saw the rose when I was nigh,

It was thereon a goodly sight —

For such another as I gesse

Aforne ne was, ne more vermeille,

I was abawid for merveille. — R. R. 364s.

ABBOT

In the original —

Moult m'esbahis de la merveille.
Yield you madame en hicht can Schir Lust say,
A word scho could not speik scho was so abaid.
K. Hart in Jamieson.

Custom, which has rendered obsolete
betrash and obeish, has exercised her
authority in like manner over abay or
abaw, burny, astony.

The origin of esbahir itself is to be
found in the OFr. baer, beer, to gape,
an onomatopoeia from the sound Ba,
most naturally uttered in the opening of
the lips. Hence Lat. Baba ! Mod.
Prov. Bah ! the interjection of wonder ;
and the verb esbahir, in the active form,
to set agape, confound, astonish, to strike
with feelings the natural tendency of
which is to manifest itself by an involun-
tary opening of the mouth. Castrais,y^J
baba, to excite admiration. — Cousinid
Zulu babaza, to astonish, to strike with
wonder or surprise.

In himself was all bis state
More solemn than the tedious pomp which waits
On princes, when their rich retinue long
Of horses led, and grooms besmeared with gold.
Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape.

Milton.

Wall, bawi, to look at with open mouth ;
esbawi, to abaw or astonish. — Grandg.
See Abide.

To Abate. Fr. abbattre, to beat
down, to ruin, overthrow, cast to the
ground, Cotgr. Wall, abate, faire tomber,
(Grandg.) ; It. abbatere, to overthrow, to
pull down, to make lower, depress,
weaken, to diminish the force of any-
thing ; abbatere le vela, to strike sail ;
abbatere dal prezzo, to bate something
of the price ; abbatersi, to light upon, to
hit, to happen, to meet with ; abbatersi
in una terra, to take possession of an
estate. Hence the OE. law term abate-
ment, which is the act of one who in-
trudes into the possessioil of lands void
by the death of the former possessor,
and not yet taken up by the lawful heir ;
and the party who thus pounces upon
the inheritance is called an abator. See
Beat, Bate.

Abbot, Abbey, Abbess. More cor-
rectly written abbat, from Lat. abbas,
abbatis, and that from Syrian abba,
father. The word was occasionally writ-
ten abba in Latin. It was a title of re-
spect formerly given to monks in general,
and it must have been during the time
that it had this extended signification
that it gave rise to the Lat. abbatia, an
abbey, or society of abbots or monks.

ABELE

Epiphanius, speaking of the Holy places,
says, ex" ^' ') "i^V dfiaSts xiKiovQ icai xl^'c
KsXAia, it contains a thousand monks and
a thousand cells. — Ducange. In process
of time we meet with protestations from
St Jerome and others against the arro-
gance of assuming the title of Father,
and either from feelings of such a nature,
or possibly from the analogy between a
community of monks and a private
family, the name of Abbot or Father was
ultimately confined to the head of the
house, while the monks under his control
were called Brothers.

Abele. The white poplar. Pol. bialo-
drze-w, literally white tree, from Halo,
white.

* To Abet. OFr. abetter, to de-
ceive, also to incite ; inciter, animer,
exciter.— Roquef. Prov. abet, deceit, trick ;
abetar, to deceive, beguile.

Lui ne peut-il mie guiler,

Ni engigner ni abiter. — Fabl. II. 366.

Both senses of the word may be ex-
plained from Norm, abet, Guernsey beth,
a bait for fish ; beter, Norm, abeter, to
bait the hook.— H ^richer, Gloss. Norm.
From the sense of baiting springs that
of alluring, tempting, inciting, on the one
hand, and alluring to his own destruc-
tion, deceiving, beguiling on the other.
See Bait.

Abeyance. OFr. abiiance; droit en
abSiance, a right in suspense ; abeyance,
expectation, desire. — Gloss, de Champ.
From abahier, abaier, abayer, to be in-
tent upon, to desire earnestly, to expect,
wait, watch, listen. See Abide.

To Abide, Abie. Goth, beidan, us-
beidan, to expect ; gabeidan, to endure ;
usbeisns, expectation; usbeisnei, endur-
ance, forbearance. AS. bidan, abidan, to
expect, wait, bide ; ON. bida, to wait,
endure, suffer ; b. bana, to suffer death ;
Dan. bie, Du. beijden, beijen, verbeijen
(Bosworth), to wait. We have seen
under Abash that the involuntary open-
ing of the mouth under the influence of
astonishment was represented by the
syllable ba, from whence in the Romance
diplects are formed two series of verbs,
one with and one without the addition of
a terminal d to the radical syllable.
Thus we have It. badare, badigliare, to
gape, to yawn. Cat. and Prov. badar, to
open the mouth, to open ; bader, ouvrir
(Vocab. de Berri) ; Prov. gola badada,
it. bocca badata, with open mouth ; Cat.
badia, a bay or opening in the coast.
Without the tenninal d we have baer.

ABIDE 3

baier, bder, with the frequentative baWer,
to open the mouth, to gape ; gueiile b^e,
bouche b^ante, as gola badadoi bocca ba-
data above mentioned.

Quant voit le serpent, qui iaaille,
Corant sens lui, geule baie. — Raynouard.
Both forms of the verb are then figur-
atively applied to signify afifections cha-
racterized by involuntary opening of the
mouth, intent observation, or absorption
in an object, watching, listening, expect-
ation, waiting, endurance, delay, suffer-
ing. It. badare, to attend to, to mind, to
take notice, take care, to desire, covet,
aspire to, to stay, to tarry, to abide ;
abbadare, to stay, to attend on ; bada,
delay, lingering, tarrying ; tenere a bada,
to keep in suspense. Corresponding
forms with the d effaced are OFr. baer,
baier, b^er, to be intent upon, attendre
avec en^pressement, aspirer, regarder,
songer, desirer (Roquef.) ; abayer, ^couter
avec dtonnement, bouche bdante, inhiare
loquenti (Lacombe).

I saw a smith stand with his hammer — thus —
The whilst his iron did on the anvil cool,
With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.

K. John.

Here we have a good illustration of the
connection between the figure of opening
the mouth and the ideas of rapt attention,
waiting, suspense, delay. The verb at-
tend, which m E. signifies the direction of
the mind to an object, in Fr. attendre
signifies to suspend action, to wait. In
other cases the notion of passive waiting
is expressed by the figure of looking or
watching. Thus G. warten,to wait, is iden-
tical with It. guardare, to look, and E. wait
was formerly used in the sense of look.
The passage which in our translation is
' Art thou he that should come, or do we
look for another,' is in AS. ' we sceolon
othres abidan' The effacement of the d
in Du. beijen, in Dan. bie compared with
Sw. bida, and in E. abie, compared with
abide, is precisely analogous to that in
Fr. bhr, baier compared with It. badare,
abadare, or in Fr. crier compared with
It. gridare.

Certes (quoth she) that is that these wicked
shrewes be more blissful that ahkn the torments
that they have deserved than if no pain of Justice
ne chastised them.— Chaucer, Boethius.
At sight of her they suddaine all arose
In great amaze, ne wist what way to chuse.
But Jove all feareless forced them to aby. — F. Q.

It is hardly possible to doubt the iden-
tity of E. abie, to remain or endure, with
the verb of abeyance, expectation or sus-
pense, which is certainly related to It.

1 •

4 ABIE

badare, as E. abie to Goth, beidan, AS.
bidan. Thus the derivation of badare
above explained is brought home to e.
bide, abide, abie.

Abie, 2. Fundamentally distinct from
abie in the sense above explained, al-
though sometimes confounded with it, is
the verb abie, properly abuy, and spelt
indifferently in the older authors abegge,
abeye, abigg, abidge, from AS. abicgan,
abycgan, to redeem, to pay the purchase-
money, to pay the penalty, suffer the
consequences of anything ; and the sim-
ple buy, or bie, was often used in the
same sense.

Sithe Richesse hath me failed here,
She shall abie that trespass dere. — R. R.
Algate this selie maide is slaine alas !
Alas ! to dere abought she her beaute.

Doctor's Tale.
Thou slough my brother Morgap

At the mete full right
As I .am a doughti man

His death thou bist (buyest) tonight.

Sir Tristrem.
For whoso hardy hand on her doth lay
It derely shall abie, and death for handsel pay.
Spenser, F. Q.

And when he fond he was yhurt, the Pardoner

he gan to threte.
And swore by St Amyas that he should abigg
With strokes hard and sore even upon the rigg.

Prol. Merch. 2nd Tale.
Ac for the lesynge that thou Lucifer lowe til Eve
Thou shalt abygge bitter quoth God, and bond

him with che.ynes. — P. P,

To buy it dear, seems to have been
used as a sort of proverbial expression
for suffering loss, without special refer-
ence to the notion of retribution.
The thingis fellin as they done of werre
Betwixtin hem of Troie and Grekis ofte,
For some day boughiin they of Troie it dere
And efte the Grekis foundin nothing softe
The folke of Troie. Tr. and Cr.

It will be seen from the foregoing ex-
amples how naturally the sense of buying
or paying the purohase-money of a thing
passes into that of simply suffering, in
which the word is used in the following
passages.

O God, forbid for mother's fault
The children should abye. — Boucher.
If he come into the hands of the Holy Inquisi-
tion, he must abye for it. — Boucher,
i. e. must suffer for it.

The connection between the ideas of
remaining or continuance in time and
continuance under suffering or pain is
apparent from the use of the word en-
durance in both applications. In this
way both abide and its degraded form
abie come to signify suffer.

ABOLISH

Thus abie for abuy and abie from
abide are in certain cases confounded
together, and the confusion sometimes
extends to the use of abide in the sense
of abuying or paying the penalty.

If it be found so some will dear abide it.

Jul. Cassar.

How dearly I abide that boast so vain.

Milton, P. L.
Disparage not the faith t"hou dost not know.
Lest to thy peril thou abide it dear.

Mids. N. Dr.

Able. Lat. habilis (from habeo, to
have ; ' have-like, at hand), convenient,
fit, adapted ; Fr. habile, able, strong,
powerful, expert, sufficient, fit for any-
thing he undertakes or is put unto. —
Cotgr. It. abilej Prov. abilh.

It will be remarked on looking at a
series of quotations that in the earher
instances the sense of the Lat. habilis is
closely preserved, while in later examples
the meaning is confined to the case of
fitness by possession of sufficient active
power.

God tokeneth and assigneth the times, atling
hem to her proper offices. — Chaucer, Boeth-

In the original,

Signat tempora propriis
Aftans officiis Deus.
That if God willing to schewe his wrathe.^and
to make his power knowne, hath suflferid in
grete pacience vessels of wrathe able unto death,
&c. — Wickliff in Richardson.

To enable a person to do a thing or to
disable him, is to render him fit or unfit
for doing it.

Divers persons in the House of Commons
were attainted, and therefore not legal nor^
habilitate to serve in Parliament, being disabled
in the highest degree. — Bacon in R.

The Fr. habiller is to qualify for any
purpose, as habiller du chanvre, de la
volatile, to dress hemp, to draw fowls, to
render them fit for use ; whence habili-
ments are whatever is required to qualify
for any special purpose, as habiliments
of war ; and the most general of all
qualifications for occupation of any kind
being simply clothing, the Fr. habille-
ment has become appropriated to that
special signification.

Aboard. For on board, within the
walls of a ship. ON. bord, a board, the
side of a ship. Innan bords, within the
ship, on board ; at kasta fyri bord, to
throw overboard.

Abolish. Fr. abolir, from Lat. aboleo,
to erase or annul. The neuter form
abolesco, to wear away, to grow out of
use, to perish, when compared with

ABOMINABLE

adolesco, to grow up, coalesco, to grow
together, shows that the force of the
radical syllable ol, al is growth, vital
progress. PI. D. af-oleii, af-oolden, to
become worthless through age. De manji
olet gam af, the man dwindles away.
The primitive idea seems that of beget-
ting or giving birth to, kindling. OSw.
ala, to beget or give birth to children,
and also, as AS. alan, to light a fire ; the
analogy between life and the progress of
ignition being one of constant occur-
rence. So in Lat. alere capillos, to let
the hair grow, and alere flammain, to
feed the flame. In English we speak of
the vital spark, and the verb to kindle is
used both in the sense of lighting a fire,
and of giving birth to a litter of young.
The application of the root to the notion
of fire is exemplified in Lat. adolere,
adolescere, to burn up {adolescu7tt ignibus
aras. Virg.) ; while the sense of beget-
ting, giving birth to, explains soboles
(for sub-ol-es), progeny, and in-d-oles,
that which is born in a man, natural
disposition. Then, as the duty of nour-
ishing and supporting is inseparably con-
nected with the procreation of offspring,
the OSw. ala is made to signify to rear,
to bring up, to feed, to fatten, showing
that the Latin alere, to nourish, is a
shoot from the same root. In the same
way Sw.foda signifies to beget, and also
to rear, to bring up, to feed, to main-
tain. Gael alaich, to produce, bring
forth, nourish, nurse ; d.1, brood, or young
of any kind ; oil, Goth, alan, ol, to rear,
educate, nurse. The root el, signifying
life, is extant in all the languages of the
Finnish stock.

Abominable. — Abominate. Lat.
abominor (from ab and omen, a portent),
to deprecate the omen, to recognize a
disastrous portent in some passing oc-
currence, and to do something to avert
the threatened evil. Quod abominor,
which may God avert. Thence to regard
with feelings of detestation and abhor-
rence.

To Abound. Abundant. See -und-.

About. AS. titan, outward, without,
be-utan, butan,ymbutan, onbutan, abutan,
about ; literally, around on the out-
side.

Sometimes the two parts of the word
are divided by the subject to which it
relates, or the particle be is separated
from the preposition and joined to the
preceding verb.

Ymb hancred utan, about cockcrow.
Thonne sec seftre

ABROACH s

Ethiopia Land

Beligeth titan. — Casdmon.

for ligeth butan, it compasseth the whole
land of Ethiopia.

Above. AS. ufan, be-ufan, bufan,
abufan, Du. boven, OE. abowen, Sc.
aboon, above, on high. In Barbour's
Bruce we find both abowyne and abow,
as withotityn and without.

Abraid. — Abray. To abray or abraid,
now obsolete, is common in our older
writers in the sense of starting out of
sleep, awaking, breaking out in language.
AS. abrcBgdan, abredan, to awake, snatch
away, draw out. The radical idea is to
do anything with a quick and sudden
motion, to start, to snatch, to turn, to
break out. See To Bray.

To Abridge,— Abbreviate, to short-
en, or cut short. Of these synonymous
terms the former, from Fr. abrdger, seems
the older form, the identity of which with
Lat. abbreviare not being at once ap-
parent, abbreviate was subsequently form-
ed direct from the latter language.

Abrdger itself, notwithstanding the
plausible quotation from Chaucer given
below, is not from G. abbrechen, AS.
abracan, but from Lat. abbreviare, by the
change of the v and i into u and j respect-
ively. The Provencal has breu for
brevis ; breugetdt for brevitas ; abbreujar,
to abridge, leading immediately to Fr.
abrSgerj and other cases may be pointed
out of similar change in passing from Lat,
to the Romance languages. Lat. levis
becomes leu in Prov., while the verb alle-
viare is preserved in the double form of
alleviar and alleujar, whence the Fr.
alUger, which passed into English under
the form a&^^, common in Chaucer and
his contemporaries, so that here also we
had the double form allegge and alleviate,
precisely corresponding to abridge and
abbreviate. In like manner from Lat.
gravis, Prov. greu, heavy, hard, Severe ;
greugetat, gravity, agreujar, Fr. aggrd-
ger, OE. agredge, to aggravate. ' Things
that greatly agredge their sin.' — Parson's
Tale.

No doubt if we had not so complete a
pedigree from brevis, the idea of breaking
off would suggest a very plausible deriva-
tion from G. abbrechen, to break off;
kurz abbrechen, to cut short. — Kiittner.
' And when this olde man wende to en-
force his tale by resons, all at once be-
gonne thei to rise for to breken his tale
and bidden him full ofte his words for to
abregge.' — Chaucer, Melibaeus.

Abroach. For on broach, from Fr.

6 ABROAD

brocher, to pierce. To set a tun abroach
is to pierce it, and so to place it in con-
dition to draw off the contents.

Right as who set a tonne ahroche

He perced the hard roche.

Gower m Richardson.

Wall, abroki, mettre in perce. — Grandg.
See Broach.

Abroad. On broad, spread over the
surface, far and wide, and hence arbitra-
rily applied in the expression of going
abroad to going beyond the limits of one's
own country.

But it (the rose) ne was so sprede on irede.
That men within might know the sede. — R. R.

Abscess. Lat. abscessus, Fr. abscez,
a course of ill humours running out of
their veins and natural places into the
empty spaces between the muscles. —
Cotgr. From abscedere, to retire, with-
draw, draw to a head. See -cess.

To Abscond. To withdraw for the
purpose of concealment ; Lat. abscondo, to
hide away ; condo, to put by.

To Absorb. Lat. ab and sorbeo, to
suck up. See Sherbet.

To Abstain, — Abstemious. Lat. ab-
siineo, to hold back from an object of de-
sire, whence abstemious, having a habit
of abstaining from. Vini abstemius, Pliny,
abstaining from wine. So Fr. etamer, to
tin, from ^iain.

Absurd. Not agreeable to reason
or common sense. Lat. absurdus. The
figure of deafness is frequently used to
express the failure of something to serve
the purpose expected from things of its
kind. Thus on. daufr, deaf ; daufr litr,
a dull colour ; a deaf nut, one without a
kernel ; Fr. lanterne sourde, a dark lan-
tern. So Lat. surdus, deaf ; surdus locus,
a place ill adapted for hearing; surda
vota, unheard prayers. Absurdum, what
is not agreeable to the ears, and fig. to
the understanding.

Est hoc auribus, animisque hominum absurdum.

Cic.

To Abut. Fr. bottt, end : aboutir, to
meet end to end, to abut. But bout itself
is from OFr. boter, hotter, boutir, to
strike, corresponding to E. butt, to strike
with the head, as a goat or ram. It is
clear that the full force of the metaphor
is felt by Shakespeare when he speaks of
France and England as

two mighty monarchies.
Whose high upreared and abutting ffonts
The narrow perilous ocean parts asunder.

Abuttals or boundaries are translated
capita in mid. Lat., and abut, capitare.

ACCOUTRE

In the same way the G. stossen, to
thrust, butt, push with the horns, &c., is
also applied to the abutting of lands.
Ihre lander stossen an ei?iander, their
lands abut on each other. So in Swedish
stota, to strike, to thrust, to butt as a
goat ; stota tilsainmans, to meet together,
to abut.

Abyss. Gr. ajivaaoc, unfathomable,
from a and j3v(j<Tbc or /3u86c, depth.

Academy. Gr. aKaSruwa, a garden
in the suburbs of Athens where Plato
taught.

Accede. — Access. —Accessory. Lat.
accedere, accessU7n, to go or come to, to
arrive at, approach. To support, to be of
the party or side of any one, to assent to,
to approve of. Hence accessory, an aider
or abetter in a crime. See Cede.

Fr. acces from accessus, a fit or sudden
attack of a disorder, became in OE. axesse,
pi. axes, still preserved in the provincial
axes, the ague. — Halliwell.

A charm —

Tlie which can helin thee of thine axesse.

Tro. and Cress. 2, 1315.

Accent. Lat. accentus, modulation of
the voice, difference in tone, from accino,
accentum, to sing to an instrument, to ac-
cord. See Chant.

Accomplice. Fr. complice, Lat. com-
plex, bound up with, united with one in
a project, but always in a bad sense.

Accomplish. Fr. accomplir, Lat. com-
plere, to fill up, fulfil, complete.

Accord. Fr. accorder, to agree. Form-
ed in analogy to the Lat. concordare, dis-
cordare, from concors, discors, and con-
sequently from cor, the heart, and not
chorda, the string of a musical instrument.
— Diez. The Swiss Romance has cor-
dere, cordre, synonymous with G. gonnen,
to consent heartily with what falls to
another ; Wall, keure, voir de bon grd
qu'un ^vfinement arrive a quelqu'un,
qu'une chose ait lieu ; meskeure, missgon-
nen. — Grandg.

To Accost. Lat. casta, a rib, a side ;
Fr. coste, a rib, cosU, now cdti, a side ;
coste-d-coste, side by side. Hence accoster,
to join side to side, approach, and thence
to greet.

Accoutre. From the Fr. accoutrer,
formerly accoustrer, to equip with the
habiliments of some special office or oc-
cupation,— an act of which in Catholic
countries the frequent change of vest-
ments at appointed periods of the church
service would afford a striking and fami-
liar example.

Now the person who had charge of the

ACCRUE

vestments in a Catholic church, was the
sacristan ; in Lat. custos sacrarii or ec-
clesice (barbarously rendered custrix,
when the office was filled by woman), in
OFr. cousteur or coustre, coutre; Ger.
kiister, the sacristan, or vestry-keeper. —
Ludwig.

Ad custodem sacrarii pertinet cura vel custo-
dium templi — vela vestesque sacrts, ac vasa sacro-
rum. — St Isidore in Ducange.

The original meaning of accoutrer
would thus be to perform the office of
sacristan to a priest, to invest him with
the habiliments of his office ; afterwards
to invest with the proper habiliments of
any other occupation.

Accrue. Fr. accroitre, accru, from
Lat. crescere, to grow. Thence accrue, a
growth, increase, Cotgr., and E. accrue,
to be in the condition of a growth, to be
added to something as what naturally
grows out of it.

Ace. Fr. as. It. asso, the face marked
with the number one on cards or dice,
from Lat. as, assis, which signifies a single
one. — Diez.

Achromatic. Producing an image
free from iridescent colours. Gr. a, priva-
tive, and xp'^M") colour.

Ache. A bodily pain, from Ach ! the
natural expression of pain. So from G.
ach ! alas ! the term is applied to woe,
grief. Mein ach ist deine freude, my woe
is your joy. — Kilttn. Achen, to utter
cries of grief. The Gr. axog, pain, grief,
is formed on the same principle.

To Achieve. Prov. cap, Fr. chef, head,
and thence the end of everything; de
chief en chief, from end to end ; venir d
chef, to gain one's end, to accomplish ;
Prov. acabar, Fr. achever, to bring to a
head, to accomplish, achieve.

Acid. — Acrid. — Acerhity. Lat. aceo,
to be sharp or sour ; acor, sourness ;
acidus, sour, tart ; acetum, vinegar, sour
wine. From the same root acer, acris,
sharp, biting, eager; acredo, acrimonia,
sharpness ; acerbus, sharp, bitter, sour
like an unripe fruit. See Acute.

Acme. Gr. aKfir\, a point : the highest
degree of any quality. See Acute.

Acolyte. Gr. aKoKov^oq, an attendant,
a/coXoiiSlw, to follow, attend.

Acorn, as. cecern, ceceren, accernj
ON. akarn; Dan. agern; Du. akerj G.
ecker, eichelj Goth, akran, fruit. The
last of the AS. spellings shows us an early
accommodation to the notion of oak-corn,
a. derivation hardly compatible with the
other Teutonic and Scandinavian forms,
or with the more general signification of

AD 7

Goth, akran, notwithstanding Grimm's
quotation of Cajus,

Glandis appellatione omnis fructus continetur.

Grimm is himself inclined to explain
akran, fruit, as the produce of the akr, or
corn-field, but a more satisfactory deriva-
tion may probably be found in OHG.
■wuocher, increase, whence G. wucher, on.
okr, interest, usury, from the same root
with Lat. augere, Goth, aukan, to in-
crease ; erde-wucher, the increase of the
field, fruits of the earth. — Notker. The
ON. okran, fceneratio, is formally identical
with Goth, akran.

Acoustic. Gr. aKovsTiKog, connected
with hearing ; agovu), to hear.

To Acquaint. OFr. accointer, Prov.
accoindar, to make known; OFr. coint,
informed of a thing, having- it known,
from Lat. cognitus, according to Diez;
but this seems one of the cases in which
it must be doubtful whether the Romance
word comes from a Lat. original, or from
a corresponding Teutonic root. The G.
has kund (from ketmen, to know), known,
manifest ; kund machen, to make known,
in precisely the same sense with the Prov.
coindar, the d of which seems better to
agree with the G. word than with the Lat.
cognitus; G. kundig, having knowledge
of a thing.

To Acquit. From Lat. quiehts, at
rest, was formed Fr. quitte, whence ac-
quitier, to set at rest with respect to some
impending claim or accusation. See
Quit, Quite.

Acre. Gr. dypoj; Lat. ager; Goth.
akrs, cultivated land, corn-land. G. acker,
a field of cultivated land ; thence a mea-
sure of land, so much as may be ploughed
in a day.

Acrostic. — A poem in which the first
letters of the verses compose one or more
words, from Gr. uKpov, tip, on'xuE, a verse.

Act. — Active. — Actor. See Agent.

Acute. The syllable ac is the founda-
tion of many words connected with the
idea of sharpness both in Lat. and Gr.,
as uKr], Lat. acies, a point or edge, anig,
-iSoQ, a pointed instrument, a sting ; Lat.
acus, a needle, properly a prick, as shown
by the dim. acuiezts, a prickle or sting ;
acuo, to give a point or edge to, to sharp-
en; acutus, sharpened, sharp. Words
from the same source signifying sharp-
ness of a figurative kind are seen under
Acid.

■ Ad-, in composition. Lat. ad, to. In
combination with words beginning v/itli
c,f, g, I, n, p, V, the d of ad is assimilated

8 ADAGE

to the following consonant, as in affero
for adfero, apparo for adparo, &c.

Adage. Lat. adagium, a proverb.

To Adaw. Two words of distinct
meaning and origin are here confounded :

1st, from AS. dagian, dcsgian, to become
day, to dawn, OE. to daw, to dawn, adaw,
or adawn, to wake out of sleep or out of
a swoon. ' I adawe or adawne as the day
doth in the morning when the sonne
draweth towards his rising.' ' I adawe
one out of a swounde,' ' to dawe from
swouning, — to dawne or get life in one
that is fallen in a swoune.'— Palsgrave in
Halliwell.

A man that waketh of his slepe

He may not sodenly wel talcen kepe

Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly

Til that he be adawed veraily. — Chaucer.

So Da. dial, morgne sig, to rouse one-
self from sleep, from morgen, morning.

2nd, to reduce to silence, to still or
subdue, from Goth, thahan, MHG. dagen,
gedagen, to be silent, still ; ON. thagga, to
silence, lull, hush.

As the bright sun what time his fiery train
Towards the western brim begins to draw,
Gins to abate the brightness of his beame
And fervour of his flames somewhat adawe.

F. Q. V. ch. 9.
So spake the bold brere with great disdain,
Little him answered the oak again.
But yielded with shame and grief adawed.
That of a weed he was overcrawed.

Shep. Cal.

Hessian dachen, tAgen, to allay, to still
pain, a storm, &c. ' Der schmerz dacht
sich nach und nach.' Dachen, to quell
the luxuriance of over-forward wheat by
cutting the leaves. Gedaeg, cowed, sub-
missive. ' Der ist ganz gedaeg gewor-
den : ' he is quite cowed, adawed. Com-
pare Sp. callar to be silent, to abate,
become calm.

To Add. Lat. addere, to put to or
unite with, the signification of dare in
composition being in general to dispose
of an object. Thus reddere, to put back ;
subdere, to put under ; cmidere, to put by.

Adder. A poisonous snake, as. cettr,
attern; PI. D. adder; Bav. atter, ader,
adern. ON. eitr-ornt, literally poison
snake, from eitr, AS. atter, venom (see
Atter-cop). The foregoing explanation
would be perfectly satisfactory, were it
not that a name differing only by an
initial n (which is added or lost with equal
facility), with a derivation of its own, is
still more widely current, with which how-
ever Diefenbach maintains the foregoing
to be wholly unconnected. Gael, nathairj

ADJUST

W. neidrj Goth, nadrsj ON. nadraj OHG
natra, nadraj G, 7tattcrj AS. ncedre, ned-
der; OE. neddre.

Robert of Gloucester, speaking of Ire-
land, says,

Selde me schal in the lond any foule wormys se
For nedres ne other wormes ne mow ther be
noght.— p. 43.

Instead of neddre Wicklifif uses eddre,
as Mandeville ewte for what we now call
newt, or the modern apron for OE. na-
pron. In the same way Bret, aer, a ser-
pent, corresponds to Gael, nathair, pro-
nounced naer. It seems mere accident
which of the two forms is preserved.

The forms with an initial n are com-
monly referred to a root signifying to
pierce or cut, the origin of Goth, nethla,
OHG. nddal, Bret, nadoz, E. needle, and
are connected with w. naddu, and with
G. sckneiden, to cut. Perhaps the ON.
notra, to shiver, to lacerate, whence
nbtru-gras, a nettle, may be a more pro-
bable origin. There is little doubt that
the ON. eitr, AS. atter, venom, matter, is
from OHG. eiten, to burn.

To Addle. To earn, to thrive.
With goodmen's hogs or com or hay
I addle my ninepence every day. — Hal.

Where ivy embraceth the tree very sore
Kill ivy, or tree will addle no more.

Tusser in Hal.

ON. oSlask, to get, also, naturaliter pro-
cedere, to run its course, to grow, in-
crease. Henni odladist sottin : the sick-
ness increased. Sw. odla, to till, to cul-
tivate the soil, the sciences, the memory.
To earn is to get by cultivation or labour.
ON. odli, edit, adal, nature, origin; AS.
ethel, native place, country.

Addle. Liquid filth, a swelling with
matter in it. — Hal. Rotten, as an addle
egg. An addle-pool, a pool that receives
the draining of a dunghill. Sw. dial.
ko-adel, the urine of cows ; adla or ala,
mingere, of cows, as in E. to stale, of
horses. W. hadlu, to decay, to rot.

Adept. Lat. adipiscor, adeptus, to ob-
tain. Alchymists who have obtained the
grand elixir, or philosopher's stone, which
gave thein the power of transmuting
metals to gold, were called adepti, of
whom there were said to be twelve always
in being.--Bailey. Hence an adept, a
proficient in any art.

To Adjourn. Fr. jour, a day; ad-
journer, to cite one to appear on a cer-
tain day, to appoint a day for continuing
a business, to put off to another day.

To Adjust. Fr. adjuster, to make to
meet, and thence to bring to agreement.

ADJUTANT

Dte icel jor sont dessevr&s
Qu' unc puis ne furent adjosUes
Les osz. — Chron. Norm. 2, 10260.
The bones were severed, which were
never afterwards united. See Joust.

Adjutant. One of the officers who
assists the commander in keeping the ac-
counts of a regiment. Lat. adjutare, fre-
quentative from adjuvare, to assist ; It.
aiutante, an assistant ; aiutante de campo,
an aidecamp.

Admiral. Ultimately from Arab, amir,
a lord, but probably introduced into the
Western languages from the early Byzan-
tine forms diiripag, a/itipaioQ, the last of
which, as Mr Marsh observes, would
readily pass into Mid.Lat. amiralius
(with a euphonic /), admiraldus. The
initial a/ of Sp. ahnirante, O Cat', ahni-
rall is probably the Arab, article, and the
title was often written alamir in the early
Spanish diplomacy. Thus, the address
of letters of credence given by K. James
II. of Aragon in 1301, quoted by Marsh
from Capmany, ran, — ' Al muy honorado
e muy noble alamir Don Mahomat Aben-
na^ar rey de Granada e de Malaga, y
Amiramu9lemin,' and in the same pass-
age the King calls himself Almirante and
Captain-general of the Holy Roman
Church.

In eo conflicto (i. e. the battle of Antioch in
the first crusade) occisus est Cassiani magni regis
Antiochiae fihus et duodecim Admiraldi regis
Babilonia5, q^ios cum suis exercitibus miserat ad
ferenda auxilia regi Antiochise ; et quos Admiral-
dos vocant, reges sunt qui provinciis regionum
prsesunt. — Ducange.
So that aslayne and adreynt twelve princes were

ded
That me clupeth amyrayls. — R. G. 402.

Adroit. Fr. adroit, handsome, nimble,
ready, apt or fit for anything, favourable,
prosperous, — Cotgr. ; saison adroite, con-
venient season. — Diet. Rom. From droit,
right, as opposed to left, as is shown by
the synonymous adextre, adestre, from
dexter, explained by Cotgr. in the same
terms. We also use dexterous and adroit
as equivalent terms. See Direct.

Adulation. Lat. adulari, to fawn, to
flatter.

Adult. Lat. adultus, from adolesce, to
grow, grow up. See Abolish.

Adultery. Lat. adulter, a paramour,
originally probably only a young man,
from adultus, grown up, as Swiss bub, a
son, boy, paramour or fornicator. —
Deutsch. Mundart. 2, 370.

To Advance. — Advantage. Yr.avan-
cer, to push forwards, from Fr. avant. It.
avanti, before, forwards; Lat. ab ante.

ADVOCATE 9

Advantage, something that puts one
forwards, gain, profit.

Adventure.— Advent. Lat. advenire,
to come up to, to arrive, to happen ; ad-
ventus, arrival ; E. advent, the coming of
our Lord upon earth. OFr. advenir,
to happen, and thence averiture, a hap-
pening, chance, accident, a sense pre-
served in E. per adventure, perhaps. The
>vord was specially applied to events as
made the subject of poetical or romantic
narration, and so passed into the Teu-
tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving
rise to G. abenteuer, ON. <2fintyr, Sw.
afwentyr, OE. aunter, a daring feat,
hazardous enterprise, or the relation of
such, a romantic story. ' The Aunters of
Arthur at Tarnwathelan,' is the title of
an old E. romance.

To Advise.— Advice. The 1.3.t.visum,
from videri, gave rise to It. visa, OFr.
vis. Visum mihi fuit, it seemed to me,
would be rendered in Olt. fu viso a me,
OFr. ce m'est vis. — Diez. In the Ro-
man de la Rose, advis is used in the
same sense, — advis m'estoit, it seemed to
me ; vous fust advis, it seemed to you.
Hence advis. It. avviso, OE. avise, view,
sentiment, opinion. Advisedly, avisedly,
with full consideration.

The erchbishope of Walys seide ys avyse,
' Sire,' he seide, ' gef ther is any mon so wys
That beste red can thereof rede, MerHn that
is.' — R. G. 144.

To be avised or advised of a thing
wouM thus be, to have notice of it, to be
informed of it.

Of werre and of bataile he was full avise.

R. Brunne.
Whence advice in the mercantile serise,
notice, news.

To advise, in the most usual accepta-
tion of the term at the present day, is to
communicate our views to another, to
give him our opinion for the purpose of
guiding his conduct, and advice is the
opinion so given.

In OFr. adviser, like It. avvisare,
was used in the sense of viewing, per-
ceiving, taking note.

Si vy ung songe en mon dormant

Qui moult fut bel k adviser. — R. R. 25.

Avise is frequently found in the same
sense in our eHer authors.

He looked back and her avizing well
Weened as he said that by her outward grace
That fairest Florimel was present there in place.

F.Q.

Advocate. Lat. advocare, to call on
or summon one to a place, especially for
some definite object, as counsel, aid, &c.,

lo ADVOWSON

to call to one's aid, to call for help, to
avail oneself of the aid of some one in a
cause. Hence advocatus, one called on
to aid in a suit as witness, adviser, legal
assistant, but not originally the person
who pleaded the cause of another, who
was c?i}ii^6. patromis.

Advowson. From the verb advocare
(corrupted to advoare), in the sense ex-
plained under Advocate, was formed ad-
•vocatio {advoatio), OFr. advoeson, the
patronage or right of presentation to an
ecclesiastical benefice. — Due.

As the clergy were prohibited from ap-
pearing before the lay tribunals, and even
from taking oaths, which were always re-
quired from the parties in a suit, it would
seem that ecclesiastical persons must
always have required the service of an
advocate in the conduct of their legal
business, and we find from the authorities
cited by Ducange, that positive enact-
ment was repeatedly made by councils
and princes, that bishops, abbots, and
churches should have good advocates or
defenders for the purpose of looking after
their temporal interests, defending their
property from rapine and imposition, and
representing them in courts of law. In
the decline of the empire, when defence
from violence was more necessary than
legal skill, these advocates were natur-
ally selected among the rich and power-
ful, who alone could give efficient pro-
tection, and Charlemagne himself is the
advocatus of the Roman Church. ' Quem
postea Romani elegerunt sibi advocatum
Sancti Petri contra leges Langobardo-
rum.' — Vita Car. Mag.

The protection of the Church naturally
drew with it certain rights and emolu-
ments on the part of the protector, in-
cluding the right of presentation to the
benefice itself; and the advocatio, or
office of advocate, instead of being an
elective trust, became a heritable pro-
perty. Advocatus became in OFr. ad-
voui, whence in the old Law language
of England, advowee, the person entitled
to the presentation of a benefice. As it
was part of the duty of the guardian or
protector to act as patronus, or to plead
the cause of the Church in suits at law,
\\\^ advowee ^zs, also czSS&A patron of the
living, the name which has finally pre-
vailed at the present day.

Adze. AS. adesa, ascia. AS. Vocab.
in Nat. Ant.

wSisthetios. The science of taste. Gr.
oiT0i)mc, perception by sense, ahOijTiKbe,
endued with sense or perception.

AJFRAY

Affable.— Affability. Lat. affabilis,
that may be spoken to, easy of access or
approach. Fari, to speak.

To Affeer. From Lat. ^r«W2, a mar-
ket, Fr. feur, market-price, fixed rate,
whence afferer, or affeurer, to value at
a certain rate, to set a price upon. From
the latter of these forms the OE. expres-
sion to affere an amerciament, — to fix the
amount of a fine left uncertain by the
court by which it was imposed, the
affeerers being the persons deputed to
determine the amount according to the
circumstances of the case. 'Et quod
amerciamenta prasdictorum tenentium
afferentur et taxentur per sacramentum
parium suorum.' — Chart. A.D. 1316, in
Due.

Affiance. — Affidavit. From_/?ifi?j, was
formed M. Lat. affidare, to pledge one's
faith. Hence affidavit, a certificate of
some one having pledged his faith ; a
written oath subscribed by the party,
from the form of the document, 'Affidavit •
A. B., &c.' The loss of the d, so common
in like cases, gave Fr. affier, to affie, to
pawn his faith and credit on. — Cotgr. In
like manner, from Lat. confidere, Fr. con-
fier; from It. disjidare, Fr. defter, to defy.

To Affile, OE. Fr. affiler, It. affilare,
to sharpen, to bring to an edge, from Fr.
fil, an edge, haX.ft/um, a thread.

Affinity. Lat. affinis, bordering on,
related to. Finis, end, bound.

To Afford. Formed froih the adv.
forth, as to utter from out, signifying to
put forth, bring forwards, offer. ' l/orde
as a man dothe his chaffer, je vends, and
j'offers a vendre. 1 C3.nforde it no better
cheape. What do you forde it him for ?
Pour combien le lui offrez vous a ven-
dre ? ' — Palsgr.

And thereof was Piers proud,

And putte hem to werke,

And yaf hem mete as he myghte aforthe,

And mesurable hyre. — P. P. 4193.

For thei hadden possessions wher of
thei myghten miche more avorthi into
almes than thei that hadden litil. — Pe-
cock. Repressor 377, in Marsh.

For thon moni mon hit walde him for-
jeven half other thridde lot thenne he
ise^e that he ne mahte na mare -^efor-
thian : when he sees that he cannot afllbrd,
cannot produce more. — Morris, O.E. Ho-
milies, p. 31. Do thine elmesse of thon
thet thu maht iforthien : do thy alms of
that thou can afford. — Ibid. p. 37.

Afiftay. — Afraid. — Fray. Yt.effraycr,
to scare, appal, dismay, affright; effroi,
terror, astonishment, amazement ; fray-

AFFRONT

eur, fright, terror, scaring, hofror.—
Cotgr.

The radical meaning of effrayer is to
startle or alarm by a sudden noise, from
OFr. effroi, noise, outcry; faire effroi,
to make an outcry. 'Toutefois ne fit
oncques effroi jusqu'a ce que tons les
siens eussent gagn^ la muraille, puis
s'dcrie horriblement.' — Rabelais. ' Sail-
lirent de leurs chambres sans faire effroi
ou bruit.' — Cent. Nouv. Nouv. Hence E.
fray or affray in the sense of a noisy dis-
turbance, a hurlyburly.

In the Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer
calls the sudden storm of wind, rain, and
hail, which drenched the partisans of the
Leaf to the skin, an affray :
And when the stomi was clene away passed,
Tho in the white that stode under the tree
They felt nothing of all the great affray,
That they in grene without had in ybe.

The radical meaning is well preserved
in Chaucer's use of afray to signify rous-
ing out of sleep, out of a swoon, which
could not be explained on Diez' theory of
a derivation from 'Lai. frigidas.
Me met thus in my bed all naked
And looked forthe, for I was waked
With small foules a grete hepe,
That had afraide me out of my sleepe,
Through noise and swetenese of her song.
Chaucer, Dreame.
I was out of my swowne affraide
Whereof I sigh my wittes straide
And gan to clepe them home again.

Gower in Rich.

The ultimate derivation is the imitative
root, frag, representing a crash, whence
Lat. fragor, and Fr. fracas, a crash of
things breaking, disturbance, affray.
Thence effrayer, to produce the effect of
a sudden crash upon one, to terrify,
alarm. Flagor (for fragor), ekiso (dread,
horror). — Gloss. Kero in Diez.

To AflBront. Fr. affronter (from Lat.
frons,frontis, the forehead), to meet face
to face, to encounter, insult. See Front.

After. Goth. Afar, after, behind;
aftcCr, aftaro, behind; aftana, from be-
hind ; aftuma, aftumist, last, hindmost.
AS. aft, (Eftan, cefter, afterwards, again.
ON. aptan, aftan, behind; aptan dags,
the latter part of the day, evening ; aftar,
aftast, hinder, hindmost. According to
Grimm, the final tar is the comparative
termination, and the root is simply af
the equivalent of Gr. imo, of, from. Com-
pare after with Goth, afarj AS. ofer-non,
with after-noon.

Again. AS. ongean, ongen, agen, op-
posite, towards, against, again ; gean, op-
posite, against ; gean-bceran, to oppose ;

AGHAST n

gean-cyme, an encounter; to-geanes, to-
wards, against. OSw. geij, igen, op-
posite, again; gena, to meet; genom,
through;. Bret, gin, opposite; ann tu
gin, the other side, wrong side; gin-
ouch-gin, directly opposite, showing the
origin of the G. reduphcative gegen,
against.

Agate. Lat. achates. According to
Pliny, from the river Achates in Sicily
where agates where found.

Age. From Lat. etat-em the Prov. has
etat, edatj- OFr. eded, edage, eage, aage,
Age.

H^ly esteit de grant eded. — Kings 2. 22.
Ki durerat a trestut ton edage.

Chanson de Roland in Diez.

Ae, life, age.

The form edage seems constructed by
the addition of the regular termination
age, to ed, erroneously taken as the radi-
cal syllable of eded, or it may be a subse-
quent corruption of eage, eaige (from
ae-tas by the addition of tlie termination
age to the true radical ctj, by the inorganic
insertion of a ^, a modification rendered
in this case the more easy by the resem-
blance of the parallel forms edat, eded.

* Agee. Awry, askew. Yrorajee / an
exclamation to horses to make them move
on one side, fee, to turn or move to one
side; crooked; awry. — Hal. To jee, to
move, to stir. ' He wad \\a.jee.' To move
to one side. In this sense it is used with
respect to horses or cattle in draught. —
Jam.

Agent. — Agile. — Agitate. — Act. —
Actual. Lat. ago, actum (in comp. -igo),
to drive, to move or stir, to manage, to
do ; agito, to drive, to stir up, to move to
and fro. Actio, the doing of a thing;
actus,--iis, an act, deed, doing.

* To Ag:g. To provoke, dispute. — Hal.
Apparently from nag in the sense of
gnaw, by the loss of the initial n. Nag-
ging-pain, a gnawing pain, a slight but
constant pain; naggy, knaggy, touchy,
irritable, ill-tempered. — Hal. Knagging,
finding fault peevishly and irritably. —
Mrs B. Sw. dial, nagga, to gnaw, bite,
to irritate; agga, to irritate, disturb.
ON. nagga, to gnaw, to grumble, wrangle.

•AgHast. Formerly spelt agazed, in
consequence of an erroneous impression
that the fundamental meaning of the word
was set a-gazing on an object of astonish-
ment and horror.

The French exclaimed the devil was in arms,
All the whole army stood agazed on him . — H. vi.

Probably the word may be explained

12 AGISTMENT

from Fris. guwysje, Dan. gyse, Sw. dial.
gysa, gasa sig, to shudder at ; gase,gust,
horror, fear, revulsion. From the last of
these forms we pass to Sc. gousty, gous-
trous, applied to what impresses the mind
with feelings of indefinite horror ; waste,
desolate, awful, full of the preternatural,
frightful.

Cald, mirk, and gousUe is the night,
Loud roars the blast ayont the hight. — Jamieson.
He observed one of the black man's feet to be
cloven, and that the black man's voice was hough
and ^OKj^zs.— Glanville in Jam.

The word now becomes confounded
with ghostly, the association with which
has probably led to the insertion of the h
in ghastly itself as well as aghast.

Agistment. From Lat. jacere the
Fr. had ghir, to lie ; whence giste, a
lodging, place to lie down in ; giste liune
hivre, the form of a hare. Hence agister,
to give lodging to, to take in cattle to
feed ; and the law term agistment, the
profit of cattle pasturing on the land.

Aglet. The tag of a point, i. e. of the
lace or string by which different parts
of dress were formerly tied up or fastened
together. Hence any small object hang-
ing loose, as a spangle, the anthers of a
tulip or of grass, the catkins of a hazel,
&c. — Junius. Fr. aiguillette, diminutive
of aiguille, a needle, properly the point
fastened on the end of a lace for drawing
it through the eyelet holes ; then, like E.
point, applied to the lace itself.
'Agnail, Angnail. A swelled gland.
It. ghiandole, agnels, glandules, wartles
or kernels in the flesh or throat, in the
groin or armpits. — Fl. Fr. agassin, a
corne or agnele in the foot. — Cot. A
false etymology seem%to have caused the
name to be applied also to a sore between
the finger and nail. The real origin is It.
anguinaglia (Lat. inguem), the groin,
also a botch or blain in that place ; Fr.
angonailles, botches or sores. — Cot.

Ago. — Agone. Here the initial a
stands for the OE. y, G. ge, the augment
of the past participle ; ago, agone, forygo,
ygone, gone away, passed by ; long ago,
Jong gone by.

For in swiche cas wimmen have swiche somve
Whan that hir husbonds ben from hem ago .
Knight's Tale.

Agog. Excited with expectation, jig-
ging with excitement, ready to start in
pursuit of an object of desire. Literally
on the jog, or on the start, {rom gog, sy-
nonymous with jog or shogj gog-mire, a
quagmire. — Hal. ' He is all agog to go.'

AIM

— Baker. In the same way in Sc. one is
said to be fidging fain, nervously eager,
unable to keep still. See Goggle.

Agony. Gr. 'Ayiiv, as ayopa, an as-
sembly, place of assembly, esp. an as-
sembly met to see games; thence the
contest for a prize on such an occasion ;
a struggle, toil, hardship. ' Ayoivia, a con-
test, gymnastic exercise, agony; ayiavi-
ZoiAai, to contend with, whence antagonist,
one who contends against.

To Agree. From Lat. gratus, pleas-
ing, acceptable, are formed It. grado,
Prov. grat, OFr. gret, Fr. grd, will,
pleasure, favour ; and thence It. agradire,
to receive kindly, to please, Prov. agreiar,
Fr. agrier, to receive with favour, to give
one's consent to, to agree. Prov. ag?ad-
able, agreeable. See Grant.

Ague. A fever coming in periodical
fits or sharp attacks, from Fr. aigu, sharp,
fiivre aigue, acute fever.

It is a remarkable fact that the Lepchas, when
suffering from protracted cold, take fever and
ague in sharp attacks. — Hooker, Himalayan
Journal.

Se non febre aguda
Vos destrenha '1 costats.
Si non qu'une fiivre aigue vous presse les cotds.
Raynouard.

The confinement to periodical fever is
a modern restriction, from the tendency
of language constantly to become more
specific in its application.

For Richard lay so sore seke.
On knees prayden the Ciystene host-
Through hys grace and hys vertue
He turnyd out of his agu,

R. Coer de Lion, 3045.

Aid. Lat. adjuvare, adjutum; adju-
tare, to help. Prov. adjudar, ajudar,
aidar, Fr. aider, to help.

Aidecamp. Fr. aide du camp. It. aju-
tante di campo, an officer appointed to
assist the general in military service.

To Ail. AS. eglian, to pain, to grieve,
to trouble, perhaps from the notion of
pricking; egle, egla, festuca, arista, car-
duus — Lye, whence ails, the beard of
corn (Essex), as. egle, troublesome,
Goth, agio, affliction, tribulation, aglus,
difficult, agls, shameful

To A!im. Lat. astiinare, to consider,
to reckon, to fix at a certain point or
rate ; Prov. estimar, to reckon ; adesti-
mar, adesmar, azesmar, aesmar, to calcu-
ate, to prepare ; ' A son colp azesmat,' he
has calculated or aimed his blow well —
Diez; esmar, OFr. esmer, to calculate,
to reckon—' Li chevaliers de s'ost a treis
mille esma.' He reckons the knights of

AIR

his host at 3000 — Rom. de Rou ; esmer,
to purpose, determine, to offer to strike,
to aim or level at. — Cotgr.

Air. Lat. aer, Gr. a.r\p, doubtless con-
tracted from Lat. cether, the heavens, Gr.
atS'np, the sky, or sometimes air. Gael.
aethar, athar, pronounced ayar, aar, the
air, sky, w. awyr.

Aisle. The side divisions of a church,
like wings on either side of the higher
nave. Fr. aisle, aile, a wing, from Lat.
axilla, ala.

By a like analogy, Ics ailes du nez, the
nostrils ; Us ailes d'une/orit, the skirts of
a forest. — Cotgr.

Ait. A small flat island in a river, for
eyot, from eye, an island.

Ajar. 0« cAar, on the turn, half open,
from AS. ceorran, to turn.
Like as ane bull dois rummesing and rare
When he eschapis hurt one the altare,
And charris by the ax with his neck wycht
Gif one the forehede the dynt hittis not richt.
D. V. 46, 15.

Swiss ackar, Du. aeti karre, akerre,
ajar.

Ende vonden de dore akerre staende.

Wallewein, 9368.

See Char, Chare.
Akimbo.

The host — set his hond in kenebowe —
Wenist thow, seid he to Beryn, for to skome me ?

Beryn, 1105.
It. schembare, sghembare, to go aside
from ; schimbiccio, a crankling or crooked
winding in and out ; sedere a schimbiccio,
to sit crooked upon one's legs, as tailors
do ; asghembo,aschembo,aschencio,3.s\o^e,
askance. — Fl. Du. schampen, to slip, to
graze, to glance aside.
. Alacrity. Lat. alacer, ^-cris, eager,
brisk ; It. allegro, sprightly, merry.

Alarm. — Alarum. It. all' anne, to
arms ! the call to defence on being sur-
prised by an enemy.

This said, he runs down with as great a noise
and shouting as he could, crying al'arme, help,
help, citizens, the castle is taken by the enemy,
come away to defence. — Holland's PUny in
Richardson.

Hence, E. alarum, a rousing signal of
martial music, a surprise ; Fr. allarmer,
to give an alarum unto; to rouse or
affright by an alarum — Cotgr. ; and gen-
erally, to alarm, to excite apprehension.
The alarum, or larum of a clock is a loud
ringing suddenly let off for the purpose
of rousing one out of sleep. G. Idrm, up-
roar, alarm.

Alas. From Lat. lassus, Prov. las,
wearied, wretched. Hence the exclama-

ALERT

13

tions. Las.! Ai las! Helas ! Ah wretched
me ! Alas !

M'aviatz gran gaug donat

Ai lassa! can pane m'a durat. — Raynouard,
You have given me great joy, ah wretched me I
how Uttle it has lasted.

Las I tant en ai puis soupir^,

Et doit estre tasse clam^e

Quant ele aime sans estre am^e. — R. R.

Alchemy. The science of converting
base metals into gold. Mid. Gr. lipxiM'" 5
xr]\uia. — Suidas. Arab, al-ktmtd, without
native root in that language. — Diez.

Alcohol. Arabic, al kohl, the impal-
pable powder of antimony with which
the Orientals adorn their eyelids, any-
thing reduced to an impalpable powder,
the pure substance of anything separated
from the more gross, a pure well-refined
spirit, spirits of wine. To alcoholise, to
reduce to an impalpable powder, or to
rectify volatile spirit. — B.

Alcove. Sp. alcoba, a place in a room
railed off to hold a bed of state ; hence a
hollow recess in a wall to hold a bed,
side-board, &c. ; Arab, cobba, a closet
(Lane) ; alcobba, a cabinet or small cham-
ber.— Engelberg. Cabrera thinks Sp.
alcoba a native word Arabized by the
Moors. AS. bed-cofa, vel bur, cubicu-
lum. — ^If Gl. ON. kofi, Da. kove, a hut,
a small compartment.

Alder, as. air; E. dial, aller, owler;
G. eller, erlej Du. els; Sw. al; Pol.
olsza, olszyna; Lat. alnus.

Alderman, as. eald, old; ealdor, an
elder, a parent, hence a chief, a ruler.
Hundredes ealdor, a ruler of a hundred,
a centurion ; ealdor-biscop, an archbishop ;
ealdor-man, a magistrate.

Ale. AS. eale, eala, ealu, aloth; ON.
ol; Lith. alus, from an equivalent of
Gael, dl, to drink ; as Bohem. piwo, beer,
from piti, to drink.

Alembic— Lembic. A still. It. lam-
bicco, lembicco, Sp. alambique, Arab, al-
anbiq ; it does not appear, however, that
the word admits of radical explanation in
the latter language. — Diez. ^

Alert. Lat. erigere, erectus, It. ergere,
to raise up ; erta, the steep ascent of a
hill; erto, straight, erect; star erto, to
stand up; star a I'erta, allerta, to be
upon one's guard, literally, to stand upon
an eminence. Hence alert, on one's
guard, brisk, lively, nimble.

In this place the prince finding his rutters
[routiers] alert (as the Italians say), with the ad-
vice of his valiant brother, he sent his trumpets
to the Duke of Parma. — Sir Roger Williams, a=
1618, in Rich.

14

ALGATES

Algates. From the ne. gates, ways ;
ON. gata, a path, Sw. gata, way, street.
All ways, at all events, in one way or
another.

Algates by sleight or by violence

Fro' year to year I win all my dispence.

Friar's Tale.

Always itself is used in the N. of Eng-
land in the sense of however, neverthe-
less. - Brocket. Swagaies, in such a
manner

Algebra. From Arab, eljahr, putting
together. The complete designation was
el jabr wa el mogdbala, the putting to-
gether of parts and equation. From a
corruption of these words algebraic cal-
culation is called the game of Algebra
and Almucgrabala in a poem of the 13th
century cited by Demorgan in N. & Q.
Sed quia de ludis fiebat sermo, quid iUo
Pulcrior esse potest exercitio numerorum,
Quo divinantur numeri plerique per unum
Ignoti notum, sicut ludunt apud Indos,
Ludum dicentes Algebrce almucgrabaUBque.

De Vetuia.

Mogdbala, opposition, comparison, equal-
ity.— Catafogo.

Alien. Lat. alienus, belonging to
another, due to another source ; thence,
foreign.

To Alight. Dan. lette, Du. ligten
(from lei, ligt, light), signify to lift, to
make light or raise into the air. At lette
noget fra jorden, to lift something from
the ground. At lette een af sadalen ; Du.
jemand uit den zadel ligten, to lift one
from the saddle. To alight indicates
the completion of the action thus de-
scribed ; to be brought by lifting down to
the ground ; to lift oneself down from the
saddle, from out of the air.

Aliment. — Alimony. Lat. alimen-
tum, alimonium, nourishment, victuals,
from alo, 1 nourish, support.

Alkali. Arab. al-grali,the salt of ashes.
— Diez. In modern chemistry general-
ised to express all those salts that neutra-
lise acids.

All. Goth, alls; ON. allrs AS. eall.
Notwithstanding the double /, I have
long been inclined to suspect that it is a
derivative from the root d, ce, e, ei, aye,
ever. Certainly the significations of ever
and all are closely related, the one im-
plying continuance in time, the other
continuance throughout an extended
series, or the parts of a multifarious
object. The sense of the original <x, how-
ever, is not always confined to continu-
ance in time, as is distinctly pointed out
by Hire. ' Urar-hornet war swa fagurt

ALLAY

som a gull saei.' The aurox horn was as
fair as if it were all gold. So ce-lius, all-
bright; a-tid, modern Sw. all-tid, all
time. AS. ale, each, is probably ce-Uc,
ever-like, implying the application of a
predicate to all the members of a series.
In every, formerly evereche, everilk, for
cefre-celc, there is a repetition of the element
signifying continuance. But every and
all express fundamentally the same idea.
Every one indicates all the individuals
of a series ; every man and all men are
the same thing.

To Allay, formerly written allegge, as
to say was formerly to segge. Two dis-
tinct words are confounded in the modern
allay, the first of which should properly
be written with a single /, from AS. alec-
gan, to lay down, to put down, suppress,
tranquillise. Speaking of Wm. Rufus, the
Sax. Chron. says,

Eallan folce behet eallan tha unrihte to aleg-
genne, the on his brother timan wseran ;

translated in R. of Gloucester,

He behet God and that folc an beheste that was

this,
To alegge all luther lawes that yholde were be-
fore
And better make than were suththe he was ybore.
The joyous time now nigheth fast
That shall alegge this bitter blast,
And slake the winter sorrowe.

Shepherd's Calendar.
In the same way the Swed. has wddret
Idgger sigj wdrken Idgger sig, the wind
is laid ; the pain abates. So in Virgil,
venti posu^re, the winds were laid.

If by your art, my dearest father, you have

Put the wild waters in this roar, alay them.

Tempest.
So to allay thirst, grief, &c.

The other form, confounded with alegge
from alecgan in the modern allay, is the
old allegge, from Fi". aMger, It. alleg-
giare, Lat. alleviare, to lighten, mitigate,
tranquillise, thus coming round so exactly
to the sense of cday from alecgan, that it
is impossible sometimes to say to which
of the two origins the word should be re-
ferred.

Lat. levis, light, easy, gentle, becomes
in Prov. leu; whence leviar, leujar, to
assuage; alleviar, alleujar, OFr. alUger,
to lighten, to assuage, precisely in the
same way that from brevis, abbreviare,
are formed Prov. brcu, abreujar, Fr. ab-
briger, OE. abrcgge, to abridge.
Que m'dones joi e m'leujes ma dolor.
Quelle me donn&t joie et niallege&t ma dou-

leur.^ — Rayn.

Per Dieu ahujatz m'aquest fays !

For God's salie lighten me this burden.

ALLEDGE

It would have brought my hfe ag^in,
For certes evenly t dare well saine
The sight only and the savour
AUggid much of my languor. — R. R.

In the original,

I.fi voir sans plus, et I'oudeur
Si maligeoienf ma douleur.

So in Italian,

Fate limosina et dir messi accio che s'alleggino i
nostri martiri.

that our torments may be assuaged, or al-
layed.

To Alledge. Yx.Allegiier^ to alledge,
to produce reasons, evidence, or author-
ity for the proof of — Cotg.

Lat. legare, to intrust or assign unto ;
allegare, to depute or commission one,
to send a message, to solicit by message.
' Petit a me Rabonius et amicos allegat.'
Rabonius asks of me and sends friends
(to support his petition). Hence it came
to signify, to adduce reasons or witnesses
in support of an argument. From the
language of lawyers probably the word
came into general use in England and
France.
Thei woU a leggen also and by the godspell pre-

oven it,
NoUte judicare quenquam. — P. P.

Here we find alledge, from Lat. allegare,
spelt and pronounced in the same man-
ner as allegge (the modern allay), from
AS. alecgan, and there is so little differ-
ence in meaning between laying down
and bringing forward reasons, that the
Latin and Saxon derivatives were some-
times confounded.
And eke this noble duke aleyde
Full many another skill, and seide
She had well deserved wrecke. — Gower in Rich.

Here aleyde is plainly to be understood
in the sense of the Lat. allegare.

Allegory. Gr. dXAijyopia, a figure of
speech involving a sense different from
the apparent one ; aWof , other, and ayop«inu,
to speak.

Alley. Fr. alUe, a walk, path, passage,
from aller, to go.

Alligator. The American crocodile,
from the Sp. lagarto, a lizard ; Lat. la-
certa. In Hawkins' voyage he speaks of
these under the name of alagartoes. La-
garto das Indias, the cayman or South
American alligator. — Neumann.

Allodial. Allodium, in Mid. Lat.,
was an estate held in absolute possession
without a feudal superior. — Blackstone.
The derivation has been much disputed,
and little light has been thrown upon it
by the various guesses of antiquarians.
The word appears as early as the ninth

ALLOW

15

century under the forms alodis, alodtis,
alodium, alaudum, and in Fr. a,leu, aleu
franc, fratic-aloud, franc-aloi, franc-
aleuf. The general sense is that of an
estate held in absolute possession. ' Mete
prsedium possessionis hereditarias, hoc
est, alodum nostrum qui est in pago An-
degavensi.'— Charta an. 839, in Due.
' Alaudum meum sive hsereditatem quam
dedit mihi pater meus in die nuptiarum
mearum.' ' Paternse haereditati, quam
nostrates alodium vel patrimonium vo-
cant, sese contulit.' It is often opposed
to a fief ' Hasc autem fuerunt ea — quse
de allodiis sive pra2diis in feudum com-
mutavit Adela.' It is taken for an
estate free of duties. ' Habemus vinese
agripenum unum allodialiter immunem,
hoc est ab omni census et vicarias red-
hibitione liberum.' ' Reddit ea terra 2
den. census cum ante semper alodium
fuisset.' A.D. 1708.

It can hardly be wholly distinct from
ON. odal, which is used in much the same
sense, allodium, prasdium hereditarium ;
octals-jord, prasdium hereditarium ; <?'&/-
borinti, natus ad heredium avitum, scilicet
recti linea a primo occupante; ddals-
matr, dominus allodialis, strict^ primus
occupans. — H aldorsen.

Dan. Sw. odel, a patrimonial estate.
The landed proprietors of the Shetland
Isles are still called udallers, according to
Sir Waher Scott. The ON. 6dal is also
used in the sense of abandoned goods, at
leggia fyrer odal, to abandon a thing, to
leave it to be taken by the first occupier.
If Mid. Lat. alodis, alodum, is identical
with the ON. word, it exhibits a singular
transposition of syllables. Ihre would
account for allodium from the compound
' alldha odhol,' mentioned in the Gothic
laws, — an ancient inheritance, from alldr,
Eetas, antiquitas, and ddal, inheritance, as
allda-vinr, an ancient friend, alder-hafd,
a possession of long standing. See Ihre
in V. Od.

To Allow. Two words seem here
confounded ; i. from Lat. laudare, to
praise, and 2. from locare, to place, to let.

From the Lat. laus, laudis, was formed
Prov. laus, lau, praise, approval, advice.
Hence lauzar, alauzar, OFr. loer, louer,
alouer, to praise, to approve, to recom-
mend. In like manner the Lat. laudo
was used for approbation and advice.

' Laudo igitur ut ab eo suam filiam
primogenitam petatis duci nostro con-
jugem,' — I recommend. ' Et vos illuc
tendere penitus dislaudamus^ — we dis-
suade you. — Ducange. 'Et leur de-

i6

ALLOT

manda que il looient k faire, et li loeretit
tous que il descendist.' 'Et il li dirent
que je li avois lod bon conseil.' — Join-
ville in Raynouard. In the same way in
English :

This is the sum of what I would have ye weigh,
First whether ye allow my whole devise,
And think it good for me, for them, for you,
And if ye lilce it and allow it well —

Ferrex and Porrex in Richardson.

Especially laus was applied to the ap-
probation given by a feudal lord to the
alienation of a fee depending upon him,
and to the fine he received for permission
to alienate. ' Hoc donum laudavit AAa-xa
Maringotus, de cujus feodo erat' — Due.

From signifying consent to a grant,
the word came to be applied to the grant
itself. ' Comes concessit iis et laudavit
terras et feuda eorum ad suam fidelitatem
et servitium.' ' Facta est hsec laus sive
concessio in claustro S. Marii.' — Due.

Here we come very near the applica-
tion of allowance to express an assign-
ment of a certain amount of money or
goods to a particular person or for a
special purpose.

' And his allowance was a continual
allowance given by the king, a daily rate
for every day all his life.' — 2 Kings.

In this sense, however, to allow is
from the Lat. locare, to place, allocare,
to appoint to a certain place or purpose ;
It. allogare, to place, to fix ; Prov. alogar,
Fr. louer, allouer, to assign, to putout to
hire.

' Le seigneur peut saisir pour sa rente les
bestes pasturantes sur son fonds encore qu'elles
n'appartiennent i son vassal, ains 4 ceux qui ont
allott/es\es distes bestes.' — Coutume de Norman-
die in Raynouard.

To allow in rekeninge — alloco. Al-
lowance — allocacio. — Pr. Pm. Wall.
alouwer, depenser. — Grandg.

Again, as the senses of Lat. laudare
and allocare coalesced in Fr. allouer and
E. allow, the confusion seems to have
been carried back into the contemporary
Latin, where allocare is used in the sense
of approve or admit ; essonium allocabile,
an admissible excuse.

Alloy. The proportion of base metal
mixed with gold or silver in coinage.
From Lat. lex, the law or rule by which
the composition of the money is go-
verned, It. lega, Fr. loi, aloi. ' Unus-
quisque denarius cudatur et fiat ad legem
undecim denariorum.' — Due. In the
mining language of Spain the term is
applied to the proportion of silver found
in the ore. ' The extraction for the

ALMS

week was 750 cargos of clean ore, aver-
age ley from nine to ten marks per
monton, with an increased proportion of
gold.' — Times, Jan. 2, 1857.

From signifying the proportion of base
metal in the coin, the term alloy was
applied to the base metal itself.

Alluvial. Lat. alluo {ad and lavo, to
wash), to wash against ; alluvies, mud
brought down by the overflowing of a
river ; alluvius (of land), produced by
the mud of such overflowing.

To Ally. Fr. allier. Lat. ligare, to
tie ; alligare, to tie to, to unite.

Almanack. The word seems origin-
ally to have been applied to a plan of
the movements of the heavenly bodies.
' Sed hae tabulse vocantur Almanack vel
TaUignum, in quibus sunt omnes motus
coelorum certificati &, principio mundi
usque in finem — ut homo posset inspicere
omnia quae in ccelo. sunt omni die, sicut
nos in calendario inspicimus omnia festa
Sanctorum.' — Roger Bacon, Opus Ter-
tium, p. 36.

In the Arab, of Syria al manakh is
climate or temperature.

Almond. Gr. a)tvyiaXr\, Lat. amyg-
dala, Wallach. migddle, mandule j Sp.
almendra, Prov. amandola, Fr. amande.
It. mandola, mandorla, Langued. amen-
lou, amello.

Alms. — Almonry. — Aumry. Gr.
i\iriiio(Tvvri, properly compassionateness,
then relief given to the poor. This,
being an ecclesiastical expression, passed
direct into the Teutonic languages under
the form of G. alinosen, AS. celmesse,
celmes, OE. almesse, almose, Sc. awm.ous,
alms J and into the Romance under the
form of Prov. almosna, Fr. aumosiie,
anmone. Hence the Fr. azimoiiier, E.
almoner, awmnere, an officer whose duty
it is to dispense alms, and almonry,
aumry, the place where the alms are
given, from the last of which again it
seems that the old form awjnbrere, an
almoner, must have been derived. — Pr.
Pm. When aumry is used with refer-
ence to the distribution of alms, doubt-
less two distinct words are confounded,
almonry and ammary or ambry, from
Fr. armoire, Lat. armaria, almaria, a
cupboard. This latter word in English
was specially applied to a cupboard for
keeping cold and broken victuals.—
Bailey, in v. Ambre, Ammery, Aumiy.
Ambry, a pantry.— Hal. Then as an
aumry or receptacle for broken victuals
would occupy an important place in the
office where the daily dole of charity was

ALOFT

dispensed, the association seems to have
led to the use of auniry or ambry, as if it
were a contraction of almonry, from
which, as far as sound is concerned, it
might very well have arisen. And vice
versi, almonry was sometimes used in
the sense of armarium, almarium, a
cupboard. Almonarimn, almorietum,
almeriola, a cupboard or safe to set up
broken victuals to be distributed as alms
to the poor. — B. See Ambry.

Aloft. On loft, up in the air. G.
luft, ON. lopt, loft, OE. lift, the air, the
sky. N. aa loft, aloft, on high.

* Along. AS. andlang, G. entlang,
entlangs, langs. It. lungo, Fr. le long de,
through the length of. AS. and langne
doeg, throughout the length of the day.

The term is also used figuratively to
express dependance, accordance.
1 cannot tell whereon it was alonge —
Some said it was long on the fire maldng,
Some said it was long on the blowing.

Canon Yeoman's Tale.

This mode of expression is very gen-
eral.

Trop fesoient miex cortoisie
A toute gent lonj: cc que erent..

Fab. et Contes, i, i6o.
They did better courtesy to each according to
what they were, according to their condition.

Hence selonc, selon, according to, the
initial element of which is the particle si,
se, ce, so, here, this.

In the same way Pol. wedlug, accord-
ing to, from w, -we, indicating relation of
place, and dlugo, long.

The AS. form was gelang. ^ MX. the
is ure lyf gelang^ our life is along of
thee, is dependent on thee. ' Hii sohton
on hwom that gelang wcere.' They in-
quired along of whom that happened —
Lye. Walach. langa, juxta, secundum,
penes, pone, propter.

Aloof. To loof or luff in nautical
language is to turn the vessel up into the
wind. Aloof, then, is to the windward
of one, and as a vessel to the windward
has it in her choice either to sail away
or to bear down upon the leeward vessel,
aloof la.3iS come to signify out of danger,
in safety from, out of reach of.
Nor do we find him forward to be sounded ;
But with a crafty madness keeps aloof,
When we would bring him on to some confession
Of his true state. — Hamlet.

Alpine. Of the nature of things found
in lofty mountains ; from the Alps, the
■highest mountains in Europe. Gael.
Alp, a. height, an eminence, a mountain.

Altar. The fire-place on which sacri-

AMAY

17

fices were made to the gods. Lat. altare,
which Ihre would explain from ON. eldr,
fire, and ar, or am, a hearth ; or perhaps
AS. em, cem, a place ; as Lat. lucerua,
laterna, a lantern, from luc-em, leohtern,
the place of a light.

To Alter. To make something ot'vr
than what it is ; Lat. alterare, from alter,
the other. So G. dndem, to change, from
ander, the other ; and the Lat. muto finds
an origin of like nature in Esthon. //i//,
another, whence inuduma, muudma, to
change.

Al'ways. AS. eallne wceg, ealle wcega,
the whole way, altogether, throughout.
The Servians use piit, way, for the num-
ber of times a thing happens ; jeddH put,
once ; dva put, twice, &c. Dan. een-
gang, one going, once ; tre-gange, three
times. So from Du. reyse, a journey,
een, twee, dry, reyseti, semel, ter, bis. —
Kil.

Am-, Amb-. Gr. dfii^i, about, around,
properly on both sides ; a/u^w, ambo, both.

Amalgam. A pasty mixture of mer-
cury and other metal, from Gr. fiiXayfia,
an emollient, probably a poultice, and
that from /iaXdaam, to soften. — Diez.

Amanuensis. Lat. from the habit of
the scribe or secretary signing the docu-
ments he wrote (as we' see in St Paul's

Epistles) ' A manu ,' from the hand

of so and so. Hence a manu servus was
a slave employed as secretary.

To Anaate. To confound, stupefy,
quell.

Upon the walls the Pagans old and young

Stood hushed and still, amafed and amazed.
Fairfax in Boucher.

OFr. amater, mater, mattir, to abate,
mortify, make fade, from inat, G. matt,
dull, spiritless, faint. It. matto, mad,
foolish ; Sp. malar, to quench, to slay.
But when I came out of swooning
And had my wit and my feeling,
I was all mate and wende full wele
Of blode to have lost a full grete dele.

R. R 1737.

In the original — Je fus moult vain.

Derived by Diez from the expression
check-mate, at chess.

Amative, Amity. From Lat. atno, to
love, are a?nor, Fr. amour, love ; amatus,
loved ; amabilis; amicus, a loving one, a
friend ; and from each of these numerous
secondary derivatives ; amorous, amative,
amateur, amiable, amicable. Lat. amici-
tia, Fr. amitie, E. amity, &c

To Amay. It. smagare, to discourage,
dispirit ; Sp. desmayar, to discourage,
despond ; desmayar se, to faint ; OPort.
2

i8 AMBASSADOR

amago, fright; Prov. esmagar, esmaiar,
to trouble, to frighten, to grieve ; Fr.
s'esmaier, to be sad, pensive, astonied,
careful, to take thought. — Cotgr. Esmay,
thought, care, cark. Hence E. amay,
dismay, or simply may.
Beryn was at counsell, his heart was full woo,
And his menye (attendants) soiy, distrakt, and

all amayide. — Chaucer, Beryn, 2645.
So for ought that Beiyn coud ethir spake or pray
He myght in no wyse pass, full sore he gan to

may. — Ibid. 1685.

The Romance forms are, according to
Diez, derived from the Goth, magan, to
have power, to be strong, with the ne-
gative particle dis. Compare Dan. af-
magt, a swoon.

Ambassador. Goth. Andbahts, a serv-
ant, andbahti, service, ministry ; OHG.
ambaht, a. minister or ministry j ampah-
tan, to minister; G. ampt, employment,
office.

In Middle Lat. ambascia, ambaxia, or
ambactia, was used for business, and
particularly applied to the business of
another person, or message committed
to another, and hence the modern sense
of e?nbassy, It. ambasciata, as the message
sent by a ruling power to the government
of another state ; ambassador, the person
who carries such a message. Castrais,
e'mbessa, to employ.

' Quicunque asinum alienum extra do-
mini voluntatem praesumpserit, aut per
unum diem aut per duos in ambascia
sua' — in his own business. — Lex Bur-
gund. in Due. ' Si in dominica ambascia
fuerit occupatus.' — Lex Sal. In another
editioh, ' Si in jussione Regis fuerit oc-
cupatuS.'

Ambfisciari, to convey a message.
' Et ambasciari ex illorum parte quod
mihi jussum fuerat.' — Hincmar. in Due.

The word ambacius is said by Festus
to be Gallic : ' ambactus apud Ennium
lingui Gallic^ servus appellatur ; ' and
Csesar, speaking of the equites in Gaul,
says, ' circum se ambactos, clientesque
habent.' Hence Grimm explains the
word from bah, as backers, supporters,
persons standing at one's back, as hench-
man, a person standing at one's haunch
or side,

The notion of manual labour is pre-
served in Du. ambagt, a handicraft ; am-
bagts-mann, an artis_an. ON. ambatt, a
female slave. It. ambasciare (perhaps
originally to oppress with work), to
trouble, to grieve ; ambascia, anguish,
distress, shortness of breath.

Amber, Ambergris, mho. amber.

AMERCEMENT

dmer, Fr. ambre, Sp. Ptg. ambar, alam-
bar, alambre. The Ar. anbar seems to
have signified in the first instance amber-
gris or grey amber, an odoriferous ex-
cretion of certain fish, cast up by the
waves, like the yellow amber, on the
shore. Hence the name was transferred
to the latter substance.

Ambient. — ^Ambition. Lat. ambio, to
go round, to environ ; also to go about
hunting for favour or collecting votes,
whence ambitio, a soliciting of or eager
desire for posts of honour, &c.

Amble. Fr. ambler, Sp. amblar. It.
ambiare, from Lat. ambulo, to walk, go a,
foot's pace.

Am.bry, Aum.bry, Aumber. A side-
board or cupboard-top on which plate
was displayed — Skinner ; in whose time
the word was becoming obsolete.

Fr. armoire, a cupboard. Sp. armaria,
almario, G. aimer, a cupboard. Mid.
Lat. armaria, almaria, a chest or cup-
board, especially for keeping books,
whence armarius, the monk in charge of
the books of a monastery. ' Purpuram
optimam de almarid toUens ' ' thesaurum
et almariuiii cum ejus pertinentiis, vide-
licet libris ecclesicB.' — Due. ' Biblio-
theca, sive armarium vel archivum, boc-
hord.'— Gloss. ^Ifr.

The word was very variously written
in English. 'Almoriolum — an almery,'
— Pictorial Vocab. in National Antiqui-
ties. And as the term was often applied
to a cupboard used for keeping broken
meat, of which alms Avould mainly con-
sist, it seems to have contracted a fal-
lacious reference to the word alms, and
thus to become confounded with almonry,
the office where alms were distributed.

The original meaning, according to
Diez, is a chest in which arms were kept,
' armarium, repositorium ai-morum.' — ■
Gloss. Lindenbr.

Ambush. From It. bosco, Prov. base,
a bush, wood, thicket : It. imboscarsi,
Prov, cmboscar, Fr. embuscher, to go into
a wood, get into a thicket for shelter,
then to lie in wait, set an ambush.

Amenable. Easy to be led or ruled,
from Fr. amener, to bring or lead unto,
mener, to lead, to conduct. See Demean.

Amercement. — Amerciament. A
pecuniary penalty imposed upon offend-
ers at the mercy of the court : it differs
from a fine, which is a punishment cer-
tain, and determined by some statute.—
B. In Law 'Lxs.Wn, poni in miscricordiA
was thus to be placed at the mercy of
the court ; lire mis i\ merci, or etre amer-

AMNESTY

cU, to be amerced, and misericordia was
used for any arbitrary exaction.

Concedimus etiam eisdem abbati et monachis
et eonim successoribus quod sint quieti de omni-
bus misericordiis in perpetuum. — Charter Edw.
I. in Due. Et inde coram eo placitabuntur, et
de omnibus misericordiis et emendationibus de-
bemus habere ii solidos. — Duo.

When a party was thus placed at the
mercy of the court, it was the business of
affeerors appointed for that purpose to
fix the amount of the amercement. See
Affeer.

Amnesty. Gr. aiivijirTHa {a priv. &
fivao/iai, I remember), a banishing from
remembrance of former misdeeds.

Amount. From mont, hill, and val,
valley, the French formed amont and
aval, upwards and downwards respect-
ively, whence monter, to moimt, to rise
up, and avaler, to send down^o swallow.
Hence amount is the sum total to which
a number of charges rise up when added
together.

Ample. Lat. amplus, large, spacious.

Amputate. Lat. amputo, to cut off,
to prune ; puto, to cleanse, and thence to
cut off useless branches, to prune ; putiis,
pure, clean, bright.

Amulet. Lat. amuletum, a ball or
anything worn about the person as a
preservative or charm against evil. From
Arab, hamala, to carry.

To Amuse. To give one something
to muse on, to occupy the thoughts, to
entertain, give cheerful occupation. For-
merly also used as the simple muse, to
contemplate, earnestly fix the thoughts on.

Here I put my pen into the inkhorn and fell
into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in
my mind with great perplexity the amazing
change of our affairs. — Fleetwood in Richardson.

An. The indefinite article, the purport
of which is simply to indicate individ-
uality. It is the same word with the
numeral one, AS. an, and the difference
in pronunciation has arisen from a
lighter accent being laid upon the word
when used as an article than when as a
definite numeral. So in Breton, the in-
definite article has become eun, while the
numeral is unan. Dan. een, one, en, a, an.

An. — And. There is no radical dis-
tinction between an and and, which are
accidental modifications of spelling ulti-
mately appropriated to special applica-
tions of the particle.

In our older writers it was not unfre-
quent to make use of ait in the sense in
which we now employ and, and vice
versi and in the sense of an or if.

AN

19

First, an for atid.
He sone come bysyde hys fone echon,
An bylevede hym there al nygt, and al hys ost

also,
An thogte anon amorwe strong batayle do.

R. G. 319.
Secondly, and for if or an.

Me reweth sore I am unto hire teyde,
For and 1 should rekene every vice
Which that she hath, ywis I were to nice.
Squire's Prologue.
And I were so apt to quarrel as thou art, any
man should buy the fee simple of my life for an
hour and a half.

We find aji (/"and and if or simply an
for if

— I pray thee, Launce, and if thou seest my
boy bid him make haste.

But and if tha^ wicked sei-vant say in his
heart, &c.

Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe.

Ben Jonson in R.

In the same sense the OS wed. cen,
while om, cEn corresponds exactly to our
an if, om, formerly of, being the exact
representative of E. if. The Sw. cEn is
also used in the sense of and, still, yet. —
Ihre.

It is extremely difficult to guess at the
sensible image which lies at the root of
the obscure significations expressed by
the particles and conjunctions, the most
time-worn relics of language ; but in the
present instance it seems that both sense
and form might well be taken from the E.
even, in the sense of continuous, unbroken,
level.

The poetical contraction of even into
e'en shows how such a root might give
rise to such forms as ON. enn, OS wed.
an, Dan. end. With respect to meaning,
we still use even as a conjunction in cases
closely corresponding to the Swed. cen,
and Dan. end. Thus we have Swed.
cen-mi, translated by Ihre, etiamnum,
even now, i. e. without a sensible break
between the event in question and now ;
cendock, quamvis, even though, or al-
though ; cen, yet, still, continuously ;
'he is still there,' he continues there.
So in Danish, — om dette end skulde ske,
even if that should happen ; end ikke, ne
quidem, not even then ; end nu, even
now. When one proposition is made
conditional on another, the two are prac-
tically put upon the same level, and thus
the conditionality may fairly be expressed
by even contracted into ce?i or an. Ana-
lysing in this point of view the sentence
above quoted.
Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe,

it must be interpreted. Nay, understand
2 *

20 ANA

these propositions as equally certain,
thou dalliest here, I am thy foe. — It de-
pends upon you whether the first is to
prove a fact or no, but the second pro-
position has the same value which you
choose to give to the former.

It will subsequently be shown probable
that the conjunction if is another relic of
the same word. On the other hand,
placing two things side by side, or on a
level with each other, may be used to
express that they are to be taken together,
to be treated in the same manner, to
form a single whole ; and thus it is that
the same word, which implies condition-
ality when circumstances show the un-
certainty of the first clause, may become
a copulative when the circumstances of
the sentence indicate such a signification.
Ana- Gr. ava, up, on, back.
Anatomy. Gr. a.vari\iivu>, to cut up.
See Atom.

Ancestor. Fr. ancestre, ancetre, from
Lat. antecessor, one that goes before.
See Cede.

Anchor. Lat. aiichora, Gr. aym^a.
There can be no doubt that it is from the
root signifying hook, which gives rise to
the Gr. dyKvXos, curved, crooked ; dyKuv,
an elbow, recess, corner ; oyici), oyiavoQ, a
hook ; Lat. angulus, an angle, uncus, a
hook, crooked.

Unco alliget anckora morsu, — Virg.
Anchoret. A hermit. Gr. avaxi>s-
n^m, one who has retired from the world ;
from avaxapiui, to retire.

Anchovy. Fr. anchois. It. ancioe,
Gr. d^vi), Lat. apua, aphya iapyd) ;
whence might arise. It. iapj-ugd) acciuga,
Pied. Sicil. anciova, Genoes. anciua. —
Diez.

Ancient. Lat. ante, Prov. antes, It.
anzi, before, whence anziano, Fr. ancien,
ancient, belonging to former times.

Ancle. AS. ancleow, G. enkel. Pro-
bably a parallel formation with Gr.
ayicvXri, a loop, the bend of the arm; and
from the same root, ayKoiw, the elbow, or
bending of the arm ; It. anca, the haunch,
or bending of the hip ; OHG. ancha, Bav.
anke (genick), the bending of the neck.
And. See An.

Andiron. Originally the iron bars
which supported the two ends of the logs
on a wood fire. as. brand-isen, brand-
iron, could never have been corrupted
into andiron. The Mid. Lat. has andena,
andela, andeda, andena. Fr. landicr,
grand chenet de cuisine. — Diet. Wallon.
The Flemish wend-ijser probably ex-
hibits the true origin, from wenden, to

ANGER

turn ; wend-ijser, brand-ijser, crateule-
rium, ferrum in quo veru vertitur, — Kil.,
i. e. the rack in front of the kitchen-dogs
in which the spit turns. ' Lander, Gall,
landier, Lat. verutentum; item haec an-
dena.'— Catholicon Arm. in Due. Andena
seems a mere latinisation of OE. aundyre
for andiron, as brondyr for broiidiron,
gredyre ior gridiron. 'Afidena, aundyre.'
' Trepos, brandyr.' ' Craticula, gredyre.'
— National Antiq. 178. In modern Eng-
lish the term has been transferred to
the moveable fire-irons.

To Aneal, Anele. To give the last
unction. I aneele a sick man, J'enhidlle.
— Palsgr. Fr. huille, oil.

Anecdote. Gr. avinhoToq, not pub-
lished, from ticSiduiJii, to give out, to put
forth.

Anent.— Anenst. In face of, respect-
ing. AS. ongean, opposite ; foran on-
gean,foran g'cn (Thorpe's Dipl. p. 341),
over against, opposite, in front, Sc.foi-e-
anent. The word ane7it, however, does
not seem to come directly from the AS.
ongean. It shows at least a northern
influence from the ON. giegnt, Sw. gent,
opposite, gent ofwer, over against. Hence
on gent, anent, and with the s, so com-
monly added to prepositions (comp. ante,
before, Prov. antes, AS. togeanes, &c.j,
anentis. ' Anentis men, it is impossible,
but not anentis God.' — Wicliff. Hence
Anenst, as alongst from along, whilst
from while, against from again.

AngeL Lat. a?igelus, from Gr.'AyyeXof,
a messenger, one sent ; dyykX\u>, to send
tidings.

Anger. Formerly used in the sense
of trouble, torment, grievance.

He that ay has le%'yt fre
May not know well the propyrt^,
The angyr na the wrechyt dome
That is cowplyt to foule thyrldome.

Bruce, i. 235.

Shame

From whom fele angirs I have had. — R. R.
In the original,

Par qui je fus puis moult gr^v^.

From the sense of oppression, or injury,
the expression was transferred to the
feelings of resentment naturally aroused
in the mind of the person aggrieved. In
the same way, the word harm signifies
injury, damage, in English, and resent-
ment, anger, vexation, in Swedish.

The idea of injury is very often ex-
pressed by the image of pressure, as in
the word oppress, or the Fr. grever, to
bear heavy on one. Now the root ang
is very widely spread in the sense of

ANGLE

compression, tightness. G. eng, com-
pressed, strait, narrow; Lat. angere,
to strain, strangle, vex, torment; angus-
tus, narrow; angina, oppression of the
breast ; angor, anguish, sorrow, vexation ;
Gr. ayx", to compress, strain, strangle,
whence ayx' (s-S 'it.pressd), near; a-^xtaiai,
to be grieved ; dyx""")) what causes pain
or grief.

Both physical and metaphorical senses
are well developed in the ON. angr,
narrow, a nook or corner, grief, pain,
sorrow ; angra, to torment, to trouble ;
krabba-angar, crabs' pincers.

To Angle. To fish with a rod and
line, from AS. angel, a fish-hook. Du.
anghel-snoer, anghel-roede, a fishing-line,
fishing-rod ; angheUn, to angle. Chaucer
has angle-hook, showing that the proper
meaning of the word angle was then lost,
and by a further confusion it was sub-
sequently applied to the rod.
A fisher next his trembling angle bears. — Pope.

Angmsh.. Lat. angustia, a strait,
whence It. angoscia (as poscia, from
postea), Fr. angoisse, E. anguish. See
Anger.

Anile. Lat. anilis, from anus, an
aged woman.

Animal. — Animate. Lat. animus,
the spirit, living principle, mind, properly
the breath, as the ruling function of life
in man, analogous to spirit, from spiro,
to breathe. Gr. avt\ioq, wind; aw, aij/Ji,
to blow.

To Anneal. To fire glass in order to
melt and fix the vitreous colours with
which it is painted.

And lilce a picture shone in glass annealed.

Dryden in Worcester.

I aneel a potte of erthe or suche like with
a coloure, Je plomme. — Palsgr. Also to
temper glass or metals in a gradually
decreasing heat, \t.focare, to fire or set
on fire, also to Meal metals. — Fl.

From AS. iz/an, oncelan, to set on fire,
burn, bake. The expression cocti lateris
of the Vulgate, Is. xvi. 7, II, is rendered
anelid tyil in the earlier Wickliffite
version, and bakun tijl in the later. —
Marsh.

* To Annoy. It. annoiare, OFr.
anoier, anueir, anider, Fr. ennuyer, to
annoy, vex, trouble, grieve, afflict, weary,
irke, importune overmuch. — Cot. The
origin of the word has been well explained
by Diez from the Lat. phrase esse in odio,
It. esserin odio,to be hateful or repugnant
to one. Esse alieni in odio ; apud aliquem
in odio esse.— Cic. Hence was formed

ANTHEM 21

Sp. enojo, ofi'ence, injury, anger; enojar,
to molest, trouble, vex; It. noia, trouble,
weariness, vexation, disquiet ; recarsi a
noja, to be tired of something; nojare,
venire a noja, to weary, to be tedious to.
Diez cites OYe.net. plu te sont a inodio
as exactly equivalent to It. piu ti sono a
noja. ' Recarsi a noia, e aversi a noia,'
says Vanzoni,'vagliono recarsi in fastidio,
in recrescimento, in odio, odiare, odium
in aliquem concipere.' So in Languedoc,
odi, hate, disgust ; aver en odi, to hate ;
la car me ven en odi, meat is distasteful
to me ; me venes en odi, vous m'ennuyez,
you are tedious to me. From in odio
arose OFr. enuy, envi (commonly re-
ferred to Lat. invitus), d, envi or d. envis,
unwillingly, with regret, as hiii from
hodie. ' And from enuy was formed
ennuyer, to weary, to annoy.

From the same source must be ex-
plained Du. noode, noeye, unwilling,
with regret or displeasure ; noode iet doen,
gravat^ aliquid facere; noode hebben,
asgri ferre ; noeyen, noyen, officere, nocere,
molestum esse. — Kil. ' Noode, nooyelick,
k ennuy, k regret, invitus, coactus, ingra-
tus, vel asgrd, molest^ ; jet noode doen,
faire quelque chose enuy ; noode jet
horen, ouyr enuy quelque chose, graviter
audire.' — Thesaurus Theut. Ling. 1573.

Anodyne. Gr. avwSvvoc (a priv. and
oSvvrt, pain), without sense of pain,
capable of dispelling pain.

Anomalous. Gr. dvdifioKoe (a priv.
and i/iaXbg, level, fair), irregular, devi-
ating from an even surface.

Anon. AS. on an, in one, jugiter, con-
tinuo, sine intermissione — Lye; at one
time, in a moment ; ever and anon, con-
tinually.

Answer. AS. andswarian, from and,
in opposition, and swerian, Goth, svaran,
to swear. ON. svara, to answer, to
engage for. It is remarkable that the
Latin expression for answer is formed in
exactly the same way from a verb spon-
dere, signifying to engage for, to assure.
The simpler idea of speaking in return is
directly expressed by Goth, anda-vaurd,
G. ant-wort, AS. aiidwyrd, current side
by side with the synonymous andswar.

Ant. The well-known insect, con-
tracted from emmet ; like aunt, a parent's
sister, from Lat. amita.

Ante- Lat. ante, before.

Ant- Anti- Gr. avn, against. What
is in face of one or before one is in one
point of view opposite or against one.

Anthem. A divine song sung by two
opposite choirs or choruses. — B. Lat.

23 ANTICK

anti^hona; Gr. avri^ava, from avTiipoiuia),
to sound in answer. Prov. antifena;
AS. antefn, whence anthem, as from as.
stcfn, E. stem. The Fr: form antienne
shows a similar corruption to that of
Estienne, from Stephanus.

Antick. — Antique. Lat. anticus,
from ante, before, as posticus, from, post,
behind.

At the revival of art in the 14th and
i;th centuries the recognised models of
imitation were chiefly the remains of
ancient sculpture, left as the .legacy of
Roman civilisation. Hence the applica-
tion of the term antique to work of sculp-
tured ornamentation, while individual
figures wrought in imitation or supposed
imitation of the ancient models, were
called antiques, as the originals are at the
present day.

At the entering of the palays before the gate
was builded a fountain of embowed work en-
grayled with afjiicke workes, — the old God of
wine called Bacchus birling the wine, which by
the conduits in the earth ran to the people
plenteously with red, white, and claret wine. —
Hall's Chron.

Again from the same author :

At the nether end were two broad arches upon
three antike pillers, all of gold, burnished,
swaged, and graven full of gargills and serpentes
■ — and above the arches were made sundry
antikes and devices.

But as it is easier to produce a certain
effect by monstrous and caricature re-
presentations than by aiming at the
beautiful in art, the sculptures by which
our medieval buildings were adorned,
executed by such stone-masons as were
to be had, were chiefly of the former
class, and an antick came to signify a
grotesque figure such as we see on the
spouts or pinnacles of our cathedrals.

Some fetch the origin of this proverb (he looks
as the devil over Lincoln) from a stone picture
of the Devil which doth or lately did overlook
Lincoln College. Surely the architect intended
it no further than for an ordinary anticke. — Ful-
ler in R.

Now for the inside here grows another doubt,
whether grotesca, as the Italians, or antique
work, as we call it, should be received. — Re-
liquias Wottonianse in R.

The term was next transferred to the
grotesque characters, such as savages,
fauns, and devils, which were favourite
subjects of imitation in masques and
revels.

That roome with pure gold it all was overlaid
Wrought with wild aniickes which their follies

playde
In the riche metal as they living were. — Spencer.

APHORISM

To dance the anticks is explained by
Bailey to dance after an odd and ridicu-
lous manner, or in a ridiculous dress, like
a jack-pudding. To go antiquely, in
Shakespear, to go in strange disguises.
In modern language antic is applied to
extravagant gestures, such as those
adopted by persons representing the
characters called antics in ancient
masques. - Mannequin, a puppet or an
antic. — Cot.

Antidote. Gr. Ilvtwotov, something
given against, a preventative ; Jorioc, what
is to be given.

Antler. Fr. andouillers, the branches
of a stag's horns ; but properly andouiller
is the first branch or brow-antler, sur-
andouiller the second. As the brow-
antler projects forward the word has been
derived from a7ite, before, but the ex-
planation has not been satisfactorily
made out.

Anvil. Formerly written anvilt or
anvild; AS. anfilts Pl.D. amboltj Du.
aenbeld, ambeld, a block to hammer on.
Percutere, villan — Gloss. Pezron ; fiUist,
verberas. — Otfried. So Lat. incus, in-
cudis, from in and cudere, to strike ; G.
ambossj OHG. anapoz, from an and
bossen, to strike.

Anxious. Lat. anxius, from ango,
anxi, to strain, press, strangle, choke,
vex, trouble.

Any. AS. cenig, from an, one, and ig,
a termination equivalent to Goth, eigs,
from eigan, to have. Thus from gabe, a
gift, wealth, gabeigs, one having wealth,
rich. In like manner, any is that which
partakes of the nature of one, a small
quantity, a few, some one, one at the
least.

Apanage. Lat. panis, bread, whence
Prov. panar, apatiar, to nourish, to sup-
port; Fr. apanage, a provision for a
younger child.

Apart. — Apartment. Fr. d. part,
aside, separate. Apartment, something
set aside, a suite of rooms set aside for a
separate purpose, finally applied to a
single chamber.

Ape. Originally a monkey in general ;
latterly applied to the tailless species.
To ape, to imitate gestures, from the imi-
tative habits of monkeys. But is it not
possible that the name of the ape may be
from imitating or taking off the actions
of another ? Goth., on. af, G. ab, of, from.

Aperient.— Aperture. Lat. aperio,
apertum, to open, to display ; pario, to
bring forth. See Cover.

Aphorism. Gr. d<popi(xnbs, a definite

APO

sentence ; a'^opi'Jw, to mark off, to define ;
opoQ, a bound, landmark.

Apo- Gr. d-n-o, corresp. to Lat. ai, of,
off, from, away.

Apoplexy. From Gr. diroTrXriaatii,
to strike down, to disable ; — oftat, to lose
one's senses, become dizzy ; lAfiaam, 5w,
to strike.

Apostle. — Epistle. Gr. oVooroXof,
one sent out, from aTroorlXXu, to send off,
despatch on some service. In the same
way from ETriirrEXXw, to send to, to an-
nounce, iwKjToKri, an epistle or letter.

Apotliecary. Gr. diroBrjKr}, a store or
keeping-place ; dirondtfiu, to store or put
3wa}'.

Appal. Wholly unconnected with/a/^,
to which it is often referred. To cause to
pall (see Pall), to deaden, to take away
or lose the vital powers, whether through
age or sudden teiTor, horror, or the like.
An old appalled wight, in Chaucer, is a
man who has lost his vigour through age.

And among other of his famous deeds, he re-
vived and quickened again the faith of Christ,
that in some places of his kingdom was sore
appalled. — Fabian in R.

Apparel. From Lat. par, equal, like,
the MLat. diminutive pariculus, gave
rise to \t.parecchio, S^.parejo, Yr.pareil,
like. Hence It. apparecchiare, Sp. apar-
ejar, Prov. aparelhar, Fr. appareiller,
properly to join like to like, to fit, to suit.
Appareil, outfit, preparation, habiliments.
— Diez.

And whanne sum men seiden of the Temple
that it was aparelid with good stones. — Wiclif
in R. Eke if he apparaille his mete more deli-
ciously than nede is. — Parson's Tale.

Then like Fr. habilUr, or E. dress, the
word was specially applied to clothing,
as the necessary preparation for every
kind of action.

To Appeal. Lat. appellare, Fr. ap-
peler, to call, to call on one for a special
purpose, to call for judgment, to call on
one for his defence, i. e. to accuse him of
a crime.

To Appear. — ^Apparent. OFr. ap-
■paroirj 'LaX. pareo, to be open to view.

Appease. Fr. appaiser, from paix,
peace.

Apple. AS. cepl, ON. apal, w. apal,
Ir. avail, Lith. obolys, ^wss. jabloko.

To Appoint. The Fr. point was used
in the sense of condition, manner, ar-
rangement— the order, trim, array, plight,
case, taking, one is in. — Cotgr. En
piteux poind, in piteous case ; habiller
en ce poind, to dress in this fashion. —
Cent Nouv. Nouv. A poind, aptly, in

APRICOT

23

good time, in good season ; prendre son
d. poind, to take his fittest opportunity
for ; quand it /At d. poind, when the
proper time came. Hence appoind, fit-
ness, opportunity, a thing for one's pur-
pose, after his mind ; and appoinder (to
find fitting, pronounce fitting), to deter-
mine, order, decree, to finish a contro-
versy, to accord, agree, make a composi-
tion between parties, to assign or grant
over unto. — Cotgr.

To Appraise. 'L-zX. pretium, Yr.prix,
a price, value ; apprdder, to rate, esteem,
■prize, set a price on. — Cotgr. I prise
ware, I sette a pryce of a thynge what it
is worthe : je aptise. — Palsgr. The PI.
D. laven is used both as E. praise, to
commend, and also as appraise, to set a
price on. To praise, in fact, is only to
exalt the price or value of a thing, to
speak in commendation.

Apprehend.— Apprentice. — Apprise.
'Lz.t. prehendere, to catch hold of; appre-
hendere, to seize, and metaphorically to
take the meaning, to understand, to
learn. Fr. apprendre, appris, to learn,
whence the e. apprise, to make a thing
known. Fr. apprentis, a learner, one
taken for the purpose of learning a trade.

Approach. From Lat. prope (comp.
propius), near, were formed appropiare
(cited by ■ Diez from a late author).
Walach. apropid, Prov. apropchar. It.
approcdare, Fr. approcher, to come near,
to approach.

Approbation. — Approve. — Ap-
prover. Lat. prohts, good, probare, ap-
probare, to deem good, pronounce good.
Fr. approver, to approve, allow, find
good, consent unto. — Cotgr.

Hence an Approver in law is one who
has been privy and consenting to a crime,
but receives pardon in consideration of
his giving evidence against his principal.

This false thefe this sompnour, quoth the frere,
Had alway bandis redy to his hond,
That tellith him all the secre they knew.
For their acquaintance was not come of new ;
They werin his approvirs privily. — Friar's Tale.

Appurtenance. Fr. appartenir, to
pertain or belong to.

* Apricot. Formerly apricock, agree-
ing with "LtA. pragigua or prixcoda. Mod.
Gr. irpaiKOKiaov. They were considered
by the Romans a kind of peach, and
were supposed to take their name from
their ripening earlier than the ordinary
peach.

Maturescunt asstate prmcocia intra triginta
annos reperta et primo denariis singulis venun-
data. — Pliny, N. H. xv. 11.

24

APRON

It may be doubted, however, whether
the Lat. pracoqua was not an adapt-
ation. It is certain that the apricot
was introduced from Armenia, and the
fruit is still called barkuk in Persian. It
is far more likely that the name should
have been imported with the fruit into
Italy than that the Persians should have
adopted the Latin name of a native
fruit. — Marsh.

Apron. A cloth worn in front for the
protection of the clothes, by corruption
for napron.

—And therewith to wepe
She made, and with her nafron feir and white

ywash
She wyped soft her eyen for teris that she outlash.
Chaucer, Beryn. Prol. 31.

Still called napfern [pronounced nap-
pron in Cleveland. J. C. A.] in the N. of
E. — Hall. Naprun, or barm-cloth. — Pr.
Pm. From OFr. naperon, properly the
intensitive of nape, a cloth, as napkin is
ihe diminutive. Naperon, grande nappe.
— Roquefort. Naperon is explained by
Hdcart, a small cloth put upon the table-
cloth during dinner, to preserve it from
stains, and taken away before dessert, a
purpose precisely analogous to that for
which an apron is used. ' Un beau
service de damass^ de Sildsie ; la nappe,
le naperon et 24 serviettes.' — About. Ma-
delon. The loss or addition of an initial
n to words is very common, and fre-
quently we are unable to say whether the
consonant has been lost or added.

Thus we have natiger and auger, newt
and ewte, or eft, nawl and awl, nompire
and umpire, and the same phenomenon
is common in other European languages.
Apt. Lat. aptus, fastened close, con-
nected, and thence fit, suitable, proper.

Aqueous. — Aquatic. Lat. aqua, San-
scr. ap, Gr. aa, Alban. ughe, water ;
Goth, ahva, OHG. aha, a river.
Arable. Lat. aro, OE. ear, to plough.
Arbiter. — Arbitrate. The primary
sense of Lat. arbiter is commonly given
as an eye-witness, from whence that of
an umpire or judge is supposed to be
derived, as a witness specially called in
for the purpose of determining the ques-
tion under trial. But there is no recog-
nised derivation in Latin which would
account for either of these significations.
A rational explanation may, however, be
found in Fin.

There is a common tendency in an un-
informed state of society to seek for the
resolution of doubtful questions of suffi-
cient interest by the casting of lots in

ARBOUR

some shape or other. Thus in Latin
sors, a lot, is taken in the sense of an
oracle, and sortilegus is a soothsayer,
one who gives oracles, or answers ques-
tions by the casting of lots ; and this
doubtless is the origin of E. sorcerer,
sorcery. Albanian, short, a lot, shortdr,
a soothsayer. Now one of the points
upon which the cunning man of the
present day is most frequently consulted
is the finding of lost property, and a
dispute upon such a subject among a
barbarous people would naturally be re-
ferred to one who was supposed to have
supernatural means of knowing the truth.
Thus the lots-man or soothsayer would
naturally be called in as arbiter ax dooms-
man. Now we find in Fin. arpa, a lot,
symbol, divining rod, or any instrument
of divination ; arpa-mies, {mies ^=ia3.o,)
sortium ductor, arbiter, hariolus ; arpelen,
arwella, to decide by lot, to divine ; ar-
wata, conjicio, auguror, aestimo, arbitror ;
arwaaja, arbiter in re censendS. ; arwelo,
arbitrium, opinio, conjectura ; arwaus,
conjec^ra, sestimatio arbitraria. It will
be observed in how large a proportion of
these cases the Lat. arbiter and its de-
rivatives are used in explanation of the
Fin. words derived from arpa.

Arbour. From OE. herbere, originally
signifying a place for the cultivation of
herbs, a pleasure-ground, garden, sub-
sequently applied to the bower or rustic
shelter which commonly occupied the
most conspicuous situation in the garden ;
and thus the etymological reference to
herbs being no longer apparent, the spell-
ing was probably accommodated to the
notion of being sheltered by trees or
shrubs {arbor).

This path

I foUowid till it me brought

To a right plesaunt herbir wel ywrought.

Which that benchid was, and with turfis new

Freshly turnid

The hegge also that yedin in compas

And closid in all the grene hcrberc^

With Sycamor was set and Eglatere, —

And shapin was this herbir, rofe and all,

As is a pretty parlour.

Chaucer, Flower and Leaf.

It growyth in a gardyn, quod he, ■

That God made hymselve,

Amyddes mannes body,

The more (root) is of that stokke,

Herte highte the herter

That it inne groweth. — P. P. 2. 331.

The word is still used in its ancient
meaning at Shrewsbury, where the differ-
ent guilds have separate little pleasure-
gardens with their summer-houses each
within its own fence, in the midst of an

ARCH

open field outside the town, and over the
gate of one of these gardens is written
' Shoemakers' Arbour.'

This lady walked outright till he might see her
enter into a fine close arbor : it was of trees whose
branches so interlaced each other that it could
resist the strongest violence of eye-sight. — Ar-
cadia in R.

Arch. A curved line, part of a circle
anything of a bowed form, as the arch of
a bridge. Lat. arcus, a bow, which has
been referred to W. gwyrek, curved,
Uo^a^. gwyro , to bend.

* ArchjAiTaxit. i. .4 rir/; and its equiv-
alents in the other branches of Teutonic
are used with great latitude of meaning.
.In E. it signifies roguish, mischievous,
sly, and must be identified with Dan.
arrig, ill-tempered, troublesome, G. arg,
bad of its kind, morally bad, mischievous,
wanton, Du. erg, sly, malicious. G. ein
arger knabe, Du. een erg kind, an arch
boy, un malin enfant, un petit rusd. The
earliest meaning that we can trace is that
of ON. argr, AS. earg, earh, faint-hearted,
sluggish, timid, and in that sense among
the Lombards it was the most offensive
term of abuse that could be employed.
' Memento Dux Ferdulfe quod me esse
inertem et inutilem dixeris, et vulgari
verbo, arga, vocaveris.' — Paul Warne-
frid. ' Si quis alium argam per furorem
clamaverit.' — Lex. Langobard. in Due.
Then from the contempt felt for any-
thing like timidity in those rough and
warlike times the word acquired the
sense of worthless, bad, exaggerated in
degree when appHed to a bad quality.
ON. argvitugr, taxed with cowardice,
contemptible, bad. Dan. det arrigste
snavs, the most arrant trash, wretched
stuff. OE. arwe, fainthearted.

Now thou seist he is the beste knygt,
And thou as arwe coward.

Alisaunder, 3340.

There can be no doubt that E. arrant
is essentially the same word, the termina-
tion of which is probably from the mas-
culine inflection en of the PI. D. adjective.
Een argen drag, an arrant rogue. — Brem.
Wtb.

2. Arch in composition. Gr. apxh,
beginning, apx^iv, to be first, kpxi- in
comp. signifies chief or principal, as in
apxtipfve, opx^YT*^"?? chief priest, arch-
angel. This particle takes the form of
arcz in It., erz in G., arcA in e. ; ard-
vescovo, erz-bischof, arch-bishop. In G.
as in E. it is also applied to pre-eminence
in evil ; ers-betriiger, an arch-deceiver ;
erz-wticherer, an arrant usurer. Perhaps

ARMS

25

we fall the more readily into this appli-
cation from the fact that our version of
the Gr. particle is identical with arch
applied on other grounds to pre-eminence
in evil.

Architect. Gr. apxtrkicTiiiv (apxV! ^'^d
TiKToiv, a builder, worker, from nixa, to
construct, fabricate), a chief builder.

Arcliives. Gr. apxtlov, the court of
a magistrate, receptacle where the public
acts were kept. The term would thus
appear to be connected with dpx<iv, a
ruler, apxri, government, rule (princi-
patus), and not with apx;aioj, ancient.
From apxeiov was formed Lat. archivum
(as Argive from 'Apytiot), a repository for
records or public documents, and hence
in modern languages the term archives
is applied to the records themselves.

Ardent. — Ardour. — Arson. Lat. ar-
deo, arsum, Fr. ardre, ars, to be on fire,
to burn ; ardor, burning heat. Fr. arson,
a burning or setting on fire. — Cot.

Arduous. Lat. arduus, high, lofty,
difficult to reach.

Area. Lat. area, a threshing-floor, a
bare plot of ground, a court yard, an ex-
tent of flat surface. Applied in modern
E. to the narrow yard between the under-
ground part of a house and the ground in
front.

Argue. — ^Argument. Lat. arguo, to
demonstrate, make clear or prove.
Arid. Lat. aridus, from areo, to dry.
Aristocracy. Gr. apiaTOKpartia {apiaroc,
the best, bravest, a noble, and Kpurka, to
rule, exercise lordship), ruling by the
nobles, whence the body of the nobles
collectively.

Arm. Sax. earm, Lat. annus, the
shoulder-joint, especially of a brute,
though sometimes applied to man. Con-
nected with ramus, a branch, by Russ.
ramo (pi. ramend), shoulder ; Boh. rame,
forearm ; raineno, arm, shoulder, branch.
Arms.— Army. Lat. arma, W. aj-f,
Gael, arm, a. weapon. As the arm itself
is the natural weapon of offence, it is pos-
sible that the word arm in the sense of
weapon may be simply an application of
the same word as the designation of the
bodily limb.

From the verb armare, to arm, are
formed the participial nouns. It. armata,
Sp. armada, Fr. arm'ee, of which the two
former are confined by custom to a naval
expedition, while the Fr. armee, and our
army, which is derived from it, are ap-
plied only to an armed body of land
forces, though formerly also used in the
sense of a naval expedition.

26

AROMATIC

At Leyes was he and at Satalie

Whanne they *ere wonne, and in the grete see

In many a noble armie had he be.

Prol. Knight's Tale.

Aromatic. Gr. apiaixariKbg, from apufia,
sweetness of odours, a sweet smell.

Arquebuss. It. archibuso affords an
example of a foreign word altered in order
to square with a supposed etymology. It
is commonly derived from arco, a bow, as
the only implement of analogous effect
before the invention of fire-arms, and
buso, pierced, hollow. But Diez has well
observed how incongruous an expression
a hollow bow or pierced bow would be,
and the true derivation is the Du. haeck-
buyse, haeck-busse, properly a gun fired
from a rest, from haeck, the hook or
forked rest on which it is supported, and
busse, G. buchse, a fire-arm. From
haecke-busse it became harquebuss,_ and
in It. archibuso or arcobugia, as if from
arco, a bow. In Scotch it was called a
hagbut ofcroche; Fr. arquebus d croc. —
Jamieson.

Arrack. Ptg. araca, orraca, rak.
From Arab. a7-ac, sweat ; 'arac at-tamr,
sweat (juice) of the date. The name of
'arac or 'aragui was first applied to the
spirit distilled from the juice of the date-
tree, and extended by the Arabs to dis-
tilled spirit in general, being applied by
us to the rice spirit brought from the East
Indies. — Dozy

To Arraign. In the Latin of the
Middle Ages, rationes was the term for
the pleadings in a suit ; rationes exercere,
or ad rationes stare, to plead ; mittere or
ponere ad rationes, or arrationare (whence
in OFr. arraisonner, aresner, aregnier,
arraigner), to arraign, i. e. to call one to
account, to require him to plead, to
place him under accusation.
Thos sal ilk man at his endyng
Be putted til an hard rekenyng,
And be aresoncd, als right es
Of alle his mysdedys, mare and les.

Pricke of Conscience, 2460.
In like manner was formed derationare,
to clear one of the accusation, to deraigii,
to justify, to refute.

Arrant. Pre-eminent in something
bad, as an arrant fool, thief, knave. ' An
erraunt usurer.'— Pr. Pm. See Arch.

To Array. It. arredare, to prepare
or dispose beforehand, to get ready.
Arredare una casa, to furnish a house ;

uno vascello,to equip a ship. Arredo,

household furniture, rigging of a ship,
and in the plural arredi, apparel, raiment,
as clothing is the equipment universally
necessary. OFr. array er, arrier, to

ARSENAL

dispose, set in order, prepare, fit out.
The simple verb is not extant in Italian,
but is preserved to us in the ON. reida,
the fundamental meaning of which seems
to be to push forwards, to lay out. At
reida sverdet, to wield a sword; at r.
fram mat, to bring forth food ; at r.feit,
to pay down money ; at r. til rumit, to
prepare the bed ; at r. hey a hestinom, to
carry hay on a horse. Sw. reda, to pre-
pare, to set in order, to arrange ; reda ett
skepp, to equip a vessel ; reda til mid-
dagen, to prepare dinner. The same
word is preserved in the Scotch, to red,
to red up, to put in order, to dress ; to
red the road, to clear the way .^ am.

The meaning of the 'Lzt.paro,parattis, ■
seems to have been developed on an
analogous plan. The fundamental mean-
ing of the simple paro seems to be to
lay out, to push forwards. Thus separo
is to lay things by themselves ; comparo
to place them side by side ; preparo, to
lay them out beforehand; and the It.
parare, to ward off.

To Arrest. Lat. restare, to remain
behind, to stand still. It. arrestare, Fr.
arrester, to bring one to stand, to seize
his person.

To Arrive. Mid. Lat. adripare, to
come to shore, from ripa, bank, shore ;
then generalised,- It. arrivare, Sp. ar-
ribar, Fr. ar river, to arrive. — Diez.

Arrogant. Lat. ad and rogo, to ask.
Sibi aliquid arrogare, to ascribe some-
thing to oneself; arrogans, claiming
more than one's due.

Arrow, on. or, gen. orvar, an arrow ;
or-vamar, missiles, probably from their
whirring through the air; ^ orvarnar
Hugo hvinandi yfir haufut theim,' the
arrows flew whizzing over their heads. —
Saga Sverris. p. aiS. On the same prin-
ciple It. freccia, an arrow, may be com-
pared with Fr. frissement d'un trait, the
whizzing sound of an arrow. — Cot. Sw.
hurra, to whirl, hurl.

Arsenal. It. arzana, darseua, taj'zana,
a dock-yard, place of naval stores and
outfit, dock. Sp. atarazana, atarazanal,
a dock, covered shed over a rope-walk.
From Arab, ddr cin&'a, ddr-ag-cind'a,
ddr-ag-gaii'a or ddr-gatia, a place of con-
struction or work. It is applied by
Edrisi to a manufacture of Morocco
leather. Ibn-Khaldoun quotes an order
of the Caliph Abdalmelic to build at
Tunis ' a ddr-cind'a for the construction
of everything necessary for the equip-
ment and armament of vessels.' Pedro
de Alcala translates atarazana by the

ARSON

Arab, ddr a cind'a. — Engelmann and
Dozy.

Oportet ad illius (navigii) conservationem in
locum pertrahi coopertum, qui locus, ubi dictum
conservatur navigium, Aisena vulgariter appel-
latur. — Sanutus in Due.

Arson. See Ardent.

Art. The exercise of skill or invention
in the production of some material object
or intellectual effect; the rules and
method of well doing a thing ; skill, con-
trivance, cunning.

Art and part, when a person is both
the contriver of a crime and takes part
in the execution, but commonly in the
negative, neither art nor part. From
the Lat. nee artifex nee particeps, neither
contriver nor partaker.

Artery. Gr. dpTtjpia, an air-receptacle
(supposed from a'ljp, and Ttipkm, to keep,
preserve), the windpipe, and thence any
pulsating blood-channel.

Artichoke. Venet. articioco; Sp. al-
caehofaj Arab, al-charscliufaj It. ear-
ciofa. — Diez.

Article. Lat. artieuhis, diminutive
of artiis, a joint, a separate element or
member of anything, an instant of time,
a single member of a sentence, formerly
applied to any part of speech, as turn,
est, quisque (Forcellini), but ultimately
confined to the particles the and an, the
effect of which is to designate one par-
ticular individual of the species men-
tioned, or to show that the assertion
applies to some one individual, and not
to the kind at large.

Artillery. We find in Middle Latin
the term ars, and the derivative artifi-
cium, applied in general to the implement
with which anything is done, and specially
to the implements of war, on the same
principle that the Gr. fitixav^, the equi-
valent of the Lat. ars, gave rise to the
word machina, a machine, and on which
the word engine is derived from the Lat.
ingenitim, a contrivance. Thus a statute
of the year 1352 enacts :

Quod nulla persona — sit ausa venari in ne-
moribus consulum — sub pcena perdendi — artes,
sen instrumenta cum quibus fieret venatio pras-
dicta. — Due.

Cum magnis bombardis et plurimis diversis
artificialib-us. — Due.

From ars seems to have been formed the
Fr. verb artiller, in the general sense of
exercising a handicraft, or performing
skilled work, subsequently applied to the
manufacturing or supplying with muni-
tions of war. In testimony of the more
general sense we find artiliaria, and

AS 27

thence the modern Fr. atelier, a work-
shop:

Quod eligantur duo legates homines qui
vadant cum officiali ad visitandum omnes ar-
tiliarias exercentes artem pannorum.- — Stat.
A. D. 1360, in Due.

Artilleinent, artillerie, is given by
Roquefort in the sense of implement,
furniture, equipment, as well as instru-
ment of war, and the word is used by
Rymer in the more general sense : —

Decern et octo discos argenti, unum calicem
argenteum, unum parvum tintinnabulum pro
missa, &c., et omnes alias artillarias sibi com-
petentes.

A Statute of Edward II. shows what
was understood by artillery in that day :

Item ordinatum est quod sit unus artillator
qui faciat balistas, carellos, arcos, sagittas,
lanceas, spiculas, et alia arma necessaria pro
gamizionibus eastrorum.

So, in the Book of Samuel, speaking
of bow and arrows, it is said, ' And
Jonathan gave his artillery to the lad,
and said. Go carry them to the city.'

As. The comparison of the G. dialects
shows that aj is a contraction from ail-
so; AS. eallswa; G. also, als, as (Schiilze,
Schmeller), OFris. alsa, alse, als, asa,
ase, as (Richthofen). ' als auch wir verge-
ben unsern schuldigern,' as we also for-
give our debtors. — Schmeller. Also, sic,
omnino, taliter, ita. — Kilian. Fris. ' alsa
grate bote alsa,' G. ' eben so grosse busse
als,' as great a fine as ; Fris. ' alsoe graet
als,' ' alsoe graet ende alsoe lytich als,' as
great and as small as ; ' alsoe ofte als,' as
often as.

In OE. we often find als for also.

Schyr Edward that had sic valour

Was dede ; and Jhone Stewart alsua.

And Jhone the Sowllis ah with tha

And othyr als of thar company. — Bruce, xii. 795.

Schir Edward that day wald nocht ta

His cot armour ; but Gib Harper,

That men held ah withoutyn per

Oif his estate, had on that day

All hale Schir Edwardis array. — Bruce, xii. 782.

i. e. whom men held as without equal of
his station.

So in German, ' ein soldier, als er ist,'
—such a one as he is.— Schmeller. In
expressions like as great as, where two
as correspond to each other, the Germans
render the first by so, the second by alsy
in OE. the first was commonly written
als, the second as,

Thai wer
To Weris water cummyn als ner
As on othyr halff their fayis wer.

Bnice, xiv. 102.

28

ASCETIC

. Of all that grete tresoure that ever he biwan
Als bare was his towere aj Job the powere man.
R. Brunne.

But this is probably only because the se-
cond as, having less emphasis upon it
than the first, bore more contraction,
just as we have seen in the correspondmg
Frisian expressions that the first as is
rendered by alsoe, the second by als. In
other cases the Frisian expression is just
the converse of the G. Fris. alsa longi
sa = G. so lange als, as long as ; Fris.
asafirsa—G. so weit als, as far as ; Fris.
alsafir sa, in so far as. ^

Ascetic. Gr. ao-KijnEos {dmsoi, to prac-
tise, exercise as an art), devoted to the
practice of sacred duties, meditation, &c.
Hence the idea of exercising rigorous
self-discipline.

Ash. I. The tree. as. czsc, ON. askr.
2. Dust. Goth, azgo, AS. asca, ON. aska,
Esthon. ask, refuse, dung.

Ashlar. Hewn stone. OFr. aiseler,
Sc. aislair. ' Entur le temple— fud un
murs de treiz estruiz de aiselers qui bien
furent polls : '— tribus ordinibus lapidum
politorum. — Livre des Rois. ' A inason
cannocht hew ain evin aislair without
directioun of his rewill.' — Jam. Fr.
'bouttice, an ashlar or binding-stone in
building.' — Cot.

Fr. aiseler seems to be derived from
aisselle (Lat. axilla), the hollow beneath
the arm or between a branch and the
stem of a tree, applied to the angle
between a rafter and the wall on which
it rests, or between two members of a
compound beam in centering. Aisselier,
then, or esselier, in carpentry, is the
bracket which supports a beam, or the
quartering-piece which clamps a rafter to
the wall (pifece de bois qu'on assemble
dans un chevron et dans la rainure, pour
cintrer des quartiers (Gattel) ; pour for-
mer les quartiers dans une charpente Ji
lambris ; qui sert k former les cintres, ou
qui soutient par les bouts les entrans ou
tirans. — Trevoux). From thus serving to
unite the segments of a compound beam
the name seems to have been transferred
to a binding-stone in masonry, and thence
to any hewn and squared stone mixed
with rubblestone in building.

To Ask. AS. acsian, ascian, on. askia,
G. heischen.

* Asknace, Askaunt. OYr.a scancke,
de travers, en lorgnant. — Palsgr. 831. It.
schiancio, athwart, across, against the
grain ; aschianciare, to go awry ; scan-
zare, scansare, to turn aside, slip aside,
walk by. — Fl. Both askant and the

ASSASSIN

synonymous aj/are/maybe traced through
Sc. asklent, askew, to "SN . ysglentio, OFr.
esclincher, to slip or slide. En etclenk-
aunt (esclenchant), obliquando. — Nec-
cham in Nat. Antiq. Then by the loss of
the / on the one hand, askaunt; and of
the k on the other, Sw. slinta, to slide,
and E. aslant. The rudiment of the lost
/ is seen in the i of It. schiancio, and
wholly obliterated in scanzare. The Du.
schtdn, N. skjons (pron. shons), oblique,
wry, i skjons, awry, seem to belong to a
totally different root connected with E.
shun, shunt, to push aside, move aside.

Askew. ON. skeifr, Dan. skjav, G.
schief, schdf, schieb, schiebicht, oblique,
wry ; ON. d skd, askew. Gr. cKamq,
Lat. sccevus, properly oblique, then left,
on the left hand ; aKuiov arofia, a wry
mouth.

From G. schieben, to shove, as shown
by Du. schuin, obhque, compared with
E. shun, shunt, to push aside. G. vers-
chieben, to put out of its place, to set
awry.

Asperity. Lat. asper, rough.

To Aspire. — ^Aspirate. Lat. aspiro,
to pant after, to pretend to, from spiro,
to breathe. The Lat. aspiro is also used
for the strong breathing employed in
pronouncing the letter h, thence called
the aspirate, a term etymologically un-
connected with the spiritus asper of the
Latin grammarians.

Ass. Lat. asinus, G. esel, Pol. osiol.

To Assail. — Assault. Lat. satire, to •
leap, to spring ; Fr. saillir, to sally, to
leap ; assaillir, to assail, to set upon,
whence assault, assailing or setting upon.

Assart. A cleared place in a wood.
Fr. essart, Mid. Lat. exartuin, essartum,
assartimi, sartum.

Essarta vulgo dicuntur — quando forests, ne-
mora, vel dumeta quaelibet — succiduntur, quibus
succisis ct radicitus cvulsis terra subvertitur et
excolitur. — Lib. Scacch. in Due.

Et quicquid in toto territorio Laussiniaco di-
mptum et exstirpatum est quod vulgo dicitur
exsars. — Chart. A. D. 1196, in Due.

From ex-saritum, gnibbed up. — Diez.
Lat. sarrio, sario, to hoe, to weed.

Assassin. Hashish is the name of an
intoxicating drug prepared from hemp in
use among the natives of the Eaet. Hence
Arab. ' Haschischin,' a name given to the
members of a sect in Syria who wound
themselves up by doses of hashish to
perform at all risk the orders of their
Lord, known as the Sheik, or Old Man
of the Mountain. As the murder of his
enemies would be the most dreaded of

ASSAY

these behests, the name of Assassin was
given to one commissioned to perform a
murder ; assassination, a murder per-
formed by one lying in wait for that
special purpose.— Diez. De Sacy, Mem.
de I'Institut, 1818.

To Assay. Lat. exigere, to examine,
to prove by examination ; ' annulis ferreis
ad certum pondus exactis pro nummo
utuntur,' iron rings proved of a certain
weight. — Ccesar. Hence, exagium, a
weighing, a trial, standard weight.
'Efayioj/, pensitatio ; i^ayiiiZui, examine,
perpendo.— Gl. in Due.

De ponderibus quoque, tit fraus penitus ampu-
tetur, a nobis agantur exagia (proof specimens)
quae sine fraude debent custodiri. — Novell. Th&-
odosii in Due.

Habetis aginam (a balance), exagiuin facite,
quemadmodun vultis ponderate. — Zeno, ibid.

From exagium was formed the It. sag-
gio, a proof, trial, sample, taste of any-
thing ; assaggiare, to prove, try, taste,
whence Fr. essayer, to try, and E. assay,
essay. — Mur. Diss. 27, p. 585.

To Assemble. The origin of Lat.
simul, together, at once, is probably the
radical sam, very widely spread in the
sense of same, self. The locative case
of Fin. sama, the same, is samalla, ad-
verbially used in the sense of at once, to-
gether, which seems to explain the forma-
tion of Lat. simul. From simul, insimul,
were . formed It. insieme, Fr. ensemble,
together ; assembler, to draw together,
^assembler, to meet or flock together ;
whence E. assemble. In the Germanic
branch of language we have Goth, sama,
the same ; samana (corresponding to Fin.
samalla), Sw. samman, G. zusamm.en,
AS. te somne, to the same place, together ;
samnian, somnian, Sw. sammla, Dan.
samle, G. versammeln, to collect, to assem-
ble. The OE. assemble was often used
in the special sense of joining in battle.

By Carhame assemhlyd thai ;
Thare was hard fychting as I harde say.

Wyntown in Jam.

And in old Italian we find sembiaglia in
the same sense. ' La varatta era fornita.
Non poteo a sio patre dare succurso. Non
poteo essere a la sembiaglia.' In the
Latin translation, ' conflictui interesse
nequibat.'— Hist. Rom. Fragm. in Mu-
ratori.

To Assess. Assidere, assessum, to sit
down, was used in Middle Lat. in an
active sense for to set, to impose a tax ;
assidere talliamj in Fr. asseoir la taille,

ASSOIL

29

to fix a certain amount upon each indi-
vidual.

Provisum est generaliter quod prasdicta quad-
ragesima hoc modo assideat-ur et coUigatur.—
Math. Paris, a. d. 1232.

Et fuit quodlibet feodum militare assessum
tunc ad 40 sol. — Due.

Assets, in legal language, are funds
for the satisfaction of certain demands.
Commonly derived from Fr. assez, but in
OE. it was commonly written asseth.
And if it suffice not for asseth. — P. Plowman,
p. 94.

And Pilat willing to make aseeth to the people
left to hem Barabbas.— Wiclif, Mark 15.
And though on heapes that lie him by,
Yet never s.hall make his richesse
Asseth unto his greediness. — R. R.

Makeaceeihe (fnakyn seethe — K.), satis-
facio. — Pr. Pm. ' Now then, rise and go
forthe and spekyng do aseethe to thy
servauntis ' — Wicliffe ; satisfac servis tuis
—Vulgate. ' Therefore I swore to the
hows of Heli that the wickedness of his
hows shall not he doon aseeth before with
slain sacrificis and giftis.' — Wiclif. In
the Vulgate, expietur. Assyth, sithe, to
make compensation, to satisfy. ' I have
gotten my heart's site on him.' — Lye in
Junius, v. sythe. Gael, sioth, sith, peace,
quietness, rest from war, reconciliation ;
sithich, calm, pacify, assuage, reconcile ;
W. hedd, tranquillity, heddu, to pacify ;
Pol. Bohem. syt, syty, satisfied, full ;
Bohem. sytiti, to satisfy.

The Lat. satis, enough ; ON. scztt, satti,
reconciliatio, scEttr, reconciliatus, con-
tentus, consentiens ; sectia, saturare ; G.
satt, fuU, satisfied, — are doubtless all
fundamentally related.

Assiduous. Lat. assiduus, sitting
down, seated, constantly present, unre-
mitting.

Assize. — Assizes. From assidere was
formed OFr. assire, to set, whence assis,
set, seated, settled ; assise, a set rate, a
tax, as assize of bread, the settled rate for
the sale of bread ; also a set day, whence
cour d' assize, a court to be held on a set
day, E. assizes.

Ballivos nostros posuimus qui in baliviis suis
singulis mensibus ponent unum diem qui dicitur
Assisia in quo omnes illi qui clamorero facient
recipient jus suum.— Charta Philip August. A.D.
iigo, in Due.

Assisa in It. is used for a settled pattern
of dress, and is the origin of E. size, a
settled cut or make.

To Assoil. To acquit. Lat. absol-
vere,to loose from; OFr. absolver, ab-
soiller, assoiler. — Roquefort. 'To whom
spak Sampson, Y shal purpose to yow a

30

ASSUAGE

dowtous woud, the which if ye soylen to
me, &c. ; forsothe if ye mowen not assoyle,
&c. And they mighten not bi thre days
soylen the proposicioun.' — Wyclif, Judges
xiv. 12, &c.

To Assuage. From Lat. stiavis, sweet,
agreeable, Prov. suau, sweet, agreeable,
soft, tranquil, OFr. soef,souef, sweet, soft,
gentle, arise, Prov. assuauzar, assuavar,
qssuaviar, to appease, to calm, to soften.
Hence, OFr. assoua^er, to soften, to allay,
answering to assuaviar, as allager to al-
leviare, abreger to abbreviare, agrdger to
aggraviare, soulager to solleviare.

Mais moult m' assouagea 1' oingture — R. R. ;
translated by Chaucer,

Now softening with the ointment.

Asthma. Gr. airfl/ia, panting, difficult
breathing.

To Astonish. — Astound. — Stony.
Fr. estonner, to astonish, amaze, daunt ;
also to sionnie, benumme or dull the
senses of. — Cotgr. The form astonish
shows that estonnir must also have
been in use. According to Diez, from
Lat. attonare, attonituni (strengthened
to extonare), to thunder at, to stun,
to stupefy. So in E. thunder-struck is
used for a high degree of astonishment.
But probably the root ton in attonitus is
used rather as the representative of a loud
overpowering sound in general, than
specially of thunder. Thus we have din,
a loud continued noise ; dint, a blow ; to
dun, to make an importunate noise ;
dunt, a blow or stroke ; to dunt, to con-
fuse by noise, to stupefy. — Halliwell. AS.
stunian, to strike, to stun, to make stupid
with noise ; stunt, stupefied, foolish ; G.
erstaunen, to be in the condition of one
stunned.

Astute. Lat. astus, subtilty, craft.

Asylum. Lat. asylum, from Gr.
acuKov (a priv., and av\da>, to plunder, in-
jure), a place inviolable, safe by the force
of consecration.

At. ON. at, Dan. ad, equivalent to
E. to before a verb, at segia, to say ; Lat.
ad, to ; Sanscr. adhi, upon.

Athletic. Gr. aBKoq, a contest for a
prize ; (iflXijnJf, a proficient in muscular
exercises.

Atlas. Gr. 'AtKuq, the name of one
who was fabled to support on his shoul-
ders the entire vault of heaven, the globe ;
thence, applied to a book of maps of the
countries of the globe : which had com-
monly a picture of Atlas supporting the
globe for a frontispiece.

ATTAINDER

Atmosphere. Gr. Ar/ioc, smoke, va-
pour.

Atom. Gr. drofiog (from a privative
and Tifiva, to cut), indivisible, that does
not admit of cutting or separation.

Atone. To bring at one, to reconcile,
and thence to suffer the pains of what-
ever sacrifice is necessary to bring about
a reconciliation.

If gentilmen or other of that contrei
Were wroth, she wolde bringen Jiem at on.
So wise and ripe wordes hadde she.

Chaucer in R.
One God, one Mediator (that is to say, advo-
cate, intercessor, or an aione-maker) between
God and man. — Tyndall in R.

Lod. Is there division twixt my Lord and

Cassio ?
Des. A most unhappy one ; I would do much
T' attone them for the love I bear to Cassio.

Othello.

The idea of reconciliation was expressed
in the same way in Fr.

II ot amis et anemis ;
Or sont-il tot d. un mis.

Fab. et Contes. i. i8i.

OE. to one, to unite, to join in one.

David saith the rich folk that embraceden and
oneden all hir herte to treasour of this world shall
slepe in the sleping of deth. — Chaucer in R.

Put together and onyd, continuus ; put
together but not onyd, contiguus. — Pr.
Pm.

Precisely the converse of this expres-
sion is seen in G. entzweyen, to disunite,
sew dissension, from enzwey, in two ;
sich entzweyen, to quarrel, fall into vari-
ance.— Kiittn.

Atrocious. Lat. atrox, fierce, barbar-
ous, cruel.

To Attach.. — Attack. These words,
though now distinct, are both derived
from the It. attaccare, to fasten, to hang.
Venet. tacare; Piedm. tachd, to fasten.
Hence in Fr. the double form, attacker,
to tie, to fasten, to stick, to attach, and
attaquer, properly to fasten on, to begin
a quarrel. S'attacher is also used in the
same sense ; s'attacher d, to coape, scuffle,
grapple, fight with.— Cotgr. It. attacare

un chiodo, to fasten a nail ; la guer-

ra, to commence war ; la battaglia;

to engage in battle ; il fuoco, to set

on fire ; attaccarsi il fuoco, to catch fire ;
di parole, to quarrel.

To attach one, in legal language, is to
lay hold of one, to apprehend him under
a charge of criminality.

Attainder. — Attaint. Fr. attaindre
(OFr. attainder — Roquef.), to reach or
attain unto, hit or strike in reaching, to
overtake, bring to pass, also to attaint or

ATTIRE

convict, also to accuse or charge with. —
Cotgr. The institution of a judicial ac-
cusation is compared to the pursuit of an
enemy ; the proceedings are called a suit,
Fr. poursuite en jugement, and the
agency of the plaintiff is expressed by
the \ah prosequi, to pursue. In follow-
ing out the metaphor the conduct of the
suit to a successful issue in the convic-
tion of the accused is expressed by the
verb attingere, Fr. attaindre, which sig-
nifies the apprehension of the object of a
chase.

Quern fugientem dictus Raimundus atinxit.
Hence the Fr. attainte d'une cause, the
gain of a suit ; attaindre le meffait, to fix
the charge of a crime upon one, to prove
a crime. — Carp. Atains du fet, convicted
of the fact, caught by it, having it brought
home to one. — Roquef.

Attire. OFr. atour, attour, a French
hood, also any kind of tire or attire for a
woman's head. Damoiselle d'atour, the
waiting-woman that uses to dress or attire
her mistress — Cotgr., — a tirewoman.
Attour^, tired, attired, dressed, trimmed,
adorned. Attourner, to attire, deck,
dress. Attotirneur, one that waits in the
chamber to dress his master or his mis-
tress.

The original sense of attiring was that
of preparing or getting ready for a certain
purpose, from the notion of turning to-
wards it, by a similar train of thought to
that by which the sense of dress, clothing,
is derived from directing to a certain end,
preparing for it, clothing being the most
universally necessary of all preparations.
He attired him to battle with fole that he had.

R. Bninne in R..
What does the king of France ? atires him good
navie. — Ibid.

The change from atour to attire is
singular, but we find them used with ap-
parent indifference.

By her atire so bright and shene

Men might perceve well and sene

She was not of Religioun,

Nor n' il I make mencioun

Nor of robe, nor of tresour,

Of broche, neither of her rich attour. — R. R.
Riche atyr^ noble vesture,
Bele robe ou riche pelure. — Polit. Songs.

OFr. atirer, attirer, atirier, ajuster,
convenir, accorder, orner, decorer, parer,
preparer, disposer, regler.— Roquefort.

I tyer an egg : je accoustre : I tyer
with garments: je habiUe and je ac-
coustre.— Palsgr.

Attitude. Posture of body. It. atto,
from Lat. agere, actum, act, action, pos-

AUGER

31

ture ; It. attitudine, promptness, dis-
position to act, and also simply posture,
attitude.

Attorney. Mid. Lat. attornatus, one
put in the turn or place of another, one
appointed to execute an office on behalf
of another.

Li atorni est cil qui pardevant justice est
atorni pour aucun en Eschequier ou en Assise
pour poursuivre et pour defendre sa droiture. —
Jus Municipale Normannorum, in Due.

Auburn. Now applied to a rich red-
brown colour of hair, but originally it
probably designated what we now call
flaxen hair. The meaning of the word
is simply whitish. It. albumo, the white
or sapwood of timber, ' also that whitish
colour of women's hair called an abtim-
colour.' — Fl. '[Cometa] splendoris al-
burni radium producens.' — Due. In the
Walser dialect of the Grisons, alb is used
in the sense of yellowish brown like the
colour of a brown sheep. — Biihler.

Auction. — Augment. Lat. augeo,
auctum, Gr. aSSw, Goth, aukan, AS. eacan,
to increase, to eke.

Audacious. Lat. audax,-acis; audeo,
I dare.

Audience. — Audit. In the law lan-
guage of the middle ages audire- was
specially applied to the solemn hearing
of a court of justice, whence audientia
was frequently used as synonymous with
judgment, court of justice, &c., and even
in the sense of suit at law. The Judge
was termed aztditor, and the term was in
particular applied to persons commis-
sioned to inquire into any special matter.
The term was then applied to the notaries
or officers appointed to authenticate all
legal acts, to hear the desires of the
parties, and to take them down in writing ;
also to the parties witnessing a deed.
'Testes sunt hujus rei visores et audi-
tores, &c. Hoc viderunt et audierunt
isti, &c.' — Due.

At the present day the term is confined
to the investigation of accounts, the ex-
amination and allowance of which is
termed the audit, the parties examining,
the auditors.

Auf. Auff, a fool or silly fellow.— B.
See Oaf

Auger. An implement for drilling
holes, by turning round a centre which is
steadied against the pit of the stomach.
Formerly written nauger, Du. evegher,
nevegher. In cases like these, which are
very numerous in language, it is impos-
sible prima facie to say whether an n has

32

AUGHT

been added in the one case or lost in the
other. In the present case the form with
an initial n is undoubtedly the original.
AS. naf-irnr, naf-ior. Taradros [a gimlet],
7iapu gerA. — Gloss. Cassel. The force of
the former element of the word is ex-
plained from the Finnish napa, a navel,
and hence, the middle of anything, centre
of a circle, axis of a wheel. In com-
position it signifies revolution, as from
meren, the sea, meren-napa, a whirlpool ;
from rauta, iron, napa-rauta, the iron
stem on which the upper millstone rests
and turns ; maan-napa, the axis of the
earth. With kaira, a borer, the equiva-
lent of AS. gar, it forms napa-kaira,
exactly corresponding to the common E.
name of the tool, a centre-bit, a piercer
acting by the revolution of the tool round
a fixed axis or centre. Lap. nape, navel,
centre, axle.

The other element of the word cor-
responding to the Fin. kaira, AS. gar, is
identical with the E. gore, in the sense of
being gored by a bull, i. e. pierced by his
horns. AS. gar, a javelin, gar a, an an-
gular point of land.

Aught or Ought. Something; as
naught or nought, nothing, as. A-wiht,
OHG. eo-wiht; modern G. ichtj from &, G.
aiv, ever, and wiht, Goth, waihts, a
thing. See Whit.
Augur. — Augury, See Auspice.
Aunt. Lat. amita. OFr. ante. Icilz
oncles avoit la sole ante espousde. —
Chron. Du Guesclin. 264. A similar con-
traction takes place in emmet, ant.

Auspice. — Auspicious. Lat. auspex
for avispex (as auceps, a bird-catcher, for
aviceps), a diviner by the observation of
(Lat. avis) birds. As the augur drew his
divinations from the same source, the
element gur is probably the equivalent
of spex in auspex, and reminds us of OE.
gaure, to observe, to stare.

Austere. Lat. austerus, from Gr.
av<rTripbg, harsh, severe, rough.

Authentic. Gr. av9kvT7iQ, one who
acts or owns in his own right (der. from
airbc, and 'UaBat, mittere), aiiBevrtKbg,
backed by sufficient authority.

Author. Lat. auctor {augco, auctum,
to incr^se), a contriver, originator,
maker; attctoritas, the right of the
maker over the thing made, jurisdiction,
power.

Automaton. Gr. avrSixarot, self-
moving, self-acting ; aiiToq, self, and noua
udoiim, I stir myself, am stirred.

Autumn. Lat. autumniis. Some-
times written auctumnus, as if from

AVER

auctum, increase; the time when the
increase of the earth is gathered in.

Auxiliary. Lat. auxilium, help. See
Auction.

To Avail. I. To be of service. Fr.
valoir, to be worth; Lat. valere, to be
well in health, to be able, to be worth.

2. To Avail or Avale, to lower. To
vail his flag, to lower his flag. Fr. a
■val, downwards ; a mont et d. val, towards
the hill and towards the vale, upwards
and downwards. Hence avaler, properly
to let down, to lower, now used in the
sense of swallowing.

Avalanche. A fall of snow sliding
down from higher ground in the Alps.
Mid. Lat. avalantia, a slope, declivity,
descent, from Fr. avaler, to let down. —
Carp.

Avarice. Lat. avarus, covetous ;
aveo, to desire, to rejoice.

Avast. A nautical expression for hold,
stop, stay. Avast talking.' cease talk-
ing ! Old Cant, a waste, away ; bing a
waste, go you hence. — Rogue's Diet, in
modern slang. Probably waste has here
the sense of empty ; go into empty space,
avoid thee. In wast, in vain. — W. and
the Werewolf.

They left thair awin schip standand tuaist.
Squyer Meldram, 1. 773.

Avaunt. Begone ! Fr. avajit, before ;
en avant ! forwards !

Avenue. Fr. advenue, avenue, an
access, passage, or entry unto a place. — •
Cot. Applied in E. to the double row of
trees by which the approach to a house
of distinction was formerly marked. Lat.
venire, to come.

To Aver. Lat. verus, true ; Fr. avdrer,
to maintain as true.

Aver. A beast of the plough. The Fr.
avoir (from habere, to have), as well as
Sp. haber, was used in the sense of goods,
possessions, money. This in Mid. Lat.
became avera, or averia.

Taxati pactione quod salvis corporibus suis
et averts et equis et armis cum pace- recederent.
— Chart. A. D. 1166. In istum sanctum . locum,
venimus cum Averos nostras. — Chart. Hisp.
A. D, 819. Et in toto quantum Rex Adelfonsus
tenet de rege Navarrse melioret cum sue proprio
avere, quantum voluerit et poterit. — Hoveden,
in Due.

Averii, or Averia, was then applied
to cattle in general, as the principal pos-
session in early times.

Hoc placitum dilationem non recipit propter
averia, i. e. animalia muta, ne diu detineantur
inclusa.— Regiam Majestatem. Si come jeo
bayle \ un home mes berbits a campester, ou

AVERAGE

Jnes boeufs k arer la terre et il oocist mes avei-s.
— Littleton.

We then have averia carrucce, beasts-
of the plough ; and the word avers finally
came to be confined to the signification
of cart-horses.

♦Average. I.^w^ra^^ is explained as
duty work done for the Lord of the manor
with the avers or draught cattle of the
tenants. Sciendum est quod unumquod-
que averagium aestivale debet fieri inter
Hokday et gulam Augusti.— Spelman in
Due. But probably the reference to the
avers of the tenant may be a mistaken
accommodation. From Dan. hof, court,
are formed hovgaard,\.\it manor to which
a tenant belongs ; hovarbeide or hoveri,
duty work to which the tenant was bound ;
hovdag, duty days on which he was
bound to service for the Lord, &c. Money
paid in lieu of this duty work is called
hoveri penge, corresponding to the aver-
/^««yofouroldrecords. '■ Aver-penny,'hoc
est quietuni esse de diversis denariis pro
aVeragio Domini Regis.' — Rastal in Due.
2. In the second place average is used
in the sense of ' a contribution made by
all the parties in a sea-adventure accord-
ing to the interest of each to make good
a specific loss incurred for the benefit of
all.' — Worcester. To average a loss
among shippers of merchandise is to
distribute it among them according to
their interest, and from this mercantile
sense of the term it has come in ordinary
language to signify a meaji value. In
seeking the derivation of average, with
its continental representatives, Fr. avaris,
avarie, It., Sp. avaria, Du. ahaverie,
averie, G. haferey, haverey, averey, the
first question will be whether we are to
look for its origin to the shores of the
Baltic or the Mediterranean. Now ac-
cording to Mr Marsh the word does not
occtir in any of the old Scandinavian or
Teutonic sea-codes, even in the chapters
containing provisions for apportioning
the loss by throwing goods overboard.
On the other hand, it is of very old stand-
ing in the Mediterranean, occurring in
the Assises de Jerusalem, cxlv. Assises
de la Baisse Court. 'Et sachies que
celui aver qui est gete ne doit estre conte
fors tant com il cousta o toutes ses
averies:' and know that any goods that
are thrown overboard shall only be
reckoned at what it cost with all charges.
The old Venetian version gives as the
equivalent of avaries, dazii e spese. The
derivation from ON. haf, the sea, or from
haven, must then be given up.

AVOID

33

I The general meaning of the word is
damage by accident or incidental ex-
penses incurred by ship or cargo during
the voyage. Fr. grosses avaries, loss by
tempest, shipwreck, capture, or ransom ;
menues avaries, expenses incurred on
entering or leaving port, harbour duties,
tonnage, pilotage, &c. In a secondary
sense avarie is applied to the waste or
leakage of goods in keeping, the wear and
tear of a machine, &c. — Gattel. S'ava-
rier, to suffer avarie, to become dam-
aged. In the Consulado del Mar of the
middle of the 13th century the notary is
authorized to take pledges from every
shipper for the value of ' lo nolit h les
avaries:' the freight and charges. Marsh
gives other instances in Spanish and
Catalonian where the word is used in the
sense of government duties and charges.
' Lo receptor de les haueries de les com-
positions que fa la! Regia Cort, y lo re-
ceptor dels salaris dels Doctors de la
Real Audiencia,' &c.— Drets de Cata-
lunya,A. D. 1584. In the Genoese annals
of the year 141 3, quoted by Muratori, it
is said that the Guelphs enjoyed the
honours and benefices of the city, ' se-
cundum ipsorum numerurh, et illud quod
in publicis Solutionibus, quae Averim
dicuntur, expendunt.'

Marsh is inclined to agree with Santa
Rosa in deriving the word from the
Turkish avania, properly signifying aid,
help, but used in the sense of a govern-
ment exaction, a very frequent word in
the Levant. The real origin however is
Arab, "awar, a defect or flaw, which is
the technical tei'm corresponding to Fr.
avarie, Kazomirski renders it 'vice,
defaut,' and adds an example of its use
as applied to ' marchandise qui a des
defauts.' The primary meaning of the
word would thus be that which is under-
stood by grosses avaries, charges for ac-
cidental damage, from whence it might
easily pass to other charges.

To Avoid. Properly to vxzk&void or
empi.y,to make of none effect. To avoid
a contract, to make it void, and hence to
escape from the consequences of it. To
confess and avoid, in legal phrase, was to
adroit some fact alleged by the adversary,
and then_ to make it of none effect by
showing that it does not bear upon the
case.

Tell me your fayth, doe you beleeve that there
is a living God that is mighty to punish his
enemies ? If you beleeve it, say unto me, can
you devise for to avoyde hys vengeance ? — Barnes
inR.

3

34

AVOIR-DU-POISE

Here the word may be interpreted
either way : Can you devise to make void
his vengeance, or to escape his vengeance,
showing clearly the transition to the
modern meaning. So in the following
passage from Milton : —

Not diffident of thee do I dissuade
Thy absence from my sight, but to avoid
The attempt itself intended by our foe.
To avoid was also used as Fr. vuider,
vider la maison, Piedm. voidd na cd., to
clear out from a house, to make it empty,
to quit, to keep away from a place.

Anno H. VII. it was enacted that all Scots
dwelling within England and Wales should avoid
the realm within 40 days of proclamation made.
■ — Rastal, in R.

It is singular that we should thus wit-
ness the development within the E. lan-
guage of a word agreeing so closely in
sound and meaning with Lat. evitare,
Fr. dviter ; but in cases of this kind it
will, I believe, often be found that the
Latin word only exhibits a previous ex-
ample of the same line of development
from one original root. I cannot but
believe that the radical meaning of Lat.
vitare is to give a wide berth to, to leave
an empty space between oneself and the
object. Fr. viiide, vide, empty, waste,
vast, wide, free from, not cumbered or
troubled with. — Cotgr. To shoot wide of
the mark is to miss, to avoid the mark ;
OHG. wit, empty ; witi, vacuitas. — Graff.

Avoir-du-poise. The ordinary mea-
sure of weight. OFr. avoirs de pots,
goods that sell by weight and not by
measurement. -

To Avow. — Avouoli. Under the
feudal system, when the right of a tenant
was impugned he had to call upon his
lord to come forwards and defend his
right. This in the Latin of the time was
called advocare, Fr. voucher A garantie,
to vouch or call to warrant. Then as
the calling on an individual as lord of
the fee to defend the right of the tenant
involved the admission of all the duties
implied in feudal tenancy, it was an act
jealously looked after by the lords, and
advocare, or the equivalent Fr. avoiier,
to avow, came to signify the admission
by a tenant of a certain person as feudal
superior.

Nihil ab eo se tenere in feodo aut quoquo
modo alio advocabat. — Chron. A. D. 1296. Ita
tamen quod dictus Episcopus et successores sui
nos et successores nostros Comites FlandriEe qui
pro tempore fuerint, si indiguerint auxilio, advo-
cabit, nee alium dominum secularem poterunt
advocare. — Charta A. D. 1250. Donee advocatus
fuerit ut burgensis noster.— Stat. Louis le Hutin.

AWARD

1315. — ^until he shall be acknowledged as our
burgess. Recognoscendo SEu profitendo ab iUis
ea tanquam a superioribus se tenere seu ah if sis
'eadem advocando, prout in quibusdam partibus
Gallicanis vulgariter dicitur advouer. — Concil.
Lugdun. A. D. 1274. A personis laicis tanquam
k superioribus ea quse ab Ecclesia tenant advou'
aniesse tenere. — A. D. 1315, in Due.

Finally, with some grammatical con-
fusion, Lat. advocare, and E. avow or
avouch, came to be used in the sense of
performing the part of the vouchee or
person called on to defend the right im-
pugned. Et predict! Vice-comites advo-
cant (maintain) prsedictum attachion-
amentum justum, eo quod, &c. — Lib.
Alb. 406. To avow, to justify a thing
already done, to maintain or justify, to
affirm resolutely or boldly, to assert. —
Bailey.

— ■ — -T could
With barefaced power sweep him from my sight.
And bid my will avouch it. — Macbeth.

Avowtery, Avowterer. The very
common change of d into v converted
Lat. adulterium into It. avolterio, avol-
ieria, avoltero. Hence avolteratore,
Prov. avoutrador, OE. avowterer, an
adulterer. A d was sometimes inserted ;
OFr. avoultre, advoultre, avotre, OE.
advoutry, adultery.

Award. The primitive sense of ward
is shown in the It. guardare, Fr. re-
garder, to look. Hence Rouchi es-
warder (answering in form to E. award),
to inspect goods, and, incidentally, to
pronounce them good and marketable ;
eswardeur, an inspector. — Hecart.

An award is accordingly in the first
place the taking a matter into considera-
tion and pronouncing judgment upon it,
but in later times the designation has
been transferred exclusively to the con-
sequent judgment.

In like manner in OE. the verb to look
is very often found in the sense of con-
sideration, deliberation, determination,
award, decision. When WiUiam Rufus
was in difficulties with his brother Robert,
about the partition of the Conqueror's
inheritance, he determined to go to the
King of France to submit the matter to
his award.. He says (in Peter Langtoft,
p. 86):

Therfore am I comen to wite at yow our heued
The londes that we have nomen to whom they

shall be leued,
And at your jugement I will stand and do
With thi that it be ent (ended) the strif bituen us

tuo.
Philip said, blithely, and sent his messengers
Tille Inglond to the clergy, erles, barons.'therpers.
And askid if thei wild stand to ther lokyng.

AWE

— where looking is used exactly in the
sense of the modern award.

These senses of look are well exempli-
fied in a passage from R. G. p. 567.

To chese six wise men hii lokede there

Three bishops and three, barons the wisest that

there were —
And bot hii might accordi, that hii the legate

took,
And Sir Heniy of Almaine right and law to look —
Tho let tho king someni age the Tiwesday
Next before All Hallow tide as his council bisai,
Bishops and Abbots and Priors thereto,
Erles and Barons and Knightes also,
That hii were at Northampton to hear and at

stonde
To the loking of these twelve of the state of the

londe.

■ — to the award or determination of these
twelve.

There it was dispeopled the edict I wis

That was the ban of Keningworth, that was lo 1

this;
That there ne should of high men desherited be

none
That had iholde age the King but the Erl of

Leicetre one ;
Ac that all the othere had agen all hor lond.
Other hor heirs that dede were, but that the King

in his hand
It hulde to an term that there iloked was,
Five year some and some four, ever up his

trespas.

Chatel forfait par agard des viscountes. — Lib.
Albus. I. 119. Si iut .agardi qs Willame, &c. —
lb. no.

Conseillez mei, si esgardez

Qu' en serreit al regne honorable.

Benoit. Chron. Norm. 6135.

Awe. Fear, dread, reverence ; then
transferred to the cause of fear, assuming
the signification of anger, discipline, chas-
tisement.

But her fiers servant (Una's Lion) full of kingly aw
And high disdaine, whenas his soveraine dame
So rudely handled by her foe he saw,
With gaping jaws fiill gredy at him came.

AS. ege, oga, egisa, Goth, agis, fear,
dread, ogan, to fear, ogjan, to threaten,
terrify, ON. agi, discipline, tegir, terrible ;
cEgia, to be an object of wonder or fear ;
iner (Bgir, I am amazed, I am terrified ;
ogn, terror ; Sw. dial, aga, fear ; agasam)
frightful, awsome ; Dan. ave, chastise-
ment, correction, awe, fear, discipline.
At staae under eens ave, to stand in awe
of one ; at holde i strseng ave, to keep a
strict hand over. Gr. ay?;, wonder, ayao-
ftai, aydiofiai, to wonder at, to be angry.
Awgrim. Decimal arithmetic.

Then satte summe

As siphre doth in awgrym,

That notith a place

And no thing availith.

Political Poems, Cam. Soc. p. 414.

AWK

35

I reken, I counte by cyfers of agrym : je en-
chiffre. I shall reken it syxe tymes by aulgorisme,
or you can cast it ones by counters. — Palsgr.

Sp. alguarismo, from Al Khowdresmt,
the surname of the Arabian algebrist, the
translation of whose work was the means
of introducing the decimal notation into
Europe in the 12th century.

Awhape. To dismay ; properly, to
take away the breath with astonishment,
to stand in breathless astonishment.

Ah my dear gossip, answered then the ape.

Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape.
Mother Hubbard's tale in Boucher.

W, cjiwaff, a gust ; Lith. kmapas,
breath ; Goth, afhvapjan, on. kejia, to
choke, to suffocate ; Goth, afhvaptian,
ON. kafna, to be choked ; Sw. quaf,
choking, oppressive.

Awk. — Awkward. Perverted, per-
verse, indirect, left-handed, unskilful. To
ring the bells awk is to ring them back-
wards.

They with awkward judgment put the chief
point of godliness in outward things, as in the
choice of meats, and neglect those things that
be of the soul. — Udal in R.

That which we in Greek call dpLcrrspov, that
is to say, on the awk or left hand, they say in
Latin sinistrum. — Holland, Pliny in R.

The word seems formed from ON. a/,
Lat. ai, E. of, of, signifying deviation,
error, the final k being an adjectival
termination. Thus, ON. af-gata, iter de-
vium, divortium ; af-krokr, diverticulum,
a side way ; ofugr, inversus, sinister ;
ofiig-fleiri, a flat-fish with eyes on the
left side ; bfug-nefni, a name given from
antiphrasis ; ofug-ord, verbum obliquum,
impertinens, offensum ; ofga, to change,
degenerate. Sw. a/wig, inside out, averse,
disinclined, awkward, unskilful ; afwig-
hand, the back of the hand. Dan. avet,
crooked, preposterous, perverse.

G. ab in composition indicates the con-
trary or negation ; abgrund, abyss, bot-
tomless pit ; abgott, false god ; abhold,
unkind ; ablernen, to unlearn ; aber-
glaube, false belief; aber-papst, aber-
konig, false pope, false king. In aben,
inside out. — Schmeller. In Flemish we
see the passage towards the « or w of
awk ; aue saghe, absurda narratio, sermo
absonus ; aue gaen, aue hanghen, &c. ;
auer gheloove, perverted belief, supersti-
tion ; auer-hands, ouer-hands (as Sw.
afwig-hand), manu aversS,, praeposteri ;
aver-recht, over-recht, contrarius recto,
praeposterus, sinister ; auwiis, auer-wiis,
foolish, mad.

The different G. forms are very numer-
ous ; OHG. abuh, a(5a^,aversus,perversus,
3 *

36

AWL

sinister ; d. dial, abich, abech, dbicht,
ttbechig, awech, awecki {atUs thilt er
awechi, he does everything awkly), qffig,
affik, aft, aftik, and again csbsch, dpisch,
epsch, verkehrt, linkisch, link, and in
Netherlandish, aves, aefs, obliquus ;
aafsch, aefsch, aafschelyk, aversus, pre-
posterus, contrarius. — Kil.

Awl. ON. air J G. ahle, OHG. alansa,
alasna, Du. else, Fr. alesne. It. lesina.

Awn. A scale or husk of anything,
the beard of corn. ON. ogn, agnir, chaiff,
straw, mote ; Dan. avmj Gr. axva,
Esthon. aggan, chaff.

* Awning. Awning (sea term), a sail
or tarpawUn hung over any part of a ship.
Traced by the Rev. J. Davies to the
PI. D. havenung, from haven, a place
where one is sheltered from wind and
rain, shelter, as in the lee of a building
or bush. But it should be observed that
havenung is not used in the sense of
awning, and it is rnore probable that it
is identical with Pr". auveitt. Mid. Lat.
awvanna, a penthouse of cloth before a
shop-window, &c. — Cot.

Axe. AS. acase, eax, Goth, aquizi,
MHG. aches, G. dckes, ax, axt, ON. oxi,
Gr. a%ivn, Lat. ascia for acsia.

Axiom. Gr. diiwijia, a proposition,,
maxim, from d^iow, to consider worthy,
to postulate.

Axle. Lat. axis, Gr. a^Mi-, the centre
on which a wheel turns or drives. Gr.
ayw, Lat. ago, to urge forwards.

Aye is used in two senses :

1. Ever, always, as in the expression
for ever and aye ; and

2. As an affirmative particle, synon-
ymous with_j'^a and yes.

BABE

The primitive image seems to consist
in the notion of continuance, duration,
expressed in Goth, by the root aiv. Aivs,
time, age, the world ; us-aivjan, to out-
last ; dii aiva in aivin, for ever ; ni in
aiva, niaiv, never. Lat. CEVmn^ cz-tas ;
Gr. aid, ati, always ; 6.ii>v, an age. OHG.
lo,ioj G.je, ever, always; AS. dva, aj
OS wed. CB, all, ever.

The passage from the notion of con-
tinuance, endurance, to that of assevera-
tion, may be exemplified by the use of
the G. je, ja; je und je, for ever and
ever ; vonje her, from all tinie ; wer hat
es je gesehen, who has ever seen it. Das
istje wahr, that is certainly true ; es ist
je nicht recht, it is certainly not right ;
es kann ja einen irren, every one may
be mistaken ; thut es doch ja nicht, by
no means do it. In the same way the
Italian gia; non gia, certainly not. From
this use of the word to imply the un-
broken and universal application of a
proposition, it became adopted to stand
by itself as an affirmative answer, equiv-
alent to, certainly, even so, just so. In
hke manner the Lat. etia7n had the force
of certainly, yes indeed, yes.

In Frisian, as in English, are two
forms, ae, like aye, coming nearer to the
original root aiv, and ea, corresponding
to G. je, ja, AS. gea, E. yea. In yes we
have the remains of an affix, se or si,
which in AS. was also added to the
negative, giving nese, no, as well as jese,
yes.

Azure. It. azzurro, azzuolo^ Sp.
Port. azul. From Pers. lazur, whence
lapis lazuli, the sapphire of the ancients,
— Diez.

B

To Babble. Fr. babiller, Du. babelen,
bebelen, confundere verba, blaterare, gar-
rire; Gr. ^a/Safew.— Kil. From the syl-
lables ba, ba, representing the movement
of the lips, with the element el or / repre-
senting continuation or action. Fris.
bdbeln or bobble is when children make a
noise with their lips by sounding the
voice and jerking down the underlip with
the finger.— Outzen. The Tower of Babel
was the tower of babblement, of confused
speech.

On the same principle a verb of the
same meaning with babble was formed on
the syllable ma.

And sat softly adown
And seid my byleve
And so I bablede on my bedes,
They broughte me aslepe —
On this matere I might
Mamelen full long. — P. P.
See Baboon.

Babe. The simplest articulations, and
those which are readiest caught by the
infant mouth, are the syllables formed by
the vowel a with the primary consonants
of the labial and dental classes, especially
the former ; ma, ba,pa, na, da, ta. Out
of these, therefore, is very generally
formed the limited vocabulary required
at the earliest period of infant life, com--

BABOON

prising the names for father, mother, in-
fant, breast, food. Thus in the nursery-
language of the Norman English papa,
■mamma, baba, are the father, mother,
and infant respectively, the two latter of
which pass into mammy and babby, baby,
babe, while the last, with a nasal, forms
the It. bam,bino.

In Saxon English father is dada, daddy,
dad, answering to the Goth, atta, as papa
to Hebrew abba.

Lat. mamma is applied to the breast,
the name of which, in E. pap, Lat. pa-
■pilla, agrees with the name for father.
Papa was in Latin the word with which
infants demanded food, whence E. pap.

Baboon. The syllables ba, pa, natur-
ally uttered in the opening of the lips, are
used to signify as well the motion of the
lips in talking or otherwise, as the lips
themselves, especially large or movable
lips, the lips of a beast. Thus we have
G. dial, babbeln, babbern, bappern (San-
ders), biiberlen (Schmidt), to babble, talk
much or imperfectly ; E. baberlipped,
having large lips ; G. dial, bappe, Fris.
bdbbe, Mantuan babbi, babbio, the chops,
mouth, snout, lips ; Fr. baboyer, babiner,
to move pr pjay with the lips, babine, the
lip of a beast ; babion, baboin. It. babr
buino, a baboon, an animal with large
ugly lips when compared with those of a
man.

Bachelor. Apparently from a Celtic
root. W. bachgen, a boy, bachgenes, a
young girl, baches, a little darling, bacli-
igyn, a very little thing, from bach, little.
From the foregoing we pass to the Fr.
bacelle, bacelote, bachele, bachelette, a young
girl, servant, apprentice ; baceller, to
make love, to serve as apprentice, to
commence a study ; bacelerie, youth ;
bachela^e, apprenticeship, art and study
of chivalry. Hence by a secondary form-
ation bacheler, bachelard, bachelier, young
man, aspirant to knighthood, apprentice
tp arms or sciences. A bachelor of arts
is a young man admitted to the degree of
apprentice or student of arts, but not yet
a master. In ordinary E. it has come to
signify an unmarried man. Prov. bacalar,
bachalUer, was used of the young student,
young soldier, young unmarried man.
Then, as in the case of many other words
signifying boy or youth, it is applied to a
servant or one in a subordinate condition.
Vos e mi'n fesetzper totz lauzar,
Vos cam senher e mi com bacalar :

^you and I made ourselves praised among all,

you as Lord, and I as servant or squire.

The functions of a knight we)-e coni-

BACKET

37

plete when he rode at the head of his re-
tainers assembled under his banner,
which was expressed by the term ' lever
bannifere.' So long as he was unable to
take this step, either from insufficient age
or poverty, he would be considered only
as an apprentice in chivalry, and was
called a knight bachelor, just as the outer
barrister was only an apprentice at the
law, whatever his age might be. The
baccalarii of the south of France and north
of Spain seem quite unconnected. They
were the tenants of a larger kind of farm,
called baccalaria, were reckoned as rus-
tici, and were bound to certain duty work
for their lord. There is no appearance
in the passages cited of their having had
any military character whatever. One
would suspect that the word might be of
Basque origin.

Back, 1. ON. bak; Lith. paka.ld,. The
part of the body opposite to the face,
turned away from the face. The rqot
seems preserved in Bohem. paditi, to
twist; Vol. paczyd se, to wz.r^^ (of wood),
to bend out of shape ; wspak, wrong,
backwards, inside outwards ; pakosd,
malice, spite, perversity ; opak, the wrong
way, awry, cross ; opaczny, wrong, per-
verted ; Russ. opako, naopako, wrong ;
paki in composition, equivalerjt to Lat.
re, again ; paki-buitie, regeneration. So
in E. to give a thing back is to give it
again, to give it in the opposite direction
to that in which it was formerly given,
and with us too the word is frequently
used in the moral sense of perverted,
bad. A back-friend \% a perverted friend,
one who does injury under the cover of
friendship ; to back-slide, to slide out of
the right path, to fall into error ; Oisf.
bak-ractudur, ill-counselled ; Esthon.
pahha-pool, the back side, wrong side ;
pahha, bad, ill-disposed ; Fin. Lap. paha,
bad ; OHG. abah, abuh, apah, apnh, averr
sus, perversus, sinister ; abahoh, aversari,
abominari ; Goth, ibuks, backwards.

Back, 2. A second meaning of Bacji
is a brewer's vat, or large open tub for
containing beer. The word is widely
spread in the sense of a wide open vessel.
Bret, bac, a boat ; Pr. bac, a flat wide
ferry boat ; Du. back, a trough, bowl,
manger, cistern, basin of a fountain, flat-
bottomed boat, body of a wagon, pit at
the theatre ; Dan; bakke, a t^ay. Of this
the It. bacino is the diminutive, whence
E. basin, bason j It. bacinetto, a bacinet,
or bason-shaped helmet.

Backet. In the N. of E. a coal-hod,
from back, in the sense pf a wide open

38

BACKGAMMON

vessel ; Rouchi, bac A carbon. — H^cart.
The Fr. baquet is a tub or pail.

Baokgammon. From Dan. bakke
(also bakke-bord), a tray, and gammen, a
game, may doubtless be explained the
game of Back-gammon, which is con-
spicuously a tray-game, a game played
on a tray-shaped board, although the
word does not actually appear in the Dan.
dictionaries. It is exceedingly likely to
have come down to us from our Northern
ancestors, who devoted much of their
long winter evenings to games of tables.

To make or leave a blot at Backgam-
mon is to uncover one of your men, to
leave it liable to be taken, an expression
not explicable by the E. sense of the word
blot. But the Sw. blott, Dan. blot, is
naked, exposed ; blotte sig, to expose
oneself ; Sw. gora blott, at Backgammon,
to make an exposed point, to make a blot.
Bacon. OFr. bacon; bacquier, a sty-
fed hog ; ODu. baecke, backe, a pig ;
baecken-vleesch, baeck-vleesch, pork, ba-
con. The term seems properly to have
been applied to a fatted hog and his flesh
cured for keeping, ' porcus saginatus,
ustulatus ef salitus, at petaso aut perna.'
— Due. in v. Baco. The word may ac-
cordingly be derived from Bret, paska,
to feed, w. pasg, feeding or fattening,
•pasg-dwrcli, pasg-hwch, a fatted hog.
The s is lost in Fr. pacage, pasture or
feeding-ground, Mid.Lat. pacata, paga-
gium, pagnagium (Carp.), pannage or
pawnage, duty paid for feeding animals,
especially hogs, in the Lord's forests.

On the other hand, there is a suspici-
ous resemblance to Du. baggele, bigge,
Ptg. bacoro, a young pig, Piedm. biga, a
sow.

Bad. G. base, Du. boos, malus, pravus,
perversus, malignus. Pers. bud, bad.
Unconnected, I believe, with Goth.
bauths, tasteless, insipid.

Badge. A distinctive mark of office
or service worn conspicuously on the
dress, often the coat of arms of the prin-
cipal under whom the person wearing the
badge is placed. Du. busse, stadt-wapen,
spinther, monile quod in humeris tabel-
larii et caduceatores ferunt. — Kil. Bage
or bagge of armys— banidium. — Pr. Pm.
Perhaps the earliest introduction of a
badge would be the red cross sewed on
their shoulders by the crusaders as a
token of their calling.

But on his breast a bloody cross he wore,
The dear resemblance of his absent Lord,
For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he
wore. — F, Q.

BADGER

Crucem assnmere dicebantur (says Ducange)
qui ad sacra bella profecturi Crucis symbolum
palUis suis assuebant et affigebant in signuin
votivae illius expeditionis. — Franci audientes talia
eloquia protinus in dextra fecere Graces suere
scapula.

The sign of the cross, then, was in
the first instance, ' assumentum,' a patch,
botch, or bodge ; boetsen, interpolare,
ornare, ang. botche, bodge. — Kil. G. batz,
batze, botzen, a dab or lump of something
soft, a coarse patch — Sanders ; Bav.
patscken, to strike with something flat, as
the hand, to dabble or paddle in the wet.
G. batzen, to dabble, to patch. — Sanders.
The radical notion of patch, badge, will
thus be something fastened on, as a dab
of mud thrown against a wall and stick-
ing there. Hence we find badged used
by Shakespeare in the sense of dabbled.

Their hands and faces were all badged with
blood. — Macbeth.

The Sc. form baugie, however, does not
well agree with the foregoing deriva-
tion.

His schinyng scheild with his baugie (insignc)
luke he. — D. V. 50. 13.

Badger. This wcfrd is used in two
senses, apparently distinct, viz. in that of
a corn-dealer, or carrier, one who bought
up corn in the market for the purpose of
selling it in other places ; and secondly,
as the name of the quadruped so called.
Now we have Fr. bladier, a corn-dealer
(marchand de grain qui approvisionne
les marches k dos de mulets — H^cart),
the diminutive of which (according to the
analogy of bledier, blaier, belonging to
corn, blairie, terre de blairie, com coun-
try) would be blaireau, the actual desig-
nation of the quadruped badger in the
same language, which would thus signify
a little corn-dealer, in allusion doubtless
to some of the habits of that animal, with
which the spread of cultivation has made
us little familiar.

But further, there can be little doubt
that E. badger, whether in the sense of a
corn-dealer or of the quadruped, is di-
rectly descended from the Fr. bladier,
the corrupt pronunciation of which, in
analogy with soldier, solger, sodger,
would be bladger J and though the
omission of the / in such a case is a
somewhat unfamiliar change, yet many
instances may be given of synonyms
differing only in the preservation (or in-
sertion as the case may be) or omission
of an /after an initial ^ or/. Thus Du.
baffeji and blaffen, to bark ; pflveien and
plaveieu, to pave; pattijn z.nApl(!ttijn, a

BAFFLE

skait or patten ; but^e and blutse, a bmise,
boil ; E. botch, or blotch; baber-lipped,
and blabber-lipped, having large ungainly
lips ; fagged, tired, iromflagged, Fr. be tie
and blette, beets ; Berri, batte de pluie, a
pelting shower of rain, Sc. a blad o'wttt ;
Rouchi, basser, Fr. blasser, to foment.

To Baffle, 1. To baffle, to foil or
render ineffectual the efforts of another,
must be distinguished from Fr. bafouer,
OE. baffiil, to treat ignominiously. Baffle,
in the former sense, is one of a series of
similar forms, baffle, faffle, haffle, maffle,
Jamble, signifying in the first instance
imperfect speaking, stammering, then
imperfect action of other kinds, trifling,
doing something without settled purpose
or decisive effect. We may c\Xs., faffle,
to stutter, stammer, to fumble, saunter,
trifle ; haffle, to stammer, falter ; maffle,
to stammer, to mumble ; the term seems
to be applied to any action suffering from
impediments. — Hal. To baffle, to speak
thick and inarticulately, to handle clum-
sily.— Forby. Swiss baffeln, maffeln, to
chatter, talk idly ; Rouchi baflier, to
slobber, stammer, talk idly.

We pass from the notion of imperfect
speech to that of imperfect, ineffectual
action, when we speak of light baffling
winds, changeable winds not serving the
purpose of navigation. ' For hours pre-
viously the ill-fated ship was seen baffling
with a gale from the N.W. : ' i. e. strug-
gling ineffectually with it. — Times, Feb.
27, i860. ' To what purpose can it be to
juggle and baffle for a time : ' to trifle. —
Barrow.

Finally, in a factitive sense, it signifies
to cause another to act in an ineffectual
manner, to foil his efforts. To baffle, to
stammer, to change, to vary, to prevent
any one from doing a thing. — Hal. So
to habble, to stammer, to speak con-
fusedly, and, in a factitive sense, to reduce
to a state of perplexity. To be hobbled, to
be perplexed or nonplussed, foiled in any
undertaking. — Jam. Sup.

2. OE. bafful, Fr. bafouer, to hood-
wink, deceive, baffle, disgrace, handle
basely in terms, give reproachful words
unto. — Cot. The Fr. verb may be actu-
ally borrowed from the E. bafful, which
seems to have been applied to a definite
mode of disgracing a man, indicated by
HaE as in use among the Scots.

And furthermore the erle bad the herauld to
say to his master, that if he for his part kept not
his appointment, then he was content that the
Scots should bafful him, which is a great re-
proach among the Scots, and is used when a

BAGGAGE

39

man is openly perjured, and then they malce of
him an image painted reversed with the heels
upward, with his name, wondering, crying and
blowing out of [on ?] him with horns in the most
despiteful manner they can. In token that he is
to be exiled the company of all good creatures.
Again, in the F. Q.

First he his beard did shave and foully shent.
Then from him reft his shield, and it r'enverst
And blotted out his arms with falshood blent.
And himself baffuld, and his armes unherst,
And broke his sword in twayn and all his armour
sperst.

Now the Sc. has bauch, baugh, baach
ifh guttural), repulsive to the taste, bad,
sorry, ineffective. A bauch tradesman, a
sorry tradesman ;

Without estate
A youth, though sprung from kings, looks baugh
and blate. — Ramsay in Jam.

Beauty but bounty's but bauch. Beauty
without goodness is good for nothing.

To bauchle, bachle, bashle, is then, to
distort, to misuse ; to bauchle shoon, to
tread them awry ; a bauchle, an old shoe,
whatever is treated with contempt or
derision.

One who is set up as the butt of a
company or a laughing-stock is said to
be made a bauchle of; to bauchle, to treat
contemptuously, to vilify.
Wallace lay still quhill forty dayis was gayn
And fyve atour, bot perance saw he nayn
Battaill till haiff, as thair promyss was maid
He girt display again his baner braid ;
Rapreiffyt Edward rycht gretlye of this thing,
Bawchyllyt his seyll, blew out on that fals king
As a tyrand ; tumd bak and tuk his gait.

If this passage be compared with the
extract from Hall, it will be seen that the
affront put by Wallace on the king's seal
in token of his having broken his word,
was an example of the practice which
Hall tells us was used in Scotland under
the name of baffulling, the guttural ch
being represented in English by an f as
in many other cases. The G. has bafel,
bofel, pofel, synonymous with Sc. bauchle,
spoiled goods, refuse, trash — Kilttn. ;
verbafeln, to make a bafel of, to bauchle.
— Sanders.

Bag. Gael, bolg, balg, bag, a leather
bag, wallet, scrip, the belly, a blister,
bellows ; Goth, bdlgs, a skin, a leather
case ; G. balg, the skin of an animal
stripped off whole ; Brescian baga, entire
skin of an animal for holding oil or wine ;
the belly. See Belly, Bulge.

Baggage. Derived by Diez from
Sp., Cat. baga, a noose, tie, knot, rope by
which the load is fastened on a beast of
burden. From baga was formed OFr.
baguer, to truss or tuck up (Cot.), to tie

40.

BAIL

on, to bind. ' lis firent trousser et baguer
leur tr^sor et richesses sur chevaulx et
mules, chameoulx et dromadaires.' ' Apr^s
ce qu'ils eurent bague leurs bagues.' —
Gilion de Trasignie in Marsh. 'Pour
veoir amener le Bdarnois prisonnier en
triomphe, lid et bagti^.' — Satire Menippde
in Jaubert.

From baguer was formed bagage, the
carriage of an army, as it was called, the
collective goods carried with an army, or
the beasts which carry them. The re-
semblance to bagues, goods, valuables, is
merely accidental, and as baggage is
manifestly taken from the French it can-
not be explained as signifying the collec-
tion of bags belonging to an army.

Bail. — Bailiff. The Lat. bajulus, a
bearer, was applied in later times to a
nurse, viz. as can-ying the child about.
Mid. Lat. bajula, It. bdlia. Next it was
applied to the tutor or governor of the
children, probably in the first instance to
the foster-father.

Alii bajuli, i. e. servuli, vel nutritores — quia
consueverint nutrire filios et familias dominonim.
■ — ^Vitalis de Reb. Aragon. in Ducange.

When the child under the care of the
Bajulus was of royal rank, the tutor
became a man of great consequence, and
the fiiyoe /SaiowXos was one of the chief
officers of state at Constantinople.

The name was also applied to the
tutor of a woman or a minor. Thus the
husband became the Bajulus. uxoris,
and the name was gradually extended to
any one who took care of the rights or
person of another. In this sense is to be
understood the ordinary E. expression of
giving bail, the person who gives bail
being supposed to have the custody of
him whom he bails. From bajulus was
formed It. bailo, balivo {bajulivus); Fr.
bail, bailli, E. bail, bailiff. The bail are
persons who constitute themselves tutors
of the person charged, and engage to
produce him when required.

Tutores vel bajuli respondeant pro pupillis. —
Usatici Barcinonenses. Et le roi I'a repue en
son hommage et le due son baron comma bail
d'elle. — Chron. Flandr. Et mjtto ilium (filium)
et omnem raeam terram et meum lionorem ' et
raeos viros quEe Deus inihi dedit in bajulia de
Deo et de suis Sanctis, &c. Ut sint in bayoliam
Dei et de SanctS, IVIaria, &c. — Testament. Regis
Arragon. A. D. logg, in Due.

Fr. bailler, to hand over, is from baju-
lare, in the sense of making one a bail
or keeper of the thing handed over,
giving it into his bail or control.

Finally, every one to whom power was
intrusted to execute not on his own be-

BAIT

half was called a bailiff", bajulius or balr
livus, from the regent of the empire (as
we find in the case of Henry of Flanders :
' Principes, barones et milites exercitus
me imperii Ballivum elegerunt ') to the
humble bailiff in husbandry who has the
care of a farm, or the officer who executes
the writs of a sheriff.

Bail, 2. Bail is also used in the sense
of post or bar. The bails were the ad-
vanced posts set up outside the solid de-
fences of a town. Fr. bailie, barrier,
advanced gate of a city, palisade, barri-
cade.— Roquefort. It is probabjy the
same wprd as pajing or pale. Fr. balises,
finger-posts, posts stuck up in a river to
mark the passage. Balle, barrifere —
Hdcart. Bale, poste, retrachement ;
revenir d ses bales, to return to one's
post, at the game of puss in the comer,
or cricket. Hence the bails at cricket,
properly the wickets themselves, but now
the cross sticks at the top.

Bailiwick. The limits withii) which
an executive officer has jurisdiction,
Commonly explained' as the district be-
longing to a bailiff, Fr. bailli. But the
word can hardly be distinct from G.
weichbild, Pl.D. wikbild, wikbolt, wic-
bilethe, the district over which the muni-
cipal law of a corporate town extended,
or the municipal law itself. The word
differs from E. bailiwick only in having
its two elements compoundefi in opposite
order. The element wick is generally
recognised, as Goth, veihs, AS. wic, Lat.
vicus, a town, but the meaning of bild
remains obscure. Pl.D. tvikmann, a
burgher, citizen or councillor.- — Brem.
Wtb._

Bait. The senses may all be ex-
plained from the notion of biting, on.
beita, Sw. bet, bete, AS. bat (Ettmiiller), a
bait for fish, is what the fish bites at, or
what causes him to bite. ON. beita, AS,
batan, to bait a hook. Du. bete, a bit, a
mouthful.

ON. bita, to bite, is specially applied to
the grazing of cattle, whence beif, Sw.
bet, bete, pasture, herbage ; ON. beita, Sw.
beta, to drive to pasture. In English the
word is not confined to the food of cattle.
Bait-poke, a bag to cany provisions in ;
bait, fopd, pasture.— Hal.

Sw. beta, to bait on a journey, is to feed
the horses, in accordance with Fr, re-
paitre, to feed, to bait.

ON. beita, Sw. beta, G. beitzen, to hunt
with hawk or hare, must be understood
as signifying to set on the hawk or hound
to bite the prey. on. beita einn hundum,

BAIZE

to cause one to be worried by dogs, to
set his dogs on one. To bait a bear or a
bull is to set the dogs on to bite it.

The ON. beita, Sw. beta, to harness
oxen to a sledge, or horses to a carriage,
must probably be explained from as.
bcete, N. bit, the bit of a bridle taken as
the type of harness in general. Ongan
tha his esolas batan : he then began to
sa4dle his asses. — Caedm. p. 173. 25.

Baize. Coarse woollen cloth. For-
merly 6ay£s. Du. baey, baai, Fr. baye.
' Les bayes seront composdes de bonne
laine, non de flocon, laneton . . . ou autres
mauvaises ordures.' — Reglement de la
draperie in Hdcart. According to this
author it took its name from its yellow
colour, given by ' graines d' Avignon ; '
from baie, berry.

To Bake. To dress or cook by dry
heat ; to cook in an oven, Bohem. pek,
heat ; feku, p^cy, to bake, roast, &c. ;
pekar, a baker ; Pol. piec, a stove ; piei,
to bake, to roast, to parch, to burn ;
pieczywo, a batch, an oven-full ; piekarz,
a baker.

ON. baka, to warm. Kongur bakade
sier vid elld, the King warmed himself at
the fire. — Heimskr. E. dial, to beak, beke,
to bask, to warm oneself; Du. zig baker-
en, P1,D. bdckern, to warm oneself. G.
bdhen, to heat ; semmeln bdhen, to toast
bread ; kranke glieder bdhen, to foment a
limb. Holz bdhen, to beath wood, to
heat wood for the purpose of making it
set in a certain form. Gr. ;3w, calefacere.
Lat. baja, warm baths. See Bath. The
root is common to the Finnish class of
languages. Lap, pak, paka, heat ; paket,
to melt with heat ; pakestet, to be hot, to
bask; paketet, to heat, make hot.

Balance. Lat. lanx, a dish, the scale
of a balance ; bilanx, the implement for
weighing, composed of two dishes or
scales hanging from a beam supported in
the middle. It. bilancia, Sp. balanza,
Prov, balans, balanza, Fr. balance.

The change from i to a may be through
the influence of the second a, or it may
be from a false reference to the OFr,
baler, baloier, Venet. balare, to move up
and down, to see-saw.

Balcony. It. balco, balcone, an out-
jutting corner of a house, by-window,
bulk or stall of a shop ; palco, palcone,
palcora, any stage or scaffold, roof, floor,
or ceiling ; palcare, to plank, stage,
scaffold. — Fl. The radical idea seems to
be what is supported on balks or beams.

Bald. Formerly written balled, ballid,
whence Richardson explains it as if it

BALDERDASH

41

signified made round and smooth like a
ball. The root, however, is too widely
spread for such an explanation. Finn.
Esthon.^a/>aj, naked, bare, bald ; Lap.
puoljas, bare of trees ; Dan. baldet, un-
fledged.

Besides signifying void of hair, bald is
used in the sense of having a white mark
on the face, as in the case of the common
sign of the bald-faced stag, to be com-
pared with Fr. cheval belle/ace, a horse
marked with white on its face. Bald-
faced, white-faced, — Hal, The bald-coot
is conspicuous by an excrescence of white
skin above its beak.

The real identity of the word bald in
the two senses is witnessed by a wide
range of analogy, Pol. Bohem. lysy, bald,
marked with a white streak ; Pol. lysina,
Bohem. lysyna, a bald pate, and also a
white njark on the face. Du. blesse, a
blaze on the forehead, a bare forehead,
bles, bald. — Kil. Fin. paljas, bald, Gr.
/3aXiof, {pdKiSf, bald-faced, having a white
streak on the face. Gael, ball, a spot or
mark ; Bret, bal, a white mark on an
animal's face, or the animal itself, whence
the common name Ball for a cart-horse
in England. The connection seems to
lie in the shining look of the bald skin.

His head was hallid and shone as any glass.
Chaucer.

Lith. ballas, white ; balti, to become
white ; balsis, a white animal. Fin,
pallaa, to burn ; palo, burning. ON.
bdl, a blaze, beacon-fire, funereal pile.

Balderdash. Idle, senseless talk ; to
balder, to use coarse language. — Halli-
well. w. baldorddi, to babble, prate,
or talk idly. Du. balderen, to bawl,
make an outcry, to roar, said of the roar
of cannon, cry of an elephant, &c. ; bald-
eren, bulderen, blaterare, debacchari,
minari. — Kil. ON. buldra, blaterare ;
Dan. buldre, to make a loud noise, as
thunder, the rolling of a waggon, &c. ;
also to scold, to make a disturbance. N.
baldra is used of noises of the same kind
in a somewhat higher key. E. dial, to
galder, to talk coarsely and noisily ; to
gulder, to speak with loud and dissonant
voice. — Hal. Da. dial, bialder, foolish
talk, nonsense ; bialdre, to tattle. The
final syllable seems to express a continu-
ation of the phenomenon; Da, 6\2l.dask,
chatter, talk ; dov-dask, chatter fit to
deave one. Bav. datsch, noise of a blow
with the open hand ; ddtschen, to clap,
smack, tattle ; Gael, ballart, noisy boast-
ing, clamour ; ballartaich, balardaich, a

42

BALE

loud noise, shouting, hooting. The same
termination in lilie manner expresses
continuance of noise in plabartaich, a
continued noise of waves gently beating
on the shore, unintelligible talk ; clapar-
taich, a clapping or flapping of wings.
From the same analogy, which causes so
many words expressive of the plashing
or motion of water to be applied to rapid
or confused talking, balderdash is used
to signify washy drink, weak liquor. A
similar connection is seen in Sp. cka-
puzar, to paddle in water ; chapurrar, to
speak gibberish ; champurrar, to mix
one liquid with another, to speak an un-
connected medley of languages.

Bale. I. Grief, trouble, sorrow. AS.
lealo, gen. bealwes, torment, destruction,
wickedness ; Goth, balva-vesei, wicked-
ness ; balveins, torment ; ON. bol, ca-
lamity, misery ; Du. bal-daed, malefac-
tum, maleficium. Pol. bol, ache, pain ;
bole/!, Bohem. boleii, to ail, to ache, to
grieve ; bolawy, sick, ill. w. ball, a
plague, a pestilence. Perhaps on. bola,
a bubble, blister, a boil, may exhibit the
original development of the signification,
a boil or blain being taken as the type of
sickness, pain, and evil in general. Russ.
bolyaf, to be ill, to grieve ; bolyatchka, a,
pustule. See Gall, 3.

2. A package of goods. Sw. bal; It.
bulla J- Fr. balle, bal, a ball or pack, i. e.
goods packed up into a round or compact
mass. ON. bollr, a ball ; balla, to pack
together in the form of a ball.

To Bale out water. Sw. balja, Dan.
balle, Du. baalie, Bret, bal, Gael, ballan,
a pail or tub ; G. balge, a washing-tub,
perhaps from balg, a skin, a water-skin
being the earliest vessel for holding
water. Hence Dan. balle, Du. baalien,
to empty out water with a bowl or pail,
to bale out. In like manner Fr. bacgtteter,
in the same sense, from bacquet, a pail.

* Balk. The primary sense seems to be
as in G. balken, on. bjdlki, OSw. balker,
bolker, Sw. bielke, Sw. dial, balk, a beam.
Fr. ban, the beam of a ship, the breadth
from side to side ; Rouchi ban, a beam.
We have then It. palcare, to plank, floor,
roof, stage or scaffold; Sw. afbalka, to
separate by beams, to partition off ; Sw.
dial, balk, a cross beam dividing the
stalls in a cow-house, a wooden par-
tition ; on. balkr, bdlkr, a partition,
whether of wood or stone, as in a barn
or cow-house, a separate portion, a di-
vision of the old laws, a clump .of men ;
■vcdra bdlkr, N. uveirs bolk, as we say, a
balk of foul weather. Sw. dial, balka.

BALL

to heap ; balka hopar, balka bunge, to
heap up.

Twenty thousand men
Balked in their blood on Holmedon's plain.

In the sense of a separation G. balken.
Da. dial, balk, E. balk, are applied to a
narrow slip of land left unturned in
ploughing. Baulke of land, separaison. —
Palsgr. A balk, says Ray, ' is a piece
of land which is either casually over-
slipped and not turned up in plowing,
or industriously left untouched by the
plough for a boundary between lands.'

Hence to balk is to pass over in plough-
ing, or figuratively in any other proceed-
ing.

For so well no man halt Ihe plough
That it ne balketh. other while,
Ne so well can no man afile
His tonge, that som time in jape
Him may some light word overscape.

Gower in R.

The mad steel about doth fiercely fly
Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke,
But making way for death at large to walke.

F. Q.

Da. dial, at giore en balk, to omit a
patch of land in sowing. To baulke the
beaten road, to avoid it. — Sir H. Wotton.
In modern speech to balk is used in a
factitive sense, to cause another to miss
the object of his expectation.

Ball. — Balloon. — Ballot, on. bbllr
(gen. ballar), a globe, ball, Sw. boll, ball.
Da. bold, OHG. pallo, G. ball, It. balla
(with the augm. ballone, a great ball, a
balloon, and the dim. ballotta, a ballot),
palla, Sp. bala, Fr. balle, Gr. TtaKKa
(Hesych.), a ball. Fin. pallo, with the
dim. pallukka, pallikka, a ball, globule,
testicle ; maan pallikka, a clod of earth ;
palloilla, to roll. From the same root
probably Lat. pila, pilula, a ball, a pill,
which seem equally related to the fore-
going and to the series indicated under
Bowl, Boll.

Ball.— Ballad.— Ballet. It. ballare,
to dance, from the more general notion
of moving up and down. Mid.Lat. bal-
lare, hue et illuc inclinare, vacillare. —
Ugutio in Due. Venet. balare, to rock,
to see-saw. OFr. baler, baloier, to wave,
to move, to stir.

Job ne fut cokes (a kex or reed) ne rosiau
Qui au vent se tourne et baloie.

It. ballare, to shake or jog, to dance.
Hence, ballo, a dance, a ball. Ballata,
a dance, also a song sung in dancing
(perhaps in the interval of dancing), a
ballad. Fr. ballet, a scene acted in
dancmg, the ballet of the theatres.

BALLAST

It is probably an old Celtic word.
Bret. baUa, to walk, baU, the act of
walking, or movement of one who walks.

Ballast. Dan. bag-lest, Du. ballast,
Fr. lest, lestage. It. lastra, Sp. lastre.
The first syllable of this word has given
a great deal of trouble. It is explained
back by Adelung, because, as he says, the
ballast is put in the hinder part of the
ship. But the hold is never called the
back of the ship. A more likely origin is
to be found in Dan. dial, bag-las, the back-
load, or comparatively worthless load
one brings back from a place with an
empty waggon. When a ship discharges,
if it fails to obtain a return cargo, it is
forced to take in stones or sand, to pre-
serve equilibrium. This is the back-
load, or ballast of a ship, and hence the
name has been extended to the addition
of heavy materials placed at the bottom
of an ordinary cargo to keep the balance.

The whole amount carried by the canal lines
in 1854 was less than 25,000 tons, and this was
chiefly carried as lack-loading, for want of other
freight. — Report Pennsylv. R. 1854.

Mr Marsh objects to the foregoing
derivation, in the first place, that home-
ward-bound ships do not in general sail
without cargo or in ballast, more fre-
quently than outward-bound, and there-
fore that backloading is not an appro-
priate designation for the heavy ma-
terial which is employed to steady sea-
going vessels. But how appropriate
the designation would really be, may
be judged by the following illustration
from practical life. ' The object of the
company is to provide the excellent ore
of the southern counties as a return
cargo for the colliers of the North. By
this means the colliers wiU ensure an
additional profit by carrying a ballast
for which they will receive Some freight-
age.'— Mining Journal, Sept. 1, i860.
And Kil. explains ballast, inutilis sarcina,
inutile onus, a useless load.

A more serious objection is .that the
word in earlier Danish is always barlast,
as it still is in Sweden and Norway.
But because baglast is not found in the
written documents, it by no means fol-
lows that it was not always locally cur-
rent. And it is certain that barlast
could never have passed into baglast by
mere corruption, while it would be an
easy transition from baglast through bal-
last to barlast.

Mr Marsh even calls in question
whether the last syllable is the Du. last,
a load. But Fr. tester is to load a ship

BAN

43

as well as to ballast it. — Cot. Lest, like
Teutonic last, was used for a load or
definite weight of goods (Roquef.), and
Mid.Lat. lastagium signified not only
ballast, but loadage, a duty on goods
sold in the markets, paid for the right of
carriage.

Balluster. Fr. ballustres, ballisters
(corruptly bannisters when placed as guard
to a staircase;, little round and short
pillars, ranked on the outside of cloisters,
terraces, galleries, &c. — Cotgr. Said to
be from balaustia, the flower of the
pomegranate, the calyx of which has a
double curvature similar to that in which
balusters are commonly made. But such
rows of small pillars were doubtless in
use before that particular form was given
to them. The Sp. barauste, from bara or
vara, a rod, seems the original form of
the word, of which balaustre (and thence
the Fr. ballustre) is a corruption, anal-
ogous to what is seen in It. bertesca, bal-
tresac, a battlement ; Lat. urtica, Venet.
oltriga, a nettle.

Sp. baranda, railing around altars,
fonts, balconies, &c. ; barandado, series
of balusters, balustrade ; barandilla, a
small balustrade, small railing.

Balm, Balsam. Fr. baume, from Lat.
balsamum, Gr. ^a\Ba\iov, a fragrant gum.

Baltic. The Baltic sea, mare Balticun.
In OSw. called Bait, as two of the en-
trances are still called the Great and
Little Belt, The authorities are not
agreed as to the grounds on which the
name is given.

To Bam. To make fun of a person.
A bam, a false tale or jeer. Bret, bamein,
to enchant, deceive, endormir par des
contes. Bamour, enchanter, sorcerer,
deceiver.

To Bamboozle. — To deceive, make
fun of a person.

There are a set of fellows they -call banterers
and bamboozlers that play such tricks. — ^Arbuth-
not in R.

It. bambolo, bamboccio, bambocciolo, a
young babe, by met. an Old dotard or
babish gull ; imbambolare, to blear or
dim one's sight, also with flatteries and
blandishments to enveagle and make a
child of one. — Fl. If bambocciolare were
ever used in the same sense it might have
given rise to bamboozle.

Sc. bumbazed, puzzled, astonished.

To Ban. To proclaim, command,
forbid, denounce, curse.

The primitive meaning of the word
seems to have been to summons to the
army. In the commencement of the

44

BAND

feudal times all male inhabitants were in
general required to give personal attend-
ance when the king planted his banner
in the field, and sent round a notice that
his subjects were summoned to join him
against the enemy.

He askyt of the Kyng
Til have the vaward of his batayl,
Quhatever thai ware wald it assayle,
That he and Ijis suld have always
Quhen that the king suld Banare rays.
Wyntoun, v. 19. 15.

Now this calling out of the public force
was called bannire in hostem, bannire in
exercitum, populum. in hostem convocare,
bannire exercitum, in Fr. banir I'oustj
AS. theodscipe ut abannan. In Layamon
we constantly find the expression, he
bannede his ferde, he assembled his host.
The expression seems to arise from baim
in the sense of standard, flag, ensign
(see Banner). The raising of the King's
banner marked the place of assembly,
and the primitive meaning of bannh-e
was to call the people to the bann or
standard. The term was then applied
to summoning on any other public oc-
casion, and thence to any proclamation,
whether by way of injunction or for-
biddal.

Si quis legibus in utilitatem Regis sive in hoste
(to the host or army) sive in reliquam utilitatem
hannitus fuerit, etc. — Leg. Ripuar. Exercitum
in auxilium Sisenardi de toto regno Burgundise
hannire praecepit Fredegarius. — Si quis cum
armis hannitus fuerit et non venerit. — Capitul.
Car. Mag. A. D. 813. Se il avenist que le Roy
chevauchat a osi iani centre las ennemis de la
Croix. — Assises de Jerusalem. Fece bandire
hoste generale per tutto '1 regno.— John Villani
in Due.

In like manner we find bannire adplacita,
admolendinum, &c., summoning to serve
at the Lord's courts, to bring corn to be
ground at his mill, &c. Thus the word
acquired the sense of proclamation, ex-
tant in Sp. and It. bando, and in E. banns
of marriage. In a special sense the term
was applied to the public denunciation
by ecclesiastical authority ; Sw. bann,
excommunication ; bann-lysa, to excom-
municate {lysa, to publish) ; banna, to
reprove, to take one to task, to ctide, to
curse, E. to ban.

In Fr. bandon the signification w;is
somewhat further developed, passing on
from proclamation to command, permis-
sion, power, authority. 'A son bandon,
at his own discretion. OE. bandon was
used in the same sense. See Abandon.

Oncques Pucelle de paraige
N'eut d'aimer tel bandon que j'ai,

Car j'ai de men p&re congi^

De faire ami et d'etre aim&. — R, R.

Never maiden of high birth had such
power or freedom of loving as I have.

Les saiges avait et les fols
Commun^ment d, son bandon. — R. R-

Translated by Chaucer,

Great loos hath Largesse and great prise,
For both the wise folk and unwise
Were wholly to her bandon brought,

i.e. were brought under her power or
command.

Baud, 1. That with which anything
is bound. AS. band, Goth, bandi, Fr,
bande, It. banda. From the verb to
bifid, Goth, bindan, band, bundun. Spe-
cially applied to a narrow strip of cloth
or similar material for binding or swath-
ing ; hence a stripe or streak of different
colour or material. In It. banda the
term is applied to the strip of anything
lying on the edge or shore, a coast, side,
region. G. bande, border, margin.

Band, 2. — To Bandy. In the next
place Band is applied to a troop of
soldiers, a number of persons associated
for some common purpose. It. Sp. banda,
Fr. bande. There is some doubt how
this signification has arisen. It seems
however to have been developed in the
Romance languages, and cannot be ex-
plained simply as a body of persons
bound together for a certain end. It has
plausibly been deduced from Mid.Lat.
bannum or bandum, the standard or
banner which forms the rallying point of
a company of soldiers.

Bandus, says Muratori, Diss. 26, tunc (in the
gth century) nuncupabatur legio a bando, hoc est
vexillo.

So in Swiss, fahne, a company, from
fahne, the ensign or banner. Sp. bandera
is also used in both senses. Fr. eiiseigne,
the colours under which a band or com-i
pany of footmen serve, also the band or
company itself. — Cot. But if this were
the true ijerivation it would be a singular
change to the feminine gender in banda.
The real course of development I believe
to be as seen in Sp. banda, side, then
party, faction, those who side together
(bande, parti, ligue — Taboada), Band-
ear, to form parties, to unite with a band.
It. ba?idare, to side or to bandy (Florio),
to bandy being explained in the other
part of the dictionary, to follow a faction.
To bandy, tener da alcuno, sostener il
partito d'alcuno.^ — Torriano.

Unnumbered as the sands

Of Barca or Gyrene's torrid soil,

Banditti

Levied to side with wfirring winds, and poise
Their lighter wings. — Milton in R.
Kings had need beware Aow they side them-
selveSt and make themselves as of a faction or
party, for leagues within the state are ever perni-
cious to monarchy. — Bacon in R.

Fr. bander, to join in league with others
against — Cotgn, se reunir, s'associer, se
joindre. — Roquefort. It is in this sense
that the word is used by Romeo.

Draw, Benvoglio, beat down their weapons :
Gentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage,
Tibalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath
Forbidden bandying in Verona streets.
The prince had forbidden faction fight-
ing. Sp. bandear, to cabal, to foment
factions, follow a party.

The name of bandy is given in English
to a game in which the players are di-
vided into two sides, each of which tries
to drive a wooden ball with bent sticks
in opposite directions.

The zodiac is the line : the shooting stars.
Which in an eyebright evening seem to fall.
Are nothing but the balls they lose at bandy.
Brewer, Lingua, in R.

Fr. bander, to drive the ball from side
to side at tennis. Hence the expression
of bandying words, retorting in language
like players sending the ball from side to
side at bandy or tennis.

Banditti. See Banish.

Bandog. A large dog kept for a
guatd, and therefore tied up, g. band-dog.
Du. band-hond, canis vinculis assuetus,
at canis peciiarius, pastoralis. — Kil.

To Bandy. See Band, 2.

Bandy. Bandy legs are crooked legs.
Fr. bander tin arc, to bend a. bow, &c. ;
bandi, bent as a bow.

Bane. Goth, banja, a blow, a wound ;
OHG. bana, death-blow ; Mid.HG. bane,
destruction ; AS. bana, murderer. ON.
bana, to slay, bana-sott, death-sickness,
bana-sdr, death-wound, &c.

Bang. A syllable used to represent a
loud dull sound, as of an explosion or a
blow. The child cries bang! fire, when
he wishes to represent letting off a gun.
To bang the door is to shut it with a loud
noise.

With many a stiff thwack, many a bang,

Hard crabtree and old iron rang. — Hudibras.
ON. bang, hammering, beating, disturb-
ance ; banga, to beat,^ knock, to work in
wood. Sw. b'ang, stir, tumult ; bangas,
to make a stir ; banka, to knock, Dan.
banke, to knock, beat, rap ; hatike et som
i, to hammer in a nail. The Susu, a
language of W. Africa, has bang-bang, to
drive in a nail.

BANNER

45

To Banish. — Bandit. From Mid.
Lat. bannire, bandire, to proclaim, de-
nounce, was formed the OFr. compound
for-bannir (pannire foras), to publicly
order one out of the realm, and the simple
bannir was used in the same sense,
whence E. banish.

From the same verb the It. participle
bandito signifies one denounced or pro-
claimed, put under the ban of the law,
and hence, in the same way that E. out-
lam came to signify a robber. It. banditti
acquired the like signification. Forban-
nitus is used in the Leg. Ripuar. in the
sense of a pirate. — Diez. The word is in
E. so much associated with the notion of
a band of robbers, that we are inclined
to understand it as signifying persons
banded together.

Banister. See Balluster.

Bank. — Benchi. The latter form has
come to us from AS. bance, the former
from Fr. banc, a bench, bank, seat ; banc
de sable, a sand-bank. G. bank, a bench,
stool, shoal, bank of river. Bantze, a desk.
— ^Vocab. de Vaud. It. banco, panca,z.
bench, a table, a counter.

But natheless I took unto our dame
Your wife at home the same gold again
Upon your bench. — she wot it well certain
By certain tokens that I can here tell.

Shipman's Tale.

From a desk or counter the significa-
tion was extended to a merchant's count-
ing-house or place of business, whence
the mod. E. Bank applied to the place of
business of a dealer in money. The
ON. distinguishes bekkr, N. benk, a bench,
a long raised seat, and bakki, a bank,
eminence, bank of a river, bank of
clouds, back of a knife. Dan. bakke,
banke, bank, eminence. The back is a
natural type of an elevation or raised ob-
ject. Tllus Lat. dorsum was applied to
a sand-bank ; dorsum jugi, the slope of
a hill, a rising bank. The ridge of a hill
is AS. hricg, the back.

Bankrupt. Fr. banqueroute, bank-
ruptcy, from banc, bench, counter, in the
sense of place of business, and OFr. roupt,
Lat. ruptus, broken. When a man fails .
to meet his engagements his business is
broken up and his goods distributed
among his creditors. It. banca rotta,
banca fallita, a bankrupt merchant. — Fl.

Banner. The word Ban or Band was
used by the Lombards in the sense of
banner, standard.

Vexillum quod Bandum appellant. — Paulus
Diaconus in Due.

46 BANNERET

In the same place is quoted from the
Scohast on Gregory Nazianzen ;

Td KoKoilXiva irapd 'Pai/iai'ous iriyi/a Kul
[3avSa TavTa 6 A'TTLKi'^lav (TUviilj[j.aTa Kul ffjj-
fjula Ka\u.

Hence It. bandiera, Fr. banniire, E. ban-
ner.

The origin is in all probability Goth.
iandvo, bandva, a sign, token, an intima-
tion made by bending the head or hand.
ON. benda, to bend, to beckon ; banda,
to make signs ; banda hendi, manu an-
nuere. The original object of a standard
is to serve as a mark or sign for the
troop to rally round, and it was accord-
ingly very generally known by a name
having that signification. ON. merki.,
Lat. signuin, Gr. arineXov, OHG. heri-pau-
chan, a war-beacon or war-signal; Fr.
enseigne, a sign or token as well as an
ensign or banner ; Prov. senh, senhal, a
sign ; senhal, senheira, banner.

According to Diez the It. bandiera is
derived from banda, a band or strip of
cloth, and he would seem to derive Goth.
bandva, a. sign, from the same source,
the ensign of a troop being taken as type
of a sign in general, which is surely in
direct opposition to the natural order of
the signification. Besides it must be by
no means assumed that the earliest kind
of ensign would be a flag or streamer.
It is quite as likely that a sculptured
Symbol, such as the Roman Eagle, would
first be taken for that purpose.

Banneret. Fr. banneret. A knight
banneret was a higher class of knights,
inferior to a baron, privileged to raise
their own banner in the field, either in
virtue of the number of their retinue, or
from having distinguished themselves in
battle.

Qui tantas erant nobilitatis ut eorum quilibet
vexilli gauderet insignibus. — Life of Pliilip Au-
gust, in Duo.

They were called in the Latin of the
period vexillarii, milites bannarii, banne-
rarii, bannereti.

Banquet. It. banchetto, dim. of banco,
a bench or table ; hence a repast, a ban-
quet.

To Banter. To mock or jeer one.

When wit hath any mixture of raillery, it is but
calling it banter, and the work is done. This
polite word of theirs was first borrowed from the
bulUes in White Friars, then fell among the foot-
men, and at last retired to the pedants — but if
this bantering, as they call it, be so despicable a
thing, &c.— Swift in R.

Bantling. A child in swaddling
clothes, from the bands in which it is

BARBAROUS

wrapped. So on. reiflingr, a bantling,
from reifa, to wrap. In a similar manner
are formed yearling, an animal a year
old, nestling, a young bird still in the
nest, &c.

Baptise. Gr. jSdirTO), ^oTrriKio, to dip,
to wash.

Bar, A rod of any rigid substance.
It. barra, Fr. barre, and with an initial s,
It. sbarra, OHG. sparro, Sw. sparre, E.
spar, a beam or long pole of wood. The
meaning seems in the first instance a
branch; Celtic bar, summit, top, then
branches. Bret, barrou-gwez, branches
of a tree {gwezen, a tree). Gael, barrack,
branches, brushwood. Hence Fr. barrer,
to bar or stop the way as with a bar, to
hinder; barriire, a barrier or stoppage;
barreau, the bar at which a criminal
appears in a court of justice, and from
which the barrister addresses the court.

Barb. i. The barb of an arrow is the
beard-like jag on the head of an arrow
directed backwards for the purpose of
hindering the weapon from being drawn
out of a wound. Lat. barba, Fr. barbe, a
beard. Flesche barbeUe, a bearded or
barbed arrow. — Cot.

2. Fr. Barbe, E. Barb, also signified a
Barbary horse. G. Barbar, OFr. Bar-
bare. — Leduchat.

3. The term barb was also applied to
the trappings of a horse, probably cor-
rupted from Fr. barde, as no correspond-
ing term appears in other languages.
Bardd, barbed or trapped as a great horse.
—Cot.

Barbarous. The original import of
the Gr. jSa'pjSapoc, Lat. barbarus, is to
designate one whose language we do not
understand. Thus Ovid, speaking of
himself in Pontus, says,

Barbaras hie ego sum quia non intelligor uUi.

Gr. Bap;8ap6^o)voe, speaking a foreign
language. Then as the Greeks and
Romans attained a higher pitch of civil-
isation than the rest of the ancient world,
the word came to signify rude, uncivilised,
cruel. The origin of the word is an
imitation of the confused sound of voices
by a repetition of the syllable bar, bar,
in the same way in which the broken
sound of waves, of wind, and even of
voices is represented by a repetition of
the analogous syllable viur, inur. We
speak of the murmur of the waves,, or of
a crowd of people talking. It may be
remarked, indeed, that the noise of voices
is constantly represented by the same
word as the sound made by the move-

BARBEL

merit of water. Thus the on. skola, as
well as thwcEtta, are each used in the
sense both of washing or splashing and
of talking. The E. twattle, which was
formerly used in the sense of tattle, as
well as the modern twaddle, to talk much
and foolishly, seem frequentative forms
of Sw. twcEtta, to wash. g. waschen, to
tattle. It. guaszare, to plash or dabble,
guazzolare, to prattle. — Fl. In like
manner the syllable bar or bor is used in
the formation of words intended to repre-
sent the sound made by the movement
of water or the indistinct noise of talk-
ing. Hindost. barbar, muttering, barbar-
kama, to gurgle. The verb borrelen
signifies in Du. to bubble or spring up,
and in Flanders to vociferate, to make
an outcry ; Sp. borbotar, borbollar, to boil
or bubble up ; barbulla, a tumultuous as-
sembly; Port, borbulhar, to bubble or
boil; It. borboglio, a rumbling, uproar,
quarrel ; barbugliare, to stammer, stutter,
speak confusedly. Fr. barbeter, to grunt,
mutter, murmur ; barboter, to mumble or
mutter words, also to wallow like a seeth-
ing pot. — Cot. The syllable bur seems
in the same way to be taken as the
representative of sound conveying no
meaning, in Fr. baragouin, gibberish,
jargon, ' any rude gibble-gabble or bar-
barous speech.' — Cot. Mod. Gr. /3£p-
jSepi^w, to stammer; /3opj3opwJu, to rum-
ble, boil, grumble (Lowndes, Mod. Gr.
Lex.) ; Port, borborinha, a shouting of
men.

Barbel. A river fish having a beard
at the comers of the mouth. Fr. barbel,
barbeau. — Cot.

Barber. Fr. barbier, one who dresses
the beard.

Barberry. A shrub bearing acid
berries. Fr. dial, barbelin. — Diet. Etym.
Barbaryn-frute, barbeum, — tree, barbaris.
— Pr. Pm.

Barbican. An outwork for the de-
fence of a gate. It. barbacane, a jetty
or outnook in a building, loophole in a
wall to shoot out at, scouthouse.— Fl.
The Pers. bdla-khaneh, upper chamber,
is the name given to an open chamber
over the entrance to a caravanserai. —
Rich. Hence it is not unlikely that the
name inay have been transferred by re-
turned crusaders to the barbacan or scout-
house over a castle gate from whence
arrivals might be inspected and the
entrance defended.

Bard. i. w. bardd, Bret, barz, the
name of the poets of the ancient Celts,
whose office it was to sing the praises of

BARGAIN

A7

the great and warlike, and hymns to the
gods.

Bardus Gallicd cantafor appellatur qui virorum
foreium laudes canit. — Festus in Diet. Etym.
BdpSot fiki/ UfjLurjTal Kai TrotTjxai. — Strabo, lb.

Et Bardi quidem fortia vironim illustrium
facta heroicis composita versibus cum dulcibus
lyrae modulis cantitarunt. — Lucan, lb.

Hence, in poetic language Bard is used
for poet.

2. Sp. barda, horse armour covering
the front, back, and flanks. Applied in
E. also to the ornamental trappings of
horses on occasions of state.

When immediately on the other part came in
the fore eight knights ready armed, their basses
and hards of their horses green satin embroidered
with fresh devices of bramble bushes of fine gold
curiously wrought, powdered all over. — Hall
in R.

Fr. bardes, barbes or trappings for
horses of service or of show. Barder, to
barbe or trap horses, also to bind or tie
across. Barde, a long saddle for an ass
or mule, made only of coarse canvas
stuffed with flocks. Bardeau, a shingle
or small board, such as houses are covered
with. Bardelle, a bardelle, the quilted
or canvas saddle wherewith colts are
backed. — Cotgr. Sp. barda, coping of
straw or brushwood for the protection of
a mud wall; albarda, a pack-saddle,
broad slice of bacon with which fowls
are covered when they are roasted ; al-
bardilla, small pack-saddle, coping,
border of a garden bed. The general
notion seems that of a covering or pro-
tection, and if the word be from a Gothic
source we should refer it to ON. barS,
brim, skirt, border, ala, axilla. Hatt-bard,
the flap of a hat; skialldar-bard, the
edge of a shield ; hval-barct, the layers of
whalebone that hang from the roof of a
whale's mouth. But Sp. albarda looks
like an Arabic derivation; Arab, al-
barda'ah, saddle-cloth. — Diez.

Bare. Exposed to view, open, un-
covered, unqualified. G. baar, bar, on.
berj G. baares geld, ready money. Russ.
bds, Lith. bdsas, bdsiis, bare ; baskojis,
barefooted ; Sanscr. bhasad, the naked-
ness of a woman.

Bargain. OFr. barguigner, to chaf-
fer, bargain, or more properly (says
Cotgr.) to wrangle, haggle, brabble in the
making of a bargain. The radical idea
is the confused sound of wrangling, and
the word was used in OE. and Sc. in the
sense of fight, skirmish.

And mony tymys ische thai wald
And bargane at the barraiss hald,

48 BARGE

And wound thair fayis oft and sla.

Barbour in Jam,

We have seen under Barbarous that
the syllable bar was Tised in the con-
struction of words expressing the con-
fused noise of voices sounding indistinct
either from the language not being un-
derstood, or froTii distance or simultane-
ous utterance. Hence it has acquired
the character of a root signifying con-
fusion, contest, dispute, giving rise to It.
baniffa, fray, altercation, dispute ; Prov.
baralha, trouble, dispute ; Port, baralhar,
Sp. barajar, to shufSe, entangle, put to
confusion, dispute, quarrel ; Port, bara-
funda, Sp. barahunda, tumult, confusion,
disorder; Port, barafustar, to strive,
struggle; It. baratta, strife, squabble,
dispute ; barattare, to rout, to cheat, also
to exchange, to chop; E. barretor, one
who stirs up strife. Nor is the root con-
fined to the Romance tongues; Lith.
barii, to scold; barnis, strife, quarrel;
ON. baratta, strife, contest,' bardagi,
battle.

From Fr. baragouin, representing the
confused sound of people speaking a
language not understood by the hearer,
we pass to the vert) barguigner, to
wrangle, chaffer, bargain.

Barge. — Bark, 1. These words seerti
mere varieties of pronunciation of a term
common to all the Romance as well as
Teutonic and Scandinavian tongues.
Prov. barca, barja, OFr. barge, Du.
barsie, OSw. barsj a boat belonging to a
larger ship.

Barca est quse cuncta navis commercia ad
littus portat. — Isidore in Rayn. Naus en mar
quant a perdu sa barja. — Ibid. Sigurdr let taka
tua sliip-bata er barker ero kalladir. — Ihre.

The origin may be ON. barki, the
throat, then the bows or prow of a ship,
pectus navis, and hence probably (by a
metaphor, as in the case of Lat. piippii)
barkr came to be applied to the entire
ship. So also ON. kani, a beak, promi-
nent part of a thing, also a boat ; skutr,
the fore or after end of a boat ; skuta, a
boat.

Bark, 2. The outer rind of a tree ;
any hard crust growing over anything.
ON. borkr, bark ; at barka, to skin over ;
barkandi, astringent.

To Bark. as. beorcan, from an imita-
tion of the sound.

Barley. The Goth. adj. barizeins in-
dicates a noun baris, barley; AS. bere.
W. barlys {bara, bread, and llysiaw, Bret.
louzou, Uzen, herbs, plants), bread-corn,
barley. The older form in e. was barlic.

BARON

bartig, barlich, the second syllable Of
which is analogous to that of garlick,
hemlock, charlock, and is probably a true
equivalent of the lys in w. barlys. See
Garlick.

Barm. i. Yeast, the slimy substance
formed in the brewing of beer. AS. beornt,
G. berm, Sw. berma. Dan. bcerme, the
dregs of oil, wine, beer.

2. As Goth, barms, a lap, bosom ; ON.
barmr, border, edge, lap, bosom. See
Brim.

Barn. as. berem, bcern, commonly
explained from bere, barley, and ern, a
place, a receptacle for barley or corn,
as baces-ern, a baking place or oven,
lihtes-ern, a lantern. (Ihre, v. am.)
But probably ^^rifr» is merely a misspell-
ing, and the word, is simply the Bret;
bern, aheap. Acervus, bern. — Gl. Cornub.
Zeuss. So ON. hladi, a heap, a stack,
hlaSa, a barn. Du. baerm, berm, a
heap ; berm hoys, meta foeni. — Kil. Swab.
baarn, barn, hay-loft, corn-shed, barn.
Dan. dial, baaring, baaren, baarm, a
load, so much as a man can bear ox carry
at once. On the other hand, mhg. barn,
the rack or manger, prasepe ; houbartij
fsnile.

Barnacle. A conical shell fixed to
the rocks within the wash of the tide.
Named from the cap-like shape of the
shell. Manx bayrn, a cap ; bamagh, a.
limpet, a shell of the same conical shape
with barnacles. Gael, baimeach, bar-
nacles, limpets ; w. brenig, limpets.

* Barnacles. Spectacles, also irons
put on the noses of horses to make them
stand quiet. — Bailey. Of these meanings
the second is probably the original, the
name being given to spectacles, which
were made to hold ori the nose by a
spring, from comparison to a farrier'S
barnacles. The name of barnacles is
given by Joinville to a species of torture
by compression practised by the Sara-
cens, and may therefore be an Eastern
word. Camus, bernac.^Voc^. in Nat.
Antiq. Bemiques, spectacles. — Vocab.
de Berri.

Baron. It. barone, Sp. varen, Provj
bar (ace. bard), OFr. ber (ace. baron)^
Fr. baron. Originally man, husband,
then honoured man.

Lo bar non es creat per la femna mas la femna
per lo bar6. ThS man was not created for the
woman, but the woman for the man. — Rayn..
Tarn baronem quam feminam. — Leg. Ripuar.-
Barum vel feminam. — Leg. Alam.

In the Salic Law it signifies free born ;
in the capitularies of Charles the Bald

BARONET
barones are the nobles or vassals of the

BARTER

49-

Baro, gravis et authenticus vir.— John de Gar-
landiEL.

In our own law it was used for married
man, Baron and femme, man and wife.

We have not much light on the pre-
cise formation of the word, which would
seem to be radically the same with Lat.
vir, Goth, vair, AS. iver, w. gwr, Gael.
fear, a man.

Baronet. The feudal tenants next
below the degree of a baron were called
baronetti, baronuU, baronculi, baroncelli,
but as the same class of tenants were
also termed bannerets, the two names,
from their resemblance, were sometimes
confounded, and in several instances,
where baronetti is written in the printed
copies, Spelman found bannereti in the
MS. rolls of Parliament. StiU he shows
conclusively, by early examples, that
baronettus is not a mere corruption of
banneretus, but was used in the sense of
a lesser Baron.

Bamnculus — a baronet. — Nominale of the
15th Cent, in Nat. Antiq.

It was not until the time of James I. that
the baronets were established as a formal
order in the state.

Barrack. Fr. barague. It. baracca,
Sp. barraca, a. hut, booth, shed. The
Sp. word is explained by Minshew 'a
souldiers tent or booth or suchlike thing
made of the sail of a ship or suchlike
stuff. Dicitur proprie casa ilia piscatorum
juxta mare.'

The original signification was probably
a hut made of the branches of trees.
Gael, barrack, brushwood, branches;
barrachad, a hut or booth. Bargus or
barcus in the Salic laws is the branch of
a tree to which a man is hanged.

Before the gates of Bari he lodged in a miser-
able hut or barrack, composed of dry branches
and thatched with straw.— Gibbon.

It should be observed that, whenever
soldiers' barracks are mentioned, the
word is always used in the plural number,
pointing to a time when the soldiers'
lodgings were a collection of huts.

* Barragan. Sp. baragan, Fr. bara-
gant, bouracan, a kind of coarse camlet.
A passage cited by Marsh from the
Amante Liberal of Cervantes implies
that barragans were of Moorish manu-
facture, and Arabic barkan or barankan
is the name of a coarse, black woollen
garment still used in Morocco.

La mercancia del baxel era de barraganes y

alquiceles y de otros cosas que de Berberia se
elevaban a Levante.

On the other hand, G. barchent, bar-
chet (Schmeller), calico. Bombicinus,
parchanus,parchanttuech. — ^Vocab. A. D.
1445 in SchmeUer. ' Ut nuUus scarlatas
aut barracanos vel pretiosos burellos, qui
Ratisboni fiunt, habeant.' — Op. S. Bern.,
ibid. MHG. bark&n, barragdn.
Barratry. — ^Barrator. See Barter.
Barrel. It. barile, Sp. barril, barrila,
Fr. barrique, a wooden vessel made of
bars or staves, but whether this be the
true derivation may be doubtful.

Barren. Bret, bredhan; OFr. bre-
haigne, baraignej Picard, breinej Du.
braeck, sterilis, semen non accipiens ;
braeckland, uncultivated, fallow. — Kil.

Barricade, Formed from Fr. barre,
a bar; as cavalcade, from cavallo, a
horse; and not from Fr. barrique, a
barrel, as if it signified an impromptu
barrier composed of barrels filled with
earth. It is hard to separate barricade
from Fr. barri, an obstruction, fortifi-
cation, barrier.
Barrier. See Bar.
Barrister. The advocate who pleads
at the Bar of a court of Justice.

Barrow, 1. An implement for carry-
ing. AS. berewe, from beran, to carry.
It. bara, a. litter, a bier or implement for
carrying a dead body. G. bahre, a bar-
row, todtenbahre, or simply bahre, a bier.
This word introduced into Fr. became
bidre, perhaps through Prov. bera, whence
E. bier, alongside of barrow.

Barrow, 2. A mound either of stones
or earth over the graves of warriors and
nobles, especially those killed in battle,
as the barrow at Dunmail-raise in West-
moreland. AS. beorg, beorh, a hiU, mound,
rampart, heap, tomb, sepulchre, from
beorgan, OE. berwen, to shelter, cover.

Worhton mid stanum anne steapne beorh him
ofer. They made with stones a steep mound
over him. — Joshua vii. 26.

Barrow-hog. as. bearg ; Bohem.
braw, a castrated hog ; Russ. borov', a
boar.

Barter. Barter or trafficking by ex-
change of goods seems, like bargain, to
have been named from the haggling and
wrangling with which the bargain is con-
ducted. It is shown under Bargain how
the syllable bar acquires the force of a
root signifying confused noise, squabble,
tumult. From this root were formed
words in all the Romance languages,
signifying, in the first instance, noisy
contention, strife, dispute, then traffick-
4

so

BARTIZAN

ing for profit, then cheating, over-reach-
ing, unrighteous gain.

Al is dai, n' is ther no night
Ther n' is iaret nother strif.

Hickes in Rich.

They run like Bedlem barreters into the street.
— HoUinshed, ibid.

OFr. bareter, to deceive, he, cog, foist
in bargaining, to cheat, beguile, also to
barter, truck, exchange. — Cotgr. MHG.
pdrdt, Pl.D. baraet (from Fr.), barter,
deceit. MHG. partieren, to cheat, /«r<f-
tierer, a deceiver. Sp. baratar, to truck,
exchange; baratear, to bargain; bara-
teria, fraud, cheating, and especially
fraud committed by the master of a ship
with respect to the goods committed to
him.

Baratry is when the master of a ship cheats
the owners or insurers, by imbezzling their goods
or running away with the ship. — Bailey.

But according to Blackstone barratry
consists in the offence of stirring up
quarrels and suits between parties.

Bartizan. See Brattice.

Barton. A court-yard, also the de-
mesne lands of a manor, the manor-
housfe itself, fhe outhouses and yards. —
Halliwell. AS. beretun, beortun, berewic,
a court-yard, corn-farm, from bere, barley,
and tun, inclosure, or wic, dwelling. —
Bosworth.

Base. It. basso, Fr. bas, low, mean ;
Sp. baxoj w. and Bret, bds, shallow, low,
flat. The original meaning, according
to Diez, would be, pressed down, thick.
' Bassus, crassus, piiiguis.' — Gl. Isidore.
' BassuS, curtus, humilis.' — Papias. ' Ele
a basses hanches et basses jambes.'

Basilisk. Gr. PaaiKhms, from /3a-
aiKcig, a king. A fabulous serpent, said
to kill those that look upon it.

There is not one that.looketh upon his eyes,
but he dreth presently. The like property hath
the iasilisk. A white spot or star it carieth on
the head and settith it out like a coronet or
diadem. If he but hiss no other serpent dare
come near. — Holland's Pliny in Rich.

Late sibi submovet omne

Vulgus et in vacuSl regnat BasiUscus aren^.

Lucan.

Probably from reports of the cobra capel,
which sets up its hood when angry, as
the diadem of the basilisk.

To Bask. To heat oneself in the sun
or before a fire. See Bath.

Basket, w. basg, netting, plaiting of
splinters ; basged, basgod, a basket ; masg,
a ftiesh, lattice-work. It is mentioned as
a British word by Martial.

Barbara de pictis veni bascauda Brftannis,
Sed me jani mavult dicere Roma suam.

BASTE

Bason. It. bacino, Fr. bassin, the
diminutive of the word corresponding to
E. back, signifying a wide open vessel.

Bass. It. basso, the low part of the
scale in music.
Lend me your hands, lift me above Parnassus,
With your loud trebles help my lowly bassus.
Sylvester's Dubartas.

Bassoon. It. bassone, ah aiigment-
ation of basso j an instrument of a very
low note.

Bast. — Bass. Du. bast, bark, peel,
husk ; bast van koren, bran, the thin skin
which covers the grain ; Dan. Swed.
Ger. bast, the inner bark of the lime-tre6
beaten out and made into a material for
mats and other coarse fabrics. Dan.
bast-maatte, bass-matting; bast-reb, a
bass rope. Du. bast, a halter, rope for
hanging, oe. baste.

Bot ye salle take a stalworthe basts
And binde my handes behind me faste,

MS. HaUiweU.

Dan. baste, Sw. basta, to bind, commonly
joined with the word binda, of the same
sense. Sw. at basta og binda, to bind
hand and foot. Dan. Icegge eeii i baand
og bast, to put one in fetters ; and it is
remarkable that the same expression is
found in Turkish ; besst, a tying, binding,
besst-u-b£nd&t, to bind. Lap. baste, the
hoops of a cask.

Bastard. Apparently of Celtic origin,
from Gael, baos, lust, fornication. OFr.
^Is de bast, fits de bas.

He was begetin o bast, God it wot.

Arthur and Merlini.
Sir Richard fiz le rei of wan we spake bevore
Gentilman was inow thei he were a bast ibore.
R. G. 516.
This man was son to John of Gaunt, descended
of an honorable lineage, but born in baste,
more noble in blood than notable in learning. —
HaU in HaUiwell.

So Turk, chasa, fornication, chasa ogli
ipgli = son), a bastard. — F. Newman.
Malay anak-baudrek (child of adultery),
a bastard.

To Baste, i. To stitch, to sew with
long stitches for the purpose of keeping
the pieces of a garment in shape while it
is permanently sewn. It. Sp. basta, a
long stitch, preparatory stitching, the
stitches of a quilt or mattrass. Sp.
bastear, embastir. It. imbastire, Fr. bdtir,
to baste, to stitch ; Fris. Sicamb. bestcn,
leviter consuere. — Kil. ohg. bestan, to
patch, as It. imbastire, to baste on a.
piece of cloth.

Nay, mock not, mock not ; the body of your
discourse is sometimes guarded with fragments^

•BASTINADO

and the gviards are but slightly basted on neither.
— Milch Ado aBoiit Nothing.

Derived by Diez from iasi, as if that
were the substance originally vised in
stitching, but this is hardly satisfactory.

It seems to me that the sense of stitch-
ing, as a preparation for the final sewing
of a garment, may naturally have arisen
from the notion of preparing, contriving,
settiilg up, which seems to be the general
sense of the verb bastire, iastir, in the
Romance languages.

Thus we have Sp. bastir, disposer, pre-
parer (Taboada) ; It. iinbastire, to lay the
cloth for dinner, to devise or begin, a
business (Altieri). Fr. bastir, to build,
liiake, frame, erect, raise, set up, also to
compose, contrive, devise. Bastir a
quelqu'un son roulet, to teach one before-
hand what he shall say or do. — Cot.
Prov. guerra bastir, to set on foot a war ;
agait bastiYy to lay an ambush. — Rayn.
Sp. bastimento, victuals, provisions,
things prepared for future use, also the
basting or preparatory stitching of a gar-
ment, stitching of a quilt or mattrass. To
'baste a garment would be to set it up, to
put it together, and from this particular
kind of stitching the signification would
Seem to have passed on to embrace
.stitching in general;

A silver nedil forth I drowe —
And gan this nedill threde anone,
For out of toune me list to gone^
With a threde hasting my slevis.

Chaucer, R. R.
— Sit^e und beste mir den ermel wider in.
Minnesinger in Schmid.

It is probably from the sense of stitch-
ing that must be explained the It. basto,
Imbasto, a packsaddle, pad for the head
to carrya weight on ; Fr. bast, ^iS/(whence
the E. military term of a bat-horse), bastine,
a pad or packsaddle, which was origin-
ally nothing but a quilted cushion on
which to rest the load. Thus Baretti
explains Sp. bast ear, to pack a saddle
with wool, i. e. to quilt or stitch wool
into it; and Cot; has bastine, a pad,
packsaddle, the quilted saddle with which
colts are backed.

2. To beat or bang soundly.— Bailey.
This word probably preserves the form
from whence is derived the Fr. baston,
bdion, a stick, ari instruineht for beating,
as weU as besteau, the clapper of a bell.
ON. beysta, to beat, to thrash ; Dan. boste,
to drub, to belabour; Sw. dial, basa,
baska, basta, to beat, to whip. Perhaps
in the use of the E. term there is usually
an erroneous feeling of its being a meta-

BAT

SI

phor from the notion of basting meat. —
To baste one's hide ; to give him a sound
bastingi

3. The sense of pouring dripping over
meat at roast or rubbing the meat with
fat to prevent its burning is derived from
the notion of beating in the same way
that the verb to stroke springs from the
act of striking. Sw. stryk, beating,
blows; stryka, to rub gently, to stroke,
to spread bread and butter. Fr. frotter,
to rub, is explained by Cot. also to cudgel,
baste or knock soundly.

Bastinado. Sp. bastonada, a blow
with a stick, Sp. Fr. baston. Fr. baston-
nade, a. cudgelling, bastonnir, to cudgel.
In English the term is confined to the
beating on the soles of the feet with a
stick, a favourite punishment of the Turks
and Arabs. For the origin of baston see
Baste, 2.

Bastion. It. bastia, bastida, bastione,
a bastion, a sconce, a blockhouse, a bar-
ricado. — Florio. Fr. bastille, bastilde, a
fortress or castle furnished with towers,
donjon, and ditches ; bastion, the fortifi-
cation termed a bastion or cuUion-head.
— Cot. All from bastir, to build, set up,
contrive.

* Bat. I. Sc. back, bak, bakie-bird ; Sw.
nattbaka, Dan. aftonbakke, the winged
niammal. It. 'iJipistreUo,.'CaB. night-bat.
— Fl. , Bakke, flyinge best, vespertilio.
— Pr. Pm. Mid.Lat. blatta, blacta,
batta lucifuga, vespertilio, vledermus.-^
Dieiif. Supp. to Due. Chaufe-soriz is
glossed a balke (for blake ?) in Bibeles-
worth (Nat. Antiq. p. 164), and blak
probably signifies a bat in the following
passage :

But & that yche breyde

That she furthe her synne seyde,

Come fleyng oute at her mouthe a blak ;

That yche blak y dar wel telle,

That hyt was a fende of helle.

Manuel des Pecchds. 11864.

It is true the original has corneille, which
was probably changed in the E. trans-
lation to a bat, ag a creattire peculiarly
connected with devilry and witchcraft.

The name seems to be taken from on.
blaka, blakra, blakta, to flap, move to
and fro in the air with a light rapid
motion ; whence ledrblaka, the bat ; Sw.
dial; blakka, natt-blakka, the night-jar or
goat-sticker, a bird which, like the owl
and the bat, seeks its insect prey on the
wing in the evening. For the loss of the
/ in back, bat, compared with blakka,
blatta, comp. E. badger, from Fr. bladier.

2. A staff, club, or implement for

4 *

52

BATCH

striking. In some parts of England it is
the ordinary word for a stick at the
present day. A Sussex woman speaks
of putting a clung bat, or a dry stick, on
the fire. In Suffolk batlins are loppings
of trees made up into faggots. Bret, baz,
a stick ; Gael, bat, a staff, cudgel, blud-
geon, and as a verb, to beat, to cudgel.
Mgy. hot, a stick. The origin of the
word is an imitation of the sound of a
blow by the syllable bat, the root of e.
beat. It. batter e, Fr. battre, w. baeddu.
Bat, a blow. — Hal. The lighter sound
of the p in pat adapts the latter syllable
to represent a gentle blow, a blow with a
light instrument. The imitative nature
of the root bat is apparent in Sp. bata-
cazo, baquetazo, representing the noise
made by one in falling.

Batcii. A batch of bread is so much
as is baked zX one time, G. gebdck, gebdcke.
Bate. Strife; makebate, a stirrer-up
of strife. Batyn, or make debate. Jurgor,
vel seminare discordias vel discordare. —
Pr. Pm. Fr. debat, strife, altercation,
dispute. — Cot.

To Bate. I. Fr. abattre, to fell, beat,
or break down, quell, allay ; Sp. batir, to
beat, beat down, lessen, remit, abate.
, 2. A term in falconry ; to flutter with
the wings. Fr. battre las ailes.

Bath. — To .Bathe.— To Bask. on.
bada, G. baden, to bathe. The primary
meaning of the word seems to be to
w'arm, then to warm by the application of
hot water, to foment, to refresh oneself in
water whether warm or cold. Sw. dial.
basa, bdda, badda, to heat ; solen baddar,
the sun burns ; solbase, the heat of the
sun ; badfish, fashes basking in the sun ;
basa, badda, bdda vidjor, as E. dial, to
beath wood, to heat it before the fire or
in steam in order to make it take a
certain bend.

Faine in the sonde to tathe her merrily
Lieth Pertelotte, and all her sustirs by
Ayenst the sunne, — Chaucer.

Flem. betten, to foment with hot applica-
tions. G. bdhen, to foment, to warm,
seems related to baden as Fr. trahtr to It.
tradire. Holz bdhen, to beath wood ;
brot bdhen, to toast bread. Hence pro-
bably may be explained the name of
Baiffi, as signifying warm baths, to which
that place owed its celebrity.

It can hardly be doubted that bask is
the reflective form of the foregoing verbs,
from ON. badask, to bathe oneself, as E.
busk, to betake oneself, from on. buask
for biia sik. ' I baske, I bathe in water
or in any licoure.' — Palsgr. Sw. dial, at

BATTLEMENT

basa sig i solen, to bask in the sun. Da.
dial, batte sig, to warm oneself at the
fire or in the sun.

Perhaps the above may be radically
identical with ON. baka, E. bake, to heat,
Slav, pak, heat. Baka sik vid elld, to
warm oneself at the fire. PLD. sich ba-
kern, e. dial, to beak, to warm oneself.

To Batten. To thrive, to feed, to
become fat. Goth, gabatnan, to thrive,
to be profited, ON. batna, to get better, to
become convalescent. Du. bdt, bet, bet-
ter, more. See Better.

Batten. In carpenter's language a
scantling of wooden stuff from two to
four inches broad, and about an inch
thick. — Bailey. A batten fence is a fence
made by nailing rods of such a nature
across uprights. From bat in the sense
of rod ; perhaps first used adjectivally,
bat-en, made of bats, as wood-en, made of
wood.

Batter. Eggs, flour, and milk beaten
up together.

To Batter. — Battery. Battery, a
beating, an arrangement for giving blows,
is a simple adoption of Fr. batterie, from
battre, to beat. From battery was pro-
bably formed to batter under the con-
sciousness of the root bat in the sense of
blow, whence to batter would be a regular
frequentative, signifying to give repeated
blows, and would thus seem to be the
verb from which battery had been formed
in the internal development of the English
language.

Battle. — Battalion. It. battere, Fr.
battre, to beat ; se battre, to fight, whence
It. battaglia, Fr. bataille, a battle, also a
squadron, a band of armed men arranged
for fighting. In OE. also, battle was used
in the latter sense.

Scaffaldis, Jeddris and covering,
Plkkis, howis, and with staffslyng,
To ilk lord and his bataille
Wes ordanyt, quhar he suld assaill,

Barbour in Jam.

Hence in the augmentative form It. bat-
tagUone, a battalion, a main battle, a great
squadron. — Florio.

Battledoor. The bat with which a
shuttlecock is struck backwards and for-
wards. Sp. batador, a washing beetle, a
flat board with a handle for beating the
wet linen in washing. Batyldoure or
washynge betylle. — Pr. Pm.

Battlement. From OFr. bastille, a
fortress or castle, was formed bastilU,
made like a fortress, adapted for defence,
viz. in the case of a wall, by projections
which sheltered tile defenders while they

BAUBLE

shot through the indentures. Mur bas-
tille, an embattled wall, a wall with such
notches and indentures or battlements.
Batylment of a wall, propugnaculum. —
Pr. Pm.

Si vey ung vergier grant et I^

Enolos d'un hault mur bastilU. — R. R.

Bauble, i. Originally an implement
consisting of lumps of lead hanging from
the end of a short stick, for the purpose
of inflicting a blow upon dogs or the like,
then ornamented burlesquely and used by
a Fool as his emblem of office. ' Ba-
buUe or bable — ^librilla, pegma,' ' Librilla
dicitur instrumentum librandi — a bable
or a dogge malyote.' ' Pegma, baculus
cum massa plumbi in summitate pen-
dente.'— Pr. Pm., and authorities in note.
The origin of the word is tab or bob, a
lump, and as a verb to move quickly up
and down or backwards and forwards.
Gael, tab, a tassel or hanging bunch ; E.
bablyn or waveryn, librillo, vacillo. — Pr.
Pm.

2. Bauble in the sense of a plaything
or trifle seems a different word, from Fr.
babiole, a. trifle, whimwham, guigaw, or
small toy to play withal. — Cot. It. bab-
bolare, to play the babby, to trifle away
the time as children do ; babbole, child-
ish baubles, trifles, fooleries or fond
toys. — Fl. Swiss baben, to play with dolls
or toys.

Baudrick. — Baldrick. Prov. baudrat,
OFr. baudrdj OHG. balderich, a belt.—
Diez. Baudrick in OE. is used for a
sword-belt, scarf, collar.

Bavin. A brush faggot. OFr. baffe,
faisceau, fagot. — Lacombe. An analogous
form with an initial g instead oi ■s. b \%
seen in Fr. javelle, a gavel, or sheaf of
corn, also a bavin or bundle of dry
sticks. — Cot. The word may perhaps be
derived from the above-mentioned bab or
bob, a lump or cluster ; Gael, baban,
babhaid, a tassel, cluster; Fr. bobine, a
bobbin or cluster of thread.

Bawdekin. Cloth of gold. It. bal-
dacchino, s. s., also the canopy carried
over the head of distinguished persons in
a procession, because made of cloth of
gold. The original meaning of the word
is Bagdad stuff, from Baldacca, Bagdad,
because cloth of gold was imported from
Bagdad.

Bawdy. Filthy, lewd ; in OE. dirty.

His overest slop it is not worth a mite —
It is all bawdy, and to-tore also. — Chaucer.

' What doth cleer perle in a hawdy boote.

Lydgate.

BAWSON

53

Swiss, bau, dung; baue, to manure the
fields. W. baw, dirt, filth, excrement.
To baw, to void the bowels. — Hal. Sc.
bauch, disgusting, sorry, bad. — Jam.
From Baw ! . an interjection of disgust,
equivalent to Faugh ! being a represent-
ation of the exspiration naturally resorted
to as a defence against a bad smell.

Ye law ! quoth a brewere
I woU noght be ruled
By Jhesu for all your janglynge
With Spiritus Justicise. — P. P.

for they beth as bokes tell us

Above Goddes worlces.

* Ye baw for bokes ' quod oon

Was broken out of Helle.— P. P.

The It. oibo ! fie ! fie upon (Altieri), Fr.
bah ! pooh ! nonsense ! and Sp. baf !
expressive of disgust, must all be referred
to the same origin. ' There is a choler-
icke or disdainful interjection used in
the Irish language called Boagh ! which
is as much in English as Twish !' — Hol-
linshed, Descript. Irel. c. 8. To this
exactly corresponds Fr. pouac ! faugh !
an interjection used when anything filthy
is shown or said, whence pouacre, rotten,
filthy. — Cot. In like manner Grisons
buah ! buh ! exclamation of astonish-
ment, leads to bua (in children's lan-
guage), nastiness, filth.

To Bawl. Formed from baw, the
representation of a loud shout, as Fr.
miauler, E. to me-wl, to make the noise
represented by the syllable miau, mew.
The sound of a dog barking is repre-
sented by bau, bow (as in our nursery
bow-wow, a dog). Lat. baubare, Piedm.
fe bau, to bark ; bauU, to bark, to talk
noisily, obstrepere. — Zalli. Swiss Rom.
bouala, bouaila, to vociferate, to cry. — ■
Bridel. ON. baula, to low or bellow as
an ox.

Bawson. A name of the badger, from
the streaks of white on his face. It. bal-
zano, a horse with white legs. Fr. bal-
zan, a horse that hath a white leg or foot,
the white of his leg or foot, also more
generally a white spot or mark in any
part of his body. — Cotgr. Prov. bausan,
OFr. baugant, a horse marked with
white. Beaus^ent, the famous standard
of the Templars, was simply a field
divided between black and white. E. dial.
bawsoned, having a white streak down
the face. From Bret, bal, a white mark
on the face of animals, or the animal so
marked, whence the E. name of a cart-
horse. Ball. Gael, ball, a spot, a plot of
ground, an object. Ball-seirc, a beauty-
spot, ballach, spotted, speckled. E. pie-

54

BAY

bald, marked like a pie. Probably con-
nected with PoL bialo., Russ. Vielp,
Bohem. bjly, white. Serv. bijel, white,
bilyega, a mark, bilyejiti, to mark. See
Bald.

Bay, 1. A hollow in the 'line of coast.
Fr. bate. It. baja, Sp. bahia. Catalan
hadia, from badar, to open, to gape,
dividere, dehiscere ; badarse, to open as
a blossom, to split. From Cat. badia to
Sp. bahia, the step is the same as from
It. tradire to Fr. trahir, to betray. See
At Bay.

Bay, S. — Bay-windo'W. The same
fundamental idea of an opening also
gives rise to the application of the term
Bay (in Architecture) to ' a space left in
a wall for a door, gate, or window ' — (in
Fortification), to 'holes in a parapet to
receive the mouth of a cannon.' — Bailey.
A barn of two bays, is one of two di-
visions or unbroken spaces for stowing
corn, &;c., one on each side of the thresh-
ing-floor.

Earth
By Nature made to till, that by the yearly birth
The large-tayed barn doth fill. — Drayton in R.

In great public hbraries cases may be erected
abutting into the apartment from the piers of the
windows, as they do not obstiruct the light or air,
and afford pleasant bays in which io study in
quiet.— Journal Soc. Arts, Feb. 25, 1859.

A bay-window then is a window con-
taining in itself a bay, or recess in an
apartment ; in modern times, when the
architectural meaning of the word was
not generally understood, corrupted into
Bow-window, as if to signify a window of
curved outline. Fr. bde, a hole, overture,
or opening in the wall or other paft pf a
house, &c. — Cot. Swiss beie, baye, win-
dow ; bayen-stein, window-sill.— Stalder.
Swab, bay, large window in a handsome
house . — Schmid.

Bay. Lat. badius, Sp. bayo. It. bajo,
Fr. bai. Gael, buidhe, yellow ; buidhe-
ruadh, hddhe-dhonn, bay.

To Bay. To bark as a dog. It. ab-
baiare, Fr. babayer, Lat. batibari, Gr.
BauSfi)/, Piedm./^ bau, from an imitation
of the sound. See Bawl.

At Bay. It has been shown under
Abie, Abide, that from ba, representing
the sound made in opening the mouth,
arose two forms of the verb, one with and
one without the addition of a final d to
the root, ist. It. badar c, having the
primary signification of opening the
mouth, then of doing whatever is marked
by involuntarily opening the mouth, as
gazing, watching intently, desiring, wait-
ing ; and zndly, Fr. baher, baer, bdcr,

BE

baier, to open the mouth, to stare, to be
iiitent on anything.

From the former verb is the It. expresr
sion tenere a bada, to keep one waiting,
to keep at a bay, to amuse ; stare a bada,
a'uno, to stand watching one.

Tal parve Anteo a me, che stava a bada di
vederlo chinare. Such Antaeus seemed to me,
who stood watching him stoop. Non ti terro
con verso lungo et dubbii discorsi a bada. I will
not keep you waiting with a long story, &c. I
Pisani si mostrarono di volergli assalire di quella
parte e comminciarono vi I'assalto ppr tenepe i
netnicj a bada*

i. e. in order to keep the enemy in check,
or at bay.

Ne was there man so strong but he down bore
Ne woman yet so faire but he her brought
l/nio /lis bay and captived her thought. — F. Q.

he brought her to stand listening to him.

So well he wopecj her and so well he wrought her
With faire entreaty and swpte blandishment
That at the length unto a hay he brpught her
So as she to his speeches was content '
To lend on ear and softly to relent. — F. Q.

The stag is said to stand at bay, when,
weary of running, he turns and faces his
pursuers, and keeps them in check for a
while. As this crisis in the chase is ex-
pressed in Fr. by the term rendre les
abpis, the term at bay has been supposed
to be derived frorn tlie Fr. aux dehniers
abois, at his last gasp, put to his last
shifts, which however, as may be seen
from the foregoing examples, would give
but a partial explanation of the expres-
sion.

Bayonet. Fr. baionette, a dagger. —
Cot. Said to have been invented at Bay-
onne, or to have been first used at the
siege of Bayonne in 1665. — Diez.

Bay-tree. The laurvfs nobilis or true
laurel of the ancients, the laurel-bay, so
called from its bearing bays, or berries.

The royal laurel is a very tall and big tree —
and the bates or berries (baccas) which it bears
are nothing biting or unpleasant in taste. — Hol-
land's Pliny in R.

A garland of bays is commonly repre-
sented with berries between the leaves.

The word bay, Fr. baie, a berry, is per-
haps not directly from Lat. bacca, which
itself seems to be from a Celtic root, w,
bacon, berries. Gael, bagaid, a cluster of
grapes or nuts. Prov. baca, baga, OSp.
baca. Mod. Sp. baya, the cod of peas,
husk, berry. It. baccello, the cod or husk
of beans or the like, especially beans.

* To Be. AS. beonj Gael, beo, alive,
living ; beothach, a beast, living thing ;
Ir. bioth, life, the world ; Gr. |8i'os, life.

BEACH

It is not until a somewliat advanced
stage in the process of abstraction that
the idea of simple being is attained, and
4 verb with that meaning is wholly want-
ing in the rudest languages. The negro
who speaks imperfect English uses in-
stead the more concrete notion of living.
He says, Your hat no lib that place you
put him in. — Farrar, Chapters on Lang,
p. 54. A two-year old nephew of mine
would say. Where it live ? where is it ^
Now the breath is universally taken as
the type of life, and the syllable pu ox fu
is widely used in the most distant lan^
guages to express the notion of blowing
or breathing, and thus may explain the
origin of the root^z^ in \jaX.fui,fuis5e, or
of Sanscr. bM, be.

Beach. The immediate shore of the
sea, the part overflowed by the tide.
Thence applied to the pebbles of which-
the shore often consists.

We haled our bark over a bar of beach, or
pebble stones, into a snjall river. — Hackluyt in R.

Perhaps a modification of Dan. bakke,
N. bakkje, Sw. backe, a hill, bank, rising
ground. In Norfolk bank is commonly
used instead of beach. — Miss Gurney in
Philolog. Trans, vol. vii.

Beacon. — Beck. — Beckon, ohg. bau-
han, OSax. bokan, as. beacen, a sign, a
nod ; OHG. fora-bauhan, a presage, pro-
digy ; bauhnjan, ON. bdkna, AS. beacnian,
nutu significare, to beckon. The term
beacon is confined in E. to a fire or some
conspicuous object used as a signal of
danger.

The origin seems preserved in E. beck,
to bow or nod ; Catalan becar, to nod ;
Gael, beic, a curtsey, perhaps from the
image of a bird pecking; Gael, beic, a
beak.

Than peine 1 me to stretchen forth my neck,
And East and West upon the peple I tefke,
As doth a dove sitting upon a bem.

Pardoner's Tale.

He (Hardicanute) made a law that every Inglis
man sal bek and discover his lied quhen he met
^ne Dane. — Bellenden in Jam.

Esthon. nokkima, to peck as a bird ;
tiokkufoma pead, to nod the head.

Be.ad. A ball of some ornamental
material, pierced for hanging on a string,
and originally used for the purpose of
helping the memory in reciting a certain
tale of prayers or doxologies. as. bead,
gebed, a prayer. See To Bid. To bid
one's bedes or beads was to say one'^
prayers.

Beadle, as. bydel, the messenger of a

BEAR

SI

court, officer in attendance on the digni-'
taries of a university or church. Fr.
bedeau. It. bidello. Probably an equiv-
alent of the modern waiter, an attendant,-
from AS. bidan, to wait-. It will be ob-
served that the word attendant has also a
like origin in Fr. atUndre, to wait.
Home is he brought and laid in sumptuous bed
Where many skilful leeches him abide
To salve his hurts. — F. Q

i. e. wait upon him.

* Beagle. A small kind of hound
tracking by scent. ' The Frenchmen
stil hke good begeles following their
prey.' — Hall's Chron. Commonly re-
ferred to Fr. beugler, to bellow, which is,
however, not applied to the yelping of
dogs. Moreover the name, according to '
Menage, was introduced from England
into France, and therefore was not likely
to have a French origin.

Beak. A form that has probably de-
scended to us frort} a Celtic qrigin. Gael.
beic. ' Cui Tolosae nato cognomen in
pueritia Becco fuerat : id valet gallinacei
rostrum.' — Suetonius in Diez. It. becco,
Fr. bee, Bret, bek, W. pig. It forms a,
branch of a very numerous class of words
clustered round a root pik, signifying a
point, or any action done with a pointed
thing.

Beam. — Boom. Goth, bagms, on,
badmr, G. baum, Du. boom, a tree. AS,
bedm, a tree, stock, post, bearti. The
boom qf a vessel is the beam or pole by
which the sail is stretched, coming to
us, like most nautical terms, fromthe
Netherlands or North Germany.

Bean. g. bohnej ON. baun. Gr.
■Kvavoq, «va\ioQ, Lat. faba, Slavon. bob.
W. ffci, beans, ffaen, a single bean, the
addition of a final en being the usual
mark of individuality. Bret, fd or faVf
beans, or the plant which bears them j
faen or faven, a single bean, -phxr. fay en^
nou or faeiinou, as well as f& or fav.
Thus the final en, signifying individuality,'
adheres to the root, and Lat. faba is
connected through Oberdeutsch bobri
(Schwenck) with G. bohne, E. bean.

Bear. The wild beast. G. bar, ON.

To Bear. l^ax. fero,fer-re j Gr. figuv y
Goth, bairan, to carry, support, and also
to bear children, to produce young. Thp
latter sense may have been developed
through the notion of a tree bearing fruit,
or from the pregnant mother carrying
her young. It is singular, however, that
the forms corresponding to the two sig-
nifications should be sp distinct iif Latin,

S6

BEARD

fero, to carry, zxApario, to bear children,
produce, bring forth.
, From bear in the sense of carrying we
have Goth, baurthei, ON. byrcti, E. bur-
den; from the same in the sense of bear-
ing children, Goth, gabaurths, birth. The
ON. burdr is used in the sense of a car-
rying, bearing, and also in that of birth.

Beard, g. bart, Russ. boroda. Bo-
hem, brada, the beard, chin. Lat. barba,
W. barf. Perhaps radically identical
with ON. bard, a lip, border, edge. See
Halbard.

Beast. Lat. bestiaj Gael, blast, an
animal, perhaps a living thing, beo,
living ; w. byw, living, to live.

Beat. AS. beatanj It. battere, Fr.
battrej from a root bat, imitative of the
sound of a sharp blow, as pat imitates
that of a more gentle one. See Bat.

Beauty. Fr. beauts, from beau, bel.
It. bello, Lat. bellus, pretty, handsome,
agreeable.

Beaver, i. The quadruped, o. biber,
Lat. fiber, Lith. bebrus, Slav, bobr, Fr.
biivre. Secondarily applied to a hat,
because made of the fur of the beaver.
Perhaps from Pol. babrad, to dabble ;
bobrowai, to wade through the water
like a beaver.

2. The moveable part of a helmet,
which, when up, covered the face, and
when down occupied the place of a child's
bib or slobbering cloth. Fr. baviire,
from baver, to slobber. It. bava, Sp.
baba, Fr. bave, slobber. The OFr. bave
expressed as well the flow of the saliva
as the babble of the child, whence baveux,
bavard, Prov. bavec, talkative. — Diez.

Beck, 1. — Beckon. A nod or sign.
See Beacon.

Beck, 2. ON. behkr, Dan. bcek, G.
bach, a brook. As rivus, a. brook, is
connected with ripa, a bank, while from
the latter are derived It. riviera, a bank,
shore, or river, and Fr. riviire, formerly a
bank, but now a river only; and on.
bekkr, signifies both bench (= bank) and
brook ; it is probable that here also the
name applied originally to the bank then
to the brook itself. See Bank.

To Become, i. To attain to a certain
condition, to assume a certain form or
mode of being, as. becuman, to attain
to, to arrive at.

Thset thu msege becuman to tham gesselthan
the ece thurhwuniath. That thou mayest attain
to those goods which endure for ever. — Boeth.

G. bekommen, to get, receive, obtain,
acquire.— Kiittner. It will be observed
that v/e often use indifferently become or

BEDIZEN

get J ' He got very angry,' ' He became
very angry,' are equivalent expressions,
implying that he attained the condition
of being very angry.

2. In a second sense to become is to be
fitting or suitable. G. bequem, convenient,
fit, proper ; E. comely, pleasing, agreeable.
This meaning is to be explained from
AS. becuman, to come to or upon, to
befall, to happen. He becom on sceathan,
he fell among thieves. Thcem. godum
becymth anfeald yvel, to the good hap-
pens unmixed evU. — Bosworth. Now the
notion of being convenient, suitable, fit-
ting, rests on the supposition of a purpose
to be fulfilled, or a feeling to be gratified.
If the accidents or circumstances of the
case happen as we would have them, if
they fall in with what is required to satisfy
our taste, judgment, or special purpose,
.we call the arrangement becoming, con-
venient, proper, and we shall find that
these and similar notions are commonly
expressed by derivatives from verbs sig-
nifying to happen. Thus OY.: fall was
constantly used in the sense of falling or
happening rightly, happening as it ought.

Do no favour, I do thee pray,
It fallith nothing to thy name
To make,fair semblant where thou mayest blame.
Chaucer, R. R.
In darkness of unknowynge they gonge
Without light of understandynge
Of that ^shsX/alleth to ryghte knowynge.

Prick of Conscience.

i. e. of that that belongeth to right know-
ing. So in ON. 'all-vel til Hofdingia
fallinn,' every way suited to a prince. G.
gefallen, to please, to fall in with our
taste, as fall itself was sometimes used
in E.

With shepherd sits not following flying fame.
But feed his flock in fields where /a/Zi him best.

Shep. Cal.

On the same principle, AS. limpian, to
happen, to appertain, limplice, fitly ; ge-
limpan, to happen, gelimplic, opportune.
AS. timan,getiman, to happen, G. ziemen,
to become, befit, e. seemly, suitable,
proper ; OSw. iida, to happen, tidig, fit,
decent, decorous, E. tidy, now confined
to the sense of orderly. In like manner
Turk, dushmak, to fall, to happen, to fall
to the lot of any one, to be a part of his
duty, to be incumbent upon him.

Bed. A place to lie down, to sleep on.
Goth, badi, ON. bedr, G. bett.

Bedizen. To load with ornament, to
dress with unbecoming richness ; and to
dizen out was used in the same sense.
Probably fromOE. dize or dtzen,to clothe

BEDLAM

a distaff with flax, though the metaphor
does not appear a striking one to our ears.
I dysyn a dystaffe, I put the flax upon it
to spin. — Palsgr. But possibly bedizen
may be from Fr. badigeonner, to rough-
cast, to colour with lime-wash, erroneously
modified in form, by the analogy of be-
daivb, as if it were derived from a simple
verb to dizen, which latter would thus
be brought into use by false etymology.
The passage from a soft ^ to i' is of fre-
quent occurrence, as in It. prigione, Fr.
prisons Venet. cogionare, E. cozen; It.
cugino, E. cousin.

To plaister or bedawb with ornament
is exactly the image represented by be-
dizen. The same metaphor is seen in
Fr. crespir, to parget or rough-cast ;
femme crespie de couleurs, whose face is
all to bedawbed or plaistered over with
painting. — Cot.

Bedlam. A madhouse, from the hos-
pital of St Mary, Bethlehem, used for
that purpose in London.

Bedouia. Arab, bedawi, a wandering
Arab ; an inhabitant of the desert, from
bedou (in vulgar Arab.), desert.

Bed-ridden. Confined to bed. AS.
bedrida, P1.D. bedde-redirj ohg. bet-
tiriso, from risan, to fall. — Grimm. Pett-
ris, qui de lecto surgere non potest ;
pettiriso, paralyticus. — Gl. in Schmeller.
So Gr. KXlvoTTiT^e, from jtst-, fall.

Bee. The honey-producing insect, as.
beOj- ON. by-flugaj G. biene, Bernese,
beji. Gael, beach, a bee, a wasp, a stinging
fly ; beach-each, a horse-fly ; speach, a
blow or thrust, also the bite or sting of a
venomous creature, a wasp.

Beech. A tree. G. buche, on. beyki,
Slav, buk, buka, bukva, Lat. fagus, Gr.

Beef. Fr. boeuf, an ox, the meat of
the ox. It. bove, from Lat. bos, bovis, an
ox.

BEETLE
Hue drone of the been

57

Beer. i.

To knyght and skyere.— 1. JI14.
Hue fulde the horn of wyne
And dronk to that pelryne.

K. Horn, 1156.

2. A pillow-beer, a pillow-case. Dan.
vaar, a cover, case, pude-vaar, a pil-
low case. G. kiissen-biere. Pl.D. biiren,
kiissen-bUren, a cushion-cover ; beds-
biiren, a bed-tick. Properly a cover that
may be shpped on and off. Fin. waarin,
I turn (a garment), Esthon. poordma, to
turn, to twist ; poorma, to turn, to change ;
padja-poor, a pillow-case or pillow-beer
(paddi, a pad or cushion).

* Beestings. The first milk after a
cow has calved, which is thick and
clotty, and in Northampton called cherry-
curds. G. biest-milch, also bienst, briest,
briesch-milch; AS. beost, byst. The mean-
ing of the word is curdled. Fr. calle-
boull, curded or beesty, as the milk of a
woman that is newly delivered. — Cot.
Prov. sang vermeilh betatz, red curdled
blood. — Rom. de Fierabras in Diez. The
earth was in the Middle Ages supposed
to be surrounded by a sea of so thick a
substance as to render navigation im-
possible. This was called mer b^Ue in
Fr. and lebermer in G., the loppered sea,
from leberen, to curdle or lopper. 'La
mars betada, sela que environna la terra.'
In a passage of an Old Fr. translation
cited by Diez, 'ausi com ele (la mer) fust
bieUe,' the last word corresponds to co-
agulatum in the original Latin. Let.
bees, thick, close together as teeth in a
comb, trees in a forest ; beest, to become
thick, to coagulate.

Beet. A garden-herb. Fr. bette or
blettej Lat. beta, bletumj Gr. /SXirov,
spinach.

1 Beetle. 1. The general name of in-
1 sects having a homy wing-cover. Pro-

Originally, doubtless,^ drink, | bably named from the destructive quali-
T._t ^.jgg ^£ those with which we are most

familiar. AS. bitel, the biter. ' Mordi-
cz//aj, bitela.'— GL ^Ifr. in Nat. Ant.

2. Beetle, boytle, a wooden hammer for
driving piles, stakes, wedges, &c.— B.
AS. bytl, a mallet. PI. D. betel, bbtel, a
clog for a dog ; b'oteln, to knock, to flatten
sods with a beater, g. beutel, a mal-
let for beating flax. Bav. bossen, to
knock, to beat ; bossel, a washing beetle
or bat for striking the wet linen. Fr.
bate, a paviour's beetle ; batail. It. bat-
taglio, a clapper, the knocker of a door.

But besides signifying the instrument
of beatmg, beetle also signified the im-

from the root pi, drink, extant in Bohem.
piti, to drink, imperative pi, whence
piwo, beer. The Lat. bibere is a re-
duplicated form of the root, which also
appears in Gr. ir'm, ■kivih, to drink, and in
Lat. poculum, a cup or implement for
drink ; potus, drink. GaeL bior, water.

In OE. beer seems to have had the
sense of drink, comprehending both wine
and ale.

Rymenild ros of benche
The beer al for te shenche
After mete in sale,
Bothe -wyn and ale.
An horn hue ber an hond.
For that was law of lend,

58

BEG

plement driven by blows, a stone-cutter's
chisel, a wedge for cleaving wood. OHG.
steinbosil, lapidicinus. — Schm. G. beis-
sel, beutel, Du. beitel, a chisel, a wedge.

— a grete oke, which he had begonne to cleve,
and as men be woned he had smeten two betels
therein, one after that other, in suche wyse that
the oke was wide open. — Caxton'a Reynard the
Fox, chap. viii.

In the original

So had he daer twee heitels ingheslagen.

N. & Q. Nov. 2, 1867.
When by the help of wedges and beetles an
image is cleft out of the trunk. — Stillingfleet.

The G. beissel, Du. beitel,3. chisel, is com-
monly, but probably erroneously, referred
to the notion of biting.

To Beg. Skinner's derivation from bag,
although it appears improbable at first,
carries conviction on further examination.
The Flem. beggaert (Delfortrie) probably
exhibits the original form of the word,
whence the E. begger, and subsequently
the verb to beg. Beghardus, vir mendi-
cans. — Vocab. 'ex quo.' A.D. 1430, in
Deutsch. Mundart. iv. Hence the name
of Begard given to the devotees of the
13th & 14th centuries, also called Bigots,
Lollards, &c. It must be borne in mind
that the bag was a universal character-
istic of the beggar, at a time when all his
alms were given in kind, and a beggar is
hardly ever introduced in our older writers
without mention being made of his bag.

Hit is beggares rihte vorte beren bagge on bac
and burgeises forto beren purses. — Ancren Riwle,
168.

Ac beggers with bagges —
Reccheth never the ryche
Thauh such lorelles sterven. — P. P.
Bidderes and beggeres
Fseste about yede
With hire belies & here bagges
Of brede full ycrammed. — P. P.
Bagges and begging he bad his folk leven.

P. P. Creed.
And yet these bilderes wol beggen a- bag full of

whete
Of a pure poor man. — P. P.

And thus gate 1 begge
Without bagge other hotel
But my wombe one. — P. P.
That maketh beggers go with bordons and
hags. — Political Songs.

So from Gael, bag {baigean, a little
bag), baigeir, a beggar, which may per-
haps be an adoption of the E. word, but
in the same language from poc, a bag or
poke, is formed pocair, a beggar ; air a
phoc, on the tramp, begging, literally, on
the bag. Lith. krapszas, a scrip ; su
krapszais aplink eiii, to go a begging.
From w. ysgrepan, a scrip, ysgrepanu, to

BEGONE

go a begging. It. bertola, a wallet, such
as poor begging friars use to beg withal ;
beriolare, to shift up and down for scraps
and victuals. — Florio. 'Dz.n.pose, a bag ;
pose-pilte, a beggar-boy. Mod. Gr.
Si'Xa/coc, a bag, a scrip ; euXaiciJoi, to beg.
Fr. Mettre quelq'un a la besace, to re-
duce him to beggary.

To Begin. AS. aginnan, onginnan,
be^nnan. Goth, duginnan. In Luc vi.
25, the latter is used as an auxiliary of
the future, ' Unte gaunon jah gretan
duginnid,' for ye shall lament and weep.
In a similar manner gafz or can was fre-
quently used in OE. 'Aboutin undern
gan this Erie alight.' — Clerk of Oxford's
tale. He did alight, not began to alight,
as alighting is a momentary operation.

The tother seand the dint cum, gan provyde
To eschew swiftlie, and sone lap on syde
That all his force Entellus can apply
Into the are — D. V. 142. 40.

Down duschit the beist, deid on the land can ly
Spreuland and iiycterand in the dede thrawes.

D. V.
To Scotland went he then in hy
And all the land gan occupy.

Barbour, Bruce.

The verb to gin or begin appears to be
one of that innumerable series derived
from a root gan, gen, ken, iri all the lanr
guages of the Indo-Germanic stock, sig-
nifying to conceive, to bear young, to
know, to be able, giving in Gr. yiyvo/uat,
yivofiai, ykvog, ytyvwfT'Kw, yivwajcw, in Lat,
gigno, genus, in E. can, ken, kind, &c.

The fundamental meaning seems to be
to attain to, to acquire. To produce
children is to acquire, to get children ;
bigitan in Ulphilas is always to find ; ip
AS. it is both to acquire and to beget, to
get children.

To begin may be explained either from
the fundamental notion of attaining to,
seizing, taking up, after the analogy of
the G. anfangen, and Lat. incipere, from
G. fangen and Lat. capere, to take; or
the meaning may have passed through a
similar stage to that of Gr. y/yvo/iat,
yivirai, to be born, to arise, to begin;
yivsaiQ, yivtrri, origin, beginning.

It will be observed that gel is used as
an auxiliary in a manner \'ery similar to
the OE. gan, can, above quoted ; ' to get
beaten ; ' ON. ' at geta talad,' to be able
to talk ; ' abouten undern gan this earl
alight,' about undern he got down.

Begone. Cold-begone, ornamented
with gold, covered with gold — D. V. ;
woe-begone, oppressed with woe. Du.
begaan, affected, touched with emotion ;

BEHAVE

begaen zijti met eenighe saecke, premi
curi alicujus rei, laborare, solicitum esse.
— Kil.

To Behave. The notion of behaviour
js generally expressed by means of verbs
signifying to bear, to carry, to lead.
Ye shall dwell here at your will
But your bearing be full HI.

K. Robert in Warton.

It. portarsi, to behave ; portarsi da
Paladino, for a man to behave or carry
hiniself stoutly. — FL G. betragen, be-
haviour, from tragen, to carry. In ac-
cordance with these analogies we should
be inclined to give to the verb have in
behave the sense of the Sw. hafwa, to
lift, to carry, the equivalent of E. heave,
rather than the vaguer sense of the aux-
iliary to have, Sw. hafwa, habere. But,
ifl fact, the two verbs seem radically the
same, and their senses intermingle. Sw.
hcefwa in seed, to carry corn into the
barn ; hcef tig bort, take yourself off;
hafwa bort, to take away, to turn one
out ; hafwa f ram, to bring forwards. AS.
habban, to have, hafjan, to heave; uf-
haban, us-hafjan, to raise. G. gehaben,
to behave, and (as Fr. se porter) to fare
well or ill.

Mid hym he had a stronge axe — So strong and
so gret that an other hit scholde hebte unethe. —
R. G. 17.

Behest. — Hest. Command, injunc-
tion. AS. hces, command; behces, vow;
behat, gehat, vow, promise ; behatan, ge-
hatan, OE. behete, to vow, to promise;
AS. hatan, to vow, promise, command ;
Du. heeten, to command, to name, to
call, to be named; heeten willekem, to
bid one welcome, on. heita, to call, to
be named,to vow, exhort, invoke. Goth.
haitan, to call, to command. The
general meaning seems to be to speak
out, an act which may amount either to a
promise or a command, according as the
subject of the announcement is what the
gpeaker undertakes to do himself, or
what he wishes another to do ; or the
object of the speaker may be simply to
indicate a particular individual as the
person addressed, when the verb will
have the sense of calling or naming.

Eehiad, At the back of The re-
lations of place are most naturally ex-
pressed by means of the different mem-
bers of the body. Thus in Finnish the
name of the head is used to express what
is on the top of or opposite to, the name
of the ear to express what is on the side

of anything. And so from hania, the

BEHOVE

59

tail, are formed hannassa, behind, han-
nittaa, to follow, hantyri, a follower, and
as the roots of many of our words are
preserved in the Finnish languages, it
is probable that we have in the Finnish

hanta the origin of our behind, at the
tail of.

To Behold. To look steadily upon.
The compound seems here to preserve
what was the original sense of the simple
verb to hold. AS. healdan, to regard,
observe, take heed of, to tend, to feed, to
keep, to hold. To hold a doctrine for
true is to regard it as true, to look upon
it as true ; to hold it a cruel act is to
regard it as such. The Lat. servare, to
keep, to hold, is also found in the sense
of looking, commonly expressed, as in
the case of E. behold, by the compound
observare. ' Tuus servus servet Venerine
faciat an Cupidini.' Let your slave look
whether she sacrifices to Venus or to
Cupid. — Plautus. The verb to look itself
is frequently found in the sense of looking
after, seeing to, taking notice or care of
(Gloss, to R. G.). The It. guardare, to
look, exhibits the original meaning of
the Fr. garder, to keen or hold, and the
E. ward, keeping.

The supposition then that the notion
of preserving, keeping, holding is origin-
ally derived from that of looking, is sup-
ported by many analogies, while it seems
an arbitrary ellipse to explain the sense
of behold as ' to keep or hold (sc. the eyes
fixed upon any object).' — Richardson.

Beholden in the sense of indebted is
the equivalent of Du. gehouden, G. ge-
halten, bound, obliged. Aan iemand
gehouden. zijn, to be obliged to one, to be
beholden to him. G. zu etwas gehalten
seyn, to be obliged to do a thing. Wohl
3Mie\viera. gehalten seyn, to be well pleased
with one's conduct. — Kiittn.

* To Behove. To be expedient, to be
required for the accomplishment of any
purpose; behoof, what is so required,
hence advantage, furtherance, use. AS.
behofian, to be fit, right, or necessary, to
stand in need of; behefe, advantage, be-
hoof.

The expression seems to be taken from
the figure of throwing at a mark. To
heave a stone is used in vulgar language
for throwing it. N. hevja, to lift, to
heave; hevja, hove, to cast or throw;
hbva, to hit the mark, to meet, adjust,
adapt, to be suitable or becoming ; hovast,
to meet, to fit. Sw. hofwa, the distance
within which one can strike an object or at-

6o

BELAY

tain a certain end, and, met. measure,
bounds, moderation. Det er ofwer er hof-
■wa, cela est audessus de votre portde,
that is above your capacity ; where it will
be observed that the Fr. employs the same
metaphor in the term porUe, range, dis-
tance to which a piece will carry.

In the middle voice hofwas, to be re-
quired for a certain purpose, to befit,
behove. Det hofdes en annait til at
utratta sUkt, it behoved another kind of
man to do such things. ON. hesfa, to hit
the mark ; hafi, aim, reach, fitness, pro-
portion. See Gain. 3.

To Belay. Du. beleggen, to lay
around, overspread, beset, garnish; be-
legsel, fringe, border, ornament.

All in a woodman's jacket he was clad

Of Lincoln green belayed with golden lace. — F. Q.

Du. De kabel aan de beeting beleggen,
to lay the cable round the bits, to make
it fast, in nautical language, to belay.

To Belch.. AS. bealcan, bealcettanj
OE. to bolk, to boke, to throw up wind
from the stomach with a sudden noise.
Doubtless an imitation of the sound.
Another application of the same word is
in Pl.D. and Du. bolken, bulken, to bel-
low, to roar.

Beldam. Fair sir and Fair lady, Fr.
beau sire and bel dame, were civil terms
of address. Then, probably because a
respectful form of address would be more
frequent towards an elderly than a young
person, beldam became appropriated to
signify an old woman, and finally an ugly
and decrepit old woman.

Belfry. Fr. beffroi, OFr. berfroi, bef-
froit, a watch tower, from mhG. bercvrit,
bervrit, a tower for defence ; OHG. frid,
a tower, turris, locus securitatis — Schilter,
and bergan, to protect. The word be-
came singularly corrupted in foreign lan-
guages, appearing in Mid.Lat. under the
forms belfredum, bertefredum, battefre-
dum. It. bettifredo, a little shed, stand,
or house, built upon a tower for soldiers
to stand centinel in ; also a blockhouse
or a sconce. — Fl. In England a false
etymology has confined the name of
belfry, properly belonging to the church
tower, to the chamber in the upper part
of the tower in which the bells are hung.

To Believe. It is not obvious how to
harmonise the senses of believing, prais-
ing, permitting or giving leave, promis-
ing, which are expressed in the different
Teutonic dialects by essentially the same
word or slight modifications of it; Pl.D.

BELL

loven, laven, to believe; Du. loven, to
praise, to promise, orloven, to give leave ;
Dan. lov, praise, reputation, leave ; ON.
lofa, ley/a, to praise, to give leave; AS.
leaf a, geleafa, belief ; gelyfan, to believe,
lyfan,.alyfan, to give leave; G. glauben,
to believe, loben, to praise, erlauben, to
permit, verloben, to promise or engage.

-The fundamental notion seems to be
to approve, to sanction an arrangement,
to deem an object in accordance with a
certain standard of fitness. In this sense
we have Goth, galaubs, filu-galaubs,
precious, honoured, esteemed ; ungalaub
kas, tie itnfimv nKixioQ, a vessel made for
dishonour, for purposes of low estimation ;
Pl.D. laven, Du. loven, to fix a price
upon one's wares, to estimate them at a
certain rate. To believe, then, Goth.
laubjan, galaubjan, is to esteem an as-
sertion as good for as much as it lays
claim to ; if a narration, to esteem it true
or in accordance with the fact it professes
to describe ; if a promise, to esteem it as
in accordance with the intention of the
promiser.

The sense of praising may be easily
deduced from the same radical notion.
To praise is essentially Xo prise, to put a
high price or value on, to extol the worth
of anything, to express approval, or high
estimation. Hence to simple approbation,
satisfaction, consent, permission, is an
easy progress. P1.D. to der swaren lave,
to the approbation or satisfaction of the
sworn inspectors ; mit erven lave, with
the consent of the heirs. In Mid.Lat.
the consent given by a lord to the alien-
ation of a tenant's fief was expressed by
the term laws, and E. allow, which has
been shown to be derived from laudare,
is used in the sense of approving, esteem-
ing good and valid, giving leave or per-
mission, and sometimes in a sense closely
analogous to that of believe.

The principles which all mankind allcrw for
true, are innate ; those that men of right reason
admit are the principles allowed hy all mankind.
— Locke.

Bell. From AS. bellan, on. belja,
boare, to resound, to sound loudly ; Sw.
b'ola, to bellow; Northamptonshire, to
bell, to make a loud noise, to cry out
(Sternberg). A bell, then, on. bialla, is
an implement for making a loud noise.
Templorum campana boant. — Diicange.

ON. bylja, resonare, and E. peal, are other
modifications of the same imitative root,
of which the latter is specially applied to
the sound of bells. The same imita-

BELLOWS

tion is found in Galla, bilbila, bell; bil-
bil-goda, to make bilbil, to ring. — Tut-
schek.

Bellows.— Belly. The word balg,
bolg, is used in several Celtic and Teu-
tonic languages to signify any inflated
skin or case. Gael, balg, bolg, a leather
bag, wallet, belly, blister ; balgan-snamha,
the swimming bladder ; balgan-uisge, a
water-bubble ; builge, bags or bellows,
seeds of plants. Bret, belch, bolch,polch,
the bolls or husks of flax ; AS. bcelg, a
bag, pouch, cod or husk of pulse, wallet ;"
blast-bcelg, a bellows ; G. balg, skin,
husk, pod, the skin of those animals that
are stripped off whole ; blase-balg, a blow-
ing-skin, bellows. ON. belgr, an inflated
skin, leather sack, bellows, belly. Sw.
bcelg, a bellows, vulgarly the belly.

The original signification is probably
a water-bubble (stiU preserved by the
Gaelic diminutive balgari), which affords
the most obvious type" of inflation. The
application of the term to the belly, the
sack-like case of the intestines, as well as
to a bellows or blowing-bag, needs no ex-
planation. It seems that bulga was used
for womb or belly by the Romans, as a
fragment of Lucilius has :

BERAY

6l

Ita ut quisque nostrum e tulgS, est matris in
lucem editus.

It is probable that Gr. poX^ri, Lat.
volva, vulva, the womb, is a kindred
form, from another modification of the
word for bubble, from which is also bul-
bus, a round or bubble-shaped root, or a
root consisting of concentric skins.

In E. bellows, the word, like trowsers
and other names of things consisting of a
pair of principal members, has assumed
a plural form.

To Belong'. Du. langen, to reach, to
attain ; belangen, to attain to, to concern,
to belong, attingere, attinere, pertinere,
pervenire. — Kil. G. gelangen, to arrive
at, to become one's property ; zmn Kd-
nigreiche gelangen, to come to the crown ;
belangen, to concern, to touch. Was das
belanget, as concerning that.

To belong is thus to reach up to, to
touch one, expressing the notion of pro-
perty by a similar metaphor to the Lat.
attinere, pertinere, to hold to one.

Belt. ON. belli J Lat. balteus ; Gael.
ball, border, belt, welt of a shoe ; w.
gwald, gwaldas, a border, hem, welt of a
shoe.

Bench. See Bank.

To Bend. on. bendaj as. bendan.
Fr. bander un arc, to bend a bow ; hence

to exert force, se bander, to. rise against
external force ; bandoir, a spring.

To be?id sails is to stretch them on the
yards of the vessel ; to bend cloth, to
stretch it on a frame, G. Tuch an einen
Rahmen spannen. See Bind.

Beneath. See Nether.

Benediction. Lat. benedictio {bene^
well, and dico, I say), a speaking well of
one. Benedico, taken absolutely, means
to use words of good omen, and with an
accusative, to hallow, bless;

Benefice. — Benefactor. — Benefit.
Lat. benefacere, to do good to one ; bene-
factor, one who does good; bene/actum,
Fr. bienfait, a good deed, a benefit. The
Lat. benejicium, a kindness, was in Mid.
Lat. applied to an estate granted by the
king or other lord to one for life, because
it was held by the kindness of the lord.
' Villa quam Lupus quondam per bene-
jicium nostrum tenere visus fuit.' ' Simil-
iter villa quam ex munificenti4 nostr4
ipsi Caddono concessimus.' ' Quam fide-
lis noster per nostrum beneficiuni habere
videtur.' The term had been previously
applied in the Roman law to estates con-
ferred by the prince upon soldiers and
others. — Ducange. The same name was
given to estates conferred upon clerical
persons for life, for the performance of
ecclesiastical services, and in modern
times the name of benefice is appropriated
to signify a piece of church preferment.

Benign. — Benignant. Lat. benig-
nus (opposed to malignus), kind, gener-
ous, disposed to oblige.

Eenison. OFr. beneison, benaigon,
a blessing, from benedictio. Lat. bene-
dicere, Fr. benir, to bless.

Bent. The flower-stalks of grass re-
maining uneaten in a pasture. Bav.
bimaissen, bimpsen, binssen, G. binsen,
rushes. OUG. pino3,pinuz.

To Benum. See Numb.

Benzoin. Gum benjamin, Ptg. ben-
joim, Fr. benjoin, from Arab, loubdn
djawt, incense of Java. By the Arabs it
is called bakhour djAwi, Javanese per-
fume, or sometimes louban, by itself, or
simply djawt. — Dozy.

To Bequeath. To direct the dispo-
sition of property after one's death, as.
becwathan, from cwcsthan, to say. See
Quoth.

^To Beray. To dirty. ' I beraye, I
fyle with ashes. I araye, or fyle with
myre, J'emboue. I marre a thyng, I
soyle it or araye it.' — Palsgr. From OFr.
ray, dirt. ' Hie fimus, fens ; et hie liraus,
ray.' — Commentary on Neccham in Nat.

62

BEREAVE

Antiq. p. 113. Wall, ariierf to dirty'.
Esthon. roe. Fin. roju, dirt, dung ; roju,
roisto, rubbish, sweepings, dust ; rojahtaa,
to rattle down, fall with sound. So ro-
^akka, mud, dirt ; ropahtaa, to fall with
noise.

To Bereave, as. reafian, bereafian,
to deprive of, to strip. See Reave, Rob.

Berry. A small eatable fruit. AS.
beria; Goth, basjaj Du. besje^ Sanscr.
bhakshya,iooA,irova.bhaksh,X.ot-i.t. Hfence
on the one side Lat. bacca, a berry, and
on the other Goth, basya, G. Beere, E.
berry.— VixHsm, Zeitschr. vol. vi. p. 3.

* Berth. The proper meaning of the
word is shelter, but it is specially applied
to the place boarded off in a, ship for a
person to lie in, or the space kept clear
for a ship to ride or moor in. It is the
same word with the provincial barth, a
shelter for cattle.— Hal.

Devon, barthless, houseless. Warm
barth under hedge is a succour to beast.
— Tusser. The origin is AS. beorgan,
E. dial, berwe, bur-we, to defend, pro-
tect ; burrow, sheltered from the wind.
The final th in barth may be either the
termination significative of an abstract
noun, as in growth, from grow, lewth,
shelter, from lew, stealth from steal; or, as
I think more probable, barth may be for
barf, a form which the verb takes in
Yorkshire, barfham, compared with
bargham, berwham, a horse collar, what
protects the neck of the horse from the
hames. So too Yorkshire arf, fearful,
from AS. earg, earh, OE. arwe.
To Beseech. Formerly beseek-
His heart is hard that will not melie
When men of mekeness him beseke.

Chaucer, R. R.

To seek something from a person, to
entreat, solicit. So Lat. peto, to seek,
and also to entreat, beseech.

Besom. AS. besein, besnij Pl.D. bes-
sen, G. besen. AS. besmas, rods. In
Devonshire the name bissam or bassam
is given to the heath plant, because used
for making besoms, as conversely a besom
is called broom, from being made of broom-
twigs. The proper meaning of the word
seems twigs or rods. Du. brem-bessen,
broom twigs, scopse spartis. — Biglotton.

Best. See Better.

Bestead, as. stede, place, position.
Hence stead is applied to signify the
influences arising from relative position.
To stand in stead oi another is to perform
the offices due from him ; to stand one
in good stead, or to bestead one, is to
perform a serviceable office to him.

BETE

The dry- fish was so new and good as it did
very grftatly bestead us in the whole course of our
voyage.— ^fake.

On the other hand, to be hard bestead
is to be placed in a position which it is
hard to endure.

To Bestow, as. stow, a place ; to
bestow, to be-place, to give a place to, to
lay out, to exercise on a definite object;

To Bet. From abet, in the sense ctf
backing, encouraging, supporting the side
on which the wager is laid.

* To Bete, Beit, Beet. To help, to
supply, to mend. — Jam. To bete his
bale, to remedy his misfortune ; to belt a
mister, to supply a want. To beet, to
make of ffeed a fire. — Gl. Grose, as.
betan, to make better, improve, amend,
restore ; fyr betan, properly to mend the
fire, but in practice, to make it. Tha het
he micel fyr betan, then ordered he a
great fire to be lighted: OSw; eld up-
bota, to light the fire ; bal oppbota, to fire
a funeral pile ; botesward, the guardian
of a beacon-fire ; fyrbotare, one who
sets fire to, an incendiary. Du. boeten,
to amend, repair, make better ; het vuur
Boeten, to kindle the fire. The serise of
mending the fire or supplying it with fuel
might so easily pass into that of making
or lighting it, that we can hardly doubt
that the use of as. betan, Sw. bota, Du.
boeten, in the latter sense is only a special
application of the same verbs in the
general sense of repairing or making
bfetter, the origin of which is to be found
in ON. bdt, reparation, making better,
Du. baete, advantage, profit, amendment,
baet, bat, bet, jnore, better, preferably. — •
Kil.

On the other hand, it seems hard to
separate as. betan, Du. boeten, to set
fire ; ^•■n. fyrbotare, from It. buttafuoco,
Fr. boutefeu, an incendiary, in the two
last of which the verbal element must
certainly be It. buttare, to cast, to thrust,
Fr. bouter, to thrust, put, put forth. Bou-
ter fell would thus be to set fire to, as
bouter selle, to put on the saddle. Sw.
bota was also used in the sense of parry-
ing or pushing aside a thrust aimed at
one. — Ihre. The question then arises
whether both derivations may not bfe
reconciled by supposing that ON. bdt,
reparation, and Du. baete, advantage,
amendment, may be derived from the
notion of pushing forwards. Goth, hva
boteith mannan, what does it boot, what
does it better a man, might have been

BETEfiM

translated, what does it advance a man,
what does it forward him.

It is naught honest, it may not advance

For to have dealing with such base poraille.
Chaucer, Friar's Prol.
The word advantage literally signifies
furtherance, the being pushed to the
frbnt, and the same idea is involved in
the word profit, from Lat; proficere, to
make forwards, advance, progress. To
boot in coursing (i. e. to give something
over and above in an exchange) is trans-
lated by Palsgrave, bouter davantaige.
Thus the radical meaning of better would
be more in advance, and to bete or repair
■Would be to push up to its former place
something that had fallen back.

To Beteem, to Teem; To vouchsafe,
deign, afford, deem suitable, find in one's
heart.

Yet could he not beteem (dignetur)
The shape of other bird than eagle for to seem.
Golding's Ovid in R.

*Ah, said he, thou hast confessed and be-
wrayed all, I could teem it to rend thee in pieces.'
. — Dialogue on Witches, Percy Soc. x. 88.

In a like sense ON. tima, Pl.D. taemen,
tanie>i, Ober D. zemen. ON. Tinia eigi
at lata eit, not to have the heart to give
up a thing. Pl.D. Ik tame mi dat nig;
I do not allow myself that. He tdmet
sik een good glas wien : he allows him-
self a good glass of wine. Bav. Mich
zimet, gezimet eines dinges, I approve of
a thing, find it good: Goth, gatiman, G.
ziemen, gesiemen, Dii. taemen, betaemen,
to beseeni, become, be fitting or suitable.

The sense of being fitting or suitable
springs from ON. tima, to happen, to fall
to one's lot, in the same way that schick-
iich, suitable, spritigs from schicken, -to
appoint, order, dispose (whence schicksal,
fate, lot). On the same principle ON.
fallinn, fitting, suitable, as one would
have it fall, from. /alia, to fall, to happen.

To Betray. Lat. tradere, to deliver
tip, then to deliver up what ought to be
kept, to deliver up in breach of trust, to
betray. Hence It. tradire, Fr. trakir,
as envahir, from invadere. The inflec-
tions of Fr. verbs in ir with a double ss,
as trahissons, trahissais, are commonly
rendered in E. by a final sh. Thus from
dbahir, Sahissais, E. abash j from polir,
folissais, E; polish, &c. In like manner
from trahir we formerly had trash and
betrash, as from obdir, obdissais, obeish.

In the water anon was seen
His nose, his mouth, his eyen sheen.
And he thereof was all abashed
His owne shadow had him tetrashed. — R. R.

BEWRAY

63

In the original —

Et 11 maintenant s'ebahit
Car son umbre si le trahit.
Her acquaintance is periUous
First soft and after noious.
She hath The trashid [trahie] without wene.

R. R.
Probably the unusual addition of the
particle be to a verb imported from the
Fr. was caused by the accidental resem-
blance of the word to Du. bedriegen, G.
betriigen, to deceive, to cheat, which are
from a totally different' root. From It.
tradire is traditor, Fr. traitre, a traitor;
and from Fr. trahir, trahison, treachery,
treason.

Better. — Best. Goth, batizo, batista;
AS. betera, betest, betst, better, best. Du.
bat, bet, baet, better, more, OE. bet, better.
See To Bete.

Between. — Betwixt. The as. has
tweoh, a different form of twa, two, and
thence twegen, twain. From the former
of these are AS. betwuh, betweoh, betweohs,
betweox, betwuxt, by two, in the middle
of two, which may be compared as to
form with amid, AS. amiddes, amidst, or
with again, against. In like manner
from twain is fothied between, in the
middle of twain.

The He of Man that me clepeth
By twene us and Irlonde. — R. G.

Bevel. Slant, sloped off, awry. Fr.
beveau, an instrument opening like a
pair of compasses, for measuring angles.
Buveau, a square-like instrument having
moveable and compass branches, or one
branch compass and the other straight.
Some call it a bevel. — Cot.

Beverage. A drink. Lat. bibere, It.
bevere, to drink ; whence beveraggio ;
Fr. beuvrage; E. beverage.

Bevy. It. beva, a drinking ; a bevy, as
of pheasants. — Fl. Fr. bevde, a brood,
tlock, of quails, larks, roebucks, thence
applied to a company of ladies especially.

To Bewray. Goth, vrohjan, Fris.
wrogia, ruogia, wreia, G. riigen, to ac-
cuse, i. e. to bring an offence to the notice
of the authorities. Sw. roja, to discover,
make manifest. Dit tungomal r'ojer dig,
thy speech bewrayeth thee, i. e. makes it
manifest that thou art a Galilean. Det
r'ojer sig sjelft, it bewrays itself, gives
some sign of existence which attracts
notice. Now the stirring of an object. is
the way in which it generally catches our
attention. Hence G. regen, to stir, is
used for the last evidence of life. Regt
kein leben mehrin dir, are there no signs

64

BEZEL

of life in you ? Die liebe regef sich bei
ihin, love begins to stir in him, shows the
first signs of life in him. P1.D. wrogen,
rogen (in Altmark rojeri), to stir. ' Hi-
rannetho handelende nah wroginge Shrer
conscientien : ' herein to deal according
to the stirring of their conscience. — Brem.
Wtb. He rogt un bogt sik nig, he is
stock still. Uprogen, to stir up ; beregen,
sik beregen, to move, to stir. — Schiitze.

The train of thought is then, to stir, to
give signs of life, make manifest his
presence, to make evident, bring under
notice, reveal, discover, accuse. ' Thy
tongue bewrayeth thee :' thy tongue
makes thy Galilean birth to stir as it were
before the eyes, le fait sauter aux yeux
(according to the Fr. metaphor), makes
it evident to sense, convicts thee of being
a Galilean.

E. dial, rogge, roggle, Pl.D. wraggeln,
to shake. See Wriggle.

Bezel. — Basil. Sp. bisel, the basil
edge of a plate of looking-glass, which
were formerly ornamented with a border
ground slanting from the general surface
of the glass. When the edge of a joiner's
tool is ground away to an angle it is called
a basil (Halliwell), in Fr. tailU en biseau.
Biseau, a bezle, bezling or skueing. — Cot.

The proper meaning of the word seems
to be a paring, then an edge pared or
sliced off, a sloping edge.

Tayllet le payn ke est parfe,
Les Hseaux (the paringes) i I'amoyne soyt doni.
Bibelsworth in Nat. Ant. 172.

Bezoar. A stony concretion in the
stomach of ruminants to which great
medical virtues were formerly attached.
Pers. pddzahr, from pdd-, expelling or
preserving against, and zahr, poison. In
Arab, the word became bddizahr, b&zahr.
— Dozy.

To Bezzle. To drink hard, to tipple.
Probably, like guzzle, formed from an
imitation of the sound made in greedy
eating and drinking.

Yes, s'foot I wonder how the inside of a taveme
looks now. Oh I when shall I bizzle, Hzzle f —
Deldkar in R.

Bi-. Lat. bis, twice, in two ways ; for
duis,{ioin dua,two,a.s bellum for duellum.
In comp. it becomes (Jz-,as in Biped, two-
footed. Bisect, to cut in two.

Bias. Fr. biais, bihais. Cat. biax,
Sardin. biascia. It. sbiescio, Piedm. sbias,
sloped, slanting ; Fr. biaiser, Sard, sbia-
sciai, to do something aslant. The It.
bieco, sbieco, from obliquus, has a singular
resemblance to sbiescio, used in precisely

BICKER

the same sense, though such a change of
form would be very unusual.

The true origin is probably from the
notion of sliding or slipping. It. sbiagio,
sbiesso, bending, aslope ; sbisciare, bis-
dare, sbrisciare, sbrissare, to creep or
crawl sideling, aslope, or in and out, as
an eel or a snake, to glide or slip as upon,
ice ; sbriscio, sbrisso, sbiscio, oblique,
crooked, winding or crawling in and out,
slippery, sliding; biascio, bias-wise.

Bib. Fr. bavon, baviere, baverole, a
cloth to prevent a child drivelling over
its clothes. Saver, to slaver or drivel.
Du. kwijlen, to slaver ; kwijl-bab, kwijl-
lap, or kwijl-slab, a slabbering-bib. Fris.
babbi, the mouth; Mantuan, babbi, bab-
ble, snout, lips.

To Bib. — To Bibble. Lat. bibo, to
drink, whence Du. biberen,to drink much;
biberer, Fr. biberon, bibaculus, a bibber,
one who drinks in excess. Ci^.' bibble,
Sc. bebble, to sip, to tipple. ' An excellent
good bibbeler, specially in a bottle.' —
Gascoigne. ' He's aye bebbling and
drinking.' — Jam. Dan. dial, bible, to
trickle. ' Han er saa beskjenket at
brandevinet bibler oven ud av ham : ' he
is so drunk that the brandy runs out of
him. Dan. pible, to purl, to well up with
small bubbles and a soft sound.

Bible. Gr. /3i/3Xof , a book ; originally,
an Egyptian plant, the papyrus, of the
bark of which paper was first made.

Bice. An inferior blue, OE. asure-bice
(Early E. Misc. Hal. 78); Fr. bes-azur,
the particle bes being often used in com-
position to signify perversion, inferiority.
Prov. beslei, per\'erted belief; barlume
(for bis-lume) weak light; Piedm. bes-
anca, crooked; ber-laita (for bes-laita),
Fr. petit-lait, whey ; Cat. bescompte, mis-
count ; Fr. bestemps, foul weather. Diet.
Wallon.

To Bicker. — Bickering'. To skirmish,
dispute, wrangle. It is especially applied
in Sc. to a fight with stones, and also sig-
nifies the constant motion of weapons
and the rapid succession of strokes in a
battle or broil, or the noise occasioned by
successive strokes, by throwing of stones,
or by any rapid motion. — Jamieson. The
origin is probably the representation of
the sound of a blow with a pointed in-
strument by the syllable /zV/&, whence the
frequentative picker or bicker would re-
present a succession of such blows. To
bicker in NE. is explained to clatter, Hal-
liwell. Du. bickeler, a stone-hewer .or
stone-picker; bickelen, bickai, to hew
stone ; bickel, bickel-sieenken, a fragment

BID

of stone, a chip, explaining the Sc. bicker
in the sense of throwing stones. Bickelen,
to start out, as tears from the eyes, from
the way in which a chip flies from the
pick. Hence Sc. to bicker, to move
quickly. — Jam.

Ynglis archaris that hardy war and wycht
Amang the Scottis bykarit with all their mycht.

Wallace in Jam.
The arrows struck upon them like blows
from a stone-cutter's pick.

It must be observed that the word
pick (equivalent to the modem pitch)
was used for the cast of an arrow.

I hold you a grote I pycke as farre with an
arowe as you. — Palsgrave in Halliwell.

To Bid. Two verbs are here con-
founded, of distinct form in the other
Teutonic languages.

1. To Bid in the obsolete sense of to
pray.

For far lever he hadde wende
And Udde ys mete yf he shulde in a strange lond.

R. G.

Bidders and beggars are used as sy-
nonymous in P. P.
For he that beggeth other biddeth but if he have

need
He is false and faitour and defraudeth the neede.

In this sense the word is the correla-
tive of Goth, bidjan, bidan, bath, or bad,
bedun; AS. biddan, bced, gebeden j G. bit-
ten, bat ; ON. bidja, or, in a reflective
form, beidast.

2. To Bid in the sense of offering,
bringing forwards, pressing on one's
notice, and consequently ordering or re-
quiring something to be done. Goth.
bjudan in anabjudan, faurbjudan, to
command, forbid ; AS. beodan, bead, ge-
bodenj G. bieten, to offer, verbieten, to
forbid ; Du. bieden, porrigere, offerre,
praebere, praestare. — Kil.

To bid the banns, G. ein paar verlobte
aufbieten, is to bring forwards the an-
nouncement of a marriage, to offer it to
public notice. Einem einen guten tag
bieten, to bid one good day, to offer one
the wish of a good day. To bid one to a
dinner is properly the same verb, to pro-
pose to one to come to dinner, although
it might well be understood in the sense
of the other form of the verb, to ask, to
pray one to dinner. Analogous expres-
sions are G. einen vor Gericht bieten, to
summon one before a court of justice ;
einen vor sick bieten lassen, to have one
called before him.

With respect to logical pedigree, the
meaning of bid, in the sense of ask for,
pray, may plausibly be derived from Goth.

BIGOT

(y^

beidan, as. bidan, abidan, to look for. To
pray is merely to make known the fact
that-we look for or desire the object of our
prayers. The 'La.t.peto, qucero, signifying
in the first instance to seek or look for, are
also used in the sense of asking for. The
ON. feVaisused in each sense (Ihrev.Leta),
and the Sw. has leta, to look for, anleta,
to solicit, just as the two ideas are ex-
pressed in E. by seek and beseech, for be-
seek. The ON. bidill, a suitor, from
bidja, to ask, seems essentially the same
word with AS. bidel, an attendant or
beadle, from bidan, to abide or wait on.

Big. Swollen, bulky. The original
spelling seems to be bug, which is stiU.
used in the N. of England for swollen,
proud, swaggering.

But when her circling nearer down doth pull
Then gins she swell and waxen iug-viith horn.
More in Richardson.

' Bug as a Lord.' — Halliwell. ' Big-swol-
len heart.' — Addison. ' Big - uddered
ewes.' — Pope in R.

The original form of the root is pro-
bably seen in the ON. bolga, a swelling,
bolginn, swoln, from belgia, to inflate ; E.
bulge, to belly, to swell, bilge or bulge, the
belly of a ship, related to big or bug, as
G. and Gael, balg, an entire skin, to E.
bag. The loss of the / gives Dan. bug,
belly, bulge, bow; bugne (answering to
ON. bolgna), to bulge, belly, bend. Com-
pare also Sp." buque with E. bulk. W. bog,
swelling, rising up.

To Big. AS. byggan, ON. byggia, to
build, to inhabit; OSw. bygga, to pre-
pare, repair, build, inhabit. A simpler
and probably a contracted form is seen
in ON. bua, OSw. boa, bo, to arrange,
prepare, cultivate, inhabit ; Du. bouwen,
to cultivate, to build ; G. bauen to culti-
vate, to dwell, to build.

Bigamy. From Gr. iiQ, twice, becoming
in Lat. bis and in comp. bi-, and yajiBui, to
marry.

Bight or Bought. A bend of a shore
or of a rope. ON. bugt, a flexure, buga,
to bend, to curve. AS. bugan, bigan; G.
biegen, to bend.

Bigot. The beginning of the 13th
century saw the sudden rise and maturity
of the mendicant orders of St Francis and
St Dominic. These admitted into the
ranks of their followers, besides the pro-
fessedmonks and nuns, athird class, called
the tertiary order, or third order of peni-
tence, consisting both of men and women,
who, without necessarily quitting their
secular avocations, bound themselves to
a strict life and works of charity. The

66

BIGOT

same outburst of religious feeling seems
to have led other persons, both men and
women, to adopt a similar course of life.
They wore a similar dress, and went
about reading the Scriptures and practis-
ing Christian life, but as they subjected
themselves to no regular orders or vows of
obedience, they became highly obnoxious
to the hierarchy, and underwent much
obloquy and persecution. They adopted
the grey habit of the Franciscans, and
were popularly confounded with the third
order of those friars under the names of
Beguini, Beguttce, Bizoccki, Bizzocari
(in Italian Begkini, Bighini, Bighiotti),
all apparently derived from Ital. bigio,
Venet. biso, grey. ' Bizocco,' says an
author quoted in N. and Q. vol. ix. 560,
'sia quasi bigioco e bigiotto, perch^ i
Terziari di S. Francesco si veston di
bigio.' So in France they were called
Us petits frires bis or bisets.— Ducange.
From bigio, grey, was formed bigello, the
dusky hue of a dark-coloured sheep, and
the coarse cloth made from its undyed
wool, and this was probably also the
meaning of bighino or beguino, as well as
bizocco. ' E che I'abito bigio ovver beghino
era gomune degli nomini di penitenza,'
where beghino evidently implies a de-
scription of dress of a similar nature to
that designated liy the term bigio. Bi-
zocco also is mentioned in the fragment
of the history of Rome of the 14th century
in a way which shows that it must have
signified coarse, dark-coloured cloth, such
as is used for the dress of the inferior
orders, probably from biso, the other form
of bigio. ' Per te Tribune,' says one of
the nobles to Rienzi, ' fora piu convene-
vole che portassi vestimenta honeste da
bizuoco che queste' pompose,' translated
by Muratori, ' honesti plebeii amictus.'
It must be remarked that bizocco also
signifies rude, clownish, rustical, ap-
parently from the dress of rustics being
composed of bizocco. In the same way Fr.
bureau is the colour of a brown sheep,
and the coarse cloth made from the un-
dyed wool. Hence the OE. borel, coarse
woollen cloth, and also unlearned com-
mon men. In a similar manner from
bigello, natural grey or sheep's russet,
homespun cloth, bighellone, a dunce, a
blockhead. — Flor. From bigio would
naturally be formed bigiotto, bighiotto;a.nA
as soon as the radical meaning of the
word was obscured, corruption would
• easily creep in, and hence the variations
bigutta, begutta, bigotta, beghino, which
must not be confounded with begardo,

bigardo, G. beghart, signifying bagmen or
beggars, a term of reproach applied to
the same class of people. We find Boni-
face VIII., in the quotations of Ducange
and his continuators, speaking of them
as ' NonnuUi viri pestiferi qui vulgariter
Fraticelli seu fratres de paupere vita, aut
Bizochi sive Bichini vel aliis fucatis no-
minibus nuncupantur.' Matthew Paris,
with reference to A.D. 1243, says, 'Eisdem
temporibus quidam in Alemannia pra-
cipue se asserentes religiosos in utroque
sexu, sed maxim^ in muliebri, habitum
religionis sed levem susceperunt, conti-
nentiam vitse privato voto profitentes,
sub nuUius tamen regula coarctati, nee
adhuc uUo claustro contenti.' They were
however by no means confined to Italy.
' Istis ultimis temporibus hypocritalibus
plurimi maximfe in ItaliS. et Alemannii et
Provincise provincii, ubi tales Begardi
et Beguini vocantur, nolentes jugum
subire veras obedientias — nee servare re-
gulam aliquam ab Ecclesia approbatam
sub manu praeceptoris et ducis legitimi,
vocati Fraticelli, alii de paupere viti, alii
Apostolici, aliqui Begardi, qui ortum in
Alemannia habuerunt.' — Alvarus Pela-
gius in Due. ' Secta qusedam pestifera
illorum qui Beguini vulgariter appellan-
tur qui se fratres pauperes de tertio ordine
S. Francisci communiter appellabant.' —
Bemardus Guidonis in vita J oh. xx.
' Capellamque seu clusam hujusmodi
censibus et redditibus pro septem per-
sonis religiosis, Beguttis videlicet ordinis
S. Augustini dotarint.' — Chart. A. D. 15 18.
' Beghardus et Beg7iina et Begutta sunt
viri et mulieres tertii ordinis.' — Brevilo-
quium in Due.

They are described more at large in
the Acts of the Council of Treves, A.D.
1 3 10. 'Item cum quidam sint laici in
civitate et provincial Trevirensi qui sub
pretextu cujusdam religionis fictse Beg-
hardos se appellant, cum tabardis et
tunicis longis et longis capuciis cum ocio
incedentes, ac labores manuum detest-
antes, conventicula inter se aliquibus
temporibus faciunt, seque fingunt coram
simplicibus personis expositores sa-
crarum scripturarum, nos vitam eorum
qui extra religion em approbatam validarn
mendicantes discurrunt, &c.' ' Nonnul-
te mulieres sive sorores, Biguttce apud
yulgares nuncupate, absque votorum re-
ligionis emissione.' — Chart. A.D. 1499.

From the foregoing extracts it will
readily be understood how easily the
name, by which these secular aspirants
to superior holiness of life were desig-

BILBERRY

nated, might be taken to express a hypo-
crite, false pretender to reUgious feeling,
Tartuffe. Thus we find in It. bigotto,
bizocco, a devotee, a hypocrite; Pied-
montese bigot, bisoch, Fr. bigot, in the
same sense. Sp. bigardo, a name given
to a, person of religion leading a loose
life, bigardia, deceit, dissimulation ; G.
beghart, gleischner (Frisch), a bigot or
hypocrite, a false pretender to honesty or
holiness. — Ludwig. ' Bigin, bigot, su-
perstitious hypocrite.' — Speight in Rich-
ardson.

In English the meaning has received
a further development, and as persons
professing extraordinary zeal for religious
views are apt to attribute an overweening
importance to their particular tenets', a
bigot has come to signify a person un-
reasonably attached to particular opin-
ions, and not having his mind open to
any argument in opposition.

Bilberry. The fruit of the vaccinium
myrtillus, while that of vaccinium uligi-
nosum is called in the N. of E. bla-berry,
from the dark colour. Dan. blaa, blue ;

Sw. blamand, a negro. In Danish the
names are reversed, as the fruit of the
myrtillus is called blaa-bcer, that of the
uliginosum bblle-bar. Perhaps the name
may be a corruption of bull-berry, in ac-
cordance with the general custom of
naming eatable berries after some animal,
as craneberry, crowberry, and the bil-
berry itself was called by the Saxons
hart-berry. Aurelles, whortle-berries,
bill-berries, bull-berries. — Cot.

Bilbo. A slang term for a sword, now
obsolete. A Bilboa blade.

Bilboes. Among mariners, a punish-
ment at sea when the offender is laid in
irons or set in a kind of stocks. Du.
boeye, a shackle. Lat. boja, Prov. boia,
OFr. buie, fetters. Bojce, genus vincu-
lorum tam ferrese quam ligneae. — Festus
in Diez. This leaves the first syllable
unaccounted for. The proper meaning
of boja, however, seems to be rather the
clog to which the fetters are fastened than
the fetter itself. NFris. bui, buoy [i. e.
a floating log to mark the place of some-
thing sunk], clog to a fetter. — Deutsch.
Mundart. Johansen, p. loi.

Bilge. The belly or swelling side of a
ship. See Bulk.

To Bilk. To defraud one of expected
remuneration ; a slang term most likely
from an affected pronunciation of balk.

Bill. I. An instrument for hewing.
G. beil, an axe ; AS. bil, a sword, axe,
weapon ; Sw. bila, an axe, plog-bill, a

BILLOW

67

plough-share ; Du. bille, a stonemason's
pick ; billen den molen-steen, to pick a
millstone. — Kil. w. bwyell, an axe, a
hatchet. Gael, buail, to strike.

2. The bill of a bird may very likely
be radically identical with the foregoing.
The Du. bicken is used both of a bird
pecking and of hewing stone with a pick ;
bicken or billen den molensteen. AS. bile,
the bill of a bird, horn of an animal. In
the same way are related Pol. dziob, the
beak of a bird, dziobad, to peck, to job,
and dziobas, an adze ; Bohem. top, a
beak, tepati, to strike, topor, an axe.

Bill. 3. — Billet. A bill, in the sense
of a writing, used in legal proceedings, as
a bill of indictment, bill of exchange, bill
in parliament, is properly a sealed instru-
ment, from Mid. Lat. bulla, a seal. See
Bull. A billet is the diminutive of this, a
short note, the note which appoints a
soldier his quarters. Du. bullet, billet,

inscriptum, symbolum, syngraphum

Kil.

Billet. 2. — ^Billiard. Fr. billot, a stick
or log of wood cut for fuel, an ingot of
gold or silver. Bille, an ingot, a young
stock of a tree to graft on — Cotgrave ; a
stick to rest on — Roquefort. Langued.'
bilio, a stick to tighten the cord of a
package. Fr. billard or billart, a short
and thick truncheon or cudgel, hence the
cudgel in the play at trap ; and a billard,
or the stick wherewith we touch the baU
at billyards. OFr. billard also signified
a man who rests on a stick in walking. —
Roquef. Billette, a billet of wood ; bil-
leites d'un espieu, the cross bars near the
head of a boarspear to hinder it from
running too far into the animal.

The origin of the term is probably from
bole, the trunk of a tree, the o changing
to an i to express diminution. A like
change takes place in the other sense of
billet from bulla, a seal.

Billow. Sw. b'olja, Dan. biilge, on.
bylgia, Du. bolghe, bulghe, fluctus maris,
unda, procella — Kil., from OSw. bulgja,
to swell. Du. belghen, AS. belgan, abel-
gan, to be angry (i. e. to swell with rage).

The mariner amid the swelling seas
Who seeth his back with many a billow beaten.
Gascoigne in R.

' Had much ado to prevent one from
sinking, the billowe was so great ' (Hack-
luyt), where we see billow not used in
the sense of an individual wave, but in
that of swell.

So in Gr. oJ^/ua edXatrtrije, the swelling
of the sea, and in Lat. 'tumidi fluctus,'
5 *

68

BIN

'tumens sequor,' and the like, are com-
monplaces. See Belly.

Bin. — Bing. The proper meaning is
a heap.

Like ants when they do spoile the Ung of corn.
Surrey in R.

Then as side boards or walls were
added to confine the heap to a smaller
space, the word was transferred to a
receptacle so constructed for storing
corn, wine, &c. Sw. binge, a heap, a
division in a granary, or bin. ON. bunga,
to swell, to bulge, bunki, a heap. Fr.
bigne, a bump or knob.

The grete bing was upbeilded wele

Of aik trees and fyrren schydis dry. — D. V.

To Bind. — Bine. — Bindweed. AS.

bindan, Goth, bindan, band., bundun.
This word is I believe derived from the
notion of a bunch or lump, expressed by
Sw. bunt, Dan. bundt, G. bund, a bunch,
truss, bundle, the primary notion of
binding being thus to make a bunch of
a thing, to fasten it together. In like
manner from knot, Lat. nodus, a knob, I
would derive the verb to knit, to bind
together, as when we speak of one's limbs
being firmly knit together. The idea
which is expressed in E. by the verb knit
or net, i. e. to form a knotted structure, is
rendered in ON. by binda, to bind ; at

binda nat, to knot nets for fish, to net.
Lith. pinnu, piiiti, to wreathe, to plait.
It seems more in accordance with the
development of the understanding that
the form with the thinner vowel and ab-
stract signification should be derived
from that with the broader vowel and
concrete signification, than vice versi.
Thus I suppose the Gr. isfiw, to build, to
be derived from Ibfiaq, a house, Lat./«i-
dere, to hang, from pondus, a weight,
the last of these forms being identical
with the word which we are treating as
the root of bind, viz. bund, bundt, bunch,
hith. pundas, a truss, bundle, also a stone
weight, a weight of 48 pounds. The
original meaning of pondus would thus
be simply a lump of some heavy ma-
terial, doubtless a stone.

The term bine or bind is applied to
the twining stem of climbing plants.
Thus we speak of the hop-bine for the
shoots of hops. The wood-bine desig-
nates the honeysuckle in England, while
bind-wood, bin-wood, or ben-wood, is in
Scotland applied to ivy. Here we see
the root in the precise form of the Lith.
pinnii, pin-ti, to twine.

Binnacle. See Bittacle.

BITTACLE

Bio-. Gr. /Siof, life.
Birch. AS. bircej Sw. bjork; Lith.
berkas (z=:Fr. j), Sanscr. bhurja.

Bird. AS. brid, the young of birds ;
earnes brid, an eagle's young ; G. brut, a
brood or hatch of young. See Breed.
We find the use of the word in this
original sense as late as Shakespeare.
Being fed by us you used us so
As that ungentle gull the cuckoo's bird
Useth the sparrow. — H. IV., v. sc. i.

The proper designation of the feathered
creation is in E. fowl, which in course of
time was specially applied to the galli-
naceous tribe as the most important kind
of bird for domestic use, and it was
perhaps this appropriation of the word
which led to the adoption of the name of
the young animal as the general designa-
tion of the race. A similar transfer of
meaning has taken place in the case of
pigeon, from \t3\.. pippione, piccione, pro-
perly a young pigeon, and of Fr. poule,
a gallinaceous bird, E. poultry, from Lat,
pullus, the young of an animal.

Birth. AS. beorth, Sw. bord, G. ge-
burt, from AS. beran, to bear, to bring
forth. See To Bear.

Biscuit. Fr. biscuit. It. biscotto, Lat.
bis-coctus {bis and coquo, to cook), twice
cooked, or baked.

Bishop. Lat. episcopus, from Gr.
ETTiTOOTToe, an overseer, overlooker. When
compared with Fr. evigue, it affords a
remarkable proof how utterly unlike the
immediate descendants of the same word
in different languages may become. Epis-
copus; It. vescovo, Fr. evesgue, evegue.

Bisson. — Bisom. — Bisen. — Bizened.
Blind, properly near-sighted. Du. bij
sien, propius videre ; bij sicndc, bij sien-
igh, lusciosus et myops, qui nisi propius
admota non videt. — Kil.

Bit. The part of the bridle which the
horse bites or holds . in his mouth. AS.
bitol. ON. bitill, beitsl. Sw. betsel.

Bitch. AS. biccej ON. bikkia, a little
dog, a bitch ; applied also to other
animals, and especially to a small poor
horse. G. beize, or petze, a bitch, in
Swabia, a pig ; petz, a bear. Fr. biclie, a
hind or female stag. Something of the
same confusion is seen in G. hiindiiin, a
female dog ; hindinn, a female stag.
Lap. pittjo, a bitch.

To Bite. Goth, beitan, ON. bita, G.
beisseii.

Bittacle or Binnacle. A frame of
timber in the steerage of a ship, where
the compass stands. — Bailey. Fr. habit-
acle, Sp. bitacora. Habitacle, a habit-

BITTER

acle, dwelling or abiding place. — Cotgr.
In Legrand's Fr. and Flemish dictionary
habitacle is explained a little lodge
(logement) near the mizenmast for the
pilot and steersman. ' Nagt huis, 't
huisje, 't kompas huis.' It would thus
seem to have signified, first, a shelter
for the steersman, then the mere case in
which the compass is placed.

Bitter. Goth, baitrs, ON. beitr, bitr,
apparently from its biting the tongue.

Peper ser bitter och bitar fast.
Pepper is bitter and bites hard. — Hist.
Alex. Mag., quoted by Ihre. Applied in
ON. to the sharpness of a weapon. ' Hin
bitrasta sverd' — the sharpest sword.
When an edge is blunt we say it will not
bite.

In a similar manner Gael, beuni, bite,
cut, and beuin, bitter.

Bittern. A bird of the heron tribe.
It. bittore; Fr. butorj OE. bittour. Sp.
bitor, a rail.

Bitts. The bitts of the anchor, Fr.
bites, Sp. bitas, are two strong posts
standing up on the deck, round which
the cable is made fast. on. biti, a beam
in a house or ship, a* mast ; Sp. bitones,
pins of the capstern.

Bivouac. The lying out of an army
in the open field without shelter. G. bei-
wache, an additional watch, from wachen,
to watch, corrupted in Fr. to bivouac,
from whence we have adopted the. term.
But we formerly had the word direct
from German in a sense nearer the
original. ' Biovac, bihovac, a night guard
performed by the whole army when there
is apprehension of danger. — Bailey. Sp.
"uivac, town guard to keep order at night ;
bivouac, night guard, small guard-house.
— Neumann.

To Blab — Blabber.— Blabber-lip. To
blab, to talk much, indistinctly, to chatter ;
then to talk indiscreetly, to let out whai
should have been concealed. I blaber, as
a childe dothe or he can speake, Je
gasouille. — Palsgr.
Why presumest thou so proudly to profecie these

things
And wost no more what thou Uaterest than Ba-
laam's asse. — Halhwell.
Dan. blabbre, to babble, gabble. Pl.D.
blabbern, G. plappem, to speak quick,
confusedly, thoughtlessly ; Bohem. blep-
tati, to babble, chatter ; Lith. blebberis, a
babbler ; Gael, blabaran, a stammerer,
stutterer, blabhdach, babbling, garrulous.
All founded on a representation of the
sound made by collision of the lips in
■ rapid talking. The Gz.€i.plab is used to

BLACK 69

signify ' a soft noise, as of a body falling
into water, or water beating gently on
the beach ; ' plabraich, a fluttering noise,
a flapping, as of wings ; plabartaich, a
continued soft sound, as of water gently
beating the shore, unintelligible talk ;
plabair, a babbler. — Ai-mstrong.

The introduction or omission of an /
after the labial in these imitative forms
makes little difference, as is seen in
sputter and splutter. So Fr. baboyer, to
blabber with the lips. — Cot. To blabber
out the tongue, to loll it out. — Hal. Blab-
ber-lip, synonymous with baber-lip, a
large coarse lip ; blob, parallel with Fris .
babbe, Mantuan babbi, a large lip, mouth,
chops.

Wit hung her blob, even humour seemed to
mourn. — Collins in Hal.

Gael, blob, blobach, blubber-lipped. Bav.
bleff, chops, mouth, in contempt. ^-
Deutsch. Mund. v. 332.

Black, Bleak. The original meaning
of black seems to have been exactly the
reverse of the present sense, viz. shining,
white. It is in fact radically identical
with Fr. blanc, white, blank, from which
it differs only in the absence of the nasal.
ON. blakki, shine, whiteness (candor sine
maculS.. — Hald.). It. biacca, white lead.

Then as white is contrasted with any
special colour the word came to signify
pale, faded. AS. blac-hleor ides, the pale-
cheeked maid. Se mona mid his blacan
leohte ; the moon with her pale light.
G. bleich, Du. bleek, Dan. bleg, pale. N.
blakk, pale, faded, discoloured ; gulblakk,
brunblakk, pale yellow, buft", pale brown ;
Sw. black, whitish, yellowish, fallow ; ON.
bleikr, light-coloured, whitish, pale, pale
yellow ; NE. blake, yellow ; ' as blake as a
paigle (cowslip).'

A fildefare ful eerly tok hir flihte,
To fore my study sang with his fetheris blake.
Lydgate, Percy Soc. x, 156.

Fieldfare, AS. /ealo-/or, iroxafealo, fallow
fawn-coloured.

Again, as colours fade away the aspect
of the object becomes indistinct and ob-
scure, and thus the idea of discolouration
merges in that of dim, dusky, dark, on
the one side, as in that of pale and white
on the other. ON. blackr is translated
'glacus seu subalbus,' by Gudmund;
'fuscus, obscurus,' by Haldorsen. In like
manner E. bleak is used to signify pale
or light-coloured as well as livid or dark-
coloured. Fr. blesmer, to wax pale or
bleaked. — Hollyband. Fr. ^aj'/^r, to make
bleak or swart a thing by displaying it in

^o

BLACKGUARD

thehotsun. — Cot. 5/^a/^ of colour, pallido,
livido ; to bleak in the sun, imbrunire. —
Torriano. Sw. black, whitish, also tanned
by the sun; mus-blackt,TaaVi%^-&\xxi. When
the idea of dimness or obscurity is pushed
to its limit it becomes absolute darkness
or blackness. There is nothing more
variable than the signification of words
designating colour.

Blackguard. A name originally given
in derision to the lowest class of menials
or hangers-on about a court or great
household, as scullions, linkboys, and
others engaged in dirty work.

A slave that within this twenty years rode
with the Black Guard in the Duke's carriage
(i. e. with the Duke's baggage) mongst spits and
dripping-pans. — ^Webster.

I am degraded from a cook, and I feat that
the Devil himself will entertain me but for one
of his blackguard, and he shall be sure to have
his meat burnt. — O. Play in Nares.

The word is well explained in a pro-
clamation of the Board of Green Cloth
in 1683, cited in N. and Q., Jan. 7, 1854.

Whereas of late a sort of vicious idle and
masterless boys and rogues, commonly called
the Black-guard, with divers other lewd and
loose fellows, vagabonds, vagrants, and wan-
dering men and women, do follow the Court to
the great dishonour of the same — We do strictly
charge all those so called the Blackguard as
aforesaid, with all other loose idle masterless men,
boys, rogues and wanderers, who have intruded
themselves into his Majesty's court and stables,
that within the space of 24 hours they depart.

Bladder, as. bladre, on. blactra, a
bubble, blister, bladder ; Sw. bladdra, a
bubble, G. blatter, a pustule ; Bav. blatter,
bubble, blister, bladder. The radical
image is the formation of foam or bubbles
by the dashing of water, and the sense is
carried on from a bubble to any bubble-
shaped thing, a bladder or pustule. PI.
D. pladdern, to dabble in water, and
thence to babble, tattle. Dan. pluddre,
to puddle or mix up turf and water ; to
jabber ; pludder, mud, slush, mire, also
jabber, gabble. The primitive sense of
splashing in water is lost in ON. bladra,
to jabber, Sc. bladder, blather, blether,
chatter, foolish talk, but it may be supplied
from the constant connection between
words expressing excessive talk, and the
agitation of liquids. Besides the examples
of this connection given above, the ON.
skola and thwatta, and G. waschen, all
signify to wash as well as to tattle, chat-
ter. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to purl, is
identical with Flanders borlen, to vocifer-
ate.—Kil. See Blubber.

Blade, on. blad, the leaf of a tree,

BLARE

blade of a sword, or of an oar ; G. blatt,
leaf of a, tree, sheet of paper, flap of a
coat, &c. ; Du. blad, a leaf, plate, board.
The term is generally applied to anything
thin and flat. It is commonly connected
with _/?«/, It. piatto, Fr. plat, Du. G. plat,
Gr. irXariQ, broad. But perhaps a more
definite origin may be found in the notion
of foam, or a mass of bubbles, which we
have above endeavoured to indicate as
the original signification of Bladder. The
old Dutch form of the word is blader, a.
leaf, bladeren, leaves, branches ; G. blat-
terig, leafy. And we have in foam a
most complete example of leafy structure.

Blain. as. blegen, Dan. blegne, Du.
blein, Sw. dial, blena, a boil, pimple,
blister. Perhaps from blegen, which
Schwenk and Adelung give as an old
Swabian form of the G. blahen, to blow.

Blame. — Blaspheme. Gr. pXaatpiiiiHv,
to speak impiously. Lat. blasphemare, to
revile, reproach, defame. Hence Ital.
biasimare, Fr. biastner, and E. blame.

Et per consilium eorum ita convenienter tibi
respondebo quod cum tecum loquar non credo te
me inde hlasj^ketnaturuTn.. — Eadmer, Hist. Novo-
rura, p. 86.

Que quand je parle avec vous je ne crois pas
que vous ra'en blaraiez.

Blank. — Blancli. Fr. blanc, white;
blanchir, to blanch, to make or become
white ; blanc, blanqne, a blank ticket, a
white or unwritten ticket, a ticket that
does not obtain the prize. Hence applied
to an occasion on which the result hoped
for has not happened. Blank "verse, verse
void of the rhyme to which the ear is ac-
customed. To blank, or blafich, to dis-
appoint, to omit, pass over.

Now, Sir, concerning your travels — I suppose
you will not blanch Paris in your way. — Reliqu.
Wott. in R. The judges of that time thought
it a dangerous thing to admit if's and an's to
qualify the words of treason, whereby every man
might express his malice and blanch his danger.
— Bacon in R.

The original root of the word is seen in
the G. blinken, to shine, to glitter, as Lat.
candidus, white, from candere, to shine,
to glow. Dan. blank, shining, polished.

Blanket. From being made of white
wooUen cloth. Fr. blanchet, a blanket
for a bed, also white woollen cloth ; blan-
chet, whitish. — Cot.

To Blare.— Blatter.— Blatant. To
roar, to bellow. Du. blaeren, probably
contracted from bladeren, as blader,
blaere, a buible, blister, or as E. smother,
smore, Du. madder, moere, mud. The
present forms then should be classed with
blether, blather, bladder, the origin of

BLAST

which has been explained under Blad-
der.

Gael, blaodhrach, blorach, bawling,
clamorous, noisy ; blor, a loud noise, a
voice ; Jr. blaodh, a shout.

A parallel form sounds the radical syl-
lable with a t instead of d. Du. blaeteren,
blaeten, blaterare, stultd loqui, proflare
■fastum ; blast, blatero, ventosus, magnilo-
quus. — Kil. Hence Spenser's blatant
beast, the noisy, boasting, ill-speaMng
beast. ' She roade at peace through his
only pains and excellent endurance, how-
ever envy list to blatter against him.' —
Spenser. With inversion of the liquid,
Sp. baladrar, to bellow, to talk much and
loud ; baladron, OE. blateroon, an empty
boaster.

Blast. A gust of wind. AS. blcEsan,
to blow ; blcest, a blast. To blast, to de-
stroy, to cut off prematurely, as fruit or
vegetables struck by a cold or pestilential
blast of air.

Blatant. See Blare.

Blaze. I. A strong flame. AS. blase,
blczse, blysa, a torch, a lamp ; blasere, an
incendiary ; ON. blossi, a flame ; blys,
Dan. blus, a torch ; Du. blose, redness ;
Sw. brasa, fire, and, as a verb, to blaze ;
Sp. brasa, Fr. braise, live coal ; embraser,
to set on fire. A blaze is so intimately
connected with a blast of wind, as to
render it extremely probable that the
word blaze, a flame, is radically identical
with AS. blcEsan, g. blcesett, to blow. If
the fire were named from the roaring
sound which it produces, it is obvious
that the designation would be equally ap-
propriate for the blast of wind by which
the conflagration is accompanied and
kept up, and which, indeed, is the imme-
diate cause of the roaring sound.

2. Sw. blasa, Dan. blis, G. bldsse, Du.
blesse, a blaze or white mark on the face
of an animal, a white mark on a tree made
by stripping off a portion of the bark.
As Kilian, besides blesse, has also blencke,
macula emicans, a shining spot, probably
the signification of a white spot on a dark
ground may arise from the notion of
shining like a blaze or flame, Sc. bleis,
bless, bles. — ^Jam. G. blass, pale, light-col-
oured.

To Blaze. — Elazen. i. To blow
abroad, to spread news, to publish. AS.
bliEsan, Du. blaesen, to blow.

And sain, that through thy medling is iilcrwe
Your bothe love, ther it was erst not knowe.

Troilus and Cressida.

But now, friend Cornelius, sith I have blasened

BLAZE

71

his vaunt hearken his vertue and worthiness. —
Golden Book in R.

Sw. oron-blasare, a whisperer, back-
biter. Perhaps the expression of blazing,
or blazening, abroad, was partly derived
from the image of blowing a trumpet, as
when we speak of trumpeting one's vir-
tues. Du. 'op een trompet blaazen,' to
sound a trumpet.

2. To portray armorial bearings in
their proper colours ; whence Blazonry,
heraldry. Fr. blason, a coat of arms, also
the scutcheon or shield wherein arms are
painted or figured ; also blazon or the blaz-
ing of arms. — Cot. The origin of this ex-
pression has given rise to much discussion,
and two theories are proposed, each of
much plausibility. First from the E. blaze,
blazen, to proclaim, to trumpet forth,
whence the Fr. blason, used, among other
senses, in that of praise, commendation ;
blason funebre, a funeral oration ; blason-
ner, to extol, to publish the praises, pro-
claim the virtues of. — Cot. Du. blasoen,
thraso, gloriosus, magniloquus, also prae-
conium, laudes (Kil.), i. e. the matter
trumpeted forth or proclaimed by a herald,
which would ordinarily consist in the first
place of the titles and honours of the party
on whose behalf the herald appeared.
Then, as' the purport of armorial bearings
was to typify and represent the honours
and titles of the bearer, and to make him
known when otherwise concealed by his
armour, the term was transferred to the
armorial bearings themselves, or to the
shield on which they were painted.

The other derivation, which Diez treats
as hardly doubtful, is from AS. blcese, a
torch, a flame, splendour. The term
would then be applied to the armorial
bearings painted in bright colours on the
shield or surcoat, in the same way as we
speak of an illuminated MS. — a MS.
ornamented with coloured paintings ; Fr.
Blanches illuminies, coloured prints.
Prov. blezo, a shield, properly a shield
with armorial device : ' blez6s cubertz de
teins e blancs e blaus,' shields covered
with tints of white and blue. Or the word
might spring from the same origin by a
somewhat different train of thought. The
AS. blesse, blase, is used in the sense of
manifestatio, declaratio. — Lye. ON. blaser
vid, visui patet, it is manifest. — Gudmund.
Hence the derivative blason, like the
synonymous cognisance in English, might
be used to signify the armorial bearings
of an individual, as the device by which
he was known or made manifest when
completely cased in armour.

72

BLEACH

To Bleach, on. bleikr, light-coloured,
whitish, pale ; bleikja, Du. blaken, N.
blakna, to whiten by exposure to sun and
air ; AS. Mac, pale ; blcecan, to bleach.
See Black.

Bleak. In a secondary sense bleak is
used for cold, exposed, from the effect of
cold in making the complexion pale and
livid. See Black.

Blear. i. Blear-eyed j having sore
inflamed eyes, like one that has long
been weeping. P1.D. blarren, to blare
or roar, to cry or weep. ' He blarrede
sinen langen tranen,'he cried till the tears
ran down. Hence blarr-oge or bleer-oge,
a crying eye, a red watery eye.

2. The term blear, in the expression
' to blear one's eye,' to deceive one, is
totally different from the foregoing, and
seems identical with blur, a blot or smear
concealing something that had originally
been distinct.

He that doeth wickedly, although he professe
God in his wordes, yet he doeth not for all that
see God truely : for he is seen with most purely
scowred eyes of faith, which are blurred with the
darkness of vices. — Udal in Richardson.

In this sense it agrees with 'Qa.v.filerren,
a blotch ; plerr, geplerr, a mist before the
eyes. ' Prasstigise, pier vor den augen ; '
' Der Teufel macht ihnen ein eitles plerr
vor den augen,' the devil makes a vain
blur before their eyes. — Schmel. So in
P.P.

He blessede them with his buUes and blered hure
eye.

By a similar metaphor Pol. tutnan is a
cloud, as of dust or mist ; tumanid, to
cast a mist before the eyes, to humbug.

To Bleat. An imitative word intended
to represent the sound made by sheep or
goats. Gr. ^Xiixaoftai, G. bloken, to bleat
as sheep, or to low as oxen.

Bleb. A drop of water, blister. See
Blab.

Bleed. See Blood.

Blemisli. A stain in a man's reputa-
tion, a spot, a fault, a disgrace. — Bailey.
From the OFr. blesmir, tacher, souiller,
salir, to spot, to soil. — Roquef The
modern sense of the word bleme or blesme
is pale, wan, bleak, dead-coloured —
Cotgr. ; blesmissure, blemissemeiit, pale-
ness, wanness, bleakness. As AS. blac
includes the notion of pale and dark, and
wan itself signifies not only pale but
livid or dark of hue, it is probable
that bleme was applied to the dark colour
of lifeless flesh, and thence to a bruise, a
spot, or blemish. The Promptorium has

BLENCH

blemysshen or blenschyn — obfusco. 1
blemysshe, I chaunge colour.

Saw you nat how he ilemysshed at it whan
you asked him whose dagger that was. — Palsgr.

According to Diez the proper meaning
of blemir is to bruise or make livid with
blows, from on. bldmi, the livid colour of
a bruise, livor, sugillatio, color plumbeus ;
bldma, to become livid. Sw. blema, a
boil, wheal, pimple ; Pol. plama, a stain,
spSt, blot, a blot on one's name or re-
putation ; plami/!, splamii!, to spot ; spla-
7nU sie, to stain one's honour or reputa-
tion, to disgrace one's name. So in Sw.

flack, a spot, blot, stain ; flack pa ens
goda nainn, a spot, a blemish in one's
reputation.

Blench. — ^Blencher. — Blancher. To
blench is sometimes used in the sense of
blanking one, to make him feel blank, to
discomfit, confound him. ' Bejaune, a
novice, one that's easily blankt and hath
nought to say when he should speak.' —
Cot.

For now if ye so shuld have answered him as I
have shewed you, though ye shuld have some-
what blenched him therwith. — Sir J. More in
Richardson.

At other times it is synonymous with
blink, to wink the eye, shrink from a
dazzling light, boggle at something, start
back.

I^oketh that ye ne beon nout iliche the horse
that is scheoh (shy) and blencheth uor one
scheaduwe. — Ancren Riwle, 242.

And thus thinkande I stonde still

Without blcnchivge of mine eie.

Right as me thought that I seie

Of Paradeis the moste joie. — Gower in R.
And now are these but mansbond (i. c. slaves)

raskaile of refous —
For these ne shalle ye blenk. — R. B. 115.

To blink the question is to shrink
from it, to wink at it, avoid looking it in
the face. Fr. guenchir, the formal equi-
valent of English wink, is used in a sense
exactly synonymous with blench, to start
away from.

And gif thou blenche from ony of tho, (faith or

creaunce)
Be war, from the than schal I go.
In the French version —
Et bien saches tu guenchir 4 creanche
]e gueitchirai a toi en tel maniere.

Manuel de Pecch&, p. 419.

From the sense of rapid vibration
connected with the notion of blinking,
blench came to be used for a trick, a
movement executed for the purpose of
engaging attention, while the agent ac-

BLEND

complishes a purpose he is desirous of
concealing.

Gif hundes umeth to him-ward (the fox)
He gength wel swithe awaiward
And hoketh pathes swithe narewe
And haveth mid hira his blenches yarewe.
Owl and Nightingale, 375.

To Blend. A numerous class of words
may be cited, with or without the nasal,
representing the sound made by the
agitation of liquids. Swab, blotzen, to
churn, to dash cream up and down with
a plunger ; Du. plotzen, plonsen, to fall
into water with a sudden noise, to plunge.
To blunge clay, in potters' language, is to
mix it up with water to a fluid consist-
ency. Du. blanssen, to dabble in water.
— Biglotton. Sc. to bluiter, to make a
rumbling noise, to bluiter up with water,
to dilute too much ; bluiter, liquid filth ;
to bluther, bludder, to make a noise with
the mouth in taking any liquid. — ^Jam.
To blunder water, to stir or puddle, to
make it thick and muddy. — HalliwelL
Of this latter the E. blend, AS. blendian,
ON. blatida, to mix, seems the simple
form, but by no means therefore a pre-
vious one in the order of formation, as
will be remarked in the observations on
the origin of the word Blink. Sw. blanda
vatn i vin, to dash wine with water.
Afterwards applied to the notion of
mixing in general, whether the subject
matter is wet or dry, although in the
latter case the consciousness of the imi-
tative source of the word is wholly lost.

To Bless. — Bliss. AS. blithe, joyful,
merry, blithe ; blis, joy, gladness, bliss ;
blithsian, blissian, to rejoice, be glad ;
bletsian, to bless, to consecrate ; blet-
sung, a blessing. OHG. blide, glad, joy-
ful ; blidu, joy ; Paradises blidnissu, the
joys of Paradise ; bliden, to rejoice. A
similar development has taken place in
the Slavonic languages. Russ. blago,
well ; blagaya, goods, riches ; blajennii
(Fr. j), blessed, happy ; Serv. blag, good,
sweet ; blago, money, riches ; Pol. blogi,
blissful, sweet, graceful, lovely ; Bohem.
blaze, happily, fortunately, well ; blahy
(obsolete), happy ; blaziti, blahoslaviti
(=bene dicere), to make happy, to pro-
nounce happy, to bless ; blazeny, blahos-
laveny, blessed, happy ; Blazena Bea-
trix.

From the action of the hand making
the sign of the cross while blessing one-
self or others, the verb to bless is some-
times found in the singular sense of to
brandish.

BLINK

73

Their burning blades about their heads do tless.

F.Q.

Tany, thou knave, I hold thee a grote I shall
make these hands tless thee. — Gamm. Gurt.
Needle. III. 3.

For the same reason a man is said to
bless the world with his heels when he is
hanged. — Nares.

Blight. A hurt done to corn or trees
that makes them look as if they were
blasted. — Bailey. Pl.D. verblekken, to
burn up. ' De Sonne het dat Koorn
verblekket,' or ' Dat Koorn is verblekket,'
from blekken, to shine, to lighten. Per-
haps the notion originally was that it
was blasted with lightning. OHG. bleg,
blich-fiur, lightning. — Brera. Wtb. Or it
may be from the discoloured faded ap-
pearance of the blighted .corn. AS. blac,
pale, livid.

Blind. Deprived of sight. Goth.
blinds, ON. blindr, G. blind. Thence ap-
plied to anything which does not fulfil its
apparent purpose, as a blind entry, an
entry which leads to nothing ; AS. blind-
netel, a dead nettle, or nettle which does
not sting ; G. blinde fenster, — thiiren,
— taschen, false windows, doors, pockets.

A blind is something employed to blind
one or prevent one from seeing, as a
window-blind, to prevent one looking
through the window.

The origin of the word must be treated
in the next article.

Blink. A wink, a look, a gleam,
glance, moment. AS. blican, to glitter,
dazzle ; G. blicken, to shine, to glance, to
look ; Du. blicken, to glitter ; blick, a
flash, a glance, a wink ; blick-ooghen, to
wink ; blicksem, lightning. With the
nasal, Du. blincken, to shine, to glitter ;
G.blinken, to twinkle, shine, glitter, and
also to wink, as the result of a sudden
glitter.

The sound of k before an s, as in Du.
blicksem, readily passes into a /, giving
G. blitz, a flash, glitter, glimpse, lightning ;
blitzen, to flash, glitter, lighten. The in-
sertion of the nasal, as in the case of
blick and blink, gives blinzen, blinzeln,
to twinkle, wink, blink. — Kiittner. Swiss
blinze, to shut the eyes ; G. blinzler, a
blinkard ; blinzdugig, blink-eyed, weak-
eyed. Sc. blent, a glance ; Swiss blenden,
a. flash of light ; Dan. blende, to dazzle ;
Sw. blund, a wink, a. wink of sleep ;
blunda, to shut the eyes. The term then
passes on to designate the complete
privation of sight. Du. blindselen, csecu-
tire, cascultare, to be blind, to act like a

74

BLISSOM

blind person. — Kil. G. blinzel-maus, or
blinde-kiih, blindman's-buff.

The origin of blind would thus be the
figure of blinking under a strong light,
and blink itself is sometimes used to
express absence of vision. To blink the
question is to shut one's eyes to it, to
make oneself wilfully blind to it. A
horse's blinkers are the leather plates
put before his eyes to prevent his seeing.
Nor ought it to startle us to find the
simple form of the word derived from a.
frequentative, as blinzeln, blindsehn. For
this, I believe, is a much more frequent
phenomenon than is commonly thought,
and an instance has lately been given in
the case of blend. Words aiming at the
direct representation of natural sounds
are apt to appear in the first Instance in
the frequentative form.

To Blissom. Of sheep, to desire the
male. N. blesme, ON. blcesma, to blissom,
from blcsr, a ram. — Egillson.

Blister. Du. bluyster; Lat. pustula,
pusula, a bubble, blister, pimple. Both
the English and the Latin word are from
the notion of blowing, expressed by cog-
nate roots, which differ only in the in-
sertion or omission of an / after the
initial b.

The E. blister must be referred to AS.
blasan, to blow, whence blast, bluster, to
blow in gusts, to puff and be noisy, Bav.
blaustem, to breathe hard, while Lat.
fiustula, pusula, must be classed with
forms like Gr. ^vaaa, to blow, G. bausen,
busten, pausten, Svt.pusta, to blow, puff,
swell.

The /, it must be observed, in imitative
roots is an exceedingly movable element,
and easily changes its place, or is in-
serted or omitted. Thus we have blab
and babble, bubble and blubber, Langued.
blouca and Fr. boucler, to bubble, buckle,
blouquette and bouclette, a little buclde, W.
blisg,plisg, shells, husks, and pisg, pods,
blisters.

Blithe. Goth, bleiths, mild, merciful ;
ON. blidr, mild, gentle ; OHG. blide, Du.
blijde, as in E. blithe, joyful. See Bless.

To Bloat.— Bloated.— Bloater. To
blote, to swell, also to set a smoking or
drying by the fire.— Bailey. ON. blautr,
soft, soaked. Sw. blot, Dan. Mod, soft.
Sw. biota, lagga i blot, to soak, to steep.
Hence E. bloated, having an unsound
swollen look, as if soaked in water. In
like manner the Fin. kostua, signifying
in the first instance to soak, is also used
in the sense of swelling ; kostia, subhu-

BLOND
midus, inde humiditate tumidus. Sw.
blotfisk, fish which is set to soak in water
preparatory to cooking, cured fish. —
Ihre. When fish under this name was
imported into England, it was naturally
supposed that the signification of the
first element of the word had reference
to the process by which it was cured,
and hence to blote has been supposed to
mean to smoke, to cure by smoke.

I have more smoke in my mouth than would
blote a hundred herrings. — B. and F. in Nares.

You stink like so many Moat-herrings newly
taken out of the chimney. — B. Jonson, Ibid.

Blob. — Bleb. Blob, a bubble, a blister ;
a small lump of anything thick, viscid, or
dirty ; bleb, a drop of water, a bubble, a
blister, a blain.— Hal. Blob, blab, a small
globe or bubble of any liquid, a blister, a
blot or spot, as a blab of ink, — ^Jam.

Though both his eyes should— drop out like
blobbes or droppes of water, — Z. Boyd in Jam,

From blabber, blobber, blubber, repre-
senting the dashing of water, the radical
syllable is taken to signify a separate
element of the complex image, a bubble
formed or a drop dashed off in the col-
lective agitation. So from sputter is
formed spot, a detached portion of the
agitated liquid, or the mark which it
makes. And so from squatter, to dash
liquid, is formed squad, sloppy dirt, a
separate portion. See Blot. Gael, plub,
noise of liquor in a half-filled cask, sound
as of a stone falling suddenly in water,
any soft unwieldy lump ; plub-cheann, a
lumpish head ; plubach, giving a sound of
the foregoing nature, speaking rapidly
and inarticulately.

Block. The stem or trunk of a tree.
— Bailey. A solid mass of wood, stone,
or the like. Hence, to block up the way,
to close it with a solid mass. Gael, bloc,
round, orbicular. Fr, bloc, blot, a block
or log ; en bloc, in bulk, in the lump or
mass, taken altogether. It may be formed
like clot, clod, blot, Sc. blad, from the
sound of a small mass of something soft
thrown against the grovmd. See Blot.
The primary meaning would thus be a
small mass of anything, an unformed
mass, as distinguished from things fa-
bricated out of it, the unhewn bole of a
tree, any lump or mass of things.

Blond, Fr. blond, light yellow, straw-
coloured, flaxen ; also (in hawks or stags)
bright tawny or deer-coloured. — Cotgr.
Diez suggests that the word may be a
nasalised form of on. blaud, Dan. blod,
soft, weak, in the sense of a soft tint, a

BLOOD

supposition which is apparently supported
by the use of the word blode in Austria
for a weak, pale tint. — Schmid. It is
probably connected with Pol. blady, pale,
wan. It. biado (of which the evidence
exists in biadetto, bluish, sbiadare, to
grow pale), blue, pale ; biavo, blue, straw-
coloured (Diaz, Florio). OFr. blois, bloi,
blue ; bloi, blond, yellow, blue, white
(Roquefort). Prov. bloi, blou, fair in
colour, as the skin or hair. It should be
remarked that the Du. blond is used in
the sense of the livid colour of a bruise
as well as in that of flaxen, yellowish ;
blond en blaauw slaan, to beat one black
and blue ; blondheid, couleur livide. —
Halm a.

Blood. — ^Bleed. Du. bloed, G. blut.
Doubtless named for the same reason as
Du. bloedsd, E. dial, blooth, G. bliithe, a
flower, from the bright colour which
these objects exhibit, from G. bliihen, to
glow. Both blut and bliithe are written
bluat by Otfried, and bliihen is used in
the Swabian dialect in the sense of bleed.
— Schmid. Erploten, to be red with
rage. — Schilter. See Blow, 2.

Bloom. The bright-coloured part to
plants which prepares the seed, a deli-
cately-coloured down on fruits, the bright
colour of the cheeks.

The sun was brycht and schynand clere,
And armouris that bumyst were
Swa blomyt with the sunnys beme
That all the land was in a leme. — Barbour.

Du. bloemen, to bloom or flower, pro-
])erly to shine with bright colours ;
bloeme, bloetnsel, ON. bldmi, blomstr, a
flower. A parallel form with ON. lidmr,
E. leme, gleam.

Blossom. AS. blosa, blosma, blostma,
Du. blosem, Lat. Jios, a flower. Du.
blosen, to be red, to blush ; blose, redness,
the bright colour of the cheeks ; AS.
blase, blysa, ON. bfys, Dan. blus, a torch ;
blusse, to glow, to blaze, to flame; Pl.D.
bliise, bletister, a blaze, bleustern, bleistern,
to glisten ; Russ. blistaf, to shine ; Sw.
blust, a flower.

Parallel forms with an initial gl and /
are ON. glossi, a Usaae, gfyssa, to sparkle;
^lys, shine ; glasi, splendour ; E. gloss,
glister ; Sc. glose, to blaze ; Ir. glus, ON.
lios, light, E. lustre, brilliancy. See
Blow.

Blot, Blotcli. The G.platschJ patsch!
platz ! klatsch! represent the sound of
dashing liquid, of a blow with something
soft or flat. From similar representa-
tions of sound are formed G. pladdern, to

BLOW

75

gush, to fall (of liquids) in abundance, to
dabble in water ; platschern, to patter, to

fall with a plashing noise ; S-wiss pladern,
plattern, to dabble in water, to splash, to
dirty, (of cattle) to dung, whence plader,
platter, kuh-plader, cow-dung. Dan. dial.
blatte, to dash down, fall down ; blat,
blatte, a small portion of anything wet ;
en blat vand, skam, a drop of water or
of filth ; blak-blatte, a drop of ink ; ko-
blatt, Sw. kobladde, a cow-dung. Sc. blad,
a heavy fall of rain (to be compared with
G. platz-regen, a pelting shower). ' It's
bladding on o' weet,' the rain is driving
on. Blad, a. dirty spot on the cheek, a
lump of anything soft ; to blad, to slap,
to strike with something soft or flat.
Carinthian ploutschen, to dash down
water ; ploutsche, great leaf of cabbage.

7'vci. plattata, to slap, to strike with such
a sound as the Germans represent by the

syllable klatsch ! Platti, a sound of such
a nature, a blot or spot. Dan. plet, a
blot, spot ; pletter i solen, spots in the
sun. E. plot of land is a spot or small
portion of land. Sw. plottra, to squander,
properly to scatter liquid ; to scribble,
to blot paper ; plotterwis, in scattered
morsels, bit by bit. Wendish blodo,

bloto, mud. — Stalder in v. pladern. Fr.
blotter, to blot ; blotte, bloutre, a lump, a
clod. — Cot. Then as a drop of liquid or
lump of something soft spreads itself out
on falling to the ground, j^ blottir, to squat
or lie close.

The form blotch answers to Swiss
platschefz, which represents the sound of
something broad falling into the water* or
on the ground, of water dashing in a
vessel or splashing over. Ein platsch
milch, a gush of milk ; platsch-voll,
platt-voll, platz-voll, splashing full, fall
to overflowing. — Stalder. Plots, a blow,
or the sound of it ; bldts, a spot or blot.
— Schwenck. E. Hatch, to spot or blot.

If no man can like to be smutted and Matched
in his face, let us learn more to detest the spots
and blots of the soul. — Harmar in R.

Blotch-paper, blotting-paper. — HaL

Blot at Backgammon. See Back-
gammon.

Blow. Apparently from the livid mark
produced by a blow on the body. Du.
blaeuw, blue, livid ; blaeuwe ooghe, Fris.
en blau ach, a black eye ; Du. blaeuwen,
blowen, to strike ; blauwel, a beater.^
Kil. PI. D. Wflz<^«,blauschlagen; blawels,
livid marks. Fris. blodelsa and blawelsa.

76

BLOW

wound and bruise. ' Si quis alium ad
sanguinis effusionem vel livorem vulgo
bla-we dictum teserit.' ' Ad livorem et
sanguinem, quod bloot et blawe dicimus.'
— Hamburgh Archives, A.D. 1292, in
Brem. Wtb. ' Nis hir nauder blaw ni
blodelsa,' there is here neither bruise nor
vi^ound. — Wiarda. OFr. blau, coup, tache,
meurtrissure — Roquefort, a blow, a bruise.

On the other hand, OHG. bliuwan, MHG.
bliuwen, G. blduen, to beat with a mallet,
can hardly be separated from Goth.
bliggman, to beat.

■ To Blow, 1. AS. blawan, to blow, to
breathe ; G. blahen, to puff up, to inflate,
a parallel form with blasen, to blow. In
like manner Lat. Jla-re, to blow, corre-
sponds with Sw.Jlasa, to puff, to breathe
hard.

To Blow, 2. To come into flower, to
show flower. The primary sense is to
shine, to exhibit bright colours, to glow.
Du. bloeden, bloeyen, bloemen, florere. —
Kil. G. bliihen, to shine with bright
colours, .to blossom, to flourish. From
the same root which gives the designa-
tion of the blood, the red fluid of the
body ; and closely allied with Du. blosen,
to be red, and the forms mentioned under
Blossom. Swab, bluh, blut, blust, a
flower ; OHG. bluod, bldt; G. bliithe,
bloom, flower ; w, blodyn, a flower.

Parallel forms with an initial gl are
ON. gUd, E. glede, glowing coal ; Du.
gloeden, gloeyen, G. gliihen, to glow.

Blowzy. Tumbled, disordered in
head-dress. Blowze, a fat, red-faced
bloted wench, or one whose head is
dressed like a slattern. — B. P1.D. piusen,
to'disorder, especially with respect to the
hair. Sik piusen is said of fowls when
they plume themselves with their beak.
Sik upplustem, when the feathers of a
bird are staring from anger or bad health ;
■blustig, plusig, toused, disordered; plus-
trig, (of birds) having the feathers star-
ing or disordered; (of men) having a
swollen bloated face or disordered hair.
— Danneil.

To Blubber. — Bludder. — Bluther.
These are closely aUied forms, marking
some difference in application from that
of blabber, blebber, bladder, by the modi-
fied vowel. The radical image is the
sound made by the dashing of water,
whence , the expression is extended to
noises made by the mouth in crying, in
rapid or indistinct utterance. The radi-
cal sense is shown in Gael, plubraich,
plubartaich, a paddling in wate r, a con-
tinued noise of agitated water, a gurgling

BLUE

or guggling, plubair, one who speaks
indistinctly and rapidly; Pl.D. blubbern,
to make bubbles in drinking, to sputter
or speak in an explosive manner; blub-
bern, fiubbem, to blurt out. — Deutsch.
Mundart. v. 51.

To blubber, in E., is confined to the
broken sound made by the internal flow
of tears in crying. Blubbered cheeks are
cheeks bedabbled with tears. It is how-
ever provincially used in the original
sense. ' The water blubbers up' (Mrs Ba-
ker), where the word may be compared
with Bohem. blubonciti, to bubble up, to
boil. And, as bubbles are formed by the
agitation of water, blubber comes to sig-
nify bubble, foam. ' Blober upon water,
bouteiUis.' — Palsgr.

And at his mouth a blubber stode of fome.
Chaucer.

In modern speech the noun is chiefly
used for the coating of fat by which the
whale is enveloped, consisting of a net-
work or frothy structure of vessels filled
with oil.

It does not impair the representative
power of the word when the final b in the
radical syllable of blubber is exchanged
for a. d in Sc. bludder, bluther, to make a
noise with the mouth in taking liquid ; to
disfigure the face with weeping. — ^Jam.

Her sweet bloderit face. — Chaucer.
Bav. blodern, plodern, Pl.D. pludern, to
gabble, jabber, chatter. Plodern, to
sound like water, to gush. — Deutsch.
Mund. -ii. 92. Pludern, to guggle, sound
like water gushing out of a narrow open-
ing ; to flap like loose clothes. — Schmel-
ler.

Blue. OHG. blao, blaw j It. biavo,
Prov. blau, fem. blava.

Notwithstanding the little apparent
resemblance, I have little doubt in identi-
fying the foregoing with w. glas, blue,
green, grey, pale ; Gael, glas, pale, wan.
The interchange of an initial gl, bl, or gr,
br, is very frequent. We may cite for
example G. gliihen, bliihen, E. glow, blow;
Gr. y\r)yi»v, |8A)';xo'»', a herb ; Gr. /idXavoc,
Lat. glansj Ir. glaodh and blaodh, a
shout ; glagaireachd and blagaireachd, a
blast, boasting; Bret, bruk, w. grug,
heath. We thus identify the Celtic glas
with G. blass, pale ; OFr. bloes, blois, bloi,
blue ; blazir, to make blue, and thence,
to fade, to spot, to bruise — Roquef. ;
Langued. blazi, fqded, withered, bruised ;
Prov. blezir, to fade, grow pale, dirty. —
Raynouard. The usual interchange of a
final z and d connects these with Pol.
blady, pale, wan, bledniai, to fade; It.

BLUFF

biado, blue, pale, the evidence of which
is seen in biadetto, bluish, and sbiadare,
to become pale or wan. — Flor. Hence
we pass to Prov. blahir, to become pale
or livid, in the same way as from It'.
tradire to Fr. trahir. The change from
a medial d to v \% still more familiar.
We find accordingly It. sbiavare, as well
as sbiadafe, to become pale, and biavo
(Diez), as well as biado, blue. The
Romance blave is moreover, like the
Celtic glas, applied to green as well as
blue. Blavoyer, verdoyer, devenir vert ;
blavoie, verdure, herbe. — Roquefort.

Hence we may explain the origin of the
It. biada, biava, corn, originally growing
corn, from the brilliant green of the young
corn in the spring, contrasted with the
brown tint of the uncultivated country.
' Biada, tutte le semente ancora in erba.'
— Altieri. Bladum, blandum, in plur.
segetes virentes. — Dief. Supp. The
gradual change of colour in the growing
plant from a bright green to the yellow
tint of the reaped corn (still designated
by the term biadd) may perhaps explain
the singular vacillation in the meaning of
the It. biavo, which is rendered by Florio,
pale straw-coloured. It is remarkable
however that the E. blake (identical with
AS. blac, G. bUich, pale) is provincially
used in the, sense of yeUow.

The Du. blond is also applied to the
livid colour of a bruise, as well as the
yellowish colour of the hair. OFr. bloi,
blond, jaune, bleu et blanc. — Roquefort.
Thus it becomes difficult to separate Mid.
Lat. blavus, blue, from the Lat. flav-us,
yellow, Bohem.//aay, yellowish red, Pol.
plo-wy, pale yellow, discoloured {plowiee,
to grow yellow, to lose colour, to fade),
G. falb, and E. fallow, fawn-coloured,
reddish yellow. -

Bluff. Du. blaf, planus, asquus et
amplus, superficie plani, non rotunda;
blaf aensight facies plana et ampla, a
bluff countenance ; blaf van voorhooft,
fronto, having a bluff forehead, a fore-
head not sloping but rising straight up. —
Kil. So a bluff shore is opposed to a
sloping shore. Blaffart, a plain coin
without image or superscription. — Kil.
A bluff manner, a plain unornamented
manner.

The word is probably derived in the
first instance from the sound of some-
thing falling flat upon the ground. Du.
ploffen, to fall suddenly on the ground,
to plump into the water. — Halma. It
then signifies something done at once,
and not introduced by degrees or cere-

BLUNDERBUSS

77

rnonious preparations ; a shore abruptly
rising, or an abrupt manner.

In like manner from an imitation of
the same sound by the sylfable plomp,
Du. plomp, abrupt, rustic, blunt. See
Blunt.

Blunder. The original meaning of
blunder seems to be to dabble in water,
from an imitation of the sound. It is a
nasal form of such words as blother,
blutter, bluiter, all representing the
agitation of liquids, and then generally
idle talk. Dan. pludder, earth and water
mixed together, puddle, idle talk ; plud-
dre, to dabble in the mud, to puddle, mix
up turf and water. Then with the nasal,,
E. dial, to blunder water, to stir or pud-
dle, to make water thick and muddy ;
and metaphorically, blunder, confusion,
trouble. — Hal. I blonder, je perturbe. — •
Palsgr.

To shuffle and digress so as by any means
whatever to blunder an adversary. — Ditton in R.
ON. glundr, sloppy drink; glundra, to
disturb, to confound.

Analogous forms are Du. blanssen, in
't water dobbelen, to dabble — Biglotton ;
E. to blunge clay, to mix it up with water.
—Hal.

To blunder is then, for the same rea-
son as the synonymous dabble, used for
the work of an unskilful performer.
Blunderer or blunt worker, liebefactor.
— Pr. Pm. ■

What blunderer is yonder that playeth diddil,
He iindeth false measures out of his fond fiddil.
Slcelton in R.

Hence a blunder, an ill-done job, a
mistake.
Like drunlten sots about the street we roam':
Well knows the sot he has a certain home,
Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place,
And blunders on and staggers every pace.

Dryden in R.

The word is here synonymous with
flounder, the original meaning of which
is, like Du. flodderen (Weiland), to work
in mud or water. To blunder out a
speech, to bring it out hastily with a
spluttering noise. G. herauspoltem or
herausplatzeu, to blurt or blunder out
something. — Kiittner.

See Blurt, Blunt, Bodge.

Blunderbuss. Pl.D. buller-bak, bul-
ler-jaan, Sw. buller-bas, a blustering fel-
low ; G. polter-hans, one who performs
his business with much noise, bawling,
and bustle ; polterer, a blunderbuss,
blunderhead, a boisterous violent man. —
Kiittner. From G. bullern, poltern, to
make a noise. The Du. has donder-bus.

78

BLUNKET

a blunderbuss, from the loud report ; bus,
a fire-arm. — Halma.

Bluntet. A light blue colour. Pol.
hlekit, azure, blue. Probably radically
identical with E. bleak, pale, wan, as the
senses of paleness and blue colour very
generally run into each other.

Blunt. Before attempting to explain
the formation of the word, it will be well
to point out a sense, so different from
that in which it is ordinarily used, that it
is not easy to discover the connection.
Bare and blunt, naked, void.
It chaunst a sort of merchants which were wont
To skim those coasts for bondmen there to buy-
Arrived in this isle though tare and blunt
To inquire for slaves. — F. Q.
The large plains —
Stude blunt of beistis and of treis bare. — D. V.

A modification of the same root, without
the nasal, appears with the same mean-
ing in Swiss blutt, naked, bare, unfledged ;
Sw. blott, G. bloss. It. biotto, biosso, naked,
poor ; Sc. blout, blait.
Woddis, forestis, with naked bewis llout
Stude strippit of thare wede in every hout. — D. V.

The blait body, the naked body- —
Jamieson. The two senses are also
united in Gael, maol, bald, without horns,
blunt, edgeless, pointless, bare, without
foliage, fooUsh, silly. Maolaich, to make
bare or blunt.

Now the Swiss bluntsch, blunsch, is
used to represent the sound which is
imitated in English and other languages
by the syllable /&/«/, viz. the sound of a
round heavy body falling into the water;
bluntschen, to make a noise of such a
nature, to plump into the water. — Stalder.
A similar sound is represented by the
syllables plotz, plutz — Kiittner ; whence
T)\i. plotsen, plonsen,plompen,to fall into
the water; G. platz-regen, a pelting
shower of rain. We have then the ex-
pressions, mit etwas heraus-platzen, or
heraus plumpen, to blunt a thing out, to
blurt, blunder, or blab out a thing —
Kiittner ; to bring it suddenly out, like a
thing thrown down with a noise, such as
that represented by the syllables bluntsch,
plotz, plump J to plump out with it.
Swab, platzen, to throw a thing violently
down.

Peradventure it were good rather to keep in
good silence thyself than blunt forth rudely. —
Sir T. More in Richardson.

The term blunt is then applied to things
done suddenly, without preparation.
Fathers are

Won by degrees, not bluntly as our masters

Or wronged friends are. — Ford in R.

BLUNT

A blunt manner is an unpolished, un-
ceremonious manner, exactly correspond-
ing to the G. plump. Plump mit etwas
umgehen, to handle a thing bluntly,
awkwardly, rudely. — Kiittner.

It is from this notion of suddenness,
absence of preparation, that the sense of
bare, naked, seems to be derived. To
speak bluntly is to tell the naked truth,
Sw. blotta sanningen. The syllables blot,
blunt, plump, and the like, represent the
sound not only of a thing falling into the
water, but of something soft thrown on
the ground, as Sw. plump, a blot, Dan.
pludse, to plump down, Dan. dial, blatte,
to fall dovim, fling down ; blat, a portion
of something wet, as cow-dung. — Mol-
bech. Then as a wet lump lies where it
is thrown, it is taken as the type of every-
thing inactive, dull, heavy, insensible, and
these qualities are expressed by both
modifications of the root, with or with-
out the nasal, as in E. blunt, Sc. blait,
duU, sheepish.

Then cometh indevotion, through which a man
is so blont, and hath swiche languor in his soul,
that he may neither rede ne sing in holy chirche.

Chaucer, in Richardson.
We Phenicianis nane sa blait breistis has. — D. V.
Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Pceni.

Sc. Blaitie-bum, a simpleton, stupid
fellow, and in the same sense, a bluntie.
Du. blutten, homo stolidus, obtusus, ina-
nis. — Kil.

' A blade reason ' is used by Piers
Plowman for a pointless, ineffectual rea-
son. Thus we are brought to what is now
the most ordinary meaning of the word
blunt, viz. the absence of sharpness, the
natural connection of which with the
qualities above mentioned is shown by
the use of the Latin obtusus in the fore-
going passages. An active intelligent
lad is said to be sharp, and it is the con-
verse of this metaphor when we speak of
a knife which will not cut as a blunt
knife. The word dull, it will be observed,
is used in both senses, of a knife which
will not cut, and an unintelligent, inactive
person. Swiss bluntschi, a thick and
plump person. — Stalder.

It will be seen that the G. plump, re-
specting the origin of which we cannot
doubt, is used in most of the senses for
which we have above been attempting
to account. Plump, rough, unwrought,
heavy, clumsy, massive, thick, and,
figuratively, clownish, raw, unpolished,
rude, heavy, dull, blockish, awkward.
— Kiittner. Plontp, hebes, obtusus, stu-
pidus, plumbeus, ang. blunt. — Kil.

BLUR

In like manner from the sound of a
lump thrown on the. ground, imitated by
.the syllable bot, is formed Du. bot, botte,
a blow ; bot-voet, a club foot ; hot, plump,
sudden, blunt, dull, stupid, rude, flat.
Bot zeggen, to say bluntly. — Halma.

To Blur. To blur, to render indis-
tinct, to smear; bhir, a smear, a blot.
'Ba.y.plerr, geplerr, a mist before the eyes ;
plerren, a blotch, discoloured spot on the
skin.

The word is probably a parallel form
with Sp. borrar, to blur, blot, and E. bur,
a mistiness, representing in the first in-
stance an indistinct sound, then applied
to indistinct vision ; but it may arise
from the notion of dabbling in the wet.
Sc. bludder, bluther, blubber, to make a
noise with the mouth, to disfigure with
crying. E. dial, bluter, to blubber, to
blot, to dirty; to blore, to roar. — Hal.
Swiss blodern, to sound like water boil-
ing, to rumble; 'Ba.v. pfludern, to make a
noise in boiling; pludern, to guggle;
blodern,plodem, to chatter, gabble. Dan.
pluddre, to dabble, to jabber, gabble ;
Sw. dial, blurra, burra, to talk quick and
indistinctly ; bladdra, blarra, to blurt out,
to chatter. The elision of the d is very
common, as in Du. blader, blaere, a blad-
der ; ader, acre, an ear of corn, &c. For
the parallelism of blur and burr comp. E.
blotch and botch, splurt and spirt, Du.
blaffen and baffen, to bark, G. blasen and
bausen, to blow. See Burr, Slur.

To Blurt. To bring out suddenly with
an explosive sound of the mouth. Sc. a
blirt of greeting, a burst of tears. — Jam.
Related to blutter, bludder, as splurt to
splutter. To splirt, to spurt out. — Hal.
It. boccheggiare, to make mouths, or
blurt with one's mouth; chicchere, a
flurt with one's fingers, or blurt ^ih one's
mouth. — Fl.

Blush. Du. blose, blosken, the red
colour of the cheeks ; Dan. bhis, a torch ;
blusse, to blaze, to glow ; blusse i ansigtet,
to blush. Pl.D. bliise, bleuster, a blaze,
beacon fire. De bakke bleustern, the
cheeks glow. — Brem. Wtb. See Blossom.

Bluster. To blow in puffs, blow vio-
lently, swagger. An augmentative from
blast. Bav. blaste?i, blaustem, to snuff,
to be out of temper. — Schmeller.

Boa. A large snake. It. boa, bora,
any filthy mud, mire, puddle, or bog ; also
a certain venomous serpent that lives in
the mud, and swimmeth very well, and
grows to a great bigness. — Fl. Boa,
stellio, lacerta, cocodrUlus; lindwurm. —
Dief. Supp.

BOB

79

Boar. AS. bar, Du. beer. As the as.
has also eafor, and Du. ever-swin, it is
probable that iJoarhas no radical identity
with G. eber, Lat. aper.

Board. Du. berd, G. brett, a board or
plank. AS. bord, an edge, table, margin.
Du. boord, a. margin, edge, border. Fr.
bord, edge, margin, on. bord, a border,
outward edge, board, table, whence bord-
vidr, literally edge-wood, i. e. planks or
boards.

Med endilongum bsenum var umbuiz k hiisum
uppi, reistrupp^o?*(^-z^z/2"rautanverdom thaukom
sva sem viggyrdiat vseri. — Sverris Saga, c. 156.
— along the town preparations were made up on
the houses, planks raised up outside the roofs,
like the parapets (viggyrdil, war-girdle) raised
on board a ship in a naval engagement.

* Boast. Explained by Jam. to
threaten, to endeavour to terrify.
Scho wald nocht tell for bost nor yeit reward.

Wallace.
Tumus thare duke reulis the middil oist,
With glaive in hand maid awful fere and ioist.
D. V. 274. 29.
The radical meaning of the word seems
to be a crack or loud sound, and when
applied to vaunting language, it implies
that it is empty sound. To brag and
to crack, both used in the sense of boast-
ing, primarily signify loud noise. ' Heard
you the crack that that gave ? ' Sc. pro-
verb spoken when we hear an empty
boast. — Kelly. Boost is used for the
crack made by bursting open.

And whether be lighter to breke,

And lasse boost mSdth,

A beggeris bagge

Than an yren bounde cofre ?

P. P. 1. 9396, Wright's ed.

From this root are formed Sc. bustuous,
OE. boistous, violent, strong, large, coarse,
rude, and boisterous, properly noisy, vio-
lent ; G. pausten,pusten, pustern, to puff.
Comp. G. puffen, to give a crack, to puff.
Du. pof, the sound of a blow ; poffen, to
puff, to bounce, to brag ; grande loqui,
voce intonare. — Kil. See Boisterous.

Boat. AS. bit, Du. boot. It. batello,
Fr. bateau, ON. bdtr, w. bdd, Gael. bdta.

To Bob.— Bobbin. To move quickly
up and down, or backwards and forwards,
to dangle; whence bob, a dangling object,
a small lump, a short thick body, an end
or stump. Gael, baiag, a tassel, fringe,
cluster; baban, a tassel, short pieces of
thread. From the last must be explained
Fr. bobine, E. bobbin, a baU of thread
wrapped round a little piece of wood, a
little knob hanging by a piece of thread.
' Pull the bobbin, my dear, and the latch
will fly up.' — Red Riding-hood.

So

BOB

To Bob, 3. To mock.

So bourdfuUy takyng Goddis byddynge or
wordis or werkis is scorning of hym as dyden the
Jewis that hobbiden. Crist. — Sermon against
Miracle-plays, Reliq Antiq. 2. 43.

In this sense from the syllables ba ba re-
presenting the movement of the lips,
whence Fr. baboyer, to blabber with the
lips ; faire la babou, to bob, to make a
mow at. — Cot. See Baber-lipped.

To Bode. To portend good or bad.
AS. bod, gebod, a command, precept, mes-
sage ; boda, a messenger ; bodian, to de-
liver a message, to make. an announce-
ment. See Bid.

To Bodge. To make bad work, to fail.

With this we charged again ; but out alas !
We bodged again, as I have seen a swan
With bootless labour swim against the tide.
And spend her strength with over-matching
waves. — H. VI.

The sound of a blow with a wet or flat
body is represented in G. by the syllable
patsch; whence paUchen, to smack, to
dabble or paddle; patsche, a puddle,
mire, mud. Now unskilful action is con-
stantly represented by the idea of dab-
bling j einen patsch thun, to commit a
blunder, to fail, to bodge. Hast scho'
wide' patscht f Have you failed again ?
Etwas auspatschen, to blurt a thing out.
— Schmel. See To Botch. Shakespear
has badged with blood, daubed or dab-
bled with blood.

Bodice. A woman's stays; formerly
bodies, from fitting close to the body, as
Fr. corset from corps. ' A woman's bo-
dies, or a pair of bodies, corset, corpset.'
■ — Sherwood's Diet.

Thy bodies bolstred out with bumbast and with
bagges. — Gascoigne in R.

i. e. thy bodice stuffed out with cotton.

Bodkin. Gael, biodag, a dagger;
biodeachan, an awl. Lith. badyti, to
stick, thrust with something pointed, as
a horn, needle, bayonet ; Bohem. bod, a
prick, stitch; bodak, a prickle, point,
bayonet; bodnu, busti, to prick. Russ.
bodetz, a spur, bodilo, a sting ; bodat, to
butt, strike with the horns. French
bouter, to thrust, and E. butt, to push
with the horns, exhibit another modifi-
cation of the root.

Body. AS. bodig, Gael, bodhag. It
seems the same word with the G. boftich,
a cask, the two being spelt without ma-
terial difference in the authorities guoted
by Schmeller; bottig, potig, potacha, a
cask ; bottich, bodi, the body of a shift ;
potahha, potacha, bodies, corpses ; pot-
tich, bo tic h, a body. In like manner E.

BOGGLE

trunk and G. rump/ sigmiy a hoUow case
as well as the body of an animal. We
speak of the barrel of a horse, meaning
the round part of his body. The Sp.
barriga, the belly, is identical with Fr.
barrique, a cask.

The signification of the root bot, of
which the E. body and G. bottich are de-
rivatives, is a lump, the thick part of any-
thing, anything protuberant, swelling,hol-
low. W. bot, a round body ; both, the boss
of a buckler, nave of a wheel, bothog,
round, rounded; Wall. bodi,rabodi,\\i\c\i-
set, stumpy; bodene, belly, calf of the leg.
— Grandg.

The primary sense of body is then the
thick round part of the living frame, as
distinguished from the limbs or lesser di-
visions ; then the whole material frame,
as distinguished from the sentient prin-
ciple by which it is animated. In like
manner from bol, signifying anything
spherical or round, arise E. bole, the stem
of a tree ; ON. bolr, the trunk of the animal
body, or stem of a tree, body of a shirt ;
Lap. boll, pall, palleg, the body.

Bog. The word has probably been
introduced from Ireland, where bogs form
so large a feature in the country. Gael.
bog (equivalent to E. gog in gog-mire,
quagmire), bob, move, agitate; bogadaich,
waving, shaking ; then from the yielding,
unsteady nature of a soft substance, bog,
soft, moist ; bogan, anything soft, a quag-
mire. Ir. bogadh, to stir, shake, toss;
bogach, a bog or morass.

* To Boggle. Commonly explained
as if from Sc. bogle, a ghost ; to start
back as from a bugbear. ' We start and
boggle at every unusual appearance, and
cannot endure the sight of the bugbear.'
— Glanville in Todd. But the radical
idea in boggling is hesitation or waver-
ing, and the word is well explained by
Bailey, to be uncertain what to do, to
waver, to scruple. It is applied to bodily
vacillation in the Sc. expression hogglin
an bogglin, unsteady, moving backwards
and forwards. — ^Jam. Supp. ' The grun
a' bogglt fin we geed on it.' Bogglie,
quakmg, unsteady. — Banff. Gl.

The radical image is probably a series
of broken efforts or brokeii movements,
as in stammering or staggering, repre-
sented by the abruptly sounding syl-
lables gag, gog, or bag, bog. Thus from
gog or gagwte have Bret, gag, Ptg. gago,
stuttering; Bret, gagei, gagoula, Ptg.
gaguejar, to stammer, stutter ; '£.. gogmire,
a (i\ia.gmh:t, goggle, to roll, to be unsteady ;
Gael, gogach, nodding, wavering, fickle ;

BOIL

and in like manner from the parallel forms
bag or bog are derived Piedm. bagaji,
Fr. b^gayer. Wall, (of Mons) b^guer, OG.
bochken (titubare, stameln vel bochken.
— ^Vocab. A.D. 1430 in Deutsch. Mund.
iv. 304). Magy. hakogni, to stammer,
bakazikni, to stumble; Gael, bog, wag,
bob, shake, E. bog, a quaking mire, and
boggle, to waver or hesitate. ' He could
not get on with his speech, he made poor
boggling work.' — Mrs Baker.

In the same way Sc. tartle, to boggle
as a horse, to hesitate from doubt, scruple,
or dislike, may be identified with It. tar-
tagliare, Sp. tartajear, to stammer, stut-
ter, tartalear, to stagger, to be at a loss
in speaking.

To Boil. — Boil. Lat. bullire, Fr. bouil-
lir, ON. bulla, to boil, properly represent
the sound of water boiling, whence bulla,
Du. bollen (Kil.), to tattle, chatter. Sc.
buller, the gurgling sound of water rush-
ing into a cavity. Westerwald bollern,
to give a hoUow sound.

Then as boiling consists in the sending
up of bubbles, Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss,
stud, lump of lead on which a seal was
impressed ; It. bolla, a bubble, round
glass phial, also a blister, pustule, pimple ;
ON. bola, a bubble, bhster, boil ; Sw.
bula, a bump, swelling, dint in a metal
■ vessel; Du. buile, puile, G. beule, a boil or
swelling ; Du. biiilen, puilen, to be pro-
minent, to swell.

* Boisterous. — ^Boistous. — Bustuous.
Properly noisy, then violent, strong, huge,
coarse, rough.

In winter whan the weather was out of
measure boistous and the wyld wind Boreas
maketh the wawes of the ocean so to arise. —
Chaucer, Test. Love.

Drances tells Latinus that Turnus' boist
cows the people from speaking, but that
he will speak out.

All thocht with braik and boist or wappinnis he
Me doth awate, and manace for to de.

He then exhorts the king —

lat neuir demyt be
The bustuousness (violentia) of ony man dant
the.— D. V. 374. 45.

Boystous, styffe or rude ; boystousnesse,
roydeur, impetuosity. — Pr. Pm. notes. ,

For bost or boist in the sense of crack,
noise, see Boast. G. fiausten, pusten,
■pusteren, to puff, blow.

Bold. Daring, courageous. Goth.
baltha, OHG. bald, free, confident, bold.
G. bald, quick. ON. balldr, strong, brave,
handsome ; ballr, strong, courageous.
Dan. bold, intrepid, excellent, beautiful ;

BOLT

81

Sw. bald, proud, haughty, warlike, as.
balder, bealder, hero, prince. Fr. baud,
bold, insolent ; baude, merry, cheerful. —
Cot.

Bole. The round stem of a tree. This
is probably a modification of boll, a
globular bod)', treated under Bowl. The
throat-boll is the convexity of the throat.
From the notion of a thick round mass
the term is applied to the body of an
animal as distinguished from the limbs,
to the trunk of a tree as distinguished
from the branches, to the belly as the
rounded part of the body. ON. bulr, bolr,

Sw. bal. Da. bul, the body of a man or of
a shirt, trunk of a tree ; Lap. boll, pall,
palleg, the body ; w. bol, bola, boly, the
belly. See Bulk.

Boll. The round heads or seed-ves-
sels of flax, poppy (Bailey), or the like.
Du. bol, bolle, a head ; bolleken, capi-
tulum, capitellum. — Kil. Bret, bolc'h,
polc'h, belc'hj- w. bul, flax-boU. See
Bowl.

* Bolster, ohg. bolstar, as. bolster,
a cushion, pillow. The term applies in
the first instance to the materials with
which the cushion is stuffed. Du. bolster,
the husk of nuts, chaff of corn ; siliqua,
gluma, folliculus grani, tomentum, fur-
fures, stramenta. — Kit. If the primary
meaning of the word is stuffing, from Du.
bol, swelling, hollow, we must suppose
that it was first used with respect to the
chaff of corn, the most obvious materials
for stuffing a cushion, and then applied
to other husks, as those of nuts, which
are not used for a similar purpose. ON.
bSlstr, a cushion, a swelling in ice. Swab.
bolster (aufgeblasen — Schmidt), puffed
up.

Bolt. — To Bolter, i. G. bok, bolzen,
E. bolt, is a blunt-headed arrow for a cross-
bow, a broad-headed peg to fasten one
object to another, a fastening for a door.
Du. bout is explained by Kil., obex, pessu-
lus, repagulum; bout, boutpijl, sagitta
capitata, pilum catapultarium ; bout van
het schouderblad, caput scapulse. The
essential meaning of the word would thus
appear to be a knob or projection, the
bolt of a door being provided with a laiob
by which it is moved to and fro. A
thunderbolt is considered as a fiery mis-
sile hurled in a clap of thunder. G. bolz-
gerade signifies straight to the mark, as
the bolt shot by a crossbow ; but it is also
used, as E. bolt upright, in the sense of
perpendicular. — Stalder. Chaucer seems
to use bolt upright in the Reve's tale in
6

82

BOLT

the sense of right on end, one after the
other.

The radical sense of a knob or thick
ending is exemplified in E. polt-foot or
bolt-foot, as Fr. fied bot, a club-foot. Sir
Walter Scott in his autobiography speaks
of his ancestor Willy with the bolt-foot.
A bolt head is a retort, a round glass
vessel with narrow opening. The ulti-
mate origin of the word may be best
illustrated- by forms like G. holier poller,
P1.D. hulter de bulter, representing a rat-
tling or crashing noise. ' Holler poller /
ein fiirchterlicher getose ! ' ' Ging_ es
hotter und potter dass die wagenrader
achzten : ' it went helter-skelter so that
the wheels groaned. — Sanders. Hence
O. pattern, Pl.D. bullern, to do anything
accompanied by a rattling noise ; buller-
•wagen, a rattling carriage; die treppe
^ivavccA^x poltern, to come rattling down-
stairs; poltern, to make a knocking,
hammering, or the like, to throw things
about. Then from the analogy between
a rattling noise and a jolting motion, Pl.D.
^bultrig, bulstrig, bultig, jolting, uneven,
rugged, lumpy. ' De weg is hultrig un
bultrig^ the way is rugged and jolting.
Dan. bultred, uneven, rugged. — Schiitze.
From the same source must be explained
Northampton bolter, properly to jog into
projections, to coagulate, to form lumps,
as snow balling on a horse's foot, or ill-
mixed flour and water. Blood-boltered
Banquo signifies clotted with blood. The
/ is transposed in Fr. blotttre, a clod, and
in S'W . plotter, a small portion.

For the connection between jolting and
collecting in lumps compare Du. kloteren,
properly to rattle or clatter {kloterspaen
crepitaculum — Kil.), then to knock, to
hammer, also to curdle, to become lumpy.
■ — Kil. So also we pass from Lat. cro-
talum, a rattle, Prov. crotlar, OFr. crod-
ler, croler, to shake, to E. cruddle, curdle,
to collect in lumps.

When we analyse the notion of a rattling
or jolting movement or a rugged uneven
surface, we see that the one consists of a
series of jolts or abrupt impulses, and the
other of a series of projections or emi-
nences. Hence, on the one hand, we
have Lat. pultare, Sw. bulla, to knock,
E. poll, a .thump or blow, MHG. bolzen,
pulzen, to start out; Bav. bolzaugen,
poltzet augen, projecting eyes ; pul-
zen., to spring forth ; E. bolt, to start with
a sudden movement, as a rabbit from its
hole, or a racer from the course.

Passing from the sense of movement
to that of form, we have Du. pull, a clod

or clump ; Pl.D.fe/2?,i5a//^«, protuberance,
small heap, mole-hill, tuft, clump; gras-
bulten, a clump of turf, a sod (Schiitze).
' Daar ligt idt up enen bulten : ' it lies all
of a heap. — Brem. Wtb. Du. btilt, a
bunch, hump, boss, knob, bulk or quantity ;
bultig, hump-backed (to be compared
with E. bolt-foot, G. bolzauget) ; Sp. bulio,
protuberance, swelling, hulch, bulk.

2. In the next place, to bolt or bolter is
to sift meal by shaking it to and fro
through a cloth of loose texture. Fr.
bulter, bluter, beluter, Mid. Lat. buletare,
to bolt ; buletellum, Fr. buletel, beliitea.u,
bluteau, a bolter or implement for bolting.
I boulte meale in a boulter, je bulte. —
Palsgr. Du. buideln, to bolter. — Bomhoff.

Here the radical image is the violent
agitation of the meal in the bolter, ex-
pressed, as above explained, by the repre-
sentation of a racketing sound, by which
indeed the operation of bolting was com-
monly accompanied in a very marked
manner. On this account Mid.Lat. tara-
tantara, representing a loud broken noise
as of a trumpet, was applied to a bolter
or mill-clack. Bulte-pook or bulstar,
taratantarum. — Pr. Pm. Taratantari-
zare, budeln daz mele ; taratarrum,
stablein an der ka auff dem mulstein das
der lautet tarr ! tare ! : the mill-clack or
staff which sounds tar, tar. — Dief. Supp.
On the same principle, the name of bolter
seems to have been given to the imple-
ment and the operation, from G. poltern,
to crash, hammer, racket ; gepolter, ge-
bolder, a crashing or racketing noise.
The name would probably first be given
to the implement which kept up such an
importunate racket, and when the radical
significance of the term was overlooked,
the syllable bolt or poll would be regarded
as the essential element signifying the
nature of the operation.

From a different representation of a
rattling noise may be derived a series of
forms in which an r seems to take the
place of the / in bolt and the related
words.

Thus from So. brattle, crash, clattering
noise {brattle of thunner, a clap of thun-
der— Brocket), we pass to Du. bortelen,
buUire, sestuare, tumultuari, agitari (Kil.) ;
Lang, barutela, baruta, to clack, to talk
loud and fast, to bolt meal ; barutel, a mill-
clack, a bolter ; Prov. barutela, to agitate,
palpitate, to bolt meal ; barutel, Dauphiny
baritel, OFr. burclct, Champagne burtcau,
abolter. OFr. buretter{CQ\..), It. barutare,
burattare, to bolt flour ; burato, bolting
cloth. And as the agitation of cream in

BOMB

a chum is closely analogous to that of
the meal in a bolter, It. banitola (Fl.),
Castrais barato, Fr. barate, are applied to
a churn for butter.

It must be observed that Diez' deriva-
tion of Fr. bulter from It. burato, bolt-
ing-cloth, and that from Fr. biire, bureau,
coarse, undyed cloth of the wool of brown
sheep, accounts only for the sense of bolt-
ing meal ; and we must suppose that the
name was extended by analogy to the act
of churning and the idea of agitation in
general. But it is extremely unlikely that a
designation having no reference to the re-
semblance between the operations of bolt-
ing and churning should have been trans-
ferred from the former operation to the
latter, while nothing would be more na-
tural than the application of a term sig-
nifying violent agitation to each of those
operations, of which it expresses so
marked a characteristic. Moreover, the
Fr. bureau, OE. borel, signifies the coarse
cloth in which peasants were dressed, a
material quite unfit for bolting meal,
which requires stuff of a thin open tex-
ture.

Our derivation, again, is supported by
the analogy of G. beuteln, Du. buidelen,
builen, to bolt meal, the radical sense of
which is shown in Bav. beuteln, beil'n, to
shake (as to shake the head, to shake
down fruit from a tree, &c.) ; butteln,
iuttern, to shake, to cast to and fro.
Butterglas, a bottle for shaking up salad
sauce ; buttel trueb (of liquids), thick from
shaking. PoUitriduare, butteln. — Schm.

From builen, the contracted form of
Du. buidelen, to boult meal, must be ex-
plained Fr. boulenger, a baker, properly
a boulter of meal.

E de fine farine (mele) vent la flour,
Par la bolenge (bulting-clot) le pestour.
Per bolenger (bultingge) est cev^re
La flur, e le furfre (of bren) demor^.

Bibelesworth in Nat. Antiq. 155.

BONFIRE

83

Bomb. — Bombard. Fr. bombe, It.
bomba, an iron shell to be exploded with
gunpowder. From an imitation of the
noise of the explosion. It. rimbombare,
to resound. In E. we speak of a gun
booming over the water. Du. bommen,
to resound, to beat a drum, whence
bomme, a drum ; bombammen, to ring
bells. Dan. bommer, a thundering noise ;
bomre, to thunder, to thump ; W. bwm-
bwr, a hollow sound, bwmbwry mar, the
murmuring of the sea. It. bombdra, any
riot or hurly-burly with a clamorous
noise ; bombarda, any kind of gun or
piece of ordnance. — Fl.

Bom.bast. — Bombasine. Gr. ^o/j;Su?,
the silk-worm, raw silk. It. bombice, a
silk-worm, bombicina, stuff, tiffany, bom-
basine.^Altieri. The material called by
this name, however, has repeatedly varied,
and it is now applied to a worsted stuff.

When cotton was introduced it was
confounded with silk, and called in Mid.
and Mod. Greek iSa/iliaiciov, Mid.Lat.
bambacium. It. bambagioj whence It.
bambagino, Fr. bombasin, basin, cotton
stuff. E. bombase, bombast, cotton.
Need you any ink and bonibase. — HoUybandin R.

As cotton was used for padding clothes,
bombast came to signify inflated lan-
guage.

Lette none outlandish tailor take disport

To stuffe thy doublet full of such bumbast.
Gascoi^e in R.

When the name passed into the lan-
guages of Northern Europe, the tendency
to give meaning to the elements of a
word introduced from abroad, which has
given rise to so many false etymologies,
produced the Pl.D. baum-bast, G. bauni-
wolle, as if made from the bast or inner
bark of a tree ; and Kilian explains it
boom-basyn, gossipium, lana lignea, sive
de arbore ; vulgo bombasium, q. d. bopin-
sye, i. e. sericum arboreum, from boom,
tree, and sijde, sije, silk.

Bond. AS. bindan, band, bunden, to
bind ; G. band, an implement of binding,
a string, tie, band ; pi. bande, bonds, ties.
ODu. bond, a ligature, tie, agreement. —
Kil. In legal language, a bond is an in-
strument by which a person biizds himself
under a penalty to perform some act.

Bone. G. bein, the leg, bone of the
leg, the shank ; achsel bein, brust-bein,
the shoulder-bone, breast-bone. Du. been,
a bone in general, and also the leg. Now
the office of a bone is to act as a support
to the human frame, and this is especially
the function of the leg bone, to which the
term is appropriated in G. and Du.

We may therefore fairly identify bone
with the W. bon, a stem or base, a stock,
stump, or trunk ; and in fact we find the
word in W. as in G. and Du. assuming the
special signification of leg : W. bonog,
having a stem or stalk, also thick-shank-
ed; bongam, crook-shanked ; bondew,
bonfras, thick-legged, from teu, bras, thick.

Bonfire. A large fire lit in the open
air on occasion of public rejoicing.
Named from the beacon-fires formerly in
use to raise an alarm over a wide extent
of country. Dan. baun, a beacon, a word
of which we have traces in several Eng-
lish names, as Banbury, Banstead. Near
6 *

84

BONNET

the last of these a field is still called the
Beacon field, and near Banbury is a lofty
hill called Crouch Hill, where a cross (or
crouch) probably served to mark the
place of the former beacon. The origin
of the word is probably the W. bd.n., high,
lofty, tall, whence ban-ffagl, a lofty blaze,
a bonfire. Many lofty hills are called
Beacons in E. and Ban in w. ; as the
Brecknockshire Banns, or Vanns, in w.
Binau Brychyniog, also called Breck-
nock Beacons. Perhaps, however, the
word may signify merely a fire of buns,
or dry stalks for making a roaring blaze.
Bonnefyre, feu de behourdis. — Palsgr.
Mrs Baker explains bun, the stubble of
beans, often cut for burning and lighting
fires. Bun, a dry stalk. — Hal.

Bonnet. Fr. bonnet, Gael, bonaid, a
head-dress. The word seems of Scan-
dinavian origin. From bo, boa, bua, to
dress, to set in order, bonad, reparation,

dress. Hufwud-bonad, head-dress ; wai^g-
bonad, wall hangings, tapestry. But
bonad does not appear to have been used
by itself for head-dress.

Booby. The character of folly is
generally represented by the image of
one gaping and staring about, wondering
at everything. Thus from the syllable ba,
representing the opening of the mouth,
are formed Fr. baier, b^er, to gape, and
thence Rouchi baia, the mouth, and fig.
one who stands staring with open mouth ;
babaie, babin, Wall, b&ber, babau, boubair,
boubi^. It. babb^o, a simpleton, booby,
blockhead. Jr. bobo ! interj. of wonder ;
Sp. bobo, foolish. On the same principle
from badare, to gape, Fr. badaud, a. fool,
dolt, ass, gaping hoyden — Cot. ; from
gape, E. dial, gaby, a silly fellow, gaping
about with vacant stare — Mrs Baker, and
from AS. ganian, to yawn, E. gawney, a.
simpleton. — Mrs Baker.

Book. AS. boo. Goth, boia, letter,
writing ; bokos, the scriptures ; bokareis,
a scribe ; G. buch-stab, a letter ; OSlav.
biikui, a letter ; Russ. bAkva, b'ukvdry,
the alphabet. Diefenbach suggests that
the origin is buki, signifying beech, the
name of the letter b, the first consonant
of the alphabet, although in the OG. and
Gael, alphabet that letter is named from
the birch instead of the beech.
. Boom. In nautical language, which
is mostly derived from the Low German
and Scandinavian dialects, a boom is a
beam or pole used in keeping the sails in
position, or a large beam stretched across
the mouth of a harbour for defence.

Du. boom, a tree, pole, beam, bolt. — Kil.

BOOT

To Boom. To sound loud and dull
like a gun. Du. bommen. See Bomb.

Boon. A favour, a good turn or re-
quest.— Bailey. The latter is the original
meaning. AS. ben, bene, petition, prayer.
Thin ben is gehyred, Luke i. 13. ON.
beiSne, been, bdn, desire, prayer, petition,
from beida (E. bid), to ask.

Boor. . A peasant, countryman, clown.
Du. boer, G. bauer, from Du. bowwen, to
till, cultivate, build, G. bauen, to cultivate,
inhabit, build, ON. bua, to prepare, set
in order, dress, till, inhabit.

From the sense of inhabiting we have
neighbour, G. nachbar, one who dwells
nigh.

From the participle present, ON. buandi,
boandi, comes bondi, the cultivator, the
possessor of the farm, master of the
house, \ais-band.

See Bown, Busk, Build.

* Boose. A stall for cattle. — Hal.
Boos, bose, netis stall. — Pr. Pm. AS. bosig,
bosg, bosih, ON. bds, a stall. Perhaps
from ow. boutig, literally cow-house. OW.
boutig, stabulum. — Ox. Gl. in Phil. Trans.

i860, p. 232. w. ty Gael, tigh, house.
But more likely from Sw. dial, bas, which
signifies not only straw, litter, but stall,

as a lying-place for cattle. Basa, to strew
with straw, to litter ; bosu, busu, hu?id-
busa, swinbusa, a lying-place for dogs or
swine, dog-kennel, pig-sty. N. bos, rem-
nants of hay or straw, chaff.

Boot. Fr. botte. Du. bote, boten-shoen,
pero, calceus rusticus e crudo corio. —
Kil. Swab, bossen, short boots. — Schm.
It would appear that in Kilian's time the
Du. bote was similar to the Irish brogue
and Indian mocassin, a bag of skin or
leather, enveloping the foot and laced on
the instep. It is commonly explained as
identical with It. botta, Sp. Prov. bota,
Fr. botte, a hollow skin, a vessel for hold-
ing liquids. See Butt.

To Boot.— Bootless. To boot, to aid,
help, succour — Bailey. Boot of bale,
remedy of evil, relief from sorrow. To
give a thing to boot is to give it into the
bargain, to give it to improve the condi-
tions already proposed or agreed on.
Clement the cobeler cast offhus cloke
And to the nywe fayre nempned it to selle ;
Hick the halieneyemaii hitte hus hod after-
There were chapmen ychose the chafTare to preise
That he that hadde the hod sholde nat habbe the

clolce,
The betere thing by arbitours sholde bote the
werse.^ — P. P.

i. e. should contribute something to make
the bargain equal. Bootless, without ad-

BOOTH

vantage, not contributing to further the
end we have in view. Du. boete, baete,
aid, remedy, amendment ; boeten, to
mend, and hence to fine, to expiate ;
boeten den dorst, to quench one's thirst ;
boeten het vier, AS. betan fyr, to bete the
fire, properly to mend the fire, but used
in the sense of laying or lighting it,
struere ignem, admovere titiones. — Kil.
ON. bdt, pi, batr, amendment, reparation,
recovery ; yfirbdt, making good again ;
bata, to make better, to repair, to patch,
to cure ; Sw. bata, to boot, to profit ;
Goth, botjan, to profit, to be of advan-
tage ; aftragabotjan, to restore, repair.
See To Bete.

Booth.. This word is widely spread
in the sense of a slight erection, a shelter
of branches, boards, &c. Gael, both,
bothag, bothan, a bothy, cottage, hut,
tent, bower. Bohem. bauda, budka, a
hut, a shop ; budowati, to build ; Pol.
buda, a booth or shed, budowai, to build.
ON. bud, a hut or tent, a shed, a shop.
OSw. scsdes-bod, a granary ; mat-bod, a
cupboard. Du. boede, boeye, a hut, cup-
board, barn, cellar.

Neither G. bauen, to build, nor E. abode,
afford a satisfactory explanation. In the
Slavonic languages the word signifying
to build seems a derivative rather than a
root. See Bower.

Booty. It is admitted that Fr. butin.
It. bottino, are derived from G. beute.
The Sw. byte points to the verb byta, to
exchange or divide, as the origin of the
word, the primary signification of which
would thus be the division of the spoil.
Halfva bytning af alt that rof.
A half share of all that spoil.

Hist. Alexand. Mag. in Ihre.

Fr. butin is explained by Palsgr. p. 266,
schare of a man of a prise in warre time.
And so in ON. the booty taken in war is
called grip-deildi and hlut-skipti, from
deila and skipta, to divide.

BoracMo. A wine-skin, and meta-
phorically a drunkard. Sp. borracha, a
leather bag or bottle for wine. Gael.
borracha, a bladder, from borra, to swell.
See Burgeon.

Border. Fr. bar dure, a border, welt,
hem or gard of a garment, from bord,
edge, margin, on. bord, limbus, ora,
extremitas ; bordi, fimbria, limbus.

Bore. The flow of the tide in a single
large wave up certain estuaries.

TumbUng from the Gallic coast the victorious
tenth wave shall ride like the bore over all the
rest. — Burke in R.

BORE

85:

ON. bdra, a wave, N. baara, wave, swell ;
bara, kvit-bara, to surge, to foam.

To Bore, 1.— Burin. G. bohren, ON.
bora, Lat. forare, Magy. furni, to bore,
furd, a borer ; Fin. puras, a. chisel, tere-
bra sculptoria ; purastoa, scalpo, terebro,
sculpo ; 05\xiik..por,par, a borer, piercer.

The Fin. purra, to bite, leaves little
doubt as to the primitive image from
whence the expression is taken, the
action of gnawing affording the most
obvious analogy from whence to name
the operation of a cutting instrument, or
the gradual working a hole in anything.
The ON. bit is used to signify the point
or edge of a knife ; bitr, sharp, pointed.
We speak in E. of an edge that will not
bite, and it is doubtless in the sense of
ON. bit that the term centre-bit is applied
to an instrument for boring. The cor-
responding forms in Lap. are parret, to

bite, and thence to eat ; and parrets, an
awl, a borer.

The analogy between the operation of
a cutting instrument and the act of gnaw-
ing or biting leads to the application of
Fin. puru, Esthon. purro, to anything
comminuted by either kind of action, as
Fin. puru, chewed food for infants, sahan
puru, Esthon. pu purro (saha =: saw ;
pu =: wood), OHG. uzboro, urboro, saw-
dust, the gnawings as it were of the saw
or borer.

Another derivation from Fin. purra, to
bite, is purin, dens mordens vel caninus,
the equivalent of the It. borino, bolino, a
graver's small pounce, a sharp chisel for
cutting stone with — Flor. ; Fr. and E.
burin, an engraver's chisel, the tool with
which he bites into his copper plate.
Compare Manx birrag, a sharp-pointed
tooth, or anything pointed, Gael, biorag,
a tusk, which are probably from the same
root. Fin. puras, a chisel, differs only
in termination.

• To Bore, 3. To bore in the meta-
phorical sense may have acquired its
meaning in the same way as G. drillen,
to pierce, also to harass with work or
perpetual requests', to importune. But
probably the E. use of the word would be
better explained on the supposition that
it was originally bur. It. lappolone, a
great bur, an importunate fellow that
will stick as close as a bur to one ; lappa-
lare, to stick unto as a bur. — Fl.

I could not tell how to rid myself better of the
troublesome i5k?-, than by getting him into the
discourse of Hunting.— Return from Parnassus
inR.

86

BOREAL

Waldemar knew the old diplomatist's impor-
tunity and weariness by report, but he had not
yet learned the art of being blandly insolent, and
thus could not shake off the old burr. — ^Walde-
mar Krone (1867),. i. 106.

Lang, pegou, one who sticks to you like
pitch, a bore, bom. pego, pitch.

Boreal. Lat. ^o^^flj, the North Wind,
borealis, northern. Russ. borei, the N.
wind ; burya, tempest, storm.

Borough. A word spread over all the
Teutonic and Romance languages. AS.
burg, burh, byrig, . a city ; whence the
frequent occurrence of the termination
bury in the names of Enghsh towns,
Canterbury, Newbury, &c. Goth, baurgs,
ON. borg, It. borgo, Fr. bourg. Gr.
viipyoc, a tower, is probably radically
connected. ' Gas' cUum parvum quem bur-
gum vocant.' — Vegetius in Diez. Hence
must have arisen burgensis, a citizen,
giving rise to It. borgese, Fr. bourgeois,
E. burgess, a citizen.

The origin seems to be the Goth.
bairgan, AS. beorgan, to protect, to keep,
preserve ; G. bergen, to save, to conceal,
withhold ; Dan. bierge, to save ; Sw.
berga, to save, to take in, to contain.
Solen bergas, the sun sets. The primi-
tive idea seems to bring under cover.
See Bury, Borrow.

Borrel. A plain rude fellow, a boor.
■ — Bailey. Frequently applied to laymen
in contradistinction to the more polished
clergy.

But wele I wot as nice fresche and gay
Som of hem ben as borel folkis ben.
And that unsittynge is to here degre.

Occleve in Halliwell.

The origin of the term is the OFr.
borel, burel, coarse cloth made of the
undyed wool of brown sheep, the ordinary
dress of the lower orders, as it still is in
parts of Savoy and Switzerland. See
Bureau. In like manner It. bizocco (from
bizo, grey), primarily signifying coarse
brown cloth, is used in the sense of
coarse, clownish, unpolished, rustic, rude.
— Altieri. So Du. f graauw, the popu-
lace, from their grey clothing.

To Borrow. Properly to obtain money
on security, from AS. borg, borh, a. surety,
pledge, loan. ' Gif thu feoh io borh
gesylle,' if thou give money on loan. G.
biirge, a surety, bail ; biirgen, to become
a surety, to give bail or answer for an-
other. AS. beorgan, to protect, secure.

Borsholder. — Borowholder. A head-
borough or chief constable. By the
Saxon laws there was a general system
of bail throughout the country, by which

BOTANY

each man was answerable for his neigh-
bour.

' Ic wille that selc man sy under horge ge bin-
nan burgum ge butan burgum.' I will that
every man be under bail, both within towns and
without. — Laws of Edgar in Bosworth.

Hence ' borhes ealdor,' the chief of the
' borh,' or system of bail, cormpted, when
that system was forgotten, into bors-
holder, borough-holder, or head-borough,
as if from the verb to hold, and borough
in the sense of a town.

Bosh. A word lately introduced from
our intercourse with the East, signifying
nonsense. Turk, bosh, empty, vain, use-
less, agreeing in a singular manner with
Sc. boss, hollow, empty, poor.

Boss. I. Fr. basse, a bunch or hump,
any round sweUing, a wen, botch, knob,
knot, knur. — Cot. Du. bosse, busse, the
boss or knob of a buckler ; bos, bttssel, a
bunch, tuft, bundle.

Words signifying a lump or protuber-
ance have commonly also the sense of
striking, knocking, whether from the fact
that a blow is apt to produce a swelling
in the body struck, or because a blow
can only be given by a body of a certain
mass, as we speak of a thumping potato,
a bouncing baby ; or perhaps it may be
that the protuberance is considered as a
projection, a pushing or striking out. The
Gael, cnoc, an eminence, agrees with E.
knock; while Gael, cnag signifies both a
knock and a knob ; cnap, a knob, a boss,
a little blow. E. cob, a blow, and also a
lump or piece. — Hal. A bump is used in
both senses of a blow and a protuberance.
Bunch, which now signifies a knob, was
formerly used in the sense of knocking.
Du. butsen, botsen, to strike ; butse, botse,
a swelling, bump, botch.

The origin of boss may accordingly be
found in Bav. huschen, to strike so as to
make a hollow sound, to give a hollow
sound ; boschen, bossen, Du. bosseu. It.
bussare, Swiss Rom. boussi, bussi, bussa
(Bridel), to knock or strike.

Then from the peculiar resonance of a
blow on a hollow object, or perhaps also
from looking at the projection from with-
in instead of without, the Sc. boss, bos,
bois is used in the sense of hollow, empty,
poor, destitute. A boss sound, that which
is emitted by a hollow body. — Jam. Bos
bucklers, hollow bucklers. — D. V. The
boss of the side, the hollow between the
ribs and the side. — Jam.

Botany. Gr. ^ma.vr\, a herb, plant,
^oTowi^w, to pick or cull plants, /3oraMK6f,
of or belonging to plants, ij |8oraviKi)

BOTCH

(rs^vri understood), the science or know-
ledge of plants.

Botcli. It seems that 3otc/i is a mere
dialectic variation of ioss, as Fr. iosse be-
comes in the Northern dialects ioc^e. —
Decorde, H^cart. Bochu, bossu, a hump-
back.^Dec. Du. botsen, butsen, to knock,
to strike ; botse, butse, a knock, contusion ;
btitse, a bump or swelling, a plague-boil —
Kil. ; bots, buts, a boil or swelling — Hal-
ma. A boil, pimple, blister, was called a
push; what pushes outwards. — Hal. And
so we speak of an eruption, of boils break-
ing out.

On the other hand, It. boccia, a bubble,
by met. any round ball or bowl to play
withal, the bud of a flower ; any kind of
plain round vial or cupping glass — Fl. ;
bozza, a pock, blain, botch, bile, or plague
sore ; any plain round viol glass ; bozzo,
empty or hollow, as a push or windgaU.
— Fl.

Here the radical image seems a bubble,
from the dashing of water. Parmesan
poccia, a slop, mess, puddle. It. pozzo,
pozzanghera, a plash or slough or pitful
of standing waters. — Fl. E. dial, to podge,
to stir and mix together ; podge, a pit, a
cesspool ; pass, to dash about ; a water-
fall.—Hal.

To Botch. The origin of the word is
somewhat puzzling. On the one hand
we have Swiss batscken, batschen, to
smack, to give a sounding blow, to fall

with a sound : batsch, a lump of some-
thing soft ; batsch, a patch ; batschen,
patschen, to botch or patch, to put on a
patch. — Stalder.

On the other hand, corresponding to
ON. bcBta, to make better, to mend, to
patch, we have OHG. buazen, gipuozan,
to mend, scuohbuzere, a botcher of shoes,
a cobbler ; G. biissen, to mend (kettles,
shoes, nets, &c.) ; kessel-biisser, a tinker ;
schuhbiisser, schuhbosser, bosser, bdsser, a
cobbler.

Again, the notion of unskilful work is
commonly expressed by the figure of
dabbling in the wet, and thus to botch in
the sense of clumsy working seems con-
nected with Mantuan poccia, a slop, mess,
puddle ; pocciar, to dip in liquid (to
dabble), to work without order or know-
ledge ; It. bozza, an imperfect and bun-
gling piece of work, the first rough draught
of any work. — Fl. Podge, a pit, a cess-
pool ; to podge, to stir and mix together.
— Hal. See To Bodge.

Bote. House-bote, fire-bote, signify a
supply of wood to repair the house, to
mend the fire. Si quis burgbotam sive

BOTTOM

87

brigbotam, i. e. burgi vel pontis refectio-
nem, &c. — Leg. Canut. AS. bdt, repara-
tion. See To Bete.

Both. Boa two. — Ancren Riwle, 212.
AS. Butu, butwo, bativa; OSax. bethia,
bide; ON. bAdtr, gen. beggtaj Goth, ba,
baiothsj Sanscr. ubhau; Lith. abbu, abbu-
duj Lett, abbi, abbi-diwij Slavon. oba,
oba-dwaj Lat. ambo. — Dief. Lith. Mudu,
Wedu, we two, Jtidu, Judwi, you two,
Jidwi, they two.

* To Bother. To confuse with noise,
ixorapudder, pother, noise, disturbance.

With the din of which tube my head you so

bother
That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from

t' other.— Swift in R.

Du. bulderen, to rage, bluster, make a
disturbance ; G. poltern, to make a noise,
to do anything with noise and bustle ;
Dan. bulder, noise, turmoil, hurly-burly.
N. potra, putra, to simmer, whisper, mut-
ter.

Bott. • A belly-worm, especially in
horses. Gael, botus, a bott ; boiteag, a
maggot. Bouds, maggots in barley. — ■
Bailey.

Bottle. I. It. bottigUa, Fr. bouteille,
dim. of botta, botte, boute, a vessel for
holding liquids. — Diez. Gael, buideal, a
cask, a bottle. See Butt. Bouteille,
however, is also a bubble, and E. bottle is
provincially used in the same sense. Pl.D.
buddeln, to froth as beer ; buddl, a bottle.
— Danneil. Prov. botola, a. tumour. A
bubble is often taken as the type of any-
thing round and hollow.

2. From Fr. botte, a bunch, bundle, is
the dim. botel, boteau, a wisp, bunch.
Bret, botel foenn, a bottle of hay. Gael.
boiteal, boitean, a bundle of straw or hay.
Du. bot, botte, knock, stroke, blow. — Kil.
See Boss.

Bottom, AS. botm, the lowest part,
depth. ' Fyre to botme,' to the fiery
abyss. — Csedm. Du. bodem; G. boden ;
ON. botn, Dan. bund, Lat. fundus. The
Gr. j3i/9os, ^kvBoQ, a depth, and ajSvamg,
an abyss or bottoniless pit, seem develop-
ments of the same root, another modifi-
cation of which may be preserved in
Gael, bun, a root, stock, stump, bottom,
foundation; w. bSn, stem or base, stock,
butt end. See Bound.

2. A bottom is also used in the sense
of a ball of thread, whence the name ol
theweaverin Midsummer Night's Dream.
The word bottom or bothum was also used
in OE. for a bud. Both applications are
from the root bot, both, in the sense of
projection, round lump, boss. A bottom

88 BOUGH

of thread, like bobbin, signifies a sliort
thick mass. The W. has hot, a round
body ; both, boss of a buckler, nave of a
wheel ; bothel, pothel, a blister, pimple —
Richards ; bothog, round, botwm, a boss,
a button; Fr. bouton, a bud. For the
connection between the sense of a lump
or projection and that of striking or
thrusting, see Boss.

Bough. The branch of a tree. AS.
bog, boh, from bugan, to bow, bend.

Bough-pot, or Bow-pot, a jar to set
boughs in for ornament, as a nosegay.

' Take care my house be handsome,
And the new stools set out, and boughs and

rushes
And flowers for the windows, and the Turkey

carpet." —
'Why would you venture so fondly on the

strowings.
There's mighty matter in them, I assure you,
And in the spreading of a bough-pot.'

B. and F. Coxcomb, iv. 3.

Bought. — Bout. — Bight. The

boughts of a rope are the separate folds
when coiled in a circle, from AS. bugan,
to bow or bend ; and as the coils come
round and round in similar circles,>a bout,
with a slight difference of spelling, is ap-
plied to the turns of things that succeed
one another at certain intervals, as a bout
of fair or foul weather. So It. volta, a
turn or time, an occasion, from volgere,
to turn.

A bight is merely another pronunciation
of the same word, signifying in nautical
language a coil of rope, the hollow of a
bay. The Bight of Benin, the bay of
Benin. Dan. bugt, bend, turn, winding,
gulf, bay.

* Boulder. — Boulderstone. Bowlder,
a large stone rounded by the action of
water, a large pebble. — Webster. Sw.
dial. buUersten, the larger kind of pebbles,
in contrast to klappersten, the smaller
ones. From Sw. bullra, E. dial, bolder,
to make a loud noise, to thunder. A
thundering big one is a common exag-
geration. But as klappersten for the
smaller pebbles is undoubtedly from the
rattle they make when thrown together,
probably buller or bolder may represent
the deeper sound made by the larger
stones when rolling in a stream.

It was an awful sight to see the Visp roaring
under one of the bridges that remained, and to
hear the groans and heavy thuds of the boulders
that were being hurried on and dashed against
each other by the torrent. — Bonny, Alpine Re-
gions, p. 136.

Even in the absence of actual e.xperience
of such sounds as the foregoing, the
rounded shape of the stones would sug-

BOUND

gest the notion of the continual knock-
ing to which they must have been sub-
jected.

To Boult. See To Bolt, 2.

To Bounce. Primarily to strike, then
to do anything in a violent starthng way,
to jump, to spring. Bunche, tnndo,tTudo:
— he buncheth me and beateth me — he
came home with his face all to-bounced,
contusi. — Pr. Pm.

The sound of a blow is imitated in
Pl.D. by Bujns or Buns; whence buj7isen,
bamsen, bunsen, to strike against a thing
so as to give a dull sound; an de dor
bunsen, to knock at the door.
Yet still he bet and bounst upon the dore
And thundered strokes thereon so hideously
That all the pece he shaked from the flore
And filled all the house with fear and great up-
roar.—F. Q.

An de dor ankloppen dat idt bunset,
to knock till it sounds again. He fult
dat et bunsede, he fell so that it sounded.
Hence bunsk in the sense of the E. bounc-
ing, thumping, strapping, a? the vulgar
whapper, bumper, for anything large of
its kind. ' Een bunsken appel, jungen,'
a bouncing apple, baby. — Brem. Wtb.
Du. bons, a blow, bonzen, to knock. — -
Halma. See Bunch.

To Bound. Fr. bondir, to spring, to
leap. The original meaning is probably
simply to strike, as that of E. boujtce,
which is frequently used in the same
sense with bound. The origin seems an
imitation of the sounding blow of an
elastic body, the verb bondir in OFr. and
Prov., and the equivalent bonir in Cata-
lan, being used in the sense of resound-
ing.

No i ausiratz parlar, ni motz brugir,

Ni gacha frestelar, ni cor bondir.

You will not hear talking nor a word murmur.

Nor a centinel whistle, nor horn sound.

Raynouard.
Langued. bounbounejha, to hum; boun-
dina, to hum, to resound.

Bound.— Boundary. . Fr. boriie, bone,
a bound, limit, mere, march.— Cot. Mid.
Lat. bodina, butina, bunda, bonna.
' Multi ibi limites quos illi bonnas vocant,
suorum recognoverunt agrorum.' 'Alo-
dus sic est circumcinctus et divisus per
bodinas fixas et loca designata.'— Charter
of K. Robert to a monastery in Poitou. —
Ducange. Bodinare, debodinare, to set
out by metes and bounds. Probably from
the Celtic root bon, bun, a stock, bottom,
root (see Bottom). Bret, mcn-bomi, a
boundary stone (men = stone); bonndn,
to set bounds, to fix limits. The entire
value of such bounds depends upon their

BOUND

fixedness. Gael, bunaiteach, steady, firm,
fixed. It is remarkable that we find vary-
nearly the same variation in the mode of
spelling the word iox bound, as was for-
merly shown in the case of bottom, which
was also referred to the same Celtic root.
Bound. — Eown. The meaning of
bound, when we speak of. a ship bound
for New York, is, prepared for, ready to
go to, addressed to.

He of adventure happed hire to mete
Amid the toun right in the quikkest strete
As she was toun to go the way forth right
Toward the garden. — Chaucer in R.

It is the participle past buinn, pre-
pared, ready, of the ON. verb bua, to pre-
pare, set out, address.

Bounty. Fr. bontS, Lat. bonitas, from
bonus, good.

Bourd. A jest, sport, game. Imme-
diately from Fr. bourde in the same sense,
and that probably from a Celtic root.
Bret, bourd, deceit, trick, joke; Gael.
burd, burt, mockery, ridicule ; buirte, a
jibe, taunt, repartee. As the Gael, has
also buirleadh, language of folly or ridi-
cule, it is probable that the It. burlare,
to banter or laugh at, must be referred to
the same root, according to the well-
known interchange of d and /.

The notion of deceiving or making a
fool of one is often expressed by reference
to some artifice employed for diverting
his attention, whether by sound or gesti-
culation. Thus we speak of humming
one for deceiving him, and in the same
way to bam is to make fun of one ; a
ba7n, a false tale or jeer — Hal. ; from Du.
bommen, to hum. Now we shall see in
the next article that the meaning of the
root bourd is to hum. Gael, burdan, a
humming noise — Macleod; a sing-song,
a jibe — Shaw ; bururus, warbling, purl-
ing, gurgling. Bav. burreti, brummen,
sausen, brausen, to hum, buzz, grumble ;
Sw. purra, to take one in, to trick, to
cheat.

Bourdon. — Burden. Bourdon, the
drone of a bagpipe, hence musical ac-
companiment, repetition of sounds with or
without sense at the end of stated divi-
sions of a song, analogous to Fr. tinton,
the ting of a bell, the burden of a song.
—Cot.

And there in mourning spend their time

-With "wailful tunes, while wolves do howl and

barke
And seem to bear a bourdon to their plaint.

Spenser in R.

Fr. bourdon, a drone of a bagpipe, a
drone or dor-bee, also the humming or

BOW

89

buzzing of bees. — Cot. Sp. bordon, the
bass of a stringed instrument, or of an
organ. Gael, burdan, a humming noise,
the imitative character of which is sup-
ported by the use of durdan in the same
sense ; durd, to hum as a bee, to mutter.

Bourdon. — Borden. Fr. bourdon, a.
pilgrim's staff, the big end of a club, a
pike or spear ; bourdon d'un moulin k
vent, a mill-post. — Cot. Prov. bordo, a
staff, crutch, cudgel, lance; It. bordone,
a staff, a prop.

Bourn, i. A limit. Fr. ^<7r«i?, a cor-
ruption of bonne, identical with E. bound,
which see.

2. Sc. burn, a brook; Goth, brunna, a
spring, Du. borne, a well, spring, spring-
water; Gael, biirn, fresh* water. .See
Burgeon.

* To Bouse. Du. buizen, Swiss
bausen, to take deep draughts, drink deep,
to tope. G. bausen, pausen, patesten, to
swell, puff out. Sw. pusta, to take breath.
Perhaps the radical meaning of the word
may be, like quaff, to draw a deep breath.
So Sc. sotich, souf, to draw a deep breath,
G. saufen, to drink deep.

The foregoing derivation seems, on the
whole, more probable than the one for-
merly given from Du. buyse, a. flagon,
whence buysen, to drink deep, to indulge
in his cups ; buys, drunken.

We shule preye the hayward honi to our hous^
Drink to him dearly of full good bous.

Man in the Moon.

Comp. Du. kroes, a cup ; kroesen, to tope ;
W. pot, a pot, potio, to tipple.

Bow. G. bug, curvature, bending,
bending of a joint ; knie-bug, schenkel-
bug, schulter-bug. When used alone it
commonly signifies the shoulder-joint,
explaining Sw. bog, Dan. bov, shoulder
of a quadruped ; bovblad, shoulder-blade.
It is probably through this latter signifi-
cation, and not in the sense of curvature
in general, that ON. bogr, Sw. bog, Dan.
bov, are applied to the bow of a ship, in
Fr. epaule du vaisseau, the shoulder of
the vessel.

A different modification gives ON. bdgi,
Sw. bage, Dan. bue, G. bogen, an arch,
bending, bow to shoot with. w. bwa,
Gael, bogha, a bow.

Corresponding verbal forms are Goth.
biugan, on. buga, beygja, AS. bugan,
beogan, Du. buigen, g. biegen, to bow,
bend ; Sw. btiga, to bow or incline the
head ; ON. bogna, bugna, Sw. bagna,
bugna, Dan. bovne, bugne, to bulge, bend,
belly out.

90 BOWELS

It would seem that the notion of a
bent or rounded object must be attained
antecedent to the more abstract concep-
tion of the act of bending. The foregoing
forms may accordingly be derived with
much plausibility from the figure of a
bubble, signified by forms like Gael.
bolg, Pol. bulka, or, with inversion of the
liquid, Fr. boucle, Sw. dial, bogla, W. bog-
fyn,\s.ige\y illustrated under Bulk, Buckle.
From the former modification we have
ON. bolgna, to puff up, swell, passing on
the one hand by the loss of the g into
Dan. bulne, OE. bolne, to swell, and on
the other by the loss of the / into ON.
bogna, bugna, to bulge, bow, give in to,
yield. From the other form are G. buckel,
a protuberance, a hump on the back ;
sich aiifbuckeln (Schm.), to raise the back
like a cat ; then by the loss of the /, Bav.
bucken, to bend down, to bow ; buck, a
bending, prominence, hill. G. biicken,
Sw. bucka, bocka, Dan. bukke, to stoop,
bow, make obeisance. Du. zich onder
jemand buigen, to yield to one, to buckle
under to him. G. buckelig gehen, to stoop
in walking ; biickling, a bow. The /
appears in a different position in ODu.
bulcken, inclinare se (Kil.), as in E. bulk
compared with Sw. buk, Dan. bug, con-
vexity, belly, or in e. bulge, compared
with Fr. bouge, belly of a cask. w. bog,
a swelling or rising up. Sanscr. bhuj,
to bend, to make crooked ; (in pass .) to
incline oneself ;■ bhugna, bent, crooked.

The same line of derivation seems re-
peated in Magy. bugy, representing the
sound of bubbling or guggling ; bugyni,
bugyani, to bubble up, stream forth ;
bugyogni, to guggle, bubble, spring as
water ; bugy a, a boil, tumour, lump ;
buga, bugyola, a knot, a bundle.

* Bowels. It. budello, buello, OFr.
boel, gut, bowel ; Bret, bouzellou, bouellou,
bowels. Lat. botulus, a. sausage.

Fr. boudin, a black pudding, the bowel
of an animal stuffed with blood and
grits.

The word may probably be identical
with Fris. budel, Du. hiidel, G. beutel, a
sack, purse, pocket. See Boil.

Bower, ne. boor, a parlour. — Hal.
ON. bur, a separate apartment ; utibur, an
outhouse ; AS. bur, a chamber ; swefnbur,
a sleeping-room ; cumena-bur, guest-
chamber ; fata-bur, a wardrobe ; Sw.
honse-bur, a hen-coop ; W. bwr, an in-
closure, intrenchment, bwra, a croft by a
house.

Bowl. — Boll. Fr. ^o«/«, a bowl, in both
senses, of a wooden ball to play with and

BOX

a round vessel for drink. Sp. bola, a ball,
bowl.

The sense of a globular form is pro-
bably taken from the type of a bubble as
in other cases. Thus we have Esthon.
pul, a bubble ; Fin. pullo, a drop of
water ; pullistaa, to puff up ; pullakka,
round, swoUei) ; pulli, a round glass or
flask ; Lat. bulla, a iDubble, a thing of
similar shape, a stud, boss, knob ; It.
bolla, a bubble, blister, round glass phial,
stud, boss; ON. ^o/a, a bubble ; bolli,a.cup ;
Pl.D. bol, globular, spherical ; Du. bol,
swollen, puffy, hollow, convex, a ball, a
globe or spherical body, the head, the
crown of a hat, bulb of an onion ; bolle-
ken, the boll or round seed-vessel of flax ;
Bav. bollen, globular body, round bead,
boll of flax ; rossbollen, horsedung ;
mausbollelein, mousedung ; OHG. bolla,
polla, bulla in aqua, folliculus ; hirni-
polla, MHO. hirnbolla, the skull or brain-
pan ; bolle, a bud, a wine-can ; AS. bolla,
a pot, bowl ; heafod bolla, the head.

A similar series of designations from
the image of a bubble may be seen in
Fin. ku^o, a bubble, boil, tumour ; kup-
ula, kuppelo, a ball ; kupu, the crop of a
bird, belly, head of a cabbage, wisp of
straw ; kupukka, anything globular. See
Bulk.

Box. A hollow wooden case, as well
as the name of a. shrub whose wood is
peculiarly adapted for turning boxes and
similar objects. AS. box in both senses.
Gr. iri'iaQ, the box-tree, ttuJic, a box ; Lat.
buxus, the box-tree and articles made of
it ; G. biichse, a box, the barrel of a gun,
buchsbaum, the box-tree ; It. bosso, box-
tree, bossola, a box, hollow place ; Fr.
buis, Bret, beuz, Bohem. pusspan, box-
tree ; pusska, a box.

Du. busse, a box, busskai, a little box ;
PLD. biisse, biiske. Hence, witli an in-
version of the s and k, as in AS. acsian, E.
ask, we arrive at the e. box, without the
need of resorting to an immediate deriva-
tion from the Latin.

The box of a coach is commonly ex-
plained as if it had foiTnerly been an ac-
tual box, containing the implements for
keeping the coach in order. It is more
probably from the G. bock, signifying in
the first instance a buck or he-goat, then
applied in general to a trestle or support
upon which an) thing rests, and to a coach-
box in particular. See Crab, Cable. In
like manner the Pol. koziel, a buck, is
applied to a coach-box, while the plural
^o^/y is used in the sense of asawing-
block, trestle, painter's easel, &c.

BOX

To Box. To fight with the fists. From
the Dan. bask, a sounding blow, baske,
to slap, thwack, flap, by the same in-
version of J and k, as noticed under Box.
It is plainly an imitative word, parallel
with OK. posh, to strike. Swiss batschen,
to smack the hand ; batschen, to give a
loud smack, to fall.with a noise. Heligo-
land batsken, to box the ears. Lett.
bauksch represents the sound of a blow ;
baukscheht, to give a sounding blow ;
buksteht, to give a blow with the fists.

Boy. G. bube, Swiss bub, bue. Swab.
buah, a grown youth ; Cimbr. pube, boy,
youth, unmarried man ; Swiss Rom.
boubo, bouibo, boy ; bouba, bou^ba, little
girl. Lat. pupus, a boy ; pupa, a girl, a
doU.

To Brabble. A variation of babble,
representing the confused sound of simul-
taneous talking. In like manner the It.
has bulicame and brulicame, a bubbling
motion ; Fr. boussole, Sp. bruxula, a com-
pass ; Fr. boiste, Prov. brostia, a box.

Du. brabbelen, to stammer, jabber,, con-
fuse, disturb, quarrel ; Bohem. breptati,
to stutter, murmur, babble.

Brace. The different meanings of the
word brace may all be reduced to the idea
of straining, compressing, confining, bind-
ing together, from a root brak, which has
many representatives in the other Europe-
an languages. See Brake.

To brace is to draw together, whence a
bracing air, one which draws up the
springs of life ; a pair of braces, the bands
which hold up the trowsers. A brace on
board a ship, It. braca, is a rope holding
up a weight or resisting a strain. A brace
is also a pair of things united together in
the first instancebya physical tie, and then
merely in our mode of considering them.

Bracelet. Bracelet, an ornamental
band round the wrist ; bracer, a guard to
protect the arm of an archer from the
string of his bow. Fr. brasselet, a brace-
let, wristband, or bracer — Cot. ; OFr.
brassard, Sp. bracil, armour for the arm,
from bras, the arm.

Brach, Prov. brae, bracon, braquet, Fr.
braque, bracket, Sp. Ptg. braco, It. bracco,
a setter, spaniel, beagle, dog that hunts by
scent. MHG. bracke, s. s., dog in general;
ON. rakki, dog ; Sw. rakka, bitch ; Du.
rakke, whelp ; as. race, OE. ratch, rack,
scenting dog, odorinsecus. — Pr. Pm.

Brack. A breach, flaw, or defect,
from break. Fr. briche, a brack or breach
in a wall, &c. — Cot.

Floods drown no fields before theyfind a brack.
Mirror for Mag. in R,

BRACKET

91

You may find time in eternity,

Deceit and violence in heavenly justice —

Ere stain ot brack in her sweet reputation.

B. and F.

G. brechen, to break (sometimes also
used in the sense of failing, as die Augen
brechen ihm, his eyes are failing him),
gebrechen, to want, to be wanting; want,
need, fault, defect ; Du. braecke, ghebreck,
breach, want, defect. — Kil. AS. brec,
Pl.D. brek, want, need, fault ; ON. brek,
defect. On the same principle from the
ON. bresta, to crack, to break, to burst,
is derived brestr, a crack, flaw, defect,
moral or physical.

Brack. — Brackish. Water rendered
unpalatable by a mixture of salt. One
of the numerous cases in which we have
to halt between two derivations.

Gael, bracha, suppuration, putrefaction ;
brach shuileach, lalear-eyed ; Prov. brae,
pus, matter, mud, filth ; el brae e la or-
dura del mun, the filth and ordure of the
world — Rayn. ; It. braco, brago, a bog or
puddle; OFr. brae, braic, bray, mud;
Rouchi breuque, mud, clay. — Hdcart.
Then as an adj., Prov. brae, bragos, OFr.
brageux, foul, dirty. ' La ville ou y avait
eaues et sourses moult brageuses.' — Mon-
strelet in Rayn. Thus brack, which sig-
nifies in the first instance water contami-
nated by dirt, might easily be applied to
water spoilt for drinking by other means,
■as by a mixture of sea water.

But upon the whole I am inclined to
think that the application to water con-
taminated with salt is derived from the
G. and Du. brack, wnzC/J, refuse, damaged ;
dicitur de mercibus quibusdam minus
probis. — Kil. Brak-goed, merces sub-
mersae, salo sive aqua marinS. corruptse.
— Kil. Pl.D. brakke grund, land spoilt
by an overflow of sea water; Du. brakke
torf, turf made offensive by a mixture of
sulphur (where the meaning would well
agree with the sense of the Gael, and
Prov. root); wrack, brack, acidus, salsus.
— Kil. See Broker.

From the sense of water unfit for drink-
ing from a mixture of salt, the word
passed on to signify salt water in general,
and the diminutive brackish was appro-
priated to the original sense.

The entrellis eik far in the fludis brake
I sal slyng.— D. V. in R.

Bracket. A bracket is properly a
cramp-iron holding things together ; then
a stand cramped to a wall." Brackets in
printing are claws holding together an
isolated part of the text. Fr. brague, a
mortise for holding things together —

92

BRAG

Cot. ; Piedm. braga, an iron for holding
or binding anything together. — Zalli.
From brake in the sense of constraining.
See Brace, Brake.

To Brag. — ^Brave. Primarily to crack,
to make a noise, to thrust oneself on
people's notice by noise, swagger, boast-
ing, or by gaudy dress and show. Fr.
braguer, to flaunt, brave, brag or jet it ;
braguard, gay, gallant, flaunting, also
braggard, bragging. — Cot. ON. braka,
Dan. brag, crack, crash ; ON. braka, to
crash, to crack, also insolenter se gerere —
Haldorsen ; Gael.i5nz^,%,aburst,explosion;
bragaireachd, empty pride, vain glory,
boasting ; Bret, braga, se pavaner,
marcher d'une maniire fifere, se donner
trop de licence, se parer de beaux habits.
Langued. bragd, to strut, to make osten-
tation of his equipage, riches, &c. Swiss
Rom. braga, vanter une chose.^Vocab.
de Vaud. Lith. braszketi, to rattle, be
noisy ; Fris. braske, to shout, cry, make a
noise ; Dan. braske, to boast or brag.

In like manner to crack is used for
boasting, noisy ostentation.

But thereof set the miller not a tare
He cracked host and swore it nas nat so.
Chaucer.

Brag was then used in the sense of
brisk, proud, smart.
Seest thou thilk same hawthorn stud
How iragly it begins to bud.- — Shepherd's Cal.

Equivalent forms are Gael, breagh, fine,
well-dressed, splendid, beautiful, Sc. bra!,
braw, Bret, brao, brav, gayly dressed,
handsome, fine.

Thus we are brought to the OE. brave,
finely dressed, showy ; bravery, finery.

From royal court I lately came (said he)
Where all the braverie that eye may see —
Is to be found. — Spenser in R.

The sense of courageous comes imme-
diately from the notion of bragging and
boasting. Gael, brabhdair, a noisy talk-
ative fellow, blusterer, bully ; brabhdadh,
idle talk, bravado j Fr. bravache, a roist-
erer, swaggerer, bravacherie, boasting,
vaunting, bragging of his own valour. —
Cot. It. h-avare and Fr. braver, to swag-
ger, affront, flaunt in fine clothes ; Sp.
bravo, bullying, hectoring, brave, valiant ;
sumptuous, expensive, excellent, fine. Fr.
brave, brave, gay, fine, gorgeous, gallant
(in apparel) ; also proud, stately, brag-
gard ; also valiant, stout, courageous,
that will carry no coals. Faire le brave,
to stand upon terms, to boast of his own
worth. — Cot.

Bragget. Sweet wort

BRAKE

Hire mouth was sweet as traket or the meth.

Chaucer.

From W. brag, malt, and that from
bragio, to sprout ; i. e. sprouted corn.

To Braid. See Bray.

Brail. — To Brail. From Fr. braies,
breeches, drawers, was formed brayele,
brayete, the bridge or part of the breeches
joining the two legs. A slight modifica-
tion of this was brayeul, the feathers
about the hawk's fundament, called by our
falconers the brayle in a short-winged,
and the pannel in a long-winged hawk. —
Cot. From brayel, or from braie itself, is
also derived Fr. dhbrailler, to unbrace or
let down the breeches, the opposite of
which, brailler (though it does not appear
in the dictionaries), would be to brace, to
tie up. Rouchi brMer, to cord a bale of
goods, to fasten the load of a waggon
with ropes. — Hecart.

Hence E. brails, the thongs of leather
by which the pen-feathers of a hawk's
wing were tied up ; to brail up a sail, to
tie it up like the wing of a hawk, in order
to prevent its catching the wind.

Brain. AS. braegenj Du. breghe,
breghen, breyne.

Brake. — Bray. The meanings of
brake are very numerous, and the deriva-
tion entangled with influences from differ-
ent sources. A brake is,

1 . A bit for horses ; a wooden frame in
which the feet of vicious horses are con-
fined in shoeing ; an old instrument of
torture ; an inclosure for cattle ; a car-
riage for breaking in horses ; an instru-
ment for checking the motion of a wheel ;
a mortar ; a baker's kneading trough ; an
instrument for dressing flax or hemp ; a
harrow. — Hal.

2. A bushy spot, a bottom overgrown
with thick tangled brushwood.

3. The plant y^r«.

The meanings included under the first
head are all reducible to the notion of
constraining, confining, compressing, sub-
duing, and it is very likely that the root
brak,hy which this idea is con\eyed, is
identical with Gael, brae, w. braicli, Lat.
brachittm, the arm, as the type of exertion
and strength. It is certain that the word
for arm is, in numerous dialects, used in
the sense of force, power, strength. Thus
Bret, breach,^ Sp. brazo, Walloon bress,
Wallachian bratsou, Turk bazu are used
in both senses.

It will be found in the foregoing ex-
amples that brake is used almost exactly
in the sense of the Lat. subigere, express-
i ing any kind of action by which some-

BRAKE

93

thing is subjected to external force,
brought under control, reduced to a con-
dition in which it is serviceable to our
wants, or the instrument by which the
action is exerted.

ON. braka, subigere, to subdue. In
this sense must be explained the expres-
sion of breaking ^horses, properly brak-
ing or subduing them. To the same
head must be referred brake, a horse's
bit, It. ^raca, a horse's twitch. P&.bracan,
to pound, to knead or mix up in a mortar,
to rub, farinam in mortario subigere; Sp.
bregar, to exert force in different ways,
to bend a bow, to row, to stiffen against
difficulties (se raidir centre — Taboada),
to knead ; Prov. brega, Corrfeze bredgea,
bredza, to rub (as in washing linen —
Beronie), Fr. broyer, to bray in a mortar.
The Fr. broyer is also used for the dress-
ing of flax or hemp, passing it through a
brake or frame consisting of boards loosely
locking into each other, by means of
which the fibre is stripped from the stalk
or core, and brought into a serviceable
condition. As there is so much of actual
breaking in the operation, it is not sur-
prising that the word has here, as in the
case of horse-breaking, been confounded
with the verb break, to fracture. We
have thus Du. braecken het vlasch, fran-
gere linum. — Biglotton. Fr. briser, con-
casser le \va. So in G. flachs brechen,
while in other dialects the words are kept
distinct. Pl.D. braken, Dan. brage, to
break flax ; PLD. braeken, Dan. brcekke, to
break or fracture. It is remarkable that
the term for braking flax in Lith. is
braukti, signifying to sweep, to brush, to
strip. The ON. brak is a frame in which
skins are worked backwards and forwards
through a small opening, for the purpose
of incorporating them with the grease
employed as a dressing. Swiss Rom.
brego, a spinning-wheel. — Voc. de Vaud.
In like manner Lat. subigere is used for
any kind of dressing.

Sive rudem primes lanam glomerabat in usus
Seu digitis subigebat opiis. — Ovid.

In the case of the ne. brake, Gael.
braca, a harrow, Dan. brage, to harrow
(Lat. glebas subigere, segetes subigere ara-
tris), the notion of breaking down the
clods again comes to perplex our deriva-
tion.

In other cases the idea of straining or
exerting force is more distinctly preserved.
Thus the term brake was applied to the
handle of a cross-bow, the lever by which
the string was drawn up, as in Sp. bregar

el arco, to bend a bow, Fr. braquer un
canon, to bend or direct a cannon. The
same name is given to the handle of a
ship's pump, the member by which the
force of the machine is exerted. It. braca;
a brace on board a ship.

Brake. 2. In the sense of a thicket,
cluster of bushes, bush, there is consider-
able difficulty in the derivation. The
equivalent word in the other Teutonic
dialects is frequently made to signify a
marsh or swamp. Du. broeck, Pl.D.
brook, a fen, marsh, low wet land ; G.
bruch, a marsh, or a wood in a marshy
place ; brook, grassy place in a heath — ■
Overyssel Almanach ; NE. brog, a swampy
or bushy place — Hal. ; Mid. Lat. bro-
gilum, broilium, brolium, nemus, sylva
aut saltus in quo ferarum venatio exer-
cetur. — Due. OFr. brogille, bregille,
broil, broillet, breuil, copse-wood, cover
for game, brambles, brushwood. G. dial.
gebroge, gebrUche, a brake, thicket.
Inquirers have thus been led in two di-
rections, the notion of wetness leading
some to connect the word with E. brook,
a stream, Gr. iSpsx"; t° moisten, and Lat.
riguus, watered, while others have con-
sidered the fundamental signification to
be broken ground, with the bushes and
tangled growth of such places.

The latter supposition has a remark-
able confirmation in the Finnish lan-
guages, where from Esthon. tnurdma, to
break, is formed murd, gebiisch, gebroge,
a thicket, brake, bush, pasture, quarry ;
from Fin. murran, murtaa, to break,
murrokko, sylva ubi arbores sunt vento
diffractae et transversim coUapsae, multi-
tudo arborum vel nemorum diffractorum
et collapsorum. And this probably was
the original meaning of G. bruch, ge-
brUche, gebroge, e. brog or brake. A
break of such a kind, or overthrow of
trees by the wind, is most likely to take
place in low wet ground where their
roots have less hold, and when once
thrown down, in northern climates, they
stop the flow of water and cause the
growth of peat and moss. Thus the
word, which originally designated a
broken mass of wood, might come to
signify a swamp, as in Du. and G., as
well as in the case of the e. brog above
mentioned. A brake is explained in
Palmer's Devonshire Glossary as ' a bot-
tom overgrown with thick tangled brush-
wood.' It. fratto, broken ; fratta, any
thicket of brakes, brambles, bushes, or
briers. — Fl.
Brake. — Bracken. 3. It may be sus-

94

BRAMBLE

pected that brake, in the sense oi fern, is
a secondary application of the word in
the sense last described, that is to say,
that it may be so named as the natural
growth of brakes and bushy places. It
is certain that we find closely-resembling
forms applied to several kinds of plants
the natural growth of waste places and
such as are designated by the term
brake, bruch, &c. Thus we have w.
bruk, heath ; ON. brok, sedge ; burkni,
Dan. bregne, bracken or fern ; Port.
brejo, sweet broom, heath, or ling, also a
marshy low ground or fen ; Grisons
bruch, heath.

It may be however that the relationship
runs in the opposite direction, and E.
brake, brog, G. bruch, gebroge, gebriiche,
&c., may be so called in analogy with
Bret, brugek, a heath, from brug, bruk,
heath, or with It. brughera, thick brakes
of high-grown ferns (Flor.), as places
overgrown with brakes or fern, heath
(Bret, bruk, brug), broom, or other plants
of a like nature. The relation of brake
to bracken may originally have been that
of the Bret, brug, heath, to -brugen, a
single plant of heath. See Brush.

Bramble. — Broom, as. bretnel, Pl.D.
brummelj Du. braeme, breme j Sw.G.
bro7n, bramble ; Du. brem, brom, broem,
Pl.D. braam, G. brarn, also pfriemkraut,
pfriemen, broom, the leafless plant of
which besoms are made.

It will be found that shrubs, bushes,
brambles, and waste growths, are looked
on in the first instance as a collection of
twigs or shoots, and are commonly de-
signated from the word signifying a twig.
Thus in Lat. from virga, a rod or twig,
virgultum, a shrub ; from Servian pnit,
a roA, prufye, a shrub ; from Bret, brous,
a bud, and thence a shoot, brouskoad,
bruskoad, brushwood, wood composed of
twigs. Bav. brass, brosst, a shoot, Serv.
hrst, young sprouts, Bret, broust, hallier,
buisson fort epais, a thick bush, ground
full of briers, thicket of brambles — Cot. ;
Fr. broussaille, a briery plot. In like
manner the word bramble is from Swiss
brom, a bud, young twig {brom-beisser,
the bull-finch, E. bud-biter or bud-bird—
Halliwell) ; Grisons brumbcl, a bud ; It.
bromboli, broccoli, cabbage sprouts — Fl. ;
Piedm. bronbo, a vine twig ; Bav. pfropf,
a shoot or twig.

The pointed shape of a young shoot
led to the use of tlie G. pfriem in the
sense of an awl, and the word bramble
Itself ^vas applied in a much wider sense
than it is at present to any thorny

BRAND

growth, as AS. broembel-CBppel, the thorn
apple or stramonium, a plant bearing a
fruit covered with spiky thorns, and in
Chaucer it is used of the rose.

And swete as is the bramble flower
That beareth the red hepe. — Sir Topaz.
AS. Thornas and bremelas, thorns and
briars. Gen. iii. 1 8.

Bran. Bret, brenn, w. bran. It. brenna,
brenda, Fr. bran. The fundamental sig-
nification seems preserved in Fr. bren,
excrement, ordure ; Rouchi bren d'orMe,
ear-wax ; berneux, snotty ; Russ. bren,
mud, dirt ; Bret, brenn hesken, the refuse
or droppings of the saw, sawdust. Bran
is the draff or excrement of the com,
what is cast out as worthless.

lis ressemblent le buretel

Selonc I'Eoriture Divine

Qui giete la blanche farine

Fors de lui et retient le bren. — Ducange.

So Swiss gaggi, chaff, from gaggi,
cack. Gael, brein, breun, stink ; breanan,
a dunghill, w. brwnt, nasty.

Branch. — Brank. We have seen
under Brace and Brake many instances
of the use of the root brak in the sense
of strain, constrain, compress. The na-
salisation of this root gives a form brank
in the same sense. Hence the Sc. brank,
a bridle or bit ; to brank, to bridle, to
restrain. The witches' branks was an
iron bit for torture ; Gael, brang, brancas,
a halter. The same form becomes in It.
branca, branchia, the fang or claw of a
beast ; brancaglie, all manner of gripings
and clinchings ; among masons and car-
penters, all sorts of fastening together of
stonework or timber with braces of lead
or iron. — Florio. Brancare, to gripe, to
clutch. Then by comparison with claws
or arms, Bret, brank, It. branco, Fr.
branche, the branch of a tree.

Brand, i. A mark made by burning.
G. brandmurk, brandiiialil, from brand,
burning ; brennen, to burn. 2. As ON.
brandr, G. brand, a burning fragment of
wood. A sword is called a ^ra«rf because
it glitters when waved about like a flam-
ing torch. The Cid's sword on the same
principle was named iizS, from Lat.
titio, a firebrand. — Diez.

The deri\'ation from brenneti, to burn
would leave nothing to be desired if the
foregoing meanings stood alone. But we
find It. brano, brandello, apiece orbit-
brandone, a large piece of anything a
torch or firebrand; Fr. brin, a small
piece of anything; brin d. brin (as It
bmno a brano), bit by bit, piecemeal ;"
brindelles, the twigs of a besom • on

BRANDISH

brandr, N. brand, a stick, stake, billet, as
well as the blade of a sword. Thus the
brand in ON. eldibrandr, E. firebrand,
might signify merely a piece of wood or
billet, and in the sense of a sword-blade
might be explained from its likeness to a
stick. The corresponding form in Gael, is
bntan, a fragment, morsel, splinter, which
with an initial s becomes spruan, brush-
wood, fire-wood. So. brane-wood, fire-
wood, not, as Jamieson explains it, from
AS. bryne, incendium, but from the fore-
going brano, brin, bruan.

Quhyn thay had beirit lyk baitit bullis,

And brane-^wod brynt in bailis.

To Brandish.^Brandle. To brand-
ish, to make shine with shaking, to shake
to and fro in the hand. — Bailey. Fr.
brandir, to hurl with great force, to make
a thing shake by the force it is cast with,
to shine or glister with a gentle shaking ;
brandiller, to brandle, shake, totter, also
to glisten or flash. — Cot.

Commonly explained from the notion
of waving a brand or sword. But this is
too confined an origin for so widely-spread
a word. Manx bransey, to dash, Rouchi
bra?ier, Bret, bransella, Fr. bransler,
branler, to shake.

Brandy. Formerly brandy-wine, Du.
brand-wijn, brandende wijn, aqua ardens,
vinum ardens. — Kil. The inflammable
spirit distilled from wine. Du. brandigh,
flagrans, urens. — Kil. G. branntweinj
i. e. gebrannter wein, distilled wine, from
brennen, to burn, to distil ; weinbrenner,
distiller. — M arsh .

Brangle. This word has two senses,
apparently very distinct from each other,
though it is not always easy to draw an
undoubted line between them, ist, to
scold, to quarrel, to bicker — Bailey, and
2nd, as Fr. brandiller, to brandle or
brandish. The It. brandolare is ex-
plained by Florio, to brangle, to shake,
to shog, to totter.

The tre brangillis, hoisting to the fall,
With top trimbling, and branchis shaiand all.
D. V. 59. so.

In this application the word seems
direct from the Fr, branler, the spelling
with ng (instead of the nd in brandle)
being an attempt to represent the nasal
sound of the Fr. n. In the same way the
Fr. bransle, a round dance, became
brangle or brawl in E. ; It. branla, a
French brawl or brangle. — Fl.

From the sense of shaking probably
arose that of throwing into disorder, put-
ting to confusion.

ERASE

95

Thus was this usurper's faction trangled, then
bound up again, and afterward divided again by
want of worth in Baliol their head. — Hume in
Jam.

To embrangle, to confuse, perplex, con-
found. The sense of a quarrel may be
derived from the idea of confusion, or in
that sense brangle may be a direct imita-
tion of the noise of persons quarrelling,
as a nasalised form of the Piedm. bragale\
to vociferate, make an outcry.

Brase. — Braser. — Brasil. To brase
meat is to pass it over hot coals ; a
braser, a pan of hot coals. It. bracea,
bracia, bragia, Fr. braise. Port, braza,
live coals, glowing embers ; brazeiro, a
pan of coals.

The word brisil, brasil, was in use
before the discovery of America in the
sense of a bright red dye, the colour of
braise or hot coals, and the name of
Brazil was given because a dyewood,
supplying a more convenient source of
the colour than hitherto known, was
found there. ' A qual — agora se chama
do Brasil por caso do pao vermilho que
della vem : ' which at present is called
Brasil on account of the red wood which
comes from thence. — De Goes, Chron.
de Don Emanuel in Marsh. The name
of Santa Cruz having been originally
given to the country, De Barros considers
it an eminent triumph _of the devil that
the name of that holy wood should have
been superseded by the name of a wood
used in dyeing cloths.

In the Catalonian tarifs of the 13th
century the word is very common in the
forms brasil, brazil, bresil.

Ija. ai-jou molt garance et waide
Et bresil et alun et grains
Dont jou gaaing mes dras et laine.
Michel. Chron. du Roi Guill. d'Angl, in Marsh.

Diez seems to put the cart before the
horse in deriving the word from ON.
brasa, to braze or lute, to solder iron. It
is more likely derived from the roaring
sound of flame. G. brausen, prasseln, to
roar, to crackle ; AS. brastlian, to brustle,
crackle, bum. — Lye. Sw. brasca, faire
fracas, to make display ; Milan, brascct,
to kindle, set on fire. — Diez. Gris. brasca,
sparks. Sw. brasa, to blaze, also as a
noun, a roaring fire. Fr. embraser, to
set on fire ; WaUon. bruzi, braise, hot
ashes ; Pied, brus^. It. bruciare, Fr.
brusler, briiler, to burn. E. brustle, to
crackle, to make a noise like straw or
small wood in burning, to rustle. — Halli-
well. Fr. bruire, to murmur, make a
noise, and bruir, brouir, to burn. — ■

96 BRASS

Roquefort. 'E tut son corps arder et
bruir.' — Rayn.

Brass. — ^Bronze. AS. brces, from being
used in the brazing or soldering of iron.
ON. bras, solder, especially that used in
the working of iron ; at brasa, ferrumi-
nare, to solder. The verb is probably
derived from the brase, or glowing coals
over which the soldering is done ; Fr.
braser Fargent, le repasser un peu sur la
braise. — Cot. The same correspondence
is seen between It. bronze, burning coals,
bronzacchiare, to carbonado, as rashers
upon quick burning coals, bronzare, to
braze, to copper, and bronzo, brass, pan-
metal. — Florio.

Brat. A rag, a contemptuous name
for a young child. — Bailey. AS. brat, a
cloak, a clout. W. brat, a rag. Gael.
brat, a mantle, apron, cloth; bratach, a
banner. A brat is commonly used for a
child's pinafore in many parts of Eng-
land. P1.D. slakker-bortchen, a slabber-
ing-bib. For the application to a^child
compare Bret, trul, pil, a rag ; trulen or
pilen (in the feminine form), a contempt-
uous name for a woman, a slut. So also
Lap. slibro, a rag ; neita slibro {neita,
girl), a little girl.

Brattice. — Bartizan. A brattice is a
fence of boards in a mine or round dan-
gerous machinery, from Sc. bred, G. brett,
Du. berd, a plank or board, as lattice, a
frame of laths, from Fr. lat'te, a lath.

A bretise or bretage is then a parapet,
in the first instance of boards, and in a
latinised shape it is applied to any boarded
structure of defence, a wooden tower, a
parapet, a. testudo or temporary roof to
cover an attack, &c. Sc. brettys, a forti-
fication.— ^Jam. Betrax of a walle ipre-
tasce, bretays), propugnaculum. — Pr. Pm.
It. bertesca, baltresca, a kind of rampart
or fence of war made upon towers ; a
block-house. — ^Altieri. Fr. breteque, bre-
tesque, bretesche, a portal of defence in the
rampire of a town. — Cot.

Duse testudines quas Gallic^ trutesches appel-
lant.— Math. Paris. A.D. 1224. Circumeunt ci-
vitatem castellis et turribus ligneis et terteschiis.
Hist. Pisana in Mur. A.D. 1156.

A wooden defence of the foregoing de-
scription round the deck of a ship, or on
the top of a wall, was called by the
Norsemen vig-gyrdill, a battle-girdle.
' Med endilongum bsenom var umbuiz a
husum uppi, reistr upp bord-viflr a utan-
verdom thaukom sva sem viggyrdlat
Vffiri.' Along the town things were pre-
pared up on the houses, boarding being
raised up out on the roofs like the battle

BRAY

rampire on board a ship.^ — Sverris Saga,
275.

Then as parapets and battlements
naturally took the shape of projections on
the top of a building, the term bretesche
was applied to projecting turrets or the
like beyond the face of the wall.

Un possesseur d'un heritage — ne pent faire
ireiesques, boutures, saillies, ni autres choses sur
la rue au prejudice de ses voisins. — Due.

Now this is precisely the ordinary
sense of the E. bartisan; ' the small over-
hanging turrets which project from the
angles or the parapet on the top of a
tower.' — Hal.

That the town colours be put upon the ber-
tisene of the steeple. — -Jam.

The word is also used in the sense of
a fence of stone or wood. Jam. Sup. It
may accordingly be explained as a cor-
ruption oi bratticing,brettysing, bartising,
equivalent to the Du. borderinge, coas-
satio, contignatio. — Kil.

Brave. See Brag.

Brawl. I. A land of dance. Fr.
bransle, branle, from branler, to shake.
See Brandish, Brangle.

2. A dispute or squabble. Certainly
from the confused noise, whether con-
tracted from brabble, as scrawl from
scrabble, or whether it be from Fr. brailler,
frequentative of braire, to cry, as criailler
of crier. Swiss bradle, deblaterare, brad-
lete, strepitus linguarum. — Deutsch.
Mundart. 2. 368. Dan. bralle, to talk
much and high ; at bralle op, to scold
and make a disturbance ; vraale, to
bawl, squall, roar. Gael, braodhlach,
brawhng, noise, discord; braoilich, a
loud noise. The term brawl is also ap-
plied to the noise of broken water, as a
brawling brook. See Bray.

Brawn. The muscular part of the
body. It. braiio, brandillo, bratidone,
any piece, cob, luncheon, or coUop of
flesh violently pulled away from the
whole.— Fl. OHG. brdto (ace. bratdn), Fris.
braede, braeye, a lump of flesh, flesh of a
leg of pork, calf of the leg.— Diez. KiL
Prov. bradon, brazen, braon, OFr. braion,
Lorraine bravon, a lump of flesh, the
buttocks, muscular parts of the body;
Wall, breyon, a lump, breyon d'chaur,
bribe de viande, bas morceau de viande
fraiche, breyon de gambes, the calf of the
leg.— Remade. Westphal. bran, Cologne
broden, calf of the leg, buttock ; Sc. bratid
calf of the leg; Sp. bmhon for brado7i, a
patch of cloth. OFr. esbraotier. It
sbranare, to tear piecemeal. See Brand'

To Bray.— Braid. Many kinds of

BRAY

loud harsh noise are represented by the
syllable bra, bru, with or without a final
d,g, k,ch,y.

Fr. braire, to bray like an ass, baiyl,
yell, or cry out loudly ; bruire, to rumble,
rustle, crash, to sound very loud and
very harshly; brugier, to bellow, yell,
roar, and make a hideous noise. — Cot.
Prov. bruzir, to roar or bellow.

Gr. ^p&xia, to crash, roar, rattle, re-
sound ; Ppvxia, to roar. ON. brak, crash,
noise ; vapna-brak, the clash of ai-ms ;
Dan. brage, to crash, crackle ; E. bray,
applied to loud harsh noises of many
kinds, as the voice of the ass, the sound
of arms, &c.

Heard ye the din of battle iray ?

With a terminal d we have Prov.
braidir, braidar, to cry ; Port, bradar, to
cry out, to bawl, to roar as the sea. OE.
to braid, abraid, upbraid, to cry out,
make a disturbance, to scold.

Quoth Beryn to the seijauntes, That ye me

hondith so
Or what have I offendit, or what have I seide ?
Trewlich quoth the serjauntis it vaylith not to

breide (there is no use crying out)
With us ye must awhile whether ye woll or no.

Chaucer.

Then as things done on a sudden or
with violence are accompanied by noise,
we find the verb to bray or braid used to
express any kind of sudden or violent
action, to rush, to start, to snatch.

Ane blusterand bub out fra the North braying
Gan oer the foreschip in the baksail ding. — D. V.

Syne stilckis dry to kyndill there about laid is,
QuhiU all in iflame the bleis of fyre ufbradis.

D. V.
i. e. starts crackling up.

The cup was uncoverid, the sword was out
ybrayid. — Beryn.

A forgyt knyff but baid he bradis out. — Wal-
lace IX. 145.
But when as I did out of slepe abray. — F. Q.
The miller is a per'lous man he seide
And if that he out of his slepe abrcide
He might don us both a villany. — Chaucer.

The ON. bragd is explained motus
quilibet celerior j at bragdi, instantane-
ously, at once, as OE. at a braid.

His bow he hadden taken right

And at a braid he gun it bende. — R. R.

ON. augnabragd, a wink, twinkling of
the eye. Then, as the notion of turning
is often connected with swiftness of mo-
tion, to braid acquires the sense of bend,
turn, twist, plait.

And with a traid I tumyt me about. — Dunbar
in Jam.

BREAM

97

On syde he bradis for to eschew the dint.^
D. V. in Jam.

ON. bregda, to braid the hair, weave
nets, &c. The ON. bragd is also applied
to the gestures by which an individual
is characterised, and hence also to the
lineaments of 'his countenance, explain-
ing a very obscure application of the E.
braid. Bread, appearance — Bailey; to
braid, to pretend, to resemble. — Hal.
To pretend is to assume the appearance
and manners of another. ' Ye braid of
the miller's dog,' you have the manners
of the miller's dog. To braid of one's
father, to have the lineaments of one's
father, to resemble him. ON. bragr,
gestus, mos; at braga eftir euium, to
imitate or resemble one. N. braa, kind,
soft ; braa, to resemble.

On the same principle may be explain-
ed a passage of Shakespeare, which has
given much trouble to commentators.
Since Frenchmen are so braid.
Marry who will, I'll live and die a maid.

The meaning is simply, ' since such are
the manners of Frenchmen, &c.'

To Bray. 2. To rub or grind down
in a mortar. Sp. bregar, to work up
paste or dough, to knead; Prov. Cat.
bregar, to rub ; Fr. broyer, Bret, braea, to
bray in a mortar. W. breuan, a mill, a
brake for hemp or flax. See Brake.

Breach. AS. brice, Fr. breche, a breach
or brack in a wall, &c. — Cot. From the
verb to break.

Bread, on. brand. G. brot.

To Break. Goth, brikan, brak, G.
brechen, Lat. f r anger e, fr actus j Gr.
prjyvvfu, to break, paxog, a rag ; Fin. riA-
koa, to break, to tear ; Bret, regi, rogi, to
break, to t,ear ; rog, a rent.

The origin is doubtless a representation
of the noise made by a hard thing break-
ing. In like manner the word crack is
,used both to represent the noise of a
fracture, and to signify the fracture itself,
or the permanent effects of it. The same
relation is seen between Lat. fragor, a
loud noise, and frangere, to break ; Fr.
fracas, a crash, disturbance, and fracas-
ser, to break. The Lat. crepo and E.
crash are used to signify both the noise
made in breaking and the fracture itself.
The Swiss has bratschen, to smack or
crack, bratsche, a brack, breach, or
wound.

Bream. A broad-shaped fresh-water
fish, cyprinus latus. Fr. brame, Du.
braessem. Swiss bratschig, iU-favouredly
broad.

7

98 BREAST

Breast, as. breost, Goth, trusts, Du.
borst. Perhaps the original meaning
may be a chest. Prov. brut, bruc, brusc,
the bust, body ; brostia, brustia, a box.

Breath, as. brcEth, an odour, scent,
breath. Originally probably the word
signified steam, vapour, as the G. brodem,
brodel, broden.

The caller \vine in cave is sought

Mens broihinghxasXi to cule. — Hume in Jam.

See Broth.

Breeches. Lat. braca, bracecs ; Bret.
bragezj on. brok, brcekur j It. brache;
Prov. braga, braia J OFr. br agues, braies.
The origin is the root brak in the sense
of straining, binding, fastening ; the ori-
ginal breeches being (as it must be sup-
posed) a bandage wrapped round the hips,
and brought beneath between the legs.
Hence the Lat. siibligar, subligaculum,
from ligare, to bind. Piedm. braga,
braca, a cramp-iron for holding things
together, a horse's twitch; Fr. braie,
braies, a twitch for a horse, bandage or
truss for a rupture, clout for a child,
drawers. Bracha, a girdle. — Gl. Isidore
and Tatian.

The Breech (Prov. braguier, braid)
may be explained as the part covered by
the breeches, but more probably the E.
term designates the part on which a boy
is breeched or flogged, a word formed
from the sound of a loud smack. Swiss
brdtsch, a smack, the sound of a blow
with the flat hand, or the blow itself;
brdtschen, to smack; bratscher, an in-
strument for smacking, a fly-flap, &c.
G. dial. QNtsterviald) pritschen,britschen,
to lay one on a bench and strike him
with a flat board; Du. bridsen, de bridse
geveii, met de bridse slaan, xyligogio
castigare. — Biglotton. PI.D. britze, an
instrument of laths for smacking on the
breech ; einem de britze geven, to strike
one on the breech so that it smacks
(klatschet).

In like manner it is not improbable
that Fr. /esses, the breech or buttocks,
instead of being derived from 'La.t./ssus,
cloven, as commonly explained, may be
from the wurh fesser, to breech, to scourge
on the buttocks (Cot.), corresponding to
G. fitzen, peitschen, and E. to feize or
feaze, to whip, forms analogous to E.
switch, representing the sound of a blow.

Breeze. Fr. brise, a cool wind. It.
brezza, chillness or shivering, a cold and
windy mist or frost ; brezzare, to be
misty and cold, windy withal, also to
chill and shiver with cold.

BREW

The origin is the imitation of a rust-
ling noise, as by the Sc. brissle, properly
to crackle, then to broil, to fry ; Swiss
Rom. brire, to rattle (as hail), simmer,
murmur— Vocab. de Vaud. ; brisoler, bre-
soler, to roast, to fry ; I'os qui bresole, the
singing bone. — Gl. G^nev. Then from a
simmering, twittering sound the term is
applied to shivering, trembling, as in the
case of twitter, which signifies in the
first instance a continuous broken sound,
and is then used in the sense of tremb-
ling. We have thus It. brisciare, brez-
zare, to shiver for cold. Compare OE.
grill, chilly, with It. grillare, to simmer,
Fr. griller, to crackle, broil, Du. grillen,
to shiver. — Halma.

Breeze. — Briss. — Brist. The ashes
and cinders sold by the London dustmen
for brickmaking are known by the name
of breeze. In other parts of England the
term briss or h'ist is in use for dust, rub-
bish. Briss and buttons, sheep's drop-
pings ; bruss, the dry spines of furze
broken off. — Dev. Gl. Piedm. brossi!, orts,
the offal of hay and straw in feeding
cattle ; Sp. broza, remains of leaves, bark
of trees, and other rubbish ; Fr. bris,
dibris, rubbish; bris de charbon, coal-
dust; bresilles, bretilles, little bits of wood
— Berri ; briser, to break, burst, crush,
bruise; Bret, bruzun, a crum, morsel; G.
brosame, a crum ; Du. brijsen, brijselen,
to bray, to crush ; Gael, bris, brisd, brist,
to break; Dan. briste, to burst, break,
fail. See Brick, Bruise.

Breeze. — Brize. G. breme, breinse,
AS. brinisa, briosa, a gadfly, from the
buzzing or bizzing (as it is pronounced in
the N. of E.) sound with which the gadfly
heralds his attack.
A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw

blood,
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.

Dtyden.

As AS. brimsa, G. bremse, point to G.
brumtnen, Fris. brimme, to hum, so AS.
briosa, E. breeze, are related to Prov.
bruzir, to murmur, to resound, Swiss
Rom. brison, breson, noise, murmur,
Russ. briosat', to buzz.

To Brew. The origin of the word is
shown by the Mid. Lat. forms, brasiare,
braciarc, bra.vare, Fr. brasser, to brew,
from brace, brasiuiii, OFr. b}-as, braux,
brciz, Gael, braich, w. i5r(Z^, sprouted corn,
malt. So ON. brugga, Sw. bryi^ga, to
brew, from AS. briig, malt; ' briiz, po-
lenta.'—Gl. AS. in Schilter.

The Teutonic verbs, G. braucn, Du.
broiiwen, E. brew, are in like manner

BREWIS

from a forni similar to Wall. brA, brau,
Walach. brahi, malt.

If the foregoing were not so clear, a
satisfactory origin might have been found
in w. berwi, to boil, the equivalent of
Lat. fervere, whence berw, berwedd, a
boiling, and berweddu, to Isrew. Gael.
bruith, to boil, and ODu. brieden, to
brew. — Kil.

It is remarkable that the Gr. lipdZu},
jipaaaiii, to boil, would correspond in like
manner to the Fr. brasser, which however
is undoubtedly from brace, malt.

Brewis. See Broth.

Bribe. Fr. bribe de pain, a lump of
bread ; briber, to beg one's bread, collect
bits of food. Hence OE. bribour, a beg-
gar, a rogue ; It. birbante, birbone, a
cheat, a rogue, with transposition of
the r.

A bribe is now only used in the meta-
phorical sense of a sop to stop the mouth
of some one, a gift for the purpose of ob-
taining an undue compliance.

The origin of the word is the w. briwo,
to break; briw, broken, a fragment;
bara briw, broken bread. Rouchi brife,
a lump of bread. — Hdcart.

Brick. A piece of burnt clay. — Thom-
son. The radical meaning is simply a
bit, a fragment, being one of the numer-
ous words derived from break. Lang.
brico, or brizo, a crum; bricou, a little
bit ; bricounejha, to break to pieces ;
bricalio, a crum, httle bit, corresponding
to OE. brocaly, broken victuals. AS. brice,
fracture, fragment, hlafes brice, a bit of
bread. In some parts of France brique
is still used in this sense, brique de pain,
a lump of bread. — Diez. Brique, frag-
ment of anything broken. — Gl. G^n^v.
Bricoteau, a quoit of stone. — Cot. It.
briccia, any jot or crum, a collop or slice
of something. — Fl.

Bride. — Bridal. Goth, briiths, daugh-
ter-in-law; OHG. brilt, sponsa, conjux,
nurus ; G. braut, bride. W. priod, ap-
propriate, fit, appropriated, owned ; also
married, a married man or woman ;
priodas, a wedding ; priod-fab, a bride-
groom (mab=:son); priod-ferch, a bride
(merch=:maid). Priodi, to appropriate;
priodor, a proprietor. Diefenbach com-
pares Lat. privus, one's ovin,privatus,
appropriate, peculiar.

Bridegroom, AS. bryd-gutna, the newly-
married man ; guma, a man. Bridal,
for bride-ale, AS. bryd-eale, the marriage
feast, then the marriage itself. So in
OSw. fastningar-ol, graf-ol, arf-ol, the
feast of espousals, of burial, of succession

BRIGADE

99

to the dead; from the last of which, E.
dial, arval, funeral.

Bridge. — as. bricge j G. briicke; OSw.
bro, brygga, as so, sugga, a sow, bo, bygga,
to prepare, gf2o,gfiugga, to rub. The Sw.
bro is applied not only to a bridge, but to a
paved road, beaten way ; Dan. bro, bridge,
pier, jetty, pavement ; brolegge, to pave.
' Han last broa twa rastin af Tiwede,' he
made two leagues of road through the
forest of Tiwede. — Ihre. At Hamburg a
paviour is called steen-brygger. Pol. bruk,
pavement ; Lith. brukkas, pavement,
stone-bridge ; bnikkoti, to pave ; brukkti,
to press; ibrukkti, to press in, imprint.
The original sense thus seems to be to
ram, to stamp.

Bridle. AS. bridelj OHG. brittil,pritil ;
Fr. bride. Perhaps this may be one of
the cases in which the derivation of the
word has been obscured by the insertion
of an r. ON. bitill, Dan. bidsel, a briole,
from bit, the part which the horse bites or
holds in his mouth.

So It. bretonica, betonica, betony ; bru-
licame, bulicame, boiling up ; brocoliere,
E. buckler J ON. bruskr and buskr, a
bush; Du. broosekens, E. buskins; E.
groom, AS. guma.

Brief. From Lat. breve or brevis, a
summary or any short writing. Applied
especially to a letter or command, to tlie
king's writs. In the G. brief it has been
appropriated to the sense of an epistle
or letter. In E. it is applied to the letter
of the Archbishop or similar official
authorising a collection for any purpose ;
to the summary of instructions given to a
barrister for the defence of his client.

Dictante legationis suae brevem. — Ducange.

Brier. AS. brar, brere, but probably
from the Normans. In the patois of
Normandy the word briere is still prre-
served (Patois de Bray). Fr. bruyere, a
heath, from Bret, brug, bruk, w. grug,
Gael, fraoch, Grisons bruch, brutg, heath.
It. brughiera, a heath ; brughera, thick
brakes of high-grown ferns. — Flor. Mid.
Lat. bruarium, a heath, barren land
rough with brambles and bushes. — Due.

Brig. A two-masted vessel. Pro-
bably contracted from brigantine. Sp.
bergantino, a brig or brigantine, two-
masted vessel. — Neumann.

Brigade. A division of an army, from
Fr. brigade, and that from It. brigata, a
company, troop, crew, brood. Trovar-
si in brigata, to meet together.

The Prov. has briguer, in the sense of
Fr. frayer, to circulate, consort with.
' Mes se a sei-vir als valens homes e a
7 *

loo BRIGAND

brignar ab lor.' He set himself to serve
men of merit, and to associate with them.
The primary meaning of Sp. bregar. It.
brigare, seems to be to exert force ; bre-
gar el area, to bend a bow ; It. brigare,
to strive for, to shift for with care, labour,
and diligence, briga, necessary business.
— Florio. Brigata, then, would be a set
of people engaged in a common occupa-
tion.

Brigand. — Brigantine. — Brigan-
dine. It. briga, strife, Mid.Lat. briga,
jurgia, rixa, pugna. — Due. It. brigare,
to strive, brawl, combat. Probably then
it was in the sense of skirmishers that
the name oi brigand ^zs given to certain
light-armed foot-soldiers, frequently men-
tioned by Froissart and his contempora-
ries. A Latin glossary quoted by Du-
cange has 'Veles, brigant, c'est une
mani^re de gens d'armes courant et apert
k pi^.' ' Cum 4 millibus peditum arma-
torum, duobus millibus brigantum et
ducentis equitibus.' — Chron. A.D. 1351,
in Due. They were also called brigancii
or brigantini. ' Briganciis et balestra-
riis Anglicis custodiam castri muniendi
reservavit.'

The passage from the sense of a light-
armed soldier to that of a man pillaging
on his own account, is easily understood.

In the time of the bataile (of Agincourt) the
hrlgauntis of the Frensch took the kytigis car-
riage and led it away. — Capgrave, 312.

It. brigante, a pirate, rover either by sea
or land. — Flor. A similar change has
taken place in the meaning of the It.
malandrini, in later times a robber or
highway-man, but classed by Thomas of
Walsingham with the Brigands as a
species of horse-soldier.

Reductus est ergo et coram consilio demon-
stratus Brigantinorum moresemivestitus gestans
sagittas breves qualiter utuntur equites illarum
partium qui Malandrini dicuntur. — Due.

From brigante, in the sense of a rob-
ber. It. brigandare, to rob, to rove, to
play the pirate or thief at sea, and hence
a brigantine, a small light pinnace pro-
per for giving chase or fighting — Bailey ;
a vessel employed for the purpose of
piracy.

A brigandine was a kind of scale
armour, also called briganders, from
being worn by the light troops called
Brigands. A Breton glossary quoted by
Ducange has ' Brigandinou, Gall, brigan-
dine, Lat. squamma ; inde squammatus,
ornd de brigandine.'

The sense of strife or combat express-
ed by briga is a particular case of the

BRIGHT

general notion of exertion of force. See
Brake. In the same way to strive is, in
the first instance, to exert one's force in
the attempt to do something, and, second-
arily, to contend with another.

Bright. — Brilliant. Goth, bairhts,
clear, manifest ; ON. biartr, AS. beorht,
bright ; bearhtm, brcEhtin, bryhtm, a glit-
tering, twinkling, moment. Bav. bracht,
clang, sound, noise. — Schmeller. OHG.
praht,pracht, clear sound, outcry, tumult,
and, at a later period, splendour. The E.
bright itself was formerly applied to
sounds.

Heo — song so schille and so brihie
That far and ner me hit iherde. —

Owl and Nightingale, 1654.

AS. beorhtian, strepere. — Beowulf,

2315-

Leod waes asungen
Gleomannes gyd,
Gamen asft sestah
Beorktode bene sweg.

The lay was sung, the gleeman's song, the
sport grew high, the bench-notes resounded.

In like manner the Q.prahlen signifies
in the first instance to speak with a loud
voice, to cry, and secondly, to glitter, to
shine. — Adelung. The origin of both
these words is the imitative root brag,
brak, representing a sudden noise. Swab.
bragen, brdgen, briegen, to cry — 'Schmid ;
OE. bray, braid.

The phenomena from whence all repre-
sentative words are immediately taken
must of course belong to the class which
addresses itself to the ear, and we find
accordingly that the words expressing
attributes of light are commonly derived
from those of sound. So G. hell, clear,
transparent, from hall, a sound, clangour.
The Ir. glir, a noise, \oice, speech,
glbram, to sound, show the origin of Lat.
clarus, clear, with respect either to sound
or colour, and the E. tinkle, that of Fr.
etincelle, a spark. From ON. glamm,
glamr, tinnitus, glamra, to resound, may
be explained glampi, glitter, splendour,
glampa, to shine, corresponding to the
Gr. Xa/iTTii), XafXTTpoQ. Du. schateren,
scheteren, to make a loud noise, to
shriek with laughter, schiteren, to shine,
to glisten. In Fin. there are many
examples of the same transfer of sig-
nification from the phenomena of the
one sense to those of the other; kii:'a,
clare ^tinniens, clare lucens, splendens ;
kilistua, tinnitum clarum movco, splcn-
dorem clarum reflecto. Wilista, to ring,
as glass ; willata, wilella, tuilahtaa, to

BRIM

flash, to glitter ; kajata, to resound, re-
echo, also to reflect, shine, appear at a
distance ; kimista, to sound clear (equiva-
lent to the 'E. chime), kimina,ioTiviS acutus,
clangor tinniens, kimmaltaa, kiimottaa,
to shine, to glitter ; kommata, komista,
to sound deep or hollow; komottaa, to
shine, to shimmer.

In like manner in Galla the sound of a
bell is imitated by the word bilbil, whence
bilbil-goda (literally, to make bilbil), to
ring, to glitter, beam, glisten. — Tutschek.

The meaning of the Fr. briller, to
shine, seems to have been attained on a
principle exactly similar. We must pre-
mise that an initial br and gr, as well as
bl and gl, frequently interchange, as in
Langued. brezil, Fr. grdzil, small gravel,
It. brullo, grullo, parched, broiled. —
Flor. We have then in Fr. the verbs
grisser, to creak, crackle ; gresiller, gris-
ler, to make a crackling noise, as of meat
in broiling ; griller, to creak, crackle,
broil ; and corresponding to these, with
an initial br instead of gr, Sc. brissle,
Swiss Rom. brisoler, bresoler (Gloss.
G^n^v.), to broil, to parch, identical with
the Fr. breziller, briller, to twinkle, glit-
ter, sparkle. . Here it cannot be doubted
that the original meaning of the Sc.
brissle was derived from the crackling
noise made by meat in broiling, as in
AS. brastlian, to crackle, to burn. In Fr.
breziller, briller (related to each other as
gresiller, griller), the meaning is trans-
ferred from the domain of the ear to that
of the eye, from the analogous effect pro-
duced on the sensitive frame by a crack-
ling noise and a sparkling light. So Fr.
pMiller, to crackle, to sparkle, to shake,
to long for a thing.

The verb briller itself seems to have
the sense of shaking or trembling in the
expression briller apris, greedily to covet
— Cot. ; properly to tremble with impa-
tience.

Instead of briller in this application
the Swiss Rom. uses bresoler (il bresole
d'etre marie ; os qui bresole, the singing
bone), strongly confirming the contraction
of briller from breziller, and the cor-
respondence of the pair with griUer, gre-
siller; griller d'impatience. — Diet. Tre-
voux.

It. brillare, to quaver with the voice.
— Fl.

Brim. — Rim. g. brame, brame, Lith.
bremas, border, margin, edge ; Pol. brant,
border, brim ; Magy. perent,preni, a bor-
der, fringe (Lat. fimbria) ; Du. breme,

BRINDLED lol

bremel, a border, lap, fringe ; ON. barmr,
the edge, border, lip of a vessel, lap of a
garment ; hence the bosom, originally
the lap folding over the breast. E. barm,
the lap or bosom; barm-cloth or barm-
skin, an apron.

The E. rym^, which seems identical
with rim, is used for the surface of the
sea (Hawkins' Voyage). In the same
way Sw. bryn is used in the sense both
of border or edge and surface, vattu-
bryn, the ryme of the water ; ogne-bryn,
the eye-brow. Dan. bryn, brow of a hill,
surface of the ocean.

To Brim. Said of swine when in
heat. ' Subo, to brymme as a boore doth
whan he geteth pigges.' — Elyot in Way.
The expression is now confined to the
sow, as is the case also with Pl.D. brum-
men : de soge brummet, the sow is brim-
ming.— Brem. Wtb. G. brumft, brunft,
the heat of animals. Closely connected
is OE. breme, brim, fierce, furious, vigor-
ous.— Hal.

Tancred went his way and Richard wex full brim,
Langtoft, 154.

The highest condition of ungratified
passion, whether of desire or anger, finds
its vent in cries and roaring. Thus Lat.
fremo, to roar, is used of raging, excited,
or violent action. It. bramire, to roar as
a lion, bray as an ass ; bramire, a long-
ing or earnest desire ; bramare, earnestly
to wish or covet. — FJ. Prov. bramar,
OFr. bramer, to utter cries.

L' amour, que epoinponne
Toute creature a s'aimer,
Les fait de rut si fort bramer
Que le bois d'autour en resonne. — Rayn.
Sp. bramar, to roar, to storm, to fret ;
brama, rut, the heat of animals. Du.
bremmen, rugire, sonitum edere ; bremen,
ardere desiderio. — Kil. Rugere, rugire
(cervorum, leonum), brommen, bremmen,
brimmen, brummen. — Dief. Supp.

Brimstone. on. brennistein, Sw.
dial, brdnnsten, burning stone. In Ge-
nesis and Exodus, 1. 754, we have brim-
fir, and 1. 1 1 64, brinfire, for the burning
of Sodom : ' the brinfire's stinken smoke.'
AS. bry7ie, burning. ON. (poet.) brimi,
fire.

Brindled.— Brinded. Streaked, co-
loured in stripes. ON. brmdottr, s. s. ;
brand-krossottr, cross-barred in colour,
from brandr, a stick, post, bar. A
brindled cow is in Normandy called
vache brangde, from bringe, a rod. Hence
with an initial s, Sc. spraing, a streak,
sprainged, striped or streaked.

The identity of ON. brandr and Fr.

i:02 BRINE

bringe is traced through the It. brano,
brandello, a bit ; Fr. brin, a morsel, a
slip or sprig of an herb ; Berri, bringue,
a crum, a morsel ; bringe, a rod or twig,
brindelles de balai, the twigs of a besom.
See Brand.

Brine, as. bryne, Du. brijn (Kil.), Sc.
brim, brime. Liquamen vel garum, fisc-
bryne. — Gl. Alfr., Brym, brim (poet.), the
sea ; brymflod, a deluge. In Dorset sea
sand is called brimsand. — Hal. Salte
water, saulmeure, or bryme. — Palsgr.
The name seems to be taken from the
roaring of the waves ; ON. brim, the surf,
breaking of the waves ; brim sior, a stormy
sea ; brimhliod, roar of the sea ; brim-
saltr, very salt ; brimi, flame. Gr. /3pE^m,
Fris. brimme, to roar. See To Brim. Da.
b.rcendij'i.g, the surf, from brande, to burn,
can only come from comparison of the
rioise of the breakers to the roar of
flames.

. Brisk. Fr. brusque, lively, quick, rash,
fierce, rude, harsh ; vin brusque, wine of
a sharp, smart taste. It. brusco, eager,
sharp, brisk in taste, as unripe fruits, sour,
grim, crabbed.

Brisket. Fr. brichet, the brisket or
breast-piece of meat ; Norm, britchet,
Adam's apple in a man's throat, breast-
bone of birds ; Bret, bruched (Fr. cK) the
breast, chest, craw of a bird. ' Pectus-
culum, bruskett.' — Nat. Antiq. p. 222.
Russ. briocho, Bohem. brich, bricho (with
the diminutives, Russ. brioshko, Boh.
brissko), a belly.

Bristle, as. byrst; Sw. borst, Du.
borstel, Sc. birs, birse, NE. brust. A thick
elastic hair, strong enough to stand up of
itself. Corn, bros, aculeus. — Zeuss.
Walach. borzos (struppig), bristly ; Swiss
borzen, to stand out ; Fr. a rebours,
against the grain ; rebrousser, to turn up
the point of anything. — Cot. Mid.Lat.
reburrus, rebursiis, sticking up ; 'In sua
primaeva astate habebat capillos crispos
et rigidos et ut ita dicam rebursos ad
modum pini ramorum qui semper ten-
dunt sursum.'— Vita'abbatum S. Crispin!
in Due.

The It. brisciare, brezzare, to shiver
for cold as in a fit of an ague, has under
Breeze been connected with the Sc.
brissle, birsle, birstle, to broil, to scorch,
originally merely to crackle or-^iinmer.
Hence ribrezzare, to shiver for Sold or
for fear, to astonish or affright with sud-
den fear ; ribrezzoso, startling, trembling,
full of astonishment, humorous, fantas'*
tical, suddenly angry.
• Then as the effect of shivering, or the

BROCADE

emotions which produce it, is to erect the
hair, to birstle, brissle might properly be
used in the sense of startling, ruffling,
setting the hair on end, whence may be
explained the Sc. expression, to set up
one's birse, to put one in a rage ; birssy,
hot-tempered, to be compared with the
It. ribrezzoso, angry. A cold bleak day
is called a birssy day, because it makes
us shivery and goose-skinned, setting the
hair on end ; compare It. brezza, a cold
and windy mist or frost.

Brittle. — Brickie. Formerly written
brotil, apt to break, from AS. brytan, ON.
briota, Ptg. britar, to break. Dan. bryde,
to break, brodden, brittle. In the N. of '
E. and Sc. brickie, brockle, bruckle, are
used in the sense of brittle, from break.
The Pl.D. bros, brittle, is the equivalent
derivative from the Gael, form bris, Fr.
briser. Bret, bresk, brusk, fragile.

Broacli. — Abroacli. — Brooch. To
broach a cask is to pierce it for the pur-
pose of drawing off the liquor, and hence,
metaphorically, to broach a business, to
begin upon it, to set it a going. 'V^.procio,
to thrust, to stab ; Gael, brog, to goad, to
spur, and, as a noun, an awl. Prov.
broca, Fr. broche, a spit, a stitch ; brocher,
to spit, stitch, spur; Prov. brocar. It.
broccare, brocciare, to stick, to spur. Sp.
broca, a brad or tack, a button ; broche,
a clasp, a brooch, i. e. an ornamented pin
to hold the parts of dress together.

Lat. brocchus, bronchus, a projecting
tooth ; It. brocco, a stump or dry branch
of a tree so that it prick a bud, a peg ;
sbrocco, sprocco, a skewer, sprout, shoot.

It is probable that there is a funda-
mental connectionwith the \erb to break,
the notion of a sharp point being obtain-
ed either from the image of a broken
stick {brocco, stecco rotto in modo che
punga — Altieri), or from that of a splinter
or small fragment, which in the case of
wood 01 similar material naturally takes
the form of a prick, or finally from the
pointed form of a bud or shoot, breaking
out into growth. It. brocco, a bud, broc-
coli, sprouts. Compare also E. prick
with Sw. spricka, to crack, to shoot, to
bud.

A similar relation may be observed
between Sp. brote, a bud, a fragment,
Prov. brot, a shoot or sprig, and forms
like the on. briota. Port, britar, to break.

Broad, as. brddj Goth, braidsj ON.
breidr; G. brcit. See Spread.

Brocade. It. broccata, a soi t of cloth
wrought with gold and silver. Commonly
explained as from Fr. brocher, to stitch,

BROCK

in the sense of embroidered. But Mura-
tori shows that, though from the same
fundamental origin, the line of develop-
ment has been something different. It.
brocco, a peg, stump, or snag, is also
applied to a knot or bunch in silk or
thread, whence broccare, to boss, to stud
— Fl. ; broccoso, broccuto, Icnotty, knobby ;
and broccato was used to signify stuff
ornamented with a raised pile, forming
knots or loops, or stuff embossed with
gold and silver. Ptg. froco, a flock or
little tuft of silk or wool, a flake of snow ;
frocadura, tufted ornaments, embroidery.

Brock. A badger, from the white-
streaked face of the animal. Gael, broice,
a mole, a freckle, brucach, spotted, frec-
kled ; breac, speckled, piebald ; broc, a
badger ; brocach, Sc. broukit, brooked,
streaked or speckled in the face. Dan.
broged, parti-coloured, broc, a badger.
W. brecJi, brych, brindled, freckled, bry-
chau, motes, spots, atoms ; Bret, brief h,
briz, speckled, parti-coloured, streaked,
brizen, a freckle. For the same reason
the badger is also called Bawson, q. v.

Brocket. A hart of two years old.
Fr. brocart, because the animal at that
age has a single sharp broche or snag to
his antler. The fallow-deer of the same
age was termed a pricket. — Cot.

ToBroider. Fr. broder, Sp. bordar,
to ornament with needle-work. Here
two distinct images seem to have coal-
esced in a common signification. The
Bret, brouda, to embroider, to prick, to
spur, and w. brodio, to embroider, to
darn, point to an origin in Bret, broud, a
prick, sting, Gael. b?-od, E. brod, prod, to
prick. On the other hand the Sp. bor-
dar seems derived from borde, bordo, a
border, because a border of needle-work
was the earUest mode of ornamenting a
garment. Ihre has guU-bord, a border
■ ornamented with gold, silkes-borda, a
border ornamented with silk. So from
Pol. bram, a border, bramowanie, em-
broidering.

It may happen here, as will often be
found to be the case in other instances
where the derivation seems to halt be-
tween two roots, that these are them-
selves modifications of a common original.
Thus brod, a point, and bord or bred, an
edge, agree in being the extremity of a
thing. The ON. brydda is both to sharpen
or furnish with a point, and also to sew
on a border or fringe to a garment. Com-
pare also AS. brerd, breard, a brim, rinj',
margin, with Sc. braird, the shoot of
corn, AS. onbryrdan, to instigate.

BROKER

103

Broil. Disturbance, trouble, a falling-
out, a quarrel.— B. The sense has been
somewhat modified in later times by a
confusion with brawl.

But that thou wilt in winter ships prepare
And trie the seas in hroih of whirhng windes.
Surrey in R.

The proper sense is that of Fr. brouil-
ler (from whence it immediately comes),
to jumble, trouble, shuffle, confound, to
make a hurly-burly. — Cot. It. broglio.
Gael, broighlich, noise, bawling, confu-
sion, tumult ; broighleach, bustling, noisy,
tumultuous. From a direct imitation of
a confused sound. Fr. brouhaha, brou-
houx, storms, blusters, hurly-burlies.
See Brawl.

To Broil. To roast upon hot coals. —
B. Contracted from Fr. brasiller, to
roast on the braise, or glowing coals ; or
perhaps we should rather say formed like
Fr. brasiller, brusler, bruler, or It. bras-
ciare, brasciuolare, brasolare, bmsciare,
brucilare, brusuolare (the last to be ar-
gued from brasciuole, brasuole, brusuole,
fried or boiled steaks), brullare, to burn,
parch, scorch, broil. — Florio. Sc. birsle,
brissle, to parch or broil. In all these
words the imitative character of the de-
signation from the crackling sound of
flame and burning grease is felt in a
lively manner. Compare G. prasseln, to
crackle, rustle, and AS. brastlian, to
crackle, to burn, Grisons brascla, sparks ;
E. brustle, to crackle, make a noise like
straw or small wood in burning. — Hal.

When he is falle in such a dreme —

He routeth with a slepie noyse

And broustletk as a monkes froyse (pancake)

When it is throwe into the panne. — Gower in R.

It. b?-ustolare, to scorch, broil, carbonado.

With an initial gr instead of br the Fr.
has grisser, to crackle, creak, gresiller,
to crackle as a shell in the fire, or salted
fish on coals, grislement, a crackling
noise as of meat in broiling ; griller, to
broil, precisely analogous to the Sc.
brissle and E. bj'oil. The Italian has
the double form brullo, grullo, parched,
broiled. — Fl.

Broker. The custom of employing a
broker in the purchase of goods arises
from the advantage of having a skilled
intermediary,, capable from long practice
of forming a critical judgment of the
goods in question, of pointing out their
latent defects, and rejecting whatever
falls below the degree of excellence called
for by the circumstances of the case. To
find fault is accordingly recognised in

104

BRONZE

Piers Plowman as the specific duty of a
broker : —

Among burgeises have I be
Dwellyng at London,
And gart Backbiting be a brocour,
To blame mens ware.

On tliis principle the G. designation is
indkler, from makel, a blur, stain, fault ;
• makeln, to criticise, censure, find fault
with, [and thence] to foUqw the business
of a broker, buy and sell by commission.
— Kiittner. For the same reason the
OFr. term was correcfo^ir, couratier, Lat.
corrector, correctarius, whence the mo-
dern courtier, a broker. Per manus et
mediationem quorundam J. S. et A. G.
brocariorum et correctariorum ejusdem
barganei.— Lib. Alb. 396. Vous jurrez
que vous ne marchandirez dez nullez
marchaundisez queux vous ferez correc-
tage. — Sacramentum Abrocariorum in
Lib. Alb. To correct an exercise is to
point out the faults.

Now in most of the Teutonic (espe-
cially the Pl.D.) and Slavonic dialects is
found the root brak or wrak in the sense
of rejection, refuse, vile, damaged, faulty,
giving rise to a verb signifying to inspect,
make selection, sort, try out, reject, cast
out. Lith. brokas, a fault, weak place,
matter of blame ; brokoti, to blame, to
criticise (makeln). Russ. brak, refuse ;
brakovat, to pick and choose, to sort ;
brakovanie, inspection, rejection ; Pol.
brak, want, lack, refuse ; brakowad, to
garble, to pick, to be wanting. In the
Teutonic class : Du. brack, rejected,
damaged; braeck goed, goods damaged
by sea-water. — Kil. Pl.D. braken, to
garble, inspect, try ; wraken, to pro-
nounce unsound, to reject ; Dan. vrage,
to reject, find fault with, to sort goods ;
slaae vrag paa, to throw blame upon,
find fault with. G. brack-gut (Sanders),
Pl.D. wrack-good, refuse goods. Pro v.
brae, refuse, filth, mud, ordure, and as an
adj. vile, dirty, abject. Fr. bric-a-brac,
trumpery, brokers' goods. See Brackish.

The name broker seems to have come
to us from the shores of the Baltic, with
which much of our early commerce was
carried on. In those countries the term
braker, bracker, or wracker is used to
signify public inspectors, appointed to
classify goods according to their quality,
and to reject the damaged and unsound.
■ — Adelung. In Petersburgh the price of
tallow is quoted with or without brack,
the term brack signifying the official in-
spection of sworn brackers or sorters. —
Tooke's Catherine, i. 38.

BROOD

If we advance another step in the in-
quiry and seek the origin of the term
brack, wrak, in the sense of rejection, we
shall probably find the original image in
the act of spitting, as the liveliest expres-
sion of disgust and contempt for the re-
jected object. G. brechen, Du. brackefi,
to vomit ; e. dial, whnake, tussis,
screatio — Junfus ; wreak, a cough —
Hal. ; ON. hraki, spittle ; hrak, any re-
fuse matter. Fr. raquer, racher, cracker,
to spit ; racaille, refuse ; Prov. raca, an
old worthless horse, analogous to Bohem.
brakyne, an outcast or rejected sheep.
The Langued. brumo, phlegm, spittle,
has exactly the force of G. • brack in the
expression brumos de boutigo, merchan-
dises de rebut ; G. brack-gut, refuse
wares. See Wreak.

In the sense of blot or stain there is a
singular confusion with brack, a breach
or flaw, from break.

Bronze. It. bronzo, Sp. bronce, pan
metal. — Fl. This word shows the same
relation to It. bronze, glowing coals,
which E. brass does to Sp. brasa, embers.
Bronzare, to braze, to copper, on. brasa,
to braze or solder iron with a lute of
brass. It would appear then that the use
of the metal in soldering, an operation
performed over hot coals, is the origin of
the designation both of bronze and brass.
It may be compared with It. bronze, Sc.
brunds, brands, embers ; to brund, to
emit sparks. — Jam. Grisons brinzla,
brascla, a spark, sbrinzlar, to sparkle.

The use of the word bronzed in the
sense of tanned, sunburnt, is probably
not originally derived from comparison
with the colour of the metal bronze, but
from the primary sense of the It. bronze,
embers. Abbronzare, abbronzanchiare, to
roast on the embers, to scorch, tan, or
sunburn. — Fl,

Brood.— Breed, as. brod, a brood ;
brid, the young of any animal ; bredan,
to nourish, cherish, keep warm. Du.
broeden, to sit on eggs, to hatch ; G. brut,
the spawn of fishes, progeny of birds, in-
sects, and fishes ; briiten, to hatch, bring
eggs and spawn into active life. Pl.D.
brod, brot, fish-spawn ; broden, broen, to
hatch, bridde, a chicken. Commonly re-
ferred to the notion of warming, in which
sense the OHG. bruoton is used by Not-
ker : ' also unsih diu uuolla bruotct unde
uuider froste skirmet,' as wool \\'arms us
and protects us against frost. Bret.
broiid, hot, burning, fermenting, w. brwd,
hot, warm; brydio, to be hot. ODu.
brieden, to brew. See Broth.

BROOK

Brook. AS. broca, a brook ; w. bntdien,
the bubbling or springing up of water, a
spring, a source ; Gael, bruich, to boil,
seethe, simmer ; from the murmuring
noise. Gr. I3pvx(>>, to roar, Ppim, to spring ;
Bohem. bruceti, to murmur. The mean-
ing of the word brook in the low G. dia-
lects is very different, signifying low wet
land (Brem. Wtb.) ; a grassy place in a
heath.— Overyssel Almanack.

It is possible that brook in the E. sense
may be connected with Russ. breg, Gael.
bruach, iVlanx broogh, brink, verge, bank,
as Fr. riviere, a river. It. riviera, a shore,
from ripa, bank.

To Brook. To digest, to bear patiently.
AS. brucan, to use, eat, enjoy ; Goth.
brukjan, to use ; bruks, useful ; G. brau-
chen, to use. 'Lzt. frui, frucius.

Broom. A shrub with leafless pointed
branches. G. pfriemkraut, awl-plant.
See Bramble.

Broth. It. brodo, Fr. brouet, broth ;
Du. broeye, brue ; OHG. brad, G. briihe,
Pl.D. broi, properly boiling water ; briihen,
broieii, to scald, pour boiling water over.
Ir. bruithim, to boil ; bruithe, sodden,
boiled ; bruitheati, heat, warmth ; bruth-
ch'an, broth ; brothaire, a caldron. Gael.
bruich, bruith, to boil, brothas, broth ;
Manx broie, to boil, broit, broth. Bret.
broud, w. brwd, hot. G. brodem, broden,
steam from heated bodies, in which
sense the Sc. broth is sometimes used ; a
person is said to be in a broth of sweat
who is steaming with sweat. Du. broem
(for brodem), spuma, sordes seu strigmata
rerum decoctarum. The origin is a re-
presentation of the simmering of boiling
water. Limousin broudi, brudi, to make
a confused noise of winds, waves, &c.
Pl.D. bruddeln, to bubble up with noise.

The softening down of the consonant
(which is barely pronounced in Gael.
brothas) gives the OE. browys, brewis,
brewet, pottage, broth, and Sc. brost.
The AS. has briw, infusion, ceales briw,
kail brose, cabbage soup ; Sc. broo, bree,
pottage made by pouring boiling water on
meal, infusion ; the barley bree, juice of
malt, ale ; Gael, brlgh, juice of meat, sap,
pith, vigour, strength ; Ir. bruth, strength,
vigour, rage, heat ; explaining the Prov.
briu, and It. brio, mettle, spirit.

Brothel. Sp. borda, a hut or cottage ;
Fr. borde, a little house or cottage of
timber, hut, hovel, t— Cot. Commonly
derived from the boards, of which the
fabric consists. But the Walach. bor-
deiou is an underground hut as well as a
house of ill fame.

BROWSE 105

The diminutive bordeau, bordel, was
originally used in the innocent sense of
a little cottage.

Ne laissent en Chartrain ne en Dive bordel,
Ne maison en estant qui soit fors du chastel.

Due.
Domunculum. circuindedit cum familia. So-
rengus vero expergefactus de bordello exiit et
fugiens in vivariam exire voluit. — Due.

Brother. A term widely spread through
the branches of the Indo-Germanic stock.
Sanscr. bhratrj Zend, brdtaj Gael, bra-
thairj w. brawdj Slavon. bratrj Lat.
frater.

Brow. The ridge surrounding and
protecting the eye. AS. braew, bregh;
Pol. brew ; Russ. brov, brow. Bohem.
braubiti, to border. Du. brauwe, eye-lid,
eye-brow, and also border, margin, fur
edging. — Kil. on. brd, eye-lid, eye-lash ;
brmi, eye-brow, edge, eminence ; Dan.
bryn, eye-brow, brow of a hill, surface of
the ocean ; Sw. bryn, edge, border, sur-
face, w. bryii, a hill. G. augen-braune,
eye-brow.

The AS. forms appear related to the
Russ. breg, Bohem. breh, Gael, bruach, a
brink, bank, shore ; Serv. breg, a hill,
bank, shore.

Brown. Ger. braun, on. brun. It.
bruno, Fr. b7-un, perhaps burnt coloilr,
the colour of things burnt, from Goth.
brinnan, G. brennen, to burn.

Browse. Fr. brouter, brouser, brpuster,
to knap or nibble off the sprigs, buds,
bark, &c. of plants ; broust, a sprig,
young branch, or shoot. — Cot. Bret.
brons, brous, a bud ; brous-koad, brush-
wood ; brouskaol, broccoli, cabbage
sprouts ; brous-gwezen, a shrub ; broust,
briar, thick bush ; brousta, to browse, to
grow into a bush. Prov. brotar, to shoot,
bud, grow ; brossa, OFr. braces, brosses,
Catalan brossa, Sp. broza, thicket, brush-
wood ; brotar, to sprout, bud, break out
as small-pox, &c. ; Gris. braussa, low
shrubs, as rhododendrons, juniper, &c.
Prov. brus, heath. Fr. brogues, brosses,
brousses, brouches, brouic, bruc, bushes,
briars, heath. — Roquef. Mid. Lat. brus-
cia, brozia, dumetum. ' Tam de terrS,
bruscosd quam de arabili.' — Due." Serv.
brst, sprouts ; brstiti, to browse. OHG. bros,
sprout. Bav. brass, brosst, a bud, a sprout.
It. brocco, sprocco, broccola, shoot, sprout.

Here we find throughout the Romance,
Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic families, a
variety of forms, broc, bros, brost, sproc,
spross, sprot, signifying twigs, shoots,
sprouts, or bushes and scrubby growths,
plants composed of twigs, or broken up

i.o6

BRUISE

into a multitude of points. There can be
little doubt that they are all derived from
the notion of breaking out, which we find
expressed by similar modifications in the
termination of the root, brik, bris, brist,
brit, to break or burst. See next article,
and also Brush, Broach.

Bruise. AS. brysan, OE. brise, to crush.

And he that schal falle on this stone schall be
broken, but on whom it schall falle, it schall al
to brisen him. — Wicliff.

Fr. briser, to break, crush, bruise ex-
tremely.— Cot. OFr. bruiser. — Diez.
Prov. brisar, desbrisar, to break to bits ;
Gael, bris, brisd, brist j Port, britar, to
break.

A modification of the same root which
gives the E. break, the interchange of the
final consonants being clearly shown in
the derivatives, Prov. brico or brizo, a
crum ; briketo, brizeto, bricalio, a little
bit ; brizal, dust, fragments ; brizal de
ca7-bo>i, du bris de charbon de terre, coal
dust. See Breeze.

Bruit. Fr. bruit, It. bruito, Pr. brMt,
a noise, a rumbling, Fr. and It. bruire.
Pr. brugir, bruzir, to make a rumbling.

* Brunt. Brunt, insultus, impetus ;
styrtyn' or brunton', or sodenly comyn'
a:^en an enmy, insilio, irruo. — Pr. Pm.
Brunt of a daunger, escousse, effort. —
Palsgr. The brunt of an engagement is
the shock of battle when the two armies
actually come in collision.

That in all haste he wouli;! join battayle even
with the bront or brest of the vangarde. — Hall in
R. The fore rydars put themselves in presewith
their longe lances to win the first brunie of the
field. — Fabyan.

OE. brunt, a blow.
Bot baysment gef myn herte a brunt.

Allit. Poems, E. E. Text Soc. A. 174.
All that was bitten of the beste was at a brunt
dede. — K. Alexander, p. 134.

OE. burt, to butt. — Pr. Pm. Prov. burs,
shock, blow ; burcar, abroncar, Fr. brott-
cher, to strike the foot against an obstacle,
to stumble.

Brush. An implement made of bristles
or elastic twigs for whisking away small
extraneous matters from a surface. It is
singulai" that the word may be derived
with equal propriety from the dust or
rubbish it is used to remove, or from the
materials of which it is itself composed.
Cat. brossa, quisquilise, sordes, fasx ; bros-
sar, detergere ; Gael, brusg, a crum. It.
brusco, bruscolo, a mote, fescue ; brusca,
a brush ; Swiss bruske, Piedm. brosse,
remnants of hay or fodder, orts, brossa, a
brush ; Sp. broza, chips, dust, rubbish,

BRUSH

brozar, to cleanse, broza, a brush ; Gael.
briiis (in the pi.), shivers, splinters, frag-
ments, bruis (sing.), a brush ; E. bris, brist,
dust, rubbish. Piedm. bruscia, brustia, a
horse-brush, wool-card, brustid, to brush,
Lang, broustia, a flax comb, G. borste,
biirste, Sw. borste, a brush.

In E. also the word brush had formerly
the sense of dust or flue.

(Agea) said. Sir by your speche now right well I

here
That if ye list ye may do the thing that I most

desire.
And that is, this your heritage there you liked

best
That ye might give : and ever among, the brush

away she pikid
From her clothes here and there, and sighid

therewithal. — Chaucer, Beryn.

While cajoling her husband, she kept
picking the dust or bits of flue from her
clothes to hide her embarrassment. To
brush then would be to dust, to clear
away the brush or dust and rubbish.

On the other hand, the derivation is
equally satisfactory from the twigs or
bristles of which the brush is composed.
The Lat. scopa signifies in the first in-
stance twigs, and in the second place a
besoiB, while the word besom itself pro-
perly signifies twigs, rods. The same re-
lation holds good between G. borste, Sw.
borst, a bristle, and G. borste, biirste, Sw.
borste, a brush ; NE. brust, a bristle, and
Piedm. brustia, a brush, wool-card. Bav.
bross, brosst, a bud or sprout ; Bret, brous,
a bud, shoot ; brouskoad, brushwood,
wood composed of twigs. Prov. bruc,
brus, brusc (Diet. Castr.), heath, quasi
twigs, a shrub composed of small twigs ;
Lang, brousso, a tuft of heath ; Fr. brosse,
a bush, bushy ground, also a head-brush,
wool-card, flax-comb ; brossettes, small
heath whereof head-brushes are made. —
Cot. B?-usske, to make brusshes on,
bruyere.— Palsgr. 201. It. brusca, ling or
heath for brushes. — Fl. ON. bruskr, a
bush of hair, tuft of grass or hay, a brush.

Perhaps the explanation of the double
origin is to be found in the fact that the
words signifying mote, dust, rubbish, and
those signifying a sprig, twig, bush, are
both derived from modifications of the
multiform root sigmfying break, appear-
mg in Goth, brikan, Gael, bris, brist, Fr.
briser. Port, britar. The Bav. bross,
brosst, Bret, brous, OFr. broust, a bud,
twig, or shoot, seems named from burst-
mg (on. brista) or breaking out ; or the
separate twigs or bristles may be con-
sidered as splinters, as It. brusco, bruscolo.

BUBBLE

bruschetta, a little piece of wood or straw,
fescue, mote. But see Bristle.

Bubble. It. bubbola. From an imita-
tion of the sound made by the bubbling
liquid. Bohem. bublati, to murmur, bub-
Una, a bubble ; Pol. bifbel, a bubble, a
tumour ; Lith. bubseti, to bubble, boil ;
bubauti, to bellow as a bull ; bubeuti, to
thunder gently ; bubiti, to beat ; bubleti,
to bump as a bittern. Sc. bub, a. blast
of wind.

A bubble and a lump or swelling are
very generally designated by the same
word, either because a bubble is taken as
the type of anything round and swelling,
or because the same articulation is used
to represent the j>o/ of a bubble bursting,
and the sound of a blow, from which the
designation of a knob, hump, or projec-
tion is commonly taken. Fr. bube, a push,
wheal, blister, watery bud, hunch or
bump. — Cot. ' Burble in the water —
bubette.' — Palsgr. Magy. boh, bub, pup, a.
bunch, hump, tuft, top, buborek, a bubble.

To Bubble. See Dupe.

Buccanier. A set of pirates in the
17th century, who resorted to the islands
and uninhabited places in the West
Indies, and exercised their cruelties prin-
cipally on the Spaniards. The name, ac-
cording to Olivier Oexmelin, who wrote a
history of adventurers in the Indies, is
derived from the language of the Caribs.
It was the custom of those savages when
they took prisoners, to cook their flesh on
a kind of grate, called barbacoa (whence
the term barbecue j a barbecued hog, a
hog dressed whole). The place of such a
feast was called boucan (or according to
Cotgrave the wooden gridiron itself), and
this mode of dressing, in which the flesh
was cooked and smoked at the same time,
was called in Fr. boucaner.

The natives of Florida, says Laudon-
nih-e (Hist, de la Floride, Pref A.D. 1586,
in Marsh), ' mangent toutes leurs viandes
rosties surles charbons et boucan^esjc'est
a dire quasi cuictes a la fumfe.' In Hack-
luyt's translation ' dressed in the smooke
which in their language they call bou-
caned' Hence those who established them-
selves in the islands for the purpose of
smokipg meat were called buccaniers. —
Diet. Etym. The term bocan is still ap-
plied in the W. I. to a place used for the
drying of produce.

Our next illustration represents the Bocan, or
building used for drying and preparing cocoa
and coffee. The building is regularly constructed
with two floors, the upper for coifee, the lower
for cocoa. They are divided by partitions of

BUCK

107

open lath-work, which is also used in a great
portion of the ends and sides of the main building,
to allow a free current of air. — Illust. News,
March 28, 1857.

Buck. The male goat, also applied
to the male deer, and then to other wild
animals, as a buck rabbit, w. bwch,
Gael, boc, Fr. bouc. Probably named
from the tendency of the animal to butt
or strike with the forehead. Fin. pukkata,
to butt ; Esthon. pokka7na, to butt, to
kick ; Magy. bokni, to stick, to butt. Pol.
puk, knock, rap, tap ; Gael, boc, a knock
or blow ; Fr. buquer, bucquer, to knock
at a door, to butt or jurr ; Dan. bukke, to
ram down a gun. It. becco is a radically
different form, from bek / bek ! represent-
ing the bleating of a goat.

To Buck. Formerly, when soap was
not so plentiful a commodity, the first
operation in washing was to set the linen
to soak in a solution of wood ashes. This
was called bucking the linen, and the
ashes used for that purpose were called
buck-ashes. The word was very generally
spread. In G. it is beuchen, bduclien,
beichen, buchen,buchen,biiken j Svi.byka,
Dan. byge; Fr. buquer, buerj It. buca-
tare; Bret. bugd. Sp. bugada, lye. The
derivation has been much discussed. The
more plausible are : —

1. Dan. bog-aske, the ashes of beech-
wood, chiefly employed in making potash ;
but the practice of bucking would have
arisen long before people resorted to any
particular kind of wood for the supply of
ashes.

2. It. bucata, buck-ashes, supposed to
be so called from buca, a hole, because
the ashes are strained through a pierced
dish, in the same way that the term is in
Sp. colada, lye, bucking, the linen at buck,
from colar, to strain, to filter, to buck,
lessiver, faire la lessive. But the analogy
does not hold, because bucare does not
appear ever to have been used in the
sense of straining or filtering.

The true derivation is seen in Gael.
bog, moist, soft, tender, and as a verb, to
steep or soak. Bret, bouk, soft, tender,
boukaat, to soften. The ideas of wet and
soft commonly coalesce, as G. erweichen,
to soak, from weich, soft ; It. molle, soft,
wet ; Lat. mollire, to soften, and Fr.
mouillir, to wet ; Pol. mokry,-wtt ; miekki,
soft ; mieknad, to soak, to soften ; moczyd,
to soak foul linen before washing. Bohem.
mok, a steep for flax. To buck then
would originally be to set the linen to
soak in lye, and as in and b so often in-
terchange (comp. w. maban and baban,

io8

BUCK-BEAN

a baby), the word is probably identical
with inok, the root of the Slavonic words
above mentioned, and of the Lat. macero,
to soak. In Lat. imbuere, the guttural
termination is lost, as in Fr. buie for
buquSe. In the dialect of the Setti Cem-
mani, where the G. w in the beginning of
words is converted into b, G. weich, soft,
becomes boch, boach; and weichen, ein-
weichen, to 'soak, become bochen, boa-
chen., inboachen, arguing (as Marsh sug-
gests) an original connection between
Gael, bog and G. weich.

Buck-bean. A water-plant with leaves
like a bean. Dan. bukke-blad,.goa.t-le!L{ ;
N. gjeit-klauv, goat's hoof.

* Bucket. Hardly identical with Fr.
baquet (dim. of bac, a trough), a pail or
bucket, a small shallow and open tub. —
Cot. NE. bouk is a pail ; and with the dim.
bucket is probably an equivalent of It.
bolgia, bolgetta, a budget, also a leather
bucket — Fl. ; Fr. bouge, a wallet, male or
case of leather ; bougette, a little coffer or
trunk of wood covered with leather. Mid.
Lat. bulga, pulga, OHG. pulga, Bav. bul-
gin, a leathern sack. See Bulk.

* Buckle. A buckle or fastening for
a leather strap probably takes its name
from the convex shape or from the boss
with which it was ornamented. Prov.
bocla, bloca, OFr. bode, boss of a shield,
ornamental stud. Fr. boucler, to swell,
rise or bear out in the middle. — Cot. To
buckle up, of a surface, is to shrivel up, to
throw itself into prominences andhoUows.
Fr. boucle, a curl, a ring. The word is a
mere transposition of the elements found
in bulk, and as in the case of the latter
word, the radical image seems to be a
bubble taken as the type of a rounded
prominence. It. boccula, Fr. boucle, Sw.
dial, bogla, Pol. bulka, a bubble ; It.
boglire, bollire, to boil. w. boglyn, bub-
ble, boss, knob ; dwfr yn boglynu, water
a bubbling ; bogel, a navel, nave of a
wheel ; bogeilio, to boss or swell out ; G.
buckel, protuberance, excrescence, hump,
boss, bullion, stud, clasp of a book. Dan.
bugle, a boss, bump, swelling, dint ; bug-
let, having a boss, dinted.

Buckler. The Fr. boucle, Prov. bocla,
bloca, a buckle or protuberance, were
specially applied to the boss of a shield.
II I'a feru desor I'escu,
Dusqu'en la bock I'a fendu.

Partonopeus de Blois in Rayn.
Hence bouclier, Prov. bloquier, Sp. bro-
quel. It. brocchiere, a buclder or shield
with a central boss. So on. bugnir, a
shield, from bugr, convexity.

BUDGET

Buckram. It. bucherame, Fr. bou-
gran, boucaran, Mid.Lat. boqueranmis.
It is explained by Miiller (MHG. Wtb.) as
if the stuff was made of goat's hair. It
is commonly mentioned as a precious
stuff, and the reference to It. bucherare,
to pierce holes, is doubtless fallacious.
' Una coltre di bucherame Cipriana bian-
chissima.' — Boccaccio.

Bucolic. Lat. bucolicus, from Gr.
jSouKoXiKog, belonging to the calling of the
herdsman ; jSavicoXog, agreeing with Gael.
buachazlle, a cowherd, from bo, cattle,
and gille, a boy, a servant, w. call, a
fold ; ceilio, to pen cattle.

* Bud. The knob or projection form-
ed by the swelling germ of leaves or
flowers. The entire train of thought is
seen in Hesse botz, potz, crack, loud
noise ; butzen (Du. botzen, butzen — K.), to
knock, to butt; butzen, clump, bunch,
tuft ; Bav. botzen, butzen, lump, knob ;
botzen, bud ; , ' butzen, turgere ; buczendig,
turgidus.' — Schm. Swab, butz, stroke,
blow, prick in a target, rump of fowls ;
anything short of its kind, a dumpy
child. Du. butze, a bump, swelling,
botch. — K. Bret, bod, bdden, a tuft,
clump, bunch ; explaining Fr. rabodS,
short and thick of stature. Fr. bouter,
to thrust, put, push forwards, to bud or
put forth as a tree in the spring (Cot.) ;
bouton, a bud, a pustule ; bout, the end or
thrusting part of a long body, a stump ;
un bout d'homme, a .stumpy man. So
W. pwtio, to poke, thrust, butt ; pwt o
ddyn, a short thick man. Du. pote,poot,
'Dz.n.pode, a shoot, scion, set of a plant ;
Hesse potten, to graft or bud trees, to
set plants.

* Bud, Bus. Behoves. ' I bus goe tyU
bedde.' ' And this sacrament bus have
three thyngis.' — Hal. This expression
may probably be explained by N. bod, bo,
message, call ; bo, need. ' Du ha inkje
bo te gjera da:' you have no need, no
call, no business to do that.

Budge. The dressed fur of lambs, a
material no doubt early supplied by the
pastoral nations of Slavonic race, with
whom it is still much in use. Russ./a.r//',
fur, skins ; pushit', to line with fur.

To Budge. Bret, boulj, movement ;
bouljein, Fr. bouger, to move, stir, budge,
probably from the notion of bubbling,
boiling. Port, bulb; to budge. Nao vos
bulais daqui, don't stir from hence, don't
budge. Pied, sboge, to stir. ON. bulla,
to boil ; built, motus creber.

Budget. Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge,
a budget, wallet, great pouch, or male of

BUFF

leather serving to carry things behind a
man on horseback. — Cot. It. bolgia,
bolgetta, a budget, leathern bucket. From
bulga, a skin.

Buff. A buff sound is a toneless sound
as of a blow. Magy. bufogni, to give a
dull sound; Pl.D. duff^ dull, of colours,
sounds, tastes, smells ; een duffen toon, a
deadened tone ; eene dtiffe couletir, a dull
colour.

Buff.— Buflae. — Buffalo. Lat. buba-
lus, Russ. buivol, Fr. buffle, the buffe,
bufHe, bugle, or wild ox, also the skin or
heck of a buffe. — Cot. The term was
then applied to the skin of the buffalo
dressed soft, buff leather, and then to the
yellowish colour of leather so dressed.
It. buffalo, a buffle or a bugle, by meta-
phor, a block-headed noddy. — Fl. Hence
the E. buffle-headed, confused, stupid.
The name of the beast seems taken from
a representation of his voice. Lith. bu-
benti, to bellow ; Magy. bufogni, to give
a hollow sound.

Buff.— Buffet. A blow. From buff!
an imitation of the sound of -a blow.
Pl.D. buffen, to strike ; E. rebuff, to re-
pulse ; It. buffare, Fr. bouffer, to puff, to
blow ; It. buffetto, a cuff or buffet, also a
blurt or puff with one's mouth. G. puff,
a clap, buffet, cuff ; Lith. bubiti, to beat.
In other cases, as Diez remarks, the
word for a stroke is connected with a
verb signifying to blow ; Fr. soufflet, a
buffet, from souffler, to blow ; souffleU,
often blown upon, boxed on the ear ; and
the word blow itself is used in both
senses.

Buffet. Fr. buffet, a side-board. Fr.
buffer, bouffer, to puff, to blow. The
primary sense of buffeter seems to have
been to take out the vent peg of a cask,
and let in the air necessary for drawing
out liquor, as from Lith. dausa, air,
breath, dausinti, to give air to a cask in
order to let the beer run.

Si vos chartiers— amenant pour la provision
de vos maisons certain nombre de tonneaux de
vin les avaient buffeUs et beus 4 demi, le reste
emplissant d'eau, &c. — Rabelais.

Buffeter, to marre a vessel of wine by
often tasting it ; buffets, deadened, as
wine that hath taken wind, or hath been
mingled with water. — Cot. Mid. Lat.
btifetarius, Fr. buffeteur, tabernarius,
caupo. Bufetarium, the duty paid for
retailing wine in taverns. The verb
buffeter may thus be translated to tap,
buffetier, a tapster. Thus buffet would
signify the tap of a public-house or tavern,
the place whence the wine was drawn.

BUG

109

From thence it has been transferred in
E. to the sideboard on which the drink-
ables are placed at meals, and in Fr. to
the office in a department where other
kind of business is carried on, while in
Sp. it has passed on to signify simply a
desk or writing-table.

Buffoon. Fr. botffon, a jester, from
It. buffa, a puff, a blast or a blurt with
the mouth made at one in scorn ; buffare,
to jest or sport. — Fl.

A puff with the mouth is probably in-
dicative of contempt, as emblematically
making light of an object. 'And who
minds Dick? Dick 's nobody ! Whoo !
He blew a slight contemptuous breath
as if he blew himself away.' — David Cop-
perfield. A Staffordshire artisan giving
an account of one who had been slighted
said, ' They rether puffed at him.'

Bug. — Bugbear. — Boggart. — Bogle.

God's boast seemed to him but iugges, things
made to feare children. — Z. Boyd in Jam.

The meaning of Bug is simply an object
of terror, from the cry Bo ! Boo / Boh !
made by a person, often covering his
face to represent the unknown, to frighten
children. The use of the exclamation
for this purpose is very widely spread.
Gael, bo ! an interj. to excite terror in
children. — Macleod. w. bw! It. bau !
' Far bau / bau / — far paura a' bambini
coprendosi la volta.' — La Crusca. Alter-
nately covering the face in this manner
to form an object of sportive terror, and
then peeping over the covering to relieve
the infant from his terror, constitutes the
game of Bo-peep, Sc. Teet-bo.

The two children — were playing in an oppo-
site comer, Lillo covering his head with his skirt,
and roaring at Ninna to frighten her, then peep-
ing out again to see how she bore it. — Romola,
iii. 265.

The cry made to excite terror is then
used, either alone or with various termin-
ations, to signify an indefinite object of
terror, such as that conjured up by child-
ren in the dark.

L'apparer del giomo

Che scaccia 1' Ombre, il Bau e le Befane !
— the peep of day which scatters spectres, bugs,
and hobgoblins. — La Crusca.

Swiss baui, bauwi, mumming, bugbear,
scarecrow ; G. baubau, wauwau, Esthon.
popo, Magy. bubus, Sc. boo, bukow Ikow,
a goblin), human, E. dial, boman, Pl.D.
bumann, Limousin bobal, bobaow, W. bw,
bwg, bubach, a bugbear, a hobgoblin.
Far barabao is explained in Patriarchi's
Venetian diet, yar^aa./ bau! to cry boh!
and il brutto barabao is interpreted il

no BUG

Tentennino, il brutto Demonio, the black
bug, the buggaboo ; w. bwgar, a, bugbear
(Spurrell), E. dial, bugar, the Devil. — Hal.
w. bw ! is used as an interjection of
threatening, and signifies also terror as
well as the terrific object. Manx boa, boo,
fear, affright.

The repetition of the radical syllable
with more or less modification represents
the continuance of the terrific sound.
The final guttural of W. bwg and E. bug
is found in Ulyrian bukati, Magy. b'dgni,
to bellow, biignt, to roar ; Swiss booggen,
to bellow like an angry bull when he

paws the ground ; boogg, bogk, bok, a
mask or disguise (from being originally
adopted with the intention of striking
terror), a misshapen person. The name
of bugabo was given, according to Coles,
to an 'ugly wide-mouthed picture' carried
about at May games. Lith. bauginti, to
terrify ; bugti, to take fright, to take bug,
as it is provincially expressed in England.
■ — Hal. To take buggart or boggart is
used in the same sense, and a boggarty
horse is one apt to start, to take fright.

With a different termination we have
W. bwgwl, threatening, terrifying ; Sc.
bogil, bogle, bogil bo (e. buggabod),. a
spectre, bugbear, scarecrow ; Lesachthal,
foggile, poggl, a bugbear for children,
and thence an owl from its nightly hoot-
ing. — Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 493. Lett.
baiglis, an object of terror. Russ. pugaf,
pujat', to frighten ; pugalo, pujalo, a
scarecrow.

In bug-bear or bear-bug, the word is
joined with the name of the beast taken
as an object of dread.

The humour of melancholye
Causith many a man in slepe to cry,
For fere oi beris or of ^(?/«V blalce,
Or eUis that blake buggys wol him take.

Chaucer.

where we find imaginary bulls and bears
classed with bugs as objects of nightly
terror.

Bug'. 2. The name of bug is given in
a secondary sense to insects considered
as an object of disgust and horror, and in
modern English is appropriated to the
noisome inhabitants of our beds, but in
America is used as the general appella-
tion of the beetle tribe. They speak of a
tumble-bug, rose-bug. A similar applica-
tion of the word signifying an object of
dread, to creeping things, is very common.
Russ. bukashka, a beetle, is the dim. of
biika, a bug-bear. The w. bwcai signifies
what produces dread or disgust, and also

BUGLE

a maggot. It. baco, a silk-worm, also a
boa-peep or vain bug-bear ; baco-baco,
boa-peep. — Fl. Limousin bobaou, bobal,
a bug-bear, is also used as the generic
name of an insect. — Bdronie. So in Al-
banian boube, a bug-bear, and in child's
language any kind of insect. Magy.
bubus, bug-bear, Serv. buba, vermin. It.
bau, bug-bear, Grisons bau, insect, beetle ;
bau (Pureiglia, earwig ; bau da grascha,
dung-beetle. Sw. troll, a goblin, monster,
provincially an insect. In Norse applied
especially to beetles or winged insects.
— Aasen. Illyr. gad, disgust, insect. Lap.
rabme, an insect, worm, any disgusting
animal, also a bug-bear, ghost. Sp. coco,
a worm, also a bug-bear.

Bug. 3. i; Swelling, protuberant. See
Big.

* 2. The word has a totally different
origin in the expression bugs words, fierce,
high-sounding words. ' Cheval de trom-
fette, one whom no big nor bugs words can
terrify-' — Cot. Parolone, high, big, roar-
ing, swollen, long, great or bug words. —
Fl. ' Bug as a lord.' In my time at
Rugby school bug was the regular term
for conceited, proud. Bogge, bold, for-
ward, saucy. — Grose.

In this sense of the word it seems to
rest on the notion of frightening with a
loud noise, blustering, threatening, and is
thus connected with bug, bug-bear. Swiss

booggen, to bellow like an angry bull ;
boogg, bogk, a proud overbearing man —
Stalder ; bog, larva (a bug-bear, hobgob-
lin) ; bbgge, superbire. — Schmidt. Idioti-
con Bernense.

Bugle. I. Same as buffle, a buffalo.

These are the beasts which ye shall eat of :
oxen, shepe and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle. —
Bible, 1551. Deut. xiv.

Hence bugle-horn, properly a buffalo
horn, then a horn for drinking, or on
which notes are played in hunting.

Janus sits by the fire with double berd
And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine.
Chaucer.

Lat. bucula,3uhtii&:. Mid.Lat. buculus,
OFr. bugle, buffle, boeuf sauvage. — Ro-
quef

Probably, as Buffalo, from the cry of
the animal ; Serv. bukati, Magy. bbgni,
Fr. bugler, beugler, to bellow.

2. An ornament of female dress con-
sisting of fragments of very fine glass
pipes sewn on. ' Et dictas domino nunc
portant biigolos qui sic nominantur, quos
cooperiunt capillis capitis earum ligatis

BUILD

supra dictos bugolos.' — De moribus civi-
um Placentiae. — a.d. 1388. Muratori.

To Build. From on. bua, OSw. boa,
bo, G. bauen, to till, cultivate, inhabit, were
formed bol, a farm, byli, a habitation,
OSw. bol, bole, byli, domicilium, sedes,
villa, habitaculum, whence bylja, to raise
a habitation, to build, or, as it was for-
merly written in English to bylle.

That city took Josue and destroyed it and
cursed it and alle hem that tyllei. it again. — Sir
Jno. Mandeville.

Bulb. Lat. bulbus, Gr. (3oX|8oc, a tuber-
ous or bulbous root ; Lith. bulbe, bulwis,
the potato ; G. bolle, bulle, bulbe, a bulb ;
Du. bol, bolle, a globe, ball, head ; bol,
bollekeii van loock, the head of an onion.
Gr. PoXj3a, Lat. vulva, the womb.

From the image of a bubble taken as
the type of anything round, swollen, hol-
low. In the representation of natural
sounds, the position of liquids in the word
is very variable. In English, as well as
bubble, we have blob or bleb and blubber
in the same sense. The Walach. has
bulbuk, a bubble, and bulbukd, to bubble
up, to spring, swell, be protuberant. See
next article.

Bulch. A bunch or projection, ne.
buhe, a bunch. — Hal. ' Bourser, to gather,
jnake bulch, or bear out as a full purse,
to bunt or leave a bunt in a sail.' — Cot.
Ptg. bolso, pocket, also the bunt or hollow
of a sail.

Bulge. See Bulk.

Bulk. I. Bulk, in Sc. and N. of E.
bouk, the carcase, chest, trunk, body of
an animal, mass, principal portion. ' My
liver leapt within my bulk! — Turberville.
Bav. biilken, the body ; Du. bulcke,
thorax ; buick, beuck, trunk of the body,
belly ; — van de kerche, nave or body of
the church ; — van 't schip, hold or bilge
of a ship. — Kil. ON. bukr, trunk, body,
belly ; Sw. buk, Dan. bug, G, bauch, belly ;
Cat. buc, the belly, bed of a river, bulk
or capacity of anything, body of a ship ;
Sp. bugue, the capacity or burden of a
ship, hull of a ship.

The comparison of the Celtic dialects
leads strongly to the conviction that the
radical image is the boiling or bubbling
up of water, whence we pass to the notion
of anything swelling or strouting out, of
an inflated skin, stuffed bag, or of what
is shaped like a bubble, a prominence,
knob, boss, lump. For the latter sense
compare Da. bulk, a. projection, lump,
unevenness ; Sw. dial, bullka, a protu-
berance, knot in thread, a dint in a metal

BULK

m

vessel. ' Boss^, knobby, bulked or bump-
ed out.'— Cot.

The radical sense is shown in Russ.
bulkaf, to bubble up ; Pol. bulka, a bub-
ble ; Gael, balg, bolg, bubble {palgan
tiisge, a water-bubble), Mister, bag, wal-
let, boss of shield, belly, womb, bellows ;
builgean, bubble, bladder, pimple, pouch ;
builgeadh, bubbling up, as water begin-
ning to boil ; bolg, bulg, belly, anything
prominent, a lump or mass, the hold of a
ship ; bolg (as verb), blow, swell, puff,
blister ; Manx bolg, bolgan, bubble, blis-
ter, belly, boss, knob, globule ; bolg-lhu-
ingey, the bilge or hold of a ship ; bolgey,
to blow, swell, blister, w. bwlg, a round
bulky body ; bwlgan, a straw corn-vessel.
^ Bulgas Galli sacculos scorteos vocant.'
— Festus.

Passing to the Scandinavian and Teu-
tonic dialects we have Goth, balgs, skin
bag; G. balg, skin of an animal, husk,
pod ; ON. belgr, skin flayed whole, leather
sack, belly; belgja, bolgna, Dan. bulne,
to swell, to puff up ; bolginn, swollen ;
OE. bolnyn, tumeo, turgeo ; bolnyd, tumi-
dus. — Pr. Pm. ' See how this tode bol-
neth.' — Palsgr. MHG. bilge, bale, bulgen;
gebolgen, to swell. The addition of a dim.
or feminine termination gives Bav. bulgen.
It. bolgia, bolgetta, a leather sack or bud-
get ; Fr. boulge, bouge, a leathern sack or
portmanteau, a strouting or standing out
in a flat piece of work, boss of a buckler,
belly, outleaning in the middle of a wall
(Cot.), bulge or convex part of a cask.
Hence e. bulge or bilge, the belly or con-
vex part of a ship ; to bulge, to belly out,
to throw out a convexity. With these
must probably be classed ON. bulki, the
contents of the hold, or cargo of a ship,
consisting of a heap of sacks bound down
and covered with skins. Bolke or hepe,
cumulus, acervus. — Pr. Pm. ON. at riufa
bulkann, to undo the cargo, to break
bulk. Lett. ;pulks, Lith. pulkas, a heap,
crowd, herd^ swarm ; pulkd, in bulk, in
mass.

2. A bulk is a partition of boards, the
stall or projecting framework for the dis-
play of goods before a shop.
Here stand behind this bulk, straight will he

come :
Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.

Othello.

' He found a country fellow dead drunk,
snorting on a bulk.' — Anat. Melancholy.
In this latter sense the word is identical
with It. balco, balcone, a projection before
a window ; ' also the bulk or stall of a
shop.' — Fl. Palco, a stage or scaffold;

112

BULL

palchetto, a box or boarded inclosure at a
theatre. The original sense seems to be
a framework of balks, beams or boards,
as It. assito, a beam or rafter, also a par-
tition of deals instead of a wall. — Fl.
Dan. dial, bulk, bulke, boarded partition
in a barn. A bulk-head is a boarded par-
tition in a ship.

Bull. I. The male of the ox kind.
W. bwla, Lith. bullus, ON. bolli, bauli, a
bull, baula, a cow, from baula, N.Fris.
bolli, to bellow. G. bulle, bullocks, a bull ;
Swiss bullen, to bellow.

2. A papal rescript, from Lat. bulla,
the seal affixed to the document. The
primary signification of bulla is a bubble,
from the noise, whence bullire, to bubble,
to boil. Thence the term was applied to
many protuberant objects, as the orna-
mental heads of nails, the hollow orna-
ment of gold hung round the neck of the
young nobility of Rome ; in subsequent
times applied to the seal hanging by a
band to a legal instrument. It. bolla, a
seal, stamp, round glass phial, boss, stud,
bubble, blister, pimple. See Billet.

Bullace. The wild plum. Bret, bolos
ox polos, w. bwlas. Fr. bellocier, a bul-
lace tree. It. bulloi, bullos, sloes. — Fl.

Bullbeggar. Terriculamentum, a
scare-bug, a bul-begger, a sight that fray-
eth and frighteth. — Higins in Pr. Pm.

And they have so fraid us with bull-beggers,
spirits, witches, urchens, elves, &c., and such
other bugs that we are afraid of our own shadows.
— Scot's Deso. of Witchcr. in N.

The word is of a class with Pl.D.
bullerbak, btcllerbrook, a noisy violent
fellow, w. bwbach, Du. bullebak, a hob-
goblin, bugbear, scarecrow, where the
former element signifies the roaring
noise made to terrify the child by the
person who represents the hobgoblin.
Pl.D. bullern, Du. bulderen, G. poltern,
to make a loud noise ; Du. bulderghees-
ten, leraures nocturni nigri. — Kil. G. pol-
tergeist, a hobgoblin. The final element
in the forms above cited seems a corrupt
repetition of the syllable bug, signifying
roaring, and thence terror, as in E. b2ig-
gaboo, G. biitzibau, Du. bietebau. The
connection between the ideas of loud
noise and terror is well illustrated by the
use of Pl.D. buller in addressing children
to signify something terrible : ' Gae du
nig bi dat buller-water,' do not go by the
dangerous water, as a mill-dam or the
like. See Bug, Bully.

Bullet. Fr. boulct, dim. of boule, a
bowl. See Bowl.

BULLION

As an instance of the arbitrary way in
which words acquire their precise mean-
ing, it may be observed that a bullet in
E. is applied to the ball of a gun or
musket, while the projectile of a cannon
is called a ball. In Fr., on the contrary,
it is boulet de canon, ba.lle de fusil.

BulUiead. — Eullrusli. — Bullfrog.
Bullhead is the name of the miller's
thumb, a little fish nearly all head, also
of the tadpole or young frog. Bullrush
is a large kind of rush. The element bull
is probably not taken from the quadruped
of that name, but is more probably iden-
tical with Sw. bal, bole or trunk of a tree,
bulk of a thing, large, coarse, thick, blunt,
large of its kind, as geting, a wasp, bal-
geting, a hornet. W. pwl, hhint, penbwl,
a blockhead, a tadpole ; Gael, pollach,
lumpish, stupid ; poll-cheannach, lump-
headed ; poli-cheannan, a tadpole. The
bullfrog, however, is said to make a loud
bellowing noise, which may probably be
the origin of the name.

BuUiou. This word is used in several
senses, i. A boss or stud, any embossed
work. Sp. bollar, to emboss ; bollon,
stud, brass-headed nail ; bollos de relieve,
embossed work. Fr. bouillon, a stud,
any great-headed or studded nail. — Cot.
Elyot translates bulla ' a bullion set on
the cover of a book or other thynge.'
' Bullyon in a woman's girdle — clow.'—
Palsgr. ' Bullions and ornaments of
plate engraven, a bullion of copper set on
bridles or poitrels for an ornament.' —
Baret's Alveary in Hal. Here the notion
of swelling or embossment is derived
from the bubbling of boiling water.

2. Bullion is applied to a particular
kind of gold and silver lace, from Fr.
bouillon, explained by Chambaud as
being made of a very fine sheet of gold
or silver twisted. Doubtless from bouil-
lon in the sense of a puff or bunch, from
the puffy texture of this kind of lace.

3. Gold or silver uncoined. Consider-
able difficulty has been felt in accounting
for the word in this sense, from the use of
the equivalent terms, billoti in Fr. and
vellon in Sp., in the sense of base metal,
silver mixed with a large alloy of cop-
per.

The original meaning of the word bul-
lion, boillon, billon, was the mint or office
where the precious metals were reduced
to the proper alloy and converted into
stamped money, from the Lat. bulla, a
seal, whence Mod.Gr. /SouWivu, to seal,
to stamp ; /SowXXtur^pioj/, the matrix or die

BULLY

with which coins were stamped. — Diet.
Etym.

In this sense the word appears in our
early statutes. The Stat. 9 E. IIL st. 2,
c. 2, provides, that all persons ' puissent
sauvement porter k les eschanges ou
bullion et ne mie ailleurs argent en plate,
vessel d'argent et toutz maners d'argent
sauve faux monoie et I'esterling counter-
fait,' for the purpose of exchange.

In the English version these words are
erroneously translated 'that all people
may safely bring to the exchanges bullion
or silver in plate, &c.,' which has led to
the assertion that 'bullion' in the old
statutes is used in the modern application
of uncoined gold or silver. The 27 Ed.
III. St. 2, c. 14, provides, 'que toutz mar-
chauntz — puissent savement porter —
plate d'argent, billettes d'or et tut autre
maner d'or et toutz moneys d'or et d'ar-
gent a nostre bullione ou a nous es-
changes que nous ferons ordeiner a nous
dites estaples et ailleurs pemant illoeqs
money de notre coigne convenablement
k la value.' Again, 4 Hen. IV. c. 10,
' que la tierce partie de tout la monoie
d'argent que sera porte k la boillion sera
faite es mayles et ferlynges' — shall be
coined into halfpence and farthings.

In these and other statutes all traffick-
ing in coin was forbidden, except at the
bullion or exchanges of the king ; and
similar restrictions were enforced in
France, where the tampering with the
coin was carried to a much greater ex-
tent than in England, insomuch as to
earn for Philippe le Bel the title of le faux
monnoyeur. Hence among the French
the carrying to the billon their decried
money became a familiar operation of
daily life, and ' porter au billon,' ' mettre
au billon,' are metaphorically appUed to
things that require remaking.

The decried coin- brought to be melted
up was termed ' monnaie de billon,' and
hence billon and the equivalent Spanish
vellon were very early used to signify the
base mixture of which such coin was
made, or generally a mixture of copper
and silver. ' Ne quis aurum, argentum
vel billionein extra regnum nostrum de-
ferre prassumat.' — Stat. Philip le Bel in
Due. A.D. 1305.

In England the fortunes of the word
have been different, and the Mint being
regarded chiefly as the authority which
determined the standard of the coin, the
name of bullion has been given to the
alloy or composition of the current coin
permitted by the Bullion or mint. Thus

BUM-BAILIFF

113

bullion is translated in Torriano's diction-
ary (a.d. 1687), 'lega, legaggio di me-
tallo,' and traces of the same application
are preserved in the Spanish reckoning
in ' reals vellon,' reals of standard cur-
rency. From metal of standard fineness
the signification has naturally passed in
modern times to all gold and silver de-
signed for the purpose of coinage.

Bully. — ^Bully-rook. A violent over-
bearing person. Du. bulderen, bolderen,
blaterare, debacchari, intonare, minari ;
verbulderen, perturbare saevis dictis. — ■
Kil. G. poltem, to make a noise ; Sw.
buller, noise, clamour, bustle, buller-bas,
a blusterer ; Pl.D. buller-jaan (bully-
John), buller-bak, buller-brook, a noisy
blustering fellow, from the last of which
is doubtless our bully-rock or bully-rook,
a hectoring, boisterous fellow. — Bailey.
Bully-rock, un faux brave. — Miege in
Hal. The Sw. buller-bas, on the other
hand, agrees with e. blunder-buss, a,
clumsy fellow who does things with noise
and violence. G. polterer, a blunder-
head, blunder-buss, a boisterous, violent,
furious man. — Kiittner. To bully is to
bluster, to terrify by noise and clamour,
to behave tyrannically or imperiously.

Bulwark. A defence originally made
of the boles or trunks of trees, then in
general a rampart, bastion, or work of
defence. Du. bol-werck, block-werck,
propugnaculum,' agger, vallum. — Kil. Fr.
by corruption boulevart, boulevard, pri-
marily the ramparts of a town, then ap-
plied to the walks and roads on the inside
of .the ramparts, and now at Paris to a
broad street surrounding what was form-
erly the body, but now is the central part
of the town. It. baluarte.

Bum. For bottom. Fris. ^i^/«, ground,
bottom, from boden, bodem, ON. bottn, AS.
botm. Fris. ierd-boeyme, ierd-beame, the
soil. Hence bom and ban, a floor. D.
buene, boene, G. biihne, a stage, scaffold.

To Bum. — Boom. — Bump. — Bum-
ble. To bum, to hum, to make a droning
sound. — Hal. Du. bomtnen, resonare, to
beat a drum ; bombam?nen, to ring the
bells. Lat. bombilare, to bumble or make
a humming noise ; bombilus, Du. bom-
mele, honunele, a bumble-, or a humble-
bee. The cry of the bittern, which he is
supposed to make by fixing his bill in a
reed or in the mud, is called bumping or

Bum-bailiff. From the notion of a
humming, droning, or dunning noise the
term bum is apphed to dunning a person
for a debt. To bum, to dun. — Hal. Hence

114

BUMBOAT

bum-bailiff, a person employed to dun
one for a debt, the bailiff employed to
arrest for debt. The ordinary explana-
tion of bound-bailiff is a mere guess. No
one ever saw the word . in that shape.
Moreover the bum-bailiff is not the per-
son who gives security to the sheriff, nor
would it concern the public if he did.
But his special office is to dun or bum for
debts, and this is the point of view from
which he would be regarded by the class
who have most occasion to speak of him.

Bumboat. A boat in which provisions
are brought for sale alongside a ship.
Du. bum-boot, a very wide boat used by
fishers in S. Holland and Flanders, also
for taking a pilot to a ship. — Roding,
Marine Diet. Probably for bun-boot, a
boat fitted with a bun or receptacle for
keeping fish alive.

Bump. Pl.D. bums! an interjection
imitating the sound of a blow. Bums !
getroffen. Bang ! it's hit. Bumsen, bam-
sen, to strike so as to give a dull sound.
To bam, to ;pummel, to beat. — Hal. w.
pwmpio, to thump, to bang. Lang.
poumpi, to knock ; poumpido, noise,
knocking. Then, as in other cases, the
word representing the sound of the blow
is applied to the lump raised by the blow,
or to the mass by which it is given, and
signifies consequently a mass, protuber-
ance, lump. See Boss. Thus e. bump,
a swelling, w. pwmp, a round mass ;
pwmpl, a knob, a boss ; Lith. pumpa, a
button, pumpurras, a bud. Fr. pompette,
a. pumple or pimple on the skin — Cot. ;
pompon, a pumpion or gourd, a large
round fruit.

Bumpkin. A clumsy, awkward clown.
Probably from bump, signifying one who
does things in a thumping, abrupt man-
ner. Pl.D. buns-wise, inconsiderately,
from bunsen, to strike ; E. dial, bunger-
some, clumsy, lungeous, awkward. — Hal.
Suffolk bonnka, large, strapping, applied
to young persons, especially girls. — Moor.
Manx bonkan, a. clown.

Bun, 1.— Bunnion. Fr. fo^«^, a bump,
knob rising after a knock ; bignet, bugnet,
little round loaves or lumps made of fine
meal, &c., buns, lenten loaves.^Cot. It.
bugno, bugnone, any round knob or bunch,
a boil or blain. — Fl. Hence E. bunnion,
a lump on the foot ; bunny, a swelling
from a blow. — Forby. Bony, or grete
knobbe, gibbus, gibber, callus.— Pr. Pm.
Sc. bannock, bonnock, Gael, bonuach, Ir.
boi7ieog, Li cake, are dim. forms. Radi-
cally identical with Dan. bunkc, a heap.
See Bunch.

BUNCH

Bun, S. — Bunny. Bun, a dry stalk ;
bumtel, a dried hemp-stalk. — Hal. ' Kyx
or bunne, or dry weed {btcn7ie of dry weed,
H.S.P.), calamus.' — Pr. Pm. Bun, the
stubble of beans. — Mrs Baker. Sc. bune
or boon, the useless core of flax or hemp
from which the fibre is separated. Bune-
wand, a hemp-stalk.

The word is probably to be explained
from Gael, bun, root, stock, stump, bot-
tom ; bun feoir, hay stubble ; bunan,
stubble ; Manx bun, stump, stalk, root,
foundation ; w. bon, stem or base, stock,
trunk, butt end. The buns are the dried
stalks of various kinds of plants left after
the foliage has withered away. Gael.
bun eich, an old stump of a horse. Bun-
feaman (stump-tail), a tail (Macleod),
should probably be a short tail, explain-
ing E. bunny, a rabbit, whose short tail
in running is very conspicuous. Bun, a
rabbit, the tail of a hare. — Hal. Dan.
bund, bottom, seems to unite Gael, bun
with ON. botn, E. bottom.

Bunch.. — Bunk. — Bung^. Bunch, a
hump, cluster, round mass of anything.
To bunch was formerly and still is pro-
vincially used in the sense of striking.
Dunchyn or bunchyn, tundo. — Pr. Pm.
' He buncheth me and beateth me, il me
pousse. Thou bunchest me so that I
cannot sit by thee.' — Palsgr. Related on
the one side to Pl.D. bunsen, bumsen, to
knock. ' An de dor bunsen, oder anklop-
pen dat idt bunset^ — to knock at the
door till it sounds again. Daal bu7iseti,
to bang down, throw down with a bang.
' He fult dat et bunsede,' he fell with a
bang. Du. bans, a knock. See Bounce.
On the other hand bunch is connected
with a series of words founded on forms
similar to the ON. banga, Dan. banke,
OSw. bunga, to beat, to bang ; ON. bunki,
a heap ; OSw. bmike, a heap, a knob ;
and related with ON. bunga, to swell out ;
E. dial, bung, a heap or cluster, a pocket ;
Sw. binge, a heap ; Wall, bonge, bongie,
a bunch ; Magy. bunka, a knob, a boil
(punkos bot, a knotty stick) ; Sw. bunke,
a bowl ; P1.D. bunken, the large promi-
nent bones of an animal (as G. knochen,
E. knuckles, from knock) ; It. bugno, bu<r-
none, any round knob or bunch, a boil or
blain.-^Fl.

Again, as we have seen E. hdk passing
mto Sp. bulto, and E. bull, a bag or sack,
while bulch was traced through Gris.
bulscha, a wallet, E. bulse, a bunch— Hal. ;
Sp, bolsa, a purse ; so the form btmk, a
knob or heap, passes into Dan. bmidt,
Sw. bunt, a bunch, bundle, truss ; E.

BUNDLE

bunt of a sail, the middle part of it,
which is purposely formed into a kind of
bag to catch the wind. — B.

Bundle. AS. byndel, Du. bond, bon-
del, bundel, something bound together ;
ghebondte, ghebundte, colligatio, fascis,
et contignatio, coassatio ; bondel-loos,
loosed from bonds. — Kil. on. bindini, a
bundle.

Bung. The stopper for the hole in a
barrel. From the hollow sound made in
driving in the bung. OG. bimge, a drum ;
OSw. bungande, the noise of drums. —
Ihre. Magy. bongani, to hum. So Du.
bommen, to hum, and bomme, or bonde
van t' vat, the bung of a barrel ; Lim.
boundica, to hum, Prov. bondir. Cat.
bonir, to resound, and Du. bonde, Fr.
bonde, bondon, a bung. It is possible,
however, that the primitive meaning of
bung may be a bunch of something thrust
in to stop the hole. Bung of a tonne or
pype, bondelj bundell, bondeau. — Palsgr.
202. The Fr. bouchon, a cork, boucher,
to stop, are from bouscfie, bouche, a bunch
or tuft, and the Sw. tapp (whence tceppa,
to stop, and E. tap, the stopper of a cask),

is originally a wisp or bunch ; ho-tapp,
halm-tapp, a wisp of hay or straw.

To Bungle. To do anything awk-
wardly, to cobble, to botch. — B. From
the superfluous banging and hammering
made by an unskilful worker, on. bang,
knocking, racket, working in wood (especi-
ally with an axe), banga, to knock, to work
at carpentry ; bangan, bongun, knocking,
unskilful working, especially in wood-
work ; banghagr, a bungler. Sw. bang,

noise, racket ; bangla, to gingle. Sw.
dial, bangla, to work ineffectually. — Rietz.
Compare G. klempern, klimpem, to
gingle, tinkle, tinker ; to strum or play
unskilfully on an instrument ; stiimpeln,
stilmpern, to strum on an instrument,
to bungle, do a thing bunglingly. Banff.
bummle, to stnmi on an instrument, to
sing or play in a blundering manner ;
bummle, a botch, clumsy performance.

Bunny. See Bun.

Bunt. The belly or hollow of a sail,
the middle part of a sail formed into a
kind of bag to receive the wind. — Hal.
Dan. bundt, a bunch, bundle.

To Bunt. — Bunting. To bunt in
Somerset is to sift, to bolt meal, whence
bunting, bolting-cloth, the loose open
cloth used for sifting flour, and now more
generally known as the material of which
flags are made.

The radical import is probably the

BURGEON

IIS

impulse by which the meal is driven
backwards and forwards. Bret, bounta,
bunta, to push, knock, shove ; E. dial.
punt, to shove, to push with the head
(Mrs Baker), to kick. To bunt, to push
with the head. Pl.D. bunsen, to knock.

* Buoy. Du. boei, Sw. boj, G. bote,
boye, Fr. bou^e, Sp. boya, the float of an
anchor or of a net ; boyar, to float. Lat.
boia, Fr. buie, a clog or heavy fetters for
the neck or feet. It. bove, buove, fetters,
shackles, gyves, clogs, stocks or such
punishments for prisoners. — Fl. The
most usual form would be a heavy clog
fastened by a chain to the limb, and
hence the name would seem to have been
transferred to the wooden log which
would be the earliest float for an anchor.
N.Fris. bui, the heavy clog of a foot-
shackle ; an anchor buoy. — Johansen, p.

I GO.

Burble. A bubble. Sp. borboUar, to
boil or bubble up. Lith. burboloti, to
guggle as water, rumble as the bowels.
Burbulas, a water bubble made by rain.
See Barbarous.

Burden. A load. AS. byrthen, G.
biirde, from beran, to bear.

Burden, of a song. See Bourdon.

Bureau. The Italian buio, dark, was
formerly pronounced buro, as it still is in
Modena and Bologna. — Muratori. Russ.
btiruii, brown ; burjat^o become brown
or russet. ' Burrhum antiqui quod nunc
dicimus rufum.' — Festus in Diez. OFr.
bure, buret, Sp. buriel, Prov. buret,
reddish brown, russet, specially applied
to the colour of a brown sheep, then to
the coarse woollen cloth made of the
fleeces of such sheep without dyeing.
So in Pol. bury, dark grey ; bura, a rain-
cloak of felt. Then as the table in a
court of audience was covered with such
a cloth, the term bureau was applied to
the table or the court itself, whence in
modem Fr. it is used to signify an office
where any business is transacted. In
English the designation has passed from
a writing-table to a cabinet containing a
v/riting-table, or used as a receptacle for
papers. See Borel.

Burganet. OFr. bourguignote, Sp.
borgonota, a sort of helmet, properly a
Burgundian helmet. A la Borgonota, in
Burgundian fashion.

Biu'geon. — Burly. To burgeon, to
grow big about or gross, to bud forth. —
Bailey. Fr. bourgeon, bourjon, the young
bud, sprig, or putting forth of a vine, also
a piinple in the face. — Cot. The word is
variously written in oe. burion, bourion,

ii6

BURGESS

^...j'own. Sp. borujon, protuberance,
knob. Lang, boure, bourou, a bud, boura,
bouronna, to bud ; Fr. abourioner, to
bud or sprout forth. — Cot. Burryn, to
bud.— Pr. Pm.

The primary origin of the word, as of
so many others signifying swelling, is an
imitation of the sound of bubbling water,
preserved in Gael, bururus, a purling
sound, a gurgling ; Fin. purrata, cum
sonitu buUio ut aqua ad proram riavis,
strideo ut spuma vel aqua ex terra ex-
pressa ; puret, a bubble ; Du. borrelen,
to spring as water; barrel, a bubble.
From the notion of a bubble we pass to
the Gael, borr, to swell, become big and
proud, explaining the E. burgen. ' Bouffer,
to puff, blow, swell up or strout out, to
burgen or wax big.' — Cot. The Gael, has
also borr, lorra, a knob, bunch, swelling ;
borr-shuil, a prominent eye ; borracka, a
bladder, explaining Sp. borracka, a wine
skin. Sw. dial, purra, to puff up ; borr^
^ttsa, to swell oneself out as birds ; borras,
to swell with pride. From the same root
E. burly, big, occupying much space.

Elpes arn in Inderiche
On bodi borlic berges ilike.

Bestiary. Nat. Antiq. j.. 122.

Burgess. — Burgher. OE.
OFr. burgeois, from Lat. burgensis.

Burgh.. See Berough.

Burglar. A legal term from the Lat.
burgi latro, through the Burgundian
form I Are (Vocab, de Vaud.), OFr. lerre,
a robber. It. grancelli, roguing beggars,
bourglairs. — Fl. Bret, laer, robber.

Omnes burgatores domorum vel fractores
Ecclesianlm vel muronim vel portarum civitatis
regis vel burgoiTim intrantes malitios6 et felonic^
condemnentur morti. — Officium Coronatoris in
Due.

Burin. See under Bore.
. To Burl. — Burler. In the manu-
facturing of cloths the process of clearing
it of the knots, ends of thread, and the
like, with little iron nippers called burling
irons, is termed burling. — Todd. A burl-
er is a dresser of cloth. Lang, bouril,
Castrais bourril, the flocks, ends of thread,
&c., which disfigure cloth and have to be
plucked off Bourril de neou, flock of
snow. OE. burle of cloth, tumentum. — Pr.
Pm. From Fr. boiirre, flocks. See Burr.
Burlesque. It. burlare, to make a
jest of, to ridicule. Probably a modifica-
tion of the root which gave the OE. bourd,
a jest. Limousin bourdo, a lie, a jest,
bourda, to ridicule, to tell lies. The in-
terchange of d and I is clearly seen in the

BURNISH
Gael. i5«r4 i5«r/, mockery, ridicule, joking;'
biiirte, a jibe, taunt, repartee ; buirleadh,
language of folly or ridicule.
Burly. See Burgeon.
To Bum. Probably, as Diefenbach
suggests, from the roaring sound of flame.
Thus G. brinnen or brennen was formerly
used in the sense of to roar. Also ein
hiwe brennen. — Dief. Supp. Herumge-
hen wie ein brinnenden lew, sicut leo
rugiens. Pren7ien,ireui£r:e. — ^Notk.Ps. 56.
5. in Schm. Swiss Rom. brinna, to roar
like the wind in trees. — Bridel. Hence
G. brandung, the roaring surge of the
sea. In the same way ON. brinii, fire, is
connected with brim, surge or dashing of
the sea ; brima, to surge, and OG. brim-
men, bremmen, to roar (as lions, bears,
&c.). So also Sw. brasa, a blaze, Fr. em-
braser, to set on fire, compared with G.
brausen, to roar, and Dan. brase, to fiy.

It is probable indeed that Fr. brAler,
which has given much trouble to etymol-
ogists, must be explained on the same
principle from G. b'Tilllen or briilen (Dief
Supp.), to roar, the J in OFr. brusler
being a faulty spelling, as in cousteau.
Compare also Piedm. briis^, to burn,
Prov. bruzir, to roar, with Dan. bruse, to
roar, to effervesce. Han bruser op, he
fires up. E. brustle, to rustle, crackle
like straw or small wood in burning —
Hal. ; It. brustolare, to burn, toast, broil,
singe or scorch with fire. — Fl.

Burn. A brook. Goth, brunna, ON.
brunnr, G. born, brunnen, a well, a spring ;
Gael, burn, water, spring-water ; bumach,
watery. Swiss Rom. borni, a fountain. — ■
Vocab. de Vaud. As we have seen the
noise of water bubbling up represented
by the syllable bar, pur (see Burgeon),
the final 71 in buni may be merely a sub-
sidiary element, as the / in purl, and the
word would thus signify water springing
or bubbling up. Bav. burren, to hum, to
buzz ; Gael, bururus, warbling, purling,
gurgling. Walach. sbornoi, to murmur.

Burnish. Fr. brunir, to polish. Sw.
bryna, to sharpen, to give an edge to,
brynsten, a whetstone, from bryii, the
brim or edge of anything, N. brun, an
edge or point. Then as sharpening a
weapon would be the most familiar ex-
ample of polishing metal, the word seems
to have acquired the sense of polishing.
So from Fin. tahko, an edge, a margin,
latus rei angulatas ; talikoincn, angular ;
tahkoa, to sharpen on a whetstone, thence,
to rub, to polish. Bav. schleiffen, to
sharpen, to grind on a whetstone, hauben
schleiffen, to polish helmets. — Schm.

BURR

The AS. bruii seems to have been used
in the sense of an edge.

Geata dryhten

Gryre-fahne sloh

Incge lafe,

Tha3t sio ecg gewdc,

Brun on bane. — Beowulf, 5150.

Translated by Kemble, —

'The Lord of the Geats struck the terribly
coloured with the legacy of Incg so that the
edge grew weak, brown, upon the bone ;'

but it would both malce better sense and
be more in accordance with AS. idiom if
brun were understood as a synonym of
ecg-

Burr. I. The whirring sound made by
some people in pronouncing the letter r,
as in Northumberland. This word seems
formed from the sound. — Jam. ' Hearing
the old hall clock — strike 12 with a dis-
mal, shuffling, brokenharpstringed-like
whirr and burr.' — Matrimonial Vanity
P'air, iii. 225. Burr is related to buzz as
•whirr to whizz. With a slightly different
spelling, birr signifies the whizzing sound
of a body hurled through the air, whence
birr, force, impetus, any rapid whirling
motion. — Hal. The noise of partridges
when they spring is called birring, g.
burren, ptcrren, to buzz, whirr, coo, purr,
Swiss burren, to mutter ; Sw. dial, borra,
to buzz like a beetle ; burra, blurra, to
chatter, talk fast and indistinctly.

2. Burr or Bur is used in several
senses, ultimately resting on the Gael,
root borr, signifying protrude, swell, men-
tioned under Burgeon. Hence Fr. bourre,
stuffing, whatever is used to make a tex-
ture swell or strout out, and thence flocks
'of wool, hair, &c., also ' any such trash
as chaff, shales, husks, &c. — Cot. It.
borra, any kind of quilting or stuffing,
shearing of cloth, also all such stuff as
hay, moss, straw, chips or anything else
that birds make their nests with. — Fl.
Fr. bourrer, to stuff; bourrelet, bourlet, a
pad, a stuffed wreath used for different
purposes, as for the protection of a child's
head, or for supporting a pail of water
carried upon the head, a horse-collar
(whence botirrelier, a harness or collar
maker) ; and met. an annular swelling,
as the swelling above the grafted part of
the stem of a tree, the thickened rim at
the mouth of a cannon. Hence must be
explained E. bur, the rough annular ex-
crescence at the root of a deer's horn, the
ridge or excrescence made by a tool in
turning or cutting metal, the superfluous
metal left in the neck of the mould in

BURY

117

casting bullets. A burr-pump is one
used in a ship ' into which a staff seven
or eight feet long is put having a burr or
knob of wood at the end.' — Harris in
Todd. In a met. sense a burr round
the moon is the padding of hazy light by
which it seems to be encircled when it
shines through a light mist.

And burred moons foretell great storms at
night. — Clare.

3. When the hop begins to blossom it is
said to be in burr. See Burgeon.

4. Fris. borre, burre, Dan. borre, Sw.
kardborre, karborre, a. bur, the hooked
capitulum of the arctium lappa. S w. dial. '
borre is also a fircone.

Burrow. Shelter, a place of defence,
safety, shelter Provincially applied to
shelter from the wind : ' tlie burrow side
of the hedge ; ' ' a very burrow place for
cattle.' The same word with burgh,
borough, borrow, from AS. beorgan, to
protect, shelter, fortify, save. Du. ber-
ghen, to hide, cover, keep, preserve, and
thence bergh, a port, a barn or cupboard.
— Kil. G. bergen, verbergen, to hide ; ON.
biarga, to save, preserve. A rabbit bur-
row is the hole which the animal digs for
its own protection. So in W. caer is a
castle or fortress, cwning-gaer, the fortress
of a coney or rabbit, a rabbit burrow.

Burse. — Burser. -burse. Burse,
Fr. bourse, Du. beurs, an exchange, from
Fr. bourse. It. borsa, a purse. Bursar, the
officer who bears the purse, makes the
disbursements of the college.

Borsa is derived by Diez from Gr.
pipaa, Mid.Lat. byrsa, skin, leather, but
it is more probably a development of It.
bolgia, i5(7&a, -Grisons bulscha, buscha, a
wallet or scrip, from whence we pass
through Sp. bolsa to It. borsia, barza,
borsa, a purse, as from Sp. peluca to Fr.
perruque. See Bulge.

To Burst. In OE. brest, brast. G.
bersten, AS. berstan, byrstan, OHG. bres-
tan, bristen, Sw. brista, ON. brjota, Fr.
briser. Port, britar, to break. Gael.
bris, brisd, break ; brisdeach, bristeach,
brittle. The root appears under the
forms brik, bris, brist, brit. Lang, brico,
briso, briketo, brizeto, a morsel, fragment ;
E. brist, small fragments. Compare also
OE. brokil and brotil; brittle, and, as it
is still pronounced in N. of England,
brickie. Sexy, prsnuti, to burst.

To Bury. — Burial. AS. byrgan, bir-
gan, birigean, to bury ; byrgen, byrgels,
byrigels, a sepulchre, tomb, burial place.
OHG. burgisli, a sepulchre ; chreoburgium

ii8

BUSH

{chreo, AS. hreaw, a corpse), a monument
or erection over the dead. — Gloss.
Malberg. The radical idea is seen in
Goth, bairgan, AS. beorgan, to keep,
preserve, protect ; whente beorg, ieorh, a
rampart, defence, mount, aheap of stones,
burial mound. 'Worhton mid stanum
anne steapne beorh him ofer : ' they
raised a steep mound of stones over him.
Thence byrigean, to bury, apparently a
secondary verb, signifying to entomb, to
sepulchre, and not directly (as Du. ber-
ghen, borghen, condere, abdere, occultare
— K.) to hide in the ground.

Bush.-^Bushel. The btish of a wheel
is the metal lining of the nave or hollow
box in which the axle works. Du. busse,
a box, busken, a little box ; Dan. basse,
a box, a gun ; G. biichse, a box, rad-
biichse, Sw. hjul-bosse, the bush of a
wheel ; Sc. bush, box wood ; to bush, to
sheath, to enclose in a case or box. The
Gr. iriCtf , -ifoe, a box, gave Lat. pyxis as
well as buxis, -idis, and thence Mid.Lat.
buxida, bossida, buxta, boxta, bosta, Prov.
boistia, boissa, OFr. boiste, with the
diminutives, Mid.Lat. buxula, bustula,
bustellus, bussellus, OFr. boistel,boisteau,
Fr. boisseau, a box for measuring corn, a
bushel. See Box.

Bush. — Busk.

Sibriht that I of told, that the lend had lorn
That a swineherd slouh under a busk of thorn.

R. Brunne.

The foregoing modes of spelling the
word indicate a double origin, from the
ON. buskr, a tuft of hair, bush, thicket
{buski, a bunch of twigs, besom), and
from the Fr. bousche, bouche, a wisp,
tuft, whence bouchon, a -tavern bush,
. boucher, to stop, to thrust in a bouche or
tuft of hemp, tow, or the like. Bouchet,
a bush, bramble. It has been shown
under Boss that words signifying clump,
tuft, cluster, are commonly derived from
the idea of knocking. So from Fr. bous-
ser, It. bussare, Du. bossen, buysschen, to
knock, we have Fr. basse, bousse, a hump,
hunch ; Du. bos, a bunch, knot, bundle ;
bosch (a diminutive ?), a tuft, then a tuft
of trees, a grove ; bosch van haer, a tuft
of hair ; . — van wijnbesien, a bunch of
grapes. Fris. bosc, a troop, lump, clus-
ter ;■ qualster-boscken, a clot of phlegm
l^jkema). Du. bussel, a bundle; It.
'S^one, a bush, brake, thicket of thorns ;
Bret. bo7ich (Fr. ch), a tuft, wisp. G.
bausch, projection, bulk, bunch, bundle,
wisp ; bauschen, bausen, to swell, bulge,
bunch out.

BUSKIN

Busk. The bone in a woman's stays.
See Bust.

To Busk. To prepare, make ready,
to dress, to direct one's course towards.
They busked and malced them boun.

Sir Tristram.

Jamieson thinks it probable that it may
be traced to the on. bua, to prepare, to
dress, at bua sig, induere vestes ; and it
is singular that having come so near the
mark he fails to observe that busk is a
simple adoption of the deponent form of
the ON. verb, at buast, for at buasc, con-
tracted from the very expression quoted
by him, 'at bua sik.' The primitive
meaning of bua is simply to bend, whence
at bua sik, to bend one's steps, to betake
oneself, to bow, in OE. ' Haralldur kon-
gur bidst austur um EySascog.' Harold
the king busks eastwards through the
forest of Eyda. ' Epter thetta byr sik
jarl sem skyndilegast ur landi.' After
that the earl busks with all haste out of
the land. Compare the meaning of busk
in the following passage :—

Many of the Danes privily were left
■And busked westwards for to robbe eft.

R. Brunne.
It is certain that buast must once have
been written buasc, and we actually find
truasc,fiasc, in the For Skirnis ; barsc in
Heimskringla, which would later have
been written truast, fiast, barst. The
frequency with which to busk is used, as
synonymous with to inake one boun, is
thus accounted for, as boun is simply
buinn, the past participle of the same verb
bua, the deponent form of which is re-
presented by the E. busk.

To bow was used in a similar manner
for to bend one's steps, to turn. ' Boweth
forth by a brook ; ' proceed by a brook.
—P.P.

Forth heo gunnen bugen.

In to Bi-uttaine

And her ful sone

To JErthure comen. — Layamon, 2. 410.
In the other copy — '

Forth hii gonne bouwe

In to Brutaine.

* Buskin. Sp. borcegui, Ptg. borse-
guini, Fr. brodiquin. The primary sense
seems to have been a kind of leather,
probably Morocco leather. Thus Frois-
sart, ' Le roy Richard mort, il fut couch6
sur une litifere, dedans un char couvert de
brodequin tout noir.' The buskin is said
by Cobarruvias to have been a fashion of
the Moors and of Morocco, and he cites
from an old romance ' Borzeguies Mar-
roquies.' The word is explained by

BUSS

Dozy from Arab. Xerqui, or Cherqui, a
precious kind of leather made" from
sheepskins in the North of Africa.
Edrtst, speaking of the costume of the
King of Gana, says, ' he wears sandals of
cherqui! It is true that from hence to
borzegui is a long step, but Dozy cites
the OldPtg. forms morseqiiill, mosequin,
and supposes that the common Arab,
prefix niu or mo has been erroneously
added, as in moharra from harbe, the
point of a lance, mogangas from gonj,
love gestures, mohedairova. geidha, forest.
Thus we should have mocherqui, and by
transposition morchequi, morsequi, bor-
cegui.

Buss. I. A vessel employed in the
herring fishery. Du. buyse, a vessel with
a wide huU and blunt prow, also a flagon.
ON. bussa, a ship of some size. Prov.
bus, a boat or small vessel ; Cat. buc,
bulk, ship ; Sp. bucha, a large cljest or
box, a fishing vessel. A particular appli-
cation of the many-formed word signifying
bulk, trunk, body, chest. See Boss, Box,
Bulch, Bust.

2. A kiss. Sp. buz, a kiss of reverence.
Sw. pussa, putta, Bav. bussen, Swiss
butschen, to kiss (from the sound —
Stalder) ; butschen, putschen, to knock ;
windbutsch, a stroke of wind. Comp.
smack, a kiss, and also a sounding blow.
On the other hand, Gael, bus, a mouth,
lip, snout; Walach. fe^a, lip; Pol. bu-
zia, mouth, lips, also a kiss. So Wes-
terwald munds, mons, a kiss, from jnund,
mouth. Lat. basiuin. It. bacio, Sp. beso,
Fr. baiser, a kiss. The two derivations
would be reconciled if Gael, bus and Pol.
buzia were themselves taken from the
smacking sound of the lips.

Bust. — Busk. These seem to be mo-
difications of the same word, originally
signifying trunk of a tree, then trunk of
the body, body without arms and legs,
body of garment, especially of a woman's
dress, and finally (in the case of busk)
the whalebone or steel support with
which the front of a woman's bodice is
made stiff.

I. With respect to busk we have on.
bukr, trunk, body ; Fr. busche, a log, a
backstock, a great billet — Cot. ; Rouchi,
busch, a bust, statue of the upper part of
the body without arms ; Fr. buc, busq,
busque, a busk, plated body or other
quilted thing, worn to make the body
straight ; btcc, busc, bust, the long, small,
or sharp-pointed and hard-quilted body
of a doublet. — Cot. Wall, buc, trunk of
a tree, of the human body (Grandg.).

BUSY

119

2. With respect to bust; ON. bi{tr, a
log ; Mid.Lat. busta, arbor ramis trun-
cata — Gloss. Lindenbr. in Diaz ; Gris.
biist, bist, trunk of a tree, body of a man,
body of a woman's dress ; It. busto, a
bulk or trunk without a head, a sleeveless
truss or doublet, also a busk. — Fl.

The Prov. inserts an r after the initial
b J bruc, brut, brusc, bust, body, as in
ON. bruskras well as buskr, a bush, tuft,
wisp, Prov. brostia as well as bostia, 2l
box. The form brust, corresponding to
brut as brusc to bruc, would explain the
G. bnist, the breast, the trunk, box, or
chest in which the vitals are contained.
The ultimate origin may be found in the
parallel forms bttk, but, representing a
blow. 7o\.pjik, knock, crack ; Fr. buquer,
Namur busquer (Sigart), Lang, buta, to
knock. Swab, busch, a blow, a bunch of
flowers ; butz, a blow, a projection, stump,
lump. From the figure of striking against
we pass to the notion of a projection,
stump, thick end, stem.

Bustard. A large bird of the gallin-
aceous order. Fr. outard. A great slug-
gish fowl. — B. Sp. abutarda, or avutarda;
Champagne bistardej Prov. austarda,
Fr. outarde. It. ottarda.

Nained from its slowness of flight.
' Proximse iis sunt quas Hispania aves
tardas appellat.' — Plin. 10. 22. Hence
probably au-tarda, otarda, utarda, and
then with avis again prefixed, as in av-
estruz (^avis struthio), an ostrich, avu-
tarda. — Diez. Port, abotarda, betarda.

To Bustle. To hurry or make a great
stir. — B.> Also written buskle.

It is like the smouldering- fire of Mount Chim-
sera, which boiling long time with great buskling
in the bowels of the earth doth at length burst
forth with violent rage. — ^A.D. 1555. — Hal.

Here we see the word applied to the
bubbling up of a boiling liquid, from
which it is metaphorically applied in or-
dinary usage to action accompanied w ith
'a great stir.' ON. bustla, to make a
splash in the water, to bustle. So in
Fin. kupata, hipista, to rustle (parum
strepo) ; kdyn kupajaii crepans ito, I go
clattering about, inde discurro et operosus
sum, I bustle.

Busy. — Business. AS. biseg, bisg,
bisegung, bisgung, occupation, employ-
ment ; bisgan, bysgian, Fris. bysgje, to
occupy; ViM.bezig, beezig, busy, occupied ;
bezigen, to make use of. Busitiess :c3iVi
hardly be distinct from Fr. besoigAe, be-
songne, work, business, an affair. — Cot.
The proceedings of Parliament, a.d. 1372,
speak of lawyers ' pursuant busoignes en

I20 BUT

la Court du Roi.' Perhaps besogne may
be from a G. equivalent of AS. bisgung.

But. As a conjunction but is in every
case the compound be-out, Tooke's dis-
tinction between but, be out, and bot,
moreover, to-boot, being wholly unten-
able.

AS. butan, buta, bute, without, except,
besides ; butan ce, without law, an outlaw ;
butan wite, without punishment ; biitait
•wifum and cildum, besides women and
children. "PLT) ._ bitten j biiten door, ont
of doors ; bitten dai, besides that ; Du.
buiten, without ; buiten-man, a stranger ;
buiten-sorgh, without care.

The cases in which Tooke would ex-
plain the conjunction as signifying boot,
add, in addition, moreover, are. those in
which the word corresponds to the Fr.
mais, and may all be reduced to the
original sense of without, beyond the
bounds of. Whatever is in addition to
something else is beyond the bounds of
the original object.

In Sc. we find ben, from as. binnan,
within, the precise correlative of but,
without ; but and ben, without the house
and within ; then applied to the outer and
inner rooms of a house consisting of two
apartments.

The rent of a room and a kitchen, or what in
the language of the place is styled a tut and a
ten, gives at least two pounds sterling. — Account
of Stirlingshire in Jamieson.

Ben-house, the principal apartment.

The elliptical expression oi butiox only
is well explained by Tooke. Where at
the present day we should say, ' There is
but one thing to be done,' there is really
a negation to be supplied, the full expres-
sion being, ' there is nothing to be done
but one thing,' or ' there is not but one
thing to be done.' Thus Chaucer says,

I ?i'am but a leude compilatour. —

If that ye vouchsafe that in this place —
That I may have not but my meat and drinke,

where now we should write, ' 1 am but a
compiler,' ' that I may have but . my
meat and drink.'

As an instance of what is called the
adversative use of but, viz. that which
would be translated by Fr. mais, — sup-
pose a person in whom we have little
trust has been promising to pay a debt,
we say, ' But when will you pay it ? '
Here the but implies the existence of an-
other point not included among those to
which the debtor has adverted, viz. the
time of payment. ' Besides all that, when
wiU you pay ? '

BUTT

'All the brethren are entertained
bountifully, but Benjamin has a five-fold
portion.' Here the but indicates that Ben-
jamin, by the mode in which he is treated,
is put in a class by himself, outside that
in which his brethren are included.

Butcher. Fr. boucher, Prov. bochier,
Lang, boquier, from boc, a goat (and not
from bouche, the mouth), properly a
slaughterer of goats ; ' que en carieras
publicas li boquiers el sane dels bocs no
jhi^ton, ni avdisson los bocS en las
plassas ' — that the butchers shall not cast
the blood of the goats into the public
ways, nor slaughter the goats in the
streets. — Coutume d'Alost in Diet. Lang.
So in Italian from becco, a goat, beccaro,
beccaio, a butcher ; beccaria, a butchery,
slaughter-house. But It. boccino, young
beef or veal flesh ; bhcciero, a butcher.
Piedm. (children) boc, bocin, ox, calf.

Butler. Fr. bouteillier, as if from bou-
teille, a bottle, the servant in charge of
the bottles, of the wine and drink. But
the name must have arisen before the
principal part of the drinkables would be
kept in bottles, and the real origin of the
word is probably from buttery. Butler,
the officer in charge of the buttery or
collection of casks, as Pantler, the officer
in charge of the pantry. Buttery, from
butt, a baiTel ; Sp. boteria, the store of
barrels or wine skins in a ship.

Butt. A large barrel. It. Fr. botte,
a cask. OFr. bous, bouz, bout, Sp. beta,
a wine skin, a wooden cask. Sp. botija,
an earthen jar ; botilla, a small winebag,
leathern bottle.

The immediate origin of the term is
probably butt in the sense of trunk or
round stem of a tree, then hoUow trunk,
body of a man, belly, bag made of the
entire skin of an animal, wooden recept-
acle for liquors. A similar development
of meaning is seen in the case of E. trunk,
the body of a tree or of a man, also a
hollow vessel ; G. rumpf, the body of an
animal, hollow case, hull of a ship. The
E. bulk was formerly applied to the trunk
or body, and it is essentially the same
word with Lat. bitlga, belly, skin-bag, and
with It. bolgia, a leathern bag, a budget.
A similar train of thought is seen in ON.
bolr, the trunk or body of an animal, bole
of a tree, body of a shirt ; w. bol, bola,
the belly, rotundity of the body, bag.
The Sp. barriga, the belly, is doubtless
connected with barril, a barrel, earthen
jug ; and in E. ^re speak of the barrel of
a horse to signify the round part of the
body. Wall, bodifie, belly, calf of the

BUTT

leg ; bodi, rabodd, courtaud, trapu. —
Grandg. Bav. boding, a barrel. —
Schmell. From Grisons biitt, a cask,
is formed the augmentative buttatich, the
stomach of cattle, a large belly. The
word body itself seems identical with G.
bottich, a tub. The Bavarian potig,
potacha, bottig, signify a cask or tub,
while bottich, bodi', are used in the sense
of body.

To Butt. To strike with the head
like a goat or a ram. From the noise of
a blow. To come full butt against a
thing is to come upon it suddenly, so as
to make a sounding blow. Du. bot, tout
k coup ; bot blijven staan, s'arrgter tout
^ coup. — Halma. Du. botten, to thrust,
to push ; It. botto, a blow, a stroke ; di
botto, suddenly ; botta, a thrust ; It. but-
tare, to cast, to throw ; Lang, bata, to
strike, to thrust ; Fr. boiUer, to thrust, to
push ; w. pwtiaw, to butt, poke, thrust.

The butt or butt end of a thing is the
striking end, the thick end. A butt, on.
butr, the trunk, stump of a tree ; Fr. bout,
end ; W. pwt, any short thick thing,
stump. G. butt, butz, a. short thick thing
or person — Schmeller ; Fr. botte, a bun-
dle ; Du. Fr. bot, thick, clumsy ; pied-
bot, a stump or club foot. — Cot. Gris.
bott, a hill, hillock ; botta, a blow, a, boil,
a clod. Fr. butte, a mound, a heap of
earth ; butter un- arbre, to heap up earth
round the roots of a tree ; butterle c^leris,
to earth up celery ; butter un mur, to
support a wall beginning to bulge ; butte,
E. butt, a mound of turf in a field to sup-
port a target for the purpose of shooting
at.

Fr. but, the prick in the middle of a
target, a scope, aim ; whence to make a
butt of a person, to make him a mark for
the jests of the company.

Fr. buter, to touch at the end, to abut
or butt on, as in G. from stossen, to strike,
to thrust ; an etwas anstossen, to be con-
tiguous to, to abut on.

Hence the butts in a ploughed field
are the strips at the edges of the field, or
headlands upon which the furrows abut ;
but-lands, waste ground, buttals, a corner
of ground. — Hal.

Butter. Lat. butyrum, Gr. povrvpov,
as if from Povg, an ox, but this is probably
a mere adaptation, and the true derivation
seems preserved in the provincial German
of the present day. Bav. buttern, butteln,
to shake backwards and forwards, to boult
flour. Butter-glass, a ribbed glass for
shaking up salad sauce. Buttel-triib,
thick from shaking. Btetter-schmalz,

BUXOM 121

grease produced by churning, i. e. butter,
as distinguished from gelassene schmalz,
dripping, grease that sets by merely
standing. — Schmell.

Butter-fly. So called from the excre-
ment being supposed to resemble butter.
Du. boter-schijte, boter-vliege, boter-vogel.
— Kil.

Buttery. Sp. boteria, the store of
wine in ships kept in bota's or leather
bags. So the buttery is the collection of
drinkables in a house, what is kept in
butts. See Butler.

Buttock. The large muscles of the
seat or breech.

From Du. bout, a bolt, oir spike with a
large head, then the thigh or leg of an
animal, from the large knobbed head of
the thigh-bone. Bout van het schouder-
blad, caput scapula : bout van f been,
femur, coxa, clunis. — Kil. Boutje, a little
gigot, the thigh of a goose, fowl, &c.
Hamele-bout, lams-bout, a leg of mutton,
leg of lamb. A buttock of beef is called
a but in the W. of E. — Hal.

Button. Fr. bouton, a button, bud,
pimple, any small projection, from bouter,
to push, thrust forwards, as rejeton, a
rejected thing, from rejeter, nourrisson, a
nursling, from notirrir, nourrissons, -ez,
&c. So in English pimples were for-
merly called pushes. Gael, put, to push
or ihrust,putan, a button. It is remark-
able that Chaucer, who in general comes
so close to the Fr., always translates
bouton, the rosebud, in the R. R. by bo-
thum and not button. W. both, a boss, a
nave ; bothog, having a rotundity ; botwm,
a boss, a button.

Buttress. An erection built up as a
support to a wall. Fr.. bouter, to thrust ;
arc-boutant, a flying buttress, an arch
built outside to support the side thrust of
a stone roof. Mur-buttant, a wall but-
tress, a short thick wall built to rest
against another which needs support ;
butter, to raise a mound of earth around
the roots of a tree. Boutant, a buttress
or shore post. — Cot.

Buttrice. A farriert tool for paring
horses' hoofs, used by resting the head
against the farrier's chest and pushing
the edge forwards. Perhaps corrupted
from Fr. boutis, the rooting of a wild
boar, the tool working forwards like the
snout of a swine. Fr. bouter, to thrust,
boutoir, a buttrice.

* Buxom. AS. bocsam, buhsom, obe-
dient, from bugan, to bow, give way,
submit ; Fris. bocgsuin, Du. geboogsaem.
fle>(ible, obedient, humble. — Kil.'

122 BUY

For holy churcli hoteth all manere puple
Under obedience to be and buxum to the lawe.

P.P.

Buhsomenesse or boughsomeness. Pli-
ableness or bowsomeness, to wit, humbly
stooping or bowing down in sign of obe-
dience.— Verstegan in R.

The sense of buxom, used in com-
mendation of women, depends upon a
train of thought which has become obso-
lete. To bow down the ear is to listen
favourably to a petition. Hence bowing
or bending was understood as symbolical
of good will, and a bowed or crooked
coin or other object was presented in
order to typify the good will of the sender,
or to conciliate that of the person to
whom it was addressed.

He sent to him his servant secretly the night
before his departure for Newbury with a homed
groat in token of his good heart towards him. —
Foxes Martyrs, iii. 519. Also when she had
bowed a piece of silver to a saint for the health of
her child. — lb. ii. 21. .in N. & Q. Many good
old people — of meere kindness gave me iowd
sixpences and groats, blessing me with their
harty prayers and God speedes. — Ketnpe's nine
days' wonder, p. 3,

Bowable or bowsome (buxom) thus
came to signify well inclined to, favour-
able, gracious.

Thow which barist the Lord make the pa-
troun— rfor to be to us inclineable or bowable or
-redi to heere us. — Pecock Repressor, 200.
Mercy hight that mayde, a meke thynge with

alle,
A ful benygne buirde, and boxome of speche .
— gracious of speech.— P. P. xviii. 116.

A_ buxom dame or lass is then a
gracious, good-humoured one, and when
the derivation of the word was forgotten
it drew with it the sense of good health
and spirits so naturally connected with
good humour.

To Buy. AS. bycgan, bohte, OE. bygge,
to purchase for money. 'Sellers and
biggers:—\Nic\m. The two pronuncia-
tions were both current in the time of
Chaucer, who makes abigg, to abie
rhyme with rigg. See Abie. '

CABAL

Goth, bugjan, bauhta, to \s\xy, frabttg-
jan, to sell.

To Buzz. To make a humming noise
like bees. A direct imitation. Then
applied to speaking low, indistinctly, con-
fusedly. It. buzzicare, to whisper, to
buzz.

Buzzard. A kind of hawk of little
esteem in falconry. Lat. buteoj Fr. buso,
busardj Prov. buzac, buzarg. It. bozzago,
bozzagro, abozzago, a buzzard or puttock.
The name is also given to a beetle, from
the buzzing sound of its flight, and it is
to be thus understood in the expression
blind buzzard. We also say, as blind as
a beetle, as Fr. Mourdi coinme ten han-
neton, as heedless as a cock-chafer, from
the blind way in which they fly against
one.

By. Goth, bi, AS. bi, big, G. bei, Du.
bij, Sanscrit abhi (Dief). Too used a
word to leave any expectation of an ety-
mological explanation, but the senses
may generally be reduced to the notion
of side.

To stand by is to stand aside ; to stand
by one, to stand at his side ; a by-path is
a side path ; to pass by, to pass at the
side of To swear by God is to swear
in the sight of God, to swear with him
by ; to adjure one by any inducement is
to adjure him with that in view. When
it indicates the agent it is because the
agent is considered as standing by his
work.

By-law. Originally the law of a par-
ticular town. Sw. bylag, from by, a
borough, town having separate jurisdic-
tion. ON. byar-log, Dan. bylove, leges
urbanse ; ON. byar-rettr, jus municipii.

Subsequently applied to the separate
laws of any association.

Byre. A cow-house, stall. The ON.
byr, bar, a town, village, farm, does not
appear ever to have been used in the
sense of a stall. The final r moreover is
only the sign of the nominative, and
would have been lost in E. as in Da., Sw.
by.

Cabal. The Jews believed that Moses
received in Sinai not only the law, but
also certain unwritten principles of inter-
pretation, called Cabala or Tradition,
which were handed down from father to

son, and in which mysterious and magi-
cal powers were supposed to reside.—
Diet. Etynj.

Hence the name of caballing was
applied to any secret machinations for

CABBAGE

effecting a purpose ; and a cabal is a con-
clave of persons, secretly plotting together
for their own ends.

Cabbage. From It. capo, OSp. cabo,
head, come the Fr. caboche, a head
(whence cabochard, heady, wilful), cabus,
headed, round or great headed. Choux
cabus, a headed cole or cabbage ; laitue
cabusse, lactuca capitata, headed or cab-
bage lettuce. — Cot. It. cabuccio, capuccio,
a cabbage ; Du. cabuyskoole, brassica
capitata. — Kil.

To Cabbage. To steal or pocket.
Fr. cabas, Du. kabas, Sp. cabacho, a frail,
or rush basket, whence Fr. cabasser, to
put or pack up in a frail, to keep or
hoard together. — Cot. Du. kabaSsen,
convasare, surripere, su/Furari, manticu-
lari — Kil. ; precisely in the sense of the
E. cabbage.

Larron cabasseur de pecune. — Diet. Etym.
Cabin. — Cabinet, w. cab, cabaii, a
booth or hut. It. capanna, Fr. cabane, a
shed, hovel, hut. Tugurium, parva casa
est quam faciunt sibi custodes vinearum
ad tegimen sui. Hoc rustici capannam
vocant. — Isidore in Diez. Item habeat
archimacherus capanam (parvam came-
ram) in coquini ubi species aromaticas,
&c., deponat : a store closet. — Neckam
in Nat. Antiq. Cappa in OSp. signifies
a mantle as well as a hut, and as we find
the same radical syllable in Bohem. kabat,
a tunic, kabane, a jacket ; Fr. gaban. It.
cabarino, E. gabardme, a cloak of felt or
shepherd's frock, it would seem funda-
mentally to signify shelter, covering.
Mod.Gr. Katr-iT-aKt, a covering.

Cable. Ptg. calabre, cabre; Sp. cabre,
cable ; Fr. cdble, OFr. caable, ckaable.

The double a in the OFr. forms indi-
cates the loss of the d extant in the Mid.
Lat. cadabulum, cadabola, originally an
engine of war for hurling large stones ;
and the Fr. chaable, Mid.Lat. cabulus,
had the same signification ; ' une grande
perifere que I'on claime chaable.' — Due.

Sed mox ingentia saxa
Emittit cabulus. — Ibid,

From the sense of a projectile engine
the designation was early transferred to
.the strong rope by which the strain of
such an engine was exerted.

Coticesserint — descarkagium sexaginta dolio-
rum suis instramenys, scilicet caablis et windasio
tantuni. — Due. Didot.

Examples of the fuller form of cadable
in the sense of cable are not given in the
dictionaries, but it would seem to explain

CACKLE

123

the ON. form kactal, a rope or cable. It
is remarkable that the Esthon. has kabbel,
a rope, string, band, and the Arab, 'habl,
a rope, would correspond to cable, as
Turk, havyar to caviare.

The Sp. and Ptg. cabo, a rope, is pro-
bably unconnected, signifying properly a
rope's end, as the part by which the rope
is commonly handled.

The name of the engine, cadabula, or
cadable, as it must have stood in French,
seems a further corruption of calabre (and
not vice versft, as Diez supposes), the
Prov. name of the projectile engine, for
the origin of which see Carabine, Capstan.
We see an example of the opposite change
in Champagne calabre for cadavre, a car-
case.— Tarbe.

Cablisb. Brushwood — B., properly
windfalls, wood broken and thrown down
by the wind, in which sense are explained
the OFr. caables, cables, cab lis. The
origin is the OFr. chaable, caable, an
engine for casting stones. Mid. Lat. cha-
dabula, cadabulum, whence Lang, chabla,
to crush, overwhelm (Diet. Castr.), Fr.
accablcr, to hurl down, overwhelm, OFr.
caable (in legal language), serious injury
from violence without blood, Mid.Lat.
cadabalum, prostratio ad terram. — Due.
In like manner It. traboccare, to hurl
down, from trabocco, an engine for casting
stones ; Mid.Lat. manganare, It. maga-
giiare, OFr. mdhaigner, E. maim, main,
from manganum.

Cack. Very generally used, especially
in children's language, for discharging
the bowels, or as an interjection of dis-
gust to hinder a child firom touching any-
thing dirty. Lang, cacai /■ fi ! c'est du
caca. Du. hack/ phi! respuendi par-
ticula. — Kil. Common to Lat. and Or.,
the Slavonian, Celtic, and Finnish lan-
guages. Gael, ceach / exclamation of
disgust ; cac, dung, dirt ; caca, nasty,
dirty, vile. The origin is the exclamation
ach / ach ! made while straining at stooL
Finn, akista, to strain in such a manner ;
aak! like Fr. caca! vox puerilis detes-
tandi immundum; aakka, stercus, sordes ;

aakkat'a, cacare. Swiss aa, agga, agge,
dirty, disgusting ; agge machen (in nurses'
language), cacare ; gaggi, gaggele, aeggi,
stercus ; gatsch, filth. Gadge 1 is pro-
vincially used in E. as an expression of
disgust. Gr. (ca/coe, bad.

To Cackle. — Gaggle. Imitative of
the cry of hens, geese, &c. Sw. kakla,
Fr. caqueter, Lith. kakaloH, to chatter,

124

CADAVEROUS

prattle ; Turk, kakulla, to cackle ; Du.
kaeckelenj Gr. KaKKat,uv.

Cadaverous. Lat. cadaver, a corpse,
dead body.

Caddy. Tea-caddy, a tea-chest, from
the Chinese catty, the weight of the small
packets in which tea is made up.

* Cade. A pet lamb, one that is brought
up by hand ; a petted child, one unduly
indulged by, and troublesomely attached
to, its mother. — Mrs B. The designation
seems taken from the troublesome bold-
ness and want of respect for man of the
petted animal. ON. kdtr, joyous ; Sw.
dial, kat, frisky, unruly ; Dan. kaad,
wanton, frolicsome ; kaad mund, a flip-
pant tongue ; kaad dreng, a mischievous
boy. — Atkinson.

Cadence. It. cadenza, a falling, a ca-
dence, a low note. — Flo. Fr. cadence, a
just falling, a proportionable time or even
measure in any action or sound. — Cot.
A cha'cmie cadence, ever and anon. It
seems to be used in the sense of a certain
mode of falling from one note to another,
hence musical rhythm. Lat. cadere, to
■fall.

Cadet. Fr. cadet, Gascon capdet, the
younger son of a family ; said to be from
capitetum, little chief. Sp. cabdillo, lord,
master. — Due.

Cadge*. See Kiddier.

Cage. Lat. cavea, a hollow place,
hence a den, coop, cage. Sp. gavia. It.
gabbia, gaggia, Fr. cage. Du. kauwe,
■kevie, G. kdfich.

Caitiff. It. cattivo (from Lat. cap-
tivus), captive, a wretch, bad ; Fr. chetif,
poor, wretched.

To Cajole. Fr. cageoler, caioler, to
prattle or jangle like a jay (in a cage),
to prate much to little purpose. Cajol-
lerie, janghng, babbhng, chattering. —
Cot. The reference to the word cage
hinted at by Cot. is probably delusive.
It is more likely a word formed like
cackle, gaggle, gabble, directly represent-
ing the chattering cries of birds. As Du.
gabberen is identical with E. jabber, so
gabble corresponds with Fr. javioler, to
gabble, prate, or prattle.— Cot. From
hence to cageoler is nearly the same step
as from It. gabbia, to cage.

Cake. Sw. kaka, a cake or loaf. En
kaka br'od, a loaf of bread. Dan. kage,
Du. koeck, G. kuchen, N. kukje, cake.

Calamary. A cuttle-fish, from the
ink-bag which it contains. Lat. calamus,
Turk. Arab, kalem, a reed, reed-pen, pen ;
Mod.Gr. naXaiidpi, an inkstand ; eaXaa-

CALIBRE

aivi/v KoKafiapi, a sea inkstand, cuttle-fish.

Calamity. Lat. calamitas, loss, mis-
fortune. Perhaps from w. coll, loss,
whence Lat. incolumis, without loss, safe.

Calash. — Calocli. An open travelling
chariot. — B. A hooded carriage, whence
calash, a hood stiffened with whalebone
for protecting a head-dress.

Fr. caliche, It. calessa, Sp. calesa.
Originally from a Slavonic source. Serv.
kolo, a wheel, the pi. of which, kola, sig-
nifies a waggon. Pol. kolo, a circle, a
wheel ; kolasa, a common cart, an ugly
waggon ; kolaska, a calash ; Russ. kolo,
kolesb, a wheel ; kolesnitza, a ' waggon ;
kolyaska, kolyasochka, a calesh. In the
same way Fin. ratas, a wheel ; pi. rat-
taat (wheels), a car.

Calc-. Lat. calx, calcis, limestone,
lime ; whence calcareous, of the nature of
lime ; to calcine, to treat like lime, to
bum in a kiln.

Calcialate. Lat. calculo, to compute,
from calculus, a small stone, a counter
used in casting accounts.

Caldron. — Cauldron, Lat. calidus,
hot ; caldarius, caldaria, Fr. chaudiere.
It. (in the augm. form) calderone, Fr.
chaudron, cauldron, a vessel for heating
water.

Calendar. Lat. calendarium, from
calendcE, the first day of the month in
Roman reckoning.

To Calender. — Fr. calendrer, to sleek
or smooth Hnen cloth, &c. — Cot. Calan-
dre, a roller, from Gr. KxiKivh^o^, Lat. cy-
lindrus, a cylinder, roller.

Calenture. A disease of sailors from
desire of land, when they are said to
throw themselves into the sea, taking it
for green fields. Sp. calentura, a fever,
warmth ; calentar, to heat. Lat. calidus,
hot.

Calf. The young of oxen and similar
animals. G. kalb.

Calf of the Leg. on. kalfi, Sw. ben-
kalf, Gael, calpa, calba, or colpa na coise,
the calf of the leg. The primary mean-
ing of the word seems simply a lump.
Calp is riadh, principal and interest, the
lump and the increase. It is another
form of the E. collop, a lump or large
piece, especially of something soft. The
calf of the leg is the coUop of flesh be-"
longing to that member. The Lat. ana-
logue is pulpaj pulpa cruris, the fleshy
part of the leg ; pulpa ligni, Du. kalfvan
hout, the pith or soft part of wood. Dan.
dial, kail, calf of leg, marrow, pith.

* Calibre.— Calliper. Fr. calibre. It.
calibre, colibro, the bore of a cannon.

CALICO

Calliper-compasses, compasses contrived
to measure the diameter of the bore. Sp.
calibre, diameter of a ball, of a column,
of the bore of a firearm ; met. quality.
Ser de buen 6 mal calibre, to be of a good
or bad quality.

Derived by some from Arab. qAlab,
kalib, a last, form, or mould, which does
not give a very satisfactory explanation
either of the form or meaning of the word.
Mahn derives it from Lat. quA librd, of
what weight ? a guess which should be
supported by some evidence of the use of
libra in the sense of weight. According
to Jal (Gl. nautique), the Fr. form in the
1 6th century was Squalibre.

Calico. Fr. calicot, cotton cloth, from
Calicut in the E. Indies, whehce it was
first brought.

Caliph. The successors of Mahomet
in the command of the empire. Turk.
khalif, a successor.

* Caliver. A harquebus or handgun.
The old etymologers supported their
theories by very bold assertions, in which
it is dangerous to place implicit faith.
Sir John Smith in Grose, Mil. Antiq. i.
1 56 (quoted by Marsh), thus accounts for
the origin of the word ; ' It is supposed
by many that the weapon called a caliver
is another thing than a harquebuse,
whereas in troth it is not, but is only a
harquebuse, saving that it is of greater
circuite or bullet than the other is ; where-
fore the Frenchman doth call it z.piicede
calibre, which is as much as to say, a
piece of bigger circuite.' But it is hard
to suppose that E. caliver, or caliever, can
be distinct from ODu. koluvre, klover,
colubrina bombarda, sclopus. — Kil. Ca-
tapulta, donderbuchs — donrebusse vel
clover. — Dief. Sup. Now these Du.
forms are undoubtedly from Lat. coluber,
Fr. couleuvre, an adder, whence couleuv-
rine, coulevrine, and E. culverin, a, kind
of cannon, and sometimes a handgun.
Slange, serpens, coluber ; also, bombarda
longior, vulgo serpentina, colubrina,
colubrum. — Kil. Coluvrine, licht stuk
geschut, colubraria canna, fistula. — Bi-
glotton. The adder or poisonous serpent
was considered as a fire-spitting animal,
and therefore it lent its name to several
kinds of firearms. Among these were the
drake (Bailey), and dragon, the latter of
which has its memory preserved in Du.
dragonder, E. dragoon, a soldier who
originally carried that kind of arm.

To Calk. To drive tow or oakham,
&c., into the seams of vessels to make
them water-tight. Lat. calcare, to tread,

CALM

125

to press or stuff. Prov. calca, calgua, Fr.
cauque, a tent or piece of lint placed in
the orifice of a wound, as the caulking in
the cracks of a ship. Gael, calc, to calk,
ram, drive, push violently; calcaich, to
cram, calk, harden by pressure.

To Call. Gr. KaXka. on. kalla, to call,
to say, to affirm. Du. kal, prattle, chat-
ter ; kallen, to prattle, chatter. Lat. ca-
lare, to proclaim, to call. Probably from
the sound of one hallooing, hollaing.
Fin. hallottaa, alta voce ploro, ululo ;
Turk, kal, word of mouth ; kil-u-kal,
people's remarks, tittle-tattle. Heb. kol,
voice, sound.

* Callet. A depreciatory term for a
woman, a drab, trull, scold. ' A calat of
leude demeaning.' — Chaucer. 'A callet
of boundless tongue.' — Winter's Tale. Fr.
caillette, femme frivole et babillarde. —
Diet. Lang. Probably an unmeasured
use of the tongue is the leading idea.
NE. to callet, to rail or scold ; calleting,
pert, saucy, gossiping. ' They snap and
callit like a couple of cur dogs.' — Whitby
Gl. To call, to abuse ; a good calling, a
round of abuse. — Ibid.

Callous. Hard, brawny, having a thick
skin. — B. Lat. callus, callum, skin hard-
ened by labour, the hard surface of the
ground. Fin. kallo, the scalp or skull,
jda-kallo, a crust of ice over the roads

(jaa= ice).

Callow. Unfledged, not covered with
feathers. Lat. calvus, AS. calo, caluw,
Du. kael, kahcwe, bald.

Calm. It. Sp. calma, Fr. calme, ab-
sence of wind, quiet. The primitive
meaning of the word, however, seems to
be heat. Sp. dial, calma, the heat of
the day. — Diez. Ptg. cahna, heat, cal-
moso, hot. The origin is Gr. Kavfia, heat,
from Ka'tm, to burn. Mid.Lat. cauma, the
heat of the sun. ' Dum ex nimio caumate
lassus ad quandam declinaret umbram.'
Cauma — incendium, calor, sestus. — Due.
The word was also written cawme in OE.
The change from a. u to an I in such a
position is much less common than the
converse, but many examples may be
given. So It. oldire from audire, to hear,
palmento for pamnento from pavim.en~
turn, Sc. chalmer for chawmer from
chamber.

The reference to heat is preserved in.
the It. scalmato, faint, overheated, over-
done with heat — Alt. ; scalmaccio, a sul-
try, faint, moist, or languishing drought
and heat. — Fl. Thus the word came to
be used mainly with a reference to the

126

CALOYER

oppressive effects of heat, and gave rise
to the Lang. cAouma, ckaouma, to avoid
the heat, to take rest in the heat of the
day, whence the Fr. chommer, to abstain
from work. The Grisons cauina, a shady
spot for cattle, a spot in which they take
refuge from the heat of the day, would
lead us to suppose that in expressing 'ab-
sence of wind the notion of shelter may
have been transferred from the sun's rays
to the force of the wind. Or the word
may have acquired that signification from
the oppressiveness of the sun being
mainly felt in the absence of wind.

Caloyer. A Greek monk. Mod.Gr.
Kakoycpos, icaSoytipoe, monk, properly good
old man, from xaXbg, good, and yspiuv,
aged.

Calumny. Lat. calutmiia, a, slander,
false imputation.

Calvered Salmon. Properly calver
salmon, the fish dressed as soon as it is
caught, when its substance appears inter-
spersed with white flakes like curd. From
Sc. callour, callar, fresh. Calver of
samon, escume de saumon. — Palsgr.
'Take calwar samon and seeth it in
lewe water.' — Forme of Cury in Way.
' Quhen the salmondis faillis thair loup,
thay fall callour in the said caldrounis
and are than maist delitious to the mouth.'
— Bellenden in Jam.

Calyx. Lat. calix, a. cup, a goblet ;
calj'x, the bud, cup, or hollow of a
flower.

Cambering.— Cambrel. A ship's deck
is said to lie cambering when it does not
lie level, but is higher in the middle than
at the ends. — B. Fr. cambrer, to bow,
crook, arch; cambre, cambr^, crooked,
arched. Sp. co7nbar, to bend, to warp,
to jut. Bret._ kamm, arched, crooked,
lame. Gr. KafivTu, to bend, ko/utuXoc,
crooked, hooked. E. camber-nosed, having
an aquiline nose.— Jam. Cambrel, cam-
bren, w. campren, crooked-stick, a crook-
ed stick with notches in it on which
butchers hang their meat. — B.

Cambric. A sort of fine linen cloth
brought from Cambrai in Flanders.— B.
Fr. Cambray, or toile de Cambrav—Cam-
bric— Cot.
Camel. Gr. KafitjUe, Lat. camelus.
Cameo. It. catmneo, Fr. cam^e, ca-
maien, Sp. Ptg. camafeo, Mid.Lat. caina-
helus, camahutus.

Camisade. Sp. camisa, It. camiscia,
a shu-t, whence Fr. camisade. It. camis-
cieia, a night attack upon the enemies'
camp, the shirt being worn over the
clothes to distinguish the attacking party.

CANN

or rather perhaps a surprise of the
enemy in their shirts.

Camlet. Fr. camelot. A stuff made
of camel's or goat's hair. It was distin-
guished by a wavy or watered surface.
Camelot a ondes, water chamlet ; camelot
plenier, unwater chamelot ; se cameloter,
to grow rugged or full of wrinkles, to be-
come waved like chamlet. — Cot.

Camp. — Campaign. — Champaign.
Lat. campus, It. campo, Fr. champ, a
plain, field ; It. campo, Fr. camp, a camp
or temporary residence in the open field.
From campus was formed Lat. catnpa-
nia, It. campagna, Fr. champagne, a field
country, open and level ground, E. cham-
paign.

In a different application It. campagna,
Fr. campagne, E. campaign, the space of
time every year that an army continues
in the field during a war. — B.

Canal — Channel. Lat. canalis, a
conduit-pipe, the bed of a stream, the
fluting or furrow in a column ; canna, a'
cane, the type of a hollow pipe.

Cancel. Lat. cancello, to make like a
lattice, cross out by scoring across and
across ; cancelli, a lattice.
Cancer. See Canker.
Candid.— Candidate. Lat. candidus,
white, fair, plain-dealing, frank and sin-
cere : candidatus, clothed in white,
whence the noun signifying an applicant,
aspirant, because those aspiring to any
principal office of State presented them-
selves in a white toga while soUciting the
votes of the citizens.

Candle.— Chandelier. Lat. candela,
Fr. chandelle, from candere, to glow.

Candy. Sugar in a state of crystallis-
ation. Pers. Arab. Turk, kand, sugar.
Sanson khanda, a piece, sugar in pieces or
lumps ; khand, to break.

Canibal. An eater of human flesh.
From the Cannibals, or Caribs, or Gali-
bis, the original inhabitants of the W.
India Islands, the name being differently
pronounced by different sections of the
nation, some of whom, like the Chinese,
had no r in their language. Peter Martyr,
who died in 1526, calls them Cannibals
or Caribees.

The Caribes I learned to be men-eaters or
cannibals, and great enemies to the inhabitants
of Trinidad.— Hackluyt in R.

Canine. Lat. canis, a dog.

Canister. Lat. canistrum, a basket.

Canker. Fr. chaitcre, an eating, spread-
mg sore. Lat. cancer, a crab, also an
eatmg sore.

Cann. on. kanna, a large drinking

CANNEL

vessel. Perhaps from W. cannu, to con-
tain, as rummer, a drinking glass, from
Dan. rumme, to contain. But it may be
from a different source. Prov. cane, a
reed, cane, also a measure. Fr. cane, a
measure for cloth, being a yard or there-
abouts ; also a can or such-like measure
for vfine. — Cot. A joint of a hollow stalk
would be one of the earliest vessels for
holding liquids, as a reed would afford
the readiest measure of length.

Cannel Coal. Coal burning with
much bright flame, like a torch or candle.
N. kyndel, kynnel, a torch.

Cannoii. It. cannone, properly a large
pipe, from canna, a reed, a tube. Prov.
canon, a pipe.

Canoe. An Indian boat made of the
hollowed trunk of a tree. Sp. canoa, from
the native term. Yet it is remarkable
that the G. has kahn, a boat. OFr. cane,
a ship ; canot, a small boat. — Diez.

Canon. — To Canonise. From Gr.
Kavt\, KCLvva, a cane, was formed Kavtiiv, a
straight rod, a ruler, and met. a rule or
standard of excellence. Hence Lat. canon
was used by the ecclesiastical writers for
a tried or authorised list or roll. The
ca?ion of scriptures is the tried roll of
sacred writers. To canonise, to put upon
the tried list of saints.

Again we have Lat. canonicus, regular,
canonici, the canons or regular clergy of
a cathedral.

Canopy. Mod.Gr. Kavutiriiav , a mos-
quito curtain, bed curtain, from kwvwxIi, a
gnat.

Cant. Cant is properly the language
spoken by thieves and beggars among
themselves, when they do not wish to be
understood by bystanders. It therefore
cannot be derived from the sing-song or
whining tone in which they demand alms.
The word seems to be taken from Gael.
cainnt, speech, language, applied in the
first instance to the special language of
rogues and beggars, and subsequently to
the pecuhar terms used by any other pro-
fession or community.

The Doctor here,
When he discourseth of dissection,
Of vena cava and of vena porta,
The meserseum and the mesentericum,
What does he else but cant f or if he run
To his judicial astrology.

And trowl the trine, the quartile, and the sex-
tile, &c.
Does he not catii f who here can understand him?

B. Jonson.

Gael, can, to sing, say, name, call.

Canteen. It. cantina, a wine-cellar or
vault.

CAPARISON

127

Canter. A slow gallop, formerly called
a Canterbury gallop. If the word had
been from cantherius, a gelding, it would
have been found in the continental lan-
guages, which is not the case.

Cantle. A piece of anything, as a
cantle of bread, cheese, &c. — B.. Fr.
chantel, chanteau, Picard. canteau, a
corner-piece or piece broken off the cor-
ner, and hence a gobbet, lump, or cantell
of bread, &c.— Cot. Du. kandt-broodts,
a hunch of bread. — Kil. ON. kantr, a
side, border ; Dan. haitt, edge, border,
region, quarter ; It. canto, side, part,
quarter, corner. A cantle then is a corner
of a thing, the part easiest broken off.
Fin. kanta, the heel, thence anything pro-
jecting or cornered ; kuun-kanta, a horn
of the moon ; leiwan kanta, margo panis
diffracta, a cantle of bread. Esthon. kq,n,
kand, the heel.

Canton. Fr. canton. It. cantone, a di-
vision of a country. Probably only the
augmentative of canto, a corner, although
it has been supposed to be the equivalent
of the E. territorial hundred, W. cantref,
cantred, from cant, a hundred, and tref,
hamlet.

Canvas. From Lat. cannabis, hemp.
It. cannevo, canapa, hemp, cannevaccia,
canapaccia, coarse hemp, coarse hempen
cloth ; Fr. canevas, canvas. To canvas
a matter is a metaphor taken from sifting
a substance through canvas, and the verb
sift itself is used in like manner for ex-
amining a matter thoroughly to the very
grounds.

* Cap. — Cape. — Cope. as. cappe, a
cap, cape, cope, hood. Sp. capa, a cloak,
coat, cover ; It. cappa, Fr. chape. Words
beginning with// or c/are frequently ac-
companied by synonymous forms in which
the / is omitted, and probably the origin
of the present words ma)»be found in the
notion of a piece of something flat clapped
on another surface like the flap of a gar-
ment turned back upon itself Flappe of
a gowne, cappe. — Palsgr. See Chape.
Swab, schlapp, hirnschlapple, a scull-
cap. Gugel, capello Italis, Germanis
kdppen, Alamannis, schlappen. — Goldast
in Schmid. Schwab. Wtb.

The root cap, signifying cover, is found
in languages of very different stocks.
Mod.Gr. KaTTiram, a cover ; Turk, kapa-
mak, to shut, clqse, cover ; kapi, a door ;
kaput, a cloak ; kapali, shut, covered.

Capable. — Capacious. It. capevole,
capace, Lat. capax, able to receive, con-
tain, or hold. See Capt-.

Capari.^on. Sp. caparazon, carcase

128 CAPE

of a fowl, cover of a saddle, of a coach,
or other things.

Cape. A headland. It. caj)o, a head.
See Chief.

Caper. To caper or cut capers is to
make leaps like a kid or goat. It. capro,
a buck, frort^Lat. caper j caprio, capriola,
a capriol, a chevret, a young kid ; met. a
capriol or caper in dancing, a leap that
cunning riders teach their horses. — Fl.
Fr. capriole, a caper in dancing, also the
capriole, sault, or goat's leap (done by a
horse). — Cot.

Capers. A shrub. Lat. capparis, Fr.
cApre, Sp. alcaparra, Arab, algabr.

Capillary. Hair-like. Lat. capillus,
a hair.

Capital. Lat. capitalis, belonging to
the head, principal, chief. From caput,
the head. Hence capitalis the sum lent,
the principal part of the debt, as distin-
guished from the interest accruing upon
it. Then funds or store of wealth viewed
as the means of earning profit.

To Capitulate. Lat. capitulare, to
treat upon terms ; from capitulum, a little
head, a separate division of a matter.

Capon. A castrated cock. Sp. capar,
to castrate. Mod.Gr. airoKOTrrw, to cut
off, abridge ; amKoTroq, cut, castrated.

Caprice. It. cappriccio, explained by
Diez from capra, a goat, for which he
cites the Comask nucia, a kid, and 7tucc,
caprice ; It. ticchio, caprice, and OHG.
ziki, kid. The true derivation lies in a
different direction. The connection be-
tween sound and the movement of the
sonorous medium is so apparent, that the
terms expressing modifications of the one
are frequently transferred to the other
subject. Thus we speak of sound vibrat-
ing in the ears ; of a tremtdoiis sound,
for one in which there is a quick succes-
sion of varying .impressions on the ear.
The words by which we represent a sound
of such a nature are then applied to signify
trembling or shivering action. To twitter
is used in the first instance of the chirping
of birds, and then of nervous tremulous-
ness of the bodily frame. To chitter is
both to chirp and to shiver. — Hal. It is
probable that Gr. ^ptirffw originally signi-
fied to rustle, as Fr. frisser {frissement
d'un trait, the whizzing of an arrow —
Cot.), then to be in a state of vibration,
to ruffle the surface of water, or, as Fr,
frissoner, to shudder, the hair to stand on
end. <I>pi'?oe, bristling, curling, because
the same condition of the nerves which
produces shivering also causes the hair
to stand on end. The same imitation of

CAPRICE

a rustling, twittering, crackling sound
gives rise to Sc. brissle, birsle, to broil, to
parch, Lang, brezilia, to twitter as birds,
Genevese bresoler, brisoler, to broil, to
tingle {I'os qui bresole, the singing'bone).
It. brisciare, to shiver for cold, and with
an initial gr instead of br, Fr. greziller,
to crackle, wriggle, frizzle, grisser, to
crackle. It. gricciare, to chill and chatter
with one's teeth, aggricciare, to astonish
and affright and make one's hair stand on
end. In Lat. ericius, a hedge-hog. It.
riccio, hedge-hog, prickly husk of chest-
nut, curl, Fr. rissoler, to fry, h^risser, It.
arricciarsi, the hair to stand on end, the
initial mute of forms like Gr. ^piKos, It.
brisciare, gricciare, is either wholly lost,
or represented by the syllable e, hi, as in
Lat. erica, compared with Bret, brug, w.
grug, heath, or Lat. eruca compared with
It. bruco, a caterpillar.

We then find the symptoms of shiver-
ing, chattering of the teeth, roughening
of the skin, hair- standing on end, em-
ployed to express a passionate longing for
a thing, as in Sophocles' t^pi?' fpwTi, I have
shivered with love. 'A tumult of delight
invaded his soul, and his body bristled
with joy' — Vikram, p. 75, where Burton
adds in a note. Unexpected pleasure, ac-
cording to the Hindoos, gives a bristly
elevation to the down of the body.

The effect of eager expectation in pro-
ducing such a bodily affection may fre-
quently be observed in a dog waiting for
a morsel of what his master is eating.
So we speak of thrillitig with emotion or
desire, and this symptomatic shuddering
seems the primary meaning of earn or
yearn, to desire earnestly. To earne
within is translated by Sherwood by
frissonner ; to yearne, s'hdrisser, frisson-
ner ; a yearning through sudden fear,
herissonnement, horripilation. And simi-
larly to yearn, arricciarsi. — Torriano.

Many words signifying originally to
crackle or rustle, then to shiver or shud-
der, are in like manner used metaphori-
cally in the sense of eager desire, as Fr.
grisser, greziller, grillcr, brisoler j ' Elles
grissoient d'ardeur de le voir, they longed
extremely to see it.' — Cot. ' Griller d'im-
patience.'— Trev. ' II bresole (Gl. G^-
ndv.) — grezille (Supp. Acad.) d'etre
marid.'

The It. brisciare, to shiver, gives rise
to brezza, shivering, ribrezzo, a ch illness,
shivering, horror, and also a skittish or
humorous toy, rihrczzoso, humorous, fan-
tastical, suddenly angry.— Fl. So from
Sw. knis, bristling, curly, knis-hujwud

CAPRIOLE

(bristly-head), one odd, fantastic, hard
to please. — Nordfoss. Du. krul, a ca-
price, fancy. The exact counterpart
to this is It. arriccia-capo (Fl.), or the
synonymous capriccio (capo-riccio), a
shivering fit (Altieri), and tropically, a
sudden fear apprehended, a fantastical
humour, a humorous conceit making one's
hair to stand on end. — Fl. Fr. caprice, a
sudden will, desire, or purpose to do a
thing for which one has no apparent
reason. — Cot.

Capriole. See Caper.

Capstan. — Capstern. — Crab. Sp. ca-
hrestante, cabestrantej Fr. cabestan. The
name of the goat was given in many lan-
guages (probably for the reason explained
under Carabine) to an engine for throw-
ing stones, and was subsequently applied
to a machine for raising heavy weights or
exerting a heavy pull. OSp. cabra, ca-
breia, an engine for throwing stones. It.
capra, a skid or such engine to raise or
mount great ordnance withal ; also tres-
sels, also a kind of rack. — Fl. G. bock, a
trestle, a windlass, a. crab or instrument
to wind up weights, a kind of torture. —
Kiittner. Fr. chevre, a machine for rais-
ing heavy weights. In the S. of France
the transposition of the r converts capra
into crabo, a she-goat, also a windlass for
raising heavy weights (explaining the
origin of E. crab s.s.), a sawing-block or
trestles. — Diet. Castr.

The meaning of the Sp. cabrestante
(whence e. capstern or capstan) now be-
comes apparent. It is a standing crab, a
windlass set upright for the purpose of
enabling a large number of men to work
at it, in opposition to the ordinary modi-
fication of the machine, where it is more
convenient to make the axis horizontal.

Capsule. Lat. capsula, dim. of capsa,
a coffer, box, case.

Capt-. -cept. -ceive. Lat. capio,
captus, to take, seize, hold, contain,
whence capture, captive, captivate, &c.

The a of capio changes to an z in com-
position, and of captus to an e, as in
accipio, acceptus, to take to, to accept;
recipio, receptus, to take baclc, to receive ;
receptio, a taking back, a reception. But
in passing into Spanish the radical sylla-
ble -cip- of these compound verbs, re-
cipere, concipere, &c., was converted into
-ceb- or -cib-, and in French into -cev-j as
in Sp. recibir, concebir, Fr. recevoir, conce-
voir. Passing on into E., which has re-
ceived by far the greater part of its Latin
derivatives through the French, the -cev-
ofthe Fr. verbs gives rise to the element i

CARABINE

129

-ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, de-
ceive.

The participial form of the root in com-
pound verbs, -cept, did not suffer the same
corruption in French, and has thus de-
scended unaltered to English, where it
forms a very large class of compounds,
accept, except, precept, intercept, deception,
conception, &c. In cases, however, where
the -cept was final or was only followed
by an e mute, the p was commonly not
pronounced in French, as in OFr. concept,
recepte, decepte, and has accordingly been
lost in E. conceit, deceit, while it still keeps
its ground in the writing oi receipt although
wholly unpronounced.

Captain. It. capitano, a head man,
commander, from Lat. caput, capitis,
head.

Capuchin. It. capuccio, capp%tccio, a
hood (dim. di cappa, a cloke) ; capuccino,
a hooded friar, a capuchin.

Car. — Cart. — Carry. Lat. cams. It.
carro, Fr. char. In all probability from
the creaking of the wheels, oisr. karra,
Du. karren, kerren, to creak, also to carry
on a car ; karrende waegen, a creaking
waggon. Fin. karista, strideo, crepo. Sp.
chirriar, to creak, chirrion, a tumbrel or
strong dung-cart which creaks very loudly.
— Neumann. Derivatives are Fr. char-
rier, to carry ; It. caricare, Fr. charger, to
load ; It. carretta, Fr. charret, a cart.

Carabine. — Carbine. The It. cala-
brino, Fr. calabrin, carabin, was a kind
of horse soldier, latterly, at least, a horse-
man armed with a carbine or arquebus.
Carabin, a. carbine or curbeenej anarque-
buzier armed with a murrian and breast-
plate and serving on horseback. — Cot.

Les carahins sont des arquebusiers k cheval
qtii vont devant les compagnies des gens de guerre
comnie pour reconnaitre les ennemis et lesescar-
moucher. — Caseneuve in Diet. Etym.

As the soldiers would naturally be
named from their peculiar armament, it
is inferred by Diez with great probability
that the term calabre, originally signifying
a catapult or machine for casting stones,
was transferred on the invention of gun-
powder to a firelock, and that the cala-
brins or carabins were named from
carrying a weapon of that designation, as
the dragoons (Du. dragonder) from carry-
ing the gun called a dragon. It was
natural that the names of the old siege
machines for casting stones should be
transferred to the more efficient kinds of
ordnance brought into use on the dis-
covery of gunpowder. Thus the musket,
It. tnoschetta, was originally a missile

I30

CARACOL

discharged from some kind of spring ma-
chine. Ptg. espi7igarda, a firelock, is the
ancient springald, a machine for casting
large darts, and catapulta, properly a
siege machine, is the word used in mo-
dern Lat. for a gun.

The term calabre as the name of a pro-
jectile engine is probably a corruption of
cabre from cabra, a goat, in the same way
that the Sp. calambre has been formed
from the same source with the synon-
ymous E. cramp. Ptg. cabre and calabre
are both used in the sense of a cable, an
instrument for exerting a heavy strain.

The reason why the name of the goat
is used to designate a machine for cast-
ing stones is probably that the term was
first .applied to a battering-ram (G. boch, a
he-goat, a battering-ram), a machine
named by the most obvious analogy after
the goat and ram, whose mode of attack
is to rush violently with their heads
against their opponent. From the bat-
tering-ram, the earliest instrument of
mural attack, the name might naturally
be transferred to the more complicated
military engines made for hurling stones,
from whence it seems to have descended
to the harmless crabs and cranes of our
mercantile times, designated in the case
of G. bock and Fr. chevre by the name of
the goat. Sp. cabra, cabreia, cabrita, an
engine for hurling stones, a crane. — Neu-
mann.

Caraool. The half turn which a horse-
man makes to the right or left ; also a
winding staircase. Sp. caracal, a snail,
a winding staircase, turn of a horse.
Gael, car, a twist, bend, winding ; carach,
winding, turning. AS. cerran, to turn.

Carat. Gr. KtpaTwv, Venet. carate,
seed of carob. Arab, kirat, Sp. quilato,
a small weight. Fr. silique, the husk or
cod of beans, &c., and particularly the
carob or carob bean-cod ; also a poise
among physicians, &c., coming to four
grains. Carrob, the carob bean, also a
small weight, among mint-men and gold-
smiths making the 24th of an ounce. —
Cot.

Caravan. Pers. kerwan.

Caravel. It. caravela, a kind of ship.
Mod.Gr. «capa'|8i, Gael, carbh, a ship. Fr.
carabe, a corracle or skiff of osier covered
with skin. — Cot. See Carpenter.

Carbonaceous. — Carbuncle. Lat.
carbo,z. burning coal,- charcoal ; carbun-
culus (dim. of carbo), a gem resembling a
live coal, also (as Gr. avSpaS,, of the same
primary meaning) a malignant ulcer, the
suppuration of which seems to be re-

CARD

garded as internal burning. Comp.
OHG. eit, fire ; eitar, matter, poison ;
eiz, an ulcer.

Carboy. A large glass bottle cased in
wicker for holding vitriol. Derived in
the first edition from Mod. Gr. Kapaiixoyia
(caraboyia), vitriol, copperas. But Mr
Marsh points out that the Gr. word is
only an adoption of the Turk, kard boyd,
black dye, and is applied exclusively to
copperas or green vitriol, a solid body
which could never have been packed in
bottles, and so could not have given its
name to the carboy. There is no doubt
that the name comes from the East.
Thus Ksempfer (Amaan. Exot. p. 379) de-
scribes vessels for containing wine made
at Shiraz, ' Vasa vitrea, alia sunt majora,
ampuUacea et circumdato scirpo tunicata,
quse vocant karabd.' From the same
source are SicU. carabba, a bottle with
big belly and narrow neck ; It. caraffa,
Sp. garafa, Fr. caraffe, decanter, wine-
bottle.

Carcase. Mod.Gr. tcapKaai, a quiver,
carcase ; — tov avdpu*irivov atiifiaro^, the
skeleton ; — Trjg xeXwwac, the shell of a tor-
toise. It. carcasso, a quiver, the core of
fruit ; car came, a dead carcase, skeleton,
carcanet. Fr. carquasse, the dead body
of any creature, a pelt or dead bird to
take down a hawk withal ; carquois, a
quiver ; carquan, a collar or chain for the
neck. — Cot. Sp. Carcax, a quiver ; car-
casa, a skeleton. Cat. carcanada, the
carcase of a fowl. The radical meaning
seems to be something holding together,
confining, constraining ; shell, case, or
framework. W. carch, restraint ; Gael.
carcaij; a coffer, a prison. Bohem. krciti,
to draw in, contract.

The word is explained oy Diez from
camis capsa, the case of the flesh. It.
cassa, a case or chest ; casso, the trunk or
chest of the body ; Parmesan cassiron,
skeleton.

Card. I. An implement for dressing
wool. Lat. carere, carmiiiarc, to comb
wool ; carduus, a thistle. It. cardo, a this-
tle, teasel for dressing woollen cloth.
Lith. karszti, to ripple flax, to strip off the
heads by drawing the flax through a
comb, to card wool, to curry horses ;
karsztuwas, a ripple for flax, wool card,
curry-comb. Gael, card, to card wool,
&c., cdrlag, a lock of wool ; carta, a wool
card. The fundamental idea is the no-
tion of scraping or scratching, and the
expression arises from an imitation of the
noise. ON. karra, to creak, to hiss (as
gee^e), to comb; karri, a card or comb ;

CARD

karr-kambar, wool cards. G. scharren,
to scrape ; kratzen, to scratch.

Card, 2. — Cartel. — Chart.— Charter.
Lat. charta (Gr. x'»P'"^s)) paper, paper
written on or the writing itself, whence
the several meanings of the words above :
Fr. cdrle, a card, charie, chartre, a deed,
record.

Cardinal. From. Lat. cardo, cardinis,
a hinge, that on wliich the matter hinges,
principal, fundamental. Gael, car, a turn,
winding.

Care. AS. cearian, carian, to take
hoed, care, be anxious. Goth, kara,
care ; unkarja, careless ; gakaran, to
take care of. .

Probably the origin of the word is the
act of moaning, murmuring, or grumbling

at what is felt as grievous. Fin. karista,
rauc4 voce loquor vel ravum sonum edo,
strideo, morosus sum, murren, zanken ;

karry, asper, morosus, rixosus. A like
connection may be seen between Fin. sur-
rata, stridere, to whirr (schnurren), and
sum, sorrow, care ; on. kumra, to growl,
mutter, and G. kummer, grief, sorrow,
distress ; Fin. murista, murahtaa, to
growl, and murhet, sgritudo animi, moe-
ror, cura intenta. The Lat. cura may be
compared with Fin. kurista, voce strepo
stridente, inde murmuro vel ffigre fero,
quirito ut infans.

To Careen, To refit a ship by bring-
ing her down on one side and supporting
her while she is repaired on the other.
Properly, to clean the bottom of the ship.
It. carena, the keel, bottom, or whole
bulk of a ship ; dare la carena alle nam,
to tallow or calk the bottom of a ship.
Carenare, Fr. carener, from Lat. carina,
the keel of a vessel. Venet. carena, the
hull of a ship, from the keel to the water
line ; essere in carena, to lie on its side.
— Boerio.

Career. It. carriera, Fr. carriire, a
highway, road, or street, also a career on
horseback, place for exercise on horse-
back.— Cot. Properly a car-road, from
carrus. — Diez.

Caress. Fr. caresse. It. carezza, an
endearment, w. caru, Bret, karout, to
love. Bret, karantez, love, affection, ca-
ress. Mid.Lat. caritia, from carus, dear.

Et quum Punzilupus intrasset domum ubi es-
sent hasretici, videntibus omnibus fecit magnas
carinas et ostendit magnam amicitiam et famili-
aritatem dictis hsereticis. — Mur. in Carp.

Carfax. A place where four roads
meet. Mid.Lat. quadrifurcum from qua-
tuorfurcm (Burguy), as quadrivium from

CARNAVAL

131

quatuor viae. OFr. carrefourg, quarre-
four, the part of a town where four streets
meet at a head. — Cot.

A I'entree de Luxembourg
Lieu n'y avoit ni carrefourg
Dont Ten n'eust veu venir les gens.

Rom. de Parthenay.

Translated in MS. Trin. Coll.,

No place there had, neither carfoukes none
But peple shold se ther come many one.

W. W. Slceat, in N. & Q., Sept. 8, 1S66.
' Thei enbusshed hem agein a carfowgh of six
weyes.' — Merlin, p. 273.

Cargo. Sp. cargo, the load of a ship.
It. caricare, carcare, Sp. cargar, Ptg. car-
regar, Fr. charger, to load. From carrus,
whence carricare, to load, in St Jerome.
—Due.

Caricature. It. caricatura, an over-
loaded representation of anything, from
caricare, to load.

Cark. AS. cearig, soUicitus ; OSax.
mod-carag, msstus. OHG. charag, charg,
carch, astutus. G. karg, Dan. karrig,
stingy, niggardly ; ON. kargr, tenax, piger,
ignarus. W. carcus, solicitous.

Carl. A clown or churl. AS. ceorl,
ON. karl, a man, male person.

Carlings. — Carled peas. Peas steep-
ed and fried, G. kroU-erbser. Fr. graller,
to parch, grolU, parched or carled, as
peas, beans, &c. — Cot. Groler, to fry or
broil. — Roquef. Champ, giierlir, to fry,
from the crackling sound ; Fr. croller,
to murmur — Roquef. ; crosier, to shake,
tremble, quaver ; Bois crolant d'un ladre,
a lazar's clack, E. crawl, crowl, to rumble.

Carminative. A medical term from
the old theory of humours. The object
of carminatives is to expel wind, but the
theory is that they dilute and relax the
gross humours from whence the wind
arises, combing them out like the knots
in wool. It. carminare, to card wool,
also by medicines to make gross humours
fine and thin. — Fl.

For the root of carminare, see Garble,
and compare Bret, kribina, to comb flax
or hemp, as carminare, to comb wool.

Carnage. — Carnal. — Charnel. Lat.
caro, carnis, the flesh of animals ; carna-
lis, appertaining to the flesh. Fr. charnel,
carnal, sensual, charneux, fleshy ; charn-
age, the time during which it is lawful
to Rom. Cath. to eat flesh.

Carnaval. The period of festivities
indulged in in Catholic countries, imme-
diately before the long fast of Lent. It.
carnavale, camovale, carnasciale, Fare-
well flesh, that is to say. Shrove tide. —
Fl. This however is one of those ac-
9 *

132 CAROL

commodations so frequently modifying the
form of words. The true derivation is
seen in Mid.Lat. cariielevamen or carnis
levamen, i. e. the solace of the flesh or of
the bodily appetite, permitted in anticipa-
tion of the long fast. In a MS. descrip-
tion of the Carnival of the beginning of
the 13th century, quoted by Carpentier,
it is spoken of as ' delectatio nostri cor-
poris.' The name then appears under
the corrupted forms of Carnelevariiim,
Carnelevale, Carnevale. ' In Dominica
in caput Quadragesimas quae dicitur
Carnelevale.' — Ordo Eccles. Mediol. A.D.
1 1 30, in Carp. Other names of the sea-
son were Car7iicapiuin, Shrove Tuesday,
and Carnem laxare (It. carnelascid),
whence the form carnasciale, differing
about as much from its parent carnelascia
as carnaval from carnelevamen.

Carol. Properly a round dance, Fr.
Carole, querole. Bret, koroll, a dance, W.
coroli, to reel, to dance.

Tho mightist thou karollis sene

And folke daunce and merle ben,

And made many a faire tourning

Upon the grene grasse springing.— R. R. 760.

Chanson de carole, a song accompany-
ing a dance ; then, as Fr. balade from It.
ballare, to dance, applied to the song it-
self Diez suggests choruhts from chorus
as the origin. But we have no occasion
to invent a diminutive, as the Lat. corolla
from corona gives the exact sense re-
quired. Robert of Brunne calls the cir-
cuit of Druidical stones a carol.

This Bretons renged about the felde

The karole of the stones behelde,

Many tyme yede tham about,

Biheld within, biheld without. — Pref. cxciv.

Carouse. The derivation from kroes,
a drinking cup, is erroneous, and there is
no doubt that the old explanation from
G. gar aus / all out ! is correct. ' The
custom,' says Motley (United Neth. 2.
94), ' was then prevalent at banquets for
the revellers to pledge each other in rota-
tion, each draining a great cup and ex-
acting the same feat from his neighbour,
who then emptied his goblet as a chal-
lenge to his next comrade.' When the
goblet was emptied it pi-obably would be
turned upside down with the exclamation
gar aus! This was what was called
drinking caroicse.

The tippling sots, at midnight which

To quaff carouse do use,
Will hate thee if at any time

To pledge them thou refuse,— Drant in R.
Sp. carduz, cardos, act of drinking a full
bumper to one's health.— Neum. ' Ein

CARPET

narr schiittet sein herz gar aus : ' a fool
empties his heart completely out. ' Some
of our csL^gtahies garoused oi his wine till
they were reasonably pliant — And are
themselves at their meetings and feasts
the greatest garousers and drunkards in
existence.' — Raleigh, Discov. of Guiana,
cited by Marsh.

The derivation is made completely
certain by the use of all out in the same
sense. I quaught, I drink all out,]e bois
d'autant. — Palsgr. Alluz (G. all aus), all
out, or a carouse fully drunk up. — Cot.
Rabelais uses boire carrous et alluz.
Why give's some wine then, this will fit us all :
Here's to you still my captains friend. All out I
B. and F. Beggars Bush.

To Carp. i. Carpyn or talkyn, fabulor,
confabulor, garrulo. — Pr. Pm.

So gone they forthe, carpende fast
On this, on that. — Gower in Way.

Bohem. krapati, garrire, to chatter ;
krapanj, tattle, chatter. ON. skraf, dis-
course, chatter ; skra/a, to rustle, to talk.
Analogous to E. chirp.

2. Lat. carpo, to gather, pluck, pluck
at, to find fault with.

Carpenter. Lat. carpentum, a car ;
carpentarius, a wheelwright, maker of
waggons ; It. carpenticre, a wheelwright,
worker in timber ; Fr. charpentier, as E.
carpenter only in the latter sense. Mid.
Lat. carpenta, zimmer, tymmer, zimmer-
span. — Dief. Sup. The word seems of
Celtic origin. Gael, carbh, a plank, ship,
chariot ; carbad, Olr. carpat (Stokes),
a chariot, litter, bier.

Carpet. From Lat. carpere, to pluck,
to pull asunder, was formed Mid.Lat.
carpia, carpita, linteum carptum quod
vulneribus inditur. Fr. charpie, lint.
Mid.Lat. carpetrix; a carder. — Nomin. in
Nat. Ant. 216. The term was with equal
propriety applied to flocks of wool, used
for stuffing mattresses, or loose as a couch
without further preparation. ' Carpitam
habeat in lecto, qui sacco, culcitra, vel
coopertorio carebit.' — Reg. Templariorum
in Due.

It seems then to have signified any
quilted fabric, a patchwork table-cover
with a lining of coarse cloth — La Crusca,
or the cloak of the Carmelites made of
like materials ; a woman's petticoat, pro-
perly doubtless a quilted petticoat. Car-
peta, gonna,gonnella.— Patriarchi. ' Qui-
libet frater habeat saccum in quo dormit,
carpetam (a quilt?), linteamen.'— Stat.
Eq. Teut. in Due. On the other hand
we find the signification transferred from

CARRIAGE

the flocks with which the bed was stuffed
to the sacking which contained them.
Rouchi carpHe, coarse loose fabric of
wool and hemp, packing cloth. ' Eune
tapisserie dicarpite, des rideaux A'carp^ie.'
■ — Hdcart.

Carriage. The carrying of anything,
also a conveyance with springs for con-
veying passengers. In the latter sense
the word is a corruption of the OE. ca-
roche, caroach, from It. carroccio, carroc-
cia, carrozza ; Rouchi caroche, Fr. car-
rosse, augmentatives of carro, a car.

It. carreaggio, carriaggio, all manner
of carts or carriage by carts, also the car-
riage, luggage, bag and baggage of a
camp. — FI.

Carrion. It. carogna, Fr. charogne,
Rouchi carone, an augmentative from Lat.
caro.

Carrot. Lat. carota.

To Carry. Fr. charrier, Rouchi carter,
properly to convey in a car. Walach.
card, to convey in a cart, to bear or carry.

Cart. AS. krat. It. carretto, carretta.
Fr. charrette, dim. of carro, a car.

Cartel. It. cartella, pasteboard, a
piece of pasteboard with some inscription
on it, hung up in some place and to be
removed, — Flor. Hence a challenge
openly hung up, afterwards any written
challenge. See Card.

Cartilage. Lat. cartilage, gristle,
tendon. Probably, like all the names of
gristle, from the sound it makes when
bitten. Alban. kertselig I cranch with
the teeth. See Gristle.

Cartoon. Preparatory drawing of a
subject for a picture. It. cartone, augm.
of carta, paper.

CartOTicli. — Cartoose. — Cartridge.
Fr. cartouche. It. cartoccio, a paper case,
coffin of paper for groceries, paper cap for
criminals ignominiously exposed. — Fl.
The paper case containing the charge of
a gun.

To Carve. AS. ceorfan, Du. kerven,
to cut or carve ; G. kerben, to notch.
Lith. kerpu, kirpti, to shear, cut with
scissors.

Cascade. It. cascata, Fr. cascade, a
fall of water, from It. cascare, to fall. The
radical sense of the word seems to be to
come down with a squash. Sp. cascar,
to crack, crush, break to pieces. OE.
quash, to dash.

Case. — Casual. — Casuist. Lat. casus,
a fall, an act of falling, a chance or acci-
dent, something that actually occurs, a
form into which a noun falls in the pro-
cess of declension ; casualis, fortuitous.

CASSOCK

133

Fr. casuelj Fr. casitiste, one who reasons
on cases put.

Case. It. cassa, Sp. caxa, Fr. caisse,
a chest, coffer, case, from Lat. capsa
(Diez), and that apparently from capio,
to hold.

Case-mate. Fr. case-maiej Sp. casa-
mata; It. casa-maita. Originally a loop-
holed gallery excavated in a bastion,
from whence the garrison could do exe-
cution upon an enemy who had obtained
possession of the ditch, without risk of
loss to themselves. Hence the designa-
tion from Sp. casa, house, and matar, to
slay, corresponding to the G. mord-keller,
mord-grube, and the OE. slaughter-house.
' Casa-matta, a canonry or slaughter-
house, which is a place built low under
the walls of a bulwark, not reaching to the
height of the ditch, and sei-veth to annoy
the enemy when he entereth the ditch to
scale the wall.' — Fl. ' Casemate, a loop-
hole in a fortified wall.' — Cot. ' A vault
of mason's work in the flank of a bastion
next the curtain, to fire on the enemy.'
— Bailey. As defence from shells became
more important, the term was subse-
quently applied to a bomb-proof vault in
a fortress, for the security of the defend-
ers, without reference to the annoyance
of the enemy.

Cash. Ready money. A word intro-
duced from the language of book-keeping,
where Fr. caisse, the money chest, is the
head under which money actually paid in
is entered. It was formerly used in the
sense of a counter in a shop or place of
business. It. cassa, Fr. caisse, a mer-
chant's cash or counter. — Fl. Cot.

To Cashier. — To duash. Du. kasse-
ren. — Kil. Fr. casser, quasser, to break,
also to casse, cassere, discharge, turn
out of service, annul, cancel, abrogate.
— Cot. To quash an indictment, to an-
nul the proceeding. Lat. cassus, empty,
hollow, void ; cassare,to annul, discharge ;
It. casso, made void, cancelled, cashiered,
blotted out.— Fl.

Cask. — Casket. — Casque. The Sp.
casco signifies a skull, crown of a hat,
helmet, cask or wooden vessel for holding
liquids, hull of a ship, shell or carcase of
a house. It seems generally to signify
case or hollow receptacle. See Case.
Hence casket, Fr. cassette, a coffer or
small case for jewels.

Cassock. Gael, casag, a long coat.
It. casacca, Fr. casaque, long man's gown
with a close body, from casa, a hut, the
notion of covering or sheltering being
common to a house and a garment, as we

134

CAST

have before seen under Cape and Cabin.
So also from It. casipola, casupola, a little
house or hut, Fr. chasuble, a garment for
performing the mass in, Sp. casulla, OFr.
casule, Mid.Lat. cojz^/a, quasi minor casa
eo quod totum hominem tegat. — Isidore
in Diez.

To Cast. ON. kasta. Essentially the
same word with Sp. cascar, to crack,
break, burst ; Fr. casser, to break, crush ;
It. cascare, to fall. The fundamental
image is the sound of a violent collision,
represented by the syllable quash, squash,
cash, cast. It. accasciare, accastiare, to
squash, dash, or bruise together. — Fl.
The E. dash with a like imitative origin
is used with a hke variety of signification.
We speak of dashing a thing down, dash-
ing it to pieces, dashing it out of the
window. To cast accounts was properly
to reckon by counters which were bodily
transferred from one place to another.
See Awgrim.

Castanets. Snappers which dancers
of sarabands tie about their fingers. — B.
Sp. castana, a chesnut ; castanetazo, a
sound or crack of a chesnut which bursts
in the fire, crack given by the joints.
Hence castaneta, the snapping of the
fingers in a Spanish dance ; castaneta,
castanuela, the castanets or implement
for making a louder snapping ; castaiiet-
ear, to crackle, to clack.

Caste. The artificial divisions of so-
ciety in India, first made known to us by
the Portuguese, and described by them
by the term casta, signifying breed, race,
kind, which has been retained in E. under
the supposition that it was the native
name.

Castle. It. castello, Lat. castellum,
dim. of castrum (castra), a fortified place.

Castrate. Lat. castro, perhaps from
castus, to make clean or chaste.

Cat. _G. katze, Gael, cat, on. kottr.
Fin. kasi, kissa, probably from an imita-
tion of the sound made by a cat spitting.
Cass ! a word to drive away a cat. — Hal.
Lang, cassa / cry for the same purpose.
The Fin. ktitis / is used to drive them
away, while kiss / Pol. kic' kicil are used
as E. puss / for calling them.

Cat o' nine tails. Pol. kat, execu-
tioner ; kaJoivad, to lash, rack, torture.
Lith. kotas, the stalk of plants, shaft of a
lance, handle of an axe, &c. ; bot-kotis,
the handle of a scourge ; kotas, the exe-
cutioner ; kotawoti, to scourge, to torture.

Russ. koshka, a cat ; koshki, a whip
with several pitched cords, cat-o'-nine-
tails.

CATCH

Catacomb. Grottoes or subterraneous
places for the burial of the dead. The
Diet. Etym. says that the name is given
in Italy to the tombs of the martyrs
which people go to visit by way of devo-
tion. This would tend to support Diez's
explanation from Sp. catar, to look at,
and tomba, a tomb (as the word is also
spelt catatomba and catatumba), or comba,
a vault, which, however, is not satisfac-
tory, as a shew is not the primary point
of view in which the tombs of the martyrs
were likely to have been considered in
early times. Moreover the name was'
apparently confined to certain old quar-
ries used as burial-places near Rome.
Others explain it from Kara, down, and
KviilSog, a cavity.

Catalogue. Gr. KaraXoyog, an enumer-
ating, a list.

Cataract. Gr. KarapaKrr]g, KaTappaKTrjQ,
from Karappaaaiii, to hurl down, to fall as
water does over a precipice. 'Vaaaw,
apaaaio, to dash.

Catastrophe. Gr. arpi^m, to turn ;
KaTaarpifm, to overturn, to bring to an
end, to close.

To Catch. — Chase. The words catch
and chase are different versions of the
same word, coming to us through differ-
ent dialects of French. In the dialect of
Picardy, from which much of the French
in our language was introduced, a hard c
commonly corresponds to the soft c/t of
ordinary Fr., and a final ch in Picard to
the hard s of ordinary Fr. Thus we have
Pic. or Rouchi cat, Fr. chat, a cat ; Rou-
chi caleur, Fr. chaleur, heat ; Rouchi
forche, Yz. force j Rouchi equerviche, Fr.
ecrevisse- Rouchi Scaches, Fr. ichasses,
stilts. In hke manner Rouchi cacher,
Fr. chasser, to hunt, from the first of
which we have E. catch, and from the
second chase, the earlier sense of catch,
like that of It. cacciarc, Fr. chasser, being
to drive out, drive away.
Maid thorgh the Lundreisfro London is hatched.
R. Brunne, 120.

' Catchyn away — abigo.' ' Catchyn or
drive forth bestis, mino.'— Pr. Pm. Fr.
chasser, to drive away, follow after, pur-
sue.— Cot. It. cacciare fuora, to drive
out ; cacciare fer toTa, to cast or beat to
the ground ; cacciuolo, a thump, punch,
push.— Fl. V, V 1

The origin is the imitation of the sound
of a smart blow by the syllable clatch !
passmg on the one hand into catch and
on the other into latch, by the loss of
the / or c respectively, n. klakka, kakka,
to strike a resounding object as a board

CATCH

— Aasen. Fr. claquer, Wal. caker, to
clap hands, to chatter with the teeth ;
cake, clap with the hand. — Grandg. G.
klatsch I th wick-thwack ! a word to imi-
tate the sound made by striking with the
hand against a partition wall ; klatsch,
such a sound or the stroke which pro-
duces it, a clap, flap ; klatsche, a whip or
lash. — Kuttner. Du. kletsen, resono ictu
verberare ; kUts, kletse, ictus resonans,
fragor ; kletsoore, ketsoore, a whip ; Rou-
chi cachoire, ecachoire, a whip, properly
the lash or knotted piece of whipcord
added for the purpose of giving sharpness
to the crack. — Hicart. 'Horxa. cache, s.s.
■ — Pat. de Bray, Fr. chassoire, a carter's
whip. — Cot. GaUa catchiza, to crack
with a whip, catc?u, a whip. — Tutschek.
Du. kaetse, a smack, clap, blow, and spe-
cially the stroke of a ball at tennis. — Kil.
Fr. chasse, E. chase, the distance to which
the ball is struck. ArbaUte de courte
chasse, a. cross-bow that carries but a
little way.

In the sense of seizing an object the
term caich is to be explained as clapping
one's hand upon it, snatching it with a
smack, in the same way that we speak of
catching one a box on the ear. In the
sense of a sudden snatch the Sc. has both
forms, with and without an / after the c.
Claucht, snatched, laid hold of eagerly
and suddenly ; a catch or seizure of any-
thing in a sudden and forcible way.
V/hen one lays hold of what is falling it
is said that he ' got a claucht of it.' — ^Jam.

And claucht anone the courser by the rene.

D.V.
Gael, glcu, to take, seize, catch.

In the s. a. caucht.
Turnus at this time waxis bauld and blythe
Wenyng to caucht ane stound his strenth to kythe .

D.V.

i. e. to catch an opportunity to show his
strength.

Galla catchamza, to snap, to snatch
(said of dogs). For the equivalence of
similar forms with and without an / after
s. c or ^, compare G. klatschen, to chat,
chatter, clatter. — Kiittner. G. klatscherei,
Sp. chachara, chatter ; Du. klinke, E.
chink. — Kil. Gael, gliong, E. gingle.
Rouchi clincailleux, Fr. quincailler, a
tinman.

On the other hand the loss of the initial
c gives rise to a form lash, latch, with
similar meanings to those belonging to
words of the form ciatch, catch, above
explained.

Thus we have the lash of a whip cor-
responding to the G. klatsche and Norm.

GATES

135

cache. As Sc. chak expresses 'the sharp
sound made by any iron substance when
entering its socket, as of the latch of a
door when it is shut, to click ; ' and to
chak is ' to shut with a sharp sound '
(Jam.) ; the representation of a like sound
by the syllable latch gives its designation
to the latch of a door, formerly called
cliket, from shutting with a click. And
on the same principle on which we have
above explained the actual use of the
word catch, the OE. latch was commonly
used in the sense of seizing, snatching,
obtaining possession of.

And if ye latche Lucre let hym not ascapie.

P.P.

Catcli-poll. A bailiff, one employed
to apprehend a person. From poll, the
head. On the same principle he was
called in Fr. happe-chair, catch-flesh.
Fr. chacepol, an officer of taxes.

Catechism. Elementary instruction
in the principles of religion by question
and answer. Properly a system of oral
instruction, from Gr. icarrix'Ki^, KaTtix'so, to
sound, resound, to sound in the ears of
any one, to teach by oral instruction,
teach the elements of any science. Karii-
XV'e, the act of stunning by loud sound
or of charming by sound, instruction in
the elements of a science. 'Bxn, sound.

CategfOry. Gr. Kartiyopta (/cari;yopl(.j,
from Bard and ayopsw, to harangue, speak
in order), an accusing, but specially an
order of ideas, predicament.

* Caterpillar. In Guernsey the name
of catte pelaeure seems to be given to
caterpillars, weevils, woodlice, mille-
pedes.— Metivier. Chate peleuse, a corn-
devouring mite or weevil. — Cot. As the
weevil is not hairy probably the element
peleuse is a corruption. Metivier explains
the word from the habit of all these in-
sects of rolling themselves up like a pill ;
Guernsey pilleure, OFr. pUlouire (Ro-
quefort), a pill. Why a grub should be
called dog or cat is not apparent.
Guernsey catte, the larva of the cock-
chafer. Swiss teufelskatz, Lombard
gatta, gattola, Fr. chenille {canicula, a
little dog), a caterpillar ; Milanese can,
cagnon (a dog), silkworm. — Diez. Ptg.
bicho, bichano (pussy), children's name
for cat ; bicho, worm, insect, wild-beast.

* Cates. — Caterer. Cates, dainty vic-
tuals. — B. The word is rendered by
Sherwood by frigaleries, companaige, i. e.
dainties, or any kind of relishing food
(including meat) eaten with bread. In
all probability the suggestion of Skinner
that it is curtailed from Micates, which

136

CATHARTIC

was used substantively in the same sense,

is correct. Delycates, deyntie meates. —

Palsgr.

Richly she feeds, and at the rich man's cost —

By sea, by land, of delicates the most

Her cater seeks, and spareth for no perell.

Wyatt in R.
All kind of daintyes and delicates sweete
Was brought forthebanquett. — Bessie of Bednall.

The eatery was the storeroom where
provisions were kept, and the caterer or
cater the person who provided them. On
the other hand, the ofBcer whose business
it was to make purchases for a household
was called acatour or achatour, from
Prov. acaptar, Fr. achepter,^ acheter (Lat.
adcaptare, Mid.Lat. accapitare — Diez),
Rouchi acater, to buy. It. accattare, to ac-
quire.

A gentil manciple was ther of a temple.

Of which achatciirs mighten take ensemple

For to ben wise in bying of vitaille.

For whether that he paide or toke by taille

Algate he waited so in his achate,

That he was ay before in his estate.

Prologue, Manciple's Tale.
Coerapcyon is to sale com en achate or buying
together point buying]. — Chaucer, Boethius, B.
2. Pr. 4.

Hence achates or acates signified pur-
chases, and the nicer kind of food being
commonly purchased abroad the word
became confounded with cates. ' One that
never made a good meal in his sleep, but
sells the acates that are sent him.' — B.
Jonson in R.

Provider, acater, despencier. — Palsgr.

Cathartic. Gr. Ka^afriKOQ, having the
property of cleansing, from KaSaipio, to
purge, make clean.

Cathedral. Gr. KaHSpa, a seat, chair,
specially the seat of office of a master or
professor in science, Sx., a pulpit, whence
cathedralis, applied to i church contain-
ing a bishop's seat.

Catkin. It is probably not so much
from the resemblance to a cat's tail as
from a cat being taken as the type of
what is furry or downy that the name of
catkin, Fr. catons, Du. katte, katteken, G.
kdtzchen, little cat, is given to the downy
or feathery flowers of the ,willow, hazel,
&c. Thus Bav. mudet, puss, is used in
the sense of cat-skin, fur in general, flock,
flue, catkin ; mitz, mutz, puss, fur, cat-
kin ; Magy. macska, cat ; maczoka,Y\\Xea.,
lamb, catkin ; Pol. kocie, kitten ; kotki,
kocianki, catkins ; Fr. minon, puss, cat-
kin.

Cattle. See Chattel.

Caudle. A warm comforting drink.
Fr. chatideau, from chaud, hot.

CAVE

Caul. The omentum or fatty network
in which the bowels are wrapped. It.
rete, reticella; rete delf^gato, the caul of
the liver. A caul is also a small net to
confine the hair, and hence a skull-cap,
also the membrane covering the face of
some infants at their birth. The proper
meaning of the word seems to be a net,
whence it is provincially used in the
sense of a spider's web.^Hal. Rete, any
net or caul-work. — Fl.

Her head with ringlets of her hair is crowned.
And in a golden caiil the curls are bound.
Dryden in R

Fr. cale, a kind of little cap ; calotte, a
skull-cap.

The primitive meaning is a shale or
peel, what is shaled or picked off. Fr.
cale, challe de noix, the. green husk of a
walnut ; calon, walnut with the husk on ;
challer, to shale or peel. — Jaubert.

The word is otherwise written kell.

Cauldron. Fr. chauderon, chaudroii,
chaudiire, a kettle for heating water.
Chaud, It. caldo, Lat. calidus, hot.

Cauliflower. Fr. choufleur {choii,
cabbage), the cabbage whose eatable part
consists of the abnormally developed
flower-buds. Lat. cauHs, a stalk, cab-
bage-stalk, cabbage.

Cause. Lat. causa.

Causeway. Fr. chaussJe, a paved
road. Mid.Lat. calceata, calceta, a road ;
calceata, shod or protected from the tread-
ing of the horses by a coating of wood or
stone. Fr. chausser, to shoe ; Port, cal-
^ar, to shoe, also to pave ; calqada, a
pavement, the stones of a street. Du.
kautsije, kaussijde, kassije, via strata. —
Kil.

Caustic. — Cauterise. Gr. KiwariKog,
apt to burn ; Kavrijp, Kavrfipiov, a branding
iron, from koiio, to burn.

Caution. Lat. cautis, from caveo (p.p.
cautus), to beware.

Cavalier. — Cavalry. — Cavalcade. It.
cavaliere, Fr. chevalier, a horseman. It.
cavallo, Fr. cheval, a horse, Lat. caballus,
Gr. KaPaWrii, OE. caple. ' Caballus, a
horse ; yet in some parts of England
they do call an horse a caMe.' — Elyot in
Way. w. ce^l, a horse ; Gael, capull,
Pol. kobyla, Russ. kobuiV, a mare.

Cave. — Cavern. — Cavity. Lat. cavus,
hollow. The origin of the word seems a
representation of the sound made by
knocking against a hollow body. Fin.
kopista, dumpf tonen, • klopfend knallen,
to sound like a blow ; kopano, caudex
arboris cavus pulsu resonans ; koparo,
koparet, a receptacle for small things,

CAVESON

coffer, pit ; kopera or kowera, hollow,
curved, crooked ; kopio, empty, sounding
as an empty vessel ; koppa, anything hol-
lowed or vaulted ; kanteleen koppa, the
box or sounding-board of the harp ; pii-
pun koppa, the bowl of a pipe ; koppa-
mato, a beetle or crustaceous insect ;
koppa nokka, an aquiline nose, &c. ; kop-
peli, a hut, little house.

So from Fin. kommata, komista, to
sound deep or hollow as an empty vessel,
komo, hollow, giving a hollow sound ;

komo jaa, hollow ice ; wuoren komo, a
cavern in a mountain {wuora, a moun-
tain).

Caveson. A kind of bridle put upon
the nose of a horse in order to break and
manage him. — B. Fr. caveqon, Sp. cabe-
gon. It. cavezzone, augm. of cavezza, a
halter, and that from Sp. cabega, a head.
A false accommodation produced G.
kapp-zaum, as if from happen, to cut,
and zaum, bridle, a severe bridle.

Cavil. Lat. cavillor, to argue cap-
tiously, quibble.

Cease. — Cessation. Lat. cesso, to
cease.

-cease. — Decease. Lat. decessus, de-
parture, Fr. dScis, departure from this
life, death. See -cede.

Cede, -cede, -ceed, -cess. Lat. cedo,
cessum, to go forth, step away, give place,
yield. Hence concede, exceed, proceed,
recede, succeed, &c., with their substan-
tives concession, excess, &c.

Ceiling. The It. cielo, Fr.' del, heaven,
sky, were met. applied to a canopy, the
testern of a bed, the inner roof of a room
of state. — Cot. In the same way G. hivt-
mel, heaven, is applied to a canopy, the
roof of a coach, or of a bed. The import-
ation of Fr. del into English without
translation gave cele, seele, a canopy. ' In
this wise the King shall ride opyn heded
undre a seele of cloth of gold baudekyn
with four staves gilt.' — Rutland papers,
Cam. Soc. pp. 5, 7, &c. 'The chammer
was hanged of red and of blew, and in it
was a cyll of state of cloth of gold, but
the Kyng was not under for that sam
day.' — Marriage of James IV. in Jam.
The name was extended to the seat of
dignity with its canopy over. ' And seik
toyour soverane, semely on syll.' — Gawan
and Gol. in Jam. From the noun was
formed the verb to cele or sile, to canopy ;
siled, canopied, hung, 'All the tente within
was syled wyth clothe of gold and blew
velvet' — Hall, H. VIII. p. 32; sybire,
selure, selar, cellar, cyling (W. Wore, in
Hal.), a canopy, tester of a bed, ceiling.

CEILING

137

The kynge to souper is set, served in halle
Under a siller of sillc, dayntily diglit.

Sir Gawaine & Sir Gol.

Cellar for a bedde, ciel de lit. — Palsgr:
'A celler to hange in the chamber.' —
Ordinances and Reg. in Hal.

As the canopy or covering of a bed or
tent would not only be stretched overhead,
but hang around at the sides, it was natu-
ral that the same name should be given
both to the roof and the side hangings.
Thus silyng is found in the sense of ta-
pestry.

' The French kyng caused the lorde of
Countay to stande secretly behynde a
silyng or a hangyng in his chamber.' — ■
Hall, E. IV. p. 43. And as tapestry and
wainscoting served the same purpose of
hiding the bareness of the walls and shut-
ting out the draught, it was an easy step
to the sense of wainscoting, which is still
known by the name of ceiling in Craven.
To seele a room, lambrisser une chambre ;
seeling, lambris, menuiserie. — Sherwood.
The sense of roofing, and all conscious
reference to the notion of the heaven or
sky being now completely lost, and the
main object of the wainscoting being to
shut out draughts, it is probable that the
word was confounded with sealing in the
sense of closing, and it was even applied
to the planking of the floor. ' Plancher,
to plank or floor with planks, to seele or
close with boards ; plancher, a boarded
floor, also a seeling of boards.' — Cot.
The ceiling was called the upper ceiling,
Fr. sus-lambris, to distinguish it from the
wainscot or seeling of the walls.

The line of descent from Fr. ciel is so
unbroken, that, unless we separate the
sense of canopy or hangings from that of
wainscoting, the ground is cut away from
Aufrecht's derivation from AS. thil, thel,
thelu, a log, beam, rafter, plank, board ;
thiling, a planking or boarding ; tkilian,
to plank ; ON. thil, thili, thilja, a board,
plank, wainscot ; thiljar (in pi.), the deck
of a ship ; at thilja, to panel or wainscot ;
MHG. dil, dille, a plank, wall, ceiling,
flooring ; E. deal, a fir-plank. In the
Walser dialect of the Grisons, obardili is
the boarded ceiling of a room. Aufrecht
identifies with the foregoing, as. syl, a
log, post, column ; E. sill in window-sill,
door-sill J Sc. sill, a log, syle, a beam.
And it is certainly possible that syling in
the sense of planking or ceiling raa.j have
come from this source. ' The olde syling
that was once faste joyned together with
nailes will begin to cling, and then to
gape.'— Z. Boyd in Jam. In the N. of E

138

-CEIVE

thill, a shaft, is in some places called sill j
a thill horse and a sill horse, a shaft horse.
To seel or close the eyes, Sc. sile, syll,
to blindfold, and thence to conceal, is
totally distinct from the foregoing, being
taken from Fr. ciller, cillier, siller les
yeux, to seele or sew up the eyelids ; (and
thence also) to hoodwink, blind, keep in
darkness. — Cot. It. cigliare, to twinkle
with the eyes, to seal a pigeon's eye, or
any bird's. — Fl. Fr. oil. It. ciglio, Lat.
cilium, an eyelash, eyelid. The term
properly signifies the sewing up the eyelid
of a hawk for the purpose of taming it.
' And he must take wyth hym nedyll and
threde, to ensile the haukes that ben taken.
■ — Take the nedyll and threde, and put
it through the over eyelydde, and so of
that other, and make them faste und the
becke that she se not, and then she is
ensiled as she ought to be.' — Book of
St Albans, in Marsh.

-ceive, -oept, -ceit. Lat. capio, cap-
turn, in comp. -cipio, -ceptjun, to take.
Prov. caber, to take, in comp. -cebre ifon-
cebre, decebre) ; It. {cori)cipere, -cepire,
-cepere, OFr. -ciper, -civer {conciver—
Roquef.), -i^oivre, Fr. -cevoir.

The p of the participle -ceptus is seen
in OE. conceipt, deceipt, receipt, but was
gradually lost in conceit, deceit, &c., as in
It. concetto.

Celebrate. — Celebrity. Lat. celeber
(of a place), much frequented, thronged ;
hence (of a day), festive, solemn ; (of per-
sons) renowned, as entering largely into
the talk of men, in accordance with the
expression of Ennius, ' volito vivus per
ora virum.' Celebritas, a numerous con-
course of people, abundance, renown ;
celebro, to visit in numbers, to attend on
a solemnity, to celebrate.

Celerity. — Accelerate. Lat. celer,
swift.

Celestial. Coehim, heaven, the hollow
vault of heaven ; Gr. irot\oe, hollow.

Celibacy. Lat. Cij(fe5j,unmarried. Fr.
cilibat, single or unwedded life.

Cell.— Cellar. Lat. cella, a storehouse
for wine, oil, provisions generally ; also
a hut, cot, quarters for slaves.

Cement. Lat. camentum, stones
rough from the quarry, rubble, materials
for building, mortar.

Cemetery. Gr. KoijuijT-jjpiov (from koi-
udojiai, to sleep), the place where the de-
parted sleep.

-cend, -cense, Censer. — To Incense.
Lat. candeo, to glow, to burn ; incendo,
-sum, to set on fire, and met. to incense,
make angry. Incensum, Fr. encens, what

CHAFE

is burnt in sacrifices, incense, and thence
censer, a vessel in which incense was
burnt.

Cenotapli. Gr. K€voTa(j>iov {kivoq, empty,
and Ta^oe, a tomb, from Saa-rw, to bury),
a monument erected for one buried else-
where.

Census — Censor. — Censure. Lat.
census, a valuation of every man's estate,
a registration of one's self, age, family,
possessions, &c., from censeo, to think,
judge, estimate. Censor, the officer ap-
pointed to take such returns ; censura, his
office, also grave opinion, criticism.

Centre. Gr. /ctj/rsw, to prick, goad,
sting; KsvTpov, a prick, point, the point
round which a circle is drawn.

Centurion. — Century. Lat. centum,
a hundred ; centuria, a hundred of what-
soever persons or objects ; centurio, the
captain over a hundred foot-soldiers.

Cereal. Lat. cerealis, of or pertaining
to Ceres the goddess of corn and the
harvest, thence belonging to or connected
with corn.

Ceremony. Lat. cceremonia, ceremo-
nia, a religious observance, a solemnity,
sacred show.

-cern. — Certain. Gr. K^'ivut, to sepa-
rate, pick out, decide, judge ; Lat. cenio,
crevi, cretum, to separate, sift, distin-
guish, observe, see, judge, contend. In
certus, sure, we have a modified form of
the participle cretus, with transposition
of the r, a form which also gives rise to
the derivative certo, to contend.

Fr. concerner, to concern, appertain, or
belong unto (Cot.), is the opposite of dis-
cern, to distinguish. Lat. concernor, to
be embodied with, to be regarded as one
object with.

-cess. See Cede.

Cess. A tax. For sess from assess,
but spelt with a c from the influence of
the Lat. census, the rating of Roman citi-
zens according to their property. See
Assize, Assess. Fr. cencer, to rate, assess,
tax, value. — Cot.

Chafe, 1.— Chafing-dish. To chafe is
to heat by rubbing, to rub for the purpose
of heating, then to rub without reference
to the production of heat. Lat. calefacere,
It. calefare, Fr. chauffer, dchauffer, to heat,
to warm, to chafe. Fr. chaufferette, a
Chafing-dish or pan of hot coals for warm-
ing a room where there is not fire.

Chafe, S. In the sense of chafing^x^
anger two distinct words are probably
confounded ; ist from It. riscaldarsi, to
become heated with anger, Fr. eschattffer,
to set in a chafe. — Sherwood.

CHAFER

For certes the herte of manne by cschaujiTi^
and moving of his blode waxeth so troubled that
it is out of all manere judgement of reson. —
Parson's tale. De Ir4.

But to chafe has often a much more
precise sense than this, and signifies to
snort, fume, breathe hard. It. sborfare,
to huff, snuff, or puff with snorting, to
chafe and fret with rage and anger ;
tronfo, tronfio, puffed or ruffled with
chafing. — Fl. Bouffard, often puffing,
much blowing, swelling with anger, in a
great chafe, in a monstrous fume. — Cot.
In this application it is the correlative
of the G. keuchen, to puff and blow, breathe
thick and short, to pant, Bav. kauchen, to
breathe, puff.

* Chafer. — Cheffern. Cock-chafer j
fern-chafer. G. kdfer, as. ceafer, Du.
kever, any insect of the beetle kind, hav-
ing a hard case to their wings. Perhaps
from Swiss kafeln, kdfelen, to gnaw.

ChafE AS. ceaf, G. kaff. Pers. khah.
— Adelung. Fin. kahista, leviter crepo
vel susurro, movendo parum strideo ut
gramen sub pedibus euntis vel arundo
vento agitata (to rustle) ; whence kahina,
a rustling ; kahu, kahuja, hordeum vel
avena vilior, taubes korn oder hafer, hght
rustling corn, consisting chiefly of husks ;
kuhata, kuhista, to buzz, hiss, rustle ;
kuhina, a rustling noise, rustling motion
as of ants, &c. ; kuhu-ohrat {ohrat, bar-
ley), refuse barley ; kuhuja, quisquilise
vel paleae quae motas leviter susurrant,
chaff.

To Chaff. In vulgar language, to
rally one, to chatter or talk lightly. From
a representation of the inarticulate sounds
made by different kinds of animals utter-
ing rapidly repeated cries. Du. keffen, to
yap, to bark, also to prattle, chatter, tattle.
— Halma. Wall, chawe, a chough, jack-
daw ; chaweter, to caw ; chawer, to
cheep, to cry ; chafeter, to babble, tattle ;
Fr. cauvette, a jackdaw, a prattling wo-
man.— Pat. de Brai. G. kaff, idle words,
impertinence. — Kuttn.

* To Chaffer. To buy and sell, to
bargain, haggle. OE. ckapfare, chaffare,
properly the subject of a chap or bargain,

Lenere corteys (courteous lender), that leneth
without chap/are makiinde. — Ayenbite, p. 35.
There were chapmen ychose the chaffare to
preise. — P. P. vis. 11.

Chaft. The jaw ; chafty, talkative. —
Hal. ON. kiaftr, jaw, muzzle, chaps ;
kiqfta, kiamta, to move the jaws, to
tattle. See Cheek.

Chagrin. Fr. chagrin, care, grief.
According to Diez, from the shark-skin.

CHAMBER

139

or rough substance called shagreen, Fr.
peau de chagrin, which from being used
as a rasp for polishing wood was taken
as a type of the gnawing of care or grief.
Genoese sagrind, to gnaw, sagrindse, to
consume with anger. Piedm. sagri, sha-
green ; sagrin, care, grief. In like man-
ner It. limare, to file, metaphorically to
fret — Fl. ; far lima-lima, to fret inward-
ly.— ^Altieri.

Chain. Lat. catena, Prov. cadena,
cana, OFr. chaene, Fr. chaine, on. kedja,
a chain.

Chair. — Chaise. Gr. KoBiSpa, from
KaOa^oiiat, to sit. Lat. cathedra, Fr. chaire,
a seat, a pulpit. As the loss of a ^ in
cadena gives chain, a double operation
of the same nature reduces cathedra
(ca'e'ra) to chair. Prov. cadieira, cadera,
OFr. chayire. Chayire, cathedra. — Pr,
Pm.

The conversion of the r into s gives
Fr. chaise, a pulpit — Cot., now a chair.
Then, as a carriage is a moveable seat,
the word has acquired in E. the sense of
a carriage, ple^.sure carriage.

Chalice. Fr. calice, Lat. calix, a gob-
let, cup.

Chalk. Fr. chaulx, lime ; Lat. calx,
limestone, lime.

Challenge. Fr. chalanger, to claim,
challenge, make title unto ; also to accuse
of, charge with, call in question for an
offence. — Cot. Hence to challenge one
to fight is to call on him to decide the
matter by combat. From the forensic
Latin calumniare, to institute an action,
to go to law. — Due. So from dominio,
domnio, dongio, E. dungeon j from som-
nium, Fr. songe. Prov. calonja, dispute;
calumpnjamen, contestation, difficulty ;
calonjar, to dispute, refuse.

The sacramentum de calumniA was an
oath on the part of the person bringing
an action of the justice of his ground of
action, and as this was the beginning of
the suit it is probably from thence that
calumniari in the sense of bringing an
action arose. ' Can hom ven al plaiz et
fa sagramen de calompnia.' ' Sagrament
de calompnia o de vertat per la una part
e per I'autra.' — Rayn. Lat. calumnia,
false accusation, chicane,

Chamade. A signal by drum or
trumpet given by an enemy when they
have a mind to parley. — B. From Port.
chamar, Lat. clamare, to call.

Chamber. Fr. chambre. Lat. camera,
Gr. Kaiiapa, a vault or arched roof, place
with a:n arched roof. Probably from
cam, crooked. Camera, gewolb. Came-

140 CHAMBERLAIN

rare, kriimmen ; cameratus, gekrUmmt,

gebogen, gewolbt. — Dief. Sup.

Ch-amberlain. Fr. chajnbellan ; It.
camerlengo, ciamberlano, ciambellano.

To Chamfer. To hollow out in chan-
nels, to flute as a column, to bevel. Ptg.
chanfrar, to hollow out, to slope. Sp.
chafldn, Fr. chamfrain, chanfrein, the
slope of a bevelled angle, a hollow
groove ; chanfreiner, chanfreindre, to
bevel off a right angle, to slope out the
top of a borehole.

Chamfron. — Chamfrain. — Charfron .
Fr. chanfrein, the front piece of a horse's
head armour.

To Chamm. — Champ. E. dial, to
chain, champ, chamble, to chew. — Hal.
Properly to chew so as to make the
snapping of the jaws be heard. Magy.
tsammogni, tsamtsogni, to make a noise
with the teeth in chewing. Gall, djam-
djam-goda (to make djam-djam), to
smack the lips in eating, as swine, to
champ, move the jaws.— Tutschek. The
G. schmatzen s. s. differs only in the
transposition of the letter m. ON. kampa,
to chew ; kiammi, a jaw ; kianisa, to
champ, to move the jaws ; kiamt, champ-
ing.

The sound of striking the ground with
the foot is sometimes represented in the
same naanner, as in It. zampettare, to
paw the ground ; E. dial, champ, to tread
heavily. — Hal.

Champaign. See Camp.

Champarty. Partnership. Fr. champ
parti, Lat. campus partitus ; zs jeopardy,
from Fr. jeu parti, Lat. jocus partitus,
divided game.

Champion. Commonly derived from
campus, a field of battle, fighting place.
And no doubt the word might have early
been introduced from Latin into the Teu-
tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving
rise to the as. camp, fight, cempa, ON.
kempa, a warrior, champion ; Du. kanip,
combat, contest; kampen, kempen, to
fight in single combat; hamper, keiiipe,
an athlete, prize-fighter.

It must be observed however that the
Scandinavian kapp appears a more an-
cient form than the nasalised camp. ON.
kapp, contention ; kappi, athlete, hero ;
Sw. dricka i kapp, to drink for a wager ;
kapp-ridande, a horse-race. So in e.
boys speak of capping verses, i. e. con-
tending in the citation of verses ; to cap
one at leaping is to beat one at a contest
in leaping. Hence (with the nasal) w.
camp, a feat, game ; campio, to strive at
games ; campus, excellent, surpassing,

CHANCEL

masterly ; Sp. campear, campar, to be
eminent, to excel. The word is preserved
in E. dial, camp, a game at football.
' Campar, or player at football, pedilusor.'
— Pr. Pm.

Get campers a ball

To camf therewithal. — ^Tusser.

E. dial, to cample, to talk, contend or
argue ; G. kampeln, to debate, dispute ;
E. dial, champ, a scufSe. — Hal. The
origin may perhaps be found in the notion
of fastening on one in the act of wrest-
hng.

Lith. kabinti, to hang; kabintis, to
fasten oneself on to another ; kabe, ka-
bMe, kablys, a hook ; kimbu, kibti, to
fasten on, to stick to, to hold ; sukibti, to
fasten oneself to another ; Fin. kimppu
(Lap. kippo, kappd), a bundle, and thence
the laying hold of each other by wrestlers ;
kimpustella, to wrestle. Esthon. kiinp,
bundle, pinch, difficulty ; kimpUma, to
quarrel (comp. G. kampeln, E. cample).
Du. kinipen, to wrestle, luctare, certare.
— KiL

To cope or contend with, which seems
another form of the root, is explained by
Torriano ' serrarsi, attaccarsi I'un con
I'altro ; ' ' se harper Fun a I'autre.' — Sher-
wood.

Chance. The happening of things
governed by laws of which we are more
or less ignorant. Fr. chance; OFr.
chdance, act of falling, from cheoir, Lat.
cadere, Prov. cazer, Sp. caer, Ptg. cahir,
to fall. Prov. escazenza, accident, chance.
It will.be observed that accident is the
same word direct from the Lat. accidere,
to happen {ad and cadere, to fall).

Chance-n3.edley. Fr. chaude mesUe,
from chaud, hot, and mesUe, fray, bicker-
ing, fight; an accidental conflict in hot
blood. ' MeUde qui etait meue chaleu-
reusement et sans aguet.' M.Lat. calida
melleia, calidameya. Meleare, mesleiare,
to quarrel, broil. — Carpentier. When the
element chaud lost its meaning to ordi-
nary English ears, it was replaced by
chance in accordance with the meaning
of the compound.

Chancel. — Chancellor. — Chancery.
The part of the church in which the altar
is placed is called chancel, from being
railed off or separated from the rest of
the church by lattice-work, Lat. cancelli.
The cancellaj-ii seem to have been the
officers of a court of justice, who stood ad
cancellos, at the railings, received the
petitions of the suitors, and acted as in-
termediaries between them and the judge.
To them naturally fell the office of keep-

CHANDLER

ing the seal of the court, the distinctive
feature of the chancellors of modern
time.

From chancellor^zxt Fr. chancellerie,^.
chancery.

Chandler. Fr. chandelier, a dealer in
candles ; then, as if the essential mean-
ing of the word had been simply dealer,
extended to other trades, as corn-chand-
ler. Chandry, the place where candles
are kept, from chandler, as chancery
from chancellor.

To Change. Prov. cambiar, camjar.
It. cambiare, cangiare, Fr. changer. Bret.
kemma, to truck, exchange. Cambiare
seems the nasalised form of E. chop, chap,
to swap, exchange, ON. kaupa, to deal, as
Chaucei''s champmen for chapmen.
In Surrey whilome dwelt a company
Of champmen rich and therto sad and true,
That wide were sentin their spicery,
Their chaifare was so thrifty and so new.
Man of Law's Tale, 140.

In like manner Walach. schimbd, to
change, to put on fresh clothes, may be
compared with ON. skipta, E. shift.
Walach. . schimbu, cambium, exchange ;
schimbatoriu, a money-changer. See
Chop.

Channel. Lat. canalis, a pipe, water-
conduit, from canna, a reed. The word
appears in Enghsh under a triple form :
channel, any hollow for conveying water,
kennel, the gutter that runs along a street,
and the modern canal.

Chant. — Chantry. Lat. cantare, Fr.
chanter, to sing. Hence chantry, a chapel
endowed for a priest to sing mass for the
soul of the founders.

Chap. I. Chaps or chops, the loose
flesh of the cheeks, lips of an animal.
AS. ceaplas, ceaflas, the chaps ; Da.
gab, the mouth, throat of an animal. See
Cheek.

Chap. 2. A fellow. Probably from
chap, cheek, jaw. Da. kiceft, jaw, muz-
zle, chaps, is vulgarly used in the sense of
individual. — Molbech. And N. kiceft as
well as kjakje, a jaw, is used in the same
sense ; kvar kjceften, every man Jack ;
inkfe ein kjceft, — kjaakaa, not a soul. —
Aasen. In Lincoln cheek is used in the
same way for person or fellow.

Chap. — Chip. — Chop. These are forms
having a common origin in the attempt to
represent the sound made by the knock-
ing of two hard bodies, or the cracking
of one, the thinner vowel i being used to
represent the high note of a crack, while
the broader vowels a, and o are used for
the flatter sound made by the collision of

CHAPEL

141

hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to
chap hands, to chap at a door. — ^Jam.
It is also used in the sense of the E. chop,
to strike with a sharp edge, to cut up into
small pieces, to cut off ; Du. kappen, to
cut, prune, hack ; Lith. kapoti, to peck,
to hack, to cut, to paw like a horse ; W.
cobio, to strike, to peck.

Again as a hard body in breaking gives
a sharp sound like the knocking of hard
things together, a chap is a crack or fis-
sure, properly in a hard body, but ex-
tended to bodies which give no sound in
breaking, as skin ; chapped hands. Com-
pare chark, to creak, and also to chap or
crack. — Hal. The use of crack in the
sense of fissure is to be explained in the
same manner. Lang, esclapa, to spht
wood, to break ; esclapo, a chip.

The thinner vowel in chip expresses
the sharper sound made by the separation
of a vei-y small fragment of a hard body,
and the term is also applied to the small
piece separated from the block.

Chape. A plate of metal at the point
of a scabbard. Hence the white tip of a
fox's tail. — Hal. The fundamental mean-
ing is something clapt on, from clap, the
representation of the sound made by two
flat surfaces striking together. Hence It.
chiappa, a patch of lead clapt unto n
ship that is shot ; a piece of lead to cover
the touch-hole of a gun, also a clap, and
anything that may be taken hold of — Fl.
Sp. chapa, a small plate of flat metal,
leather, or the like ; chapar, to plate, to
coat; chapeta, chapilla, a small metal
plate ; Port, chapear, to plate, to apply
one flat thing to another. Sp. chapelete
de una bomba, Fr. clapet, the clapper or
sucker of a ship's pump ; Sp. chapeletas
de imbornales, the clappers of the scupper
holes. Russ. klepan, a strip of metal
plate, as those on a trunk.

Chapel. Commonly derived from ca-
pella, the cape or little cloke of St Mar-
tin, which was preserved in the Palace of
the kings of the Franks, and used as the
most binding relic on which an oath
could be taken.

Tunc in Palatio nostro super Capellam domini
Martini, ubi reliqua sacramenta percurrant, de-
beant conjurare. — Marculfus in Due,

Hence it is supposed the name of ca-
pella was given to the apartment of the
Palace in which the rehcs of the saints
were kept, and thence extended to similar
repositories where priests were commonly
appointed to celebrate divine services.

Rex sanctas sibi de capella sua reMquias defeni
prascepit. — Ordericus Vitalis.

142

CHAPLET

But we have no occasion to resort to
so hypothetical a derivation. The canopy
or covering of an altar where mass was
celebrated was called capella, a hood.
Mid.Lat. capellare, tegere, decken, be-
decken ; capella, ein himeltz, gehymels
(eucharistie, &c.), the canopy over the
sacred elements ; eine kleine Kirche. —
Dief. Sup. And it can hardly be doubted
that the name of the canopy was extended
to the recess in a church in which an
altar was placed, forming the capella or
chapel of the saint to whom the altar was
dedicated.

Chaplet. A wreath for the head. Fr.
chapelet, dim. of chapel, from capa, a
cape or cope. The OFr. chapel, from
signifying a hat or covering for the head,
came to be used in the sense of a wreath
or garland. ' Cappello, ghirlanda se-
condo il volgar francese.' — Boccaccio in
Diez. Hence applied to a circular string
of praying beads, called in Sp. for the
same reason rosario, a garland of roses,
and in It. corona.

Chapman. AS. ceap-man, a merchant.
See Cheap.

Chapter. Fr. chapitre, from capitu-
lum, a head or division of a book. The
Chapter of a cathedral is the assembly
of the governing body. It. capitolo, Sp.
eapitulo, cabildo, Prov. capital, Fr. cha-
pitre.

Character. Gr. xapaicTijp (xapaffosi, to
grave or make incised marks on an ob-
ject), a mark made on a thing, a mark of
distinction.

Charade. See Charlatan.

* Charcoal. — To Char. Charcoal was
rightly explained by Tooke from AS.
cerran, OE. char, to turn, as being wood
turned to coal.

Then Nestor broiled them on the cole-turn'd
wood , — Chapman .

To char is now only used in the special
application of turning to coal, burning
without consuming the substance.

His profession — did put him upon finding a
way of charring sea coal, wherein it is in about
three hours or less without pots or vessels brought
to charcoal. — Boyle in R.

It is extraordinary that so plausible an
explanation should have failed to produce
conviction, but the following quotation
from William and the Werewolf will pro-
bably be found conclusive. In that work
the verb is written caire, and occurs fre-
quently in the sense of turn one's steps,
return, go, and at line 2520 it runs —

CHARM

Choliers that cayreden col come there biside,
And other wijes that were wont wode for to

fecche ;
i. e. colliers that charred coal, that turned
wood to coal, charcoal burners.

The G. equivalent kehren is used in a
similar manner in the sense of changing
the nature of a thing. ' Als sich Lucifer
in eine schlange kehrt :' as Lucifer turns
himself into a snake.

Chare. A chare is a turn of work ;
chare-woman, one who is engaged for an
occasional turn. Swiss, es ist mi cheer,
it is my turn; cher um cher, in turns,
turn about. — Deutsch. Mundart. 2. 370.
AS. eyre, a turn ; cerran, Du. keeren, to
turn ; Gael, car, turn, twist.

Charge. It. caricare, Ptg. carregar,
Fr. charger, to load ; properly to place
in a car. Lat. carricare, from carrus.
To charge an enemy is to lay on.

Lay on, Macduff,
And damned be he who first cries Hold, enough.

Charity. Lat. caritas, charitas, dear-
ness (in both senses), affection. Lat.
carus, dear, beloved, w. cam, Bret.
karout, to love.

Chark. — Chirk, as. cearcian, to creak,
crash, gnash. Lith. kirkti, to cu'y as a
child, creak, cluck ; kirklys, a cricket ;
karkti (schnarren, schreien, krachzen), to
whirr, as a beetle, cluck, gaggle ; kurkti,
to croak as a frog ; kurkelis, the turtle
dove ; czurksti, to chirp as sparrows,
czirksti, to chirp, twitter.

Charlatan. — Charade. Fr. charlatan,
a mountebank, prattling quacksalver, bab-
bler, tattler. — Cot. It. ciarlatore, from
ciarlare, to tattle, chatter. Sp. charlar,
chirlar, to prattle, jabber, clack, chat.
An imitative word representing the in-
articulate chattering or chirping of birds.
Sp. chirriar, to chirp, chirk, creak, hiss ■
Lith. czurliwoti, to sing or chirp as birds,
czirbti, to prattle, chatter.

From Norm, charer, Lang, chara, to
converse, seems to be derived charade, a
kind of riddle by way of social amuse-
ment, as Pol. gadka, a riddle, from gadai,
to talk ; Boh. hadka, a dispute ; pohadka,
a riddle, charade, w. siarad (pronounced
sharad), babbling, talking.

Charlock. A weed among com ; also
called kedlock. AS. cedeleac.

Charm. An enchantment. Yx.charme;
It. canne, carmo, a charm, a spell, a
verse, a rhyme. — Fl. From Lat. carmen,
which was used in the sense of magic
incantation. ' Venefici qui magicis su-
surris seu carminibus homines occidunt.
— Justin. Inst. Hence carminare, to

CHARNEL-HOUSE

enchant ; incarminatrix, an enchantress.
From carinen was formed It. carme and
Fr. charmer, as from nomen It. nome and
Fr. nommer, to name. — Diez.

The root of the Lat. carmen is pre-
sented in AS. cyrm, noise, shout ; OE.
charm, a hum or low murmuring ijoise,
the noise of birds, whence a charm of
goldfinches, a flock of those birds.

I cherme as byrdes do when they make a noise
a great number together. — Palsgrave.

Chamel- house. Fr. chamier, a
churchyard or charnel-house, a place
where dead bodies are laid or their
bones kept. — Cot. Lat. caro, carnisj
Fr. chair, flesh.

Chart. — Charter. See Card.

Chary, as. cearig (from cearian, to
care), careful, chary. Du. karigh, sor-
didus, parcus, tenax. — Kil. g. karg,
niggardly.

To Chase, i. To work or emboss
plate as silversmiths do. — B. Fr. chasse
(another form of caissej see Case), a
shrine for a relic, also that thing or part
of a thing wherein another is enchased ;
la chasse d'un rasoir, the handle of a
razor ; la chasse d'une rose, the calix of a
rose. — Cot. It. cassa s. s. Fr. enchasser.
It. incassare, to set a jewel, to enchase
it ; and as the setting was commonly of
ornamental work the E. chasing has come
to signify embossed jeweller's work

To Chase. 2. See Catch.

Chasm. Gr. %aafi.a, a yawning, a gap,
from xoAn, xi'i-'^vui, to gape, be wide open.

Chaste. Lat. castus, pure. Pol. czysty,
clean, pure, chaste. Russ. chisf, clean,
pure, clear, limpid. The origin seems
preserved in the Fin. kastaa, to wet, to
baptize, whence the notion of cleanliness
as the consequence of washing. See
Cistern.

To Chasten. — Chastise. Fr. ch&tier,
Lat castigare, from castus, clean, chaste,
pure, as purgare from purus.

Chat.— Chatter. To talk, converse,
make a noise as birds do, prattle. An
imitative word. It. gazzolare, gazzo-
gliare, gazzerare, gazzettare, to chat or
chatter as a piot or a jay, to chirp, warble,
prate. — Fl. Fr. gazeuiller, to chirp,
warble, whistle. Magy. csatora (Magy.
cs = E. ch), noise, racket ; csaterdzni, to
make a noise, chatter, talk much ; csa-
csogni, to chatter or prattle ; csacsogany,
a chatter-box, magpie, jackdaw ; Pol.
gaddc, to talk, gadu-gadu, chit-chat, tit-
tle-tattle. Malay, kata, a word, speak ;
kata-kata, discourse, talk.
Chats.— Chit. Chat-wood, little sticks

CHATS

143

fit for fuel. — Bailey. Yorkshire chat, a
twig ; Suffolk chaits, fragments or leav-
ings of food, as turnip-chaits, scraps of
offal ; blackthorn-chats, the young shoots
or suckers on rough borders, occasionally
cut and faggoted. — Forby. To chit, to
germinate ; chits, the first sprouts of any-
thing.— Hal.

The primary import of the syllable
chat, chit, chick, chip, is to represent the
sharp sound of a crack, then the crack-
ing of the hard case or shell in which
something is contained, and the peeping
or shooting forth of the imprisoned life
within ; or on the other hand it may be
applied simply to designate the frag-
ments of the broken object. In the
latter sense chat may be compared with
the Fr. eclats, shivers, splinters, frag-
ments, from the sound of a body bursting
or cracking, to which it bears the same
relation as chape, a plate of metal, to
clap.

It must be observed that the letters p,
k, t, are used with great indifference at
the end of syllables imitative of natural
sounds, as in the E. clap, clack, clatter;
G. kna,ppen, knacken, knatiern, to crack,
crackle. We accordingly find the sylla-
bles chat or chit, chick, chip, or equivalent
forms, used to represent a sharp note, as
that made by the crack of a hard sub-
stance, or the cry of a bird or the like.
To chitter or chipper, to chirp as a bird ;
to cheep, to cry as a chicken ; chip, the
cry of the bat. — Hal.

To chip is then to crack, to separate in
morsels, to break open and burst forth as
a blossom out of the bud, or a bird out of
the egg.

The rois knoppis tetand forth thare hede

Gan chyp and kythe their vernal lippis red.
D. V. in Jam.

The egg is chipped, the bird is iiown. — Jam.

Du. kippen, cudere, ferire, also to
hatch. — Kil. It. schioppare, to crack,
snap, or pop, to burst open. — Fl. In like
manner Russ. chikat', OE. chykkyn (Pr.
Pm.), to cheep or peep as a young bird ;
then chick (Hal.), a crack or a flaw ; also
to germinate or spring forth. And thus
probably has arisen the sense of germin-
ation belonging to chat or chit. Chit in
the sense of a child is metaphorically
taken from the figure of a shoot, as we
speak of olive branches, or a sprig of
nobility for a young aristocrat. So in
Gael, gallan or ogan, a branch, also a
youth, a young man ; geug, a branch
and a young female.

Parallel with E. chit in the latter sense

144

CHATTELS

the It. has ciio, cita, citello, zitella, a
young boy or girl.

Chattels.— Cattle. Fr. chat el, OFr.
chaptel, a piece of moveable property,
from Lat. capitale, whence captale, catal-
liim, the principal sum in a loan, as dis-
tinguished from the interest due upon it.
' Semper renovabantur cartee et usura
quae excrevit vertebatur in catallum' —
Cronica Jocelini. Cam. Soc. Then, in
the same way as we speak at the present
day of a man of large capital for a man
of large possessions, catallum came to
be used in the sense of goods in general,
with the exception of land, and was
specially applied to cattle as the principal
wealth of the country in an early stage of
society.

Juxta facultates suas et juxta catalla sua. — ■
Laws of Edward the Confessor. Cum decimis
omnium terrarum ac bonorum aliorum sive ca-
tallorum. — Ingulphus. Rustici curtillum debet
esse clausum ssstate simul et hieme. Si disclau-
sum sit et introeat alicujus vicini sui captale per
suum apertum, — Brompton in Due.

It should be observed that there is the
same double meaning in as. ceap, goods,
cattle, which is the word in the laws of
Ina translated captale in the foregoing
passage ; and this may perhaps be the
reason why the Lat. equivalent capiale
was apphed to beasts of the farm with
us, while it never acquired that meaning
in Fr. Bret, chatal, cattle.

Chawl. — Chowl.— Chole. as. ceafl,
snout, ceaflas, jaws, cheeks, lead to OE.
chavylbone or chawlbone, mandibula. —
Pr. Pm. NE. choule, jaw. The strap of
the bridle under the jaw is called the
choulband. — Hal. See Cheek, Chew.

Cheap. The modern sense of low in
price is an ellipse for good cheap, equiva-
lent to Fr. bon marche, from AS. ceap,
price, sale, goods, cattle. Goth, kaupon,
to deal ; ON. kaupa, to negotiate, buy ;
Du. koopen, G. kaufen, to buy; kauf-
mann, e. chapman, a dealer. Slav, ku-
piti, Bohem. kaupiti, to buy. Gr. KaviiXog,
Lat. caupo, a tavern-keeper, tradesman.
■ — Dief.

Ihre shows satisfactorily that the mo-
dern sense of buying is not the original
force of the word, which is used in the
sense of bargaining, agreeing upon, ex-
changing, giving or taking in exchange,
and hence either buying or selling. ' Ek
villdi ^aupa skipinu via yckur brasdur.'
1 will exchange ships with you two bro-
thers, 'li^'opa jord i jord,' to exchange
farm for farm. Thus we are brought to
the notion of changing expressed by the

CHEEK

colloquial E. chop; to chop and change,
to swap goods ; to coff—Yisi., Sc. to coup
s. s. ; horse-couper, a dealer in horses.
See Chop.

Chear. Pro v. Sp. car a, OFr. chiere.
It. cera, the countenance ; Fr. chire, the
face, visage, countenance, favour, look,
aspect of a man. Faire bonne chire, to
entertain kindly, welcome heartily, make
good chear unto ; faire mauvaise chere,
to frown, lower, hold down the head ;
belle chire et cceur arriere, a willing look
and unwilling heart. — Cot. Then as a
kind reception is naturally joined with
liberal entertainment, yazV^ bonne or mau-
vaise chire acquired the signification of
good living or the reverse, and hence the
E. chear in the sense of victuals, enter-
tainment.

Cheat. Cheat in the old canting lan-
guage of beggars and rogues was a thing
of any kind. Thus grunting-chete was a
pig ; crashing-chetes, teeth ; prattling-
chete, the tongue, &c., and, from the fre-
quency probably with which the word
occurred, a cheater ^as equivalent to cant-
er, a rogue or person who used the cant-
ing language. Hence to cheat, to act as
a rogue. — Modern Slang. It. truffa, any
cheating, canting or crossbiting trick ;
truffatore, a cheater, cozener, a canting
knave. — Fl.

Check. Fr. dchec, a repulse, a meta-
phor taken from the game of chess,
where the action of a player is brought
to a sudden stop by receiving check to
his king.

To check an account, in the sense of
ascertaining its correctness, is an ex-
pression derived from the practice of the
King's Court of Exchequer, where ac-
counts were taken by means of covmters
upon a checked cloth. See Chess.

Cheek.— Choke.— Chaps. The gut-
tural sounds made by impeded exertions
of the throat in coughing, retching, hawk-
ing, stuttering, laughing, are represented
in widely separated languages by the
syllables ^ag-, gig, kak, kek, kik, kok, with
a frequent change of the initial k into ch.
We may cite Fin. kakaista, to vomit,

1jd.-^.kakot, to nauseate (to retch), kakkaset,
to stutter. Fin. kikottaa, Lat. cachinnari,
AS. ceahhetan, to laugh, Bav. gagkern,
gagkezen, to cluck like a hen, to cough
dry and hard, to stutter ; gigken, gig-
kezen, to make inarticulate sounds in
retching, stuttering, giggling, Du. kichen,
to gasp, cough, sob ; E. keck, to fetch the
breath with difficulty, to clear the throat ;
chuckle, to make inarticulate sounds in

CHE.EP

the throat from suppressed laughter or
the hke; Sw. kikna, to gasp, kikna of
skratt, to choke with laughter. The Sw.
kikna is identical with OE. cheken, to
choke. ' Chekenyd or querkenyd, suffo-
catus.' — Pr. Pm. Thus "we are brought
to w. cegio, AS. ceocian, E. to choke; ON.
koka, quoka, to swallow.

Again the root representing the sounds
made by impeded guttural action passes
on to signify the parts of the bodily
frame by which the exertion is made, the
throat, gullet, chops, jaws, cheeks. Sc.
chouks, the throat, jaws ; ON. kok, quok,
the throat ; w. ceg, throat, mouth ; Sw.
kek, kdke, N. kjakje, jaw ; Du. kaecke,
cheek, jaw, gill of fish ; AS. ceac, E. cheek.
The frequentative keckle, to make a noise
in the throat by reason of difficulty of
breathing (Bailey) leads on to Pl.D.
kdkel, the mouth, Fris. gaghel, the palate
(Kil.), Lith. /Ji2^/(W, the neck, AS. geagl,
geahl, geafl, Fr. giffle, jouffle, jaw, jowl,
chops.

In these latter forms we see the trans-
ition from a guttural to a labial termin-
ation, which in the case of cough has
taken place in pronunciation although
the final guttural is retained in writing.
The imitative origin is witnessed by Galla
cufd, to belch, cough, clear the throat,
rattle in the throat. — Tutschek. Analo-
gous forms are G. kopen,koppen,Xo belch,
to gasp — Schmeller ; E. to kep, to boken,
i. e. when the breath is stopped being
ready to vomit — B. ; Pl.D. gapen, kapen,
Da. gabe, to gape ; gab, the mouth or
throat of an animal ; Sw. gap, the throat ;
AS. ceaplas, ceaflas, E. chaps, the loose
flesh about the jaws ; Da. kjcebe, kjceve,
the jaw ; Wall, chiffe, cheek.

To Cheep. To make a shrill noise
like a young chicken, squeak as a mouse,
creak as shoes. — Jam. An imitative word,
X'C&s.peep in the same sense. Lith. czypti,
to cheep like a chicken or squeak like a
mouse, whence czypulas, a chicken. Sc.
cheiper, a cricket.

Cheese, as. cese, cyse, OHG. chasi, G.
hase, w. caws, Lat. caseus. The word
may perhaps be explained from a Fin-
nish source. Fin. kasa, a heap, whence
kasa-leipa, old bread, bread kept for a
year. The Lapps prepare much of their
food, as meat and butter, by laying it in
a heap till it becomes rancid or half de-
cayed, acquiring a flavour of old cheese.
This they call hdrsk. From them the
practice seems to have been communi-
cated to their Scandinavian neighbours,
who treat their fish and coarser flesh in

CHEVRON

145

this manner. on. kces, kos subliqui-
dorum coacervatio, mollium congeries,
veluti piscium, carnium, &c. Hence
kasa, to heap up such things for the pur-
pose of acidifying them ; kasadr, kasiiU-
din, subacidus, veteris casei sapore — An-
dersen ; kastr, incaseatus, made rancid
by laying up in a covered heap, used
especially of seals' flesh, which is not
otherwise considered eatable. — Haldor-
sen.

The use of the word kcesir, rennet,
shows that the Icelanders recognise the
identity of the process going on in viands
subjected to this process with that which
takes place in the formation of cheese,
though it is remarkable that they use a
different word, ost, for cheese itself, which
seems also derived from a Finnish source.

Chemistry. See Alchemy.

Chequer. See Chess.

Cherish. Fr.. cherir, to hold dear, to
treat with affection. Cher, Lat. cams,
dear. w. caru, to love.

Cherry. Lat. cerasus. It. cireggia,
cirieggia, Fr. cerise j G. kirsche.

Chesnut. Lat. castaneusj Fr. chas-
tagne, chAtaigne. Du. kastanie, G. kesten,
E. chesten. — Kil. Hence chesten-nut,
chestnut.

Chess. It. scacco, Sp. xaque, F*-. ichec,
G. schach, from the cry of check 1 (Pers.
schach, king), when the king is put in the
condition of being taken. As the board
in this game is divided into a number of
equal squares of opposite colours, things
so marked are called chequered. Pro-
bably at one time the game was called
the game of checks, subsequently cor-
rupted into chess. It is sometimes written
chests in OE.

Chest. AS. cisty G. hasten, kistej Lat.
cista. See Case.

Chevaux de frise. The name of
Vriesse ruyters (Frisian horsemen) was
given in Dutch to long beams stuck
round with spikes and placed in the road
to prevent the attack of cavalry. It would
seem to have been a device of the Frisian
peasants to supply the want of cavalry in
their struggle for independence.

Chevisance. Achievement, acquisition,
gain or profit in trade. Fr. chevir, to
compass, prevail with, make an end,
come to an agreement with. Chef, pro-
perly head, then end, accomplishment ;
achever, to bring to an end, to accom-
plish.

Chevron. The representation of two
rafters in heraldry. Fr. chevron, Prov.
cabrion, cabiron, Sp. cabrio, a rafter ; ca-
10

146 CHEW

brial, a beam, cabriones, wedges of wood
to support the breech of a cannon . Wal-
ach. caferu, caprioru, beam, rafter. W.
cebr, Bret, kibr, rafter ; Gael, cabar, deer's
horn, antler, stake, pole, rafter ; cabar
beinne, mountain top ; cabarach, branchy.
It is remarkable that the rafters are also
called corni la casa, horns of the house,
in Walach., while the Magy. term is ssaru
fu, horn wood.

To Chew. — Chaw. It is shown under
Cheek that the names of the gullet, mouth,
jaw, chaps, are taken from the representa-
tion of the sounds made by guttural exer-
tions. 'Among these the G. kauchen,
keichen, lead through the synonymous E.
kaw, to gasp for breath (Hal.), to Du.
kauwe, kouwe, kuwe, the throat, cheek,
jaw, chin, gills of a fish. — Kil. E. chaw-
bone, machouere. — Palsgr. And hence,
and not vice versd, are formed Du. kaau-
•wen, G. kauen, E. chew or chaw, to use
the jaws. E. chavel, choule, a jaw, chol,
the jole, head, jaws ; chavel, to chew.^
Hal.

* Chicane. Fr. chicaner, to pettifog,
to contest, captiously taking every possi-
ble advantage without regard to substan-
tial justice ; chicoter, to contest about
trifles. — Gattel. Probably from Fr. chic,
chiquei, a little bit. De chic en chic,
from little to little.— Cot. Payer chiguet
A chiguet, by driblets.— Gattel. Chigue,
a lump, a quid of tobacco. It. cica cica,
the least imaginable jot. — Fl. For the
ultimate origin of the word see Doit,
Mite.

Chick. Du. kieken, a chicken. The
shrill cry of the young bird is represented
by the syllable cheip,peep, or chick, from
the first of which is Lith. czypulas, a
chicken, from the second Lat. pipio, a
young bird, and from the third E. chicken.
Chikkyn as hennys byrdys, pipio, pululo.
— Pr. Pm. Russ. chikat', to cheep or
peep as a young bird ; chij (Fr. ]), a
finch. Magy. pip, the cry of young
birds; pipe, a chicken, gosling. Fin.
tiukkata, tiukkua, to chirp or peep like a
chicken, tiukka, the chirping of a spar-
row ; Magy. tyuk, a hen, doubtless ori-
ginally a chicken ; Lap. tiuk, the young
of animals in general.

To Chide, as. cidan, to scold, from
the notion of speaking loud and shrill.
Swiss kiden,^ to resound as a bell. Fin.
kidata, kitista, strideo, crepo, queror,
knarren, knirschen, klagend tonen.

Chief. Fr. chef, Prov. cap. It. capo,
Walach. capu, pi. capete, Lat. caput, the
head. The loss of the syllable it in

CHJME

the radical form is unusual. It reappears
however in the derivatives capitano, chief-
tain, captain. The curtailed form agrees
in a singular way with G. kopf Du. kop,
a cup, a head.

Child. AS. cild, G. kind. A similar
interchange of n and / is seen in E.
kilderkin, Du. kindeken, a small cask ;
OFr. aner, Fr. alter, to go. It is remark-
able that the anomalous plural children
agrees with the Du. kinderen. .

Chill. The meaning is properly to
shiver or cause to shiver.
The ape that earst did nought but chill and

Now gan some courage unto him to take.

Mother Hubbard.

Brezza, chillness or shivering. — Fl.
Chilly weather is what causes one to
shiver : to feel chilly is to feel shivery.
Now the notion of shivering or trembling
is most naturally expressed by a vibrating,
quivering sound which passes, when the
vibrations become very rapid, into a con-
tinuous shriU sound. The usual sense of
twitter is to warble like a bird, but it is
explained by Bailey to quake or shiver
with cold. To chatter represents the
rapid shaking of the teeth with cold, or
the broken noise of birds, or qf people
talking rapidly. To chitter, to chirp or
twitter as birds — Hal., then as G. zitterti,
Du. citteren, to tremble with cold. To
titter is a modification of the same word
applied to the broken sounds of repressed
laughter, while didder is to shiver or
tremble.

From the tingling sound of a little
bell (Fr. grelot), greloter is to shiver for
cold. On the same principle I regard
the Ptg. chillrar, to twitter, Sp. chillar,
W.-ill. chiler, to crackle, creak, twitter,
hiss as meat on the gridiron, as pointing
out the origin of the E. chill, signifying
properly shivering, then cold. See Chim-
mer, Chitter. The Pl.D. killen, to smart,
has probably the same origin. ' De finger
killet mi for kalte,' my finger tingles with
cold. Du. killen, tintelen van koude. —
Halm.

Chimb. Du. kimme, the rim or edge
of a vase, or as E. chimb, the projecting
ends of the staves above the head of a
cask. Pl.D. k'imm s. s., also the horizon,
w. cib, a cup ; cibaw, to raise the rim,
knit the brow ; cib-led, of expanded rim ;
hyd-y-gib, to the brim. Fin. kippa, a cup.

Chime. Imitative of a loud clear
sound. Chymyn or chenkyn with bellys.
Tintillo. — Pr. Pm. Da. kime, to chime.
Fin. kimia, acute, sonorous, kimista^

CHIMERA

acutd tinnio ; kimina, sonus acutus,

clangor tinniens ; kummata, kumista, to
sound, as a large bell ; kumina, reson-
ance ; komia, sounding deep, as a bell ;

kommata, komista, to sound deep or
hollow.

Chimera. Gr. x'V<"<"'j ^ goat, then
the name of a fabulous monster part
goat, part lion, killed by Bellerophon.

To Chimmer. Chymerynge, or chy-
verynge or dyderinge. Frigutus. — Pr.
Pm. This word affords a good illustra-
tion of the mode in which the ideas of
tremulous motion, sound, and light, are
connected together. We have the radical
application to a tremulous sound in Pol.
szemrcU, to murmur, rustle; E. simmer,
to boil gently, to make a tremulous
sound on beginning to boil. The desig-
nation passes on to phenomena of sight
and bodily movement in shimm.er, a
twinkling light, and chim-mer, to tremble,
which differ from each other only as
shiver and the chyver of Pr. Pm. Com-
pare also Walach. caperd, to simmer,
vibrate, sparkle. See Bright, Chitter.

Chimney. Fr. cheminde. It. cam-
minata, a hall ; Mid.Lat. caminata, an
apartment with a tire-place, from Lat.
caminus, a fire-place. Caminatum, fyr-
hus. — j^lf. Gloss.

Chia. AS. cinne, Du. kinne. Kinne-
backe, the jaw, cheek. Gr. ykvvQ, the jaw,
chin ; yivtiov, the chin ; Lat. gena, the
cheek. Bret, gen, the cheek (jaw) ; genou
(pi.), the mouth (jaws) ; genawi, to open
the mouth.

Chin-coug^h.. — Chink-cough. Sw.
kik hosta, G. keich husten, Du. kieck hoest,
kink hoest, the whooping cough, from the
sharp chinking sound by which it is ac-
' companied. To chink with laughter, to
lose one's breath with laughter and make
a crowing sound in recovering breath.

Chine. Fr. eschine, the chine, back-
bone ; eschin^e (de pore), a chine (of
pork) ; eschiner, to chine, .to divide or
bx-eak the back of — Cot. It. schiena,
schena, schina, Sp. esquena, Prov. esquina,
the backbone ; Lat. spina, a thorn, also
the spine or backbone from its pointed
processes. The change from the sound
of J^ to sk is singular, as the/ is preserved
in It. spina, Fr. epine, a thorn. Diez de-
rives from OHG. skina, a needle ; but
skina applied to a bone signified the shin,
and it is most unlikely that it would also
have been used to designate the spine.

Chink. Primarily a shrill sound, as
the chink of money, to chink with laugh-

CHITTERLING

147

ter. Magy. tsengeni, tsongeni, tinnire.
Then, in the same way that the word
crack, originally representing the sound
made by the fracture of a hard body, is
applied to the separation of the broken
parts, so also we find chink applied to '
the fissure arising from the fracture of a
hard body, then to any narrow crack or
fissure. AS. cinan, to gape, to chink.
The same sound is represented in E. in-
differently by the syllable clink or chink,
and the Du. klincken, to clink or sound
sharp, gives rise in like manner to the
substantive klincke, a chink or fissure.

In like manner E. chick, representing
in the first instance a sharp sound, is pro-
vincially used in the sense of a crack, a
flaw — Hal. ; and from a similar sound
represented by the syllable schrick, Bav.
schricken, to crack as glass or earthen-
ware ; schrick, a chap, cleft, chink. — •
Kuttn.

Chintz. Hindost. chits, chhint.

Chip. See Chap, Chat.

Chirk. See Chark.

To Chirpr A parallel form with chirk,
representing the shrill noise of birds or
insects, all these imitative terms being
liable to great variation in the final con-
sonants. Lith. czirszkti,to chirp, twitter ;
czirbti, to prattle ; czirpti, to creak, hiss ;
G. zirpen, zirken, tschirpen, to chirp ; Sp.
chirriar, to creak, chirp, hiss ; chirlar. It.
ciarlare, to prattle ; Valentian charrarj
Norman charer, to tattle, chatter ; E. dial.
to chirre, to chirp. In the same sense,
to chirm J ' chirming tongues of birds.' —
Phaer's Virg. Chyrme or chur, as birds
do. — Huloet. in Hal.

Chisel. Fr. ciseau (for cisel), a sur-
geon's lancet, also a chisel or graving
iron. — Cot. It. cisello, Sp. cincel, Ptg.
sizel. Fr. cisaille, clipping of coin. Sp.
chischas, clashing of weapons.

Chit. See Chats.

To Chitter. To chirp or twitter.

But she withal no worde may soune,

But chitre as a bird jargowne. — Gower in Hal.

Du. schetteren, stridere, crepare, dis-
plodere, et garrire ; schetteringe, sonus
vibrans, quavering of the voice. — Kil.
From signifying a twittering sound chit-
ter \s, applied to tremulous motion. Chyt-
tering, quivering or shakyng for colde. —
Huloet in Hal. It. squittire, to squeak
or cry as a parrot, to hop or skip nimbly
up and down.

Chitterling. i. A frill to a shirt.
We make of a French niff an English chitterling.
Gascoigne in Todd.

2. The small entrails of a hog, from
10 *

148

CHIVALRY

their wrinkled appearance. G. kros,
gekrose, a ruff or frill, also the mesentery
or membrane which covers the bowels,
from kraus, curly ; kalbs gekrose, a calf's
pluck or chaldron ; gdnse gekrose, a
goose's giblets, called cMtters in the N.
of E. Yr.freze, a ruff, a calf's chaldern ;
fresure, the inwards of an animal, pluck,
haslets, &c.

The origin of the word in the sense of
a frill or wrinkled structure is chitter, to
chirp or twitter, then to shiver, the ridges
of a wrinkled surface being represented
by the vibrations of sound or motion.
In the same way the synonym frill is re-
lated to Fr. friller, to shiver, chatter, or
didder for cold, and Vf.ffrill, a twittering,
chattering. Compare also Pol. krussyi,
to shiver ; kruszki, ruffs, also calPs,
lamb's pluck or gather, chawdron, &c.
Walach. caperd, to palpitate ; Lat. cape-
rare, to wrinkle.

Chivalry. The manners and senti-
ments of the knightly class. Fr. cke-
valerie, from chevalier, a knight. See
Cavalry. •-

Chives. The fine threads of flowers,
or the little knobs which grow on the tops
of those threads ; chivets, the small parts
of the roots of plants, by which they are
propagated.— B . Fr. chippe, chiffe, a rag,
jag ; E. chife, a fragment, chimp, a young
shoot ; chibble, to break off in small
pieces ; shive, a small slice or slip of
anything ; shiver, a scale or fragment ;
P1.D. scheve, the shives or broken frag-
ments of stalk that fall off in dressing
flax or hemp ; schevel-steen, G. schiefer,
stone which splits off in shives or shivers,
slate ; ON. skifa, to ^cleave ; — all seem
developments of the same radical image.
See Chats.

* Chives are also a kind of small onion,
the eatable part of which consists of the
young fine leaves, and in this sense the
word is more likely to be from Lat. cepa,
an onion. Fr. cive, civette, a chive, seal-
lion or unset leek.' — Cot. Verie coinme
chives, as green as leeks. — Body and Soul.

Chock-full. — Chuck-full. Swab.
schoch, a heap, g'schochet voll, full to
overflowing, heaped measure, chock full.
— Schmid. In the same dialect schop-
pen is to stuff, to stop ; geschoppt voll,
crammed full.

Choir. — Chorus. Gr. x^poc, a com-
pany of singers or dancers, specially with
an application to theatrical performances,
whence Lat. chorus, and It. coro, Fr.
chceur, the quire or part of the church
appropriated to the singers.

CHOP

To Choke. — See Cheek.
Choleric. — Cholera. Gr. %o\ifa, a
malady the symptoms of which are con-
nected with the bile, from %u\i), i. bile, 2.
anger, wrath, whence choleric, of an angry
disposition.

* To Choose. — Choice. ^S,.ceosan,V)^x,
kiezen, keuren, koren, Goth, kiusan, kaus-
jan, G. kiesen, kbhren, Prov. causir, Fr.
choisir, to choose. The primary mean-
ing is doubtless to taste, then to try,
prove, approve, select. ' Thaiize ni kaus-
jand dauthaus,' who shall not taste death.
— Mark ix. I. ' Gagga kausjan thans '
— I go to prove them. — Luc. xiv. 19. The
original meaning is preserved in G. wein
kieser, a wine taster, and in kosten, to
taste, to experience, to try. OHG. kiusan,
to prove, to try ; arkiusan, to choose ;
kor6n, to taste, try, prove. Swiss kust,
gust, taste, gusten, kustigen, to taste, to
try, lead us on to Lat. gustare, Gr. ^euw,
yEuffM, to taste. Equivalents in the Sla-
vonic languages are Pol. kusid, to tempt,
try. Boh. okusyti, to taste, try, experience ;
Russ. wkusit' , prikushat , to taste ; Serv.
kushati, to taste, to try. As kushnuti,
kushevati, in the same language, signify
to kiss, in analogy with the use of smack
in the sense of kiss as well as taste, it is
probable that the root kus. of the fore-
going terms represents the smack of the
lips in kissing or tasting.

Choice is probably direct from Fr. choix.
To Chop. The syllable chap or chop
represents the sound of a sudden blow ;
Sc. chap hands, to strike hands ; to chap
at a door ; to chap, to hack, cut up into
small pieces. Chap, chaup, choppe, a
blow. — Jam. Hence to chop is to do any-
thing suddenly, as with a blow, to turn.
A greyhound chops up a hare when it
catches it unawares ; to chop up in prison,
to clap up — Hal. ; the wind chops round
when it makes a sudden turn to a differ-
ent quarter.

From the notion of turning round the
word chop passes to the sense of exchang-
ing, an exchange being the transfer of
something with the -return of an equiva-
lent on the other side. Thus we speak
of choppi>ig and changing ; to chop horses
with one, to exchange horses. The Sc.
and N. of E. coup, Warwickshire coff, ON.
kaup, keypa, are used in the same sense.
' Siflast bid hann at Holmi thviat hann
keipti vid Holmstarra basdi londom oc
konom oc lausa fe olio.' At last he dwelt
at Holm because he and Holmstarra had
chopped both lands and wives and all
their moveables. ' Enn Sigridur sem

CHOP

hann dtti ddur hengdi sig i hofino thviat
hun villdi eigi manna-kaupin.' But Sig-
rid whom he before had to wife hanged
herself tn the temple, because she would
not endure this husband chopping.—
Landnamabok, p. 49.

Thus chop is connected with G. kaufen,
E. cheap, chapma?i, &c. In Sc. coup the
original sense of turning is combined with
that of trafficking, dealing. To coup, to
overturn, overset. — Jam.

' The whirling stream will make our boat to
coup, i. e. to turn over.' ' They are forebuyers
of quheit, bearand aits, copers ^"od turners V[ier&~
of in merchandise.' — Jam.

Horse-couper, cow-couper, one who
buys and sells horses or cows; soul-coup-
er, a trafficker in souls. To turn a penny
is a common expression for making a
penny by traffic.

The nasalisation of chap or chop in the
sense of exchanging would give rise to
the It. cambiare, cangiare, and we act-
ually find champman for chapman, a
merchant, in Chaucer. See Change.

To Chop logick. Du. happen (to
chop) in thieves' language signified to
speak. Borgoens happen, to cant, to
speak thieves' slang. — P. Marin.

Chopino. Sp. chapin, high clog, slip-
per ; chapineria, shop where clogs and
pattens are sold. From the sound of a
blow represented by the syllable chap,
chop, as Du. klompe, klopper, clogs, from
kloppen, to knock, because in clogs or
wooden shoes one goes clumping along,
where it will be observed that the initial
kloi kloppen corresponds to ch of chopino,
as in the examples mentioned under
Chape.

Chord. Gr. xop5>}, the string of a music-
al instrument ; originally, the intestine of
an animal, of which such strings are made.

Chough., A jackdaw; AS. ceo; OE.
kowe, monedula. — Nominale in Nat. Ant.
Du. kauwe, kaej Lith. kowej Sax.
kaycke ; Picard. cauc, cauvette j Fr.
choucas, chouquette, chouette, whence E.

CHUCK

149

Peace, chuet, peace. — Shakespeare,
This latter is the same word with the
It. civetta, applied to an owl in that
language. The origin of all these words
is an imitation of the cry of the bird, equi-
valent to the E, kaw. See Chaff.

To Chouse. From the Turkish Chiaus,
a messenger or envoy. In 1609 Sir
Robert Shirley, who was about to come
to England with a mission from the Grand
Seignor and the King of Persia, sent be-
fore him a Chiaus, who took in the Turk-

ey and Persia merchants in a way that
obtained much notoriety at the time.
Hence to chiaus became a slang word
for to defraud. — Gifford's Ben Jonson, 4.
27. In the Alchemist, which was written
in i6io, we find the following passage :
Dap. And will I tell then? by this hand of flesh
Would it might never write good court-hand more
If I discover. What do you think of me,
That I am a chiaus f
Face. What's that?
Dap. The Turk was here

As one should say, Doe you think I am a Turk? —
Face. Come, noble Doctor, pray thee let's pre-
vail— •
You deal now with a noble gentleman.
One that will thank you richly, and he is no
chiaus —

Shght, I bring you
No cheating Clim o' the Cloughs. — Alchemist.

We are in a fair way to be ridiculous. What
think you, Madam, chiaus dhy ^.sohola.xl — Shir-
ley in Giiford.

Chrism. — Chrisom. Fr. chrisme, Gr.
xpi'^lia, consecrated oil to be used in bap-
tism ; Fr. cresmeau, the crisome where-
with a child is anointed, or more properly
the cloth or christening cap that was put
on the head of the child as soon as it had
been anointed. — Cot.

-chron-. — Chronicle. Gr. xftovoq,
time ; ra ;(;povucd, Fr. chroniques, E.
chronicles, journals of events in refer-
ence to the times in which they hap-
pened.

Anachronism, an offence against the
fitness of times.

Chrysalis. Lat. chrysalis (Plin.), Gr.
XpvaaXic, doubtless from some connection
with xp^^og, gold.

Chub.— Chevin. A fish with a thick
snout and head. Fr. chevane, cheviniau.
Confounded with the bullhead, a small fish
with a large head. yiSA.\^s.X.. capita, ca-
pitanus, caphatenus, cavena, whence the
Fr. chevane, E. chevin. G. forms are
kaulhaupt (club-head, whence e. gull;
capitone, a bullhead, gull, or miller's
thumb — Fl.), kolbe (club), kobe, koppe,
whence apparently the E. chub. — Dief.
Sup. Quabbe, quappe, gobio capitatus,
capito. — Kil.

* Chubby, e. dial, cob, a lump or
piece ; chump, a thick piece. ON. kubbr,
Sw. dial, kubb, a stump, short piece ;
kubbug, fat, plump, thick-set.

Chuck.— Chuokstone. A sharp sound
like the knocking of two hard substances
together is imitated by the syllables
clack, chack, cak, clat, chat, as in Fr.
claquer, to clack, chatter ; Wall, caker,
to strike in the hand, the teeth to chat-
ter ; Fr. caqueter, to chatter, prattle ; E.

IJO

CHUCKLE

clatter, &c. N. kakka, klakka, to strike
a resounding object, as a board. — Aasen.
In Sc. we have to chack, to make a noise
like two stones knocking togetlier.

Some 's teeth for cold did chack and chatter.
Cleland in Jam.

Hence the name of the wheatear or
stone-chat (a bird making a noise of that
description), in Sc. chack or stane-chacker.

This imitation of the noise of pebbles
knocking together has very generally
given rise to the designation of a pebble
or small stone, as in E. chack-stone, Sc.
chuckie-stane. The Turkish has chagh-
lamak, to make a rippling noise, as water
running over rocks or stones, chakil, a
pebble ; Gr. Ka-^aiva, to move with a
ratthng noise like pebbles rolled on the
beach ; KaxXij?, x^^i?, Lat. calx, calculus,
a pebble.

To chuck one under the chin is to give
him a sudden blow, so as to make the
jaw chack or snap. To chuck in the
sense of throwing may be from the notion
of a sudden jerk.

To Chuckle. See Cheek.

Chuff.— Chu%. C^z^j^ churHsh, surly,
an old chuff, a miser. Probably from It.
ciuffo, ceffo, the snout of an animal, and
thence an ugly face ; far ceffo, to make a
wry face ; ceffata, ceffore, a douse on the
chops. Wall, chife, chofe (Grandgagnage),
OFr. gffe, giffle, cheek, blow on the
cheeks ; Wall, chofu, Fr. joffu, joufflu,
chuffy, fat-cheeked, swollen or puffed up
in the face. — Cot. AS. ceaplas, ceaflas,
geaflas, chaps, jaws. See Cheek.

Chump. — Chunk. A log of wood,
the thick end of anything, a lump. See
Cob.

Church.. The derivation from Kvpiasov,
the Lord's house, has been impugned
because it is not understood how a Greek
term should have made its way among
Gothic nations. It is certain, however, that
Kvpiasov was used in the sense of church.
The canon of the sixth Council prescribes,
— on oh StX iv roXt; KvptaKolg, rj iv tolq ^kkXtj-
cridle Tag Xtyojiivag ayairag ttouIv.' And
Zonaras in commenting on the passage
says that the name of KvpiaKov is fre-
quently found in the sense of a church,
although only this canon directly dis-
tinguishes iicKXijaia and Kvpiaxov, ' but I
think,' he adds, ' that the n is not there
used disjunctively, but by way of explan-
ation.'— Quoted by Max iVIiiller in Times
Newsp. As AS. cyrice is confessedly the
very form to which the Greek would
have given rise, it is carrying scruples to
an extravagant length to doubt the iden-

CINDER

tity of the two words, because we do not
know how the Greek name came to be
employed instead of the Latin equivalent
dominicum, whence Ir. domhnach, a
church.

ChurL AS. ceorl, a man, countryman,
husbandman. ON. karl, a man, male
person, an old man. Du. kaerle, a man,
a husband, a rustic ; G. kerl, a fellow.

Churn. ON. kjami, G. kern, the kernel,
pith, marrow, flower, or choice part of a
thing ; whence ON. kirna, Fris. kernjen,
to churn, i. e. to separate the kernel of
the milk, or, as Epkema explains it, to
cause the milk to grain, to form grains of
butter. Da. dial, kiorne, to separate the
grains of barley from the chaff. Somer-
set kerti, to turn from blossom to fruit. —
Jennings.

-cid-. -cis-. Lat. cado, casum (in comp.
-cid-), to fall; accido, to fall at or on, to
happen ; incido, to fall upon ; decide, to
fall from, whence deciduous (of trees),
whose leaves fall from them.

-cide-. -cise. Lat. ccedo, cczsum (in
comp. -cido, -cisuiri), to cut ; decide, to
cut off, to determine ; incision, a cutting
in ; circumcision, a cutting round, &c.

Cider. Fr. cidre, from Lat. sicera, Gr.
aiKipa, as Fr. ladre from Lazare. Sicera-
tores, i. e. qui cervisiam vel pomarium
sive piratiam facere sciant. — Charta A.D.
I io6 in Mur. Diss. 24.

Cieling. See Ceiling.

Cincture. Lat. cinctura {cingo, pp.
cinctus, to gird, tie about), a girding on,
thence a belt.

* Cinder. The spelling of chider has .
arisen from the erroneous supposition
that the word is an adoption of Fr. cendre,
from Lat. cinis, -eris, dust, ashes, with
which it has really no connection. It
should be written sinder, corresponding
to G. sinter, Du. sindel, sintel, ON. sindr,
signifying in the first place the brilliant
sparks which are driven off when white-
hot iron is beaten on the anvil, then the
black scales to which they turn when
cold, and the slag or dross of iron of
which they are composed, and from
analogy is applied to the unconsumed
residue of burnt coals. Du. sindel is
rendered by Kil. scoria, spuma metalli,
but according to Weiland sintel (as it is
now pronounced) is used as E. cinders
for the residue of stone coal. The origin
of the word is seen in on. sindra, to
sparkle, to throw out sparks, a parallel
form with iyndra, Sw. tindra, to sparkle.
In Germany .^;V//a'6'?- is used as a synonym
with sinter for smiths' scales or cinder.

CION

See Tinder. ON. sindri, a flint for
striking fire.

Cion. — Scion. Fr. scion, cion, a young
and tender plant, a shoot, sprig, twig. —
Cot. Tlie proper sense is a sucker, as
in Sp. chupon, a sucker or young twig
shooting from the stock, from chupar,to
suck. The radical identity of the Fr.
and Sp. forms is traced by Gr. a'upiav, a
tube or hollow reed (from the root sup,
sip, suck), also a waterspout (sucking up
the water of the sea), compared with It.'
sione, a kind of pipe, gutter, or quill to
draw waier through — Fl. ; a whirlwind.
■ — Alt. In Fr. cion, Sp. chupon, and E.
scion or sucker, the young shoot is con-
ceived as sucking up the juices of the
parent plant.

* Ciplier. Fr. chijfre, It. cifra, Arab.
sifr. Originally the name of the figure
marking a blank in decimal arithmetic.
Then transferred to the other nvimeral
figures. From Arab, sifr, empty (Dozy) ;
sajira, to be empty. — Golius.

Circle. — Circuit. Gr. KpiKoe, KipKog, a
ring, circle, clasp. Lat. area, around,
circ2tlus, a circle. The Gr. KpUog differs
only in the absence of the nasal from ON.
kringr, hringr, a circle, a ring. In the
latter language kring is used in composi-
tion as Lat. circum. ON. kringla, a circle.
See Crankle.

Circum-. Lat. circa, circum, about,
around. See Circle.

-cis-. See -cid-.

* Cistern. Lat. cisterna, a reservoir
for water. Probably from Lat. cista, a
chest, as caverna from cavus. Comp.
G. wasserkasten (water chest), a cistern.
On the other hand a more characteristic
explanation might be found in Bohem.
ciste, clean (the equivalent of the Lat.
castus), whence cistiti, to cleanse, and

cisterna, a cleansing place, a cistern. So
Lat. lucerna, the place of a light, as.
cern, ern, a place ; domern, a judgment
place ; hiddern, a hiding-place, &c. See
Chaste.

Citadel. It. cittadella, dim. of citta,
cittade, a city. A fort built close to a
city, either for the purpose of defence or
of control.

Cite. -cite. Lat. cieo, citujn, and, in
the frequentative form, cito, to make to
go, stimulate, excite, to set in motion by
means of the voice, to call by name, to
summon or call on, to appeal, to mention,
to cry out. Gr. biw, to go.

Hence Incite, Excite, Recite.

Citron. Lat. citrus, a lemon tree.

CLAM

151

City. — Civil. Lat. civis, a citizen ;
civilis, belonging to cities or social life ;
civitas. It. cittd,, Fr. cit^, a city.

To Clack. The syllables clap, clack,
clat, are imitative of the noise made
by two hard things knocking together.
Hence they give rise to verbs expressing
action accompanied by such kinds of
noise. Fr. claquer, to clack, clap, clat-
ter, crash, crack, creak — Cot. ; claquer
les dents, to gnash the teeth, to chatter ;
claquet de moulin, the clapper or clack of
a mill hopper. E. clack-dish, or clap-dish,
a kind of rattle, formerly used by beggars
to extort attention from the by-passers ;
clack, clack-box, clap, clapper, the tongue.
— Hal. ON. klak, clangor avium ; Du.
klacken, to strike, or split with noise,
smack, lash ; Mack, a split, crack, sound-
ing blow, sound of blow, clapping of
hands ; klacke, a whip, a rattle ; Fr. cla-
quer, to clap at a theatre. Du. klap,
crack, sound, chatter ; klappe, a rattle ;
klappen, to chatter, prattle. Bohem.
klekotati, to cluck, rattle, babble ; klepati,
klopati, to knock, to chatter, prattle. Du.
klateren, to clatter, rattle ; klater-busse,
klacke-busse, a pop-gun.

To Claim. Fr. clamer, to call, cry,
claim. Lat. clamare, to call. From the
imitation of a loud outcry by the syllable
clam. To clam a peal of bells is to strike
them all at once. ON. glamm, tinnitus ;
Dan. klemte, to toll ; Gael, glam, to bawl,
cry out ; glambar, clambar, Dan. klam-
mer, Gael, clamras, uproar, outcry,
vociferation. A parallel root is slam,
with an initial s instead of c, as in slash
compared with clash. Lap. slam, a loud
noise ; uksa slamketi, the door was
slammed J slamem, ruin, fall.

Clam. — Clamp. — Clump. The idea
of a lump or thick mass of anything is
often expressed by a syllable representing
the noise made by the fall of a heavy
body. We may cite w. dob, a knob, a
boss ; clobyn, a lump ; Lat. globus, a ball,
sphere ; gleba, a clod ; Russ. kluV, a
ball ; Pol. klqb, a ball, lump, mass ; G.
kloben, a. lump, bunch ; Sw. klabb, klubb,
a block, log, trunk, lump of wood ; or
with the nasal, Sw. klamp, klump, klimp,
a block, lump, clot ; ON. klambr, klumbr,
a lump ; Du. klompe, a clod, clog, lump ;
E. clump, W. clamp, a mass, bunch, lump.

The notion of a lump, 'mass, cluster,
naturally leads to that of a number of
things sticking together, and hence to the
principle of connection between the ele-
ments of which the mass is composed.
We accordingly find the roots dab, clamp.

152

CLAMBER

dam and their immediate modifications
applied to express the ideas of cohesion,
compression, contraction. Thus we have
G. kloben, a vice or instrument for holding
fast, the staple of a door ; kleben, to
cleave, stick, cling, take hold of; Du.
klobber-saen, coagulated cream, cream
run to lumps ; klebber, klibber, klubber,
birdlime, gum, substances of a sticky-
nature ; E. dial, clibby, sticky — Hal. ; Sw^.
klibb, viscosity ;' klibba, to glue, to stick
to.

The E. clamp designates anything used
for the purpose of holding things together ;
Du. klampen, to hook things together,
hold v^'ith a hook or buckle, hold, seize,
apprehend ; Mampe, klamme, hook, clav\f,
cramp, buckle ; klamp, klam, tenacious,
sticky, and hence moist, clajnmy. To
dame, to stick or glue. — B. E. dia.1. to
dam, dem, to pinch, and hence to pinch
with hunger, to starve, also to clog up, to
glue, to daub — Hal. ; Du. klemmen, to
pinch, compress, strain ; klem-vogel, or
klamp-vogel, a bird of prey, a hawk. AS.
dam, bandage, bond, clasp, prison. G.
klam7n, pinching, strait, narrow, pressed
close or hard together, solid, massy,
viscous, clammy ; klamm.er, a craCmp,
brace, cramp-iron, holdfast.

To Clamber. — Climb. These words
are closely connected with damp. To
da7nber is properly to clutch oneself up,
to mount up by catching hold with tlie
hands or claws. G. klammern, to fasten
with cramp-irons, to hold fast with the
hands or claws ; Dan. klamre, to clamp,
to grasp.

In like manner Du. klemmen, to hold
tight, to pinch, klemmen, klimmeii, to
climb. OE. diver, E. dial, daver, a claw ;
Dan. klavre, to claw oneself up, to climb.
G. kleben, to cleave or stick, Swiss kldbem,
klebern, to climb ; Bav. klatten, a claw,
G. klette, a burr, Swiss kletten, G. klettern,
to climb, clamber. Dan. klynge, to cling,
cluster, crowd ; klynge sig op, to clutch
or cling oneself up, to climb. The Fr.
grimper, to climb, is a nasalised form of
gripper, to seize, gripe, grasp.

Clamour. The equivalent of Lat.
damor, but perhaps not directly from it,
as the word is common to the Celtic and
Gothic races. Sw. klammer, Gael, dam-
ras, dambar, glambar, uproar, brawl.
See Claim.

Clamp. See Clam.

Clan. A small tribe subject to a single
chief. From Gael, clann, children, de-
scendants, i. e. descendants of a common
ancestor, yf. plant {xh^'Vf.p correspond-

CLAPPER

ing regularly to Gael, c), offspring, chil-
dren. The same word is probably
exhibited in the Lat. dientes, who occu-
pied a position with respect to their
patronus, closely analogous to that of the
Scottish clansmen towards their chief.
Manx doan, children, descendants ; dien-
ney, of the children.

Clandestine. Lat. dandestinus, from
dam, privately, and that from celo, to
conceal. The root which gives rise to
Lat. celo produces Fin. salafa, to hide,
conceal, whence sala, anything hidden,
of which the locative case, salaan, is used
in the sense of secretly, in a hidSen place,
as the Lat. dam. Salainen, clandestine.

Clang. — Clank. — Clink. These are
imitations of a loud, clear sound, adopted
in many languages. Lat. clangor, the
sound of the trumpet ; G. klang, a sound,
tone, resonance ; klingen, to gingle, clink,
tingle, tinkle, sound. E. dang, a loud
sound ; dank, a sound made by a lighter
object ; clink, a sound made by a still
smaller thing ; the dank of irons, dink
of money ; Du. klank, sound, accent,
rumour. — Halma. Gael, gliong, tingle,
ring as metal, clang.

Clap. An imitation of the sound
made by the collision of hard or flat
things, as the clapping of hands. Dan.
klappre, to chatter (as the teeth with
cold) ; G. klappen, to do anything with a
clap; klopfen, to knock, to beat. Du.
klappen, kleppen, to clap, rattle, chatter,
beat, sound ; kleppe, klippe, a rattle ;
kleppe, a whip, a trap, a noose ; klepel,
kluppel, a stick, club ; Bohem. klepati,
to knock, tattle, chatter, tremble ; Russ.
klepanie, beating, knocking.

To clap in E. is used in the sense of
doing anything suddenly, to clap on,
dap up.

Clapper. A clapper of conies, a place
underground where rabbits breed. — B.
Fr. dapier, a heap of stones, &c., where-
unto they retire themselves, or (as our
clapper) a court walled about and full of
nests of boards and stones, for tame
conies. — Cot.

Lang, clap, a stone ; clapas, dapi^, a
heap of stones or other things piled up
without order. ' Pourta las p^iros as
clapas,' to take coals to Newcastle.
Hence the Fr. dapier, originally a heap
of large stones, the cavities of which
afforded rabbits a secure breeding place,
then applied to any artificial breeding
place for rabbits.

The proper meaning of the foregoing
dap is simply a lump, from the w. clap.

CLARET

clamp, a lump, mass, the primary origin
of which is preserved in Lang, clapa,
clopa, to knock. Prov. dap, a heap,
mass. — Rayn.

Claret. Fr. vin clairet, vin claret,
claret win e. — Cot. Commonly made, he
tells us, of white and red grapes mingled
together. From clairet, somewhat clear,
i. e. with a reddish tint, but not the full
red of ordinary red wine. Eau clairette,
a water made of aquavitse, cinnamon,
and old red rose-water. Du. klaeret,
vinum helvolum, subrubidum, rubellum.
It. chiarello. — Kil.

Clarion. — Clarinet. Sp. clarin,\x\xvn.-
pet, stop of an organ. It. chiarino, a.
clairon of a trumpet — Fr. clairon, a cla-
rion, a kind of small, straight-mouthed,
and shrill-sounding trumpet. Fr. clair.
It. chiaro clear. Sp. clarinado, applied
to animals having bells in their harness.
Clash. Imitative of the sound of wea-
pons striking together. Du. kletse, ictus
resonans, fragor ; Lang, clas, the sound
of bells rung in a voUey to give notice of
the passage of a corpse ; sauna de classes,
to ring in such a manner for the dead.
In E. it is called clamming. Fr. glcis,
noise, crying, bawling, also a knell for the
dead. G. klatschen, an imitation of the
sound made by striking with the hand
against a partition, waU, &c. If such a
blow sound finer or clearer it is called
klitschj klitsch-klatsch ! pitsch-patsch !
■ — thwick-thwack. — Kiittner. Klatsch-
biichse, a pop-gun ; klatsche, a lash, flap,
clap ; klatschen, to do anything with a
sound of the foregoing description, to
patter, chatter, clatter, blab. Pol. Mask !
plask ! thwick, thwack ; klaskad, to clap ;
kiosk bicza, the cracking of a whip. It. chi-
izjj-o, fracas, uproar; Sp. chasguear,to cra.ck
a whip, &c. Gr. K\a.Z,oi, to clash as arms.

Clasp. Related to clip as grasp to
grip or gripe. But clasp or elapse, as it
is written by Chaucer, is probably by
direct imitation from the sound of a
metal fastening, as we speak of the snap
of a bracelet for a fastening that shuts
with a snapping sound, or as G. schnalle,
a clasp, buckle, locket of a door, from
scknallen, to snap. Du. gaspe, ghespe,
fibula, ansa.

Class. Lat. classis, a distribution of
things into groups. Originally clasis.
Identical with ON. klc^i, Sw. Dan. klase,
a bunch, assembly, cluster. Eya-klasi,
insularum nexus ; skeria-klasi, syrtium
junctura. Du. klos, klot, globus, sphaera.
—Kil.

Clatter. From the imitation of the

CLAW

153

sound of a knock by the syllable clat,
equivalent to clack or clap. Du. kla-
teren, to rattle ; klaterbusse, as G. klatsch-
biichse, a pop-gun.

Clause. Lat. clausula, an ending,
thence a definite head of an edict or law,
a complete sentence. From claudo, clau-
sum, to shut, to end.

Clavicle, The collar-bone, from the
resemblance to a key, Lat. clavis, as
Mod.Gr. KXeiSi, a key ; KKtitid. row aii/iaTos,
the collar-bone.

Claw. — Clew. The origin of both
these words seems to be a form of the
same class with w. cloi, a lump ; Russ.
cluy, a ball, pellet ; Lat. globus, a sphere ;
gleba, a clod. The b readily passes into
an m on the one hand, and through v
into a.w or u on the other. Thus from
Lat. globus we have glomus in the re-
stricted sense of a ball of thread, and the
same modification of meaning is expressed
by the Du. klauw, klouwe (Kil.), E. clew.

We have explained under Clamp the
way in which the notion of a mass or
solid lump is connected with those of co-
hesion, compression, contraction. Thus
from clamp, climp, clump, in the sense of
a mass or lump, we pass to the E. clamp,
to fasten together ; Du. klampe, klamme,
a buckle, hook, nail, claw (what fastens
together, puUs, seizes) ; klampvoghel, a.
hawk, a bird with powerful talons.

In the same way must be explained the
use of the Du. klauwe, klouwe, in the
sense both of a ball and also of a claw.
The form clew, which signifies a ball in
E., is used in Sc. in the sense of a claw.
To clew up a sail is to fasten it up, to
draw it up into a bunch. To clew, to
cleave, to fasten. — Jam. Analogous
forms are the Du. kleeven, klijven, kleuen,
whence kleuer, ivy, from clinging to the
tree which supports it. In the same way
is formed the OE. diver, a claw.

Teh habbe bile stif and stronge
And gode clivers sharp and longe.

Owl and Nightingale, 269.

A diver or claw is that by which we
cleave to, clew or fasten upon a thing.
With mys he wes swa wmbesete —
He mycht na way get sawft^,
Nawith stavis, nawith stanis,
Than thai wald clew upon his banis.

Wyutoun in Jam.
The root appears in Lat. under three
modifications ; dava, a club or massy
stick, clavus, a nail, from its use in fast-
ening things together, and clavis, a key
origmally a crooked nail. So Pol. klucz,
a key, kluczka, a little hook ; Serv

154

CLAY

klutsch, a key, hook, bend in a stream,
identical in sound and nearly so in mean-
ing with the E. dutch, a claw or talon.

Clay.— Clag.— Claggy. AS. dag,
sticky earth, clay ; E. dial, to dag ox dog,
to stick or adhere ; daggy, doggy, dedgy,
sticky ; dags, bogs ; Da. kla:g, kleg, vis-
cous, sticky ; klag, klceg, kleg, mud, loam.
See Clog.

Clean. The proper meaning of the
word is shining, polished, as Lat. nitidus,
clean, from nitere, to shine. ON. glan,
shine, polish ; Gael, glan, radiant, bright,
clear, clean, pure ; W. glan, clean, pure.
The word is fundamentally connected
with forms like the ON. glitta, Sc. gleit,
to shine ; ON. glitnir, splendid ; G. glatt,
pohshed, sleek, smooth, pretty, neat.
The introduction of the nasal gives rise
to forms like Sc. glint, glent, a flash,
glance ; Da. glindse, glandse, to glitter,
shine ; whence it is an easy step to forms
ending in a simple nasal, as ON. and
Celtic glan.

Clear. Lat. dams, ON. Mar, clear,
clean, pure. This is probably one of the
words applicable to the phenomena of
sight, that are primarily derived from
those of hearing, as explained under
Brilliant. G. klirren, Dan. klirre, to
clink, gingle, clash, give a shrill sound ;
Jr. glbr, a noise, voice, speech ; glbram,
to sound or make a noise ; glor-mhor,
glorious, famous, celebrated ; klor, clear,
neat, clean.

Cleat. A piece of wood fastened on
the yard-arm of a ship, to keep the ropes
from slipping off the yard ; also pieces of
wood to fasten anything to. — B. A piece
of iron worn on shoes by country people.
Probably a modification of the word
doitt. Du. kluit, kluyte, a lump, pellet.
AS. deot, dut, a plate, clout. A date is
the thin plate of iron worn as a shoe by
racers. The deals of the yard-arms are
probably so named from a similar piece
of iron at the extremity of an axletree,
provinciaUy termed dout. The dout of
iron nailed on the end of an axletree. —
Torriano, Axletree clouts. — Wilbraham.
To Cleave. This word is used in two
opposite senses, viz. i. to adhere or cling
to, and, 2. to separate into parts. In the
former sense we have G. kleben, Du.
kleeven, klijveii, to stick to, to fasten ; E.
dial, clibby, Du. kleevig, kleverig, sticky.
From dob, a lump, a mass. See Clam.

2. The double signification of the word
seems to arise from the two opposite
ways in which we may conceive a cluster
to be composed, either by the coherence

CLEPE

of a number of separate objects in one,
or by the division of a single lump or
block into a number of separate parts.
Thus from G. kloben, a mass, lump, or
bundle {eiii kloben flachs, a bunch of
flax), kloben, klieben, to cleave. When
an object is simply cleft, the two parts of
it cleave together. Du. kloue, a cleft,
klouen, chaps in the skin, klouen, klieuen,
to chink, cleave, split. — Kil. The Dan.
uses klcebe in the sense of adhering, klove
in that of sphtting. The Dan. klov, a
tongs, bears nearly the same relation to
both senses. Sw. klafwa, G. kloben, a
vice, a billet of wood cleft at one end.
The designation may either be derived
from the instrument being used in pinch-
ing, holding together, or from being di-
vided into two parts. Sc. doff, a fissure,
the fork of the body, or of a tree.

The same opposition of meanings is
found in other cases, as the Du. klincke,
a cleft or fissure, and Dan. klinke, to
rivet or fasten together the parts of a
cracked dish ; Du. klinken, to fasten
together ; E. dench. Compare also Fr.
river, to fasten, to clench, E. rivet, and
E. rive, to tear or cleave asunder, rift, a
cleft.

Cleft. Du. kluft, Sw. klyft, a fissure
or division ; G. kluftholz, cloven wood.
See Cleave.

Clement. — Clemency. Lat. clemens,
calm, gentle, merciful.

To Clench. — Clinch. Sw. klinka, G.
klinken, to clinch ; GB.Q. gaklankjan, con-
serere ; antklankjan, to unloose (the strap
of one's shoe) ; Bav. klank, kldnkelein,
a noose, loop ; Du. klinken, to fasten.
'Andromeda was aan rots geklonken,'
was nailed to a rock. Omklinken, to
clinch a nail. — Halma. Da. klinke, a
rivet.

The word may be explained from the
original klinken, to clink or sound, in
two ways, viz. : as signifying something
done by the stroke of a hammer. Du.
klink, a blow ; dat was en be\A'ys van
klink, that was a striking proof, that was
a clincher. Die zaak is zS. geklonken, the
business is finished off, is fast and sure.
Or the notion of fastening may be at-
tained indirectly through the figure of a
door-latch. G. klinke, Fr. danche, dinquet
(Cot.), the latch of a door, seem formed
from the clinking of the latch, as Fr.
cliquet, a latch, from diquer, diquetcr, to
clack or rattle. And the latch of a door
affords a very natural type of the act of
fastening.

To Clepe. To call. From clap, the

CLERK

sound of a blow. Du. kleppen, crepare,
crepitare, pulsare, sonare. De klok klep-
pen, to sound an alarm ; Happen, to
clap, crack, crackle, to talk as a parrot,
to tattle, chat, chatter, to confess ; G.
klaffen, to prate, chatter, babble, to teU
tales. AS. cleopian, clypian, to cry, call,
speak, say. Sc. clep, to tattle, chatter,
prattle, call, name.
Ne every appel that is faire at iye
Ne is not gode, what so men clappe or crie.
Chaucer.

Clerk. — Clerical. — Clergy. Lat.
clerus, the clergy ; clericus, Sp. derigo,
one of the clergy, a clerk ; derecia, the
clergy, which in Mid.Lat. would have
been derida, whence Fr. dergi, as from
derido, one admitted to the tonsure, Fr.
derigon, derjon. The origin is the Gr.
KkrifoQ, a lot, from the way in which Mat-
thias was elected by lot to the apostle-
ship. In I Peter v. 3, the elders are ex-
horted to feed the flock of God, 'not as
being lords over God's heritage,' ii,r\h' i>Q
KaraKvpitvvTsg TUiv KXijpuiv, ' neither as
having lordship in the- dergie! — Wiclif
in R.

Clever. Commonly derived from de-
liver, which is used in Scotch and N. e.
in the sense of active, nimble. The
sound of an initial dl and gl or d are
easily confounded. But the Dan. dial,
has kl'dver, klever, in precisely the same
sense as the E. dever. Det er en Mover
kerl, that is a clever feUow. Klover i
munden, ready of speech. The word is
probably derived from the notion of
seizing, as Lat. rapidus from rapio, or Sc.
gleg, quick of perception, clever, quick
in motion, expeditious, from Gael glac,
to seize, to catch. The Sc. has also
deik, dek, deuck, duke, dook (identical
with E. dutch), a hook, a hold, claw or
talon ; to dek or deik, to catch, snatch,
and hence deik, deudi, lively, agile,
clever, dexterous, light-fingered. One is
said to be deuch of his fingers who lifts
a thing so deverly that bystanders do
not observe it. — Jam. Now the OE. had
a form, diver, a claw or clutch, exactly
corresponding to the Sc. deik, duik,
whence perhaps the adjective clever in
the sense of snatching, catching, in the
same way as the Sc. deik, deuch, above
mentioned.

The bissart (buzzard) bissy but rebuik
Scho was so cleverus of her cluik,
His legs he might not longer bruik,
Scho held them at ane hint.

Dunbar in Jam.

Clew.— Clue. A ball of thread ; ori-

CLINCH

IS5

ginally from dob (extant in W. dob, a
hump, Lat. globus, a sphere, &c.), a lump.
Hence Lat. glomus, a ball of twine, Du.
klouwe, a baU of yarn, a clew. See
Claw, Clam.

Click.— Clicket. Click represents a
thinner sound than clack, as a click with
the tongue, the dick of a latch or a
trigger. It is then applied to such a
short quick movement as produces a
click or a snap, or an object character-
ized by a movement of such a nature.
Du. klikklakken, to clack, click; klikker,
a mill-clack ; kliket, klinket, a wicket or
little door easily moving to and fro ; Fr.
cliquer, to clack, clap, clatter, click it,
diquette, a clicket or clapper, a child's
rattle, or clack ; cliquet, the knocker of a
door, a lazar's clicket or clapper. — Cot.
Rouchi cliche, a latch ; dichet, a tumbril,
cart that tilts over, and (with the nasal)
clincher, to move, to stir, corresponding
to Fr. cligner, to wink. Boh. klika, a
latch, a trigger, G. klinke, klinge, a latch.
We have the notion of a short quick
movement in E. dial, click, dink, a smart
blow (Mrs Baker) ; cleke, click, to snatch,
catch, seize (Hal.) ; Norm, dicher, frap-
per rudement une personne. — Vocab. de
Brai.
Client. See Clan,

Cliff. AS. clif, clyf, littus, ripa, rupes ;
score7i clif, abrupta rupes ; cliof, clif-
stanas, cautes, precipices, from clifian,
diofian, to cleave, on. klif, a cleft in a
rock ; hamraklif, syn. with hamarskard,
a cleft or rift in a {hamarr) high rock,
precipice, on. skard, it must be ob-
served, is NE. scar, a cliff. Bav. stein-
kluppen, cleft in a rock. Du. kleppe,
klippe, rock, cliff; cave ; Da. klippe, rock.
Sw. dial, klaiv, klev, kliv, as Sc. cleugh,
a precipice, rugged ascent, narrow hollow
between precipitous banks ; OE. dough, 3.
kind of breach down the side of a hill
(Verstegan), rima qusedam vel fissura ad
montis clivum vel declivum. — Somner.
Du. kloof, cleft, ravine, cleft of a hill.

Climate. Lat. clima, climate, region ;
Gr. /cXi'fia, -Toe (from KXivm, to bend, sink,
verge), an inclination, declivity, slope ; a
region or tract of country considered
with respect to its inclination towards
the pole, and hence climate, temperature.

Climax. Gr. icXi/ja?, a ladder, a figure
in rhetoric, implying an advance or in-
crease in force or interest in each suc-
cessive member of a discourse until the
highest is attained.

Climb. See Clamber.

To CUnch. See Clench.

156

-CLINE

-cline. Gr. kXiVu, to slope or make
slant, incline, bend ; Lat. clino, -atum, to
incline, bow. AS. hlinian, OHG. hlinen,
to lean. Decline, to bend downwards ;
recline, to lean backwards, &c.

To Cling. To stick to, to form one
mass with, also to form a compact mass,
and so' to contract, to shrink up, to wither.
AS. clingan, to wither. A Sussex peasant
speaks of a ' clung bat,' for a dry stick.
'Till famine cling thee.'— Shaks. Pl.D.
klingen, klungeln, verklungeln, to shrink
up.

We have often observed that in verbs
like cling, chcng, where the present has
a thin vowel, the participial form is the
nearer to the original root. In the pre-
sent case the origin must be sought in a
form like mhg. klunge, klungelin, Swiss
klungele, a ball of thread ; ' glungelin,
globulus' (Gl. in Schmeller) ; Sw. dial.
klunk, a lump ; G. klunker, a lump, tuft,
clot, whence E. clinker, a lump of half-
fused matter which clogs up the bars of
a furnace. Da. klynge, a cluster, knot ;
klynge, to cluster, to crowd together ;
klynge sig ved, to cling to a thing. E.
dial, to clunge, to crowd or squeeze ;
chingy, sticky. — Hal.

Clink. The noise of a blow that gives
a sound of a high note. G., Du. klinken,
Sw. klinka, to sound sharp, to ring. See
Clang. In imitative words the same idea
is frequently expressed by a syllable with
an initial cl, and a similar syllable with-
out the /. Thus chink is also used for a
shrill sound. So we have clatter and
chatter in the same sense ; Gael. gUong,
and 'E.ginglej Fr. quincailler, N orman clin-
cailler, a tinman. The E. clink was for-
merly used like chink in the sense of a
crack, because things in cracking utter a
sharp sound. Du. klincke, rima, parva
ruptura, iissura, Ang. clinke.— KSS..

To Clip. I. To cut with shears, from
the clapping or snapping sound made by
the collision of the blades, as to snip in
the same sense from snap. G. klippen,
to clink ; auf- und zuk-lippen, to open and
shut with a snap ; klippchen, knippchen,
a fillip or rap with the fingers ; knippen,
schnippen, to snap or fillip ; schnippen, to
snip. ON., Sw. klippa, to clip, S w. klippa,
also to wink ; ON. klippur, E. dial, clips,
shears. *■

2. The collision of two sharp edges
leads to the notion not always of complete
separation, but sometimes merely of pinch-
ing or compression. Thus to nip is either
to separate a small portion or merely to
pinch. G. knippen, to snap ; kneipen, to

CLOD

pinch. In a similar way Swiss kluben,
to snap ; kluben, klupen, to pinch ; klupe,
tongs, claw, clutch, pinch, difficulty ; G.
kluppe, a clip or split piece of wood for
pinching the testicles of a sheep or a
dog's tail, met. pinch, straits, difficulty.
Sw. dial, klipa, to pinch, nip, compress ;
kldpp, a clog or fetter for a beast ; Du.
kleppe, klippe, knippe, a snare, fetter.

Cliofue. Fr. clique, G. klicke, a faction,
party, gang. ' Das volk hat sich in split-
ten, klubben und klicken aufgeloset.'
From Pl.D. klak, klik, kliks, a separate
portion, especially of something soft or
clammy. Een kliks bolter, a lump of
butter. Bi klik uti klak, by bits.

-cliv-. Lat. clivus, a rising ground,
hill ; declivis, sloping downwards ; ac-
clivis, sloping upwards ; procUvis, sloping
forwards, disposed to a thing.

Cloak. Flem. klocke, toga, pallium,
toga muliebris. — Kil. Bohem. klok, a wo-
man's mantle ; kukla, a hood. Walach.
gluga , a hood, hooded cloak, w. cochl,
a mantle. See Cowl.

Clock. Fr. cloche, G. glocke, Du.
klocke, a beU. Before the use of clocks
it was the custom to make known the
hour by striking on a bell, whence the
hour of the day was designated as three,
four of the bell, as we now say three or
four o'clock. It is probable then that
clocks were introduced into England from
the Low Countries, where this species of
mechanism seems to have inherited the
name of the bell which previously per-
formed the same office. Sw. klocka, a
bell, a clock.

The word clock is a variation of clack,
being derived from a representation of
the sound made by a blow, at first proba-
bly on a wooden board, which is still used
for the purpose of calling to service in the
Greek church. Serv. klepalo, the board
used for the foregoing purpose in the
Servian churches, g. brett-glocke, from
klepati, to clap or clack, to beat on the
board. Esthon. kolkina (with transposi-
tion of the vowel, related to clock, as G.
kolbe to E. club), to strike, to beat, kol-
kima, to make a loud noise, kolki-laud, a
board on which one beats for the purpose
of calling the family to meals. Bohem.
hluk, noise, outcry, hluccti, to resound.
ON. klaka, clangere. Gael, dag, Ir. cla-
gaim, to make a noise, ring ; clag, clog,
a bell. Swiss klokken, klo^gen, to knock.

* Clod.— Clot. The notion of a loose
moveable substance, as thick or curdled
liquids, or bagging clothes, is often ex-
pressed by forms representing the sounds

CLOG

made in the agitation or dashing of such
bodies. Thus from Swab. Idppern, to
paddle or dabble in the wet, or loppern, to
rattle or shake to and fro, we pass to Idp-
perig, watery, lopperig, loose, shaky, and
E. loppered (of milk), curdled, wabbling ;
from Du. lobberen, to flounder in the wet,
to lobberig, gelatinous, lobbig, hanging
loose and full, E. loblolly, thick spoon
meat ; from Du. slabberen, slobberen, to
sup up liquid food, to flap as loose clothes,
or E. slobber, slop, to spill liquids, we pass
to E. dial, slab, slob, loose mud, and Du.
slobbe, loose trowsers, slops ; from Du.
slodderen, G. schlottern, to wabble, dangle,
hang loose, Bav. schlattern, to rattle,
schlettern, to slop or spill liquids, we pass
to Schlatter, schlott, mud, dirt, schlotter,
thick sour milk, Swiss schlott, geschlotter
(as E. slops), wide bagging clothes.

Then as the parts of a loose substance
in a state of agitation are thrown in dif-
ferent directions, and thus seem endowed
with separate existence, the radical sylla-
ble of the word signifying agitation of
such a body is applied to a portion or
separate part, in the first instance of a
liquid or loose substance, but subsequently
of a body of any kind.

Thus from Bav. loppern above men-
tioned may be explained Fr. loppe, lopin,
a lump ; from Du. lobberen, E. lob, 3.1a.rge
lump. The origin of clod and clot is to
be found in forms like Du. klateren, to
rattle, to dash like heavy rain, kloteispaen,
a. rattle, kloteren, tuditare, pulsare crebro
ictu (Kil.), and thence to clot or curdle as
milk. Klottermelck, clotted milk ; klotte,
a clod. ' I clodde, figer, congeler. I dod-
der like whey or blode whan it is colde.
I clodde, I go into heapes or peces as
the yerthe doth, je amoncele.'^ — Palsgr.
Again we have Swiss klotten, klottern, to
rattle, kloten, kloden, to dabble, tramp in
wet or mire, klot, klod, Du. kladde, a blot,
splash, spot of dirt, lump of mud on the
clothes ; Dan. Mat, a spot, blot, clot,
lump, dab.

In the same way Dan. pludre, to paddle
in the wet, is connected with pludder,
mire, Fr. bloutre, and Gael, plod, a clod ;
Swab, motzen, to dabble, paddle, with
Fr. motte, a clod.

To Clog. To hinder by the adhesion
of something clammy or heavy. Sc.
claggy, unctuous, bespotted with mire ;
claggock, a dirty wench ; E.- dial, dag, to
stick or adhere ; claggy, sticky ; dag
locks, clotted locks ; clegger, to cling ;
Dan. klag, mud ; klcEg, clammy loam.

The word is probably formed on an

CLOTH

157

analogous plan to clod or club, from the
dashing off of a separate portion of a
liquid or sloppy material. G. klack !
kleck ! represents the sound made by the
fall of something soft or liquid (Sanders),
whence klack, kleck, Pl.D. klakk, a blot,
a portion of something soft and adhesive,
a trowelful of mortar, lump of butter,
&c. ; klakken, beklakken, to bedaub, be-
spatter. Klak also, like G. kleck or lack,
or Sc. lag, is a blot on one's character, an
imputation, aspersion.

He was a man without a dag,
His heart was franlc without a flaw.
MHG. m&se noch klac, neither spot nor
stain. Manx daggerey, a babbler, indi-
cates the use of clag to represent the
dashing of water, the figure from which
the idea of tattling is commonly expressed.
Russ. klokotat, to bubble, boil. Then
with the loss of the initial c (as in lump,
lunch, compared with clump, dunch), Sc.
laggery, miry ; laggerit, bemired, en-
cumbered ; OE. laggyn, or drablyn ;
laggyd or bedrabelyd, paludosus. — Pr.
Pm. A clog would thus in the first in-
stance be a lump of something soft, then
a lump or unformed mass in general.
Clog, truncus. — Pr. Pm. A Yule-clog,
a Christmas log.

A clog in the sense of a wooden sole
may be considered as a block of wood, in
accordance with It. zocco, a log, zoccoli,
clogs, pattens ; G. klotz, a block, log,
klotzschuh, a clog or wooden shoe ; Mod.
Gr. tJokok, a log, TZoxapov, a clog. Or
the name may be taken from the resem-
blance of a wooden clog to the lumps ot
earth which clog the feet of one walking
in soft ground, in accordance with Pl.D.
klunkern, lumps of butter, fat, dirt, kl'dn-
ken, clogs for the feet ; klakk, lump of
something soft ; Fr. claque, clog or over-
shoe.

Cloister, g. kloster, Fr. doitre, a
monastery. Lat. daustrum, from claudo,
clausum, to shut.

Close, -close, -clus-. Lat. claudo,
clausum, in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut,
shut up, terminate,' end. It. chiudere,
chiuso, Fr. clorre, clos, to shut up, close,
inclose, finish ; clos, a field inclosed ;
clos, closed, shut up.

Hence inclose, to shut in; foreclose,
from Fr. fors, without, to close against
one.
• Closhe. The game called ninepins,
forbidden by 17 Ed. IV. Du. klos, a bal!,
bowl ; klos-bane, a skittle-ground ; klos-
sen, to play at bowls.

Cloth.— Clothe. AS. clatk, cloth, da-

158

CLOUD

thas, clothes ; G. kUid, ON. klcBdi, a gar-
ment. Properly that which covers and
keeps one warm. w. clyd, warm, shel-
tered ; lie clyd, a warm place ; dillad
clydion, warm clothes {dillad, clothes).
Bret. Met, sheltered ; Ir. cludaim, to cover
up warm, to cherish, nourish ; cludadh, a
cover or coverture ; Gael, clumhar, cluth
mhor, warm, sheltered ; duthaich, cluth-
eudaich, clothe, make warm.

Cloud. Correctly explained by Som-
ner as clodded vapours, vapours drawn
into clods or separate masses.

Vapours which now themselves consort
In several parts, and closely do conspire,
Clumpered in balls of clouds. — More in R.

ODu. clot, a clod, dote, a. cloud ; ' eene
vurige dote^ a fiery cloud. — Delfortrie.
.ft. zolla, clod, lump of earth ; zolla dell'
aria, the thick and scattered clouds in
the air. — FI.

So also from Fr. matte, motte, a clod
or clot, del mattond, a curdled sky, a sky
full of small curdled clouds. — Cot. Clow-
dys, clods. — Coventry Mysteries in Hal.

Clout. AS. dut, a patch. The pri-
mary sense is a blow, as when we speak
of a clout on the head. Du. klotsen, to
strike. Then applied to a lump of mate-
rial clapped on or hastily applied to mend
a breach. In the same way E. botch, to
mend clumsily, from Du. botsen, to strike ;
E. cobble, in the same sense, from W. cobio,
E. cob, to strike.

Clove. I. A kind of spice resembling
little nails. Du. naegel, kruyd-naegel
(kruyd =; spice) ; G. nagelein, nelke (dim.
of nagel, a nail) ; It. chiodo di girofano,
Fr. clou de girofle, Sp. clavo di especias,
from Lat. davus, a nail.

2. A division of a root of garlick. Du.
kluyve, kluyfketi loocksj Pl.D. Move,
klaven; een klaven kruflook, G. eine
spalte knoblauch, a clove of garlick, from
Du. klieven, Pl.D. kloven, to cleave or
split, Du. klove, a fissure. It. chiodo d'
aglio.

Clover. A plant with trifid leaves.
AS. clcEfers Du. kldverj P1.D. klever,
from kloven, to cleave.

Clown. The significations of a clod
or lump, of thumping clumsy action, and
of a rustic unpolished person, are often
connected. Du. kloete, a ball, a lump,
block, stock, also homo obtusus, hebes
(Kil.), whence the name of Spenser's
shepherd Colin Clout. G. klotz, a log,
klotzig, blockish, loggish, coarse, unpol-
ished, rustic. — Kiittner. E. clod is used
in both senses ; of a lump of earth and

CLUCK

an awkward rustic. Du. klonte, a clot or
clod ; kloen, a ball of twine ; Dan. klunds,
E. dial, clunch, N.Fris. kl'dnne, a clown,
bumkin.

As the initial c is easily lost from many
of these words beginning with d (com-
pare clog, log, dump, lump, clunch,
lunch), it can hardly be doubted that
clown is identical with lown, and clout
with lout.

This loutish clown is such that you never saw
so ill-favored a vizor. — Sidney in R.

To Cloy. From dog, a thick mass.
Fr. encloyer (to stop with a clog or plug),
to cloy, choke or stop up. — Cot. A piece
of ordnance is said to be cloyed, when
something has got into the touch-hole.
The same consonantal change is seen in
dag, daggy, sticky, and clay, a sticky,
clammy earth.

The sense of stopping up is frequently
expressed by the word for a lump or
bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, from OFr.
bousche, a bunch, tuft. Sw. klu77ip, a
lump, and tapp, a bunch, wisp, are also
used in the sense of a stopper.

Club. — Clump. ON. klubba, klumba,
a club or knobbed stick. Sw. dial, klubb,
a lump, knob, clump ; klump, a lump,
clod, clot ; klumpfot, a clubfoot ; klabb,
a log. w. dob, clobyn, a boss, knob,
lump ; Pol. klqb, a ball, lump, mass,
klebek, a bobbin, ball of thread ; Russ.
kluV, a ball, clue.

The radical sense seems to be an un-
formed lump or thick mass, and -the word
to be of analogous formation with clod,
clot, clog, signifying in the first instance a
separate portion thrown off in the dashing
of sloppy materials. Fr. dabosser, to be-
dash (Cot.), esdaboter (Roquef.), Mabous-
ser, to splash, diboter, to tramp in the
mud (Pat. de Champ.), Rouchi dapoter,
to slop. Gael, dabaire, a blabber, indi-
cates the application of the root dab to
the splashing of water, the terms express-
ive of tattling being mostly taken from
that figure. Cld.bar, mire, puddle, dirt.
Du. klobbersaen, clotted milk or cream,
milk run to lumps. So Fr. caillebottes,
lumps of curd, probably from daboter,
but confounded with cailler, to curdle.

G. klubbe, kluppe, a bunch, clump, clus-
ter, group of people ; Sw. dial, klubb, a
knot of people. ' Das volk hat sich in
splitten, klubben und klicken aufgeloset.'
— Sanders. A social club was originally
a group of people meeting at set times for
society. To club one's contributions is to
throw them into a common mass.

To Cluck. Imitative of the note of a

-CLUDE

hen calling her chickens. Du. klocken,
Fr. glousser, Lat. glocire, Sp. doquear,
It. coccolare.

-elude, -olus-. Lat. claudo, clausum,
in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut, close,
finish.

Hence conclude, conclusion, exclude,
include, inclusive, reclusion, &c. See
-close.

* Clump. — To Clumper. Clump, a
lump or compact mass, a nasalised form
of club, as clumper, to collect in lumps, to
curdle, of Du. klobber in klobbersaen,
clotted cream.
Vapours — dumfered in balls of clouds. — More.

In the same way Du. klonte, a clod
or lump, and klonteren, to curdle, are
the nasalised forms of klotte, a clod or
clot, and klotteren, to curdle. The no-
tion of a detached mass may arise either
from the dashing off of a portion of the
wet material, or from the shaking into
protuberances ■ of the liquid surface ; and
the idea of multifarious agitation may be
expressed, not so much by direct imita-
tion of the actual noise, as metaphorically
by the figure of a broken sound. MHG.
klumpern, G. klimpern, to gingle, strum
on an instrument. When a frequentative
form is thus used to signify multifarious
agitation or broken movement the radical
syllable naturally expresses a single ele-
ment of the complex action. Hence a
frequent connection between words sig-
nifying a blow and the dashing of liquids.
Com.pare P1.D. pladdern, to paddle or
dabble, with E. plad or plod, to tread
heavily. Fr. clabosser, esclaboter, to
splash; Champ, cliboter, to tramp. Fr.
clopin-clopanr&px&seati the heavy tread of
one hobbling along ; eloper, clopiner, to
limp, differing only in the absence of the
nasal form e. clump, to tramp. Hence
dumpers, Du. klompen, wooden shoes,
clogs. Sw. dial, klamp, a clog for an
animal, wooden sole, lump of soft mate-
rial, ball of snow on horse's foot ; klampa,
to clump or tramp with heavy shoes, to
ball as snow. Analogous forms with a
final nt instead of mp axe Pl.D. klunt,
Du. klonte, a clod or lump, E. dial, clunt-
er, a clod ; clunter, clointer, Pl.D. klunt-
sen, klunsen, to tramp or tread heavily.

* Clumsy. The sense of ' awkward,
unhandy, might be reached from clump,
a lump, through the senses of lumpish,
blockish, unfashioned, ill-made ; as from
Da. klont, klods, , a block, log, klontet,
klodset, unhandy, awkward, or from Sw.
klump, a lump, klumpig, clumsy, n.e.

COAL

159

dumpish, awkward, unwieldy ; E.E.
clunchy, thick and clumsy. — Hal. But
the word is more probably connected
with OE. dumpse, benumbed with cold.
— Cot. in v. havi. Clumsyd, eviratus. —
Cath. Ang. ' Thou clontsest for cold.' —
P.P. ' Comfort ye dumsid, ether comelia
hondis, and make ye strong feeble knees.'
— Wycliff, Isaiah. Lincolns. dumps, idle,
lazy, unhandy. — Ray. Sw. dial, klumm-
sen, klummshandt, klummerhdndt, Che-
shire, dussomed (Wilbrabam), having the
hands stiff with cold. Pl.D. klamen,
klomen, Du. verklomen, verkommelen,
Fris. klomje,forklomme (Outzen), to be-
numb with cold. OE. acomelydfor could
or aclommyde, eviratus, enervatus. — Pr.
Pm. ' Men bethe combered and clommed
with cold.' — Vegecius in Way. Beklum-
men van kelde, algidus, gelidus. — Teu-
tonista.

The signification would seem to be
cramped or contracted with cold, from
ON. klemma, G. klemmen, to pinch, to
squeeze. OHG. kichlemmit, obstructum.
— Graff in Klamjan. MHG. 'wen uns diu
wangen sin gerumpfen, riicke und arm
und bein geklumpfen.' — Benecke. Pl.D.
beklummen, G. beklommen, pinched, tight ;
eene beklum,mene tied, a pinching time.

-clus-. See -elude.

Cluster. A group, bunch. From the
notion of sticking together. Du. klos, a
ball ; klisse, klette, a ball, a clot ; klissen,
to stick together ; klister. Muster, paste,
viscous material, also a cluster, a clove
of garlick. Sw. klcise, a bunch, cluster.

Clutch.. Sc. cleik, dek, E. dial, cleche,
to snatch, seize, properly to do anything
with a quick, smart motion, producing a
noise such as that represented by the
syllable click. Hence cleik, dek, cleuk,
duik, duke, clook, an instrument for
snatching, a claw, clutch, hand ; to cleuk,
to grip, lay hold of, clutch. ' Uorte (for
to) huden hire vrom his kene dokes.'—
Ancr. Riwle, 130. Boh. klikaty, crooked
inwards ; klikonosy, hooknosed. Hesse,
klotz, claw. Compare Swiss klupe, claws,
tongs, fingers (familiar), from klupen, to
clip or pinch.

Clutter. Variation of clatter, a noise.

Clyster. Fr. dystere, Gr. xXvariip,
from KKvKdi, to wash, to rinse, as Fr. lave-
ment, from laver, to wash.

Coach. The Fr. coucher became in
Du. koetsen, to lie, whence koetse, koet-
seken, a couch, and koetse, koetsie, koets-
wagen, a litter, carriage in which you
may recline, a coach.

Coal. ON. kol, G. kohle, Hindust.

i6o

COALESCE

koelA. The primary sense is doubtless
glowing embers, from a root signifying
to glow or burn. Traces of such a de-
rivation are found in Sw. dial, kylla,
k'dlla, kolna, to kindle or cause to burn ;
ON. koljarn, a firesteel ; Lat. caleo, to be
hot, to glow ; ailina or colina, a kitchen,
the place where a fire is made. ' Colina'
says Varro, ' dicta ab eo quod ibi colebant
ignem.' And colo, to worship, may per-
haps have originally signified to kindle a
fire for a burnt-offering, while the sense
of dwelling may be a figure from lighting
up the domestic hearth, universally taken
as the symbol of a dwelling-place. Sanscr.
jval, to burn, blaze, glow ; jvalaya, to
kindle ; jvAla, flame. Lett, quilet, to
glow, to be inflamed ; quele, burning, in-
flammation.

Coalesce. — Coalition. Lat. coalesce,
to grow together, to form an union with
another ; coalitus, grown together, united.

Coarse. Formerly written course, or-
dinary ; as in the expression of course,
according to the ordinary run of events.
A woman is said to be very ordinary,
meaning that she is plain and coarse.

Coast. Lat. costa, a rib, side ; Fr.
coste, s. s., also a coast.

Coat. Fr. cotte, a coat or frock, It.
cotta, any kind of coat, frock, or upper
garment. See Cot. 3.

Coax. The OE. cokes was a simpleton,
gull, probably from the Fr. cofasse, one
who says or does laughable or ridiculous
things. — Trevoux. Cocasse, plaisant, ridi-
cule ; cocosse, niais, imbecille. — H^cart.
To cokes or coax one then is to make a
cokes or fool of him, to wheedle or gull
him into doing something.

The original meaning of the word is
preserved in the provincial kakasch
(dialect of Aix — Grandg. v. cacd), a nest-
cock or nescock, unfledged bird, a crea-
ture commonly taken as the type of im-
becility and liability to imposition, as in
E. gull, Fr. niais, bijamie.
. Nescock itself is used in a similar
sense ; 'a wanton fondling that has never
left his home.' — Nares. It. cucco (in
nursery lang.), an egg, a darling, and fig.
an imbecile ; vecchio cucco, an old idiot.

• Cob.— Cobble, w. cob, a knock,
thump, a tuft, top ; cobio, to knock,
thump, to peck as a hen ; cobyn, a bunch,
tuft, cluster, e. dial, to cob, to strike, to
throw ; cob, a blow, and thence a lump ;,
cobnut, a large round nut ; cobstones,
large stones ; cobcoals, large coals. A
cob is a dumpy horse. Cob for walls is
clay mixed with straw, from being laid

COCHINEAL

on in lumps. Cobber, a thumper, a great
falsehood.

Cobbles in the N. of E. are round stones
or round coals of small size. In the E. of
E. the stone or kernel of fruit is called coo
or cobble. Cobyllstone or chery-stone,
petrilla. — Pr. Pm. To cobble, to pdt with
stones or dirt. — Cleveland Gl.

* To Cobble. — Cobbler. The senses
of stammering or imperfect speech, stag-
gering or halting, and imperfect or un-
skilful action, are often connected. We
may cite Fr. bredouiller, to stutter, and
Du. broddelen, to bungle ; Du. hakkelen,
to stammer, and E. dial, haggle, to bungle ;
Sc. habble, to stutter, to speak or act
confusedly, and hobble, to cobble shoes.

— ' all giaith that gains to hoiiill schone.'

Thus from E. dial, cobble, to hobble
(Hal.), or walk clumsily, the designation
may have been transferred to the unskilful
mending of shoes.

A plausible origin, however, may be
found in Sw. dial, klabba, properly to
daub, then to work unskilfully ; klabbare,
klabbsmed, a bungler. The /in these
imitative forms is very moveable, as
shown in dob and cob, tempered clay for
building, and a change very similar to
that from clobber to cobler may be seen
in Du. verklomen, verkommelen, to be-
numb, OE. acomelyd or aclommyd. —
Pr. Pm.

Cobweb. A spider's web. e. atter-kop,
a spider. Flem. kop, koppe, a spider,
koppen-gespin, spinne-ivebbe, a cobweb,
w. pryf-coppyn, a spider (/r)^=grub,
vermin). The form attercop seems to
give the full meaning of the word, poison-
bag or poison-pock. The Fris. kop is
bubble, pustule, pock, that is, a peUicle
inflated with air or liquid. T' waerkopet,
the water boils. — Outzen. Dan. kopper
(pi.), small pox (pocks) ; kop-ar, E. pock-
arr, a pock mark. Fin. kuppa, a bubble,
boil, pustule.

According to Ihre, the bee was known
by the name of kopp in OSw., probably
for the same reason as the spider, viz.
from bearing a bag, only of honey instead
of poison. The contrast between the bee
and the spider as collectors, the one of
sweets and the other of poisons, is one of
long standing.

CooMneal. Sp. cochinilla, a wood-
louse, dim. of cochina, a sow, from some
fancied resemblance. The wood-louse is
still called sow in parts of England ; in
Essex Jow*2c^.— Atkinson. When the
Spaniards came to America they trans-

COCK

ferred the name to the animal producing
the scarlet dye, which somewhat resem-
bles a wood-louse in shape.

Cock. I. The male of the domestic
fowl. From the cry represented by the
Fr. coquelicoq, coquericot, Lang, cou-
couricou. Bohem. kokraii, to crow, kokot,
a cock. Serv. kokot, the clucking of a
hen, kokosch, a hen. Lith. kukti, to cry,
to howl ; kukauti, to cry as the cuckoo
or the owl. Magy. kakas, Esth. kuk, a
cock. Gr. KoicBo/3605 opuf (Soph, in Eus-
tath.), the bird which cries cock !, the
cock.

To Cock, applied to the eye, hat, tail,
&c., signifies to stick abruptly up. Gael.
coc-shron, a cocked no'Se. The origin is
the sound of a quick sudden motion
imitated by the syllable cock. It. coccare,
to clack, snap, click, crack ; coccarla a
quahuno, to play a trick, put a jest upon
one. — Fl. Hence cock of a gun (misun-
derstood when translated by G. hcihn), the
part which snaps or clicks.

To cock is then to start up with a sud-
den action, to cause suddenly to project,
to stick up. And as rapid snapping
action is almost necessarily of a recipro-
cating nature, the word is used to express
zigzag movement or shape, and hence
either prominent teeth or indentations.
The cock of a balance is the needle which
vibrates to and fro between the cheeks.
The cog of a wheel is a projecting tooth,
while the It. cocca, Fr. coche, is the notch
or indentation of an arrow.

2. A cock of hay. Probably from the
notion of cocking or sticking up. Fin.
kokko, a coniform heap, a hut, beacon.
A small heap of reaped corn. Dan. kok,
a heap, a pile.

3. A boat ; cock-swain, the foreman of
a boat's crew. It. cocca, cucca, a cock-
boat.— Fl. Dan. kog, kogge, on. kuggi,
s. s. The Fin. has kokka, the prow of a
vessel, perhaps the part which cocks or
sticks up, and hence the name may have
passed to the entire' vessel, as in the case
of 'La.t. puppis, properly the poop or after-
part of the ship, or of 6ark, a ship, from
ON. barki, throat, then the prow or front
of a ship.

Cockade. Fr. coquarde, a Spanish
cap, also any cap worn proudly or peartly
on the one side (Cot.), i. e. a cocked-hat,
consisting originally of a hat with the
broad flap looped up on one side. Then
applied to the knot of ribbon with which
the loop was ornamented. In Walloon
the »- is lost as in English ; cockdd, a
cockade. — Remade.

COCKLE

161

^

Cockahoop. Elated in spirits. A
metaphor taken from the sport of cock-
throwing used on festive occasions, when
a cock was set on an eminence to be
thrown at by the guests.

Now I am a frisker, all men on me look,
What should I do but set cock on the hoop ?
Camden in Todd.

' I have good cause to set the cocke on the
hope and make gaudye chere.' ' We may
make ourtryumphe, i. e. kepe ourgaudyes,
or let us sette the cocke on the hope and
make good chere within doores.' — Palsgr.
Acolastus in Hal. Du. hoop, heap.

Cockatoo. According to Grawfurd call-
ed in Malay kakatuwah, which in that
language signifies a vice, a gripe. But is
it not more likely that the implement was
so named from its resemblance to the
powerful beak of the bird ?

Cockatrice. A fabulous animal, sup-
posed to be hatched by a cock from the
eggs of a viper, represented heraldically
by a cock with a dragon's tail. Sp. coca-
triz, cocadriz, cocodrillo, a crocodile.
Cocatryse, basiliscus, cocodrillus. — Pr.
Pm. A manifest corruption of the name
of the crocodile.

To Cocker. See Cockney.

Cocket. — Cocksy. Fr. coquart, fool-
ishly proud, cocket, malapert. From the
strutting pride of a cock. Coqueter, to
chuck as a cock among hens ; to swagger
or strowt it as a cock on his own dung-
hill.—Cot.

Cockle. I. A weed among com. Fr.
coquiole, Lith. kukalas, Pol. ki^kol, kifkol-
nica, Gael, cogal.

2. A shell, shell-fish ; cocklesnaU, a.
snail with a shell as distinguished from
a slug or snail without shell. Snail-
shells are called in Northamptons. cocks,
in Lincolns. gogs. Oxfords, guggles or
guggleshells, Herts conks, and E. of E.
conkers. Tirol. gagkele, an egg. — Deutsch.
Mund. 5. 341. Lat. cochlea, concha,
Gr. KoxXoc, snail, snailshell, shellfish.

The original sense is probably an egg-
shell, which to a people in possession of
poultry would offer a type of a shell pecu-
liarly easy of designation. Thus the
Swab, gacken, to cluck as a hen, gives
rise in nursery language to gackele, an
egg — Schmidt, in Swiss gaggi, gaggi, to
which our own country affords a parallel
in the Craven goggy, an egg. In like
manner Basque kokoratz, clucking of a
hen ; koko (in nursery language), an egg ;
Magy. kukoritni, to crow, kuko (nursery),
an egg; It. coccolare, to cluck; cocco,
cucco (nursery), an egg ; Fr. coqueter, to

1 62

COCKLE

cackle, to chuck ; coque, an eggshell,
shell, cockle, with the dim. coquille, the
shell of an &^^, nut, snail, fish. — Cot.

To Cockle. Properly, like coggU,
goggle, joggle, shoggle, to shake or jerk
up and down, then applied to a surface
thrown into hollows and projections by
partial shaking, by unequal contraction,
&c. Du. kokelen, to juggle, to deceive
the eye by rapid movements of the hands.
E. dial, coggle, to be shaky ; cocklety, un-
steady.— Hal. A cockling sea is one
jerked up into short waves by contrary
currents.

It made such a short cockling see. as if it had
been in a race where two tides meet, for it ran
every way — and the ship was tossed about like an
eggshell, so that I never felt such uncertain jerks
in my life. — Dampier in R. '

The ultimate origin, as in all these
cases, is the representation of a broken
sound, by forms like cackle, gaggle, &c.,
then applied to signify a broken move-
ment, and finally a configuration of anal-
ogous character.

As in E. we represent a broken sound
by the forms cackle and crackle, so in Fr.
we find recoquiller and recroquiller, to
wriggle, writhe, turn inward on itself like
a worm or a gold or silver thread when it
is broken ; recoquiller un livre, to rumple
or turn up the leaves of a book. — Cot. If
. recoquiller stood by itself the common ex-
planation from coquille, a shell, as if it
signified to throw into spirals, would be
quite satisfactory, but it cannot be adopt-
ed without throwing over the analogy
with the English forms above mentioned,
while it leaves the parallel form recro-
quiller unaccounted for.

Cockney. — Cooker. The original
meaning of cockney is a child too ten-
derly or delicately nurtured, one kept in
the house and not hardened by out-of-
doors life ; hence applied to citizens, as
opposed to the hardier inhabitants of the
country, and in modem times confined to
the citizens of London.

' Coknay, carifotus, delicius, mammo-
trophus.' ' To bring up like a cocknaye
— mignoter' ' Delicias facere — to play
the cockney.' ' Dodeliner — to bring up
wantonly as a cockney' — Pr. Pm., and
authorities cited in notes. ' Puer in de-
liciis matris nutritus, Anglice a cokenay.'
— Hal. Cockney, niais, mignot. — Sher-
wood.

The Du. kokelen, keukelen, to pamper
(the equivalent of E. cocker), is explained
by Kilian, ' nutrire sive fovere culiiia,' as
if from koken, to cook, but this is doubt-

CODDLE

less an accidental resemblance. The Fr-
coqueliner, to dandle, cocker, fedle, pam-
per, make a wanton of a child, leads us
in the right direction. This word is pre-
cisely of the same form and significance
with dodeliner, to dandle, loll, lull, fedle,
cocker, hug fondly, make a wanton of,
[but primarily] to rock or jog up and
down ; dodelineur,ihe rocker of a cradle ;
dondeliner de la t6te, to wag the head ;
dodelineux (the same as coquelineux),
fantastical, giddy-headed. The primitive
meaning of cocker then is simply to rock
the cradle, and hence to cherish an infant.
See Cockle, Cock.

Cocoa-nut. Called coco by the Portu-
guese in India on account of the monkey-
like face at the base of the nut, from coco,
a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten chil-
dren.— De Barros, Asia, Dec. III. Bk.
III. c. vii.

-coot. Lat. coquo, cocium, to prepare
by fire, to cook, bake, boil.

Hence concoquo, to boil together, to
digest, and fig. to contrive, to plan, E. to
concoct. Decoctio, a decoction, what is
boiled away from anything.

Cod. A husk or shell, cushion. ON.
koddi, a cushion, Sw. kudde, a. sack, bag,
pod. Bret. kSd, gSd, godel, a pocket, w.
cSd, cwd, a bag or pouch. G. schote, pod,
husk. It seems the same word with Fr.
cosse, gousse, a husk, cod, or pod, whence
coussin. It. coscino, a cushion, a case
stuffed with somethmg to make it bulge
out.

Perhaps the original sense is simply
something bulging, a knob or bump, an
idea commonly derived from a word sig-
nifying to knock. Now v.-e have Fr.
cesser. It. cozzare, to butt as a ram. Du.
kodde, kodse, a club.

As in words with an initial cl the / is
very movable, we may perhaps identify
the Fr. cosse, a husk, with Bret, klos,
klosen, a box or any envelope in general ;
klosen-gisten, the husk of a chesnut.
Thus we are brought round to the Du.
Moss, a ball or sphere, and the e. clot,
clod, and as the latter appears in Gaelic
in the double form of clod o'^ plod, we find
the same change of initial in the e. cod,
pod; Dan. pude, a pillow.

To Coddle. 1 Codling. To coddle,

(in Suffolk quoddle^ to boil gently, whence
codlin, a young apple fit for boiling, green
peas. — Hal. Codlyng, fmte, pomme
cuite. — Palsgr. A quodling, pomum
coctile. — Coles. The word in the first
instance represents the agitation of the
boiling water. ON. quoila, abluo vel

CODDLE

lavito, aquas tractito (Gudm.)i to dabble
or paddle ; Swab, quatteln, to wabble ;
Bav. kudern, to guggle.

To Coddle, 2. To pamper or treat
delicately. Fr. cadel, a castling, starve-
ling, whence cadeler (to treat as a weakly
ch2d), to cocker, pamper, fedle, make
much of. — Cot. Lat. catulus, It. catello,
Prov. cadel, Bohem. kote, a whelp ; kotiti,
to whelp, bring forth young (of sheep,
dogs, cats, &c.).

Code. — Codicil. Lat. codex, log, trunk
of a tree, a book, book of accounts,
the Romans writing on wooden tablets
covered with wax. Codicillus, a small
trunk of a tree ; codicilli, writing tablets,
a letter, memorial, written composition.

Cod-flsh.. From its large club-shaped
head. Flem. kodde, a club. — Kil. In the
same way It. mazso, a bunch, a codfish,
mazza, a club. One of the names of the
fish is It. testuto, Fr. testu, from teste,
head. — Cot.

Codger. A term of abuse for an in-
firm old man. G. kotzen, to spit, kotzer,
a spitting or spawling man or woman,
also an old caugher. — Kiittner. So from
Lith. kraukti, to croak, to breathe with
pain, sukraukelis, a croaker, an old man.
Hind, kahba, a cough, an old woman.

Coemetery. Gr. KoiiiriTriptov, a place
for sleeping in, then applied to the place
of final rest, a burial-place, from Koi/»aw,
to set to sleep.

Coerce. Lat. coerceo, to encompass,
keep in, restrain ; arceo, to inclose, con-
fine ; arctus, close, narrow, confined.

Coeval. Lat. cocevus {con and cevum,
duration of time, an age, era), of the same
age or era.

Coffee. Arab, cahwa. or cahwi, coffee,
formerly one of the names for wine.
Texeira, who wrote in 1610, writes it
kaodh. — Dozy.

Coffer. — Coffin. Gr. Ko^irog, Lat. coph-
inus, a basket. It. cofano, cofaro, any
coffin, coffer, chest, hutch, or trunk. Fr.
coffre, a chest or coffer, the bulk or chest
of the body. Bret. k6f, kSv, the belly ;
AS. co/, a cave, cove, receptacle. Swab.
koier, a basket. It. coffii, a gabion or
wicker basket. Fr. co^n, a coffin, a great
candle case or any such close and great
basket of wicker. — Cot. Fin. kopp, a
hollow case. See Cave.

Cog. — Coggle. To coggle is to be
shaky, to rock ; cogly, unsteady, rock-
ing ; cockersoine, unsteady in position,
threatening to tumble over. — Jam. e.
dial, coggle, keggle, kickle, tickle, easily

COGNISANCE

163

moved. — Wilbraham. Joggly, unsteady,
shaky ; ^o jogger, joggle, to shake, to jog.
A continued broken sound is represented
by forms like cackle, gaggle, and thence
cockle, goggle are made to signify inter-
rupted or alternating movement. Esthon.
kokkoltama, koggalema, to stammer. The
radical syllable cock, cog, gog, &c., is
itself used to signify the same kind of
action, or a single element of the kind
of which the action in question is com-
posed, that is to say, a short, abrupt move-
ment (often accompanied by a click or
snap), and hence a projection or indenta-
tion. We may cite Gael, gogach, nod-
ding, wavering, reeling ; E. gogmire, a
quagmire ; to jock, to jolt ; jocky, uneven,
rough ; Fr. choc, a shock, or movement'
brought to a sudden stop ; It. coccare, to
snap, to move with a snap, and thence
cocca, an indentation or notch, as E. cog
(Sw. kugge), a projection or individual
prominence on the circumference of a
toothed wheel.

With the addition of an initial s, E.
shog, to jolt, and shoggle, an icicle or pro-
jection of ice ; ON. skaga, to project ;
skagi, a promontory.

To cog in the sense of cheating is from
the image of deceiving by rapid sleight
of hand. Du. kokelen, to juggle ; It. coc-
carta ad uno, to put a trick upon one ;
coccare, to laugh at, mock, scoff. Sp.
cocar, to mock, make mocking or ridicul-
ous gestures, to cajole, wheedle, E. cog,
gabber, flatter — Sherwood ; lusingare, lis-
ciar il pelo. — Torriano.

Cogent. Lat. cogo (pcpl. cogens), to
impel, constrain, force.

Cogitation. Lat. cogito, to ponder,
turn over in the mind.

Cognisance. — Becognisance. — Re-
connoitre. From Lat. cognosco, cog-
nitum, to know, arose Fr. cognoitre,
connaitre, to know, OFr. cognoisance,
cognisance, connusance, knowledge, no-
tice, a badge or heraldic device by which
one might be known.

Connaissance in a legal sense is the
right of a tribunal to take notice or cog-
nisance of certain causes.

Again OFr. recognoitre, to take know-
ledge of, to acknowledge, gives our legal
recognisance, or acknowledgment that
one is bound in a certain penalty to the
crown if he fails to perform a certain act.
Reconnaitre, in the military sense, to re-
connoitre, is to take knowledge of the
conditions of an object, to observe it with
reference to the way in which it affects
the observer.

11 *

i64

COIF

Coif. A cap for the head. Fr. coiffe.
It. aiffia, Mod.Gr. oKovi^m. Apparently
from the East. Arab, kufiyah, a head
kerchief.

Coil. To coil a cable, to wind it round
in the form of a ring, each fold of rope
being called a coil. Fr. cueillir un cord-
age, Ptg. colher. hum cabo, to coil a cable ;
colher, Fr. cueillir, Sp. eager, Lat. colli-
gere, to gather. Sp. coger la ropa, to fold
linen.

Coil. Noise, disturbance. Gael, coil-
eid, a stir, movement, or noise ; perhaps
from goil, boiling, vapour, fume, battle,
rage, fury ; goileam, prating, vain tattle.
The words signifying noise and disturb-
ance are commonly taken from the agita-
tion of water.

Coin. To coin money is to stamp
money, from Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin, quin,
the steel die with which money is stamped,
originally doubtless from the stamping
having been effected by means of a
wedge (Lat. cuneus, Fr. coiti). Coin in
OFr. was frequently used for the right of
coining money. Sp. cufia, a wedge ;
cuho, a die for coining, impression on
the coin. Muratori endeavours to show
that the word is really derived from the
Or. lis&v, an image, whence the Lat.
iconiare, in the sense of coining money.
So from w. bath, a likeness, arian bath,
coined money, bathu, to make a likeness,
to coin.

Coit. — Quoit. To coit, to toss, to
throw. Of a conceited girl it is said, She
coits up her head above her betters. —
Forby. To coit a stone. — Hal. The
game of coits or quoits consists in tossing
a metal disc (originally doubtless a stone)
at a mark. The quoit according to Hal.
is sometimes called a coiting stone. Coyte,
petreluda ; coytyn, petriludo. — Pr. Pm.
Du.de kaeye schieten, certare disco, saxeo,
ferreo, aut plumbeo. — Kil.

Coke. The carbonaceous cinder of
coals left when the bituminous or gaseous
blazing portion has been driven off by
heat. Coaks, cinders ; a grindle-coke, a
remnant of an old worn-down grindstone.
Colke, the core of an apple.

All erthe may well likened be

To a rounde appul on a tre,

That even amydde hath a colke :

And so it may to an egges yolke,

For as a dalk (hollow) is amydward

The yolke of the egge when hit is hard,

So is helle put (pit) as olerkus telles

Aniidde the erthe and nowher elles. — Hal. -i.
dalk.

Wall, chauke, germe de I'oeuf, — Grandg.
Clevel. golk, yolk of egg, core of an

COLLATION

apple or an ulcer. The coke is the hole
guarded by metal in the middle of a
sheave through which the pin goes. —
Webster. Du. kolk, a pit, hollow whirl-
pool. The term colk or coke then appears
to signify a hollow, then the empty rem-
nant of a thing when the virtue is taken
out of it. It may possibly be explained
from the Gael, caoch, empty, blind, hol-
low ; caochag, a deaf nut, nut without a
kernel, the coke of a nut.

Col-. See Con-.

Colander. — Cullender. Sp. colada,
lie of ashes for bucking clothes ; coladero,
a colander or sieve through which the lie
was strained, a strainer ; colar, Lat. colo,
to strain liquids.

Cold. — CooL Goth, kalds, cold. on.
kala, to blow cold, to suffer from cold ;
kallda, fever. Dan. kule (of the wind),
to freshen, to begin to blow. G. kalt, cold,

kiihl, cool. Lap. kalot, to freeze, kalofn,
cold, frost.

In Lith. szalias, cold, sziltas, warm,
the opposite sensations are distinguished
by a modification of the vowel, while in
Lat. gelidus, cold, calidus, hot, a similar
relation in meaning is marked by a modi-
fication of the initial consonant.

The original image seems the disagree-
able effect produced on the nerves by a
harsh sound, whence the expression is
extended to a similar effect on the other
organs. Fin. kolia, sounding harshly as
a rattle, rough, uneven, cold ; kolia ilma,
a cold air ; kolian-lainen, roughish, cool ;'
kolistua, to become cold as the air, or
rough as a road ; kolistus, making a
crash, shattering. Esthon. kollisema, to
rattle, make a harsh noise ; kollin, a rack-
et; kolle, noisy, frightful, ghastly ; kollo-
mats, a bugbear. The effects of fear and
cold closely resemble each other in de-
pressing the spirits and producing trem-
bling. The Manuel des Pecch^s says of
Belshazzar when he saw the handwriting
on the wall :

As he thys hande began to holde (behold)
Hys herte bygan to tremle and colde.

Fin. kolkka, sounding loud as a bell,
then causing trembling or terror, ghastly ;
— ilma, a cold, raw day ; — mies, a harsh,
severe man ; — korpi, a desolate wood.
Compare on. kald-lyndr, harsh, severe
in disposition ; kallda-gatnan, bitter
sport ; kald-ambr, distressing labour.

Collar. Lat. collare (from collum, the
neck), a band for the neck.

Collation. An entertainment. Fr.
collation, a repast after supper. It. cola-

COLLEAGUE

tione, colettione, coletto, an intermeal, a
refection between regular meals ; break-
fast.

Colleague. — College. Lat. collega,
supposed to be from lego, to choose, one
chosen at the same time with one, a com-
rade. The radical part of the word however
would be more satisfactorily explained if
it could be regarded as the equivalent
of the ON. lag, society, companionship,
whence sam-lag, companionship, part-
nership ; felagi, a money companion or
partner, a fellow ; brod-lagi, fisk-lagi, a
partner at meals, in fishing, &c. Colle-
gium, a college, society, corporation,
guild, the relationship of one colleague to
another.

To Collect.— Collect. Lat. lego, lec-
tum, to pick, to gather ; colligo, -ectum,
to bring together, to collect, assemble.
Collect, a prayer gathered out of Scripture.

Collision. Lat. collisio {collido, -isum,
to dash or strike together), the act of
striking together.

Collop. A lump or slice of meat.
From clop or colp, representing the sound
of a lump of something soft thrown on a
flat surface. Du. klop, It. colpo, a blow.
Colp, a blow, also a bit of anything. —
Bailey. The two significations are very
commonly expressed by the same term.
Sp. golpe, a blow, also a flap, as the loose
piece of cloth covering a pocket. In like
manner we have dab, a blow, and a lump
of something soft ; 3.pat with the hand,
and a pat of butter ; G. klitsch, a clap,
rap, tap, and a lump of something soft ;
Sc. to blad, to slap, to strike, and blad,
bland, a lump or slice ; to dad, to dash,
to throw down, and dad, dawd, a lunch
or large piece, especially of somethtng
eatable. See Calf.

CoUow. — Colly. Smut, soot. To
colowe, make black with a cole, char-
bonner. — Palsgr. in Way. Colled, be-
colled, smutted, blackened. — K. Horn.
N. kola, to black or smut with coal ;
kolut, smutted. — Aasen. Sw. dial, kolna,
to become black.

Colly. A shepherd's dog, from having
its tail cropped. Sw. kullug, kollig, with-
out horns, wanting some member that
ought to be there. — Rietz. Sc. to coll, to
poU the hair, to snuff the candle. In
Hesse a shepherd's dog is often called
Mutz, from mutz, a stump ; kullmutz,
kullarsch, a tailless hen. See Poll.

Colon. — Comma. Colon (Or. ewXoi',
a limb or member) and comma (Gr.
Ko/tfia, a piece or chop, from kotttm, I
cut) were applied respectively to the

COMBER

i6s

principal members of a sentence, and
the briefest divisions of which it was
composed. Jerome, in his preface to the
Prophets, says, ' Nemo cum prophetas
versibus viderit esse descriptos metro eos
existimet apud Hebrasos ligari — ; sed
quod in Demosthene et in Tullio solet
fieri, ut per cola scribantur et commata.'
— N. & Q. Deer. 19, 1868. The name
is now given not to the divisions of the
sentence, but to the marks by which
divisions of the kind in question are
separated in writing.

* Colonel. Fr. colonel, Sp. coronel.
Properly the captain of the leading com-
pany of a regiment, the company at the
head of the column. 'La compagnie
colonelle, ou la colonelle est la premiere
compagnie d'un regiment d'infanterie.'
— Trevoux.

Colossal. Lat. colossus, a statue of
enormous magnitude. Such was the
statue in honour of the sun erected at
Rhodes.

Colour. Lat. color, a hue, tint, ap-
pearance.

Colt. A young horse. Dan. dial, klod,
kloit, a colt. Sw. kult, a young boar, a
stout boy.

Column. — Colonnade. Lat. columna,
Fr. colonne, a pillar.

Comatose. Gr. Ku/ia, heavy slumber,
oppressive drowsiness.

Com-. See Con-.

Comb. ON. kambr, G. kamm.

Combe. A narrow valley. W. cwm.

* Comber. — Cumber, g. kummer,
arrest, seizure, attachment of one's goods
or person, rubbish, ruins, dirt of streets,'
trouble, distress ; Du. kommer, kotnber,
trouble, distress. Mid.Lat. combri, ob-
struction of the ways made by felling
trees in a forest; combri, combra, a weir
or dam for obstructing the current of a
river. — Due. Fr. encombrer. It. ingom-
brare, to hinder, trouble, encumber ; des-
combres, what has to be cleared away,
rubbish, ruins. The radical sense is im-
pediment, hindrance. / comber, I let or
hynder. — Palsgr. Gael, cumraig, cum-
raich, impede, incommode. Manx cumr,
cumree, to hinder, deter, delay ; cumrail,
hindrance, stoppage. The question is
whether the sense of rubbish is derived
from rubbish being considered as a hin-
drance or whether the development of
thought does not lie in the opposite direc-
tion. It is derived by Diez from Lat.
cumulus, Prov. co;«(7/,a heap, Ptg. comero,
combro, a mound, heap of earth, corre-
sponding to which we have ON. kumbl,

1 66

COMBINE

kumb, a cairn, tumulus, barrow, Sw.
kummel, a heap of stones set up for a
mark, ruins, rubbish. Again, a parallel
form with cumber may be found in ON.
ktimla, to disable. 'Var Aron sdrr ok
kumladr mjok,' Aaron was wounded and
much disabled. Hialmr kumlactr, a bat-
tered helmet. E. cwnbled with cold,
cramped, stiffened ; comely d, acomelyd,
acomyrd, acombrd, for colde, eviratus,
enervatus. — Pr. Pm. Cambered and
clommed with colde.— MS. cited l3y Way.
Du. verkommelen, to be stiff with cold.
See Clumsy.

Combine. Lat. bini, two together ;
'combine, to join together or unite.

Combustioii. — Combustible. Lat.
uro, ustum, to burn ; comburo {con-uro),
to bum up.

To Come. — Comely. Goth, cwiman,
AS. cwiman, cuman, G. kommen, Du.
komen, to come. The Biglotton also
explains the Du. komen, cadere, conve-
nire, decere, quadrare. Dat comt ivel,
bene cadit, convenit, decet, quadrat. In
the same way to fall was used in OE.

It nothing falls to thee
To make fair semblant where thou mayest blame.
Chaucer, R. R.

G. gefallen, to fall to a person's mind,
to please. In this sense the verb come
must be understood in the E. comely and
the Du. koinelick, conveniens, congruens,
commodus, aptus. — Kil. See Become.

This application is marked by a sUght
modification of form in the AS. cweman,
becweman, to please, delight, satisfy, G.
bequein, convenient, commodious, easy.

Comedy. — Comic. Gr. Kw\ufUa, a
dramatic poem intended to take off or
caricature personal or popular peculiar-
ities ; Kw/iiKof, relating to comedy.

Comfit. Fr. confire, conjit (Lat. con-
Jicere, confectum, to prepare), to preserve,
confect, soak or steep in ; confitures,
comfits, iunkets, all kind of sweetmeats.
—Cot.

Comfort. Fr. comforter (Lat. fortis,
strong), to solace, encourage, strengthen.
—Cot.

Comfrey. A plant formerly in repute
as a strengthener, whence it was called
knitback (Cot. in v. oreille d'lme), and in
.tiftt. consolida, confirma, or conserva. —
'Dief Sup. E. comfrey seems a corruption
of the second of these.

Comm.a. See Colon.

Comm.euce. It. cominciare, Fr. com-
mencer. From con and initiare, Milanese
inzc^, to begin. OSp. compenzar, com-

COMPATIBLE

pesar. Sardin. incumbenzai, frcm in-
com-initiare ; Sp. empezar, from hi-ini-
tiare. — Diez. Menage.

Comm.ent. Lat. cojiiminiscor, -mentus
sum, commentor, to imagine, devise, to
meditate, consider, remark upon.

Commerce. See Merchant.

Commodious. — Commodity. Lat.
commodus, convenient, suitable, advan-
tageous.

Commodore. Fr. commandeur, a go-
vernor or commander ; Port, comtnenda-
ddr, from whence the term seems to have
come to us.

Common. — Commonalty. — Com-
mune.— Comrmmicate. Lat. communis,
common, general, Fr. communitas, the
having of things in common, feUawship,
Fr. communauti, the common people ;
Lat. communico, to impart, give a share
of, hold intercourse with.

Compa'ct. Lat. compactus, thickset,
firm, from compingo, -actum, to put or
join together ; pango, pactum, to drive in,
fasten.

Cbm.'pact. An agreement; compacis-
cor, compactus, to agree with ; paciscor, to
stipulate, engage, make a bargain.

Company. — Companion. It. compa-
gno, compagnia. Mid. Lat. companium,
association, formed from con and panis,
bread, in analogy with the OHG. gi-mazo
ox gi-leip, board- fellow, from wa^o, meat,
or leip, bread. Goth, gahlaiba, fellow-
disciple, J oh. xi. 1 6, from hlaibs, bread.
Compain, one who eats the same bread
with one. — ^Jaubert. Gloss, du Milieu de
laFr.

Compare. Lat. co7nparare, to couple
things together for judgment, from com-
par, equal, and that from con and par,
like, equal, a pair. But the meaning
might equally be derived from the original
sense of the \&c\i parare, which seems to
be to push forwards. Thus the simple
parare is to push forwards, to get ready ;
se-parare, to push apart, to separate ;
com-parare, to push together, to bring
into comparison, or to prepare, to accu-
mulate.

Compass. Fr. compas, a compass, a
circle, a round ; compasser, to compass,
encircle, begird, to turn round. — Cot. To
go about, from con and passus, a step.
A pair of compasses is an instrument for
describing circles. The mariner's com-
pass is so called because it goes through
the whole circle of possible variations of
direction. To compass an object is to go
about it or to contrive it.

Compatible. It. compatire, Fr. com-

COMPENDIOUS

patir, to sympathise, suffer with. See
Passion.

Compendious. Lat. compendium, a
saving, sparing, shortening, short cut.
The word seems to be formed in opposi-
tion to dispendium, a spending, by the
contrast between the particles con, to-
gether, and dis, apart : an abstinence
from spending. Pendo, pensum, to weigh,
to pay.

Compensate. Lat. compensare, to
weigh together or one against the other.
Pendo, pensum, to weigh.

Compete. — Competent. Lat. peto,
to seek, to aim at, to go to a place ; com-
peto, to seek together for a thing, to com-
pete ; also to come or meet together, to
be suitable, to have requisite strength.

Compile. Lat. compilo {con and pilo,
to pillage : See Pill, POlage), to spoil,
plunder, to bring together from different
sources.

Complacent. — Complaisant. Lat.
complaceo, Fr. complaire, -plaisant, to
please, delight, be obsequious to.

Complexion. Lat. complexio, a com-
bination, connection, physical constitu-
tion, applied in modern E. to the colour
of the skin, as marking a healthy or un-
healthy constitution. Fr. complexion, the
making, temper, constitution of the body,
also the disposition, affection, humours
of the mind. — Cot.

Complicity. — Accomplice. Lat.
complico, to fold or plait together ; com-
plex, Fr. cotnplice, one bound up with, a
partner in crime. See -plic.

To Comply. — Compliment. To com-
ply is properly to fulfil, to act in accord-
ance with the wishes of another, from
Lat. complere, as supply, Fr. suppUer,
from supplere. The It. has compiere,
complire, compire, to accomplish, com-
plete, also to use compliments, ceremo-
nies, or kind offices and offers. — Fl. The
E. comply also was formerly used in the
latter sense, as by Hamlet speaking of
the ceremonious Osric. ' He did comply
with his dug before he sucked it.' The
addition of the preposition with is also
an It. idiom : compire con uno, to per-
form one's duty by one ; — col suo dovere,
to do one's duty ; alia promessa, to per-
form one's promise. Non posso co7npire
con tutu alia volta, I cannot serve all at
a time. — Altieri. Hence compimenti,
complimenti, obliging speeches, compli-
ments.

Comprehend. See -prehend.

Comrade. Fr. camerade, a chamber-
ful, a company that belongs to one cham-

CONCERT

167

ber, tent, cabin. — Cot. Then applied to.
one of the company, a chamber-fellow.
From It. camera, a chamber. Sp. came-
rada in both senses.

Con-, 00I-, com-, cor-. The Lat.
prep, cum, with, corresponding to Gr.
tsvv, i,vv, takes in composition the fore-
going forms in accordance with the oi'-
ganic nature of the following consonant.
It signifies in general union or united
action, and may be illustrated by Fin.
koko, gen. ko'on, a heap, the locative
cases of which are used in the sense of
the Lat. con, or E. together. Pane
kokoon or ko'olla, literally, put in a heap,
collect ; tulewat kokoon or ko'olle, th«y
come together.

To Con. To learn,, to study, to take
notice of Ale-conner, an inspector of
ales. To con one thanks, Fr. savoir grd,
to feel thankful and to make the feeling
known to the object of it.

AS. cunnan, to know, cunnian, to in-
quire, search into, try. Gecunnian hwylc
heora swiftost hors hcefde, to try which of
them had the swiftest horse. He cunnode
tha mid his handa, he felt them with his
hand. Goth, ktmnan, to know ; ana-
kunnan, to read ; gakunnan, to observe,
to read ; kannjan, to make known. Sw.
kunna, to be able ; kunnig, known,
knowing, skilful, cunning ; hanna, to
know, to feel, to be sensible.

Conceal. Lat. celo, Goth, huljan, OE.
to hele, hill, to cover, hide.

Concert. Agreement. According to
Diez from C07icertare, to contend with,
but the explanation of Calvera, which he
mentions, is more satisfactory. The Lat.
has serere, to join together, interweave
(whence sertum, a wreath of flowers), and
tropically to combine, compose, contrive.
The compound conserere is used much in
the same sense, to unite together in ac-
tion ; conserere sermonem, to join in
speech ; consertio, a joining together.
Hence It. conserto, duly wrought and
joined together, a harmonious consort, an
agreement ; consertare, to concert or in-
terlace with proportion, to agree and
accord together, to sing, to tune or play
in consort. — Fl. When the word conserto
was thus applied to the accord of musical
instruments, it agreed so closely both in
sense and sound with concejito, Lat. con-
centus {cantus, melody, song), harmony,
harmonious music, that the two seem to
have been confounded together, and con-
serto, borrowing the c of concento, became
concerto, whence the Fr. and E. concert.
In English again the word was con-

1 68

CONCILIATE

founded with consort, from Lat. consors,
-sortis, partaking, sharing, a colleague,
partner, comrade.

Right hard it was for wight which did it hear
To read what manner musicit that mote be ;
For all that pleasing was to living ear
Was there consorted in one harmonee,
Birds, voices, instruments, winds, waters, all
agree. — F. Q. in R.

Muta divioloni, a set or consort of viols.
— Fl.

Conciliate, — Eeconcile. Lat. con-
cilio, to full or thicken woollen cloth,
thence to bring together, to conjoin, to
procure. It seems to be the equivalent
of Gr. av/irnXooi, to felt, from TtlXos, wool,
felt, as in so many other instances where
p and c or k replace each other.

Conclave. Lat. clavis, key ; conclave,
an apartment under lock and key ; hence
a party or council meeting and deliberat-
ing m such an apartment, or in guarded
privacy.

Concord. Lat. cor, cordis, heart ; con-
cordia, union of hearts, agreement, and
fig. agreement of notes, harmony.

Concubine. Lat. concubina, from
concumbo, to lie down together. Cf. Gr.
TrnpdKotrie, Clevel. laybeside.

Condign-. Lat. dignus, condigmis,
fitting, worthy.

Condiment. Lat. condw,-zre,to season
meat.

Condition. Lat. condo, conditum, to
set together, to lay up in store, to arrange,
dispose, establish ; conditio, the putting
together, the nature, condition or cir-
cumstances of a thing.

Conduit. Fr. conduire, -duit, to con-
duct, lead ; conduit, a watercourse, a
gutter or trench whereby water is led to
a place. See -duce.

Cone. Lat. conus. Gr. kuvoq, a cone,
a spinning top, fir-cone, pine-tree, pitch.
Coney. Lat. cuniculus. It. coniglio,
Fr. conil, connin, Du. konijn, G. kungele,
kunele (Kil.), kunigel, kuniglin (Dief),
ON. kuningr, w. cwfiing. The name is
said by Pliny and other writers to be
originally Spanish, and through the Latin
it seems to have spread to the Germanic
and Celtic stocks. In several of the
forms above cited the name seems to
signify king or little king, and thus was
translated into Boh. kraljk, a prince or
little king, also a rabbit or coney. See
Dief Orig. Eur. 308.

Confection. Lat. conficio, -fectnm, to
get together, compose, prepare, work ;
confectio, a preparation.

Confess. Lat. /ateor,/assHm, confiteor.

CONSTABLE

-fessum, to acknowledge, avow, confess,
to manifest.

Congeal. Lat. gelu, frost, severe cold ;
congelo, to become solidified by the action
of cold.

Conglomerate. Lat. globus (corre-
sponding to E. dull), a ball, thick round
body ; glomus, a ball of thread ; glomero,
conglomero, to roll or heap up into a
mass.

Congruity. — Incongruous. Lat. con-
gruo, to come together, to happen at the
same time, to accord ; congruus, suitable,
agreeing, fit.

Conjugal. Lat. conjux, -pigis, a con-
sort, husband or wife, properly perhaps
a yoke-fellow, from jugum, a yoke ; but
ultimately irorajungo, to join.

Conjure. Lat. jurare, to swear; con-
jurare, to combine together by an oath,
but in the E. application to bind by
an oath, to call upon some one by the
most binding sanctions, hence (with the
accent on the first syllable) to cdnjure, to
use enchantments to exorcise the super-
natural powers, and ultimately to use
juggling tricks or sleight of hand.

Connive. Lat. conniveo,' -nix-i, to
wink with the eyes, to- take no notice of;
nicto, to wink ; nicere marni, to beckon
with the hand. G. nicken, Du. knicken,
to nod, to wink. For the relation between
nico or nicto and niveo comp. nix, nivis,
snow. The ultimate root is the repre-
sentation of the sound of a snap or crack
by the syllable knick, knip. G. knicken,
Du. knippen, to snap, crack. The term
is then applied to any short sharp move-
ment. Met de oogen knippen, knipoogen,
to wink or twinkle with the eyes.

Conqueror. Lat. qucerere, to seek,
conquirere, to seek for, to seek out, obtain
by seeking. Fr. conquerir, to get, pur-
chase, acquire, and hence to get the vic-
tory, to subdue, overcome.

Consider. Lat. considere, to observe,
consider, reflect ; a figure, according to
Festus, from the observation of (Lat.
siderd) the stars.

Constable. The Master of the Horse,
or great officer of the empire who had
charge of the horses, was called comes
stabuli, the count of the stable, comesta-
bilis, conestabilis, &c. To this officer, in
the kingdoms which sprang up out of the
ruins of the empire, fell the command of
the army and the cognisance of military
matters. ' Regalium praspositus equo-
rum, quem vulgo Comistabilem vocant.'
— Armoin in Due. ' Comitem stabuli
sui quem corrupte constabulum appella-

CONSTANT

mus.' — Greg. Turon. in Due. ' Coram
comite Herefordiensi,qui secundum anti-
quum jus constabularius esse dignoscitur
regii exercitus.' — Math. Westm. in Due.
The term was then applied to the com-
mander of a fortress or any detached
body of troops, and in this sense the title
still remains in the Constable of the
Tower, the Constable of Chester Castle.
The Constable then became the officer
who commanded in any district on behalf
of the king. ' In villis vero vel urbibus
vel castellis quas regis subsunt dominio,
in quibus constabularii ad tempus sta-
tuuntur.' — Coneil. Turon. A. D. 1 163 in
Due.

Thus in England the term finally set-
tled down as the designation of the petty
officer who had the charge of the king's
peace in a separate parish or hamlet.

Constant. Lat. consto, to stand to-
gether, stand firmly, to remain, endure.

Consternation. Lat. sterno, stratum,
to scatter, strew, throw to the ground ;
constemo, to throw down, and fig. to
terrify.

Constipation. . Lat. constipatio {coji
and stipo, to cram, pack closely, Gr.
ariipoi), a crowding or pressing together.

Construe. — Construct. See Structure.

Consult. Lat. consulo, -sultum, to de-
liberate, take advice.

Contact. — Contagion. — Contiguous.
— Contingent. See Tact, -tag.

Contaminate. Lat. contatnino, to
make foul, pollute, stain.

Contemn. — Contempt. Lat temno,
contemno, to despise.

Contemplate. Lat. contemplor (perf.
p. contemplatus), to survey, behold or
gaze at steadily.

Contest. Lat. testis, a witness ; con-
testor, to call to witness ; contestari litem.
It. contestare una lite, to bring a cause
before the judge for his decision on the
evidence, to commence the pleading ;
thence It. contestare, to wrangle. Thus
the verb to contest is older than the noun.

Contra-. — Contrary. — Counter. Lat.
contra, Fr. centre, against, in opposition
to. Passing through Fr. into E. the word
became counter, frequently used in com-
position. Hence Fr. encontrer, rencon-
trer, to meet, to encounter. Rencontre, a
meeting, a rencounter.

Contrast. Fr. contraste, withstand-
ing, strife, contention. — Cot. It. con-
trastare, to stand opposite, to withstand,
contest, wrangle ; contrasto, contrastanza,
an opposing, contention. From contra,
against, and stare, to stand.

CONVEY

169

Contrive. Fr. trouver, to find, invent,
light on, meet with, get, devise ; cotv-
trouver, to forge, devise, invent out of
his own brain. — Cot.

Thre fals men togidere
Thise thre ageyn Edward made a compasse-

ment — '

Of that fals controueyng gaf thei jugement.

R. Brunne 255.

It. trovare, to find, invent, or seek
out. According to Diez from turbare,
to disturb, to turn over in searching
through, supporting his theory by the
OPtg. /rowar^ ^ turbare ; Neap, stru-
vare = disturbare ; controvare = eontur-
bare. But the G. treffen, to hit, to reach,
to come to, comes very near the notion
of lighting on. Jemanden treffen, to
meet with or find one. Compare Sw.
hitta, to hit on, find, discover, contrive.

Ne 's eschacent ne 's emoevent
Mais od les branz nuz s entretrcrvent.

Benoit. Cbron. Norm. 2. 5335.
— they strike each other with naked blades.

Control. Fr. contrerolle, the copy of
a roll of accounts, &c. Contreroller, to
keep a copy of a roU of accounts. — Cot.
Hence to cheek the accounts of an
officer, to overlook, superintend, regulate.

Controversy. — Controvert. Lat.
verto, ■uersum, to turn ; verso, to turn
about ; versor, to be occupied about a
thing ; controversor, to litigate, contend,
dispute.

Contumacy. Lat. contumax, obstinate,
unyielding.

Contumely. Lat. contumelia, mis-
usage, insult, affront. Supposed to be
connected with te?mio, to despise.
■ Convent.. — Conventicle. Lat. con-
ve?itiis, a coming together, meeting, as-
sembly. See -vene. In M.Lat. the term
was applied to the church or meeting-
place of the faithful, while the contempt-
uous name of conventictilum was given
to the assemblies of heretics. Conveiitiis
was also applied to the council-chamber
or meeting-place in a monastery, or to
the college or body of monks.

Ut greges dudm Coenobiorum permitterent
adunari Deique ad laudem sub uno Abbate
unum conventom effici. — Ord. Vital, in Due.
The term has finally come to signify a
house of nuns.

Convex. Lat. convexus, vaulted,
arched over, also hollow. From veho,
vexu77t, to catry ; but how the sense is
attained is not well made out.

Convey.— Convoy. The tendency to
a thin or a broad pronunciation of the
vowels prevailing in different dialects of

I70

CONVIVIAL

Fr. converted Lat. via into veie (Chron.
Norm. ; L. des Rois), or voie, way ; and
the same variation is found in enveier,
envoyer, It. inviare, to set in the right
way, to send unto — Fl., and in conveier,
conveyer, It. conviare, to make way with,
to conduct. ' Del ciel enveiad! ' Tut li
poples de Juda out li rei conveied.' — L.
des Rois. From the thin Norman pro-
nunciation was formed E. convey, while
convoy has been borrowed from a more
recent state of the Fr. language.

No doubt a reference to Lat. convehere
has affected some applications of convey,
as when a carriage is called a convey-
ance.

Convivial. Lat. vivo, to live ; con-
vivo, to eat or live with ; conviva, a
guest, convivium, a feast.

Coo. Imitative of the noise of doves,
formerly written crooj Du. korren, kir-
ren, ON. kurra, Fr. roucouler, to croo
like a dove. — Cot. To croo, crook, or
mourn as a dove. — Fl. Mod.Gr. kovkov-

Cook. Lat. coquus, a cook ; coquere,
to cook, to prepare by fire. The primi-
tive sense seems, however, to be to boil,
from an imitation of the noise of boil-
ing water. G. kocken, to boil ; das blttt
kocht in seinen adern, the blood boils in
his veins. Fin. kuohua, kuohata, to foam,
bubble, boil, swell ; kuohina, the boiling
as of a cataract or of the waves. Mod.
Gr. (tox^ajw, to boil, boil with a noise,
bubble. Esthon. kohhisema, rauschen,
brausen, to murmur, roar. Galla koka,
to boil, to cook. — Tutschek. The sound
of tattling is constantly represented by
the same syllables as the noise of agitated
water. Hence we may compare Pl.D.
kdkeln, to chatter or cackle, or kikel kakel!
for the sound of chatter, with kaken, to
boil.

Cool. ON. kul, kula, a cold blast ;
kula, to blow, to be cold ; kulbord, the
windward side of the ship ; kulldi, cold ;
at kala, to blow cold, to suffer from cold ;
kaldi, cold. OHG. cJmoli, G. kiihl. See
Cold.

Coomb. A half quarter, or measure
of four bushels. Fr. comble, heaped
measure. Or is it from the Du. kom, a
trough, a chest, deep dish ?

Coop. — Cooper.— Cub. Lat. ciipa, Sp.
Cuba, Fr. cuve, Du. kuype, a tub, cask.
Sp. cubero, a cooper. The Sp. cuba is
also a hen-coop. It. cuba, a couch, bed,
coop or pen for poultry. Du. kuype der
stad, the circuit of the town, the space
confined within the walls ; kuypen, to

COP

bind casks. To coop is to pen or confine
in a narrow space. The OE. cub, to con-
fine, seems a different form of the same
root.

Art thou of Bethlehem's noble college free
Stark staring mad that thou wouldst tempt the

sea
Cubbed in a cabin, on a mattress laid.

Dryden in R.

Pl.D. bekubbelt is used in tlie same
sense, confined, pressed for room. Sp.
encubar, to put a criminal into a tub by
way of punishment. W. cwb, a hut, pen
or cote ; cwb-iar, a hen-coop ; cwb-ci, a.
dog-kennel ; cwb-colomen, a dove-cote.
Dan. kube, a hive ; kove, a hut, hovel ;
torve-kube, iorve-kove, a turf-shed. as.
cofa, Sw. kofwa, a chamber. Holstein
kuuve, a bed of poor people, a cot; Pl.D.
kave, kaven, a small enclosed place, a
pen, kalver-kaven, swiene-kaven, a calf
or swine-pen. G. koben, a hollow re-
pository, a chamber ; schweins-koben, a
hog-stye ; kobel, a cote, cot ; tauben-
kobel, a dove-cote ; siech-kobel, a hovel
for lepers. Probably cabin must be
reckoned in the same class of words.

The radical idea seems that of bending
round. Gael. cM, crouch, stoop, shrink,
ciibach, bent, hollowed ; ciiba, a bed ; cilb,
a bending of the body, a pannier. As the
liquid is exceedingly movable in words
beginning with cr, cl, cr, &c., it is pro-
bable that the Gael, ciib must be con-
nected with criib, to squat, crouch, crilb,
a claw, critbach, a hook, a crooked
woman, cnip, to contract, shrink, crouch,
&c. Thus ' ctibbed in a cabin ' would
be radically identical with Shakespeare's
' cribbed, cabined, and confined.'

Coot. A water-fowl, called also a
moor-hen. — B. The two are often con-
founded, and in the moor-hen the short
white tail bobbing up and down, with a
motion like that of the tail of a rabbit, is
a very conspicuous object. Now as the
latter animal is from this cause called
bunny, from Gael, bun, a stump, it is
probable that the name of the coot is
also taken from the tail.

w. cwt, a. little piece, a short tail ;
cwia, cwtog, bobtailed, ctut-iar (iar =:
hen), bobtailed hen, a coot or water-hen.

Cop. w. cop, coppa, the top of any-
thing, cro^vn of the head ; coppog, crested ;
coppyn, a small tuft or crest. Du. kop,
the head. Wall, topett, top.

The expression for a knob, bunch, or

projection, is very often taken from the

designation of a blow (see Boss), and the

. two senses are often united in the root

COPE

kop. Magy. kop, sonus pulsu editus ;
kopogni, to stamp or clatter with the
feet ; kophal (hal = fish), gobio, the bull-
head, a fish with a large head ; Fin. kop-
pata, to tap ; kopsia, to knock, beat,
smack ; kopina, the noise of a blow ; w.
cobio, to thump ; cob, a thump, also a top
or tuft ; cobyn, a tuft, bunch, cluster ;
Cat. cop, a blow ; Sp. copa, the boss of a
bridle ; copo, bunch of ftax on a distaff;
copete, tuft, top, summit.

Cope. It. cappa, Sp. capa, Fr. chdpe,

Sw. kapa, G. kappe, a cape, cloak, cope
or priest's vestment. In a met. sense, the
cope of heaven. It. la cappa del cielo, Fr.
la chappe du del, Du. hulle or kappe des
kernels (kulle, caphium, velamen mulie-
bre), is the arch or vault of heaven. Du.
iap, kappe, a cap, hood, summit of a
building. G. kappe also is specially ap-
plied to the vault of an oven, the roof of
a gallery in mining. Sp. copa, crown of
a hat, roof or vault of an oven. The
coping of a wall is a layer of tiles project-
ing over the top and sheltering the wall.
To cope, jut or lean out, forjecter. — Sher-
wood.

To Cope. To encounter, meet in bat-
tle, strive for the mastery.

So kene thei acuntred at the coupyng togadre.
William & Werwolf, 3602.

Ageyn hym came Johan, sone of the Duke of
Brennes, and coped togyder so fyersly that they
brake theyr speres. — Paris and Vienna (Rox-
burgh Lib.), p. 18.

OFr. colp, cop, a. blow ; chopper, to strike
or knock against.

Copesman. — Copesinate. To cope,
to barter or truck. — B. Copeman, a
customer ; copesmate, a partner in mer-
chandise, companion. Du. koop, chaffer,
exchange ; koop-man, a merchant. See
Chop.

Copious. Lat. copia, plenty.

Copper. Lat. cuprum. G. kupfer.

Copperas. Fr. couperose, It. copparosa,
from Lat. cupri rosa, Gr. xaXnavQov, the
flower of copper ; rose for flower.

Coppice. — Copse. OFr. copeiz,copeau,
wood newly cut ; coppuis, right of cutting
the waste branches of trees. — Roquef
From couper, to cut. What we call cop-
pice or copse is in Fr. bois taillis. Gr.
Koirahg, arbores caeduse — Hesychius in
Junius, from kowtw, to cut.

Copy. Lat. copia, abundance, and
tropically, means, opportunity of doing
anything. Copiam exscribendi facere, to
give the means of writing out a docu-
ment, of taking a copy, whence copia
came to be used in the sense of copy.

CORK

171

Coquette. Fr. coqueter, a cock to call
his hens, or to cluck as a cock among
hens ; to swagger or strowt it as a cock
among hens ; coquette, one who lays her-
self out for the admiration of the male
sex, as the cock does for the female.

Cor-. See Con-.

Corbel. — Corbet. A shouldering piece
or jutting out in walls to bear up a post,
summer, &c. — B. From being made in
the shape of a basket. Fr. corbeau. It.
corva, corbella, a corbel, and also a
basket.

Cord. Lat. chorda, Gr. x°9^^^ &ut,
then the string of a musical instrument,
because made of gut. In E. applied to
strings made of any other material.

-cord. — Cordial. Hearty, good for
the heart. Lat. cor, cordis, the heart.

From the heart taken as the seat of
the affections and the mind are Lat. Con-
cordia, discordia, concord, discord ; M.
Lat. accordare, to accord or cause to be
of one mind. Fr. recorder, to call to mind,
to remember.

Cordovan. — Cordwainer. Fr. cordo-
van, originally leather from Cordova.
Cordouanier (a worker in Cordovan
leather), a shoemaker. — Cot.

Core. The core of an apple. Fr.
cceur, heart, also the core of fruit. — Cot.
Sp. corazon, the heart ; corazon de una
pera, manzana, the core of a pear, apple.
So Esthon. sudda, the heart, the core of

an apple. Fin. sydan, the heart, what-
ever is in the middle, the wick of a can-
dle, pith of a tree, kernel of a nut, &c.

Cork. Sp. corcho, from Lat. cortex,
as Sp. pancho, paunch, from pantex. It
is possible however that the word may
be connected with Lat. cortex, and yet
not be direct from a Lat. source. The
root cor is widely spread in the Slavonic
and Fin. class of languages in the sense
of rind, skin, shell, uniting the Lat.
corium, skin, with cortex, bark. Fin.
kuori, bark, shell, crust, cream ; Lap.
karr, bark, shell, karra, hard, rough ;
Esthon. koor, rind, shell, bark, cream ;
korik, crust. Magy. kereg, rind, crust,
bark ; kereg-dugd {dug6-=z stopper), a
stopper of bark, a cork ; kereg-fa, a "cork
tree, kirges, barky, hard. Bohem. kura,
kurka, bark, crust ; Pol. kora, bark of a
tree ; korek, koreczek, cork, korek-z-kory
(a stopper of bark), a cork ; — drewniany,
a stopper of wood, — szklanny, of glass ;
Russ. korka, the rind of fruits, crust of
bread, cork.

172

CORMORANT

Cormorant. Fr. cormorant, corbeau
de mer, It. corvo marino, agreeing with
Bret, morvran, from mor, sea, and bran,
a crow.

Corn. Goth, kaurn, corn ; kaurno, a
grain. OHG. kemo ; MG. kerne; ON.
kiarni; Du. keerne, a grain, kernel.
Bohem. srno, Pol. ziarno, a grain.

Cornelian. Fr. cornaline. It. coma-
lino. A flesh-coloured stone easy to be
engraved upon. — Cot. Yx<m\.cornu, horn,
because of the colour of the finger-nail.
For the same reason it is in Gr. called
om%, the nail. — Diez. Others derive it
from carneus, because flesh-coloured.
But the true derivation is probably from
the semi-transparency of the stone resem-
bling horn. G. komstein, cornelian,
chalcedony, agate.

Corner. Lat. cornu, Fr. come, a horn,
whence corniire, a corner. Comp. ON.
horn, signifying both horn and corner.

L'une des com^res leva
Et I'autre k sa fille bailla.

Fab. et Contes, 2, 85.

Cornet. A musical instrument. Fr.
cornet, from come, horn. Also the stand-
ard of a troop of horse, or the officer who
bore it, corresponding to an ensign of
foot. It. cornetta, that ensign which is
carried by lancers on horseback. — Fl.
Fr. cornette, a cornet of horse, and the
ensign of a horse company. — Cot.

Cornice. It. cornice, Fr. corniche,
Wal. coronise. Gr. xopdivri, Kopavig, a
summit, finish, or completion of any-
thing ; KopoiviSa iiriTiOivai, to put the
finishing stroke to a thing. The Gr.
Kopuivie and Lat. corona (and in all proba-
bility also coronis) were also used in the
sense of a cornice, or projection at the
top of the wall of a building, ro TtKivraiov
Trig o'lKoSoiiiig imOtiia. — Hesych. As the
Gr. Kopdjvri also signified a crown, the
sense of a summit or completion may
arise from the notion of crowning, as we
say ' a crowning grace,' or as in the ex-
pression Finis coronat opus.

Coroner. — Coronet. Lat. corona, a
crown. Coronator, the Coroner, was the
official whose special duty was to look
after the rights of the crown in a district.
'Judex coron<E,c^i vulgo dicitur Coroner.'
— Will. Thorn in Due. A.D. 1367.

Corporal. It. capo, head ; caporale,
caporano, a corporal of a band of men, a
chief man or commander — Fl. ; Fr. capo-
ral, Rouchi coporal, corporal, a corporal.

Corporal. — Corporation. — Corpu-
lent. Lat. corpus, -ports, body ; corpo-

CORSNED

ratio, a\i. assumption of body ; corpulentus,
gross or bulky of body.

Corps. — Corpse. — Corse. — Corset. —
Corselet. Lat. corpus, It. corpo, Fr.
corps, OFr. cors, body. Hence corps, a
body of troops ; corpse, corse, a dead
body ; It. corpicello, corparello (FL), Fr.
corset, a little body, also a pair of bodies
for a woman ; It. corsaleito, corse tto, a
corselet, or armour for the body. So G.
leib, body; leibchen, little body, a woman's
bodice.

Corridor. Fr. corridor, a passage, It.
corridore, a runner, a long gallery, ter-
race, walk, upper deck of a ship. — Fl.
See Courier.

Corrody. Money or provisions due to
the king as founder from a religious
house, for the maintenance of one that he
appoints for that purpose. Mid.Lat. con-
redium, corredum, conradium, corrodiuiii,
&c. ' Quicquid ad alimentum ad men-
sam datur ; prsebenda monachi vel ca-
nonici.' — Due. It. corredare, to fit out,
furnish, set forth. See Array.

Corsair. It. corsaro, corsale, a pirate.
From Sp. corsa, corso, a cruise or course
at sea ; Lat. cursus. — Diez. But the
Mod.Gr. has Kovpaov, currency, to novprnv
Ttjjv lyQpuiv, prey ; Kovptrevu), to plunder,
rob, act the pirate ; KovpaapriQ, KovpatvTiJ!;,
a robber, pirate.

Corselet. See Corps.

Corsned. A piece of ordeal bread, by
eating which a person accused of crime
was allowed to clear himself in certain
cases. A prayer was uttered over the
morsel to be eaten that it might choke
the person accused if guilty, and the
curse was solemnised by marking the
corsned with the sign of the cross. Thus
the word may be explained from as. snced,
bit, morsel, ON. snad, food, as signifying
either the morsel of the curse or execra-
tion, or as the crossed morsel. Da. korse,
to mark with the sign of the cross. A
ci^rse is an imprecation sanctioned by the
sign of the cross. When Earl Godwin
was suspected of the murder of the king's
brother he proposed to clear himself by
the corsned, and is represented by Phi-
lippe Mouskes as saying to the king —

Bien sai que vous me mescr^es
De vo frere ki fu tu^s,
Mais trestout aussi voirement
Puisse jou manger sainement
Cest morsel de pain que je tieng,
Que par efort, ne par engien
N'eue coupe en la mort vo frere —
Lors saina It rois le morsiel.

After Godwin's imprecation the king

CORVETTE

signed the cross on the morsel, and the
guilty Godwin was accordingly choked.
In the account of the same transaction in
the Roman de Rou the signing of the
cross on the corsned is also specially
mentioned.

je sai bien qu'il s'estrangla

D'un morsel que le Roi selgna,
A Odihan ou il manja.

Ina Gl. of the time of Edw. III. corsned\s
rendered panis conjuratus, the bread of
exorcism or execration.

The word is explained by Grimm as
the morsel of trial or of judgment, from
OHG. kiusan, to try, discern, judge,
whence koron, koren, to try, kuri, MHG.
kiir^ AS. eyre, trial, judgment, choice.
Fris. korbita, corsned.

Corvette. Lat. eorbita, a. large ship
for traffic, Sp. corbeta, Pg. corveta, Fr.
corvette.

Cosmetic. — Cosmogony. — Cosmo-
politan. Gr. KoafiriTiKog, skilled in the
art of adornment, from icoff/ilw, to array,
decorate, adorn. Koir^oe, order, arrange-
ment, the universe ; Koajioyovia, the world's
origin ; KoanoiroXiTtiQ, a citizen of the
world.

Cosset. A lamb brought up by hand,
a pet. It. casiccio, a tamq lamb bred by
hand — Fl.,from casa, house, as in Suffolk,
cot-lamb. Wal. cosset, a sucking pig, is
probably unconnected.

Cost. Lat. constare, Fr. couster, couter,
to stand one in, to cost.

Costive. Fr. constipd, constipated,
bound in the belly ; Lat. constipare, from
stipare, to cram, to stuff. It. costipativo,
having a tendency to constipate, whence
by contraction costive.

Costume. See Custom.

Cosy. — To Cose. Cosie, snug, warm,
comfortable ; cosh, quiet, snug, intimate.
They are sitting vexy cosh: i.e. close to
each other. — ^Jam. To cose, to converse
with famiharity.— Hal. A cose in fami-
liar speech is a private and sociable
conversation. G. kosen, to chat, talk con-
fidentially. ■ ' So kosten sie die nacht
entlang.' Gekose, koserei, chat, tattle.

The primary signification of the word
seems to be the sound of whispering, and
it is applied in mhg. to the murmuring
of water. Horte man da kosen diu waz-
zer unde runen. — Benecke. Sc. cushle-
mushle, low whispering conversation,
muttering. — Jam. Couster, which is
sometimes used in the sense of chat or
cose, may be compared with whister,
whisper. See Cuddle.

COT

173

Cot. — Cottage. Fin. koti, a dwelling-
place, house ; kota, a poor house, cottage,
kitchen ; koti-ma {>na = land), country.
Esthon. koddo, house.

Cot, 2.— Cote. Probably cote, a pen
or shelter for animals, may be identical
with cot in the last sense. We have
sheep-cote, dove-cote j Du. duive-kot, hoen-
kot, honde-kot, a dove-, hen-, dog-cote. In
this language kot is widely used in the
sense of hollow receptacle ; kot, tugu-
rium, cavum, latibulum, caverna, locula-
mentum, locus excavatus. ' De leden wt
dekote doen,' to put limbs out of joint. —
Kil. W. cwt, a cot, hovel, sty. Cwtt, a
cottage, cwtt moch, a hog-sty. — Richards.
Cot, 3. The primary sense of the
nearly obsolete cot is a matted lock. G.
zote, a cot, a lock of hair or wool clung
together. — Ludwig. Cot-gare, refuse wool
so clotted together that it cannot well be
pulled asunder ; cottum, cat or dog-wool
(properly cot or dag-woof) of which cotts
or coarse blankets were formerly made. —
Bailey. Cotted, cottered, cotty, matted,
entangled. — Hal. Lang, coutou, flock
(bourre), wool, cotton; cozitis, matted;
coutisses, dag-locks, the tail-wool of sheep.
— Cousini^.

The term is then applied to a fleece,
mat, rug of shaggy materials, to a cover-
ing or loose garment made of such mate-
rials, to an inartificial sleeping-place,
where a rug or mat may be laid down for
that purpose.

Wall, cote, sheepskin, fleece ; E. dial.
cot, a fleece of wool matted together in
its growth, a door-mat made of a cotted
fleece.^ — Baker. G. kotze, a rough, shaggy
covering, a shaggy overcoat worn by pea-
sants ; kotzet, cotted, shaggy. — ^Adelung.
Fin. kaatu, a rough coverlet of sheep-
skins.. The Mid. Lat. cottus, cotta, cottum
were used in both senses, of a rug or
coarse woollen mat used by the monks as
bedding, and of the single garment, made
of similar material, covering the whole
body. 'Accipit incola cells ad lectum
paleam, filtrum,si possit haberi, sin au-
tem (but if not), pro eo pannum grossum
simplicem non duplicatum, pulvinar,
cotum vel coopertorium de grossis ovium
pellibus et panno grosso coopertum.' —
Stat. Cartus. in Due. Rugs of the fore-
going description were either to lie on or
to serve as coverings. ' Nee jaceant
super cotos.' ' Super cotos in lecto quies-
cere.' 'Tunc, ait, ille es qui sub cotto
quotidie completorium insusurras ? ' —
Due.
A cot, a sleeping-place in a ship, is

174

COTERIE

properly a mat, then the place where a
mat is laid for sleeping.

The Mid.Lat. cotta, coitus, explained
by Ducange, tunica clericis propria, cor-
responds to G. ktitte, the cowl or hood, the
distinctive part of a friar's dress. It is
probable that the derivation of the word
coat, in which all reference to the nature
of the material is lost, must be traced to
the same origin. We have above seen
the same word {kotze) applied to a rough
overcoat. And it is probable that the
MidX.3.t. Jlocus,Jloccus,froccus, the frock
of the monk, is in like manner derived
itarcifloccus, a flock of wool, referring to
the shaggy material of which the frock
was made. So also from Fin. takku,
villus animalium defluus, maxime impli-
catus vel concretus, a cot or dag (whence
takkuinen, cotted, matted, takku-willa,
dag-wool), comes takki, an overcoat, per-
haps explaining the origin of the Roman
toga.

In the original signification of a matted
lock cot is related on the one side to clot,
and on the other to the Sc. tot, tait, G.
zote. Fin. tutti, Sw. totte, a bunch of
flax, wool, or fibrous material. We have
seen under Catch examples of the equiva-
lence of forms beginning with cl and a
simple c respectively. And the Fr. motte,
matte, a clot or clod, is identical with E.
mat, an entangled mass of fibre, the
primitive idea being simply a lump. The
Lap. tuogge, a tangled mat of hair, is
also applied to the lumps of paste in soup
or gruel.

It should be observed that the Sc.
toitis is used, like G. kotze, for a coarse
shaggy material.

Na dentie geir the Doctor seiks

Of toitis russet his riding breiks. — -Jam. i

Coterie. From Lat. quotus, what in
number, how many, are formed. It. quota,
Pr. cota, Fr. cote, a quota or contribu-
tion ; cotiser, to assess the contribution of
one ; coterie, an assembly, properly a club
where each pays his part.

Cotquean. — Q,uotquean. An effemi-
nate man, man interfering in women's
concerns. Du. kutte. Fin. kutta, kuttu,
the distinctive feature of a woman, thence
as a term of abuse for a feeble, womanly
man. In like manner Bav. fud, of the
same original sense, is used in vulgar lan-
guage'for a woman, and contemptuously,
as Gr. fvvvii, for a womanish man. E.
cot, cote, a man that busies himself in the
affairs of the kitchen. — Bailey. Cut was
also a term of abuse for a woman.

COUNTERPANE
That lying cut is lost. — Gammer Gurton, v. z.
In cotquean the element signifying wo-
man is repeated, as so often happens
when the original form of the word has
lost its significance.

Cotton. Sp. algodon, Arab. gcCton,
alqo'ton. The meaning would exactly
agree with that of E. cot, a lock or flock.
Lang, coutou, wool,flock, cotton. Noppe
of wool or cloth, coton de tapis. — Palsgr.

Couch.. Fr. coucher, OFr. culcher, to
lay down ; It. colcare, from Lat. collocare,
con and locare, to lay. Sole collocato, au
soleil couchd — Lex Salica. Menage.
Cowchyn, or leyne things together, col-
loco. — Pr. Pm.

To Cough. Imitative of the noise.
Du. kuch, a cough ; kuchen, to pant, to
cough. — Kil. Fin. kohkia, kohhia, to
hawk, to pough, rauce tussio, screo.
Esthon. kohhima, to cough ; kohhatama,

koggisema, to hawk up phlegm.

Coulter. Lat. culter, a ploughshare,
a knife. Fr. coultre, a coulter. Lat. cul-
tellus, a knife. This would look as if to
cut were the primary meaning of colere,
to till.

Council. Lat. concilium, an assembly
or meeting of persons, explained as origin-
ally signifying a pressing together, from
the source indicated under Conciliate.

Corpora sunt porropartim primordia rerum,

Partim concilia quae constant principiorum.

Lucret.

— ^by the pressing together of elements.

Counsel. Lat. consilium, Fr. conseil
(probably from consulo, to deliberate, take
advice), advice, deliberation.

Count. Fr. comte, from comes, comitis,
a companion ; the name given to the
great officers of state under the Frankish
kings.

To Count. Fr. compter, to reckon,
calculate. Lat. computare; con and/«-
tare, to think.

Countenance. Fr. contenance, the
behaviour, carriage, presence, or composi-
tion of the whole body. — Cot. Lat. con-
tinere, to hold together.
Counter-. See Contra-.
Counter. Fr. comptoir, a counter, or
table to cast accounts. — Cot.

Counterpane. — Quilt, w. cylch, a
hoop, circle ; cylched, a bound, circum-
ference, rampart, what goes round about
or enwraps, bed-clothes, curtains. Gwely
a' i gylchedau, a bed and its furniture.
Gael, coilce, a bed, bed-clothes ; coilce-
adha, bed materials, as feathers, straw,
heath. Bret, golched, a feather-bed,

COUNTRY

chaff-bed. Hence the Lat. culcita, ori-
ginally probably a wadded wrapper, but
applied in Lat. to a mattress, and avow-
edly borrowed from the Gauls.

Sicut in culcitris praecipuam gloriam Cadurci
obtinent, Galliarum hoc et tomenta pariter in-
ventum. — Pliny.

The Du. kulckt, Sp. colcedra, colcha,
It. coltre, Fr. coultre, coulte, mark the
passage to the E. quilt.

When the stitches of the quilt came to
be arranged in patterns for ornament it
was called culcita puncta.

Estque toral lecto quod supra ponitur alto
Omatus causa, quod dicunt culcita puncta.

Due.

Nullus ferat secum in vikpuncta-m culcitram
ad jacendum nisi is cui in capitulo concessum
fuerit. — Ibid.

This in Fr. became coulte-pointe, coute-
pointe, courte-pointe, and with that in-
stinctive striving after meaning, which is
so often the source of corruption in lan-
guage, contre-pointe, as if from the op-
posite pits made by the stitches on either
side of the quilt or mattress. Vetu d'une
robe contrepoint^e comme un malade. —
Rev. des Deux Mondes, Feb. 15, i86o.
Hence finally the E. counterpane.

Country. Fr. contrde, It. contrada
{contra-ata), the district which lies oppo-
site you, as G. gegend, a situation, Mid.G.
gegenote, from gegen, opposite. — Diez.
Muratori suggests the Lat. conterraneus,
a person of the same country, for which
in Mid. Lat. was used conterratus. Occi-
sus est Michael sub castello Mutute ab
ipsis conterratis. — Chron. a.d. 1040. Et
omnes conterrati dispersi sunt ; id est
(says Muratori) cives ejusdem terrae.

Couple. Lat. copula, a tie, a rope ;
copulo, to tie or join together. It. cappio,
a noose, snare, halter.

Courage. Fr. courage j It. coraggio,
from Lat. cor, the heart.

Courier. — Course. course. Lat.

curro, cursum. It. correre, Fr. courir, to
run ; It. corriere, Fr. courier, a runner,
one sent on messages. Lat. cursus, a
running, journey, course. Discurro, to
run to and fro, to speak of a thing ; dis-
cursus, conversation, discourse ; concur-
sus, a running together, concourse. In
other cases the Lat. vowel remains un-
altered, as in Incursion, Excursion.

Court. Fr. cour, It. corte, Lat. cohors,
chors, cors, cortis, a cattle-yard, enclosed
place. Cortes sunt villarum intra mace-
riem spatia. — Nonius. Portant secum
crates et retia quibus cohortes in soUtu-

COVE

17s

dine faciant. — Varro in Ihre, v. gard.
Allied with a numerous class of words
signifying enclosure. Russ. gorod, a
town, gorodnya, a palisade, gorod'ba, an
enclosure. Pol. grod, a town, grodz, en-
closure, grodzki, belonging to a court ;
Bohem. hrad, a fortress, castle ; hradba,
enclosure; hraditi, to enclose, fortify.
Lat. hortus; Sw. gard, a yard, court,
estate, house ; E. yard. Magy. kert, a
garden, kertelni, keritni, to enclose ; ke-
ritek, kertelet, a hedge. Fin. kartano, a
court, yard, farm. .<

Cousin. Fr. cousin; It. cuginoj
Lat. consoirinus,-viheTice Grisons cusdrin,
cusrinj Sp. sobrino. — Diez.

Cove. A nook, a sheltered harbour.
In secretis recessibus is translated by
Holland, in secret coves or nooks. — Rich.
The relations of this word lead us in such
a variety of directions that it is exceed-
ingly difficult to make up our minds as to
the original source of the signification.
Lat. cavus, hollow, Sp. cueva, a cave or
grot, cellar, den of wild beasts, &c. Ptg.
cova, a hole, ditch, pit ; — dos olhos, eye-
hole ; — na barba, a dimple ; covil, a den
of wild beasts, a lurking-hole, covo, a coop
for chickens. It. covare, to squat, brood,
sit upon eggs, cova, covo, a den, covale,
covaccio, a hatching nest, squatting form,
lurking-hole ; covile, coviglio, a kennel,
sty, lurking-place, covigliare, to lurk or
get into some secret place for shelter.
Looking at the latter forms we should be
inclined to refer the word to the Lat.
cubare, to lie, Gael, ctlb, to crouch, stoop,
bend, lie down, whence ciiba, a bed, cicba-
chuil, Lat. cubiculum, a bed-chamber,
cubile, a resting-place, a lair of animals,
identical with the It. covile, coviglia.

The idea of cooping or confining may
be united with that of lying down, if we
suppose that the primitive image expressed
by the Lat. cubare, to lie down, is the act
of curling oneself up for warmth in going
to sleep. Compare Lap. krukahet, to lie
down on the ground without a bed, with
E. crook. Gael, ctib, a bending of the
body, ciibach, bent, hollowed. Lat. cubi-
tuin, the elbow or bending of the arm.

In the Finnish and Slavonic languages

we have Lap. kappe, kape, hollow, a ca-
vern, ditch ; kappet, to hollow out ; Russ.
kopat, to dig, to hollow ; Fin. kopio,
sounding as an empty vessel, empty,
hollow ; kop>pa, anything hollow or vault-
ed ; kopano, a hollow trunk of a tree ;
kopero, koparet, a receptacle for small
things, trench for keeping turnips ; ko-

176

COVENANT

pera, kotveya, hollowed, concave, curved,
crooked.

If the whole of these words are radi-
cally connected, the train of thought
must begin with the sound characteristic
of a hollow object, whence the idea of
empty, hollow, concave, crooked, making
crooked, curling oneself up, lying down.

Covenant. Lat. conventiis, conventio
(from convenire, to come together, to
agree), an assembly, compact, covenant.
Fr. convenir, to assemble, befit, accord
with ; convenant, fit, comely, agreeing
with, and as a subst. an agreement, con-
tract. The n has been lost in E. cove-
nant, as in OE. covent for convent j Co-
vent-garden.

Cover. Fr. couvrir. It. coprire, Lat.
cooperire; con and operire, to cover.

Coverlet. Fr. couvre-lit, a bed-cover.

Covet. Fr. convoiter, by a false ety-
mology, as if compounded with the pre-
position con. The real derivation is the
Lat. cupidus, whence Prov. cobeitos, cubi-
tos, cobes, covetous ; cupiditat, cobeitat,
covetousness ; cobeitar, czibitar, to covet.
— Diez.

Covey. A brood of partridges. Fr.
couve'e, from couver, It. covare, to hatch,
brood, covey, squat or sit upon ; covata,
a brood or covey. — Fl. Lat. cubo, to lie,
incubo, to hatch.

Covin. A deceitful agreement between
two to the prejudice of a third. — B. Lat.
convenire, to agree. Lang, couvinen,
covinen, convention, agreement, plot ;
far covinens, to concert, to plot. See
Covenant.

Cow. Sanscr. gd, gu, G. kuh. The
bellowing of an ox may be imitated as
well with an initial ^ as a ^. Thus the
ON. has gaula as well as baula, to bellow
(to cry gau ! bau ! as Fr. mianler, to cry
miau ! to mew) ; gauli as well as bauli,
a bull. The Sanscr. gd preserves the
first of these forms, as the Gr. jSoSj and w.
bic. It. bue, the second.

* To Cow. ON. kuga, Sw. ktifva, Dan.
kue, to coerce, subdue, keep under. A
parallel form with Dan. knuge, to squeeze,
press down. Compare N. knippe and
kippe, a bundle ; knubb and kubb, a
block ; knart and kart, a lump, unripe
fruit ; knoll and koll, a round top, crown
of the head.

Coward. There is no doubt that the
word comes from It. coda, OFr. coue.
Wall, cow, a tail, but the precise course
of the metaphor has been much disputed.
It appears to me certain that the sense of
timidity is taken from the figure of a hare,

COWL

which was familiarly termed couard, the
bobtailed. ' If eny [of your hounds]
fynde of hym [the hare], where he hath
ben, Rycher or Bemond, ye shall say,
oiez k Bemond le vayllaunt, que quide
trovere le coward, ou le court cow.' — Le
Venery de Twety in ReliquicE Antiquae, p.
153. Kuwaerd, lepus, vulgo cuardus ;
ignavus, imbellis, timidus. — Kil. The
timidity of the hare is proverbial :

Myd word he threteneth muche, and lute dethe

in dede,
Hys mouth ys as a leon, hys herie arne as an
flare. — R.G. 457.
If some such desperate hackster shall devise
To rouse thy haris heart from her cowardice.
Bp. Hall in R.

Some have thought that the name is
taken from the figure of a terrified dog
with his tail between his legs, as in
Heraldry a lion so depicted was termed a
lion couard. But it does not appear that
putting his tail between his legs is a sign
of fear in the case of a lion.

In the original text I was led to explain
the word as signifying a tailer, one who
draws to the rear, shrinks backward :

Quand de Narcissus me souvint

A qui mallement mesadvint,

Ly comnienpay 4 couarder. — ^R. R. 1525.

In Chaucer's translation,

I gan anon withdrawe me.

Lap. murlet, to go backwards, to be
timid, to fear.

To Cower. G. kauern, kauren, to
squat, sit close to the ground ; ON. kura,
to roost, to sit like a roosting bird ; N.
kura, to droop the head, to rest, lie still,
sleep in a bent posture, w. cwr, corner,
nook ; cwrian, to cower. The funda-
mental image seems, making a hunch of
oneself, crooking oneself together. The
N. has kus, a crook or hump in the back,
kusa seg, synonymous with kura seg, to
crook oneself, bow down. Fin. kaare,
bow, curvature ; kaarittaa, to bow, to

curve, to go round ; Lap. karjot, to lie
curled up like a dog.

Cowl. Lat. cucullus, Sp. cogulla, OFr.
cuoule — Chr. Norm. ; as. cugle, cufle,
cuhle, w. cwjl, Gael, cubhal, a monk's
hood, cowl. Originally from the figure of
a cock's comb. Illyr. kukman, kukmitza,
kukljitza, a. cock's comb, tuft on a bird's
head, a hood ; kukulj, a cowl ; Bohem.
chockol, crest on a bird's head, kukla, a
hood ; Bav. gogkel, a cock, thence the
cock's comb : — Es steigt einem der gog-
kel, giickel, his crest rises, he is enraged ;
gugel, kugel, a cape, cowL

COWL-STAFF

Cowl-staff. A staff for carrying a tub
that has two ears. Essex -cowl, a tub. —
Ray. Soo, or cowl, vessel : tina ; cowle
tre, or soo tre : vectatorium. — Pr. Pm.
Cowl itself is from Fr. cuveau (cuvel),
cuve, Lat. mpa., Mid.Lat. cupella, G.
kiibel, a tub.

Coxcomb. A fop, from the hood worn
by a fool or jester which was made in the
shape of a cock's comb.

Coy. Fr. coi. It. cheto, Sp. qiiedo,
quiet, noiseless, easy, gentle ; Lat. quietus.
Cozen. It. coglione, a cuUion, a fool, a
scoundrel, properly a dupe. See CuUy.
It. coglionare, to deceive, make a dupe of
Rouchi coulionner, railler, plaisanter, to
banter. Coule ! interjection imputing a
lie ; a lie. Couleter, to tell lies.

In the Venet. dialect coglionare be-
comes cogionare, as vogia for iioglia,
fogia ioxfoglia. Cogionnare, ingannare,
corbeUare. — Patriarchi. Hence E. to
cozen, 3.5 \t.fregio,ir\.ezs; cugino, cousin;
prigione, prison.

Crab. ON. krabbi, G. krebs, Bret. krab.
There is little doubt that the animal is
named from its great claws. W. crafangc,
a claw, talon, a crab-fish. OE. craple,
Bret, kraban, a claw.

The ultimate origin is a representation
of the sound of scraping or scratching,
the primary office of claws, although those
of the crab are not used for that purpose.
W. crafu, Bret, krabisa, to scratch ; Du.
krabben, to scratch or scrape ; Sp. carpir
(with inversion of the liquid), to tear,
scrape, scratch.

Crab. 2. A windlass for raising
weights.

The G. bock, a buck or he-goat, is used
for a frame of wood to support weights or
similar purposes. It signifies a battering-.
ram, coach-box, starlings or posts to
break the ice above a bridge, the dogs in
a fire grate, trestles to saw wood on, a
painter^ easel or ass. In a similar man-
ner the Sp. cabra, a goat, was used as the
designation of a machine for throwing
stones ; cabria, a crane. Fr. chevre, a
goat, -and also' a machine for raising
weights. In the Romance of the depart-
ment of the Tarn the place of the r is
transposed, and the word for a goat is
crabo; crabit, a kid ; and both these terms
are used to designate the machine for
raising weights, which we term in E. a
crab, as well as trestles, or, like the G.
bock, a bagpipe. — Diet. Romano-Cas-
trais. For the reason why the name of
the goat was applied to a machine for
raising weights, see Cable.

CRAMBE

177

Crabbed. Crabbed writing is scratchy
writing, difficult to read, and met. a
crabbed style is a style hard to under-
stand. Du. krabbelen, to scratch, to scrib-
ble or scrawl ; krabbelschrift, a scrawl,
ill-written piece ; krabbelig, badly writ-
ten, scrawled, crabbed.

Crack. Imitative of the sound made
by a hard substance in splitting, the col-
lision of hard bodies, &c. In Gaelic ex-
pressed by the syllable cnac, identical
with E. knock or knack. Gael, cnac,
crack, break, crash, the crack of a whip,
&c. ; cnag, crack, snap, knock, rap,
thump.

Cradle. See Crate.
Craft. G. kraft, strength, power ; AS.
cri^/"/,._ strength, faculty, art, skill, know-
ledge. The origin is seen in the notion
of seizing, expressed by the It. graffiare.
W. craff, a hook, brace, holdfast, creffyn,
a brace, Bret, krafa, to seize. The term
is then applied to seizing with the mind,
as in the Lat. terms apprehend, compre- '
hend, ixoTB. prehendere, to seize in a ma-
terial way. w. craffu, to seize with the
understanding, to perceive ; dyn craff, a
man of quick comprehension ; crefft, a
trade.

Crag. I. The neck, throat. — Jam. Du.
kraeghe, the throat. Pol. kark, the nape,
crag, neck. Bohem. krk, the neck; ON.
krage, Dan. krave, the collar of a coat.
The origin is an imitation of the noise
made by clearing the throat. Bohem.
krkati, to belch, krcati, to vomit ; Pol.
krz(fkai!, to hem, to hawk. The same
root gives rise to the Fr. cracker, to spit,
and It. recere, to vomit ; E. reach, to
strain in vomiting ; ON. Jtraki, spittle ;
AS. hraca, cough, phlegm, the throat,
jaws ; G. rachen, the jaws.

At other times the guttural sound is
imitated without the r, as .in E. hawk
and keck, and hence are formed w. ceg,
the throat, mouth, e. choke and ON. kok,
quok, the throat.

2. A rock. Gael, creag, a rock ; W.
careg, a stone ; caregos, pebbles.

Cram. AS. cramman, to stuff, to cram.
Da. kramme, to squeeze, press, strain ;
ON. kremja, Sw. krama, to press, crush,
squeeze. Du. kramme, a cramp-iron,
krammen, to clamp or cramp together.
MHG. krimmen, kram., krummen, to press,
seize with the claws. See Cramp.

Crambe. — Crambo. A repetition of
words, or saying the same thing over
again. From the Gr. proverb Uq Kpa[il3r]
davarov, cabbage twice boiled is death ;
Lat. crambe repetita, a tedious repetition.
12

178

CRAMP

Hence probably cramba, a play in rhym-
ing, in which he tha* repeats a word
that was said before forfeits something.
— B.

Then call me curtal, change my name of Miles
To Guiles, Wiles, Piles, Biles, or the foulest

name you can devise
To craTnho "with for ale.

B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, A. 4, sc. x.

Cramp. — Crimp. — Crump. Fr. crampe,
Du. krampe, G. krampf, spasm, cramp ;
Fr. crampon, Du. krampe, kramme, kram-
meken, a cramp-iron, hook, clasp. Krim-
pen, to contract, draw in, shrink ; krimp-
neusen, to draw up the nose ; krimpinge,
krimpsel, krimpe, contraction, spasm,
cramp ; krimpsel in den buyck, G. grim-
men, krimmen, the gripes. MHG. krimme7i,
kram,krummen, to clutch with the talons,
to tear, to climb, showing the origin of
Fr. grimper, properly to clutch oneself
up. Krimmende voghel, a hawk. — Kil.
Sw. dial, kramm. Da. dial, kram, tight,
scanty, close. ON. krappr, tight, narrow,
crooked ; kreppa, to press together, to
contract, crook ; kryppa, a hump on the
back ; krepphendr, having a crooked
head. E. dial, crump, crooked ; criunp-
shouldered, cru7npfooted, humped or
crooked in those members ; crump, the
cramp ; crum, to stuff or cram ; Sw.
dial, krumpen, stiffened with cold ;
kramp, crooked, saddle-bow; G. kriimp-
en, krimpen, to shrink ; krumm, Gael.
crom, Bret, kroum, crooked.

The foregoing can hardly be separated
from each other, but the stock branches
out in a perplexing variety of directions,
leading us to forms whose meaning seems
radically to spring from totally distinct
images. We iriay observe, however, that
the foregoing forms beginning with gr
or kr and others related to them exactly
correspond to a parallel series in which
the r is replaced by /. Thus we have
grasp and clasp, gripe or grip and clip,
cramp-iron and clamp-iron. Crump-
footed corresponds to on. klu7nbufotrj
Gael, crub, a lame foot, to E. clubfoot j
Fr. grimper to E. climb j scramble to
clambers ON. kramr, to the synonymous
E. clammy ; Du. krauwen to e. to claw.
And as in the / series it was argued
(under Clamp) that the radical image
was a lump or round mass, from which
the notion of sticking together, contract-
ing, compressing, were derived, we may
trace the origin of the r series to a form
like w. crob, crwb, a round hunch, Gael.
crub, the nave of a wheel, Fr. croupe,
crape, the top or knap of a hill, It. groppo,

CRANKY

gruppo, grappo, a bunch, knot. Then
in the sense of drawing into a lump,
Gael, crub, to crouch, cringe, squat ; Fr.
croupir, to crouch, bow, stoop, go double ;
ON. kropna, to draw together, to crook.
E. dial, croopback, a humpback or crook-
back. Sw. dial, kropp, crooked. The
final p is first nasalised (as in crump)
and then lost, being only represented by
the nasalising liquid as in G. krumm or
E. cram. The passage from crump to
crimp is shown in G. kriimpen, krimpen,
to shrink.

Crane. G. kranich. W. garan, a crane,
and also a shank, from gar, a. leg ; ga-
ranawg, longshanked. The name how-
ever is very widely spread, and is found
in some of the languages in the extremity
of Siberia.

Crank. — Crankle. — Crinkle. To
crankle or crinkle, to go in and out, to
run in folds or wrinkles — B. Du. kron-
kelen, to curl, twist, bend ; E. crank, an
arm bent at right angles for turning a

windlass ; Lap. krajiket, to crook, to bend ;

krankem, the bending of the knee ; Wall.
cranki, to twist, to fork ; Rouchi cranque,
the cramp ; Bret, krank. It. granchio, a
crab, as the pinching animal ; E. dial.
cringle-cr angle, zigzag — Hal. ; ON. kringr,
a ring or circle, kringlottr, round ; Dan.
kringel, crooked, kring (in composition),
round.

As the notion of a crumpled surface is
often expressed by reference to a crackling
noise (whether from the sound actually
given in the crumpling up of textures of
different kinds, especially under the in-
fluence of heat, or on the principle ex-
plained under Crisp, Cockle, &c.), pro-
bably crankle may be regarded as a
iiasalised form of crackle. Lith. krankti,
to make harsh noises of different kinds,
to snort, croak, hawk ; E. crunhle, to cry
like a crane ; grank, to groan, or mur-
mur.— Hal. *

Crank. 2. Crank in nautical language
is applied to vessels inclined to heel over.
ON. kranga, Da. dial, krangle, to stagger,
to go zigzagging. Comp. Dan. slingrc,
to reel or stagger, also to roll as a ship.
Sw. kranga, Du. krengen, to press down
a vessel on its side, to heel over.

* Cranky. Poorly. E. dial, cranks,
pains, aches. When a man begins to
feel the infirmities of age it is said in
Rouchi ' qu'il a ses craiigues.' Cran-
quicux, crangii'lia/x, maladif. — H^cart.
Crankle, weak, shattered. — Hal. G.
krank, sick. From the complaining tone

CRANNY

of a poorly person. P1.D. kronken, to
whimper. E. dial, grank, to groan, to
murmur, granky, complaining. — Hal.

Cranny. Cranie, craine or cleft. —
Minsheu. Rouchi criii (pronounced
crain), a cleft or notch, s'cretier, to chap.
Fr. cren, crenne, cran, a breach or snip
in a knife, &c., a notch, nib of a pen, jag
about the edge of a leaf — Cot. Bav.
krinnen, Bret, cran, a notch, G. krinne,
a rent, cleft, channel. From Jr. crinim,
crainun, creinim, to bite, to gnaw, Bret.
kriha, to gnaw. The metaphor may be
illustrated by Cotgrave's explanation of
Fr. cale, ' a bay or creek of the sea enter-
ing or eating into the land.'

On the other hand, it would be more in
analogy with the other words signifying a
crack or fissure, if it could be derived
from a syllable crin, imitative of a sharp
sound, while the Fr. crinon, a cricket,
looks as if the chirp of that animal had
been so represented. I should be in-
clined to refer the W. crinn, dry, to the
same root, signifying in the first instance
shrunk, as in Sussex a clung bat is a dry
stick. To crine, to shrink, to pine. —
Hal. A piece of wood in drying shrinks
and cracks. G. schrund, a chink.

Crape. Fr. cr^pe, a tissue of fine silk
twisted so as to form a series of minute
wrinkles. Crespe, curled, frizzled, crisp.
— Cot. See Crisp.

Crash. An imitation of the noise made
by a number of things breaking. A
variety of clash, which is used in nearly
the same sense. To crash or dash in
pieces, sfracassare, spezzare. — Torriano.
A word of the same class with craze,
crush, &c.

Cratch. Fr. creiche, cresche, a cratch,
rack, ox-stall, or crib. La sainte criche,
the manger in which our Lord was laid.
Diez would derive it from the It. greppia,
Prov. crepia, crepcha (as Mid.Lat. d^ro-
piare, Prov. apropjar, apropcharj Fr.
approcher), OFr. crebe, greche, a crib.
' En la crepia lo pauseron.' ' L'enfant
envolupat en draps e pausat en la crupia.'
— Rayn. ' And she baar her firste borun
sone and wlappide him in clothes and
leyde him in a cracche! — Wicliff. See
Crib. But the It. craticia (from Lat.
crates, cratitius), a hurdle, lattice, sheep
pen or fold, offers a simpler derivation.
Hence the elision of the t would imme-
diately give rise to the Fr. creiche, in the
same way as it produces the Fr. creil, a
hurdle (Roquefort), from the It. graticola,
craticola, a grating.

Crate. — Cradle. A crate is an open

CRAVEN

179

case made of rods of wood wattled to-
gether. Lat. crates, wicker or hurdle
work ; craticius, wattled, composed of
lattice work. It. crate, a harrow, hurdle,
grate ; graticcia, a hurdle, lattice. Dan.
krat, copse ; krat-skov, copse-wood. Gael.
creathach, underwood, brushwood ; crea-
thall, AS. cradol, a cradle (from being
made of wicker). Gael, creathall is also
a grate. Ir. creatach, a hurdle of wat-
tled rods. Walach. cratariu, clathri,
cancelli, lattice.

Parallel with the foregoing are found
a series of forms with similar meaning,
with an initial cl instead of cr. Lat.
clathri, lattice ; Ir. cliath, a harrow,
wattled hurdle, the darning of a stocking
mended crosswise like lattice work. Gael.
death, wattled work, a harrow, hurdle,
gate ; Fr. claye, a hurdle or lattice of
twigs, a wattled gate ; Gael, cleathach,
ribbed, cliathag, the chine or spine (G.
riickgrat).

The origin of both series seems to be
the word which appears under the forijis
of Gr. KkaSoQ, Manx clat, Gael, slat, W.
Hath, E. lath, properly a shoot, twig,
rod. The Dan. krat-skov would then be
a wood of shoots or rods, as opposed to
timber of large growth.

Crater. Gr. KpaT^p, a goblet, the basin
or hollow whence the smoke and lava
issue on Mount Etna.

Cravat. Formerly written crabat, and
spoken of by Skinner (who died in 1667)
as a, fashion lately introduced by travel-
lers and soldiers. The fashion is said by
Menage to have been brought in 1636
from the war, and to have been named
from the Crabats or Cravats, as the Croa-
tians (and after them a kind of light
cavalry) were then called. The French
had a regiment ' As Royal-Cravate.' P1.D.
Krabaten, Kravaten, Croatians.

Crave. AS. crqfian, to ask. ON. krefa,
to demand, require ; krafi, need, necessity.
W. cref, a cry, a scream ; crefu, to cry, to
desire, to beg earnestly. — Spurrell.

Craven. Craven, cravant, a coward.
Also anciently a term of disgrace, when
the party that was overcome in a, single
combat yielded and cried cravant. — B.
If the term had originally been craven,
signifying one who had begged his life, it
could hardly have passed into the more
definite form cravant. The E. dial, cra-
dant, Sc. crawdon, a coward, seem the
same word. To set cradants is to propose
feats for the purpose of seeing who will
first give in. — Wilbr. Craddantly, cow-
ardly.— Hal.

i8o

CRAW

The essence of the cry was an admis-
sion that the party begging his Hfe was
overcome. In the combat between Ga-
wain and Ywain, when they become
known to each other, each tries to give
the other the honour of victory.

Sir King, he said, witliowten fail

/ am overcumen in this batayl.

Nay series, said Gawain, bot am I.

Thus nowther wald have the maistri ;

Before the l^ing gan aither grant

That himself was recreant, — v. 3710.

In another combat, when the defeated
champion has begged his life :
Sir Ywain said I grant it the
If that thou wil thi selven say
That thou art overcomen this day.
He said, I grant withouten fail
/ am overcumen in batail,
For pur ataynt and recreant. — v. 3280.

This acknowledgment of being over-
come was expressed by It. ricredere,, and
the beaten party was termed ricredente,
Fr. recreant, a term of opprobrium ex-
actly equivalent to the E. craven. An-
other word by which a combatant gave
up his cause was Fr. crSanter, also a de-
rivation from Lat. credo, which was itself
in Mid.Lat. used in the sense of grant or
confess. See Grant.

Sire, dist il, tenez m'esp^e,

La bataille avez affinde,

Bien vos errant et reconnois

Que clerc sent vaillant et cortois (the ques-
tion in dispute) —

Et ainsi m'esp^e vos rent.

Fab. et Contes, iv. 364.

Hence E. creant in the sense of recreant
or craven. '

Thai said, Syr knight, thou most nede

Do the lioun out of this place —

Or yelde the to us als creant.

Ywaine and Gawaine, 3170.

See also P. P. xii. 193.

The d of E. cradant (changing to v in
cravant, craven) and in Sc. crawdoun, a
craven, seems to be the original d in Lat.
credo. It. ricredente, which is elided in
Fr. creanter (credentiare), recrdant. It
must be confessed that this want of agree-
ment between the Yr. and E. forms throws
considerable difficulty in the way of the
proposed derivation, which I nevertheless
beheve to be the true one. In outward
form cravant comes much nearer Prov.
cravantar, OFr. crave nter, to oppress,
beat down, overthrow. Je sus tout cra-
ventd, accabld de fatigue. — Hdcart. The
cry of cravant^/ then, would be an ad-
mission of being thoroughly beaten, but
we find no traces of the expression having
ever been so used in a judicial combat.

CRAYON

Craw. G. kragen, the neck, throat,
and in vulgar language the belly, guts.
Du. kraeye, jugulus, ingluvies, Ang.

craeye. — Kil. Sw. krafwa, Dan. kro, a
craw. See Crag.

Crawfish. Disguised by a false ety-
mology, as if it were the designation of a
certain kind of fish. The corruption how-
ever is comparatively modern. ' Creveys,
fysshe — polypus.' — Pr. Pm. Written also
crevish. — Trench. From the Fr. dcre-
visse, Du. krevisse, krevitse — Kil., OHG.
krebiz, G. krebs, a crab, from the grab-
bing or clutching action of the animal. Sp.
escarbar, to scrabble ; escarabajo, Lang.
escarabat, a beetle (an animal in which
the claw is nearly as conspicuous a fea-
ture as in the crab), escarabisse, a craw-
fish.

* To Crawl. To stir, to move feebly
and irregularly, to be in confused and
multifarious movement like ants or mag-
gots. ' / crawle, I styrre with my lymmes
as a yonge chylde, or any beest that styr-
reth and can not move the body : je
crosle. It is a strange sight to se a
chycken how it cralleth first out of the
shell : — comment il crosle premiSrement
hors de I'escale.' — Palsgr. To crawl, to
abound. — Hal.

The radical image is a multitudinous,
confused sound, the expression of which
is applied to movement of similar charac-
ter, to indistinct multifarious motion, to a
mass of moving things. The It. gorgogli-
are signifies in the first instance to gurgle
or sound like water in violent agitation,
to rattle in the throat or quaver in sing-
ing, and then (explaining the origin of
Lat. curculio) 'to breed or become ver-
mine, wormlets or such creepers, mites or
weevils as breed in pulse or corn.' — Fl.
Fr. grougouler, to rumble or croak like
the guts ; grouller, grouiller, to rumble,
to move, stir, scrall, to swarm, abound,
break forth confusedly in great numbers.
— Cot. lUyrian kruleti, to rumble in the
bowels. Fr. croller, to murmur. — Roquef.
E. crawl, croll, crool, to rumble, mutter.

My guts they yawl, crawl, and all my belly
iiimbleth. — Gammer Gurton, ii. a.

Then, as in previous instances, to crawl,
to stir. In the same way we pass from
Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble, to E.
scrall, to swarm or abound ; from Pl.D.
graal, a confused noise, grolen, to vocife-
rate, 'i^. gryla, to grumble, to V>aTL.g)yle,
Du. grielen, krielen, to crall or swarm, to
stir about.

Crayon. Fr. crayon, a piece of draw-

CRAZE

ing chalk, from craier, to chalk ; craie,
Lat. creta, chalk, Gael, creadh, clay.

To Craze. — Crazy. To craze, to
crack, to render inefficient.

And some said the pot was crazed.

Can. Yeoman's Tale.
Earthenware at the present day is said to
be crazed when the glaze is disfigured
with a network of small cracks. Fr. ac-
crazer, to break, burst, craze, bruise,
crush ; escrase, squasht down, crushed in
pieces. — Cot. From a representation of
the noise of crashing a hard substance .
Dan. krase, knase, to crackle ; slaae i
kras, to break to pieces. Sw. kraslig,
Swiss chrachelig, crazy, feeble, decrepit,
poorly. The E. crazy, applied to the
mind, is equivalent to cracked, cracky,
crack-brained.

Creak. Imitative of a more acute
sound than that represented by crack.
Fr. criquer, to creak, rattle, crackle ; cri-
caille, chinks, coin. — Cot. It. criccare,
cricchiare, to crick, creak, or squeak, as
a door or a cartwheel, also to rattle.
Cricco, cricchio, that creaking noise of ice
or glass when it breaks. Du. krick, krack,
strepitus, fragor. — Kil. Then, as things
in splitting make a sharp sound, we have
creak of day for the narrow crack of light
on. the horizon, which is the first appear-
ance of dawn. Du. kriecke, krieckelinge,
Aurora rutilans, primum diluculum. — Kil.

Cream. In Fr. crhiie two words seem
confounded, the one signifying cream,
whicli ought to be written without the
circumflex, and the other signifying
chrism, OFr. cresme, Gr. xp'ff/'a! the con-
secrated oil used in baptism. In Italian
the two are kept distinct, crema, cream,
and cresima, chrism. The primary mean-
ing of the word is, I believe, simmering,
and thence foam, froth.

Crime — spuma lactis pinguior. — Diet
Trev. Cham,pagne crimant, sparkling or
mantling champagne, on. at kratuna,
lente coqui, to simmer ; kraumr, ki'tiinr,
kraum., the lowest stage of boiling, sim-
mering, also the juice or cream of a thing,
cremor, flos rei. It. cremore, the creem-
ing or simpering of milk when it begin-
nith to seethe ; also yeast, barm ; used
also for a shivering fever. — Fl. It must be
remembered that one of the readiest ways
of raising cream is by scalding the milk
till it just begins to simmer. The forms
cremore and crema in Italian correspond
to the ON. kraumr, kraum. Grisons
gromma, gramma, cream, sgarmar,
sgarmer, sgramer, to skim the milk. As
is often the case with words beginning

CREEK i8i

with cr, the equivalents of the E. cream
are accompanied by a parallel series be-
ginning with a simple r. as. and Sc.
ream, on. riotni, Du. room, G. rahm,
cream.

— Or quaff pure element, ah me !
Without ream, sugar, or bohea. — Ramsay in Jam .

Reaming liquor, frothing liquor.

-crease. — Increase. — ^Decrease. Lat.
cresco, cretiim, Fr. croistre, croitre {crois-
sons, croissois, croissant), to grow.

Crease. Bret, kris, a wrinkle, pleat,
tuck in a garment. The designation of a
wrinkle seems often taken from a repre-
sentation of the sound of snarling, as a
dog in snarling wrinkles up the face.
Du. grijsen, grijnsen, ringere, os distor-
quere, depravare, nares crispare, fremere,
frendere, flere puerorum more — Kil. ;
grijnzen, montrer son chagrin en se
ridant le front, en frongant le sourcil, en
gringant les dents, ou par d'autres gri-
maces.— Halma. Fr. grisser, to crackle,
crisser, grincer les dents, to grind, grate,
or gnash the teeth together for anger. —
Cot. It. gricciare, to chill or chatter
with the teeth ; grinciare, grinzare, to
grin or gnash with the teeth, to wrinkle ;
grincia, grinza, a wrinkle. From It.
grinza we readily pass to G. runzel, a
wrinkle, analogous to E. cruTnple and
rumple.

We see the same relation between grin-
ning or snarling and wrinkling in Du.
grimjnen, furere, fremere, frendere, hir-
rire, ringere, ducere vultus, contrahere
rugas — Kil. ;. It. gritnaccie, grimazze,
crabbed looks, wry mouths ; grimare,
grimmare, to wrinkle through age ; grimo,
grimmo, wrinkled, withered. Grignare,
to grin or snarl as a dog. — Fl. Fr. gri-
gner, to grin ; grigne, wrinkled. — Cot.

Create. — Creature. , Lat. creo, to be-
get, give birth to, give rise to, produce.

Creed. — Credit. — Credential. — Cre-
dulous. Lat. credo, to believe, trust.
Mid. Lat. credentia. It. credenza, trust,
confidence, also a pledge of trust and
credence, thence the essay or taste of a
prince's meat and drink which was taken
by the proper officer before it was set on
the table. The term was then applied to
the sideboard on which the dishes-were
placed before they were set on the table,
whence the credence-table of our churches
on which the elements were placed pre-
paratory to being used in the sacrament.

Creek. i. Fr. crique, Du. kreek, a
little bay, a nook in a harbour ; Sw. dial.
krik, a bending, nook, corner, little inlet
of the sea ; artnkrik, bending of the arm.

1 82

CREEP

elbow ; ON. kryki, crook, nook. Crick,
like click or knick, probably represents in
the first instance a sharp sudden sound,
and is then transferred to a sudden turn
or movement. Comp. nick, a notch, a
slight indenture.

2. Creek in America is the common
word for a brook. Cryke of water, scatera.
— Pr. Pm. Du. kreke (Kil.), AS. crecca,
crepido, a bank.

To Creep. AS. creopan, Du. kruipen,
G. kriechen. The radical sense is to
crouch or draw oneself together, to cringe,
to move in a crouching attitude or, like a
serpent, by contractions of the body. ON.
krjupa {kryp, kropit), to creep, to bend
the knees, to crouch ; k. undir skriptina,
to bow under reproof; bdthir fjetr vdru
upp kropnir, both feet were crooked up.
Kropna, to contract ; kryppa, a hump.
Gael, crup, crouch, bend, contract, shrink ;
crub, sit, squat, crouch ; crilban, a crouch-
ing attitude ; crilbain, creep, crouch,
cringe, shrug. See Cramp.

Creole. A native of the Spanish
American colonies, or of the W. Indies, of
European descent. Sp. criar, to create,
to breed ; criollo, a Creole ; Ptg. crioulo,
a slave born in his master's house, a
European born in America.

Creosote. Gr. /cplag, flesh, and o-wrry-
pioe, preservative.

Crescent. The figure of the growing
moon, of the moon in an early stage of
growth. Fr. croissant, Lat. crescens,
growing.

Cress. An herb eaten raw. AS. ccerse,
Du. kersse, Sw. krasse. Fr. cresson, the
herb termed kars or cresses ; cresson
d'eau, water karres. — Cot. It. crescione,
cressone. Mid. Lat. crissonium. Perhaps
from the crunching sound of eating the
crisp green herb. Fr. crisser, to grind
the teeth.

Cresset. See Crock.

Crest. Lat. crista, Fr. creste, crHe.

-Crete. Lat. cresco, cretum, to grow ;
concresco, to grow together, to grow into
a whole, whence concrete in logic applied
to the union of an attribute with its sub-
ject. Thence by the opposition of words
compounded with con and dis, discrete,
separate, distinct, disjunctive.

Crevice. Fr. crevasse, crevure, a chink,
rift, from crever, to burst, chink, rive, or
chawne. — Cot. Lat. crepare, to creak,
crack, break.

Crew. AS. cread, a company, crew ;
cread-cnearr, a ship with its crew. Lith.
kruwa, a heap, as of stones or of people.

CreweL Two-twisted worsted. — B.

CRIMINI

Properly a ball of worsted. G. knduel,
P1.D. klevel, a ball of thread. The in-
terchange of liquids in this class of words
is very common. Compare w. dob, crob,
E. knob, a round lump or hunch.

Crib. A cratch or manger for cattle.
Du. kribbe, G. krippe, Pl.D. krubbe. It.
greppia, gruppia, Prov. crepia, crepcha,
Fr. creiche.

The proper meaning of the word seems
to be a grating, a receptacle made of rods
or parallel bars like the teeth of i comb
or rake, from W. crib, a comb, cribin, a
rake. G. krippe signifies also a hurdle or
wattle, wattlework of stakes and rods to
strengthen the bank of a river.

On the same principle G. raufe is a rip-
ple or large comb for plucking off the
seeds of flax, as well as a crib or rack for
hay. Bret, rastel, a hay-rack, is Lat.
rastelhim, a rake, and the word rack
itself is radically' identical with rake.

Crick. Crykke, sekeness, crampe,
spasmus, tetanus. — Pr. Pm. From repre-
senting a short sharp sound the term
seems transferred to a sharp sudden pain,
as a crick in the neck.

Cricket, i. An insect making a sharp
creaking sound. Du. krieken, to chirp,
kriek, a cricket. — Halma. Compare also
Bohem. cwrcek, a cricket, cwrkati, to
chirp; 'Fr:.gritlo!i,grezillon,a.crickeX, and
grilier, to creak, greziller, to crackle. —
Cot.

2. A stool. N. knakk, krakk, Pl.D.
krukstool, a three-legged stool.

* 3. Fr. jcu de crosse, the game of
cricket. Croce or crosse is explained by
Cot. the crooked staff wherewith boys
play at cricket. It was doubtless origin-
ally a stick with a crook at the end for
striking the ball, like that used in the
game of hockey. Fr. croce is the equiva-
lent of E. crook, of which probably cricket
is a derivative. Du. krick,' a staff or
crutch. — Kil.

Crime. Gr. Kpiva, to judge, icpi'/ia,
judgment, condemnation, Lat. crimen, a
fault, offence.

Crimini. O Crimini ! interjection of
surprise, seems to have come to us from
an Italian source. Mod.Gr. icpi/ia, a
crime, fault, sin, pity, misfortune. 'Q ri
Kftifia ! 'Q ri iityaKov Kpifia/ O what a pity !
what a sin or fault ! Adopted into Italian
the expression would be O che crimine !

It seems probable indeed that the E.
pity, in the exclamation what a pity, is a
direct adoption of the OFr. pechii, sin,
I used exactly as It. crimine.

CRIMP

Dex quel fechii, quand od s'espfe

A la meschine decoU^e. — Rom. de Rou. x . 288.

Crimp. — Crimple. Cramp, crimp,
crump are all used in the sense of con-
traction. To crimp frills is to lay them
in pleats ; crimped cod is cod in which
the fibre has been allowed to contract by
means of parallel cuts through the mus-
cle of the fish. To crimple is to wrinkle ;
crympylle or rympylle, ruga. — Pr. Pm.
See Cramp.

The addition of an initial s gives E.
scrimp, to contract, cut short, AS. scri?n-
man, to dry up, wither, G. schrumpfen, to
crumple, shrivel, wrinkle. On the other
hand, the reduction of the initial cr to a
simple r gives E. rimple as well as
rumple, a wrinkle, crease, pucker ; Du.
rimpe, rimpcl, rompel, a wrinkle. — Kil.
G. riimpfen, to screw up the mouth and
nose, make wry faces. In the latter sense
Kil. has krimpneusen, wrimpen, •wre^npen,
OS distorquere, corrugare nares. The
analogous E. term is frutnp, to frizzle up
the nose as in derision — B., whence
frumple, a wrinkle. — Pr. Pm.

Crimp. 2. A kidnapper of sailors,
one who entraps sailors and keeps them
like fish in a stew tiU he can dispose of
them to skippers. Du. ki'impe, a stew
or confined place where fish are kept till
they are wanted ; from krimpen, to con-
tract.

Crimson. Fr. cramoisi. It. cremasi,
cremesino. Turk, kirmizij Sp. cannesi,
from kermes, the name of. the insect with
which it is dyed. Sanscr. krimi, a worm.
Comp. vermilion from vermis.

To Cringe. To go bowing, behave in
a submissive manner." From AS. crumb,
crymbig, crooked, a verb crymbigean,
cryinbian (not in the dictionaries) would
be to crook or bend, corresponding to E.
cringe, as It. cambiare to E. change. G.
krumm., crooked ; sich kriimmen und
biicken, to stoop and cringe. — Kiittn.
Dan. krybe, to creep, grovel, krybe for
een, to cringe to one.

Crinkle. See Crank.

Cripple. Properly a crookback or
humpback, one who goes crooked. ON.
kryppa, a hump, curvature, coil ; krvp-
pill, a humpbacked or a lame man. Du.
krepel, kreupel, kropel, a cripple. Dan.
krybe, krob, to creep, krbbbel, krbbling, a
cripple, a stunted object ; Gael, crub,
crup, to crouch, shrink, creep (go in a
crooked or crouching manner), crubach,
criipach, a cripplej lame person.

Crisis. — Criterion. — Critic. Gr. k^'ibiq,
judgment or the decision in a legal trial,

CRISP

183

from Kpivm, to judge, decide ; Kpniipiov, a
means or medium of judging ; Kpirucbe,
qualified or expert in judging, Lat. cri-
ticus. See Crime.

Crisp. Lat. crispus, Fr. crespe, OE.
crips, curled.

Her hair that owndie (wavy) was and crifs.
Chaucer in R.

The latter form might lead us to connect
the word with Gael, crup, contract, cru-
pag, a wrinkle. On the other hand, the AS.
cirpsian, to crisp or curl, compared with
E. chirp, reminds us that Fr. cresper is
both to frizzle or curl, and to crackle or
creak, as new shoes or dry sticks laid on
the fire. — Cot. And the sense of a curly
or wrinkled structure is in other cases
expressed by words representing in the
first instance a crackling or creaking
sound. It. grillare (and sometimes Fr.
griller— Cot.) signifies to creak or chirp
as a cricket, while griller is explained to
sit rumpled or in plaits, to snarl as over-
twisted thread ; greziller, to crackle, also
to curl, twirl, frizzle hair. To frizzle is
used both of the crackling sound of fat in
the fire, and in the sense of curling up.
The train of thought proceeds from a
quivering sound to a vibratory motion, and
thence to a surface thrown into a succession
of ridges or involutions. Thus the Latin
has sonus luscinicB vibrans for the ring-
ing notes of the nightingale, while the
passage from the idea of vibration to that
.of a wrinkled or curly structure may be
illustrated by the designation of a chitter-
ling and the synonymous shirt-frill,
from E. chitter, and ¥r.friller, to shiver.
Vibrati crines are curly locks, and con-
versely crispus is applied to the rapid
vibration of a serpent's tongue. Linguae
bisulcae jactu crispo fulgere. — Pacuv. in
Forcell.

The sense of rigid and brittle might
well be a special application of the former
one, because the unevennesses of a rigid
surface obtrude themselves on our notice.
But on the other hand it seems to arise
from direct imitation of the sound of
crushing something crisp. Fr. cresper,
to crashe as a thynge dothe that is cryspe
or britell betweene one's teeth. — Palsgr.
Pl.D. kraspeln, to rustle. — Danneil. In
like manner crump is used for the sound
of crunching, and also for crisp or the
quality of things that crunch between the
teeth.

Tib's teeth the sugar-plums did crump. —

Farls baked wi' butter

Fu' crump that day. — Bums in Jam.

1 84

CROCK

Crumpy, short, brittle. — Hal. It is re-
markable that here also is the same con-
nection with the sense of a crumpled or
curly and wrinlded structure, as in the
case of crisp.

Crock. — Cruise. — Cruet, — Cresset.
— Crucible. Lith. kragis, Gael, krog,
G. krug, w. cregen, e. crock, Dan. krukke,
Du. kruycke, an earthen vessel, pitcher,
jar. The Lith. kruias (i = Fr. j), Fr.
cruche, unite the foregoing with forms
having a final j/ ON. & G. kriis, Vu.iroes,
kruyse, a cup, E. cruse, a jar. Diminu-
tives of the latter class are Fr. creuset,
croiset, a crucible, cruzet or cruet, a little
earthen pot wherein Goldsmiths melt
their silver, &c. — Cot.; Rouchi crachS,
crcissd, E. cresset, a hanging lamp. Mid.
Lat. crassetum, Picard cracet, a crucible.
— Dief. Supp. The loss of the z in cru-
zet gives cruet, corrupted to crewet, crevet,
a narrow-mouthed glass to hold oil or
vinegar, a melting-pot. — B.

Other forms of diminutive are Fr.
creziseul, croissel, Du. kruysel, krosel, a
hanging lamp; Jr. cruisgin, a small pot
or pitcher (cruisgin oli, Lith. alywkragis,

G. olkrug, a cruse of oil) ; Gael, cruisgin,
an oil-lamp, a cruse ; Fr. creusequin, a
drinking-vessel ; E. cruskin, cruske, cup
of earth. — Pr. Pm. The Gr. dim. termin-
ation jrouXo gives crucibolum, a night-
lamp, melting-pot. ' Creuseul, croissol,
lumiere de nuit' — Gloss, in Due. ' De
noctu proferenti saepius extinguebat can-
delam, crucibolum, et oleum effundebat.' '
— Ibid. ' Crucibolus, kruse, kruselin,
krug, becher.' — Dief. Supp.

The common idea is an earthen vessel,
and the origin is seen in Bret, krag, hard
granular stone, earthenwai'e ; Eur pod
krag, an earthen pot. The Bret, krag
corresponds to Fr. grais, gres, grh. Vn
pot de grh, an earthen pot. Hence OFr.
grasal, Lang, grazal, grezal. Cat. gresal,
an earthen bowl or dish, gresol, an
earthen lamp, a. crucible. N. grjot, stone;
gryte, a pot.

In favour of the correspondence of
krag&xiAgrh [graz), it must be observed
that a final z in one dialect of Breton
corresponds to a guttural c'h in the other,
as in kraz or krac'h, dry. And compare
Bret, gragala, to chatter as a jay, and
Prov grazillar, to crackle, twitter. If
krag zxvA-gris are fundamentally distinct
there must be the same separation be-
tween the series crag, krug, &c., and
cruse, &c. See Grail.

Crocodile. Gr. KpoicoSttXoc, Lat. croco-
dilus.

CROP

Crocus. The yellow flower from
whence saffron is made. Lat. crocus,
Gr. KftoKOQ. Gael, crock, W. coch, red.
Hence the surname Croker, a cultivator
of saffron. ' The crokers or saffron men
do use an observation a little before the
coming up of the flower.' — HoUinshed in
R.

Croft. An inclosure adjoining a house.
AS. croft, prsediolum. — Somner. Gael.
croit, a hump, hunch, a croft or small
piece of arable land ; croiteir, a crofter,
one holding a croft of land.

Crone, i. An old woman. 2. An old
sheep, beginning to lose its teeth.

* In the former application it may per-
haps signify one shrunk from age. Sc.
crine, to shrink, shrivel ; one who is
shrivelled by age is said to be crynit in.
— ^Jam. Comp. NE. scraniiy, thin ; scran-
nel, a lean person.

In the second application it is the It.
carogna, Fr. charogne, Du. karonie,
kronie, a carcase, carrion, then applied
to an old sheep, ovis vetula rejicula —
Kil.,ein faul Thier — Dief. Supp., \ncada-
ver. Perhaps indeed the application to
an old woman has the same origin. ' An
old carrion.'

* Crook. — Crooked, on. krdkr, Du.
krog, a crook, bending, corner, hook ; Du.
kroke, a bending, fold, curl, crumple,
wrinkle (Kil.) ; Gael, crocan, a hook,
crook ; w. o'wca, croca, crooked ; Fr.
croc, crochet, a hook ; crochti, hooked,
bent upon itself; Pol. kruk, a hook,
crook. We have seen under Crisp sever-
al instances where a broken, crumpled,
wrinkled, curly form is expressed by the
figure of a broken sound. And in this
way I believe it is that we pass from
forms like Bret, gragala, to chatter like a
jay, or E. crackle, to Fr. recroquiller, to
crook, wriggle, pucker, cockle, and Du.
kreukelen, krettken, kroken, to rumple,
crumple, wrinkle, of which the radical
syllable kreuk or crok conveys the notion
of something bent or hooked. See Crank.

Crop. AS. crop, top, bunch, craw of a
bird. OE. croppe of an erbe or tree, ciina,
coma, capillamentum.— Pr. Pm. The
fundamental meaning is probably exhibit-
ed in the Gael, crap, cnap, a knob, knot,
boss, a little hill ; w. crob, crwb, a round
hunch ; crub, a swelling out ; It. groppo,
a knot, knob, bunch. — Fl. The word is
then applied to different things of a
rounded or protuberant form, the top of
a hill or of a plant, the crop or projecting
stomach of a bird, &;c.

Fr. crope, croupe, the top or knap of a

CROSIER

hill; la croupe du dos, the ridge of the
back, and thence croupe. It. groppa, the
rump or rounded haunches of an animal ;
E. croup, the craw, the belly, also the
buttock or haunch — Hal. ; Sw. /Jra//, the
top of anything, the solid mass of the
animal frame or body; kroppug,%ih\>o^x%,
humped. Du. crop, the knob of the
throat, the throat itself, ' dat steeckt my
in den crop; that sticks in my throat ;
crop, a swelling in the throat, goitre, the
craw of a bird, stomach ; croppen, to
cram, to thrust food into the throat (Bi-
glotton), whence the E. crop-full, cram-
fuU. G. kropf, the craw of a bird, goitre,
wen ; the head of vegetables, as kohl-
kropf, salat-kropfj kropfsallat, Du. krop
van salaet, cabbage-lettuce.

The crop of a vegetable is the top, and
thence the whole part above ground. The
crop and root, or crop and more, are fre-
quently contrasted with each other in OE.
Hence to crop is to bite or gather the
foliage or fruit. A crop of corn is the'
whole annual growth, and the sense being
thus generalised the term is equally ap-
plied to the growth of roots, when that is
the important part of the vegetables ; a
crop of turnips or of carrots as well as of
grass or fruit.

It is remarkable that parallel with
many of the foregoing forms, with an
initial kr, are a series of similar meaning
with a simple k. Thus we have in E.
the crop or cop of a hill ; Bav. kop-
pen, the crop or bushy part of a tree, kop-
pen, to crop or cut off the crop or cop of
a tree ; G. kohl-kopf, kopf-sallat as kropf -
sallat above cited.

Crosier. It. croccia, a crutch ; Fr.
croce, crosse, a bishop's staff (the repre-
sentative of a shepherd's crook), the
crooked staff with which boys play at
cricket. Hence OE. crocer or crosier was
properly the bearer of the bishop's staff, but
the term was subsequently applied to the
staff itself. See Crook, Ci-utch. Hol-
linshed speaks of the canon law as ad-
mitting the crosier to bear the crosse be-
fore his archbishop in another province.
— Descr. Ireland, an. 1311.

Cross. Fr. croix, It. croce, Sp. kruz,
ON. kross, G. kreuz, Du. ki-jiys. All from
the Lat. crux, a cross for the punishment
of malefactors ; and that not directly
from crook, to curve, but through the in-
termediation of the notion of hanging ;
Gael, crocan, a hook, crock, hang ; Ir.
crochaim, to hang, and crock, as Lat.
crux, a gallows, an erection for hanging
a man on.

CROTTLES

185

From crux are many derivatives : cru-
ciare, to torture; crusade, Mid. Lat. cru-
ciata, Du. kruys-vaert, an expedition
from religious motives, in which the
soldiers took the badge of the cross ;
crucify, &c.

Crotchet. — Crocket. Fr. crochet,
dim. of croc, a little hook, and hence a
note in music, from the hook-like symbol
by which they were marked. Fr. crochet,
crochue, a quaver in music. Then as a
person playing music appears to carry in
his brain the type of what he is playing,
a crotchet is a fixed imagination. ' // a
des crochues dans la tete, his head is full
of crotches.' — Cot.
As a good harper stricken far in years
Into whose cunning hands the gout does fall,
All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,
But on his harp plays ill or not at all.

Davies in R.

A crotchet or crocket is also an orna-
mental excrescence in Gothic architecture
like a twisted tress of hair, from Du.
kroke, a curl.

And bellyche ycorven

With crotchets on corners. — P. P. crede.

Crottles. Crottles, cruttles, crumbs,
broken pieces — Brocket ; crottling, fri-
able ; crottles, Fr. crottes, crottins, the
dung of sheep, goats, hares, &c., that falls
in pellets or little lumps ; crottes, dirt,
mire, daghng stuff (Cot.) ; Flanders
krotte, mud sticking to one's clothes. —
Kil. E. krote, a clod of earth. — Hal.

The analogy between sound and move-
ment frequently leads to the application
of a rattling sound to express jolting or
shaking movement, and thence an uneven
rugged surface, the prominences into
which it is thrown, or the lumps which
are dashed off when the substance is of a
liquid or semi-liquid nature.

We have Gr. Kporsu, to clap, rattle,
clatter, knock, hammer ; k^otoKov, a rat-
tle ; Kporog, clapping, rattling ; Prov.
crotlar, OFr. crodler, croler, to shake ;
escrouler, to shake, totter, shog (Cot.) ;
crouler, s'dscrouler, to fall in ruins, E.
crudle, to shudder, shake, shiver ; crudly,
cruttling, crumbling, friable ; cruttle, to
fall. — Hal. The form cruddle, to co-
agulate or form lumps, and crud, curd,
the lumpy part of milk, belong to the
same class. Cruttle, to curdle. — Hal.
Sometimes perhaps the sense of lumps
or bits may arise directly from the patter-
ing sound of the fragments falling to the
ground, and this may be the case with
crottles, the pellet-shaped dung of sheep,
&c., which are also called trattles or

i86 CROUCH

treadles, to be compared with Banff.
truth, to trickle or drip ; E. trattle (pro-
perly to rattle), to prattle.— Hal. But
sometimes the sense of fragments seems
to arise from the idea of shaking or dash-
ing to pieces, as when we use shivers or
shiders in that sense. When the sub-
stance is of a loose or liquid nature it is
the more liable to have portions dashed
off by shaking or jogging. Thus Swiss
hottern, to shake, to jog, explains Du.
hot, hotte, curds ; Sc. hattit cream, clot-
ted cream. In like manner Swab, lop-
pern, Westerwald lappern, to be loose, to
wabble, are connected with E. loppered
or coagulated milk, and Fr. loppe, lopin,
a lump, morsel, piece. The elementary
sounds of crottle are merely transposed
in E. clatter, to coagulate ; Du. kloter-
melck, curdled milk, from the verb Mot-
eren (properly to clatter ; kloterspaen,
a rattle), tuditare, pultare, pulsare crebro
ictu. — Kil. Here the connection between
kloteren and klot, klotte, gleba, massa
(Kil.), E. clod, clot, is the same as between
Gr. Kporiio and E. crate, a clod, Fr. crotte,
a lump of dirt. The semi-liquid ma-
terial seems conceived as dashed about
in separate portions, explaining Du.
klotergheld, small expenses. — Kil. In
the same way with a labial initial in-
stead of a guttural, G. poltern, to rattle,
racket, knock ; E. bolter, to clotter, to
collect in lumps ; Sw. plottra (properly
to dash about liquids), to scatter in small
portions, to squander ; plotterwis, in
small portions ; platter-penningar, small
expenses ; Fr. blautre, Gael, plad, a clod. •
Crouoli. A cross, as in crutched friars,
the crossed friars, or friars who wore a
cross ; crouch -mass, a festival in honour
of the holy cross. To crouch, to mark
with the sign of the cross.
And said his orisons as is usage,
And crouchid hem and bade God shuld hem
bless.

Walach. crouche, a cross.

To Crouch. To stoop, to bow the
body together. ON. krokinn, crooked,
bowed down, krokna, to be contracted
or stiffened with cold ; at sitia i eirne
kruku, to crouch down on one's heels,
w. crwcau, to bow, to curve ; crwcwd, a
round squat, a person crouched together.
E. dial, cruckle, to bend, to stoop. — Hal.
See Crook.

Croup. A disease in the throat of
young children, in which the throat is
contracted and a harsh screaming cough
produced. Gael, crup, contract, shrink ;
crupadh, contraction, shrinking, shrivel-

CROWD

ling ; the croup. But perhaps the idea
of contraction, expressed by the syllable
crup, is derived from the harsh sound of
struggling for breath through a contracted
windpipe, and not vice vers4, so that the
name of the disease would be direct from
an imitation of the sound produced.

Sc. roup, hoarseness, the croup; to
roup (Goth, hropjan, ON. hropd), to cry ;
E. dial, to croup, to croak. — Hal. Bohem.
chrapati, chrupati, to snort ; chrapawy,
hoarse, chropot, snorting, hoarseness,
chroptiti (rocheln), to struggle for breath,
to sob.

Croitp. — Crupper. Croup, belly, craw,
haunch, ridge of the back. — Hal. Fr.
crape, croupe, the top of a hill, rump of
an animal. La croupe du dos, the ridge
of the back ; porter en croupe, to carry
behind one on horseback. Hence croiip-
iere, the crupper or strap passing over
the rump of the horse. See Crop.

Crow. — Crouk. A direct imitation of
'the cry of different birds. G. krdheii, to
crow like a cock ; krdchzen, to croak ;
Du. kraeyen, to crow or to croak or caw ;
Lat. crocire, It. crocciolare, Fr. croasser,
Gr. Kpw?w, Bohem. krokati, to croak.
Piedm. quaqua, Ital. cracra, imitation of
the cawing of rooks or crows. — Zalli.
From Du. kraeyen is formed kraeye, a
crow. In like manner the ON. has krakr,
a raven, kraki, a crow, corresponding to E.
croak J Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys,
NE. crouk, a crow.

Crowd. — Crowder. The crowd or
fiddle was recognised by the Romans as
a British instrument.

Romanusque lyr^ plaudat tibi, Barbarus harp4,
Graacus Achilliaci ; crotta Britanna placet.

Fortunatus in Due.
Named from the hollow sounding-board,
w. crwth, a hollow protuberance, bulge,
belly, fiddle ; croth, a bulge, a womb,
crothi, to bulge. Gael, croit, a hump,
c7-uit, a harp, fiddle ; Ir. cruit, a hunch,
also a crowd or fiddle.

Crowd. 2. AS. cruth, a. crowd or ipress
of people. Du. kruyden, krnycn, trudere,
protrudere, propellere. — Kil. Crowdyn
or showyn (shove) impello. — Pr. Pm. To
crowd is still used in Suffolk in the sense
of driving in a crowd-barrow or wheel-
barrow '(Du. kruy-wagen). — Forby. In
Amis and Amilown a crowd-wain.
Then Amoraunt crud Sir Amiloun
Through many a cuntre up and down. — Way .
Perhaps the radical image may be a
ball or lump, from whence the notion of
pressing may be derived. Pol. gruda.
Boh. hruda, a clod, snowball ; hruden,

CROWN

the intercalary month, the month that is
thrust in.

Crown. Lat. corona, w. crwn, round,
circular ; crynfaen, a pebble, a round
stone ; crynoi, to collect together, to draw-
to a mass, crynyn, a globule ; Ir. cruin,
round, cruinne., the globe of the earth ;
cniinnighim, to collect ; Gael, criln, the
boss of a shield, a crown, garland ; cruinn,
round, globular ; cr-uiiine, the globe,
cruinneachan, any round heap.

Crucial. Applied to a trial of the
utmost rigour ; a met. from the torture of
the cross.

Crucible. See Crock.

Crucify. Lat. c7-ucifigere, to fix to the
cross.

Crude. — Cruel. Lat. crudus, bloody,
raw, unripe, unfeeling ; crudelis, hard,
cruel, severe ; cruentus, bloody, cruel ;
cruor, blood. Russ. kroT/, Bohem. krew,
w. crau, Ir. cru, Lith. kraujas, blood.
Bret, kriz, raw, cruel.

Cruet. See Crock.

Cruise. To sail to and fro. Du.
kruissen, from kruisj Fr. croiser, from
croix; Dan. krydse, from kryds, a cross.

Crum. — Crumble. G. krume, Du.
kruime, crum ; kruimelen, Pl.D. kroinen,
kromelen, to crumble. Central Fr. gre-
iniller, to crumble ; gremille, gremillon,
groiimillon, crum, little lump ; grume,
grime, single grain of a bunch. Fr. gru-
meau, a clot, lump. •

It is probable that the notion of a crum
or small bit arises from that of crumb-
ling away, and not vice versa, although
the former word is the more simple in
form. The idea of falling to pieces is
easily expressed by a representation of
the rattling sound of the falling fragments.
Thus Sw. ramla, to rattle, signifies also,
as E. rammel, to fall in ruins, to moulder
in pieces ; while Sw. rammel, rattle, clat-
ter, is identical with E. rammel, rubble,
rubbish. In the same way it is pro-
bable that Fr. gremiller and E. crumble
are essentially the same with grommeler,
to mutter or grumble. So also we pass
through Yv.greziller, to cra.c\ls, gresiller,
to hail, to drizzle, G. grieseln, to fall into
small bits and pieces, to break into small
pieces, to gries, chips of stone, gravel,
grains, Lesachthal griesel, a morsel, a
grain of sand. — D. M. ii. 348. See
Dredge.

Crump. Crump-back, hump-back ;
crump or crumple-footed, club-footed ;
Sw. krumpen, shrunk, contracted, numbed.
AS. crumb, crump, crymbig, bowed, bent ;
G. krumm, w. cro}n, crwm, crooked,

CRUST

187

crymu, to bend, crook, stoop ; Sc.
crummy, a cow with a crumpled horn.
The fundamental image, in accordance
with the views explained under Cramp,
should be a lump, round mass, or projec-
tion, from whence the ideas of contraction,
bending, crookedness, readily follow.
Now in the former sense we have w. crwb^
a hump, E. croop-back, a hump-back, and
with the nasal, crump, the projection df
the haunches, rump. — Hal.

Crumpet. Bret, krampoez (2 syll.), w.
crammwyth, a pancake.

Crumple. It is shown under Rumple
that the representation of a rumbling
sound is used to express, first a jolting or
irregular movement, then a disturbed,
disordered surface, thrown into irregu-
larities and projections. It is probable
that the same development of signifi-
cation has taken place in the case of
crumple, proceeding from a form like that
assumed as the origin of crumble, which
would not essentially differ from G.gram-
meln, grommeln, grummeln, or E. grum-
ble. To rumble and grumble are used
indifferently in many cases, as for the
sound of thunder or of wind in the bowels,
while the two corresponding forms, rum-
ple and crumple, arising from the use of
spirants instead of sonants, are applied
to the disturbance of a surface or texture.
Analogous to crumple, as compared with
rumple, or grumble with rujnble, stands
Let. grubbali, bi'oken fragments of walls,
as compared with E. rubble, rubbish.
Let. grunibt, to wrinkle, crumple.

To Crunk or Crunkle. To cry like a
crane or heron. Lith. krankti, to make
a harsh noise, to snort, croak ; krunkinti,
krankinti, to croak.

Crupper. See Croup.

To Crush. From a representation of
the noise of crushing a hard or brittle
body. Fr. croissir, to crack or crash or
crackle as wood that is ready to break. —
Cot. It. crosciare, croscere, to squash,
crash, crush, squeeze, but properly to fall
violently as a sudden storm of rain or hail
upon the tiles, and therewithal to make a
clattering loud noise ; to crick as green
wood ; croscio d'acque, a sudden shower.
— Fl. Lith. kruszti, to crush, to grind ;
krusza, hail, sleet ; krusztinne (graupe),
meal, grots ; nukruszti, to grind off the
husks of corn, especially barley (It. cricsca,
bran ?). Hanover, krosseln, to crush,
break to bits.

Crust. Lat. crusta, the hard outward
coat of anything. In all probability
from the sound of crunching a crust of

i88 CRUTCH

bread. Bohem. chraustaii, to crunch ;
chrasta, the crust of a wound ; chrastel,
the corncrake ; chraust, a beetle, insect
with a crusty covering ; chrustacka,
gristle. See Gristle. Bret., with an in-
version of the consonants, trousken, crust
of a wound, scab ; rusk, bark ; Gael.
rtisg, rind, skin, husk, bark ; E. rusk, a
hard crust, crust baked crisp.

Crutch. G. kriicke, Du, kruch, Lith.
kruke, It. croccia, gruccia, a crutch, i. e.
a staff with a crook or cross-bar at the
top to rest the arm on.

To Cry. Imitative of a shrill sudden
exertion of the voice. It. gridare, Fr.
crier, G. schreien. Du. schrey, clamor at
fletus, ejulatus. As a shrill cry is the
natural expression of a high degree of
pain, the word passes on to signify the
shedding of tears, the most general ex-
pression of pain of any kind. In like
manner the verb to weep conies from AS.
■wop, the primary meaning of which is
simply outcry.

Crypt. It. cripta, a hollow vault, a
church under-ground, a lurking den or
secret sink under-ground. — Fl. Doubt-
less from KpvTrrci), to hide, being primarily
used for performing in safety the religious
services of the early Christians. ' Ac per
cryptas et latibula cum paucis Christianis
per eum conversis mysterium solennitatis
diei dominici clanculo celebrabat.' — Greg,
of Tours in Due. ' In qua Basilica est
crypta abditissima.' — Ibid.

Crystal. Gr. upvoz, cold, frost ; icpucr-
7-aXXof, ice, and thence crystal.

Cub. The young of animals of certain
kinds, as of dogs, bears, foxes. Du.
kabbe, kebbe, kebbeken, a little pig ; kabbe-
len, to produce young.

Cube. Gr. m^oq, Lat. cubus.

Cubit. Lat. cubitus, cubitu7n, the
elbow or bending of the arm. From a
root cub, signifying crook or bend, seen
in Gael, cub, crouch, stoop, shrink, cubach,
bent, hollowed, in Gr. kvvtu, to stoop, Lat.
cubare, to lie down, properly, to bow down.
Lith. kumpas, crooked.

Cucking-stool. A chair on which
females for certain offences were fastened
and ducked in a pond. ' The chair was
sometimes in the form of a close-stool
[which] contributed to increase the degra-
dation.'— Hal. Manx cugh, excrement in
children's language. ON. kuka, cacare.
' Similiter malam cervisiam faciens, aut
in cathedra ponebatur stercoris, aut iiij.
sol. dabat prepositis.' — Domesday B. in
Way.

The name is probably taken from the

CUDDLE

crouching attitude of a person at stool,
and ultimately from the clucking of a
brooding hen. The term for squatting or
crouching is connected with the clucking
of a hen in languages widely separated
from each other. It. ckiocco, a brood or
cluck-hen, by met. squatting or cowering
down ; cocco, cucco (in nursery language),
an egg ; coccolare, to cluck ; accoccolare,
to cower ; coccolone, squattingly on the
ground, as women on their heels. — Fl.
Magy. gugg, an egg (Dankovsky), also
crouching or cowering down ; Basque hi-
koratz, crowing of a cock ; kukorika, to
cower, crouch. Magy. kukor^k, the
crowing of a cock ; kukoritni, to crow ;
kukorogni, to cower down. And proba-
bly w. c-wrc, squatting, may belong to the
same class of words.

Cuckold. CuckoUed, treated in the
way that the cuckow (Lat. cuculus) serves
other birds, viz. by laying an egg in their
nest.

Cuckow. G. kuckuck, Lat. cuculus,
Sc. gowk, Du. kuyckkuck, kock-kock. —
Kil. From the cry.

Cucumber. Fr. concombre, coucombre.
— Cot. Lat. cucumis, -meris, a cucum-
ber ; It. cocomero.

Cud. — Q,uid. AS. cud, rumen (the
stomach). — Somner. To chew the cud is
to chew the contents of the stomach,
which in ruminating animals are thrown
up into the mouth again for that purpose.
It is called quid in Surrey, whence a quid
of tobacco is a small piece of tobacco
kept in the mouth like the cud of a rumi-
nating cow. Goth, qtiithei, the womb ;
ON. quidr, the womb, paunch, maw ; at
missa quidinn, Dan. miste maven, in
Surrey to lose the quid, a disease in cattle
equivalent to Bailey's cudlost. In like
manner in Lat. ru7)ziiio,to chew cud, from
rumen, the paunch. ' Ego rumorem par-
vifacio dum sit rumen qui impleam,' so
long as I am able to fill my belly. ON. at
quida, to fill one's belly, quidadr, satis-
fied, fuU. Fin. kohtu, the womb, maw,
especially of ruminating animals ; Esthon.
k'dht, the belly. Sc. kytc, the stomach,
belly.

* To Cuddle. To fondle, to lie close
together. The g. kosen, signifying origin-
ally to chat or talk familiarly with each
other, is applied in a secondary sense to
caresses or gestures expressive of affec-
tion ; licbkoscn, to caress. In the same
way the radical signification of cuddle
seems to be whisper, chat, confidential
communication, then embracing, lying
close. Cuddle is a parallel form with

CUDGEL

cushU in Sc. cushU-mushle, low whisper-
ing conversation, which in Banffshire be-
comes cuddle-muddle, speaking in a low
muttering voice. 'A got thim aiddle-
muddlin' wi ane anither at the back o' a
dyke.' To cuddle, to speak in a low tone
of voice, mostly of lovers, to coax, to en-
tice ; cuddle, conversation in a low tone ;
a very close intimacy. ' They hive an
unco cuddle thegeethir.'

In the same way NE. cutter, to whisper,
to speak low, to coo ; also to fondle. —
Hal. Swiss kudern, kiiderlen, to talk
together like lovers, to fondle. Sw.
quittra, to chirp, to whisper. Du. kout,
chat, familiar conversation.

Cudgel. Du. kodse, kudse, a club,
knobbed stick ; knodse, knudse, a knotted
stick, knodsen, knudsen, tundere, contun-
dere, batuere. — Kil. The origin is pro-
bably a form like It. cozeare, to knock.

Cue. The last words of the preceding
speech, prefixed to the speech of an
actor in order to let him know when he is
to come on the stage.

From the letter Q by whidh it was
marked. ' Q, a note of entrance for act-
ors, because it is the first letter of quando,
when, showing when to enter and speak.'
■ — C. Butler, Eng. Gram., 1634, in N. and
Q., Aug. 5, 1865. Minsheu explains it
somewhat differently. ' A qu, a term
used among stage-players, k Lat. qualis,
i. e. at what manner of word the actors
are to begin to speak, one after another
hath done his speech.'

Buckingham. Had you not come upon your Q,

my lord,
William Lord Hastings had pronounced your

part.— Rich. 111.

The Fr. term is replique.

Cuflf. Hamburg kuffen, to box the
ears ; Sw. dial, kuffa, to strike ; skuffa,
to push, to jog ; It. schiaffo, a cuff, slap
or clap on the cheek. The cuff of a sleeve
is the part that is doubled back and flaps
against the sleeve. Sw. klaff, a flap, as
of a hat or glove, the cuff of a coat. Sp.
golpe, a blow, also the flap of a pocket.

Cuirass. Fr. cuirassej It. corazza,
quasi coriacea, made of leather, from Lat.
coriuni, a skin. — Diez. So Lat. lorica, a
cuirass, from lorum, a strap. OFr. cuirie,
Port, cotira, a leather jerkin ; couraqa, a
cuirass ; couro, a hide, skin.

To Cull. To pick out. Cullers axe
the worst of a flock culled out for dis-
posal. Fr. cueillir, Lat. colligere, to
gather. To cull^s.% also, like It. cogliere,
used in the sense of to strike. The

CULVERT 189

Ancren Riwle speaks of the cull of an
axe for the blow of an axe.

Cullender.— CuUis. A cullender or
colander is a strainer, from Lat. colare,
to strain ; Fr. couler, to run (of liquids),
to flow. .Sp. colar, to strain or filter ;
colada, lye, strained ashes for washing ;
coladera, a colander or strainer. So from
scavage, scavenger, from passage, pas-
senger, &c.

Cullis. Fr. coulis, strained juice of
meat, &c.

Cully. Properly the entertainer or
companion of a courtesan. A leacher
whom a courtesan or jilt calls her cully.
— B. From Fr. couille. Thence a fool,
a soft-headed fellow, one who may be
easily led by the nose or put upon. — B.
To cully one, to make a tool of, impose
upon, or jilt him. — B.

Tricks to cully fools. — Pomfret in R.
See Cozen.

Culm. This term is now applied to
the kind of coal found not in solid lumps
but in a loose powdery condition. The
proper meaning is smut, and the latter
name is given in PemlDrokeshire to a
superficial layer of coal in a still more
imperfect condition than culm. ' Culme
of smeke — fuligo.' — Pr. Pm.

Thanne Pacience perceyved of pointes of this

cote,
That "were colomy thorugh coveitise and unkynde

desiryng. — P. P.

Colinie, black, foul, dirty ; becalmed,
blackened. — King Horn. Probably con-
nected with callow or colly, smut, soot.

Culminate. Lat. culmen, a top, a peak.

Culpable. Lat. culpa, a fault, culpa,
to find fault with, blame.

Culprit. The name by which a
prisoner on his trial is addressed when
he has pleaded not guilty. Probably a
corruption of culpat for culpatus, the
term for a person accused in the old
Law Latin.

Cultivate. — Culture. Lat. colo (p.p.
cultus), to till or dress the ground, to
bestow labour or pains upon.

Culverin. Fr. cauleuvrine (from cou-
leuvre, Lat. coluber, a snake), a cannon,
or sometimes a handgun. See Caliver.

Culvert. A covered passage for water
under a road. The Fr. couvert is not
used in this sense, nor is it easy to see
how the / could have been introduced on
the supposition of a derivation from that
source. The E. counties' name is oolve,
hoolve, hulve, or wulve, doubtless from
hulve (Hal.) or whelve, to cover over.

I90 CUMBER

and possibly culvert Tas.y\>t a corruption
from this source. — Atkinson.
Cumber. — Encumber. See Comber.
-cumula-. — Cumulative. Lat. cumu-
lus, a heap, cumulo, to pile or heap up.
Accumulate, to heap together. "
Cunning. See Con.
Cup. Fr. coupe. It. coppa, Du. hop,
Bret. g6b, kSp, skSp. The notion of a
round projection and of something hol-
low are often expressed by the same word,
which is often taken from the sound of a
blow, and especially a blow on a hollow
body. Thus we have seen boss, a lump
or projection, and boss, hollow. The G.
napf, Lang, nap, a bowl or porrenger, is
a sUght variation of knopf, a knob or
knop, and both meanings are united in
W. cnapen, a knob, a bowl, while the
origin of the word seems a representation
of the sound of a blow or a thing break-
ing ; E. knap, to snap, to strike. — ^Hal.

Now the G. /^c';^/" signifies both cup and
cop, or top, knob, head ; kopfchen, a tea-
cup, kopf, a cupping-glass. The develop-
ment of the meaning is well illustrated in
the Fin. kopista, to resound from a blow ;
Ttopina, the sound of a blow ; kopio,
empty, sounding as an empty vessel ;
koppa, anything concave or hollow, as
the box of a harp, the cup of a pipe. On
the other hand, as in the case of boll and
buckle, we are led to the image of a bub-
ble, as the type of anything round and
prominent, swollen, hollow. Fin. kuppo,
— a, -T-u, a bubble, boil, tumour ; kupia,
swelling, puffed ; kupu, the crop of birds,
head of a cabbage ; kupukka, anything
globular ; kuppi, a cup, kuppata, to bleed
by cupping.

Cupboard. Originally a board or shelf
for cups, as Du. glasenberd {herd, board),
a receptacle for glasses. — Kil.

Cupel. Fr. coupelle, a coppell, the
little ashen pot or vessel wherein gold-
smiths melt or fine their metals. — Cot.
From coupe, a cup.

Cupidity. — Concupiscence. Lat. cu-
piditas, desire, avidity, covetousness,
from cupio, I wish, desire, long for. See
Covet.

* Cupola. It. cupola, a round vaulted
chapel behind the chancel ; some use it
for any round arch or vault of a church
or copped steeple.— Fl. Plausibly con-
nected with Fr. coupeau, the top or head
of a thing, coupeau de la tHe, the crown
of the head ; or with It. cttpo, deep, hol-
low, high. But probably the word may
be an importation from the East, where

CURFEW

the dome was a favourite form of archi-
tecture.

An open cupola had been erected by former
generations over the source. Order was given
in consequence to destroy the cupola and the
baths. The imperial decree was executed, and
the remains of the Kuhbak or dome, &c. — Pals-
grave, Central Arabia, ii. 140.
Ar. kubbat, kubbd, a dome or cupola. —
Catafogo,

* Cur. A snarling dog ; currish, snarl-
ing, malignant. Du. korre, a housedog.
— K. From ON. kurra, G. kurren,gurren,
to grumble, mutter. Gurrige ehehalfte, a
jangling wife. — Musaus. Compare G. kur-
re, OE. currefish (Cot. in v. cocti). Da. knur^
fisk, a gurnard, from its muttering sounds.

-cur. -^ Current. — Curricle. Lat.
curro, cursum, to run ; currens, running,
passing along ; curriciilum, a light car ;
concurro, to run along with, to coincide in
thought or feeling. To Incur, Recur.

Curate. — Curator. — Curious. Lat.
curator, one who takes care, from euro,
to care for, look to, curiosus, inquiring,
employing care in inquiry.

Curb. — Curve. — Curvet. Fr. courber,
to crook, bow, arch ; courbetfe, a small
crooked rafter, the curvetting of a horse.
Lat. curvus, crooked. Gael, crup, con-
tract, crouch, shrink ; crub, crouch, sit,
squat ; crubadh, bending ; Manx crib,
curb, contract, shrink ; w. crwb, a round
hunch ; crwbach, a hook, crook ; crybwck,
shrunk, crinkled. The insertion of the
nasal gives AS. crumb, crump, crymbig,
crooked ; G. krumm, crooked ; Gael.
crom, bend, bow, stoop.

Cxird. — Curdle. To curdle, to become
lumpy ; ctirds, the lumpy part of milk.
Formerly more correctly written cruddle,
crud. W. criud, a round lump (Spurrell) ;
crwt, a dumpy person ; Pol. gruda,grud-
ka. Boh. hruda, hrudka, a clod, lump,
ball, clot. For the origin of the word
see Crottles.

Cure. Lat. cura, care ; originally pro-
bably sorrow, lamentation, as we see that
the E. sorrow is the equivalent of G. sorge,
diligence, care, sorrow ; sorgen, to take
care of. The origin is preserved in Fin.
kurista, voce strepo stridente, inde mur-
muro vel segr^ fero, quirito ut infans. It
must thus be considered a relation of Lat.
queror, to complain. Fin. ^'«raza, stridor,
murmur, kurja, wretched, sad, miserable.
ON. kurr, murmur, complaint, grating ;
kurra, to coo as a dove, to murmur.

Curfew. Fr. couvrefeu, courefeu, Lat.
; iguitegium, the notice for covering or
putting out lights at a certain hour in the
evening.

CURL

Item quod nuUus tabernariusseu braciator tene-
at tabernam suam apertam post horam ignitegii.
— Lib. Alb. I. 251.

Cnrl. Formerly written crull, croule,
croll, in accordance with Du. krol, kroUe,
N. kriill. The sense of a vibratory or
roUing movement, and thence of a spiral
or twisted form, is commonly expressed
by forms representing in the first instance
a fattling or rumbling sound. Thus It.
rototare, to roll along, is essentially the
same with E. rattle, G. koUern, to rumble,
is also used in the sense of rolling along,
and the word roll itself is equally familiar
in both senses. We speak of the roll of
a drum, the rolling of thunder, as well as
the rolli7ig of a carriage or a roll of
paper. It seems certain that when the
form rol appears in the Romance lan-
guages it is a contraction from a fuller
form, like It. rotolare, equivalent to our
rattle; but in other cases the syllable
may have been framed as it stands to re-
present a rumbling or murmuring sound,
as in lUyrian ruliti, to bellow, Swiss
rollen, for the rushing sound of a brook.

In like manner the form crol or croul,
expressing vibratory sound, and thence
vibratory movement, may be a contraction
from forms like Gr. eporaXov, a rattle, as
in Prov. crotlar, crollar, Fr. crodler, cros-
ier, croler, to shake, E. dial, crudle, crule,
to shudder, shiver ; or in other cases the
root may have been framed a% it stands
as a direct representation of the sound it
is intended to express, as in lUyr. kruliti,
to growl, to rumble (like the bowels) ; G.
grollen, to rumble like thunder ; Fr.
grougouler, grouiller, to rumble ; E. dial.
crool, to mutter, murmur ; crawl, crowl,
croll, to grumble, rumble like the bowels.
For the connection between quivering
and curling compare Lat. vibrati crines,
curled hair. Again, from the crackling
sound of things frying we have Fr. graller,
griller, grosler, groller, G. krollen (in
kroll-erbsen, carltegs or parched peas), to
parch or fry ; from whence we pass to
the sense of curling, on the same prin-
ciple on which 'E. frizzle signifies both to
fry in grease and also to curl. Fr. grezil-
ler, to crackle as salted flesh on coals,
also to curl, twirl, frizzle hair. — Cot, Each
separate element of the crackling sound
represents to the mind an abrupt move-
ment of some element of the crackling
body, which is brought into a contorted
shape by the aggregate action of its
separate parts.

The radical connection between the
ideas of shivering and curling which is

CURRY

191-

seen in E. dial, crule, Ditmarsh krule
(Outzen), to shiver, shudder, is also ex-
emplified in G. graus, shuddering, horror,
compared with kraus, Sw. krvs, curly,
from whence again we are brought to G.
kraiiseln, to curl.

Curlew. Fr. courlis ; OFr. corlieu. —
Cot. Berri. guerlu. Probably from the
shrill cry of the bird. Russ. kurluikaf,
to cry like a crane.

Ourmudgeon. A corn-7nud^n was a
dealer in corn, a most unpopular class of
persons in times of scarcity, as they were
always supposed to be keeping up the
price of corn by their avarice.

The asdiles curule hung up 12 brazen shields
made of the fines that certain corn-m-udgins paid
for hourding up their grain. — Holland's Livy
in R.

The origin of the element
would seem to be G. mausche, mausckel,
a contemptuous name for a Jew, and
thence a huckster, from a jeering imita-
tion of their way of pronouncing the name
Moses. Korn-Jude, korn-mausche, a
corn-mudgin. Swab, mauschen, to huck
or deal in small matters.

Currant. In Liber Cure Cocorum
called raysyns of corouns, Fr. raisins de
Corinthe J the dried small grapes of the
Greek islands. Then applied to our own
sour fruit of somewhat similar appear-
ance.

* To Curry. — Currier. The etymology
of these words has been much confused
by the coalescence of two forms of wholly
different origin. From Lat. corium, a
hide, coriarius was used in Mid. Lat. for
a maker of or worker in leather, a tanner,
shoemaker, beltmaker. Coriarius, cor-
rarius, coreator, leder-maker, — zouwer,
— gerber, lederer, schuochmacher. — Dief.
Supp. ' Coriarius, seu calciamentorum
sutor.' — Vita S. Emmer. in Carp. At
the same time from Lat. corrigia, Fr.
courroie, a strap, was ioxraeAcorrigiarius,
Fr. courroier, a maker of straps or girdles,
which seems to have been confounded
with corier from coriarius. We find at
least in the Statuta Coriariorum of the
city of Abbeville a provision, ' Que nulz
Coriers faice coroies estoffdes de plonc
d'estain sur I'amende de la ville.' In a
record of A. D. 1365 mention is made
'comme Willemet Cotenchi corier eust
plusieurs chozes et hostiz (outils) de son
mestier de correrie, qui par justice avoient
dt^ mises en garde k Hesdin.' 'Jehan
le Doys sainturier et courroier.' — Rec.
A. D. 1456 in Carp. From corier was
formed e. coriour, a tanner, the term by

192

CURSE

which Wickliff describes the trade of
Simon in Acts, ix. x., answering to cori-
arius in the Vulgate. Coryowre, corianus,
cerdo.— Pr. Pm. :,, j 1,.

On the other hand, we hardly doubt
that the verb to c7irry or dress leather is
from Fr. corroyer, conroyer, or with the
close vowel of the Norman dialect cou-
rier, signifying generally to dress or pre-
pare materials, to set in order for some
particular application, and specially to
dress leather, corium subigere, polire ;
conroyeur, corroyeur, a currier or leather-
dresser, artisan qui donne aux cuirs la
dernifere preparation.— Trev. Piaus de
moutons que I'on appele piaus de Damas,
conrees en alun : dressed with alum.—
Joinville cited by Marsh. I curry leather :
je courroie. — Palsgr. ^

Other applications mentioned m Tre-
voux are topuddhng clay forholding water,
dressing of timber, forging of iron. O Fr.
corroi, dressing of leather, order of battle.
Sp. conrear, to dress wool. It. corredare,
to rig or furnish a ship, to trim a bride.
The ultimate origin is the figure of setting
in order from the root rod, row, line,
whence Du. rooi, and E. row, order, rank.
See Ready, Array.

It is a strong proof that the verb to
curry is from Fr. corroyer and not from
the OE. coriour, in that it is not confined
to the sense of dressing leather, but like
the Fr. verb is used for dressing the coat
of a horse.

Li vilains son roncin atorne,
Et frote et conroie et estrille.

Fab. et Contes, 3. 198.
Reoeurent les destrers e les forz mulz amblanz
A les osteus les meinent conreer gentement.
Travels of Charlemagne cited by Marsh.

In the latter example the verb is used in
the general sense of taking care of.

A currycomb is a comb for dressing
the coats of horses.

To curry favour is a proverbial ex-
pression corrupted from 'curry Favel,'
Fr. etriller Fauveau, to curry the chest-
nut horse. ' Tel dtrille Fauveau que puis
le mord, the ungrateful jade bites him
that does him good. — Cot. G. den Falben
streichen, den falben Hengst streichen
(literally to rub down the chestnut), to
flatter, cajole. — Kiittn. Curryfavell, a
flatterer : estrille-fauveau. — Palsgr. It
was usual to make a proper name of the
colour of a horse, and to speak of the
animal as Bayard, Dun, Lyard (Fr. Hart,
grey), Ball (whitefaced), Favel (Fr. Fau-
veau, from fauve, fallow), and any of
these was taken proverbially for horse in

CURTSY

general. 'Dun is in the mire.' 'Whoso
bold as blind Bayard ? '
The knyght or squier on that other side
Or the man that hath in pees or in werre
Dispent with his lorde his bloode, but he hide^
The trouthe, and cory favelle, he not the ner is
His lordes grace. — Occleve, De regimine princi-
pum, p. 189.
When the meaning of Favel in the
proverb was no longer understood, the
sense was made up by the substitution of
favour.

Curse. Sw. kors (cross) ! interjection,
as Fr. mon dieu ! bon dieu ! AS. corsian,
to execrate by the sign of the cross. E.
Fris. kriiiis, the cross ; kriiiisken, kriiii-
zigen, to curse. — Stiirenberg. In Fr. we
find sacrer used both in the senses of
consecrating or execrating. An appeal
to the Deity is made in both cases, but
in the one case he is called on to execute
vengeance on the devoted object, in the
other it is offered to his gracious accept-
ance. So ON. biota, to consecrate and to
curse.

Curst. Ill-tempered, cross-grained.
' Kate the curst.' OE. crus, wrathful. —
Havelok, 1966. The familiar crusty, ill-
tempered, may perhaps be a metaphor
from the rugged surface of crust, but it
is by no means certain that it is not an
ofi"shoot from the stem to which belong
OE. crus, curst, Fr. courroux. It. corntc-
cio, curccio, wrath. In a passage of the
treatise called ' Deadly Sins,' cited by
Dr R. Morris, the earlier version, the
Cursor Mundi, has crustful, which is
replaced by ireful in the later version.
* Curt. Lat. curtus, short, stumpy.
Curtain. Mid. Lat. cortina, a small
inclosed court or yard, ' Domuncula mi-
nor cum cortind, vineS., &c.' Hence the
name seems to have been given to the
curtains or hangings by which a smaU in-
closure was made round an altar or
chapel in a church or a bed in a cham-
ber. ' Cortina est ornamentum Ecclesia-
rum vel tabernaculorum, sicut vela depic-
ta,quEe in lateribus altarium suspenduntur
ne sacerdos aspectu circumstantium con-
fundatur.' — Breviloquium in Due.

Curtal. — Curtail. From Fr. court,
short, with a modification of the termina-
tion ard (seen in Bayard, dastard, drunk-
ard), is formed courtault, courtaut. Mid.
Lat. curtaldus, E. curtal, having a docked
tail. To curtail is a different word, from
court tailler, to cut short.

Curtsy. Fr. courtiser, to court, enter-
tain with all compliments or offices of
respect and observance ; courtoisie, cour-
tesy, civility,— Cot. But I am inclined to

CURVE

believe that the word fundamentally sig-
nifies to cross oneself, put oneself into the
reverent position of those who make the
sign of the cross. It is commonly pro-
nounced ciirchy, and in Pembrokeshire a
girl is told to make her crutch or curch.
I croutche, I make humble reverence. —
PsJsgr. It. far croce, star colle braccia
in croce, to cross the arms on the breast
(often joined with bowing or kneeling), as
an attitude of reverence — La Crusca ;
riverenza, a curtsy or bending to another
with the knee. — Fl. Faire reverence d.,
to arise, give place, make courtesie, vaile
bonnet unto ; to solicit with cap and
knee. — Cot.

Curve. See Curb.

Curvet. Fr. courbette, the prancings
of a managed horse, in which he bends
his body together and springs out.

-cuse. Lat. causa, matter in question,
suit at law, something laid to the charge
of one. Hence accuso, to bring a charge
against one ; excuse, to relieve one from
a charge ; recuso, to refuse, to say no to
the matter in question.

CusMon. Fr. coussin: It. coscino,
cuscino. G. kiissen, ON. koddi, a cushion.
See Cod.

-cuss-. Lat. quatio, quassum, in 'comp.
-cutio, -cussum, to shake, strike, shatter.
Hence concussion, percussion.

Custard. A corruption of the obsolete
crustade, a dish which appears in the bills
of fare of the 14th century, and was com-
posed of some kind of stew served up in
a raised crust. In a bill of fare of a cen-
tury later mention is made of a blaunche
custade. — Wright, Hist, of Domestic
Manners, 355. ^Custade costable when
eggs and crayme be geason.' — Babees
Book, 170.

Custody. Lat. custodiaj custos, a
guard, keeper.

Custom. It. costume, Fr. coustume,
coutume. Sp. costumbre, from consuetudo,
consuetudinis, through the medium, as
Diez supposes,of a softened formfo/zj»^^«-
inen. So from mansuetudo, Sp. mansed-
umbre. Port, mansedume.

Cut. I. Sw. dial, kata, to cut small,

to work in wood, to whittle, kata ur, to
hollow out ; ON. kuta, to cut ; N. kutte,
to cut off ; Sw. dial, kuta, kytti, a knife ;
kutts, a bit ; w. cwtt, catt, a little piece, a

CYNIC

193

cut, a gobbet ; cwt, a short tail ; cwttogi,
to curtail, abridge. Turk, kaf, a cutting,
kat'et, to cut ; kifa, a piece, a segment.

2. A term of abuse for a woman. See
Cotquean.

Cuticle. Lat. ctttis, the skin.

Cutlas. — Curtal-axe. It. coltello and
the augmentative coUellaccio become in
the Venetian dialect cortelo, a Icnife, and
cortelazo, a pruning-knife or bill. Hence
the OE. courtelas, and with that striving
after meaning, which is so frequent a
cause of corruption, curtal-axe. Fr.
coutelas, a cuttelas or courtelas, or short
sword. — Cot.

Cutler. Fr. coutelier, a maker of
knives, from couteau, formerly written
cousteau, coulteau. It. coltello, Venet. cor-
telo, a knife, the r of which last has per-
haps passed into the s of cousteau. But
this is not necessary, as an example of
the same change in the opposite direction
is seen in the OFr. coultre, for coustre, a
sexton, from custos.

Lat. culler, cultellus, w. cyllel, a knife.

Cutlet. Fr. cotelette, dim. from cdte,
rib, side, coast, from Lat. casta, a rib.

Cuttle-flsli. Fr. cornet, a sea-cut or
cuttle-fish. — Cot. Du. see-katte, w. 7nor-
gylleil, the sea-knife, from the knife or
feather-shaped bone contained in its body.
In some parts of France it is called cous-
teau de mer. Cousteau, the principal
feather in a hawk's wing, termed by our
falconers cut or cuttie. — Cot.

Cycle, Aperiodic space of time. Gr.
kvkKoq, a circle.

Cyclopaedia. Gr. KWKXoTraiJtia (kvkXos,
a circle, irmSiia, instruction), a complete
round of information.

Cygnet. Lat. cygnus, cycnus, Fr.
cygne, a swan.

Cylinder. Lat. cylindrus, Gr. KvXivSpog,
from Kv\ivda, to roll.

Cymbal, Gr. KvfifidKov, a cymbal ;
KVji^oq, a cavity, hollow vessel, goblet.
From an imitation of the sound of strik-
ing a hollow object. Compare Gr. iconTrm,
to clank; Fin. kopina, the sound of a
blow, kopano, a hollow tree, sounding hol-
low when struck. Lat. campana, a bell ;
Alb. kembone, a cattle-bell.

Cynic. Lat. cynicus, from Gr. Kvav,
KvvoQ, a dog ; kvvik'oq, like a dog, belong-
ing to a dog. •

13

194

DABBLE

DADE

D

To Dabble. — Dab. Dabble, daddle,
daggle, and wabble, waddle, waggle, are
parallel series formed on a similar plan,
and all apparently representing in the
first instance the agitation or dashing of
liquid matters. The sense is then extend-
ed to the dashing of wet or even solid
things, and thence to a separate portion
of a substance more or less coherent, so
much as is thrown down at once. ODu.
dabbelen. Norm, dauber (H^richer), to
tramp in the mire ; dabbelen, dabben, to
bemire. — Bigl. Sc. dub, a puddle. In
the sense of dashing or giving a smart
push —

He gart the loon's hehd cry dab amo' the yird.
He dabbit the loon's nose amo' the dubs. Dai
your hehd doon. — Banff. Gl.

Norm, dauber, to bang. ' La.-porte daube.'
A dab of dirt is a lump of dirt thrown
and sticking where it falls. The word is
specially applied to a lump of something
moist or soft, and hence to dab, to touch
with something moist. See Daddle, Dad, 2.
The notion of a smart push is some-
times specialised to a prick or thrust with
a pointed instrument.

He keepit a dabban. o't doon intil a hole.

Banff. Gl.

To dab or daub, to prick, to peck as birds.
■ — Jam. To dab in some parts of England
is used, as dibble in others, for making
holes in a furrow with a pointed instru-
ment for the planting of seed. The notion
of striking is more general in Fr. dauber,
to beat, drub, thresh, and in E. dab-hand,
one who does a thing off hand, at a single
blow. So Lang, tapa, to strike, to do a
thing skilfully and quickly. — Diet. Castr.
Dabohiok.— Dobohiok. Yr. plongeon,
Norm. ^a«(5« (H^richer), the lesser grebe,
takes the foregoing names from its habit
of constantly dabbing or bobbing under
water.

The diving dobchick here among the rest you see,
Now up, now down again, that hard it is to prove
Whether under water most it Uveth or above.

, Drayton.

Norm, dauber, to dive. Dan. dobbe, Du.
dobber, a float ; dobberen, to rise and fall
with the wave. — Halma.

Dad. yj. tad, Lap. dadda (in child-
ren's language), father. Almost as uni-
versally spread as Baba or Papa.

Dad, 2. — Dawd. This is a word pre-
cisely analogous to dab. It is used in the
first instance to represent the sound of a
blow. Dad, a blow, a thump — Hal. ;
dad, daud, to thrash, dash, drive forcibly.
— Jam. ' He dadded to the door,' slam-
med it to. ' He fell with a dad.' Also,
to throw mire so as to bespatter, to dawb.
Hence dad, dawd (as dab, dabbet, above),
a large piece, a lump, lunch. Swiss ddtsch,
smack, sound of a blow ; datsch, dotsch,
smack, blow with something broad, broad
lump of something soft. See Daddle.

Daddock, dadick, rotten wood, is the
dim. of the above. It signifies wood in
a state in which you can pick it bit from
bit. Hence dadacky, decayed, tasteless.

Daddle. In low language, the hand.
Tip us your daddies, shake hands. Hesse,
datsche, a paw or hand, in a contemptuous
sense ; Westerwald, tatschgeii,patschgen,
a hand (in children's lang.), from dats-
cheln, tatschen, tdtscheln, to paddle with
the hands, to handle improperly. Tatsch
hand (Sanders), Pl.D. patsche, patsch
hand, the hand, to children. The radical
meaning of daddle, of G. datscheln, tats-
cheln, as well as the synonymous paddle,
patschebi, is to dabble in the wet. Sc.
daddle, daidle, to draggle, bedabble one's
clothes, do work in a slovenly way. To
daddle and drink, to be continually tip-
pling, as to paddle in Devon to take too
much drink. — Hal. Then, perhaps from
the wavering of an agitated liquid, to
daddle is to walk unsteadily like a child,
to waddle. — Grose. In the same way to
daddle, to walk with difficulty, like a
child or an old person. — Atkinson. Hess.
datteln, daddeln, dotteln, doddeln, to tod-
dle, to walk unsteadily, to stagger.

To Dade. — Dading-strings. To dade
is applied to the first vacillating steps of
a child. To dade a child, to teach him
to walk ; dading-strings, NE. paddling-
strings, strings by which he is held up
while beginning to dade or paddle ; lead-
ing-strings.
Which nourished , and brought up at her most

plenteous pap,
No sooner brought to dade, but from her mo-
ther trips —
But eas'ly from her source as Isis gently dades.

Drayton.

We have seen that the primary sense

DAFFODIL

of daddle is to dabble or paddle in the
wet, then to waddle or walk imperfectly
like a child.. And as wade is related to
waddle, so is dade to daddle.

Daffodil. Corrupted from Lat. aspho-
delus. Fr. asphodile, aphrodille, the
daflfodill, affodill, or asphodill ilower. — '
Cot.

Dag. — Dagger. The syllable dag or
dig, like dab or dib, represents a sudden
thrust, then the instrument with which
the thrust is given, or anything of simi-
lar form. Bret, dagi, to stab ; OE. dag,
to pierce.
Derfe dyntys they dalte with daggande sperys.
Morte Aithure in Hal.

Fr. dague. It. daga, E. dagger, a short
stabbing weapon. OE. dag, a small pro-
jecting stump of a tree, a sharp sudden
pain. — Hal. Dag is then a projecting
point, a jag, and specially the jags or
slashing with which garments were orna-
mented.

So much dagging of sheres with the super-
fluity in lengthe of ^ the foresaide gounes. —
Chaucer.

Dagge of cloth, fractillus. — Pr.' Pm. Da-
gon, a slice. ' A dagon of your blanket,
leve dame.'— Ch. Daglets, icicles, or
jags of ice. Dag-locks, clotted locks
hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail.
Fin. takku, a shaggy fleece, takku-willa,
dag-wool, takkuinen, matted, shaggy,
dagged. OE. dag-swain, a bed-covering
of shaggy material.

Some dagswaynes have long thrumys (fractil-
los) 'and jags on bothe sydys, some but on one. —
Herman in. Way.

To Daggle. To trail in the dirt, to
run like a child ; daggly, wet, showery.
— Hal. To ^i?^^, to sprinkle with water;
dagged, wet, bedaggled.— Atkinson. Sw.
dial, dagg, a sup or small portion of liquid;
Da. dugge, bedugge, to bedew ; Devon.
dugged, dugged tealed, daggletailed.

Formed on a plan analogous to dabble
or daddle, and signifying in the first in-
stance working in something wet. The
place of the liquid is transposed in Bav.
dalken, to work in wet or pasty mate-
rials, to work unskilfully ; verdalken, to
besmear, bedaggle ; dalket, doughy,
clammy, awkward ; Hesse dalgen, to
handle improperly, to paw. A like trans-
position is seen in dabble and dallop,
wabble and wallop, in G. schwappeln, to
splash, and Swiss schwaipen, to sway to
and fro, and many other cases.

Dail— Dale. A trough m which the
water runs from the pump over the decks
of a ship.— B. The course of develop-

DAIRY

19s

ment seems as follows, w. twll, Bret.
toull, a hole, cavity; Pol. dol, a pit. Then
a hollow where water collects, a sink,
gully, di-ain, gutter, spout.

Swiss dole, a pit, hollow, sink, drain ;
OHG. dola, cloaca, fistula ; Fr. dalle, a
sewer or pit whereinto the washings and
other such ordure of houses are conveyed
— Cot. ; in Normandy a spout or channel
to void water by. — Roquefort. Sp. dala,
the pump-dale of a ship. ON. dcel, a de-
pression, dcela, a bucket for drawing
water from a well, a sea-pump.

Dainty, w. dant, a tooth ; dantaidd
(as E. toothsome), dainty, delicate. Bav.
ddntsch, a delicacy, ddntschig, dainty,
nice in eating ; NE. danch, s. s. OE.
daunch, donch, fastidious, over-nice. —
Hal.

Dairy. — Dey. The dey was a servant
in husbandry, mostly a female, whose
duty was to make cheese and butter,
attend to the calves and poultry and other
odds and ends of the farm. The de7y,
deyty, or dairy, was the department as-
signed to her. 'A deye, androchius,
androchea (for androgynus, either man or
woman), genatarius, genetharia ; a derye,
androchiarium, bestiarium, genetheum
Ifox gynecceu7n, the woman's apartment,
place where the weaving was done).' — ■
Cath. Ang. in Way. ' Caseale, a dey-
hozise where cheese is made.' — Elyot in
Hal. In Gloucestershire a dairy is still
so called. In the 37 Edw. III., ,A.D.
1363, are classed together 'bovers, vach-
ers, porchers, deyes et touz autres gar-
deirez des bestes,' the word deyes being
translated in the English version deyars
or dairy -men, and in 12 Rich. II. deye
and deyrie, woman. .

The duties of the dey are mentioned by
Neccham.

Assit et androgia que gallinis ova supponat et
anseribus acera substeraat ; que agnellos morbi-
dos in su^ teneritate lactefoveat alieno. Vitulos
autem et subrumos ablactatos inclusos teneat in
pargulo juxta fenile, &c.

The milking of the cows and feeding
the weanlings by hand would naturally
fall to the same attendant, and hence the
origin of the name as rightly pointed out
by Jamieson. Dan. dagge, to feed with
foreign milk ; dceggebarn, a nurse child ;
dcEggehorn, a feeding-bottle.

Sw. doeggja, dia, to give suck ; dej'a^a.
dairy-maid. N. deia, deigja, generally sig-
nifies a maidservant ; budeia {bu, cattle),
one who looks after the cattle, milkmaid ;
rakstadeie, woman engaged to rake hay,
haymaker; reiddeia, housemaid, woman
13 »

196 DAIS

whose business is to look after and set
the house to rights. ON. deigja, a maid
servant, female slave, a concubine. Pol.
doU, to milk cows, &c., dojka, a dairy-
maid, dojarnica, a dairy ; Bohem. doiti,
to milk or give milk ; dogka, a wet-nurse,
nurse-maid.

Dais. Fr. Dais or daiz, a cloth of
estate, canopy or heaven that stands over
the heads of Princes' thrones ; also the
whole state or seat of estate. — Cot. OFr.
dais, deis, a table, from discus. ' A curt
esterras, e k mun deis tuz jurs mangeras.'
■ — L. des Rois. ' Un jor seeit al maistre
deis:' one day he (the king) sat at the
principal table or high dease. — Chron.
Norm. The name was then transferred
to the raised step on which the high table
was placed, or the canopy over it.

Daisy. Day's eye. as. dages
That well by reason men it call may
The deisie or els the eye of the day.

Chaucer in R .

Dale. — Dell. w. twll, a hole, pit,
dimple, — mwn, a mine-shaft ; Bret, ioull,
a hole or cavity ; Pol. dol, bottom, pit ;
dolek, a little pit or hole, socket of the
eye, dimple ; dolina, valley ; Bohem.
dul, a pit, shaft in a mine, dulek, a de-
pression, pock-mark, dolina, a valley.
Goth, dal, a valley, gulf, pit ; G. thai, a
valley. Dan. dal, a valley, dcel, a de-
pression ; E. dale, a valley, dell, a depres-
sion in a hill-side. The E. had also a
diminutive corresponding to the Slavonic
dolek J ' dalke, vallis.' — Pr. Pm. Delk, a
small cavity in the body or in the soil. —
Forby. ' Le fosset oue col, dalke in the
neck.' — Bibelsworth in Way.

Dallop. To dallop, to paw, toss or
tumble about carelessly ; dallop, a slat-
tern, a trollop (Forby), a clumsy and
shapeless mass. — Hal. N. dolp, a lump,
a hanging bob. w. talp, a lump.

The sense of a shapeless lump is often
connected with that of paddling or dab-
bling, as in dab and dabble, dad or dawd
and daddle. And the sense of over-hand-
ling follows close on that of dabbling
with wet things. ON. ddlpa or damla, to
paddle or row softly ; Hesse dalgeii, del-
j>en, dalmen, to paw or handle overmuch ;
to dallop, to over-nurse. — Whitby. Gl.
Dallop is in fact related to dabble as
wallop to wabble, or Hess, dalgen to E.
daggle.

To Dally. The radical sense seems
to be to talk imperfectly like a child, then
to act like a child, trifle, loiter. G. dah-
len, dallen, to stammer, tattle, trifle.
' Wer lehrt den Psittacum unser wort

DAM

dallen .?'— Sanders. ' Die tunge lallt und
/a///.'— Deutsch. Mund. 4- 188. 'Alte
leute muss man dalen lassen.' — Schmeller.
G. dial, dalejt, to speak or act childishly,
to trifle, toy, dawdle — D. M. 3. 418 ; dol-
len, tdlen, to play, work without earnest-
ness.— 4. 188. To dwallee or dwaule, to
talk incoherently. — Exmoor Scolding.
Dalyyn or talkyn, fabulor, coUoquor ;
dalyaunce, confabulacio. — Pr. Pm. Pl.D.
dwalen, to jest, sport, act irrationally ;
dwalse, a simpleton.

The word seems to arise from a mock-
ing imitation of senseless chatter by syl-
lables without meaning, like fal-lal-la !
ta-la-la ! tilly vally ! or tilly fally ! dilly-
dally ! G. lari fari ! Fr. tarare ! Lang,
ta-ta-ta ! interjections intimating one's
contempt for what is said. In parts of
Germany childish behaviour in a grown
person is jeered by a rigmarole beginning
with tillum tallum, tille talle, or tall-tall.
— D. M. 3. 414. Bav. dilledelle, delle-
melle, a simpleton.

Dam. — Dame. Lat. domina, It. dama,
Fr. dame, a lady. From being used as a
respectful address to women it was ap-
plied, KaT i^oxriv, to signify a mother, as
sire to a father.

Enfant qui craint ni pere ni mere

Ne peut que bien ne le comperre.

For who that dredith sire ne dame

Shall it abie in bodie or name. — R. R. 5887.

— And fykel tonge hure syre
Amendeswas hure dame. — P. P. in R,
Faithlesse, forsworn, ne goddesse was thy dam.
Nor Dardanus beginner of thy race. — Surry in R.

Subsequently these terms were confined
to the male and female parents of ani-
mals, especially of horses.

Dam. A word of far-spread connec-
tions with much modification of form and
sense. The fundamental signification is
the notion of stopping up, preventing the
flow of a liquid. Qoih. faur-dammjan,
to shut up, obstruct, hinder ; Pol. tamo-
wai!, to stop, staunch, obstruct, dam ;
iama, a dam, dike, causeway, on. dam-
nir, Dan. dam, a fish pond. OSw.
damfn, a dam. Bav. damn, daumb, taum,
Fr. tampon, iapon, the wad of a gun ;
Bav. daumen, verdaumben, Fr. taper, to
ram down, to stop the loading from fall-
ing out. Here we are brought to a root
tap instead of tarn, and it will be seen
that the change might as easily take place
from tap through tamp to tarn, as in the
opposite direction from tarn to tap. The
evidence preponderate? in favour of the
originality of the latter form. The idea
of stopping up an orifice is naturally ex-

DAMAGE

pressed by a word signifying a tuft or
bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, bouchon, a
cork, from OFr. bousche, a handful or
bunch ; dtouffer, to stop the breath, from
touffe, a tuft, lock of hair, clump of trees.
Now the Sw. tapp, a bunch, has precisely

thesignificationrequired. Hotapp, halm-
tapp, a wisp of hay or straw ; tapp-wis,
by handfuls. Then, from a bunch of
fibrous matter being used in stopping an
orifice, tapp, a bung, tap, plug. Hence
tappa, to stop a hole, to staunch, and in
a wider sense to shut, shut up ; tappa et

aker, to inclose a field.

Lap. tappet, to shut, to stop ; tappa
ukseb, shut the door ; tappalet, to have
the breath stopped, to be suffocated,
tappaltak, the asthma ; Sw. and-tcBppa,
shortness of breath, asthma {ande, breath).

Lang, tap, a cork, tapa, tampa, to stop,
shut, shut up, inclose, surround ; se tampa
las aourelios, to stop one's ears ; tampa
uno porta, to shut a door ; tainpos, shut-
ters.— Diet. Castr. Tampo, a tank or
reservoir. — Diet. Lang. CsX. tap, a cork,
bung ; tapa, the sluice of a mill ; tapar,
to stop, cover, conceal ; taparse el eel, to
become covered (of the sky) ; tapat (of
the sky or atmosphere), close.

Ptg. tapar, to stop a hole, to cover ;
tapado, stopped up, fenced in, thick,
close-wrought, tapada, a park, taparse,
to darken, grow dark, taptilho, a stopper,
tampam., a cover, lid of a box ; Sp. tapar,
to stop up, choke, cover, conceal ; tapon,
cork, plug, bung. Fr. tappn, tampon, E.
tampion, tamkin, tomkin,, a stopple for a
cannon.

It wiU be seen that the Lang, form
tampo j a tank, cistern, or reservoir (un-
doubtedly from the root tap), agrees ex-
actly with the OSw. dampn, a dam or
pond ; kropp-dampn, a cistern at the top
of a building. — Ihre.

Samage. Lat. damnatio, Prov. damp-
natge, Fr. dommage.

Ut ei nemo contrarietatem vel damnationcm
adversus eum facereprsesumat.^Ep. Car. Mar-
tel.in Due.

Damask. Fr. damasguinj because
figured silks, linen, &c., were imported
from Damascus.

Damn, -demn. Lat. dammcm, loss,
injury ; damno (in comp. -demno), to con-
demn.

To Damp. It is impossible to sepa-
rate to damp, signifying to check the
vital energies, suppress, subdue, from
dam, to stop the flow of water by a phy-
sical obstacle. The fundamental idea in

DAMP

197

both cases is the notion of stopping an
orifice, and the two senses are not always
distinguished by different modes of spell-
ing. The Pol. tamowad signifies to dam,,
to stop, to stop the breath, to check, to
restrain. Lang, tapofam, literally, stop-
hunger, a damper or hunch of meat to
damp the appetite at the beginning of a
meal. — Diet. Castr. It is probably from
the notion of stopping the breath that the
figurative senses of the verb to damp are
chiefly derived. Sw. and-tceppa, short-
ness of breath ; Lap. tappalet, to be suf-
focated, from Sw. tcEppa, Lap. tappet, to
stop. OHG. temphen, bedemphen, G. ddmp-
fen, to sufi"oeate, choke, smother ; ddmpf-
leinchen, a cord to hang one, halter — •
Adelung ; damp/, shortness of breath,

dampfig, Du. dempig, dampig, short-
winded.

Then as the breath is the common
symbol of life, to stop the breath is the
most natural expression for putting an
end to life, extinguishing, depressing,
quelling. G. ddmpfen, Du. dempen, Sw.,
dampa, to extinguish a light, and also in
a figurative sense to repress, to damp.
G. aufruhr ddmpfen, to suppress a tu-
mult ; die ddmpfung der liiste, the
mortification of lusts. — Kiittn. Sw.
dampa sina begarelsen, to stifle one's
passions.

In the south of Germany ddmmen is
used in the same way ; das feuer, pein
ddmmen, to damp the fire, to still pain ;
Bav. demmen, ddmen, to restrain, quell,

extinguish, tame. ' Dajnen, domare,'
' AUe irrung nieder zu driicken und zu
ddmmen,' ' Glut demmen und loschen.'
— Schmeller.

Here we are brought to a point at
which Gr. Sajiau, Lat. domare, Dan.
tcemme, to tame, would seem to break
in, as parallel modifications of the same
root. Compare Dan. tcemme sine leden-
skaber, to curb one's passions (Repp.),
with Sw. dampa sina begarelser, above
cited ; Lat. domare iracundias.

Damp, I . The sense of vapour, steam,
smoke, expressed by the G. dainpf, Du.
damp, demp, domp, may have arisen in
two ways. The G. </fl»z^ signifies short
wind, dampfig, breathing with difficulty,
and, as the designation of a phenomenon
is commonly taken from the most exag-
gerated manifestation of it, the term may
have been applied in the first instance to
the breath, and thence to exhalation,
steam, smoke. Bav. dampf, contemptu-

198 DAMSEL

ously, the breath.— Schm. Or the de-
signation may have been taken from
regarding smoke, dust, vapour, steam, as
suffocating, stifling, choking agents. Sw.
damb, dust. The G. dampf is explained
by Adelung ' any thick smoke, mist, or
vapour, especially when it is of sulphure-
ous nature,' where the reference to the
idea of suffocation is obvious. Compare
Dan. qucBle, to suffocate, choke, with G.
qualm, vapour, smoke. In the choke-
damp of our mines there is a repetition
of the element signifying suffocation
added to supply the loss of that meaning
in the E. damp.

2. The sense of moisture expressed by
the Du. and E. damp is probably to be
explained from the connection of close-
ness and suffocation with dampness or
moisture. Cat. tapat, of the sky or
air, covered, close ; Sw. et tapt rum, a
close room, room with no vent for the
air ; Du. bedo7npt, stifling, close, con-
fined ; bedompt huis, maison mal percde,
obscure, humide ; bedompt, dompig, or
dampig weer, dark and damp weather. —
Halma. G. i^a/zz;)/^, musty, damp. The
idea of what is light, airy, and open on
the one hand, is opposed to what is dark,
close, and damp on the other, and hence
damp, signifying in the first place close
and confined, has passed on to designate
the humidity associated with closeness.

Damsel. Fr. demoiselle ; It. dami-
gella, dim. of dama, a lady, from Lat.
domina.

Damson. — Dam^ascene. A kind of
plum. Mod. Or. Sa/iaaicrivov, a plum.

Dance. Fr. daiiser, G. tanzen, Dan.
dandse. The original meaning was doubt-
less to stamp, in which sense danse,
dandse is still used in South Denmark. —
Outzen. So in Lat. ' pedibus plaudere
choreas,' ' alterno terram pede quatere.'
Glosses of 1418, quoted by Schmellerj
render applaudebant by tanzten mil den
hennden. Dan. dzindse, to' thump ; Sw.
dunsa, to fall heavily ; Du. donsen, pugno
sive typhas clava in dorso percutere.— Kil.

A like connection is seen between as.
ttimbiait, to dance, and Pl.D. dumpen, to
stamp ; Devonsh. dump, to knock heavily,
to stump ; also a kind of dance. — Hal.

Dandelion. Fr. dent de lion, lion's
tooth, from the leaves with tooth-like,
jags directed backwards compared to a
lion's jaw.

^o Dandle. — Dandy. Dandle is a
nasalised form of daddle, which with
many allies signifies movement to and fro.
E. didder, dodder, to shake ; Sc. diddle,

DANGER

to shake or jog; diddle-daddle, trifling
activity, great activity with little result
(moving to and fro). — Banff. Gl. Fr.
dodiner, to rock, shake, shog, wag up and
down; dandiner, to sway the body to and
fro ; dodeliner, to rock or jog up and
down, to dandle ; dondeliner, to wag the
head ; It. dondolare, to dandle a child, to
rock or dangle in the air, to loiter or
idle ; dondola, a toy, a child's playing
baby. — Fl. To dandle signifies in the
first instance to toss or rock an infant,
thence to toy, play, trifle.

King Henry's ambassadors into France having
been dandled by the French during these delusive
practices, returned without other fruit of their
labours. — Speed in R.

G. tdndeln, to trifle, toy, loiter, tdndel-
schiirze, a short apron more for show
than for use ; kleider-tand, ostentation in
dress.

In like manner may be explained the
Sc. dandilly and E. dandy, applied to
what is made a toy of, used for play and
not for working-day life, finely dressed,
ornamental, showy.

And he has married a dandilly wife,
She wadna shape nor yet wad she sew,
But sit wi' her cummers and fill hersel fu'.

Jam.

A dandy is probably first a doll, then
a finely-dressed person. Dandy-cock
(quasi toy-cock), a bantam. — Hal.

Dandruff. I5ret. tan, tin, Fr. teigne,
scurf. W. ton, skin, crust ; marwdon,
dead skin, dandruff. Perhaps the w.
drwg, bad, evil, may form the conclusion
of the E. word dandruff, as if dondrwg,
the bad crust or scab.

Danger. Mid. Lat. davmum was used
to signify a fine imposed by legal author-
ity. The term was then elliptically ap-
plied to the limits over which the right
of a Lord to the fines for territorial of-
fences extended, and then to the inclosed
field of a proprietor, by the connection
which one sees so often exemplified in
Switzerland at the present day, — ' En-
trance forbidden under penalty of 10 fr.'
' Si quis caballum in damnum suum in-
venerit.' — Leges Luitprand in Due. 'Ex-
ceptis averiis in alieno damno inventis.'
— Mag. Chart. 'Dici poterit quod averia
capta fuerant in loco certo in damno suo,
vel in prato vel alibi in suo separali.' —
Fleta. In this sense the word was often
rendered _ dommage in Fr. ' Animalia
in damnis dictorum fratrum inventa' —
' bestes trouvdes prinses en domage' —
Monast. Ang. in Due. ' Qu'en dommaige
et en sa garenne le poulain au charreton

DANGLE

trouva.' — 'Cent nouv. nouv. Damage
then acquired the sense of trespass, in-
trusion into the close of another, as in the
legal phrase da7nage feasant, whence Fr.
damager, to distrain or seize cattle found
in trespass. ' Comme Estienne Lucat
sergent de Macies eust prinst et dom-
mag^ une jument.' — Carpent.

From this verb was apparently formed

the abstract domigeriiiin, signifying the

power of exacting a damnum or fine for

trespass. ' Sub domigerio alicujus aut

manu esse.' — Bracton. Then as damage

is written damge in the laws of W. the

Conqueror, the forej^oing domigerium

and the corresponding Fr. domager or

damager would pass into damger, danger,

the last of which is frequently found in

the peculiar sense of damnum and dom-

■mage above explained. ' En ladite terre

et ou dangier dudit sire trouva certaines

bestes desdis habitans. Icelles bestes se

boutferent en un dangier, ou paturage

defendu.' — Carp. A. D. 1373.

Narcissus was a baohflere

That Love had caught in his daungere

(had caught trespassing in his close)

And in his nette gan him so straine. — R. R.

The term danger was equally applied
to the right of exacting a fine for breach
of territorial rights, or to the fine or the
rights themselves, and the officer whose
duty it was to look after rights of such
a nature was called sergent dangereux.
' Esquels bois nous avons droits de dan-
ger, c'est assavoir que toutes et quante-
foiz que aucunes bestes seront trouv^es
esdis bois, elles seront confisqudes a nous
• — Robert le fort notre sergent dangereux
advisa de loing icelles brebis.' — a.D. 1403,
in Carp. To be in the danger of any
one, estre en son danger, came to signify
to be subjected to any one, to be in his
power or liable to a penalty to be inflicted
by him or at his suit, and hence the ordi-
nary acceptation of the word at the pre-
sent day. ' In danger of the judgment —
in danger of Hell-fire.'

As the penalty might frequently be
avoided by obtaining the licence of the
person possessed of the right infringed,
the word was applied to such licence, or
to exactions made as the price of per-
mission. ' Dangeria (sunt) quando bosci
non possunt vendi sine licentia regis, et
tunc ibi habet decimura denarium.' 'Ju-
dicatum est quod Johannes de Nevilla
miles non potest vendere boscos suos de
Nevilla sine licentia et dangerio regis.'
— Judgment A.D. 1269. ' Concedo turn
ipsis quam aliis personis coUegii liberum

DANK

199

molere — et id facere absque dangerio vel
exactione qualibet tenebitur in futurum
molendinarius molendini.' — Chart. A.D.
1 3 10, in Carp. The word then passed on
both in Fr. and E. to signify difficulties
about giving permission or complying
with a request, or to absolute refusal.
' Et leur commanderent que si la roine
fesait dangier qvuQ ils la sachassent (chas-
sassent) k force hors de I'eglise.' ' Comme
le tavernier faisoit dangier ou difficult^
de ce faire.' — Carpentier.

With danger uttren we all our chaffare,
Gret prees at market maketh dere ware,
And to gret chepe is holden at litel prise ;
This knoweth every woman that is wise.
W. of Bath.

i.e. we make difficulties about uttering
our ware.

I trow I love him bet for he

Was of his love so dangerous to me. — lb.

And thus the martial Erie of Mar

Marcht with his men in richt array — ■

Without all danger or delay

Came haistily to the Harlaw.

Battle of Harlaw.
. To Bangle. The syllables ding dong
represent loud penetrating sounds as
those of bells or of repeated blows. — Fl.
Thence E. dial, dang, to throw down or
strike with violence ; Sw. danga, to bang,
thump, knock at a door ; Sc. ding, to
beat, strike, drive, throw ; to ding on, to
attack with violence. Ding dong is used
adverbially to represent repeated blows ;
dingle-dangle, for the motion of a thing
swaying to and fro. ON. ddngla, to
beat, to dangle or sway to and fro. Sw.
dial, dangla, to swing, to totter, saunter ;

dangla, dingla, to dangle. Comp. daske,
to.slap, also to dangle, bob, flap.

Dank. Synonymous with damp, as
syllables ending in mp or mb frequently
interchange with nk or ng. Thus we
have It. cambiare and cangiare, E. dimble
and dingle. Probably the two forms
have come down together from a high anti-
quity. We have seen that damp, moist,
is derived from the notion of closeness,
stopping up, covering, expressed by the
root tap, tamp, dam, while parallel with
tap, tamp, are a series of equivalent
forms, in which the/ is exchanged for a
c, k. Sp. taco, a tap, stopple, ram-rod ;
Cat. tancar, parallel with Lang, tampa,
to shut, stop, enclose, fence ; tancar la
porta, Lang, tampa uno porta, to shut -or
fasten the door; Port, tanque, Sp. es-
tanco, a tank, basin, cistern, or pond ;
Lang, tampo, estampo, in the same sense.
It is probable then that dank-hsLS come

2O0 DAPPER

from the guttural form of the root in the
same way as damp from the labial. In
both cases the notion of darkness is united
with that of dampness, as shutting up or
covering is equally' adapted to keep out
air and light. Thus we have Du. be-
dampen, to darken, bedompt, dark, ob-
scure, damp ; dompig, dark. In connec-
tion with dank we have Du. donker, OHG.
OSax. dunkar, dunkal, G. dunkel, dark,
NE. danker, a dark cloud. — Hal. OHG.
bitunkalat, nimbosa, petunclilit, obducta,
as Du. bedompt weer, close, covered,
cloudy weather.

Dapper seems in E. first to have been
used in the sense of pretty, neat. Dapyr
or praty, elegant. — Pr. Pm. Dapper,
proper, mignon, godin. — Palsgr. in Way.
Godinet, pretty, dapper, feat, indifferently
handsome. — Cot.

Applied to a man it signifies small and
neat. Du. dapper, strenuus, animosus,
fortis, acer, masculus, agilis. — Kil. Pl.D.
dapper, active, smart ; dobber, dobbers,
sound, good. De kase is nig dobbers, the

cheese is not good. Bohem. dobry, good.
Wendish debora deefka, a pretty girl. —
Ihre in v. daeka. See Deft.

Dapple. From dab, to touch with
something soft, is on. depill, a spot ; leir
depill, a dab or spot of clay ; deplottr,
spotted, dappled. So from G. diipfen, to
dab or touch lightly with something soft,
bediipfelt, dappled. We may compare
also Fr. matte, a clot, matteU, clotted, del
mattonnd, a curdled or mottled sky.

The resemblance of dapple grey to ON.
apalgrar or apple grey, Fr. grispommeU,
is accidental.

To Dare. i. Goth, gadaursan, dorrs,
daursun, daurstaj AS. dearran, dyrran,
dear, durron; E. dare, durst j MHG. tiir-
ren, torste. The ODu. preterite troste
shows the passage to E. trust. AS. dyrstig,
dristig, bold, Sw. drista, to dare. ON.
thora, to dare, thor, boldness ; Gr. 9appe<i>,
to dare ; eapaog, trust, Opaave, bold. Lith.
drfsus, drqsttis, bold, spirited ; dristi, to
dare ; drasinti, to encourage, drasintis,
to dare. So on. diarfr, bold, dirfa, to en-
courage, dirfaz (in the middle voice, as
Lith. drasintis), to dare.

It is not easy to arrive at a consistent
theory of the connection of the various
forms, or of the development of the sig-
nifijcation. Sometimes the root seems to
be a form similar to the Lat. duriis, hard,
Gael, dilr, stubborn, persevering, eager,
Sc. dour, bold, hardy, obstinate, hard,
whence Gael, dilraig, to adventure, dare,

DARE

wish (to make bold), diirackd, desire,
earnestness, daring. To endure, to hard-
en oneself under suffering, comes very
near the sense of darej ' I cannot endure
to give pain.' In like manner Fin. tar-
kenen, tarjeta, prte ' frigore (vel rarius,
timore) valeo vel audeo, non algeo ; to
endure to do, in spite of cold or of fear ;
en tarkene, I cannot for cold ; tarkenetko
menna, can you endure (for cold) to go.
Lap. tarjet, to be able to do.

The W. dewr, strong, bold, forms a con-
necting link between durus, and ON.
diarfr, OE. derf, hard, strong, fierce, G.
derb, hard, strong, rough, severe, from
whence the ON. dirfaz, to dare, is cer-
tainly derived. It is difficult to avoid the
conclusion that the G. diirfen, darf, to
dare, to be so bold as to — Kiittner, Du.
derven, dorven, diirven, to dare, are
formed in like manner. The confusion
with forms like the Du. derven, bederve7t,
dorve7i, to want, be without, have need,
G. bediirfen, to be in need, AS. deorfan, to
labour, ^^^.fi?;^, tribulation, labour, calam-
ity, would be accounted for if we suppose
that the fundamental idea in the latter
cases was to be in hard or difficult cir-
cumstances. The ideas of labour and
want are closely connected. The sense
of needing expressed by G. diirfen is
sometimes found in the OE. dare.
So evene hot that lond ys that men durre selde
Here oif in howse awynter brynge out of the
felde.— R. G. 112.

i. e. that men seldom need to house their

cattle in the winter.

The heye men of the lond schuUe come bi fore

the kyng
And alle the yonge men of the lond lete bi fore

hym brynge —
And heo schulle be such that no prince dorrc

hem forsalce,
Ac for heore prowesse gladliche in to here ser-

vise take. — R. G. 112.

He that wyll there axsy Justus—
In turnement other fyght,
Dar he never forther gon ;
Ther he may fynde justes anoon
Wyth syr Launfal the knyght.

Launfal. 1030.
He wax so mylde and so meke,
A mylder man thurt no man seke.

Manuel des Pecches, 5826.

The passage from the sense of making
bold to that of having power, cause, or
permission, exemplified in G. diirfen, is
illustrated by Fin. tarjeta, to endure. Lap.
tarjet, to be able ; Sw. toras (in the mid.
voice), to dare, tora (as G. diirfen), to be

possible. Det tor h'anda, that may hap-
pen.

DARE

Strength is gode unto travaile,
Ther no strength may. sleght wille vaile.
Sleght and conyng dos many a char,
Begynnes thing that strength ne dar.

R. Brunne, cxci.

Lith. turreti, to get offspring, to have,
possess, to be bound to do a thing ; turru
eiii, I must go. Comp. Malay brani, to
be able, can, also to dare, to venture.

* To Dare. 2. To . sink down, lie
close, lurk. Daryn or drowpyn or privily
to be hydde, latito, lateo. — Pr. Pm. Fr.
blotir, to squat, to lie close to the ground
like a daring lark or affrighted fowl. —
Cot. ' With wodecokkys lerne for to
dare! — Lydgate in Way. To dare birds,
to cause them to dare or lie close by
frightening them with a hawk, mirror, or
other means, for the purpose of netting
them.

Pl.D. hedaren, to be still and quiet ;
dat -weer bedaart, the weather settles ; een
bedaart mann, a man who has lost the
heat and violence of youth. Du. bedaard,
stilled, calm, moderate.

An old appalled wight,

As ben thise wedded men that lie and dare,

As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare. — Chaucer.

Then as a lurking terrified creature
looks anxiously around, to dare is found
in the latter sense. 'To dare, pore or
loke about me, je advise alentour. What
darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh
thou woldest catch larkes.' — Palsgr. in
Way. , Comp. Bav. dusen, to be still,
either for the sake of listening, or in
slumber.

^ Perhaps a more original form of the
word may be found in Sw. dial, dala,
dalla, to fall, to sink down ; solen dalar,

the sun is sinking ; dala a, to be weary,
drowsy ; Dan. dale, to sink, to wane, to
abate, become calm. Du. daalen, to go
down. Pl.D. daal, Fris. dalewerte, Pol.
na dol, down, downwards ; from Pl.D.
daal, G. thai, low ground, valley.

Dark. AS. deorc. The particles so
and do in Gael, are equivalent to iv and
^vQ in Gr., as in son, good, and don, bad.
In similar relation to each other stand
sorcha, light, and dorch, dorcha, dark.
The element common to the two would
appear to be the notion of seeing, which,
however, we are unable to trace in the
form of the words. See Dear, Dole.

Darling, as. deorling, dyrling, a
dim. from deor, dear.

To Darn. Now understood of mend-
ing clothes in a particular manner by
interlacing stitches, but it must originally
have signified to patch in general.' OFr.

DARRAIGN

201

dame, a slice, a broad and thin piece of.
— Cot. Bret, darn, a piece, fragment.
The primary meaning may probably be
a handful. , W. dwrn, a fist, dyrnaid, a
handful ; Gael, dbrn, a fist, handle, short
cut, or piece of anything; dbrlach, a
handful ; dornan, a small bundle, hand-
ful of anything.

Darnel. A weed in corn, supposed to
induce intoxication, and thence called
lolium temulentuni in botanical Lat., and
ivraie in Fr., from ivre, drunk. Rouchi
darjielle. The meaning of the word is
explained by the Lith. durnas, foolish,
crazy, mad, whence dtirnes, durnei, darn-
zole (as Du. inalkruyd from mal, foolish,
mad), hyoscyamus, herba insaniam et
soporem inducens. — Kil. The names of
plants in early times were very unsettled.
Wall, darnise, daurnise, tipsy, stunned,

giddy. — Grandg. Sw. dare, a madman,
fool ; dar-reta, darnel.

Darnock. — Dannock. Hedgers'
gloves. — Forby. on. dornikur, dornin-
gar, stiff boots for wading in the water.
I cite this word from the singularity of a
Gael, derivation, as we should so little
expect a convenience of this kind to have
been adopted from a people in the con-
dition of the Celts.

Gael, dornag, a glove, gauntlet ; from-
dbrn, fist ; Manx dornaig, a covering for
the hand or fist, used to guard the hand
against thorns. — Cregeen.

Darraign. It has been shown under
arraign that rationes was used in the
Lat of the middle ages for a legal account
of one's actions, whence derationare, Fr.
desrener, to darraign, was to clear the
legal account, to answer an accusation,
to settle a controversy. From the arena
of the forum the term was transferred to
that of arms, as was natural when the
ordeal by battle was considered a rea-
sonable method of ascertaining a question
of fact.

Two hameis had he dight

Both sui^sant and mete to darreine
The bataile in the felde betwixt hem tweine.

Chaucer.

Here the meaning is not to array the
battle, to set it in order, but to fight it
out, to let the battle decide the question
between them.

As for my sustir Emelie —

Ye wote yourself she may not weddin two

At onys

And therefore I you put in this degr^

That eache of you shall have his destind

As him is shape. — —

And this day fifty wekis far ne nore

202

DART

Everich of you shall bring a hundrid knyghts
Armd for the listls upon alle rights
All redy to darrein here by bataile.

Knight's Tale, 1855.

That is to say, all ready to debate or set-
tle the question as to her possession by
■battle. Afterwards undoubtedly the
sense was transferred from the debate or
actual settlement of a combat to the pre-
paration for it, arraying, setting the
troops in order for battle.

And in the towns as they do march along
Proclaims him king, and many fly to him ;
Darraign your battle, for they are at hand.

H. VI. in Q.

Dart. Fr. dard, a dart. Bret, tars,
a crack, clap, violent blow with noise ;
tarz kurun, a clap of thunder ; tarza,
sortir avec effort et fracture, to break,
crack, burst forth, dart, to appear as the
dawn. W. tarddu, to spring forth or ap-
pear as the dawn. To dart would thus
be to hurl as a thunderbolt, to drive forth
as by an explosion.

To Dash.. An imitation of the sound
of a blow, the beating of waves upon the
shore, &c.

Hark, hark, the waters fall,
And with a murmuring sound
Dash I Dash I upon the ground.
To gentle slumbers call. — Dryden in Todd.

Bav. dossen, to sound as thick hail,
rain, rushing brooks. Mit lautem knall
und doss. — H. Sachs. Fone manigero
wazzero dozze, from the sound of many
waters. — Notker in Schm. Sc. dusche,
to fall with a noise, a fall, stroke, blow ;
Dan. daske, to slap. Sw. dasia, to drub ;
Hanov. dasken, to thrash. — Brem. Wtb.

To dash is figuratively applied to feel-
ings analogous to those produced by a
sudden blow, or loud crash, to over-
whelm, confound, put out of countenance.

Dastard. The termination ard is the
Du. aerd, indoles, natura, ingenium, G.
art, nature, kind, quality. The meaning
of the radical part of the word seems that
which is seen in the figurative applica-
tion of dash or daze, to stun, confound,
frighten. — Hunter. Dastard, etourdi —
Palsgr. in Way ; a simpleton — Hal. ; a
person of a tame, stibmissive nature,
Bav. dasig, dausig, dastig, quelled, sub-
missive, tame. AS. adastrigan, to dis-
courage, dismay. Compare the G. nie-
derschlagen, to knock down, and figura-
tively to deject, dishearten, discourage,
cast down ; niedergeschlagen, sorrowful,
afflicted, dispirited, — Kijttn.

ON. dust, a blow. Fris. dust-sUk,
dusslek, a. stunning blow. Sc. doyst, a

DAY

sudden fall attended with noise.— Jam
A dowse on the chops belongs to the
same imitative root.

Date. Lat. datum, that which is given,
assigned, fixed. ' Datum written at the
foot of a letter declares the place and
time at which the letter was written or
given {data).' — Facciolati.

Daughter. G. tochter; Gr. BvyaTrip ;
Sanscr. duhitrij Lith. duktere; Armen.
dustrj Bohem. dceraj Gael, dearj Finn.
tUttdrj Lap. daktar.

To Daunt. Fr, dompter, donter, to
tame, reclaim, break, daunt, subdue.
Dompte-venin, Celandine, from being
considered an antidote. Sc. dant, dan-
ton, to subdue ; a horse-danter, a horse-
breaker. From a Lat. domito, frequent-
ative of domo, to subdue.

Daw. A bird of the crow kind. Swiss
ddhi, ddfij Bav. dahel ; It. taccola, from
taccolare, to prate, where the syllable tac
represents a single element of the chat-
tering sound, as chat in chit-chat, chatter,
kat in Malay kata-kata, discourse, tat in
tattle, kak in Fr. caqueter. Birds of this
kind are commonly named from their
chattering cry. See Chaff, Chough,
Chat.

To Dawb. From dabble, to work in
wet materials. Hence daub, clay ; dauber,
a builder of walls with clay or mud mixed
with straw, a plaisterer. — Hal. Dawber,
or cleyman ; da.wbyn, lino, muro. — Pr.
Pm. In this sense the term is used in
the Bible where it speaks of ' daubing
with untempered mortar.' ' The wall is
gone, and the daubers are away.' — Bible
1 55 1, in R. Lang, tapis, torchis, clay
for building ; Sp. tapia, mud wall ; ta-
piador, a builder of such, dawber. Lang.
tap, tape, plastic clay.

To Dawdle. We have seen that Sc.
daddle or daidle is used in the sense of
dabbling and of walking unsteadily like
a child, and thence perhaps it is applied
to doing anything ill in a slovenly way.
Meat is said to be daidled when impro-
perly cooked ; clothes, when ill washed.
From doing a thing awkwardly or imper-
fectly to doing it slowly is an easy step.
Sc. daddle, daidle, to be slow in motion
or action ; to daddle, dadle, daudle, to
trifle, move lazily, be listless. — Atkinson.
Hesse daideln, to loiter ; Pl.D. dddebi,
to be slow, not to get on with a thing. —
Schiitze.

Dawn. ON. dagan, doguii, dawn ;
dagur, day. AS. dagian, to dawn, or be-
come day ; daguug, dawning.

Day. — Daysman.— Diet. Lat. dies,

DAZE

G. tag, day. In the judicifi language of
the middle ages the word day was spe-
cially applied to the day appointed for
hearing a cause, or for the meeting of an
assembly. Du. daghen, to appoint a day
for a certain purpose ; daghen veur recht,
to call one before a court of justice ; dag-
hinge, daeghsel, dagh-brief, libellus, dica,
citatio ; dagh-vaerd, an appointment of
a certain day, and thence dagh-vaerd,
lands-dagh, Mid.Lat. dieta (from dies),
the diet, or assembly of the people. Diet
was also used in E. for an appointed day.
' But it were much better that those who
have not taken the benefit of our indem-
nity within the diet prefixed should be
obliged to render upon mercy.' — Letter
of K. William, 1692.

OSw. dag, the time appointed for a
convention, and hence the assembly it-
self.— Ihre. Sc. days of law, law-days,
the sessions of a court of justice. ' I send
this by Betoun quha gais to ane day of
law of the Laird of Balfouris.' — Jam.
OE. daysman, an arbiter, the judge ap-
pointed to decide between parties at a
judicial hearing.

To Daze. — JDazzle. — Dizzy. — Doze.
To daze is to stun, stiipify with a blow,
excess of light, fear, cold, &c. The fre-
quentative dazzle is used only of the
sense of sight. To dawsel, to stupify;
dazzled, stupid, heavy — Hal. ; dawzy,
dawzy-headed , dizzy, as if confused, be-
wildered, thoughtless. — Forby. To dosen,
dozen, to stupify, benumb, become tor-
pid.— Jam.

He saw be led fra the fechting
Schir Philip the Mowbray, the wicht,

That had been dosnyt into the fycht

■ Quhen in myd causey war thai

Schir Pliilip of his desines

Ourcome. Barbour.

Dizzy, stunned, giddy. The origin is
the sound of a heavy blow represented
by the syllable doss, doyce, douss, doz.
D6z, fragor, doza, nmgitus. — Gl. in

Schmel. G. getose, noise. See Dash,
Dastard.

Du. daesen, to lose one's wits in mad-
ness or fright ; daes, dwaes, foolish, mad ;
duysigh, deusigh, stunned, fainting, stu-
pified, dizzy, astonished. — Kil. ON. das,
dos, a faint, exhaustion ; hann liggr i
d'osi, he lies in a faint ; dcesa, to fatigue.
Bav. dos-oret, hard of hearing ; dosen, to
keep still, either in listening, reflecting, or
slumbering ; dusen, to be still, to slum-
ber, be dizzy. — Schm. Pl.D. d'6sig,dusig,
dizzy, tired, stupid ; dussen, bedussen, to

DEAF

203

faint, to be stunned ; dussen, to slumber,
to doze. — Brem. Wtb.

De-. Lat. de, from, out of. In comp.
it strengthens the signification, implies
motion downwards.

Deacon. Lat. diaconus. Gr. dtaKovog,
a servant.

Dead. — Death. — ^Die. Goth, dauths,
ON. daudr, Fris. dad, Sw. dod, Pl.D. dood,
G. todt, dead. Goth, dauthus, ON. daudi,
Fris. duss, dad, death. Lap. taud, ill-
ness ; Esthon. taud, illness, death.

Pl.D. doe for dode, a dead body ; doen-
wake, a corpse-wake. Wall, touwi, Fr.
tuer, Sw. doda, Pl.D. d'den, to kill ; ON.

deya, OSw. doja, Sw. do, Dan. doe, OHG.
douwen, douen, toiiwen, to die. We
must thus consider die a derivative from
dead, and not vice vers4.

The primitive meaning of the active
verb seems, to oppress, subdue. Bav.
toten, to crack a flea, a nut, smother a
fire ; Sardin. studai, Lang, tuda, atuda,
to extinguish ; Prov. tudar, to extinguish,
suffocate, choke ; Fr. tuer la chandelle,
to put out the candle ; Pl.D. doen, to
overwhelm ; he wall me doen 7nit good
daden, he will overwhelm me with bene-
fits. Sw. doda sina lustar, to subdue
one's passions ; — vdrken, to allay the
pain ; also to obliterate, annul. Du.
doodet in u de boosheit — mortifiez en vous
la malice. — Halma. It. tutare, attutare,
to appease, assuage, to whist ; stutare,
to quench, put out ; attutare, to smother.
— Fl. ON. dodi, languor.

I find it so impossible todrawaMis-
tinct line of separation either in form or
meaning between dead and deaf, that it
will be convenient to treat of the primary
origin of both in the next article.

Deaf. The meaning of the Goth.
daubs, daufs, G. taitb, E. deaf, seems
founded in the notion of stopping an ori-
fice. In John xvi. 6, gadaubida is found
as the translation of implevit. ' Sorrow
hath filled your heart.' From the notion
of stopping up we readily pass to those
of confining, preventing action, dulling,
stupifying. Goth, gadaubjan, to harden,
make insensible. The E. stop is applied
to eyes, ears, and mouth, and in like
manner the Goth, daubs, daufs, ON. daufr,
Du. doof, G. taub, are said of different
kinds of dulled or vitiated action. Goth.
afdobnan, to have the mouth stopped, to
be dumb ; ON. daufr, deaf, dull of hear-
ing, dull of colour, dull in spirit ; Sc.
dowf, dull, flat, gloomy, inactive, lethar-
gic, hollow (in sound), silly ; doof, dow-

204

DEAL

fart, a dull, inactive fellow — Jam. ; ON.
dofi, torpor, ignavia, dofna, to fade, lose
strength or life ; Dan. dove?t, sluggish,
flat, stale, vapid ; Sc. daw, a sluggard,
E. to daff, to daw, to daunt ; daff, a das-
tard, a fool, daft, stupid, foolish, daffled,
in one's dotage, to daver, to stun, stupify,
droop, fade — Hal. ; to dover, to slumber ;
dowerit, drowsy. — Jam. Du. doof, doove,
what has lost its proper life and vigour ;
doof van sinnen, mad ; doove verwe, a
dull colour, doove netel, a dead nettle,
without the power of stinging, as E. deaf
nut, an empty nut ; Du. doof-ho2it, rotten
wood.

Here we are brought to the equiva-
lence of dead and deaf above alluded to,
and we are tempted to regard them as
modifications of each other, as It.' codar-
do, Ptg. cobarde, covarde, a coward. The
Du. has doode or doove netel ; doode or
doove kole, an extinct coal ; doode or
doove verwe, a dull colour ; ON. dodinn,
Dan. doven, languid ; ON. doSaskapr,
Dan. dovenskab, languor. ON. daufjord,
Norweg. dbdlende, boggy, barren land.
Du. dooden (Kil.), E. dial, dove, to thaw.
— Hal. We may compare the Sw. doda,
to subdue, allay, annul. It. tutare, to allay,
Lang, tuda, to extinguish, with S-w.dofwa,
to deafen, dull, assuage, stupify, Dan.
dove, to deafen, deaden, blunt ; E. deave,
to stupify, dave, to assuage. — Hal. Bav.
dauben, to subdue, allay ; Pl.D. doven,
doven, to damp, subdue, suffocate ; Du.
dooven, uitdooven, to put out, extinguish.
The notion of stopping up, thrusting a
stopper into an orifice, leads in the most
natural manner to that of stopping the
breath, choking, strangling, killing.

Du. douwen, duwen, to thrust, to stuff ;
iets in een hoek douwen, to stick some-
thing into a corner — Halma ; Pl.D. du-
wen, douen, to press, depress ; Bohem.
dawiii, to strangle, choke, kill ; daw,
pressure, crowd ; Russ. dawit , dawowaf,
to press, crowd, suffocate, strangle, op-
press ; Serv. dawiti (wiirgen), to slaugh-
ter. Thus we come round to the Wall.
touwi, which is used in like manner for
the slaughtering a beast. Goth, divans,
mortal ; OHG. douuen, touuen, to die.
In order to trace dead and deaf to a com-
mon origin we must suppose that the
former also is derived from the notion of
stopping up, and we should find a satis-
factory root in the Fris. dodd, dadde, a
lump, bunch. — Outzen. Eeji dod, a plug
of cotton in one's ear. — Overyssel Alma-
nach. Pl.D. dutte, a plug, a tap ; ON.
ditta, E. dial, dit, to stop. See Dam.

DEBAUCH

Deal. I. A portion. Goth, dails, G.
theil, Lith, dalis, Pol. dola, Bohem. dil,
Gael, ddla, Sanscr. data, a part, lot, por-
tion. Sanscr. dal, to split.

To deal is to give to each his lot, hence
to traffic or have intercourse with others.
2. The wood of the fir-tree, in some
parts of England called deal-tree. Swiss
ddhle, fir. ON. tlioll, fir-tree, Scotch fir.
Sw. tall, pine-tree ; tall-ved, fir-wood,
deal. Possibly from being easily cut and
worked. ON. tdlga, to hew, talgu-knifr,
a knife for cutting wood ; Dan. tcelge,
tcBlle, to cut, whittle ; G. teller, a trencher,
plate on which meat is cut. It. tagliare,
Fr. tailler, to cut ; Lith. dalgis, Fr. dalle,
a scythe ; Lat. dolare, to hew, dolabra, an
axe ; ON. telgia, an axe. G. diele, a board.
Dean. Fr. doyen, Du. deken, the head
of a collegiate body, from Lat. decanus;
ten being used in Lat. as an indefinite
number, as seven in Hebrew.

Dear. Formed in the same way as
dark by composition with the Gael, nega-
tive particle do = Gr. Svg, opposed to so
= Gr. ev. Gael, daor, bound, enslaved,
precious, dear in price ; saor, free, ran-
somed, cheap ; gu daor, dearly ; gu saor,
freely, cheaply. 'Ir. daor, guilty, con-
demned, captive, saor, free, saoradh, ran-
soming, acquittal, cheapness. Manx deyr,
deyree, condemn, dcyrey, condemning,
dear; seyr, free, clear, at liberty, seyr'ce,
to free, to justify.
Death. See Dead.
To Deave. To stupify with noise. N.
dyvja, to hum, buzz, sound hollow. Dee
dyvefyre oyraa, it sings in my ears.

Debate. Fr. debattre, to contend, to
fight a thing out. See Beat.

Delaauoh. OFr. desbauche, disorder,
riot, dissoluteness ; desbaucher, to seduce,
mislead, bring to disorder, draw from
goodness. // se desbauche, he digresses,
flies out, goes from the purpose. — Cot.
The radical sense of the verb seems to be
to throw out of course, from bauche, s.
row, rank, or course of stones or bricks in
building. — Cot. It is probable that
bauche itself is a derivative from bauc.^
bauch, bau (Cot.), a balk or beam, through
the intervention of the verb baucher, to
hew or square timber (to make into a
balk), also to rank, order, array, lay evenly.
— Cot, Esbaucher, to rough-hew (to cut
into a balk), grossly to form, square, or
cut out of the whole piece, to begin rudely
any piece of work, also to prune a tree. —
Cot. Bau, in the Walloon of Namur, is ap-
plied to the bole of a tree felled and strip-
ped of its branches. — Sigart. See Balk

debenture;

Debenture. See Debt.
Debility. Lat. debilis, weak.
* Debonnair. Fr. debonnaire, court-
eous, afifable, of a friendly conversation.

— Cot. It. bonario, debonaire, upright,
honest. — Fl. ' La donna ridendo e di
biiona aria.' — Boccac. ' II di bon aire
buon signore nostro.' — Rayn.

The word was early explained as a
metaphor from hawking ; de bon aire,
from a good stock ; aire, an eyry or nest
of hawks. ' Oiseau debonnaire de luy-
mesme se fait : the gentle hawk mans
herself.' — Cot. ' Haukes of nobulle eire.'
— Sir Degrevant. But in truth the sense
of a nest of hawks was only a special
application of aire, signifying in the first
instance air, then country, birthplace,
family, race, character, disposition, as
clearly appears in the quotations of Ray-
nouard.

Ab I'alen tir vas me taire

Qu' ieu sen venir de Proensa :
— with my breath I draw towards me the
air which I feel comes from Provence.

L' amors, don ieu sui mostraire

Nasquet en un gentil aire :

— the love of which I am the messenger
was born in a gentle home.

Tout raon linh e mon aire
Vei revenir e retraire
Al vesoig at a I'araire :

— all my lineage and my family I see
return to the spade and the plough.
Qu'el mon non es Crestias de nul aire
Que sieus liges o dels parens no fos :
— that there is not in the world a Chris-
tian of any family who is not his liege or
of his parents.

Li baron de mal aire

Que tot jom fan

Lo mal :
— the barons of bad nature" who always
do evil.

Li sant viron lo luoc

Que es asaz de bon ayre

A servir Jesus Christ :

— the saints saw the place, which is suf-
ficiently well fitted for the service of J. C.

Kar estes fel e defut aire :
— for you are wicked and of foul disposi-
tion.

Debt. — Debit. Lat. debet?, debitum, to
owe. See Deft.

Deca-. — Decade. — Decimal. Gr.
Sisa, Lat. decern, ten.

To Decant. To cant a vessel is to
tilt it up on one side so as to rest on the
other edge, and to decant is to pour off
the liquid from a vessel by thus tilting it
on the edge, so as not to disturb the

DEEP

205

' gi-ounds. Sp. canto, edge ; decantar, to
turn anything from a right line, to give it
an oblique direction ; to draw off liquors
gently by inclination. — Neum.

To Decay. Prov. descazer, descaier,
Fr. dechqir, to fall away, go to ruin, from
Lat. cadere, to fall. OFr. dechaiable,
perishable.

Decease. Lat. decessus, departure. See
Cede.

December. Lat. decern, ten ; Decern^
ber, the name of the tenth month from
March, with which ^Romulus made the
year to begin.

Decent. Lat. decens, fitting, becom-
ing.

To Decide. Lat. decido, -sum, to cut
off, cut down, and fig. to bring to an end,
come to a settlement, to determine. See
-cide.

To Deck. To cover, spread over, or-
nament. Lat. tegere, tectum, OHG. dak-
jan, dekjan, ON. thekja, AS. theccan, to
cover, to roof. From the last of these is
E. thatch, properly, like G. dach, signify-
ing simply roof, but with us applied to
straw for roofing, showing the universal
practice of the country in that respect.
The Lat. has tegula, a tile, from the same
root, showing the use of these as roofing
materials in Italy at a very early period.

Lith. dengti, to cover ; stala deiigti, to
spread the table j stoga dengti, to cover
a roof.

Declare. Lat. declarare, to make clear,
proclaim. See Clear.

Decoy. Properly duck-coy, as pro-
nounced by those who are familiar with
the thing itself. ' Decoys, vulgarly duck-
coys' — Sketch of the Fens in Gardeners'
Chron. 1849. Piscinas hasce cum aUec-
tatricibus et reliquo suo apparatu decoys
seu duck-coys vocant ; allectatrices coy-
ducks. — Rail et Will. Ornith. Du. koye,
cavea, septum, locus in quo greges stabu-
lantur. — Kil. Kooi, koww, kevi, a cage ;
vogel-kooi, a bird-cage, decoy, apparatus
for entrapping water-fowl. E. dial, coy,
a decoy for ducks, a coop for lobsters. —
Forby. The name was probably im-
ported with the thing itself from Holland
to the fens.

Decree. Fr. decret, from Lat. decerno,
decretum, to judge, decide, decree. See
-cern.

Decrepit. Lat. decrepitus, very old,
worn out, infinh. Der. uncertain.,

Deed. Goth. dM, gaded, AS. deed, G.
that, a thing done. See Do.

Deem. See Doom.

Deep. See Dip.

206

DEER

Deer. Goth, diurs, OHG. tior, ON. dyr,
G. thier, a beast, animal. In E. deer con-
fined to animals of the cervine tribe.
Diefenbach considers it quite uncon-
nected with Gr. 0))p, Lat.y^/'a.

Defeat. Fr. defaite, from defaire, to
undo, destroy, discomfit.

Defile. Lat. filum, Fr. fil, thread ;
whence defiler, to go in a string one after
another, and defile, a narrow gorge which
can only be passed in such a manner.

To Defile, as. fylan, Du. vttylen, to
make foul or filthy. See Foul.

To Defray. Fr. defrayer, to discharge
'Ca&frais or expenses of anything. Formed
in a manner analogous to the It. pagare,
to pay, from l-at. pacare, to appease. So
from G./riede, ^&3.cs, friede-brief, a letter
of acquittance, and Mid. Lat. fredum,
freda, fridus, mulcta, compositio qua
fisco exsolut^ reus pacem k principe ex-
sequitur. — Due. ' Affirmavit compositi-
onem sibi debitam quam illi fredum vo-
cant a se fuisse reis indultam.' The
term was then applied to any exaction,
and so to expenses in general, whence
Yx.frais, the costs of a suit. — Carpentier.

Quod pro solvendis et aquitandis debitis et
fredis villas suse possent talllare, &c. — Due.

Deft.— DeJBF. Neat, skilful, trim.—
Hal. AS. dcefe, dafie, gedefe, fit, conve-
nient ; gedafan, gedafnian, to become,
behove, befit ; gedceftan, to do a thing in
time, take the opportunity, to be fit,
ready.

The notion of what is fit or suitable, as
shown under Beseem, Beteem, is com-
monly expressed by the verb to fall or
happen — what happens or falls in with
one's wishes or requirements. So from
Goth, gatiman, to happen, G. ziemen, to
befit ; from fallen, to fall, gefallen, to
please, and to fall itself was formerly
used in the sense of becoming, being
suitable. In like manner from Goth, ga-
daban, to happen, gadobs, gadofs, be-
coming.

From the same root Bohem. doba,
time (as time itself from gatiman, to
happen) ; Pol. podobad, to please one ;
Bohem. dobry, good (primarily oppor-
tune), dobreliky, agreeable ; Lap. taibet,
debere, opportere ; taibek, just, due ; tai-
hetet, to appropriate, to assign to one.
The Lat. debeo is probably the same
word, and is fundamentally to be ex-
plained as signifying ' it falls to me to do
so and so.'

To Defy. Fr. defer. It. disfidare, to
renounce a state of confidence or peace,

DELICIOUS

and let your enemy know that he is to ex-
pect the worst from you. Hence to chal-
lenge, to offer combat.

Degree. Fr. degre, OFr. degrat, from
Lat. gradus, a step.

Deign. — Dignity. — Disdain. Lat.
dignus, becoming, fit, worth, worthy ;
digno, to deem worthy ; dignor. It. deg-
7iarsi, Fr. deigner, to deign, to deem
worthy of oneself.

Deity. — Deist. Lat. Deus, God.

Delay. Fr. delai, from Lat. differre,
dilatum, to defer, put off, protract ; dilatio,
delay; It. dilatione, dela.y ; dilaiare, OFr.
delayer, to delay.

Delectable. Lat. delecto, to allure,
delight. See Delicious.

Delegate. Lat. delegare, to give in
charge to. See AUedge.

Delete. — Deleterious. — Deleble. Gr.
Irikidfiai, to destroy, to waste, to do mis-
chief; SijXriTrip, a destroyer; Mod.Gr.
SriKrjTrtptov, injur)', hurt ; dr/XriTripiog, hurt-
ful. Lat. deleo, deletum, to wipe out,
erase, bring to nought.

To Deliberate. Lat. deliberare, to
weigh in the mind, from librare, to swing,
to weigh.

• Delicate. Lat. delicatus, over-nice,
dainty, effeminate, tender, soft, gentle,
agreeable, delightful. Perhaps a figure
from the nicety of. those who could not
drink their wine without straining it.
Deliquare,\a decant, strain, clarify ; liquo,
to strain, purify. But more likely from the
source indicated under Delicious.

Delicious. — Delight. Lat. delicica, de-
light, pleasure, enjoyment. The gratifi-
cation of the appetite for food is the most
direct and universal of all pleasures, and
therefore the one most likely to be taken
as the type of delight in general. Thus
the negro expresses his admiration of
beads by rubbing his belly.

The astonishment and delight of these people
at the display of our beads was great, and was
expressed by laughter and a general nibbing of
their bellies. — Petherick, Egypt and Central
Africa, p. 448.

It is probable then that delicice may
originally have had the sense of G. lecker-
bissen, appetising morsels, something to
lick one's chops at ; and it will be observed
that a reference to the enjoyment of
the palate is still the prevailing sense in
E. delicious and delicacy.

The idea of pleasure in eating, of ap-
preciating the taste of food, is constantly
expressed by a representation of the
sound made in smacking the tongue.
The E. smack is used to signify a sound-

DELINQUENT

ing blow with the open hand, a loud kiss,
and the taste of food. G. geschmack,
taste ; schmecken, to taste well ; schjneck-
er (in huntsman's language), the tongue.
In the Finnish languages which reject the
initial s we have Fin. maku, Esthonian
maggo, taste ; Fin. ;«a/52'(2, Esthon. maggus,
agreeable to the taste, sweet ; Fin. inaskia,
maiskia, to smack the lips ; maiskis, a
sm.ack with the lips, a kiss, delicacies,
tid-bits. Bohem. mlask, a smack, a kiss ;
inlaskati, to smack or make a noise with
the lips in eating, to be nice in eating ;
mlaskanina, delicacies. In the same
language the sound of a smack is repre-
sented with an initial tl as well as inl, in
tleskati, to clap the hands ; tlaskati, to
smack in eating. With these last must
be compared E. tlkk, used by Cotgrave in
rendering Yr.tiiquet, 'aknicke,//2i:^^;snap
with the fingers.' Thence we pass to E.
click, a snap or slight smack ; W. dec, a
smack ; gwefusglec, a smack with the
lips, a loud kiss ; Fr. claquerdelalangue,
to smack the tongue with relish.

From the form click may be explained
Gr. -{koKiiQ, sweet, pleasing to the taste,
and probably yXixofiat, to desire eagerly,
originally, like Lat. ligurio, signifying
to lick one's chops at. In the same
way from tlick or dlick would spring Lat.
dulcis, for dlucis (the identity of which
with ykvKvq has long been recognized), as
well as delicice, delicatus, deUctare, for
dlicice, dlicatus, dlectare. The same
root would have given dlingere for ling-
ere, to lick, and dlingua for lingua, the
tongue, explaining the double form of
the old Lat. dingua and ordinary lingua
by the falling away in the one case of
the liquid and in the other of the mute
of the original root.

When the combination tl, dl became
unpleasing to the Latin ear (although
preserved in stloppus, a smack), the ob-
noxious sound was avoided by transposi-
tion of the- vowel in the case of dulcis, and
by the insertion of an e in delicice, delecto.
The intrusive vowel must doubtless in
the first instance have been short, and
may have been lengthened by a feeling
as if the words were compounds of the
preposition de.

Delinquent. Lat. linquo, to leave, let
alone, omit ; delinquo, to omit something
one ought to do, to do wrong.

Delirious. Lat. lira, a ridge, furrow.
Hence delirare (originally to go out of the
furrow), to deviate from a straight Une, to
be crazy, deranged, to rave.

To Deliver. Lat. liber, free, whence

DEMESNE

207

Kberare, to free, and E. deliver, to free
from. Then as abandon, from signifying
to put under the complete command of
another, comes to signify giving up one's
own claim, conversely the Fr. livrer and
E. deliver, from the sense of freeing from
one's own claims, passes on to that of
giviAg up to the control of another.

The sense of OFr. delivre, e. deliver,
active, nimble, is probably from the no-
tion of free, unencumbered action.

Dell. See Dale.

Deluge. — Diluvial. Lat. lavo, latum,
to wash ; diluo, to wash away ; diluvium,
Prov. diluvi, OFr. deluve, Fr. deluge, an
inundation.

To Delve. AS. delfan, to dig. Du.
delven, dolven, to dig, to bury. Du. delle,
a valley, hollow, lake — Kil. ; Fris. dollen,
dolljen, to dig, to make a pit or hollow.

To Demean. To wield, to manage ;
demeanour, behaviour.

So is it not a great mischance

To let a foole have governaunce

Of things that he can not demaine. — Chaucer
in R.
His herte was nothing in his i:mndemain, — Ibid.

OFr. se demainer, de77iener, se compor-
ter, se gouverner, se remuer, se conduire.
— Roquef. Mener, to conduct, lead,
manage, handle ; — les mains, to lay about
one ; — la loi, to proceed in a suit — Cot. ;
It. menare, to guide, conduct, direct, or
bring by the hand, to bestir. — Fl.

The later Lat. had jninare, to drive
cattle, derived by Diez from minari, to
threaten ; ' asinos et equum sarcinis one-
rant et minantes baculis exigunt.' — Apu-
leius. 'Agasones equos agentes, i. e.
mi?iantes.' — Paulus ex Festo. Walach.
mind, to drive cattle, to conduct a busi-
ness. But the notion of threatening seems
a point of view from which the act of
driving beasts would not be likely to be
named. On the other hand, the OFr.
spelling mainer suggests an obvious de-
rivation from Lat. itianus, Fr. main, the
hand, as we speak of handing one down-
stairs ; and mener is often synonymous
with manage, which is undoubtedly from
that source. Observe the frequent refer-
ences to the hand in the explanations
from Cotgrave and Florio above given.
The same change of vowel is seen in Fr.
menottes, handcuffs.

Demesne. — Domain. Mid. Lat. do-
minium {dominus, lord), OFr. domaine,
demaine, demaigne, demesne, lordship,
dominion. Demesne or demain in E. law
language was appropriated to the manpr-
house and the lands held therewith in

2o8 DEMIJOHN

the immediate possession of the lord.

Demijohn. In Egypt and the Levant
a carboy or large glass bottle is called
damagan (Marsh), damasjan (Niebuhr).
Imported into the West the name was
strangely corrupted into Fr. dame-jeanne,
Lang, damo-xano (a large glass bottle
covered with matting — Diet. Castr.), and
E. demijohn.

Demise. Fr. desmettre, -7nis, to lay
down, let go ; se desmettre d'une office, to
give over an office.— Cot. The demise of
the crown is when it passes to a new pos-
sessor. See -mit.

Democracy. Gr. SrnioKpania ; Sljiiog,
the people collectively, and xpanu), to
bear rule.

Demolish.. Lat. molior, to labour at,
build up ; demolior, Fr. demolir, to puU
down, destroy.

Demon. Gr. daiiiav, the divinity, the
tutelary genius of a city or man. The
Lat. dcemon was used in the latter sense,
and by ecclesiastical writers was applied
to the fallen angels.

To Deig.ur. Lat. demorari, to delay, re-
strain ; Fr. demeurer, to stay ; in Law
language applied to the stoppage of a suit
by the preliminary objection that the
plaintiff on his own showing is not en-
titled to the relief which he claims.
Hence to demur to a proposition, to make
objections.

Demure. Demure or sober of counte-
nance, rassis. — Palsgr. Perhaps from
Fr. meure (Lat. maiurus), ripe, also dis-
creet, considerate, advised, settled, staid
(Cot.), through such an expression as. de
7neure conduite, or the like. On the other
hand, it may be de mceurs elliptically for
de bans mceurs,

Li quens de Flandres Baudoin,
Bon chevalers e genz meschins,
E sage e proz, de bone murs.
Benoit. Chron. des D. de Norm. 2. p. 471.

Den. The hollow lair of a wild beast ;
a narrow valley. AS. dene, a valley. See
Dimble.

Denizen. Commonly explained as a
foreigner enfranchised by the king's char-
ter, one who receives the privilege of a
native ex donatione regis, from the OFr.
donaison, donison, a gift. But the general
meaning of the word is simply one domi-
ciled in a place. A denizen of the skies
is an inhabitant of the skies. In the
Liber Albus of the City of London the
Fr. deinzein, the original of the E. ■\;-ord,
is constantly opposed to foniii, npplied

DERY

to traders within and without the privi-
leges of the city franchise respectively.
' Et fait assavoire qe ceste ordinance se
estent auxibiexi as foreyns come as den-
zeins de touz maneres de tieulx bargayns
faitz dedeinz la dite fraunchise,' p. 370.
'Item qe nulle puUetier deinzein — ne
veignent pur achatier nulle manere de
puUetrie de nulle yor«a puUetere,' p. 465.
'Qe chescun qavera louwe ascuns terres
ou tenementz de denszein ou de forein
deinz la fraunchise de la citee,' p. 448.

The correlatives are rendered in Lat.
by the terms intrinsecus sjid forinsecics ;
'mercatoris forinseci seu intrinseci,' p.
252; and as forinsecus 3.VlA. forein are
from Lat. foras, Fr. fors, without, while
the meaning of intrinsecus is simply one
who is within, so deinzein is from the old
form deinz, in which the modern dans, in,
within, always appears in the Liber Albus.
Veins ni, nd dans le pays. — Roquef. In
the same way from hors, without, the
Norman patois makes horzain, a fo-
reigner, one from a different commune. — ■
Pat. de Bray.

Dense, -dense. Lat. densus, thick,
close-set.

Dental. — Dentition. — Dentifrice.
Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth ; dentitio, the
act of teething ; dentifricium {dens, and
frico, to rub), anything to rub the teeth
with. Sanscr. dantas, w. dant, tooth.

Deny. Lat. denego, Fr. denier, to say
no to. See Negation.

Deplore. Lat. ploro, I wail, cry aloud.
Deploy. Fr. desployer, desplier, to un-
fold, lay open. — Cot. See Ply.

Depot. — Deposit. Fr. depot, formerly
depost, a deposit or place of deposit. Lat.
depono, depositum, to lay down. See
-pon-.

Deprave. Lat. pravus, bad, vicious.
Depredation. Lat. depmdatio, a
plundering, pillaging. See Prey.

Derive. Lat. rivus, a stream ; derivo,
to drain or convey water from its regular
course, thence to turn aside, divert, de-
duce.

Dery. — Dere. To hurt. Gael, deire,
end, rear, hindmost part ; deireannach
(Fr. dernier), last, hindmost; deireas, in-
jury, loss, defect. The connection of tlie
two ideas is seen in Bav. laz, slow, late,
G. letzt, last, Bav. Ictzen, to delay, hin-
der, throw back, and G. verletzen, to in-
jure. Compare also G. nachthcil (after-
part), detriment, injury. To be behind-
hand in a business is to be wanting in
it ; w. ol, rear, hinderpart, bod yn ol, to
be wanting.

DESCANT

To Descant. A metaphor taken from
musick, where a simple air is made the
subject of a composition, and a number
of ornamented variations composed upon
it. ' Insomuch that twenty doctors ex-
pound one text twenty different ways, as
children make descant upon playne song.'
— Tindal in R. Sp. discantar, to quaver
on a note ; to chant, sing, recite verses,
to discourse copiously.

To Descry. To make an outcry on
discovering something for whiaisrwhe is
on the watch, then simply to discover.

Desert. Lat. desero, desertum, to
abandon, leave alone.

Design. Lat. designare, to mark out ;
whence to design, to- frame in the mind,
purpose, project.

Desire. Lat. desideriu7n, regret, de-
sire.

Desolate. Lat. desolo, to leave alone,
forsake, desert, to lay waste. See Sole.

Despair.— Desperate. Lat. spes, Fr.
espoir, hope ; desespoir, absence of hope,
despair. Lat. spero, to hope ; despero, to
be without hope.

Despatch.. See Dispatch.

Despise. — Despite. OFr. despire,
despisant, from Lat. despicere, to despise,
as confire, from conficere.
Mult les despisent
E poi valent, e poi les prisent
Qui od Rou volent faire paix.

Chron. Norm. ii. 4978.

From Lat. despectus, we have Prov.
despieg, despieytj Fr. despit, contempt,
despite.

Despond. Lat. spondeo, to promise
solemnly, pledge, engage, and fig. to give
good promise of the future ; despondeo, to
give up hopes, to despair.

Despot. — Despotic. Gr. tiairoTiK, an
absolute master, or owner ; trntroruchq, be-
longing to such a master, arbitrary.

Dessert. Fr. servir, to serve the
table, to set on the dishes ; desservir, to
take them away at the conclusion of the
meal, whence dessert, G. nachtisch, the
fruits and sweetmeats laid on when the
dinner has been cleared away.

Destine. — Destiny. Lat. destino, to
bind, make fast, and fig. to determine,
design, purpose, appoint, fix, doom.

Destroy. Lat. struo, to put together,
to build ; destruo, to puU down what was
built.

Desultory. Lat. salio, to leap ; de-
silio, desulto, to leap down ; desultor, in
the games of the circus, one who leaps
from one horse to another; fig. an in-
constant person.

DEVISE,-

209

Detail. Fr. detaiWf, to piecemeal —
Cot. ; from tailler,'«ica-t. See Deal.

Deter, h&t^^eterreo, to frighten from.
See Terror.

Detergfent. Gr. Tiptra, to dry, Lat.
tergeo, t^swn, as Fr. essuyer, properly to
make <iry, then to wipe ; detergeo, to wipe
off^-'fnake clean. From the same root
with Dry.

Deteriorate. Lat. deterior, worse.

Determine. Lat. terminus, a bound,
limit ; determino, to fix limits, to appoint,
to finish.

Detriment. — Detritus. Lat. detero,
-trituin, to rub off, lessen ; detrimentum,
a rubbing off, loss, damage.

* Deuce. — ^Dickens. A euphemism
for the devil. The Pl.D. uses diiker,
duks, or duus, in the same sense ; de
dtiks un de dood! De duus ! as in Eng-
lish, the deuce J or the dickens! G. Ei
der Daus ! was der Daus ! what the
deuce ! wie ein Daus, deuced, in an
extreme degree. Swab, tausj dass dich
der Taus ! — Schmid.

The Dus was still known as a kind of
goblin among the Frisians until late
times, according to Outzen, identical with
the AS. Thyrs, ON. Thuss, a goblin sup-
posed to dwell in fens and desert places,
but Deuce is probably from a wholly
different quarter. The inclination to
avoid the sin of profane swearing with-
out wholly giving up the gratification has
very generally led to a mangling of the
terms employed so as to deprive them of
any apparent reference to sacred or aw-
ful things. Thus the French say sap-
perment ! for sacrament !, morbleu ! cor-
bleu! forMort de Dieu! Corps de Dieu !
Diantre for Diablej and in the same way
the Germans seem to have taken the
first syllable of the name of the devil
and lengthened it arbitrarily in different
ways : Taiisig, Dusigh, Dausi, Deixel,
Dixel, Deichert, Deihenker, Teuhenker. —
Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 505. Sw. dial.
Diase, the Devil.

Develop. Fr. divelopper. See En-
velope.

Deviate. — ^Devious. Lat. wa, way;
deviare, to go out of the track, devius,
out of the way. See Way.

Devil. Lat. diabolus, Gr. J»a/3oXof, the
accuser, from Sia^dWu, to calumniate,
traduce.

To Devise, — Device. Lat. dividere,
divisum, to divide or distribute, gave rise
in the Romance languages to verbs sig-
nifying to divide, distinguish, distribute,
arrange, appoint ; and that, either by a
14

2IO

DEVOTE

purely mental operation, when the mean-
ing will be to deviseV invent, or imagine ;
or with the addition of (wal enunciation,
when the word will signifj^Nto discourse,
describe, make known our views and ar-
rangements to another.

I couth haue told you
Such peinis as your hertis might agrise, ■- . ,
Albeit so no touge may it devise.
Though that I might a thousand winter tell
The peynis of that cursid house of Hell.

Frere's Tale. ■

From dividers itself we have Prov. de-
vire, to divide, distinguish, explain ; and
from the participle dtvisum, Prov. OFr.
devis, discourse, as well as a secondary-
form of the verb, Prov. devizir, Fr. de-
viser, It. divisare, in the senses above ex-
plained, which are well illustrated in the
Diz. de la Crusca.

In reference to the sense of distinguish-
ing, a passage is quoted from Villani
where it is said that the arms worn by a
noble were the lilies of France, and in
addition a vermillion port-cuUis above —
■ e tanto si divisava da quella di re de
Francia ; ' and so the arms were distin-
guished from those of the King of France.
The French arms were worn with a differ-
ence. Hence It. divisa, and E. device, in
the sense of a distinctive mark. This
application is somewhat perplexed by a
fashion prevalent in the 13th and 14th
centuries, when dresses were worn with
the two halves of the body of different
colours, dresses so divided being called
vesti alia divisa, or divisati, the colours
of which served to distinguish the adher-
ents of a particular party, house, or noble,
and constituted the partita, divisa, or de-
vice of the uniform. ' Illi de Auria et
Grimaldi pro ipsorum majori colligatione
insimul se induerant simile vestimentum,
duorum scilicet pannorum coloris diversi,
ex quibus quilibet vestimentis unum
habens gerebat pro dimidio colorem, et
pro reliqua colorem alterum.' — Chron.
Genuense. a.d. 131 i in Mur. Diss. 33.
' Calze, una (i. e. one leg) rosso di panno
e I'altra alia divisa, secondo i colori dell'
arme del senatore.' — Diss. 29. Divisato,
particoloured. — Fl.

Thus we are sometimes in doubt
whether the word has reference to the
actual diversity of colour or is used in
the sense of a distinctive mark. ' Pul-
cherrima divisa est color albus et rubeus.'
^Mur.

And er alone but when he did servise

All black he wore and no devise but plain.

Chaucer, Belle Dame sans merci.

A similar wavering between the shades
of meaning is seen in the legal phrase of
devising by will. It may be explained in
the sense of dividing the property, as
Ducange gives 7«j dividendiior the right
of disposal by will. But it is better un-
derstood in the sense of arranging, ex-
pressing the will of the testator as to the
disposition of his property. ' Fai ta de-
vise e ton plaisir de go que est en ta
maisun kar tu murras : ' set thy house in
order?»''iivre des Rois. ' Aura chascun
— I'argent dessus devisd' — Shall have
the money above appointed. — Registre
des Metiers. Docum. Inedits.

Ainz que departe ne devis

A mes homes il' k mes amis

Ceste terre e 4 ma gent.

Chron. des Dues de Norm. 6960.

Point Device. This phrase, which has
been much misunderstood, may be ex-
plained from It. divisare, Fr. deviser, to
plan or imagine, whence d, devise used as
a superlative of praise.

Un noble chateau d. devise.

Fab. et Contes, iii. 155.
Li vergiers fut biaua devise. — lb. iii. 115.

The garden was fair as could be ima-
gined, or, as we say with greater exagger-
ation, fair beyond imagination. '

went down in their barges to Greenwich,
and every barge as goodly drest as they
could device.' — Chron. Hen. VIII. in Cam.
Miscell. iv.

Ele fut portraite A. devis ;

N'est cuens ni rois ni amir&
Qui seust deviser tant bele

En nule terre come cele.

Bien fu fete par grant maitrise
Nature la fist ii devise.

Fab. et Contes, iii. 424.

She was a specimen of the beau ideal ;
no count, or king, or admiral, could
imagine one so fair.

On the other hand, point is used in the
sense of condition ; en bon point, in good
condition ; mettre a point, to put into
condition, to dress.

A point devise then would signify, in
the condition of ideal excellence, pre-
cisely the sense in which point de-vice is
always used.

So noble was he of his stature,
So faire, so jolie and so fetise.
With limmis wrought at poind device.
R. R. 830.

Devote. — Devout. Lat. voveo, votum,
to vow or promise to the gods ; devoveo,
devoto, to dedicate to the Deity, to ap-
point to a sacj-ed purpose. Fr. devot,
religious, godly, devout.

DEVOUR

Devour. Lat. voro, to gulp down, eat
greedily.

Dew. Du. dauw, G. than, ON. dogg,
Dan. dug, Sw. dagg, dew; ON. deigr,
moist, soft ; Sc. dew, moist. For the
probable origin see Daggle. The senses
of dew and thaw are confounded in G.
thauen, Pl.D. dauen, to thaw, to dew.
See Thaw.

Dew-berry, g. thau-beere. — Adelung.
A kind of blackberry covered with bloom.
Probably a corruption of dove-berry, from
the dove-coloured bloom for whietrtt is
remarkable, as the same name is in Ger-
many given to the bilberry, which is
covered with a similar bloom. Bav.
taub-ber, tauben-ber (die blaue heidel-
beere), vaccinium myrtiUus. Dubbere,
mora. — Schmeller.

Dewlap. Dan. dog-lcspj Du. douw-
swengelj from sweeping the dew. Sw.
dial, dogg, Du. douw (Kil.), dew ; Da.
lap, a flap.

Dexterous. — Dexterity. Sanscr.
daksha, Gr. itliii, St^inpA, Lat. dextera,
the right hand.
Dey. See Dairy.

Dia-. Gr. lia, through ; in comp.
through, thorough, and also between,
apart, asunder.

Diabolic. See Devil.
Diadem. Gr. JiuJjj/ia, the white fillet
with which kings used to bind their
heads ; ItaSkto, to bind round, fasten ;
Uti), to bind.

Diagonal. Gr. yuvia, an angle ; Si-
ayiivtoe, Lat. diagonalis, of a line drawn
through the angles.

Dial. A device for showing the time
of day. Lat. dialis, belonging to the day.
Dialect. — Dialogue. Gr. iiaMyu, to
converse. See Logic.

Diameter. Gr. Scdiurpos, the measure
through (a circle).

Diamond. G. demant, corrupted from
adamant.

Diaper. It. diaspro, a Jasper or Dias-
per stone. — Flor. Gr. Jairjrie, Lat. Jaspis.
Then as jasper was much used in orna-
menting jewellery, M.Lat. diasprus, an
ornamented texture, panni pretiosioris
species. — Due. ' Pluviale diasprum cum
listis auro textis.' ' Duas cruces de ar-
gento, unam de diaspro, et unam de crys-
tallo — duo pluvialia de diaspro et panno
Barbarico.' Diasperatus, adorned with
inlaid work, embroidery, or the like. San-
dalia cum caligis de rubeo sameto dias-
perato, breudata cum imaginibus regum.'

A Steele bay, trapped in stele,

DIDDER ■ 211

Covered with cloth of gold- '^«a;S?-«^ well.

Knight's Tale.

Fr. , (//a j^r/, variegated, 'versicolor in-
star jaspidis.' — DUc. In OE. poetry a
meadow is freqtiently spoken of as dia-
pered with flo'wers. At a later period the
reference 'to different colours was lost,
and th'A sense was confined to the figures
with which a stuff was ornamented. Fr.
d^ipri, diapered, diversified with flourishes
on sundry figures. — Got. As now under-
stood it is applied to linen cloth, woven
with a pattern of diamond -shaped figures.

Diaphanous. Gr. im^aivia, to shine
through. See Phantom.

Diaphragm. Gr. Sia^payna, from Ita,
inter, and ippayfia, a partition.

Diarrhoea. Gr. Siappoia, from ^lo,
through, and piw, to flow, run.

Diary. — ^Diurnal. Lat. dies, day.

Diatribe. Gr. rpi'/Sw, to rub, wear ;
Siarpifiia, to wear away, pass time ; SiaTpijSti,
pastime, amusement, occupation, study,
an argument.

Dibber. — Dibble. A setting-stick,
usually made of the handle of a spade, cut
to a point and shod with iron. — Baker.

I'll not put
The dilile in the earth to set one slip of them.
Winter's Tale.

The syllable dib, expressing the act of
striking with a pointed instrument, is a
modification of Sc. dab, to prick, Bohem.
dubati, to peck, E. job, to thrust, or peck,
parallel with dag or dig, to strike with a
pointed instrument. Norm, diguer, to
prick ; diguet, a pointed stick used in
reaping.— Pat. de Brai.

Dibble - dabble. Rubbish. — Hal.
Comp. Magy. dib-ddb, useless, insignifi-
cant ; dib-ddbsdg, useless stuff, rubbish.

-dicate. Lat. dico, -atum, to proclaim,
publish, devote, appropriate ; abdico, to
renounce, abdicate ; dedico, to inscribe,
dedicate. ■ ■ • .

-diet.— Diction. — ^Dictate. Lat. dico,
dictum, to say ; dictio, a saying, word ;
dictum, a word, an order ; dicto, -atum,
to enounce, dictate, prescribe,
■ Didactic. Gr. ZitanniAq, apt to teach,
from iiiaoKia, to teach.

Didapper. A water-bird constantly
diving under water. Du. doppen, to dip.
See Dabchick.

To Didder. To didder, dither, dodder,
to tremble ; diddering and daddering;
doddering-dickies, the quivering heads ot
quaking grass. — Hal. on. dadra, to wag
the tail ; Magy. dideregni, dederegni,
dodorgni, to tremble ; Sc. diddle, to
shake, to jog.

14 *

212. -. DIDDLE

Hale be ybutheart, hale be your fiddle,
Long may youi\elbuck jink and diddle.
^^ ^ Burns in Jam.

To doddle, to totteiV: Bav. tatteni, to
tremble. The origin is -^ representation
of the repeated beats of a Vibrating body
by the syllables da, da, ta, ta, or,when the
beats are rapid and small, di, di, ti, ti.
Compare Galla dada-goda,X.o makedada,
to beat. — Tutschek. Mod.Gr. rSirJifii^w,
to shiver, simmer ; G. zittern, to tremble.

To Diddle. Properly, as shown in the
last article, to move rapidly backwards
and forwards, then to use action of such
a nature for the purpose of engaging the
attention of an observer while a trick is
played upon him, to deceive by juggUng
tricks.

Die. — Dice. It. dado, Prov. dat,
Fr. det, dd, a die or small cube used in
gaming. Arab, daddon, dadda, game of
dice.

To Die. See Dead.

To Die or Dye. as. dedh, deag, co-
lour, dye ; deagan, to dye. Gael, dath
(pronounced dS), colour, dye ; Manx
daah, colour, dye, blush ; daahghey, to
colour, stain, blush.

. Probably the radical meaning may be
to soak, wet, or steep.

Then if thine eye hedye this sacred urn.

Each drop a pearl shall turn,

To adorn his tomb. — Epitaph, 1633.

E. dial, to deg, to moisten. — Hal. ON.
deigr, wet ; digna, to become wet ; Dan.
dygge, to sprinkle with water, dyg-vaad,
dyng-vaad, thoroughly wet. In the latter
of these forms we see a close agreement
with Lat. tingere, which unites the senses
of wetting or moistening, plunging in
liquid, dyeing with colour. Gr. rc^yu, to
moisten, stain, colour. See Daggle.

Diet. I. A deliberative assembly.
See Day.

2. Gr. Ji'aira, mode or place of life,
means of life, subsistence.

But sith I know my wordis doith thee so sore

smert.
Shall no more hereafter ; and echo day our diete

(intercotirse)
Shall be mery and solase, and this shall be for-

gete. — Chaucer, Beryn. 700.

Difficult. Lat. difficilis, hard to be
done; rf/^c«//aj, difficulty. See Facile.

To Dig. To drive a pointed instru-
ment into ; to spur a horse, stab a man
through his armour. — Hal. A modifica-
tion of dag. See Dagger. Norm, diguer,
to prick ; endiguer, to pierce with an awl
or needle ; diguet, a pointed stick, a dib-
ble. Lith. dygiis, sharp, pointed ; degti,

DIKE

daigyii, to stick ; dygulis, a prickle ;
dyge, dygle, a stickle-back. Turk, dik-
mek, to sew, stitch, plant, set ; diken, a
prickle.

Digest. Lat. digero, -gesiiim, to carry
in different directions, disperse, dissolve,
digest.

To Dight. To dress, adorn, prepare.
AS. dihtan, to set in order, arrange, com-
pose. G. dichten, to meditate, contrive,
invent, compose. From Lat. dictare, to
dictate, to speak what is to be taken
dowsitjui writing. Dictare, dichen, tich-
ten, vorsagen oder lesen das man schreibt.
— Dief. Sup. Sw. dickta, to invent, to
feign, to devise ; dickta up en historia, to
trump up a story. See Ditty.

Digfnity. — Condign. See Deign.

Dike. — Ditch.. As the earth dug out
of the ground in making a trench is
heaped up on the side, the ditch and the
bank are constructed by the same act,
and it is not surprising that the two
should have been confounded under a
common name. Du. dijck, agger, et
fovea, alveus, fossa. — Kil. In like man-
ner the It. meta, the mound on which a
castle was built, is identical with E. moat,
the surrounding ditch out of which the
earth was dug. In the N. of England a
dike is a dry hedge, dike stoitr, a hedge-
stake, while dike-holl or dike-hollow is
the ditch. — Hal. In Dan. the term dige
is applied both to a ditch and baiik, but
dige-grqft is specifically the ditch.

The primary signification is doubtless
that of the Fr. digue, a bank, jetty, or
dam for stopping the flow of water,
whence the term is applied, like the Scan-
dinavian da7n or the Romance tampo,
tanco, to a pond of water held up by a
dike or dam. Du. dijck, piscina, stag-
num. — Kil. The two applications are in
G. distinguished by a modification of
spelling, and deich is used in the sense of
a dike or dam, icich in that of a pond,
In a similar manner in England the
northern pronunciation dike has been
appropriated to a bank, the southern,
ditch, to a trench.

The ultimate origin of the term must
be looked for, not in the idea of digging
with a spade, but in that of stopping up,
thrusting in a peg to stop an orifice, in
accordance with the fundamental signifi-
cation of the root dag or dig, whence Sp.
taco, a stopper, i-amrod, billiard cue,
wadding ; w. tagu, to choke, to stifle.

Magy, dugni, to stick in, to stop, duga,
a plug, stopper, stuffing ; Ulyrian tukani,
Pol. tkai, to thrust, stick, cram, stuff;

DILAPIDATION

■utykad, to stop chinks ; Bohem. zatka, a
stopper, bung, obstruction. Fin. tiikkia,
to stop a hole, stuff something into a hole ;
tuket, a stopper ; tukkuta, to be stopped,
to stagnate ; Esthon. tiikma, to thrust,
press in, to stop ; tiikkis, a stopper. Sc.
dook, a peg driven into a wall.

Dilapidation. Lat. lapis, -idis, a.
stone ; dilapido, to destroy, perhaps by
battering with stones, or perhaps to throw
about like stones, to dissipate, squander,
waste.

Saepe ferus duros jaculatur Jupiter imbres
Grandine dilapidans honiinumque boumque la-
bores. — Columella.

Dilemma. Gr. SiXruJiia, an argument
equally conclusive in two opposite ways,
from Sie, twice, and X^/i/ia, a proposition
or thesis.

Diligent. Lat. diligo (properly to
pick out), to love ; diligens, loving, at-
tentive, industrious. See -lect.

Dilling.— DiU. Dilling, a darling or
favourite, the youngest child or the young-
est of a brood. — Hal. ON. dill, the nurse's
lullaby ; dilla, to lull a child to sleep.
To dill, to soothe, to still, to calm — Hal.,
to dill down, to subside, become still.

The noise of the Queen's journey to France
has dilled down. — Jam.

Hence the name of the herb dill (Sw.
dill, Dan. dild, anethum), used as a car-
minative or soothing medicine for child-
ren. Dan. dial, dull, still, quiet, as pain
when the attack goes off ; dulme, to sub-
side, assuage, soothe. Lith. tylus, quiet,
still, tildyti, to quiet, tyla, silence ; Pol.
tulid, to seek to calm, soothe, or appease
one, utulid, to quiet a crying child. See
Dull.

Dilly. A public carriage, contracted
from Fr. diligence. — Hal.

Diluvial. See Deluge.

Dim. One of the numerous class of
words branching out from the root tap,
dab, dam in the sense of stop, obstruct,
mentioned under Deaf and Dam. Lang;
tapa lou jhour, to stop one's light ; Ptg.
tapa los olhos, to cast a mist before one's
eyes, taparse, to darken, become dark ;
tapar os ouvidos, Lang, se tampa las
aourelios, to stop one's ears.

Bav. daumb, daum, taum, stopper, wad-
ding ; daumen, verdaumben, to ram down,
to stop ; dumper, dimper, dull in sound
or in colour ; ' timper, fusca vox, csecus
Sonus,' timberriu wuolchen, the dark
clouds ; ein tuinperer nebel, a dark mist.
■ Timberi, caligo — Notker, identical with
Lat. tenebrcBj- vertumperte augeti, oculi
contenebrati. — Schmeller. Swab, diemer,

DIMITY

21.1

dumper, gloomy, of the weather ; vertum-
plen, vertianlen, to make thick (trlibe).
Du. bedampen, to darken, to make dim — •
Halma; een dompig huis, a close, dark
house. ON. dimmr, dark, thick ;. dimma,
dumba, darkness ; dimmleitr, dumbinn,
dark-coloured ; dumbicngr, tliickness of
air, covered weather ; dimmraddadr, voce
obscura et gravi ; dimma, to grow dark.
Sw. dimba, a fog, haze ; Dan. dmn, dumb,
dim, obscure, dull, low (of sound), stupid.

The same relation between the ideas of
shutting up and darkening is seen in
Manx doon, to close or shut up, and also
to darken ; doon, a field or close; dooney,
shutting, closing, darkening; E. dun, of a
dark colour. The same development of
the root is found in the Finnish languages.
Fin. ttimma, dull, dim, tummeta, to be
dimmed, to be put out as a fire, tummen-
taa, to damp the fire, to extinguish ; Es-
thon. tumme, dull, dim, dark ; Lap. tuom,
dull in action, slow.

Dimble. — Dimple. — Dingle. Dimble
or dingle is a narrow glen, deep valley.

Within a gloomy dimble she doth dwell.

Sad Shepherd,

Lith. dubus, hollow, deep (of vessels) ;
dubus medis, a hollow tree ; dumbu, dubti,

to be hollow ; dube, dobe, a ditch, hole in
the earth, den ; dubele, a little pit, dimple
in the cheek or chin ; daiiba, a glen, cleft,
valley. Fris. dobbe, a ditch, hole, pit,
hollow ; dobbetjens, a dimple. — Epkema.
E. dib, a valley ; dub, a deep place in a
river — Hal., a puddle or gutter — Jam. ;
dump, a deep hole of water ; Bav. dUmpf,
dUmpifel, a deep hole in a river ; OHG.
tuntphilo, gurges — Schmeller ; E. dumble,
a wooded dingle. — Hal.

Closely connected with deep, dip. The
radical image may be the hollow made
by a blow with a pointed instrument, re-
presented by the syllable dib, whence
dibber, dibble, a setting-stick. Compare
Bohem. dupali, to stamp, dupa, a hollow ;
Pol. dupnied, to become hollow. On the
same principle we have dent, the hollow
made by a blow (and perhaps den, a cave
or hoUow), from dint, a blow. So also
from dig or ding in the sense of stabbing
or thrusting or striking with a hammer or
the like, we pass to dinge, the hollow
made by the blow, and dingle, synonym-
ous with dimble, a narrow glen.

Dimension. Lat. dimetior, -mensus,
to measure out. See Measure.

Dimity. Originally a stuff woven with
two threads, from Gr. A'c, twice, and /lirof,
a thread. ' Officinas ubi in fila yariis

214

DIN

distincta coloribus Serum vellera tehuan-
tur, et sibi invicem multiplici texendi
genere coaptantur. Hinc enim videas
amita, dimitaque et trimita minori peri-
ti4 sumptuque perfici,' i. e. (says Mura-
tori) 'vulgares telas sericiae uno filo seu
licio, duobus, aut tribus contextae.' — Fal-
candus, Hist. Sicil. in Mur. Diss. 25. In
the same way the G. name for velvet, sam-
met, is contracted from exhamita, from
having been woven of six threads. In
like manner G. drillich, E. drill, a web of
a threefold thread ; G. zwillich, E. twill,
a web of a double thread.

Din. Imitative of continued sound.
ON. dynia, dundi, to resound ; duna, to
thunder. Lat. tinnire, to sound as a bell,
tonare, to thunder. See Dun.

* To Dine. It. desinarej OFr. dis-
gner, disner, dignerj Prov. disnar, dir-
nar, dinar. ' Disnavi me ibi.' — Gl. Vatic,
quoted by Diez. Diez suggests a deriva-
tion from a Lat. decanare (analogous to
devorare, depascere), whence in Fr. might
have arisen decener, desner, diner, as
from decima — desme, dime. The OFr.
had reciner, to lunch, from recanare.

The more probable derivation however
seems to me to be that from Lat. desinere,
to cease, the dinner being the meal taken
at the noontide cessation from labour.
The application of It. desinare to the
sense of dining may have driven it out of
use in the sense of ceasing.

To Ding. To strike, knock, cast. To
ding through, to pierce. ' He dang him
throw the body with ane swerd.' — Bellen-
den in Jam. To ding at the door, to
knock. — P.P. ON. dengia, to hammer ;
dengia einum nidr, to ding one down.

The syllables ding, dong, or the like, are
used in the first instance to represent a
strong impression on the ear, and thence
are transferred to a violent action, a heavy
blow.

Dingle. A narrow valley, a glen. A
variety of dimble, and, as the latter was
derived from dib, expressing a blow with
a pointed instrument, dingle stands in
the same relation to dig, ding. The
primary meaning then would be a dint,
pit, hollow.

Dingy. Related to forms like the G.
dumpfig, dead in sound, musty, damp,
Du. dompig, dark, close, as cringe to AS.
crymbig, crooked. It. cangiare to cam-
biare, to change. The ON. dumba, dark-
ness, would give an as. dymbig, darkish,
dingy. It may be considered as the
analogue of the Du. danker, G. dunkel,
dark. See Damp, Dim.

DIPLOMA

Dint Dent. — Dunt. All imitative

of the sound of a blow. To dunt, to
strike so as to make a hollow sound, to
beat, to palpitate. — ^Jam.

ON. dunkr, dynkr, Sw. dunk, a hollow
sound, as the boom of a gun ; dunka, to
beat, to throb, to knock at a door ; dunsa,
to strike with a dull sound, to fall heavily ;
dunt a, to strike, to shake — Rietz ; Da.
dial, dunte, to sound hollow under the
feet ; dundse, to thump.

Diocese. Gr. Sioixriats, the manage-
ment of a household, administration,
function of a steward, a province or juris-
diction ; in ecclesiastical matters the juris-
diction of a bishop. Atotdia, to manage
household affairs, from oiicog, a house.

To Dip. — Deep. Goth, daupjan, AS.
dippan, Sw. doppa, to dip, to soak. Du.
doppen, doopen, to dip, baptise j Sc. doup,
Du. duypen, to duck the head. G. taufen,
to baptise ; It. tuffare, to dive or duck, to
plunge under water.

Goth, diups, ON. diupr, Du. duyp, diep,
G. tief, deep. Lith. dubus, hollow, deep
(of a vessel) ; diibe, dobe, a ditch, hole in
the ground, dubele, a little hole, a dimple ;
dumbu, dubti, to be hollow. E. dub, a.
pool in a river, dump, a deep hole of
water. Du. dampen, dompelen, to plunge
under water — Halma ; Bav. dUmpf,
diimpfel, a deep hole in a river.

Bohem. dupa, a hole or cavern, dupati,
to stamp, dubati, to peck, strike with the
beak.

The original root seems to be the syl-
lable dib, dub, representing the sound of a
blow with a pointed instrument, and
thence being applied to the hollow made
in the object struck, or on the other hand
to the sudden motion downwards with
which the blow is given. To dip then is
to go suddenly downwards, and deep de-
signates the quality of things which admit
of going suddenly downwards, the depth
being greater as they admit of a more
extended or more sudden descent.

It is remarkable that as we have a root
dig in the same sense with dib, the same
parallelism of the labial and guttural final
is found throughout the series. We have
Du. duypen and duycken, to duck the
head, to duck under water, dive ; Sc.
doup in the same sense as the E. duck;
G. taufen, to baptise, tauchen, to dip or
dive ; E. dimble and dingle, a glen ; Du.
dompen, G. tunken, to dip.

Diphthong. Gr. 5i09oyyoe, having a

twofold sound ; ^Soyyoc, articulate sound.

Diploma. — Diplomatic. Gr. SivXmiia,

Lat. diploma, an authoritative document,

DIRE

licence, charter, from oittXom, to double,
because in the form of folded tablets.
Dire. Lat. dirus, cruel, dreadful.
Dirge. A funeral service ; from Ps.
5, V. 8. ' Dirige Domine Deus meus in
conspectu tuo vitam meam,' repeated in
the anthem used on such occasions. —
Jam.
The frere wol to the direge if the cors is fat.
PoUtical Songs, 332, Cam. Soc.
In old Sc. dregy, dirgy.

Dirk.— Durk. A dagger. Sc. durk,
G. dolch, Sw. dolk, a dagger. Bohem.
tuleg, a spear (spiculum), tuHch, a dagger.
Magy. tolni, to thrust ; Russ. tolkat',
tolknuf, to give a blow, strike, knock ;
Bohem. tlauk, a pestle. Fris. dulg, dolge,
dolch, a wound. — Epkema. The inter-
change of an / and r before a final gut-
tural is very common. Comp. Dan. dial.
smilke and kilche, corresponding to e.
smirk and kirk — Junge ; Outzen. OFr.
pourpe for poulpe. — Roquef.

* Dirt. Dryte or doonge, merda,
stercus. — Pr. Pm. To drite, cacare,
egerere. — Cath. Ang. in Way. on. drit,
excrement. G., Du. dreck, excrement,
filth, mud, dirt.

The radical sense of the word is simply
a lump, what falls in separate portions.
Banff, treetle, to fall in drops, to trickle.
E. trattles, troUles, treadles', the dung of
sheep, goats, hares, &c. Du. drotel,
dreutel pilula stercoraria. Banff, turd, a
clot of excrement, is radically identical
with inversion of the r. In the same
way E. crottles, lumpy dung, may be com-
pared with crote, a clod, and Du. krotte,
dirt sticking to the bottom of clothes, Fr.
crotte, dirt.

Dis-, Di-, before an f, Dif-. From Gr.
Uq (Sanscr. dvis, Lat. bis), twice, in two
parts, separately. In composition it im-
plies separation from the thing signified
by the word with which it is compounded,
and hence negation, opposition.

Disaster. Fr. desastre, It. disastro,
an evil chance, something brought about
by an evil influence of the stars. Prov.
astrar, to cause by the influence of the
stars ; astruc, Lat. asirosus, fortunate ;
bencLstre, good fortune ; desastre, misfor-
tune.— Diez.

To Discard. Sp. descartar, to throw
cards out of one's hand at certain games ;
hence to put aside, reject.

Disciple. — Discipline. Lat. discipti-
lus, disciplina, from disco, I learn.

Discomfit. Fr. disconjire, -fit, to over-
throw, defeat. Lat. cojtficio, to bring to-
gether, to make up. See -feet.

DISPENSE

215

Discreet. — Discretion. Fr. discret,
discerning, prudent ; Lat. discerno, -cre-
tum, to discern ; discretio, separation, se-
lection.

Discrepancy. Lat. crepo, to creak,
make a noise ; discrepo, to be out of
tune, sound inharmoniously, thence, to
disagree.

Discriminate. Lat. discrimen, se-
paration, distinction. See -cern.

Disgust. Fr. desgoust, digoiit, from
Lat. gtistus, taste.

Dish.. — Disk. Lat. discus, a quoit or
flat circle of stone, wood, or metal ;
hence, a dish ; Gr. SisKoe, a quoit, a tray.
G. tiscA, a table.

Disheveled. Fr. descheveler, to put
the hair out of order. Fr. cheveux, Lat.
capilla, the hair.

Dismal. Swiss dusem, dark, thick,
misty, downhearted. Bav. dus, dusam,
dusig, dusmig, dull (not shining), still,
cloudy. Dan. dial, dusm, dussem, slum-
ber. Dasyn, or in Pynson's edition,
das7nyn, or missyn as eyne, caligo. — Pr.
Pm. Swab, disseln, disemen, dusemen,
disinen, dusmen, to speak low, dosen,
dosmen, to slumber.

The primary image is a low sound,
then dull in colour, dark, overcast, un-
cheerful.

Dismay. Sp. desi7iayo, a swoon, faint-
ing-fit, decay of strength, dismay; des-
mayar, to faint, to be faint-hearted, to
discourage, frighten. See Amaze.

To Disparage. From Lat. par, equal,
arises Vr. parage, equality of birth or in
blood, (and hence) kindred, parentage,
lineage. — Cot. Hence to disparage, to
match a person with one of inferior birth
and condition, and in modern usage to
speak slightingly of one, to put him lower
in estimation.

Dispatch. It. impacciare, to impeach,
encumber, hinder ; dispacciare, to dis-
patch, rid or free. — Fl. Fr. empescher,
to hinder, impeach, pester ; despescher, to
rid, send away quickly, discharge. — Cot.
Diez would derive the words from Lat.
impingere, in the sense of fastening
something troublesome upon one, through
the supposed frequentative forms impac-
tare, impactiare. More probably from
the Gael, bac, stop, hindrance, restraint ;
bacail, obstruction. Lat. repagula, bars,
restraints, fastenings. Prov. empaig, em-
pacha, empaita, obstacle, hindrance ; em-
paichar, empaitar, empazar, empechar,
to embarrass ; the Converse of which, to
dispatch, is to remove a hindrance.
Dispense. — Dispensation. Lat. dis-

2l6

DISPERSE

penso, to pay out money, to manage an
income ; to dispense -with, to manage
without. See Spend.

Disperse. See -sperse.

To Display. OFr. desployer, It. dis-
piegare, spiegare, to unfold, from Lat.
plicare, to fold.

To Dispute. Lat. disputare, to cast
up a sum, compute, to examine and dis-
cuss a subject. In modern language the
term is applied to hostile discussion of a
subject with another person.

Disseminate. To sow here and there.
Lat. semen, seed.

Dissertation. Lat. dissero, -sertum,
to set asunder, to discuss ; disserto, to
explain, debate, discuss. See -sert.

Dissident. Lat. dissideo, to sit apart,
to disagree.

Dissipate. Lat. dissipare, to scatter.
The obs. sipo or supo signified to cast. —
Festus.

Distaff. The staff on which the flax
was fastened in spinning. Pl.D. diesse,
Ditmarsh dies, the bunch of flax on the
distaff ; E. dial, dise, to supply the staff
with flax. I dysyn a. dystaffe. — Palsgr.

The term may be a modification of the
root appearing in Gael, dos, a bush, clus-
ter, tuft, lock of hair, E. tussock, a tuft
of grass, Bav. doschen, duschen, dosten,
a bush, tuft, tassel. On the other hand,
the thread drawn down from the stock of
flax on the distaff may be compared to
the stream of milk drawn from an ani-
mal's udder, and thus the term may be
identical with the Sw. diss, a teat, dissa,
to suck. We speak of blood spinning
from a vein.

Distich. Gr. tusTixoq {Sig, and otIxos,
a row, verse), in two rows or lines.

Distinguish. — Distinction. Lat. dis-
tinguo, -nctum, properly to mark with
points ; Gr. ariX^u, to prick ; OTiyita, a
prick or spot ; Lat. instigo, instinguo, to
prick one on, to stimulate.

Distrain. — Distress. — ^District. From
Lat. stringere, to strain, to draw tight,
Mid. Lat. distringere (whence Fr. dis-
traindre and E. distrain) was used in the
sense of exercising severity upon, cor-
recting, and especially in that of compel-
ling or constraining a person to do some-
thing by the exaction of a pledge or by
fine or imprisonment. ' Et liceat illi eos
distringere ad justitias faciendas.' — Hist.
Fr. in Due. ' Et ce qui est dessus devis^
fut fait et establi pour destraindre les
gens k venir faire droit en la cour.' —
Assis. Hierosol. In this sense we still
speak of distraining for rent, when we

DIVAN

seize the goods of a tenant, in order to
compel him to pay the rent.

The pledge or the fine exacted was
termed districtio, distress, and the sam?,
name was sometimes given to the rights
of exercising judicial authority. ' Dis-
trictio quoque villse ad ecclesiam pertine-
bit, ita ut Godescalcus — qui advocatus
est ejusdem allodii, medietatem ipsius
districtionis de Ecclesii teneat.' — Charta
ann. 1124. But the right of exercising
such authority, as well as the territory
over which it was exercised, were more
commonly termed districtus. It. distretto,
OFr. destroict, E. district. 'Maneantque
sub judicio et districtu vestro.' — Bulla
Bonifacii ann. 1033. ' Qui allodium ven-
diderit, districtum et jurisdictionem Im-
peratoris vendere non prassumat.' — Lib.
Feod. 'Et totum districtum ejusdem
insula cumtotci. justitia dedi eis.' — Charta
ann. 983. ' Prsedictum fumum et dis-
trictum ejusdem furni,' i. e. the soke of
the oven, or right of compelling the te-
nants to resort to it for the purpose of
baking. — Due.

To Dit.— Ditch. To dit is to stop
an orifice. ' Dit your mouth with your
meat.' — Sc. proverb, as. dittan, to stop.
ON. ditta, to stop chinks. From dot, a
lump, as the notion of stopping an orifice
is commonly expressed by reference to
the bunch of materials thrust into the
opening. See Dam. Du. dodde, a tap,
stopper, plug. — Kil. Dan. dial, dot, a
stopper. N. dott, a bunch, a lump ;
dytta, to stop a hole.

Another modification of the word is
ditch, or diche, to stuff or fill up. A table
is diched when the dirt has insinuated
itself into the grain of the wood. — Baker,
Northampt. Gl. Bav. datschen, detschen,
dotschen, to press down something soft ;
datsch, &c., a mess of something soft,
kue-datsch, cow-dung. — Schm.

Ditch. See Dike.

Ditto. A term from the language of
book-keeping. It. detto (Lat. dictum),
said, aforesaid.

Ditty. OFr. diet, dictS, dittt!, recita-
tion of an adventure, story, poem, work
of imagination. — Roquef. Lat. dicere,
dictum, to say.

Then said I, thus it falleth me to cesse
Eithir to rime or diiees for to make.

Chaucer, Belle Dame sans mercl.

Diuretic. See Urine.

Divan. Pers. ditvdn, a collection of
writings, register, account-book; board
of accounts, custom-house (It. dogana.

DIVE

Fr. douane), council, senate ; council-
chamber, raised seat.

To Dive. AS. deofan, dufan {dyfde,
dofen), to plunge in water, duck, dive ;
ON., dyfa, deyfa, to dip, stick down into.
Du. dutpen, to duck the head. — Kil.
Dan. duve, to pitch, as a ship meeting
the waves; duve stg, to duck, bow the
head. It. tuffare, to duck or plunge
under water.

A parallel series with a final guttural
is seen in Du. duiken, Bav. ducken, to
duck, bow, dive; Sw. dyka, G. tauchen, to
dive. See Dip.

Divide. — Division. Lat. divide, -sum,
separate, cut in parts; dividuus, what
may be divided.

Divine. Lat. divinus, belonging to
God ; divi, Gods. Gr. SIoq, godlike. The
Lat. divinus was applied to a prophet or
soothsayer, one conversant with divine
matters, as in modern times the term is
applied to a clergyman. Hence divinare,
to divine, foretell, prophesy, foresee, then
to guess.

Dizzy. AS. dysig, dyslic, foolish ; Pl.D.
diisig, d'dsig, giddy, dizzy, dilsig weder,
hazy weather ; Dan. disig, hazy ; Du.
duysig, deusig, stupid, giddy, stunned ;
E. dizze, to stun. ' Etourdir, to astonish,
dizze, amaze.' — Cotgr. Bav. dusen, du-
seln, dusseln, to be still, to slumber, to be
giddy ; dasig, submissive, tame ; dausig,
dusig, dull, foolish. E. to daze, to stupefy,
benum ; dasyd or bedasyd, vertiginosus.
— Pr. Pm. To dozen, dosen, to stupefy
with a blow or otherwise, to lose power
and life, benum, become torpid. — Jam.
ON. dos, das, languor, lassitude. Hann
liggr i dosi, he lies in a faint. Dan. dos,
drowsiness, dose, to doze, to mope.
■ To Do. OHG. duan, tuan, G. thun,
Du. doen, to do.

It is often said that da in the inquiry
after a person's, health is properly the Sc.
dow, Du. doogen, deugen, G. taugen, to
be able or good for, to avail, to thrive ;
but there is no need of such a supposi-
tion. We ask how a thing does, mean-
ing, how does it perform the office ex-
pected of it, and the word is used in a
very similar sense in the inquiry. How
do you do ? — How do you get on 1 How
do you perform the offices of life ? It is
a simple translation of the OFr. Com-
ment le faites-vous ?

Puis li a dit par grant doufor,
Sire, comment le faites-vos ?
Dame, bien, dit le Segretains.

Fab. et Contes. i. 245.

' David demanded of him how Joab

DOCK

217

did, and how the people did, and how
the war prospered.' In the Livre des
Rois : E David — enquist cume Joab le
fist, e li poples, e coment il lefeissent del
siege — and how they got on with the
siege.

Docile. — Doctor. — Doctrine. — Docu-
ment. Lat. doceo, doctum, to teach, do-
cilis, easy to be taught ; doctor, a teacher,
doctrina, what is taught, documentwn,
that by which one is taught.

Dock. I. G. docke, a bundle, bunch
of thread, knot of cords, baluster, plug,
stopple, a short thick piece of anything.
Fris. dok, a small bundle, ball of twine,
bunch of straw. It. tocco, a scrap, cob,
coUop, cut or shive, viz. of bread and
cheese. — Fl. w. toe, that is short or
abrupt ; tocyn, a short piece ; tocio, to
reduce to a short bit, to curtail, explain-
ing the E. dock, to reduce to a stump, to
cut short. ON. dockr, a short stumpy
tail. The term dock is applied to several
plants having leaves broad in proportion
to their length, as sour-dock, sorrel, bur-
dock, butter-dock (Du. docke-blaederen ,
petasites), AS. ea-dock, Swab, wasser-
docklein, the water-lily. Another appli-
cation of the term is to the rump of an
animal, butt end of a tree, the thick end.
—Hal,

Dock, like other words signifying a
lump, is probably derived from the no-
tion of knocking. Du. docken, dare
pugnos, ingerere verbera.^Kil. It. toe-
care, to knock. Compare dump, to beat
Qam.), with dumpy j dunch, to beat, with
dunch, one who is short and thick — Jam. ;
to punch, to strike, with punchy, short
and thick, &c.

Dock. 2. The cage in a court of jus-
tice in which a criminal is placed at his
trial. Flemish docke, a bird-cage. — Kil.

Dock. 3. An inclosed basin for re-
pairing ships. A pond where the water
is kept out by great flood-gates till the
ship is built or repaired, but are opened
to let in the water to float or launch her.
— B.

Both in this sense and in that of a cage
the meaning is probably to be explained
through the notion of stopping up, hem-
ming in, confining. The G. docke, signi-
fying primarily a bunch, is applied to the
tap by which the water of a fish-pond is
kept in or let off. — Adelung. Hence the
name seems to have been transferred to
a naval dock, the essential provision of
which is the power of keeping in or shut-
ting out the water by an analogous con-
trivance, though on a greatly magnified

2l8

DOCKET

scale. Clausa, eyn cluse (a sluice or
flood-gate), tock; i. q. docke, obturamen-
tum pisciniE. — Dief. Sup. See Dam.

From signifying the plug or sluice by
which the flow of water is regulated, the
word is applied to the dam of which the
sluice forms part, and generally to the
dam or bank of a ditch or artificial piece
of water, to the conduit through which
the water flows away, to a spout, gutter,
watercourse. In the former sense we
have Prov. doga, douva, Fr. douve, douhe,
a bank. ' Douvam sive aggerem dicti
fossati.' ' Qui a douhe, il a foss^,' who-
ever possesses the bank, he has the ditch.
In the sense of a conduit ; ' fossas in cir-
cuitu basilicas fieri jussit ne forte dogis
occultis lymphee deducerentur in fontem.'
— Gregory of Tours in Diez.

In It. we have doccia, a mill-dam, a
spout, gutter ; Sp. daguaucho, a rush of
water, watercourse ; It. docciare, to spout,
to let water run with some force upon
one's head for to cleanse and wash it, as
they use in Italy. — Fl. Whence the
modern E. douche, a bath taken by pour-
ing water from a height on the patient.

In the sense of a water-conduit we find
dosza {doccia, dozza, SiSfaccioletto,/azzo-
letto) in a passage misunderstood by
Catpentier. ' Statutum est quod canalis
de S. Catharina — ducatur tantum per doz-
zam, qu» est — sub fundo circse (by the
culvert which is under the bottom of the
ditch), et quod terralium et ripa dictse
circae claudatur in totum usque ad dic-
tam dozzam ita quod nulla ruptura sit in
dicto terralio, et a latere foras dictae
circse in capite dozzce possit fieri una
clusa alta (a deep sluice, or flood-gate, at
the head of the culvert) super dictam
dozzam,' &c.

The sense of stopping up is expressed
by the same root in the Finnish lan-
guages. Fin. tukko, a lump, bunch,
tuft ; tukkia, to stop an orifice ; tuket, a
stopper, the condition of being shut up ;
tukktita, to be stopped up, to stagnate,
as water. Magy. dugni, to stuff ; dugasz,
a stopper, bung.

Docket. A small piece of paper or
parchment, containing the heads of a
large writing. — B. A shred, or piece. —
Hal. A diminutive of dock, in the ori-
ginal sense. W. tocyn, a small piece, or
slip, a ticket.

Dod. Synonymous in several of its
senses with Dock. Fris. dodd, dadde, a
lump, clump, bunch.— Outzen. Sc. dawd,
a lunch, lump. Du. dot, a bunch of
twisted thread. — Halma.

DOILEY

To dod is to reduce to a lump, to cut
off excrescences, to curtail. Doddyn trees
or herbs, or other like, decomo, capulo.
Doddyd, without horns. Doddyd, as trees,
decomatus, mutilus. — Pr. Pm. Doddy,
low in stature, like a lump. Fr. dodu, fat,
plump, full-bodied.— Cot. Doddy-pate,
or doddy-poll, is equivalent to block-head,
or nuimkuU, jobber-noil, lump-headed.
Fris. dodd, a simpleton. Du. dots-kop, a
blockhead. — Halma.

Dod. — Dodder. Sc. dad, a slam ; to
fall, or clap down forcibly, and with noise.
He fell with a dad. — ^Jam. Hence dad,
a lump, large piece, synonymous with
dod. Sc. dod, to jog. To dad, to shake,
to strike. — Hal. To dodder, didder,
dither, to shake, to tremble; doddered,
shaken, shattered. A doddered oak, a
shattered oak. , A dodderel, or pollard, is
from dod in the other sense of the term,
to poll, or cut short.

Dodge. To dodge, to jog, to move
quickly to and fro, to deceive by a rapid
turn. Sc. datch, to jog, to shake ; dodd,
to jog ; to dad down, to fall or clap down
with a noise ; to dad, to dash, to bang ;
dad, dawd, a lump, large piece of any-
thing. Swiss datsch, dotsch, a blow with
the open hand ; something broad and
flat like a soft substance thrown on the
ground ; datschnase, a squabnose ; datsch,
the noise of a blow or the blow itself,
clap, smack.

Doe. Lat. dama, G. dam, as. da, Dan.
daa, fallow-deer ; It. daino as E. doe, the
female of the same kind. Gael, damh,
an ox, a stag.

Dog. ON. doggr, Du. dogghe, a large
dog. The uprights in front of the iron
bars on which the logs in a fireplace
rest, are called dogs, in Sw\ss feuer-hund,
probably from the resemblance to a dog
sitting on its haunches ; in Pol. and Lith.
wilki, a wolf. ON. siiia vid dogg, to sit
up in bed.

Doggrel. Pitiful poetry.

Now swiche a rime the devil I beteche,

This may wel be clepe rime dogerel quod he.
Chaucer, Prol. Melibeus.

Dogma. — Dogmatic. Gr. iby\ia, an
authoritative sentence, a decree, from
ffoKEO), to think, judge, SoKtl, it seems
good, itioKTai, it has been resolved, de-
creed.

Doiley. A small napkin used at des-
sert, said to be derived from the name of
a dealer by whom they were introduced.

The stores are very low, Sir, some Doiley pet-
ticoats and manteaus we have, and half a dozen
pairs of laced shoes.— Dryden, Kind Keeper.

DOIT

There is, however, a singular resem-
blance to Du. dwaele, dwele, a towel;
Swiss dwaheli; a napkin.

* Soit. Du. duit, the smallest coin,
the ^sTith part of a guilder. It is also used
in the more general sense of a particle or
least bit. Hij gelijkt hem op een' duit :
he resembles him to a hair. — Bomhoff.
It is used in Yorkshire synonymous with
tnoit, a mote or atom. ' There was now-
ther head nor hair on't, moit nor doit^
every fraction had disappeared. — Whitby
Gloss. Analogous forms are seen in dot,
jot, tot, representing probably in the first
instance a slight utterance, then a slight
movement, a particle or small portion of
bodily substance. So Gr. ypS, a slight
sound, a least bit ; o'uSi ypv, not a syllable,
not a bit. It is remarkable also that ypv,
according to Suidas, like dozt and mite,
was used as the name of a small coin. It.
nonfare ne motto ne totto, not to let one's
breath be heard, not to stir. As motto
corresponds to moit, so totto to doit.
See Mote, Mite.

-dole. — Dole. — Doleful. Sc. dule,
dool, grief; to sing dool, to lament. —
Jam. Lat. dolere, to grieve ; It. duolo,
doglia, pain, grief ; Fr. deuil, mourning.
Ir. doilbh, doUfe, dark, gloomy, sorrowful,
mournful ; doilbheas, doilgheas, affliction,
sorrow ; Gael, doilleir, dim, dark ; duil-
bhearra (Ir. duilbhir), sad, anxious, me-
lancholy. The opposites to these last
are soUleir, bright, clear, and suilbhir,
cheerful, joyful, constructed with the
particle so equivalent to the Gr. tv, as the
former series with the particle do equiv-
alent to the Gr. Zvq. See Dear, Dark.
In like manner Gael, dolus, -woe, grief;
solas, solace, comfort. The idea of dark-
ness is always connected with that of
grief and melancholy. E. dial, dowly,
dingy, colourless, doleful. — Hal.

Dole. 2. A portion, or lot. See Deal.

Dole. 3. Doles, dools, slips of pasture
left between furrows of ploughed lands.
— B. ' Cursed be he that translateth the
bounds and doles of his neighbour.' —
Injunction 19 Eliz. in Brand's Pop. Ant.
A dole-meadow is a meadow in which the
shares of different proprietors are marked
by doles or landmarks. Now the simplest
division of property would be a strip of
turf left unploughed. Pl.D. dole, a small
ditch with the sod turned up beside it for
a landmark; uutdolen, so to mark the
division of properties with a ridge and
furrow. — Brem. Wtb. The word is pro-
laably at bottom identical with w. twll, a
pit, Bohem. dul, a pit, ditch ; then (as

DOME

219

the ditch and bank are made by flinging
on the one side the earth taken up from .
the other) applied both to ridge and fur-
row, and suiasequently appropriated to
either as accidental circumstances might
determine. We find the same duplicity
of meaning in dikej and mote, the term
by which we designate the ditch of a
castle, signifies in It. the mound on which
the castle is built.

Dole, a boundary mark, either a post
or a mound of earth, a lump of anything.
— Hal. Doel, a butt, or mound of turf
for archers to shoot at. — Kil. Dool, dole,
the goal in a game of football, &c. — Jam,

Doll. Properly a bunch of rags. Fris.
dok, G. docke, a little bundle, as of thread,
a wisp of straw, also a doll ; Swab.
dbckle, a doll ; dokkelen, to play with a
doll. Banff, doll, a large lump of any-
thing.

So in Fin. nukka, a flock, rag, patch ;
nukki, nuket, a doll, pupa lusoria puella-
rum ex panniculis.

If I were mad I should forget my son,
Or madly think a babe of clouts were he.
K.John.

Dollar. Du. dalerj G. thaler, i&iid
to be so named from having been struck
at Joachimsthal in Bohemia.

Dolorous. See Dole. Lat. doleo, to
grieve ; dolor, grief, pain.

Dolt. Swab, dalde, dalter, dodle,
dalle, dohle, dallebatsch, dallewatsck,
dalpe, dalper, a foolish, awkward, clumsy
person ; dalpicht, talkickt, clumsy, clown-
ish ; dalpen,talken, to handle awkwardly;
G. tolpel, a dolt, blockhead. Bav. dalken,
to work in sticky, doughy materials ;
verdalken, to blot, dawb, do a thing un-
skilfully, spoil by awkwardness ; dalkend,
dalket, sticky, awkward ; der dalk, the
awkward person. — Schmel.

Dome. — ^Domestic. — Domicile. Lat.
domus, a house. Gr. Souoq, Swiia. It is
doubtful how the term dome came to be
applied to a cupola or vaulted roof. A
cathedral is in It. duomo, in G. dom, and
a dome may be so called because it was
the ornament of a cathedral church. A
church in general was called domus Dei,
the house of God, and probably the name
was given to a cathedral church par ex-
cellence. On the other hand we find that
the Gr. M/i/a was used for a roof. ' Doma
in Orientalibus provinciis ipsum dicitur
quod apud Latinos tectum, in Palsestina
enim et JEgypto — non habente in tectis
culmina sed domata, quae Romse vel So-
laria, vel Masniana vocant, id est, plana
tecta quas transversis trabibus sustentan-

220 DOMINION

tur.' — St Jerome in Due. Au/ia, tectum.
—Gloss. Gi". Lat. Ibid.

The word domus is commonly derived
from the Gr. Skjiai, to build, but this I be-
lieve is putting the cart before the horse.
The form with the narrow vowel is com-
monly the derivative, and irBvo/iai is de-
rived from TTovog, labour, deem from doom,
and not vice versa. We have then the
most natural derivation for the word sig-
nifying a dwelling, in the notion of a
hearth or fire-place.

The Fin. sawu, signifying smoke, is
appUed in the second place to a house,
household, family living in a house, and
in like manner the w. mwg, smoke, is
identical with Bret, moug or mog, a fire,
hearth, household, house, while a deriva-
tive moged is in the latter dialect used for
smoke. In like manner Pol. dy7n (radic-
ally identical with Su/ios and fiimus) is
rendered smoke, cottage, house, while the
form dom is also used in the latter sense.
Bohem. dym., smoke ; dum, a house ; Lith.
dumas, smoke. In a rude state of society
the hearth is almost universally taken as
a type of the family shelter or house.

The census includes those provinces beyond
the frontiers dependant on the empire, which are
numbered by ftre-places or houses. — Population of
China, Amer. Orient. Soc.

Feu, famille, habitation, domicile. — Ro-
quef.

The G. ranch, smoke, is tropically used
for a dwelling-house. Rauch und Brot
haben, to have his own dwelling and food.
— Adelung. It. fumante, house, family.
' Et facere dare in perpetuum promise-
runt sex Lucences pro Fumante, qui
parium boum habuerint.' — Carp, in v.
Fumans.

In 1680 so many families perished for want
that for six miles in a well-inhabited extent,
within the year there was not a smoke remaining.
^-Jam.'

Sw. roek, smoke, also domicilium, focus.
— Ihre.

Domimon. — Domain. Lat. dominus,
a lord, must probably be explained from
domus, the man of the house, master of
the house.

Domino. Sp. domind, Fr. domino, a
kind of hood, worn by canons, and hence
a fashion of veil worn by women that
mourn. — Cot. Now applied to a masque-
rade dress.

Donation, -done. Lat. dare, to give ;
donum, a gift ; dono, to make a gift ;
condono, to present, remit, forgive. _

Doom. — To Deem. Goth, doms, judg-
ment ; domjan, as. deman, to distinguish,

DOSE

think, judge, deem. Lith. dumd, mind,
thought, opinion ; dumdti, to be of
opinion, to have in the Tnind ; apsidu-
mdti, to remember.

Let. dohmaht, Russ. dumaf, to think,
to be of opinion. Gr. 6vii6q, breath, life,
soul, mind, thought, resolve. The ulti-
mate meaning is doubtless the breath,
from Russ. duf, lUyr. duti, duhati, du-
vati, to blow, to breathe ; Gr. fiuw, pro-
perly to blow or breathe, then to storm,
to rage, to rush, to breathe out odours,
to sacrifice ; Magy. funi, to blow, to
snort.

Door. Gr. 0iip«, Goth, daur, G. thor,
thiire, Sanscr. dvdr, Lith. durris, Slav.
dvyry, &c.

Dor. A drone bee, a beetle. Perhaps
from the humming sound made by ani-
mals of this class in flying. Gael. dUr-
dan, humming noise ; durdail, murmur-
ing, grumbling, cooing like a dove. Ir.
dordam, to hum like a bee ; dord, hum-
ming or muttering. But the Du. form,
tor, torre, a beetle, is against this deriva-
tion.

To Dor. To befool one, put a trick
upon him. ON. ddr, irrisio ; ddra, to
deride, befool ; ddri, Dan. daare, a fool ;
bedaare, to delude, befool ; Du. door, G.
thor, a fool.

Doree. Fr. dor^e, the doree or St
Peter's fish — Cot., from the yellow colour
of the skin.

Dormant. — Dormer. Fr. dormant,
quiescent, sleeping, from dormir, to sleep.
Eau dormante, standing water. A dor-
mant claim, a claim in abeyance. A
dormer was a sleeping apartment, whence
a dormer window, a window in the roof,
usually appropriated to sleeping apart-
ments.

• Dormouse. Probably for dorm-
mouse, from the winter sleep of the ani-
mal, on which account it is in Suffolk
called sleepers in Bret, hunegan, from
hun, sleep. Lang, dourmeire, a slum-
berer ; radourmeire, a dormouse. In
Cotswold the name of dormouse is applied
to the bat, which also has a winter sleep.
N.E. to dorm, to doze ; Hereford dorme-
dory, a sleepy, inactive person. — Hal.
Sw. dial, dormeter, dormig, sleepy, slow ;
dorma, to doze, to faint ; Swab, durmen,
durmeln, to slumber ; Lat. dormire, to
sleep.

Dorsal, -dorse. Lat. dorsum, the
back.

Endorse, Fr. endosser, to write on the
back of a document.

Dose. The quantity of medicine given

DOSIL

at once. Gr. Sofftg, from SiSuiiii, to give.
Dosil. Fr. dousil, dusil, a spigot,
faucet, peg or tap to draw off liquor from
a cask, derived by Diez from ducere, to
lead. The fundamental idea is a bunch
of something thrust in to stop an orifice.
G. docke, a bunch, also the tap of a fish-
pond.— Adelung. In It. doccia the sig-
nification is extended to a mill dam, and
as it is the office of a tap to let the water
flow, doga (Gregory of T.), a water con-
duit. It. doccia, dozza, a spout, gutter,
water conduit. Prov. dotzj OFr. doiz,
dois, source of water, conduit.

C'est la fontaine, c'est la doiz

Dont sortent tuit li let p^chid—

Rome est la doiz de la malice. — Raynouard.

Prov. adozilhar, Fr. doisiller, to pierce.
At the same time a parallel line of de-
velopment seems to have taken place in
the Teutonic languages from a root doss
of the same signification with dock.
Gael, dos, bush, tuft, cluster ; E. dial.
doss, a hassock ; dosset, a small quantity ;
dossel, a wisp of hay or straw, to stop
up a hole in a barn, a plug. Swiss diis-
sel, a wooden tap. E. dosil, a tent for a
wound, probably comes from the French.

Compare Fr. bousche, a bush or bunch ;
boucher, to stop ; bouchon, a stopper,
cork. And see Dot, Dit.

Dot. — To Dit. Dot, the mark of a mere
touch with the pen, a spot, also a small
lump. Cot." speaks of 'a dot, clot or
congealed lump of phlegm, blood, &c.'
Du. dot, a knot of silk or thread. N. dott,
Da. tot, a tuft, wisp, bunch. Then, like
other words signifying a bunch or lump,
appUed to something used for stopping a
hole. Du. dodde (Kil.), Pl.D. dutte, a plug
or stopper. Sc. dottle, a small particle ;
E. dottle, a stopper ; to dutten or dit, to
stop, shut, fasten. — Hal.

Dot or tot represents in the first in-
stance a slight utterance, as shown under
Doit, then a slight movement, a small
portion. To tot something down in the
margin is to put down a hasty note ; to
tot up an account, to touch each item as
you cast them up ; to tot one's t% to give
the short cross stroke. The dim. tittle
signifies the dot over an /, and also a
small particle. ON. datta, to beat gently,
as the heart ; Sw. dial, dutta, ddtta, dotta,
N. dutte, dytta, to touch, to knock ; Sc.
dod, to jog ; Sw. dial, dett, ditt, a dot or
spot, a little lump. See Jot, Tit.

-dote. Gr. Jorloe, to be given, from
Zilayii, to give. Hence avriioTov, a remedy
against poison ; ln/iK^oroq, not given out,
unpublished.

DOUGH 221

* To Dote. Fr. dotter, radoter, to
dote, rave. — Cot. Dotard, an old doting
man, and fig. a decayed tree.

The radical sense seems to be to nod
the head, thence to become sleepy, to
doze, to become confused in the under-
standing. ON. datta, to beat as the heart,
Sw. dial, datta, to shake ; ON. dotta, to
nod with sleep, to slumber ; Devon.
doattee, to nod the head while sitting up
when sleep comes on. Sc. dute, dut, to
doze, slumber, be in a sleepy state. Auld
dut, an old dotard. Du. dut, slumber,
sleep, doting. He ' zit in den dut, he
slumbers, he dotes. Dutten, to doze,
slumber, to dote, rave, be out of one's
mind.— Halma.

Dotterel. A bird proverbial for stu-
pidity, from dote.

Double. — Duplicate. — Duplicity.
Lat. plico, to fold; duplex, twofold,
double.

Doublet. Originally a wadded gar-
ment for defence. Fr. doubU. Dobbelet,
bigera, diplois (duplex vestis et est vestis
militaris). — Pr. Pm.

To Doubt. Fr. doubter; Lat. dubi~
tare, from dubius, doubtful, what may
turn out in two ways.

Dough. AS. dah, on. deig, G. teig, a
soft wet material moulded by the hands.
The ultimate origin is shown in E. daggle,
Salzburg taggln, Bav. tegelen, to dabble,
dawb, smear ; or with the nasal, Siles.
tengeln, betengeln, to bedaggle, Swiss
tanggen, tanggeln, tanschebi (as well as
teiggen, teiggelen), to knead, to work in

paste ; tang, tanggig, soft, clammy.
From daggle or tegeln we pass to Bav.
tegel, tahel, take?!, tah, clay, loam, and
thence earthen vessel ; OHG. daha, taha,
clay, loam ; ON. deigr, Swiss teig (Schmidt,
Id. Bern.), wet, soft ; Goth, deigan, to
mould in plastic materials ; gadikis (OHG.
tegel), the thing moulded, an earthen
vessel. ' M») ipii TO irXaajia Tif TtXdaavri'
in Goth. ' ibai quithith gadikis du tham-
ma digandin : ' shall the thing moulded
say to him who moulded it. A like con-
nection between expressions for dabbling
in the wet and working in plastic material
may be observed in E. plash compared
with Gr. 7r\dff(Tii), to form. See Plaster.

Professor Aufrecht points out that the
ordinary rule of consonantal change
shown in Lat. fores, Gr. Bvpa, door ; in
rufus, Gr. spvQpoe, red ; i^ber (for u/er), Gr.
o!i9ap, udder, would render the Lat. Jzn-
gere, to form, and figulus, a potter, the
exact equ ivalents of Goth, deigan, digands.

222 DOUGHTY

For other examples of the same con-
sonantal change see Fool.

Doughty. AS. dohtig, valiant ; dugan,
Du. deiigen, doghen, doogen, valere, pro-
bum esse, in pretio esse ; deughd, virtus,
valor, probitas ; deughdelick, sound, good ;
G. taugen, to be good for, to be of value ;
tugend, virtue ; tuchtig, Lap. doktok, suf-
ficient for its purpose, sound, strong.

To Douse. Du. doesen, pulsare cum
impetu et fragore. — Kil.

* To Dout. To extinguish a candle,
to do out, as don, to do on ; doff, to do off.

Dove. Du. duyve, ON. dufa, perhaps
from its habit of ducking the head, from
Du. duypen, to duck the head ; N. duva,
to duck the head, to dip ; Sanscr. dubh,
dive ; as we find Lat. columba, in a similar
connection with Gr. KoXv/iPav, to dive.

Than peine I me to stretchen forth my neck
And East and West upon the people I beck,
As doth a dove sitting upon a beam.

Pardoner's Tale.

Dowdy. Shabby in dress.— Hal. The
fundamental idea is however torpor, sloth,
while that of carelessness of dress or ap-
pearance is an incidental application. Sc.
dawdie, a dirty, slovenly woman ; to
dawdle, to be indolent or slovenly ; Pl.D.
dodeln, to be slow, not to get on with a
thing. — Schiitze. -ON. dodi, languor;
dodaskapr, Dan. dovenskab, sloth, lan-
guor. For the ultimate origin see Deaf.

Dowel. A projection in a stone to fit
into a socket and fasten it into the adja-
cent one ; a wooden peg fastening two
boards together. Fr. douelle, douille, a
tap or socket ; G. dobel, a peg, plug, stop-
per.— Kiittn. Bav. diipel s. s., especially
the dowel or wooden peg entering into
each of two adjacent boards to fasten
them together, a damper of clay to stop
the chimney of the oven, a clump of flax,
of people, &c. — Schmeller.

Du. douwen, to press into ; jemandjets
in de hand douwen, or sleeken, to put
something secretly into one's hand. —
Halma. Pl.D. duwen, to press, press
down.

Dower. — Dowager. — Endow. Lat.
dos, doits, a marriage gift ; dotare, Fr.
douer, E. endow, to furnish with a mar-
riage portion. Mid. Lat. dotarium, Prov.
dotaire, Fr. douaire, a dowry or mar-
riage provision ; dotiairiere, a widow in
possession of her portion, a dowager.

Dowle. A portion of down, feather.

' Young dowl of the beard.'— Howel in

f Hal. Fr. douille, douillet, soft, delicate.

Lith. duja, a mote, pi. dujos, dust ; du-

DOWN

joti, to float in the air ; duje and the
dim. dujele, a dowl or down-feather.

Down. I. Applied to things light
enough to float in the air, as thistle-down.
G. daune, ON, d2'cn, the lightest and softest
kind of feather ; Du. donse, donst, down
of feathers or of the typha, sawdust, meal,
flour. — Kil. G. dunst, exhalation, vapour,
mist, fume. The primary signification is
probably mist or vapour, the down being
compared for lightness to vapour floating
in the air. Thus the Esthon. has uddo
or udsu, mist ; uddo karwda down-hair,
uddo-sulled or udso-sulle, down-feathers
(karwad =: hair ; suUed = feathers).
Traces of this sense are seen in the on.
daun, odour, smell. But most likely the
final consonant was originally an m in-
stead of an n, as preserved in Esthon.
tuum sulle, down-feathers, and in the E.
dial, dum, down, fur. A duck or a goose
is said to dum her nest when she lines it
with some of her own feathers plucked off
for that purpose. — Hal.

The same form was extant in OFr.
(Diez v. duvet), and is preserved by the
Emperor Frederick II. in Due. 'Innas-
citur vero avibus plumagium multiplex —
Secundo innascuntur alias [plumse] quas
dicuntur lanulae, a quibusdam dumce, hs
sunt exiles et moUes, densiores et longi-
ores primis, &c.' Hence the Fr. dial,
dumet, which has become duvet in ordin-
ary Fr. — Menage. Dumetti, downie. —
Cot. The origin is seen in the ODu. dom,
vapour; Bohem. ^ot, smoke ; 'Du.domp,
vapour, exhalation, breath, whence Pl.D.
dumpstig, dumstig, dunstig, vaporous,
bringing us round to the G. dunst.

The same consonantal change which
is seen in the Fr. dumet, duvet, dubet, is
also found in the modifications of the
same root having the sense of vapour,
exhalation, odour. Thus we unite the
Du. dom, vapour, with Sp. tufo, a vapour,
exhalation, stink, Dan. duft, fragrance,
odour, ON. dupt, Sw. doft, dust, dofta, to
evaporate. With an initial s, Sc. stove,
steev, a vapour, smoke, dust; Du. stof,
stuyf, stuyve, dust, whatever floats in
the air ; stuyf-sand, — meel, arena, farina
volatica ; stof, flocks of wool ; stof-hayr,
down-hair ; stuyf ken, the down of flow-
ers = Fr. duvet.

2. Du. duyne, Fr. dunes, sand-hills by
the sea-side. Fris. dbhne, a hillock of
sand or snow driven by the wind. AS.
dun, a hill. Gael, diln, a heap, hill,
mount, fortified place.

The adverb down is from AS. of dune,
as the OFr. A, mont and A val, to the hill

DOXY

and to the valley, for upwards and down-
wards respectively. Of dune, deorsum.
— Lye.

Doxy. — Gixy. Probably from the
rogues' cant. Yx.gueuse, a woman beggar,
a she rogue, a doxy or mart. Goguenelle,
a feigned title for a wench, like our gixie,
callet, minx, &c. — Cot. Doxy, a sweet-
heart.— Hunter.

To Doze. Bav. dosen, to keep still, to
listen, to slumber ; dusen, dussen, to

slumber ; Dan. dose, to doze, to mope ;
dysse, to lull ; taus, silent, hushed. And
see the forms cited under Dismal. The
fundamental image is probably the deep
breathing in sleep represented by the syl-
lable dus, tus. Lith. dusas, a deep breath,
dwasas, the breath ; dusti, dwlsti, to
breathe ; Bohem. dusati, to snort. In
like manner a representation of the same
sound by the syllable sough, swough,
gave rise to the OE. swough, sleep, swoon,
So. souch, swouch, sou/, the deep breath-
ing of sleep, silent, quiet ; ON. svefia (as
Dan. dysse), to quiet, svefn, sleep ; AS.
suTvian, swugan, to be silent.

Dozen. Fr. douzaine, from douze,
twelve.

Drab. i. Du. drabbe, Dan. drav,
Gael, drabh, draff, dregs ; Du. drabbig,
feculentus ; Gael, drabach, nasty, dirty,
slovenly ; drcibag, a dirty female, a drab ;
drabaire, a dirty, slovenly man. Banff.
drabble, a person of dirty habits. A dirty
woman is called in Dan. dial, drav-so,
drav-trug, a draff-pail. — Molbech. The
radical image is dabbling in the wet and
dirt. See Drabble.

2. The grey colour of undyed cloth.
Fr. drap. It. drappo, cloth. See Drape.

Drabble. — Dragg'le. Drabble and
draggle in the first instance probably, like
dabble and daggle, signify to paddle in
the wet. Du. drabben, ire per loca lutosa.
— Bigl. Drabelyii, drakelyn, paludo ;
drapled, drably d, paludosus, lutulentus. —
Pr. Pm. One is said to drable his claise
who slabbers his clothes when eating. —
Jam. P1.D. drabbeln, to slobber, let
liquids fall over one in eating ; drabbelbart,
one who dirties himself in such a manner.
Banff, draggle, to moisten meal slightly ;
Sc. draglit, bedirtied, bespattered — Gl.

Dougl. ; Sw. dragla, dregla, to slobber,
drivel, let the spittle fall from the mouth.
AS. drefliende, rheumaticus. — Lye. See
Draff. Sc. draked or drawked, mingled
with water or mire — Gl. Dougl., reduced
to a dreggy condition ; Gael, druaip,

DRAG

223

lees, dregs, sediment ; druablas, muddy
liquor.

In modern usage all sense of a deriva-
tion from a word signifying dregs or dirt
has been lost, and draggle is understood
as if it were a frequentative from drag,
signifying what has been dragged in the
mire.

Drafif. AS., Du. drabbe, Dan. drav, ON.
draf, dregs, husks, hogswash, refuse food
for hogs. Draffe, or drosse, or matter
stamped, pilumen. — Pr. Pm. G. irdbern,
brewers' grains ; Gael, druaip, Lett, drab-
bini, lUyr. drSp, dropina, Russ. drobina,
dregs, lees ; Du. drabbig, E. dial, dravy,
drovy, thick, muddy, dirty. Drubby,
muddy. — Hal. Drobly, of drestys, fecu-
lentus, turbulentus. — Pr. Pm. Draff,
chaff.

Why shuld I sowen draf out of my fist

Whan I may sowen whete, if that me Ust.
Chaucer in Way.

The change of the final labial for a gut-
tural gives rise to a series of forms that
cannot be separated from the foregoing.
ON. dregg, E. dregs, sediment ; Prov.
draco, dregs of the vintage ; Rouchi
draque, OFr. drague, drache, drasche,
driche, dresche, draff, brewers' grains,
dregs of brewing. The form drasche was
Latinised as drascus, drasqua, and from
the facility with which the sound of sc
passes into that of st, gave the Latinised
drastus, as well as drascus. — ^Way. Hence
the OE. forms drast, drest, traistj AS.
dresten, fseces ; G. trestern, dregs. For
the change of the final consonant com-
pare Fr. buc, busche, busc, bust, a bust,
trunk.

Again, the sound of the Fr. ch in some
dialects of France regularly corresponds
to that of ss in others, as the Picard or
Norman cacher to the Fr. chasser. In
like manner the form drache leads to the
AS. dros, fasx, sordes, Du. droessem, dregs,
dras, mud. — Halma. OE. drass, dross,
refuse, cleansings of corn, metal, &c.
Drosse, or fylthe whereof it be, ruscum ;
drosse or drasse of corn, acus, criballum.
— Pr. Pm. Pol. dro'zdze {z = Fr. j),
Walach. droschdii, dregs, lees.

The Gael, leads us to the same forms
through a different route ; drabh, draff,
grains of malt ; drabhag, dregs, sediment,
refuse ; drabhas, filth, foul weather, ob..
scenity ; draos, trash, filth.

The origin is probably exhibited in
drabble, draggle, to dabble, paddle in the
wet and mud. Goth, drobjan, to stir up,
to trouble.

To Drag.— Draw. as. dragan, ON.

224

DRAGGLE

draga, to drag or draw ; Du. draghen, G.
tragen, to carry. Du. trecken, to draw-
as a sword, to trace outlines ; treck-
brugghe, a draw-bridge ; treck-net, a
drag-net. Lat. trahere, to draw.

To Draggle. See Drabble.

Dragon. Lat. draco, Gr. tpaxwv, a
sort of large serpent, Fr. dragon.

Dragoon. Described by Skinner as
cavalry carrying fire-arms, and therefore
capable of service either on horseback or
on foot. As the French carabins, a simi-
lar kind of troops {carabijn, equester
sclopetarius — Bigl.), were named from
the carbine which they carried, it is pro-
bable that the dragoons, or dragooners
(Du. dragonder), as they were also called,
had a similar origin. Dragon, a species
of carbine — Hal., so named, no doubt,
after the analogy of ailverin, Fr. couleu-
vrine, from couleuvre, a snake. Drake,
a kind of gun. — Bailey.

* Drain, i. w.e. rhme,reen,3Lwaier-
course, an open drain — Jennings ; Lane.
reean, rindle, a. g\xtter. — Hal. e.e. drean,
a cut, drain ; drindte, a channel, water-
course, furrow. — Moor.

' Here also it receiveth the Baston
dreane, Longtoft dreane. Deeping dreane,
and thence goeth by Wickham into the
sea.' — HoUinshed. For the identity of
reen or rhine and drain, comp. rill, a
watercourse, and diHll, a furrow ; Sc.
dredour and reddour, fear, G. rieseln and
E. drizzle.

The form drindle points to the origin
of the word in the notion of falling bit by
bit, dribbling, trickling down. ' He is
the drindlest man I ever did business
with :' the slowest. — Moor. Drindle is
the nasalised form of Sc. driddle, to spill
anything, to let fall from carelessness, to
be constantly in action but making little
progress [i. e. to keep dribbling on], to
move slowly. — ^Jam. Sw. dial, dradda.
Da. dratie, to spill, drop ; drat, a scrap,
slop, little bit ; Sw. dial, dratta, dretta,
drettla, to spill, drop, let fall, dribble ; E.
dial, tridlins, the dung of sheep (which
falls dribbling down in separate pellets) ;
Banff, trintle, trinkle, trinnle, the sound
made by a liquid falling in drops, or by
any hard comminuted substance falling
in small quantities ; to fall in drops, in a
small gentle stream, in small quantities.
' The corn cam trinnlin' oot o' a wee
holie in the saick.' ' It winna lat oot the
wort bit in a mere trinnle.' The primary
notion of drindle and the derivative drain
would thus be a dribbling stream.

2. The spent refuse of malt in brewing

DRAM

are still called brewer^ drains in Suffolk,
probably the truer form, which has in
general given way to brewers? grains.
' Drascus — nos de la drague dicimus,
Angli draines et draff.' — Due. Probably
from the same root with dregs and con-
nected with forms like Lith. drlgti, to
become wet, to thaw ; drsgnas, wet,
sloppy ; dranka, hogswash ; Sw. dragg,
drank, distillers' wash or grains, dregs,
lees ; Russ. drdn, drdntza, dirt, rubbish,
refuse.

Drake. The male of birds is in one
or two instances designated by the sylla-
ble rick, drick, drake. Dan. due, a dove ;
duerik, a male dove ; and, a duck ; andrik,
Sw. and-drake, a drake ; G. ente, a duck ;
enterick, a drake. The same variation
between an initial r and dr is found in
the original sense of the word. OHG.
recke, a warrior, hero ; ON. reckr, vir,
miles ; OE. renk, rink j ON. drengr, a
warrior.

In like manner the Fin. uros (identical
with the Gr. J/pwe and Lat. herus, G. herr,
master) signifies a grown rrian, brave
man, and the male of animals ; uros-
puoli, the male sex ; uros-lintu, a male
bird ; uro-teko, a heroic deed. Anser
(vir aucarum) eyn herr unter den gensen.
— Dief. Sup.

To Drake.— Draok. — Drawk. To
saturate with water — Hunter ; to mix
with mire or water. — Gloss. Dougl.
Draplyd, drablyd, paludosus. Drablyn,
drakelyn, paludo. — Pr. Pm. Drakes, a.
slop, a mess. — Hal. Pl.D. drekmetje, a
woman who dirties her clothes, a draggle-
tail ; dreksoom, the border of wet at the
bottom of a bedraggled gown. — Schiitze.
ON. dreckia, and (as the root takes a
nasal form in Sw. drank, dregs, grains,

wash) Sw. dranka, to plunge in water.
Lith. drlgtias, wet, sloppy, dreginti, drs-
kinti, to make wet. See Drabble.

Drake. 2. — Drawk. Drake, drawk,
drank, drunk, darnel, a mischievous weed
among corn. ' Le yveraye (darnel) i
crest, et le betel (drauke).' — Bibelsworth
in Way. Du. dravick, segilops, vitium
secalis. — Kil. w. drewg, Bret, draok,
dreok, Wal. draiiwe, darnel.

Dram. — Draclim. Gr. Spaxfii], a
drachm or dram, a weight of 60 grains.
It. dramma, a very small quantity of
anything. Bret, drammour, an apothe-
cary, one who retails medicaments in
drams. In Normandy the term drame is
applied to a pinch of snuff. — Patois de
Bray. In Denmark, as in England, it is

DRAMA

used for a small glass of spirits, a dose
of spirits. — Molb. Dial. Lex.

Drama.— Dramatic. Gr. Spcifia, an
act, a performance, from Span), to do,
enact.

Drape. — ^Draper. Fr. drap, cloth.
Sp. trapo, rag, tatter (which seems the
original signification), cloth. A todo
trapo, with every rag of canvas set. Per-
haps from the sound of a flapping piece
of cloth represented by the syllable trap.
Sp. gualdrape, the housings or trgppings
of a horse, the long hangings with which
they were covered on occasions of state ;
also a tatter, rag hanging down from
clothes ; gualdrapazo, slap of the sails
against the mast.

Draught. What is dragged or drawn.
A draught of water, so much as is drawn
down the throat at once. A draught of
fishes, what is taken at one drag of the
net. A move at chess or similar game
was formerly known by this name, whence
the game of draughts, of moves with se-
parate pieces.
The burgeise took avisement long on every

DREAM

225

Draw on, said the burgeise, Beryn, ye have the

wers —
The next draught thereafter he took a rook for
nought. — Beryn.

In the same way It. tiro, a move at
chess, from tirare, to draw.

To Drawl. Sc. drawl, to be slow in
action ; Du. draelen, Fris. draulen
(Wiarda), Dan. drave (also drabe, drcege
— Moth), to delay, loiter, be slow. ' Han
drcBver sine ord saa langt ud,' he drawls
out his words so slow. Drcevs, a slow
inactive person ; droole, to be slow at
one's work. — Molb. Dial. Lex. Sw. dial.
dribba, drebba, drula, drola, to be slow
and inactive, to loiter ; komma drulandes,
to drag one leg after another. Du. drui-
len, to loiter, slumber ; w.E. driling, waste
of time, drawling; dreul, to fritter away
one's time ; a lazy fellow. — Hal.

I am inclined to believe that the word
is derived from drabble or dribble, drivel,
to let fall drop by drop, to do by little
and little. We have E. drool, to drivel —
Jennings, Baker ; bedrauled, bedrabbled,
slavered over. — P. P. Sw. dial, drdlla,
drdllta, to spill, to let fall in driblets here
and there, to go to work in a slow and
unskilful manner, to be slow and negli-
gent ; dribba, drebba, to be lazy, slow.

A like train of thought is seen in Sw.
dial, dratta, to spiU, to let fall, to fall by
little and little ; dretta, drettla, to spill,
to scatter ; drad, a drib, what falls drop-

wise or spills over ; drodd, druddele,
droddekar, a slug, lazy person ; drodda,
to dawdle ; Da. drat, scrap, slop, little
bit; Du. dreutelen, Pl.D, drbtelen, to loiter,
idle, delay ; N.E. drate, drite, to drawl.
Compare also Suffolk drindle, a. small
slow run of water ; drindle, slow.

He Is the drindUst man I ever did business
with. — Moor.

Again, Swiss droseln, troseln, to patter
down, E. drizzle, to fall in small morsels ;
Pl.D. drieseln, to loiter, dawdle ; Du.
treuzelen, to loiter, linger.

Dray. Sw. drog, a sledge, a carriage
without wheels, what is dragged along,
as Lat. traha s. s., from trahere, to draw.
It. treggia, a hurdle, sled, harrow, truck.

Dread. E. dial, dredre, Sc. dredour,
dridder, as well as raddour, reddour,
fear, dread ; rad, red, Sw. rcedd, afraid.
The radical meaning is probably to trem-
ble, from OFr. dredrd, onomatopoeia for
the chattering of the teeth ; dridriller, to
jingle as mules' bells. — Roquef. Walach.
derdeescu, derd^, Magy. dideregni, the
teeth to chatter, to shiver with cold.
Bret, drida, trida, to thrill or shiver for
joy.

With dredfull dredour trymbling for effray

The Troianis fled richt fast— D. V. 315-16.

A similar derivation for the forms red-
dour, red, may be &und in AS. hridrian,
G. rutteln, to shake ; hrith-adl, an ague
or shaking sickness ; hrithian (to shiver),
to be ill of a fever.

Dream, on. draumr, G. traum. Russ.
dremaf, to slumber, be slow ; Serv. dretn,
drijem, slumber, sleepiness ; Pol. drzy-
mai, to doze, slumber, nap. Lang, droumi,
dourmi, Swiss Romance droumi, dremi,
to sleep.

Perhaps the confused state of mind in
drowsiness and dreams may lie at the
root of the word, as trouble of mind is
commonly expressed by the metaphor of
thickness or muddiness of liquids.

My mind is troubled like a fountain stirred.

And I myself see not to the bottom of it.

Thus we pass from AS. drof, Du. droef,
E. dial, drevy, dravy, thick, muddy,
dirty, to Du. droef, droevig, troubled in
mind, sad, droeven, AS. drefan, gedrefan,
to disturb, trouble, and may thence ex-
plain Sc. drevilling, unsound sleep, slum-
ber, E. dial, draveled, slumbered fitfully.
—Hal.

Quhen langsum dreuillyng or the unsound sleep
Our ene ouersettis in the nychtis rest. — D. V.

The train of thought is more complete
in AS. drabbe, dregs ; E. drabble, to dabble
Id

226

DREARY

in the wet {drabelyn, paludo — Pr. Pm.),
drobly, drubly (Pr. Pm.), Sc. drubly,
drumbly, drumly, E. droumy (Hal.),
muddy, thick, dark, troubled. ' Drubblyn
or torblyn watur or other lycoure, turbo.'
■ — Pr. Pm. The ale is drumbled, i. e.
disturbed, muddy. — Jam. To drumile,
to be confused in doing anything ; he
dreams drumbles, he is half asleep or
stupid. — Hal. ' Look how you drumble.'
— Shakes. Pl.D. drtiminehi, drommeln,
to be half asleep. — D. M. v. 54. Lith.
drumsti, to make thick, to trouble ;
drumstas, dregs ; Pl.D. dram, trouble ;
Sc. dram, drum, dull, melancholy.

There is a like correspondence between
Du. dreck, dirt, mud, and AS. dreccan, to
trouble, whence OE. drecche, dretche, to
disturb or trouble, especially by dreams,
and thence simply to dream.
This Chanteclere gan gronen in his throte
As man that in his dreme is dretchyd sore.
Chaucer.

IJremyn or dretchyn yn slepe, sompnio.
— Pr. Pm;

* Dreary, as. dreorig, OHG. trurag,
G. traurig, sorrowfiil ; OHG. getruregot,
conturbata ; trAren, druren, contristari,
to' be troubled or grieved in mind.

It seems impossible to explain the
sense of the word from AS. dreore, ON.
dreyri, blood, whence dreyrigr, bloody.
•Grimm understands^ it as equivalent to
chopfallen, downcast ; from OHG. driusan,
AS. dreosan {hi druron, they fell), to fall,
which is not quite satisfactory.

To Dredge. — Drizzle. To dredge, to
scatter flour on meat while roasting ; to
dridge, to sprinkle. — Hal. Dan. drysse,
to dredge, sprinkle, powder, to fall in
small particles as sand. From the pat-
tering sound of such a fall. Dan. dial.
draase, drase, to fall with a pattering or
rustling noise. ' Det regner saa det
draaserl G. ' Es regnet dass es drduscht'
of a heavy shower. It. trosciare, to rain
or shower down most furiously ; strosci-
are, to fall furiously and clatter withal, as
rain or hail falling upon tiles or against
glass windows. — Fl. Grain is said in
Dan. to draase through tlie cracks of an
old loft, or from the ears of corn when
they are setting up the sheaves. This is
the E. dial, durze. Dursed or dorzed out,
said of corn that by wind, turning of it,
&c., is beaten out of the straw. — Ray.
Dras, what falls out of the corn in thresh-
ing.— Molbech. Sc. drush, atoms, frag-
ments.— Jam. G. rieseln, to purl as a
brook, to fall in grains as frozen snow or
small rain, to drizzle. — Kiittn. Swiss

D RETCH

droseln, troseln, to make a rattling or
rustling noise in falling, as fruit from a
tree, to fall with such a noise, the fuller
vowel in droseln being used of larger
fruit, as apples, the thinner in droseln of
nuts. Dan. drasle, to fall with a rustling
noise, to patter.

In Fr. the same idea is expressed with
an initial gr instead of drj gresiller, to
hail, drizzle, sleet, reem, to fall. — Cot.

Dredgfe. 2. — Dradge. Oats and bar-
ley mixed together. — B. Dragge, men-
gled corne {drage or mestlyon, P.) mixtio.
— Pr. Pm. Fr. dragie aux chevaux, pro-
vender of divers sort of pulse mingled
together ; drave'e, all kind of pulse, as
beans, peas, &c. — Cot. See Drug.

Dredge. 3. Du. dregghe, harpago, et
verriculum ; a kind of anchor with three
or four flukes, an instrument for drag-
ging. Dregh-net, verriculum, everricu-
lum, a dredge or kind of net for dragging
along the bottom.
Dregs. See Draff.
Drench. ON. dreckia, to plunge in
water ; Sw. dranka, s. s., also to drown ;
Du. drencken, to water beasts, "to lead
them to drink. Probably the idea of
drinking is not the original import of the
root, which seems preserved in E. dial.
drakes, a mess, a slop, Lith. dregnas, wet.
Drakelyn, paludo. — Pr. Pm.

Dress, -dress. To prepare for any
purpose. Fr. dresser, to straighten, set
up, direct, fashion ; — un lit, to make a
bed ; se faire dresser quelque chose d
quelqu'un, to get him to set it straight,
or to give order for it. — Cot. It. driz-
zare, to address or turn toward any place.
Lat. dirigere, directum, to direct.

Dresser. Fr. dressoir, buffet ou Ton
range les plats en les dressant, a kitchen
dresser. — ^Vocab. de Berri. Dressure or
dressynge boorde, dressorium, directo-
rium. — Pr. Pm.

To Dretch.. To vex, harass, trouble,
especially to trouble with dreams, to
dream, also to trouble the sight, to de-
ceive .

The radical image is probably pre-
served in OE. ^drakelyn, paludo' (Pr.
Pm.), to trouble water, whence may be
explained E. dial, drakes, a mess, Du.
dreck, mud, dirt, and AS. dreccan, to trou-
ble. Then fig. to trouble the sight, to
cast a mist before the eyes.
And ever his [the hypccrite's] chere is sobre and

softe,
And where he goeth he blesseth ofte,
Whereof the blynde world be dretcketh.

Gowcr in R.

DRIBBLE

— he bleres their eyes.

Ye schall see a wonder dreche,
Whan my sone wole me fecche.
Not a sorrowful sight, probably, as ex-
plained by Hal., but a vision.

Dribble. A true dribble is a servant
that is truly laborious and diligent. — B.
ON. thrif, diligentia domestica, careful-
ness, husbandry ; thrifil, a careful man.

To Dribble.— Dribblet. To dribble,
to drivel from the mouth, to give out in
small portions ; drib, driblet, a small
portion. Da. dial, drcevel, drivel that
falls from the mouth, or liquid that spills
from a vessel ; drible, dreble, to drivel ;
Da. draabe, a drop. The radical image
may be preserved in E. drabble, to paddle
in the wet, Lith. drapstyti, to splash,
sprinkle, dirty. Russ. droblio, drobit', to
crumble, droblenie, pulling to pieces ;
droV, fragments; Boh. drobiti, to crum-
ble ; drobet, a little of anything, a crum,
a drop of water; Pol. drob, every dimi-
nutive thing ; droby, drobki, odds and
ends of animal food, giblets, &c. Lett.
drupt, to fall to pieces ; druppis, frag-
ments.

Drill. I.— Trill.— Thrill. Ttn. drillen,
trillen, tremere, motitari, vacillare, ultro
citroque cursitare, gyrosque agere, gyrare,
rotare, volvere, tornare, terebrare. — Kil.
The primary signification is to shake, to
move to and fro ; then, as vibration and
revolution are characterised by the same
rapid change of direction, to move round
and round, and thence to bore a hole.
The Du. drillen was specially applied to
the brandishing of weapons ; met den
pick drillen, to shake a pike — Sewel ;
drilkonst, the art of handling or man-
aging a gun. Hence drillen, as a fac-
titive verb, to drill soldiers, or make
them go through their exercise.

The place of the r is transposed in Sc.
dirl, to pierce, to tingle, to thrill as with
the pain of a smart blow, or from cold, to
vibrate. — ^Jam.

He screwed the pipes and gart them skirl
Till roof and rafters a' did dirl. — Bums.

The origin is seen in Fr. dredri, the
chattering of the teeth ; dridriller, drid-
iller, to gingle, as hawks' or mules' bells ;
■Gael, drithlich, Fr. driller, to twinkle,
glitter; the notion of chattering, trem-
bUng, quavering, shaking, glittering, being
commonly expressed by modifications of
the same root. Thus the Fr. has bresoler,
to crackle in frying or roasting, to shiver,
or thrill — Gloss. Gdndv. ; bresiller, bril-
ler, to twinkle or glitter ; It. brillare, to
twinkle, sparlde, quaver with the voice.

DRIP

227

So Fr. tresoler, irisoler, to ring a peal of
bells — Roquef. ; It. trillare, trigliare, Sw.
drilla, E. trill, to shake or quaver with
the voice in singing ; to trill upon the
pin, to rattle the latch of a door in order
to give notice that some one is without.

To trill, like drill, is then used in the
sense of turning round, rolling.
— the sodaine smartes
Which daily chaunce as Fortune trills the ball.
Gascoigne in R.

The senses of shivering, turning round,
piercing, are also found united in thrill,
thirl, which must be classed with drills
as mere differences of speUing. A thrill'
of emotion is a shiver or shudder of
nervous excitement. ON. thirla, circum-
agere ; as. thirlian, to pierce.

The notion of shaking is one of those
most appropriately expressed by the fre-
quentative form of verb. I therefore re-
gard the Fr. dridriller, dridiller, as the
original form, Bret, drida, trida, to quiver
with joy, as a derivative. Hence we
pass to ON. trita, to whirl ; tritill, Dan.
trilde, a child's top ; ON. tritla, to whirl ;
Dan. trilde, trille, to roll ; trilde-bor, a
wheel-barrow.

Drill. 2. Drill, a small stream of
water ; to drill, to trickle or flow down
in drops, or in a small stream.

There was no water on this island, but at
one place close by the sea ; there it drills down
slowly from the rocks, where it may be received
in vessels. — Dampier in R.
Drylle, or lytylle drafte of drynke, hau-
stillus. — Pr. Pm. Pl.D. uut drullen, to
ooze out. Probably from dribble or drid-
dle. See Drawl. Dan. dial, drille, drilre,
to spill, as water out of a full vessel ;
Gael, drill, a drop, and as a verb, to
drop, to drizzle ; drilseach, dropping,
drizzhng ; Bret, dral, W. dryll, a frag-
ment ; drylliach, driblets, snips ; Bav.
trielen, to spill in eating ; Sw. dralla, to
spill, to let fall here and there. To drill
corn is to let it dribble out of a recep-
tacle, like a trickling rill of water. •

Drill. 3. A kind of linen cloth ; G.
drillich, Mid.Lat. trilix, drilex, drylich
von dreyen faden — Dief. Sup. ; Lat.
licium, a thread of the warp. So twill,
G. zwillich, cloth made with two divisions
in the warp.

Drink. — Drench. — Drown. Goth .
drigkan, ON. drecka, Dan. drikke, to
drink ; ON. dreckia, to sink under water,
to drown ; Dan. drukken, drunk ; drukne,
to drown. E. dial, to drake or drack, to
wet thoroughly, to soak in water.
To Drip. See Drop.
15 *

228

DRIVE

To Drive. AS. drifan, Goth, dreiban,
G. treiben, to urge forwards, to move
under the influence of an overpowering
force. ON. drif, a tempest ; drift-hvitr,
white as the driven snow. Dreifa, to
scatter.

To Drivel. To let the spittle fall like
an infant. See Drabble. The connec-
tion between the slavering mouth and
imperfect speech of infancy has in many
cases extended the same designation to
both conceptions. Thus we have Fr.
baver, to slaver, to fumble or falter in
speaking, to dally, trifle ; bavarder, to
slaver, to babble ; Sw. dial, slabbra (the
equivalent of E. slobber), to tattle. In
the same way the sense of E. drivel is
extended to imbecile talk or action. Sw.
drafwel, nonsense, idle talk ; Sw. dial.
dravla, drovla, to talk confusedly and
unintelligibly, to talk nonsense.

To Drizzle. As G. rieseln, grieseln.
Da. drasle, to fall with a rustling or pat-
tering sound. See Dredge.

Droll. Fr. draule, drole, a wag or
merry grig. — Cot. Pl.D. draueln, to
speak or behave in a childish or foolish
manner, to trifle. He drauelt wat, he is
joking. — Brem. Wtb. See Drivel.

Dromedary. Gr. ipifim, to run ; Jpo-
paf, -dSoe, running ; Lat. dromedaritis,
a running camel, a swift camel for riding.

Drone. AS. draen, the non-working
bee, from the droning or buzzing sound
it utters, as G. hummel from hum. ON.
drunr, a bellowing, loud hollow noise ;
Pan. drcetie, to hum, buzz ; dron, din,
peal, rumbling noise ; Pl.D. dronen, to
sound ; Gael, dranndan, humming, buz-
zing, growling ; drannd-eun, a humming-
bird.

The drone of a bagpipe is the pipe that
keeps constantly making a droning noise.

To Droop. ON. dryp, driiipa, to drip ;
driupi, driupa, to droop, hang the head,
hence to be sad or troubled ; driupr,
suppliant, sad ; to droup or drouk, to
dare, or privily be hid. — Pr. Pm. See
Drop.

Drop.— Droop.— Drip. Du. drop,
drup, G. tropfen, ON. dropi, a drop ;
driupa, Du. druppeii, druypen, druppe-
len, G. triefeln, to drip, or fall in drops.

In Lith. the root drib has the sense of
hanging. Dryboti, to hang to something,
hang down ; dribti, to hang, to drip (of
viscous fluids), to fall as snow, to dribble ;
nudribti, to hang down, to droop (of a
sick person who cannot hold himself up) ;
nudribbusos ausys, drooping ears ; pa-
dribbusos akyi, dripping eyes.

DRUG

Dropsy. Fr. hydropisie, Lat. hydrops,
from vSuip, water.

Dross, In general the dregs or refuse
of anything ; drosse or fylthe whereof it
be, ruscum ; coralle or drasse of corne,
acus — Pr. Pm. ; dross-wheat, refuse
wheat for the swine. — Way. AS. dros,
Du. droes, droessem, dregs, filth. Sw.
dial, drosan, awns, chaff ; ON. tros, offal,
refuse ; Sc. drush, atoms, fragments.

The radical sense is probably offal,
what falls off, from Goth, driusan, as.
dreosan, to fall, as Da. affald af metal,
the dross or scum of metals.

Droug'h.t. AS. druguth, Du. drooghte,
Sc. drouth, from as. dryg, Du. droogh,
dry.

To Dro-wn. See Drink.

* Drowsy. Du. droosen, Pl.D. drus-
seln (Danneil), to doze, slumber.

It has been shown under Drawl that
slowness of action is expressed by the
figure of dribbling, letting fall bit by bit.
In the present case we find Sw. dial.
drosa, drasa, drosa, drosla, to dribble,

trickle, and drosa, drasa, drosla, Dan.
drose, Pl.D. drieseln, Du. treuzelen, to
linger, loiter, be slow in action ; Sw. dial.

drasi, drasiig, drdsog, slow, inactive, from
whence to the notion of drowsiness' is a
small step. Sw. dial, drduld, to be sloth-
ful, to sleep with sloth ; Du. druilen, to
loiter, to slumber.

To Drub. E. dial. drab,to beat; Bohem.
drbati, to rub, to give a sound beating ;
drbnauti, to give a blow. G. derb, hard,
rough ; derbe schldge, hard blows.

Drudg^e. To drug, to drag, to do
laborious work.

At the gate he proifered his servise
To drugge and draw, what so men wold devise.

Chaucer.

Richt emestly they wirk,
And for to drug and draw wald never irk. — D. V.

Ir. drugaire, a slave, or drudge. Manx
drug, a dray ; N. drag, a place where, or
a short sledge on which timber is dragged ;
droga, a load of wood or hay dragged by
hand. — Aasen. E. dial, drug, a timber
waggon ; drugeous,)^^^.—!!!^. Drugeon,
strong laborious worker (femme ou fille).
'Notre Josette est un vrai drugeon.' —
Gloss. G^ndv. We may compare Dan.
slcebe, to drag, to trail, and also to toil
or drudge.

Drug. I. Fr. drogue. Du. drooghe
•waere, droogh kruyd, pharmaca, aromata,
from their hot, dry nature, drying up the
body. — Kil. A more likely origin is the
It. treggea, Sp. dragea, Mod.Gr. rpayoXa,

DRUM

Tpaytjfia, sweetmeats. Fr. dragee, a kind
of digestive powder prescribed unto weak
stomachs after meat, and hence any jon-
kets, comfits, or sweetmeats, served in
the last course for stomach closers. —
Cot. Articles of such a nature seem to
have been the principal store of the
druggist or apothecary.

Boxis he bare with fine electuares,
And sugrid siropes for digestion,
Spicis belonging to the potiquares,
With many wholesome swete confection.
Test. Creseide, 250.
Pull redy hadde he his apothecaries,
To send him dragges, and his lettuaries.
Chaucer.

2. Drug is also used in the sense of
refuse, trash, dregs. Sw. wrak, drug,
refuse, trash. — ^Widegren. In this sense
it is a modification of dreg. Comp. Du.
drabbe, dregs, with E. drubby, muddy. —
Hal. ON. grubb, grugg, dregs.

Drum. I. From an imitation of the
sound. G. trommel.

The whistUng pipe and drumbling tabor.

Drayton in R.

ON. thruma, thunder ; thrumketil, ks
tinniens. Dan. drum, a booming sound.
Ptg. trom, sound of cannon.

2. An evening party, from the figure
of a recruiting sergeant enlisting by
sound of drum. ' Lady Cowper is to
have a magnificent lighting up of her fine
room on the 9th. She has beat the drum,
and volunteers will flock in, though she
seemed distressed for want of Maca-
ronies.'— Mrs Delany, 2nd Series, II. p.
156, A.D. 1775.

Dry. AS. drig, Du. droog, G. trocken,
ON. thurr, Dan. tor.

Dryad. Gr. dpvaSig, Sylvan nymphs,
from Jp5f , a tree, an oak.

Dual. Lat. dualis {duo, two , of or
relating to two.

Dub. A small pool of rain-water,
puddle, gutter. — ^Jam. Fris. dobbe, a pud-
dle, swamp. See Dip.

To Dub. The origin of the expression
of dubbing a knight has been much can-
vassed, and it has been plausibly ex-
plained from the accolade or blow on the
neck with the sword which marked the
conclusion of the ceremony. ON. dubba,
to strike ; Fr. dauber, dober, to beat,
swinge, canvass thoroughly. — Cot. But
the accolade was never anything but a
slight tap, and it is very unlikely that it
should have been designated by a term
signifying a sound beating. Nor have
we far to seek for the real origin. The
principal part of the ceremony oi dtibbing

DUD

229

a knight consisted in investing him with
the habiliments of his order, putting on
his arms, buckling on his sword and his
spurs. Now in all the Romance lan-
guages is found a verb corresponding to
the E. dub, signifying to arrange, dress,
prepare, fit. for some special purpose.
Prov. adobar, to arrange, prepare, dress
victuals. Fr. douber, to rig or trim a
ship ; dddouber, to dress, set fitly to-
gether, arm at all points. — Cot.
La dame s'est moult tot armde
Et com chevalier adoub^e.

Fab. et Contes, vi. 2gr.
Cat. adobar, to repair, dress leather, dress
or manure land ; Sp. adobar, to dress or
make anything up, cook meat, pickle
pork, tan hides ; adobo, dressing of any
kind, as paint for the face, pickle, or
sauce, ingredients for dressing leather ;
E. to dub cloth, to dress it with teasels ;
to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting
by cutting off its comb and wattles ; dub-
bing, a dressing of flour and water used
by weavers, a mixture of tallow for dress-
ing leather.

The origin is preserved in Sclavonic.
Bohem. dub, an oak, oakbark, tan ; du-
biti, to tan ; Lith. dubas, tan ; dobai,
dobbai, tanners' lie. From the image of
tanning leather the term seems to have
been extended to any kind of dressing.

Dubious. See Doubt.

-duoe, -duct. — Ductile. Lat. duco,
ductum, to lead, draw. Hence Induce,
Conduce, Deduce, Reduce, Conduct, &c.
Ductile, what may be drawn out.

Duck. Du. duycken, to bow the head,
and especially to sink it under water, to
dive. G. tauchen, Sw. dyka, to dive ;
Bav. ducken, to press down ; duck ma-
chen, to let the head sink ; duckeln, to go
about with the head sunk.

The change of the final guttural for a
labial gives a series of parallel forms, Du.
duypen, to stoop the head, go submiss-
ively ; G. taufen, to baptise ; E. dip, dive.

Duck, the bird, is so called from the
habit of diving, as Lat. mergus, from
merger e. Du. duycker, G. tauch-ente,
Bav. duck-antl, the dob-chick.

Dud. A rag ; duds, clothing ; dod, a
rag of cloth. — Hal.

It is shown under Hater that the term
for a rag' is commonly taken from the
image of something hanging or shaking
in the wind.' So from Bav. tateren, to
shiver, we have taterman, a. scarecrow, a
figure dressed in shaking rags, e. tatter,
a rag ; from Swiss lodelen, to shake, to
be loose, loden, a rag ; from hudeln, to

230

DUDGEON

waver, dangle, hudel, a rag ; from Fr. dril-
ler, to twinkle, drilles, tatters , I n like man-
ner we pass from E. dodder, dudder, to
tremble, shiver (Hal.), to dod or dud, a
rag. And as an initial (/and/ frequently
interchange, we have w.E. jouder, to chat-
ter with cold, jouds, rags. G. zote (pro-
vincially zode), a lock, rag, tatter. ' Hans
in saner zode.' Hans in his rags. —
Deutsch. Mund. II. 408. Pl.D. ladder,
taddel, zadder, rags. — Danneil.
Dudgeon, i. The root of box- wood.
2. Ill-will.

Due.— Duty. Lat. debere, It. dovere,
OFr. deuvre, of which last the participle
at one time was probably deuU, corre-
sponding to It. dovuto, duty, right, equity
' — Fl., afterwards contracted to deu, and
mod. du, due.

Dug. A teat. Sw. dagga, to give
suck. See Dairy.

Duke. — Duchess. Fr. due, duchesse,
from Lat. dux, ducts, a leader ; duco, to
lead.

Dull. Ineffective for the purpose aimed
at, wanting in life. A dull edge is one
that will not cut ; a dull understanding,
does not readily apprehend ; a dull day is
wanting in light, the element which con-
stitutes its life ; dull of sight or of hear-
ing is ineffective in respect of those facul-
ties.

The sense may be explained from the
figure of wandering or straying from the
mark. Du. dolen, dwaelen, AS. dwolian,
to stray, to wander ; P1.D. dwalen, dwee-
len, twalen, to wander either physically
or figuratively, to err in judgment, act or
talk foolishly; E. dial, dwaule, dwallee,
to wander in mind, to talk incoherently
as one in delirium ; Du. dol, dul, G. toll,
mad, out of one's mind ; Goth, dvals,
foolish ; Dan. dval, spiritless, torpid. ON.
dvali, N. and Dan. dvale, stupor, trance,
fainting, doze, sleep.

The word seems a parallel form with
Fr. fol, fool, which is connected in a
similar manner with OFr. folier, to err,
and, like dull, is often applied to what
fails to perform its apparent purpose.
Thus avoine folle is wild or barren oats.
Fr. feu-follet, AS.fon-fyr {/on, fool), the
ignis fatuus, ineffectual fire or fire with-
out heat, corresponds to Du. dwaal licht,
the false light or wandering light. Fr.
fol-persil, fool's parsley (properly fool-
parsley), corresponds to Du. dolle-kervel
(dull chervil), false chervil. On the same
principle the name of dolle-besien is given
to the poisonous berries of deadly night-
shade.

DUMP

Perhaps the sense of error may be
traced at an earlier period to the notion
of twisting or turning. Du. dwaelinge
in't waeter, a whirlpool. —Kil. A mad-
man is one of perverted or twisted un-
derstanding. And so from Pl.D. dwars,
dwas, athwart, oblique, we pass to Du.
dwaes, foolish, mad, and Da. dvas {pi
liquors), lifeless, flat. Du. dwaes-licht,
synonymous with dwaal-licht, ignis fa-
tuus. Now as the r of dwars is lost in
dwaes, dvas, may not dwaelen or dwalen,
to turn, be from Du. dwarlen (in dwarl-
wind, a whirlwind), to twirl or whirl .' It
would however render this derivation un-
likely if dull was to be identified with
Gael, dall, blind, dark in colour, Bret.
dall, blind, blunt.

Dumb. Goth, daubs, deaf, hardened,
dull ; afdaubnan, to become obtuse, to
grow dull ; afdobnan, afdumbnan, to
hold one's peace ; dumbs, dumb ; ON.
dumbi, dumb, dark of colour ; diim-
bungr, thickness of the air, covered
weather ; dumina, to be still. G. dumm
was formerly applied in general to
whatever was wanting in its proper life
or activity, as to food that has lost its
savour, to a limb that has lost its feeling,
to the loss of hearing (Sanders), but now
it is used in the sense of stupid, dull of
understanding, while stumm is dumb ;
dump/, what has its energy compressed,
kept down, confined ; dull, actively or
passively ; unsavoury. Du. dam, deaf,
blunt, dull, stupid ; dom en blend, deaf
and blind ; domsinnigh, mad. — Kil. Da.
dum, dumb, dim, obscure, dull, low in
sound, stupid, foolish. Sw. dum, stupid ;
dumb, dumb. Esthon. tum, dumb, dark ;
tumme, dull, dark, thick ; tuim, without
feeling, benumbed, unsavoury. See Dim,
Dump, Deaf, Dam.

Dump. — Dumpy. — Dumpling. Da.
dial, dubbet, E. dial, dubby, dumpy, short
and thick ; dumphead (Whitby GL), a
tadpole ; Du. dompneus, snubnose, a
short stumpy nose ; E. humpty-dutnpty,
a short thick person ; dumpling, a round
ball of paste. The radical image (as in
Stub, Stump) is probably an impulse
abruptly stopped, whence the notion of a
short blunt projection. E. dial, dub, a
blow ; Sw. dubb, a plug, peg ; E. dial.
dump, to knock heavily, to stump ; Sw.
dial, dompa, to knock, to fall heavily, to
stump or tread heavily ; ON. dunipa, Da.
dompe, to plump, fall suddenly to the
ground or into water. Da. dial, dubbe,
to stop, to wait. ' Dub e lidt,' step a bit.
The idea of something suddenly stopped

DUMP

in its course, checked in its development
or powers, confined, restrained, is figura-
tively carried out in numerous forms in-
dicated under Dumb.

Dump. 2. The application of this
term to an affection of the mind is a
part of the medical theory which attri-
buted all disorders of the frame to a hu-
mour falling on the part affected, and
regarded mental disorders especially as
produced by a vapour rising from the
stomach into the brain. Du. damp,
damp, a vapour ; damp int de mage,
vapidus fumus ex ventriculo in cerebrum
erumpens. — Bigl. Hence e. dumps, me-
lancholy, fixed sadness. — B. In the
same sense was formerly used the equiva-
lent vapours, from the Fr. vapeurs, une
certaine maladie dont I'effet est de rendre
melancholique. — Trevoux.

Dump was used in a general sense
synonymous with humour for the condi-
tion of the mind : —

By 'r ladie 'ch am not very glad to see her in
this dumpe. — Gammer Gurton I. x. 3 ;

in this humour.

Also for an air or strain of music, re-
garded as an inspiration into the brain of
•the composer. In this sense we meet
with the expression of ' a merry dump.'

Dtin. Dark in colour.

And white things woxen dimme and donne.
Ch. in R.

From the notion of shutting up, covering,
obscuring. AS. steorran dunniath, stellae
obscurantur. Gael, duin, to shut, close ;
donn, brown ; Manx doon, to shut up,
close, darken ; doon, a field, a close, the
equivalent of E. town and of G. zaun, a.
hedge. .The connection between the
ideas of covering and darkness is a very
natural one. Sp. tapar, to stop up, hood-
wink, cover ; tapetado, of a dark brown
or blackish colour ; Ptg. tapar, to stop
up, cover, inclose ; taparse, to darken,
grow dark. — Vieira.

To Dun. To make a droning sound.
Dunnyn in sownd, bundo. Dunnynge
of sownde, bunda, bombus, — Pr. Pm.
Hence to dun, to demand a debt clamor-
ously. In like manner from bum, a
humming sound, bum-bailiff, a bailiff
employed to dun for a debt, and incident-
ally to arrest the debtor. Sw. dona, duna,
to resound ; w. dwn, a murmur, the bass
in music.

Dunce. The Scotists, or divines of the
school of Duns Scotus, were called Duns-
men or Duncemen, and their teaching
duncery. I

. DUNGEON 231

Now would Aristotle deny such speaking, and
a Duns man would make twenty distinctions. — ■
Tyndall in R. Here you come with your fine
and logical distinctions, and bring in the causes
essential and accidental of marriage, as though
we were in a school of duncery, and not in a
discourse of pleasure. — Milton in Todd.

Hence to dunce upon, to puzzle upon,
or too much to beat the brains upon. — ■
Cot. in V. metagraboliser. When the
progress of the Reformation brought the
schoolmen into disrepute, the name of
Duns, by which their learning was dis-
tinguished, became a term of opprobrium,
and at last was used as synonymous with
blockhead.

They hate even to death all them that preach
the pure word of God, void of all the dregges of
Dunsse learning and mans traditions. — Confuta-
tion of N. Shaxton, 1546, in Todd. Remember
ye not within this twenty yeares and far less, and
yet dureth unto this day, the old barking curres
Dunce's disciples, and Uke draffe called Scotists,
the children of darkness raved against Greek,
Latin, and Hebrew. — Tyndall in R.

Dunch. Dunche or htnche, sonitus,
strepitus, bundum, bombus, Dunchyn or
bunchyn, tundo ; dunchinge or lunchinge,
tuncio, percussio. — Pr. Pm. Dan. dundse,
to thump. Lat. tundere. Let. dunksch
represents the sound of a blow with the
fist ; dunkschkis, a blow with the fist.

Dung. G. dung, diinger, Sw. dynga,
dung, muck, manure. The original mean-
ing, like that of muck, seems to be simply
wet. Dan. dygge, dugge, to sprinkle with
water ; dyg-vaad, dyng-vaad, wringing
wet, as wet as muck ; dung, thoroughly
wet. — Moth. But it may be from Dan.
dynge, a heap. Comp. ON. hruga, a heap,
N. ruga, a lump, especially a lump of
dung. .^ar«^a,acowdung. In Swabian
hoppen, a heap, and in children's language
hoppe machen, to do his business. —
Schmid. Bohem. kopec, heap ; kopciti,
to heap up ; kopcina, filth, dirt, sweepings.

Dungeon. — Donjon. Originally the
principal building of a district, or fortress,
which from its position or structure had
the command of the rest, from the Lat.
dominio, domnio {2ls domnusior dominus),
domgio, dongeo (as Fr. songer from som-
niari), donjon. In a charter A.D. 1179,
given by Muratori, is an agreement 'quod
de summitate Castri Veteris quae Don-
gionem appellatur praedictus episcopus
ejusque successores debeant habere duas
partes ipsius summitatis, scilicet ab uno
latere usque ad vineam episcopi et ab al-
tera usque ad flumen,' showing that in
this case the domini-o was mere open
ground. In general however it was ap-
plied to a tower or other work of defence.

232

DUODECIMAL

' Milites ocyus conscenso Domnime,
dom6 scilicet principal! et defensivi.' —
Due.

Desus le pltis maistre dunjon
Orescent le reial gonfanon.

Chron. Norm. 2. 820.

Donjon in fortification is generally
taken for a large tower or redoubt of a
fprtress, where the garrison may retreat
in case of necessity. — Bailey. The name
of Dungeon has finally been bequeathed
to such an underground prison as was
formerly placed in the strongest part of a
fortress.

Duodecimal. Lat. duodecim, twelve.

To Dup. To do up, as doff and don,
to do off" and do on. Swiss tuffen, to
open, as a door or a letter.

Dupe. Fr. dupe, one who lets himself
be deceived. From dupe, duppe, a hoopoe,
from some tradition of the habits of that
bird of which we are ignorant. Thus
from It. bubbola, a hoopoe, bubbolare
(portar via con inganno), to cheat — Al-
tieri, whence E. to bubble one. Pol. dudek,
a hoopoe, also a simpleton, a fool. Wys-
trychnai na dudka, to make a fool of one.
Bret. houpMk, a hoopoe, also a dupe ;
houperiga, to deceive, to dupe. — Legon.

DupQcate. See Double.

Duration. Lat. durare, to last, durus,
hard. Gr. ii\paz, lasting, enduring. Turk.
durmak, to continue, stay, endure.

Dusky. Lifeless, without animation,
dim in colour, obscure.

The pennons and the pomels and the poyntes of

shields
Withdrawen his devocion and dusken his hert.

P.P.
— they dull or blunt his religious feelings.
The ground stude barrane, widderit, dosk and
V* gray,
Herbis, flowris and gerssis wallowit away. — D.V.

Perhaps from dull through the forms
dulsk, or dolsk, dorsk, dosk. Dan. dial.
dulsk, dolsk, dull, lifeless, loitering ; Sw.
dial, dalsk, lazy, slow ; Dan. dorsk, indo-
lent, sluggish, duU, torpid ; ON. doska, to
dawdle, delay.

Dust. ON. dust, Gael, dus, duslach,
dust. Du. donst, vapour, down, flour,
dust ; G. dunst, vapour, exhalation, dust-
shot. See Down.

Dwale. Deadly nightshade, a plant
whose berries produce stupefaction and
death. Dan. dvale, stupefaction ; dvale-
drik, soporific ; dvale-bcer, stupefaction-
berries, dwale. — See Dull.

DYSPEPTIC

Dwalm. — Dwaum. A fainting-fit ;
OHG. dualm, torpor, insensibility ; Du.
bedwelmen, to become dizzy, to faint.

From Goth, dvals, foolish, ON. d-vali,
stupor, fainting, doze, as Da. dial, dulme,
to grow dull, subside, slumber, doze,
from the same root. Solen dulmer, the
sun is obscured ; ilden dultner, the fire
burns dull. See Dull.

Dwarf. AS. dweorg, dweorh, ON.
dvergr, Sw. dwerg, dwerf, G. zwerg,
zwergel.

To Dwell. Dan. dvale, torpor, sus-
pended life ; dvcele, to dwell, linger,
loiter. ON. diielja, to detain, delay, to
stay ; OSw. dvala, torpor, delay ; dvoelia,
to stay, wait, tarry ; Sw. dvceljas, to
dwell ; MHG. twalen, to be torpid ; twelen,
to stop, to abide, dwell.

To Dwindle, as. dwinan, Pl.D. dwa-
nen (Bosworth in v. wanian), to fade,
waste away, vanish ; e. dial, dwain,
divainy, faint, sickly. — Forby. Du. ver-
swtinen, verdwiinen, to fade, ^fesigh ; Bav.
schweinen, G. schwinden, to shrink, waste
away, wane. ' Der mane wahsit undc
swinit,' the moon waxes and wanes. —
Diutiska in Schmeller. on. dvina, to
diminish, to leave off" ; Sw. twina, to pine
away, languish, dwindle ; Dan. tvine, to '
pine away, also to whine or whimper. In
the last of these we probably touch the
origin of the word. A languishing or
weakly condition of body is naturally ex-
pressed by reference to the whining, pipy
tone of voice induced by illness. Thus
a person says he is rathej: pipy, meaning
poorly. The Pl.D. has quakken, to groan
or complain like a sick person, whence
Dan. dial, quak, poorly. Du. queksen, to
complain, to groan, to be poorly. — Kil.
In like manner Goth, cwainon, w. cwyno,
to bewail, complain, grieve ; Pl.D. quinen,
to complain, to be poorly, languish, waste
away ; ON. queina, veina, to bemoan one-
self; AS. cwanian, wanian, to mourn,
faint, languish.

To Dye. See To Die. 2.

Dynamic. — Dynasty. Gr. lvva\uQ,
the condition of being able, power ; iwa-
\uKhi, mighty ; iwaaTiixQ, one possessing
might or power ; Iwaarda, power, the
power of the chief magistrate.

Dysentery. Gr. ivtstvTipia, from Ivi,
ill, arid ivnpa, the entrails.

Dyspeptic. Gr. hvavi-^'ia, difficulty of
digestion, iAe, ill, and ni-irTui, to dress
food, or digest it.

EASE

233

E

E-. See Ex-.

Each. AS. ale, Pl.D. elk, Du. jeg-
helijck, OHG. eocowelih (Kero), each,
every, from a,je, ever, and lie, ghelijek,
like. For the ' contraction of the final
element compare whieh and sueh with
Goth, hvileiks, svaleiks.

The AS. cEg, Sw. <z or e, in composition,
OHG. eo, G. je, express universality or
continuity of existence, and may com-
monly be translated ever. as. mghwa,
whoever, every one ; ceghwanon, every
whence, from all sides ; aghwather,
agther, every of two, either, each. Sw.
itdr, when ; enar, whenever ; eho, who-
ever. jE so lange han lifer, so long as
he lives ; som ce gull scei, as if it were all
gold. — Ihre. OHG. eo so wanne, when-
soever.

Eager, i. Fr. aigre, eager, sharp,
biting ; Lat. aeer, sharp, severe, vehe-
ment, ardent. See Acid.

2. Egre. The bore in certain rivers.
See Higre.

Eagle. Fr. aigle, Lat. aquila.

Ear. I. The organ of hearing. Lat.
auris, Lith. ausis, Goth, auso, ON. eyra,
G. ohr.

2. A head of corn. Goth, ahs, OHG.
ahir, AS. aehir, ear, G. dhre, Du. adere,
aere.

To Ear. To plough. Eryyn londe,
aro. — Pr. Pm. as. earian, Du. eren, er-
rien, Gr. apow, Lat. arare, to plough.

Earl. ON. iarl, princeps, prorex, comes.
— Gudm. Gael, iarfhlath (pronounced
iarla, \![iQfh. and th being silent), a de-
pendant chief, from iar, after, second in
order, and Jlath, lord, prince. W. ar-
glwydd. Corn, arluth, lord.

Early-, as. cEr, before ; ara, ancient,
early ; cerlice, arliee, early. Fris. ader,
aderlek, aarle, early. AS. adre, quick,
immediately. ON. aSr, before.

To Earn. i. To get by labour. As
gain, from OFr. gaagner, to cultivate or
till, so to earn seems to be to reap the
fniits of one's labour, from Du. arne,
erne, harvest, amen, ernen, to reap. —
Kil. Bav. am, amet, G. ernte, harvest ;
arnari, messor. — Tatian. Bav. amen,
erarnen, g'arnen, to earn, to receive as
reward of one's labour. Goth, asans,
harvest ; asneis, hired labourer, earner.

2 To thrill or tremble. Frissoner, to

tremble, shiver, earn through cold or
fear. — Cot. See Yearn.

Earnest, i. What is done with a will,
with hearty endeavour to attain the end
aimed at. G, Du. ernst. Du. ernsten, to
endeavour. — Kil. as. georn, desirous,
eager, intent ; georne, earnestly. Herodes
befran hi georne, Herod asked them dili-
gently. He geornor wolde sibbe, he more
earnestly desired peace. Swa mon georn-
est mceg, as man with his best endeavour
may. Geornlie, geomful, diligent, intent.
G. gem, Du. gheern, willingly, n. girug,
desirous, also diligent at work. See
Yearn.

* 2. Money given in hand to assure a
bargain. Lat. arrha, OFr. arres, ernes,
w. em, ernes. Gael, earlas, Sc. arles,
arlis-penny, airle-penny. The word seems
to admit of explanation as caution-money,
from Gael, earal, provision, caution ;
earalas, precaution, foresight, provision.

Earth. Goth, airtha, OVi.jdrS, G. erde.
The Promptorium has ' erye, of earth,'
agreeing with OHG. ero, Gr. fpa in tpaZ,t,
to the ground.

Earwig. An insect named in most
European languages from being supposed
to lodge itself in the ear. Fr. pereeoreille,
Sw. or-matk [matk, worm, insect), G.
ohren-hohler, ohr-wurm, &c.

The second part of the word is the AS.
•wigga, a parallel form with wibba, a
creeping thing, as. scearnwibba, a dung-
beetle ; E. dial, oak-web, a cockchafer.
The two forms are seen in Lith. wabalas
(identical with E. weevil), a beetle, and
Esthon. waggel, a worm, grub, the last
of which may be compared with erri-
wiggle, a provincial name of the earwig,
and poll-wiggle, a tadpole, a creature
consisting of a large poll or head, with-
out other body, and a tail. As wabalas,
wibba, axe from the form shown in E.
wabble, G. waben, weben, wibbeln, so
waggel, wiggle, wigga, belong to the
parallel form waggle, wiggle, indicating
in like manner multifarious movement.
See Weevil, Worm.

Ease. — ^Easy. Fr. aise. It. asio, agio,
Ptg. azo, convenience, opportunity, lei-
sure. The Romance languages probably
received it from a Celtic source ; Gael.
euih, prosperity, adhais, athais, leisure,
ease, prosperity ; Bret, ^az, ez, conveni-

234

EASEL

ence, ease ; dies, difificult, dieza, to in-
commode ; w. haws, ease, hawdd, easy.

The same root may be recognized in
Lat. otium, leisure, AS. eath, easy, gentle
(whence OE. uneth, hardly), ead, prosper-
ity, possession, and eadig, happy (Gael.
adhach, prosperous, happy), ON. audr,
wealth, audugr, wealthy, while aud in
composition signifies easily done ; aud-
brotinn, -beygdr, &c., easily broken, bent,
&c. The transition to the notion of
wealth is also found in It. agiato, at ease,
also wealthy, able to hve in good plight,
also (;= Lat. otiosus) lazy. — Fl.

The fundamental idea seems to be
empty, vacant, what affords room or
facility for anything to take place, then
riches as affording the most general of
all facilities. ON. audr, empty, void ;
undir auduM himni, under the open sky ;
aud-synn, open to view, easily seen.
Compare also AS. cemetta, leisure, czmtig,
empty, vacant ; Lat. vacuus, empty, Fr.
vacant, empty, at leisure. — Cot.

Easel. G. esel, an ass ; inaleresel, a
painter's easel or support for the painting
at which he works. On the same prin-
ciple it is called in Fr. chevalet, a little
horse. See Pulley.

* East. G. ost, ON. aust. The origin
of the name seems preserved in Esthon.,
which has ea, ice, forming in the ablative
east, from the ice, while the same word
signifies the East wind ; pointing to the
N. of Europe for the origin of the term,
where the East is the icy wind. Idda, or
Ea, North-east ; Idda-tuul, or Iddast,
the E. or N.E. wind. In the same lan-
guage wessi, water ; wessi-kaar {kaar =
quarter), the west or wet quarter ; wessi-
iuul (the wet wind), the N.W. wind.

On the other hand East is explained
from Lith. auszra, the dawn ; auszti, to
dawn ; Sanscr. uschdschd (in comp.),
dawn, from the root usch, Lat. urere,
tistum, to burn. Lith. auszrinne, the
morning star ; auszrinnis, the N.N.E.
wind.

Easter. According to Bede the name

■ is derived from AS. Eostra, OSw. Astar-

gydia, the goddess of love (ON. ast, love),

whose festival was held in the month of

April, thence called Eoster-monath.

The reasons for doubting the authority
of Bede upon such a point are very slight,
the main objection instanced by Adelung
being the imlikelihood that the name of
a Pagan deity should be transferred to a
Christian feast. But the same thing
seems to have taken place with the term
Yule, which from designating the mid-

EDGE

winter feast of the Pagans was transferred
to the Christian feast of the Nativity.

Eat. Goth, itan, G. essen, Lat. edere.

Eath. — Easy. See Ease.

Eaves, as. efese, margin, edge ; efe-
sian, to shave, to trim.
Orcheyarde and erberes e/esyd yie\ dene. — P. P-
Goth, ubizva, OHG. obisa, opasa, Bav.
obse, a portico, hall ; ODu. ovese, Fris.
ose, eaves, as N. of England casings for
evesings. on. ups, eavfis, upsar-dropi,
Du. oos-druip, eaves-dropping.

Ebb. G,, Du. ebbe, the falling back of
the tide. G. aben, to fall off, to sink.
See Evening.

Ecclesiastic. Gr. iKKKrfnia, an assem-
bly of the people summoned by the crier,
convocation, church. From IncaXlu, to
call forth.

Eclio. 'Hxwy r\xoi, a sound, noise.

Eclipse. Gr. iiiku-^iq, a. defect or fail-
ing in the light of the sun or moon ;
sKXeiTTO), to leave off, to faint, to fail.

Economy. Gr. o'lKovopiia, domestic
management, administration, from okoc,
a house, family, goods, and yE/iu, to dis-
pense, manage.

Ecstasy. Gr. araaiQ, a setting, plac-
ing ; tKaraaig, removal from its wonted
position, of a thing ; supersedure of the
mental functions.

Eddish. — Eddige. Commonly ex-
plained in the sense of aftermath, which
gives too confined a signification. The
meaning is the pasturage, eatage, or eat-
able growth of either grass or corn-field.

Keep for stock is tolerably plentiful, and the
fine spring- weather will soon create a good eddish
in the pastures. — ' Times,' Apr. 20, 1857.

That after the flax is pulled you get more feed
that autumn than from the aftermath of seeds
sown with wheat the second year ; that the im-
mense eatage obtained from seeds the same year
they are sown, and after the flax is pulled, should
be added to the value of the flax. — ' Economist,'
Feb. I, 1852.

Fris. etten, beetteft, to pasture.

Eddy. Commonly referred to an AS.
ed-ea, back-water (not preserved in the
extant remains of the language), from ed,
equivalent to the Lat. re in composition,
and ea, water. But this plausible deriva-
tion is opposed by numerous Norse forms
given by Aasen, ia, ida, odo, udu, evjii,
bak-ida, bak-wiidu, kring-wudu, an eddy,
back-water, which leave little doubt that
the word is simply the ON. _j'ifff, a whirl-
pool, homyda, to boil, to rush ; AS.yth,
wave, flood, rush of water ; ythian, to
fluctuate, to overflow.

Edge. AS. ecge, on. egg, Lat. ades.

EDIBLE

edge, Gr. ok^, a point, edge. Du. egghe,
an angle, edge, corner ; G. ecke, a corner.

Edible. Lat. edo, to eat.

Edify.— Edifice. Lat. (Edifico, to build
a house {cedes, a house, facto, to make),
Fr. edifier.

Edit.— Edition. Lat. edo, editum, to
give forth or out.

* Eel. Du. aal, on. dll. Explained
from Sanscr. ahi, a snake, analogous to
Lat. anguilla, an eel, from unguis, snake,
or Gr. lyx^^wSj eel, from l\is, viper.

To Efface. Fr. effacer, Prov. esfassar,
to remove the face, to remove an impres-
sion.

Effigy. Lat. effigies, an image ; fingo,
Jictum, to form, properly to mould in clay.

Effort. Fr. effort, formerly efforz,
effbrs ; s'efforcer, to put. his force or
strength to a thing.

Eft.— Evet.—Ewt.— Newt. A water-
lizard.

In that abbaye ne entereth not no fiye ne todes
ne ewies ne suche fowle venyniouse bestes. —
Mandeville.

Egg. AS. ag, pi. cEgru, OE. eyren,
eggs. The sound of the final ^ was some-
times softened also in the singular, giving
OE. eye, as G. ei, an egg. Gr. i>6v, Lat.
ovum, are radically the same word.

To Egg. ON. egg, an edge ; eggia, to
sharpen, or give an edge to, and fig. to
instigate or set one on to do anything.

* Eglantine. Written by Chaucer
eglatere and eglentere, E. Fris. egeltiere,
Du. eghelentier, eglentere (Kil.), Fr. aig-
lantier, Pr. aguilancier, aiglentina, a
wild rose, thorn-bush. Diez' Romance de-
rivation from aiguilla, aguilhe, a needle,
seems much less probable than that from
OFr. egle, AS. egla, egle, a prick, thorn,
splinter. The final element of the word
is Du. tere, taere, a tree, as in appeltere,
mispeltere, holentere, noteltere; giving
the signification of thorn-tree or thorn-
bush. From the same source is Du.
egel, the prickly animal, a hedgehog.

Egregious. Lat. egregius, chosen out
of the herd, excellent ; grex, gregis, the
flock or herd.

Egret. See Heron.

Eight. Sanscr. astan, Lith. asztuni,
Russ. osm, Lat. octo, Goth, ahian, G.
acht, w. wyth, Fr. huit.

Either. The as. element ag in com-
position signifies ever, all, as cegkwa,
every who, whoever ; aghwar, every
where ; aghwanon, every whence, from
all sides. In like manner from hwcether,
which of two, ceghwcether, cEgther, every
one of two, each, either. The particle

ELEVEN

235

was also united with nouns. Yif ^z' mon
other ei wummon misseith ou, if any
man or woman missaith you. — ^Ancren
Riwle, 124.

The particle ceg corresponds exactly to
Esthon. igga. Lap. ikke ; ikke ka, who-
ever ; ikke kus, wherever ; ikke mi, what-
ever ; Esthon. igga uks, every one ; igga
paaw, every day, daily ; igga, Fin. ika,
lifetime, age, time. Lap. hagga, life.

The k of ika is softened to a / (i. c. y)
in the genitive ijan, leading us to Sanscr.
ayas, Gr. aunv, Lat. cevuin, Goth, aivs,
lifetime, age. Fin. ikhwa, Esthon. iggaw,
perpetual, enduring ; AS. ece, everlasting.

Eke. — To Eke. Goth, auk, on. og,
G. auch, also. Goth, aukan, Lat. atigere,
Gr. aiXavia, to increase, show the same
root.

Elastic. Fr. dlastique. The corre-
sponding forms are not extant in classical
Lat. and Gr., but there is no doubt the
word is from Gr. Vkavvui, i\a.aai, to drive,
whence tXaVrije, a driver. — Etym. Mag.
Mod.Gr. 'iKaaTOQ, flexible; tXarijpiov, a
spring as of a lock, &c.

Elbow. AS. elnboga, elboga, the bow
or bending of the arm, from an obsolete
ell, eln (preserved in AS. ellen, strength,
and in E. ell), Gr. i)\kvri, Lat. ulna, the
forearm. So Pl.D. knebog, the bending
of the knee, the knee.

Eld, Elder. See Old.

Elder, as. ellarn, Pl.D. elloorn, G.
holunder, hollder, OHG. holuntar, holder,
the elder-tree, from its hoUow wood, the
final der, tar, signifying tree, as in AS.
appalder, an apple-tree.

Electric. Gr. "HXticTpov, amber, the
power of amber, when rubbed, to attract
light bodies being the fact which first
called attention to the electric force.

Electuary. Mid.Lat. electuariu'm,ha.r-
barously formed from Gr. iKXtisTov, a me-
dicine which has to be licked ; iK\tix<^>
to lick up.

Eleemosynary. Gr. IXtrinoamfi, alms.

Elegant. Lat. elegans, neat, hand-
some, delicate.

Elegy. Gr. tkiyoq, a song of mourn-
ing, supposed to be derived from e k Xkyuv,
to cry woe !

Element. Lat. elementum, a first
principle.

Elevate. Lat. elevare, to lift up ;'
levare, to lighten, to lift up ; levis, light.
See Lift.

Eleven, as. endleofan, Goth, ainlif,
eleven ; tvalif, ivalib, twelve. Lith.
wenolika, eleven, dwilika, twelve, from
wknas, one, dwi, two. The radical iden-

236 ELF

tity of the second element in the Goth,
and Lith. forms has been generally ad-
mitted, in accordance with the analogy
of the parallel roots lip and lik, in Gr.
Xeiitw, Xi;*7r«viD, to leave, Goth, laibos,
relics, aflifnan, to remain ; and in Lat.
linquere, lictum, to leave, Lith. likti, to
remain over. The sense required for
this element is indicated in the Lap. ex-
pressions for the same numerals, akta
lokke naln, one upon ten, one in excess
of ten, two in excess of ten, and so on.
But the word for ten might easily be
left unexpressed, as it actually is in Fin.
yxi toista, eleven, literally, one in the
second [ten]. The ellipse is supplied in
the expression for twelfth, toinen toista
kymmenta, the second in the second ten.
The Esthon. uses indifferently the elliptic
or the complete expression, iiks teist, or
iiks teist kummen, one in the second, or
one in the second ten.

Now Lith. fykus signifies surplus, re-
mainder ; lekas, what remains over, odd,
and, in combination with the ordinals
first, second, &c., it designates the num-
bers immediately following ten ; pirmas,
antras, &c., lekas, the first, second, &c.,
excess above ten, i. e. eleven, twelve, and
so on. The radical identity of forms
like these with the cardinal series, weno-
lika, dwilika, &c., on the one hand, and
on the other with the verbal forms lekmi,
likti, to remain over, palikti, to leave
behind, cannot be doubted ; and having
thus traced the meaning of the Lith.
termination lika to the idea of surplus
expressed by the root of linquere, we
have strong analogy for a similar ex-
planation of the termination in Goth.
ainlib, ainlif, and E. eleven, from the
root of Gr. \imuv, and E. leave. Philolog.
Trans. 1857, p. 29.

Elf. AS. alf, elf, ON. alfr, alfi, G. alp,
supernatural beings of the Northern
mythology.

Eliminate. Lat. eliminare, to turn
out of doors {limen, a threshold), to cast
forth.

Elixir. Arab, el-icstr, the philoso-
pher's stone. From Gr. ?i;pov, itipiiv,
properly a dry medicament. — Dozy.

Ell. The length of a forearm ; the
■forearm taken as a measure of length.
Gr. iiXhti, Lat. ulna, the forearm ; Du.
el, eln, Fr. aulne, an ell-measure, as cubit,
a measure of the same kind, from Lat.
cubitus, the forearm.

Ellipsis. — Elliptical. Gr. tXXjc^ic, a
leaving out.

EMBARRASS

Elm. Lat. ulmus, Du. olm, Fr. orme,
Bohem. gilm (yilm).

Elope. From on. hlaupa, Du. loopen,
to run, verloopen, to run away from, N.
laupast, to run away, escape from home.

Else. AS. elles, otherwise ; el (in com-
position), other, as el-theodig, of another
people, foreign ; ellend, a foreign land ;
OFr. el, Gr. SXt^oq, Lat. alius, other.

Emaciate. Lat. emaciare (inacies,
leanness), to make lean.

Emanate. Lat. emanare, to issue or
flow from ; manare, to drop, trickle, flow.

Emancipate. Lat. manceps (manu
capio), one who takes in hand, a pur-
chaser, owner ; mancipium, ownership,
property, a slave ; mancipare, to give into
possession ; emancipare, to set free.

Embargo. Sp. embargar, to impede,
restrain, to seize by process of law, se-
quester ; embargo, embarrassment, im-
pediment, indigestion, sequestration ;
Prov. embargar, to embarrass, trouble,
hinder ; em.barc, obstacle, trouble.

Diez' explanation through a supposed
imbarricare, from barra, a bolt or bar, is
unsatisfactory. The Lang, embragar, to
hinder, Prov. embregar, to clog or en-
tangle, point to the probable origin in
Prov. brae, mud. It. brago, a bog, puddle,
quagmire. A person sticking in the mud
before the days of road-making would
afford a most familiar image of helpless
embarrassment.

Be us tenon emhregats,

they hold you well entangled (emp^trds).
— Raynouard.

Precisely the same metaphor is seen in
Sc. laggery, miry ; laggerit, bemired,
also encumbered, impeded. Also in E.
clog, to impede the action of a system by
stopping up the acting parts with adhe-
sive matter ; Sc. claggit, clogged, loaded
with clay (as. clceg) ; clag, encumbrance,
burden upon property, impediment in
the way of the possessor arising from the
legal claim of another. G. kummer sig-
nifies as well the mud of the streets as
judicial seizure, arrest, sequestration. —
KUttn.

* Embarrass. The most obvious
type of hindrance is a ^ar which stops the
way to anything. Fr. barre, a bar ;
barres, exceptions in pleading, hampering
the course of one's opponent ; donner
barres k, to stay the current of.— Cot.
Barra, stopped, hindered. — Vocab. de
Vaud. Prov. barras, Sc. barras, barrace,
a bar, barrier. Ptg. baraqo, a cord,
halter for hanging ; Sp. embarazar, Ptg.

EMBASSADOR

embaragar, Fr. embarrasser, to impede,
clog, embarrass.
Embassador. See Ambassador.
EmbelUsli. Fr. embellir, from bel,
beau, pleasing to sight.

Ember-days. Days set apart for
fasting at the four seasons of the year,
viz. on the first Friday in every quarter.
— Adelung. From Lat. quatuor tempora,
the four seasons, whence G. quatember, a
quarter of a year, or a quarterly day, or
payment. Hence by further corruption
kottember, kottemer, P1.D. tamper, Sw.
taniper-dagar, ymber-dagar, ember or
imber days. Quatuor tempora, dye fron-
fast, vier fronfasten. — Dief. Sup. Em-
byrday, fastyng day. — Palsgr.

Embers, as. cemyrian, N. eldmyrja
{eld, fire), eimyrja. Dan. emmer, Sw.
morja, N. myrja, glowing ashes.

To Embezzle. Properly to conceal,
then to make away with property en-
trusted to a servant by his master.

' I concele, I embesyll a thynge, I kepe
a thynge secret. — I embesell, I hyde or
consoyle, Je cele. I embesyll a thynge,
or put it out of the way, Je substrays.
He that embesylleth a thyng intendeth to
steale it if he can convoye it clenly.' —
Palsgr.

It cannot have anything to do with OFr.
besiller, to overturn, destroy, Prov. becilh,
destruction, trouble.

Emblem, Gr. i^^\r\\ia (from s/i|3aXXw,
to put in), Lat. emblema, something let
in to another, an ornament, and fig. aft
ornament of discourse. The word is
curiously appropriated in Fr. and e. to a
symbolic figure tacked on to some thought
or saying which it is meant to illustrate
and perfect. Emblhne, a picture and
short posie expressing some particular
conceit. — Cot.

To Emboss. Fr. embosser, to swell
or rise in bunches, knobs ; basse, a bunch
or knob ; bosseler, to make a dint in a
vessel of metal.

To Embrace. Fr. embrasser. It. im-
bracciare, to infold in one's arms, from
Fr. bras, It. braccia, the arms.

Embrasure. Fr. braser, to slope the
edge of a stone, as masons do in windows,
&c., for the gaining of light ; ibraser, em-
braser, the gplaying or skuing of the
opening of a door or window for such a
purpose ; embrasure, the splayed opening
of a window or door, and hence the
splayed opening in a parapet for a can-
non to fire through.

The word is unknown in Sp., or it
might be explained from abrazar, to em-

EMPEACH

237

brace, the opening in the wall being con-
sidered as if spreadingits arms to embrace
those in the inside.

Embrocation. From It. broca, Fr.
broc, a jug or pipkin, It. embrocatione, a
fomenting or bucketing of the head with
waters or other liquor falling upon it in
the manner of rain. — Fl.

To Embrue. See Imbrue.

Emendation. Lat. etnendare, to cor-
rect, or remove blemishes ; menda, a de-
fect, blemish.

Em.erald. Fr. dmeraude. It. smeraldo,
Sp., Port, esmeralda, from Lat. smarag-
dus, Gr. <r/iapayioc. — Scheler.

Emery. Fr. esmeril, emeril, the black
hard mineral wherewith iron-works are
furbished, an emrod, or emerill stone.—
Cot. Gr. (Tfiuptg, -iSos, Mod.Gr. apivpiTijg,
emery ; ff/iupi^u, to polish with emery.
In the Romance languages perhaps the
word was understood as if derived from
merus, pure, whence Prov. mer, mier
esmers, pure, fine ; esmerar, to purify, re-
fine. Aissi coma la lima esmera e pura
lo fer. — Rayn. As the file cleanses and
purifies iron. Limousin emSra, to scour
with sand ; Sp. esmerar, to polish,
cleanse.

Emetic. Gr. ejjiw, to vomit.

Emmet. — ^Ant. AS. cemet, G. ameise,
Henneberg emetze, Pl.D. eempte, eemke.
— Adelung^ From the proverbial indus-
try of the animal ; G. emsig, assiduous,
diligent. The as. ametta, amta, leisure,
rest, and amtig, vacant, empty, idle,
seem to furnish exactly the contrary
meaning of what is required for our de-
rivation, but it will be found that leisure
and occupation are very constantly ex-
pressed by the same word. Thus Lat.
opera, work, pains, is sometimes trans-
lated time, leisure. Deest mihi opera, I
have no leisure. The possession of lei-
sure is an obvious condition for. the be-
stowal of our attention on any given ob-
ject. We see the connection of the two
ideas in Fr. vaquer, to be at leisure, to
cease from working, also to attend, apply,
bestow time on, bend his study unto. —
Cot. Du. moete is rendered by Kilian
opera, labor, and also otium, tempus va-
cuum.

Emolument. Lat. emolumentum,
profit acquired through labour ; moliri,
to exert oneself.

Empair. Fr. empirer, to make worse ;
pis, f. pire, Lat. pejor, worse.

Empeach. To attach or fasten upon
one the charge of a criminal accusation.
Fr. empescher, empicher, to hinder, im-

238

EMPHASIS

peach, pester, incumber. Empescher h
fief, to seize on a fief, the lord take it into
his own possession. — Cot. Prov. emfaig,
hindrance ; empachar, empaytar, to hin-
der. Probably direct from the Celtic.
Gael, bac, hinder, restrain ; bacail, . an
obstacle (whence Fr. bacler, to bolt the
door) ; ON. bdgi; difficulty ; baga, to
hinder. N. bcegja, to stop, to hinder.
Lat. repagula, bolts, is probably from the
same source. Bret, bac'ha, to confine,
imprison ; badhein, to disconcert, put out
of countenance, to be compared with Sp.
empachar, to embarrass, confuse, make
ashamed.

Em.ph.asis. — Emphatic. Gr. sfi^aivii),
to let a thing be seen in ; in^aivu, t/itpai-
verat, it is manifest. Hence tiifaatg, ap-
pearance in, significance, the force of
an expression. To say a thing with em-
phasis is to say it with special signifi-
cance ; emphatic, what is spoken so as
to have special significance.

Empire. — Emperor. Fr. empire, em-
pereur, from Lat. imperium, imperator ;
Hmperare, to command.

Empiric. Gr. i^impiROQ, of one who
acts on the results of experience, as op-
posed to the leadings of science. 4/in-eipi'o,
experience.

To Em.ploy. Fr. employer, It. impie-
gare, from Lat. plicare, to fold or bend,
, as G. anwenden, to employ, make use of,
from wenden, to turn. To turn to a cer-
tain purpose. See Ply.

Emporium. Gr. l/nropiov, a mart,
place of trade ; Ifivopog, a traveller, a
merchant; e/iTropeuo/uai, to be on a journey,
to traffic, trade.

Empty. See Emmet.

Emulate. — Emulous. Lat. amulus,
one who seeks to equal or outdo a rival.

En-, before a labial, Em-. Gr. h,
Lat. in, Fr. en, in.

Enamel. Fr. esmail, imail, amel or
enamel. — Cot. Ammel for goldsmiths,
esmail. — Palsgr. It. svialto, G. schmelz,
schmelz-glas, smalt, colours produced by
the melting of glass with a metallic oxide.
G. schmelzen, to melt. It. smaltare, Sp.
esmaltar, to enamel. Perhaps the loss
of the final t in Fr. esmailler has arisen
from_ the influence of Du. maelen, to
paint ; maeler van glas, encaustes ; mael-
erie, maelie, encaustum, enamel ; mael-
dren, to enamel. — Kil.

Enchant. Fr. enchanter, from Lat.
incantare, to sing magic songs.

Encomium. — Encomiast. Gr. s&yuog,
a festivity, festive procession, ode sung
on such an occasion ; ro iyKuifuov (firos),

ENGROSS

the chant sung on convoying a victor, a
laudatory ode.

To Encroach. Fr. accrocher, to hook
on to, from croc, a hook.

To Encumber. See Comber.

End. Goth, andeis, Sanscr. anta, end,
death.

Endeavour. To endeavour is to make
it our duty to do a thing. Fr. se mettre
en devoir de, se disposer a faire quelque
chose. — Gattel.

We put him in devoir at all times when he
might have a leyser, which was but startemele,
to translate diverse books out of French into
EngUsh. — Ames of Printing, cited by HoUoway.

To Endorse. Fr. dousser (Cot.), en-
dosser, to back a bill, to give it the sup-
port of our credit by writing our name on
the back. Lat. dorsum, Fr. dos, the
back.

To Endow. From Lat. dos, dotis, Fr.
dot, a marriage gift ; doti, doui, indued
or endowed with ; douer, to give a dowry
unto. — Cot. An internal <^ or ^ is fre-
quently converted into a ti in Fr., as It.
vedova, OFr. vedve, Fr. veuve, a widow.

Endue. Often treated as a corruption
of endow; but it is sometimes clearly
from Lat. induere, to clothe.

Thou losel base,
That hast with borrowed plumes thyself enderwed.

F.Q.inR.

Sometimes there may be a confusion with

Enemy. Fr. ennemi, Lat. inimicus,
from in, negative, and a7nare, to love.

Energy. Gr. ij/tpysm, fi-om iv and
Ijoyov, an action.

Engine. Lat. ingeniiim, innate, or
natural quality, mental capacity, inven-
tion, clever thought ; It. ingegno, Prov.
engeinh, Fr. engin, contrivance, craft.
Mieux vaut engin que force, better be
wise than strong. — Cot. The term was
then applied, like Gr. /ii/xarij, to any me-
chanical contrivance for executing a pur-
pose, and specially to machines of war.
See Artillery.

To Engross. i. Fr. grossoyer, to
write fair, or in great (Fr. gros) and fair
letters. — Cot. Opposed to the minute or
small characters of the original draught,
hence called minutes of a proceeding.
Fr. grosse, Du. gros, a notarial copy.
Le notaire garde la minute et en delivre
la grosse, keeps the minutes and delivers
the engrossed copy. — P. Marin.

2. In the earlier period of our history
the engrossing of commodities was re-
garded as an odious social offence, and
was jealously guarded against by the

ENHANCE

municipal law. The meaning of the
word is explained by Blackstone as ' the
getting into our possession, or buying up,
large quantities of corn, or other dead
victuals.' ' I grosse, I take or hepe up
thynges a great, Je engrosse. This man
grosseth up all the market.' — Palsgr.
Perhaps also the offence was what was
considered an unfair engrossing or en-
hancing of the price by buying up what
would otherwise have been brought to
market by the producers themselves. Fr.
engrossir, to greaten, increase, enlarge.
—Cot.

To Enhance. From Lat. ante, be-
fore, in antea, en avant, forwards, were
formed Prov. anz, ans, before, enant,
enans, forwards, and thence enansar, to
put forwards, to advance, exalt, enhance.

Xhiigriua. Gr. almyfia, a dark saying,
riddle ; alviaaonai, to hint at, to speak in
riddles.

Ennui. See Annoy.

Enormous. Lat. enormis {e and
norma, a rule), irregular, exceeding pro-
portion.

Enough. Goth, hinauhan, to be
bound, to have it incumbent upon one,
to be lawful ; ganauhan, to suffice,
ganohs, enough, sufficient ; ganohjan, to
satisfy. ON. nogr, gnogr, abundant ;
ncegia, to suffice ; G. genug, Du. noeg,
genoeg, enough ; genoegen, to please, to
satisfy. — Kil.

Ensample. Sp. enxiemplo (Ticknor),
OFr. ensample, from exempluni, as Ptg.
enxajne, from examen, Sp. ensayo, an
essay, from exagimn.

Trestut le mond enlumina
Par le sample qu'il nus donna
Pur nus garir,
B^noit, Vie de St Thomas, 1199.

In the Harl. MS. ensample.

Ensign. It. insegna, Fr. enseigne, a
distinctive mark, from Lat. insignia, pi.
of insigne. — Diez. It also signified the
distinctive cry which was used in battle
to encourage the troops on different
sides. Thus Deus aie ! God help ! was
the cry of Nonnandy, while those of
several adjacent provinces are mentioned
by B&oit in his account of a battle be-
tween the confederate princes and Duke
Richard.

Munjoie ! escrient si Franceis,
E Passavant ! Tiebaut de Bleis,
Valie 1 orient tuit eniin
Quens Geofrei e si Angevin,
Baudoin e Flamenc, Arraz I

Chron. Norm . vol. is. 215.

Among chiefs of inferior consequence

ENTICE 239

the name of each feudal lord was shouted
out to raUy his own band of retainers.

Quant ces unt ja cri^ l' enseigne de Vedsci,

E, Glanville chevaliers ! e, Baillol ! autresi,

Odinel de Umfravile relevad le suen cri.

Chron. Fantosme.

Than mycht men her enseynyeis cry,

And Scottis men cry hardely,

On thaim ! On thaim 1 On thaim ! they faile.

Bruce, ix. 385.
To Ensue. OFr. ensuir from Lat.
insequi, to follow upon.

Entail. A fee-simple is the entire
estate in land, when a man holds the
estate to him and his heirs without any
contingent rights in any one else not
claiming through him. An estate-tail is
a partial interest, cut (Fr. tailli) out of
the entire fee, when land is given to a
man and the heirs male of his body,
leaving a right of re-entry in the original
owner on failure of male descendants of
the tenant in tail, as he was called, or
person to whom the estate-tail was given.
The entail of an estate is dividing the
fee into successive estates for life, or in
tail, under such conditions as required
by law.

Enter. — Entrance. Fr. entrer, Lat.
intrare, to go in.

Enterprise. Fr. entreprise, from en-
treprendre, to undertake, an old form of
which, emprendre, gave our poetical em-
prise.

To Entertain. Fr. entretenir (from
Lat. tenere, to hold), mutually to hold, to
hold in talk, to hold together. — Cot.

Enthusiasm. Gr. tv0fof, tvOovg, full
of the {9t6s) god, inspired, possessed ;
hBovauiZoi, to be so inspired.

To Entice. OFr. entiser, enticher,
atiser, Norman entincher (Decorde),
Bret, atiea, to instigate, incite. Satanas
entichad David qu'il feist anumbrer ces
de Israel. — L. des Rois

Mult I'entice, mult I'aguillone.

B^noit, Chron. Norm. 2. 194,
Ses gens r'amoneste e aiise
Li dux. — lb. 2. 205.

Fr. attiser, to kindle, to stir the fire ;
attise-querelle, a stirrer-up of quarrels.

The origin is the hissing sound by
which dogs are incited in setting them
on to fight with each other or to attack
another animal. These sounds are re-
presented in E. by the letters ss ! st ! ts !
being doubtless imitations of the angry
sounds of a quarrelling' dog. In other
languages they are more distinctly arti-
culated. Fin. has ! has ! cry used in
settmg on dogs ; hasittaa, Esthon. assa-
tama, to set them on. Lap. has ! as !

240

ENTIRE

Serv. osh ! cry to drive out dogs ; Lap.
hasketet, hoskotet, hotsalet, to set dogs
on to attack ; hasiet, hostet, to provoke,
challenge, incite. Pl.D. hiss, cry used
in setting on dogs ; hissen, to set them
on, to drive by the aid of dogs ; de
schaop hissen, to drive sheep. — Danneil.
Du. hissen, hisschen, hitsen, hussen, to
hiss, to set on dogs, to instigate, kindle,
inflame. — Kil. G. hetzen, anhetzen, to
set on dogs, to irritate, incite ; hitze,
rage, heat. At other times a / is taken
as the initial of the imitative syllable,
giving G. zischen, Pl.D. tissen, E. dial.
tiss, to hiss. To tice is used in Pem-
brokeshire, as Pl.D. hissen, for the em-
ployment of a dog in driving another
animal ; to tice a dog at a pig ; to tice
the pig out of the garden, to set a dog at
it to drive it out, as Pl.D. de swine uut
dem have hissen. Hence probably the
simple form to tice, in the sense of in-
citing, alluring, was already current in
the language before the importation of
the Fr. entiser. Compare Sw. tiissa, to
set on dogs, to set people by the ears.

The It. has forms corresponding both
to hiss and tiss. The cry used in setting
on dogs is izz ! at Florence, and uzz !
at Modena, whence izzare and uzzare it
cane (corresponding to G. hetzen), to set
on a dog (Muratpri, Diss. 33) ; izza (cor-
responding to G. hitze), anger, contest ;
adizzare, aissare, to hiss, set on dogs,
provoke to anger ; tizzare, to egg on,
provoke, to stir the fire ; tizzo, tizzone, a
fire-brand ; stizzare, -ire, to provoke,
enrage, stir the fire ; stizza, anger ; stizzo,
a fire-brand. Walach. atzitzd, to set
on, incite, fall into a passion, kindle fire.

In accordance with the foregoing anal-
ogies it is impossible either to separate
It. izzare, uzzare, from tizzare, attizzare,
or to doubt that the common origin of
all is the hissing on of a dog against
another animal. The idea of provoking
to anger then must be taken as the
original image, and that of stirring the
fire as a figurative application, directly
contrary to what we should have ex-
pected ; and we find the explanation of
Lat. titio, to which we have no clue in
the ancient language, in the It. tizzare,
Fr. attiser, commonly regarded as de-
rivatives from the Latin noun.

Entire. It. intero, Fr. entier, from
Lat. integer, whole, untouched.

Entity. Fr. entity, from Lat. ens, pr.
pcpl. of esse, to be.

Eatomology. Gr. ivroita, insects ;

ENVY

from being divided into several sections ;
TSfivo), TCTo/ia, to cut.

Entrails. Fr. entrailles, Prov. intr alias,
OFr. entraipte, from Lat. interanea, the
inwards or intestines, the inward parts of
the body.

Entreat. From Lat. tractare, to
handle, Fr. traicter, to meddle with, to
discourse, debate, or make mention of. —
Cot.

To Enure. From Fr. heur, hap, for-
tune, chance, was formed E. ure, fortune,
destiny, the experience of good or evil.

Now late hire come, and liche as God your ure
For you disposeth, taketh your aventure,

Lidgate, corrected from Hal.
And nana suld duell with him bot thai
That wald stand with him to the end.
And take the ure that God wald send.

Bruce, viii. 405.

Hence to have in ure, to put in ure, or to
enure, is to experience, to practise, to take
effect.

Salomon
Tellith a tale — whether in dede done
Or mekely feined to our instruccion
Let clerkes determine, but this I am sure
Moche like what I myself have had. in ure.

Chaucer, Rem. Love, 158.
He gan that lady strongly to appeal
Of many heinous crimes by her inured.

F. Q. in R.

Inured to arms, practised in arms. To
enure to the advantage of some one, in
legal language, is to take effect to his ad-
vantage.

The Fr. heur is not to be confounded
with heure, hour, moment, being derived
(as conclusively established by Diez) from
Lat. augurium, Ptg. agouro, Prov. augur,
agur, Cat. ahuir, augury, omen ; whence
Prov. bonaur, maldur, good, evil fortune ;
It. sciagurato, sciaurato (exauguratus),
ill-omened, unlucky ; sciagura, sciaura,
ill fortune, disaster ; OFr. bienaureiz, for-
tunate.

To Envelop. It. inviluppare, Fr. en-
velopper, the equivalent of E. wrap, wlap,
lap.

L'enfant envolupat en draps e pausat en la cru-
pia. — Rayn.

And sche bare her firste borun sone and wlaf-
pide him in clothes and leyde him in a cracche. —
WicUff

See Lap.

Environ. Fr. environ, around, from
virer, to veer, turn round, whirl about.

Envoy. Fr. envoyer, to send. See
Convoy.

Envy. Lat. invidin. It. invidia, in-
veggia, Cat. enveja, Prov. enveia, Fr.

EP-

envie. Invidere, to envy, should signify
to look askance at.

Ep-, Eph.-, Bpi-. In compounds of
Gr. extraction, the prep. In-i, upon.

Epaulet. Dim. from Fr. espaule,
dpaule, Prov. espatla, Sp. espalda. It.
spalla, the shoulder, from Lat. spathula,
dim. of Lat. spatha, Gr. a-nii^ri, a blade,
broad flat instrument.

Ephemeral. Gr. riyt^a, a day, l0>//iEpoc,
daily, lasting only a day.

Epic. Gr. ETToe, a word, saying, a
verse or line of poetry ; tol Ittti, heroic
poetry, as opposed to /isXij, lyric poetry.

Epicure. — Epicurean. From the
name of the Greek philosopher Epicurus.

Epilepsy. Gr. kmXrixpia, a seizure,
from Xaii^avia, to seize, take.

Epiphany. Gr. i-iriipavsia, manifesta-
tion ; ^aivu), to make to appear ; ra im-
^dvia, the festival of the Epiphany or
manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles.

Episcopacy. — Episcopal. See Bi-
shop.

Episode. Gr. liriiaoSmv, something
coming in upon ; t'laoSoq, an incoming or
arrival.

Epistle. See Apostle.

Epitaph. Gr. eTriTatpiov, something
written on (raipog) a tomb .

Epithet. Gr. eTriStToq, composed, added
over and above, from riStriin, to put.

Epitome. Gr. imTofti], a cutting short ;
TB/ivto, to cut.

Epoch. Gr. liroxn^ a cessation, pause,
stop in the reckoning of time, point where
one period ends and another begins ;
iirkxii), to hold back, stop, check.

Equal. — Equable. — Equator. —
Equity. — Equi-. Lat. aquus, even, level,
thence alike in every part, not raised one
above another, just, right, ^quitas,
equality, symmetry, equity, justice.
jEquare, to make even, to make equal.

* Equerry. From Fr. icurie, stables.
Escuyer d'escurie, a querry in a prince's
stables, the gentleman of a lord's horse.
— Cot. From OHG. scur, scura, sciura, a
pent-house, out-house, bam, hut, must be
explained Mid. Lat. scura, scuria, Prov.
escura, escuria, Fr. dcurie, barn, stables ;
G. scheuer, scheure, pent-house, loft, barn ;
Walach. schurU, a barn. The form
e^a^rrj/ corresponds with Mid.Lat. scura-
rius, Walach. schurariu, the officer in
charge of the barn or stables.

Equestrian. Lat. equester, equestris,
pertaining to a horseman.

Equilibrium. Lat. cequilibrium, from
libra, a balance.

To Equip. Fr. equiper, to attire, pro-

ERR

241

vide with necessary furniture, set in array
by full provision for a service. — Cot.
From ON. skipa, to arrange, AS. sceapan,
scyppan, to form, G. schaffen, to create,
provide, furnish.

Era. Lat. ara, pi. of ces, brass, was
used in the sense of money, and thence
applied to the separate headings or items
of an account. Quid tu, inquam, soles,
cum rationem e dispensatore accipis, si
(Era singula probasti, summam, quas ex
his confecta sit, non probare ? — Cic. in
Face. In later Lat. the casting of ac-
counts seems to have been taken as the
type of computation or numbering in
general, and cera (converted into a fern.
singular) was transferred from the items
of an account to the separate headings of
any enumeration or the numerical refer-
ence by which they were marked, and
was elliptically used in the sense of num-
bering or computation. The Visigothic
laws are cited by liber, titulus, and sera.
Faustus Reiensis (ob. A.D. 480) says,
Sacer numerus dicitur quia trecenti in
cerd sive supputatione signum crucis, &c.
And again. Per crucis enim signum et
per sacrum Jesu nomen apud Grascos
hera utriusque supputationis imprimitur.
— Due. Per singulos Evangelistas nu-
merus quidem capitulis affixus adjacet,
quibus numeris subdita est ara quadam
minio notata (a numerical reference in
red ink) quse indicat in quoto canone
positus sit numerus cui subjecta est sera :
V. g. si est 3sra prima, in primo canone. —
Isidor. in Due. Hilderic has CErcs dierum
for Humeri dierum, where it is to be re-
gretted that Due. has not cited the pas-
sage at large. The word is now under-
stood in the sense of a numbering or
reckoning of years from a date to be
gathered from the context. Thus the
Christian era is the reckoning of years
from the birth of Christ ; the era of Au-
gustus (according to Isidore) from his
first laying of the tribute. jEra singu-
lorum annorum constituta est a Cassare
Augusto quando primum censum exegit.
— Orig. V. 36.

Ere. — Erst. Goth, air, early ; AS.
cer, arost, early, before, first, heretofore ;
Du. eer, before, sooner ; G. ehe, eher,
eheste, before, soonest ; erste, first.

To Err. — Error. Lat. errare, G. irren,
to wander, go astray ; irre, astray. Fin.
eri, separate, apart ; eri-lainen, of a dif-
ferent nature ; ero, departure, separation ;
ero-kirja, a writing of divorce ; erhetys,
error, sin ; erhettya, erheilla, to err, to
wander ; erheys, wrong way, wandering j
16

342

ERYSIPELAS

er&-maa {maa, land), a remote or desert
place, wilderness, Gr. iprjfios. Esthon.
drrd, separate, away. Lap. eny, away,
to another place. Lith. I'rii, to separate,
go asunder.

Erysipelas. Gr. l(niai*e\as, St An-
thony's fire, commonly derived from
Ipv&poQ, red, and ireXXa, Skin. — Lidd.

Escape. Immediatelyfrom Fr. eschap-
per (Picard. escaper), to shift away, scape,
to slip but of.— Cot. Diez resolves the
It. scappare into excappare, to slip out of
one's cloke {cappa) in the hurry of flight ;
and the synonymous scampare into ex-
campare, to quit the field {campus). The
separation of the two forms is wholly
unnecessary. The radical idea is simply
that of slipping away.

Myght he haf slypped.to be unslayn.

Sir Gawaine, 1858.
might he have escaped being slain. The
two senses are united in Walach. scapare,
to let slip, to slip, to fall, fall into error,
also to slip away, escape ; and in Du.
schampen, identical with It. scampare, to
glance aside, slip, graze, escape, fall ;
schampig, slippery, schampelen, to slip,
to stumble. — Kil. The train of thought
■ seems to be a quick unimpeded move-
ment, a glance along the surface, avoid-
ance of resistance or restraint, "^.ysgip,
Gael, sgiab, snatch, start ; E. skip, light
rapid movement, to pass over, avoid ;
Sc. skiff, skift, to move lightly and
smoothly along, to skim ; to scheyff, to
escape. — Jam. It. schippire, to escape.
— Altieri. Du. schuyffen^ schttyffelen,
schuyven, to slip, to shove, to fly ; schuif-
knoop, a slip-knot ; he ging schuiven, he
escaped.

Esclieat. From Lat. cadere, to fall,
arose Prov. caer, OFr. chaeir, cheoir,
cheir, escheir, to fall, to happen ; chaeit,
chaet, fallen (Chron. Norm.) ; cheite,
fall ; esMete, escheoite, escheate, succes-
sion, heritage, the falling in of a property,
especially that to the lord of the fee, for
want of heirs or for misfeasance of the
tenant.

Eschew. Fr. eschever, to avoid, bend
from ; esquiver, to shun, avoid, shift
away, slip aside. — Cot. It. schifare,
schivare, to avoid, to parry a blow. Sw.
skef, Dan. skieve, oblique ; skieve, to
slant, slope, swerve. The primitive
image, as in escape, is slipping aside,
sliding over a surface instead of striking
it direct. G. schieben, to shove or push
along a surface, sich schieben, to slip side-
ways, to become awry ; Du. schuyffen,
schuyven, to slip, push forwards, to

ESPLANADE

escape ; schuif, a sliding shutter, drawer,
&c. See Escape.

Escort. Fr. escorte, from It. scoria,
a guide, convoy, direction.; scorgere,
scorto or scorgiuto, to discern, perceive,
also to lead or direct unto. — Fl. Ex-
plained by Diez from Lat. ex-corrigere,
as accorgere, to perceive, from ad-corri-
gere, but until it is shown how the mean-
ing of scorgere is evolved out of that of
corrigere there is little gained by such a
derivation.

Escroll. — Escrow. — Scroll. Fr. es-
croue, a scrowl, register-roll of expenses,
written warrant, &c. — Cot. ON. skrA,
Sw. skrSi, a short writing ; gildeskrd, the
rules of a corporation. PLD. sckrae,
schraa, by-laws ; schrage, a written ordi-
nance, formula of an oath, placard. — •
Brem. Wtb. The original meaning is
doubtless a slip or shred of parchment.
Pl.D. schraden, schraen, to shred ; Du.
schroode, schroye, segmen, pars abscissa,
pagella, segmen chartaceum, sceda ;
Ang. schrowe. — Kil.

Esculent. Lat. esculentus ; esca, what
is to be eaten, food, from edo, I eat.

Escutcheon. OFr. escusson, a small
shield, a coat of arms ; escu. It. scudo,
Lat. scutum, a shield.

Esophagus. Gr. oiao^ayoq, from an
obsolete olirw, preserved in owm, future of
^spio, to bear, and ^aytev, to eat. But
this is the only instance in which olao-
appears in comp.

Esoteric. Lat. esotericus, from Gr.
ia<a, within, the comparative of which
would be iaiaTtpov,

Espalier. Originally applied to trees
or plants trained with their backs to a
wall or trellis, from It. spalta, Sp. espalda,
shoulder. In English gardening confined
to trees trained against stakes or paling,
perhaps from the influence of an acci-
dental resemblance in the name to E.
paling. Sp. espaldar, place where one
puts his back to rest against, piece of
tapestry against which the back of the
chair rests, espalier in gardens ; espal-
dera, wall-trees. It. spalliera, any place
or thing to lean against with one's
shoulders, any hedgerow of trees, privet,
ivy, vines, or any verdure growing up
against any wall. — Fl. Fr. espalier,
fruit-trees trained against a wall, either
by nailing, or by a framework of laths
or stakes. — Trevoux.

Esplanade. Fr. esplanade, a planing
of ways, by grubbing up trees and re-
moving all other encumbrances. Es-

ESQUIRE

planer, to level or lay even with the
ground. — Cot.

iEsquire. It. scudiero, Fr. escuyer
(properly a shield-bearer, Lat. scutum, a
shield), an esquire or squire, who at-
tended on a knight and bore his lance
and shield.

Essart. See Assart

Essay. See Assay.

Essence. Lat. essentia, the being of
a thing, from esse, to be.

* Essoin. Fr. ensoigne, essoin, a law-
ful excuse for an absent, or good cause
of discharge for an impotent, person. — -
Cot.

The original meaning of Fr. ensoign,
essoign, Mid.Lat. exoniwn, is occupation,
business, need, then such need as excuses
a man from other avocations, analogous
to G. nothsache, a necessary thing, also a
good and lawful excuse before a tribunal.
■ — Kilttn. OSax. sunnea, need, business;
Prov. sonh, Fr. soin, care, industry, la-
bour, pains. — Cot. Wall, sogn, occupa-
tion, business ; Fr. iesogne, business ;
besoin, need, want.

Esteem. — Estimate. Lat. cestitnare,
to value, assess.

Estoppel. A legal impediment. Iden-
tical with stopple, stopper ; OFr. estouper,
to stop.

Estovers. Supply of needful wood
for repairs, fuel, &c. OFr. estoveir,
estovoir, to be needful. Grisons stuver,
stovair (=G. miissen), to have need.
Diez suggests an origin from Lat. studere,
which is not satisfactory.

Estre. Estre, state, condition, place.
Fr. estre, s. s. from estre, to be.

What shall I tell unto Silvestre,
Or of your name or of your estre.

Gower in Hal.
Seid the tothir to Jak, for thou knowist better

than I
All the estris of this house, go up thyself and spy.
Chaucer, Pardoner and Tapster, 555.

Li vilains cui li estres fu, to whom the
place belonged. — Fab. et Contes, 3, 118.

Estreat. Lat. extractum, the copy of
any original writing, but especially of
fines set down in the rolls of a court, to
be levied of any man for his offence. — B.
The recognisances are said to be estreated
when the officer is directed to take out
such a copy for the purpose of levying
the amount.

To Etch. To engrave by corrosion ;
G. dtzen, to cause to eat, to feed, corrode,
etch.

Eternal. Lat. ceternus, from avum, I

EVER

243

lifetime, life, age, indefinite duration.
See Ever.

Ether. — Ethereal. Gr. aiSijp, the air,
the sky or heavens; ai&tiv, to light up,
burn, blaze.

Ethic. Gr. TjGucbe, having to do with
morals ; ijfloc, an accustomed seat, the
haunts of animals, abodes of men, cus-
tom, usage, habits and manners of men.
Considered by Liddell as a modification
of eSoQ, custom, usage, manners, from
Wix), to be wont.

Etiquette. Fr. Mquette, originally a
ticket indicating a certain reference to
the object to which it is affixed, then ap-
plied to certain regulations as to be-
haviour, dress, &c., to be observed by
particular persons on particular occasions.
See Ticket.

Etymologry. — Etymon. Gr. Iru/jof,
true ; to irvfiov, the true origin of a word.

Eu-. In words derived from Gr. is
the adv. li, well, much used in comp.,
when it implies goodness, abundance,
easiness.

Eucharist. Gr. tixapi-cria, thankful-
ness, giving of thanks ; x^P'Sj good-will,
thanks.

Eunuch. Gr. euvovxos, a castrated
man, on account of their employment as
guardians of the women in an Eastern
household, from tivi), the bed, and l^^j
to keep, have the care of.

Euphemism. Gr. tiipriiu<Tiibs, from it
and ipriiii, to speak.

Evangelist. — Evangelic. Lat. evan-
gelium, Gr. cuayyiXwv, happy tidings,
from eS and dyyiXog, a messenger, mes-
sage.

Even. G. eien, Du. even, effen, on.
jafn, equal, plain, level ; jafnan, jam-
nan, continually; always. Lat. cequus,
even ; CBjuor, the level surface of the sea.

Evening. Du. avend,G. abend, the
sinking of the day. Swiss aben, to fall
off, decrease, fail ; from G. ab, off, away.
Derwein imfdsschen abet, the wine sinks
in the cask ; er abet, he declines, falls
away ; es abet, it draws towards evening;
the day falls.

Ever. Goth, aivs, time, long time ;
niaiv, never ; aiveins, everlasting ; usaiv-
jan, to endure, ohg. ewa, ewe, e, Du.
eeuw, ON. cBji, Lat. avum, Gr. ai&v, an
age, life ; Sw. ^ (in composition), all,
ever ; Lat. cetas, ceternus, &c. Gr. aui,
Susv, mis, ever. as. dva, d, cefre, afer,
ag (in composition), E. aye, ever. Fin.
ikd, Esthon. igga, age, life-time, time.
Fin. ijdinen, perpetual ; ijAti, ika (in
composition), for ever; iki, altogether.
16 *

244 EVERY

Esthon. igga (in composition), each,

every ; iggawenne, perpetual.

Every. AS. afre, ever ; ale, each, all
of a series one by one. Hence OE. ever-
ceIc, everilk, evereche, every.

Evil. G. iibel, Goth, ubils, Du. ovel,
evel.

Ewe. Gr. oVj, Lat. ovis, a sheep. AS.
eowic, Du. ouwe, oye, a female sheep.

Ewer. Fr. aiguiire, a water vessel,
from Lat. aqua, OFr. aigue, aive, em,
aive, eau, water. Ewer, aiguier.— Palsgr.
Fr. eauier, corresponding exactly in form,
has a somewhat different application from
the E. word, signifying a gutter, sewer. —
Cot,

Ex-. — Ef-. — E-. Lat. e, ex, Gr. jk, ij,
out of, from. The radical form of the
prep, is Gr. Ib, the k of which in com-
position is in Lat. assimilated to a fol-
lowing f. Thus Gr. kK(ptiyQ> becomes
Lat. effugio.

Exact. Lat. exactus, perfectly done,
carried out, complete, accurate ; from
exigere [ex and ago), to perfect, accom-
plish, to bring up to the standard of com-
parison.

Exaggerate. Lat. exaggerare, to heap
up, augment greatly, from ex and agger,
a heap.

Exalt. Lat. exaltare ; alius, high.

Examine. Lat. exame7t, for exagmen
(from exigere, exactum, to bring a thing
to a certain standard of comparison, to
compare, weigh, examine), the tongue of
a balance, examination, weighing. See
Exact.

Example. — Exemplify. Lat. exem-
plum, a copy, a specimen, an individual
or portion taken from a number or quan-
tity to show the nature of the mass. Ex-
plained from eximere, exem^tum, to take
away.

Exasperate. Lat. asper, rough.

Excel. — Excellent. Lat. excello, pro-
perly to be lifted up, to stand out above
others, from the obs. cello, Gr. kIWoi, to
drive, to urge onwards.

Excise. Fr. accise, excise, from Lat.
excidere, excisum, to cut off. Sp. sisa,
clippings, pilferings, cabbage, also (per-
haps from being considered as a clipping
taken by the Lord on the article going
into consumption) a tax on eatables.
Excoriate. Lat. corium, skin, hide.
Excrescence. — Excretion. Lat. ex-
cresco, excretum, to grow out, or up.

Execrate. Lat. execrari, exsecrari
(from sacer, sacri, devoted or set apart for
the purposes of the deities whether good
or evil, sacred, accursed), to devote to the

EXPEDITE

malign deities, to wish evil to, to curse.
Execute. Lat. exsequor, exequor, ex-
ecjitus, to follow out, or to the end. See
-secute.

Exempt. Lat. eximere, exeniptus, to
take away, to free from ; emere, to take,
to buy.

Exequies. Lat. exequice, the funeral
train or pomp, from ex and sequor, to
follow.

Exercise. Lat. exercere, to keep in
work ; exercitium, a. keeping in work,
exercise. Gr. Ipyov, work, deed ; Ipyui
(the radical meaning of which seems to
be to exert force, to use strength), to drive
by force ; also, as the obs. root of eph,o>,
lopya, to do work.

Exert. Lat. exsero, exsertum, to stretch
out, put forth. See -sert.

Exhaust. Lat. haurio, haustum, to
draw.

Exhort. Lat. hortor, -ari, to urge on,
encourage, instigate.

Exile. Lat. exul, exsiil, one driven
from his native soil {solum), as the word
is explained by Festus. Exsilium, exili-
iitn, banishment, exile.

Exist. Lat. exislo {ex and sisto, to
stand), to be, have a being.

Exodus. Gr. i^oSog, a going forth,
from i^ and oMf, a route, going.

Exonerate. Lat. onus, -eris, a burthen.

Exorbitant. From Lat. orbita, the

track of a wheel, exorbHo, to go out of

the track, to deviate, whence exorbita?tt,

out of the usual course, excessive.

To Exorcise. Gr. opKog, an oath ;
opKiZiu, t^opniZto, to bind by an oath, to
adjure, to drive away an evil spirit by the
power of adjuration.

Exordium. Lat. ordio'r, orsus siim,
exordior, properly to fix the weft or woof,
to make a beginning in weaving, then to
begin in general, to begin to speak ; ex-
ordium, the warp of a web, a beginning.
Exotic. Gr. Uajnieof, belonging to fo-
reign parts, from f|iu, without, abroad.

Expand. — Expansion. Lat. pando
pansum or possum, to spread out, la^
open.

Expatiate. Lat. spatiari, to wall
abroad.

Expect. See -spect.
Expedite. — Expedient. — Expedi-
tion. Lat. expedio, to despatch. Fron
the figure of catching by the (Lat. pa
pedis) foot, are developed the opposite sig
nifications oiimpedio, to catch or entangk
by the foot, to embarrass, impede, hinder,
and expedio, to set free one caught by the
foot, to extricate, disengage, despatch.

EXPEND

prepare, make ready, provide ; to do the
opposite of hindering, to be serviceable,
to help on.

Expend. — Expense. Lat. pendo, pen-
sum, to weigh, thence to pay money.

Experience.— JExpert. — Experiment.
Lat. experior, expertus sum, to undergo,
know by actual apprehension or actual
suffering, prove, try. Comperio, to have
certain intelligence, to ascertain. Reperio,
to find. Pario, to get, to acquire.

Expiate. Lat. pio, -atum, to make
the deity favourable. See Pious.

Expire. Lat. expiro, exspiro. See
-spire.

Explode. — Explosion. Lat. explode,
explosum {ex and plaudo, to clap hands),
to drive off the stage with clapping of
. hands.

Exploit. — Esplees. OFr. exploit,'ex-
pleit, deed, execution, despatch, matter
performed ; (hence) an execution of a
judgment and a seisin by virtue thereof,
also the possession or holding of a thing.
- — Cot. Lat. explicitum, in the sense of
accomplished. His explicitis rebus. —
Caesar. Versibus explicitum est omne
duobus opus. — Martial.

Explore. Lat. explore, to search out,
a sense which it seems impossible to con-
nect with that of the simple ploro, to be-
wail.

Expostulate. Lat. postulo, to ask
after, also to complain.

Expunge. Lat. expungo, to prick out,
erase, as a word written on a waxen
tablet.

Extant. Lat. extans, standing out so
as to appear above others ; ex and sto, to
stand. ■

Extenuate. Lat. extenuare; ex and
tenuo, to make small or thin ; tenuis, thin,
fine.

Exterior. — External. Lat. exterior,
externus, from ex, out of.

Exterminate. Lat. exterminare, to
drive or cast out, from ex and terminus,
a boundary, limit.

Extinguish. — Extinct. Lat. stinguo,
stinctum, to put out. From the root stig,
sting, signifying prick, the passage from
which to the idea of putting out is not
clear.

EYRY

245

Extirpate. To root out. Lat. siirps,
stock, trunk, root.
' Extol. Lat. tollo, to raise or lift up.

Extra. — Extraneous. Lat. extra,
without, beyond.

Exuberant. Lat. ubero, to be fruitful,
fertile, abundant ; from uber, udder,
breast, and as an adj. fertile, abounding.

Exude. Lat. exsudoj sudo, to sweat.

Exult. Lat. exsulto, exulto ; salto, to
leap, jump for joy.

Eye. Goth, augo, G. auge, AS. eage,
Lat. oc-ulus.

Eylet-hole. — Oilet-hole. A hole in
a garment wherein a point is put. — B.
Fr. oeillet, a little eye,, an oylet or eyelet-
hole. — Cot.

Eyre. From Lat. iter, itineris, OFr.
eirre, a journey, the Justices in Eyre (in
itinere) were a court deputed every few
years to make a tour of the royal forests
and hear complaints. Champ, oirre,
way, road ; oirrer, to journey.

Eyry. An eagle's nest, erroneously
explained in the first edition as if from
eggery, a collection of eggs. Really from
Fr. aire, an airie or nest of haukes —
Cot., which, it must be observed, is mas-
culine, and so distinguished from aire,
Lat. area, a flat place, floor, plot of
ground, &c., which is feminine. The two
were confounded when aire was latinized
in the form of area. 'Aves rapaces —
exspectant se invicem aliquando prope
nidum suum consuetum, qui a quibusdam
area dicitur.' — Fredericus II., de Venatu
in Due.

It is probable that aire in the foregoing
sense is a special application of Prov.
aire (a masc. noun), signifying first air,
then probably climate, and thence coun-
try, residence, family.

L' amors, don ieu sui mostraire,
Nasquet en un gentil aire.

Love, of whom I am the expositor, was born in
a gentle birthplace. — Rayn.

Quel mon non es crestias de nul ain
Que siens hges, o dels parens non fos :

That in the world there is not a Christian of any
family that was not the hegeman of him or bis
parents. — lb.

See Debonnair.

246

FABLE

FAIN

F

Fable. Lat. fahula, a tale, from for,
fatus sum, f art, Gr. 0))j»i, to say.

Fabric. Lzi.faier, a wright or worker
in wood, metal, &c. ; fabrica, a working,
the work of an artificer, a building.

Face. X.2X. fades, the make or visible
form of a thing, from facio, to make, as
Du. gedaente, external appearance, form,
shape, from doen, to make, do.

Facetious. LsA. /acetus, clever, hu-
morous.

Facility. — ^Faculty. From Lat. facio,
to do, are facilis (do-like), to be readily
done, easy, and the contrary of this,
difficilis (dis-facilis), difficult. Facilitas
and facultas are parallel forms of the
abstract noun with slightly differing ap-
plications fundamentally signifying readi-
ness or ability to do.

Fact. — Factor. — Factitious. Lat.
facio, factum, to make, do.

Fad. A temporary fancy. To fad, to
be busy about trifles ; faddy, frivolous.
■ — Hal. Formed from the term fiddle-
faddle, representing rapid movements to
and fro, idle, purposeless action or talk.
See Fangle, Figary, Fidget.

To Fade. Du. vadden, to wither, or
fade ; vaddigh, flaccid, faded, flagging,
lazy. — Kil. .As the G. has fittich, as well
SLsJlittich, a wing, and as we have fugle-
m.an bora G.fHigelmannj ferret iro^n\ Fr.
fleurets to fag, and faggy, foggy, from
flag axA flaggy ; so I believe Du. vad-
den and E. fade are from forms like Du.
fladderen, Sw. fladra, to flap, flutter. A
pancake, or flap-jack, G. fade, is in Du.
vadde, libi admodum tenuis et flaccidi
genus. — Kil. Comp. OFr. fiappi, faded,
withered. — C. nouv. nouv. ii. ?

To Fadge. To agree, be adapted to,
be made fit. — B. as. fegan, gefegan, to
join ; o.fiigen, Du. voegen, Sw.foga, to
join, to become, suit with, be proper, to
accommodate.

And al yet thset the feageth hire ; and all be-
sides that belongs to her. — -Ancren Riwle, 58.

Ifeiget, ifeied, compared, likened. — lb.
90, 128.

To Fag. Probably from flag by the
loss of the /, signifying in the first place
to flap or fall back upon itself, to be
flaccid, then to be faint or exhausted,
and actively, to cause to faint, to tire
out. It is used in the Devon, dial, in the

sense of flapping or fluttering. ' With
their skittering flimsy gowns vagging in
the wind or reeping in the mud.' A
slight change of vowel zi^es foggy, having
hanging flesh. — HaL ' Flosche, foggy,
weak,, soft.' — Cot. With these may be
compared It. fiacco, tired, drooping,
withered ; fiaccare, to weary, droop in
body or mind, fade or wither. — Fl. S'
avachir, to slacken, grow flaggy, quail,
fade, wax feeble. — Cot. I was much
flagged and exhausted by the heat of
the weather. — Rich, Babylon.

Fag-end. The latter end of cloth —
B. ; the lag-etid, the end which flags, or
hangs loose ; the original flag passing
yvAo fag on the one hand, and lag on the
other, in the same way that we formerly
saw clatch passing into catch and latch,
asklent into ascant and aslant, by the
loss of the liquid or mute respectively.

I could be well content
To entertain the lag-end of my life
With quiet hours. — H. IV. in Naies.
The senators of Athens together with the
common /a^of people. — ^Timon of Athens.

Fagot. Yr. fagot. It. fagotto, yf.ffagod.
Perhaps connected with ffasgu, to bind,
tie ; ffasgell, a wisp, bundle.

To Fail. Fr. faillir, to fail, slip, err,
omit, want, miss, fade, cease. W. ffaelu,
^reX.. fallout, to fail, to be wanting; G.
fehlen, to miss, go wrong, fail, be want-
ing ; Du. faelen, to slip, want, be want-
ing ; faelie-kant, an oblique angle. Pro-
bably the fundamental idea is that of
slipping. Gr. o-^aWu, to cause to slip or
fall, to lead into fault or error, deceive,
mislead ; aipdWo/xai (as Lat. fallor), to
be mistaken, to fail ; iaijiaXri thiq i\mSoQ,
he was deceived, or failed in his hopes ;
(T^aXepoc, slippery, dangerous ; afaKfta, a
slip, error, failure, fault. The notion of
slipping away, slipping from under, will
commonly explain the senses of Lat.yiz/-
lere. Fallere datam fidem, to break his
word ; — mandata, to fail to perform them ;
— visum, to escape notice. Gael, feall,
deceive, betray, fail.

Fain.— To Fawn. Fain, glad. ' Fair
words make fools /(Z2«.' — Ray. AS. fagen,
joyful, glad ; fcegnian, fahnian, Goth.
faginon, one. gefean, ON. fagna, to re-
joice ;/a^ff^r, joy, civility ; /ogTzn: einum
wel, to give one a courteous reception.

FAINT

Hence to fawn on one, to affect pleasure
in his company. Faynare, or flaterere,
adulator. — Pr. Pm. To be fain to do a
thing is to be glad to do it. But there is
a curious resemblance in the expression
to the OFr. avoir fain (for/a«w, hunger),
to be desirous of something. ' I lyste, I
have a great wyll or desyre to do a thynge,
Jaifain.' ' I lysted nat so well to slepe
this twelve monetbes : je n'avoye pas si
grand fayn de dormir de cest an.' —
Palsgr. Swiss Rom. fan, hunger ; e fan,
j'ai envie, j'ai dessein.

Faint. One of the numerous cases in
which words from different origins have
coalesced in a common form. To faint,
in the sense of losing the powers of life,
can hardly be separated from Lat. vanus,
empty ; Fr. vain, empty, faint, feeble
(whence s'evanouir, to faint) ; W. and
Bret, gwan, GsisX.fann, wealt, faint, vain ;
fannaich, to become weak, to faint ; Fr.
sefaner, to fade, wither, wax dead.

But in other applications the word
seems certainly to be talcen from Fr. se
feindre, to make show of one thing and
do another, to disable himself more than
he needs, to do less than he can do.
Sans se feindre, diligently, in good earn-
est ; feintement,fainteinent, falsely, feign-
edly, faintly — Cot. ; faintise, idleness ;
foindre, to grow weak, to play ill. — Pat.
de Champ. Synge out man, -whyfayne
yow? Pourquoy chantez vous a basse
voix i' — Palsgr.

Fair. i. Beautiful, on. /agr, bright;
fagur-blar, light blue ; fagur-mceli, fair
speech, flattery.

2. Lat. feria, holidays ; then, like It.
feria, Fr. foire, applied to the market
held on certain holidays. 'Feriam quoque
quam nomine alio mercatorum nundinas
appellant.' — Due.

Fairy. A supernatural being sup-
posed to influence the fate of men. It.
fatare, to charm as witches do, to be-
witch ; fata, a fairy, witch. — Fl. Sp.
hado, fate, destiny ; hada, one of the
fates, witch, fortune-teller ; hadar, to
divine. ¥r.fde, fatal, appointed, destined,
enchanted ; f^e, a fairy (faerie, witchery) ;
par faerie, fatally, by destiny. — Cot. Hence
^. fairy.

Probably also there may be some con-
fusion with another designation, Sc. fare-
folks, fairies.
Thir woddis and thir schawls all, quod he,
Sura tyme inhabit war and occupyit
With Nymphis and Faunis apoun every syde,
Qnhiyk fare/olkis or than ellis clepin we. — D. V.

Du, vaerende wiif, hamadryas, syl-

FALLOW

247,

varum dea ; also, a witch, a whirlwind.
Probably from going away, vanishing.
See Fern.

Faith. "Lzk. fides. It. fede, Fr.foi.

Faitour. The OFr. faitear, faiteur
(from faire, to make), OE. faitour, pro-
perly only a maker or constructor (like
Lat. fingere, and E. forge, which origin-
ally signified simply to make or form),
acquired a bad sense, and was applied to
one who makes for an ill purpose, who
makes his appearance or conduct other
than it naturally would be. See To
Feign. Faytowre, fictor, simulator ;
faytowre that feynyth sekeness for tro-
wandise, vagius. — Pr. Pm.

Falchion. Written as if from Lat.
falx. It. falce, a sithe, sickle, weeding-
hook ; falcione, any kind of great Welsh-
hook, brown bill, or chopping knife. — Fl.
But it is very doubtful whether Fr. fau-
chon, the immediate origin of our word,
is to be explained on this principle, as
swords of scimitar-shape were not used
at an early period in Western Europe.
It seems to be only another way of spell-
ing fausson. Mid. Lat. fatso, apparently a
short heavy sword used like the miseri-
cordia, for piercing the joints of the ar-
mour of a fallen enemy, from fausSer, to
pierce. See Faucet. ' Matthieu de
Mommorenci tenoit un faussart en sa
main et en derompoit les presses.' ' Enses
non deferant nee cultellos acutos pec lan-
ceas seu falsones! ' Arma offensibilia,
spata, faucia, misericordia, ranchonum
[runcones] et his similia.' — Carp. 'Aux
fauchons, aux coutiaus a pointe.' — Due.

Falcon. Lat. falco, from the hooked
beak ; falx, a curved knife, a hook.

To Fall — Fell, (m.falla, Du. vallen,
to fall ; ON. fella, Du. vellen, velden, to
fell, or cause to fall, to throw down, lay
prostrate.

The Gr. ai^aKKia and its derivatives (see
Fail) look as if the radical meaning of
the word were, to slip.

Fallacy. Lat. fallaciaj fallo to de-
ceive.

Fallow. I. The original meaning of
the word is simply pale, in which sense it
is used by Chaucer of the pale horse in
the Revelations.

His eyen holwe and grisly to behold.
His hev/e/ateuie and pale as ashen cold.

O.falb, pale, faded {falbes roth, —griln;
pale red, — green) ; then appropriated by
custom to a pale reddish colour, like that
of deer ; der falbe, the chesnut or dun
horse. AS. fealo, fealwe, pale reddish or

248

FALSE

yellowish. Fr. fauve, deep yellow, lion-
tawny, light dun. — Cot. W. gwelw, a
pale hue, gwelwi, to make pale. Du.
vael kleed, a faded garment. AS. wealo-
wian, to wither, fade. The apparent
equivalent in the Finnish languages has
the sense of white, shining ; Fin. -walkia.
Lap. welkes, white ; welkotet, to grow
white or pale ; Esthon. walge, white,
clear, ■ light ; walge werrew, pale red ;
walkjas, whitish.

2. To fallow is to plough land for the
purpose of leaving it open to the air be-
fore it is cultivated for sowing, and we
should not be without analogy in explain-
ing the expression from the red colour of
ploughed land. So Gael, dearg, red, and
also land recently ploughed ; as a verb,
to redden, to plough ; Sc. faugh, fallow
in colour and fallow land. On the other
hand it seems doubtful whether y5z//0K/ in
the sense of breaking up the sod or sur-
face of the land may not be from Sc. fail,
a sod or turf, Sw. vail, sward ; valla sig,
to gather a sward. In the W. of England
veiling signifies ploughing up the turf or
upper surface of the ground to lay in
heaps for burning. — Ray. in Jam. Da.
dial, falde, fcelle, fcelge, to break up the
sward, give a first shallow ploughing ;
fald, falle (Pl.D. fallig-land — Schiitze),
stubble or grass land once ploughed ; at
saae i fallen, to sow on land so treated.
— Molbech.

False. Lat.falsus, {xora.f alio, f ahum,
to deceive.

To Falter. To speak in broken tones,
to vacillate, totter. The formation of this
word may be illustrated by the analogy
of one or two others closely resembling it
in construction and signification. To
patter is to make a light rattling sound,
or, as the equivalent Pl.D. faotern (pro-
nounced pawtem), to repeat in a mono-
tonous, unintelligible manner. — Danneil.
The sound of the broad vowel introduces
an / (similar to that in Sc. nolt, from
nowt, cattle) in E. palter, to stammer,
shuffle, trifle. Again, Sc. hatter is to
speak thick and confusedly ; to hotter, to
simmer, rattle, to shake, jolt, walk un-
steadily. The insertion of an /, as in
patter, palter, brings us to N. haltra, to
limp, to walk by uneven jerks. Now a
form with an initial/, analogous to patter,
hatter, is seen in N. fatra, Fr. fairer, to
bungle up a piece of work (a sense con-
stantly expressed by the figure of stam-
mering) •,fatras, a confused heap of trash,
trifles (to be compared with Sc. hatter, a
confused \i^z.'^,fatraille, trash, trumpery;

FANATIC

fatrouiller, to botch, to trifle. — Cot. I
botche or bungyll a garment, 7> fatre, or
fatrouille. — Palsgr. The insertion of
the /, as in previous cases, gives E. fal-
ter, to speak or move unsteadily.

In the case of hatter, haltra, as well as
falter, the frequentative is accompanied
by simple though probably less ancient
forms, Sc. hat, haut, to hop, limp, N.
halta, to halt, and Dan. dial, faute, to
fail, to falter. At faute i sin tale, to
falter in speech, to stammer. It. Sp.
falta, Fr. faute, fault, defect ; Sp. f altar,
to fail, falter, be deficient. For the deriv-
ation of a fault from the notion of stum-
bling, compare G. stolpem, to stagger,
blunder. Das war gewaltig gestolpert,\i&
has committed a great fault. — KUttner.

To ramble.— Fiunble. Synonymous
in the first instance with faffle, maffle, to
speak imperfectly like an infant. Stam-
eren other famelen. — MS. in Hal. To
fumble, balbutire. — Levins, Manipulus.
The signification is then transferred to
other kinds of bungling, imperfect action.
T)a.n.famle, to stammer, stutter, and also
to fumble, to handle in an inefficient
manner, to handle repeatedly, feel for.
Sw. famla, to grope, to feel for, to fum-
ble ; Pl.D. in der tasken fummeln, to
fumble in one's pocket ; Sw. dial, fabbla,
febbla, to stammer, to stumble, to be
clumsy in handling ; feppelhdndt, clumsy;
fubblapd mdlet, to stutter like a drunken
man ; fubbla, to be awkward, handle
awkwardly ; fummla, to totter, stumble,
to handle awkwardly, be slippery fingered.
The same train of thought is seen in Sp.
farfullar, Ko\ich.\ farfoulier, to stammer;
Fr.farfouiller, to famble in the dirt, to
search disorderly — Cot.; and in Manx
7noandagh, stammering, faltering ; fer
moandagh, a fumbler. — Cregeen.

Fame. Lat- fama, Gr. f^/aij, from
0));xi, I say, speak.

Family. Lat. familia; famulus, a
servant.

Famine. Yr. famine, from La.t.fames,
hunger, starvation.

Fan. Lat. vannus, G. wanne, a win-
nowing fan, wannen, to winnow, from
the same root with ventus, wind. Bret.
gwent, wind ; gwenta, venter ou vanner
le bled, to winnow corn. — Legonidec.
G3.e\.fannan, a gentle breeze.

Fanatic. LaX. fanaticus, inspired, be-
side oneself ; a word applied to the
priest or other official, whose business
it was to give responses from the sanctu-
ary {fanum) to such as consulted the
deity or oracle.

FANCY ■

Fancy. — Fantastic. — Fantom. Gr.
<patviit, to appear, ipavog, apparent, ipavraiw,
to make appear ; whence tpavraaia, Fr.
fantasie, imagination, fancy. Another
formation from the same root is tpavraafia,
It. fantasma, Fr. fantosme, fantome, an
appearance, apparition, spectre, fantom.

Fang. Whatever seizes or clutches,
especially the tooth of a ravenous beast ;
also the roots or projections by which
the teeth themselves are fastened in the
jaw. G. fangen, to catch, seize, take ;
Goth, fahan, as. foan, fon, pret. feng,
O^.fd, "prtt-feck, ^\./engum, whence the
derivative fanga, to get. Similar rela-
tions are seen in Dan. gaa, G. gehen, to
go ; NE. gang, ON. ganga, pret. geek, pi.
genguin; Goth, hahan, AS. hon, and E.
hang.

Fangle. — New-fangled. Fangles,
whimsies. — B.

A hatred to faagles, and the French foolenes
of his time. — ^Wood in Nares.

Fingle-f angle, a trifle. — Hal. A nasalised
form of G. fick-facken, to fidget, move to
and fro without apparent purpose ; fick-
f acker, a trifler, inconstant person ; Sw.
Jick-fack, juggling tricks.

The radical image is light, rapid move-
ment to and fro, as with a switch. G.
ficken, fickelen, to switch, move lightly to
and fro ; E. fickle, inconstant. Another
form of the verb is ^v^l^&fieggen, in some
cantons fi^nggen, to fig, fidge, or fidget.
— Stalder. Hessian neufdngsch, desirous
of novelty.

Hence new-fangU or new-fangled, in-
constant, changeable, given to novelty.
New-fangled, not constant and stedy of
purpose, muable. — Palsgr.
The flesh is so new-fangell with mischaunce,
That we ne con in nothing have pleasaunce,
That souneth unto vertue any while.

Manciples Tale.

Far. Goth, fairra, AS. feor, feorran,
GBa.fer, G.fern, O'^.fiarri, Dan. fiern.

Farce. A comedy stuffed with ex-
travagant passages of wit. — B. Fr. farce,
a pudding-haggis, the stuffing in meat ;
also a fond and dissolute play, interlude.
/I fail ses farces, he plays his pranks.^-
Cot. \jz!i.farcire,farsum, to stuff.

Fardel. Sp. fardo, fardillo, a bale,
bundle ; fardage, baggage ; Fr. hardes,
baggage, furniture ; hardde, a bundle,
burden. — Roquef. Fardo, clothes, fur-
niture.— Diet. Corrfeze. Fr, fardel, far-
deau, a bundle.

To Fare. — Ferry. Goth, faran, ON.
fara, G. fahren, E. to fare, fundamentally
to go, then to get on, to do, with refer-

FARM 249

ence to the luck which we meet with in
our progress through life ; to fare well
or ill, to be prosperous, or the contrary,
to meet with good or bad entertainment,
and hence _/&r^, entertainment, food.

From ON. fara is ioxvctsAfcer, pervious,
passable ; din er far, the river is pass-
able ; feria, to transport, set over ; feria,
a passage-boat. The G. fahren, is not
only to go, but to carry, convey in a
cart ; fahr, a ferry, or place where people
are carried over a stream. Du. vaer-
schip, a ship of burden ; vaer-water, a
navigable water ; vaer, veer, vaerd, a
ferry, a port, or landing-place of vessels.
— Kil.

Farinaceous. 1,?A. farina, meal, from
far, a general name for grain.

Farm. as. feorm, what goes to the
support of life, food, board, entertain-
ment (explained from feorh, ON. fjor,
life, as Lat. victus, food, from "vivo, vic-
tum, to live) ; feormian, to supply with
food, to support, entertain. Gewiton
him tha eastan" sehta laedan" feoh and
feorme : these then depalted from the
east, leading their possessions, cattle and
stores. — C^dm. 99, 22. Thu sweltan
scealt" mid feoh and mid feorme : thou
shalt perish with thy goods and sub-
stance.— Ibid. 161, 2.

The Latinised form of the word is
firma.

Verum postquam tuta sunt opinati, conviviis
provinciaiium, qn3svulgo_^rmamsippelhLnt, illecti,
ad terram egrediuntur, ambo comites ex impro-
viso eos invadunt, epulos cruore confundunt. —
Orderic. Vital, in Due.

The modern sense of farm arose by
degrees. In the first place lands were
let on condition of supplying the lord
with so many nights' entertainment for
his household. Thus the Sax. Chron.
A.D. 775, mentions land let by the abbot
of Peterborough, on condition that the
tenant should annually pay £^0, and
anes nihtes feorme, one night's entertain-
ment. This mode of reckoning con-
stantly appears in Doomsday-Book.

Reddet_;??-OTffff2 trium noctium : i. c. 100 libr.
The inconvenience of payment in kind
early made universal the substitution of
a money payment, which was called_/frW2a
alba, or blanche ferme, from being paid
in silver or white money instead of
victuals. Sometimes the rent was called
€\m^\y firma, and the same name was
given to the farm, or land from whence
the rent accrued. Dare, or ponere ad
firmam, to farm out, to let the usufruct
for a certain rent.

250 FARRIER

From AS. the word seems to have been
adopted in Yx.ferme, a farm, or anything
held in farm, a lease, which is explained
by Diez from 07r.fer7ner, to engage.

Farrier. Originally a blacksmith, one
who shoes horses. \\.. ferraro, ferratore,
a farrier, horse-smith — Fl. ; Fr. fer de
cheval, a horse-shoe ; ferrer, to shoe a
horse.

To Farrow. Sw. farre, a boar ; faer-
ria, Dan. fare, to farrow, or bring forth
a litter of pigs. as. fearh, Du. varken,
a little pig. Lat. verres, a boar ; Sp.
g7iarro, -a, -illo, a boar, sow, pig. On
the other hand, the Sw. far-gallt, a boar,
G. farre, AS. fear, a bull, lead Ihre to
derive the word from ot^.fara, sainfarast,
to procreate, have intercourse with.

Farthing. — Ferlingr. AS. feorthling,
the fourth part of a coin, originally by no
means confined to the case of a penny.
• This yere the kynge — made a newe quyne as
the nobylle, half nobylle, scaA ferdyng-nobylle. —
Grey Friars' Chron. Cam. Soc.

Farthingale. Fr.' vertugade, verdu-
galle, a fardingale. — Cot. Sp. verdugado,
Ptg. verdugada, averdugada, a hooped
petticoat, or stiffened support for spread-
ing out the petticoats over the hips. The
fashion seems to have come from the
peninsula, and the name finds a satis-
factory explanation in Sp., Ptg. verdugo,
a rod or shoot of a tree, in Ptg. applied
to a long plait or fold in a garment. —
Roquete. Hence averdugada would sig-
nify a plaited petticoat in the same way
in which from It. falda, a fold, we have
faldiglia, any plaiting or puckering, also
a saveguard that gentlewomen use to
ride withal — Fl., a hoop-petticoat. — Al-
tieri. The plaited structure of the gar-
ment explains the name of wheel-far-
thingale, the plaits by which it was
stiffened standing out from the waist like
the spokes of a wheel.

Fascinate. \jiX. fascino, Gr. paaKaivu,
to bewitch. See Mask.

Fashion. Fr. fagon (from LaX. facere,
to make), the form or make of a thing.

Fast. I. — To Fasten, okg. fasii, ON.
fastr, firm, secured, unbroken, solid,
strong ; fastaland, the continent ; scekja
at fast, to attack vigorously. Drekka fast,
to drink hard, may be compared with the
equivalent Da. drikke test: tcet, tight,
close, compact. Mid. Lat. /aj//, immedi-
ately, without interval. It rainsyaj/, the
drops fall close on each other. Thus the
idea of closeness passes into that of
rapidity.

A fastness, Q.fcstung, a strong hold or

FAUCET

place of security. The transition from
the idea of holding is so direct it can
hardly be doubted that the word is radi-
cally connected with G.fassen, Du. vatten,
to seize, to hold.

Fast. 2. — To Fast. Fast, abstinence
from food. Here, as in the Latin absti-
nence, the idea may be, holding back from
food. But if the word be of ecclesiastical
origin it may be better explained from
Goih. fastan, to keep or observe, viz. the
ordinance of the church. Vitoda-fasteis,
a keeper of the law. Wachter remarks
that observare axiAjejunare are frequently
used as synonymous by ecclesiastical
writers. Abstinet, observat. ■ — Isidore.
Either way we come back to the element
fast, signifying what is held close, firm,
unbroken. AS. awfest, observant of the
law, bound in wedlock, is opposed to
CEwbrica, a breaker of the law, an adult-
erer.

Fastidious. Lat. fastidium, loathing
for food, disgust, disdain.

Fat. G.fett, OH.feitr.

Fate.— Fatal. 'L?A.fatum, that which
is spoken, decreed, from fari, to speak ;
whenct fatalis, ordered by fate, deadly.

Father. Sanscr. pitri, Gr. irarrip, Lat.
pater, G. vater, lysi.fadir.

Fathom. AS. fathm, a tosom, em-
brace, whatever embraces or incloses, an
expanse. Ofer ealne foldan fcEthm, over
all the expanse of the earth. ON.fadma,
Dan. fadme, to embrace ; ON. fadmr,
bosom, embrace, the length one can reach
with the two arms expanded. Sw. en
famn ho, as much hay as can be held in
the two arms. Du. vadem, the length of
thread held out between the two arms, a
fathom. — Kil.

The root seems to be G. fassen, Du.
vatten, to hold.

Fatigue. 'Lai. fatigare, Fr. fatiguer,
to weary.

Fatuity, -fatuate. Lat. fatuus, a
silly person, a fool.

Faucet. Fr. fauhet, fausset, properly
the short wooden pipe or mouthpiece that
is inserted in a barrel for the purpose of
drawing wine or beer, and is itself stopped
with a plug or spiggot. The origin is Fr.
faulser,fausser, to make a failing, fault,
or breach in anything, to transpierce.
Faussie, a breach in a wall, a transpierc-
ing ; faulser un ecu, nne troupe, &■'£., to
pierce or strike through a shield, to
charge through a troop, &c. A fausset,
then, is radically a piercer, and accord-
ingly the term clepsidra, given as the
Latin for fausset in the Promptorium, is

FAUGH

explained in the Ortus as the same with
docillus, Anghcfe a percer or a spygote.
The expression oi forcing z. lock is per-
haps a corruption of the Yr. faulser.

Faugb. ! Foh ! Pah ! Interjections
expressing disgust at a bad smell.
Faugh/ I have kno^vn a charnel-house smell

sweeter.— B. & F.
Foh I one may smell in such a will most rank.

Shakesp.

Fie I fie I fill pah I pah ! give me an ounce of
civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagina-
tion.— Shakesp.

The interjection is found in similar
forms in most languages. Fr. pouah!
faugh ! an interj. used when anything
filthy is shown or said. — Cot. G. puh!
'HSipuh / wie stank der alte mist.' — San-
ders. Sp. pu J expressing disgust at a
bad smell ; fu ! int. of disgust. — Neum.
'Dvi. foei ! iirtt. foei / fech! expressing
disgust, horror, contempt. Gael, fich !
nasty ! expressing disgust or contempt.
— Macleod.

The interj. I believe represents the
lengthened emission of the breath, with
screwed-up mouth and lifted nostrils,
which aims at the rejection of an of-
fensive smell. It will be observed that
the syllable pu or fu is used in many
languages as the root of words signifying
to blow, as in Gr. ipvudm, E. pu_^, Sz.fujf,
to blow ; Sw. pusta. Fin. puhua, puhkia,
puhaltaa, Let. puhst, to breathe, to blow ;
Magy. funi, fuvni, Galla afufa, to blow,
SsSxizcx.phM, imitative sound of blowing ;
phUt-kdra (pMt-making), blowing ; Magy.
pihegni, pihenni to breathe, pant ; piha!
fie !

Again, the disgust felt at a bad taste
closely resembles that arising from an
offensive smell, and the exspiration by
which we drive out the smell has only to
be made a little stronger in order to spit
out the disgusting morsel. Hence it is
often hard to say whether the interj. of
disgust represents the rejection of an
offensive smell or the act of spitting.
The G. interj. is variously written, pfu,
pfy, pfui, pfah, pfitch, and Bav. pfugezen,
to make the sound pfug, is applied to
the spitting of a cat or the panting of a
fat man. The G.pfui! is explained by
Sanders as ayf .' intensified to the pitch
of actual or symbolical spitting. The
act of spitting is probably represented
also in Sw. twi! Russ. tfu! fie! The
Galla twu represents the sound of spit-
ting.— Tutschek. See Pooh !

Faulohion. See Falchion.

fault. It. falta, a defect, want ; Sp.

FEASE

251

falta, Fr. faulte, faute, defect, failing,
omission, offence. According to Diez,
from 'LaX.fallere, through a supposititious .

fallitare, S'^.f altar, \t.faltare,to fail, to
be wanting. But see Falter.

Favour. Lat. faveo, fautum, to be
well-disposed to, to show good-will.

Fawn. The 0'Fr.faon,feon, was ap-
plied to the young of animals in general,
as of a lion, bear, dragon ; faoner,feoner,
to bring forth young, to lay eggs. Poi-
tevin fedon, the foal of a horse or ass,
from Lat. fcetus, as from feta (used by
Virgil in the sense of sheep, properly
breeding ewes), were formed Prov. feda,
Piedm. fea, sheep. So from fetus, pro-
geny, Walach. fet, child, fate, daughter ;

feta, to bear young ; Sard, ^^fe, progeny ;
Swiss_/«, son,fed^, daughters. — ^Vocab. de
Vaud.

Feal.— Fealty. It. fedele, Fr. fel,
from Lat. f delis, faithful ; Fr. fielt^,
fealty, fidelity.

*Fear. — Ferly. as. ftzr, (ear ; fcsran,
afar an, to frighten. OSvi.fara, to fear;
Sw. far a, danger. Det han ingen fara,
there is no danger, which is the same
thing as, there is no fear. Befara, to
fear, to apprehend, to risk ; forfcsra, to
frighten. Du. vaar, fear ; gevaar, G.
gefahr, danger.

The radical idea is probably shown in
Svf.fasa, to shudder at, to be amazed at,
fasa, horror ; the final j changing into r,
as in Lat. honos, honor, G. hase, E. hare;
Du. verliezen, G. verlieren, &c. OTS.fer-
ligr, horrible, frightful, hideous.

And on the next when we were far from home,
A /early chance (whereon alone to think
My hand now qualces and all my senses fail)
Gan us befall . — Gascoigne, Vgyage to Holland.

Svi.farlig, dangerous, pernicious. From
the tendency of what is sudden to startle
and alarm, AS. fczrlic acquired the sense
of sudden. It was also used (as fearful,
awful, in familiar speech) to express an
exaggerated degree of anything : fcsr-
cyle, intense cold.
He felt him hevy aoA ferly sick. — R. Brunne.

The impressions of astonishment, amaze-
ment, and terror, border close upon each
other. Thus Fr. effarer is translated by
Cot. to amaze, as well as to scare, terrify,
appal ; effar^, scared, amazed, astonied.
Then, with the signification softened
down, Sc. and as., ferly, wonder, a strange
event.

To Fease.- — ^Feize. — Pheese. i. To
whip, to chastise. To fease or feag, virgis
csedere.— Sk, Swiss fitzen, fausen, Du.

252

FEASIBLE

•veselen, Fr. fesser, to whip, to switch ;
Swiss^fe^r, rods for children.

2. To fuzz or ravel out, to break up
into fdaments. G. fasen,faseln, to ravel,
fuzz, feaze. — Kiittn. Faser, faschen, Pl.D.
fassel, fiss, fissel (Danneil), Du. vese,
vesel, fibre, filament ; Swiss fdtzen, to
ravel out ; fdtzele, hanging threads or
tatters ; E. ^\2\.fassings, hangings, fibres ;
Tfe/iferj, tatters. 'IfasyllovA as silke or
velvet cloth ; je raule.' — Palsgr. Fasylle
of a cloth ; fractillus, villus. — Pr. Pm.
Sc. fass, a hair : 'not worth a fass.
' Nich 'njissf' not an atom. — Danneil.
'Bs.v.fesen, husk, chaff; keinfesel, not an
atom.

The sense of whipping is probably-
direct from the sound of a switch cutting
through the air. The train of thought
under the second head is not so clear.
The radical image may be ihit fizzing of
water from a hot surface, where the syl-
lable _/fo^ represents the sound made by
a series of small explosions in which
minute drops of water are scattered
abroad. Thus to fizz or fuzz comes to
signify to scatter or to fly off in small
particles. But generally the notion of a
whispering sound is connected with the
motion of fine or small bodies, and thence
with the notion of something fine and
small. G. fispeln, fispern, to whisper,
rustle, to move lightly to and fro. Du.
veselen, to whisper, to ravel out. — Bom-
hoff. Swiss faiiserlen, to float or fall in
fine particles as m^st or snow, to drizzle ;
fiselen, fisern, fiserlen, to move to and
fro with a light thin implement, to scrawl
or write too fine and thin, to drizzle, to
ravel out in threads, to fiddle, to work
minutely ; fisei, a thin, poor creature,
loose hanging threads ; gfiesel, scrawly
writing ; ^sy.fiseln, to fiddle or twiddle
with the fingers, to do light minute work.
Pl.D. fisseln, to rain fine and thin, to
ravel out. — Danneil.

Feasible. Yx. faisible, that may be
done, from /aire, to do.

Feast — Festival. Lat. festus, holi-
day, devoted to enjoyment ; festum (tem-
pus), It. festa, a holiday, festival, feast ;
/estivo,festivale, festive.

Feat. -feat. -felt. i. 'L2X.facio,/ac-
ium, Fr. faire, to do ; /aid, /ait, a deed,
whence 'E./eat, a (notable) deed. Fr. de-
Zaire, to undo ; de/aite, an undoing, de-
feat.

2. Feat, /ete, /etise, well-made, neat,
dextrous, elegant ; Fr. /aid, done,
achieved, accomplished ; /aictis, made
after the fashion of another, also well

FEEBLE

featured, well made, neat, feat, handsome.
—Cot. See Fit.

Feather. O^.fiddr, S-vi./jdder, Dan.
/jer, Du. veder, veer, Pol. pioro, Bohem.
perj, feathers. Gr. Trnpuv, a wing. Per-
haps from a form like flader in G. fleder-
wisck, a goose's wing, a feather broom,
'Ba.Y.fledern,'Dn, vlederen, to flap, flutter,
after the analogy of 'Ba.v.fiitschen, to flap
or flutteiii fiitschen, fiitschelein, pinion,
wing. The loss of the / would be justi-
fied by Cflittich,fittich, a wing, AS.fii(gol,
/ugol, fowl ; by E. badger corresponding
to Fr. bladier; by E. splutter, sputter, &c.

Feature. OYx./aict, made ; /aicture,
the workmanship, framing, making of a
thing. — Cot. See Feat.

Febrile. See Fever.

-feet-. Lat. /ado, /adum, to make or
do; in comp. -fido, /eduvi, as in Con-
fection, Defect, Infect, Perfect, &c.

Federal. — Federate. Lat. /a;dus,
-eris, a league, a treaty.

Fee.— Fief. — Feudal. The importance
of cattle in a simple state of society early
caused an intimate connection between
the notion of cattle and of money or
wealth. Thus we have Lat. pecus, cattle ;
pecwtia, money ; and Goth, /aihu, pos-
sessions, is identical with OHG.7f/2z<,_/i?;^«,
G. vieh, cattle, Oti./e, cattle, mon ey, AS./eoh,
cattle, riches, money, price, reward.
Adopted into the Romance tongues the
word became It. fio, Prov. /eii, fieu, Fr.
fief. When it received a Latin dress the
introduction of a d, as in many other
cases, to avoid the hiatus, produced the
M.idi.'LaX. /eudum, signifying the property
in land distributed by the conqueror to
his companions in arms, as a reward for
their past services, and pledge for their
rendering the like for the future. Hence
the term /ee, in E. law, for the entire
estate in land ; /eoffment, from 'Fr.fieffer,
to convey 'Cae.fie/, ox/ee, to a new owner.
Fee has also been appropriated by cus- ■
tom to certain money-payments.

Feeble. OYx. fioibe, flebe,fleble, Gris.
fieivel, It. fievole, Fr. /oible. The com-
mon derivation from hatfiebilis, lament-
able, is unsatisfactory.

In words not far removed from a re-
presentative origin the preservation of
parallel forms with a radical p and Ji, or
b and g, is very common. Now we have
'^ fl^-gi to grow limber, decay, wither —
B. ; and, corresponding to it, hang, fiaca,
to bend, sink, give way. Mas cainbos
flacon, my legs bend under me. Hence
flac, fia, Fr. flaque, weak, feeble, faint,
flaggy. — Cot. In the same way we pass

FEED

from the image of a flapping sheet to the
sense of want of stiffness in Fr. flappi
(in a flapping condition), faded — c. nouv.
nouv. ; jiappe, soft, faded, over-ripe —
Gloss. Genevois ; E. flabby, flaccid, in-
elastic, soft ; 'Fr.flebe, fleve, flewe — Pat.
de Champ., Pl.D. flop, flep,flau — Brem.
Wtb., Du. flaauw, weak, feeble, faint.
Corresponding verbal forms are Lang.
flepi, fepli, fipla, fibla, exactly synonym-
ous with flaca above mentioned. Fibla
uno amarino, to bend a switch. — Diet.
Lang. M' a calgut_/f^&, I was forced to
yield. — Diet. Castr. Feple, fible, Prov.
feble,fible, weak, faint. La luna es flblo,
the moon is on the wane.

To Feed. See Food.

* To Feel. as. felan, G. fuhlen, Du.
voelen, to feel. The O'Vi.fjaUa, to touch,
finger, feel, approaches very closely. And
this last seems to be from fjatl, a fiddling
movement of the fingers, actus levis,
frivolus (Haldorsen); fjatla, to fumble;
fitla, leviter digitos admovere ; fitla ■z/zVf,
leviter attingere ;' fidra "vid, leviter tan-
gere ; N. fltla, fjatla, to fumble, as one
trying to untie a knot.

To Feign. — Feint. Lat. fingere, to
form, frame, make, contrive, pretend.
Fr. feindre, to feign, and from the past
ptcp. feint, E. feint, a pretence. In like
manner Mod.Gr. Kd/ivui, to do, to make ;
Kajiovojiai, to feign, pretend ; KajiinTriQ, a
maker, a dissembler.

Felicity. Lat. felix, -ids, happy.
. Fell. I. Goth..flll,OJi.fell,felldr,'Du.
•vel, \j3X. pellis, skin.

2. Oli.fjaU, mountain.

To Fell. See Fall. To fell a seam,
to turn it down, is Gael.y?//, fold, wrap,
pMit ; Sw. fall, a fold, a hem, falla, to
hem.

Fell. — ^Felon. It. fello, cruel, moody,
murderous — FI. ; Fr. felle, cruel, fierce,
untractable ; felon, cruel, rough, untract-
able ; felonie, anger, cruelty, treason, any
such heinous offence committed . by a
vassal against his lord whereby he -is
worthy to lose his estate. — Cot. Diez
rejects the derivation from Lat. fel, gall,
but his suggestion from OHG. fi,llo, a
skinner, scourger, executioner, is not more
satisfactory. The true origin is probably
to be found in the Celtic branch. W.
gwall, defect ; Bret, gwall, bad, wicked,
defect, fault, crime, damage ; gwall-ober,
to do ill ; gwalla, to injure. In the same
language _/«//, poor, sick, bad ; fallaat, to
weaken, to ' decay ; fallakr, wicked,
villain ; fallaen, weakness, fainting ; fal-
lentez, wickedness, malice, malignity ;

FEMALE

253

falloni, perfidy, treachery ; fallout, or
fellout, to fail, be wanting. Gael, feall,
deceive, betray, fail, treason, treachery ;
feallan, a felon, traitor ; feall-duine, a
worthless man ; feall-leigh, a quack doc-
tor ; fealltair, a traitor, villain.

Fello-w. O'&.felaw, on.felagi, a part-
ner in goods ; samfle-lag-skap, partner-
ship, a laying together of goods, from ft,
money, goods, and lag, order, society,
community. At liggia lag vid einn, to
enter into partnership with him. Honum
fylgdi kona at lagi, a woman accompa-
nied him as concubine. So flsk-lagi, a
partner in fishing, brod-lagi, a partner at
meals, a companion ; Sw. seng-laga, a
bed-fellow. P1.D. gelag, a company of
drinkers ; lages-broer, gelages-broer, a
boon companion.

Here now make y the

Myn owne felow in al wise,

Of worldly good and merchandise.

Child of Bristowe, Lydgate.

Felly. — Felloe. G. felge, Du. velghe,
rad-velghe, the crooked pieces which
compose the circumference of a wheel.

Felon. I. See Fell.

2. Guernsey ^o«, a whitlaw, from Fr.
furonde, froncle, a felon, uncome, whit-
law.— Cot. Herbe auflon, E. mate-felon,
centaurea nigra. Lat. furunculus (dim.
oifur, thief), a boil or abscess.

Felt.— Filter, g. fllz, Du. vilt, It.
felze, felt cloth made by working wet wool
together. Felzata, the stuff of which a
barge's tilt is made ; feltro, a felt, felt hat,
felt cloak.— Fl. Fr. feutre, felt, also a
filter, a piece of felt, or thick woollen
cloth to strain things through. — Cot.

Vo\. pils'c, felt ; 'Rohem. plst, plstenice,
a felt hat. Gr. ?riXoc, felt, or anything
made of felt ; m\i<a, iriKom, to make into
felt, compress, thicken ; Lat. pileus, a
felt hat or cap ; Russ. voilok, felt ; It.
follare, to felt or thicken ; folto, thick,
close ; foltrello, as feltro, a little felt —
Fl. ; Lat. fullo, a thickener of cloth.
Manx poll, to mat or stick together, pol-
ley, felting, pollan, a saddle cloth. The
invention of felt would probably be made
among pastoral nations at an exceedingly
early period, and the name would, most
likely be transmitted with the invention.
The resemblance to several words of
similar meaning may be accidental. Lat.
pilus, hair ; villus, a lock, shaggy hair ;
Fin. willa, wool ; W. gwallt, Gael, fait,
hair of the head.

Female. — Feminine. Fr. femelle,
from Lat. fmmina. The form of the word

254

FEN

has been unconsciously altered in E. to
bring it in relationship to male, with
which it has no real connection. Male
and female were formerly written maule
axvdifemelle. 7ris. faem, faamen, faamel,
AS. famne, a maid, woman. The desig-
nation of a woman is most likely to be
taken from the characteristic of child-
bearing, typified by the womb or belly,
which are often confounded under a single
name. The Lap. waimo signifies the
heart or intestines, while in Fin. it signi-
fies a woman ; waimoinen, womanly,
feminine. Sc. wame, waim, weam, the
womb, belly ; wamyt, pregnant. — Jam.

Fen. ON. fen, a morass ; fen-votr,
thoroughly wet. Goth, fani, mud. The
OE. fen was also used in the sense of mud,
filth.

-fence, -fend. As in offend, defend.
The radical sense of 0'L3.t.fendo,fensum,
only found in comp, must be gathered from
offendo, to dash or strike against, thence
to displease, offend. Defendo, to ward
off, is probably formed as the opposite of
offendo rather than direct from the simple
verb.

Fend. — Fender. — Fence. From Fr.
defendre, to forbid, defend, protect ; de-
fense, prohibition, protection, fence. A
similar omission of the particle de in the
adoption of a Fr. word is seen in the rout
of an army, from Fr. deroute.

The art oi fencing ox sword-playing was
termed the science of defence, as Fr. s'es-
crimer, to fence, from G. schirm, protec-
tion, shelter.

The fence-months were those in which
it was unlawful to chase in the forests,
from defense-in the sense of prohibition.

Fenowed. — Vinewed, Mouldy, mus-
ty. AS. fnie, gefinegod, decayed ; Du.
"vinnig, rancid, mouldy. Gael, fineag,
fionag, a cheese mite. The primary
meaning of fenowed would thus be moth
or mite-eaten, then mouldy, corrupt. W.
gwiddon, mites, small particles of what is
dried, or rotted ; gwiddonog, mity, rotten.

-fer-. IjiX.fero, to bear, whence con-
fer, defer, infer, circumference, &c.

Fere. AS. gefera, a companion, one
\iYLO fares or goes with one.

Ferly. Wonder. See Fear.

Ferment. 'LaX. fermentum {for fervi-
mentum, from ferveo, to boil), what causes
bread to swell up like water boiling ;
leaven.

Fern. 0'R0.farajn,farati,far7n^farn,
Du. vaeren, vaeren-kruyd. Probably
named from the reputed use of the seed
in piagical incantations, being supposed

FERRET

to confer the power of going invisible.

Fougire (fern), plante dont se servent les pre-
tendus sorciers. — Vocab. de Vaud.

The Sw. verb fara, to go, as Ihre re-
marks, is specially applied to events pro-
duced by diabolic art. Far-sot, a sickness
produced by incantation, thence an epi-
demic. AS.fcBr-death,fcer-cweal>ne, sud-
den death. Du. vaerende-wiif, a witch,
enchantress ; Sc. fare-folkis, fairies.

Ferocious. 'L3A.ferox,ferocis, fierce.

Ferrel. — Ferule, i. A ferrel or verril,
Fr. virole, an iron ring put about the end
of a staff, &c., to keep it from riving. —
Cot. Virer, to veer or turn round. .

2. \t. ferula, 'Fr. ferule, a rod or palmer
used for correction in schools. Lat.
ferula, a bamboo, cane, rod, switch.

Ferret, i. Spun silk and riband woven
from it. It. fioretto, Fr. fleuret, coarse
ferret-silk — Fl. ; floret-silk. — Cot. G.
florett, the outer envelop of the silk-cod,
flirt or flurt-silk, ferret-silk, ferret. Flo-
rett-band, a ferret riband. — Kiittn.

2. G. frette, frett-wiesel. It. furetto,
feretto, Fr.furet, a ferret, an animal used
in hunting rabbits or rats in holes other-
wise inaccessible.

It is commonly supposed that the name
of the animal has given rise to the verb
signifying to poke in holes and comers,
to search out. \t.ferettare, furettare, to
ferret or hunt in holes, to grope or
fumble — Fl. ; Tr.fureier, to search, hunt,
boult out, spy narrowly into every hole
and corner. — Cot. It is more likely that
the ferret (exclusively a tame animal) is
named from the purpose for which it is
kept, viz. for rooting or poking in holes
for rabbits or vermin. Ih&G.freitwicsel
would signify a weasel kept for the pur-
pose designated by the ■verhfretten. Dan.
affritte, Jidfritte, to ferret out, worm out.
Now we have Prov. fretar, Fr. f rotter,
^3.-v. fretten, to rub, to move to and fro
over a surface. Moreover, fi-etten is
identified with E. dial, froat, Du. wroe-
ten, by the common use of the three in
the peculiar sense of to drudge, to earn
with pains and difficulty. Wroeten is
also to poke the fire, to poke or root in
the ground as a pig with his snout. The
same train of thought is found in Prov.
fregar, It. fregare, to rub, frugare, to
rub, to pinch and spare miserably, to
grope, to {yirs^^, furegare (for femgare),
to fumble or grope for, to sweep an
oven. And as fregare, frugare give rise
\.o fiiregare by the insertion of an e (as
in uimierclla for umbrella), so fretten,
frotter, wroeten, are converted by a

FERRY

s'milar change into It. ferettare, (feru-
tare) furetare.

The strongest objection to the fore-
going explanation is Fr. furon (Pat. de
Champ.), Sp. huron, a ferret. But fure-
gare,furettare, to poke, grope, or search
out, have so much the appearance of
diminutives from a simple furore, that
furon may well have been formed from
that hypothetical form in the same way
as It. furegone from furegare, and with
the same sense of poker, searcher-out.

Ferry. See Fare.

Fers. The Queen at Chess. — Chaucer.
OYx. fierce, fierche,fierge, from Vex&.ferz,
a general. The confusion oi fUrge with
■vierge may perhaps have led to the alter-
ation of the Fr. designation to Dame, or
Reine, E. Queen.

Fertile. Lat. fertilis, from fero, to
bear, produce.

Fervent, -fervesce. Lat. ferveo, to
be hot ; fervesco, to begin to boil.

Fescue. A small straw used as a
pointer in spelling. Yx.festu, \t.festuca,
a straw.

-fess. — Confess. — Profess. Lat. fa-
teor, fassus sum, in comp. fiteor, -fessus,
to own, avow. Hence confiteor, to con-
fess ; profiteor, to profess. Fateor itself
seems a secondary form from fari, fatus
sum, to speak.

To Fester. To putrefy, corrupt. — B.
Wall, s'dfister, se corrompre, s'empuanter ;
dialect of Aix _fiesen, to begin to smell
disagreeably — Grandg. ; Pl.D. fistrig,
fusty, ill-smelling, as a close chamber. —
Danneil.

Festoon. Fr. feston. It. festone, any
kind of great wreath, garland, or chaplet
made of boughs, leaves, or flowers, much
used in Italy on their church-doors at
the celebration of their feasts; also
branchworks. — Fl. We have the testi-
mony of Virgil that the temples were
adorned in the same way on festive occa-
sions among the Romans. Templum
festd fronde revinctum. — JE,t\. v. 459.

To Fetch.. I. Fetchyn, or fettyn, af-
fero. — Pr. Pm. as. feccan, fettan, feti-
gean. Fris. fetje, fetgje, to seize. — Out-
zen. Svf.fatta, G.fassen, to seize ; Bav.
fessen, to bring home ; korn, weinfessen,
to get in the harvest, vintage. ' He's
married a wife, and h&'% fessen her hame.'
ON. atfd {egfcE,feck, hefifehgid), to get.

2. Fetch, a trick.

'Twas Justice Bramble's y9<i;A to get the wench.

Bav. fdtzen, to jest, play tricks, jeer one
with words or tricks. — SchmeUer. G.

FETLOCK

255

fatzen,faxen, tricks. The radical image
consists of rapid action to and fro, repre-
sented by forms like fickfack, fitsch-
fatsch, &c. See Fidget.

Fetch. — Fetch-candle. The appari-
tion of one who is alive. — Hal. Fetch-
hghts, fetch-oandles, corpse-candles, or
dead-men's candles, are appearances seen
at night, as of candles in motion, sup-
posed to be in attendance on a ghostly
funeral, and to portend the death of
some one in the neighbourhood. — Brand's
Popular Superstitions. The superstition
obviously agrees with the notion of the
Will o' the wisp or ignis fatuus, which is
known in Holland by the name oi Dood-
keerse, death-candle, or dead-man's candle.

The name might plausibly be explained
as if the apparition were something sent
to fetch the fated person to the other
world, but probably it has a more ancient
origin than would be indicated by such
a derivation. The VcEtt in Scandinavian
mythology is a kind of goblin supposed
to dwell in mounds and desert places,
and the ignis fatuus is called in Norway
Vatte-lys, the Vatt's candle, the identity
of which with the Pembrokeshire Fetch-
light, or Fetch-candle, can hardly be
doubted.

Fetiche. 'Yx.fitiche, a material thing,
made the object of worship in W. Africa.
'Ptg. feiti^o, sorcery, charm. 'LaX. factitius.

Fetid. Lat. fwtidus, from fcBteo, to
stink. There can be little doubt that it
springs from a form of the interjection of
disgust corresponding to E. faugh J foh !
Bret, foei ! fech! in the same way that
putidus, stinking, z.vAputeo, to stink, are
from another form of the same interjec-
tion seen in Sp. pu ! G. puh / expressive
of disgust at a bad smell.

From the first-mentioned form of the
interj. is also Lat. fcsdus, foul, repugnant
to the physical or moral senses, Sp. feo,
hideous, ugly. Comp. 'Dn.foei/ faugh '
and, as an adj., foul. — Kil.

Fetlock. The hair that grows behind
on a horse's feet. — B. Now generally
applied to the joint on which the hair in
question grows. We should naturally
resolve the word into foot-lock, in accord-
ance with Sw. huf-skcEgg, hoof-beard ; but
Swiss fiesloch,fisloch, Du. vitlok, vitslok
(Halma in v. fanoti), the pastern of a
horse, lead in another direction. Pl.D.
fiss, fine thread, fibres — Danneil ; Swiss
fisel, gefisel, loose, unravelled threads
hanging from a garment, also the fetlock
or long hair growing on the pastern. —
Stalder. G. fitze, fisse. Da. fid, fed, a

256 FETTER

skein or bundle of threads ; Sw. dial.
fittja, a bundle of hemp or flax, bunch of
thread. See to Feaze, -Fitters.

The resemblance to G. fessel, the pas-
tern, seems accidental.

Fetter. AS. feotur, fater, Du. veter,
ON. fiot, fjotr, shackles, bonds. ON.
fjotra, impedire,/ hest, to hobble ahorse ;
N. fjetra, applied to the act of hunters,
who are supposed to stay by charms the
flight of the beast they are pursuing;
literally, to fix to his footsteps, to set fast,
to render immovable ; fjetra, set fast,
immovable from wonder or surprise.
From ON. fit, Dan. fjed, Sw. fjat, foot-
step. Lat. impedire, to hinder ; pedica, Gr.
TTE^i/, a shackle ; -irtiaia, to hinder, to stop.
To Fettle. To set in order, to repair
anything that is broken or defective, to
set about anything ; fettle, good condi-
tion, proper repair. I am inclined to be-
lieve that the primary meaning of the
word is to do light fiddling work, to give
the last touches required for the prepara-
tions of a thing. Thus Swift recommends
the footman when he knows his master
to be most busy ' to come in and pretend
to fettle about the room.' cm.Jitla, leviter
digitos admovere ; fitla vid, leviter attin-
gere (Hald.), palpito, modicum tango vel
apparo. — Gudm. Sw. dial, futtla, to
fumble with the fingers •; fessla, to tickle,
to touch hghtly. Bav. jiseln, to make
light movements with the fingers ; fis'l-
arwet ifisl-arbeit), light fiddling work ;
fuseln, to be occupied with trifles ; P1.D.
fiseln, to pass the fingers gently over, to
tickle ; fisseln, to be occupied in cleaning,
to set the house in order ; fisselmdken
(fettle-maid), an under-housemaid. Fr.
vetiller, to tickle, to trifle. — Cot. See
Feaze, Fiddle.

Feud. OHG. gifihida, Goth, fiathva,
enmity, from Goth.y?fl«, as. fan, fean, to
hate. Q.fehd, fehde, AS.fahth, Mid.Lat.
faida, the revenge pursued by the rela-
tions of a murdered man, and the legiti-
mate state of warfare ensuing thereon.
' Vindicta parentum, quod faidam dici-
mus.' — Due. AS. fcehth-bote, the sum
paid to the relations of the murdered man
to make up a feud. Du. veede, vied,
veete, vee, hatred, quarrel. — Kil.
Feudal. See Fee.

Fever. Yx.fiivre, Lat. febris. From
the notion of shivering. 'Qti.v . fibern, fip-
pern vor zorn, vor begierde, to tremble
with anger or desire. — Schm. Du. beven,
G. bebern, beben, to tremble ; Devon.
bivering, shaking. Lat. vibro, E. quiver,
are closely related.

FIDDLE

Feverfew. An herb good against
fevers.— B. Lat. febrifuga, from fugare,
to put to flight.

Few. Goth, favs, pi. favai, little, few ;
ON. fdr, fd, fdtt, OHG. foho, AS. feawa,
Lat. paucus.

FeweL Mid.Lat. focale (from focus,
hearth, fire), OFr. fouaille, supply of
wood for the fire, or right of cutting it.
' Et sunt spinae crescentes in Lonedon
pTofocali.'—Mon. Angl. in Due. In like
manner fouage, fmUe, from focagium,
focata.

Fewterer. One who had charge of
the dogs of chase. It. veltro, a grey-
hound ; Fr. vaultre, a boar-hound ; vaul-
trey, a kennel of vautres.

To Fey. To cleanse meadows, ponds,
&c. — B. G. fegen, to cleanse, scour,
sweep.

Fib. An euphemism for a lie. It.
fiabbare, to sing merry tunes and idle
songs, as nurses do in rocking their chil-
dren, also to tell flim-flam tales. — Fl.
Fabbin, flattering. — Craven Gloss. Fible-
fable, nonsense. — Hal. Compare Pol.
bajka, a nursery tale, a lie.

Fibre. Lat. fibra, a jag or pointed
extremity ; related to fimbria, fringe.

Fickle. AS. _/?fC>/, vacillating"; Q.ficken,
to move quickly to and fro. See Fidget:
Fictile. — Fiction. Lat. fingo,fictum,
to fashion, form, properly to mould in
clay or plastic material ; to devise, con-
trive, feign ; fictor, one who makes or
forms ; fictilis, made of clay, earthen-
ware ; fictus, feigned, fictitious.

* Fiddle, o. fiedel, Du. vedele, vele
— Kil., OBO.fidula, Mid.Lat. vitula, Prov.
viula, It. viola.

Commonly derived from Lat. fides, fi-
dicula, a musical string, stringed instru-
ment. But the fiddle, as Ihre remarks,
was unknown to the Romans, and the
name may well be traced to a native source
in forms like those indicated under Fidge
and Fease, expressive of the light rapid
movements by which the instrument is
played. OlA.fiSra, fitla, to touch lightly,
to palpitate. — Gudm. G.fitscheln,fitzeln,
to move to and fro. — Sanders. Swab.
fidlen, fitschen, fitschlen, fitschefatschlen,
to whittle with a blunt knife, to work
lightly and ineffectually. 'S.. fiddle-faddle,
trifling occupation, idle talk. ^Fiddling
work, where abundance of time is spent
and little done.' — Swift.

The passage from the jigging move-
ment of the arm to the designation of the
fiddle is clearly shown in Bav. figken,
ficken, to switch with a rod, to make quick

FIDELITY

movements to and fro ; figkeln (in a de-
preciatory way), to play on the fiddle ;
Jigkelbogen, a fiddlebow. ' Figela, fidel ;
Jigelator, fidelar.' — Gl. in Schm.

So also Swiss fiselen,fieseln, to switch
to and fro, to fiddle about a thing, work
in a trifling manner ; fiseler, one who
strums upon an instrument ; fiselbogen,
a fiddlebow.

Fidelity. Lat. fides, faith, fidelis,
faithful.

To ridge.— Fidget. To make light
involuntary movements, to be unable to
keep still, lofidge about, to be continu-
ally moving up and down. — B. Swiss
fitschen, to flutter to and fro, jump up and
down ; whence children are called fitsch,
fitschli. Fitzen, to switch with a rod. —
Stalder. E. dial. X.ofig, to fidget about. —
Hal. Swiss figgen, to rub, shove, or
move to and fro, to fidget. Sc.fike, to be
restless, to be in a constant state of trivial
motion ; fick-facks, minute, troublesome
pieces of work ; .OE. fykyn, or fiskyn
about in idleness, vagor. — Pr. Pm. Du.
ficken, fickelen, to whip, to switch, fick-
facken, factitare, agitare. — Kil. G. fick-
facken, to fidget, move about without
apparent end, to play tricks. — Kiittn.
Ficken, to make short quick movements,
to rub to and fro. — Sanders.

"The motion of a light object through
the air is represented in G. by the imita-
tive %yW3h\e5 futsch! (Sand.), pfutsch /
(Schm.), witsch! wutsch! watsch! ritsch!
wisch ! (Sand.).

Fie ! yfr. ffi! Gael, fich ! Bret, fech /
7r.fi/ G.fi/ pfiii/ Uth.pui/ IWjnznpi/
Sw. iwi/ Interjections of reprobation,
originally expressing disgust at a bad
smell or offensive mouthful. See Faugh !

Fief. See Fee.

Field. G. field, Du. veld, the open
country, soil, plain, level country. ON.
viillr, field, meadow ; Sw. wall, grassy
soil, meadow, plain ; walla sig (of the
soil), to cover itself with a sward of turf
Dan. dial, fialle, the green sward, land
lying in grass that has to be ploughed ;
fiald, an inclosed portion of cultivated
soil, field of rye or potatoes. Sc. fale,
feal, any grassy part of the surface of the
ground ; fiail-dyke, a turf wall. Gael.yS/,
a sod. W. gwellt, grass.

Field-fare. A kind of thrush. AS.
fealofior, from fiealo, yellowish, fallow-
coloured.

Fiend. Goth. fijands,fiands, G. fieind,
enemy ; ON. fijandi, enemy, fiend, devil.
From the pple. pr. of the vtrhfijan,fian,
ON. fid, to hate, which itself is formed

FILIGREE

257

from the interj.yf^ .' expressive of disgust,
reprobation, .displeasure. Speaking of
interjections, Palsgrave says, ' Some be-
token abhorring, asfiy ox fuy' From W.
fi[i ! fie ! are formed ffiaid, loathsome ;
fieiddio, to loathe, detest. In the same
way from Russ. fu J, fzikati, to cry fiu /,
to abhor, detest ; from Du. foei .', verfo-
eien, to abhor. So also Gael, fiuath {th
silent), hatred, aversion, fuathaich, to
hate, loathe, detest, from the priuiaiy
form of the interj. fiu / See Faugh,
Foul.

* Fierce. Yr.fieroce,'L!\.t.fierox,yyh.\c)\
may perhaps be explained from Boh.
frkati, firtiti, fremere, ferocire, to snort
with rage.

Fife. G. pfieifie. It. pifiaro, Fr. fifre.
Like Y.2Lt. pipio, Gr. inTmiKu), 'E. peep, pipe,
from the representation of a shrill note.

Fight. AS. fieoht, fiyht, G. fecht, fight.
Sviiss fiechten,fichten, to work in a hurried
manner, with the notion of much move-
ment ; erfiechten, to get a thing done by
diligent work ; Sw. fika, to pursue with
eagerness, ardently desire, strive for ;
fikt, earnest endeavour. ' Han stod emot
then Lithurgium med alia yf/C'^.-' he op-
posed the Liturgy with all his might. E.
dSaX.fick, to struggle or fight with the legs,
as a child in a cradle. — Grose. TA.fikta
ma haandom, to throw the hands about
as if striking. — Aasen. The radical idea
thus seems the throwing about the hands
and arms. See Fidget.

Figure. Lat. figura, from fingo, to
make, form. See Fiction.

Filanleiit. See File, 2.

Filberd. Quasi fill-beard, a kind of
nut which just fills the cup made by the
beards of the calyx. In an ordinary hasel
the nut projects to a considerable distance
beyond the beard.

To Filch. To steal small matters.
Swiss Floke, subducere, clam auferre. —
Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart.
N. pilka, Sc. pilk, to pick. ' She has
pilkit his pouch.' — Jam. N. plikka, to
pluck.

File. I. OHG. vihila, figila, from
figen, to rub. — Schwenck. But Bohem.
pila, a saw ; pilnjk, a file ; piliti, to saw,
to file.

File. 2. -file. File, in the sense of
rank, order, is from Lat. filum, a thread,
Fr.fil,a. thread, line, streak, rank, course,
row. — Cot.

Fr. d^filer, to defile or march in a line
one after the other.

Filial. 'La.t.filius, a son.

Filigree. Formerlyfiligrain. Evelyn
17

258

FILL

in the Fop's Dictionary describes fili-
grained work as 'whatever is made of
silver wire-work.' — R. Sp. Jiligrana, a
kind of work in which the entire texture
or grain of the material is made up of
twisted gold or silver wire, irarafilo, wire,
and grano, the grain or direction Of the
fibres of wood or other fibrous matters. —
Neumann.

To Fill.— Full. The primary meaning
ai fill seems to be to pour liquids, in
which sense the G. fallen is still used.
Ein fass wein anf fldsschen fallen, to
bottle wine. The connection with the
notion of fullness is obvious. Lhh._pz'll2i,
pilti, to pour, pour into, fill full ; pilnas,
full ; showing that the radical meaning
of Lat. itnplere must be to pour iiato,
v/h&Tyc&pletius, identical with lAih. pilnas,
full.

Fillet. I. Yx. filet (dim. of//, thread),
a little thread, string, or twist ; whence a
fillet, a hair-lace, or ribbon to tie up the
hair.

2. The Fr. filet is also the band of
flesh which lies along under the backbone
of ■a.-mxa.iSs, filet de bceiif, de veau. When
served at table, however, the filet de bceuf
appears as a solid lump without bone,
whence perhaps the fillet of veal may
have been so named, as being a similar
boneless lump, although taken from a
different part of the animal. It may how-
ever be from being bound together by a
fillet or bandage.

Fillip. A phip, flip, or flirt with the
fingers, from an imitation of the sound,
or rather perhaps from the analogy be-
tween the nature of the act and the short
quick action of the vocal organs by which
the word is pronounced.
Filly. See Foal.

Film. AS. film, a skin, fylmen, a mem-
brane. 'E.Yris. fiiejji, fiee, a thin skin.
OFris. fimel, filmene, the skin of the
body.' — Richthofen. W. pilen, cuticle,
rind ; pilio, to peel ; pilionen, a thin peel,
a film.

Filter. See Felt.
Filth. See Foul.

Fimble. G.femel,femel-hanf,fimmel,
the male- plants of hemp which are soonest
ripe, and have to be picked out by hand
from among the female, left to ripen their
seed. The larger and stronger growth of
the seed-bearing plants probably led to
their being called in England carl, or
male-hemp, and this perhaps has led to
the supposition ^^t fimble is a corruption
oi female, as the word is commonly ex-
plained. The real signification is the act

FINE

of picking out the early ripe plants, which
is termed fimmeln in G., and fimeler in
the North of France, while the plants so
picked out are called fimeles. — Hdcart.
The 'Dxi.fimelen, or femelen, is applied to
any light action with the fingers, to_ tease
wool, flax, or hemp, to trifle, gesticulari
digitis, frustra factitare rem frivolam.
Fem.el, cannabis brevior, discerpta, con-
vulsa, linum carptum, vulsum. — Kil.
The verb is a dim. of Fris. fample, to
grasp at anything with the hands — Out-
zen ; Sw. famla, to grope. See Famble.
To fimble, to touch lightly and frequently
with the ends of the fingers. — Forby.
OVS.fipla, Dan. dial, fiple, to touch with
the fingers, to handle.

Fin. AS. finna, Jiaxi.finne, Lat. pinna,
a feather, or fin. Probably from the
sharp spines in such fins as those of a
perch. Du. vimme, "vinne, vlimme, pinna,
squama et arista.— Kil. G. finne, top of
a mountain, point of a hammer, fin of a
fish.

Finance. See Fine.
Finch. — Spink. G. finJie, Lat. friji-
gilla,frigilla, a. small bird, from a repre-
sentation of the chirp ; fringutire, frigu-
tire, to chirp or twitter. It. frinco,frin-
sone,fntsonej ¥r. frinson, pinson,a. spink
or chaffinch. The loss or insertion of the
r in a like situation in imitative words is
very common. Compare Lat. fricare, to
rub, with G.ficken, to move to and fro.

To Find. g. finden, fand, gefunden.
ON. finna.

Fine. — Finance. In the forensic lan-
guage of the middle ages the Lat. finis
was specially applied to the termination
of a suit, s.n6.fi_nalis dies, finale judicium,
finalis Concordia, were respectively the
day of trial, the judicial decision, or the
agreement by which the suit was termin-
ated. Finis by itself is frequently used
for the settlement of a claim by com-
position or agreement, as by Matthew
Paris in the Life of Hen. III. ' Clanculo
captus fuit, et tacito {2LC\.ofine, interpositis
fide et juramentis et chartis, caute dimis-
sus.' — Diet. Etym. ' Quod illi cognos-
centes et malum timentes acceperunt
consilium inter se ut si quo modo possent
faedus cum Imperatore componerent, di-
centes, Nullum ulterius ab to fin an habe-
bimus (we shall get no further terms from
him), sed junctus Romanis omnes nos de
partibus illis expellet.' — Due. The clergy
and females who held in capite, having
been summoned to London to pass o\er
with the king on military duty into
France, it was announced, ' quod archie-

FINE

piscopi, &c., servitium domino regi de-
bentes possent facere finem pro eodem
(might compound for it).si vellent.' — Bart.
Cotton, p. 324, It was then transferred
to the money paid as the price of settle-
ment, and Lat. finare, finire, Fr. finer,
were used in the sense of paying an ex-
action or composition. ' Omnes vero
plagse aut ferity — quae evenerint — sicut
supra decretum est finiantur^ shall be
compounded for. — Due. ' Lui dit qu'il
ne le laisserait point aller jusqu'k ce qu'il
eust find a luy, et force luy fut finer au
chevalier i cinq cens livres.' — Joinville.
Soixante mile doubles vous ferai amener
Se parmi ceste_;f« vous me volez quiter.

ChroTi. Duguesclin, 13627.
Henceyf^^ in e. and the AsxivsAv^ finance
in Fr. were used in the sense of an ex-
action or compulsory payment. Mon-
strelet informs us that Jacques Cceur was
made prisoner, ' pource qu'il a extorqud
indeuement plusieurs %x2LXiA.% finances sur
le pays du Roi, tant en Languedoc, Lan-
guedouy, comme ailleurs.' The name of
fifiance was subsequently extended to all
monies levied on the people for the be-
hoof of the royal treasure or revenue.

Fine. G. fein, li. fino, Yr.fin. Diez
adheres to the derivation from Lat._/f«z-
tus, finished, perfect, and in confirmation
cites Prov. din from clmatus, Sp. cuerdo
from cordatus,. manso from ina7isuetus.
' Quod excellentem vel optimum gradum
bonitatis obtinet finum vel finissimum
vulgariter appellatur.' — ^Johan. k S. Ge-
miniano in Due.

A more probable origin may be found
in w. gwyn, white, fair, pleasant ; Gael.
fionn, white, fair, fine, pleasant, sincere,
true; ON. -fina, to polish, to cleanse,
finn, bright, polished. The idea of
white passes readily to that of pure,
unsullied, unmixed, as \n fine gold, on the
one hand, or to that of briUiancy, or
showiness, as in. fine clothes, on the other.
The sense of small, delicate, may arise
from the application of the term to fabrics
where smallness of parts is an excellence,
or it may be a separate word, from w.
main. Slender, fine, thin, small (Lat.
minor, Fr. menu, mince) j lliain main, fine
linen ; diodfain, small beer.

ringer. Goth, figgrs, Fris. fenger,
fanger. From the equivalent oio.fangen,
to seize, the change of vowel from a to i
perhaps indicating the light action of a
finger.

Finical. — Finikin. Tiw. fijnkens, per-
fectd, concinn^, bell^. — Kil. ^tntx. fini-
kin, particular in dress, trifling. — Craven

FISH

259

Gloss. Finical, over-refined, effemiiiate.
Fir. — Furze, g. fohre, on. fura, e.
fir is the general name of trees with
needle-shaped leaves. Then from the
sharp spines, which are the only ap-
parent representatives of leaves in a
plant of wholly different nature, the name
of firres or firs was given to the bush
now calledy«r^i? or gorse.

Fire. O.feuer, Q^.fyr,fur, Gr. TrSp.
Firk. Any smart movement with a
light object, as a blow with a switch, a
jerk.

— As tumblers do, when betwixt every feat
They gather wind hyfirking up their breeches.
A firk of law, a trick of law ; a firk of
piety, a sudden fit of piety. To firk, to
beat, to whip. — B.

The origin is a representation of the
sound made by a blow with a switch.
Yx.fric-frac, mot dont le peuple se sert
pour exprimer un bruit qu'on fait en
frappant k droit et k gauche. — Trevoux.
AS. frician, to dance. As jerk varies
with jert, so firk may be considered as
the representative of It. ferza, sferza, a
whip, and may also explain Lat. virga, a
rod. Other representations of the same
original image are fick, flick, flirk (Du.
vlercken, to flirt), fiirt, all signifying
short rapid movements to and fro, from
the sound of a blow with a switch or
light implement.

Firkin. A diminutive from fourj a
vessel holding nine gallons, the fourth
part of a barrel of thirty-six gallons.
Compare Sc.firlot, a measure containing
a fourth part of a boll of meal.

Firm. -firm. — Firmament. Lat.
firmus, strong. The firmament was the
fixed framework of the sky, aboiit which
the heavenly bodies were carried round.
First. What is most to the fore, most
in front. ON. fyri, fyrir, for, before ;
fyrri (comparative), first of two ; fyrstr
(superl.), in front of all, first. Lith.
pirm, before, pirnias, first ; Lat. -pra,
before, primus, first.
Firth. See Frith.

Fiscal. Lat. fiscus, a money-bag,
thence the mone/-store, or treasury of
the empire.

Fish. I. Goth, fisks, Lat. pUcis, w.
pysg, Gael, iasg, Gr. ix9ie.

2. Counters at cards. From Fr. ficher,
to fix, the %xshi1.fiche is used for a gar-
dener's dibble, for the iron pegs used to
mark distances in surveying, for branches
stuck in the ground to mark positions in
setting out a camp ; fiche or fichet, the
peg used in marking at cribbage or the
17 *

26o

FISK

like. -Hence, in defiance of etymology,
the term was transferred to the loose
counters which serve to mark the state
of the game at cards, and was adopted
in E. under the form oifish.

To Fisk. To run about hastily and
heedlessly. — B. A word of similar forai-
ation to Jig, fidge, firk, whisk. Sw.
fjaska, to fidget.

Fissile. — Fissure. 'Ls.V.Jindo, fissum,
to cleave, split.

Fist. OE. fust, G. faust, the hand
used as an instrument of striking. Swiss
fausten,fmi,sten, to beat with fist or stick;
W. ffusto, to beat ; ffust-fa, a beating, a
boxing match ; ffust, a flail ; 'LsX.fustis,
a stick ; Bret, fusta, to give a sound
thrashing.

Fit. I. A portion of music or of song,
a canto. AS. _fittian, to sing. Feond on
fitte, exulting in song. — Csedm. Nu ic
Jitte gen yinb fisca cynn, now I will sing
again concerning the races offish.

* 2. A sudden attack of pain or illness,
an intermittent period. Sw. dial, futt, a
moment, very short interval of time.
From the representation of a short rapid
movement as by fi.ft! fft! interj. express-
ing sudden disappearance. — Sand. Bav.
pjutsch I expressing a quick momentary
movement ; ffitzsn, pfitschen, pfutschen,
to make a noise represented by the syl-
lable in question, to move with such a
noise. Alls pfitz,&-ve.rya\orasxA. Swab.
pfitBen, to move with a sudden start, to
disappear.

To Fit.— Refit. '¥x.faict,fait, wrought,
fashioned [for a purpose] ; faictis, made
after the likeness of another, neat, feat,
comely ; faictissement, neatly, featly,
trimly, fitly. — Cot. Reficio, to again-
stable, or to refetej refecyd, or refetyd,
refectu^ — ^Pr. Pm. Afaited a. mes mains
k bataille, he fitted my hands to war. —
Livre des Rois. Du. mtten, convenire,
quadrare, accommodare. — Kil.

Fitchet.— Fitchew. Yr.fissau, a pole-
cat. Du. visse, fisse, vitsclie, putorius,
mustela; genus valde putidum.— Kil. Wal.
s'dfister, s'^mpuanter. — Grandg. Fr. ves-
seur, a fyster, a stinking fellow. — Cot.

Fitters. Fragments, splinters.
. Cast them upon the rocks and splitted them
all to /«e«.— North's Plutarch. Only their
bones and ragged filttrs of their clothes re-
mained.— Coryat in Nares.

Fitters, fatters, tatters.— Craven Gloss.
The idea of breaking to bits is commonly
expressed by words signifying violent
shaking, which are themselves taken in
the first instance from the representation

FLABBY

of a broken, quivering sound. Thus,
from shiver, to shake, we have shivers,
fragments; and Dickens in the 'Haunted
House ' uses dither (primarily signifying
tremble) in the same sense, ' all shaken
to dithers.' The Du. schetteren, to laugh
loud, to make a rattling noise {schetter-
inglie, sonus vibrans, fragor, sonus fra-
gosus, modulatio — Kil.), is identical with
E. shatter, scatter. The Sp. guebrar, to
break (Port, qiiebro, a shake or quaver of
the voice), corresponds to E. quiver, Lat
vibrare, Bav. fibern, fippern, to shake,
tremble. The E. titter, representing the
broken sound of suppressed laughter,
leads through the G. zittern, to tremble,
to E. tatter, a fragment. In like manner
the Swiss fitzern, to titter, seems related
to E. fitter, fatter, Swiss faizete, gefdtz,
tatters, verfdtzen, to tear to bits, wear to
tatters. See Flinders.

To Fix. I. Lat.y^^r^,_/?j.'«OT, to stick
in, fasten, make firm.

To Fix. 2. In the American sense, to
arrange. ' To fix the hair, the table, the
fire, means to dress the hair, lay the table,
and make the fire.' — Lyell. Probably a'
remnant of the old Dutch colonisation.
Du. fiks, fix, regl^, comme il faut. — ■
Halma. Eenfix s?iaphaan, a gun which
carries true ; zyn tuigje fix lioiiden, to
keep oneself in good order. Pl.D. fix,
quick, ready, smart ; fix un fardig, quite
ready ; een fixen junge, a smart youth.
Perhaps ixoxafiuks, ready, by the loss of
the /, a.sfittich ior fiittich, a wing.

Five. — Fifteen.— Fifty. Sanscr. pa?t-
chan, Pol. piec, Boh. pet, Gr. ttIi/tc, m\i-Kt,
w. piijiip, Goth, fimf ON. fintm, G. fiinf,
Du. vyf Lith. penki, Lat. gziingue, Gael.
coig, five.

To Fizz. See Fuzz.

Flabby. — Flap. The sound produced
by the flapping of a loose broad surface
is represented by the syllable flab, flap,
flag, flack,flad, flat, varying, as usual in
like cases, with the vowels u and /'. Du.
flabberen,fladderen, to flap, flutter — Wei-
land ; V\.T). fladdrig, flaggy, fluttering;
Du. flaggereii, to flag, or hang loose — •
Kil. ; G. fladderii, flattcrn, flackcrn, to
flap, flutter, flicker.

From the first of the foregoing forms is
iL. flabby, of such a nature as to give the
sound flab, soft and limber, hanging
loose ; Du. flabbe, a slap, a fly-flap, the
flap of a wound ; Pl.D. flabbe, a hanging
lip. ,

In like manner from the second form, a
flap is any broad thin body hanging by
one side so as to be able to give a blow

FLACK

with the flat surface, or a blow of such a
nature. Then, as a loose, flapping con-
dition is a sign of a want of elasticity, or
of a faded condition in vegetable or
animal structures, Fr. dial, flappe, faded,
soft, rotten ; une poire flappe. — Gl. Gdn^ v.
Flappi et terni, faded and tarnished. — c.
nouv. nouv. It. flappo, flappy, withered.
— Fl.

Flack. — Flaccid. — Flicker. The
third and fourth of the forms mentioned
in the preceding article give rise to a wide
range of derivatives. ¥x.flac, onomatopde
d'un coup qu'on donne sur un corps re-
tentissant — Hdcart ; a slat, flap, slamp,
or clap, given by a thing that is thrown
against a wall or unto the ground, and
the report made by hands struck one
against the other ; flacqiier, to make a
thing to flap or clap by casting it violently
against the ground. — Cot. Flack, a blow,
especially with something loose and
pliant. — -Forby. 'Zo flack, to hang loose,
to palpitate.

Her cold breste began to heat,

Her herte also tofiacke and beat. — Gower.

G.flacken, to move to and fro, to flicker.
To flacker, to flutter, quiver ; to flacket,
to flap about, to flicker, fligger, to flutter.
—Hal.

Then signifying the quality of things
which flap, Fr. flaque,flache, Bret, flak,
It.flacco, weak, flaggy, drooping, faint ;
l.aX.flaccere, to be flaggy, flaccid, limber.
From other modifications of the same
radical imUge we have E. slack, Lat.
laxus {= lak-s-us), loose, and with the
nasal, languere, to flag, to be faint.

Flagf. I. It has been shown under
Flabby tkizi-flag is one of the forms by
which we represent the sound of a cloth
flapping. Hence a flag is a portion of
cloth fastened by one edge to a staff in
order that it may be conspicuous as an
ensign floating in the wind. Then, as
hsX. flaccere, to flag, to fall together, lo
droop, to become faint.

Flagf. 2. The name oiflag, Daxi-flceg,
'is given to several sorts of marsh and
water plants with simple sword-shaped
leaves. As the leaves are strong enough
to stand upright of themselves it cannot
be from the notion of drooping. In most
European languages the name is taken
from a sword, G. schwertel, Sp. espadana,
Lat. gladiolus, whence Fr. glaieul (also
called couteau des moissons), corn-flag,
sword-grass.- — Cot. There can be little
doubt that the name of flag also is in-
tended to mark the sword or flame-shaped
figure of the leaves, probably from the

FLAGON

261

wavy motion of flame or of a brandished
sword. Vl'axi. flagre, to wave to and fro
as flame ; S'p.fla?near (of sails), to shiver
in the wind ; '^r.flambe, iris, water-flags ;

flamberge, a sword. The narrie oi flam-
mula is given to a ranunculus with spear
or sword-shaped leaves. Fr. flammule,
spear-wort, or spear crowfoot. — Cot. on.

flag-bi'iosk ipriosk, gristle), cartilage en-
siformis. In the dialect of Carinthia

flegge is a lath. — Deutsch. Mundart. 2.

339-

-Flag. 3.— Flaw.— Flake. The sylla-
ble y?aj- is used to represent other sudden
noises, as a squall, blast of wind, or wind .
and rain, a flash of lightning ; flaw, a
blast of wind, sudden flash of fire, storm
of snow. — Jam. Sw.flaga, vindflaga, a
flaw of wind. — Wideg. Du. vlaege, a
squall. — Kil. 'H.flaga, to come iaflaws
or by fits ; flaga, a blast of wind, a pa-
roxysm, a fit or sudden attack. Comp.
Guernsey yf/aj, gust of wind, noise of a
tree or wall falling.

Again, applied to the sound of cracking
or splitting, we have Sv^. flaga, a crack,
breach, flaw ; flaga sig, to scale off, fly
off in scales ; flaga (as Fr. ^clai, a splint-
er, from Mater, to crack), what separates
in such a manner, the dross of iron driven
off under the hammer, a flake of snow
(provincially also called flag — Hal.), the
crust of a wound ; flagna qf, to separate
in scales, to flake off. Hence must be
explained Dan. dial. flag,flav, E. flag, a
turf or sod peeled off from the surface of
the ground ; ON. flaga, to cut turfs, and
as a nouii, a sod, chips, splinters. A

flagstone is one that separates in layers or
flakes. So Vlzxi-flise, to splinter, and as
a noun, a flaw, a flagstone, ON. flis, a
flake, a splinter, Sw. snoflisa, a snow-
flake.
Flagfeolet. — Flute. OFr. flagoler,

flageoler, to pipe.

J'oi ^otiixv flagoler
Kwflagol d' argent. — Rayn.

Prov. Flagel, flageol, flagos, a pipe,
and from the same verb Fr. flagorner,
fliiter aux oreilles, to pipe into one's ears,
to blab, tell tales, flatter. Lang, flaguta,
to -pipe, and fla£uto (Diet. Castr.), OFr.
flaAute,flaute, Yx.fli.te, a flute. Fluber,
to whistle, flubet, flute, whistle. — Vocab. ,
de Berri. Ptg. fraguta, a shepherd's
pipe.

Flagitious. Lat. flagitium, a vile ac-
tion.

Flagon. — Flask. Fr. flacon, flascon,
flasque, a great leathern bottle. — Cot.
Perhaps ixomflagoter, to sound like liquid

262

FLAGRANT

in a partly empty bottle.— Vocab. de
Berri. Flacket, flaget, a bottle, flask,
flagon.— Hal. Comp. Swiss gungeln, to
guggle, gunke, a flask.

Flagrant. Burning, blazing, and
thence conspicuous, signal. ~L2i\..flagrare,
to blaze, flame, originally doubtless as
Dan. flagre, to flicker, flutter, flare, to
flag, or wave to and fro. Bayr/jlaugezen,
to flicker, to blaze ; Du. vlaecken, to vi-
brate as flame, to blaze, to glitter.— Kil.
Gr. 0XoJ, ipKoyos, flame, ^Xsyw, to burn.
See Flame.

riail. G. Jiegel, dresch-flegel; Fr.
flayau,fliau (ioi: Jiayet) , a flail, a scourge.
See Flog.

Flake. See Flag 3,

Flam. See Flim-flam.

Flame. — The Yx.flamber, to blaze, is
to be looked on as showing the origin of
l^aX. Jiamma, rather than as a derivative
from that word. The most obvious
source whence the designatioil of flame
could be taken is the fluttering sound by
which it is accompanied, and on this
principle we have accounted under Fla-
grant for Lat. Magrare, and Gr. ^Xlyeii'.
In like manner we have SW\ss_fladern, to
\)\3.ze,Jlddern, to flutter ; Bohem. plapo-
lati, to flutter, blaze, burn, plapol, flame ;
plati, to flicker, flare, plamen, flame.
The Fr. flamber is a nasalised form of
the root flab in Du. flabberen, to flutter,
and- the original sense is preserved in Sp.
flamear (of sails), to shiver, flutter, and in
the corresponding OE. form as used by
Barbour.

Baneris rycht fairly flawmand
And penselys to the wind wawand.

The 7r.flamme is a streamer as well as a
flame.

Flanch. — Flange. Aflanch or flange
is a turned-up border of a plate of iron or
the like. The fundamental sense is pro-
bably a flap. G. flatsche, flantsche, a
piece, slice. — Sanders. Sc. fiatch, to lay
over, to turn down. — ^Jam.

Flank. It. fianco, Fr. flanc, the part
of the body from the ribs to the hips, a
part usually named from the absence of

,bone, by which it is characterised ; G. die
weiche, from weich, soft ; Bohem. slabina,
from slaby, soft, weak ; E. dial, lesk, from
Fr. lasche, Bret, laosk, soft, flaggy.
Flank or lesk, ilium, inguen.— Pr. Pm.
On the same principle it would seem that

flank is a nasalised form of Bret._/?aX', It

fiacco, flaggy.

Flannel. Formerly written_/?a««^«, as
it still is provincially. Feletin, ^a««^«.
-^Cot. It is originally a Welsh manu-

FLATTER

facture, and is in all probability from W.
gwlanen, wool.

Flap. A representation of the sound
of a blow with a limber, flat surface.
Then applied to actions or objects adapted
to make such a sound. See Flabby.

To Flare. To blaze with a flickering
flame. 'Da.n.flagre, G.flackern, to flicker,
flutter, flack, flare. See Flagrant.

Flash.. A representation of the sound
made by a dash of water or sudden burst
of flame. Swiss fldtschen, to splash,
fldtzgen, to hlzze. Aflash is a rush of
water from the locks on the Thames to
assist the barges in their descent. — Grose.
A shallow temporary pool of water is
called a flash or a plash. .So from Fr.
flaquer, to dash down water, flaque, a
small shallow pool. — Gattel.

Flat. The train of thought to which
this word owes its origin is the dashing
down of something soft, the sound of
which is represented by the syllables _/?(7c,
flat. ¥r.flac, a slat, flap, slamp, or clap
given by a thing thrown violently on to
the ground. // vous la flacca let, he
squasht, slat, or squat her down there. —
Cot. The term is then applied to the
object thrown down ; Du. vlecke, placke,
plecke, a blot or drop of ink, or the like.
Thence, as moist things flung down on
the ground tend to spread out in width
and lie close, we pass to the sense of flat-
ness ; Du. vlack, G. flach, flat, plane,
close to the ground. So from VoLplask !
representing the sound of dashing on the
ground, ^/flJ/Jz, flat.

The same train of thought is repeated
with the root flat, plat, vlat. To flatten,
to slap. — Hal. OE. to flat, to dash down
water, &c.

And right with that he swowned.
Till Vigilate the veille
Fette water at his eighen
KxAJlatte it on his face. — P. P.

Yx.flatir, faire flat, to spill water. — Pat.
de Champ. Dan. dial, blatte, to fall
down ; blat, a small portion of fluid, a
blot. Fr. se blottir, to squat, or lie close
to the ground ; Dan. plet, a blot or spot ;
plat. It. piatto, Fr. plat, flat.

To tell a thing flatly is to blurt it out
at once with a flop, like a wet lump
thrown down on the ground before one.
Dan. plat, flatly, bluntly, entirely.

To Flatter. The wagging of a dog's
tail is a natural image of the act of flat-
tering or fawning on one. Thus we have
Dan. logre, to wag the tail ; logrefor ecu,
to fawn on one ; G. wedeln, to wag the
tail, and E, wheedle, to gain one's end by

FLAUNT

flattery. ON. fladra signifies both to
■ wag the tail and to flatter. G. fladdern,
flattern, to flutter, Swiss flddelen, to
flatter ; Du. vledderen, fiedderen, to
flutter, flap the wings ; fletteren, flet-
sen, to flatter ; vleyd-steerteii, to wag
the tail, vleyden, to flatter. The Fr.
flatter seems to come from a different
source, having originally signified to lick,
whence we readily pass to the idea of
stroking an animal on the one hand or of
flattery on the other.
Ore donez le chad kjlater [to lapyn]
Qy leche la ros^e [licket the deu] de le herber,

give the puppy (water) to lap. — Bibels-
worth, in Nat. Antiq. 153. S'p.flotar, to
stroke or rub gently, Fr. flatter, to pat,
stroke, cai'ess, flatter. Flatter im cheval,
un chieii avec la niam, to pat a horse or
dog. 'Q^eX.floda, to caress, cajole. Com-
pare Sicilian liccdri, to lick, to flatter —
Biundi ; Prov. lepar, to lap, lick, flatter.
Flaunt. Properly to wave to and fro
in the wind, then to move about in fine
clothes, to let them be seen like a banner
flauhting in the wind. Bav. flandern,
fldndern, to move about, wave to and fro.
Swab, flandern, to flutter, fldntern, to
sparkle, glitter. Swiss flanter-tuch, a
flag. Henneberg flennern, to glitter,
shimmer ; flinnerle, spangles ; fldnderle,
a showy flimsy garment. A nasalised
form oi fladdern, flattern, to flutter.

Flavour. From Fr. flairer, to smell,
vent, wind, also to breathe out a scent,
yield a savour (Cot.), we had formerly
fleur, fleoure, flaware, a strong smell,
especially a disagreeable one.
With sa corrupit^^ar^ nana mycht byde nere.
D. V. 75. 18.
— tetrum inter odorem.
Ane %\.xsx\gjleware thrawis up in the are.

207. 38.
— SEevamque exhalat opaca mephitim.
The word is by some derived from Lat.
fragrare, but the word can hardly be
radically distinct from 'W.ffleirio, to feist,
to make a stink (Lewis) ; 'BiTctt.fleria, to
stink. Cz.t.flayre, odour. See Fleer.
Flaw. See Flag. 3.
riawn. G. fladen, any cake that is
thin and broad. — Kiittn. Tt.flan, a cus-
tard, or egg-pie. Du. -vlaede, vlaeye, a
custard, pancake. The origin of the
word seems to be the sound made by the
fall of something soft, represented by the
syllable flad, or blad. Sc. Had, to slap,
strike with something • soft ; a blad of
weet, a heavy fall of rain ; Sw. ko-bladde,
Dan. dial, ko-blat, G. kuhfladen, a cow-
dung. See Flat.

FLEE

263

Flax. AS. fleax, Du. vlas, vlasch,
Bohem. wlakno, unspun flax or hem.p,
fibres, flock ; wlas, Russ. wolos', Lith.
plaukas, hair. Compare Dan. hor, Aus-
trian haar, flax, with E. hair. As parallel
forms with an initial / and fl are very
common, it is probable that AS.feax, the
hair, is radically identical. The fur of a
hare is called flir.

Flay. The origin of ^ag- in the sense
of a thin layer separating from the surface
of the ground or other body has been
above explained. Sw. flagna of, to separ-
ate in scales or flakes ; ON.flaga, to cut
thin turfs. The 0-s.fl&,flegid, Du. vlae-
gen, -ulaen, to flay, is a modification of
the same root apphed to stripping off the
skin of an animal.
Flea. Q.floh.

Fleak.— Flaik. Fleyke or hyrdylle,
plecta, flecta, cratis. — Pr. Pm. Du. vlaek,
a hurdle ; G. flechte, a tress, braid, hur-
dle, basket ; flechten, Xyan.flette, to braid,
plait, wattle ; Lat. plectere, plexus, to
braid ; Gr. •KkinoQ, a lock, and thence
frXEKw, to knit, plait, twine ; TiKbsavov,
wicker or plaited work., ON. floki, a
knot ; flcskia, to entangle ; N. flokje, a
knot, entangled lock of hair, twine, or
the like.

* Fleam. M.id.'Lz.t. flebotomum, fleo-
tonium, flebum, fletum, MHG. vliedeme,
G. fliede, fliete, Du. vlieme, Fr. flamme,
flammette, a lancet. Gr. 0\l-,//, fXt^bq, a
vein, and ro/iof, cutting.

Du. vlieme is apphed to sharp-pointed
things, as the spine of a fish, the beard of
corn. Bret, fleimn is the sting of a bee,
or tooth of a serpent ; flemma, to prick,
to incite, stimulate.

Fleck, on.fleckr, Du. vlecke,placke',
Q. fleck, flecker, a spot, blot, stain. All
from the sound made by throwing on
the ground a portion of something wet,
represented by the syllables flak, flat,
blat, plat. Fin. pldtti, a blot, also the
dull sound of a blow, sclopus surdus,
ictus levior. See Flat.

-fleet, -flex. Lat. flecto, flexum, to
bend or crook. A parallel form -with
pHco, plecto, Gr. ttMkw, to fold, twine.
The radical image is probably a short
quick movement, as shown under Flinch.
Fledge. Sw. flygfdrdig, ON. fleygr,
G. flilck, fliigge, feathered, ready to fly,
from fliegen, to fly. Flygge as bryddys,'
maturus, volatilis. — Pr. Pm.

To Flee. Supplanted in modern E.
by^ in the present, though the preterite
fled has held its ground. Goth, thliukan,
AS. fleon, flion, G. fliehen. The Lat.

264

FLEECE

fugere, to flee, seems to point to a stage
at which the senses ol flee and fly, G.

fliehen and fliegen, were expressed by a
single verb formed from the root flug,
from whence fugere was derived by the
very common loss of the Ij compare AS.

flugol, fugol, fowl ; G.flittick andfltiich,
wing.

From the present verb are formed AS.

fleam, flight, exile, fljrma, an exile, E.

fleme, to drive out.

* Fleece, as. fleos, flys, Pl.D. fliis,
Du. vlies, the coat of wool off a sheep's
back. Pl.D. fliisen, to pluck or shear
the wool. Flokken und fliisen, to take
the profits of a property. The radical
sense seems to be what is splintered or
stripped off from the surface. ON. flis,

flosa, a splinter, thin slice ; flysja, to split
off; 'S.flis, splinter, shaving, scale ; flus,

flos,flys, scale, thin fragment, scurf, peel ;

flysja, to peel, pick. Sw. dial, flisa, to
scale, shell, spHnter ; flas, peeling of
potatoes or turnips, scurf, scab, ironslag ;

flasa, to peel potatoes. Du. vlies is not
only the pelt of sheep or skin with the
wool, or the woolly coat itself, but a
membrane or pellicle, the skin of milk ;
vliesen de schaepen, to shear sheep. — Kil.
See Flizz.

To neech. To supplicate in a flat-
tering manner, to wheedle. — Hal. Pl.D.

flook, an oath, a c\ir%e,fldken, to adjure
by an oath. G. fluch, a curse, flehen, to
beseech.

To Fleer. To cast a disdainful or
saucy look. — B. Sc. to fleyr, to distort
the countenance, make wry faces, to
whimper. — Jam. Dan. dS^.flire, to laugh
?X one, to sneer ; Norse flira, to titter,
laugh out of season^ flir, suppressed
laughter.

The two false ones with gfrete gre
Stode and bihelde her riche atyr
And beganne to lagh ?caAflerye.

Florence of Rome, Ritson, 2. 75.

We should have no hesitation in con-
sidering it as a contraction ai fligger or
flicker, to laugh scornfully or wantonly —
B., were it not for parallel forms with an
n instead of an r. Sw. flina, to show
the teeth, sneer ; Dan. dLii\..fline, to wry
the mouth, smile, sneer; S'via.h. flannen,
flennen, as well a.sfldrren, to cry. Norse
flina, as well as flira, to titter ; Bav.
flenschen, to wry the mouth, either in
crying or derisive laughter.

But probably as we have snigger as
well as sneer, fligger as well as fleer, all
these forms are imitations of the inarti-

FLEET

culats sounds made in tittering, sneering,
or whimpering.

That they masX fligger, scoff, deride, and jeer.

Nares.

Prov. flairar, to smell, propedy to
draw up air through the nose, to snift.

La mesquinayft^zVa e grina,
the unhappy snifts and groans. — Rayn.
Dan. fiiiese, to titter, giggle ; fnyse, to
snort. Sw. d\a\. flisa, flissa, to smile.

Fleet. The meanings oi fleet are very
numerous, but they may probably all be
derived from the notion of flowing water.
OUG.fliozan, O.fliessen, ON. egflyt,flaut,
hefi flotid, at fliota, to flow; Sw. flyta,
Dan. flyde, to flow, and also to float ;
flyta med strSnuneti, to swim with the
stream ; gulvet flyder 7ned vand, the
floor swims with water. AS. flcotan,
fluctuare ; Sc. to fleit, flete, to flow, to
float, and figuratively to abound. — Jam.
Naviger, to sail, tofleete. — HoUyband.

The same form appears as a noun in
ON. fliot, a river ; E. fleet, a creek up
which the tide flows.

In a figurative sense to fleet is to flow
away, to escape, move rapidly away,
whence the notion of transitory, swift,
rapid.

Now at the last ihs.1 fleit us evermore

The forthir coist of ItaUe ha\ e we caucht.
D. V. 164. 30.

The participial fleeting in the sense of
what passes quickly away is very com-
mon. It.flusso, transitory, fleeting — Fl. ;
Q-S. fliotr,fliotlegr, 'Z. fleet, swift.

The original image is the flapping
movement of a resonant body, the re-
presentation of which is made to express
also the wavering of a fluid surface.
Pl.D. flitttern, fluddern, to flap, flutter,
flicker ; Bav. flodern, to flutter, flicker ;
fludern, to flap, flutter, to make to flow,
to float wood ; TtM. fledderen, to flap the
wings ; flodderen, to flap as loose clothes ;
Wallach.^«feri, to flutter as a butterfly
or flake of snow. 'E.. flutter was formerly
applied to the wavering movement of a
floating body.

Thus in the Schippe alone left he
Floteringe amyddes the hye sea.

St Graal, c. 24. 174, RoxbHtghe Club.

From the frequentative form in which
the word seems earliest to have appeared
was formed a root flot,flod, filud, signify-
ing undulating movement. G. pluder-
liosen, wide flapping breeches ; Lith.
pludurauti, to swim here and there, to
drift ; pludas, what swims on the surface,
flowing ; pliidis, a raft ; pluditi, plusti,

FLEET

to float. Fr. & flat, floating, borne up

. and down by the waves ; Jiof, a wave,
the flow of the tide ; flatter, to float ;
O^.flot, the act of floating or swimming,
and thence the grease swimming on the
surface of broth or the hke ; VLD.flot,
cream, bringing us to E. fleet, to skim
the cream from the surface of milk.

The AS.flota, a ship, V\X).flote, a raft,
is essentially the same word with ON.

Jloti, JiSin.flaade, Yr.flotte, a fleet.

From the form of the root ending in a
d instead of t we have Goth, flodus, on.

fldd, Sw. flod, E. flood, a flowing water,
river, inundation, tide, and thence ON.

flceda, Sw.floda, to inundate.

The change of d into w gives as.

flo'wan,fleowan, and 'K.flow. Du. vloe-
deii, vloeyen, VLT) . flojen, to flow. With
these latter forms may be classed Bohem.

plowiti, to swim, Pol. plawU, to float,
convey by water, to hover in the air ;
Russ. plawat', to swim, sail, navigate ;
splavW, to float ; plavok, the float of a
net ; Serv. plaviti, to overflow, to skim
milk ; plavitise, to swim, to float with
the stream. Again, we have Russ. pluit',
popluW, to swim, float, sail, flow ; phcitie,
swimming. Thus we are brought to Lat.

fluere, to flow, fltivius, a river, and Gr.
jrXlw, to fluctuate, sail, swim, navigate,
ttAoToj/, a ship.

Some of the derivatives of L?it. fluo, as
the participle fluxus, and fluctus, wave,
would indicate that the original root of
the verb had a final k, instead o{ a. t or d
as va. float, flood, but this is only another
instance of that equivalence of labials,
dentals, and gutturals in representing
many kinds of natural sounds, already
exemplified under Flabby, where it was
shown that the roots flab, flag, flad, or
flap, flack, flat, are used with apparent
indifference in expressing a flapping,
flickering, fluttering action.

Fleet. The sense of shallow is pro-
bably derived from the notion of swim-
ming on the surface, skimming the sur-
face. Shallow is what keeps near the
surface. So we have Bohem. plauti, to
swim, flow, float ; pluti, swimming, navi-
gation ; Pol. plyt, a float or raft ; Bohem.
Pol. plytki. shallow. Pl.D. flot, shal-
low.

On this supposition we must regard
the resemblance to flat as accidental,
though it must be confessed the words
resemble each other both in sound and
sense in a remarkable manner. Fr. plat
and Fris. flaak signify both flat and
shallow ; Du. vlack, flat, vlacke, a shal-

FLEW

265

low estuary ; Sw. flata i sjon, a. shallow
in the sea. — Serenius.

Flesh. Du. vleesch, G. fleisch, A.s.
flcesc,flac. In the Scandinavian tongues
flesk is used for bacon, though sometimes
for flesh in general. Ihre rega.rds fli^c as
the primary form, signifying a piece or
part separated. ON. flicki, a large piece
of meat. A piece of bacon is sometimes
<:iX\.&A.flyckis-sneict, and at othex^fleskys-
sneid. The Syf. flask is used in the spe-
cial sense of a flitch of bacon, i. e. the
half-side of a hog. ON. flaska, to split.
See Flitch.

Fletcher. A maker of arrows. Fr.
fliche, Piedm. fleccia. It. freccia, frizza,
Fl.D. flitz, an arrow. All from the whiz-
zing sound of an arrow through the air,
as arrow itself was shown to be derived
from a similar representation.

The Svi\ss flitschen expresses the noise
which a switch or an arrow makes in
cutting through the air ; G. flitzen, to
move rapidly, to fly. — Sanders. See- Flit.
Fr. frissement d'un trait, the whizzing
sound of a flying arrow. — Cot.

Flew. I. Washy, tender, weak. — Hal.
Du. flaauw, languid, spiritless ; G. flau,
faint, flat, slack. From flab or flag, in
the sense of hanging loose, failing in elas-
ticity and vigour. The degradation of
the radical sound is well exemplified in
Fr. flebe, fleve, fleuve, flewe, weak. — Pa-
tois de Champagne.

2. Shallow, i^'ze/ or scholde, as vessel
or other like, bassus. — Pr. Pm. • This is
only a secondary application of the no-
tion of slackness. Slack water is when
the water begins to sink, instead of flow-
ing upwards, and of course becomes shal-
lower. G. flau, shallow, flat, stale ; flau
■werden, to sink in estimation, abate, be-,
come flat. ON. fldr, N. flaa, shallow, as
a dish, wide and open, flat, as a valley
with gently sloping sides.

Flew.— Flue. Down or nap ; little
feathers or flocks which stick to clothes.
— B. w. lluwch, motes, flying dust,
spray, sand ; lluwchio, to blow about as
dust, to drift.

The radical image is of something that
floats or flies in the air. as. fleogan,
P1.D. flegen, to ^y, flog, flok, whatever
is light and flies in the air, down ; flog-
aske, light ashes ; flock-federn, down. —
Br. Wtb. Lancash. flook, waste cotton.
Sw. d^\?\.flaga, to wave in the air ; Bav.
flden,flAhen, fldwen, to move to and fro
in water ; flAeln,fldheln., to move to and
fro in the air ; flAen,fldwen,flage',fldiwm,
fldm, chaff, flue ; G. flainn, down. The

266

FLEW-NET

/ changes to an n or is altogether lost in
Dan. fnug, fug, the finest particles of
wool, silk, down, which when separated
float like dust in the air (Molbech) ; Sw.
fnug, motes, down. Norse fok, drift,
what is blown about by the air ; snd-fok,
sandfok, driving snow, sand ; fjuka, to
drive about with the wind ; fjukr, flue,
dust.

Flew-net. Du. flouw, -vlou-w, a net
hung to poles to catch woodcocks, or the
like.

Plews. The chops of a dog. Pl.D.
flabbe, the chops, thick lips. De flabbe
hangen laoten, to be chap-fallen. — Dan-
neil. The same change from a final b to
w will be observed as above with respect
to few in the sense of weak. See Flabby.

nick. — Flip. Forms representing the
sound made by a jerk with a whip, the
corner of s. towel, or the like. Flick, a
smart, stinging slap — Forby ; a slight
blow, especially with a whip ; fip, a
slight, sudden blow. — Hal. Hence Dan.
fig, flip, the implement with which a
blow of the foregoing description is given,
the corner of a handkerchief, apron, &c.

To Flicker. To flutter, as a bird or
flame ; to fleer, or laugh wantonly or
scornfully. — B. From a representation
of the flapping or tittering sound. G.
flackem, to flare, blaze, flutter. Dn.flig-
geren, to flutter ; flikkeren, to twinkle,
glitter.

-flict. See Fling.

Flight. See Fly.

Flimflam.— Flam. The radical no-
tion is of something made to catch the
eye with no substance beneath, mere
show and glitter without solidity. G.
flimmen, to gleam ; flammem,fldmmem,
flimmern, to glitter, sparkle, shine with
trembling light ; gold-flimmer, tinsel. A
flam is a story without foundation cooked
up to deceive or amuse, a falsehood. 'A
parcel of groundlessyfawzx' — Warburton.
Flimflams, trifles. ' Rewards too great
for your flimflams' — Swift. G. flimmer
is in like manner applied to something
worthless. ' Was soil ich mit einem hoh-
\tii flimmer thun ?' — Sanders.

* Flimsy. A flimflam is something
showy and unsubstantial, but more pro-
bably the word may be formed by trans-
position of the J and m from E. dial._;?z>-
zom, properly signifying a peeling or thin
skin, equivalent to Sw. dial, flasma, a
scale or splinter, and, as a verb, to scale
off'. In Da. dial, flims, fleyns, skin of
boiled milk, flimse, small bits of skin in

FLINT

milk, we have the same transposition as
in Y.. flimsy. See Flizz.

To Flincli. To shrink from pain with
a quick, convulsive movement. A nasal-
ised form of flick, corresponding to G.
flinken, to glitter, fink, smart, brisk; Du.
flikkeren, flinkeren, to glitter, twinkle. — P.
Marin. In the same manner Du. wicken,
wincken, to vibrate, to wink ; essentially
the same word with wince or winch, to
shrink from pain. Compare also (■witch,
a convulsive movement, with twinkle, to
glitter, or wink the eyes. The frequenta-
iwe. flikkeren, flinkeren, represents in the
first instance a crackling noise, then a
glittering light, or vibratory movement.
The fundamental syllable flick, flink, then
becomes a root, with the sense of a sharp,
rapid movement.

We find in OS.flecche, without the na-
sal, probably direct from Fr. fldchir, to
bend, turn, or go awry, or on the one side.
—Cot.

He ihurde sigge wher cristene men in tourment

were ibroht,
To confortie hem he wende thider, that hi ne

^^Jlecchede noht,
Beoth hardi he seide and stedefast.

St Christopher, Roxburghe Club.

Flinders. — Flitters. These differ
only in the nasal pronunciation of the
former. Flinders, pieces, fragments.
Flitters, pieces, rags, also to scatter in
pieces. — Hal. ' Itflyiteryt al abrode.' —
Morte d'Arthure. 'Du.flenie?-s, tatters;
Norse flindra, a shiver of stone, or the
like ; flindrast, to shiver, split to pieces.
— Aasen. G. flitter, flinder, a spangle,
glittering little plate of metal ; flittem,
to glitter, properly to quiver ; whence (as
we speak of shivering a thing to pieces,
breaking it to shivers) the sense of
fragments. Compare Du. schitteren, to
glitter, with E. scatter; Fr. Mater, to
glitter, with Mats, fragments. And see
Fitters.

To Fling. From the root flag or flog,
representing the sound of a blow, then
applied to other kinds of sudden violent
action, ON. fleygia, to cast, to fling ; Sw.
flenga med risom, to beat with rods ;
fldng, any violent action ; fldnga af, to
snatch away, to make off, fling out of the
house; rida i fldng, to ride full speed;
fldnga barken aftrdden, to strip bark off
a tree ; '^.flengja, to tear to pieces, whence
Sw. flinga, a fragment, bit, flake. Lat.
infligere, to strike on, confligere, to strike
together, belong to the same root.

Flint. G. flins, flinteiutein, flint ;

FLIP

fliese, flinse, a flagstone ; OberD. vlins,
flint, pebble. — ^Adelung.

Flints may be considered as splinters
or shivers of stones, from on. flis, E.
flitter, flinder, a fragment. Da. flise, to
split ; Sw. dial._/?z>, a splinter, fragment,
little bit ; flis, flissten, a pebble. Or
possibly the name may be taken from
their having formerly been used as spear
or arrow-heads. Fris. flen-stien, flan-
stien, flint, from ON. fleinn, AS. fldn, an
arrow, dart.

Flip. — Flippant. Flip, like flick, re-
presents a smart blow with something
thin and flexible. 'H^-a.c^ flippant, nim-
ble-tongued, jocund, brisk, airy. — 15. It
now implies over-smartness, sauciness,
as Pl.D. flUgg, lively, spirited beyond
what is becoming. — Danneil. Flip,
nimble, flippant. — Hal. on. fleipr, tat-
tle ; fleipinn, flippant,, pert, petulant ;
fleipni, precipitantia linguse, readiness of
tongue ; flapra, to speak inconsiderately ;
fleppinn, precipitate, thoughtless.

Flirt.— Flurt. i. Used in the same
sense as blurt to represent a pop with
the mouth, and thence a gesture of con-
tempt or mockery. It. strombettare, to
blurt with one's mouth ; strombezzare, to
hiss, ox flurt at in scorn and reproach.
— Fl.

I am ashamed, I am scorned, I amjlurted.
B. & F. in R.

2. It also represents the noise made
by a jerk with a light implement. To

flirt a fan, to open and shut it with a
jerk. Fr. nasarde, a fillip, rap, or flirt
on the nose. — Cot. The same meanings
are also combined in It. chicckera, a
flurt with one's finger, or a blurt with
one's mouth in scorn. — FL

To flirt is figuratively applied to lively
conversation between the sexes, and the
term is used as a disparaging appellation
of a young girl. In like manner Bav.

flitschen, to flap, flutter ; . flitschen, a
young girl ; w. ffrit, a sudden start or
jerk ; ffritten, a flighty female, a little
girl. In Du. vlerken, to flutter, flap the
wings, the final / is exchanged for a Ii,
and the same change is found pro-
vincially in E. To flirk, to jerk or flip
about. — Hal. We have flck (g. flckeri)
a.ndflick,flrk anA flirk, flsk 3.T\Aflisk, all
used very much in the same sense. So
Swiss fltschen, Bav. flitschen, to move to
and fro ; G.flttich, and flit tick, a wing.

To Flisk. To flick with a whip, to
skip or bounce. — Hal. Fick, flsk, flick,

flisk, all represent the sound of a cut

FLOCK

267

with a switch or the like, then rapid
movement to and fro.

To Flit. To remove from place to
place. — B. Dan. yf)'^'^! to remove. Swiss
flitschen, to switcli, representing the sound
made by a rod cutting through the air.
V\.D. flitzen, flitschen, to move rapidly.
Dao flitzt he hen, there he flies by. — -
Danneil. Bav. fletzen, to change one's
abode.

In the same way without the /, Swiss
fitzen, to svi'\.tc)x,fltschen, to move about,
to fidge.

Flitch, SuSoWaflick, the outer fat of
the hog cured for bacon, while the rest
of the carcase is called the bones. —
Forby. 7r.fliche,fliqtie de lard, a flitch
of bacon, on. flicki, a large lump of
flesh. 'P\.T>.flick,flicken,3. piece, as of
cloth or land. — DanneiL A flick or
fleach is also in the East of England a
portion of sawn plank or timber. Sw.
fldcka, to split, to open ; fldckt dm, the
imperial double-headed eagle ; Dan.
flakke, to split ; flcsk-sild, P1.D. flak-
herijig, or flik-hering, a split herring ;
gose-fldk, or flik-gos, half a dried goose.
So a flitck of bacon is half of the split
carcase with the limbs removed. See
Flag.

* To Flite. AS. flitan, to scold, to
quarrel. OHG. flizan, contendere, cer-
tare, intendere, operam dare, festinare,
conari ; fliz (G. fleisz, Du. vliet, dili-
gence), opera, nisus, studium, contentio,
dissensio. Fleiz si thar des rehtes, stu-
duit ibi justitise. Fleiz in gegini, con-
tendebant in concursum. — Otfr. Der
Uuiderfliez, the adversary, the devil.

The word originates (as pointed out
by Adelung) in the notion oi fleetness or
rapidity, on. fljbtr, fleet, quick, ready,
willing ; fljdtvirkr, quick or diligent in
action ; flyta, to hurry on, to hasten.

To Flizz. To fly off; flizzing, a
splinter, — B. Flizzoms, flying particles,
or very small flakes in bottled liquors. — ■
Forby. 's.flus, small fragments of very
thin things, as of dry leaves or skin,
chaff' of corn, dust of tobacco ; flysja, to
peel. — Aasen. Sw. flisa, a shiver, scale,
fragment ; sno flisa, a snow-flake ; flisig,
scaly ; flisa, V)a.n. flise, to splinter. Sw.
diaLflas, thin skin, peeling, scurf; flasa,
to peel, to scale ; flasma, a splinter ; Da.
d.\aX.flems,flims, skin of milk. a^. flasa
(pl.flosur), notch.
Float.— Flood. See Fleet.
Flock.— Flocoulent. \sX.floccus, It.
flocco, Fr. floe, a lock or flock of wool,
flake of snow, &c. The word is also

-268

FLOG

common to all the Teutonic stock. Norse
flokk, a heap, collection, {axriAy ; flokje,
knot, bunch. — Aasen. The primitive
meaning of the word seems to be a co-
herent mass. Gael, ploc, strike, beat,
and as a substantive, any round mass, a
clod, club, head of a pin ; pluc, beat,
thump, and substantively a knot, lump,
bunch. Russ. puk', a bunch, or tuft.
Bohem. phik, Pol. pulk, Russ. polk, a
regiment of soldiers. Lith. pulkas, a
flock, crowd, herd, usually of men or
animals. Russ. klok\ a bunch, tuft, flock.
Yx.folc,fulc,foulc,fouc, a flock or herd.
When . applied to a number of birds
the word is confounded with AS. floe, a
flight. Perhaps, too, in a flock of snow
it may be difficult to say whether the
idea is taken from its light, flying nature,
or from cohering in a mass. V\X).flog-
aske, light ashes ; flock-federn, down.

To Flog. From the sound of a blow,
represented by the syllable flag, flak,
l!at. flagrum, flagellum, a scourge ; in-
fligere, confligere, to strike one thing
against another. 'QoYi&va.flakati, to flog.
VXXi.flogger, a flail. See Flack, Flag.
Flood. See Fleet.

riook. G. fluhen, anker-fliegen, —
flunken, the flooks of an anchor ; from
MHG. vluc, Bav. flilg, Pl.D. flwike, a
wing. So Svf.flik, 'Da.n.flig, a flap, lap-
pet ; ankerflig, the flook of an anchor.
The ultimate origin is the same in both
cases, as the designation of the wing, as
■well as lappet, is taken from the idea of
fluttering or flipping. Pl.D. flukkern,
flunkern, to flicker, sparkle.

Floor. AS. flor, Du. vloere, floor ; G,
flur, a tract of flat country, floor. W.
llawr, the ground, the floor of a house
or barn. Nefa llawr, heaven and earth.
/ lawr, down, downwards. Gael, lar,
the ground, earth-floor, ground-floor ;
Ihrach, site, habitation, farm. Lat. lar, a
hearth, dwelling, home ; Lares, the tutelar
deities of a dwelling.

Floral.— Florid.— Florist. Lat. flos,
floris, a flower.

Floss-silk. It. floscio, Venet. flosso,
Piedm. flos, faint, drooping, flaccid ;
•floscia-seta, floss-silk, sleeve or ravel silk.
Walach. ' fleciu, soft ; flesceritu, flaggy,
faded. '^r.flosche,'Sai%%y, weak, soft, as
a boneless lump of flesh. Bav. floss,
loose, not fast ; floss-stricken, to knit
loose.

The origin of a root flak, signifying
weak, limber, has been explained under
Flag. This is softened down in the Fr.
flache, flasche, It. floscio, flosso; while

FLUE

from the original form we have Rouchi
flagiie, weak, and G. flock-seide. _ The
two forms appear in close proximity in
the south of France. Limousin _/?a, fem.
flaquo, weak ; Languedoc_/?i?, i^-ax. flosso,
soft, untwisted silk.

-Flounce. The plaited hanging border
with which a gown is ornamented, origin-
ally a pleat or tuck, from Fr. fronds,
a plait, gather, wrinkle, Du. fronsse, a
wrinkle, by the very common change
between fl and fr. So It. fronda, Lan-
gued. flonda, a sling ; G. flecken, E.
freckle; frock, and flock, &c. See
Frounce.

To Flounce. To jump in, or roll
about in the water, to be in a toss, or
fume, with anger. — B. The essential
meaning is the same with that of the N.
flunsa, to do anything with noise and
bluster, like one dashing about in water.
Sw. dial, flunsa, to plunge in water, to
splash, to tramp through wet. Du.
plonssen, to plunge, plansen, blansen, to
dash down water ; neer flaiisen, to dash
down ; flansen, to do a thing in a hasty,
careless way. — Weiland.

Flounder. A flat fish. ON. flydra,
Sw.flundra.

To Flounder. A nasalised form of
Du. flodderen, to make a flapping or
fluttering motion, as loose garments ;
flodder-kousse, one with loose trowsers ;
then from the splashing sound applied to
motion in water. Door f water, door de
slik flodderen, to struggle through wet
and dirt. 'La.ugneA. floundijha, to fling
about the legs like an infant.

Flour. — FloTwer. The finest part of
meal. Fr. fleur defarine, literally flower
or blossom of meal. The name of flowers
was given in chemistry to the fine mealy
matter which in sublimation is carried to
the head of the still, and adheres in the
form of a fine powder. — B. In this sense
we speak of flowers of sulphur.

To Flout. To jeer, properly to blurt,
or make an offensive noise with the
mouth. V>Vi. fluyte, popysmus ; _/?«<)*«,
popysmo et vocis blandimento demulcere
fequum. — Kil. To flurt or blurt with the
mouth are also used in the sense of jeer-
ing. Da. d\a\.flous, gibe, sarcasm.
To Flow. See Fleet.
Flower. — Flourish. Fr. fleur, Lat.
flos, floris, a ^ov;er, floreo, to bear flowers.
Fluctuate. Lat. fluctus, a wave or
\n\\o'fi,fluo,fluctuii!, to flow as water does,
-flu-.— Fluent.— Fluid. l^sX.fluo, to
flow.
Flue. See Flew.

FLUE

Flue of a chimney. A small winding
chimney of a furnace carried up into the
main chimney. — B. Now applied to the
chimney-shaft in general. Used by Phaer
for the winding hollow of a shell.

Him Tryton cumbrous bare, that galeon blew

with whelkfed shell,
Whose wrinkly wreathedyfas did fearful shrill in

seas outyell.

Fluff.— Fluffy. Fluff, Da. fnug,fug,
down, flue, light dust, feathery particles
that are borne about in the air. The
radical sense seems to be to blow, ex-
pressed by a slight modification of %.fuff,
to puff or blow, the addition or omission
of a liquid in these imitative forms being
very common, as in 'Da..fnug,fiig, above
mentioned, or in as. flugol, a fugitive, a
bird, compared with. ft(gol,fugel, a bird.
To faff or fuff, to blow in puffs. — Atkin-
son. Faffle, to flap gently as a sail or
garment stirred by a momentary breath
of air ; a wavering blowing of a light
wind. — Whitby Gloss. Sylvester uses
flaff in the same sense : ' a thousand
flaffing flags.' See Flew.

Flume. A stream of water, now ap-
propriated to a stream carried in an arti-
ficial channel, a boarded aqueduct. 'The
Jluni Jordan.' — Wicliff. 07r. ffiim,ffujne,
flujis. — Roquef. ' Le flupt Jurdan.' —
Livre des Rois. Viaw.Jium, 'LaX. flumen,
river, from fluere, to flow.

Norse flom,flauin, a flood, overflow of
water from the melting of snows ; flauma,
to flow in abundance, overflow. Flom-
sav, a water saw-mill ; TiAn. Jloni, a mo-
rass, overflowed land.

Flummery. "W. Llymry, an acid pre-
paration from the husks and fragments of
oats, from llym, sharp. It is the same as
the Sc. sour sowens.

Flunkey. An opprobrious name for
a livery-servant. ¥\.T>. ffunkern,- to be
gaudily dressed; V)\x.flonkeren,Jli7tkeren,
to glitter ; O.flunke, a spark.

Flush. I. To flush a water-course is
to send a sudden flow of water down it,
from the sound of the rush of water, as
flash, above cited in the same sense. E.
dd3.\.flosh-hole, the hole that receives the
waste water from a mill ; to floss, to spill,
to splash. Sc.flusch, a run of water, the
overflowing of a stream, abundance ;
flouss, a flood, a stream. — Jam. Du.
fluysen, Dan. dS.zLfluse, to flow with vio-
lence, to rush ; adfluse ud sem vandet of
enflddgyde, to gush out as water from a
flood-gate. N. flust, abundantly ; flus,
liberal, open-handed, as we speak of being
flush of money.

FLY

269

A person looks flushed when he has a
flow of blood to the face, and figuratively

flushed with victory is animated by it,'
excited, as if by an increased flow of vital
fluids. K flush at cards. It. flusso, Fr. ■

flux, X)-a.fluys, is a run or flow of cards
of the same suit.

2. A number, as a flush of wild ducks.
Vl.Ti.flusch, a bunch of hair, wool, or the
like. — Danneil.

3. Immediate, instant.

Now the time is flush. — Timon of Athens.
Svf.fluks,flux, quickly, anon ; Du.flus,
presently, in a short time ; fluks, G.flugs,
quickly, immediately, in an instant ; from
flug, flight.

4. Flush in the sense of level, on aline
with, may probably be explained by Da.
flugt, flight, which is used to express an

unbroken line. ' At opfore en bygning z
lige flugt med andre huse:' to raise a
building in the same line with or flush
with the other houses. ' Planke i flugt
med den overste kant af vasggen :' planks
on a level with the upper edge of the wall.
A vessel is flush fore and aft when the
deck is level from stem to stern.

Fluster. Closely allied with bluster j
hurried, bustling, or swaggering conduct.
' T\iR fluster of the bottle,' ' thefliistering
vain-glorious Greeks.' ON. flaustr, pre-
cipitancy, over-haste. Walach. flustura,
to raise a wind, to do anything in a tur-
bulent manner, tumultuor, ventose ago ;
fltisturatu, veritosus, vanus, levis ; windy,
turbulent, boisterous.

Flute. See Flageolet. A fluted co-
lumn is one channelled, as if with pipes.
Mod.Gr. av\bg, a flute, auKuKi, a channel,
canal, fluting of a column.

To Flutter. FID. fluttern,fludderff,
Q. flattern, to make a flapping, to flutter,
flicker ; Hn-fledderen, to flap the wings,
flodderen, to flap, as loose clothes ;
Walach. flutttrd., to flutter, fly about ;
flutuni, a butterfly, a flake of snow.

A direct representation of a flapping
noise.

Flux. — Fluxion. Lat. fluo, fluxum,
and fluctum, to flow.

Fly. AS.fleoga, on.fluga, Du. vlieghe,
a flying insect. "

* To Fly. Q.fliegen, Du. vliegen,<y&.
flitiga, AS. fleogan, Dan. flyve, to fly.
The immediate origin seems <yii.flug, AS.
floe, Du. vleuge, vloge, flight, the act of
flying, the most natural expression of
which might be taken from regarding the
flying object as blown along through the
air. We should thus connect the root
flug and the parallel form fug (shown in

270

FOAL

AS. fugel, G. vogel, a fowl, and in Lat.
fugio, to fly) with forms like Lat. flo, to
blow, Bav. flaen,flawen, to move to and
fro in v/aXe.r,Jlaeln,flaheln, to float in air,
to blow, 'S.. fluff, down, light dust floating
in the aXr, fuff, to blow, to puff.

Foal.— Filly. Goth, fiila, G. fohlen,
fallen, It. fiuledro, Gr. irSiXog, w. ^,^(7/, a
young horse. The diminutive form in
Bs.y. fulchen. Da. daaX-fyllie, %.fllly, dis-
tinguishes the female. VnltAxa., fulihha.
— Gloss, in Schmeller.

Foam, t&.fdm, G. faum. Perhaps a
parallel form with G. flaum, signifying
what is light enough to float on wind or
water ; flaum-feder, down ; Bav. pflaum,
down, loose foam, as of beer; V\S>.flom,
fat that rises to the surface in boiling
meat. Comp. AS.flugol zx\Afugol, fowl ;
C.flittich a.n&flttich,vi\r\g; ■&. fluffy ^.-oA
'fuffy, light, downy. Wh.ithy flumpy. Da.
dial, fompet, fat and short. See Flew.

On the other hand foam is regarded
as the equivalent of Sanscr. pjiena, Pol.
plana. Boh. pena, foam.

Fob. Vrass. fuppe, a pocket.

To Fob. To fob off, to delude with a
trick. To bob or pop were used in the
same sense.

And do yon pop me off with this slight answer?

Noble Gentleman, i. i.
Disgrace me on the open stage, and ioi'Tnt off
with ne'er a penny? — O. Play in Nares.

The fundamental sense is a smart, rapid
movement. N. fubba, to move to and
fro. G. foppen, to banter, jeer, or play
upon one. In the same way bob was
used in the sense of a taunt or scoff.

He, that a fool doth very wisely hit,
Doth very foolishly {although he smart)
Not to seem senseless of the boh.

As You Like It.

You should not malce a laughing-stock, good
brother.

Of one that wrongs you not ; I do profess I
won't \iQ.fuhbed. — The Ordinary, iv. 4.

See Fop.
Fodder. — Forage. — Forray. as.

foder,V)M. voeder, voeyer, Q. flutter, Swiss
_/^r, yi^Ar, victuals, food. The Mid. Lat.
fodenim,fodrum, was especially applied
to the demand of provisions for man and
horse made under cover of prerogative
or seignoi-ial rights, or by an army in an
enemy's country. Hence foderare, for-
rare, OFr. fourrer, aller en fuerre, or
enfourrage, to exa.QXfoder-age, to forage,
or forray. ' Nee mansiones eorum hos-
pitari vel invadere vtlfoderare praesumat.'
— Bulla A.D. 1036. ' Campaniam ap-
plicavit et earn totam foderavli,' laid it

FOIL

under exaction.— Chron. A.D. 1194. 'Qui-
dam de Francis discurrebant emolumen-
tis victualium intendentes quod vulgariter
forrare dicitur.'— Matth. Paris, A.D. 1242,
in Due. Fr.fourrager, to fodder, also to
forrage, prey, forray, ransack, ravage. —
Cot. 'Nobis,' says Frederic I., A.D.
1 1 83, 'intrantibus in Lombardiam fo-
drum consuetum et regale — ^praestabunt.'
— Muratori, Diss. 19.

Foe. AS. fah, fld, enemy. ON. fjd, to
hate. See Fiend.

Fog. I. Dan. snefog, a snow-storm ;

fyge, to drive with the wind ; Dan. dial.

fuge, to rain fine and blow. on. fok,
snow-storm, flight of things driven by the
wind ; fok-sandr, drift sand ; at fittka,

fyk,fokid, to drive with the wind. Pro-
bably an /has been lost ; V\.'D.flok,flog,
light things that rise and fly in the air ;

flog-aske, light flying ashes ; flockfedem,
down. Sw. dial, flnyka, to fly about as
dust, to smoke, snow fine ; fnyk, dust.
Dan. fnug,fug, flock, flue ; Lith. piikas,
a flock as of ashes, or snow ; pukal (pi.),
down-hair, down.

Fog. 2. — Feg. Grass not eaten down
in the summer, that grows in tufts over
the winter. Fogagium, winter pasture in
the forests. In Cleveland a distinction is
made between fog, aftermath, and feg, a
dead grass stem, anything without worth
or value. — Atkinson.
The thick and well grOTTO fog doth mat my

smoother shades. — Drayton.
^^Sst^fdsch, thick, tangled grass, such as
is found here and there in the mountains
and higher pastures ; fdtsch, a mountain
pasture mowed only every second year,
i-eedy grass remaining uneaten by the
cattle and then gathered.

To Fog. To make shift ; to resort to
mean expedients.

Wer't not for us thou swad, quoth he.
Where wouldst thouy^^ to get a fee.

Diyden in Nares.

To fudge, to contrive to do. — Hal. G.
fug, convenience, opportunity. But see
Pettifogger.

Foible. Fr. foible, faible, weak. See
Feeble.

Foil. I. The blunted weapon used in
fencing, or learning the sword exercise.
The Fr. equivalent _/?or^^ is explained by
Cot. a sword with the edge rebated, where
the term rebated answers to Fr. refouU,
dulled, blunted, the origin of 'E.foil.

2. A piece of gold or silver leaf set be-
hind a transparent gem. in jewelry to give
it colour or lustre, then, figuratively some-
thing used for the pui-pose of showing

FOIL

advantageously another object. Yx.feu-
ilU, "Lai. folia, leaf.

To Foil. Fr. fouler, to trample on,
weigh down, oppress, foil, overcharge. —
Cot. Fouler un cheval, to overtoil a
horse, to knock him up. Refouler, to
dull, blunt, foil, tire with overlabouring ;
affoler, to foil, bruise or hurt sore with
wounds, to spoil, ruin, undo. — Cot. It.
follata, Yx.foulie, the foiling or slot of a
deer, the mark of his footsteps. To tread
underfoot is taken as a type of the most
complete overthrow and defeat.

To Poin. To make a pass or thrust at
one in fencing. — B. The terms of fencing
being taken mainly from the Fr., to foin
is probably from OFr. foindre, foigner,
to feign, or make ^ feint, i. e. a movement
with the sword intended to deceive the
opponent's eye in preparation for a thrust ;
whence the expression would easily be
averted to the thrust itself.

Foison. The natural juice or moisture
of the grass or herbs, the heart and
strength of it. — B. ' There is no foison
in this hay.' — Forby. Fissen-less, without
strength or virtue. The proper meaning
is abundance, Fr. foison, OFr. fusdn,
from 'L^'i.fusio, pouring out. Senes sane
fusion, without effusion of blood. ' Estoit
deja si foible pour la foison du sang qu'il
avoit perdu.' — Roman de Garin in Rayn.
Pain e char e bon peisson
Leur mit el nef a grunt /usan. — Haveloc, ib.

To Foist. To intrude, or put in fal-
laciously, to introduce surreptitiously. —
R. To foist, feist, fzzle,,a.re all originally
to break wind in a noiseless manner, and
thus to foist is to introduce something
the obnoxious effects of which are only
learned by disagreeable experience.

• ■ Come

Put not yoTir foists upon me, I shall scent them .

B. Jonson in R.
G. fist, a foist, fist, fizzle.^-Kiittn. Du.
veest, vijst, flatus ventris. — Kil. Fr.
vesse, a fyste. — Cot. The origin is plainly
an imitation of the noise. ON. fysa, to
blow, to breathe, also to break wind.
Gr. 0ui7aw, to blow.

Foisty, fusty, frousty, frowzy, having
a close, disagreeable smell. '^X.Ji.fistrig,
ill-smelling, as a peasant's room. — Dan-
neil. Wall, s'efister, s'empuanter. See
Fusty.

Fold. I. A plait in a garment. Goth.
falthan, o.falten,AS.feaMan, Du. vouden,
to lay together, to fold. In composition,
Goth, ainfalths, managfaltfis, one-fold,
manifold. Gael, fill, fold ; filleadh, a
folding, wrapping, plaiting ; fillt,fillte, a

FOOD

271

fold, a ply ; filltich, multiply. W. ffill, a
twist, a tacr\,ffilliad, a writhing, wreath-
ing, or turning about.

2. A place to confine sheep, or other
animals. AS. fald, Gael, fdl, a penfold,
circle, wall, hedge, w. ffald, a sheep-
cote, fold, pound for cattle.

Foliage. Fr. feuillage, from Lat.
folium, Gr. ^uWov, a leaf.

Folio. A book is said to be in folio,
in the sheet, when a sheet makes but
two leaves without further folding ; in
quarto, with an additional folding, which
divides the sheet into four.

Folk. AS. folc, Lat. vulgus, people ;
ON. fylki, or fulki, a troop, a district ;
fylkir, king. At fylkia lidi, to arrange
one's men in troops. Pol. pulk, a regi-
ment of soldiers. Helido folc, turba vi-
rorum. — Heliand. See Flock.

To Follow. G.folgen, (m.fylgia, AS.
fyligean, folgian.

Folly. See Fool.

To Foment. To cherish by warm ap-
plications, metaphorically, to abet. Lat.
fomentum, iox fovimentum, a warm ap-
plication, irorafoveo, to warm, to cherish.

Fond. — Fon. Foolish, then foolishly
attached to one ; a very common se-
quence of ideas. So we speak of doting
on one.

When age approcheth on.
And lust is laid, and all the fire is queint.
As freshly then thou shalt begin to fonne
And dote in love. — Chaucer in R. ■

Fr. sot,fol, foolish ; Hre assot^, affoU de,
aimer passionnement, jusqu'a la folie
(Patois de Flandre Frang.), to be passion-
ately fond of. Bohem. blazen, a fool,
madman, blazinti sie, to become mad, to
be violently in love with. Malay gili,
foolish, mad, foolishly fond. — Marsden.
Yorkshire fond, simple, foolish, doting ;
fondy, Sw. dcaX.fante, a simpleton, on.
fdni, Sw.fdne, a fool. GzsS..faoin, vain,
foolish, idle, empty ; faoin-cheann, an
empty head ; Lat. vanus, empty.

Font. h3.t.fons,fontis, a well, spring
of water, applied in English to the well
of baptism, the vessel which contains the
water of baptism.

Food, — Feed. — Foster. AS. foda,
fode, food, nourishment. Du. voeden, to
feed, to bring up ; Goth., fodjan, to nour-
ish, to bring up ; OSsk. fodjan, ON., Sw.
fada, Da.n.fode, to feed, and also to bear,
or give birth to. Dan. fodsel, birth, de-
livery. Du. voedsel, food, nutriment.

The ideas of giving birth to, and feed-
ing, or bringing up, are connected in
other cases, as Gal. dlaich bring forth,

272

FOOL

nourish ; Sw. ala, to give birth to, to
educate, to feed, and Lat. alere, to
nourish.

The Du. voedster, a nurse, voedsteren,
to bring up, voedsterkind, a child in-
trusted to one to bring up, show the
formation of AS. foster, food, Sw. foster,
birth, progeny, _/£?j/ra, to bring \yg,fostri,
a foster-child. In the same way Sw.
alster, progeny, from ala, to beget.

Fool. Fr. fol, fooHsh, idle, vain. W.
ffol, foolish. Bret., OCat. foil, mad.
The fundamental meaning seems to be a
failure to attain the end proposed, a wan-
dering from the straight path. It would
thus be connected with the root of 'E,.fail,
and X.s.t.fallere, to deceive.

The Old Psalter of Corbie quoted by
Raynouard has

Foleai si com oeille que petit.

Erravi sicut ovis quce perit. — Ps. ii8.

De tes commandemens nefoliai

De mandatis tuis non erravi. — Ibid.

Folier en droit, en fait, to err in law, or
in fact. — Roquef. It is probably the true
equivalent of the Goth, dvals, out of his
senses, where we see the same connection
with the notion of straying or wandering,
and also that of deceiving or causing to
miss. AS. dwala, dwola, error ; dwelian,
dwolian, Du. dolen, Pl.D. dwalen, to
stray (identical with folier of the Fr.
psalter above quoted), to wander, either
in a literal or metaphorical sense, to err
in judgment, to be out of his senses ;
Du. dul, dol, out of his mind, mad ; E.
dial, dull, foolish. Du. dwaalen, doolen,
to stray, wander ; dwaalende, or doolende
ridder, a knight -errant ; dwaal-licht,
ignis fatuus, ignis erraticus, Yx.feufollet,
a wandering light, or perhaps an inef-
fectual light. Du. dolle-bezien, a name
given to different kinds of berries danger-
ous or unfit for eating. — Marin. Dolle-
kervel, hemlock, fools-parsley, properly
fool-parsley, parsley which errs' from its
proper destination, which does not fulfil
its apparent purpose, looking like a whole-
some herb but really poisonous. So Fr.
avoiiie folle, wild or barren oats.

The same equivalence of an initial dw
and/ is seen in Du. dweil or feil, a mop
or clout, and possibly in Du. dwaep,
and E. fop, fool, and Sc. dweble, limber,
weak, and 'Enfeeble.

Foot. Du. Tjoet, C.fuss, Gr. vovq, woSSg,
Lat. pes, pedis.

Fop. A fantastical fellow, one over-
nice and affected in dress, speech, and
behaviour.— B. A fop, or fool ; foppery,
foolery (Minsheu), trickery. ' The gross-

FOR

ness of the foppery [of the pretended
fairies].' — Merry Wives, v. 5. Du. Jemand
voor Aefop houden, to make a fool of one ;

foppen, to deride, to mock. It. fappe,

fapparie, a flap with a foxtail, flappings,
fopperies, an idle babbling, vain dis-
course ; fiappatore, a flapper, fopper. — ^Fl.
For. — Fore. — Former. — Foremost.
QoXh. faur,faura, O's.fyrir, before, fore,
for ; G. vor, fore ; fiir, for. The radical
meaning in both cases is in front of.
When we speak of one event as before
or after another, our own progress in time
is transferred to the events of the world,
which are typified as a succession of a;ii-
mated beings moving on in the opposite
direction, and taking place in time at the
moment when they are brought face to
face with the witness. Thus the event of
the present moment is before or in front
of the train of futurity, and those which
have already passed by the instant of
actual experience, are in front of the pre-
sent event, by which they are succeeded.
The events then which have passed into
the region of memory, although in refer-
ence to our own progress in life con-
sidered as left behind us, yet in the order
of their own succession are more to the
front than the present, and are therefore
spoken of as belonging tofor-?ner or jnore

fore times.

In expressing the relation of cause or
rational inducement, the cause or reason
is considered as standing in front of the
effect, or the consequence for which it
is made to account, Lat. pra, before,
also in comparison with, by reason of, on.
account of

For in composition answers to G. ver,
Goih. fair, Yr.for, and has the meaning
of G. fort, Dan. bort, forth, away, Lat.

foris, without, Fr. fors, out, without.
Thus X.0 forbid is to bid a thing away ; to

forget, to away-get, to lose from memory ;
to forgo, to go without ; to forfend, to
ward off. In Fr. we h.nvt forbannir, to
drive forth, forchasser, to shoot away,

forclorrc, to shut out, to iorc\o%<i,forjeter,
to jut out, and in a figurative sense y^r-
coiite, a misreckoning,/<7;/ffzV, a misdeed,

forjuger, to judge wrongfully, or amiss,
as well as to deprive by judgment ; for-

jurer, to renounce, abjure, while in E.

forswear, to swear wrongfully, the particle
has the same force as in Fr. forjuger,

forparler, to speak ill.

In other instances the prefix/or in the
sense of out or utterly implies that the
action has been carried to its utmost
limits, that it is completely expended, and

FORAGE

has finished its work. Forwearied is
wearied out ; forswunk and forswat is_
worn out with labour and sweat.
Forage. See Fodder.
Force. \\.. forza, Mid.Lat. /t^raa, for

fortia, from fortis, strong. — Diez. Fr.

force, strength, virtue, efficacy, also store,
plenty, abundance. — Cot. Hence may be
understood an expression formerly com-
mon both in Fr. and E. Je ne fais point

force de cela, I force not of that thing,
I care not of it, I set no store by it, do
not regard it as of consequence.

To Force. To clip or shear. Forcyn,
or clyppyn, tondeo. — Pr. Pm. To force
wool, to cut off the upper or most hairy
part of it. — B. Yr. forcer de la laine, to
pick or tease wool. Forces, a pair of
shears ; forcette, a cizar, or small pair of
shears. — Cot. The Fr. fourches,forches,

forces, were applied to different kinds of

forked structures, as a gallows, a pair of
shears.

P^ forces fit pendre le cors
Pr^s de la vilje par defers.
H'orche, ciseaux, tenailles, pincettes. — Roquefort.

For the same reason we call shears the
tall gallows used for masting ships. There
can be no doubt that the first syllable in
Lat. forfex, forceps, cizars, pincers, has
the same origin.

* Forcemeat. As forcemeat is com-
monly used as synonymous with stuffing,
it was natural to explain it from Yr.far-
cir, Lim. forci, to stuff. The two, how-
ever, are clearly distinguished in the
Liber Cure Cocorum, where the equivalent
of Fr. farcir is constantly written farse,
while fors is often used in the sense of
spice or season.

Take myUte of almondes ■

Fors it with cloves or good gyngere. — p. 8.
But the white [pese] with powder of pepper tho
Moun heforsyd, with ale thereto. — p. 46.
Powder thou take
Of gynger, of kanel, that gode is, tho
Ettfors it wele. — p. 38.

Forcemeat, then, is spiced, highly-sea-
soned meat.

Forcer. — Forcet. OFr. f order, It.
forciere, Mid.Lat. forsarius, a strong box,
safe, coffer.
Fortune by strengthe the/orcer hath unshete,
Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse.

Chaucer.

Forcelet, strong place, fortalicium. — Pr.
Pm.

Ford. A shallow place in a river.
Quite distinct from y^.ffordd, a way, and
from the root fare, to go. G. furt, ON.
brot, Pol. brdd, a ford ; brnad, to wade, I

FORGE

273

to ford. Bohem. bredu, brjsti, to be wet,
to ford ; brod, a swim, a ford ; broditi, to
swim or water horses, sheep, &c. ; bro-
ditse, to paddle in the water. Lith. bry-
dis, a wading in the water ; bradA, water
or mud through which one must wade in
the road ; brasta, a ford. Russ. bruizgat',
bruiznut', to splash.

Foreign. It. forense, forene, forese,
foresano, Fr. forain, outlandish, belong-
ing to what is without ; 'LaX. foras,foris,
without, out of doors, abroad ; It.fiiora,
fuore,fuori, forth, without, out of, except ;
Fr. hors, O Fr. fors, out, without, except.
Walach. faro., fbra, without, besides, ex-
cept. See For (in composition).

Forensic. Lat. forensis, from forum,
a civil court.

Forest. It. foresia, Yx.for^t, properly
a wilderness, or uncultivated tract of
country, but as such were commonly
overgrown with trees the word took the
meaning of a large wood. We have many
forests in England without a stick of tim-
ber upon them. Probably identical with
w. gores, gorest, waste ground, waste,
open ; goresta, , to lie open, lie waste,
whence E. gorse, gorst, furze, the growth
of waste land.

To ForestalL To monopolise, to buy
goods before they are brought to stall, or
the place where they are to be sold at
market.

Forfeit. Fr. forfait, a crime, mis-
deed, ixoxaforfaire, to misdo, transgress.

My heart nor I have doen you -na forfeit,
By which you should complain in any kind.
Chaucer in R.

Oro omnes quibus aliquid forefeci ut
mihi per suam gratiam indulgeant. —
Pontanus in Due. The expression for a
crime or misdeed was then transferred
to the consequences or punishment of
the crime. Forisfactns servus, in the
laws of Athelstan, is one who has mis-
done himself a slave, one who for his
misdeeds is made a slave. Forfaire ses-
heritages ; forfaire corps et avoir, to
misdo away his heritage, his body, and
goods, i. e. to lose them by his misdeed.
— Due. Forfaicture, a transgression,
also a forfeiture or confiscation. — Cot.

To Forfend. To fend off, ward off.
See For.

Forge. The Lat. faber, a smith, by
the change of b through v into u, gave
rise to OFr. faur, Walach. fauru, a
smith. In the latter language we have
also faitrie, a smith's shop, faiiri, to
forge, the i of which seems in the West-
18

274

FORGE

ern dialects to have passed into ay', pro-
ducing It. _/or^/a, Fr.farge. Swiss Rom.
favro, favre, a. smith, blacksmith, car-
penter ; faverdge, fouerdge, fordze, a
forge.

To Forge on. In nautical language
is for a ship to make its way slowly and
laboriously on, as it were by successive
shoves. Swiss, Bav. futschcn, to slide,
to shove on, as children on their rumps.
— Schmeller. See Fidget. To fudge, to
poke with a stick, to walk slowly, though
vi^ith considerable exertion (to move by
successive slips). — Crav. Gl.

Fork. 'La.t.ficrca, w. fforch, AS. fore,
O^.forkr, 7r. foHrche. 'W. fforch-droed,
a cloven foot. The original meaning of
fork seems a pointed instrument for
thrusting with. It. frugare, to poke.
See Fruggin.

Forlorn. G. verloren, lost, from ver-
lieren, Du. •verliesen, to lose. AS. for-
leosan znAforleoran.

Form. I. Fr. T^rOT^, a form, or fashion,
also a long bench or form to sit on, also
a hare's form. — Cot. The latter is pro-
bably so called from the hare leaving a
form or mould of herself in the long grass
where she lies.

2. The name of forma was also given
to the seat of the choristers in a cathedral
and the desk in front of them. Formula,
a stool to kneel on. — Due. There can be
no doubt that this is essentially the same
application with the name of the classes
at our public schools, first form, sixth
form, &c., but whether the class is called
form from sitting on the same bench, or
whether the bench is so designated from
being occupied by a single class, may be
a question. It seems certain that forma
was used for class or order in the lower
Latin. ' Supernumerarii sacri ministerii
primK vel secundae/orraiZ',' of the first or
second order. — Cod. Theodos. de Castren-
sianis in Due.

Formidable. haX.formzdo, dread.

Fornication. Lat. fornicatio, from
fornix, a vault, a word accommodated to
the sense of brothel or stews.

To Forsake. Properly to put away
the subject of dispute, to renounce or
deny, then simply to desert. OE. sake,
dispute, strife. — Layamon. AS. sacan,
sacian, to contend, strive ; withersaca, an
opponent.

And if a man me it axe,

Six sithes or seven,

\ forsake it with othes.— P. P.

Forse. In the N. of England, a water-
tall ; Stockgill-forse, Airey-forse. Norse

FOUL

fors,foss,-a. waterfall, the spray or dash-
ing of broken water. Ds sto fossen fyre
"baat'a, the waves broke over the boat ;
fossa, forsa, to break as water, dash in
spray ; frosa, S-w.frusa, to gush. — Aasen.
w. ffrwd, a torrent ; ffrydio, to flow, to
gush. See Froth.

Fort. — Fortalice. — Fortress. A
strong place ; Yr.fort, 'La.t.foriis, strong.

Forth. — Further. AS. forth, Du.
voord, MHG. vort, G. fort, forth, onward,
forward. Forth nihtes, far on in the'
night. The comparative is Du. voorder,
G. vorder, further, more onward. No
doubt a development of Du. voor, %.fore,
for, Lat. pro.

Fortune. Lat. fortuna, from fors,
chance, luck.

Fosse. — Fossil. Lat. fodio, fossum,
to dig, dig out.

Fosset. See Faucet.

Foster. See Fodder.

Fother. Properly a carriage load, but
now only used for a certain weight of lead.

With him tliere was a plowman was his brother,
That had ylaid of dong full many 2l fother.

Chaucer.
Pl.D. fader, foor, Du. voeder, voeyer,
voer, G. fuder, fuhr, a waggon-load ;
whence respectively _/or£«, voerejt,fiihren,
to drive, convey, carry.

The root is largely developed in the
Slavonic languages. Lith. wedu, westi,
to lead ; wadas, a guide ; wezu, weszti,
to carry in a waggon, sze?iu wezimas, a
load of hay. Esthon. weddama, to lead,
to draw ; iveddo-harg, a draught-ox.
Fin. wedan, wetdd, to draw. Bohem.
wedu, westi, to lead, to bring ; wod, a
guide ; wezu, westi, to carry. Serv.
woditi, to lead, wozati, to carry, wojenye,
wozanye, carriage.

Foul.— Filth.— Defile. Goth, fids,
Ofi.full, Stinking, corrupt. This is the
primary meaning of the word, which is
then applied to what is dirty, turbid, phy-
sically or morally disgusting, ugly, unfair.
'We speak oi foul, as opposed to clear
weather ; of a ship running foul of an-
other, as opposed to keeping clear of it.
Dan. at rage uklar (unclear) med et Skib,
to run foul of a ship.- The ON. fill was
applied to one who had not come clear
from the ordeal by fire. The Du. vuil,
and G. faul, have acquired the sense of
lazy, slothful.

It is seen, under Faugh, that the interj.
representing rejection of an offensive
smell takes the form of /« ! or fu J From
the former of these arise Sanscr. pHy, to
stink, to rot ; Lat. puteo, to be foul, to

FOUMART

stink ; filter, rotten, stinking, and so
from the form fu / are Gael, fuath (pro-
nounced/2^a), Manx^oA, disgust, abhor-
rence, hatred ; fuathail, fuathachail,
loathsome, hateful, Ma.ra. feohoil, filthy,
foul ; ON. f/ii, putridity ; fHiniz, fzill,
stinking ; fyla, stink, and, as a verb, to
putrefy ; AS. fulan, befulan, befylan, to
rot ; Du. vuilen, to dirty, to putrefy.

* Foumart. Variously spelt/ou/mari,
folmert,fulmarde,fulmer. — Hal. G. stink-
marder, a polecat, from the foul smell of
the animal. Fr. marte, martin, an ani-
mal of the weasel kind. See Polecat.

To Found, -found. — Fund. Lat.
fundus, ground, bottom ; fundare, to lay
the groundwork, to found. Profundus,
having the bottom far onwards, deep,
profound. From land being the ultimate
source of all wealth, fund is used to sig-
nify a permanent source of income.

-found. — Confound. See -fuse.

Founder. — Founderous. The mean-
ings of 'S,. founder are derived from two
sources which it is sometimes impossible
to distinguish, although for the most part
the senses can be referred with confidence
to their proper origin.

I. From Lat. fundus, Fr. fond, the
ground or bottom, afondrer, to sink as a
ship, to founder, or go to the bottom.
Moult v&siez harnas floter
Hommes noier et afondrer. — R. R.

From It.fondo, the bottom of a cask,
are sfondare, sfondolare, to break out the
bottom of a cask, and met. to ruin or
render useless ; sfondolare, sfond^are, to
founder as a horse. — Fl. When applied
to a road sfondato is what is called in
English indictments a founderous road,
a hollow, broken way wherein a man
sinks, a bottom-broken way. Enfondrer
un chemin, to wear or make great holes
in a way, to make a deep way ; chemin
effondr^, a way full of holes or miry
sloughs ; enfondrer un harnois, to make
a great dint in an armour.' — Cot. It.
sfondare una porta, to break open a door ;
— uno squadrone, to rout or break through
a squadron. — Altieri. Hence we may
explain a passage misunderstood by
EUice and Jamieson.

'He foundered the Saracens o' twaine
And fought as a dragon. — R. Brunne.

The Other Fr. verb which we have bor-
rowed, under the shape of founder, is
fondre, to melt, (and hence) to sink, fall,
or go down ; se fondre, to sink down on a
sudden. — Cot. La terre fondit sous lui,
gave way under him.— Trevoux. 'In
Cheshire a quantity of earth foundered

FRAME

275

and fell down a vast depth.' — Aubrey's
Wilts in Hal. Se fondre d'enhatit, to fall
down plump. — Cot. From this source
we must probably, with Jamieson, explain
\C\% founder, to fell, strike down, give such
a blow as to stupefy one, and also the
sense of stumbling, falling, or sinking
down. To founder !ls a horse, trebucher.
— Palsgr. in Way. The horse of Arcite,
being frightened by a prodigy —

began to turn
And lepe aside s.t\6. founderid as he lepe,
And ere that Arcite may takin kepe
He pight him on the pomell of his hede
That in the place he lay as he were dede.

In Douglas' Virgil, Priam is said to
founder, or slip down, in the new-spilt
blood of his son.

Founder. — Foundry. Kbrass-foiind-
er is one who melts and casts brass, from
'L'aX. fundere, to pour, '^x. fondre, to melt,
or cast in moulds.

Foundling. An infant y&««rfdeserted.
So banilinghom. band, darling irom dear.

Fountain. Fr. fontaine, Lat. fans,
fontis, a spring of water.

Four. AS. feother, feower, Goth, fid-
vor, W. pedwar, Gr. TrErropec, irlavpiQ, tect-
aapiQ, Walach. pairu, Lat. quatuor, Lith.
ketiiri, Sanscr. chatwar, Ir. ceathair.

Fowl. Goih. fugls, G. vogel, AS. fugol,
fugol, a bird, homflug, flight, by the loss
of the I J as in modern tm\es, fugle?nan
from G.fliigel-mann, from fltigel, a wing.
The same degradation seems to have
taken place in 'La.t. fugere, to fly. Com-
pare AS. fugol, a fugitive.

Fox. Goth., fmiho, G. fucks.

Fracas. Fr. fracas, wracks, destruc-
tion, havoc, hurlyburly. — Cot. It. fra-
casso, tracasso, any manner of rumbling
or ruinous noise, as the faUing of houses,
trees, walls, or thunderclaps, wrack,
havoc ; hurlyburly, breaking in pieces,
trampling underfoot. — Fl. An onoma-
topoeia analogous to Fr. patatra, or pa-
tatras, representing the clatter of falling
things. — Trevoux.

Fraction. — Fragile. — Fragment.
haX. frango, fractum, to break. From a
representation of the noise of breaking
by the syllable frac as in It. fracasso.
See Fracas.

Frail. Fr. frile, from fragile, Lat.
fragilis, easily broken.

Frail. OFr. fray el, friau, a mat-
basket. ' Fyggys, raysins in frayel.' —
Cceur de Lion in Way.

* Frame. — To Frame. To frame is
to dispose, adapt, construct, compose,
contrive.

18 »

276

FRANCHISE

I have been a truant to the law ;
I never yet covi\d/rame my will to it,
And therefore //-a/«s the law unto my will .
Hen VI.

To frame a story is to arrange it for a
certain purpose. Hence /ra;w, disposi-
tion, structure, constructionj fabric. Tlie
frame of mind is the disposition of the
mind ; out of frame, out of ajustment,
out of joints; a frame of timber, a con-
struction of timber (for an ulterior pur-
pose). We are, I believe, led on a wrong
scent by the ON. frama, fremja (from
fratn, forth, forwards), to promote, ad-
vance, execute, fulfil, accomplish ; AS.
fremman, gefremman, OHG. gafremjan,
to perform. H(Ela gefremman, to do
cures.— Luc. xiii. 32. Helpe gefremman,
to give help ; man gefremjnian, to work
wickedness. The true relations of our
word lie in a different quarter. It can
hardly be doubted that G. rahme, rah-
men, Du. raem, raam, Da. ramme, frame,
as of a picture, window, looking-glass,
the solid structure by which these ob-
jects are held together, are the true cor-
relatives of the E. word, as well as of
Bret, framm, timber framework of a
house, joint, joining. Framjna, to ad-
just, unite, solder, join.

The origin may be traced to ON.
hrammr, the paw or clutch of a beast,
the initial h of which corresponds to the
/of frame and is wholly lost in Sw. ram,
paw, clutch, frame, as in ON. hrim, Da.
riim, compared with Fr. frimas, or in
OHG. riban, ripan, compared with Fr.
friper, to wear. Hence ON. hremma,
Sw. rama, to clutch, to seize ; ram,
seizure (Rietz), opportunity. Se sittram,
to see his opportunity ; passa ram, to
watch his opportunity [of seizure] ; rama,
to scheme, to devise (Ihre) ; berama dag,
Du. dag raamen, to appoint a day (Hol-
trop) ; ramen, to aim, hit, plan ; beramen,
to concert, contrive, dispose. — Bomhoff.
Raemen (passen), to adjust, to fit, con-
venire, quadrare. — Kil. Raemen nae
jemands dood, machinari mortem, to
frame his death. G. rahmen, Du. raam,
Y.. frame is a structure adapted for a par-
ticular purpose, as for stretching cloth,
for holding embroidery, a picture, &c.

I'ranchise. — Frank. Fr. franc, free,
liberal, courteous, valiant, sincere. — Cot.
Supposed to be taken from the name of
the Franks, the conquerors of Gaul, the
only free men remaining when the former
inhabitants were reduced to a servile
condition. ON. Frackr, a Frank, French-
man, also free, freeborn. In charters of

FRECKLE

the year 799 ingenuus, nobilis, and francus
are synonymous. — Due.

It seems however more probable that
the name of the Franks should have
been taken from the idea of freedom
rather than vice vers4, and the original
sense of the word is probably shown in
'&xe.\.. frank, spacious, wide. A person in
freedom is said in Fr. to be au large.
Bret, frankaat, to enlarge, make or be-
come wider, free from, deliver.

Frantic. — Frenzy. Fr. fr^netique,
frinesie, 'L?^.. phreneticus , from Gr. ^pjjvl-
TiQ, disorder of the {(ppfiv) mind.

Franzy. — Frangy. — Frany. Com-
monly applied to children, peevish, fret-
ful. Fris. wrante, to complain as young
children, to be peevish ; wrannig, ill-
tempered, peevish. — Outzen.

Fraternal. Lat. frater, a brother.

Fraud. 'L?d..fraus,fraudis.

Fray. See Affray.

To Fray. Fr. frayer, to rub, or fret
by often rubbing, to wear, make smooth
by much using. — Cot. The deer frays
its head, rubs its horns against a tree.
It. fregare, \j3X. fricare, to rub.

Freak. A sudden wanton whim or
caprice, a flighty humour, or fancy. — R.

O but I fear the fickle freaks, quoth she,
Of Fortune false.— F. Q.

Freak, like caprice, expresses an act with-
out apparent motive, and is therefore re-
ferred to a violent internal desire. It.
frega, a longing desire, or itching lust —
Fl. ; fregola, longing, fancy, humour,
itching' desire. ' Gli venne la fregola
d'andare alia campagna:' the freak took
him to go to the country. — Altieri.

The origin is the verb fregare, to rub,
to move lightly to and fro, expressing the
restless condition of one under the in-
fluence of strong desire, as in Yx-fretlller,
to wag, stir often, to wriggle, tickle, itch
to be at it. — Cot.

2. Another sense of freak is seen in
Milton's ' Pansy freaked with jet,' i. e.
streaked. This also is from It. fregare,
to streak, frego, a dash, stroke, touch,
line. — Alt. Fr. fricfrac expresses the
sound made by strokes to and fro with a
switch. See Firk.

3. A third sense oS. freak was a man.

By Chryst quod Favell Drede is soleyne freke.
Skelton in R.

In this sense the word is a modification
of ON. reckr, OHG. recke, OE. renk, rink,
ON. drengr, a warrior. See Drake.

Freckle. Provincially freckens or
frackens. on. frehia, N. friiknc, frokle.

FREE

fliikr, freckles. — Aasen. G. fleck, flecken^
a blot, spot, stain ; flecken von der sonne,
freckles. Gael, breac, speckled ; broke,
broiceait, a mole, a freckle, w. brith,
brych, Bret, bi-iz or bridh, speckled, parti-
coloured.
Free. as. freo, ON./n, Gaih.frija.
Freebooter.— filibuster. Freeboot-
er is one who without the authority of
national warfare makes free to appropri-
ate as booty whatever falls under his
hand. The name was especially given
to the buccaneers who infested the coast
of America in the l6th and 17th centu-
ries, and was pronounced by the Fr.
flibustiers, by the Spaniards filibuster.
From the latter has arisen in the present
age the terra fillibuster, a. name given in
America to adventurers making piratical
expeditions against states of . Spanish
race.

ToFreeze. — Frigid.— Frost. — Frieze.
It has been shown under Caprice and
Chitterling that the representation of a
vibrating sound is used to express a
quivering, vibratory motion, and thence
an undulating, wrinkled, or curly surface.
A further development of the train of
thought applies the forms signifying
shivering to the affections of cold or fear,
as most distinctly characterized by the
symptom of shivering. On this principle
may be connected a numerous series of
words founded on the representation of a
rustling, simmering, twittering noise, by
the syllables friss, frit, frik, frig.

In the original sense we may cite Sw.
frasa, to rustle ; frasa, to whizz, roar,
hiss ; Sc. frais, to make a crackling, or
crashing noise — Jam. ; Fr. frissement
d'un trait, the whizzing of an arrow ; Sp.
frez, the rustling of silk-worms on mul-
berry leaves, fresar, to growl ; Piedm.
fricioU, the noise made by things frying ;
frige, frise, the noise of things beginning
to boil, simmering ; It. friggere, fresso,
fretto, to whimper as a child, to fry ; Lat.
frigere (originally to twitter or fizz, as
shown by the derivativesy^-z^'Z/a, a finch,
frigutire, to chatter), to fry ; Gr. ^plaaaf
ippiTTu), to rustle, ^pvyoi, ^pvaaw, {ipurru, to
parch, or fry.

In the sense of shivering ; Fr. la voile
frise, the sail shivers in the wind ; fris-
son, a shudder ; G. ^plaaia, ppiTTw, to
shiver from cold or fear ; fpkii, shudder-
ing, chill, fear ; Du. vriesen, to tremble
with cold — Overyssel Almanac ; Pl.D.
vresen, vreren, to tremble for cold, to be
cold ; E. freeze, applied to the effect of
cold in solidifying liquids. It is probable

FREEZE

277

that the Lat. frigere, frigutire, to be
cold, have the same origin, and thus
oddly enough are radically identical with
frigere, to fry.

Frieze, i. The transition from the
idea of shivering to that of a rough, un-
even surface is exemplified in Lat. hor-
rere, to shudder, horridus, rough ; E.
shag, or shog, to shake or jog, and
shaggy, rough, tufted ; and (in the case
of the root we are now considering) in
Gr. ^pi'ioc, bristled, rough, with curled
hair ; Fr. friser, to frizzle, crisp, curl (as
water blown on by a gentle wind), to
wriggle — Cot. ; E. frizzle, to curl, or
wrinkle up. On the same principle the
name oi frieze is given to coarse, shaggy
cloth, by false etymology supposed to
have come from Friesland, in the same
way that a frizzled hen is called a Fries-
land hen, or a kind of duck with musky
odour, a Muscovy duck. Yr. frise, espfece
de toile de laine frisd ; toile forte de la
province de Frise. — Gattel.

2. The application of the root to a
surface plaited or roughened with orna-
mented work gives Fr. fraise, freze,
Piedm. /r^ja, a ruff, or frill ; Fr. frizons,
frizzled, or raised work of gold or silver
wire, &c. — Cot. ; Sp. fres, gold or silver
lace ; Mid.Lat. aurifrasium, aurifrisia,
aurifregia, OFr. orfrais, E. orfray, a
border or fringe of gold, band of gold
lace ; \t.fregio, Vr.frize, ■&. frieze, frize,
the ornamented border running beneath
the cornice in architecture. Pied, fris,
frieze ; also a band or border for the
ornament of garments or furniture ; fris
d' fioret, a ferret band, fris d' lana, a
worsted border. Mid.Lat. frisare, to
ornament with borders or embroidery,
' Item quod pannos earum non possint
sXit&x frisare vel ornare nisi cum duplonis
aureis vel argenteis seu seti.' — Carp.
' Pallium unum cum friso et margaritis.'
— Due.

It is remarkable that the conversion of
frieze into Frisian cloth is only a repeti-
tion of the same etymological blunder
which in ancient times seems to have
given the name of Phrygian work to
wriggled or frizzled work, embroidery or
tissue ornamented or roughened with
needlework, showing that the It. fregio
is of ancient standing in the Latin lan-
guage. Pictas vestes acu facere Phryges
invenerunt ideoque Phrygionise appellate
sunt.— -Plin. Phrygio, an embroiderer.
In Mid.Lat. phrygium, and phrysum,
were used for a border of embroidery.
'Planetam purpuream aureis phrygits

278

FREIGHT

mensium duodecim signa in se haben-
tibus ornatam.' ' Planetam purpuream
cum phryso et cum aquili ex margaritis
context!' — Due.

Freight. — Fraught. G. fracM, Fr.
fret, the loading of a waggon or ship,
and secondly the money paid for the
conveyance. G. ferchen, to despatch, to
expedite ; Swiss ferken, ferggen, to for-
ward goods, to convey them in a wag-
gon ; fergg, gfergg, conveyance, waggon ;
ferggete, transport of wares.

Frenzy. See Frantic.

Frequent. Lat. frequens, that, often
comes or is done.

Fresh, as. fersc, Du. versck, frisch,
ON. friskr. It. fresco, Fr. fraische, frais,
recent, new, and sweet, cool, in full
vigour.

The original sense is probably to be
sought in Y.. frisk, indicating lively move-
ment, exertion for the mere pleasure of
the thing ; Fr. frisque, lively, brisk,
spruce, gay. — Cot. N. frisk, lively,
healthy, sound. — Aasen. Then as brisk-
ness or friskiness is worn out by con-
tinued exertion or fatigue, by heat, or by
lapse of time, the term is applied to what
is unworn, untired, unheated, uhkept,
recent. Meat is adapted for keeping by
salting, whence fresh or unkept meat is
opposed to salt meat, and by extension
water fit for drinking, as opposed to salt
water, is czSi^d. fresh. See Frisk.

Fret. We traced under Freeze the
development of a number of forms having
a wide range of signification, from the
representation of a rustling, quivering
sound by the radical syllable fris, frij,
frig, and a series separated from the
above by no definite line, but solely by
the convenience of practical illustration,
may be deduced from the same original
image represented by the syllables frit,
fric, friss,

I. Fret, the stop or key of a musical
instrument. The direct representation
of sound gives Lat. fiitinire, to twitter as
a swallow ; fritillits, the box in which
the dice are rattled previous to being
thrown on the board ; It. frizzare, to
quaver with the voice, or run nimbly on
an instrument — Fl. ; Fr. fredonner, to
shake, divide, quaver in singing or play-
ing ; fredon, a semiquaver in music, and
hence division, and a warbling or quaver-
ing.— Cot. Hence E. fret, properly a
note in music, then the stops on a
stringed instrument by which the note
was sounded. The monkish poet, in a
Life of Bishop Amandus, who as a boy

FRET

had a wonderful gift of singing, uses
fritillos in the sense of notes.

Quis docuit puerum, qui sensus quaeso suasit,
Hebraico sonitu ignotos ■pxolene.frUillos.
Ducange. Henschel.

2. To fret, to work, as liquor in a
slight state of fermentation. From direct
imitation of the simmering sound made
by the small bubbles rising and breaking.
It. frizzare, to spirt or startle, as good
wine doth being poured into a flat glass.
— Fl. Pied, friciole, the noise made in
frying. — Zalli.

3. To fret, to rub, wear, consume, eat
up. Fretted, worn by rubbing ; vexed,
discomposed, ruffled in mind. — B. From
the sense of a quivering sound, as in the
series mentioned under Freeze, the root
passes on to signify a quivering motion.
Fr. fretiller, to move, wag, stir often,
wriggle, tickle — Cot. ; E. fritters, shivers,
fragments ; to frit, to rub or move up
and down ; '^.ffrid,ffrit, a sudden start
or jerk ; It. frizzare, to frisk or skip
nimbly. — Fl. Du. writseUn, vritselen,
motitari, subsilire — Kil. ; wrikken, Dan.
vrikke, to wriggle or joggle ; 'Lat.fricare,
to rub ; It. fregare, to rub, frig, frit,
friggle ; fregagione, rubbing, or fritting
up and down gently, as is the custom to
sick people. — Fl. Prov. fregar, fretar,
to rub ; Fr. froter, to rub, chafe, fret, or
grate against. — Cot. Bav. fo-etten , to
rub (as a key wearing a hole in one's
pocket), and figuratively, to plague, to
worry. Swiss, fretten,fratten, to become
sore by rubbing; Ba.v.fratt, Du. vraet, a
place galled by rubbing, whence probably
a wart, AS. vrat, originally the callus
produced by rubbing.

The sense of wearing away, consuming
by rubbing, passes into that of gnawing,
eating away, eating up, so that it is often
impossible in the figurative use of the
word to say whether it has reference
simply to the annoyance and soreness
produced by rubbing, or to the more
exaggerated figure of eating up.

Hans Sachs uses frcitcn for drilling a
'hole in a coin. — Schmeller. To fret, as
cloth, is to wear by rubbing, but when
we speak oi fretting by moths we pass to
the notion of eating, as in G. von motten
gefressen, moth-eaten.
These wormes ne these mothes ne these mites
Upon my paraille/re/ hem never a del ;
And wost thou why ? for they were used well.
Wife of Bath.

QiCi'sh..fuglos fretun, the fowls consumed
them. Sw. frata, to corrode, to prey
upon ; frata sig of sorg, to fret with grief.

FRIBBLE

as G. von gram gefressen, consumed with
grief.

We have the same connection between
the senses of consuming insensibly and
eating in G. zehren (the equivalent of E.
tear), to wear away, waste, eat and drink ;
Sw. tdra, to consume, corrode, wear
away, eat ; tdra sig sjetf, to fret oneself;
tdra sig afsorg, to fret with sorrow. In
both cases the fundamental meaning is
the notion of wearing away ; consump-
tion by eating, a secondary application.
The possibility of resolving the word into
a compound of the particle ver or fra
{ver-eten, ver-essen, Goth., fraitan, to eat
up), exhibits a source of confusion which
not unfrequently perplexes the etymology
of words with an initial //-. So Kiliaif
explains vriezen, to freeze, as ver-ijsen,
to become ice, and the Brem. Worter-
buch, vresen, to fear, as ' without doubt,'
from "ver and aisen, eisen, to shudder.
And see Fright.

4. Fret, ornamented work in embroid-
ery, or carving, synonymous with Sp.
fres, gold lace ; It.fregio, Vi&A.fris, Mid.
'LaX.fristim,frismm, list, lace, ornamented
border.

About the sides shall niti B-fref
Of primroses. — Drayton in R .
Iclothid was this mighty God of Love
In silli embroidered full of grene graves,
In which there was a, fret of red rose-leaves.
Chaucer. Legend Good Women, 228,

In the same poem the Queen of Love is
said to wear on her hair a fret of gold
surrounded with a crown of pearls, the
comparison of which to the yellow centre
of a daisy set off by the white petals of
the ray shows that the term is by no
means constantly applied either to a bor-
der or a circlet.

The origin, as above explained in the
case oi frieze, is to be found in the notion
of quivering or shaking, conceived as
curling the surface of a liquid and throw-
ing it into vibrations, offering a type of
embroidered or sculptured ornamentation.
So Fr. fringoter, to quaver, or divide in
singing, also to fret or work, frets in gold,
silver, &.c.;fringoteries, frets, cranklings,
wriggled flourishes in carving, &c. — Cot.
In like manner It. frizzare, Fr. frMonner,
to quaver in singing, 'E. fritter, to shiver,
lead to Yx.frizons, frizzled or raised work
of gold or silver wire, &c., and E.fret, in
the sense of carved or embroidered work.

5. Fret in Heraldry and Architecture
is from a totally different root, signifying
the interlacing of bars or fillets. OFr.
fre'ter, croiser, entrelacer. — Roquefort.

FRIEZE

279

F}-ets in heraldry are bars crossing each
other in lozenge-shape, and interlacing,
fretted, interlaced. K fretted roof is one
ornamented by bands or fillets crossing
each other in different patterns.

In the expression fretised roof, fretise
is a collection of frets, as lattice a collect-
ion of laths, brattice, of brets, or boards.

The sense of interlacing is taken from
the notion of an iron grating. The It.
ferrata, the grating of a window, or the
like, becomes ^ii in Piedm., while /r^/ in
the latter dialect ■ corresponds to It. fer-
retto, any little implement of iron. Hence
Fr. frete, the verril or iron ring that keeps
a tool from riving, iron hoop round the
nave of a wheel ; Sp. fretes, the bands
forming the body of a shield. — Neumann ;
and Fr. frettes (pi.), according to Diez,
an iron grating.

Fribble. ' To fribble, to trifle, to totter
like a weak person. — Todd. ' How the
poor cxe.z.t\xxt. fribbles '\u his gait.' — Tatler
49. To be explained from Central Fr.
fribohr, to flutter, flit to and fro without
fixed purpose like a butterfly ; barivoler,
to flutter in the wind. — Jaubert. Fari-
boles, fond tattling, trifles, flimflams. —
Cot. A similar metaphor is seen in
Walach. ySr/fe/a {q. flattergeist), a trifler,
compared with It. farfalla, a butterfly.
Probably Lat. frivolus may be from the
same ultimate root.

Fricassee. Fr. fricasser, to fry. Lat,
frigere, frixum, from the hissing sound.

Friction. 'Lz.t. frico,frictiim,to chafe,
rub. See Fridge.

Friday, as. Frige-dceg, G. Frey-tag,
the day sacred to Frigga, or Freya, the
Saxon Venus, as Lat. Dies Veneris, Fr.
Vendredi.

Fridge. — Frig. — Friggle. — Frit. To
fridge or frig about. — Skinner. Rapid
vibratory movement is expressed by a
numerous series of sylla.hles,fcA,fg,fp '
{phip), fidge, fitsch (Swiss fitschen), fit
{fitter), flick, flig, flip, flitsch (Bav. flit-
scken),flit, and (with an r instead of an /)
frick (Lat. fricare), frig,fritsch (It. fric-
ciare), frit {w.flrit, Fr. f re tiller), imitat-
ing the sound of switching to and fro with
a light implement, or the crackling sound
of frying, or rustling of flames, or the like.
li. frizzare, to quaver with the voice, to
fry or parch, to frisk or skip nimbly ; fric-
ciare, to rub, claw, wriggle up and down
— FL, are precise equivalents of E. fridge.
'W.flrid,flrit, a quick start or jerk.

Friend. From Goth, frijon, to love,
a.s fiend, an enemy, {romfijan, to hate.

Frieze. See Freeze.

28o

FRIGATE

Frigate. Fr. frigate, Sp. fragata,
originally a light row-boat. Diez sup-
poses it may be from fabricata, a con-
struction, as Fr. b&timent, applied to boat,
ship, or vessel in general, from bdth', to
build.

rrigM. Go'Ca.faurlits, timid ; faurk-
tei, fear, faurhtjan, to fear. OSax. fo-
rohtian,forahtian,forhtia?i, to fear. AS.
forht, G. furcht, Sw. frukta, fear. The
O.Saxon forms might lead us to suppose
the word to be a compound of Goth, ogan,
prat, ohte, to fear ; ON. dga, to shudder at,
otta, to terrify ; but this is probably a
false scent of the class mentioned under
Fret, 3. The more likely origin is the
notion of shuddering, expressed by the
root frk. Gr. <p^Un, a shuddering from
cold or terror ; Mod.Gr. (ppiicrbe, fright-
ful ; tpp'iTTOj, to be frightened ; Walach.
,frica., fright ; fricosu, timorous.

Frill. A plaited band to a garment.
For the logical connection between a
twittering sound, a shivering vibratory
motion, and a curly or wrinkled surface,
see Chitterling, Crisp, Caprice. So from
W. ffrill, twitter, chatter, we pass to Fr.
friller, to shiver for cold, and thence (as
from chitter, to shiver, to chitterling, a
frill) to E. frill. The same relation is
shown under Freeze between Sw. frasa,
to rustle, ¥r. /riser, to shiver, axiA. /raise,
a frill or ruff. And Sw. /rasa, Fr. /riser,
lead through E./rizzle to Fr. /riller, in
the same way in which Sw. brasa, Fr.
bresiller, representing the crackling sound
of fire, lead to briller, to twinkle ; or in
which grisser, gresiller, grisler, to crackle,
lead to griller, to wriggle, curl, frizzle.
Central fr. /rediller, to shiver.

Fringe. Fr. /range, Rouchi, /rinche,
It./rangia, Sicil. /rinza, G./ranse, an or-
namented border of hanging threads or
plaited work, originally probably of the
latter construction. The word may be
accounted for in several ways, all leading
back to the fundamental notion of a
wrinkled structure, expressed by the
figure of a vibratory sound, as explained
under Freeze.

Thus we may consider the word as a
nasalised form of It. /regio, Fr. /raise, a
ruff. Pied, /ris, a list or border, or, what
comes to nearly the same thing, we may
derive it from Du. /ronssen, Fr. /roncer,
to plait or wrinkle. Compare "Dm. grij-
sen, grijnsen, to grin ; E. crease, and It.
grinza, a wrinkle.

On the other hand the Walach. forms
fimbrie and /riinbie show that /rimbia
may have been the original form of Lat.

FRITH

fimbria, whence /rangia would follow, as
cangiare, from cambiare, Fr. songer from
somniare. And /rimbia might be ex-
plained from a form like Du. wrempen,
wrimpen, %. /rumple. ' Fraiig^, fringed,
also wriinpled, snipt or jagged on the
edges.' — Cot.

Fripery. Worn-out clothes, then the
place where old clothes are sold, or such
faded finery as is sold by dealers in old
clothes.

Yr. /riper, to rub, to wear to rags ; Du.
wrijve7i, vrijven, to wear, to rub ; OHG.
ripan, G. reiben, to rub, wipe, grate ; Sw.
ri/ua, to scratch, tear, grate. The origin
seems a form /rip, related to the /ric in
Lat. /ricare, to rub, or AS. frician, to
dance, as clap to clack, or flip to flick.
Light, rapid, reciprocating movement is
represented by a number of similar sylla-
bles pointed out under Fridge.

Frisk. The use of the roots /ric,/rit,
flic,flit, in the expressions of smart, rapid,
repeated movement, has been mentioned
under Fridge, Fret, Firk, and in other
places. The addition of an s either be-
fore or after the final consonant improves
the effect in representing the broken rust-
ling sound of multifarious or continued
movement. Hence It. /rizzare (=: /rit-s-
are), to quaver with the voice, to fry or
parch, to spirt as effervescing wine, to
frisk or skip nimbly. The same idea is
conveyed by E. /risk. ' Put water in a
glass and wet your finger and draw it
round about the rim, — it will make the
visXtr /risk and sprinkle up in a fine dew.'
— Bacon in Todd. Fin. priiskua, to spirt,
start out as a spark, exsilio ut scintilla.
The same connection between the senses
of spirting, starting, and a crackling
sound, is seen in Russ./n«j.^«/", to spirt;
pruigaf, to leap or spring ; Serv. prigati,
to fry. Compare also Bret, /ringoli, to
quaver with the voice ; /riiiga, Fr. /rin-
giier, to frisk or frolick ; Serv. vrtziti, to
spirt, gush ; vrtzitise, to move quickly to
and fro.

K'^ flick a.nd /rick are of like effect in
expressing movements, we have flisk, to
skip or bounce, synonymous \with /risk.
—Hal.

Frith.— Firth. An arm. of the sea,
mouth of a great river. ON. /jordr,
/jordr, Dan. /jord, an arm of the sea.
Probably identical with Lat. /ictutn, a
narrow sea, from G&€i./rith, small, little,
subordinate. Frith-bhaile, a suburb ;
/ritk-cheu?n, a by-path ; /rith-ministeir,
a curate ; /rith-mhuir (a little sea), an
arm of the sea, loch, frith.

FRITH

The origin of the Gael, term may be
traced further back in W. brith, Bret, briz,
speckled, particoloured, mixed, having
the character indicated by the term with
which it is joined in a partial degree. W.
brith adnabod -dyn, partly to know a
person ; br'iih-ddiod, table-beer, small-
beer. Bret, briz-tiek, a poor cultivator;
briz-klenved, a light illness.

Frith. Kfreeth in N. Wales is a tract
of rough land inclosed on the skirts of
the mountain and held as common by
the proprietors of the district. Frith,
unused pasture-land ; a field taken from
a wood, young underwood, brushwood. —
Hal.

Elles foweles fedden hem in frythes ther thei
woneden. — P. P. in R.

' By frith and fell.' ' Out of forests
scnA frythes and all faire wodes.' — William
and the Werewolf. Gael, frith, a heath,
deer-park, forest ; frithne, an uninhab-
ited place ; Ir. frith, a wild mountainous
place.

It seems the same word with Fr.
friche, uncultivated condition. Bois en
friche, wood newly lopped and let stand
till it be grown again. Terre en friche,
land untilled or neglected, whereby it
becomes overgrown with shrubs and
weeds. — Cot. Fresche — Roquef ; frestizj
Mid.Lat. fresceium, freschiicm, friscum,
frostium — Carp. \ fraustum,frausta terra,
frusca terra — Due, waste land. Fraitis,
uncultivated land, pasturage. — Roquef
Frocs, fros, froux, common or void
grounds. — Cot. Fraux et pasturages. —
Due. Gael, fraoch, heath, the growth
of waste places. Bret, fraost, unculti-
vated. It. frasche, boughs, bushes, un-
derwood ; fratta, any thicket of brakes,
brambles, bushes, or briers. — Fl.

Fritter, i. A fried cake. ¥v.friture,
a frying ; frire (pple.frit), Bret, frita, to
fry. It. frittare, to fry in a pan, make
fritter-wise. — Fl. See Fry.

2. Fritters, fragments, shivers. To
fritter a thing away is to dissipate it by
bits. A parallel form ■w\tii flitter, fiinder,
of the same meaning. The primary
origin is the use oi frit, in expressing a
crackling sound, as in Lat. fritinnire, to
twitter, then, a rattling or vibrating mo-
tion, as in X-at. fritillus, a dice box ; Fr.
fretiller, to fidget ; Gr. (ppirru, to tremble
from cold or fear. To fritter, then, would
signify to shiver, and thence to break to
shivers. Compare Du. schateren, to re-
sound, to rattle, with E. shatter.

Frivolous. LaX. frivolus. See Frib-
ble.

FROTH

2S1

To Frizz. — Frizzle. Fr. frizer, to
curl, frizzle, ruffle, wriggle. Sv. frdsa,
to rustle, crackle, fizz, to spit like a cat.
For the connection between the idea of
curling and a rustling or crackling sound,
see Freeze. Gr. (ppil originally repre-
sents a rustling sound, such as that of
the wind among trees ; it is then applied
to the ruffling or curling of the surface of
water by the breeze, whence ^pi'iog, rough,
curled.

Frock. Froc de moine, a monk's cowl
or hood. WxA.lji.'i. flocus,floccum,frocus,
froccus, hroccus, roccus, originally a shaggy
cloak, from Lat. flocais, Ptg. frocco, a
flock, lock, or tuft of wool. G. rock, an
overcoat. The derivation of coat is pro-
bably similar.

Frog. I. G.frosche, Du. vorsch.

2. The ornament of an embroidered
coat. Ptg. froco, a flock of wool or of
silk, chenille de broderie ; frofadura,
ornaments of embroidery.

Froise. A pancake ; w. ffroes, an
omelet. From the noise of frying. Sw.
frdsa, to fizz, hiss, crackle. Sw. dial.
fres, noise of frying ; frdssa, to fry.

Whanne he is full in suche a dreme — •

He routeth with a slepie noyse

And broustleth as a monke'sy^'oyj^

When it is thrown into the pan. — Gower in R.

See Fizz.

Froliok. Gr. froh, frohlich, in good
hmnour ; frohlocken, to sport, to frolick.
The syllable lick, lock, is probably the
AS. termination lac, ON. leik, signifying
state or condition, and preserved in a
corrupted form in knowledge, wedlock.

OHG. fraw, frawa, joyful, G. freuen,
Vl.D . frazien, to rejoice ; G. freude, joy.
' Got frouue sela sina.' God bless his
soul. — Brem. Wtb. as. frofer, comfort.

From. The primitive sense seems
that of ON. framm, Dan. frem, forth,
forwards ; whence the secondary use of
the E. term in indicating the commence-
ment of motion. Goth. Iddja fram, he
went on, went further ; fram fruma,
from the beginning, i. e. as to the begin-
ning, onwards.

Front. Lat. frons, frontis. Pol.
przod, forepart ; przod glowy, the fore-
head. Na przodzie, in front. Przed,
befote.

Frontispiece. haX. frontispicium, the
forefront of a house. Now applied to
the front page of a book, and by corrup-
tion to the picture in front of a book.

Frost. See Freeze.

Froth. O^. fraud,fro^a, scum, ixoih.
Pl.D. frathen, fraodn, fradem, fraum,

282

FROUNCE

steam, vapour ; framen, to steam. The
analogy of the G. broden, brodem, steam,
Du. broem, foam, scum, leaves little doubt
that the origin oi froth is a representa-
tion of the sound of boiling or rushing
water. The same train of ideas is re-
peated with little variation of sound in
W. brock, din, tumult, froth ; brochi, to
fume, to chafe, to bluster ; Gael, bruich,
bruith, to boil, E. broth, boiling water,
and sometimes steam, as when we speak
of being in a broth of sweat. Du. bruy-
sen, to murmur, give a confused sound,
and also to foam ; bruys, foam, scum. —
Kil.
With an initial yr we have on.frysa,

fryssa, frussa, to snort as a horse ; N.

frosa, to snort, also as Sw. frusa, to
gush ; ^.ffrwd, Bret. /roud, a stream, a
torrent ; w. ffrydio, to stream, to gush,
bringing us to froth, as the result of the
gushing or dashing of water.

Frounce. Fr. froncer, fronser, to
plait, wrinkle ; fronser le frortt, to knit
the brow ; fronser la bouche, to twinge
the mouth. It. fronza di corda, a coil of
cordage, knot of strings. Du. fronssen,

fronsselen,fronckelen, to plait, to wrinkle ;
wronck, a twisting, contortion ; wronck-
elen, to twist, to wrinkle. — Kil. The
series of expressions for the idea of
wrinkling is very numerous, but they
may usually be traced to the image of a
crackling, frizzling noise, or to the snarl-
ing sounds expressive of ill temper ;
while it must be remembered that the
latter are only a particular instance of
the broken sounds which offer the most
general type of a broken or rugged sur-
face. Evidence of the imitative origin of

frounce is shown in Vr.froncher, to snort
like an angry horse.

Le destrier
Froiiche et henist, et regibe des pieds.

Roman de Garin.
On a similar plan are formed Lat.

frendere, fresum {ior frensum), to make
angry noises, snarl, grind the teeth ; Fr.

frinson, a. finch or twittering bird. And,
with an initial gr instead of //•, Du.
grinden, to snarl ; Fr. groncer, to roar
as the sea ; grincer, to grind the teeth ;
Du. grijnzen, to snarl, grumble, frown,
knit the brow ; It. grinza, a wrinkle.

Froward. on. frd, Dan. fra, from.
Fra top til taa, from top to toe. Froward
then is from-ward, turned away from,
unfavourable, as to-ward, turned in the
direction of an object, favourably dis-
posed to it. ' Me turneth thet neb blithe-
lich toitward to thinge thet me luveth

FRUMENTY

axidi fro mmard to thinge thet me hateth.'
— Ancren Riwle, 254. One turns the
face willingly toward to things that one
loveth, and froward to things that one
hateth.

Frown. Immediately from Fr. fro-
gner (preserved in refrogner, to frown,
look sourly on — Cot.), which must origin-
ally have had the same signification as
It. grigiiare, to snarl, Fr. grogner, to
grunt or grumble. Compare grognard,
grunting, also pouting or frowning. — Cot.
E. dial, frine, to whimper ; Sw. dial.
frunna, to buzz ; fryna, to grin ; frimten,
wrinkled ; frutt, angry, cross.

Frowsy. Probably a corruption of
foisty ox fusty. V\.V>. fisfrig, close, ill-
smelling, like a peasant's room. — Dan-
neil.

To Frub. — Fruggan. As frip and
frick are found in the sense of light
movement to and fro, frub and frug
seem to represent movement of a heavier
nature.

Like many words beginning withy)-,
or wr, frub passes into rub on the one
side, and fub on the other. W. rhwbio,
to rub ; N. fubba, to wriggle to and fro.
The root frug, in the same sense, has
many relatives in E. {friggle, wriggle,
&c.), but appears most distinctly in It.
frugare', to wriggle up and down, rub,
burnish — Fl. ; to poke with a stick, to
sound, to fumble — Altieri ; and with in-
version of the r, in furegare, to fumble,
grope for, to sweep an oven ; furegone, a
groper, also a malkin or oven-sweeper.
Yx.fourgon, 'S..fruggan,fruggin, an oven-
fork, by which fuel is put into an oven
and stirred when it is in it. — Cot.

From the same root we must derive
the Lat. furca, primarily an implement
for poking, and only incidentally one
with divided prongs. See Furbish.

Frugal Lat. frux, pi. fruges, the
fruits of the earth, corn, c&c, was applied
met. to what constitutes the worth of a
thing, to the fruits of a good life. Emer-
sisse aliquando, et se ad frugem bonam,
ut dicitur, recepisse. — Cic. Multa ad
bonam frugem ducentia in eo libro con-
tinentur. — Cell. Hence homo bona fnigis
or homo frugi, a man of worth, diligent,
serviceable, temperate, sober ; coina frugi,
a modest repast. Th&n frugalis, opposed
to waste, thrifty.

Fruit. — Fruition. Fr. fruit, Lat.
friictiis; iromfruor, fructtis sx\d,fruitus,
to enjoy.

Frumenty. — Furmenty. Fr. fru-
mcnti!e, furmenty (a kind of wheat gruel).

FRUMP

— Cot. Frotnent, "LcA. frumenium, wheat.

Frump. To flout, jeer or mock, taunt
or snub. — B. A contemptuous speech or
piece of conduct. — Nares. It also ex-
presses the ill temper of the person who
gives the frump. Frumpy, frumpish,
peevish, froward ; frump, a cross old
woman. — Hal.

The origin is the same as that of the
synonymous _;?<?2«/, viz. an imitation of the
pop or blurt with the mouth, expressive
of contempt or ill humour. The same
hnitative syllable with a somewhat differ-
ent application is seen in Bret, fromma.
It. frombare, to whizz, while the radical
connection between the two ideas is shown
by It. fruUare, to make a rumbling or
whizzing noise ; frulla, a flurt, lirp, phip
with one's fingers, a trifle, toy. — Fl.

Then as the mouth is screwed up in
thus giving vent to ill temper, the radical
imitation of the sound produced gives
rise to forms expressing screwing up the
mouth, wrinkling the nose, which are
afterwards extended to the idea of wrink-
ling, twisting, or contraction in general.
Du. wrempen, wrimpen, G. riimpfen, to
distort the mouth or make a wry face in
contempt ; Bav. rimpfen, to shrink or
crumple, to twist as a worm, to wrinkle as
the skin of an old woman ; E. wrimpled,
crumpled ; frumple, to wrinkle, crumple,
ruffle — Hal. ; as. hrynipelle, a rumple,
fold ; E. rimple, rutnple, to wrinkle,
tumble, or throw into irregular folds.

As G. rumpeln is to rumble or make a
rattling noise, E. rumble, to make a low
broken noise, it is quite possible that
the sense of wrinkling may come direct
from that connection between the idea
of a broken surface and the image of a
broken sound, of which we have had so
many instances. See Frounce.

To Frush. From a direct representa-
tion of the noise of things breaking. Fr.
froisser, to crash, crush, knock, or clatter
together. — Cot. It.frusczare, to frush or
crush together. — Fl.

Frustrate. l.aX. frustra, in vain.

Fry. Properly the spawn of fish, but
now applied to the young bi'ood lately
spawned. Fr. fray, spawn of fish or
frogs. Goth. T^azV, seed ; O'S.frioffrid,
seed, egg ; friofsa, to fecundate.

To Fry. From the sputtering noise
of things cooking in boiling grease, Lat.
frigere, Vr.frire, brire (Vocab. de Vaud.),
to fry.

Fub. — Fubsy. Fub, a plump child. —
B. A word of analogous formation to
bob, dab, dod, signifying a lump, anything

FULSOME

283

thick and short, from the noise of a lump
of something thrown on the ground.
Fump, a slap, a blow — Hal. ; Da. dial.
fompe, a blow, a fat fleshy person ; fompet,
fat, fubsy ; fuddet, thick, and full in the
face.

To Fuddle. To make tipsy, to stupefy
with drink. A corruption oi fuzzle, to
\-i\ak& fuzzy, or indistinct with drink.

The first night having liberally taken his drink,
my fine scholar was so fusled that, &c. — Anat.
Melanch.

To fossle, vossle, to entangle, to con-
fuse business. — Cotswold Gl.

P1.D. flissig, fuddig, raveled, . fuzzy —
Brem. Wtb. ; flssUg, fusslig, just tipsy
enough to speak indistinctly — Danneil ;
C'r. faseln, to feaze, fuzz, ravel, to rave or
dote. — Kuttner.

Fudge. Fr. dial, fucke ■' feucke ! like
E. pisk ! an interjection of contempt ;
who cares ! ' Picard, ta maison brule.
Feucke ! j'ai Fcld dans m'poque ' — ■
fudge ! I've the key in my pocket. — •
Hdcart. From this interjection is the
vulgar Fr. se ficker d'une ckose, to disre-
gard it. Je nUenficke, I pish at it, pooh-
pooh it, treat it with contempt. Fickez
le d, la parte, bid him truss or trudge,
turn him out. Ficku, awkward, imac-
ceptable, absurd. // est ficku, he is gone
ta pot. — Gattel. Precisely similar ex-
pressions are V\X).futsck ! begone ; datt
is futsck goon, gone to pot — Danneil ;
Swiss futsck werden, to fail, to come to
nothing. 'Ba.Y.pfutsck/ expresses a rapid
instantaneous movement ; Swab, pfitzen,
to disappear.

Fuel. — Fewel. OYx. fouaille, M.Lat.
focale, firing, horn, focus, hearth, fireplace,
and thence It. fuoco, Sp. fuegc, Fr. feu,
fire. Fouailler, the woodyard. — Roquef.

-fuge. — Fugitive. Lat. fugio, Gr.
(ptvfdi, to fly, escape, avoid. Refuge, a
place to fly to.

Full. See Fill.

To Full.— Fuller. Lat. fullo, a fuller,
a dresser of cloth. It. follare, to full or
tuck woollen cloths, also to press or
crowd ; folia, a throng or crowd. ■ Fr.
fouler, to tread or trample on ; fouller, to
full, or thicken cloth in a mill. Du. vollen,
to work and thicken cloth by stamping
on it in a trough (called voll-kom), with
water. — Kil. VoLfolowad, to full ; folusz,
a fuller. Serv. valyati (volutare), to roll
about, to full cloth. Russ. vaV, a roller,
cylinder ; valek', a washing beetle ; val-
yat', to roll, to throw down, to full cloth.

* Fulsome. Distasteful, loathsome,
luscious. — B. The derivation from ON,

284 FUMADOES

fullsa, to show disgust, must be given up,
the earlier sense of the word being simply
fulfilling, satisfying, then satiating, cloy-
ing, sickening.
Thann were spacli spices spended al aboute
Pulsomdi at the fill to eche freke thereinne,
And the wines tlierwith wich hem best lilted.
William and the Werew. 1. 4324-

rumadoes. Our pilchards salted and
dried in the smoke are so called in Spain
and Italy. — B. Transformed by the salt-
fish dealers into Fairmaids.

To Fumble. To handle a thing awk-
wardly.— B. See Famble.

Fume. A smoke or steam. Lat.
fumus, smoke. Hence to fume, to chafe
with anger, from the strong breathing of
anger. Wall, foumi sain pip, to smoke
without pipe, to be out of temper.

* Fun. Sport, game ; to fun, to cheat,
deceive. — Hal. OE. fon, Sw. fane. Da.
d.\al.f}un, a fool. To fon, to make a fool
. of, to make game of. ' Soyn shalle we
fon hym.' — Towneley Myst., p. 94. ON.
fdna, to behave foolishly ; Sw. dial._^«/a,
fjanta, to play, sport, joke. The same
connection of ideas is seen in Fr. fol,
foolish ; folatre, sportive. The court fool
and jester was the same person.

-funct. — Function. 'L^t.fungor, func-
tus, to discharge, fulfil an office, commis-
sion, &c. Defunctus vitd, having done
with life, dead.

Fundamental. — Fund. See To
Found.

Funeral. "LiX. funics, funeris, a dead
body, the rites of burial.

Funk. I. A strong rank smell as that
of tobacco. — B. Properly an exhalation.
Lang.yK», smoke. — Diet. Castr. Rouchi,
funquer. Wall, funki, funker, to smoke,
ftmqueroji (fumeron), imperfectly burnt
charcoal. Hence the metaphorical sense
of perturbation, fright. In de fonk ziin
(to be in a funk), in perturbatione esse. —
Kil. ' Si commen5a a soi fuiner (began
to be disturbed), et couleur changier, et
se douta de,' &c. — c. nouv. nouv. xli.

2. Touchwood. — Hal. Properly a
spark, in the same way that spunk is used
both for spark and touchwood. Funkc,
or lytylle fyre, igniculus. — Pr. Pm. Du.
•voncke, a spark ; voncke, -vonck-hottt,
touchwood, tinder.

O.funke, 'Bs.Y.flunken, a sp&rk, funkeln,
to sparkle, ixovs:iflunkern,flinkern,flinken,
to glitter.

Funnel, i. An implement for pouring
liquids into a narrow orifice. Lat. infun-
dibulum, himousm enfoumt, Bret _^aunit,
tromfundere, to pour.

FURL

* 2. A chimney-pipe, from the resem-
blance to a funnel for pouring. It is re-
markable that tunnel also is used in the
two senses. Tonnell, to fill wine with,
antonnoir. Tonnell of a chymney, tuyau,
— Palsgr.

Fur. The proper meaning of the word
is lining, and then the woolly skins of
animals used for lining clothes, the coat-
ing of planks with which the side of a
ship is lined, &c. It is a contracted form
from fodder, which in all the languages
of the Gothic stock is used in the double
sense of food, and case or lining. To
fodder a garment, to line it with cloth or
skins. — Junius. Goth, fodr, a sheath,
OHG. fuotar, a sheath, and fodder for
cattle ; on. fodr, sheath, lining ; Du. voe-
der, fodder, sheath, lining, fur; voeyer,
fodder, lining. — Kil. So in the Romance
languages. It. fodero, fodder, sheath, lin-
ing ; S^.fo7-ro, lining, sheathing.

The difficulty is to connect the two
meanings by a natural transition. Fiorio
regards the sense of victuals as the figur-
ative one. ' Fodere, by metaphor used
among soldiers for victuals or provant,
serving as it were for a lining for their
bodies.' The same figure occurs in the
old song :

' Then line your worn doublet with ale, Gaffar
Gray.'

Bwt fodder in the sense of victuals is un-
doubtedly connected ^xXh.food, while phi-
lologists are quite at a loss for any de-
rivation of the word in the sense of a
sheath ; and the act of putting food into
the stomach might be taken as the type
of stowing away, placing ^^•ithin a recep-
tacle. Yx.fourrer, to put, thrust, or throw
into, to lodge in, or hide within a hollow
thing, hence to case, to sheath, to fur. —
Cot.

* Furbelow. Yr. falbalas, S'p.farfald,
a flounce. Lyonnese farbela, fringe,
flounce, rag ; farbelousa, woman in rags,
beggar. The meaning seems to be some-
thing flapping to and fro. Central Fr.
fribolcr, barivoler, to flutter ; des i-ubans
barivolants ; une robe qui barivole. It.
farfalla, a butterfly, from its fluttering
flight.

To Furbish.. Fr. fourbir. It. forbire,
to frub, furbish, burnish. — Fl. See Frub.

To Furl. Also tofarthel—V,. ; farthel-
ling lines, the lines used in furling. From
tying up the sails in a fardel, or truss.
Yx.fardelcr, to truss, or pack up. The
Fr. fresler, to furl, may be taken back
again from 'E.fnrl.

FURLONG

Furlong. A furrow-long, the length
of a furrow.

Furlough. Leave of absence given
to a soldier. Du. verlof, leave, permis-
sion.

Furnace. Fr. fournaise, It. fomace,
ha-t./urnus, an oven.

To Furnish. It./ormre, to store with,
provide unto, finish. — Fl. Fr. enfourner,
to set in an oven, to begin, set in hand,
set on work ; parfournir, to perform, ac-
complish, fulfil, also to supply, furnish,
make up.^Cot. The thorough baking
of the loaf would thus seem to afford the
type from whence fornire acquires the
sense of finishing or completing. Lat.
furnus, an oven. Ordine est qe leo tur-
ters ne dussent nul payn blaunk fayre
ntfurmre. — Complaint of bakers of white
bread, 15 Ed. II. Lib. Alb. 2, 413.

Furrow. As. furh, G. furche, Lat.
jiorca.

Furze. Properly ^/?rj, from the prickly
leaves common to the two kinds of plant.
Fyrrys, or quice-tree, or gorstys-tree, rus-
cus. Fyre, sharp brush {firre, whyn), sali-
unca. — Pr. Pm. Brosse, browzings for
deer, slso fur-bushes. — Fl.

To Fuse. -fuse. Lat. fundo, fusum,
to pour, and thence to cast metal, e.
fuse, to melt metal for casting, to melt
or render liquid ; infusion, a solution in
liquid ; projuse, lavish, pouring out ; con-
fusion, a pouring together, making indis-
tinct.

* Fusee. — Fuse. From 'LsX. fiisus, a
spindle, \t.fuso,fusolo, a spindle or spool
to spin with, also the shank or shaft of
anything, as of a dart or candlestick, the
shank of the leg, middle beam or post of
a crane or a tent, axle of a millstone or
of a wheel ; Yx.fuseau, a spindle, spool,
bobbin, axle of a grindstone ; fus^e, a
spindlefull of thread, and from the re-
semblance of form., the fusee or conical
wheel round which the chain winds ; the
barrel or axletree of a crane (Cot.). Ficsh
is also applied to certain pipe-shaped
hollows, as the fistula of an abscess, the
burrow of a fox, and it is under this
aspect that the term is applied to a squib
or rocket, a cylindrical case filled with
wildfire. Hence the fuse or fusee of a
bombshell, a pipe of slow burning powder
used to ignite the charge. It. fusolare,
to twirl or spin, to bore ordnance or
wooden pipes, to make rockets or squibs.
— Fl. Mod. Gr. (pvaeicri, (pvasyyiov, a squib,
cartridge, rocket.

Fusel oil. A fetid oil arising from
potato spirit. G. dial. (Fallersleben)

FUTTOCKS

285

fussehi,fisseln, to touch lightly with the
fingers ; Bav. fuseln, to trifle, dawdle,
piddle, work hastily and ill ; Tyrol ftts-
lerei, fuselwerk, bad, useless work ; fusel-
obst, poor, small fruit. — Deutsch. Mund-
art. vol. V. Bav. fusel, bad brandy, bad
tobacco.

Fusil. Yr. fusil. It. focile, a fire steel
for a tinder-box, then the hammer of a
fire-lock, the fire-lock or gun itself. From
Mid.Lat. focus, It. fuoco, Fr. feu, fire.
' E fu de kayloun krt fusil (a fire-hiren) :'
the steel strikes fire from flint. — Bibels-
worth.

Fuss. Swiss pf?isefi, to make a fizzing
noise like wind and water in violent mo-
tion ; aufpfusen, of the working of fer-
mented liquors, metaphorically of one
breaking out in a passion. Sw.yfaj, stir ;
gora niycket fias, to make a great stir;
fidska, to fuss, to bustle, faire I'affaird,
I'empress^, Stre inutilement actif. Dan.
^\3\.. fiaesseri, occupation with trifles.

Fustian. It. fustagno, Fr. fustaine.
Fusco-tincti, fiistanie. — Neccham. Ac-
cording to Diez, from being brought from
Fostat or Fossat (Cairo) in Egypt.

* Fusty. Fr. fuste, a. cask, fuste,
fusty, tasting of the cask, smelling of the
vessel wherein it has been kept. — Cot.
' I mowlde or fust as corne or brede
doth, je moisis.' — Palsgr. Then as it is
only a mouldy, unclean cask which gives
a taste to the liquor contained, fusty,
mouldy ; to fust, to grow mouldy — ' the
fustiest that ever corrupted in such an
unswilled hogshead.' — Milton. ' I mowlde
ox fust as corne or brede doth, je moisis.'
— Palsgr. From the similarity of sound
the word has been confounded withy&zj/j'
from a totally different origin.

-fate. Lat. confuto, to put to silence,
confute, repress ; refuto, to reject, refuse,
defeat. The old explanation from the
figure of pouring in a little cold water to
suppress the boiling of a pot is not satis-
factory. A rational foundation may be
found in the inter], phui, phu, or fu, ex-
pressive of contempt and rejection. Phu !
in malam crucem. — Plaut. From corre-
sponding forms of the interj. are G. anp-
ftden, to cry fie on, to hoot — Kiittn. ;
Du. verfoeyen, despuere, vilipendere, con-
temnere, respuere — Kil. ; N. twia, twitta,
to express reprobation by the interj. twi !

Futile. Lat. futilis (from fundo, to
pour), radically, apt to spill, leaky, what
is easily spilt, fragile, and met. ineffectual,
light, vain.

Futtocks. Not, as commonly ex-
plained, foot-hooks, but foot-stocks, as

286

FUZZ

shown in P'lorio's explanation of the
Itahan term ; stamine, the upright ribs
of the inside of a ship, called foot-stocks
OT foot-sticks. .

I'uzz. — Fuzzy. G. pfuschen, Swiss
pfusen,pfisen, ■E.fisz, represent the sound
of water flying off from a hot surface, of
air and water in intimate mixture and
commotion. Hence fuzz, having the
nature of things which fizz, a. frothy,
spongy mass, a confused mixture of air
and water, as champagne foaming out of

GAD

a bottle. Prussian fossm, fossern, to
fuzz or break up into a fuzz or spongy
mass of filaments. Fuzzy orfozy turnips
(voose raepen — Kil.) are soft and spongy.
A fuzzy outline is woolly and indistinct.
Metaphorically to fuzz or fuzzle is to
confuse the head with drink, to muddle
with drink. ' The University troop dined
with the Earl of Abingdon, and came
back v/eW. fuzzed.' — Wood in Todd. See
Fuddle.

G

. Gab.— Gabble. GabUe represents a
loud importunate chattering, as the cry of
geese, rapid inarticulate talking.

Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud

Among the builders ; each to other calls,

Not understood, till hoarse, and all in rage,

As mocked they storm. — Milton.

In the same sense are used gabber
{]3.m), jabber, gibber. Then passing from
the frequentative form (which in imitative
words is often the original) we have gab,
prating, fluent talking ; the gift of the^aiJ,
the gift of talking. Gab is also in Sc.
and Dan. the mouth, the organ of speech.
Pol. geba, the mouth.

The quotation from Milton shows the
natural transition from the notion of talk-
ing without meaning to that of mockery,
with which the idea of delusion and lying
is closely connected. Du. gabberen, to
joke, to trifle. — Kil. on. gabba. It. gab-
bare, Fr. gaber, OE. gab, to mock, cheat,
lie.

Gabel. — Gavel. — Gale. Gabel, a rent,
custom, or duty. — B. It. gabella, a cus-
tom or imposition on goods ; Fr. gabelle,
any kind of impost, but especially applied
to the duty on salt. AS. gafol, gafel, tax,
tribute, rent. Mid. Lat. gabulum, gablum,
gau/u>K,nnt,t3.K. 'Oxford. Hsecurbsred-
debat pro theolonio et gabto regi, &:c.' —
Doomsday in Due. 'Villam— et totum
gaulum ejusdem villae.' — Charta Philippi
Com. Flandr.,A.D. 1176. The gavetier in
the forest of Dean is the officer whose
business is to collect themining dues. The
primary sense is doubtless rent paid for
the tenure of land. Gael, gabk, take, re-
ceive, seize, hold, whence gabhail, seizing,
taking, a lease, a tenure. — Armstrong,
w. gafael, a hold, gripe, grasp. As the
Gael, bh is often silent, gabhail becomes

gale, still used for the taking of a mine in
the West of England. To gale a mine,
to acquire the right of working it — Hal. ;
and gale is the common word in Ireland
for a payment of rent, or for the rent due
at a certain term.

Gaberdine. A shepherd's coarse frock
or coat. — B. Yx. galvardine, galleverdine
(Pat. de Champ.), It. gavardina, Sp.
gabardina.

Gabion. A large basket used in forti-
fication. It. gabbia, a cage ; gabbione, a
great cage or gabion. See Gaol.

Gable. Goth, gibla, a pinnacle ; OHG.
gibili, gipili, front, head, top ; G. giebel,
the ridge or pointed end of a house ; on.
gafl, the sharp end of a thing, as the prow
and poop of a boat, gable of a house. — ■
Gudm. Da. gavl, gable.

The origin is probably preserved in
Gael, gob, a beak, whence Manx gibbagh,
sharp-pointed ; Pol. dziob, a beak, dziob-
at!, to peck.

Gaby. A simpleton, one who gapes
and stares with wonder. Da. gabe, to
gape, gabe paa, to stare at. N. gapa, to
gape, to stare, gap, a simpleton- So Fr.
badault, a fool, dolt, ass, from the old
form badare, to gape, to stare. Bret.
genou, the mouth ; genaoui, to open the
mouth like an idiot, to behave like a fool.
E. dial, to gauve, to stare ; gcuvy, a
dunce ; gauvison, a young simpleton ;
gaup, to gape or stare, gaups, a simple-
ton.—Hal.

Gad. — Goad. — Gadfly. — To Gad.
Gad, a rod for fishing or measuring, pole,
tall slender person. — Hal. 'A gadde or
whip.' — Barct's Alv. Goad, an ell English.
— B. Goth, gazd, OHG. gart, stimulus ;
gardea, a rod, sceptre ; gertun, virgis,
flagellis. — Graff.

GAFF

The loss of the r in gad and goad
(which differ only in the more or less
broad pronunciation of the vowel) con-
ceals the fundamental identity of the
word with G. gerte and E. yard. The
primitive meaning is a rod or switch,
probably from the sound of a blow with
such an implement. See Gird. Then,
as a cut with a flexible rod, or prick with
a pointed one, are equally efficient in
urging an animal forwards, the name is
extended to the implement used for either
purpose, and a goad is the pointed rod
used in driving bullocks. A further step
in abstraction gives N. gadd, a prick, or
sharp point. Da. dial, gadd, a prickle,
thorn of a tree, sting of an insect. Hence
%. gad-fly, the fly thsit goads or stings the
cattle, and thence again the verb io gad,
to go restlessly about, as cattle flying
from the attack of the gadfly.

A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw

blood,
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.

Dryden.

So from It. asilo, assillo, a gadfly, a goad,
assilare, to be bitten with a horsefly, to
leap and skip as an ox or a horse bitten
by flies, to be wild or raging. — Fl.

GafE— Gaffle. These terms and their
equivalents in the related languages are
applied to different kinds of hooked or
forked instruments, which are classed
under a common name from their apti-
tude in seizing or holding fast. The
origin is preserved in Gael, gabh, take,
seize, whence gabhlach, forked ; gobhar,
a fork, a prop ; Ir. gobhlog, a hay fork,
a forked support for a house. W. gafael,
a hold, gripe, grasp ; gafl, a fork ; gaflach,
a fork, a lance. Lang, gafa, to take, to
seize ; gaf, gain, profit, also a hook. Sp.
gafar, to hook ; gafa, the gaffle or hooked
lever by which a crossbow was drawn up,
hooks for lowering casks. Dan. gaffel,
a fork, and nautically the gaff or prop
used in extending the upper corner of a
fore-and-aft sail, originally doubtless pro-
vided with a fork at the lower end, with
which it embraced and slid on the mast.
Gaffle, a dung-fork. — Hal. G. gabel, a
fork ; fleisch-gabel, a flesh-fork, flesh-
hook ; gabeln der weinreben, the ten-
drils of vines by which they lay hold of
the support ; gabel-anker, a cramp-iron
in architecture. Lith. kabe, kabele, a
hook ; kablys, a hook, snag, crooked
fork.

*Gaffer. — Gammer. A designation of
elderly people in humble life. From
grandfather, grandmother, cut down in

GAIN

287

the W. of E. to gramfer, grammer. — Jen-
nings. The Fris. \i?Lsfaer for father.^
Outzen. Fin. fari (from the Norse),
father, grandfather, venerable old man.
N . moir, mor, moi, mother ; gummor,
glimmer, gumma, grandmother .

Gag. The inarticulate noises made by
one endeavouring to speak, while suf-
fering impediments either from the im-
perfection of his own organs or from
external violence, are represented by the
syllables gag, gag. Swiss gaggen, gagseii,
to stutter, speak in an incoherent man-
ner ; Bret. gagH, gagotda, to stutter, gab-
ble ; Gael, gagach, stuttering. E. gag is
to cause one to make inarticulate guttural
noises, either by stopping the mouth or
external pressure. Gaggyn, to streyne
by the throte, suffoco. — Pr. Pm. Banff.
S^'^gj gl<^gg^^j to make a noise in the
throat as if choking.

Gage. Gr. gage, a pledge. See Wage.

Gag-tooth.. A projecting tooth. — Hal.
ON. gagr, prominent. See Goggle.

Gail-clear. — Gyle-tub. Gail-clear,
gail-fat, a wort-tub ; guile (of ale or beer),
a brewing. — B. Gail-dish, a vessel used
in brewing ; gyle-tub, the vessel in which
the ale is worked. N. gil, ale in a state
of fermentation ; gil-kar, gil-saa, the tub
in which the wort ferments. Vixx. ghijlen,
to boil, to effervesce ; gyl, gyl-bier, beer
in which the fermentation is going on.
T' bier staat in't gijl, the beer ferments.
— Halma.

Gain. i. It. guadagnare, to gain ;
VioY. guazatzh, gazanh, gaanh, gain, pro-
fit ; OFr. gaagner, Fr, gagner, to gain.

The primary meaning of the word
seems to be labour, from whence to the
idea of gain the transition is obvious, in
accordance with the primeval warning.
In the sweat of thy brow thou shalt gain
thy bread. OFr. gaagner, to till the
ground, labour in one's calling.— Roque-
fort. Gaigneur, a husbandman, labourer.
— Cot. In the same way N. vinna, to
labour, and also to win or gain. Walach.
loucrare, to work, do, complete ; loucrou,
labour, work, thing ; Lat. lucrum, gain.

The ultimate origin of the word is to
be found in the bibhcal metaphor by
which children are compared to branches.
Gael, gas, a bough, a young boy ; gasan,
a little branch, young man. Then, as in
the case of Lat. piier, we pass from the
sense of boy to that of servant. W. gwas,
gwasan, a youth, a servant, gwasan-
aeth, service ; Bret, gwaz, a man, vassal,
servant ; Prov. guazan, a vassal, guasan-
dor, a cultivator.

288 GAIN

A singular agreement is seen between
the Prov. forms and Turk, gazanj, kazanj,
gain, profit, earnings ; gazanmek, kazan-
mek, to gain, to earn. The puzzle is aug-
mented by the on. gagn, gain, profit,
victory ; at gagna, gagnaz, to profit, to
avail, which must be traced to a totally
different origin from Fr. gagner, notwith-
standing the striking identity both in
form and meaning.

Gain. 2. Gain (in composition) is G.
gegen, against, ON. gegn, gagn, against,
through ; in composition, thoroughly, as
well as opposite, opposed to ; Dan. gicn,
Sw. g^n, gain, in return ; Bret, gin, oppo-
site ; ann ttt gin, the opposite side ; gin-
ouch-gin, directly opposite, explaining the
reduplicate form of G. gegen, N. gegn, E.

The sense of opposite readily melts into
that of direct, immediate, as the object
opposite is that witli which we are in im-
mediate contact. Hence Sw. gen, gin,
direct, short ; genaste wdgen, the shortest
way, E. dial, the gainest way. S w. getiast,
directly, immediately ; gent emot, gent
Sfwer, over against, directly opposite ;
genwag, Dan. gienvei, a short cut, way
leading directly through any intervening
obstacle, whence may be explained the
sense of through, belonging to ON. gagn,
igegnom, gegnt, Sw. genom, &c.

It is difficult to separate the fore-
going from Du. ghene, yon ; ghender,
ghinder, yonder ; ginds, out there, by
which the attention of the hearer is di-
rected to a certain object. The speaker
pronounces a word signifying ' opposite,'
' before your eyes,' while he indicates the
object intended by a bodily gesture. AS.
gean, geon, gain (in composition), again ;
geond, through, over, as far as, beyond.
Geond to tham stane, up to the stone.
aider and geond, hither and thither.
Geond feowertig daga, after forty daj'S.
Fram geondan see, from beyond sea.
The effect of the syllable geon is to indi-
cate a position in time or space, separated
from the speaker by an interval of forty
days, an expanse of sea, &c.

Gain. 3. Gainly. Sc. to gone, or
gain, to belong to, to last, to suffice ; to
be fit or suitable.

For I brought as much white monie
As game my men and me.— Border Minstrelsy.
The coat does na gane him, does not fit
him. A ganand price, a fit or becoming
price. Gain, gane, fit, useful, direct.—
Jam. Gain applied to things, is conve-
. nient ; to persons, active, expert ; to a
way, short.— Ray. Gainly in like senses

GALE

is out of use, but we still have ungainly,
awkward, unhandy.

The immediate origin is ON. gegn, con-
venient, suitable, gegna, properly to meet,
then to answer, to fit, to suit. N. gjegna,
to meet, to set oneself against, turn one
back, also to be fitting or suitable. Datta
kann ikje gjegna, that will not do, will
not answer. — Aasen.

Gait. See Gate.

Gaiter. Fr. guestre, guHre j Bret.
gweltren, geltren.

Gala.— Eegale. It. far gala, to be
merry, to eat and drink well ; regalare, to
feast, or entertain ; vestirse di gala, to
dress fine and gay ; gala, ornament,
finery, dress. Sp. dia di gala, a court
day, holiday. OFr. gale, good cheer,
jollity ; galer, to lead a joyous life. —
Roquef.

The origin is the metaphor by which a
person in a state of enjoyment is com-
pared to one swimming in an abundance
of good things, of which he can take at
pleasure.

I bathed still in bliss, I led a lordly life.
Gascoigne.
Long thus he lived, slumbering in sweet delight
Bathing in hquid joys his melted sprite.

Spenser, Britain's Ida.

Copenhagen is represented in the Danish
papers as swimming in a flood of delight. —
Times, Sept. 9, 1865.

It. guazzare, to wade, dabble, plash ; by
met. to lavish in good cheer ; guazzettare,
to wallow in good chear, to love to fare
daintily. — Fl.

Now It. gala signifies a bubble (see
Gall) ; andare a gala, galare, galleggiare,
to float ; galleggiare nel giubilo, as Fr.
nager dans la joie, to give oneself up to
pleasure. So also dim. galluzza, gal-
lozzo, a water bubble, galluzzare, to float
as a bubble, to be in a high state of en-
joyment. By this not very ob\'ious train
of thought, gala, a bubble, is taken as the
type of festivity and enjoyment.

Galaxy. Gr. yaXa ^dXoKroc, milk, yo-
Xa^cag Kuk-Xof, Lat. galaxias, the milky
way.

Gale. Sc. gale-wind, gall-wind, a
gale, strong wind. — Jam. From N. galen,
angry, mad, raging. Ein galcn storm,
eit gale ver, a furious storm.

The original figure may perhaps be be-
witched, foul weather got up by witch-
craft, from on. gala, to sing, at gala gal-
dra, to recite charms ; galinn, bewitched,
beside oneself, mad. Galdr, charms,
witchcraft, is a derivative from the same
root, properly signifying song, as shown

GALE

in hanagaldr, cockcrow. Hence galdra-
hrict, storm brought on by witchcraft.

To Gale. To cry, make an outcry.

Now telUth forth and let the sompnour gale.

Chaucer.
ON. gala, to sing, to crow, exhibits the
origin of Lat. gallus, a cock, as weH as of
nightingale, the bird that sings by night.
Dan. hanegal, cock-crow.

Gall. I. AS. gealla, from the yellow
colour. G. galle, gall ; gelb, yeUow ; Pol.
zol<!, gall ; zolty, yellow ; zolcic, to make
yellow ; Bohem. SluS, gall ; Muty, yellow.
Perhaps however the derivation may run
in the opposite direction, as hat. Jklvus,
yellow, seems derived fiom/el, gall.

Gall. 2.— Wind-gall.— Gall-nut. g.
gall-afifel, an oak-apple, the light, round,
nut-like excrescence produced by insects
on different kinds of oak, and used for
ink, or in dyeing.

It. gala, galla, gallozza, galluzza, an
oak-gall. The original meaning is a
bubble, from the guggling sound of boil-
ing or bubbUng water. This sound is re-
presented in Piedmontese hy gogala, as
in E. ^y guggle J gogala, the bubbling up
of boiling water, or simply a water-bubble.
— ZaUi. Valencian, bull d galls, it boils
in bubbles. — Dozy. Arab, gald, to boil.
Gael, goil, to boil ; Sc. guller, or buller,
for the gurgling sound of water rushing
through a confined opening, belong to the
same imitative class. The It. diminu-
tives galhczza, gallozza, are commonly
used in the sense of a water-bubble, but
the simple form of the noun is used in the
same sense in the expression andare a
gala, stare a gala, to float on the water.

Then, as in other cases, where a bubble
is taken as the type of globular form, the
designation is transferred to a ball, round
lump, and especially to an oak-gall, from
its singular lightness, floating on the
water like a bubble. Pol. gala, galeczka,
galka, a ball ; galka muszkatalowa, a
nutmeg ; galas, a gall-nut ; Bohem.
halka, a knob, dubowa halka, an oak-gall
{dubowa, oak) ; Lith. galwa, head, boU
of flax, &:c., the dim. of which, galwuze,
is nearly identical with It. galluzza.
Russ. galushka, a dumpling, lump of
meal ; Walach. galka, a gland, kernel in
the throat. Sp. galla, agalla, oak-gall,
gland in the throat, wind-gaU, or elastic
tumour in a horse's leg.

Gall. 3. To gall, to make a sore
place, to rub off the skin. Fr. galler, to
gall, fret, itch, also to rub, scratch where
it itcheth ; galle, an itching of the skin,
dry scab or scurf. — Cot, It. galla, mange,

GALLANT

289

[ scab. In w. gwall, on. galli, the word
has the more general sense of a fault or
imperfection ; galladr, haying some fault ;
S-w.galen, faulty, bad, wrong. Ratt eller
galet, right or wrong. Dan. gal, wrong,
ill, and provincially sore. Min fod ergal,
my foot is galled or sore. E. dial, gall, a
fault or imperfection, spring, or wet place
in a field, bare place in a crop, a sore
place. — Hal.

As under Bale we ventured the sug-
gestion that a boil or botch (ON. bola, a
bubble, blister, boil) was taken as the
type of bodily illness, and thence of suf-
fering and evil in general, so the possi-
bility of a like origin for gall in the sense
of evil may be supported by the Piedm.
gogala, a bubble, gogala, gola, a bump
raised by a blow, often confounded with
a boil or blain.

Gallant. This word is used mainly in
two senses, ist, with the accent on the
first syllable, showy in dress, spirited,
brave in action, and 2nd, with the accent
on the second syllable, attentive to wo-
men. They may perhaps have different
origins.

The first of these senses is undoubtedly
from It. galano, quaint and gay in clothes,
brave and gallant in new fashions and
bravery; galante, brave, handsome,
quaint, comely, gallant to the sight.— Fl.
Gallaunt,a. ma.niresh. in apparel — Palsgr.
in Way. The origin is gala, a state of
festivity or enjoyment, of which the deriv-
ative galano would naturally be applied
as well to the gayness of apparel as to the
high spirits characteristic of festivity.
It will be observed that brave was for-
merly used in the sense of handsomeness
of dress, though now, like gal/ant, applied
to spirited action.

As a person courting a woman is natur-
ally attentive to dress, the second of the
senses above mentioned may be an inci-
dental application of the first. Sp . galdn,
gay, neat, well-dressed, lively, courtly,
especially with respect to ladies, a gen-
tleman in full dress, courtier, lover, wooer.
It is possible however that the double
form of the It. galdno and galante may
arise from confusion of a different word,
the equivalent of Sc. callan, callant, a
youth.

And eik ana hundreth followis redy boun
Of young gallandis with purpura crestis rede,
Thare giltin gare made glittering every stede.

D.V.

Gael, gallan, a branch, a youth, tall or

handsome young man. Pol. gal({Z, Ptg.

galho, Sp. gajo, a branch, shoot. The

19

zgo

GALLERY

designation of a youth on the same prin-
ciple from comparison to a branch is also
seen in Gael, ogan, a branch or twig, a
young man • oas, a stalk, bough, boy.
See Gain.

Gallery. The ordinary E. sense of a
balcony or upper stage within an apart-
ment, a, place where the occupier is de-
fended by rails from falling, seems the
original one. Lang, galari^, the rails of
a staircase, balustrade or parapet, terrace
before a house. As access to the differ-
ent apartments of a house was commonly
given by a passage thus constructed, the
term was transferred to any passage or
long apartment.

Swi galler, lattice, balustrade ; galler-
flnstr, a lattice window, jalousie, blind.
Possibly from an equivalent of Gael.
gallan, Ptg. galho, a branch, rod, shoot.

Galley, on. galley ta, OSw. galeida,
galeja, Mid.Lat. galeida, galea. It. gal-
lera, a galley ; galleone, a galleon or
great galley ; galleotta, a handsome big
galley — Fl., a galliot.

Galleys are explained by William of
Tyre naves rostratce, and Dan. gallion
is the beak of a ship. Lith. gala, end,
point, tip.

Galliard. — Goliard. Fr. gaillard,
lusty, frolick, jocund, gamesome, also
rash, or somewhat indiscreet by too much
jollity. — Cot. The primary type of jollity
is eating and drinking, an idea expressed
in caricature by a representation of the
sound of liquor pouring down the throat.
Swiss gudeln, guddeln, godeln, to shake
liquids in a vessel ; gudeln, gudern, gut-
teln, gutzeln, to guggle or pour out of a
narrow-necked vessel with a gurgling
noise. Hence Fr. godailler, It. gozzavi-
gliare, to guzzle, tipple, to make good
cheer. In the same way from the same
sound, as represented by Piedm. gogala,
bubble, boiling of water, e. guggle, is pro-
duced Swiss guggeln, to tipple ; frolich
und gSgel — Hans Sachs ; Fr. gogaille,
merrymaking, frolic ; faire gogaUle, to
jnake merry, to drink merrily. From the
former half of this word is ioxxa&6. gogues,
jollity ; Hre en ses gogues, to be frolick,
lusty, in a merry mood ; goguer, gogayer,
to make good cheer, take his pleasure ;
while the latter half seems to give rise to
the ierm gaillard, one making merry, en-
joying himself, a good fellow.
' The word is closely allied in form and
meaning with the OE. goliard, a loose
companion, from Fr. goulard, goliard, a
gully-gut, greedy feeder — Cot. ; bouffon,
glouton, mauvais sujet ; goulardise, rail-

GALLON

lerie, plaisanterie — Roquef. ; goulu, glut-
tonous ; gouUe, a mouthful ; Lat. gula,
the throat, gluttony ; gulo, a glutton ; all
originally from the sound of liquid pour-
ing down the throat. See Gala, where
the idea of merrymaking is deduced from
the same radical image by a different
figure.

Galligaskins. Fr. Greguesque, Greek ;
chausses d. la Garguesque, gregs or gallo-
gaskins ; greguesques, slops, gregs, gallo-
gascoines, venitians ; gregues, wide slops,
gallogascoins, great Gascon or Spanish
hose. — Cot. The reference to Gascon is
a piece of mistaken etymology. The
word is simply a corruption of Gregues-
ques, Grecians. Greguesque, garguesque,
galguesque, galligaskes.

Gallimawfry. Fr. gallimafrie, a
hodge-podge, dish made of remnants
chopped up. Probably lengthened out
from a form like glamafrde, or glamfrde,
representing a confused sound, analo-
gous to Sc. clamjamfry, nonsensical talk,
trumpery, tag-rag-and-bobtail. Gael.
glam, bawl, cry out ; glamaineachd, con-
tinued bablaling, making a noise ; clam-
ras, clamhras, brawling.

Gallinaceous. Lat. gallina, a hen.

Gallipot. — Galley-tile. Du. gley,
clay ; gley-pot, earthen pot, vessel of
earthenware, galli-pot. So galley-tile, an
earthenware tile.

About the year 1570, I. Andries and I. Jan-
son, potters, came from Antwerp and settled in
Norwich, where they followed their trade, making
galley-tiles and apothecaries vessels [gallipots]
—Stow.

Gallon. Fr. jalle, jaille, jale, jalie, an
earthen jar, bowl, tub. This must have
been pronounced in some dialects gale,
the hard arid soft g frequently inter-
changing, as in galei and jalei, a pebble,
gambe and jambe, a leg, E. garden, and
Fr. jardin, &c. The evidence of such a
change in the present instance is left in
galot, a pitcher — H^cart ; OFr. galon, a
gallon ; galoie, identical with jalaie, a
measure of wine, a soe, a tub.- — Cot
Gallon is also written jalon in Fleta,
'Pondus octo librarum frumenti facit
mensuram/a/oww, et 8 jalonata frumenti
faciunt bussellum.' — Due. The original
sense of the simple word seems to have
been a bowl ; jale dg cervoise, a bowl of
ale ; and we learn from Carpentier that
it was also applied to a solid bowl or ball.
' Le jeu de boules que I'on nomme (en
Boulenois) le jeu de jales.' — a.d. 1453.
If then we were formerly right in tracing
bowl or boll to bulla, a bubble, it is pro-

GALLOON

bable that jale or gale, a bowl, must be
identified with Pol. gala, galka, a ball,
It. gala, a bubble, an oak-gaU. See Gall,
Gafci. The Fr. gal, galet, or jalet, a peb-
ble, a little round stone, galet, a cake (a
round lump of dough), are other applica-
tions of the same root.

Galloon. We have, undSr Gala, traced
the process by which that word came to
signify festivity. Hence it was in It.
transferred to the ornaments of a festive
occasion, such puffs, knots, or roses of
lawn or tiffany, , or ribbons, as women
wear on their heads and breasts —
Florio ; ' now-a-days used,' he adds,
' for all manner of gallantness or garish-
ness in ornaments and apparel that is
fair to look on and yet not costly.' In
French the derivatives galon, galant axe
used in the same sense. Galonner les
cheveux, to deck the hair, to ornament it
with lace or ribbons ; galender, orner,
couronner. — Pat., de Champ. Ribbons
used to ornament the hair or dress were
called galon, or galant. — Trevoux . At a
later period the term was appropriated to
gold or silver lace, the most showy mate-
rial of which such ornaments were made,
and hence E. galloon.

Gallop. Fr. gallopperj Fland. <wa-
loppe, vliegh-waloppe, a gallop. — Kil. E.
dial wallop, gallop. The name is taken
from the sound made by a horse gallop-
ing compared to the walloping or boiling
of a pot. So natural is the comparison
that it is taken in the converse order to
express a complete state of ebullition,
when the bubbles are thrown up in rapid
succession and the pot is said to boil a
gallop. ' Rien que de I'entendre galoper
dans le po^le on comprenait qu'il gelait
a pierre.' — Le Blocus

To Gallow.— Gaily. To terrify. AS.
agalwan, agallan. Tha wearth ic agel-
wed and swithe afaered. Then was I
terrified and sore afeared. — Boethius.

Gallows. Goth, galga, ON. galgi,
OHG. galgo, cross, execution-tree, gallows.
As the earliest gallows would be the
branch of a tree the word has been con-
nected with Pol. galcfi, Boh. haluz,Ma.gy.
gaily, Gael, gallan, a branch. So in the
Salic law, ad ram.u7n incrocare, to hang ;
ramatus, hanged. Pol. Na galezi zlod-
zieja ! to the (bough) gallows with the
thief ! We have the same expression in
the Kentish proverb. The father to the
bough, the son to the plough.

Another origin of the word may be
suggested in the Russ. glagol, the letter
r (so called from being the first letter of

GAMBISON

291

glagol, a word), and from the form of the
letter, a gibbet or crane.

Braces are in some parts of England
called gallows, as in G. (Fallersleben)
hdngels, as the implement by which the
trowsers hang.

Galosh. — Galage. Originally a wooden
sole fastened by a strap to the foot. Solea,
a shoe called 2, galage or paten, which
hath nothing on the fete but only la-
chettes.— Elyot in Way. Galache, ga-
legge, galoche, undersolynge of mannys
fote, crepita. — Pr. Pm. A corruption of
E. clog (gloc, a log — Pat. de Champ.), or
the equivalent Fr. clague, a kind of clog
or patten worn in wet and dirt (Gattel),
the pronunciation being softened by the
insertion of an a between the g and /, as
in galley-pot, from gley-pot, and in other
cases. In the same way from G. klots, a
log, ' cloczen, calotzchen, vel fuss-solchen
qui induuntur in hyeme (Mod.G. klotz-
schuK), crepida.'— Dief. Supp. The Mid.
Lat. calopodium seems formed in the
same way from Du. klopper, a clog, with
a blundering introduction of the Gr. pod,
foot. Calopodium, holz-schuoch, klompe.
Calopifiex, holz-schumacher. — Dief. Supp.

Gamashes. — Gambadoes. From w.
gar, the shank, is Lang, garamacko, a
legging, and thence (rather than from It.
gamba, the leg). It. gamascie (for gramas-
cie, as Sc. gramashes — Jam.), Fr. ga-
tnackes, E. gamashes, spatterdashes. The
corruption to gambages probably took
effect under the supposition of a deriva-
tion from 'Fr.jambe, It. gambe. A further
corruption converted gambages into gam-
badoes.

Gambison. OFr. gamboison, gambe-
son, wambais, a wadded coat or frock
worn under a coat of mail or sometimes
alone, as armour of defence. Armati re-
putabantur qui galeas ferreas in capitibus
habebant et qui wambasia, id est tunicam
spissam ex lino et stuppa et veteribus
pannis consutam, &c. — Chron. de Colmar
in Diet. Etym. G. wamms, a doublet.
Commonly derived from ohg. wamia,
the wame or belly, as signifying a defence
for the belly ; but this explanation is
founded on too narrow a meaning of the
word, which was applied to other wadded
structures as well as a body-coat. Ray-
mond des Agiles in his history of the
siege of Jerusalem mentions that the walls
were protected against the machines of
the besiegers by mattresses, ' culcitra de
gambasio.' In a bull of Innocent IV. the
name is given to awadded rug. ' Abbates
quoque in dormitorio cum aliis super
19 •

292

GAMBLE

wambitios jaceant.' — 'Tunicas gambesa-
tas sive gambesones,' ' Une s^^—gam-
boisi^e'—Carp. ' Cotes, houppelandes
gamboisihs.' — Due.

The word is in fact a simple adoption
of the Gr. jSanPaKiov or ^uji^aKivov, a
fabric stuffed with cotton, the Gr. /3, pro-
nounced like a v, being rendered in the
Western languages sometimes by b and
sometimes by w, passing into g. The
latter mode of writing gave rise to wam-
basia, gambeso, and similar forms, while
the former produced It. bajnbasina, bam-
bacina, any bumbaste in stuff or cloth
(i. e. any stuff wadded with bumbaste or
cotton). — Fl. Now bombicinium, like
gamboison, was specially applied to a
wadded jacket. ' Bo7nbicinium, pourpoin
vel aqueton, — pourpoinz fait de coton.' —
Gloss, in Carp. 'Ab hoc nomine quod
est bumbace dicitur bumbacinum, quod est
gallice pourpoinz.' — John de Garlandia.
It should be observed that the synon-
ymous hacqueton, Fr. auqueton, hoqueton,
Prov. alcoto, is named in the same way
from the cotton with which it is stuffed.

Even without reference to the ambigu-
ous nature of the Gr. ;8, an initial b and
g often interchange, as Fr. busart, Prov.
gusart, a buzzard ; G. belfern and gel/em,
to bellow ; Sp. bazqfia and gazofia, offal ;
Sc. bullcr and guUer, to make a bub-
bling sound.

Gam.ble. — G-ambol. — G-arae. It is
impossible to separate these words, tCl-
though_^a»zi5o/ has probably come through
a French channel, and gamble from a
Saxon ancestry.

The radical image is that of a sudden
and rapid movement to and fro, jumping,
springing; then the state of excited
spirits which spends itself in muscular
exertion, and is witnessed by such expres-
sions as G. vor freuden hiipfen, E. to jump
for joy. Thus the expression for jumping
is applied to joy, sport, merrymaking,
amusement, and as the two main resources
of amusement in an uncultivated state of
society are the pursuit of wild animals,
and the indulgence of the passion for
gain, afforded by the staking of valuables
on concerted issues of skill or hazard, the
name of sport or game is emphatically
given to these two kinds of pastime, the
term game, in the case of the chase, being
accidentally confined to the object of
pursuit.

The foot kip, gip, gib, in the sense of a
sudden movement, is widely spread, w.
cip,ysgip, a sudden snatch, pull, or effort ;
Gael, sgiab, a quick or sudden movement,

snatch, or pull ; E. skip, a sudden jump,
a word intimately connected with the idea
of sportfulness and play.

Then all their gladness doth begin,

And then their skips and then their play ;

So falls their sadness all away.

Uncertain Authors in R.

Again we Ijave E. gib, or jib, to start
suddenly backwards ; OFr. regiber, to
wince or kick ; giber, se debattre des
pieds et des mains, s'agiter, lutter —
Roquef., to play — Pat. de Champ. ; degi-
bier, agitare se festive, oblectare se ;
gibder, giboyer, to play or sport. 'Et
quant le enffes fu venuz de gibeier et de
jouer.' — Due. Then as hawking was for-
merly the sport par excellence of gentle-
men, the term was chiefly applied to that
exercise, and the modern gibier, while it
has ceased to signify the actual pursuit,
is used, as E. game, to designate the pro-
duce of the chase.

The nasalisation of the vowel in the
modern regimber,to kick, brings us nearer
our principal mark. Lang, ghiinba, to
jump ; jhimbela, to tumble ; Da. dial.
gimpe, to rock, to swing. Sw. guppa, to
rock or pitch, to tilt or strike up, and with
the nasal, Dan. gumpa, skumpe, to jog, to
jolt. Swiss gampen, to rock, to see-saw ;
gampiross, a rocking-horse ; gamp-brun-
nen, a draw-well ; gdmpfen, to shake or
joggle; gumpen,Xa \\sxa^. ^aw. gampen,
gumpen, to jump, hop, sport. 'Mit e'
lar'n wampm is net gued gampen.' It is
hard to be merry with an empty belly.
Gdmel, mirth, sport, enjoyment ; gdm-
liche leute, gumpeliiie, persons diverting
themselves or others, gamblers, players.
' V>'ve. gumpelUte, gyger und tamburer:' —
players, fiddlers, and tabourers. 'Loter
•aViA gumpelliite : ' — idlepacks and merry^
makers. — Schm. Swiss gammel, merry-
making, noisy enjoyment ; gatntneln, to
make merry, sport, romp ; gammler,
merrymakers. The Swiss and Bav. forms
are obviously identical with E. gamblers,
properly merrymakers, but used in a bad
sense.

The simple form game is found in
OFris. in the sense of joy. ' Alsa dede
God use hera ena grata gama:' — thus
God our Lord did us a great joy. — Richt-
hofen. AS. gaman, merrymaking, sport.
Sw. gatmnan, joy.

The Fr. gambiller, to leap, dance, limp
—Roquef., is essentially the same word
with E. gamble, but used in the original
instead of the figurative sense. It is
always supposed, very naturally, to be
derived from It. gainia, Fr. jambe, the

GAMMON

leg, and there can be no doubt of the-di-
rect relation between the two, but the
connection through the Lang, jhimbela,
to tumble, ghimba, to jump, with Fr. re-
gimber, regiber, to kick, and E. gib, shows
that the derivation must lie in the oppo-
site direction. In the same way from Fr.
giguer, to run, jump, skip, "E-jig (a closely-
alhed root with the foregoing jiS), is
formed gigue, gige, the thigh ; from gigo-
ter, to shake one's legs, jump about —
Boyer, gigot, a leg of mutton.

Even It. gambata (Fr. gambade, OE-
gambaud, gambauld, gambold, gambol) is
probably direct from an equivalent of the
Bav. gampen, to jump, and not from
gamba. Gambade, a gambol, yew-game,
tumbling trick. — Cot.

Gammon, i. A vulgar exclamation
signifying nonsense ! you are joking !
Obviously identical with Dan. gam-men,
sport ; and singularly enough the word is
used interjectionally in Fris. precisely as
in E., although not preserved in the for-
mer language in the sense of sport.
Gammen ! interjection of contempt. —
Epkema. See Gamble. It. gamba. ' is
also used for tush ! pish ! in mockery, to
signify that one is very far from the mark
in what he is saying. — Fl.

2. It. gamba, a leg ; gambone, any great
leg, thigh, giget, gammon or pestle, viz.
of a beast. — Fl. Fr. jambon, a gammon
— Cot. ; a ham or thigh of cured pork.

The It. gamba is commonly derived
from w., Gael, cam. It. ghembo, crooked,
Fr. gambir, to crook ; but crookedness
does not seem a likely characteristic
from whence to take the designation of a
, limb like the leg. It would rather be
named from its most energetic action,
jumping or springing ; " Bav. gampen,
gumpen, to jump or spring. — Schm. See
Gambol.

Gamut. — Gamma. Fr. gamme, the
musical scale. Said to be derived from
gamma, the Greek name of the letter G,
used in denoting the notes of the scale,
but the accounts of the reason why this
letter was adopted for the purpose are
confused and contradictory, and why the
Greek name should have been used at aU
is not explained.

The real origin is in all probability the
Fr. game or gamme, a chime of beHs,
which would supply the most familiar
example of the musical scale. ' I chyme
as a chyme doth at a certayne houre. Je
Sonne la gamme.' — Palsgr. The addition
of the final ut in gamut arose from the

GAOL

293

use of that syllable to mark the first note
of the scale.

The ultimate origin is the representa-
tion of a clanging sound by the syllable
glam, gam, or the like. N. glam, clang ;
glamhul, window in a belfry to allow the
sound to spread ; It. gdume, the shrill-
sounding note of a huntsman — Fl. j
Esthon. ku7nmama. Fin. kommata, Gr.
Kofiizuv, to clang ; It. campana, a bell.

To Ganch. A way of executing male-
factors by throwing them from a height
on a sharp stake or hook. Turk, kanja.
It. gancio, a hook ; inganzare, to torture
in the Turkish fashion. — Fl.

Gander. — Goose, g. gans,ganserichj
PLD. goos, gantej Du. ganse, ganser, or
ganserick ; Pol. g^s, g{sior, goose and
gander respectively. Lat. anser, Gr. xi\v,
goose. Lith. guz ! guz ! cry to call
geese.

Gang. See Go.

Gangrene. Gr. yayypaivo, whence Lat.

Gahnet. The Solan goose. AS. ganota;
the wild-goose ; ganotes bath, the sea.
The application to a particular speciesj
as the Solan goose, is a modern refine-
ment. ' Habuit etiam beatus Leudomirus
culturam saepe ab avibus, qui Ganitm
vocantur, depastam.' — Carp. It is cer-
tain that no damage was ever done to
corn by Solan geese.

Gantlet. — Gauntlet. Fr. gantelet, an
iron glove ; gant, It. guanto, ON. vottr, a
glove.

In the phrase to nm the gauntlet the
word is a corruption oi gantelope, arising
from the possibility of thus giving mean-
ing to the term in E. ears, under the sup-
position that the punishment consisted in
a blow from the gauntleted hand of each
of a lane of soldiers through which the
criminal was made to pass. But the blow
was always given with a rod, as appears
in the G. durch die spiess-ruthen laufen
{spitz- or spiess-ruthe, a switch) ; Fr.
passer par les verges. To run the gant-
let or gantelope, to run through a com-
pany of soldiers standing on each side,
making a lane, with each a switch in his
hand to scourge the criminal. — B. on.
gata, a lane ; gata gera, skapa einum giitu,
to make one run the gantlet. — Fritzner.

The punishment was probably made
known to us from the wars of Gustavus
Adolphus, as the expression is pure
Swedish ; Idpa gatlopp, from *gata, a
street, or, in military language, a line of
soldiers, and lopp, course.

Gaol. IK. gaibia, gaiola {lax gabbiold),

294

GAPE

a cage ; Sp. gavia, a cell for mad per-
sons ; gayola, jaula, a cage, a cell for
mad persons ; Fr. g^ole, a cage for birds,
a gaol or prison. Lat. cavea, a cage.
The origin seems Gael, gabh, to take,
seize, make prisoner, hold or contain ;
gaihar, a gaol. — Armstrong. Ir. gab-
hdil, to take, make prisoner, bind in
fetters ; gabhann, a gaol, a pound for
cattle.

To Gape. — Gap. It may be doubtful
whether the more complete form of the
word be not glape, in accordance with
G. glaffen, compared with gaffen, to gape,
to stare ; ON. glapa, to stare ; gapa, to
gape ; N. glap, gap, a gap or passage.
E. dial, glop, to stare. — Hal. Evidence
of the fuller form remains in Chaucer's
galp, corresponding to glap as E. yelp to
Fr. glapir, or as N. pilka to the synon-
ymaxispUkka, to pluck. See Gare.

Pol. gapii sig, to gape.

To Gar. To make one do a thing.
ON. gera, gora, to make or do. Bret, gra,
do, affair, business.

Garb. Formerly applied to the mode
of dt)ing anything, but latterly confined to
the fashion of dress.

' The garb and fashion of his conversa-
tion,'— Scott in R. Sp., Cat^ar^i), grace,
air with which a thing is done ; It. garbo,
comeliness, behaviour, carriage — ^Altieri ;
Fr. garbe, gracefulness, good fashion. —
Cot. The primary meaning is simply
fashion, the make or shape of a thing,
then the right shape, agreeable fashion.
The primary sense is preserved in It.
garbo, garbatura, the curvature or make
of a thing ; garbato di nave, the model of
a ship. OHG. Garawi, ornament, pre-
paration, dress, habitus, cultus ; wib-
garawi, mundus muliebris, feminine
habiliments ; wig-garawi, habiliments of
war ; garawjan, to prepare ; AS. gearwa,
preparation, clothing, gear.

Garbage. Refuse, waste. ' Tara, the
tare, waste, or garbish of any ware or
merchandise.' — Fl. The guts of an ani-
mal killed for food.

To Garble. To cleanse from dross
and dust. Sp. garbillo, a coarse sieve ;
garbillare, to garble, to sift, to separate
the bad from the good. — Neum. Garbled
evidence is when we select what suits our
purpose and suppress the rest. Venet.
garbelo, Sp. garbillo, Arab, alghirbdl,
algarbdl, Ptg. alvarral (Dozy), a sieve.
On the ether hand the word may be from
It. crivello, crivo, Lat. cribrum, a sieve.

There is so much analogy between the
processes of sifting and combing that we

GARE

may confidently connect the foregoing
forms with W. crib, a comb, a wool-card ;
cribin, a hay-rake ; Bret, cribin, a heckle
or toothed instrument for dressing flax ;
cribel, a cock's-comb ; scrivel, a curry-
comb ; Bohem. Meb, a nail ; hf-eben, Pol.
grzebien, a comb. The radical image is
shown in Pol. grzebad, to scratch ; Gael.
sgriob, to scrape, scratch, curry, agreeing
with the foregoing forms with a thin
vowel ; while w. crafu, to scrape or
scratch (giving rise to crafell, ysgrafell, a
curry-comb), more exactly accounts for
those with a broad vowel, like It. garbel-
lare, to sift, or Lat. carminare, to card
wool.

Garboil. It. garbuglio, embroilment,
confusion ; Fr. garbouil, hurliburly, great
stir, horrible rumbling. — Cot. The word
is originally framed to represent the dash-
ing of water, lying midway between Fr.
gargouille, a water-bubble, and barbouil-
ler, to blot, bedash all over, to jumble,
confound, mingle iU-favouredly ; It. bar-
boglio, a tumultuous hurlyburly, any con-
fused or clattering noise. In imitative
words of this nature an initial b and g in-
terchange with great facility. Lang, gar-
gala as well as barbala, to boil. Grisons,
garbugliar, inbarbiigliar, to confuse, en-
tangle ; garbuigl, barbiigl, confusion.

Garden. It. giardino, Fr. jardin, G.
garten, Du. gaerde, a garden. Bav. der
garten, OHG. garto, a garden, yard, .in-
closed place. Holzgarten, wood-yard ;
scefgartun (navalibus), ship-yard ; hop-
fengarten, hop-garden, hop-yard. See
Yard.

To Gare. — Gaure. — Garish. — Gaze.
OE. gare or gaure, to stare ; whence gar-
ish, staring, glaring, showy.

With fifty garing- heads a monstrous dragon

stands upright. — Phaer in R.
Doun fro the castel cometh ther many a wight
To gaurin on this ship, and on Custance.

Chaucer. ,

Fr. garer, to ware, beware, take heed of;
Gare ! Look out ! Out of the way !

To gaze and gare are modified forms,
differing only as Du. vriesen and vrieren,
to freeze, verliesen and verlieren, to lose,
kiesen and kieren, to choose — Kil. ; or
as Dan. glas and glar, glass. And here
indeed we have a clue to the relations of
the E. terms. The characteristic feature
of glass is its transparency, and the ra-
dical meaning of the word is doubtless to
shine, of which we have evidence in the
provincial glaze-worm, synonymous with
glare-worm, glow-worm— Hal. ; glasyn,
or make a thing to shine, polio. — Pr. Pm.

GARGLE

Thus ^/ojj would originally be that which
allows the light to shine thi-ough, a sense
actually preserved in N. glas, a window ;
glisa, glira, to shine through, to be open
so as to let one see through. The point
of view is then changed from the object
which emits the light to the organ which
receives it, and the expression for shining
is transferred to the act of gazing or
staring. Thus we have N. glosa, to gaze,
or stare ; glora (as E. glare), to glitter
(explaining Lat. gloria), and also to stare;
Russ. glaS, eye ; glazy af, to stare. Swiss
glds-auge, a staring eye. e. dial, glowre,
glore, to stare. Swiss glare, to stare ;
glarig, conspicuous, garish, glaring. —
Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart.

Now the instances are very numerous
where words beginning with gl or cl are
accompanied by parallel forms without
the liquid, whether we suppose the / to
be lost in the one case, or to be inserted
in the other, or whether they have arisen
independently from direct imitation. Thus
we have clatter and chatter; clack and
(hack J clink and chink; Sc. clatch and
catch J Sc. glaum, ne. goam, to snatch at
a thing ; Dan. glamse, as well as gatnse,
to snap at — Haldorsen in v. glepsa ; N.
glana, to stare, e. gane, to gape or yawn ;
N. glam, clang {glam-hul, the window in
a belfry to let the sound out), and Fr.
gamme, a chime of bells ; N. glingra and
E. ginglej N. glapa and gapa, to gape or
stare, and in immediate connection with
the very root we are now treating, N.
glisen and gisen, what allows the light to
shine through. — Aasen . I n the same way
we and glaze and glare, or glowre, paral-
lel with gaze and gare, or gaure. Sw.
dial, gasa, to stare. For the ultimate
origin see Glass.

Gargle. — Gargoil. To gargle is to
make liquor bubble in the throat without
swallowing it, from a direct imitation of
the sound produced. Lat. gargarizare,
Turk, ghargharaet, gargle. Fr. gargou-
illir, a gargling or gurgUng noise ; gar-
gouiller, to gargle, to rattle in the throat.
Ktnce gargouille, the throat, also a spout
or gutter voiding the rain-water of a
house ; and E. gargoil, the name given
to the antic figures into which the spouts
were worked in Gothic architecture.

Garland. Cat. garlanda, Sp.. ^uir-
nalda, Fr. guirlande. From It. gala,
festivity, festive apparel, were formed Fr.
galon, galant, galland, ornament of the
head or dress. Galonner ses cheveux,
to depk the hair with lace or ribbons.—
Roquef. Calender, orner, couronner.—

GARNET

295

Pat. de Champ. Gallande, guirlande, cou-
ronne. — Roquef. Hence by the conver-
sion of the first / into an r, garlande.
Sometimes the two modes of spelling
are found in the same document. ' Le
suppliant trouva un petit coffre ouvert
ouquel il trouva deux garlandes, I'une
boutonn^e et I'autre plaine. — Dans Fun
des petits coffres avoit trois gallendes ou
chapeaux d'argent.' — Chart. A.D. 1409 in
Carp. A silver wreath due by custom to
the wife on the death of her husband was
in some provinces of France called chapel,
and in others garlande d'drgent. — Due.

An intrusive r of similar nature may be
observed in \t. gazza, garza, a pie, and in
Fr. guementer, guermenter, to lament.

* Garlick. on. geir-laukr, from the
spear-shaped leaves ; geirr, a spear.
Sva var minn Sigurdr hji sonum Gjuka,
Sem van geirlaukr or grasi vaxinn :
So was my Sigurd among the sons of
Giuki, as garlick sprung up from among
the grass. Lick or lock- is a frequent
termination in the name of herbs, as
hemlock, charlock, garlick, Swiss korn^
liige, galeopsis ladanum, weglUge, cicho-
rium intybus, from ON. laukr, E. leek, a
pot-herb, Gael, luibh, formerly luigh, a.
plant. The w. llys, a plant, was no doubt
also llych, the correspondence between
ch guttural and z in two of the Breton
dialects being of frequent occurrence.

' Geder puliol real with the rotes als
mykel als the lekes :' gather pennyroyal
with the roots as large as the leaves. —
Medical receipts 14th cent., in Reliquiae
Antiq. i. 54.

Garment. See Garnish.

Garner. Fr. grenier, a garner or corn-
loft ; grefte, grain. — Cot.

Garnet. The Gr. kokkoq, a grain or
kernel, was applied to the kermes, or in-
sect used in dyeing a red colour, thence
called KOKKivoQ, Lat. coccineus. In the
same way from Lat. granum is Sp.grana,
the insect used in dyeing, and thence
scarlet cloth, the crimson of the cheeks
and lips. It. granatofino, fine scarlet ;
granata, a garnet or precious stone of a
fine crimson, formerly called granate
stone.

It is extremely probable that the Sp.
name of the insect descends from Latin
times, and that even then granattis was
used in the sense of crimson, whence
malum granatum. It. granata, Sp. gra-
nada, the pomegranate, although, as that
fruit is equally distinguished by the num-
ber of grains with which it is filled and
the fine crimson of the juice, it must re-

296

GARNISH

main uncertain which of these features is
the one intended.

Gar'uisli. — Garmeiit. — Garrison. It.
guarnire, Fr. garnir, to provide, supply,
deck, adorn, set forth with. — Cot. Hence
It. guarnimento, giiarnigione, Fr. garne-
ment, garnison, any garnishing, decking,
or trimming, any habiliment, ' munition,
or provision of war.- — Fl. The n is lost
in the corresponding E. terms, garment,
garrison, the meaning of which is re-
stricted by custom in the former case to
the sense of clothes or bodily habiliments,
in the latter to a provision of soldiers for
guarding a fortress. Garsone, strong
place. — Pr. Pm. ; ■

The root oi garnir is seen in a simpler
form in Fr. garer, to ware, beware, look
out — Cot., whence garnir (as the E.
equivalent warn) would properly signify
to make another ware or aware of some-
thing, to make him look out, and so pro-
vide against danger. The original sense
is preserved iA the legal garnishee, a
name given in the Lord Mayor's court to
a party, who having money in his hand
belonging to some one else, receives no-
tice, or is warned, not to part with it
until the claims of a third party are satis-
fied. See Gare.

Garret. Fr. garite, a place of refuge,
and of safe retiral in a house ; hence the
dungeon of a fortress whither the belea-
guered soldiers make their last retire ;
also a sentry or little lodge for a sentinel
built on high. — Cot. In E. garret, trans-
ferred to an apartment in the roof of a
house. Garytte, high soller : specula. —
Pr. Pm.

The origin is Fr. garir, to take refuge,
to put oneself in safety, from the connec-
tion between looking out and defence,
safety. See Gare. And compare Lat.
tueri, to look, to defend ; tutus, safe.
Mais ne saveit queu part aJIer ;
N'osout des grantz foresz eissir,
Kar il ne saveit ou garir :

Benoit. Chron. Norm. v. 2. 399.

— he dared not leave the forests, for he
did not know where to take refuge.

Se garer dessous, to take shelter under.
—Cot.

Garrison. See Garnish.

Garrulous. Lat. garrulus, from gar-
rio, to prate, babble.

Garter. Fr. jarretiire, jartier, or in
the dialects of the North of France^arftVr
— H^cart, from jarret, garet, the ham, or
back of the leg. w., Bret, gar, ham,
shank, leg.

Gas. A word coined by Van Helmont

GATE

to signify a spirit not capable of being
coagulated, or the most subtile and vola-
tile parts of anything. — B. ' This I will
call gas^ he says, as he gives the name of
bias to body of another kind. ' Cum
chymici prorsus ad libitum sine uUo sig-
nificatus aut proprietatum rerum respectu
nomina imponant ; ut in Euestrum, Ca-
gastricum. Gas, Bias, Duelech et sexcen-
tis aliis portentosis vocabulis apparet.' —
Skinner in Kelp.

Gash. I. Pl.D. ^iz/j/6^«, tocut alarge
hole, to cut deep into the flesh, from gat,
a hole. Said of a bold decisive incision,
as one made by a surgeon, or a tailor. —
Brem. Wtb. See Gate.

2. Prattle, pert language. — Jam. This
is another instance, in addition to those
mentioned under Barbarous, of the tend-
ency to designate by the same word the
splashing oif water and the confused
sound of idle talk. Fr. gascher, to dash,
plash, flash, as water in rowing ; gascheux,
plashy, washy, bespatling. — Cot.

To Gasp. ON. geispa, to yawn ; Dan.
gispe, to gasp. Probably not from a
modification of gape, but a direct repre-
sentation of the sound made in snapping
for breath. Compare Flanders gaspe,
Du. ghespe, a snap, or clasp. Parallel
forms with an / inserted after the initial
g are ON. glepsa, N. glefsa, to gape, to
snap at with the mouth. See Gare.

Gastric. Gr. -Ydarrip, the belly, sto-
mach.

Gate. — Gait. Goth, gatvo, G. gasse,
Dan. gade, a street ; on. gata, street,
path ; Sw. gata, a street, way. Hangick
sin egen gata ; Sc. he went his ain gate.
Hence metaphorically the way, means, or
manner of doing a thing. OE. algates,
always, by all means ; Sc. swagates, in
such wise ; monygates, in many ways. —
Jam. Applied to the carriage, procedure,
or gait of a man, it has acquired a dis-
tinctive spelling.

Peter the Apostel parceyvede hus gate.
And as he wente upon-the water well hym knewe.

P. P. in R.

The original meaning seems a narrow
opening. ON. gat, a hole, gata, to per-
forate ; Du. gat, a hole ; int gat zijn, in
arcto versari, to be in a pinch, in difficul-
ties ; P-l.D. gat, a. hole, the mouth of a
river. From a narrow hole the sense is
transferred to a narrow passage or way.
In ODu. gat, E. gate, an opening in an
enclosure, or the door which commands
it, the word approaches nearer the original

GAT-TOOTHED

meaning. Compare Lat. foris, a gate,
\i\\}a.forare, to pierce.

For the derivation oi gat see next arti-
cle.

Gat-toothed.

Gal-toothed I was, and that became me well.
Wife of Bath.
This word has given much trouble to
commentators. I believe it to be the
equivalent of Sw. gles-tdnd, N. glestent,
gistent, having teeth separated from one
another, from Sw. gles, N. glisen, gisen,
open in texture, thinly scattered so as to
allow the light to shine through. Sw.
dial, gastandt, gaping like the nibs of a
dry pen, having separate teeth. A simi:
lar loss of an / is seen in Cat. glassa, Fr.
gaze, gauze, a texture with open inter-
stices, from the same original root with
the Scandinavian forms above mentioned,
viz. glas, or glis, in the sense of shine, as
shown under Gare. N. glisa, to shine
through. The change of the final j or 2
into a / is found in many ramifications of
the root, as on. glita, to shine ; N. glett,
an opening among clouds ; gletta, glytta,
to peep, to make an opening ; glyit, glott,
an opening, hole, clear place among
clouds ; G. glatt, shining, polished,
smoothed. The loss of the / as in the
foregoing examples would give a root gat,
git, signifying what admits the light to
shine through, open, separated, exempli-
fied in E. gat-toothed, in g. gatter, gitter,
a lattice, partition with open interstices,
and in ON., P1.D., and Du. gat, a hole.
See Glade.

Gather. — Gadroon. G. gattern, Du.
gaderen, gaeren, to draw to a heap, to
gather.

An article of dress is said to be gather-
ed when it is drawn up in pleats, whence
must be explained Fr. gauderon, goderon,
the set or pleating of a rufif, also a fashion
of imbossement used by goldsmiths, and
termed knurling. — Cot. A gadrooned
edge is one worked with imbossments
like the pleats of a ruff.

A calf's gather is the chitterlings or
intestines of a calf, named in many
languages from their pleated structure.
Gaddre, as a calf's gadre or a shepes ;
froissure. — Palsgr. in Hal. See Chitter-
ling.

Gaud. — Gaudy. From 'Lai.gaudium,
joy, OFr. gaudir, to be frolick, jolly,
merry, to play the good fellow, make
good cheer, to jibe, jest. Se gaudir de,
to flout, scoff, be pleasant with. — Cot.
Hence E. gaudy, showy, bright-coloured,
like clothes worn on festive occasions ; I

GAVEL-KIND

297

gaudy-day, a festival ; and from the latter
applications, to gaud, to sport, to jest —
Hal., 3.-nA.gaud, a toy or trifle, a scoff. —
B. Vxov.joias d'enjfanz, playthings.

To Gauge. To measure the liquid
contents of a cask, subsequently applied
to the measurement of other kinds of
quantity. From 7r.jale, a bowl,_;Vj«^^r,
gaulger, to estimate the number of bowls
in a vessel. Jalagium, the right of sell-
ing wine by retail or the duty paid on
that account. See Gallon.

Gaunt. Gawnt or lene : macer ; — or
slender : gracilis. — Pr. Pm. Gartt, scanty.
— Moor.

Gauutree. A frame to set casks on in
a cellar. Fr. chantier, a support for vines,
gauntry or stilling for hogsheads, trestle
to saw timber on — Cot. ; also the stocks
on which a ship is built. From Lat.
cantherius, a horse of burden, then ap-
plied (as in modern languages a horse,
ass, or goat) to a wooden support for
various purposes. Cantherius, a prop
for a vine, rafter of a roof, trestle or horse
to saw timber on. — Littleton. The Ger-
mans use bock, a goat, in the last of these
senses. In like manner we speak of a
clothes-horse, and Fr. chevalet, a little
horse, is a painter's ea^el {G. esel, an ass),
the frame which supports his work.

Gauze. A name given to a woven
fabric of transparent texture. Fr. gaze,
cushion canvas, the thin canvas that
serves women for a ground for their
cushions or purse work. — Cot.

Among the numerous examples given
under Gare of parallel forms beginning
with gl and g respectively, are included
glaze and gaze, with the sense originally
of shining. To the first of these classes
belong N. glisa, to shine through ; glisen,
glesen, Sw. gles, what admits of the light
shining through, open in texture, thinly
scattered {et glest sail, an open or coarse
sieve), explaining the Cat. glassa, gauze ;
and to the second, E. gaze, to look, N.
gisen, open in texture, leaky, standing in
the same relation to Fr. gaze and E. gauze,
as N. glesen to Cat. glassa.

Gavel. I. Anything paid or done by
way of rent. See Gabel.

2. Fr.javelle, a gavel or sheaf of corn,
also a bavin or bundle of dry sticks. — :
Cot. Sp. gavilla, sheaf of corn, bundle
of vineshoots, gang of suspicious persons.

Probably a diminutive of gob or job, a
lump or portion, as bavin of bob, Gael.
bab, a. lump. E. dial, jobbel, a small load.
—Hal.

Gavel-kind. The custom of Kent by

298

GAWK

which all the sons of a family divided the
inheritance equally. Apparently from a
British source, although the word is of
Gaelic rather than w. form. Gael, gabh,
take ; gabhail, taking, tenure, a taking of
land, lease, farm ; cine, kin, family, clan.
Thus gavel-kind would mean family-
tenure, as opposed to the ordinary tenure
under which the whole of the land de-
scends to the eldest son. w. gafael, a
hold or grasp ; gafael o dir, a tenure of
land ; gafael cenedl, tenure of a family.
— ^Jones.

Gawk. I. E. dial, gawk-handed, left-
handed ; gawkshaw, a left-handed man ;
gallock hand,gaulic hand, left hand. Fr.
gauche, left hand, awkward, wrong, awry;
gauchir, to turn aside, to shun. ON.
skjdlgr, skew, oblique, squinting ; skjdlga,
to make oblique. See Shelve.

Gawk. 2. — Gawky. It is probable
that gawk, clownish, awkward, gawky, a
simpleton, a clown, must be separated
from the above, and (like the synonymous
gaby) explained from the notion of staring.
N-E. gauk, to stare vacantly ; Devon
gawk-a-mouih, a gaping fool. — Hal.

Gay. It. gajo, Fr. gat, merry, jolly,
quick, ready, prompt in action, light or
bright of colour. — Cot. Sp. gayar, to
freak, variegate, chequer ; gay a, stripe
of different colour on silks, ribbons, &c. ;
Ptg. verde-gaio, bright green ; Rouchi
gayoU, variegated.

Perhaps the true origin may be found
in the analogy by which the expressions
of conceptions dependent on the faculty
of hearing are extended to those of similar
character dependent on sight. Thus the
designation of broken conspicuous colour
would naturally be taken from a broken
chattering sound. So from Pl.D. kikel-
kakel, idle chatter, we have kakel-bunt,
or kikel-kakel-bunt, many-coloured, dis-
agreeably chequered ; Bav. gikkel-vech,
gegkericht, particoloured ; Swab, gakken,
to cackle ; gakkelig, particoloured. In
the same way Fr. cageoler, to chatter, ex-
plains Wal. cajoU, variegated, cajoler,
enjoliver, to embellish (with bright co-
lours ?). The It, gracchiare, to chatter as
a daw, stands in the same relation to
Wal. cragoU (R&m.2ic\€),crajoU (Grandg.),
mottled, speckled ; and on the same prin-
ciple may be compared Fr. garioler, to
warble as birds, Sp. garlar, to chatter,
with E. dial, garled, variegated, streaked,
spotted, and with. the change oib and^,
so common in imitative forms (G. belfern,
Pl.D. gelfern, to yelp ; Lang, brezilia, to
warble, Fr. greziller, to crackle ; Lang.

GEASON

gargata and barbata, to boil), with Fr,
banoU, variegated, speckled. So also
Fr. pioler, to pule, cheep or chirp like a
sparrow or young bird, pioU, speckled;
pioU-rioU, gaudy or pied, diversified with
sundry colours.^Cot. And again Dan.
spragle, Sw. sprackla, to crackle, Dan.
spraglet, Sw. spracklig, particoloured,
speckled.

By a further transition the word sig-
nifying liveliness of colour seems to have
been transferred to liveliness of disposi-
tion.

To Gaze. See Gare.

Gazette. Commonly derived from
gazzetta, a small Venetian coin supposed ,
to have been the price of the original 1
newspaper. But the value of the gazetta
was so small (' not worth a farthing of
ours ' — Fl.) that it never could have been
the price either of a written or printed
sheet. The radical meaning of the word
is shown in It. gazetta, gazdtte, all man-
ner of idle chattings or vain prattlirigs,
but now generally used for running re-
ports, daily news, intelligences, and ad-
vertisements as are daily invented and
written unto foreign nations, viz. from
Venice, Rome, and Amsterdam. — Fl.
The object of the gazette was to com-
municate the political cHit-chat of the
day. The origin of the word is a repre-
sentation of the chattering sound of birds
or voice, constituting a wide-spread root
in very different classes of language.
Pro v. gasar, gazalhar, Yx.jaser, to tatUe,
It. gazza, a magpie or chatter-pie (as it
is provincially called from its chattering
voice) ; gazzerare, gazzolare, gazzettare,
to chatter as a pie or a jay, to prate — Fl. ;
Fr. gazouiller, to twitter, to murmur;
Pol. gadad, to talk,gadu-gadu, chit-chat ;
Malay kata-kata, discourse ; Hung, csa-
tora, noise, racket ; csacsogni, to chatter
or prattle, csacsogdny, a chatter-box, mag-
pie, jack-daw.

Gazetteer. A geographical dictionary
was published by Echard, 1703, under
the name of The Gazetteer's or News-
man's Interpreter, being a Geographical
index, &c.— Sir P. S. Carey in N. & Q.

Gear. on. gofi, as. gearwa, habili-
ments, whatever is required to set a thing
in action. See Garb.

Geason. — Gizen. Geason, rare, scarce.
Gizen, to open like the seams of a cask,
to stare intently. — Hal. Gizzen, to sneer,
laugh, or smile in a contemptuous man-
ner.— Craven Gloss. The connection be-
tween the meanings is furnished by N.
glisa, to shine through, to show inter-

GEE

stices, as between boards tbat do not
meet close ; gliseii and (with loss of the t)
gisen, opening, leaky.

Then since the individuals of a col-
lection become rare as the interstices in-
crease, the word implying interstices
comes to signify rare. Sw. gles, open in
texture, thinly scattered ; on. gisinn,
hiulcus, rarus (gaping, rare, geason).^
Haldorsen.

The sense of sneering or contemptuous
laughter is from the parting of the lips
and letting the teeth be seen through, n.
glisa, to sneer, laugh at, show the teeth.
Compare N. glan, a bright opening be-
tween clouds ; glana, to open so as to let
one see through, also to stare ; glanen,
open, separated. In the same way from ON.
glima, to shine, shine through, gima, a
crack transmitting light ; gima, to gape,
or open.

Gee. To agree, to fit, to suit with. —
Hal. Yroxcigee J the exclamation to make
a horse go on. In Germany hott ! is the
word to make a horse go on, and hotte-
pdrd, in children's language, a horse, as
gee-gee with us.— Danneil. Hence hot-
ten, to make to go, to get on, to go —
Stalder, to go forward, to succeed, to gee.
Es will nickt recht hotten, it will not go,
or advance rightly, it won't do, won't gee.
— Kiittner.

To Geld. OSw. gall, Gael., w. caill,
G. geile, the parts on which the capacity
of offspring depends, the testes, ovaries.
OSw. gdlla, ON. gelda, G. geilen, to re-
move the parts in question, to castrate.
Gael, cailleadh, castration ; caillteanach,
a eunuch.

Gelid. Lat. gelidus, from gelu, frost,
cold.

Gem. This seems one of the words
whose derivation is obscured by the loss
of an /. See Gare. on. gimlir, splen-
dour ; gim-steinn, a shining stone, from
gima, for glima, to shine. It would seem
that Lat. gemma, a gem, was a borrowed
word, only accidentally agreeing with
gemma, a bud.

Gemini ! — By Gis. The wish to avoid
the sin of profane swearing- without giving
up the gratification of the practice has
led to the mangling of the terms used in
exclamation, so as to deprive them of
all apparent reference to sacred things.
Hence! Fr. m.ort bleu, corbleu, for mort,
corps de Dieuj sapperment for sacrament j
Swab, mein echel, for m.ein eid; Alsace
bi Gobb! bi Gollel bi Gosch! Gotz! Botz!
Potz! O Jeses ! O Je .' Jerum, J ere, Je-
mer, Jeigger, Jegesle, Jemine. — Deutsch.

GESSES

299

Mundart. iii. 503. Pl.D. Je / Jes J Herr
Jes ! Jemine ! — Danneil. ,

Gender. — General. — Generation.
Lat. genus, Fr. genre, a race, family,
breed; genero, to beget, Fr. engendrer j
generalis, pertaining to kind, also com-
mon or universal.

Genealogy. Gr, ftvia, race, pedigree.

General. — Generate, -gener-. Lat.
genus, generis, kind. To Regenerate, to
fall off from its proper kind.

Genesis. Gr. yEi/tmc, procreation, ori-
gin, beginning.

Genet. A small-sized Spanish horse.
Sp. gineto, a light horseman, named from
the Berber tribe of Zeneta, who supplied
the Moorish sultans of Grenada with a
body of horse on which they placed great
reliance. Their short lance was called in
Sp. gineta, in It. giannetta, and in the
testament of Peter the Cruel mention is
made of espada gineta, and siella gineta.
To ride alia gineta was to ride with short
stirrups like the Moors. The Spanish,
Italian, and French have also given the
name oi gineto, ginnetto, giannetto, genet,
to a kind of entire Spanish horse. — Dozy.

Genial. Lat. genialis, from genius,
the spirit or nature of a man. Congenial,
of like taste or disposition.

Genital. — Genitive. Lat. gigno, ge-
nitum, to beget.

Genteel. — Gentle. Tr.gentil, gentle,
tractable, courteous, comely, pretty.' — Cot.
Lat. gentilis, of a nation or family, and
KoT kwxw, of good family, as we say a
person of family for a well-bred person.

Gentoo. The pagan natives, as well
of India as of America, were called by
the Portuguese Gentid, gentile, pagan,
idolatrous, savage. Hence the Brahmins,
who were first made known to us by the
Portuguese, were called Gentoos, as if it
had been the proper name of the people
themselves. 'The Indians of the interior
still remaining in the savage state are
called by the Brazilians Indios or Gen-
tids (Heathens).' — Bates, Naturalist on
the Amazons, i. yj.

Geo-. Gr. yew-, from yea, y^, the earth ;
as in Geography, description of the earth ;
Geometry, measuring of the earth ; Geor-
gics, the science of cultivation of the
earth (ipyaw, to cultivate, till), &c.

Geranium. Cranesbill, from Gr. ye-
pavog, a crane ; on account of the long
projecting spike of the seed-capsule.

Germ. — Germinate. Lat. germen, a
bud, origin of growth ; germinare, to put
forth buds.

Gesses. The short straps with a ring

300

GEST

attached, rpund the feet of a hawk, which
were cast loose when he was let fly, were
called gesses, It. getti, Fr. gectsj from
gect, a cast or throw, IjaX.. jacere, to cast.

Gest. I. From Fr. giste, a lying or
lodging, the appointed rest for the court
on a royal progress ; thence used in
' Winter's Tale ' for the appointed time of
departure. Strype says that Cranmer
entreated Ceail ' to let him have the new-
resqjved-upon gests, that he might from
time to time know where the king was.'

Gest. 2. — Jest. From Lat. gerere,
gestum, to do, a feat or deed done, and
thence a relation, story. The Gesta
Romanorum was a celebrated collection
of stories in vogue in the middle ages.
The ^omsn gestes makin remembrance
Of many a veray trewe wif also.

Merchant's Tale.

A gestour was a person whose profession
was to entertain a company with the nar-
ration of stories.

Do come, he saied, my ministralis
And jestors to tell us tales

Anon in mine arming,
Of Romancis that ben roials
Of Popis and of Cardinals,

And eke of love longing. — Sir Thopas.

Geesfe, or romaunce : gestio, gestus. —
Pr. Pm. When the telling of stories be-
came a professional occupation the sub-
ject of the gestor would embrace every-
thing adapted to excite interest or to
raise a laugh, and as the latter in those
coarse times was the easier and more
popular line of endeavour, it seems gradu-
ally to have narrowed the meaning of
jest to a subject of laughter. ' Gest, a
tale ; gestyng, bourde.' — Palsgr. in Way.

At the same time it is very possible
&2A. gest in the sense of joke had an in-
dependent footing in the language. Sp.
chistar, to mutter, to utter a slight sound ;
ni chistar ni mistar, to be perfectly si-
lent ; chiste, a jest, on the Same principle
probably that we have Ptg. zumbir, to
hum, zombar, to jeer or jest. ON. gis,
jeering, bantering, teasing.

-gest. -gestion. — Gesture. — Gesta-
tion. Lat. gero, gestum, to bear, carry
on. As in Congest, Digestion, &c.

To Get. The fundamental sense seems
to be to seize, to become possessed of, to
acquire offspring. To forget, to away-
get, to lose one's mental acquisitions.
Goth, bigitan, to find. AS. andgitan, to
understand ; bigitan, to get, acquire, ob-
tain. ON. geta, to conceive, beget, ac-
quire, to be able, also to make mention of
a thing.

GIB-CAT

Get. — Jet. Get, or manner or custome,
modus, consuetudo. — Pr. Pra. Gette, a
custom ; newe ieite, guise nouvelle. —
Palsgr. Perhaps from gait or gate, a
way. Ill gaited, having bad habits, per-
verse, froward. — Jam. But it is more
probably an application of the verb get in
the sense of devise, contrive. So it is
used by Chaucer with respect to the con-
trivance of the alchemist who, having
fiUed a hollow stick with silver filings,
With his stikke above the crosselet
That was ordained with that false get.
He stirreth the coles.

* Gewga'w. A plaything, a showy
trifle. ' Babiole, a trifle, whimwham,
guigaw or small toy for a child to play
withal.' — Cot. ' Fariboles, fond tattling,
idle discourses, trifles, flimflams, why-
whaws.' — Cot. Here the synonymous
fiimjiam, whimwham, •whywhaiv,guiga'w,
gewgaw, although they cannot be sup-
posed to spring from a common root, yet
are manifestly formed on a similar plan,
the principle of which seems to be to repre-
sent light movement to and fro as opposed
to steady continuance in a fixed direction.
Hence the signification of something done
without settled purpose, trifling, child's
play, in opposition to work done with a
settled purpose. Pl.D. wigelwageln, to
go wigglewaggle, is to waver to and fro.
Hence wigwag, whywhaw, guigaw. In
Suffolk one ploughing unskilfully would
be said ' to woowhaw about.' — Moor. To
go giggajoggie, to move to and fro. —
Florio. In G. nursery language gickgack,
a clock, represents the vibration of the
pendulum. Gygampfen (Sanders), Swab.
gugen, to move to and fro. Gugen utid
gagen wie ein wagend rohr : shilly shally
Tike a waving reed. — Schmeller. Pl.D.
gigeln, to fiddle, is from the movement of
the bow to and fro over the strings. On
the same principle the name of gewgaw
is given in the N. of E. to a jew's-harp,
from the jigging movement of the hand
continually striking the projecting tongue
of the instrument. We pass to the idea
of trifling in Swiss gdggelen, to trifle ;
gaggelizeug, playthings, toys, trifles ; E.
gig, a silly flighty person ; giggish, tri-
fling, silly, flighty.— Hal.

Ghastly. See Aghast.

Gherkin. G. giirke, Pol. ogorek, pi.
ogorki. Boh. okurka, a cucumber.

Ghost. AS. gast, G. geist, a spirit.

Giant. Vr.gMjtt, 'LsX.gigas,gigantis.

Gib-cat. A male cat, as we now say
Tom-cat. ' Thibert le cas ' in R. R. is
translated by Chaucer, ' Gibbe our cat,'

GIBE

Gib being short for Gilbert, the equiva-
lent of Fr. Thibert.

Gibe. — Gib. As gabble, gabber, vary
with gibber in representing the Sound,
made by rapid, senseless talking ; so we
had formerly gib as well as gab in the
sense of the mouth or muzzle. 'We'll
call him Cacodjemon with his black gib
there.' — B. and F. in R,

Hence to gibe, properly to wry the
mouth, to make faces, as from the equi-
valent W. gwep, beak, face, gwepio, to
make a wry face, grin, mock. N. gjeipa,
gleipa, Sw. gipa, to wry the mouth, make
faces. — Aasen. As the N. gj is pro-
nounced nearly as e. /, the foregoing
gjeipa is probably the immediate origin
of OE. jape, mockery, joke.

To Gibber. — Gibberish. Gibber, like
gabber, jabber, 3.-nA. gabble, represents the
sound of rapid talking without reference
to meaning, whence gibberish, gibbering,
an utterance of articulate sounds without
sense, on. gifra, to jabber.

Gibbet. The gibbet seems originally
to have been not a mere projecting arm
of gallows to which a man must be raised
in order to hang him, but a contrivance
like the wipe of a well, by which the suf-
ferer could at once be swung up into the
air. We find it spoken of as actually
raising the sufferer from the ground.

Vultibus erectis sursutn tollenie giheto

Digna Jovi fiunt oblatio, jure levati

A tellure procul. — ^Willelm. Brito in Due.
And Matthew Paris designates it as
' machinam. illatn pcenalem qua gibet
appellatur,' language implying some me-
chanical contrivance beyond what would
be applicable to a simple support. The
root (somewhat disguised by an initial w,
which is so commonly found interchang-
ing with a g) is seen in Du. wip, indicat-
ing any sudden reciprocating movement,
as a wink of the eye ; wippen, to toss,
jerk up into the air — P. Marin ; wippe,
toUeno, a wipe, or lever for lifting water
out of a well, patibulum toUenonis instar
constructum, a gallows made like a wipe,
i. e. a gibbet. — Kil. Sw. wippa, to whip
or trice up ; wippkdrra, a tumbril ; wipp-
galge, a gibbet. The exact root is pre-
served in E. gib, to start suddenly back,
or from side to side ; Du. gijpen (des
voiles), se tourner subitement — P. Marin;
Sw. gippa, to whip up into the air, as we
speak of gibbeting a toad — Rietz;^//fl;
upp, to strike up, tilt up ; guppa, to move
up and down, to rock as a boat ; Dan.
dial, gimpe, to rock, to swing ; Fr. regim-
ber, OFr. regiber, to wince.

GIGGLE

301

Gibbous. Lat. gibbus, a bunch, hump,
swelling on the back or other part of the
body.

Giblets. The odds and ends cut off
in trimming a goose for roasting. Pro-
bably the meaning is simply bits, scraps,
a further dim. of Fr. gobeau, a. bit, gob-
bet, morsel. — Cot. It. gobbo, gibbo, a
hump. In the same way E. dial, gubbins
(gubbings), fragments, parings of codfish,
&c.— B.

Giddy. Unsteady, on the verge of
falling. Gael, godach, giddy, coquettish.
N. gidda, to shake, to tremble. From
the notion of rapid reciprocating action
represented by the parallel forms gib, gid,
gig. See Gibbet, and next article.

Gig. — Giglet. A series of abrupt
sounds was represented by syllables like
gick^^bdi, gig-gag. In G. nursery lan-
guage gigk-gagk is a clock, from the tick-
ing of the pendulum — D. M. v. 434; and
•pcovvacxsHiy gigkezen, gagkezen, to stut-
ter.— lb. V. 341. Swab, gigacken (Du.
gugageri), to heehaw or bray like an ass,
to cackle like geese. And see Giggle.

The syllables representing broken'sound
are then applied to broken movements
or the subject of such movements as in
the case of gigk-gagk above mentioned,
where the change of vowel in the two
syllables represents the reciprocating
movement of the pendulum. Bav. gigelen,
to palpitate, to quiver ; gaugken, gaug-
keln, gaggln, to totter, stagger, sway to
and fro ; Swiss gageln, to joggle ; gagli,
a girl that cannot sit still ; gdggelen, to
toy, to trifle ; gaggeli-werk, trifles, toys ;
Pl.D. gigeln (MHG. gigen, G. geigen), to
play on the fiddle — Danneil ; gigeln, be-
gigeln, to diddle, to deceive, properly to
deceive the eye by rapid movements to
and fro. Bav. gigl, the feet.

Gig in English is applied to various
objects characterised by a short quick
movement, or by gigging, reciprocating
or whirling motion. Banff, gig, giggum,
Bav. geek, a trick ; E. dial, gig, a machine
for dressing cloth, for winnowing corn
(also as MHG. gige, G. geige, It. gkiga,
giga^ a fiddle. — Hal. A gig is a carriage
consisting of a seat balanced on a pair of
shafts by which the jogging of the horse's
trot is communicated to the persons in
the gig. Gig, a toy, a top, a silly flighty
person ; giggish, trifling, flighty, wanton ;
giggli, giglet, gigsy, a flighty person, a
giddy girl. — Hal. Fr. gigues, a light
versatile girl. See Jig.

Giggle. Bav. gigken, gigkezen, to
utter inarticulate sounds either in stutter-

302

GILL

ing, retching, or giggling with restrained
laughter ; gagkern, gagkezen, to cackle
like a hen, to stutter. Du. gicken, gic-
kelen, cachinnari.— Kil. Swiss gigelen,
gigeren, to giggle, G. dial, gibbeln, to
laugh.— D. M. iii. 552.

Gill. I. A small measure of liquids.
Gylte, lytylle pot.— Pr. Pm. Gillo, vas
fictile.— Gloss, in Due. Vascula vmaria
quae mutato nomine guillones aut flas-
cones appellant.— Paulus Diaconus in
Due.

2. Sv/.fisk-gel, the gills of a fish. as.
geaflas, geaglas, geahlas, Fr. ^fle, the
chaps, jaws, jowl. Gael, gial, jaw, cheek,
gill of a fish. OHG . chela, guttur, brancia
— Gl. in Graff; G. kehle, l-aX.gula, throat;
AS. ceole, faucis.

Gilly-flower. Formerly written _^7o-
fer, gillover, gillow-Jlotver, immediately
from Fr. giroflde, and that from It. garo-
falo, Lat. caryophyllus, a clove, from the
clove-like smell of the flower.

Gimcrack. See Gimmal.

Gimlet. Lang, jhimielet (Jh pro-
nounced as E. soft g), Fr. gimbelet, gibe-
let, a gimlet, from Lang, jhimbla, to twist,
E. gib, to turn suddenly, as wimble, an
auger, from Du. wemelen, Sc. wammle,
to turn round.

Gimmals. — Gimmers. Gimmal, an-
nulus gemellus — Coles, a twin or double
ring. The term was generally applied to
rings, or corresponding members of a
joint working into each other, as the rings
of a hawberk or coat of mail, the arms of
a tongs, two portions of a hinge, and
thence the hinge itself. Gimewes (or
joints) of a spur, membres or membrets
d'^peron. — Sherwood. Gimmow of a
door, cardo. — Huloet in Way. Trevisa
speaks of an iron ' made as it were a
peire tonges i-iem.ewde (ygemewed) as
tonges in the myddes.' Jimmers, jointed
hinges.^ — Ray.

From Lat. ge?nelli, Fr. jumeaux, ju-
melles, twins. In the same way the Bret.
gevel, a twin, is applied to each of the
parts in a double instrument, as a pair of
tongs. The term was then applied to the
separate members of the works in a com-
plicated piece of machinery, or to any
mechanical device for producing motion.

My acts are like the motional gimbals
Fixed in a watch. — Vow-breaker in Nares.

' The famous Kentish idol moved her
hands and eyes by those secret gimmers
which now every puppet play can imitate.'
— Hall in Todd. But whether it were
that the rebel his powder failed him, or

GIRD

some gimbol or other were out of frame.'
— HoUinshed in N. Yieact gimcrack.

Gimp. A kind of lace made of threads
whipped or twisted round with silk. The
corresponding Fr. is guip7ire, horaguiper,
to whip. — Boyer. The same correspond-
ence between a nasalised form and one
without the nasal is seen in Fr. gibelet,
E. gimblet, from a different application of
the same root with the fundamental mean-
ing of turning or twisting. G. gimf, a
loop, lace, or edging of silk, gold, or silver.
Gin. A mechanical contrivance, a
trap, or snare.
And whau ye come ther as ye list abide,
Bid him descend, and trill another pin
{For therein lieth the effect of all the girC),
And he wol down descend and don your will.
Squier's Tale in R.
So, so, the woodcock 's ^«»«V. — B. & F. in R.

From Lat. ingenium, natural disposition,
talents, invention, Fr. engin, an engine,
instrument, also understanding, poHcy,
reach of wit, also [when the contrivance
is applied to a bad purpose] fraud, craft,
deceit. — Cot. Prov. genh, geinh, ginh.
Cat. enginy, giny, skill, machine.

In the sense of a trap or snare we might
be tempted to look to the ON. ginna, to
allure, deceive, the agreement with which
is probably accidental.

Ginger. Lat. gingiber, zingiber.

To Gingle. See Jingle.

Gipsire. A purse, from Fr. gibbeciire,
a pouch, and that from gibbe, a bunch,
anything that stands poking out ; gib-
basse, a great bunch, or hulch-like swell-
ing, a pouch, or budget. — Cot.

To Gird. i. — Girtli. — Girdle, on.
giord, a belt, girth, band ; tunna-giorS,
the hoop of a cask. Goth, gairda, G.
gurt, giirtel, a girdle.

ON. gardr, gercti, afence, hedge ; gerda,
gircta, to inclose or surround with a fence
(Jonsson) ; also to gird (Haldors.), girda
sig sverdi. Girdi, a hoof), band ; girdis-
■vidr, hoopwood ; girding, hedge, fence,
in closure, girdle, belt ; girtr, girded,
hooped.

To Gird. 2. — Gride. To gird or gride
was formerly used in the sense of striking,
piercing, cutting ; and thence metaphori-
cally, gird, a sharp retort, a sarcasm.

And girdeth of Gyle's heed. — P. P.

As one t^irough-gyrt with many a wound.

Surry in Nares.
Last with his goad amongst them he doth go,
And some of them he grideth in the haunches,
Some in the flanks, that pricked their very
paunches. —Drayton.

The primary image is the sound of a

GIRL

smart blow with a rod, or the hke, giving
rise to a root which under numerous
modifications is applied to the act of
striking or cutting, or any sharp sudden
action, as kicking, starting forwards.

Gamelyn — ■

— gert him full upon the nek

That he the bone tobrak. — Gamelyn, 598.

GBG. gartotun, perfodiebant [ilia]. — Graff.
G. gerte, Du. gard, gaerde, E. yard, a
rod. Bav. gart, gdrten, switches ; birkene
gdrtn, a birch rod. E. jert, synonymous
with ^rd, a sharp touch by word of
mouth. ^ Attainte, a reach, hit, home-
stroke, also a gentle nip, quip, or jert, a
slight _^></.' — Cot. Then, with a change
of the final t into k, jirk, yirk, yark, to
strike, kick, fling. To jerke, fouetter avec
des verges. — Sherwood. Girk, a rod,
to chastise, or beat.

You must h& jerking at the times forsooth.

The Ordinary, iv. 4.

To yerk, to kick like a horse ; yark, to
strike, to beat, a stroke, jerk, snatch, puU.
— Hal. A yark with a whip. — Fl. Comp.
Fr. ruer, to hurl ; mer coups sur, to pour
blows on ; ruer des pieds, to kick, wince,
jerk, fling. — Cot.

Girl. Formerly applied to children of
both sexes.

Here knave gerlys I shall steke. — Slaughter of
the Innocents, Coventry Myst. 181 .

Grammar for girles I garte firste to write
And bette them with a balys but if they wolde
leme.^P. P.

In milke and in mele
To maken with papelottes (pap, gruel) to aglotye
with her gurles (to satisfy their children). — ■
P. P.

Pl.D. gdr, gore, a child ; goren-kraam
(kinderey), childish tricks ; goren-snak,
childish talk. — Brem. Wtb. In Ham-
burgh g'drr is now used for a girl. Swiss
gurre, gurrli, a depreciatory term for a
girl.

Gist. The ground on which an action
is brought against one, the ground on
which it lies. OFr. giste, lying place,
lodging, ixorca. gdsir, \jaX. jacere, to lie.

To Give. Goth, giban, to give ; Gael.
gabh, take, lay hold of, seize. Of this
perhaps give is the causative, to cause
another to take. In the same way to
take was formerly used in the sense of
deliver up to, or give,

— to Progne he goth
And prively taketh her the cloth. — Gower.

Gizzard. Fr. gesier, Lang. grezU,
from Lang, gres, Fr. gresil, gravel, the
gizzard being filled with little stones.

GLADE

303

For the same reason it is also called peri^,
or peirid in Lang., iroxtipeiro, stone.

To Glabber. To speak indistinctly as
children that have not learned to articu-
late properly. — Jam. Cai. parlar aglops,
to gabble, praepropere festinanterque
loqui ; ^lop, the sound of a gulp of liquid.

Glacial. Lat. glades, ice.

Glacis. The slope outside a fortifica-
tion, from the parapet of the covered way
to the general level of the field. Fr. gla-
cis, a gentle sloping downwards. From
O Fr. glacer, glacier, to slide, in which is
apparently preserved the root of Lat. gla-
des, ice. Glacier, to slip, slide. — Pat. de
Champagne. Glacynge, or wrong glydynge
of boltys or arrowis. — Pr. Pm.

Glad. 'Du.glad,glaf, smooth, polished,
slippery, formerly burning, bright (gloe-
dende). — Kil. Then metaphorically ap-
plied to a bright and cheerful countenance.
Syi.glad, joyful, cheerful. Glada rume i ef
hus, lightsome rooms in a house ; glattig,
cheerful. Da. glat, smooth, shppery ;
glad, joyous. ON gladr, bright, shining,
cheerful, glad. In the same way Gr.
^atSpog, brilliant, shining, cheerful, joyful.
Oculi hilaritate nitescunt et tristitid quod-
dam nubilum ducunt. — Quint. Con-
nected with a numerous class of words
founded on the notion of shining ; ON.
glita, to shine, E. glisten, glitter, &c. See
Glass.

Glade. A light passage made through
a wood, also a beam or breaking in of
the light. — B. Clauds, hot gleams be-
tween showers. — Baker. The fundament-
al meaning is a passage for the light,
either through trees or through clouds.
N. glette, a clear spot among clouds, a
little taking up in the weather ; gletta, to
peep ; glott, an opening, a clear spot
among clouds. ON. glita, Sc. gleit, to
shine.

In the same way E. lawn, synonymous
with glade, may be compared with N.
glenna, a clear space in a wood, glan, an
opening among clouds ; glanen (of clouds
or trees in a wood), open, allowing one
to look through ; glana, to separate as
clouds, to clear up, to look, to peep.

The loss of the / obscures the funda-
mental identity of glade with Da. gade,
a street, ON. gata, a street, a footpath.
A similar equivalence of forms with an
initial gl and g respectively is seen in Sc.
glabber and gabber, to gabble ; G. glaffen
and gaffen, N. glapa and gapa, to gape
or stare; OTS.glingra, 'E.ginglej Da.. glam,
clangour of bells, Fr. gamtne, peal of
bells ; N. glantri. Da. ganteri, foolery,

304

GLAIR

and in numerous other cases mentioned
under Gaze, Geason, Gat-toothed.

Glair. Gleyre of eyryne or other lyke,
glarea.— Pr. Pm. Yx. glaire, Vrow.glara,
Clara, Sp. dara, It. chiara, white of egg.
Chiare, d'uovo, the white or clear of an
egg. — Fl. As far as the foregoing sense
is concerned the word might well be de-
rived from Lat. clarus, and from the white
of an egg the term might perhaps be
transferred to other viscous substances.
But this overlooks the connection with
Sc. glar, glare, glaur, mud, mire, slime ;
glorg, a nasty mess ; glorgie, bedawbed
(Jam.); glorgyn, or wyth onclene thynge
defoylyn, maculo, deturpo.— Pr. Pm.

Geordie spat out
The glaur that adown his beard ran.

Nichols' Poems.

Cambr. glaire, a miry puddle. — Hal.

The radical image is perhaps that of
something slippery, with which the idea
of shining is closely connected. Swiss
glaren, gloren, to shine ; glarig, glorig,
shining, smooth ; Fris.^/a^r, slippery. 'E
iis is gldr^ the ice is slippery. — Outzen.
Banff glaur, slippery ice. E. dial, glire,
gleer, to slide; P1.D. glirrig, slippery. —
Schiitze. It is however very difficult to
know when we have come to the bottom
of one of these complicated trains of
thought. The Bret, giaour, slaver, W.
glafoerio, E. glaver, to slaver, seem to
point in a different direction to the fore-
going.

Glaive. A long sword or bill. — B. A
halbert-like weapon, consisting of a blade
mounted on a long handle. W. cleddyf,
Gael, claidheamh (pronounced klllyhev
—Macalpine), a sword ; claidheamh-mor
(claymour), a broadsword. W. glaif, a
bill-hook. Sw. glafven, Du. glawe, a
lance, spear. E. dial, gleeve, an eel-spear.
— Baker.

Probably direct from the Celtic, although
Diez supposes Fr. glaive to be formed
through the medium of Lat. gladius,
whence Prov. gladi, glazi, glavi, as from
adulterum, azulteri, avulteri.

Glamour. Properly false shine, de-
ception of sight. To cast glatnour o'er
one, to cause magical deception.

It had much of glamour might,
Could make a lady seem a knight.

Lay of Last Minstrel.

ON. gldmsyni, when things appear other
than what they really are. — Fritzn. Dan.
glimmer, glitter, false lustre. In like
manner G. gleisen, to cast a faint lustre,

GLARE

to play the hypocrite, to make a false
show.

Originally, like all words expressing
visual ideas (as explained under Bright)
derived from the faculty of hearing. Gael.
glam, outcry ; ON. glam, clash, clangour ;
glamra, to rattle ; Sc. glamer, noise, clat-
ter. For the passage to the idea of glit-
ter, compare ON. glingra, to rattle, jingle,
also to glitter, give a false shine.

Glance. The fundamental idea is the
shining of a polished surface, then the
slipping aside, as of an arrow striking
against a polished surface, or of a ray
of light reflected from it, then a sidelong ''
or momentary look.

Du. giants, G. glanz, lustre, splendour ;
ON.glis, glitter ; Sc. gleis, splendour ; G.,
Du. gleissen, to shine ; glissen, glisten,
G. glitichen, Fr. glisser, glinser, esclincer,
glasser, glacer, glacier, to slip, slide ; OE.
glace, to polish, to glance as an arrow
turned aside. — Pr. Pm. Lat. glacies, ice,
from its slipperiness, and E. glass, from
its transparency, belong to the same root.
Du. glisteren, glinsteren, to glisten, glis-
ter. Other forms are Du. glad, G. glatt,
shining, polished, smooth ; N. glita, Sc.
gleit, to shine ; to glent or glint, to glance
or gleam, to pass suddenly as a gleam of
light, to glide, to peep, to squint. — Jam.
' The stroke glented down to his beUy.' —
Berners' Froissart. W. ysglentio, to slide.

Da. glindse, to glisten, gives an inter-
mediate form between glint and glance,
while Da. glimt, a gleam, glimpse", flash,
would unite glint with gleam instead of
glitter. The truth seems to be that the
words signifying shining are derived from
a number of representations of the same
kind of sound, having commonly more or
less resemblance to each other, and this
general resemblance in the roots causes
a network of relationship in the words de-
rived from them.

Gland. Lat. glans, glandis, an acorn,
a kernel in the flesh.

Glanders. OFr. glandre, a swelling
of the glands, a sore.

El col nues glandres out,
K'em escrovele numer seout.
In her neck she had naked sores, which
men are used to call scrofula. — Life K.
Edward in Benoit, 2612.

Glare. A dazzhng light ; to glare, to
shine with excess of brightness, to stare
intently upon. Glare, to glaze earthen-
ware.— Hal. N. glora, to shine, to stare ;
Swiss glare, to stare. Applied in the first
instance to phenomena of hearing. Gael.
^W?-, noise, speech,^/or(?f^, noisy, clamor-

GLASS

ous ; Lat. gloria, renown, claritas nomi-
nis, splendor, amplitudo. — Facciolati.
Compare Bohem. hlas, the voice, fame ;
Pol. glos, the voice ; glosny, loud, famous,
notorious. Lat. dams, which is applied
as well to visual as to audible phenomena,
is another modification of the same root.
See next article.

Glass.— Glaze, on. gler, Da. glar,
glas, glass. From the notion of trans-
parency ; what allows the light to shine
through. N. G/as, a window ; g/zsa, to
shine through ; glira, to be open so that
one can see through ; glosa, glora, to
gaze, to shine ; Sc. glose, gloze, to blaze,
Du. gleysen, G. gleyssen, to shine. To
glaze, in the sense of making a thing to
shine, is now confined to the surface of
earthenware, but was formerly used in a
much more general application. Glacyn,
or make a thynge to shine, pernitido,
polio ; glacynge or scowrynge of barneys,
pernitidacio. — Pr. Pm. 'Fr.glac^, polished,
shining, is familiar in the expression ^/ac/
silks. Glaze-worm, glass-worm, a glow-
worm.— Hal. Looking here to like origin
with that of the twin form glare, we find
Fr. glas, noise, crying, bawling ; Russ.
glas", the voice, Serv. glas, voice, news,
fame ; Bohem. hlas, voice, fame, hlasyty,
sonorous, clear ; Pol. glos, sound, voice,
speech ; glosny, loud, famous, notorious ;
Russ. glas', the eye, gledanie, sight, see-
ing ; Serv. glati, gledati, to see, to seek.
Swab, glascht, the voice, glast, brilliancy,
splendour, glasten, to shine, to glance. —
Schmid.

To Glaver. To soothe or flatter.— B.'
Toglaffer, to flatter. —Hal. To glaver, to
slaver — Hal.; to talk foolishly. — Brocket.
W. glafoerion, slaver ; Bret, giaour en,
giaour, slaver, glaourek, slavering, talk-
ative ; Sc. glabber, to speak indistinctly,
as children ; \r. glafaire,glagaire, a bab-
bler ; glifrim, to prate. The connection
between the ideas of slavering and prat-
tling is seen in Fr. baver, to slaver, drivel,
also to famble or flatter in speaking ;
bavard, a slaverer, babbler. — Cot.

Glead. A kite. The names of hawks
are often from their gliding or hovering
motion. So w. cM, a kite, from cudio, to
hover ; cudyll y gwynt, the kestril or
wind-hover. Lith. linge, the kite, from
lingoti, to hover. Dan. glente, kite, OE.
glent w. ysglentio, to slide ; and in like
manner E. glead from glide.

Gleam. — Glimmer. Du. glimmen,
glimpen, ignescere, candere. — Kil. Pl.D.
glimmen, glimmern, to shine ; G. glim-
men, glummen, to glow, shine in a covert

GLEE

30s

way ; Sw. glimma, to glitter ; N. glima,
to shine bright, dazzle ; glima, a beam of
light ; ON. liomi, splendour, AS. leoman,
to shine, OE. leem, Horn, a gleam.

ON. glampa, to glitter, shine. The
original image, as in all these expressions
for the action of light, is a loud sound.
ON. Glamm, a ringing, rattle ; glymia, to
resound ; glymr,glumr, resonance, noise ;
glumra, glamra, to jingle, rattle, rumble.
Gr. Xa/ifl-w, to ring loud and clear, as well
as to shine ; \a\nrfi'oQ, brilliant, sonorous,
clear.

To Glean. Fr. glaner, from glane,
galeyne, a handful ; glenon, a bunch of
hay, straw, vegetables. — Roquef.

Deus meyns ensemble, vodes ou pleyns,
Sount apelfe \s%galeyns. — Bibelsworth.

Ainsi que le suppliant batoit un pou de
glaines, ou gerbes de bled. — Carp. Glean
(in Kent), a handful of corn tied together
by a gleaner. — Hal. Glane d'oignons, a
bunch of onions. — Diez. Gla7ia, gleba
alliorum ; gelina, gelima, gelida, geliba,
eyn schouff off garve (a sheaf or bundle),
eyn kleyn garbe. — Dief Sup. Du. gluye,
a bunch of straw or sedge, vulgo glema,
gelima. — Kil. The form gelima leads to
AS. gelm, gilm, E. dial, yehn, a sheaf,
handful of corn or straw. To yelm. straw,
to lay it in order for a thatcher (i. e. in
handfuls). — Hal. To gleame corne, spici-
legere. — Levins. For the change of ni
and n compare gernSr for germer, to bud.
— H&art.

Possibly the formation of the word
may be explained from Lith. glebys, an
armful ; globti, glomoti, to embrace, to
hold in the arms.

Glebe. Lat. gleba, a clod, lump of
earth.

Glede. A hot ember, live coal. — 6.
ON. gloa, to glow, burn, shine ; glod, live
coal. G. gliihen, to glow, be red-hot ;
gluth, the glowing of fire, hot coals, great
heat. Du. gloed, hot coals, gheden,
gloeyen, to glow. See Glow.

Glee. AS. Glig, gliw, music, sport,
joke ; gligman, a minstrel, buffoon ; glio-
wian, gliwian, to sing, jest, play. ON.
glj, laughter (Rietz), mirth, joy (Fritzner);
glyja, to divert, delight, rejoice ; glyjari,
a juggler, buffoon; glotta, to laugh, to
sneer. Sw. dial, gly, glyt, glut, sport,
derision ; g'dra gly, to make sport of, to
deride. ON. hlaja, to laugh, hlcegja, to
divert, to cause to laugh ; Meet, laughter,
sport, Gr. yeXow, I laugh.

To Glee. — Gley. — Gly. To squint.
Glyare,gloyere or gogyl-eye,limus, strabo.

— Pr. Pm.

20

3o6 GLEEK

The elder sister [Leah] he forsoke,
For she gliyed seith the boke.

Cursor Mundi in Hal.

She had sore eyes. Sc. to gley, gly, to
look obhquely, squint. The primary-
sense of the verb is to shine, then to
glance, to look.

In the founce ther stonden stonej stepe
As glente thurgh glas that glowed and glyht.
Allit. Poems, A. 114.
The gomegfyhi on the grene graciouse leve3,
lb. C. 453.

ON. gljd, glcEa, Sw. dial, glia, to glance,
shine; NE.G^/ir«,(z^/^a, crooked; togledge,
to look asquint. — Jam. Gr. yXoioe, slip-
pery; yXom^M, to cast aside glance. Pl.D.
gliden, glicii, to slip or slide.

To Gleek. To jeer, joke, jibe, or ban-
ter.— B. Du. glicken (parallel with blick-
en), to shine ; Sc. glaiks, reflection of the
rays of light from a lucid body in motion ;
to cast the glaiks on one, to dazzle, con-
found ; glaik, a deception, trick; Jo play
the glaiks, get the glaiks, to cheat, be
cheated. To glaik, to trifle, glaiking,
folly, wantonness. ON. leika, to play ;
OE. to lake, to play ; lakin, plaything.

Glender. To stare, to look earnestly.
— Hal. Also to look aside, to squint.
Sw. glindra {glengrd — Rietz), to shine,
to glimmer ; ON. glingra, to gingle, rat-
tle, to shine delusively. MHG. glander,
glitter, shining.

■Gleyme. Slime,* glue. Gley me or
rewme, reuma ; gleyme of knyttynge or
byndynge togedders, limus, gluten ; gley-
viyn or yngleymyn, visco, invisco. — Pr.
Pm. Viscus, gleme or lyme. — Ortus in
Way. NE. glime, the mucus from the
nostrils of cattle. — Hal. Related to slime,
as Du. glibberig to slibberig, slippery ;
glippen, to escape, to E. slipj glide to
slides Sc. glent to Sw. slinta, to slide.
Probably the radical image is the slip-
periness of a viscous liquid.

Glib. Slippery, smooth.— B. Pl.D.
glippen, N. gleppa, to slip ; Du. glibberig,
E. dial, glaber, glibbery, slippery ; glafe,
smooth, polite. — Hal. Da. glippe, to slip,
to miss, to wink ; Sc. gliff, a glimpse, a
glance. Lat. glaber, smooth, without hair,
seems from the same source ; and with-
out the initial g, labi, to slide, lubricus,
slippery. Lith. glebti, to be slippery.

Glidder. Slippery. — Hal. B. Jonson
speaks of a galley-pot being well glid-
dered, i. e. glazed. Sw. glindra, to glim-
mer, shine. Da. dial, glidder, slippery ;
gluddre, to smooth a wall plastered with
clay. Sc. ghcddry, gloittry, unctuous,
slippery ; to gloit, to work with the hands

GLISTEN

in something liquid, miry, and viscous.
E. dial, glut, the slimy substance in a
hawk's pannel ; Fr. glette, the froth of an
egg, phlegm or filth which a hawk throws
out at her beak after her casting, glet-
teux, slimy, flegmy, filthy. — Cot. Pl.D.
glett, slippery, E. gleet, a slimy discharge.

To Glide. Du. glijdeH,glijen, glissen,
Pl.D. gliden, glien, G. gleiten, glitschen,
gleissen, Fr. glisser, to slide, slip. There
is obviously a close connection between
the notions of a glittering, shining surface
and of a smooth and slippery one. Thus
we have on. gladr, shining, clear, bright ;
Du. ^/a</, bright, shining, sleek, smooth, .
slippery. — Bomhoff. "Devon glidder, slip-
pery. So ON. glita, to shine, leads to Sw.
glida, to glide, while both senses are pre-
served in the dialectic ^/z'a, to glow, to
shine, and also to glide, slide, flow. So
E. gloss, glossy, and Sw. dial, glisa, to
shine, gleam, correspond to G. gleissen,
Fr. glisser, to slide. E. glatice, to shine,
is also used in the sense of slipping aside;
and here indeed we are distinctly con-
scious that the latter sense is taken from
the oblique reflection of light from a
smooth surface. The same is the case
with Sc. glent, glint, to flash, gleam,
glance, also to start aside. ' T' shot corns
glinted aff his wings lahk rain aff a duck's
back.' — Atkinson. Sw. dial. gla?it, slip-
pery ; gldnta, glinta, w. ysglentio, to slip,
slide. In the same way N.^/zVa, to peep,
properly to shine ; E. dial.^/zr^, gleer, to
slide. — Hal.

To Glie. To squint, to look askew.
The elder sister he forsoke,
For she glided, seith the boke.

Cursor Mundi.
Sw. dial, glia, to gleam, also to glide,
slide. See Glide. Compare also gleam
with NE. glim, to look askance. — Hal.
Glender, a slight squint, is the equivalent
of Sw. glindra, to glitter. When a sur-
face is imperfectly polished it only reflects
slanting light.

Glimmer. See Gleam.

Glimpse. A flash of light, transient
glance. Swiss glumsen, a spark, glim-
men, glnmscn, to glow under the ashes ;
Du. glimpcn, glinsen, to glow, to sparkle.

And little glowworms glimpsing in the dark.

Nares.

Da. glinite, to gleam, flash, See Gleam.
To Glisten.— Glister.— Glitter. Du.
glistercn, glinstcren, to sparkle, AS. gli-
sian, glisnian, glistenan, to glisten, ON.
glyssa, glytta, glitra, to sparkle, glitter.
A number of related forms are seen under
Glass.

GLOAMING

It would doubtless be an error to sup-
pose all these forms to be successively
developed from any one root such as 0as
ox glat. We should rather suppose that
the noises, which constitute the original
image in the expression of visual con-
ceptions, were represented independently
by forms bearing a certain resemblance to
each other, which was preserved through
subsequent modifications when the terms
were applied to visual phenomena, giving
them the false appearance of descent
from a common root. Thus we have Fr.
glas, noise, bawling ; Prov. glat, yelp,
cry, chatter of birds, E. dash, clatter,
which when appropriated by the faculty
of sight produce forms like glass, gloss,
glat (polished), glitter, glister. A form
closely allied with glisten and glister is
applied to phenomena of hearing or the
sense which apprehends them in Du.
luysteren, to whisper, or to listen, Pl.D.
lustern, glustern, AS. hlystan, to listen,
i. e. to attend to low whispering or rust-
ling sounds. In the same way Da. knit-
tre, to rattle, craclde, knistre, to crackle,
titter, may be compared with gnistre,
ON. gncista, to sparkle. The Fr. dclater
is used with reference to both senses.
Esclat, a clap, crack ; esdat de lumiere,
a glimpse or flash of light ; esdatant,
crashing, cracking, ringing, glittering,
flashing. — Cot.

Gloaming. AS. glomung, glommung,
twilight, the time of day when the light
shines obscurely beneath the advancing
shade of night like fire under ashes. Da.
dial, glomme, to glow, to begin to burn
or shine ; Swiss glumsen, G. glimmen,
glummen, to burn in a covert way, to
glow under ashes. Da. glijiite, to gleam ;
Pl.D. gliemken, to peep, to dawn.

Scarcely had Phoebus in the gloaming East
Yet harnessed his fiery -footed team. — F. Q.

Ultimately from the figure of sound, sig-
nified by forms like Swiss glumsen, to
rumble, ON. glumra, glymja, to clank.

To Gloat.— Glout. To look fixedly,
from desire or absorption in thought. G.
glotzcn, formerly to shine, then to look
fixedly, to stare ; Sw. dial, glotta, glutta,
to peep.

-glomerate. Lat. glomus, a ball of
thread ; glomero, to wind into a ball, to
collect into a mass.

* Gloom. — Glum. — Glumpy. To
glombe, to look gloomy, to frown. — B.
' Whereas ye sat all heavy and glom-
myng! — Chaloner. Clumping, surly,
sulky ; glum, a sour cross look ; sullen.

GLOP

307

gloomy, overcast. — Hal. Da. dial, glum-
mende, scowling ; Sw. dial, glomma,
glama, to stare fixedly. The sense of
silence is often expressed (with ellipse
of the negative) by words signifying
muttering, uttering a low sound. Thus
Lat. musso, primarily to mutter, signi-
fies to be silent, not to speak out ; G.
miicken, to utter a slight sound, is ex-
plained to show one's ill-will by a surly
silence, to scowl. The words at the head
of the article seem to have a similar ori-
gin. AS. diunian, to murmur, mutter,
and thence to keep silence. ' Gif bisceo-
pas dumiath mid ceaflum thser he sceol-
dan clipian ' : if bishops mutter with their
jaws (i. e. keep silence) where they ought
to speak out. — Bede. Clumiend, murmur-
ans. — Lye. Chaucer uses dum,-SiB we do
mum, by way of an interjection exhorting
to silence.

They sit tin still well nigh a furlong way,
Now Paternoster, clum, seide Nicholay,
And clujn quoth John, and clum seid Alison.
Miller's Tale.

N. klumme, kluntsa, to strike dumb, to
take away the power of speech by fear or
magic.

From simple silence to the scowl of iU-

will is an easy step.

She looked hautely, and gave on me a glum.
There was among them then no word but mum.

Skelton.

Thus from N. klumsa, speechless, we pass
to Lincoln dumpse, reserved, forbidding ;
NE. glumpse, sulkiness. ' He did not tell
me, and he's a dumpse man, I should ha'
been skarred to ax him.' — Ralf Skirlaugh,
ii. 86.

The trouble of mind which hinders
speech is then, contrary to the usual
course of metaphor, transferred to the
material world, and the word gloom or
glum applied to the thickness which dis-
turbs the transparency of air or water.
Pl.D. glum (of liquids), thick, turbid.

In the same way louring, properly sig-
nifying frowning or scowling, and Sw.
mulen (from 7nule, the chaps, snout),
chapfallen, sad, gloomy, are applied to
gloomy, overcast weather.

To Glop. — Gloppen. To glop, to
stare ; to gloppen, to frighten, to feel
astonished.

Thou wenys to glopyne me with thygrete wordez.
Morte Ai'ture in Hal.

ON. gUpa, N. glaapa, to stare, gaze, gape.
Hence on. gldpr, glappi, fatuus, E. gloup-
ing, silent or stupid, to be compared
with glout, to stare at, to pout, look sulky,
20*

3o8

GLORY

as gloppen with glotten, startled, sur-
prised.— B. See Gloat, Glout.

Glory. Lat. gloria signifies fame, but
the E. glory has quite as much reference
to visible splendour as to spoken renown.
ON. glora, to glitter. See Glare.

Gloss. Lustre. on. glossi, blossi,
flame, brightness ; glossa, blossa, to blaze,
sparkle, glow. Sc. to gliss, to cast a
glance with the eyes. See Glass.

Gloss. — Glossary. Gr. yXwao-a, the
tongue, a language, a special word,
whence glossarium, a dictionary.

Glove. ON. glofi-

To Glow. See Glede.

Glue. Fr. glu, birdlime ; w. glud,
tenacious paste, glue. Lat. gluten, glue.
The fundamental idea is shining, then
shppery, slimy, tenacious, gluey. Sc.
gleit, gle'ft, to shine, glid, glad, glaid,
Pl.D. glett, slippery. ON. glceta, wet.
Fr. glette, E. dial, glut, phlegm, slime ;
Sc. glidder, slippery, gludder, to do dirty
work ; to gloit, to work in something
liquid, mii-y, or viscous. Lith. glittus,
smooth, slippery, slimy, sticky. Compare
also Gr. y}^iaxpoc, slippery, tough, glutin-
ous ; yXoiog, slippery, nasty, clammy.

Glum. See Gloom.

To Glut.— Glutton. The sound of
swallowing is represented by the syllables
glut, glop, glup, gluk, gulp, gulk, giving
Lat. glut-glut, for the noise of liquid
escaping from a narrow-necked opening ;
glutire, to swallow ; Fr. glout, ravenous,
greedy ; w. gloth, glwth, gluttonous ;
Cat. glop, a mouthful ; N. glupa, gloypa,
to swallow, eat greedily ; Sw. glupsk,
ravenous ; E. glubbe, to swallow up, glub-
ber, a glutton ; gulp, gttlk, gulch, glutch,
to swallow. — Hal. Fr. glouglouter, to
guggle, sound like a narrow-mouthed pot
when it is emptied.

Glutinous. Lat. glutinosus, from glu-
ten, glue, paste.

To Gnarr. — Gnarled. To gnarr or
gnerr, to growl, snarl, grumble. ' Better
is a morsel of bread with joy than a house
full of delices with chiding and gnerring'
- — Chaucer. Du. gnorren, knarrcn, knor-
ren, grunnire, fremere, frendere, to growl,
snarl ; Sw. knarra, to creak ; knorra, to
murmur, growl, Dan. kniirre, to growl, to
purr as a cat. Then, because a body
spinning rapidly round makes a whirring
sound while the string to which it is sus-
pended knots and twists, Sw. knorla, to
twist, to curl ; E. gnarr, a hard knot in a
tree — B. ; gnarled, knotted. I gnarre in
a halter or corde, I stoppe one's breath
or snarle one : je etrangle. — Palsgr. In

GNAW

the same way Pl.D. snarren, snirren,
snurren, to whirr ; snarre, a spinning-
wheel ; Sw. snorra, to hum like a top,
purr, sound the r strongly, also to whirl,
to turn ; E. snarl, to make a grumbling
sound, to make knots like an overtwisted
cord. Dan. kurre, to coo ; kurre, a knot
or tangle in thread. Sw. dial, korra, to
grumble, purr, whirr, to roll up, to twist,
snarl (of thread).

To Gnash. — Gnast. From a repre-
sentation of the sound made by the clap-
ping of the teeth. Fin. naskata, to clap
or knap the teeth ; naskia, to smack the
jaws, as a pig in eating ; Da. gnaske,
knaske, gnidske, Sw. gnissla, to crunch,
gnash, grind the teeth ; Du. knasschen,
knaspen, knarsen, knarren, to gnash ; G.
knastern, knattern, to crackle, rattle. OE.
gnastej to gnaste, or gnasshe with the
teeth, grincer. — Palsgr. in Way. ON.
gnista t'onnum, to gnash the teeth.

Gnast or Knast. The wick or snuff
of a candle. Lichinus, gnast of the can-
dell, candell weyke ; gnast, knast, emunc-
tura. — Pr. Pm. Your strengthe shall ben
as a gnast of a flax top (favilla stupae —
VulgO — Wicliff. In the latter version
gnast is replaced by deed sparke, or deed
sparcle. — Way. I should without doubt
refer it, with Way, to O'S.gtieisti, a spark,
were it not for the Pol. knota, the wick or
snuff of a candle, Lith. knatas, wick.
Thus the OE. gnast, or knast, may proba-
bly be identified with Pl.D., Da. knast, a
knot, knag, gnarl in wood, originally sig-
nifying (like •wicK) a knot or tuft of
fibrous materials dipped in grease. See
Knot.

Gnat. Sw. knott, gnadd, a midge.
From the humming sound with which it
signals its attack. Sw. knota, to murmur,
grumble. N. gnette, knetta, to crackle,
rustle, give a faint sound. Dae gnatt
ikje 'ti'naa, there was not the least sound
from him. G. iniicke, a midge, stands in
the same relation to mucken, synonymous
with N. gnette. Nicht einen muck von
sich geben, not to give the least sound.

To Gnaw. on. gnaga. Da. gnavc, G.
nagen, Du. knageii, knauwen, to gnaw.
To naggle, to gnaw. — Hal. From the
sound of the teeth against a hard sub-
stance. Fin. nakkia, G. knacken, to rap.

The same sound is also represented
with a final/ or b, t or d. G. knappen,
to craclde, gnaw, eat ; knaupeln, to gnaw
a bone, Du. knabbelen, to gnaw, gnash,
E. nibble J Fin. napista, leviter crepo, inde
murmuro (knarren, murren) ; natista, to
sound like gnawing mice ; natustaa, to

GNOSTIC

gnaw ; G. knattern, to crackle ; Da. gnad-
dre, to grumble.

Gnostic. Gr. yvuffriKoc, possessing the
faculty of intimate knowledge, from

yiyvaicTKW, tO know.

To Go. — Gang. on. ganga, perf. geci,
hefi gengid; JI. ganga, gaa, to go on
foot, walk. G.gehen,gegangen, Da. gaen,
to go.

Goad. Properly a rod. Goad, an ell
English. — B. See Gad.

Goal. Gael, gea/, white, anything
white, a mark to shoot at. The Gael,
however seems an unlikely source for a
word of this nature, nor does it appear
that the mark in shooting was ever known
by the name oi goal in E. A more plausi-
ble origin may be suggested in It.galla
or gala, a bubble ; stare a galla, to float,
and metaphorically to prevail, to get the
upper hand, to carry the day. The Fr.
avoir le gal is used in precisely the same
meaning (Trevoux), and the expression
was introduced into E. as to get the goal.
'There was no person that could have
won the ring or got the gole before me.' —
Hall. Rich. III.

It is obvious from the form of the ex-
pression that neither in E. nor in Fr. was
retained any consciousness of the origin-
al image, but the expression being spe-
cially applied to success in an athletic
contest, such as racing or football, the
term gal or goal seems by a literal inter-
pretation to have been affixed to the
boundary or standard the attainment of
which was the test of victory. Fr. gal,
the goal at football. — Trevoux.

On the other hand comp. Lith. gdlas,
end, extremity, aim ; ende, zweck, ziel ;
Let. gals, end, point, extremity.

Goat. ON. geit, a female goat ; geit-
ha/r, a male goat.

Gob.— Gobbet. See Gobble.

To Gobble, i. To make the guttural
cry of the turkey-cock ; to gabble, chat-
ter. Cat. parlar a glops, to hurry out
one's words.

2. To swallow hastily, from the noise
of swallowing, as gutfle, guzzle, guggle,
Fr. godailler, from other representations
of the same sound. In Fr. degobiller,
Du. gobelen, ON. giibba, to vomit, the term
is applied to the upward instead of down-
ward gush. In these imitative forms the
position of the liquid is very variable, and
it is easily lost or inserted, as we have
often had occasion to see. Thus gobble
is related to gulp, as G. schwap'peln to
Du. swalpen (Kil.), to dash or splash, E.
wamble to walm, spatter to spurt, &c.

GOBLET

309

Another arrangement gives E. AiSiX. glubbe,
to suck in, to gobble up (Hal.) ; CzX.glop,
a gulp, draught, sup, mouthful of liquid.
The same idea is conveyed by Yt.gobj
avaler tout de gob, to swallow at a gulp.
' The little land he had — the lawyer swal-
lowed at one gob.' — Barry in R. Fr. gober,
to gobble, gulp down, eat greedily. From
the image of gobbing or gulping is taken
a designation for the throat, mouth, chops.
Fr. Prendre un homme zm gobet,XQi take
him unawares, properly, to seize him by
the throat. E. gob, an open or wide
mouth. — B. Gael, gob (contemptuously),
the mouth ; Pol. g^ba. Boh. htcba, the
mouth, chops ; Illyr. guba, snout.

Again, we have Fr. gobet, a mouthful,
E. gob, gobbet, a lump, bit, morsel.
He gaping wide his threefold jawes
Al hungry caught that^w^^f. — Phaer.

Gubs of gold. — Bale. To work by the
gob, by the piece or job. — Hal.

It must be observed Jiowever that in
the Walloon of Mons gob is a stroke or
blow (a notion often connected with that
of a lump), and also a bit or lump. Baye
nCein eingob, give me a bit. Gob d'homme,
a stur»p of a man, Chaucer speaks of a
gobbet of St Peter's sail. ' Gobbets of
wood.' — Burnet. It. gobbo, a hump or
hunch.

Goblet. — Gotch. Fr. gobeau, a vial,
or strait-mouthed vessel of glass, a great
goblet ; gobelet, a goblet, or wide-mouthed
bowl to drink in. — Cot.

The names of vessels for containing
liquids are often taken from the image of
pouring out water, expressed by forms re-
presenting the sound of water guggling
out of the mouth of a narrow-necked ves-
sel. Thus It. gozzare, to revel, properly
to guzzle, Swiss ^o^j-i:A^&, to plash, sound
as water shaking in a vessel, are con-
nected with It. gogzo, a cruse, any glass
with a round body and long narrow neck
(Fl.), and E. gotch, a large pitcher — Hal. ;
Fr. godailler, to guzzle, or make good
cheer, Swiss gudeln, gutteln, to guggle,
sound as water in a vessel, with Yx.godet,
a jug. It. gotto, a pot, or drinking-glass ;
and perhaps Swiss guggeln, to guzzle, E.
guggle, with E. jug. So also Hesse klun-
ker, a narrow-mouthed flask, from the
clunking sound. ' Bauculum, ein ghud-
dorf, quod effimdendo sonitum facit, dass
gliinckelt.' ' Guttrof, ein geschirr das
unten weit und oben eng ist — die da kut-
tern, klunckern, oder wie ein storch
schnattern wenn man drauss trincket.'
— Kurhess. Idiot. In the same way Fr.
gobeloter, to guzzle or tipple, gobelet.

3IO

GOBLIN

gobeati, a drinking-glass, and possibly
Bret, gdb, c6p, a cup, seem connected
with E. gobble, representing the sound of
liquids in the throat. The OE. jub, a
jug, shows the change of the initial g to
/, as va.jug, compared with guggle.

Goblin. Fr. gobelin, a Hobgoblin,
Robin goodfellow, Bug. — Cot. The Gob-
lin was generally conceived as a super-
natural being of small size but of great
strength, dwelling underground in mounds
or desert places, not generally ill-disposed
towards man, and in some cases domes-
ticated with him and rendering him serv-
ice. Hence the frequent addition of a
familiar appellation, as in Hob-goblin,
Hob-thrush. — Cot. in v. Lutin. It was
known in Germany by the name of Ko-
bold, and was supposed particularly to
frequent mines, being thence called Berg-
geist, Berg-mannchen, or Mine-spirit,
Mine-dwarf. Another German name is
Matthew Kobalein, equivalent to E. Hob-
goblin. The Goblin is mentioned by
Ordericus Vitalis, ' Daemon enim quem
de Dianas fano expulit adhuc in eidem
urbe degit, at in variis frequenter formis
apparens neminem laedit. Hunc ^ulgus
gobelinum appellat.' He is known in
Brittany by the name of gobilin, and is
there also supposed to engage in house-
hold drudgery like Milton's Lubber-fiend,
to curry the horses of a night, for instance.
It is among the Celts probably that the
origin of the name is to be looked for.
The Welsh appellation is coblyn, pro-
perly a knocker, from cobio, to knock, to
peck ; coblyn y coed, a woodpecker.

An explanation of the name is given in
a passage which is the more satisfactory
from the fact that the writer seems to
have no idea of any connection between
the word goblin and the superstition he
is describing. ' People will laugh at us
Cardiganshire miners,' says a correspon-
dent quoted in ' Bridges' Guide to Llan-
dudno,' ' who maintain the existence of
knockers in mines, a kind of good-natured
impalpable people, not to be seen, but
heard, and who seem to us to work in
the mines. The miners have a notion
that these knockers or little people, as we
call them' (compare (J. berg-mannchen —
Adelung), 'are of their own tribe and pro-
fession, and are a harmless people, who
mean well.' ' He said that the lad had a
great faculty— he could hear the knockers.
The what ? asked Anna. The knockers,
repeated he, for the Welsh fancy that
they hear the spirits of the ore at work in
the yet unopened mine.'— Mrs Howitt,

GOOL

Cost of Caergwyn. It will be observed
that the Kobold in Germany is peculiarly
a miner's superstition, while Cardigan-
shire has been a mining district from the
times of the Romans. From his knock-
ing propensity the Kobold is sometimes
called Meister Hammerling.

God. G. gott; Pers. khoda.

Gog. — Goggle. To gog, cog, jock,
jog, shag, shog, are parallel forms expi-ess-
ing motion brought to a sudden stop.
See Cog. Gog-mire, a quagmire, or
shaking bog. Gael, gog, nod ; gogach,
nodding, wavering ; gog-cheannach, nod-
ding, tossing the head in walking ; gog-
shuil, a goggle-eye, a full rolling eye. — B.
To goggle is thus like coggle m joggle, to
be unsteady, to roll to and fro. ' Then
passid they forth boystly goglyng with
their hedis.'— Chaucer, Prol. Merch. 2nd
Tale. Swiss gagen, to rock, gageln, to
joggle. As such expressions as twitter,
chitter, signifying a broken, tremulous
sound, are applied to a tremulous mo-
tion, so it seems the representation of a
broken sound, the separate elements of
which are of a jairing nature, are applied
to a rougher and more disjointed move-
ment. Bav. gagkern, to cluck like a hen,
to stutter, stammer ; Sv/.gaggi, the cluck-
ing of a hen, gigagen, to hihaw, bray like
an ass. In the same way are related
Bav. gigken, to make inarticulate noises,
giggle, stutter, and gigkeln, to palpitate,
shiver, tremble.

Goit. — Gote. — Gowt. A ditch or
sluice. — Hal. A mill-stream or drain.
Du. gote, G. gosse, a kennel, conduit,
spout, sink. ' One of the numerous cases
in which there has been an interchange
of an initial d and g. Prov. dots, Fr.
doit, doiz, Mid.Lat. doitus. ' Concessi
dictis fratribus stagnum de Placeio et
nemus, cum terra quae est per duos doitos
usque ad molendinum de Placeio, sicut
doitus exit de valle de Tesneres.' — Carp.
Lang, goussa and doussa, to give a
douche. See Dock.

Gold. ON. gull, gold, gulr, yellow.

Golf. A Scotch game in which a ball
is driven by blows of a club. Du. kolf,
a club ; speelkolf, a bat to drive a ball ;
kolfball, a ball used in such a game.

Gondola. It. gondola, dim. from ^o«(/(?,
a small boat, which in its turn is from
Gr. kokJu, a drinking-cup.

Good. G. gut, Gr. oiyafloc.

Gool. — Gully. A ditch, trench, pud-
dle.— B. Gully-hole, <i.svnk. Swiss giille,
mist-giille, a puddle, the drainings of a
dung-heap. Du. Guile, palus, vorago.

GOOSE

gurges. — Kil. Limousin goouUia, gaoul-
lio, 3. puddle. From the sound of water
•guggling or splashing. Fr. dial, gouiller,
to splash, dirty ; gouillat, a puddle ; goule,
a throat (Jaubert) ; goulot, the pipe of a
sink or gutter. See Gullet.

Goose. See Gander.

Gooseberry. Corrupted from G. kratis-
beere,krausdbeere{ot]\e.rw\s&stachel-beere),
Du. kroes-, kruys-, kroesel-besie, Lat. uva
crispa, from the upright hairs with which
the fruit is covered. G. kratis, crisp, Du.
kroesen, kruysen, to curl, the notion of
curly and of bristly hair being commonly
expressed by the same term. Compare
It. riccio, a curl, also the bristly husk of
a chesnut ; arricciarsi, to stand on end.
The form kroesel-besie gives rise to Mid.
Lat. grossiila, crosella, Fr. groiselle, gro-
selle.

The idea of an undulating, curly sur-
face is commonly expressed by the figure
of a broken, quivering sound. Fr. gr-e-
ziller, to crackle, shrivel ; Prov. grazillar,
to twitter ; G. krduseln, to trill, quaver,
waTble, also to curl. See Curl, Frizzle.

Gorbelly. A glutton, or greedy fel-
low.— B. AS. and N. gor, filth ; in N.
also applied to the half-digested food in
the stomach of a ruminating animal, or
■ generally the contents of the intestines ;
gorvaamb, the first stomach of a rumin-
ating animal ; gorkaggje, gorpose (a gore-
tub, or gore-sack), a gluttonous, lazy fel-
low ; gora, to stuff oneself E. Gorcrow
(a consumer oi gore, or filth), ON. gorbor,
a raven.

Gore. I. Clotted blood. — B. as. gor,
wet filth, mud, dung, blood ; N. gor, wet
mud ; gorbotn, a mucldy bottom ; gormyr,
a soft swamp of mere mud. OHG. horo,
mud, oose ; horawig, muddy, dirty.

Gore. 2. To Gore. Gore, the lap or
skirt of a garment ; a pointed piece let in-
to a garment to widen it.

The Du. gheere was used in both these
senses ; gheere, gheerene, lacinia, sinus
vestis, limbus, et pars qua largior fit ves-
tis. — Kil. It. gherone, the gusset, gores
of a shirt or smock, side-pieces of a cloak ;
also the skirts of a coat. — Fl. Fr. giron,
the lap or bosom.

The original meaning seems to be a
point or corner, then the corner of a gar-
ment, lap, corner-shaped piece let in to a
garment. Compare Lap. skaut, a point ;
aksjo-skaut, the point of an axe ; skautek,
pointed, angular ; ON. skaut, lap, lappet,
skirt, identical with G. schoos, bosom.
The sense of point is preserved in as.
gar, ON. geir, a spear, or ja^'elin ; N.

CORSE

311

gare, garre, a point, peak, sharp stalk of
grass or heath. Hence E. gore, to pierce,
transfix with a pointed instrument as a
spear or the horn of an animal, now
almost confined to the latter application.
Fin. kairi, a borer, also a gore or angular
piece in a garment. AS. navegar, an in-
strument for boring, where the sense of
piercing is expressed by the syllable gar,
the former part of the word being ex-
plained under Auger.

Gorge. Fr. gorge, a throat ; It. gorgo,
a gurgle, a bubbling or swallow of waters,
a gulph, whirlpool, a roaring noise, or
vehement boiling of waters, a spout or
gutter— Fl. ; gorgogUo, a gargling or rat-
tling in the throat ; gorgare, gorgheg-
giare, to gurgle with violent boiling, to
purl and bubble. Obviously from a re-
presentation of the gurgling or guggling
sound made by the motion of air and
water intermixed. Lat. giirges, a whirl-
pool. Arab, gjiarghara, a gargle, rattle
in the throat. Esthon. kurk, G. gttrgel,
the gullet, throat.

Closely allied to a series of forms in
which the r is replaced by an /, gulch,
gulp, gulf, gully, &c.

Gorgeous. Fr. gorgias, gourgias,
gawdy, flaunting, sumptuously clothed ;
glorying or delighting in bravery, also
proud, lofty, stately, standing on his pan-
tofles. — Cot. Se gorgiaser, to flaunt, to
be proud of the bravery of his apparel.
Probably ametaphorfromthe strutting self-
importance of a peacock or turkey-cock.
So from jabot, the craw, faire jabot, se
glorifier, faire I'orgueilleux. — Diet, du bas
Langage. In the same way se rengorger,
to bridle, to hold back the head and
thrust forwards the throat and chest
(gorge) ; to play the important, affect an
air of pride. So G. briisten, properly to
hold up one's breast, figuratively to be
proud, to be pompous, to bridle up one-
self. Sich nuf etwas briisten, to be proud
of a. thing. Bohem. hrdlo, the neck,
throat ; hrditi se, hrdnauti, to be proud,
to be puffed up, to strut.

Gorgon. Gr. ropywEg, Lat. gorgones,
the three daughters of Phorcys.

Gormandise. Fr. gourmand, a glut^
ton. The verb must have signified to
eat greedily, though only preserved in
'Randiix gourmer, to taste wine, Sp. gor-
mar, to vomit. Compare Du. gobelen,
Fr. degobiller, to vomit, with E. gobble, to
eat voraciously. Gourmouylha, gour-
jnouira, to make a noise with water in
rincing the mouth. — Diet. Castrais.

Gorse.— Gorst. A prickly shrub, the

312

GOSHAWK

growth of waste places. From w. gores,
gorest, waste, open. A gorsty bit, in the
Midland counties, is a piece of ground
overgrown with furze. Limousin gorsso,
place covered with stones and brambles ;
degourssa, to clear land for cultivation.
Bret, lann, gorse ; lannou (in the pi.),
waste places. In the Fr. parts of Brit-
tany the plant gorse is called lande, the
name given to the barren, shrubby plains
about Bordeaux.

Goshawk. A hawk used in the chase
of geese. G. ganseadler, goose-eagle.
'Auca, gosj aucarius, gos-hafuc' — Gl.
'^Ifr.

Gospel. AS. Godspell; ON. guds-spiall,
the word of God. Goth, spillon, to tell ;
AS. spell, ON. spiall, discourse, tidings.

Gossip. Godfather or godmother, re-
lated in the service of God. AS. sib, pea'ce,
alliance, relationship ; sibscipe, Du. sibbe,
gesibbe, G. sippschaft, relationship ; ON.
gudsifiar, spiritual relationship.

At the present day the word is hardly
used except in the sense of familiar chat,
tattle, the most familiar intercourse. So
Fr. commere, godmother of one's child,
or fellow-godmother, also a tattler, gos-
sip ; commerage, tattling, gossip. Die
alberne weibertratcherei dieser gevat-
terinnen : the silly tattle of these gossips.
—Sanders. Pol. Mm, godfather ; kumcU
sie, to live on the most familiar terms.

Gossamer. Properly God- summer.
Prestis crowne that flyeth about in som-
mer, barbedieu. — Palsgr. 0. der sommer,
fiiegende sommer, sommer-fdden (sum-
mer-threads), Marien faden, Unsrer lie-
ben frauen faden, from the legend that
the gossomer is the remnant of our
Lady's winding-sheet, which fell away in
fragments when she was taken up to
heaven. It is this divine origin which
is indicated by the first syllable of the E.
term. In like manner the t^^dy-cow is
in Brittany la petite vache du bon Dieu,
in G. Marien-kdfer, or Gottes kiihlein.

Gotch.. An earthenware drinking ves-
sel with a belly like a jug. It. gozzo, a
glass with round body and narrow neck ;
gotto, a drinking-glass. See Goblet.

Gouge. Sp. gubia, Fr. gouge, a hol-
low chisel. Pol. kopad, to dig, hollow,
scoop out.

Gourd. Lat. cucurbita, Fr. cougourde,
gourde.

Gout. From gutta, a drop. A rem-
nant of the medical theory which attri-
buted all kinds of disorders to the settling
of a drop of morbid humour upon the

GRAB

part affected ; of which we preserve an-
other instance in the gutta serena, or loss
of sight without visible affection of the
eye. The Sp. has gota arterica, or gout,
disease of the joints ; gota caduca, the
falling sickness, or epilepsy ; Du. goete,
the palsy.

Govern. — Governor. Fr. gou7jerner,
Lat. gubernare.

Gown. It. gonna, W. gwn, a gown ;
gwnio, to sew, to stitch.

To Grab. — Grabble. A large number
of words are found in English and the
related languages, apparently springing
from the root grab, grap,graf, with senses
having reference to the act of seizing or
clutching. To grab, to seize ; to grabble,
to handle untowardly, to feel in muddy
places — B. ; ' Grabling in the dark with-
out moonlight through wild olive-trees
and rocks.' — North's Plutarch in R. To
the same class belong grapple, gripe,
grasp, grope.

Sw. grabba, to grasp, Du. grabbelen,
to seize greedily, to scramble for ; Lith.
grebti, to seize or grasp at anything ;
graibyti, to feel, handle, feel for ; greblys,
a rake ; Illyr. grabiti, to rake, to rob ;
grebsti, to scratch, scrape, comb wool.
Pol. grabid, to seize, to rake, grabki, a
rake, or fork ; Bohem. hrabati, to rake or
scrape ; Russ. grablif, to pillage, steal ;
G. grappeln, grapsen, to grope ; It. grap-
pare, to seize greedily upon, grapple, or
catch with a hook; graffiare, to hook,
scratch, scrape, gripe. Goth, greipan,
ON. greipa, Dan. gribe, G. greifen, to
seize; Dan. ^g'r^^, a dung-fork ; 'Fr.griffe,
claw.

The radical image seems the sound of
scraping or scratching, suggesting the
idea of scraping together, obtaining pos-
session by violent means, seizing. Hence
a designation is found for the instru-
ments of scratching or clutching, claws,
hooks, forks, rakes, and thence again are
foiTTied verbs expressing the actions of
such implements. Lat. crepare, to creak;
Ptg. carpir, to cry, to scrape ; ON. skrapa,
to creak, grate, jar, skrafa, to sound as
dry things rubbed together; N. skrapa,
Dan. skrabe, to creak, make a harsh
grating noise ; Pol. skrobad, to scrape, to
scrub. Bret, skraba, to steal ; skrapa, to
clutch, to seize, to rob ; krafa, krava, to
scratch, to seize ; krapa, to hook, to seize
by violence ; w. krafu, to scrape ; Lang.
grapa, lightly to scratch the earth; Gr.
ypii^eiv, to write (properly to scratch) ;
Gael.^riM, sgriobh,\sx\\.e. ; sgriob, scrape,
scratch, comb ; N. grava, to scrape, to

GRACE

rake together ; G. grabeu, to grave (i. e.
to scratcW in stone or metal, to dig.

Grace. Lat. gratia, from grattts,
pleasing ; It. aggradire, to please. Lith.
graz'us, fair, agreeable ; grai'ilas, orna-
ment. Gael, gradh, love, fondness ; gradh-
ach, lovely, dear ; A graidh, my dear.

Grade.— Gradient. — Gradual. Lat.
gradus, a step, gradior, to advance by
steps.

Graff. — Graft. Fr. greffe, a slip or
shoot of a tree for grafting ; Du. greffie,
a cutting either for grafting or setting in
the ground, also a style for writing. From
Lat. graphium, a style, or pointed instru-
ment for writing on waxen tablets. ' Gra-
phium vel scriptorium, grcsf' — Gl. ^Ifr.
In like manner Sp. mugron, a sprig or
shoot of a vine, from Lat. mucroj Mod.
Gr. Kevrpifffia, a graft, Kfvrpovw, to graft,
from Ksv-pov, anything pointed. Grafting
was often called the penning of trees.

Grail. — Greal. The San-greal {saint-
greal, the holy dish) was the dish out of
which our Lord ate at the Last Supper,
and in which Joseph of Arimathea caught
his blood at the crucifixion. •
Yet true it is that long before that day
Hither cartie Joseph of Arimathey,
Who brought with him the \io\y grayle they say,
And preacht the truth. — F. Q. in R.
Lang, grazal, grezal, a large earthen
dish or bowl, bassin de terre de gres.
Grais, g'rez, potter's earth, freestone.
Prov. grasal, grazal; 'un grasal ou jatte
pleine de prunes.' — Raynouard. Grais
ox grls seems the Latinised form of the
Breton krdg, hard stone ; eur pSd krdg,
un pot de grfes. So N. gryta, a pot, from
griot, stone.

Grain. Scarlet grain or kermes is an
insect found on certain kinds of oak, from
which the finest reds were formerly dyed.
The term grain is a translation of Gr.
KOKKOf, given to the insect from its re-
semblance to a seed or kernel, whence
the colour dyed with it was called kokkwoq,
or in Lat. coccineus, as from kermes, the
oriental name of the insect, It. carmesino,
crimson.

The term grana is applied in Sp. as
well to the dye itself as to the cloth dyed
with it, and also metaphorically to the
fresh red colour of the lips and cheeks.
Hence probably the grain ai wood or of
leather, the ornamental appearance of the
surface dependent on the course of the
fibres. The grain of leather is the shining
side, in Fr. grain, or fleur de cuirj fleur
in the sense of brilliancy, lustre. The
Sp. tez is explained by Neumann grain.

GRANGE 313

shining surface, bloom of the human face.
No doubt the term may have its origin in
the finer or coarser grains of which stone
is composed, and the expression may
have been transferred from stone to wood
and leather, but the former explanation
appears to me most probable.

Grains. Brewer^ Grains. See Drain.

The Grains. A harpoon, fork for
striking fish. Dan. green, branch, bough,
prong of a fork. Sc. grain, gram,, branch
of a tree, or of a river, prong of a fork.
lUyr. grana, a branch, an arm of a river.
See Groin.

-gram. Gr. •yjja^M, originally only to
grave or scratch, then to write or draw ;
ypaiiiia, what is written or drawn, a letter,
a writing or drawing.

Hence Anagram, a writing whose let-
ters are to be made up again (in a differ-
ent order) ; Epigram, a short writing on
a subject ; Diagram, a figure, plan, what
is marked out by lines ; Telegram, what
is written from afar.

* Gfamary, Magic. — Jam. Fr. gri-
m.oirej mots de la grimoire, conjuration,
exorcisms. — Cot.

Perhaps from Fris. grijmme, nacht-
grijvime, ghost, bugbear ; grijmmerye
(spookerij, bang-makerij), ghost-walking,
terrifying. — Epkema. And probably the
appellation arose from the roaring noise
made by the person representing a ghost
for the purpose of striking terror. AS.
grimetan, to roar ; Fr. gribouillis, the
rumbling of the bowels, gribouri (as G.
polter-geist), a rumbling goblin ; Sw. dial.
grimi, noise, disturbance, bluster.

¥r\s. grijmgruwle, terror. "But grimoire
may merely signify gibberish, the unin-
telligible mutterings of the conjuror, as E.
grimgribber, the technical jargon of a
lawyer. — Hal.

Grammar. Fr. grammaire, Prov.
gramaira for grammadaria, from Lat.
granimaticus, Gr. ypa/ifiaTiKbg. — Sch.

Grampus. From Lat. grandis piscis,
or perhaps crassus piscis, Fr. gras pois-
son, as porpesse iromporais piscis. ' There
we saw many grandpisces or herringhogs
hunting the scholes of herrings.' — ^Josselin,
1675, in Webster. 'Le flet et le pourpeis
et I'estourgeon et le poisson qui est nommd
crassus piscis.' — Metivier, translation of
the Tablier de Fecamp, 12 16.

Granary. — Granulate. Lat. grana-
rium, granum.

Grand. Lat. grandis, large, plentiful.

Grange. A barn, receptacle for grain
or corn, then the entire farm. Mi,d.Lat.'
granea, granica, a barn, from granum,

3H

GRANGE

corn. ' Si enim domum infra curtem in-
cenderit,aut scuriam (dcurie) a.ut graneam
vel cellaria.' — Leg. Alam. in Diez. 'Ad
casas dominicas stabulare, fenile, grani-
cam! — Leg. Baiuw, ibid. From the first
of these forms It. grangia (a barn for
corn, a country farm — Fl.), Fr. grange j
from the second the OFr. granche, in the
same sense. Fr. granger, grangier, a
farmer. Da. lade, a barn, is applied, as
E. gratige, to the farm belonging to a
monastery.

To Grange. To truck or deal for
profit. ' The ruffianry (brokerage) of
causes I am daily more and more ac-
quainted with, and see the manner of
dealing which cometh of the Queen's
straitness to give these women, whereby
they presume thus to grange and truck
causes.' — Birch. Mem- of Q. Eliz. in R.

From grange, a farm, Sp. grangear, to
farm, till, and thence to gain or acquire ;
grangeo, gain, profit.

Granite. A kind of stone formed of
grains of different minerals compacted
together. It. grant to, kernelly or corny,
as honey, figs, soap, or oil in winter ; also
a kind of speckled stone. — Fl.

frrant. Much difficulty is thrown on
the etymology of this word by the con-
currence of forms which can hardly be
traced to a common origin.

From Lat. gratus is formed It. grado,
Prov. grat, Fr. grS, will, liking, consent,
and thence It. gradire, aggradare, aggra-
dire, Vr.gre'er, agreer, E. agree, to ap-
prove, allow, give consent to. In Mid.
Lat. grains, or gralum, was used as
a substantive ; ' sine gratu meo,' without
my consent. ' Idem feodum a manu mo-
nachorum alienare non possumus nisi
grata at voluntate Ducis Burgundise.'
' Nos dedimus in alio loco praedicto Bal-
duino excambium illius terras ad gralum
suum,' to his satisfaction. The insertion
of the nasal converted gralum into gran-
lum, in the same sense. ' Et si non pos-
sim warantizare dabo ei escambium alibi
ad suum graiitujn et valitudinem illius
ten-ffi,' to his satisfaction according to the
value of the land. ' Ad grantum et vo-
luntatem Archiepiscopi Remensis.' Fa-
ce7'e gralum 3.r\&facere grantu7n, or gra-
tijicare, are found indifferently in the
sense of making satisfaction. ' Et si de-
bitor inventus fuerit in civitate antequam
gratum suiimfecerit, tamdiu tenebitur in
carcere donee redimatur de centum solidis
— turn jurabit se non reversurum in dic-
tam civitatem donee /fircr//^rn/«;« ma-
joris et creditoris,' until he shall have

GRANT

made satisfaction to the mayor of the
town and the creditor. ' Solvat dominis
decem libras vel alias gratificet cum eis,'
or otherwise come to agreement with
them, make satisfaction to them. ' Icel-
lui Guillame compta eX fit gr^ k I'oste de
I'dcot.de lui et ses compagnons,' satisfied
the host for the scot of him and his com-
panions. ' Faciemus vobis grantum nos-
trum de dictis mille et quingentis marchis
et tenebimus ostagia apud Leydunum
donee integre de dictis 1500 marcliis fuerit
satisfactum : ' where facere grantujn is
obviously to make satisfaction by actual
payment of the money.

We have next the verbs gratare, gran-
lare, gratificare, Fr. grier, in the sense of
doing an agreeable thing, bestowing a
gift, making over an interest, assenting to
an arrangement. ' Quia illud dictis ab-
bati et conventui gratavi et in verbo veri-
tatis concessi.' ' Ego in bono proposito
et sano concessi et gratatus sum prascep-
tori et fratribus militias Templi unum
sestarium mestillii.' ' Item nos episcopus
supradictus grantamus, laudamus, com-
mittimus et concedimus domino comiti
in feudum.' The corresponding terms in
French are ' loons, grSons, appr(Juvons.'

If the foregoing forms had stood by
themselves, the derivation from gratus
would not have been doubtful, but paral-
lel with these are found graantum. {ad
suum graantum, to his satisfaction —
Carp.), graantagium (Fr. granleis, pay-
ment, satisfaction — ibid.), Fr. craanter,
creanter, creancer, to promise, engage for,
to bind oneself, crcancie, crdanclie, creant,
crant, assurance, contract, engagement,
obligation. Now it is hardly possible
that grant could be converted by mere
corruption into graant, creant, the double
a in the OFr. being an almost certain
sign of the loss of a d, as in aage from
edage, caable from cadable, baer, beer,
from badare. On this principle Fr. a/-
ance would be the equivalent of a Lat.
credentia, trust, confidence, assurance
' Ego B. archiepiscopus accipio te Ray-
mundum in fide et credentia mea loco
sacramenti.' — Chart. A.D. 1157, in Carp.
OFr. craanl, believing. ' Sire si com
c'est voirs et s'en somes craanl.' — Roquef.
The Bret, cred, the root oicredi, Lat. cre-
dere, to believe, is used in the sense of
assurance, obligation, security, criance,
caution, garant. — Legonidec. The pro-
nunciation of the N. of France, which
regularly changes an initial gr into cr
(converting gras, grappe, grand-dieu, into
eras, crappe, crand-dieu — Hdcart), would

GRAPE

leave so little difference between cranter,
to confer an advantage, from gratus, and
craanter, to assure, from credei-e (both
used with equal frequency in legal instru-
ments in the act of transferring a right)
that it is not surprising if the two were
confounded. We find accordingly the^
oi gratus united with the aa of craanter,
and gratare, grantare, used in the sense
of creantare. ' Super istas pactiones
omnes ssepe nominati Domino de Leg-
niaso graantaverant (engage, pledge
themselves) quod tenebunt, &c.' ' Prje-
missa omnia at singula immobilia tenere
et fideliter adimplere promiserunt et gra-
taverunt'

Grape. Fr. grappe de raisins, a bunch
of grapes ; It. grappo, a seizing ; dar di
grappo, to seize ; grappa, the stalk of
fruit, the part by which it is held ; grap-
' pare, graspare, to seize, grappola, a hand-
ful, as much as one's hand can grasp at
once, grappo, graspo, grappo to, graspolo,
a bunch of grapes. See Grab.

Graphic, -graph. Gr. ypa^u, I wiite,
inscribe ; ypa^ij, a drawing, writing ;
ypa^iKOf, suited for writing.

Grapnel. A small anchor composed
of hooks turned in opposite directions.
Yx. grappil, grappin, the graph of a ship.
— Cot. See Grab.

To Grapple. It. grappare, aggrap-
pare, to clutch, to grapple ; dar di grappo,
to seize. See Grab.

To Grasp. It. graspare, to grasp, to
grapple.

Bav. raspeln, raspen, to scrape. ' Im-
merzu auf einer saiten raspen^ to be
always scraping on one string. Also to
scrape together, to grasp. ' Sie raspen
das nie ihr ist in ihren sack,' they scrape
into their sack that which is not theirs.
Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather. Hres-
pan, coUigere, vellere ; gahresp, prsedia
(forprseda). — Schm. Sp. raspar, to rake,
scrape, to steal. See Grab.

Grass, as. gcsrs, gras, D u. gars, gras,
grass ; grase, groense, groese, the green
sod, cespes gramineus. — Kil. The N.
gras applies to every green herb ; gras-
bruni, a nettle ; gras-garSr, a kitchen-
garden. There can be little doubt that
the word is from the same root with grow,
of which also Lat. gramen is a participial
form. Du. groese, vigour, growth, in-
crease ; Dan. grade, vegetation, growth.

Grate. A frame composed of bars
with interstices. Lat. crates, It. grata,
grate, a grate, hurdle, lattice. Lith. kra-
tas, krotas, a grate, grated window ; Pol.
krata, grate, lattice. See Crate.

GRAVEL

313

* To Grate. It is probable ^\^.t grate,
as applied to scraping nutmeg or ginger,
is directly taken from Fr. gratter, to
scratch, scrape, rub, the equivalent of G.
kratzeti, ON. krassa, to scrape or tear.
On the other \2s1iigrate, expressing harsh
sound, would seem to be a development
of the root gar, kar, representing sharp
sound, as shown in Lat. queror, to lament,
G. guarren, to cry, mhg. kerren, qjcei-ren,
to give a sound, to cry, to creak like a
wheel ; Swab, garen, garren (knarren),
to creak ; Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp ;
'S.-jar, to sound harshly ; Lat. garrire, to
chirp, to chatter. The addition of a fre-
quentative termination is shown in Bav.
garrezen, Lesachthal gerrazen, guerra-
zen (D. M. ii. 346), to creak ; MHG.
grdzen, to cry harshly. ' Man horte diu
ors dS, lute grdzen.' ON. grata, to cry.
Walach. carti, to creak as a wheel.

Grateful.— Gratitude. — Gratify. Lat.
gratus, pleasant, acceptable, graiitudo,
the emotion of a thankful spirit ; grati-
ficor, to do what is agreeable or oljliging.
Grateful presents an instance of an E.
suffix attached to a purely L. word. See
Grace.

Grave. — Gravitation. Lat. gravis,
heavy, weighty, severe.

Grave. A burying-place. G. grab,
Du. graf, grave, Pol. grdb, grave, tomb.
Lith. grabas, a coffin, grabe, growa, a
ditch. Du. grave, a ditch, furrow, any-
thing dug, a spade ; graven, to dig. See
Grab.

To Grave. Fr. graver, to carve ; G.
graben, Du. grav^, to carve, to dig.
Compare Bret, krof, krav, scratch, and
(with inversion of the vowel) AS. ceorfan,
to carve.

* Gravel. It. gravella, gravel, sand,
grittiness, also the gravel in a man's
bladder or kidneys. — Fl. Fr. grave,
greve, sand or gravel, a sandy shore ;
gravelle, gravois, gravier, small gravel,
sand ; gravelie, tartar, the stony sedi-
ment that forms in wine.

The analogy of G. graus, rubbish, frag-
ments ; gries, gravel, chips of stone (from
grieseln, to fall in small particles), leads
to the suspicion that Fr. grave, gravier,
gravel, corresponds to G. graup^, grail-
pel, Holstein gruben, gruven, crushed
corn, pearl barley, anything in small
lumps as hail, &c., from graupeln, to fall
in particles, corresponding to Pol. kropii,
to fall in drops, kropla, kropka, a drop, a
dot, Russ. kroplio, I sprinkle, Serv. krop-
lenje, sprinkling. Krupor, grots, pearl
barley. Krupy padaja, it falls in grains,

3i6

GRAVES

It is a hoar frost. It. grebare, to rammel,
rubble [i. e. to fall in ruins] ; grcbdno,
rubble, stones of ruinous walls. — Fl. Let.
graut, to fall in dust and rubbish ; grub-
buli, gruhbtiUs, rubble, broken ruins of
walls. Lith. gruwu, grusti or gruti, to
fall in ruins ; gruwus, ruinous.

Graves. — Grraving-dook. Graves, the
dregs at the bottom of the pot in melting
tallow. To grave a ship is to smear the
hull with graves (for which pitch is now
substituted), and a graving-dock is a
dock from which the water can be let off
in order to perform that operation. Sw.
Ijus-grefwar, tallow graves ; Pl.D. grebe,
greve, G. gruben, grieben, griefen, OHG.
griebo, griubo, ' quod remanet in patella
de carnibus frixis.' Apparently from
OHG. grieben, greuben, graupjan, to fry,
to melt in a pan. ' Frixare, grieben,
rosten ; frixus, geschmelzt, gegreubt ;'
• cacraupta frixam.' — Gl. in Schm. Gi-
roupitj groubit, friget — gigroubit, olio
frigatur — kacraupit, frixum. — Graff. Gri-
upo, G. grapen, a pan.

On the other hand the radical signifi-
cation may be lump, separate bit, from
the same root with G. graupen, small
lump, hail, grain, Russ. krupcl, grits,
ktupitzui, crums, Serv. hrupitza, bit, frag-
ment, Illyr. krupa, krupitsa, hail, grits,
grain. See Gravel. OQ. grdbelein, small
bits of bread fried in grease (Schm.), would
square with either derivation. In the
glossaries cited by Dief cadula is ren-
dered smalz-grieffe, -grib, -croppej bring-
ing us to Yorkshire craps or tallow-craps.
Cracoke {trawke or crappe, H. P.), relefe
of molte talowe or grese. — Pr. Pm. Bav.
griegken, graves. The hard skin of roast
pork scored in lines is called crackling,
and the same term is given in Scotch
Acts to the refuse of melted tallow. —
Jam.

* Gray. on. grdr, AS. grrng, Pl.D.
graag, grate, Du. grauw, grouw, gray.
Gr. ypatc, ypaSe, ypaia, an old woman. The
Graiai, according to Hesiod, were so
called from being born with gray hair.
OHG. grdw, grd, canus, griseus, anilis.

Fris. gravelgrcM, gray ; grdveling, twi-
light, the gray of the evening ; Dan.
grcevling; Du. grevel, grevinck, Sw.
grdfsvin, a gray or badger, as Yv.grisard,
ixomgris, gray.

The original meaning is probably parti-
coloured, as seen in Fr. griveU, speckled,
black and white, or dun and white (Cot.) ;
whence grive, E. dial, gray-bird, a thrush,
from its speckled breast. So also, in the
same way that we speak of taking some-

GREET

thing down in black and white for com-
mitting it to writing, Fr. griveUe, a scroll
or schedule. — Cot. Doubtless also it is
from its particoloured face that the badger
is called gray, as the general colour of
the fur is not more gray than that of the
rabbit or hare.

It is remarkable that there seems to be
a connection between X)\i.graauw, grouw,
gray, and grouwen, to shudder (Kil.),
graauwen, to snarl or growl (Bomhoft;,
as between grijs, gray, and grijsen, to
snarl, grijzjen, grijzelen (Epkema), G.
graiisen, to shudder ; and this widespread
relation leads to the supposition ihzigray
and grijs, Fr. gris, are radically con-
nected. It is shown under Grisly that
the radical sense of grizzled or gray is
dusted or powdered over, and as grizzled
and Fr. gris are from gresiller, to fall in .
powder or small particles, so perhaps
gray may be explained from Let. graut
(where the t is only the sign of the in-
finitive), to fall in dust or ruins, whence
griihbulis, grtibbuli, rubbish, fragments.
Lith. gruwu, grusti or gruti, to fall in
ruins ; gruwus, ruinous. See Gravel.

To Graze. To scratch, to rub, to pass
along the surface ; Lang, grata la tere,
to scratch the ground, to skim over the
surface (efifleurer).

Grease. It. grascia, grassa, grease ;
Fr. gras, fat ; graisse, grease ; Gael.
creis, grease, tallow. Lat. crassus, thick,
fleshy, fat.

Great, g. gross, Du. groot.

Greaves. Armour for the leg. Fr.
greve, the shin, shin-bone ; greviire,
wound on the leg. — Pat. de Champ. Sp.
grevas, greaves.

Greedy. Goth, gredags, hungry ; pro-
perly crying for food.

Papelotes [pap, gruel],
— to aglotye with here gurles,
That greden after fode. — P. P.

— to satisfy their children that cry after
food. In like manner G. begierig, de-
sirous, greedy, may be explained from
gieren, which, according to Japix, is used
in Friesland in the sense of crying.

Green. The colour of growing herbs.
ON. gre^, at groa, to grow, to flourish ;
grcenn, green. Du. groeyen, to grow ;
groen, green. In like manner Lat. virerc,
to flourish, viridis, green» Lith. zdlas,
green, zelti, to become green, to sprout,
grow.

To Greet. Du. groeten, gruetcn, to
salute, also to irritate or provoke, to ac-
cuse.— Kil. OHG. grosjan, gruozjan, ir-

-GREG-

ritare, provocare, salutare. w. gresaw,
a welcome.

-greg-. Lat. grex, gregis, a flock, herd ;
as in Egregious (taken out of the com-
mon herd, select, excellent), Congregate,
&c.

Grenade. — Grenadier. Fr. grenade,
a pomegranate, also a ball of wild-fire
made like a pomegranate. — Cot. An iron
case filled with powder and bits of iron,
like the seeds in a pomegranate.

-gress. Lat. gradus, a step ; gradior,
gressum, to step, to go. Aggression,
Congress, Progress, &c.

Greyhound, on. grey, grey-hundr, a
bitch.

Grid-iron. — Griddle, w. greidio, to
scorch or singe ; greidyll, a griddle, an
iron plate to bake cakes on, gridiron,
bakestone ; Gael, gread, burn, scorch ;
Sw. grddda, to roast, bake ; grddd-panna,
a frying-pan.

The terms for roasting, broiling, frying
are commonly taken from the crackling
sound of the grease dropping in the fire.
Fr. greziller, to crackle as flesh on coals,
to frizzle, grediller, to frizzle, crumple, or
pucker with heat. — Cot.

Grief. Fr. grief, aggrievance, oppres-
sion, trouble ; grever, to oppress, over-
charge, disquiet. — Cot. It. gravare, to
aggrieve, oppress. From Lat. gravis,
heavy. We speak of heavy-hearted, heavy
in spirit. ' And he took with him Peter
and the two sons of Zebedee, and began
to be sorrowful and very heavy.'

* Grig. A word only known in ordi-
nary speech in the proverb, As merry as
a grig. It is used provincially in the
sense of a grasshopper or cricket. Ten-
nyson in ' The Brook ' speaks of ' high-
elbowed grigs that leap in summer grass.'
And this is undoubtedly the sense which
the word bears in the proverb, the cricket
or grasshopper from their lively chirp
having always been taken by the writers
of fable as the type of a careless, joyous
life. ' Up bounded the long line of Otando
men to the rescue, laden with provisions
and as merry as crickets' — Du Chaillu,
Ashango, p. 154. as. grceghama (the
gray-coated), a cricket, grasshopper.

' Fugelas ^\-a%i.'Ca,%y\\.e.'Ca gmghama'' —
birds sing, the cricket chirps.
Grill. Cold, shivery.
While they han suffred cold full strong,
In ■viether& grille and derke to sight. — R. R.
In the original, par le froid et divers
temps. Du. grillen, to shiver ; grillig,
frilleux, shivery, grillig weer, cold, raw
weather.

GRIN

317

The origin is the representation of a
crackling or chirping sound by Fr. gre-
siller,grisler,griller, to make a noise like
broiling meat, or the note of a cricket.
From the notion of a broken or quaver-
ing sound we pass to that of a quivering
movement in Fr. griller, Du. grillen, to
shiver, or trernble ; griller d'itnpatience,
to tremble with eagerness.

To Grill. Fr. griller, to broil. From
the noise of frying or broiling. See last
article and Brilliant.

Grimace. Fr. grimace, a crabbed
look, wry mouth. The noises made by
an angry animal are represented by the
syllables grain, grim, grom, which are
thence applied to the various expressions
of anger, vexation, ill-temper ; Du. grim-
men, to snarl, grin, cry, make faces,
pucker up the face, wrinkle. — Kil. It.
grima, wrinkled.

* To Grime. — Begrime. Sw. dial., n.
grima. Da. grime, a spot or streak of dirt
on the face, ON., AS. grima. Da. grim.e, a
mask (a blackened face) ; grim, griim,
soot; grime (Moth), 'Dm. griemen, gremen,
begremen, begremelen (Kil.), begrommelen,
to blacken, begrime, spot ; gremel, Fr.
.^rzwaz'/// (J aubert), spotted, particoloured;
Sc.gnimmel, Sw.grums, grummel, dregs,
grounds, mud ; grumla, to make thick,
to trouble ; ON. grama, filth, dirt ; It.
groma, gromma, scurf or dirt that
sticks to anything, slime of fish, crust
that forms in wine vessels, roughcast on
a wall, dregs or mother. The radical
image may be the sprinkling or powder-
ing over, letting fall in small particles, as
shown in the case of Grisly. A griming
of snow or of ashes is a sprinkling. Fr.
gremiller, to crumble ; gremille, grou-
millon, groumignon, a crum, clot, single
berry ; grume, grime, one of a bunch of
berries — Jaubert ; grume, a grain ; gru-
mel, a pellet. — Roquef Lat. grumus, a
little heap. E. crum, criin, a small bit.

To Grin. The representation of the
sounds expressive of ill-temper gives rise
to a series of forms of much general re-
semblance. Du. grimmen, griisen, griin-
sen, to grin, snarl, grind the teeth, wry
the mouth, cry; grinnen, grinden, to grin,
or zmx\; grijnen, to grViXahXz, grijnig, ill-
humoured ; N. grina, to wry the mouth,
curl the nose, griiiall, sour-looking,
harsh, raw (of the weather) . Fr. grander,
grogner,to snarl, scold, %mmh\e, grancer,
to roar as the sea, grincer, to grind the
teeth ; It. grignare, to snarl as a dog, to
grin. Lat. ringi, to snarl, to be angry, to

3i8

GRIND

grin, or open the lips, whence rictus, the
open mouth, gaping jaws.

To Grind. The primary sense of the
word is in all probability the grinding of
the teeth, regarded as a symptom of ill-
temper, and designated by representa-
tions of the snarling sounds of an angry
animal. Du. griinme7i, grinnen, grinden,
ringere, hirrire.— Kil. But perhaps the
long i of ^n«(? brings it nearer Du. grij-
sen, grijnsen, ringere, fremere, frendere
(Kil.), with the corresponding Fr. grincer,
to grind the teeth. G. griesgram, grum-
bling, out of temper. From grinding the
teeth the term is transferred to the break-
ing small by a mill. In these imitative
words the interchange of an initial /rand
gr is very common. So Lat. fi-emere, to
murmur, grumble, rage at, corresponds to
Du. grimmen, as Lat. frende7-e, to gnash
the teeth, also to grind or break small, to
E. grind. See Grist, Grum.

Grip. — Grpove. Du. griippe, grippe,
groeve, a furrow, ditch, groove, gruppel,
■greppel, a little ditch, kennel. G. grube,
a pit, ditch, hollow dug in the ground,
from graben, to dig. See Grab, Grub.

Gripe. Du. grijpen, G. greiffen, to
seize ; Fr. griffe, claw, talon, griffer,
gripper, to clutch or seize ; It. graffiare,
to scratch, scrape, hook, gripe ; grifo, a
gripe, claw, or \2\<ya., grifare, to clutch.
See Grab.

Grisly, i. Frightful, horrible, what
causes one to shudder. G. dial, grmien,
grausen,grdsen,grieseit,grieseln,gruseln,
grisseln, gr ossein, Fris. grese, Sc. grise,
'growe, groose, to shudder ; E. dial, grow,
growze, to be chill before an ague fit. —
Hal. Grysyl, horridus, terribilis. — Pr. Pm.
G. grdsslich, Tris.' grislik, terrible.

The radical image is the rustling sound
made by the continued fall of a number
of small particles, whence the significa-
tion passes to the idea of drizzling, trick-
ling, shivering. Sc.grassil,grissel,girs-
sil, to make a rustling or crackling noise ;
Fr. greziller, to crackle ; gresiller, to
hail, drizzle, sleet, reem to fall. — Cot.
' There was a girstUn of frost this morn-
ing ' (Jam.), i. e. a sprinkling. G. grteseln,
to fall in small particles, to trickle, and
thence to shudder, which is felt like a
trickling or creeping over the skin.
Gruselen, formicar cutis. — Stalder. ' Fine
geschichte die uns eine giinsehaut iiber
den riicken grieseln lasst.' ' Dass mir's
durch die haut grdsselt' — Sanders. In
the same way AS. hristlan, to rustle, is
connected with G. rieseln, to make a rust-
ling sound, to trickle, to fall in small

GRIT

particles as snow, hail, sand, to shudder.
' Das seinem alten zuhorer ein schauder
iiber die haut rieselte' — which made a
shudder creep or trickle over his skin.
Sw.' rysa, to shudder ; ryslig, horrible.

Grisly, 2, or Grizzly. — Grizzled.
Speckled, of mixed colour, of mingled
black and white. G. greis, an old man,
gray ; Du. grijs, Fr. gris, It. griso, grigio,
gray. We have explained in the last
article the origin of G. grieseln, gruseln,
to fall in morsels or small particles, Fr.
gresiller, to drizzle, reem to fall ; gresilU,
drizzled on, covered or hoar with reem. —
Cot. To this last exactly corresponds E.
grizzled, applied to what has the appear-
ance of being powdered or covered with
small particles. So Fr. cendri, gray, as if
powdered with ashes. Swiss grieselet,
griesselig, grainy, lumpy ; griset, grisselet,
grieselet, speckled.

Grist. Grain brought to a mill to be
ground. Fr. gru, grus, grut, grust, grain
either for grinding or for making beer.
Le suppliant conduisit une charret^e de
grain ou gru pour mouldre au moulin. — ■
MS., A.D. 1477, in Due. Hensch. In the
same sense grust, A.D. 1383. Sometimes
the word has the sense of bran. The
grinding of corn is taken from ihs grind-
ing or gnashing of the teeth, and in the
same way grist, corn to be ground, seems
properly to signify grinding. Grist, to
gnash the teeth — Hal. ; grist-bat, gnash-
ing of the teeth. — Layamon. Pol. grysd,
to gnaw, nibble ; Du. krijsselen, krijssel-
tanden, to grind the teeth.

Gristle . Universally named from the
crunching sound it makes when bitten.
AS. grystlan, Du. krijsselen, krijssel-tan-
den, E. dial, grist, to gnash or grind the
teeth ; Pol. grysd, to gnaw. Swiss kros-
pelen, to crunch ; krospele, gristle. Du.
knospen, gnarsen, to gnash ; knospelbeen,
gnarsbeen, gristle. So we have Boh.
chraustati and chraustdcka, Illyrian hers-
kati ox herstati and herskav, herstav j
Ma^.porczogni, to cracVit, pores, gristle;
Alban. kcrtselig, I crunch, kertsc, gristle.

Grit. Sand, or gravel, rough hard par-
ticles.— Webster, as. greot, sand, dust.
Thu scealt greot etan, thou shalt eat dust.
ON. grjot, stones ; N. grjot, stone, peb-
ble ; Sw. dial . grut, griid, gravel, par-
ticle, small bit ; Da. dial, gryt, a small
bit, trifle ; Sc. gretc, sand, gravel ; MHG.
griez, griiz, grain of sand, gravel, least
bit ; Lang, grut, a single berry, a grain.
' N'a un grut :' he has a grain of it (of
folly). — Diet. Castr. AS. 'nan^fi and-
gytes : ' not a particle of understanding. —

GRITS

Boetliius. P1.D. grut, gruus, rubbish,
fragments ; gnti un murt, what is broken
to pieces. Du.^ra/, trash, refuse. Lith.
grudas, a grain of corn, pip of fruit, drop
of dew, morsel of something to eat ; Let.
gratids, a grain. Gr. ypirr}, Lat. gruta,
scruta, trash, frippery, seem to come from
the same source.

It is shown under Grisly that from the
representation of a rustling sound are
formed Fr. gresiller, to drizzle, to fall in
reem or hail, G. grusehi, grieseln, to fall
in small particles, to trickle down, and
from the same source are doubtless Let.
graitt, Lith. gruti, grusti, to fall in dust
and ruins. From these verbs must be
explained G. gratis, Let. grausli, rubble,
fragments, Swiss griesel, drift of fallen
stones, G. gries, griess, coarse sand,
gravel, Du. gntis, gries, dust, sand,
gravel, Sw. grut, gravel, coarse sand,
rubble, rubbish, Pol grnz, rubbish, rub-
ble, gruzla, clod, clot, Fr. grus, skinned
grain, gruel. — Cot. It is a slight modifi-
cation from the final s of grus, gries, to
the / of grit, grot, grutj and the same
variation is found in the representative
forms at the root of the entire series.
Cot. gives gretiller, as well as greziller,
to crackle. E. dial, crottles, crumbs, also
the pellety dung of the rabbit, hare, goat,
seems to be named from its pattering
down in separate particles. Northamp-
ton _grz/&, to crumble off, pairs off with
G. griesehi. ' The dirt grittles from your
shoes.' In the same way we have Sc.
driddle, Sw. dial, drettla, to spill or to
let fall in small portions, alongside of E.
drizzle.

Grits. — Grrots or Groats. Du. grut,
gort, G. griitze, Pol. griica, Lith. grucze,
Lang, gruda, grain husked and more or
less broken, or sometimes the food pre-
pared from it. The formation of the
word may be illustrated by Lang, grut, a
single berry, a grain of anything, whence
gruta, gntda, to pick the grapes from the
stalks ; gruda also, as Da. dial, grotte,
grutte, to grain corn, i. e. to grind off the
skin, leaving the eatable grain alone.
Lang, gruts, grains of maize so treated.
See Grit.

The same connection between the de-
signation of a grain or of grits or ground
corn, and of gravel or small stones, is
seen in N. grjoji, food prepared of corn or
meal, gruel, Sw. gryn, grits, groats, Swiss
grien, pebbles, gravel.

Groan. Directly imitative. Du. groo-
nen, gemere. w. grwn, a broken or
trembling noise, a groan, the cooing of

GROOM

319

doves ; grwnan, to make a droning noise,
to hum, murmur. Fr. grander, to snarl,
grunt, groan, grumble. Prov. gronhir,
gronir, Fr. grogner, to mutter, murmur.

Groat. Pl.D. grote, originally grote-
schware, the great schware, in contradis-
tinction to the common or little schware of
which there were five in ihe. grote. — Brem.
Wtb.

Grocer. Fr. grosserie, wares uttered,
or the uttermg of wares, by wholesale ;
marchant grassier, one that sells only by
the great, or utters his commodities by
wholesale. — Cot.

Grogram. Fr. grasgrain (coarse-
grain), a kind of stuff.

Groin, i. The snout of a swine. From
the grunting of the animal. It. grugnire,
grugnare, to grunt ; grugna,^ grugnala,
snout of a pig ; Prov. gronhir, Fr. gra-
gtier, grongner, OE. to groin, to grunt ;
Fr. groing, groin, snout ; E. dial, grunny,
snout of a hog ; gruntle, muzzle.
The gallows gapes after thy graceless gruntle.

Dunbar.
Metaphorically OFr. graing, cape, pro-
montory, tongue of land jutting into the
sea. — Roquef. Hence E. groin, a wooden
jetty built into the sea for the purpose of
letting the gravel accumulate against it
for the defence of the coast.

From the same source is the old name
of ' The Groin,' erroneously supposed to
be a corruption of Corunna.

Portum Verrinum sic intravere marinum.

[Vocatur le Groyne, et est in mare ut rostrum
porci ubi intraverunt terram.] — Polit. Poems,
Cam. Soc. 112.

Betwix Cornwall and Bretayne

He sayllyt ; and left the gntnyie of Spainye
[i. e. Corunna]

On northalff him ; and held thair way

Quhill to Savill the Graunt cum thai.

Barbour.

2. Groin, formerly more corxtz^Xy grine,
the fork of the body, as Yx.Jourchiire, a
fork-like division, the part of his body
whence his thighs part. — Cot. Dan.
green, branch of a tree, prong of a fork ;
S w. gren, branch, arm of a stream, the fork
of a pair of trowsers ; grena sig, to fork, or
separate in branches ; rida grensle, en-
fourcher un cheval, to ride astride. Sc.
grain, grane, branch of a tree or a river.
In the same way Lap. suerre, the branch
of a tree or of a river, also the groin.

Groom. Du. gram, a youth. — Kil.
Grome, grume, a lover, a warrior, and
like puer in Lat. and garqon in Fr. it is
also used for servant. — Jam.

Every man shall take his dome

As well the mayster as <ias grome. — Gower.

320

GROOVE

Fr. gramme, serviteur, voiturier ; gromet,
grometel, serviteur, garqon de marchand
ou d'artisan. — Roquef. In modern E. it
is appropriated to a servant attending on
horses. In our old Parish Registers it is
sometimes used for bachelor or unmarried
man. ON. gromr, homuncio. — Egills. A
parallel form with Goth, guma, OHG.
gomo, OE. gome, man. OSax. brudigumo,
E. bridegroom.

Groove. Du. groeve, a furrow, ditch,
pit ; G. grube, a pit, hole, grave, from
graben, pret. grub, to dig. See Grab.
Du. groeven, to engrave, hollow out.

Grope. To feel with the hands. Lith.
grebti, to grab (greifen nach etwas), to
seize, graibyti, to grab, handle, grope.
Cat. grapas, claws, hands ; a quatre gra-
pas, on all fours. See Grab.

Gross. Thick, coarse. Lat. crassus,
Fr. gros.

A Gross. The great hundred of twelve
dozen.

Grotto. — Grotesque. It. grotta, a
cave, den, cellar. — Fl. Fr. dial, crotter,
to dig, encrotter, to bury — Vocab. de
Berri ; crottot, pit, little hole — Pat. de
Champ. ; crotton, a dungeon. — Roquef.
From the sense of scratching, expressed
by grat (Fr. gratter, to scratch), as G.
grab, grube, E. grave, from the same
sense expressed by grai.

Grotesque is the style in which grottoes
were ornamented.

Ground. Goth, grundus [grundu-
vaddjus, ground-wall, foundations) ; ON.
grunnrj Lith. gruntasj Pol. grtmtj
Gael, grunnd.

Group. It. gruppo, a knot or lump of
anything. W. crwb, crob, a hunch.

Grouse. Otherwise called the grey-
hen . From Fr. griais, griesche, speckled,
grey. Poule griesche, a moor-hen, the
hen oi\h& grice or moor-game. — Cot.

Grout. ON. grautr. Da. grbd, Du.
gruyte, gorte, E. grout, gruel, properly
consisting of grots boiled with water, but
often of meal and water. The word is
then applied to other matters of similar
consistency, especially to thin mortar
poured in between the joints of stones for
the purpose of solidifying a structure.
See Grits.

Grouts. Nowcommonlycalled^o^^rfj,
the dregs of tea or coffee, t^.grut, dregs ;
^rato/, grouty, muddy ; Tlw.grute, gruyte,
dregs — Kil. ; grut, refuse, trash, what is
cast out as small and useless ; Gael.
grtiid, dregs. A parallel form with Du.
gruis, rubble, fragments, chips, bran ;
Pl.D. griius, rubbish, coarse sand, broken

GROW

stone ; steen gruus, rubble of old walls ;
teegruus, the grouts or spent leaves of
tea. — Schiitze. Grout-ale, poor ale run
from the grouts or grains of the first
brewing. — Hal. See Grit.

Grove. — Greve. Greaves, trees,
boughs, groves. — Hal.

So gladly they gon in greves so green.

Sir Gawaine and Sir Gal. in Jam.
AS. graef, a grove.

Grovelling:. — Grouf. Sc. on groufe,
agruif, flat, with the face downwards.
Agrui/lay some, others with eyes to skyes.

Jam.
Sterte in thy bed about full wide
And turn full oft on every side,
Now downivard groufe and now upright
[i. e. with face upwards]. — R. R.

The addition of the adverbial termina-
tion ling or lings, as in darklings, blind-
lings, &c., gave grqflings, face down-
ward.

Therfor grofiynges thow shalle be layde
Then when I stiyke thow shalle not see.
Towneley Mysteries.
Grovelynge or grovelyngys, adv. resupine
— Pr. Pm.

Horman translates wzV/^ slepynge groue-
lynge hy prond infaciem dormitione.

The ON. has d grufu corresponding
exactly to on groufe, agruif, above men-
tioned. Atfalla, liggja, &c., d grufu, to
fall, lie, &c., face downwards. It has
besides the verbs grufa, grufla, to bend
down the head, lie face downwards, to
scramble on all fours. — Fritzner.

The radical image is shown in It. gruf-
fare, gnfolare, to grunt, [and thence] to
grub or root up the ground with the snout
as a hog doth. — Fl. Hence grifo, the
snout, and E. grovel, grubble, to work
with the snout in the ground.
Okemast and beech and Cornell mast they eate
Grovelling like swine on earth in foulest wise.
Chapman.
Whoever tasted lost his upright form
And downward fell into a grovelling swine.

Comus.

To grub is to root in the ground like a
pig, and in Suffolk to lay a child grub-
bling is to lay it face downwards. — Moore.
Again, the image of a pig rooting with
the snout gives Dan. dial, grue (of a
ploughshare), to dig its nose into the
ground. ' Skaret gruer ikke nok:' the
point of the share is not enough bent
downwards. At ligge paa gru or nase-
gruus, to lie groveling.

To Grow. I. ON. groa, Du. groeyen,
to grow, flourish, heal.

2. To grow, to be troubled. — B. To
grow or gry, to be aguish ; grousome,

GROWL

fearful, loathsome. — Hal. Dan. grit,
horror, terror, gnie, to shudder at ; G.
grauen, to have a fear united with shiver-
ing or shuddering ; Du. grouwen, gru-
welen, gruwen, to shudder at. Perhaps
from the connection between vibration
and sound. Fris. groiiweti, grouweljen,
to thunder — Epkema ; Lith. graiijit,
grauti, to thunder ; Illyr. gruhaii, gru-
vati, to boom like cannon, to resound.
The Yxis-groitweljen leads to Yr. grouu'r,
grouiller, to rumble, also to move, stir,
scrall. Y\X).gnden, to shudder at, to have
hon'or of. Fr. (Jura) grouler, to shiver. —
H^cart. A shuddering is like a creeping
over the flesh. The growing or grauling
of an ague is the shuddering or creeping
feel which marks the approach of the fit.
Another synonymous form is growze, to
be chill before the beginning of an ague
fit (Hal.), corresponding to G. grausen, as
grow to G. grauen, to shudder. The
growing or grotiling of an ague is the
shivering which marks the first approach
of the fit.

Growl. A muttering, snarling sound.
Rouchi grouler, to grumble, mutter, rum-
ble ; N. gryla, to grunt, growl, bellow ;
Gr. ypvWiZu), to grunt ; Fr. grouller,
grotiiller, to rumble.

Grub. The origin of this word may
perhaps be illustrated by It. gargoglia re,
to rumble or growl in the bowels, to bub-
ble, boil, purl, or spring up as water, also
to breed vermin or wormlets ; whence
gorgoglio, gorgoglione (Lat. curculio), a
weevil breeding in corn. The root, re-
presenting a broken confused sound, is
applied to an object in multifarious move-
ment, as boiling water, then to the gener-
al movement of swarming insects and to
an individual insect itself. Lang, gour-
goulia, Fr. groiigouler, grouiller, groul-
ler, to rumble or croak as the bowels, the
two latter also to move, stir, swarm,
abound, break out in great numbers ;
grouillis, a stirring heap of worms ; It.
garbuglio, Fr. grabuge, a great stir, coil,
garboil, hurly-burly, gribouiller, to rum-
ble ; Pl.D. kribbeln, to simmer, to bubble
up, to stir, crawl, be in general motion ;
G. kriebeln, to swarm, crawl ; griibeln und
grabbeln, to be stirring and swarming in
great multitudes, as maggots or ants. —
Kiittn. Hence e. grub, a maggot, as It.
gorgoglio, from gorgogliare.

* To Grub. To dig up something
buried in the ground, as the stumps or
roots of trees. Yorks. grab, to probe, to
examine, as the hand dives into the corner
of the pocket — Whitby Gl. ; to grobble

GRUEL

321

(often pronounced as groffle or gruffle), to
poke about as with a stick in a hole, to
feel about among a number of things for
one in particular. — Cleveland Gl. Grub-
bare in the erthe or other thynggys
{grovblare, H. growblar. P.), fossor, con-
fessor ; grubynge (grublyng, H. grow-
blinge. P.), confossio. — Pr. Pm. ' He
looked at the fish, then at the fiddle, still
grubbling in his pockets.' — Spectator.
Pl.D. grubbeln, grabbeln, grawweln, to.
feel over with the hand, to grope about, to
grub in the dirt. There may perhaps
here be some confusion of forms from
different roots, and gj-ub may be from the
same source with grovel, to root as swine,
an act which affords a most familiar
image of grubbing up. The final b ap-
pears in Suffolk grubblins, for grovelings,
or face downwards, and in Sw. dial, grub-
bla, to mutter, compared with It. grufo-
lare, to grunt or root as swine.

Grudge. Griitchyn, gruchyn, mur-
muro. — Pr. Pm. Fr. gruger, gruser, to
grieve, repine, mutter — Cot. ; groucer,
grouchier, groucher, to murmur, reproach,
complain. ' No man was hardi to grucche
(either to make pryvy noise, mutire —
Vulg.) agenus the sones of Israel.'- —
Wicliff in Way. Gr. ypv^ttv, to say
ypv, grumble, mutter ; fivKuv ixfirc ypv-
jfiv, not to let a syllable be heard.
Then, as grumbling is the sign of ill-
temper, to grudge, to feel discontent ;
grudge, ill-will. The It. cruccio, coruccio',
Fr. courroux, wrath, has the same origin,
although much obscured by the insertion
of the long vowel between 'the c and r.
Fr. courechier is found exactly in the
sense of E. grudge.

That never with his mowthe he seide amys
Ne groched agens his Creatour iwis,
[sa bouche n'en parla un seal vilain mot encuntre
son Creatour.]
And lilce in the same manere tho
Suffrede Nasciens bothe angwische and wo^
And nevere to his God made he grochchenge,
Nethir for tormentis ne none other tliinge.
[tout autresi souffri Nasciens ses grans peines — ■
assez en boin gre sans courechier ne k Dieu
ne a autre.] — St Greal, c. 27, 63.

On the same principle, G. groll, ill-will,
spite, may be compared with E. growl.

The grudging of an ague is a modifi-
cation of the synonymous grouse, men-
tioned under Grow, 2 ; as Fr. gruger, of
Pl.D. grusen, to crumble or break into
small bits. I groudge as one dothe that
hath a groudging of the axes, je frilonne
z.n& je fremis.' — Palsgr. in Way. See
Grisly.

.Gruel. Fr. gruau, gruant, oatmeal,
21

322

GRUFF

groats— Cot. ; gruel, gruez, meal.—
Roquef. Bret, groel, gourel, groats ; w.
grual, gruel. N. grant, Dan. grod, por-
ridge ; Lang, gruda, husked oats or
grain, more or less broken in husking ;
gruda, to husk or pill grain, to pick
grapes, skin beans, from gru, grut, a
single berry, a grain. — Diet. Castr. Lith.
grudas, a grain of corn, pip of a fruit,
drop of dew. See Grits.

Gruff. Churlish, dogged.— B. Pro-
perly hoarse in tone. To gruffle, to growl.
— Hal. Grisons grufflar, to snore.

To gri{ff, to express discontent or vex-
ation— Atkinson ; to grunt, to snore. —
Whitby Gl. It. gruffare, grufolare, gro-
folare, to grunt. — Fl. See Grim.

Grum. — Grumpy. E. dial, grunt,
grumpy, 2ca%rj, surly, sulky — Hal. ; grum,
sour-looked — B. ; AS. grom, grum, fierce.
Da. grum, ferocious, atrocious. G.gram,
trouble, sorrow ; grimm, wrath, rage ;
grimmig, raging, stern, crabbed ; Gael.
gruaim, a surly look ; gruama, sullen,
gloomy ; Manx groam, a sad or sullen
look. All from the expression of angry
feelings by muttering or snarling sounds.
Bav. gramen, to grind the teeth ; gries-
gramen, to murmur ; W. grem, murmur-
ing, grinding the teeth ; grwm, a mur-
mur, a growl (Spurrel). Du. grimmen,
to snarl, growl, grin, grind the teeth, rage,
cry ; grommen, Yr. grommeler, E. dial.
grumph, to grumble, growl. Pro^. gri-
mar, to groan, sigh ; grim, morose, sad.

To Grumble. Fr. grommeler, Du.
grommen, gj-ommelen, to murmur, mut-
ter ; Sw. dial, grubbla, grummsa, to
mutter discqntentedly ; w. grwm, a mur-
mur, growl ; grymial, to grumble, scold.
G. brummen, to growl or mutter, is a
parallel form.

To Grunt. Lat. grunnire, Fr. grog-
ner,grongner, G. grunzen, to grunt, growl,
mutter ; Fr. groncer, to roar as the sea
in a storm, grander, to snarl, grunt, grum-
ble.

Guard. Defence, protection. It.
guardare, to look, guard, ward, keep,
save, to beware ; Fr. garder, to keep,
guard, watch, heed, or look unto ; garer,
to ware, beware, take heed of. — Cot. The
senses of looking after and taking care of
or guarding against are closely united.
' Now look thee Our Lord.'— P. P. To
look seems to have been the original
sense of Lat. servare. 'Tuus servus
servet Venerine facial an Cupidini,' let
your slave look. — Plautus. Serva J as
Fr. gare ! look out ! take care 1

For the origin of the word see Gaure.

GUILD

Gudgeon. Lat. gobio, Fr. gouvion,
goujon, a small slimy fish. Rouchi, Cha
passe come -im gouvion, that is easily
swallowed. Faire avaler des gouvions,
to make one believe a lie. — Hdcart.
Hence to gudgeon, to deceive, befool.

Gudgil-hole. A place containing
dung, water, and any kind of filth. — Hal.
Swiss Rom. guadzouilli, to dabble in
wet. — Bridel.

Guerdon. Fr. guerredon, guerdon. It.
guiderdone, recompense, reward. From
OHG. widarlon, AS. witherlean, with a
change from / to d, perhaps through the
influence of Lat. do7ium. t AS. wither,
against, in return for, and lean, reward.
— Diez.

Guess. Du. ghissen, to estimate, reck-
on, guess ; ON. giska (for gitska), N.
gissa, Dan. gisse, gjette, Walach. gici
(Ital. £■), to guess, gicitoriu, a diviner,
guesser.

A frequentative from ON. geta,to get,
conceive, think, make mention of (i. e. to
pronounce one's opinion). At geta miiini,
in my opinion. Geta gods til, to augur
well of.

Guest. Goth, gasts, stranger ; gasti-
gods, Gr. <pi\6^£vog, hospitable ; G. gast,
ON. gistr, Russ. gosty, Bohem. host, Pol.
goH, guest. Lap. quosse, guest, quos-
sotet, to entertain, quossot, to act as
guest ; W. gwest, visit, entertainment,
inn, lodging, ' gwestai, a visitor, guest ;
Bret, hostiz, guest, host. The Lat. hostis,
enemy, supposed to be connected through
the sense of stranger, is probably from a
different source.

To Guggle. Fr. glouglou, Mod.Gr.
•fKoiiKkov, guggling, the sound of water
mixed with air issuing from the mouth of
a vessel; koukXovkiJu, Svii^s guttgeln, gun-
scheln, to guggle, giiggeln, to tipple ; Pol.
glukad, to rumble in the belly.

Guide. — Guy. It. guidare, Fr. guider,
guier, exhibit the Romance form corre-
sponding to G. weisen, Du. wijsen, Sw.
visa, to show, direct, guide. G. jemanden
zurecht weisen, to show one the right
way. Sw. visa honoin in, show him in.
From G. weise, Du. wijse, ghijse, Bret.
gis, kiz, w. gwis, Fr. guise, the wise,
mode, way of a thing. See Guise.

Guild. Dan. gilde, feast, banquet,
guild, or corporation ; P1.D. gilde, a com-
pany, corporation, society of burghers
meeting on stated occasions for the pur-
pose of feasting and merrj'making. The
primary meaning is a feast, then the
company assembled, and the same trans-
ference of signification will be observed

GUILE

in the word company itself, which signi-
fying in the first instance a number of
persons eating together, has come to be
apphed to an association for any purpose,
and in the case of the City Companies to
the very associations which were formerly
denominated Guilds.

It is a mistake to connect the word
with the G. geld, payment. The real de-
rivation is to be found in W. gwyl, Bret.
goel, gouil, a feast, or holiday, gou^lia,
to keep holiday ; Gael, (with the usual
change from the w. gw toy initial), y^z7/,
a feast, holiday, fair, or market ; Manx
ealley, festival, sacred, hallowed. The
Irish _/^//, or feighil, is explained the vigil
of a feast, sometimes the feast itself,
leading to the supposition that the word
is a mere corruption of Lat. mgilicB.
But the W. and Bret, forms could hardly
have been derived from that origin, and
we find a. satisfactory explanation in a
native root, w. gwylio, to watch, be
vigilant, to look for ; gwyled, to behold,
to see, gwylad, keeping a festival, the
notion of keeping or observing being
commonly expressed by the figure of
looking. Bret, gwel, look, sight, action
of seeing. In a similar manner from
wake, to be vigilant, to watch, we have
the wakes, the festival of the patron
saint, W. gwyl-mabsant, G. kirchweihe
{weihen, to consecrate), where the ideas
of waking or keeping and consecration
or holiness are connected together in the
same way as in yi.zxiy.fe alley.

The Du. form guide, a feast (populare
convivium), also a guild or corporation,
closely resembles Goth, dulths, Bav. duld,
a. feast. Osterduld, Easter. In modern
times duld is applied to a fair or market,
commonly kept on the saint's day of the
place. Dulden, like Bret, goelia, to so-
lemnize. Tuldan, celebrare ; tultlih, so-
lennis. — Kero in Schmeller.

Gruile. OYr. guille, deceit, fraud ; Du.
ghijlen, ludificare, fallere. — Kil. Pl.D.
■ gigeln, begigelti, to beguile, properly to
deceive by juggling tricks, from gig, ex-
pressing rapid movement to and fro. See
Gig, Dodge, Juggle. The same contrac-
tion is seen in the parallel form wile, AS.
wigele, from the notion of wiggling or
vacillating. 'And wigeleth as fordruncen
mon that haveth imunt to vallen.' — An-
cren Riwle. as. gewiglian, to juggle,
conjure.

Gruillotine. The well-known imple-
ment said to be invented by Dr GuiUotin
in the French Revolution. It was however
but the revival of a mode of execution

GULF

323

formerly in use in Germany. Crusius,
in his Swabian Chron. translated by
Moser. 1733, says: ' Formerly behead-
ing was not done in Germany with a
sword, but with an oaken plank on which
was a sharp iron. This plank was like a
flogging-bench, had on both sides upright
slides (grund-leisten), on which the plank
was ; under that a sharp cutting iron.
When the poor man was bound on the
bench, as if for flogging, the executioner
(truckenscherer) let fall the plank which
hung by a cord, which with the iron struck
off his head.' — Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 225.

Guilt. Properly conduct which has to
be atoned for, which has to be paid for.
Swiss giili, 'Da.n. gfeld, debt. O'N. gialld,
debt, return of equivalent. In the same
way Dan. skyld, debt, guilt, offence, G.
schuld, a fault, guilt, crime, also a debt.
AS. gildan, Dan. gielde, G. gelten, to re-
quite, pay, atone, to return an equivalent.
' He ne meahte mine gife gyldan.' He
could not requite my gift. — Caedm. Vor-
let ous oure yeldinges, ase and we vorle-
teth oure yelderes and ne ous led naght
into vondinge ac vri ous uram queade —
Paternoster in Dialect of Kent, 1340, in
Reliq. Ant. p. 42.

Guise. Fr. guise, w. gwis, Bret, giz,
kiz, equivalents of the G. weise, E. wise,
mode, way, fashion. The word is very
widely spread, being found with little
alteration in fornj in the same sense in
some of the Siberian languages. Wotiak
kyzi, manner ; nokyzi, in no-wise. Other-
wise we might find an explanation in the
Bret, giz, kiz, the fundamental meaning
of which seems to be footsteps, whence
the sense of a track or way, mode or
fashion, might easily be developed. Bret.
mond war hi giz, to go back (literally to
go upon his giz), can only be explained
by giving to giz the sense of footsteps.

Guitar. Fr. guiterre, guiterne, a git-
tern. — Cot. Lat. cithara, a harp.

Gules. Fr. guetiles, red or sanguine
in blazon. — Cot. From the red colour of
the mouth. Gueule, the mouth, throat,
gullet.

Gulf. It. golfo, a gulf or arm of the
sea, a pit, deep hole, whirlpool.— Fl. Fr.
golfe, a whirlpool or bottomless pit, also
a bosom or gulf of the sea between two
capes. — Cot. The G. meer-busen, Lat.
sinus, bosom, gulf, would point to a de-
rivation from Gr. KoX^roe, of exactly the
same meaning with Lat. sinus. But the
sense of whirlpool, abyss, must be from
Du. gulpen, golpen, E. gulp, to swallow ;
ODu. golpe, gurges, vorago. — Kil. The
21 *

3?4

GULL

truth appears to be that here, as in so
many other cases where we are puzzled
between two derivations, they may both
be traced to a common origin. We have
only to suppose that the meaning of KoXffof
was originally the throat or swallow, then
the neck, and was finally applied to the
bosom in the same way that the neck is
frequently made to include the bosom in
common speech.

Gull. I. A sea-mew. It. gulone, w.
gwylan, Bret, gwelan, from the peculiar
wailing cry of the bird. Bret, gwela, N.
Fris. gallen, to weep. E. dial, to gowlc,
to cry.

For unnethes is a chylde borne fully
That it ne begynnes to gowle and cry.

Hampole in Hal.

G-zA. faoileann,faoilleag, a sea-gull.

2. A dupe. To gull, to deceive, de-
fraud. A metaphor from the helplessness
of a young unfledged bird, on the same
principle that the Fr. tiiais, a nestling, is
applied to a simpleton ; a novice, ninny,
witless and inexperienced gull. — Cot. The
meaning oi gull is simply unfledged bird,
in which sense it is still used in Cheshire.
As that ungentle^// the cuckoo's bird. — H. iv.
It is especially applied to a gosling in the
South of England.

'And verily 't would vex one to see them, who
design to draw disciples after them, to lead a crew
ol gulls into no small puddles by having obtained
the repute of being no meanly understanding
ganders.' — Trenchfield, Cap of grey hairs, p. 8,
1671.

Probably from Da.n.guul, Sw. gul, yellow,
from the yellow colour of the down, or
perhaps of the beak, as in Fr. bijaune,
properly yellow beak, a young bird with
yellow skin at the base of the beak, me-
taphorically 'a novice, a simple inex-
perienced ass, a ninny.' — Cot. \\.. pippi-
one, a pigeon (properly a young bird,
from pippiare, to peep or pip), metaphor-
ically a silly gull, one that is soon caught
and trepanned. — Fl. Hence a pigeon,
a dupe at cards.

Gullet. — Gully. Fr. goulel, a gullet,
the end of a pipe where it dischargeth
itself, the mouth of a vial or bottle ; gonlot,
a pipe, gutter, e. gully-hole, the mouth
of a drain where the water pours with a
guggling noise into the sink ; ^sn. giillcn,
Swiss giille, a sink ; Champagne goillis,
ordure ; Du. gullen, to swallow greedily,
suck down ; E. gull, to guzzle or drink
rapidly. — Hal, I guile in drink as great
drinkers do [swallow with a noise]. Je
engoule. — Palsgr. 576. Swiss Rom.
gollhi, gaula, to bedabble, bedrabble

GUN

oneself, to wet oneself up to the knees,
dirty the bottom of one's clothes, gollha,
a puddle ; gotholli, gollotzi, guaUotsi, to
sound like fluid in a cask. Fr. goule,
mouth, throat — Jaubert ; gouler, to flow
— Pat. de Champ. ; goalee, goulette, a
gulp or mouthful of wine ; goulicement,
greedily, like a gully-gut ; Lat. gula, the
throat. All from the sound of water
mixed with air in a confined space. Sc.
guller, buller, to make a noise like water
forcibly issuing through a narrow open-
ing, or as when one gargles ; to guggle.
— Jam.

Gulp. — Gulch. Du. golpen, ingurgi-
tare, avid^ haurire. — Kil. Lang, gloup,
a gulp or mouthful of liquid ; gloupel, a
drop ; E. dial, giclk, to gulp or swallow.
Da. dial, gviilpe, to make a noise in the
throat in swallowing liquids. ' Han
drikker saa det gvulper i ham.' N. gulka,
Da. gulpe, to gulp up, disgorge, vomit,
kulke, to gulp ; kiilk. Fin. kulkku or
kiirkku, the gullet ; E. gulch, a gully or
s\«allow in a river. All from a represent-
ation of the sound made in swallowing
liquid.

Gum. Lat. gummi, Gr. Ko/i/^i, gum,
the congealed juice of trees.

Gumption. Understanding, intelli-
gence. From gaum, to observe, attend
to, understand. — Atkinson.

* Gums. Du. gumme, G. gaumen, the
palate ; Lang, goum^, a goitre or swelled
throat. From Da. gumle, to mumble,
Sw. dial, gummsa, gai?isa, gemsa, gimsa,
jamnda, jumla, to chew slow and with
difficulty, probably, like the synonymous
niuinsa, mumla, E. nijcmp, mumble, imi-
tation of the sounds made in chewing
like a toothless person with the lips closed.

Gun. The signification of the word at
the earliest period to which it can be
traced is clearly shown in the Practica of
John Arderne, a surgeon of the time of E.
111., cited by Way in Pr. Pm., who, after
giving a recipe for a kind of 'fewe volant'
consisting of charcoal, sulphur, and salt-
petre, proceeds — ' cest poudre vault \
gettere pelottes de fer ou de plom ou d'
areyne oue un instrument qe I'em appelle
goime.' The sense is marked with equal
clearness where the word is used by
Chaucer in the House of Fame, —
Swift as a pellet out of aguniie
When tire is in the pouder runne.

The ordinances of the household of E.
III. which commence 1344, printed by
the Ant. Soc, enumerate ' Ingyners 57,
Artellers 6, Go7iners 6.' It must be ob-
served that the name is exclusively English,

GUNWALE

and it may well be that it appeared first in
the designation of the gunner, from Fr.
guigneur, an aimer with one eye, as a
gunner taking his level ; guigner, to wink
or aim with one eye, to level at a thing
winking. — Cot. Introduced into English,
where it suggested no reference to the
idea of aiming, the word would seem to
be taken from the new-fangled implement
which the gunner worked, and to which
the name ^ gun would naturally be given.

Gunwale. Wales are outward timbers
in a ship's sides on which men set their
feet when they clamber up, and the gun-
■wale is the iuale which goes about the
uttermost strake or seam of the upper-
most deck in the ship's waist. — Bailey.

Gurgeons. The siftings of meal. Fr.
gruger, to granulate, crunch, crumble.
Du. gruizen, to reduce to gruis, or small
bits. Fr. gi'us, grits. See Grits, Grist.

Gurnard. —Gurnet. Fr. gournauld,
grougnaut (Cot.), now grenaut, from
grogner, to grunt, grumble. ' The Gur-
net is known to emit a peculiar grunting
sound on being removed from the water,
to which disagreeable habit it owes its
designation.'— N. & Q. Mar. 9, 1861. An-
other Fr. name is grondm. In Norway
it is called knurfisk, from Dan. knurre,
to grumble, mutter ; also hurr, equivalent
to OE. whur, to snarl. Gronder, to whurre,
yarre, grunt, grumble. — Cot.

To Gush. G. giessen, Du. gosselen, to
pour ; Swiss gussehi, to dabble in wet, to
sleet ; gusslig, muddy, thick (of liquids) ;
gussUte, slosh, dirty mixture. E. dial.
gushil, a gutter ; gudgil-hole, a sink.
From the sound of dashing water. I
gowsske, I make a noise as water doth
that Cometh hastily out : je bruis. —
Palsgr.

Gusset. Fr. gousset, a fob or pocket,
and thence the arm-pit, the piece of cloth
or of chain mail which covers the arm-pit
in a shirt or a suit of plate armour.

From Fr. gousse, It. guscio, the pod or
husk of pease, beans, &c.

Gust. — Gusto. Lat. gustus, taste, or
the sense of it.

Gust. ON. gustr, giostr, a cold blast
of wind, It. guscio di vento, agreeing with
E. dial, gush, gussock, a gust.

Guts. Perhaps so named from the
rumbling sound, as ON. bumbr, the belly,

GYVES

325

compared with bumba, to resound, on.
gutla, to sound as liquids in a cask.

His guts began to gotheUn

As two greedy sows. — P. P.

Swiss gudeln, gudern, to guggle, pad-
dle, rumble in the bowels ; giidel, the
paunch. G. kutteln, guts,'tripes, garbage ;
entkutteln, to gut. Pl.D. kiit, guts, bowels ;
kiit'n, to gut. — Danneil. Du. kuii, spawn
or roe of fishes. Sc. kyte, the belly.

Gutta-perch.a. Malay gatta, gum. —
Crawford.

Gutter. Fr. gouttiere, a channel or
gutter ; esgout, a dropping of water as
from a house-eaves, also a little sink,
channel, or gutter.

From the noise of water dripping, Pl.D.
guddern, to gush out, to fall in abund-
ance. Dat water guddert vain dake, the
water pours from the roof. De appel
guddert vam boom, the apples shower
down from the tree. From some such .
form has arisen Lat. gutta, a drop.

Guttle. — Guzzle. To eat and drink
with haste and greediness. From the
sound of liquids passing down the throat.
ON. gutla, to sound as liquids in a cask.
Swiss gudeln, gudern, guiteln, gutzeln,
to shake liquids in a flask, to dabble in
liquids ; gudlig, thick, muddy from shak-
ing. Lat. glutglut, for the sound of liquid
escaping from the mouth of a narrow-
necked vessel; glutio, to swallow; Swiss
gieseln, to gormandise. Fr. desgouziller,
to gulp or swill up, to swallow down.
Fr. godailler. It. gozzare, gozzavigliare,
to make good cheer, to guzzle, guttle. It.
gozzo, a throat.

Guttural. Lat. gutttcr, the throat.
Probably from some such form as those
mentioned in the last article.

Gymnastic. Gr. yv\ivaiu>, to train in
muscular exercises, which were practised
naked. Vv^voq, naked.

Gyves, w. gefyn, fetters. Bret, kef,
trunk of a tree, stock or stump, log of
fire-wood, fetter, manacle. It is the same
word with Lat. cippus, a stake, Fr. cep,
the stock of a tree, a log, or clog of wood,
such a one as is hung about the neck of
a ranging cur; [hence] ceps, a pair of
stocks for malefactors, also (less properly)
shackles, bolts, fetters, &c. It. ceppo in
all the same senses.

326

HABERDASHER

HAG

H

Ha'berdasher. Haberdashers were of
two kinds, haberdashers of small wares,
sellers of needles, tapes, buttons, &c., and
haberdashers of hats. The first of these
would be well explained from ON. hapur-
task, trumpery, things of trifling value,
scruta frivola, ripsraps. — Gudm. A poor
petty haberdasher (of small wares), mer-
cerot. — Sherwood.

The haberdasher of hats seems named
from some kind of stuff called hapertas,
of which probably hats were made. ' La
charge de hapertas, yX\d.' — Liber Albus,
225. ' Les feez de leyne d'Espagne, wad-
mal, mercerie, canevas, — feutre, lormerie,
peil, haberdashrie, esquireux, et les autres
choses ge I'em acustument par fee, w\d.' —
Ibid. 231.

Haberdine. Poor-john. A kind of
cod-fish cured. Du. abberdaan, Fr. habor-
dean, from the last of .which, docked of
the first syllable, seems to be formed E.
■poor-john, a kind of cheap salt-fish.

Habit. — Habitable. Lat. habitus,
from habeo, to have ; a freq. from which
is habitare, to dwell in, inhabit.

Habnab. Hit or miss, from AS. hah-
ban, to have, and nabban ifie habban), not
to have. It. Fatto o guasto, hab or nab,
done or undone, made or marred. — Fl.
I put it
Ev'n to your worship's bitterment, habnab ;
I shall have a chance of the dice for it.

B. Johnson, Tale of a Tub, iv. I.
Hack. A cratch for hay. See Hatch.
Hack. — Hackney. Sp. haca, OFr.
haque, haqttet, a pony ; Sp. hacanea, a
nag, small horse somewhat bigger than a
pony. It. achinea, Fr. haqiun^e, an am-
iDling horse.

The primary meaning seems a small
horse as distinguished from the powerful
animal required for warlike service ; then
as only inferior horses would be let for
hire it was specially applied to horses
used for that purpose.

And loved well to have hors of price.
He wend to have reproved be
Of theft or murder if that he
Had in his stable an hackney. — R. R.
It has much the appearance of being de-
rived from E. nag.

To Hack.— Hash.— Hatch. The syl-
lable hack, in which the voice is sharply
checked, is used in all the Gothic dialects

to signify a stroke with a sharp instru-
ment or an effort abruptly checked. Sw.
hacka, to chop, hack, hoe, to peck, pick,
chatter with the teeth, stammer, stutter,
cough constantly but slightly (Rietz), as
we speak of a hacking cough ; hakkla, to
stammer, to cough.

The Fr. hacher, to mince, prpduces e.
hcish (a word of modern introduction),
properly to mince, then to dress meat a
second time, because meat so dressed is
commonly cut into small pieces. Hachis,
a hackey or hachee, a shced gallimawfrey
or minced meat. — Cot.

Another application of Fr. hacher is to
the hatchings of the hilt of a sword by
which it is made rough for the hand. To
hatch, to make cross cuts in an engraving.
N. hak, a score or incision.

The hatching of eggs is the chipping
or breaking open of the egg-shell by the
pecking of the bird. G. hacken, to peck,
hecken, to peck, to hatch young. In the
same way Pol. Mud, to peck, to chip the
egg as young birds do when hatched.
Wykluc, to peck out, as the eyes ; wyklui
sie, to creep from the egg, to be hatched.
Hackbut. See Arquebuss.
Hacqueton. See Gambison.
Haft. AS. hceft, a handle, holding,
captive ; hceftas, bonds ; hcrfting, a hold-
ing ; hcBftene, captivity. ON. hefta, to
fetter ; heftr, fettered, hindered. Dan.
}iefte to bind, fasten, to arrest. G. haft,
fastening, clasp ; hold or firmness, at-
tachment, imprisonment ; in haft sitzen,
to be in durance ; haften, to hold fast,
stick. Du. hecht, heft, handle ; hechten,
heften, to fix, fasten, bind ; hegt, hecht,
heft, handle ,' hecht, fast, firm, tight.

From the notion of having or holding,
as G. handhabe, a handle, from haben, to
have.

Hag. AS. liceges, hcegtesse, ODu. hage-
tisse, MHG. hacke, hdckel, hecse, Swiss
hagsche, a witch ; lidggele, the night hag,
a female demon that walks on certain
nights, a witch. Hagged is emaciated,
scraggy like a witch, with sunken eyes.

A hagged carion of a wolf and a jolly sort of
dog with good flesh upon 's back fell into com-
pany.— L'Estrange.

Im abgemagerten angesichte, im entzundeten
auge der greisin die brandmale des hexenthums
zu erkennen. — Sanders.

HAGARD

Hagard. Fr. hagard, hagard, wild,
strange, froward, unsociable. Faucon
hagard, a wild hawk, one that preyed for
herself before she was caught. The word
seems synonymous with It. ramingo, Fr.
ramage, E. brancher, signifying a hawk
which has lived among the branches, and
is therefore not tamable like one that is
taken from the nest. Fr. ramage, of or
belonging to branches, also ramage, hag-
ard, wild, rude. Espervier ramage, a
brancher, ramage hawk. — Cot. From G.
hag, a wood, forest, thicket, grove. —
Kiittner.

Haggis. A sheep's maw filled with
minced meat. Fr. hachis, a hash. Nor-
man Patois, haguer, E. dial, hag, to chop
or hack ; hag-clog, a chopping-block.

To Haggle, e. dial, hag, to hew, chop
or hack, to haggle or dispute ; to haggle,
to chop unhandsomely. — Hal. To keep
agging at one is to tease or provoke him ;
not to be confounded with egging one on.
The radical meaning of the word is to
keep pecking at one, as 'Fx.picoter, or e.
bicker. lis sont toujours a picoter, they
are ever pecking at one another, bicker-
ing.— Tarver. Sw. dial, hagga, to hew,
hakka, to hack, to peck, to scold, keep
finding fault with, tease. • Pl.D. hick-
hacken, to wrangle. — Danneil. Swiss
hdggeln, to wrangle. Fris. hagghen,
rixari. — Kil. Du. hakkelen, to stammer,
stutter, haggle. The same metaphor is
seen in Fr. chapoter, to hack or whittle,
also to haggle, palter, dodge about the
price of. — Cot.

Hail, AS. hagol, hcegle, G. kagel, N.
hagl, hail ; hagla, to hail, to fall in drops,
trickle ; higla, to fall in fine drops ; higl,
drizzling rain or snow. NE. haggle, to
hail ; Sc. hagger, to rain gently. From
the pattering sound of hail or rain. Sw.
hacka, to chatter with the teeth ; E. dial.
hacker or hagger, to tremble with cold. —
Hal.

To Hail. I. To wish one health.
Goth. Hails ! AS. Hal wees thu / Hail !
equivalent to Lat. salve/ be of good
health. See Hale.

2. To hail a ship is from a different
source, and the word should here be
written hale, Pl.D. anhalen, to call to
one, to address one passing by. Du.
halen, haelen, to send for, call. See To
Hale. '

Hair. Du. haer, G. haar, hair.

Hake. A kind of cod. Doubtless
from having a hook-shaped jaw. N. hake-
fisk, fish with hooked under-jaw, especi-
ally of salmon and trout ; Swiss haggen,

HALE

327

the male of the salmon ; AS. hacod, a
pike, a fish with projecting under-jaw.

Halberd, A long-handled axe, from
Swiss halm, the helve or handle of an
axe, and OHG. parten, g. barte, a broad
axe. Helm-ackes, bipennis. — Gl. 12th cen-
tury in Schm.

Now has Arthure his axe and the halme grypes.
Sir Gawayne and the Gr. Kn.
The word was however early misunder-
stood as if it signified an axe for crashing
a helmet. Helm-parten, cassidolabrum.
— Gl. 15th century in Schm.

The origin of the latter half of the word
seems from Bohem. brada, a beard, chin,
whence bradaty, having a large beard or
chin ; bradatice, a wide-bearded or broad
axe. Gr. -/'ivvi, the under-jaw, is used
for the edge of an axe. Comp. also Lap.
skaut, the point of an axe, skautja, beard.

To Hale. — Haul. To pull or drag. —
B. G. holen, to fetch, drag, tow. Athem
holen, to draw breath. Du. haelen, to
call, send for, fetch, draw. Fr. haler, to
hale, haul, tow.

It will doubtless seem a far-fetched
origin to derive the expression from the
notion of setting t)n a dog, but it is one
that is supported by many analogies.
The most obvious mode of driving ah
animal is by setting a dog at it, and from
driving an animal to the impulsion of an
inanimate object is an easy step. Pl.D.
hissen, to set on a dog ; de schaop hissen,
to drive sheep ; Bret, hissa, issa, to incite,
to push on, to draw up the sail. — Diet.
Langued. in v. isso. From Fr. hare ! cry
to encourage or set on a dog, are formed
harer, to incite, set on, attack, harier, to
harass, urge, molest, provoke, and thence
OE. harr, or harry, properly to drive as a
beast by means of a dog, then to drag by
force. ' He haryeth hym about as if he
were a traytour. I harye, or mysseentreat
or hale one, Je harie. I harry, or carry
by force, je traine and je hercelle.' — ■
Palsgr. in Way. ' The corps of the sayde
byshope with his two servauntes were
haryed to Thamys side.' — Fabian, ibid.
And develles salle karre hym up evene
In the ayre als he suld stegh to hevene.

Hampole, Ibid.

Then with a derivative el, Fr. harele, out-
cry ; haraler, to tease, to vex ; harele, a
flock or herd (from the notion of driving,
as Gr. afzKr), a herd, from ayw, to drive) ;
hasler (for harier), haller, haler, to halloo
or hound on dogs — Cot. ; OE. harl, to
harass, drive, cast.

King Richard this noble knight Acres nom so,
And harlede so the Sarrazins in eohe side about.

328 HALE

That the ssrewen ne dorste in none ende at route.

R. G. 487.

Sc. harle, to pull or drag.

About the waUis of Troy he saw quhat wyse
- Achilles harlit Hectoris body thrys. — D, V.

To haurl, to drag or pull. — Hal.

On the same principle It. tirare, to
draw, hale, allure unto — Fl., may be con-
nected with the tarring, tirri7ig, or set-
ting on of dogs.

■ Hale. Sound, in good health. Goth.
hails, sound, healthy ; gahails, entire ;
AS. hal, healthy, sound, whole, safe ; ha.1
gedon, to heal ; Du. heel, whole, entire,
unbroken, sound, healthy ; heylen, heelen,
to heal. ON. heill, whole, sound, pros-
perous. Gr. 8\oc, entire, whole, sound ;
vyi7]S Ko' o^of, safe and sound ; w. holl,
all ; hollol, whole. The root appears in
Lat. with an initial j instead of the aspir-
ate. Salvus, unbroken, uninjured, sound,
in good health ; salve ! hail ! salus,
health ; solidus, sound, entire, whole ;
solus (undivided), alone. Sanscr. sarva,
all. Manx slane, whole, total, hale ;
slaney, whole, healed ; slaynt, health.

The radical identity of hale and whole
is shown in "wholesome, healthy.

Half. Goth, halbs, half; ON. half a,
alfa, region, part, side. Swiss halb, the
side of a body ; sunnet-halb, southwards ;
schatten-halb, northwards. It is probable
that side is the original meaning of the
word. OHG. in halbo, in latere (montis) ;
halpun, latere (dominus erit in latere tuo);
alahalba, on all sides. — Graff. Lap. pele,
side, half. Mo pelen, at my side ; niubben
pelen, on the other side.

Halibut. A large kind of flat fish.
Du. heil-bot, from heil, holy, and hot, bot-
visch, a flat fish. ON. heilag-Jiski.

Halidom. on. heilagr ddmr, things
of especial holiness, the relics of the saints,
on which oaths were formerly taken.

Hall. AS. heal, Lat. aula^ It. sala, Fr.
salle. OHG. sal, house, residence ; IJret.
sal (as hall in E.), a gentleman's house in
the country.

Halloo. Sp. jalear, to encourage
hounds to follow the chase. Fr. halle !
an interjection of cheering or setting on of
a dog; haller, to hallow or encourage
dogs.— Cot. The Pl.D. exclamation ^ff//o./
is used as a subst. in the sense of outcry ;
halldn, to halloo. — Danneil.

To Hallow. AS. halgian, to keep holy,
to consecrate. ' Mi cume thauh hit
thunche attre, hit is thauh healu-winde.'
Though my coming seems bitter, yet it is
heaUng. — Ancren Riwle, 190. See Holy.

HALT

Hallucination. Lat. hallucinari, to
be in error, to blunder.

Halm.— Haulm. The stalk of corn.
G. halm, Gr. KaXaiioQ, Lat. calamus, cul-
mus, Fr. chaulme, straw.

Halo. Lat. halo, Gr. aXuc, the disk of
the sun or moon.

Halse. — Hawse. -OE. halse, g. Du.
hals, the neck.

And if so be that thou find me false
Another day, hang nie up by the halse.
Chaucer in R.

To Halse. — Three distinct words are
here confounded.

1. To halse, or hawse, Du. halsen, hel-
sen, omhelsen, to embrace, take one by the
neck, from hals, the neck, as Fr. accoler,
to coll or clip about the neck, from Fr.
col, cou, neck. Halsyn, amplector. — Pr.
Pm.

2. To halse, or hailse, ON. heilsa, Sw.
halsa, Dan. hilse, to salute, to wish one
health, from ON. heilsa, health.

And the eleven sterres halsed him all. — P. P.

3. To halse, or hawse, to raise, heave, or
drag up, from It, alzare, Fr. haulser, haus-
ser, to raise. ' Everything was hawsed
above measure; amerciaments were turned
into fines, fines into ransomes.' — Sii" T.
More in R. The word was especially used
in nautical matters. It. alzare le vela, to
hawse (now exchanged for hoist, a radi-
cally different word) sail. ' He wayed
up his anchors and halsed up his sails.'—
Grafton in R. The hawse-holes, the holes
in the bow of a ship through which the
cable nans in halsing or raising the an-
chor. Fr. haulseree, tlie drawing or
haling of barges up a river by the force
of men ashore. — Cot. Hence E. halse,
to tow, halser, or hawser, a thick cord
for towing vessels. It. alzana, a halse, a
rope or cable for to Italse, hale, or draw
barges against the stream ; also a crane
to hoise up great weights ; alzaniere, a
halsicr, or he that haleth a barge. — Fl.

Halt. I. To stop. G., Sw. halt/ hold !
stop ! Yx.faire halte, to stop, stay, make
a stand. — Cot.

2. Goth, halts, ON. halltr, lame ; hall-
tra, N. haltrci, halta, to halt, limp, or go
lame ; \\'all. haJctcr, chaleter, to limp.
ON. mdlhaltr (jiidl, speech), stammering.

The notion of impeded speech or gait,
as in stammering or limping, where in-
stead of flowing in a uniform course the
action seems to consist of a succession
of jogs or uneven impulses, may be ex-
pressed by forms representing in the first
place broken sounds, then abrupt move-

HALTER

ments or efforts. Thus we have Sc.
hotter, to rattle as thunder; NE. hotter,
to shake, jolt, move limpingly or lamely.
' Hottering on nae better an a lamiter.'
— Atkinson. Sc. hatter, to rattle, batter,
speak thick and confusedly.

Helmys of hard steill thai hatterit and heuch.
Gaw. and Gol.

Hottle, anything unsteady, as a young
child beginning to walk ; to hatch, hatch,
to move by jerks. Bav. hott ! hott ! re-
presents the jog of a trotting horse. Swiss
hottern, hotzeln, hotzern, to jolt, jog,
shake, stumble ; hotzen, to move up and
down ; hotz, hutz, a spring or start ; Sc.
hat, haut, to hop, to limp. Haut stap
an loup, hop step and jump. The Sc.
haut would correspond to an E. halt, and
thus by the introduction of an / from the
broad sound of the vowel, as in falter,
palter, in jolt compared with jot, in G.
helper, a jolt, compared with Bav. hoppem,
to jog, in Pl.D. taltern compared with E.
tatters, we arrive at N. haltra and E. halt,
to limp .

Halter, ohg. halaftra, halftra, Du.
halfter, halgtre, halchter, halster, halter,
a halter ; Bay. halfter, halster, a pair of
braces ; ON. fiogld, a buckle, noose, han-
dle ; N. hogd, hovd, hovel, holdr, a noose,
buckle. Conpeditus, gehalffter, cum qui-
bus ligant pedes equorum. — Vocab. A.D.
1430, in Deutsch. Mund. iv.

Ham. I. The back part of the thighs,
not of the knees, as often explained. The
ham-strings are the strong sinews passing
from the hams to the lower leg. Du.
ham, hamme, poples. ON. horn, the rump ;
ham-ledr, leather from the back of horses
or oxen. ' Thvi setur thu homina vifl
honum.' Why do you turn your back to
him? Hama (of horses), to turn their
rumps to the weather. N. homa, to back,
to move backwards, shift the rump to one
side ; Dan. humm£, to back a carriage.
Fin. humma ! cry to make a horse back ;
hummastaa, to make a horse back or stop.
According to Outzen the cry homme ! or
humme .' is in general use over Friesland
and Denmark, in order to keep a horse
quiet when one approaches him or wants
to do something to him. The essential
meaning then is, still ! be quiet ! in ac-
cordance with the G. use of the Pl.D.
hum! humme! to stop a person from
doing anything, or to make a horse back
into the shafts of a carriage. G. hamm !
cry of prohibition to children; hamm!
hamm ! let it alone. From the sense of
stopping to that of backing or moving in

HAMES

329

the opposite direction is an easy step.
If the explanation of the cry offered under
Hem be correct it will follow that the N.
homa, Dan. humme, to back (and thence
ON. hom, E. ha7n, the rump or back parts
of the thighs), are from the cry liojmne !
hamm ! back ! and not vice versS..

2. Bav. hammen, Du. hamme, E. ham,
a salted thigh of pork, can hardly be dis-
tinct from ham, the back part of the
thigh. If there be a radical connection
with Sp. jamon, Fr. jambon, ham. It.
giambone, any great leg, thigh, gammon
or pestle of a beast (Fl.), it must be be-
cause It. ga?nba, Fr. jamba, a leg, are
from the same source with E. ham.

To Hamble. — Hamel. OHG. hamal,
mutilated, hamalon, to mutilate ; beha-
melt werdent, truncantur membris. —
Graff Probably the translation of AS.
hamelan by to hamstring is a piece of
false etymology, as that is certainly not
the meaning of the humbling of dogs, and
does not agree with the sense of the word
in the cognate dialects. G. hammel, a
castrated sheep ; Bav. hammel, a wether,
also a sheep without horns ; hummel-
bock, a goat without horns ; NE. hu7n-
meld, without horns ; to hummel, humble,
to break off the beards of barley ; Sw.
dial, hammla, to lop or pollard trees.

Perhaps the course of derivation may
run from Du. hompelen, to stumble, to
limp ; Sw. dial, hambloter, hamloter (of
an old man), stumbling, tottering; E. dial.
Itamel, to limp, to walk lame, and thence
in a factitive sense to cause to go lame, to
disable from going, to restrain, to disable
in any way, to mutilate. ON. hamla, to hin-
der one from doing anything, to disable
him ; hamla einn at hondum ok fdtum, to
cut off his hands and feet ; hamlaSr, dis-
abled by wounds or bonds from appear-
ing to prosecute his right ; hamla, hom-
luband, the withy that binds the oar to
the pin ; Du. ha?nme, kuhamme, a shackle
for a cow.— Kil. See To Hamper.

Haines. — Haums. — Heams. The
two crooked pieces of wood which en-
compass a horse-coUar and to which the
traces are fastened. The stuffing t)f hay
or straw by which these were prevented
from galling the shoulders of the horse
was called hamberwe, or hanaborough, a
coarse horse-collar, made of reed or straw
—Hal., from berwe, or borough, shelter,
protection against the hames. The same
elements in the opposite order may be
recognised in E. dial, baurghwan, brau-
chin (a collar for a horse made of old
stockings stuffed with straw,— Grose),

33°

HAMLET

and Sc. brechaine. ' The straw brechame
is now supplanted by the leather collar.'
■ — Jam.

The origin of the word hame is seen in
the Wall, hine, a splint or thin piece of
wood, corresponding to G. schiene, a
splint, band to keep things close (arm-
schiene, bein-schiene, armour for the arm
or leg). The old writing of the Walloon
word was xhine, and the change from
the hissing sound of sch to that of the
simple aspirate is in accordance with the
usual course of the dialect. Hine di
gorai, attelle de collier de cheval. —
Grandgr. It will be observed that the
Fr. attelles (the haumes of a draught-
horse's collar — Cot.) also signifies a splint.
OFr. eschames, chames, laths, shingles. —
Roquef.

Flem. hae7n, a horse-collar. The word
is sometimes used in the singular in that
sense in E. 'The deponent remembers
to have seen her father carry a horse and
hem to Muirtown.' — ^Jam. A.D. 1806.

Hamlet, as. ham, a village, town,
farm, property, dwelling ; Goth, haims,
Fr. hameau, a village.

Probably the fundamental meaning is
simply a portion, in accordance with the
radical sense of the word ham (pars ab-
scissa cujusque rei, frustum — Wachter.) ;
hamme, hompe, a piece or lunch of some-
thing eatable ; boterham, a piece of bread
and butter ; ham, hamme, a piece of
pasture ; ivilgheham, an osier-bed. Dor-
setsh. ham, an inclosed mead. — Barnes.
In the same way certain open pieces of
pasture at Cambridge were called Christ's
Pieces, Parker's Pieces. In Friesland
the term ham is used to designate a piece
of marshland, or the piece of land in
which a village is situated. — Brem. Wtb.
Hence the name would naturally be
transferred to the village itself. Swiss
hain, heim, the inclosed plot of land in
which a house is placed, house, dwelling-
place. In the same way we have G.
fieck, a flap, piece, patch, a small piece
of land, a spot, place, while flecken is the
common name for a village or small
town.

To Hammel. See Hamble.

Hammer. GD. hammer, on. hamar.
A representation of the sound of blows.

Hammock. An American word de-
signating the long suspended nets in
which the natives slept. 'A great many
Indians in canoes came to the ship to-
day for the purpose of bartering their
cotton and hamacas or nets in which they
sleep.'— Columbus' ist Voyage in Web-

HANK

ster. In Du. transformed by a false
etymology to hangmak, hangmat.

Hamper. Mid.Lat. hanaperium. Pro-
perly a receptacle for cups. Fr. hanap,
a drinking vessel ; G. ?iapf, a porringer,
bowl, platter.

To Hamper. — Hobble. — Hopple.
The idea of inefficient impeded action is
commonly expressed by the figure of im-
perfect or impeded speech, an image im-
mediately admitting of oral representa-
tion. The signification is then carried
on to the cause or instrument of impedi-
ment, to the act of hindrance, bringing
to a stand, confinement. Swiss staggeln,
to stammer, is identical with E. stagger,
to walk unsteadily, and figuratively we
speak of being staggered by a statement,
being brought to a stand by it, stopped
in the course we were proceeding.

On the same principle Du. haperen, to
stammer, hesitate, falter, stick fast ; ha-
perwerk, bungling, bad work ; hapering,
stammering, boggling, hindrance, ob-
stacle.— Halma. The nasal pronuncia-
tion gives Sc. hamp, to stammer, also to
halt in walking, to read with difficulty,
and E. hamper (in a factitive sense), to
cause to stick, to impede, entangle.

Again we have Sc. habble, habber, to
stutter, to speak or act confusedly, to
habble a lesson, to say it imperfectly ;
Du. hobbelen, to jolt, to rock, to stammer,
and (with the nasal) hompelen, as E. hob-
ble, to totter, to limp or walk lame ; Sc.
hobble, to cobble shoes, to mend them in
a bungling manner ; Pl.D. humpeln, to
limp, to bungle. Sw. happla, to stam-
mer, hesitate, stop short ; E. hopple, to
move weakly and unsteadily. — HaL Then
in a factitive sense to hobble or hopple a
horse, to hamper its movements by tying
its legs together.

Hand. Common to all the languages
of the Gothic stock, and probably named
as the instrument of seizing. ON. henda,
XjA. prehendere, to seize.

Handsome. — Handy. What falls
readily to hand. G. handsam, conveni-
ent ; Du. Iiandsaem, dextrous, conveni-
ent, mild, tractable ; OE. hende, court-
eous ; N. hendt, adapted ; hendug, Dan.
hccndig, behandig, handy, dextrous.

To Hang, on, hanga, pret. hdckj AS.
hon, pret. hoh, to hang. In the same
way O'S.fanga and/t^, •^x^i.fdck, AS.fon,
pret. foh, to fang or get hold of ; ON.
gatim, pret. gdck, as. gan, to go or gang.

The primitive meanmg seems, to fasten
on a hook, ox. hack.

Hank. Hank, a rope or latch for

HANKER

fastening a gate, a handle. To have a
hank on another, to have him entangled.
To keep a good hank upon your horse, to
have a good hold upon the reins. — Hal.
Hank, an inclination or propensity of
mind.

The fundamental sense of hank is to
cause to hang, to fasten. 'He hankyd
not the picture of his body upon the
cross.' — Hooper in R. G. henken, hang-
en, to hang or fasten something upon
another ; gehenk, henkel, what serves to
hang something, a belt, girdle, the ear of
a pot ; Pl.D. henk, a handle ; N. haank,
a bunch, cluster of things hanging toge-
ther. Hank in the sense of a settled
tendency or propensity of mind may be
explained by the G. expression, sein herz
an etwas hangen, to set his heart upon a
thing, to fix his affections upon it.

ON. haunk, E. hank, a wreath of thread
wound round a reel, is from the notion
of fastening, in the same way that the
synonymous hasp is from the same ra-
dical notion.

To Hanker. To be very desirous of
something. — B. Du. hungkeren, to seek
eagerly, applied in the first instance to
children seeking the breast. — Kil. From
the whinnying cry by which they make
known their want. Flem. hungkeren,
hinnire ; E. hummer, to whinny, as when
the horse hears the corn shaken in the
sieve. The same figure is used in Du.
janken, to yelp as a dog for a piece of
meat ; hy jankt om dat ampt, he hankers
(aspire avidement) after that office.—
Halma.

Hansel.— Hanse-Town. Hansel, or
more fully good-hansel, is an earnest,
something given or done to make good a
contract.

Sendeth ows to gode hans
An c. thousand besans.— Alisaunder, 2930.
In the way of good-hansel, de bon erre. —
Palsgr. Then applied to the first use of
a thing, as that which confirms the pos-
session.

The formation of the word {hand, and
AS. syllan, sellan, ON. sella, to give, be-
stow, deliver) has been commonly mis-
understood as if it signified delivery of
possession, giving a thing into the hand
of another. The real import is a striking
of hands, a giving of the hand in token
of conclusion, making the expression
synonymous with handfast. AS. hand-
fastan, to pledge one's hand ; Sc. hand-
fast, to betroth by joining hands.— Jamie-
son. ON. Handsal, stipulatio manu facta,
an agreement upon which hands have

HARANGUE

331

been joined, a settled contract ; hand-
sala, fidem dextra stipulari, to join hands
on it.

From handsal, a contract, were named
the Hansals-stadir, the Hanse Towns, a
confederation of towns on the Baltic and
North Sea united by mutual agreement
for the security of trade. From this
original the term hanse was applied in a
more general sense to a mercantile cor-
poration. Fr. Hanse, a company, society,
or corporation of merchants (for so it
signifies in the book of the ordonnances
of Paris) ; also an association with, or
the freedom of, the Hanse, also the fee
or fine which is paid for that freedom ;
hanser, to make free of a civil company
or corporation. G. hdnseln, to hansel, to
initiate a novice. — Kiittner. Here it will
be observed we apparently get back to
the original form of the word, although
the second syllable of the G. verb is the
usual frequentative termination, and not
the element sell, signifying to deliver, in
the original expression.

* Hantle. ,A considerable number. —
Jam. From handful, as Northampton
spunful or spuntle, a spoonful. — Mrs
Baker. Staff, boutle, a boukful or pail-
ful. Hesse hampel, a handful.

Hap. — Happy. — Happen. Hap, luck,
is what we catch, what falls to our lot.
Happy, fortunate, having good hap. To
happen, to befall. So NFris. hijnnen, to
seize with the hand, and reflectively to
happen ; ON. henda, to seize, also to
happen.

Fr. happer, to hap or catch, to snatch
or grasp at. — Cot. Du. habben en snab-
ben, captare ; happen, to snap like a dog,
seize, catch, take.— Kil. Pl.D. Happ,
Happs, imitation of the sound made by
the jaws ; happ'n, to take with the mouth
so as to let the sound happ be heard ;
happig, eager, greedy.— Danneil.

To Hap. To wrap up. Probably a
corruption, of whap, from wlap. Lappyri,
or ivhappyn' in clothes — involvo. — Pr.
Pm. See Lap.

Harangue. The old derivation from
the ring or audience addressed in a
solemn discourse is probably correct.
Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corond—.
The MHG. ring was applied to the lists or
inclosure for a combat, or to the space
cleared for a combat, just as with us the
ring is the technical term for the inclosure
in a fight with fists. The term was also
applied to the audience in a court of jus-
tice, to the circle of witnesses in a solemn
betrothal.— Zarncke, ii. 7o7- From the

332

HARASS

first of these senses must be explained It.
aringo, arringo, a list or tilt yard ; from
the second, arringare, to arrange or set
in array [properly to make a ring, to
place the audience for hearing], also to
make an oration or set speech in public,
to address a ring, [and thence] aringa,
arenga, arringa, a public set speech or
declaration, an harangue; arringo, arring-
ghiera, a pulpit or chair wherein orations
are made, a balcony. — Fl. The deriva-
tion from ring explains the double sense
of It. aringo, which would remain un-
accounted for if arringare, to harangue,
were identical with E. arraign, OFr.
aregnier, araisner. Mid. Lat. adrationare.
The syllable ha in Fr. haratigue repre-
sents the h in OHG. hring, as the ha in
hanap, the h in OHG. hnapfj or the ca in
canif, the k in knife.

Sarass. Fr. harasser, to tire or toil
out, to vex, disquiet, harry, hurry, turmoil.
— Cot. From the figure of setting on a
dog to attack another animal. Fr. harer
nn chien, to set a dog on a beast ; harier,
to harry, hurry, vex, molest. — Cot. The
angry snarling of a dog is represented by
the sound of the letters rr, ss, st, ts, tr,
and as the sounds of the angry animal
are imitated in order to excite his anger
and set him on an opponent, a variety of
words are formed from the foregoing radi-
cal letters with the sense of setting on,
inciting, provoking, irritating, teasing,
annoying. We may cite Lat. hirrire, to
snarl ; w. hyr, the gnar or snarl of a dog,
a word used by one who puts a dog for-
ward to fight, a pushing or egging on ;
hys, a snarl ; hysian, hysio, to cause to
snarl, to urge, to set on ; hys / used in
setting on a dog. Walach. hirii, to snarl,
to set on, incite, irritate, se hirii, to quar-
rel. E. dial, to harr, to snarl ; to hare,
to hurry, harass, scare. — Hal. N. hirra,
hissa, to set on a dog. Dan. irre, to
tease, opirre, to irritate, provoke. In the
same way E. to tar or ter, to set on a dog,
to provoke ; Dan. tirre, to tease, to
worry.

Harbinger. One sent on to prepare
harbourage or lodgment for his employer,
thence one who announces the arrival of
another.

AS. heribyrigan, OE. harborow, Sc. her-
bery, herbry, to harbour or give lodgment
or quarters to. Hence herbryage, har-
bourage, lodging, from which would be
formed harb'ragcr, harbreiigcr, as from
message, messenger, from scavage, scaven-
ger. Barbour uses herbryour in the same
signification direct from herbry.

HARICOT

Harbour. In the Frankish kingdoms
of the middle ages, when the whole
scheme of government was military, the
army was taken as the type of the public
service in general, and so -heri (g. heer,
army) in composition must be understood
in a more general sense than its etymo-
logy would import. Thus heribannum,
properly the duty of military service, or a
money composition for non-performance,
was applied to any exaction for the public
service ; heribergum (G. bergen, AS. beor-
gan, to shelter) was the duty of lodging
the officers of the crown on public service,
or a contribution for that purpose. ' Ut
nee pro waitl, &c., nee pro heribergare
nee pro alio banno heribannum comes
exactare prsesumat, nisi, &c.' — Leg. Car.
Mag. in Muratori, Diss. 19, p. 53. In
later times the word was applied to shel-
ter, lodgment, hospitality in general, as in
G. herberge. It. albergo, Fr. auberge, an
inn, or house for the harbouring of travel-
lers ; OE. harborough, to harbour, or give
shelter to.

t was herbarweles and ye Iierboridcn me.

Wicliff in R.
Then went forth our pinnaces to seek harho-
rffw, and found many good harbours, of the
which we entered into one with our shippes.—
Hackluyt in R.

Bret, herberdhia, to give shelter, lodging,
hospitality.

Hard. Close, compacted, difficult. —
B. G. ha7-t, N. hardr, Goth, hardus. Gr.

Kapro^, Kparoc,, Strength.

Hardy. Fr. hardi, Bret, her, hardiz,
It. ardito, daring ; ardire, to dare. Fr.
harier, hardier, OE. hardy, hardish, to
excite, set on, encourage. From the figure
of setting on a dog, Fr. harer un chicn.
W. hyrrio, hyrddio, to set on, irritate, push,
thrust, drive, make an onset ; hwrdd, an
assault, onset; "R-OMchi hourder les chicns,
to set them on.

' Hyrtc hine hord-weard,' the treasure-
keeper animated himself. — Beovirulf 5183.
See Harass.

Hare. g. hose.

To Hare. To scare or terrify. 'To
hare and rate them at every turn is not
to teach them, but to %ex and torment
them to no purpose.' — Locke on Educa-
tion. Fr. harer un chien, to set on a dog.
See Harass.

Haricot. A dish described by Cot. as
made of small pieces of mutton a little
boiled, then fried. Hotchepot of many
meates, haricot. — Palsg. The meaning
of the word seems to be, hacked or chop-
ped, cut up into small bits, the name of

HARK

haricot being also given to a kind of beans
the pods of which are sliced for dressing,
in Du. snijboonen, from snijden, to cut.
Wall, halcoter, to joggle, to haggle ; dial,
of Bayonne haricoter, to haggle (Grand-
gagnage), Rouchi haricotier, a huckster.
Harigoter, to jog ; hargoter, to haggle,
wrangle. — Roquef. The word seems
formed from hack or hag; hacoter, hal-
coter, harcotsr.

Hark. — Hearken. — Hist. To hark,
to whisper. —Jam. on. hark, Bohem.
hrk, noise, hrdiii, to murmur, rustle.
The effort of listening is directed to catch
low sounds ; accordingly we intimate our
wish that a person should listen by a re-
presentation of the low sound to which
his attention is to be directed. Thus the
Latins represented the low rustling sound
made by a person moving by the letters
st ! which were also taken as a command
to listen or to keep still. The correspond-
ing E. term is hist / which may be ren-
dered either hark ! or be silent !
Hist ! hold awhile [hem ! st ! mane],
I hear the creaking of Glycerium's door,
Colman's Terence in R.

w. hust, a low or buzzing noise ; husting,
a whisper.

In the same way hark / is originally
the representation of a rustling sound,
then an intimation to listen. G. horchen,
to listen.

Harlot. Not originally appropriated
to a female, nor even to a person of bad
character.

He was a gentil harlot and a land,
A better felaw sholde a man not find.

Chaucer. Prol.
A sturdy harlot went hem ay behind
That was hir hostes man, and bare a sack,
And What men yave him, laid it on his back.
Sompnours Tale.

It seems to have simply signified a young
man, from W. herlawd, herlod, a youth, a
stripling, herlodes, a damsel ; then to
have acquired the sense of a loose com-
panion. ' These harlottes that haunt
bordels of these foule women.' — Parson's
Tale. Harlotry, scurrilitas. — Wiclif.
Ephes. c. 5. A similar developm.ent of
meaning is seen in Fr. hardel, hardeau,
a youth, a ribald, vaurien, mauvais sujet.
— Roquef. Hardelle, a young girl. The
Lat. adulter would seem originally to
have signified no more than a young man.
Gerro, a tryfelour or a harlott. — Medulla.
An harlott, balator, rusticus, mima, jocu-
lator, nugator, scurrulus. To do harlotry,
scurrari. — Cath. Ang. in Pr. Pm.

Harm. AS. hearm, evil, harm ; ON.

HARRIDAN

333

harinr, grief, sorrow, injury ; harma, to
grieve ; Sw. harjn, anger, vexation ;
harmlig, provoking. G. harm, affliction,
trouble ; gram, grief, sorrow, vexation ;
grdmlich, peevish, morose.

Harmony. Gr. apitovia, from apfios, a
suiting or fitting together.

Harness, g. harnisch, armour. Fr.
harnois. It. arnese, all manner of harness,
equipage, munition, furniture, or taclding,
for sea or land ; wearing clothes, also an
engine or device. — Fl. Harnois degueule,
belly-furniture, meat and drink. — Cot. The
meaning of the word is thus habiliment,
furniture, probably from Sp. guarnear,
gttarnescer, to garnish, trim, adorn, to har-
ness mules ; giiarnh, parts of a tackle-fall ;
guarnicion, garniture, trimming, (in pi.)
armour of defence ; harness of horses.
Ptg. guarnecer, to provide, furnish, equip.

Harp. G. harfe, Fr. harpe. The in-
strument was probably named from the
way of sounding it by plucking the strings
with a hook or with the fingers. See
Harpoon.

To Harp or Hark back. To return
to, an old subject.

The waggoners' cry to make horses
back is in Devonshire haapl or haap
back! To ha-ape, to stop or keep back.
— Hal. The cry in Da. dial, is hop dig!
At hoppe en vogn, to back a waggon.
In Holstein happen or huppen, to riigge
huppen. In Westerwald the cry is hiif!
and thence houfe, to turn back ; gehouf,
going backwards. When to haap back
was used in a metaphorical sense among
people who were ignorant of the waggon-
ers' cry, a meaning was given to it as if it
was a metaphor from harping on an old
string, or listening to the hounds that
have struck the scent behind us. ' What
is the use of tormenting yourself by con-
stantly harping back to old days? —
Dumbleton Common, 1867; I. p. 156.

Harpoon. Fr. harpon, a barbed iron
for spearing fish, also a cramp-iron ; har-
pin, a boat-hook. From harper, to seize,
to gripe ; se harper Vun a I'atUre, to grap-
ple ; harpi, greedy, snatching or grasping
at ; harpe, claws, talons ; Lang, arpo, a
claw ; arpi, to clutch or scratch. Gr.
apirdZu), Lat. rapio, to seize, snatch, carry
away.

Harpy. Gr. "Ap-rrma, Lat. Harpya, a
fabled ravening fowl with a woman's face.

Harridan. This word is one of those
that are to' be explained by the Walloon
corruption of an initial sch to h, several
examples of which are given under
Hoaming. On this principle the Du.

334

HARROW

schaerde, scheure, a breach or nick, be-
comes Wall, hard (d silent — Grandg.),
har, haur, breach, nick, gap.— Remade.
Hence hardi, haurd^, gap-toothed. Veie
hardaie, vieille brSchedent, old gap-
toothed woman ; hdrdd-dain, brSchedent,
corresponding exactly to Du. schaerdtan-
dig, serrffi modo dentatus. The simple
union of the elements har, breach, and
dain, tooth, would construct still more
exactly the E. harridan. In the same
way Westerwald raff, reff, a heckle or
iron comb for plucking off the heads of
flax, is in Swabia applied to a broken row
of teeth. Westerw. zahnrdhj, a gap in
the teeth; Swab, raffel, zahnraffel, a
broken-toothed person, abusive term for
an old woman. — Schmid.

Harrow! A cry of distress, OFr.
hare ! harau ! Crier haro sur, to make
hue and cry after. Marauder, haroder,
to cry harrow ! to cry out upon, exclaim
against, revile. Bret, harao ! cry when
one is hooted. Bohem. hr ! hrr / inter-
jection of excitement (frementis), hurrah!
OHG. haren, to cry out. Sc. harm ! an
outcry for help, also often used as a cheer
or encouragement to pursuit.

A harrowing sight is one which leads
to the exclamation harrow !

Harrow. Harowe, erpica, et traha,
Anglice a slede. — Pr. Pm. Dan. harv, a
harrow. Sw. dial, harv, a hay-rake. Fin.
/mra,a brush-harrowmade of the branches
of pine-trees ; harga(a,\.oha.xro\f,hara'wa, ,
a hay-rake ; Esthon. harrima, harjama,
to brush, to comb ; harjas, a brush ;
karri, a brush, heckle, comb. G. harke,
a rake, Fr. herce, a harrow, are probably
other modifications of the same radical
form.

To Harry. — Herry. To daunt, to
fright, to scold at, handle roughly. — B.
Sc. herry, hirry, harry, to rob, spoil, pil-
lage, ruin by extortion. AS. hergian, her-
ian, to plunder, afflict, vex. Fr. harrier,
hardier, to molest, provoke, vex, toil, tur-
moil. ON. heria, to make an inroad on.
N. heria, to plague, oppress, ruin. Dan.
hcerge, hcerje, to ravage. The origin
seems shown in Fr. harer, to set on a dog
to attack. See Harass.

The word was also written harcw.
The harrowing of hell was the triumphant
expedition of Christ after his crucifixion,
when he brought away the souls of the
righteous, who had died and had been
held captive in hell since the beginning
of the world.

Harsh. G. harsch, hard, rough, aus-
tere ; Dan. harsk, rancid ; Sc. harsk.

HASEL

hars, harsh, rough, pointed, bitter ; OE.
harske, or haske, as sundry frutys, stypti-
cus. — Pr. Pm. Harsh or astringent in
taste is what makes the throat rough and
the voice hoarse, and it will be observed
that hoarse is written with and without
the r {hoos, hoarse, raucus — Pr. Pm.), in
the same way that we have hask and
harsk. ' He hath a great haskness, gravi
asthmate implicatur,' — Horman in Way.
' Dates are. good for the harrishness,
or roughness of the throte.' — Turner's
Herbal, ibid. ' Sorbum, an harryshe
pear.' — Elyot, ibid.

* Hart. AS. heart, heoriit, ON. hj'drtr,
OHG. hiruz, G. hirsch, a stag. As Lat.
ce7-vus shows a connection with Gr. iclpac,
Lat. cornu, a horn, the word is supposed
to mean the horned one, the n of horn, as
the nu of cornu, not being radical. So
from Magy. szarv, a horn, szarvas,
horned, a stag.

Harvest. G. herbst, harvest, autumn ;
ON. haust, autumn, hausta, to harvest ;
Bret. Eost, August, harvest ; eosta, to
harvest.

The Du. has oogst, harvest ; oogsten,
to harvest, whence Ihre conjectures that
all these forms, oogst, aust, haust, are
from Lat. Augustus, and G. herbst, E. har-
vest, are a further corruption by the creep-
ing in of an r.

To Hase. To urge, drive, harass,
especially with labour. — Webster. Others
explain it, to amaze, to scare. To fright
with a sudden noise. — B.

Perhaps from taking away the breath.
To hase, to breathe short. — Hal. N.
hcEsa, to pant with fatigue and exhaustion.
But the more probable origin is perhaps
the notion of urging, driving, from the cry
(Finnish) has! has ! used in setting on a
dog ; hasittaa, to set on, incite, Fr. haser,
to irritate, vex, stimulate. — Roquef. 'Le
suppliant dit a icellui Bordier, Tu as
affold mon fils ; lequel luy repondi que si
le haseroit (if he provoked him) que si
feroit a lui mesme.' — Record, a.d. 1450,
in Due. Henschel. Lap. hasketet, to set
on dogs ; Sw. haska fa ndgon, to hurry
one on, urge one on ; haska bort, to drive
away.

Hasel. N. hasl, Du. haze-noot, hazel-
noot, the common nut. From the con-
spicuous husk or beard in which it is
enveloped. Dan. hase, the beard of nuts.
Da. dial, haas, haser, the beard of corn ;
fas, Sw. fnas, the beard of nuts. Bav.
hosen, fesen, the husk of corn. E. hose
was formerly used in the same sense.
FoUicoli, the hull, hose, peel or thin skin

HASH

that encloseth any wheat or rye when it
is green. — Fl.

Hash. Cooked meat cut into small
pieces for the purpose of being dressed a
second time. Fr. hachis, a hachey or
hachee, a sliced gallimawfrey or minced
meat. — Cot. From hacker, to hack or
mince.

Haslet. — Hastener. A hog's haslet,
or harslet, the liver, heart, and lights of a
pig. Corrupted from hastelets. Fr. has-
tille, hasterel, hastemenue, the pluck or
gather of an animal. The sense is little
roastings, from Fr. haste, a spit, also a
piece of roast meat. Hastelle, hastellet,
hastille, a skewer, splinter, whence E.
hastier, or corruptly hastener, a skreen to
reverberate the fire on roasting meat.
Hastlere, that rostythe mete, assator, as-
sarius. — Pr. Pm. OFr. hastier, the rack
on which the spit turns ; to haste, to
roast.— Hal.

First to you I will schawe,
Tlie poyntes of cure al by rawe ;
Of potage, hastery and bakun mete.

Liber Cure Cocorum in Way.

All from Lat. hasta, a spear, transferred
to the signification of a spit. It is singu-
lar that the Du. should have arrived by a
totally different track at so similar a
form as harst, a roast, herdsten, harsten,
to roast, apparently from heerde, hearth.
— Kil. AS. hyrstan, to fry.

Hasp. — Hapse. AS. haps, a lock,
latch, or bolt of a door ; G. haspe, hdspe,
the hinge of a door, catch into which the
latch falls ; ON. hespa, a clasp, buckle,
also a hasp or hank of thread ; thread
wound round a wheel so as to make a
closed link. Sw. haspa, a latch, Du.
haspe, haspel. It. aspo, aspolo, E. hasp, a
reel to wind yarn on. — ^B.

From the snapping sound made by a
clasp in closing. For the same reason a
clasp is also called a snap, and clapps !
(whence elapse, clasp) is an imitation of
the same sound. Pl.D. happen, happsen,
to snap with the jaws so as to let the
sound happ, or happs, be heard. — Dan-
neil. Fr. happe, a clasp ; happer, to
snap or snatch.

On the same principle Du. gaspe,
gkespe, a clasp, may be compared with E.
gasp, to snap after breath.

Hassock. A tuft of sedge or rushes, a
mat ; hassock-head, a matted head, bushy
entangled head of hair. — Hal. Sc. has-
sock, a besom, anything bushy, a large
round turf of peat used as a seat.— Jam.
Fin. hassa, a shaggy entangled condition ;
hassapdd {pdd, head), tangled hair;

HATCH

335

karwa-hassa {Jiarwa^aSx), having shaggy
hair as a dog or bear. See Housings.

Haste. — Hate. These words proba-
bly both have their origin in the cry has!
has! (Fin.), used in setting on a dog to
attack or pursue, an act which in one
point of view affords the image of urging
or hurrying on, and in another of hostility,
contest, and hate. See Hfeat. Fin. has-
ittaa, Esthon. assitama. Lap. hasetet,
hasketet, to set on dogs ; Sw. haska or
hasta p& ndgon, to hurry one on, to urge
one on ; haska efter odjur, to pursue wild
beasts ; haska ut, to drive out ; on. hasta
d, to threaten, scold ; hasta, to haste ;
hastr, hostugr, severe. OHG. hazon, to
hate, to pursue ; hazjan, G. hetzen, to set
on, to incite ; Swiss hatz, anger, rancour,
hatred (Stalder), in Austria, wrangling,
quarrel ; E. hasty, easily roused to anger,
excitable ; Mid.Lat. asto animo, with hos-
tile intention ; adastiare, to provoke to
war ; It. aschio, rancour, malice ; aschi-
are, to bear malice. Fr. haster, hater,
aastir, ahastir, aatir, to irritate, provoke,
excite ; haster, hdter, to hasten. Hesser,
to incite, animate, also to hate. — Roquef.
'Aucuns desdits de Mons aastirent de
paroles ceux de Villers.' — Record, a.d.
1401. ' Raoulin plain de mauvais esprit
respondit au suppliant, Se tu me hastes,
je te battrai tres bien.'— A.D. 1375. ' Be-
rart dit k Chaiivet que s'il le hatoit que il
luy donroit un bouffeau ou buffe.' — A.D.
1404, in Due. Henschel. Lap. hastet, to
challenge to fight, may explain Lat. hostis,
an enemy.

On. etia, to irritate, set on, to contend.
At etia oddiim, to fight with spears.
Etias cL einn, maligno affectu concitari in
aliquem. At, instigation to fight, contest.
Mid.Lat. atia, rancour. With the initial
h, OSax. huoti, irritatus, infensus ; AS.
hettan, to persecute, pursue, on. hata,
G. hassen, to hate. Goth, hatis, anger,
hatyan, to hate. The same equivalence
of forms with and without an initial h is
seen in OSax. hatol, AS. atol, hateful,
cruel.

The connection between the ideas of
setting on of animals to fight, and the
angry passions, is also seen in Gael, stuig,
incite, spur on, set dogs to fight (Lat. in-
stigare), and Gr. btv^oq, hatred.

Hat. ON. h'ottrj Fris. hatte.

Hatch.— Hack. Two words of differ-
ent derivations are probably confounded.

I. To hatch, to fasten, from Du. haeck,.
a hook, Pl.D. haken, to hook, hold fast.
Idt haket, it sticks fast, hseret res ; to-
haken, to button.— Brem. Wtb. ' If in

335

HATCH

our youth we could pick up some pretty
estate 'twere not amis to keep the door
hatched.' — Pericles. To this form must
be referred the hatches of a ship, the
valves which shut down the hold ; also
hatches, floodgates to stop the course of
water. — B.

2. Du. heck, a barrier of lath or trellice-
work, a grating, gate, portcullis ; E. hatch,
a half-door, frequently grated — B. ; hack,
a rack for hay (a grating of rods through
which the hay is pulled down) ; Sw. hdck,
a hedge of branches, a palisade, coop for
fowls, rack for horses ; Fin. hakki, a cage
or hurdle made of wattles.

The root of this second division seems
preserved in Esthon. haggo, bushes,
twigs, rods ; Fin. hako, g. hawon, fir
branches, whence hakeri, a hut of poles,
hakuli, a palisade. Walach. hacu, twigs,
branches, rods, ha.tsishu,hatshiuga., brush-
wood.

To Hatch.. To break the eggshell and
allow the young to come out. See Hack.

Hatchel. — Hassel. — Hackle. —
Heckle. The toothed instrument for
combing flax is widely known by this
name throughout Europe. Du. hekel, G.
hechel. Fin. hakyla, Walach. hehela, het-
sela, Magy. hdhel, a heckle. Bohem.
hachlowati, wochlowati, to heckle.

Probably from the hooks or teeth of
which the instrument is composed. ' And
yet the same must be better kembed with
hetchel-teeth of iron (pectitur ferreis
hamis) until it be clensed from all the
gross bark and rind.' — Holland, Pliny in
R.

Hatchet. Fr. hacher, to hack ; hach-
ereau, hachette, a hatchet or small axe.
Rouchi hape, an axe, hapiete, apiete, a
hatchet.

Hate. See Haste.

Hater. Properly a rag, then in a de-
preciatory sense a garment.

I have but oon hool hater, quod Haukyn,

I am the lasse to bla.me,

Though it be soiled and selde clean. — P. P.

AS. hateru, clothing ; G. hader, a rag,
tatter, worn-out clothes ; Bav. haiid-
hadern, handkerchief ; prang hadern,
frills ; hudel, huder, rag, tatter. Pl.D.
hadder, tatter, vcrliaddern, verhiddern, to
entangle, ravel. The designation of a rag
is commonly taken from the figure of
shaking, fluttering in the wind. Thus in
E. tatter, to chatter — Hal., Du. iatercii,
to stammer — Halma, Bav. tattern, to
prattle, to shiver, tattennan, a scarecrow
(an image of rags fluttering in the wind),
we see the advance from the image of a

HAW

broken sound, a quivering movement, to
e; tatter, a rag. In the same way we
have Du. hateren, to falter-;— Kil., hutteren,
to stammer — Halma, Sc. hotter, to rattle,
shudder, shiver, totter, Swiss hottern, to
shake, leading to E. hater, and Bav. hut-
ten, a rag. So also Swiss hudeln, to
wabble, dangle, compared with hudel, a
rag. See Dud.

Hauberk. — Habergeon. OFr. hau-
berc. It. usbergo, Prov. ausberc, from OHG.
halsberc, AS. healsbeorg, a coat of mail,
from heals, the neck, and beorgan, to
cover or defend.

The diminutive Fr. haubergeon, a
habergeon, is explained by Cotgr. a little
coat of mail, or only sleeves and gorget
of mail.

Haughty. Formerly haul, hautain,
from Fr. haul, high, hauty, lofty ; haul d,
la main, hautain, proud, surly, stately. —
Cot.

The fader hem louede alle ynog, ac the geongost

mest,
For heo was best and fairest, and to hautenesse

drovv lest.— R. G.

Such minds as are haute, puffed up with pride.

Udal in R.

Lat. alius. It. alto, high ; altiero, Sp.
altivo, haughty.

Haunch. OHG. hlancha, and by the
loss of the h, lancha, G. lanke, the flank.
On the other hand, by the loss of the /,
It. aiica, Fr. hanche, the haunch or hip.
In the same way the OE. clatch is con-
nected with catch on the one side and
latch on the other. See Flank.

Haunt. From Bret, hent (correspond-
ing to Goth. si7ith, AS. sitli), a way, henti,
Fr. hanter, to frequent, to haunt.

To Have. Lat. habere, Goth, haban.

Haven, on. h'dfn, OFr. haveiic, havle,
mod. havre, a haven ; ON. hafna, to re-
fuse, abstain, desert ; at hafna bodi, to
refuse an invitation ; •vinirnar hafna
honuin, his friends desert him ; at hafna
sig (to withdraw from the perils of the
sea), to betake oneself to port.

Havock. w. hafog, destruction, waste.
Hai hafog / a cry when cows are com-
mitting waste in a neighbour's laud.
Perhaps originally a cry of encourage-
ment to a hawk (AS. hafoc) when loosed
upon his prey.

Cry havock ! and let loose the dogs of war.

Haw, — Hawthorn, as. haga, a hedge,
piece of enclosed land, dwelling-house.
Hence haga-tlwrn, hedge-thorn, haw-
thorn, the fruit of which are haws. G.
hag, a hedge, enclosure, shrub, thicket ;

HAW

hag-apfel, a crab ; hage-dorn, hawthorn,
dog-rose.

To Haw. To make sounds like haw,
haw, between one's words in speaking.

Hawbuck. A Johnny-raw, a silly
clown. Swiss holzbock, homo stupidus,
incogitans. — Idioticon Bern, in Deutsch.
Mundart.

Hawk. AS. hafoc, ON. hatikr, G. hab-
icht, OHG. hapuh, w. hebog. Lap. hapak,
haukka. Fin. hawikka, haukka. The im-
mediate origin seems preserved in Fin.
hawia, voracious, while the ultimate de-
rivation is probably to be found in the
root hap, exemplified in Fr. happer, to
seize, Lap. hapadet, to grasp at. From
the same root hauki, a pike, known for
its voracity among fish, as the hawk
among birds."

To Hawk. I. w. hochi, to hawk, to
clear the throat. Magy. hdk, clearing the
throat, phlegm. An imitation of the
sound produced. Dan. harke, to hawk,
harkla, to spit.

To Hawk. 2. Hawker. A hawker
is one who cries his goods for sale about
the streets or ways ; to hawk, to cry goods
for sale. N. hauka, hua, huga, to cry, to
shout. Pol. huk, roar, din, clangour ;
hukad, to whoop, hoot, hallow, w. hw, a
hoot, hwa, to hallow, to shout ; hwchw !
a cry of hollo, a shout, scream ; Bret, ioua,
ioudha, to cry, to shout ; Fr. hucher, Pic.
hugiter, to call or cry. Hence Mid.Lat.
huccus, uccus, cry ; hucagium, or crida-
gium, criagium, the duty payable on cry-
mg the sale of wine. ' Chacun tavernier
de St Nicolas est tenu de nous rendre et
poier chacun an, pour chacun tonneau
que il vend en I'an, maiUe pour criage, et
nous sommes tenus de crier leur vin k
leur requeste.' — Record, a.d. 1289, in
Due. Hensch. ' Videlicet quod huca-
gium seu clamor tabernarum et coUatio
hucagii seu clamoris in Majoria — et omne
jus quod habet in cellerifl, et in coUatione
ejusdem, nobis — ^libera manebunt.' — A.D.
1269 in Carp.

We might be tempted to explain from
this' source the designation of the huck-
■jfe;', who went about the town selling and
doubtless crying their goods. ' Qe nul
hukster estoise en certain lieu mais voi-
sent parmi la vile.' — Liber Albus, 690.
But a wider comparison compels us to
refer huckster to another source^
Hawser. See Halse.
Hay. Goth, havi, grass ; AS. hedg,
hig, ON. hey, Du. houwe, hauw, hoy (Kil.),
grass cut and dried for fodder. Esthon.

HEARSE

337

hain, hay, grass ; Fin. heina. Lap. suoine,
Lith. szenas, Magy. szena, hay.

Hazard. Sp. azar, unlucky throw on
the dice, disaster. It. zara, a die, the
game of hazard, an unlucky cast ; zara
a chi tocca, bad luck to him to whom it
falls. Mod.Gr. ?dpi, a die ; Alb. zar, a
die, luck. Arab, az zahr, a die.

Haze.— Hazy. Haze, a thick fog ; it
hazes, it misles small rain. — B. Possibly
from ON. and AS. has, hoarse, the signifi-
cation passing on from thickness of voice
to thickness of atmosphere.

To Haze. — Hazle. To dry linen. —
Hal. ' Those that by that happy wind of
thine didst hazle and dry up the forlorn
dregs and slime of Noah's deluge.' —
Roger's Naaman the Syrian in Trench.
Fr. hosier, h&ler, to dry in the air, to
wither from drought. Rouchi hasi, dried
by the heat, burnt. N. hcEsa, to dry in
the wind, to breathe hard ; has, a frame-
work for drying hay and corn in the field ;
Sw. has, cocks of hay.

To Heal.— Health.— Holy. G. heil,
whole, sound, entire, in good health ;
heilig, inviolable, inviolate, secure from
injury, sacred, holy. Or. 'oKoq, whole,
entire. With an initial s instead of h (as
in Lat. sal, compared with Or. oKq, w. hal)
we have Lat. solus, alone (undivided),'pa-
rallel with Or. 'i\oq ; salvus, sound, and
salus {saluf), corresponding to hallow,
health. As the healing of a wound is the
joining of the skin and covering up of the
wound, the word seems connected with
AS. helan, to hill or cover, though it is by
no means clear that the latter signification
is the earliest in the order of develop-
ment.

Heam. See Hame.

Heap. Pl.D. hoop, G. haufe, ON. hopr,
AS. heap, a heap, crowd.

To Hear. . Hark! hist J list! are all
representatives of a low whispering or
rustling sound ; then used interjectionally
to direct attention to sounds of that na-
ture, and consequently used in the sense
of listening, striving to catch sound, using
the ears. It is probable that hear may
have a like origin. Swiss Hor ! an in-
terjection used to still an unquiet ox ; Be
still ! Hence horen, G. aufhbren, to cease,
be still.

Goth, hausjan, to hear.

To Hearken. From hark ! with the
insertion of an e under the influence of a
reference to hear.

Hearse. We find this word applied
to the solemn obsequy at funerals, or to a
funeral monument. In modern times it
22

338

HEART

is confined to the carriage in which the
coffin is conveyed. 'A cenotaph is an
empty funeral monument — in imitation of
which our hearses here in England are
set up in churches during the continuance
of a year, or for the space of certain
months.' — Weever in Todd.

The gawdy girlonds deck her grave,
The faded flowers her corse embrave,
O hevie herse / — Shepherd's Cal.
The origin is the Fr. herce, a harrow, an
implement which in that country is made
in a triangular form, not square as with
us. Hence the name of herce or herche
was given to a triangular framework of
iron used for holding a number of can-
dles at funerals and church ceremonies.
Heerce on a dede corce, piramis. — Pr.
Pm. ' In reliquis vero festivitatibus qui-
bus accendi solet machina ilia ferrea quae
vulgo Erza vocatur, pro ilia l_ampadibus
vitreis illustretur.' — Statut. Abbat. Clu-
niac. in Due. ' Feri4 quinta, &c. et sab-
bato herchia debet esse ad dextrum cornu
magni altaris et ibi debent esse 26 cerei
illuminati ad matutinas.' — ' Volo quod 24
torches et 5 tapers, quolibet taper pondere
10 librarum prasparentur pro sepultura
mei absque ullo alio hercio.' — Testam.
Jonan. de Nevil, A.D. 1386, in Due.
Hensch. 'Cujus quidem sepulturte seu
funeris nostri exequias more regio volu-
mus celebrare, ita quod pro praedictis ex-
equiis iv hercice excellentias convenientes
regali — in locis subscriptis per executores
nostros przeparentur.' — Test. Ric. 11.
Rymer, vol. 8. 75, in Due. Hensch. The
quantity of candles being the great dis-
tinction of the funeral, the name of the
frame which bore them came to be used
for the whole funeral obsequies, or for
the cenotaph at whose head the candles
were placed, and finally for the funeral
carriage.

At Poules his masse was done, and diryge

In hers royall, semely to royalte.

Hardyng, Rich. II. in Way.
Herce, a dede body, corps. — Palsgr.

Heart. Goth, hairio, Gr. KapSia, KpaSia,
KBap, Lat. car {cord'), It. ctiore, Fr. caeur,
Gael, cridne, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdce,
Sanscr. hrid, hardi.

Heart of Grace. To take heart of
grace or pluck up heart of grace, to be of
good heart. I take herte a gresse as one
dothe that taketh a sodayne corage upon
him. They lyved a grete Avhyle as cow-
ards, but at the last they took herte a
gresse to them. — Palsgr.

Apparently from a punning version of
the expression to take a good Iteait.

HEAT

' Ficca facca, faint not, hold out, pull up
a good heart.' — Fl. I plucke up my
herte, or I take good herte to me. —
Palsgr.

If thou beest true and honest.
And if thou findest thy conscience clear from it.
Pluck -uf a good heart. — B. Jonson. Tale of a
Tub, act 3, sc. 2.
Kyng Alisaunder though hym weore wo,
He tolc ^ara. god heorte to.— Alisaunder, 6928.
When the knight perceived that he could
escape no 'way — he took a good heart and ran
among the thickest.— Dr Faustus, c. 52.

As a stag in good condition (a good
hart) was in hunting language called a
hart of grease (Grisons vacca da grass, a
fat cow), to pluck up a good heart seems
to have been punningly converted into
plucking up or taking a hart of grease,
corrupted, when the joke was no longer
understood, into heart of grace.

Hearth, as. heorih, G. herd, area,
floor, hearth. Generally the floor or
ground on which any operation is carried
on. OG. Berth, the soil. Tacitus (De
moribus Germanorum) says, ' In com-
mune Herthum, id est Terram colunt.'
Swiss herd, soil, ground, earth ; herdap-
fel, potato ; herdig, earthen ; herdelen,
to have an earthy taste.

Heat. — Hot. ON. hita, hiti, heat, boil-
ing ; heitr, hot, angry ; G. hitze, heat,
passion, anger ; heiss, hot, vehement, ar-
dent.

We have seen under Entice that the
figure of setting on a dog to fight gives a
designation to the act of lighting a fire,
and even to the materials of combustion,
in Lat. titio, Fr. tison, a fire-brand. And
if the same line of inquiry is pushed a
little further it will be hard to avoid the
conclusion that the G. hitze and E. heat
have their origin in the same figure. If
the G. hetzen, anhetzen, to set on dogs to
fight or attack, to incite, inflame, provoke,
Sw. hetsa, to set on, to heat, and the like,
stood by themselves, no one would doubt
that the idea of heating the passions of
the animal was the foundation of the
expression. But when we compare the
hissing or snarling sounds used in setting,
on dogs, Fin. has ! as ! Lap. hos ! Serv.
osh! Pl.D. hiss! w. hyr ! E. ss ! st! ts !
It. izs! uzz! we find it impossible either
to suppose that these are derived from a
word signifying heat, or to separate the
G. and Sw. forms above mentioned from
the other verbs manifestly founded on
the cry of instigation. Lap. hasetet, haske-
tet, hotsalet, Serv. oshkati, N. hirra, Dan.
tirre, Pl.D. hisscn (e. tiss, to hiss), Sw.

HEATH

iussa, ,Du. hisschen, hitschen, hiise?i, hus-
sen (Kil.), It. izzare, uzzare, tizzare,
stizzare, to incite, set on, provoke. From
izzare, to provoke, we have izza, anger —
FL, and in like manner from G. hetzen,
hitze, passion, fury, ardour, heat. Sw.
hetsa, to set on, to heat ; hetsig, hot,
burning ; hetta, heat, passion.

Heath. Goth, haithi, aypiSg, the open
country ; haithivisks, aypios, wild ; ON.
heidi, a waste, heldi jorS, waste, barren
land, heath ; haucCr, uncultivated land ;
G. heide, a heath, waste, barren extent of
country ; heide-kraut, heath and other
plants that grow on barren wastes. The
plant heath is no doubt so named from
growing on barren heaths.

Heathen. Goth, haithno, "EWjjvi'e,
Marc 7. 26. G. heide, a heathen. The
word bears a singular resemblance to Gr.
fflvij, the Gentiles, but if it were derived
from that source it must have passed
through the form of Lat. Ethnici, which
could hardly have produced G. heide.
We must then suppose that it is the
equivalent of Lat. paganus, meaning ori-
ginally country people, from Goth, haithi,
the open country. Du. heyde, heyden,
homo agrestis et incultus, a clown, a
pagan, heathen. — Kil.

To Heave. Goth, hafjan, ON. hefia,
AS. hebbdn, G. heben, to lift.

Heaven, as. heofon, Goth, himins,
OHG. himil, heaven, G. himniel, a canopy,
an arched or vaulted covering, the sky,
heaven.

The sound of v and m immediately be-
fore an n frequently interchange. Dan.
hevne, N. hemna, to revenge ; OS^.jaf-
nati, jamnan, always ; as. efne, in com-
position emne, even, equal ; ON. sofna,
Sw. somna, to fall asleep ; ON. safna, AS.
jo»z»/fl«, to collect. There can then be little
doubt that Goth, himins and OSax. heb-
an, as. heofon, are from the same root,
probably a verb signifying to cover. The
word was understood by the Saxons them-
selves in this sense. ' Sage me for hvil-
cum thingum heofon sy gehaten heofon ?
Ic the sage for thou he beheleth eall thset
hym beufon byth.' Tell me why heaven
is called heaven 'i I tell you because it
covereth all that is beneath it. — Dialogue
of Saturn and Solomon. A consciousness
of the same meaning is indicated in a
passage of Otfrid quoted by Ihre. So
himil thekit thaz land. As wide as
heaven covers earth. From the same
root OSw. himin, the membrane which
covers the brain ; himmels korn (for him-
lost korn), skinless barley; hejnlig, secret,

HELE

339

covered. Swiss hiynmel, skin which forms
on the surface of liquids after standing.

Heavy. — Heft. as. hefig, on. hofugi;
heavy ; hqfgi, weight, the object of the
act of heaving. Heft, weight, pressure.
— Hal.

Hecatomb. Gr. UaToiifSt] (Uarbv, a
hundred, and l3ovs, an ox), a sacrifice of a
hundred victims.

Hectic. Lat. hectica, a fever, from Gr.
iKTiKhq, habitual, from 'ijiii, to have, hold.

Hedg^e. as. hegge, G. hag, a bush,
shrub, thicket, enclosure, hedge ; hecke, a
thicket, a quickset hedge. Du. haag,
hegghe, a thorn-bush, thicket, hedge, also
a hurdle. — Kil. Haag-doom, hawthorn.
Suffolk hetch, a thicket, a hedge. Fin.
hako, fir-branches, Esthon. Aag^(7,Walach.
haai, bushes, twigs, rods. See Hatch.

To Heed. as. hedan, Du. hoeden, G.
htiten, to keep, guard, observe. Hoeden
de beesten, to watch cattle.

Heel. AS. hel, on. hcell, Du. hiel.

To Heel. as. hyldan, to incline. ' Hyra
andwlitan on eorthen hyldun.' They bent
their looks on the earth. — Luc 24. 5. ON.
halla, to incline, to lean towards ; hallr,
inclined towards, inclination ; hella, to
pour — Egilsson; Dan. helde, to slope,
decline, lean, to tilt a vessel, to pour.
Perhaps this last may be the original
sense of the word. To hele, or hell, to
pour out. — Hal.

' And bely ve he garte helle down the
water on the erthe before alle his men.'—
MS. Hal. ' Hwon me asaileth buruhwes
other castles theo thet beoth withinnen
heldeth schaldinde water ut ' — -pour scald-
ing water out. — Ancren Riwle, 246. In
the same way Fr. verser, to pour, seems
to preserve the original meaning of Lat.
vergere, to decline, incline. ' Spuman-
tesque mero paterK verguntur.' — Statius.

Heifer, as. heafore, e. dial, heckfor,
heifker. Hekfere, juvenca — Pr. Pm. ;
hecforde, a yong cowe, genisse. — Palsgr.
Du. hokheling, a heifer, from hok, a pen
or cote. The second syllable of heifer
may be a modification of G.ferse, a heiferi

Height. See High.

Heinous. Fr. haineux, from haine;
malice, hate, rancour ; hair, OFr. hadir,
to hate. — Diez.

Heir. OFr. hoir, Lat. hceres.

To Hele.— Hill.— Hile. To cover.
Hillier, a tiler.

Thei hiled them I telle thee
With leves of a fige tree.

A poor person says, ' It takes a great
deal to hill and fill so many children.'
Goth, huljan, G. hiillen, to veil or cover,
22*

34°

HELL

to wrap ; Jiiille, clothing, mantle, cover.
ON. hylia, to hide ; G. hiilse, the covering
of a thing, hull, husk, pod. AS. helan, to
conceal, cover.

Hell. The place of the dead, or place
where the dead are punished. ON. Hel,
death ; Hel, Helia, the Goddess of death.
At sld i hel, to strike dead ; hel-bldr,
death-pale, livid ; hel-blinda, fatal blind-
ness ; hel-sot, death sickness ; hel-viti,
the punishment of the dead, whence Dan.
helvede, Hell. Magy. halni, to die, halott,
a corpse. Gr. HkinQai, to die.

Helm. I. Helmet. Goth, kilms, on.
Malmr, G. helm, It. Sp. elmo, Fr. heaume,
helmet. NE. helm, a covering. — B. OPtg.
elmo, a covering, ' unum ebmim labora-
tum pro super ipsum altare.' — Record,
A.D. 1087, in Diez. Perhaps the same
notion of protecting may be the root of
Du. helm, the creeping grass which pro-
tects the sandy shores of Holland.

From AS. helan, ON. hylia, to cover,
protect ; hylma, hilma, to cover, hide ;
hilming, concealment ; i hilmingu, under
pretext ; hilmir, protector, (poet.) king.
Lith. szalmas, Russ. schlem, schelom, a
helmet.

2. Helme or the rothere of a ship, temo,
plectrum. — Pr. Pm. ON. hjdlm, hjdlmun,
rudder ; hidlmmivblr, Du. hehn-stock, the
tiller. In all probability the helm may
be the helve or handle by which the ship
is managed. OE. halme, handle. Helme
of a rothere of a shyppe, la manche du
gouvernail. — Palsgr. See Helve.

* Help. Goth, hilpan, ON. hialpa, G.
helfen, Lith. szelpti, to help, to take care
of ; gelblti, to help, to save ; gilbti, to
receive help ; pagalba, help, assistance.

The sense might well be explained from
OHG. halpa, halba, side, half. To side
with one is to take his part, to help him.
So from Fin. puoli, half, side, is formed
puollaa, to side with one, to defend him.

Helter-skelter. Sw. huller 07n biil-
ler, hull om bull, httmmel um drummel,
Pl.D. huller de buller (Danneil), G. holler
di poller, halder de qualder, are interjec-
tional expressions representing racket,
rattling noise, and thence applied to a
noisy, hurried, disorderly mode of action.
Sw. buller, noise, rattle, bustle ; G. pol-
tern, to make a hammering noise, to do
something with noise and racket, ' Hol-
ter-polter ! ein fiirchterliches getose.' —
Sanders. For the element skelter com-
pare Sw. skalla, to yell ; Sc. skelloch,
Gael, sgal, shriek, yell, howl. ^Haider
de qualder aus dem Spanischen iiber-
setzen reicht nicht hin ; ' hand over head,

HEMORRHOIDS

without arrangement. — Sanders. See
Hurly-burly.

Helve. AS. helf, Bav. helb, helben, halb,
Swiss halm, handle of an axe or hammer ;
G. hebn, handle of a tool, stock of an
anchor. OG. helm.-parten, axe with a long
handle, halberd.

Hem. The hem of a garment, from
the verb to hem, is that which binds round
the edges and prevents them from ravel-
ling. It was formerly used in the sense
of a border of any kind, and not merely
a sewing down of the edge as at present ;
fimbria, limbus, ora. — Pr. Pm. It is re-
markable that Sw. stdmma, to stop, to
staunch, also signifies to hem or border.
— Rietz. See to Hem.

On the other hand it is possible that
hem may be a parallel form correspond-
ing to seam, as W. hal, to Lat. sal, salt ;
but the evidence upon the whole points
the other way. W. hem, a hem, seam, bor-
der. N. Fris. heam, hem ; suum, seam.
— Johansen.

To Hem. To confine, surround, en-
close.— R. G. hemmen, to stop the mo-
tion of a body, to skid the wheel of a
waggon, to stop the course of water, to
thwart or hinder a proceeding. Sw.
hamma, Pol. hamowad, to restrain, check,
put a stop to ■; hamulec, restraint, curb.

The immediate origin is probably the
G. interjection of ' prohibition Hamm !
(Kiittn.) or Hu7nm ! (Brem. Wtb.) Stop !
Let it alone ! Hamm holln (in zaum hal-
ten), to keep under control. — Danneil.
The sound of clearing the throat is re-
presented by the syllable hem ! ex-
plained by Worcester, an exclamation of
which the utterance is a sort of half-
voluntary cough, and which, being the
preparation for speaking, is used for the
purpose of calling to a person at a dis-
tance.

He hemmed audibly twice or thrice, which was
known in the family as a sign that he wished the
attention of the crowd to be directed to him. —
Dyce, Bella Donna, i. 29, 1864.

To hem a person (Du. hemmen, hummen),
to call him by crying hem ! — B. From
thence to the notion of stopping one is
a natural transition ; Du. hemmen, sis-
tere, retinere. — Biglotton. We then pass
on to the notion of checking, controlling,
confining. See Ho.

Hemi-. Gr. %i, signifying half ; jJ^itos,
half.

Hemorrhage. Gr. aino^payla, a burst-
ing forth of blood, al/ia, and pfiyvvju, to
break, burst.

Hemorrhoids. Gr.a'iiiolipoiQ, ainoppoWoc,

HEMP

a gushing of blood (alfta, blood, and psw,
to flow, poos, a flowing).

Hemp. Lat. cannabis, Du. hennip,
G. hanf, ON. hanpr, Lith. kanape.

Hen. A female fowl. on. hann, he,
hun, she ; kani, G. ^aA??, a cock ; huhn,
henne, a hen. Sw. hannar och honor,
cocks and hens, males and females. Dan.
han, he, male ; han-kat, male cat ; han-
spurv, cock-sparrow ; hane, a cock, male
of domestic fowl ; hun, she, female of
animals, hen of birds. It should be ob-
served hun becomes hen in the oblique
cases. Pl.D. heeken and seeken, male and
female of animals, cock and hen of birds.

Hendunan. A supporter, one who
stands at one's haunch. So It. fiancai'e,
to flank, by met. to urge or set on ; (in
heraldry), to support arms. A sidesman
is a parish officer who assists the church-
wardens.

Hend. — Hent. — To seize. Goth, fra-,
us-hinthan, to take captive ; OHG. heri-
hunta, AS. huth, capture, prey ; OFris.
handa, henda, to seize, ON. henda, to
seize, to happen, the connection between
these ideas being shown under Happen.
' 1 hente, I take by violence, or I catch,
Je happe.' — Palsgr. Sw. hdnda, to hap-
pen. It is perhaps from this sense of
the verb rather than from the noun hand
that was formed the OE. hende, courteous,
agreeable, in accordance with G. gefal-
lig, falling in with the feelings of another,
complaisant, agreeable.

The original image is snapping with
the jaws at something; Sc.hansh,haunsh,
to snap or snatch at, violently to lay hold
of — Jam. ; OFr. hancher, to grasp or
snatch at with the teeth. — Cot. ' Men —
havyng on her shuldres and on her helmes
sharp pikes that if the olifaunt wold
oughte henche or catch hem (posset ap-
prehendere), the pricks shulde let hem.'
— Trevisa in Way.

Hepatic. Gr. ^^rap, TJTraTog, the liver.

Heptarchy. Gr. tjrrd, seven, and
dp^i;, principality.

Her. Adjective of OE. heo, she.

Herald. Fr. Mrauld', Mraut ; It.
araldo. OHG. haren, to shout. See
Harrow.

Herb. Fr. herbe, Lat. herba.

Herd. Goth, hairda, ON. hjord, G.
herde, a herd or flock of cattle ; ON. hirda,
to keep, preserve, watch, take care of;
hirda, hirdingi, Du. herder, Dan. hyrde,
G. hirt, a herd, shepherd ; hirten, to tend
cattle. Fr. harde, hourde, the village
herd, a herd of deer. — Roquef Cot.

The collection of cattle driven or tended

HERON

341

by a keeper, or the keeper himself, some-
times take their designation from the act
of driving, as Gr. ayiXi;, a herd, from aya,
to drive, and in E. a drove of cattle. So
from Magy. haiiani, drive, to drive, to pas-
ture cattle; haitsdr, a shepherd. Now
the driving of cattle is vividly repre-
sented by the setting on of dogs and
the cries used in exciting them. So
from hiss! the cry to a dog, we have
Pl.D. hissen, to set on ; de schaop hissen,
to collect the sheep by the aid of a dog. —
Danneil. In Welsh the cries herr! hyrr !
representing the snarl of a dog, are used
in hounding him on to fight, whence
hyrrio (n. hirrd], to set on a dog, and ap-
parently hyrddio, to irritate, to impel, to
push, to drive. — Lewis. Roquefort gives
houre ! as a cry to animate a dog, ex-
plaining Rouchi hourder un chie?t, Fr.
harer un chioi (Cot.), to set on a dog ;
and as the last of these forms seems to
give rise to Fr. harelle, a herd, so from
harer, hourder, w. hyrrio, hyrddio may
perhaps be explained harde, hourde, herd.

Here. See He.

-h.ei-e. -hes. \jaX.hcereo, hcEsi,io%\\c^.
Adhere, to stick to ; Adhesive, having a
tendency to stick to ; Cohere, to stick
together.

Hereditary. — Heritage. Lat. hares,
hceredis, an heir, Fr. heritage.

Heresy. — Heretic. Gr. aVptirie (alpEw,
to choose, take), a choosing, an opinion,
a sect.

Heriot. as. here-geata, wig-geat, wig-
geatwe, warlike habiliments, from here
or wig, war, and geatwe, apparatus.
Hi in wig'geatawum
Aldrum nethdon.

They in warlike habiliments ventured
their lives. — Beowulf.

The latter part of the word is identical
with Lith. gdtawos, ready ; Walach. gata,
ready, complete ; gati, to prepare ; gatire,
apparatus.

Hermit. Gr. tptiiiiTtiQ, a dweller in the
wilderness, a solitary, from ^pijiiog, waste,
lonely. Fin. erd, journey, fishing or hunt-
ing expedition ; erdmaa (maa, land,
region), distant station, desert, unculti-
vated place.

Hero. The Gr. jjpwe may probably be
the equivalent of Lat. vir. The primitive
sense seems preserved in Fin. uros, adult
male, male of animals, brave man, man
exhibiting the manly character in an
eminent degree ; uro-teko (teko = act),
factum heroicum.

Heron. — Egret. The as. hragra ex-
hibits the most comprehensive form of

342

HERRING

the name, whence, on the one hand, G.
reiger, Pl.D. reier, and on the other Sw.
hdgr, Dan. haire. The augmentative
termination produces It. aghirone, airone,
Fr. egron ( — Vocab. de Berri), hairon,
heron, in contradistinction to aigrette,
egrette (with the ,dim. termination), the
small heron or egret. Fr. heronceau, a
young hfiron, gives E. heronshaw.

The origin of the name is probably
the harsh cry of the bird. W. cregyr, a
screamer, a heron ; creg, hoarse.

Herring. Fr. hareng, G. haring.

Hesitate. Lat. hcesitare, freq. from
h(zreo, to stick, stick fast.

Hetero-. Gr. 'irtfioz, other, as in hete-
rodox, of another («5a) opinion ; hetero-
geneous, of another (ylvoc) kind.

To Hew. ON. hoggva, to strike, to
cut ; AS. heawian, Du. hauwen, G. hauen,
to hew. E. dial, hag, to hack. See
Haggle.

Hex-. Gr. 'it,, six ; hexagon, having
six (yMrtd) angles ; hexameter, haying six
(ji'sTpov) measures.

Hey-day. — Hoity-toity. G. Heyda !
Heysa ! exclamations of high spirits,
active enjoyment. Hence E. hey-day, the
vigour and high spirits of youth, where
the spelling is probably modified under
an erroneous impression that there is
something in the meaning of the word
which indicates a certain period of life.
At your age
The heyday of the blood is tame, it's humble,
And waits upon the judgment.

In the same way Sw. hojta, to shout,
explains E. hoit, to indulge in riotous and
noisy mirth — Webster ; to kite up and
down, to run idle about the country —
Hal. ; highty-tighty, frolicsome, thought-
less. — Thomson. ' He Uves at home,
and sings and hoits and revels among his
drunken companions.' — B. and F. Cot-
grave explains estre en ses gogues, to be
'frolic, lusty, all a-hoit, in a merry mood.
II est k cheval, he is set on cock-horse,
he is all a-hoight, he now begins to flaunt
it.— Cot.

Hence hoity-hoity, and in a somewhat
weaker sense hey-day, are frequently used
as exclamations implying that the persoi)
addressed is all a-hoit, in an excited state,
or is assuming airs unsuitable to his posi-
tion. Hoity-toity ! Well to be sure !

We have in this exclamation the origin
of Fr. halt, liveliness, gladness ; haiter,
to cheer up, to like well of, dehaiter, to
discourage, to be ill at ease, souhaiter, to
wish for, which has given much trouble
to etymologists. In Pembrokeshire to

HIE

hite. is commonly used in the sense of
cheer or encourage.

Hibernate. Lat. hyems, winter ; hiber-
nus, wintry ; hibemo, to pas? the winter.

Hicket — Hiccup. — Hiccough. Du.
hik, hickse, huckup, Bret, hik, Fr. hoquet,
OE. snickup, hiccup. Du. hikken, snik-
ken, hicksen, OE. yex, to sob. AH direct
representations of the sound.

Hide. G. haut, Du. huyd, on. huS,
Lat. cutis, Gr. tsKvToq, skin of a beast. ON.
hyda, to skin a beast, to give a hiding or
flogging.

To Hide. To conceal, to cover. Du.
hoeden, hueden, to keep, protect, cover,
w. huddo, to cover, shade, darken. N.
hide, the lair of a beast, hide seg (of a
bear), to seek covert ; ON. hyd-bjbrn, a
bear in hybernation.

Hide of Land. As much as could be
tilled by a single, plough. The word is
still used as a measure of land in Nor-
way.

Hideous. Frightful. OFr. hide, hisde,
hidour, hisdour, dread.

Tel hide en a et telle frdour
Caoir se laisse de paour.

Fab. et Contes, i, 354.
Kant ele vit le cors sans vie
Hidor ot de ce qu'ele vit. — lb. 4, 324.

La fores estoit Msdouse et faie, the
forest was grisly and enchanted. — Diez.
La char par hidour en horame fremist,
flesh in man quakes for dread. — Bibles-
worth.

Two derivations are suggested ; first,
from Lat. hispidosus, bristly, rough, his-
p'dos, hisdos, as male-sapidus, -sapa'iis,
Fr. mau-sadej vapidus, Fr. fade. This
derivation is supported by OFr. hispide,
which is explained by Roquefort, sale,
vilain, degoutant, hideux, affreux. On
the other hand it would be more satisfac-
tory if an origin could be found in a word
signifying dread or horror. In this point
of view we have Goth, agis, OHG. agi, ege,
AS. ege, fear, dread ; OHG. egidi, egiso,
AS. egisa, MHG. egese, else, horror ; OHG.
egelih, akislih, MHG. egelich, egeslich,
cislich, Du. heyselich, heisig, eyselick,
eysig, horrible ; eysen, ijscri, to shudder ;
Da. hceslig, horrible, hideous ; Sw. hisna,
to shudder. The adoption of an initial h
in the Du. and Scandinavian forms and
in Fr. hisdeux, hideux, would be anal-
ogous to the course in G. heischen, MHG.
heischen, eischen, from OHG. eiscSn, to
demand, where the initial h appears in
the course of the 13th century.

To Hie. AS. higan, Idgian, to en-
deavour, to hasten ; higen, diligent. To

HIERO-

pant is explained by Richardson, to blow
quickly and shortly, and consequently, to
pursue eagerly, to desire with strong emo-
tion ; and our present word affords an-
other example of the same train of thought.
Du. hiighen, to pant ; Dan. hige, hive,
hie efter veiret, to pant, to gasp for
breath ; hige, to pant for, to covet. In
the same way the Lat. aveo, to desire
earnestly, to strive for, seems connected
with Gr. ao), to breathe. Higan, like E.
sigh, is a direct imitation ; w. igian, to
sigh, to sob.

Hiero-. Gr. UpoQ, sacred. Hieroglyph-
ics (yXiipu), to engrave), sacred sculptures.
Hierarchy, sacred governance.

High. — Height. as. heah, Goth.
hauks, ON. ha, G. hoch, "W. uchel, high.

Higler.— To Higgle. Higler, one
who carries about provisions . for sale. —
Webster. Hegler, one who buys provi-
sions brought up out of the country in
order to sell them again by retail. — B.
To higgle, to chaffer, to be nice and
tedious m making a bargain. — Webster.
To higgle is to haggle about petty mat-
ters, and if higler and higgle stood by.
themselves we should without hesitation
regard higgle as the original and explain
it as a diminutive of haggle. But the
cflmparison of the G. correlatives seems
to show that higgle is derived from higler
rather than the converse.

Bav. hugkler, hugkner. Swab, hukler,
huker, Du, hoecker, hucker, Pl.D. hdker,
G. hoke, hdker, an engrosser, huckster,
provision-dealer; Westerwald hiitschler,
Nassau hitzler, one who carries about
meal or corn in sacks on a horse for sale.
Swiss hodeln, hudeln, to traffic in corn ;
korn-hudler, an engrosser, regrater of
com, corn-broker. Bav. hodeln, to drive
a petty trade ; hodl-pauern, peasants
going to load salt, who bought up corn
on their route and carried it to dispose of
at their market. Alsace hutzeln (West-
erwald. Idiot), Swab, hocklen, to carry
on the back ; Pl.D. huck-bak, hukke-bak,
pickaback. See Huckster.

Higre.— Eager.— Aker. The commo-
tion occasionally made in certain rivers
by the meeting of the tide and current is
known by the foregoing names. Akyroi
the sea flowynge, impetus maris. — Pr.
Pm. Taylor the water poet describes
the phenomenon on the coast of Lincoln-
shire,

—the flood runs there with such great force,
That I imagine it outruns a horse ;
And with a head some four foot high that rores,
It on the sodaine swells and beats the shores ; — ■

HIND

343

It hath lesse mercy than beare, wolfe, or tyger,
And in those countries is called the hyger.

Taylor in Nares.

Any sudden inundation of the sea is
called an egor, at Howden in Yorkshire.
■'-Kennet in Hal. From ON. JEgir, the
god of the sea, then used for the sea
itself -^gja, to frighten ; ccgir, terrifier ;
cegiligr, terrible. i

Hilarity. The root of Lat. hilaris,
cheerful, seems preserved in Fin. hilaan,
hillata, ludibundus strepo, lastus tumul-
tuo ; hilastaa, strepens ludo ut pueri ;
hilaus, strepitus lusorius.

Hill. Du. heuvel, hovel, G. hugel, hill.
Pl.D. hull, gras-hull, a mound, tuft of
grass growing more luxuriant than the
rest. — Brem. Wtb. Du. h'obbel, a rising,
unevenness in the ground. — Danneil. It
would seem that the radical notion is
what is heaved up. Fris. Hovel, hoevel,
a tumour, hunch in the back. — Kil.

Hilt. ON. hjalt, the guard of a sword
at each end of the handle ; fremra hjal-
tit, the guard or cross-bar which pro-
tected the hand, and efra hjaltit, the
knob or pummel which prevented the
sword from being dragged out of the
hand ; hjolt (plur.), the two together or
entire handle. Hilt, garde de I'^pfe. —
Sherwood. Du. hille, hilte, holte, holde
(Kil.), OG. heha, hiltze, hiiltz, holcz (Dief.
Sup. in V. capulus), Boh. gjlce, hilt ; It.
elza, elso, guard of a sword.

Hind. I. ON. /zzVzrf, a female deer. G.
hinde, hindinn.

Hind. 2. — Behind. — ^Hinder, g. hin-
ten, hinter, behind. The structure of his
own body constitutes the ultimate stand-
ard of position to every individual, and
thus the different members of our bodily
frame might be expected to supply the
figures by which the relations of place
are expressed. In E. accordingly we
make use of the head, foot, face, hand,
side, back, in expressing those relations.
The oblique cases of Fin. korwa, the
ear, or pad, the head, are uied adverbially
to express the relations of beside or above.
In like manner from hdnta, Esthon. hand,
the tail, are formed expressions connected
with the idea of what is behind ; Fin.
hdnnittdd, to follow ; hdntyri, a follower ;
hdnndssd, behind ; Esthon. hdnnaliste,
from behind, reversed. Hence we may
explain behind as signifying at the tail or
back of The hinder end is the end at
the tail of To hinder is to put one back-
wards. So from Galla dubo, tail, duba,
behind, after, in time or space.

Hind. 3. — Hine. A servant, husband-

344

HIND-BERRY

man, peasant. AS. hina, hine (for higna,
higne), a domestic ; hine-ealdor, the good-
man of the house ; hine-man, a farmer,
higna-fesder, paterfamilias. The word
properly signifies member of a family, in
which sense the Sw. hjun is used at the
present day. De dro fyra hjon i hushal-
let, they are four persons in household.
Tjensiehjon, man or maid servant; ar-
beds-hjon, labourer. Hence elliptically E.
hine, a domestic labourer. ON. Mon,
family ; N. hjon, married pair. Compare
1j3.t. famulus ■vi'i'Ca. familia.

From AS. hige, hiwa, family ; hiwen,
servants. See Hive.

Hind-berry. G. him-beere, the rasp-
berry. As the name of hart-beny, AS.
heort-berg, now corrupted to whortle-
berry, -whorts or hurts, was given to what
is otherwise called the bilberry, the rasp-
berry was named after the female of the
same animal, or hind.

Hinge. The hooks on which the door
is hung. OE. hing, to hang. Du. henghen,
to hang ; henghe, henghene, hook, handle,
hinge. — Kil.

Hint. — Inkling. The meaning of
both these words is a rumour or a whisper
of some intelligence. Parallel with E.
hum, representing a murmuring sound,
the ON. has iima (without the initial h),
to resound ; ymia {timdi), to whizz, whis-
tle ; ymta, to whisper or rumour. Hann
ymti d thvi, suspicionem dedit, he gave
a hint, an inkling of it. Ymtr, rumour
evulgatus, a hint. Dan. ymte, to whisper,
talk softly, secretly of Sw. hafva hum
om nigot, to have an inkling or a hint of
something. For the change {roraymte to
hint compare emmet, ant.

Inkling is from a frequentative form of
the same root, on. uml, Dan. ymntel,
murmur, ymple, to whisper, to rumour —
Molbech, whence E. inkling, by a change
analogous to that which holds between G.
sumpf3.nd. E. sink; G. schrUmpfen and E.
shrink.

Hip. G. hiifte, Du. heupe, the hip,
flank, thigh. N. hupp, the flank. Sc.
hips, the buttocks.

Hip.— Hep. The fruit of the rose. N.
hjupa, kjupa, Sw. hjupon, Dan. hybe, AS.

Hippopotamus. Gr. tTTTroTrora/^ios ;
"iTtiroQ, a horse, and Troraftos, river.

Hire. AS. hyre, Du. huur, G. heuer,
W. hiir, wages, payment for service.

To Hiss. J/iss, whizz, fizz, are imita-
tions of the sound represented. E. dial,
to tiss, to hiss. Piedm. issd, siss^, to hiss
on a dog.

HIVE

Hist !— Whist !— Hush ! An inter-
jection demanding silence and attention.
A person in a savage state of society ap-
prehending nocturnal danger would have
his attention on the stretch to catch the
faint rustling sounds made by the most
cautious approach of an enemy. Hence
in order to intimate to his own friends his
desire for silence and attention he would
imitate the sounds for which he is on the
watch, by such forms as st ! hist ! whist!
representing the sounds made by move-
ment of any kind, whisper, mutter ; w.
ust, hist, or hust, silence.

Lat her yelp on, be you as calm 's a mouse,

Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.

Ferguson' in Jam.

W. hust, a low buzzing noise ; husting, a
whisper, mutter ; ust, a hist or hush, a
silence. ' After janglinge wordes cometh
huiste, peace and be stille.' — Chaucer.
It. zitto, a slight sound ; non fare un
zitto, not to let a whist be heard ; zitto !
hush ! Piedm. siss/, E. dial, tiss, to hiss ;
Du. sus ! tus ! hush ! sus, silence. Dan.
tys ! hush ! tysse, to hush, to silence.

History. Gr. wTopla ; Wwp, one know-
ing, fully acquainted, from "wriju, I know.

Histrionic. Lat. histrio, a stage-
player .

To Hit. ON. hitta, to light on, to find.
Their hittuz d veginom, they met in the
way. Compare Fr. trouver, to find, with
G. treffen, to hit. Bav. hutzen, to strike.
Die bock hutzen an einander, butt against
each other. lUyr. hitati, to cast, throw.

Hitch. — Hotch. Hitch, motion by a
jerk ; also a loop. To hotch, to move the
body by sudden jerks. — Jam. Hotchin
and lauchin, Swiss gehotzelt seyn, laugh-
ing till one shakes. Bav. hutschen, to
rock, to hitch oneself along like children
on tiieir rumps. Du. hutsen, hutselen, to
shake, to jumble. Fr. hocher, to shake.
Swiss hoischen, to hiccup ; hoschen, to
knock ; hotteren, hotzen, hotzeln, hotzern,
to shake, to jog, jolt. Bav. Hott ! hott !
syllables by which is expressed the trot of
a horse or the jogging movement of his
rider. Hotteln, to jolt.

Hithe. AS. hyth, a port, haven.
Hither. See He.

Hive. Goth, hciv, ON. hiu, family,
household ; hion (pi.), family, husband
and wife. AS. hige, higo, hiwa, a house-
hold, family ; hdner-hive, a hen's-nest.
Hence a hive of bees, the swarm which
constitutes one family or household. Du.
lioHivcn, houden, houwelicken, hijlicken,
to marry, as. hiwrcedot, a family, G.
heurath, marriage.

HO

Ho. — Hoa. — Whoa. A cry to stop
horses. Hence to ho, to stop, to cease.
Fr. ho, interjection to impose silence or
stop an action. — Roquef.

0 my dere moder, of thy wepyng ho,

1 you beseifc do not, do not so, — D. V.
And at a stert he was betwixt hem two,
And pulled out a sword and cried, Ho /
No more, up peine of lesing of your hed.

Chaucer.

Out of all ho, beyond all restraint.
Hoaming sea. A foaming sea.

Vent. What a sea comes in !
Mast. It is a hoaming sea. We shall have
foul weather. — Dryden, Tempest in R.

Much of the French that has passed into
English belongs to the Walloon or Bur-
gundian dialect, where an initial j or sch
is generally replaced by an h. Thus
Wal. hauder is the Fr. ichauder, E. scald;
Wal. houti, Fr. escouter, E. scout j Wal.
houvion, Fr. escouvillon, a clout. In the
same way the G. schaum, Fr. escume, cor-
responds to Wal. houmd, to scum the pot ;
hotimress, a scummer — Remade, leaving
no doubt that a hoaming sea is a foaming
sea, although we do not apply the term
sctim to that element. G. see-schaum, the
foam of the sea.

Hoard, i. Goth, huzd, treasure, OHG.
hort, AS. hord, treasure ; breost-hord, the
soul, the treasure of the breast ; Swiss
hord-reich, very rich.

2. A hoarding is a fence of boards.
Probably from Fris. schardinge, separa-
tion, by the same change which is seen
in Wall. hArd, from ON. skard, Du.
schaerde, a breach, separation, fragment.
'Alle schardinge, dat is schedinge tus-
chen den huisem und tuinen saU men
maeken van plancken.' All divisions be-
tween houses and gardens shall be made
of planks. — Ost Fris. Landrecht. in Brem.
Wtb. in V. scherung. See Hoaming.

Hoarse, as. and ON. hds, G. heiser,
Du. heesch, O Flanders heersch, hoarse.
Hoos, hoarse, raucus. — Pr. Pm. E. dial.
hooze, a difficult breathing in cattle ;
hoazed, hoarse. — Hal. N. hcesa, to pant,
breathe hard, to wheeze.

Hoary. AS. har, hoary. ON. hcera, a
mattress, gray hair ; Fr. haire, a hair
shirt ; ON. hcerSr, comatus, haired, also
gray-haired, hoary ; at hcerast, to become
hoary ; hcerulcmgr, having long hair ;
hceru-kall {kail, old man), a gray-haired
man.

The sense of hoary then would seem to
arise from a singular ellipse.

* Hoax. AS. husc, hose, OS. hosk, OE.
hux, sarcasm, taunt, jeer. When the

HOBBY

34S

Romans demanded tribute of Arthur he
sent them instead the body of their king
on a rich bier, 'and grette Rom-weres
alle mid graeten huxe; and said that he
had sent them the tribute of the land.—
Layamon iii.

Hob. — Hobble. The image originally
represented is action by a succession of
efforts, as Sc. kabble, to stammer or stut-
ter ; E. hobble, to limp, to move unevenly
by broken efforts ; hob, a false step, an
error. — Hal. Du. hobbelen, to stammer,
to jolt, to rock as a boat ; Bav. hoppelen,
hoppern, hoppen, to jog up and dqwn, as
a bad rider on a trotting horse. The ex-
pression is then transferred to what pro-
duces a hobbling motion, Du. hobbelig,
E. dial, hobbly, rough, uneven ; hobbles,
rough stones ; hob or hub, a projection.
The hob of a fire-place is the raised stone
on either side of the hearth between
which the embers were confined. Hub,
the projecting nave of a wheel, a thick
square sod, an obstruction of anything,
the mark to be thrown at at quoits, the
hilt of a weapon. — Hal.

In another direction the sense of a jolt-
ing, clumsy gait suggests the idea of
clumping shoes, or of the clown who
walks with such a gait. Thus hobnails
are the nails set in the thick soles of a
country shoe, thence transferred to the
nails of a horseshoe ; hob-prick, a wooden
peg driven into the heels of shoes. — Hal.
Hob, hob-clunch, a country clown. — Hal.
A hob or clown, piedgris. — Sherwood.
Hob-goblin, a clownish goblin, a goblin
who does laborious work, where the first
syllable is commonly taken as the short
for H albert or Robert.

Hobbedelioy. A youth not yet come
to man's estate, otherwise written hob-
bityhoy, hobbledehoy. Perhaps considered
as a young cock. Gakerdiha, the cry of
the cock.— Dialect of Henneberg in Fran-
conia. Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 407.

To Hobble or Hopple horses. See
Hamper.

Hobby. — Hobby-horse. The horse
is commonly named in children's lan-
guage from the cries used in the manage-
ment of the animal. Thus in e. the cry
with which we are most familiar is gee !
to make a horse go, and the nursery
name for a horse is geegee. In Germany
hott is the cry to make a horse turn to
the right (or generally to urge it to exer^
tion), ho to the left, and the horse is called
hotte-pard (Danneil), huttjen-ho-peerd
(Holstein. Idiot.), hottihuh (Stalder), as in
Craven highly, from the cry hail! In

346

HOCK

Finland humma, the cry to stop or back
a horse, is used in nursery language for
the horse itself. The cry to back a horse
is in Westerwald hiifj whence houfe, to
go backwards. Devonshire haap J or
haap back! Dan. dial, hoppe dig ! back !
From the cry thus used in stopping a
horse are formed Craven fioupy, Fris.
hoppe, a horse in nursery language —
Outzen ; Holstein huppe-peerdken, and E.
hobby-horse, a child's wooden horse. It
is apparently from this source that we
must explain Esthon. hobbo, hobben, Lap.
hapos, Gr. "nmoq, a horse, G. hoppe, a
mare, Fr. hobin, E. hobby, a little ambling
horse, and hobelers, hobiners, the light
horsemen mounted on such horses.

Hock. — Hougli. Hock, the joint of a
horse's leg from the knee to the fetlock ;
hough, the back of the knee. AS. hoh,
the heel, ham (calx, poples, suffrago),
hoh-fot, hoh-spor, heel, hoh-scanc, the leg,
hoh-sin, the ham-string, sinew of the
knee. G. hakse, haxe, the knuckle or
foot-joint of the hind leg in horses, &c.
. — Kiittn. To hock, hough, hockle, hox,
to cut the hamstring. To hox is also to
scrape the heels and knock the ancles in
walking. — Hal.

The radical signification is probably
the member used in kicking ; hoh-sin, the
sinew exerted in kicking. To hock, to
kick (Lincolnshire). — Latham. G. hacken,
to dig, break with a pick, peck like a
bird; hacke, the heel.

Hocus-pocus. Hocus-pocus (Du. ho-
kus-bokus — Halma ; Fr. hoccus-bocus) is
the gibberish repeated by the juggler all
over Europe when he performs his tricks.
It has been supposed that they are a jeer
at the sacramental words hoc est corpus,
but it is most improbable that the juggler
(whose interest it is to please everybody)
should have made his performances the
vehicle of a flagrant outrage on Catholic
feeling.

Perhaps the rigmarole may have arisen
from Pol. huk, puk, noise, bustle, clatter.
Narobit! huka-puka, to raise a bustle.

Hod. A tray for carrying mortar ; a
coal-scuttle. Fr. hotte, a scuttle, dosser,
basket to carry on the back — Cot., G.
hotte, a dorser in which grapes are
gathered.

Perhaps the radical idea may be shown
in Sc. hot, a small heap of any kind ; a
hot of muck, as much dung as is hodded
°'" jogged down in one place. Huddel, a
heap ; to liud, to collect into heaps. —
Hal. The hod is then the basket in
which a hot of dung or of mortar is car-

HODGEPODGE

ried. Sc. hut, a square basket used in
carrying out dung to the field, of which
the bottom is opened to let the contents
fall out. — ^Jam.
To Hod. To jog.
Here farmers, gash in riding graith,
Gaed hoddin by their fellows. — Burns.

To hoddle, to waddle. — Jam. To hodge-i
to ride gently. — Hal. 'Ba.v. hott / hott !
sound by which they express the jogging
of a trotting horse or of his rider. See
Halt.

Hoddipeak.

What ye brain-sick fools, ye hoddy-peaks, ye
doddy-poules. — Latimer in Nares.

They count peace to be the cause of idleness,
and that it malceth men hodipekes and cowards.
— Christopherson, 1554. Ibid.

Du. hoddebek, hobbelbek, stammelbek
{bee pour bouche — Diet, du bas Lang.), a
stammerer. As hobbelen is to stammer,
as well as to jolt or jog, and the senses of
broken speech and broken impulsive
movement are commonly united, it is
only in accordance with the general
analogy that the element hod, which has
just been seen in the sense oi jog, should
signify stammer in the compound hodde-
bek.

* Hodgepodge. — Hotchpot. Hodge-
podge or hotchpotch has the appearance
of a native term significant of a mash, the
materials of which have lost their original
form in the pasty consistency of the mass.

He thrusteth them in together, making of them
an hoche-pocke, all contrarye to the wholesome
doctryne of Saynt Paule. — Bale in R.

In these rhyming forms we should look
for the root of the expression to the
second element. We find accordingly E.
^iHl. pudge, podge, 2L'^\iAdi\& ; G.patschen,
pantschen. Swab, batschen, Hesse batschen,
to dabble in the wet, to splash, to tramp
in mud and melting snow ; bdtsch-ivetter,
or hdtsche-bdtsch, sloshy weather of rain
and melting snow ; G. putsch, puddle,
mud ; pantsch, a mixture of liquors, a
mash ; Banff, pofch, a puddle, a disor-
dered condition of affairs ; to potch, to
trample into mud, to walk through water
or mud in a dirty manner, to work in a
liquid or semiUquid in a dirty manner.
The reduplicative hotchpotch conveys
the idea of continued patching, of a
thorough/o/f/i. Bav. hctsche petsch, haws
boiled with sugar to a pap.

The reduplicative form of the word is
lost in Fr. hochepot, a gallimaufrey, a
confused mass of many things jumbled
together. — Cot. Here then, as in Du.
hutsepot, a haricot or stew of chopped.

HOE

meat and vegetables, the word seems to
be borrowed, and from Fr. again to have
come back to us in the shape of hotchpot.
Hotchepotte, tripotaige ; hotchepotte of
many meates, haricot. — Palsgr.
Ye hau cast alle hir wordes in an hotchepot.

Chaucer.
In legal phrase a child is said to bring
his special property into hotchpot when
he mixes it up with the common inherit-
ance and takes share and share with the
other children.

Hoe. Fr. houe, hoe, or, as it was spelt
by Evelyn, haugh. Fr. houer, to dig up,
break up ground with a hoe. Du. hou-
■wer, a pick or hoe, from houwen, to hew,
to hack.

Hog. Bret. ho<fh, houc'h, swine, from
houdha, to grunt. So Lap. snorkeset, to
gnmt ; snorke, a pig ; Fin. naskia, to
make a noise like pigs in eating (g.
schmatzen) ; naski, a call for pigs, a pig.
' In driving or any way persuading this
obstinate race, we have no other impera-
tive than hooe, hooe, in a deep nasal, gut-
tural tone appropriately compounded of
a groan and a grunt.' — Moor, Suffolk
Words, in v. sus. sus. It is remarkable
that these latter syllables are used in call-
ing pigs to their swill, agreeing with Lat.
sus, while the old cry, mentioned by
Latimer, oi pur, pur, puts us in mind of
porcus ; ON. purka, a sow.

Hog. — Hoggel. — Hoggrel. — Hog-
get.— Hoggaster. A young sheep of
the second year. Devonshire, Hog-colt,
a yearling colt. Du. hokkeling, a heifer,
beast of one year old. From being fed in
the hok or pen. Honde-hok, a dog ken-
nel ; schaapen-hok, a sheep cote.

Hoggins. Sand sifted from the gravel
to be laid on roads. From the jogging
motion of the sieve. ON. hagga, to move,
to jog.

Hogshead. A measure for liquids.
Du. ochshood, oghshood, Sw. oxhufwud.

Hoiden. A rampant, ill-bred, clown-
ish wench. — B. But it was not confined
to the female sex. Another form of
heathen, Du. heyden, homo agrestis et
incultus ; heydensch, agrestis, incultus,
paganus. — Kil.

To Hoise. — Hoist. Fr. hisser, Sw.
hissa, Dan. heise, to hoist, distinct from
Fr. hausser. It. alzare, E. halse or hawse,
to raise, from Lat. altus.

The origin of hisser may be a repre-
sentation of the heavy breath accompany-
ing a violent tug at a rope. Lang, isso !
cry of men pushing or pulling at a heavj'
load. Anen toutes / isso 1 All at once !

HOLM

347

Pull !— Diet. Castr. But as the cry is
used for the purpose of animating each
other to the work, it may be one of the
numerous derivatives from the figure of
setting on a dog. Bret, issa, or hissa, to
set on, to push, aiid, in nautical language,
to hoist. — Diet. Lang

Hold.— Hull. The hold of a ship, the
hollow part, from Du. holte, abstract of
hoi, hollow, as truth of true. Het hoi,
de holte van't schip, the hollow space, the
whole curvature of the ship. — P&re Marin.
Accident has in E. appropriated hold to
the inside, hull to the outside aspect of
the body. Sc. how, hollow, the hold of a
ship.
The hate fyre consumes fast the hcrw,
Ouer all the schip discendis the perellus low.

D. V.

To Hold. AS. healdan, Sw. halla, to
keep, observe, hold. on. halla, guard,
custody, support, opinion. Du. houden,
G. halten, to keep, preserve, observe. See
Behold.

Hole. — Hollow. Du. hoi, G. hohl,
hollow ; hohle, Du. hoi, a cave, den, hole ;
holle stemme, a hollow voice, vox fusca,
non clara — Kil.

From the dull sound of hollow things.
Fin. hollata, holista, cavum sonum edo,
to give a hollow sound ; wesi holaa, aqua
cum sono et copiose fluit ; w&ki holaa,
the crowd murmurs. Hollastaa, to mur-
mur ; hollottaa, to speak confusedly ;
holina, a hollow sound, confused mur-
mur, noise of waves or of people talking ;
holo, anything hollow ; holo-puu, a hol-
low tree.

Holiday. See Holy.

Holly. AS. holegn, OE. hollen, w. celyn.

Hollyhock. Rose d'outremer, the
garden mallows, called hocks and holly-
hocks.— Cot. w. hocys, AS. hoc, mallows.
The hollyhock was doubtless so called
from being brought from the Holy Land,
where it is indigenous.

He leaped across the dry bed of the winter
torrent, and soon returned in triumph with a
large bright trophy of pink hollyhocks. — Domestic
Life in Palestine, 323.

Holm.. An island ; a hill or fenny
ground encompassed with brooks — B. ;
deposit of soil at the confluence of rivers.
— Hal. N. holm, a small island ; a spot
distinguished from the surrounding land,
bit of grass among corn ; separate bit of
pasture. Du. holtn, a mount, sand-bank,
river island. AS. holm, water, sea ; holm-
am, an ocean-house, ship. Holmas dcelde
Waldend ure. Our Lord divided the
waters.

348

HOLOCAUST

Holocaust. Gr. oXoKavurov ; oXoq, the
whole, and naiai, to burn (in sacrifice).

Holograph. Gr. iKoypaip'sai, to write
all in one hand ; iiXoe, entire, whole.

Holster. Now confined to a case for
pistols. Du. holster, a case for pistols,
soldier's knapsack. AS. heolster, a den,
cave, hiding-place, from helan, to cover,
as ON. blomstr, a flower, firom bloma, to
bloom. He sette theostra heolstur; posuit
tenebras latibulum suum.

I wol herborowe me

There I hope to huhtered be,

And certainly sickerest hyding

Is under humblest clothing. — R. R.

6i4S-

Holy. ON. heilagr; G. heilig, Du.
heylig. From G. heil, Du. heyl, health.
See Hail.

Holiday, Du. heyligh-dagh, a day to
be kept sacred, unpolluted by work.

Homage. The acknowledgment of
the tenant under the feudal -law that he
was his Lord's man^ in the terms, ' Deve-
nio vester homo.' Thence applied to any
tribute of respect to a superior.

Home. See Hamlet.

Homicide. Lat. homicidas homo, and
csdo, to slay.

Homily. Gr. o/iiXia, the act of inter-
course with one, conversation, discourse ;
from 'ifiCKoQ, an assembly.

Homo-. Homoeo-. Gr. 6/jof, common,
joint, agreed ; o/iotoc, like, resembling.
Homogeneous, Homologous, &c.

Hone. A fine kind of whetstone, N.
hein, hein-bryni, Sw. dial, hjon, a hone,
w. hogi, to incite, set on, to sharpen ;
hogalen, hogfaen, a whetstone. Fin. hioa,
hiowa, to sharpen ; hiwua, to be rubbed,
worn, polished.

Honest. Lat. honestus, from honos,
honour, respect.

Honey. Du. G. honig, ON. hunang.

Honour.— Honourable. Lat. honor,
honnrabilis.

Hood. A covering for the head. Pl.D.
hoden, hoen, G. huthe?i, to keep, guard ;
Pl.D. hode, G. huth, guard, keeping ;
Pl.D. hood, G. hut, a covering for the
upper part of a thing, a hat. Finger-hut,
a thimble ; licht-hut, an extinguisher.
Pl.D. hodjen, hbtjen, a hood. Du. hoeden,
to keep, cover, protect ; hoed, hat, hood.

-hood. ON. hattr, manner, custom ;
hdtta, to use, to be wont. Bav. hait, the
condition of a thing ; von jUnger hait
auf, from youth or youth-head up. Le-
diger hait, unmarried state. OHG. heit,
person, manner. Alio thrio heiti, all
three persons. Zi niheincru heiti, in no
wise. AS. had, person, sex, habit, state,

HOPE

orders. Thu ne besceawast nanes mannes
had, regardest no man's person or condi-
tion. Had oferhogedon halgan lifes, de-
spised a state of holy life. — Csedmon.
Butan halgum hadum, out of holy orders.

Hoof. Du, hoe/, Dan. hov.

Hook. Du. hoeck, haeck, Pl.D. hahe,
Pol. and Boh. hak, a hook. Related to
Gr. oyKoe, ayicwXof, aysvpa, ayKWv, bend,
hook, oyKoe, bend, hook, and Lat. uncus,
crooked, angulus, a hook, corner.

Hoop. Du. hoep, hoepel, ring, hoop.
Hoepeelken, a bunch of flowers. Hoop, a
heap, crowd, globe. Swiss htcp, huupp,
convex ; hupi, a. knob ; Fr. houpe, a tuft.

To Hoop. — ^Whoop. Fr. houper, Swiss
hopen, hupen, huuppen, to call out ; Bret.
hopa, to call to a distance. AS. wop, out-
cry, lamentation ; Fris. wop, cry, wopa,
to call ; Goth, wopjan, to crow as a cock ;
ON. op, clamour, cry. Gr. oifi, ottos, voice.

To Hoot. To cry like an owl ; to
make a cry of derision or contempt. Fin.
hutaa, to shout, to call ; huuto, clamour,
vociferation. N. hut, cry to silence a dog.
W. hwt I off with it, away ! hwtio, to hiss
out. Gael. utJ ut! interjection of disap-
probation or dislike. N. hussa, to frighten
or drive out with noise and outcry. Bav.
huss ! huss ! cry to set on a dog, also to
drive away dogs, pigs, or birds ; Swiss
huss ! cry of setting on a dog or hissing
a man ; huss use! out ! off with you! pro-
perly to dogs, then to men.

To Hop. G. hiipfen, N. hoppa, Du.
hoppen, hoppelen, huppelen, hobben. — Kil.
From the figure of broken speech, or
speech by a succession of distinct efforts,
we express the idea of motion by a
succession of muscular efforts, or of
hopping, as distinguished from equable
motion. Sc. hobble, habber, Swed.
happla, to stammer, stutter ; E. hobble, to
limp ; Bav. hoppelen, hoppern, hoppen, to
jog up and down. Here, as in so many
other cases, the frequentative is the ori-
ginal form of the word, from whence we
arrive at the apparent radical hop, ex-
pressing a single muscular effort. ' It is
usual to cry to a stumbling man or beast
Hop! Hop!' — K'ittner. It is also used
to represent the successive beats of con-
tinued action.

Hurre ! Hurre ! Hop ! Hop !
Ging's fort in sausendem galopp !

Hop. G. hop/en, Du. hoppen, Fr. hou-
blon, OFlem. hommel j ON. hutnall, hops.

Hope. G. hoffen, Du. hopen. In OE.
the word was used in the sense of simple
expectation without reference to any plea-
sure to be derived from the event. So

HOPPLE

OG. hoffen. Das thier hofft, verhoffl, i. e.
stands waiting. — Schwenck.

To Hopple. See Hamper.

Horde. A Turkish word signifying
tribe.

Horizon. Gr. opi'^u, bound or limit,
from opoE, a boundary.

Horn. Goth, haurn, Lat. cornu, Bret.
com, Gr. Kipae, Heb. keren.

Hornet, g. horniss. From the buzz-
ing noise. W. chwyrnu, to hum, whizz,
snore ; chwyrnores, a hornet. Du. horn-
sel, horsel, hornet, gadfly ; horselen, to
gad, to buzz ; hor, a plaything, consisting
of a toothed disk that is made to spin
with a humming noise.

Horrid. — Horrible. Lat. horreo, to
shudder. Dan. dial, hurre, to shiver.

Horse, on. hross, G. ross, horse ; N.
hors, a mare. Sanscr. hresh, to neigh.
Horse-radish, Pl.D. mar-reddik, from the
ancient mar, a horse, from some notion
of the plant being wholesome for horses.

Horse-courser. Also written horse-
scourser, a horse-dealer, from QYx.coura-
tier, couracier, a broker. As one of these
forms was contracted in modern Fr. into
courtier, the other passed in E. into
courser. Couratier, mediateur ; — de
chevaux, maquignon, courtier, marchand.
Roquef Maquignon, a hucster, broker,
horse-courser. — Cot. Courser of horses ;
courtier de chevaux. — Palsgr.

From the Fr. noun we had formerly to
course, to deal as a broker.

This catel gat he mit okering (usury),
And led all his lif in corsing.

Metrical Homilies of 14th century.

The word was then corrupted to scourse,
or scoss, explained, to change — B. ; to
change, truck, barter. ' Horse-scourser,
maquignon. — Sherwood. For the origin
of Fr. courtier, see Broker.

Horticulture. Lat. hortus, a garden,
and colo, cultum, to till, dress.

Hose. A stocking, covering for the
legs. Fr. house, houseau ; It. uosa, Bret.
heuz, euz, G. hosen, ON. hosa. Du. hose,
boots, leathern casings. If a covering
for the leg be the original meaning of the
word, it would find a satisfactory explana-
tion in Gael, cas, cos, the foot or leg ;
cois-eidiadh (literally leg-clothing), shoes
and stockings. The Gael, initial c often
corresponds to E. h, as cuip, a whip ;
cuileann, holhn or holly. But it is more
likely that the original meaning is the
sheath, husk, pod of pulse, grain, &c.
Bav. hosen, pod, husk ; Dan. hase, the
beard or husk of nuts. ' FoUicoH, the

HOST

349

hull, husk, hose, peel or thin skin that en-
closeth any wheat or rye when it is green.'
— Fl. Dan. dial, haas, haser, the beard
of corn ; fas, Sw. /;««.?, the beard of nuts;
OKG./esa, ptisana, siliqua. w. has, hosan,
hose, stocking ; j/d yn ei hosan, corn in
its cover, before the ears burst out.

Hospice. — Hospital. Lat. hospitium,
a lodging for strangers ; hospitalis, con-
nected with guests, from hospes, -pitis,
landlord, entertainer, host, and conversely
the person entertained, guest. Russ.
Gospody, the Lord God ; gospodin, the
master of the house, lord, gentleman ;
Boh. hospod, lord ; hospodar, host, master
of the house, landlord ; hospoda, inn,
hospice.

Host. I. Fr. hostie, the consecrated
wafer in the sacrament ; Lat. hostia, a
sacrificial victim.

2. A landlord. It ospite, Fr. hospie,
hoste, hdte from Lat. hospes, hospit'. See
Hospice.

3. An army. In the troubled times
following the breaking up of the Roman
Empire the first duty of the subject was
to follow his lord into the field when re-
quired. The summons to the perform-
ance of this duty was -expressed by the
terms bannire in hostem, to order out
against the enemy, or to order out on
military service. ' Quicunque Uber homo
in hostem bannitus fuerit et venire con-
tempserit plenum heribannum componat,'
i. e. as it is explained, let him pay a fine
of sixty shillings. — Edict of Charlemagne
in Muratori, Diss. 26. The term hostis
then, which primarily signified the enemy
against whom the expedition was to be
made, was compendiously used for the
military service itself, and is frequently
taken as synonymous with hostilis ex-
peditio, or exercitalis expeditio, being then
used as a feminine noun. A supplication
is addressed to Charlemagne, ' ne epis-
copi deinceps sicut hactenus vexentut
hostibus' (i. e. with demands of military
service), ' sed quando nos in hostem per-
gimus' (which may be translated either,
when we march against the enemy, or
when we proceed on military duty or join
the ranks), 'ipsi propriis resideant in
parochiis.' The same immunity is ex-
pressed in a charter of A. D. 965, ' nee ab
hominibus ipsius ecclesise hostilis ex-
peditio requiratur.' In a law of Lothaire
a certain fine is imposed on those who,
having the means, neglect ' hostem bene
facere,' while those are excused who
' propter paupertatem neque per se hos-
tem facere, neque adjutorium prsestare

35°

HOSTAGE

possimt.' It. bandire hoste, to proclaim
war. — Fl.

The expression would easily pass from
military service to the army on duty, and
thence to any numerous assemblage.

Hostage. No doubt Vossius' deriva-
tion is correct, from obses, obsid', a surety,
pledge, hostage ; obsidatus, hostage-ship,
whence obsidaticus, ostaticus, as shown
by It. statico, stadico, hostage. Mid.Lat.
Obstagia, ein leystunge, birgschafft ; ob-
stagium, gisselunge, giselschafft ; obsta-
gius, vel obses, gissel {G.geisel, a hostage),
eyn frides pfant. — Dief. Sup.

Hostel. — Hotel. Fr, hostel, hStel, a
lodging, inn, house, residence. Hostler,
properly the keeper of an inn, but now
applied to the servant at an inn who
looks after the horses. From Lat. hos-
pW, guest, hospitium, kospitiiculujn, a
lodging-house, inn, place where strangers
are entertained. In Mid.L,at. hospitale
was used in the same sense, whence hos-
pital, hostel, hotel. See Hospice.

Hostile. Lat. hostilisj hostis, an
enemy, foe.

Hot. See Heat.

Hottentot. Schouten, who visited the
Cape in 1653, a year after the settlement
of that colony by the Dutch, says that
' the natives were called by us and other
Europeans Hottentots, by reason of their
clucking speech.' ' Some words,' says
Dapper, ' they cannot utter except with
great trouble, and seem to draw them up
from the bottom of the throat like a tur-
key-cock. Wherefore our countrymen
in respect of this defect and extraordi-
nary stammering in language have given
them the name of Hottentots, as that
word is ordinarily used in this sense as a
term of derision to one who stutters and
stammers in the use of his words.' This
passage may perhaps only show the very
early period at which the term Hottentot
was applied by the Dutch to a man of
uncouth speech, un homme d'un langage
extremement obscur ou desagrdable. —
Halma.

In all discourse they cluck like a broody hen,
seeming to cackle at every other word, so that
their mouths are almost hke a rattle or a clapper,
smacking and making a great noise ■with their
tongues. — Dapper's Africa by Ogilvy, p. 595.

It was this clicking or stuttering which
seems to have been represented by the
syllables hot-en-tot, hot and tot, when the
name in question was given to the natives
whose uncouth speech excited so much
attention. That such syllables are well
adapted to represent the sounds is ap-

HOVE

parent from Dohne's description of the
dental click of the Caffres, in which ' the
tip of the tongue is drawn in a pressing
or sucking manner against the upper
front teeth and gums, and quickly struck
away, so as to make a slight noise or
smack.' The same representative forms,
give rise to Yorksh. hutter (Whitby GL),
Du. hateren (Hexham, 1647), tateren
(Bomhoff), G. tottern (Ludwig), to stam-
mer, stutter ; Ptg. toiaro, stammering.
See Philolog. Trans. 1866.

Hough,. See Hock.

Hound. G. hund, Gr. xvav, Kvvoi, a
dog. Perhaps from his howling voice.
OHG. hunon, gannire ut vulpes. — Dii-f.
Sup. Esthon. hunt, hundi, a wolf, from
hundama, to howl. Sc. hune, to whine
as children.

Hour. Lat. hora.

House. Goth, hus, G. haus, Magy.
hdz, Lat. casa.

Housel. ON. hunsl, husl, the sacra-
ment, properly the sacrifice, as Fr. hostie,
Lat. hostia, the host or consecrated wafer,
properly the victim sacrificed. Goth.
hunsl, sacrifice, hunsljan, to offer sacri-
fice ; unhunslags, unpropitiable, aairovioq,
2 Tim. iii. 3.

* Housings. Fr. housse, a short man-
tle of coarse cloth worn in ill weather by
countrywomen about their head and
shoulders ; a footcloth for a horse, a
coverlet for a bed (in which sense it is
mostly used in spitles for lepers). — Cot.
A horsecloth, saddle-cloth, cover of chairs,
of carriages, hammer-cloth. — Spiers. The
housse of a draught-horse is explained by
Halma as a sheep or goatskin hung to
the neckstrap .(collar?). The original
meaning of the word seems to be a tuft
or bunch of fibrous matter, a rug or
shaggy covering. It may be the original
of which E. hassock, a tuft of coarse grass,
is the dim. Fr. houssit, rugged with hair ;
criiu houssus, thick locks or tufts of hair ;
niouton houssu, a. sheep well woolled ;
houss!i?-e de laitie, a fleece or great lock
of wool ; housser, to sweep or dust with
a besom or brush. The word iu Lang,
is 0U7Z0, in Prov. houssa.

To Hove. Sc. hove, how, hufe, huff,
is explained by Jam. to swell, to halt, to
tarry, stay, lodge, remain. The proper
meaning of the word is to huff or blow,
and thence, on the one hand, to puff up or
swell, and on the other to take breath, to
rest, repose. ' Mr J. Hay says that the
whole body is hoved and swelled like a
loaf.'

HOVEL

Morcar. erl of Gloucestre niyd ys ost by side
In ane valleye hovcde the endyne vor to abyde.

R. G. 218.

To pant and take breath is a natural
figure from which to express the idea of
resting from labour, then resting, ceasing,
waiting. So N. pusta, to breathe, to rest
a little ; pust, a short rest.

Hovel. A shed open at the sides sup-
ported on posts. It is used by W. of
Worcester for a canopy over the head of a
statue, according to Hal., in which sense
it would exactly correspond to Mid.Lat.
capella (see Chapel), and may be ex-
plained from Du. huif, huive, a hood, the
tilt of a waggon. In like manner E. hut
is related to OG. hot, W. hotan, hotyn, a
cap, a hood. On the other hand, the
word may be related with OFr. hobe, a
coop or hutch, Fr. Eland, hobette. Champ.
hobe, hobette, huge, hugette, a cabin, hut.
w. hogl, hogldy, a. hovel, may be bor-
rowed.

To Hover. Properly, of a hawk, to
keep itself stationary in the air by a quiv-
ering movement of the wings. Du. hugg-
heren, httyveren, kuyveren, to quiver,
shiver. — Kil. Bailey has to hover, to
shiver for cold. It is probably from the
figure of shivering that the word is used
in the sense of standing in expectation.
'The landlord will no longer covenant
with him, for that he daily looketh after
change, and hovereth in expectation of
new worlds.' — Spenser in Todd. Du.
huiverigheid, shivering ; fig. irresolution,
hesitation. — Bomhoflf.

How. AS. hu, hwa, G. wie, Du. hoe,
Dan. hvor. It seems the particle which
forms an element of the relative pronoun
•who, what, and should mean mode, form,
specific appearance.

To Howl. Lat. ululare, Er. huUer,
hurler, G. heulen, Du. huylen, Gr. 6Xo\«-
l,Hv, to cry out.

Howlet. An Owl.

Hoy. Du. huy, Er. keu, 2l kind of
vessel used in Brabant either for tracking
or sailing.

Hubbub. Outcry, disturbance. A re-
petition of hoop ! representing a cry.

Huckle-backed. — Huck-shouldered.
See Hug.

Huckle-bone. Hug-bone, hubbon, hug-
gan, the hip, hip-bone.

* Huckster. — To Huck. Du. hoecker,
hucker, Vl.Tl.haker, choker, Bav. hugker,
hugkler, hugkner. Swab, huker, hukler,
a petty dealer, higler, huckster. As w^
argued that to higgle was from higler, so
it appeafs that to huck or haggle in bar-

HUE

351

gaining is from the element common to
the foregoing appellations of a petty
dealer. / hucke as one doth that would
bye a thynge gode cheape, je harcele. —
Palsgr.

The name may probably have been
applied in the first instance to a pedlar
or one who carried his pack upon his
back. G. hocken (Pl.D. in de hucke sitten),
to sit in a cowering attitude, G. hocken,
auf hocken, Pl.D. op de hucke nemen {up
den hukbak nejhen. — Brem. Wtb.) to take
one on his back. — D. M. v. 248. See
Hug. In the same way, from the paral-
lel form Swab, hutschen, to shrug or sit
cowering, we pass to Alsace hutzlen, to
carry on the back, Westerwald hiltschler,
Nassau hitsler, one who carries about
meal or corn for sale in sacks upon a
horse — Westerw. Id.

In Mid.Lat. huckster was rendered
auxionarius, auxiatrix, from a supposi-
tion probably that the verb to huck was '
connected with Lat. augeo, auctum, to
increase, viz. to raise the price.

Huddle. The radical image seems to
be a swarm of creatures in broken move-
ment, thence a confused mass. To huddle
is thus to make a confused mass; to
huddle on one's clothes, to throw them
on in a disorderly heap ; to huddle
together, to press together in a crowd.
Sc. to hod, to jog, to houd, hoddle, to
wriggle, waddle, rock ; Banff, to howd,
howdle, to move up and down with a
slight motion as a thing floating, to rock
a child in the arms, to carry about in a
clumsy manner ; Sc. howder, to swarm.
Menyies o' moths an' flaes are shook,
An' in the floor they howder.
Banff, huthir, to walk in a clumsy hob-
bling manner, to do work in a hasty un-
skilful manner. Swiss hot tern, to shake;
hSderlen, hotterlen, to waddle, totter ;
hoodschen, to crawl ; hudeln, to flutter,
wabble ; hudern, to entangle. Bav.
hudeln, hudern, to do in a hasty and-
careless manner. Swab, hudlen, huttlen,
to hurry over, do in an imperfect man-
ner ; G. hudeln, Du. hoetelen, to bungle.

Hue. I. AS. heaw, hiw, form, fashion,
appearance, colour ; hiwian, to fashion,
shape, transform, p.retend ; hiwung, crea-
tion, pretence. Often explained from
heawan, to cut, as the cut or shape of a
thing. But perhaps heawan, ywan, to
show, is a more likely origin, making
appearance the radical meaning of the
word. Bav. hau J look.

2. Er. huer, to hoot, shout, make hue
and cry. Bret, hua, huda, to cry to

352

HUFF

frighten wolves, to hoot or cry in de-
rision ; W. hwa, to halloo, to loo, to hoot.
To Huff. — Hoove. To puff or blow,
analogous to E. whiffy or G. hauchen, to
breathe or blow, from a representation of
the sound.
And blowen here bellewys that al here brayn

brestes, .
HufI fufi seith that on, haflfafi seith thatother.
Satire on the Blacksmiths. Rel. Antiq. 1.240.
To huff up, to puff up, swell with wind. ' In
many birds the diaphragm may be easily
huffed up with air.'— Grew in Todd. ' Ex-
crescences, called emphysemata, like unto
bladders puffed up and ^oow^^ with wind.'
—Holland's Pliny in R.

Then, as an angry person puffs and
blows, a Miff, a fit of passion ; to take
huff, to take offence ; to give erne a huff,
to speak like an angry man to one, to
give him a rebuke. ' Fort joyeux de ce
que le conte avait ainsi espouffS le dit
procureur,' had given the procureur a
good huff— Motley 2. 20.

To huff one at draughts is so called be-
cause the move is accompanied by blow-
ing on the piece. Dan. blase eti brikke,
to blow on a piece, to huff at draughts ;
Pol. chuch / I huff you ; chuchad, to
blow.

Hug. The utterance induced by the
shudder of cold is represented in differ-
ent dialects by the interjections nghl u !
uk / hu! schu ! shuch! — Grimm 3. 298 ;
Wall, chouk J interjection expressive of
cold. — Remade. From this interjection is
formed Du. huggeren, frigutire, to shiver.
— Kil.

From the same source the E. hug sig-
nifies the bodily attitude produced by the
sensation of cold when we shrug together
into a heap with the back rounded and
the arms pressed upon the breast. ' I
hugge, I shrink in my bed. It is good
sporte to see this little boy hugge in his
bed for cold.' — Palsgr. The reference to
cold is afterwards lost, and the word is
applied to the mere pressure of anything
between the arms against the breast.

Parallel forms are G. hocken, Xivi.hucke,
Sw. huka sig, Tin.siddepaa hug,X.o crouch,
sit cowering ; Du. huckschouderen, to
shrug the shoulders, explaining E. huck-
shouldered, crump-shouldered, huckle-
backed, hump-backed.

The introduction of an r (always useful
in the expression of shivering) gives Fris.
Iwrcken, to shrug with cold — Kil. ; E.
hurch, to cuddle, hurkle, to shrug up
the back. — Hal. To hurkle, to crouch,
draw the body together ; hurkle-backit,

HUGGER-MUGGER

as E. huckle-backed, crump-backed. — Jam.
Du. hurken, as well as hucken, to crouch
— Kil. ; ON. (with transposition of the r),
hruka, crouching, shrugging ; at sitia i
eirne hruku, as ne. to ruck, to squat on
the hams.

On the same principle that the fore-
going are derived from the interjectional
forms ugh ! uk ! the Bav. hutsch ! interj.
of cold, gives rise to Swab, hutscheln,
hautscheln, to shiver with cold ; hutsch,
shivery, and hutschen, E. dial, to hutch,
to shrug.

Huge. The effect of cold and fear or
horror on the human frame being nearly
the same, the interjection ugh! is used
as an exclamation as well of cold as ot
horror and disgust. Hence ug (the root
of ugly, ugsome, &c.), in the sense of
shudder, feel horror at ; ON. ugga, to fear ;
Sc. to ug, OE. to houge, to feel horror at ;
Bret, heuge, aversion, disgust. See Ugly.
The meaning of huge then is, so great as
to cause terror.

The knight himself even trembled at his fall,
So huge and horrible a mass it seemed. — F. Q.

In the same way Bohem. hruza, hor-
ror, shudder, also a great number, a fear-
ful number.

* Hugger-mugger. — Hodermoder. —
Hudgem.udge. Adverbial expressions
applied to what is done in a concealed or
clandestine manner.

And yet I pray thee leva brother
Rede thys ofte, and so lete other,
Huyde it not in hodymoke.

Myrc. Instr. Parish Priest, p. 62.

The radical image, as in the case of
cuddle, is a whispering together. Banff.
hudgemudge, a side talk in a low tone, a
suppressed talking: 'The two began to
hudgemudge wi' ane anither in a corner.'
To hudge, to rumour, to speak in secret.

G. muckeii, to mutter, Swiss muckeln,
muggeln, to murmur, to speak secretly
of a thing ; gemuggel, murmur, rumour. G.
muck represents a suppressed utterance,
the least sound a person makes when endea-
vouring to keep still, and thence muckeii,
to suppress an utterance, to keep still. N.
^^SS-: secrecy; mugge, to do anything
in secret. Sw. le i nijugg, to laugh in
one's sleeve. A similar train of thought
may be observed in Lat. mutire,
mussare, inussitare (to say mut), to
mutter, say anything in a low voice, to
be silent, to make no noise, to keep a
thing secret ; Fr. musser, mucer, to hide,
conceal, keep close, lurk in a corner — Cot.
— ' Gil que musce les furmens : qui ab-

HUGUENOT

scondit frumenta.' — Proverbes 1 1. 36.
' Don muscee esteint ire : munus abscon-
ditum extinguit iras.' — lb. 21. 14. Banff.
hushmush, a secret talking, a rumour.

In modern use hugger-mugger is rather
applied to what is done in a muddling
or mean and disorderly manner than to
what is done in secret, a sense which
may be illustrated by Banff, huschle^
muschle, a state of great confusion, very
often employed to indicate the confusion
that may arise in money matters, or when
anything is done in which many people
are concerned, a muddle. Huschle, the
noise made by any material (generally
soft) thrown down or falling of itself.
In a haschle, in a confused mass. ' The
aul' fehl dyke cam doon in a huschle aboot
ther lugs.' Here huschle or huschle-
muschle represents a confused sound, as
of a number of people or of things fall-
ing.

Huguenot. Swiss Rom. einguenot,
Mgueno, protestant (Bridel in v. tsassi),
seem to support the most plausible of
the many derivations offered, from G.
eidgenossen, confederates.

* Hulk. Formerly a large merchant
ship.

Having collected together about fourscore
httlkes (navibusonerariis) . — Golding, Csesarin R.

Two hulkes wherein certain goods appertain-
ing to Englishmen were taken by Frenchmen. —
Cardinal Wolsey in R.

It. olca, orca, a great ship or hulk. Fr.
hourque, oulque, a hulk or huge flie-boat.
— Cot. The original meaning of the
word is probably shown in OE. horrock,
the hold, or place where the cargo was
stored.

O boy that fled to one of the Flemysh shippis
and hid him in the horrok. — Capgrave, 234.

The hold may have been so called from
NE. hurrock, a heap or quantity, from the
heap of sacks which formed the cargo,
and was in ON. called bulki, bulk. ON.
hruga, a heap.

On the other hand the horrock or hold
may have been viewed as the place where
the water collects. Lat. orca, urce2is,
Lang, dotirc, dourco, a jar ; Flem. durk,
tirk, the bilge of a ship. N. hoik, a pail,
tub.

To Hull. I. To float, ride to and fro
on the water. — B. Fr. houle, the waves
or rolling of the sea. Du. holle or hol-
gaande zee, a hollow or agitated sea.

2. To coax or fondle.

She hnlUd him and moUid. him and tooli him
about the necli. — Chaucer. Beryn. '

HUMDRUM

353

N. huUa, sulla, tralla, to lull, quiet by
singing in a monotonous voice ; mtclla,
to mutter, speak soft and unmeaningly.

Hull. 1. The chaff of corn, cod of
pease. — B. g. hiille, a clothing, veil,
cloke. See To Hill.

2. The body of a ship. See Hold.

Hullabaloo. — Hurly-burly. Words;
formed to represent a confused noise,
hence signifying uproar, confusion. As
a singular instance of nearly identical
words devised in widely different coun-
tries to represent the same image, we
may cite Turkoman qualabdladh, clam-
our, row, mob, crowd. — F. Newm. Kara-
balik s. s. — Hunting Grounds of Old
World. lUyr. halabuka, uproar, noise.
Boh. halabala, helter-skelter ; Sanscr.
halahald, shout, tumult, noise. — Benfey.

To Hum. — Humble-bee. g. hum-
men, summen, Du. hommelen, Lat. bom-
bire, bombiiare, all from direct imitation,
to hum or buzz as a bee. G. hummel, a,
drone, humble-bee ; Lat. boinbus, Gr.
/36ju/3of, a humming ; PoiijiiXioe, a humble-
bee, bumble-bee. ■

To Hum. To delude. To hum and
haw is to stammer and be at a loss what
to say. Hence to hum one in a factitive
sense is to cause him to hum and haw,
to perplex him. ON. hvums, repressse
vocis sibilus, astonishment ; at hvumsa,
to confound. Hami hvumsadiz vid, he
was so confounded he could hardly stam-
mer out a word. On the other hand con-
sider Ptg. zuinbir, to hum, zombar, to
jeer or jest.

Hum.aiL. — Humane. Fr. humain,
Lat. humanus, belonging or appropriate
to a man, from homo.

Humble. — Humility. Lat. humilis,
low, from humus, the ground.

Humbug. A modern terra. Perhaps
for humbug, from a union of hu7n and
buzz, which seem to be taken as signify-
ing sound 'vvithout sense.

Sir, against one o'clock prepare yourself,
Till when you must be fasting ; only take
Three drops of vinegar in at your nose,
Two at your mouth, and one at either ear,
To sharpen your five senses, and cry hum.
Thrice, and then tuz as often. — Alchemist.

Preserved or reserved 'tis all one to us,
Sing you Te Deum, we'll sing Hum and Buz.
Heraclitus Ridens, ii. 56, in N. & Q.

Buz, quoth the blue fly,

Hum, quoth the bee,
Bitz and hum they cry,

And so do we.
Catch, set by Dr Arne in N. & Q., June i8, 18S4

Humdrum. What goes on in a hum-
23

354

HUMID

ming and drumming or droning way;
monotonous, common-place.

Humid. — Humour. Lat. humidus,
moist, humor, moisture.

Hump. — Hummock. Du. hamme, a
lump of something eatable, a piece of
land ; hompe, a hunch, piece cut off
something ; hompe broods, a hunch of
bread. OSw. hap, hump, a piece of land.
The immediate origin seems the notion
of a projection, a modification of form
which may either be regarded as traced
out by a jogging motion, or as giving a
jolt to those who pass over it. It must
also be borne in mind that a jolting
movement is represented by the figure of
a rattling sound or broken utterance.
Thus we have N. glamra, skrangla, to
rumble, rattle ; glamren, skraHglen,rong\i,
uneven ; Du. hobbelen, to stainmer, also
to jog, jolt, rock; hobbelig, rough, un-
even ; E. hobble, to move with an uneven
gait ; hob, hub, a projectioij. Then with
the nasal intonation Pl.D. humpeln,
humpumpen (Schiitze), to limp ; Bav.
humpen, Du. hompelen, to limp or stum-
ble ; hompelig, rough, uneven ; E. hump,
a projection ; N. hump, a knoll. The
same relation holds between E. limp, to
go unevenly, walk lame, and lump, a
projection, excrescence, piece cut off.
And see next Article.

Hunch. To hunch, to give a thrust
with the elbow — B. ; to shove, to gore
with the horns. — Hal. The meaning of
the word is thus a jog with something
pointed, and thence a projection (Lat.
projicere, to strike outwards) ; then, as
the prominent part of a loaf or the like is
the readiest cut off, a hunch of bread, a
piece separated for the purpose of eating.
In the same way we have lunch, a
thump, and lunch, a lump or hunch of
bread, or the like ; bunch, to thrust or
strike, and bunch, a knob ; while each of
these synonyms ending in fh have a
parallel form in mpj hump and hunch,
lump and lunch, bump and bunch; dump
or thump {dumpling, a knob of dough or
paste) and dunch.

Hundred, on. hundraS, from hund
and radjVaXio, reckoning, number. Hund-
margr {inargr, many), to the number of
a hundred. The term raed, a. reckoning
(a counting up to ten), corresponds in Sw.
to the G. zig or E. ly in the formation of
cardinal numbers ; a/lraed,eighty,nj'raed,
ninety, and sometimes the hund-racd
comprised twelve raeds instead of ten.
This was called the hundraed tolfraed, of
twelve tens or 120, corresponding to our

HURLYBURLY

long hundred still occasionally used in
trade reckoning. In Saxon reckoning
the term hund forms an element in the
designation of the decads after three-
score ; hund-seofontig, seventy ; hund-
teontig, a hundred ; hund-twelftig, a hun-
dred and twenty. The union of the as.
elements hund, tig, may pretty clearly be
recognised in the Gr. kovtci, Lat. gi?iti,
the termination of the decads below a
hundred, while the same element appear-
ing in quadringenti, quingenti, 400 and
500, connects hund with Lat. cefitum, w.
cant. From the Goth, taihun-tihund, a
hundred, it would seem that hund is a
docked form of taihun, ten, which would
agree with its appearance in the decads
below 100. Hund-seofon-tig, ten seven
times. The termination red is explained
by Ihrefrom the practice of reckoning on
an abacus composed of several wires,
where each bead has a different value
according to the wire or line on which it
is placed. OSw. rod, a line.

Hunger. Goth, huhrus, hunger ; hugr-
jan, huggrjan, to hunger.

To Hunt. To pursue with hounds.
See Hound.

Hurdle. Du. horde, a hurdle, fence of
branches or osiers ; horden-wandt, a
wicker wall. G. hiirde, a frame of rods,
hurdle, grate ; hiirdung, a fence made
with hurdles, which is probably not to be
confounded with E. hoarding, a fencing
of boards. Fr. hourdis, wattle-work for
walls, gave rise to Mid.Lat. hurdicium, a
wicker defence in sieges.

Et quEe reddebant tutos hurdicia muros.

ON. hurd, a door, properly a wicker gate.

The origin is Swiss hurd, a pole.
Hence Rouchi hour, hourde, a framework
of poles to keep hay from the ground in
a barn ; hourdache, a mason's scaffold.
Perhaps the word may be identical with
E. rod, by transposition of the r.

To Hurl. To make a noise — B. ; to
rumble as the wind — Hal. ; but now only
to drive through the air with a whirring
noise. Sw. hurra omkring, to whirl
round ; Bohem. chrleti, to throw or hurl.
Du. hor, E. dial, hurr, a toy composed of
a toothed disk made to spin round with a
humming sound ; Dan. hurre, to hum
or buzz ; Swiss hurrli, a humming-top.

Hurlyburly. The whirring noise
made by a body moving rapidly through
the air is represented in G. by hrr!
hurr! brr ! burr 1 'Hrr! weg ist^s :'
whizz ! it 's gone. The representative
I syllables are then variously combined to

HURRA

signify bustle, noise, disturbance. G.
hurliburli, hurlurliburli, with rapidity
and violence (Sanders) ; Fr. hurluberlu,
hurlubrelu, hustuberlu (Jaubert), in a
bouncing way, abruptly. Pl.D. huller-
de-buller, Sw. huller-om-buller, Du.
holder-de-bolder, head over heels, con-
fusedly, in a hurry.

Hurra ! Exclamation of excitement.
Bav. hr ! hrr! interjectio frementis.

Hurricane. Fr. ouragan, Sp. huracan,
from a native American word probably
imitating the rushing of the wind. Comp.
E. hurl, to rumble as the wind ; hurlwind,
a whirlwind ; hurleblast, a hurricane. —
Hal.

To Hurry. This word had formerly
a stronger meaning than that in which it
is now commonly used. It is explained
by Junius violenter dejicere, raptim pro-
pellere. The origin is a representation of
the sound made by something rapidly
whirled through the air. Thus G. husch
is explained by Kiittner, a term express-
ing quick motion accompanied by a hiss-
ing sound, and it as well as hurr I are
used interjectionally in the sense of quick!
make haste ! Swiss hurrsch, a sound in-
tended to express a rapid action accom-
panied by a whizzing sound, whence in-
terjectionally, hurrsch / out with you !
OHG. hursc, quick ; hurscjan, arhurscjan,
to hasten. Kehursche dina chumft, hasten
thy coming. — Notker. G. hurtig, quick,
brisk. The Teutonista gives huri ! as a
cry to urge on horses. ' Huri est inter-
jectio festinantis quod loquitur auriga
equis quando pellit currum vel redum vel
hujusmodi.' — Jun. The equivalent cry in
France and Italy is arrij harri! (a cart-
erly voice of exciting — Cot.), whence Sp.
arriero, a driver of mules. Arri.' arri !
5a, ca, debout, debout, cry to excite to
work. — Diet. Castr. Harrer ! quicker !
an exclamation to a horse in Townley
Mysteries. — Hal.

Hurst. Du. hxtrst, a brake, bushy
place ; Swiss hurst, a shrub, thicket ; G,
horst, a tuft or cluster, as of grass, corn,
reeds, a clump of trees, heap of sand,
crowd of people.

To Hurt.— Hurtle. Du. horten, Fr.
heurter. It. urtare, to dash against, w.
hwrdd, a stroke, blow, brush, onset,
hyj-ddio, to drive, thrust, butt, irritate. To
hurtle, to clash or dash together, is the
frequentative form of the same root.

And whenever he taketh him he hurtlith him
down. — Wiclif, MaA 9.
The noise of battle hurtleth in the air.

Julius Csesar.

HYDR-

355

Belongs to the same imitative class as
hurl, hurly-burly, Sec. N. hurra, to
rattle.

Husband. From on. bua (the equiva-
lent of G. bauen, Du. bouwen), to till, cul-
tivate, prepare, are bu, a household, farm,
cattle ; buandi, bondi, N. bonde, the pos-
sessor of a farm, husbandman ; hiisbond
or husband, the master of the house.
Probably Lap. banda, master, kate-banda
{kdte, house), master of the house, with
the derivative bandas, rich, may be bor-
rowed from the Scandinavian.

Hush. See Hist.

Husk. Du. hulse, hulsche, husk, chaff,
covering of seeds, huysken, case in which
anything is kept, also as hulse, the pod,
chaff, or seed-vessel. — Kil. The Walach.,
which changes k for p, has hosp'a, husk,
chaff, pod.

Hussar. Magy. huszar, a light horse-
man, skirmisher, soldier adapted to harass
the enemy. From Swiss hussj Magy.
usz ! uszu! cries used in setting on a
dog, are formed Du. hussen, huschen,
Magy. uszitani, huszitani, to incite, set
on to attack ; N. hiissa, to chase with
noise and outcry. See Harass, To Hurry.

Hussy. Corrupted from hus-wife.

Hustings. The municipal court of
the city of London, where probably the
elections were first conducted, and hence
the name may have been transferred to
the polling-booths at an election, on.
thing, Dan. ting, court of justice, assem-
bly. The husting was the house or do-
mestic court.

To Hustle. To shake or push about.
Hustle-cap, a game in which halfpence
are shaken about in a cap and then
thrown into the air. Du. hutsen, hutselen,
to shake to and fro ; N. huska, huste, to
rock, swing. Fr. houspiller, to pull about,
tug each other like fighting dogs ; Champ.
hoitrdebiller,X.o shake, hourballer,to ill use.

Hut. w. hotan, hotyn, a cap, hood,
OG. hot, a cap. ' Digitabulum, finger-
huot, -hot, -hut. — Dief. Sup. OSax. hutte,
care, protection. — Kil. Du. hut, hutte,
hut, cabin.

Hutch.. Fr. hiicfte, a chest or bin ;
Champ, huge, hugette, a coffer, shop, hut,
cabin. Du. hok, a pen, cote for animals ;
konijnen-hok, a rabbit-hutch ; N. hokk, a
small apartment, bedchamber.

Hybrid. Lat. hybrida, a mongrel,
animal born of heterogeneous parents^
explained from Gr. i5/3/otc, outrage, viz. an
outrage on the laws of nature.

Hydr-. Gr. vSi»(t, -utoq (in comp.
BSpo-), water. Hence hydraula (avXog, a
23*

356

HYDRA

pipe), an organ sounded by water, then
transferred to a machine driven by water ;
hydraulics, the science of fluids in action.
Hydrogen, what generates water ; hydro-
phobia (^6/3oe, fear), the disease charac-
terised by dread of water, &c.

Hydra. Gr. vSpa, a water-serpent ; a
fabulous monster so named.

Hyena. Gr. xni\via (from vq, a sow,
swine), hterally, a swine-hke creature ;
from the rigid hair along the back.

Hygrometer. Gr. iypof, damp, humid,
and fitrpav, a measure.

Hymen. Gr. 'Y^uijv, a name of the
deity of marriage, a nuptial song.

Hymn. Gr. ii/uvof, a song, a poem to
the honour of God.

Hyper-. — Hyperbole. Gr. ii?r^p, above
or beyond ; i7ripl5d\>.i,) (/SaWw, to cast or
throw), to overshoot, exceed ; whence

IF

iijr£p/3o\77, excess, going beyond the mark,
excessive praise.

Hyphen. Lat. hyphen, from Gr. i-^iv
{i)if eV, under one), together.

Hypo-. Gr. vno, Lat. sub, under.

Hypochondriac. Gr. x°vSpot, a car-
tilage ; TO. vTToxovSpia, the soft part of the
body under the cartilage of the breast,
the supposed seat of the disorder.

Hypocrisy. Gr. iffoKpiVo/iai, to answer,
to speak in dialogue, play a part upon
the stage, met. to play a part, dissemble,
pretend ; vwoKpwiQ, -aia, playing a part,
hypocrisy, outward show.

Hypothesis. Gr. viroSnaiQ {virb, under,
and rlSiriiu, to set, place), a placing or
setting under, something set under, a
foundation, a supposition or assumption.

Hysteric. Gr. varEpiKog, pertainmg to
affections of the (ioHpa) uterus.

tyw,

I. G. ich, ON. eg, Lat. egc
Sanscr. aham.

Ice. ON. is, G. eis, Du. ijs. The Pl.D.
aisen, Du. ijsen, to shudder, which have
been indicated as the origin of our word,
are probably themselves derivatives, ' in
accordance with Fr. se glacer d'horreur,
d'dpouvante. Magy. jeg. Lap. jdgna,
Fin. jdd, Gael, eigh, eidhre, eighre, w. ia,
ice ; Bret, ien, cold.

Icicle. AS. tses gicel, Pl.D. ishekel,
Du. ijskekel, iskegel, N. isjukel, isjokul,
Da. dial, isegel, icicle. ON. j'dkull, piece
of ice, field of ice, jaki, piece or mass of
ice. Hann er stoSugr eins og jaki, he
stands as steady as a block of ice. Sup-
posed by Aufrecht to be of the same stock
with Olr. aig, Gael, eigh, "W. id (for ia£),
ice.

Idea.— Ideal. Gr. ilka, look, appear-
ance, of a thing, its fancied form.

Identical. From Lat. idem, the same,
whence Fr. identity, identifier, identique.

Idiom. Gr. Idiwfia, a peculiarity of, or
mode of expression peculiar to, any given
language, from iSwe, private, personal,
peculiar to one in particular.

Idiot. From Gr. iSiog, one's own, pri-
vate, tliuiTtie, a private person, one who
has no professional knowledge, unprac-
tised, unskilled in anything. Mod.Gr.

tStdiTris TovTov Tov ipyov, unacquainted with
this work ; ISiiurai Kara tov ttovov, persons
unaccustomed to labour ; ISiivrtie rif Xoyip,
rude in speech.

Inscius et brutus, simplex, idiotaque, follus,
Indoctus vel insipidus conjungitur istis.

John de Garlandi& de synonymis.

The word was used in the 1 6th century in
a weaker meaning than at present. Idiot,
neither fool ne right wise ; half innocent.
— Fr. Pm.

Idle. Empty, vain, unemployed. G.
eitel, Du. ijdel. lidel van hoofde, mad ;
ijdelen haerinck, a shotten or empty her-
ring.— Kil. Jedel (of texture), loose, not
tight, pierced with many small holes ;
jedcle plaats, an empty place. — Halma.
ON. audr, empty, vacant ; G. ode, waste,
void, desert ; Fr. vuide, voide, empty,
waste, wide, hollow. — Cot.

Idol. — Idolatrous. Gr. v.la\av, a
likeness, representation, of a god, namely,
an image.

Idyll. Lat. idyllium, from Gr. dliiK-
Xiov, a brief poem.

If. Goth, iba, num, whether? jabai,
if ; OHG. ibu, ubaoba, ob, if, whether ;
hence condition, doubt ; ano ibu, without
doubt, without condition, as OFr. sans
nul si. Du. of, oft, if, whether, or ; G. ob,

IGNEOUS

whether, on. ef, if ; efa, ifa, to doubt ;
OSvi.jefwa, to doubt, suspect.

Igneous.— Ignite. Lat. ignis, fire.

Ignoble. — Ignominy. — Ignorant.
From the root of Lat. gnosco, to know,
are formed gnarus, knowing, skilful, no-
bilis (for gnobilis), illustrious, widely-
known, nomen (for gnomen), name, fame.
Hence with the privative in-, ignarus,
unknowing or unknown ; ignoro, not to
know ; ignobilis, of no reputation ; igno-
minia, discredit, ill-fame.

Ilk. The same. See Such.

111. Goth, ubils, G. ubel, evil. ON.
illr, evil, bad.

Image. — Imagine. Lat. imago, -inis,
a resemblance orrepresentation of a thing.
According to Festus from imitor, to imi-
tate.

Imbecile. Lat. imbecillis, feeble ; ex-
plained as if it signified one without a
{paciilus) staff. But the sense is rather
one who leans upon a staff.

To Imbrue. It. bevere, to drink, few^-
rare, to give or to cause to drink. On the
same principle Fr. beuvre (Pat. de Berri),
to drink, would form beuvrer, to cause to
drink, whence (by the same inversion as
found in Fr. breuvage, bruvage, from
beverage) embreuver, to moisten, soak in,
soften with liquor ; ^embruer, to imbrue
or bedabble himself with. — Cot.

To Im.biie. Lat. imbuo, to moisten or
soak. Bua was a nursery word for drink.

Imitate. Lat. imitor, imitatus.

Immaculate. Unstained. Lat. ma-
cula, a spot or stain.

Immense. Lat. metior, mensus, to
measure ; immensus, unmeasured, beyond
measure. See Measure.

To Immolate. Lat. mola, meal with
salt sprinkled upon the sacrifice ; immolo,
-as (so to dress the victim), to offer, to
sacrifice.

Imp. A scion, shoot, graft, figuratively
offspring, a child, but now only applied
in a bad sense, a child of Hell.

The origin is Du. pate, Dan. pode,
Pl.D. faot, a shoot, slip ; whence Pl.D.
paten, inpaten, Du. pooten, inpooten, to
plant, to set ; Dan. pode, Limousin em-
peouta, Bret, embouda, ohg. impiton,
impten, AS. ijnpan, G. impfen, to graft ;
in the Salic laws impotus, Limousin em-
peou, a graft. The total squeezing out
of the long vowel is remarkable. The
Du.pote is related to E.put, as Du. botte,.
Fr. bouton, a bud, to Du. batten, Fr.
bouter, to put forth as a tree in the
spring. — Cot.

To Impair. Lat. pejor, ¥r.pis, pire,

IMPREST

3S7

worse ; empirer, to make worse, impair.
To Impeach. Prov. empachar, em-
paitar, to embarrass, hinder ; empaig,
hindrance. It. impacciare, OFr. em-
pescher, to encumber, trouble, hinder.
Poitrine empesMe, obstructed chest;
empescher lefief, to take legal possession
of the fief. To impeach one of treason
is to fasten a charge of treason upon him.
Now the notion of encumbering, clogging,
or impeding is very generally taken from
the figure of entangling with a sticky
material. Sc. claggy, unctuous, miry ; to
dag, to daub with clay, to clog ; and
clag is used in a forensic sense for en-
cumbrance, burden on property, or for
impeachment on character. In the same
way G. kutnmer (the equivalent of E.
cumber, encumber), sometimes used for
the dirt in the streets, signifies arrest,
seizure, attachment of goods. To pester,
to embarrass, trouble, encumber, is the
Fr. eiiipaistrir, to entangle in paste or
glutinous material.

In like manner the root of It. impac-
ciare may be G. patsche, puddle, mud,
from patschen, to paddle. Einen in der
patsche stecken lassen, to leave one stick-
ing in the mud, leave him in the lurch.
It. impacciuccare, to bedaub. — Fl. It
may however be from Gael, bac, stop,
hindrance, as indicated under Dispatch.

Imperial. — Imperative. Lat. impe-
riiim, command, dominion, empire.

Implement. What is employed or
applied in the exercise of a trade. Fr.
employer, emplier, to employ.

To Imply. Lat. implicare, Fr. im-
pliquer, to enfold, enwrap, involve.

Import. Sense or meaning. — B. See
Purport.

To Importune. — Importunate. Lat.
importunus, unseasonable, inconvenient,
troublesome, seems to be formed as the
opposite to opportunus. Hence to im-
portune, to be troublesome to. See Op-
portune.

Imposthume. A corruption of Fr.
apostume, apostime, from Gr. ajroorn/ja
(literally, what separates or stands apart),
an abscess.

Impregnable. What cannot be taken.
OYx.pregner, l-aX. prehendere, to take.

Imprest. Money given out for a cer-
tain purpose to be afterwards accounted
for. ' There remaineth in sundrie pro-
vicions — as well with certein money de-
livered imprest for the provision of the
household, who have not yet accounted
for the same.' ' In provicion £ — . Jn
prest £— viz. in the hands of, &c.' —

35«

IMPUDENT

-Household account of Princess Elizabeth,
Camden Miscell. vol. ii. In prest, in
ready money.

Impudent. Lat. impudens, shame-
less ; pudeo, to be ashamed ; pudor,
shame. As shame is the painful emotion
produced by the reprobation of those to
whom we look with respect, or of our
own better self, it is probable that the
word is derived from the interjection of
reprobation, Pu ! Phu ! Fu ! Fi ! ori-
ginally expressing disgust at a bad smell ;
Phil ! in malam crucem. — Plant. Pudet
me, it shames me, they cry pu ! upon
me. See Putrid.

In-. Ig-. I1-. Im-. Ir-. Lat. in, Gr.
Iv, in, on. In comp. it usually corre-
sponds to Gr. av-, E. un-, as in incon-
stant, inaccurate. Before words begin-
ning with a labial the n is changed to m,
as in impenitent, imbrue, immense. Before
g, I, and r, the n is assimilated with the
following consonant, although, as in the
first of these cases the g is not doubled,
the n seems to be simply lost. Thus we
have Lat. ignarus for, in-gnarus, ignobilis
for in-gnobilis. . Illegal, what is contrary
to law ; irrepressible, what cannot be
repressed.

Incendiary. Lat. incendium, a burn-
ing, from incendo, to kindle ; candeo, to
glow, to be on fire.

Incense. From Lat. incendo, incensum,
to kindle, to set on fire, we have to incense
in a met. sense, to kindle wrath.
' From the same source Fr. encens, E.
incense, a composition of sweet gums for
burning in churches.

Incentive. Lat. incino, to sing or
make music to ; incentivus, that sings or
sounds to, and thence (from the incite-
ment of martial or dance music), that
stirs up or incites to. Non tubse solum,
sed etiam Spartans tibiae incentivzim
aliquod feruntur habuisse. — Paneg. ad
Constantin.

Incli. Lat. uncia, the 12th part of a
pound, as an inch is the i3th part of a
foot. '..

Indigenous. Lat. indigena, a native,
born in the country (in question). Indu,
indp, and endo are given as old forms of
in, corresponding to Gr. Iv^av and Ivtoz,
within. 'Ej/Joytvije, born in the house.

Indite. OFr. endicter, from Lat. in-
dico, indictus.

Infant. — Infantry. Lat. infans, a
child before the age of speech, from in,
negative, a.Tid /or, fari, Gr. ^tifti, to speak.
Fr. enfant, child, son. Then as Lat.
puer, a boy, or E. knave, with the same

INSTIGATE

fundamental signification, were used for
servant. It /ante was used for an attend-
ant, a man or woman servant, a knave or
varlet upon the cards, a footman or sol-
dier serving on foot ; fanteria, infantry,
foot-soldiers. — Fl.

Inferior.— Infernal. Lat. infra, be-
neath, below ; inferior, nether, lower ;
infemus, nethermost, lowest.

Ingle. Fire. Gael, aingeal, fire, light,
sunshine.

Ingot. Originally the mould in which
the metal was cast, and not the bar itself.
The alchemist in the canon yeoman's tale
gets a piece of chalk and cuts it into the
shape of an ingot which will hold an
ounce of metal.

He put this once of copper in tlie crosslet,
And on the fire aswithe he hath it set —
And afterward in the ingot he it cast.

G. einguss, the pouring in, that which is
infused, a melting vessel, ingot mould,
crucible. — -Kiittn. From eingiessen, Du.
ingieten, to pour in, cast in.

Inguinal. Lat. inguen, the groin.

Ink. Gr. lyKavanv, Lat. encaustum,
the vermilion used in the signature of the
emperor. Hence It. inchiostro, incostro,
Fr. encre, enque. Wall, eng, enche, Du.
inkt.

Inkle. Tape, linen thread. Fr. li-
gneul, lignol, strong thread used by shoe-
makers and saddlers ; lignivol (corre-
sponding apparently to It. ligniuolo),
shoemaker's thread. — Roquef. From tlie
first of these forms are E. lingel, lingle,
lingan.

Nor hinds wi' elson and hemp lingle.
Sit soling shoon out o'er the ingle.

Ramsay in Jam.

The second form lignivol may probably
explain OE. liniolf. Lynyolf or inniol/,
threde to sow with schone or botys, in-
dula, licinium.— Pr. Pm. The loss of the
initial /, of which we have here an ex-
ample, would convert lingle into ingle or
inkle. From Lat. linuni, flax, Fr. ligne,
Sc. ling, a line ; Fr. linge, linen, cloth of
flax ; Sc. linget-seed, flax-seed.

Inkling. See Hint.

Inn. ON. inni, within ; inni, a house,
the lair of a wild-beast ; inni-bod, a feast
at home. Sc. in, inn, lodging, dwelling.

The Bruys went till his innys swyth (to his
lodgings) . — Barbour.

To Inn. To bring in, carry home. ' I
/■««<', I put into the berne.' — Palsgr.

Inquest. Lat. inquirere, Fr. enqtcerre,
to inquire ; enqueste, an inquiry.

Instigate. Lat. instigo, to incite, prick

INSULAR

forward ; Gr. ariZ»>, to prick ; anyfiri, a
prick, point ; anyiiog, a pricking.

Insular. Lat. insula, an island.

Integer. — Integral. — Integrity. Lat.
integer, entire, properly untouched, from
in and tago, tango, to touch.

Inter-. Lat. inter, between, among ;
as in Intercede, Interject, Interlude.

Interior. — Internal. Lat. intra, with-
in ; interior, further in ; internus, inner-
most.

Interloper. Du. enterloper, a contra-
band trader, one who runs in between
those legitimately employed. Du. loopen,
to run.

Intoxicate. Lat. toxicum, Gr. Toltsov,
poison, said to be from rdSov, a bow with
the arrows belonging to it, from the latter
being smeared with poison.

Intrigue. — Intricate. It. inirico, in-
trigo, intrinco, any intricateness, en-
tangling trouble, or incumbrance. — Fl.
Lat. intrico, to entangle ; extrico, to dis-
entangle, extricate. Tricce, impediment,
trifles.

To Inveigle. To allure, entice or
deceive by fair words. — B. From It.
invogliare, to make one willing, longing,
or desirous. — FI. ' She gave them gifts
and great rewards to inveigle them to
her will.' — Indictment of Ann Boleyn in
Froude. It is probably from a false no-
tion of the etymology that we find it spelt
aveugle. ' The marquis of Dorset was —
so seduced and aveugled by the Lord
Admiral that, &c.' — Sharington's con-
fession, A.D. 1547, in Froude, v. 132.

Invidious. Lat. invidia, envy.

Invite. Lat. invito.

Invoice. A bill of particulars sent
with goods. The word could never have
been formed from Fr. envoi, the envoy or
concluding address with which a publica-
tion was formerly sent into the world.
As most of our mercantile terms are
from It., we may with confidence trace
the derivation to It. avviso, notice, in-
formation, by the insertion of an n, as in
Fr. attiser, E. entice. The invoice is in
fact a letter of advice (It. lettera a'av-
viso), giving notice of the despatch of
goods with particulars of their price and
quantity.

Iodine. Gr. Mtis, of a violet tinge or
colour.

Ire. Lat. ira, OFr. ire, iror, anger;
ird, irii, irieus, irous, angry; AS. irre,
anger, yrsian, to be angry.

The origin is in all probability a repre-
sentation of the snarhng sounds of quar-
relling dogs, which exhibit a lively ex-

IRRITATE

359

pression of angry passion, and are a'so
imitated by man in the cries used to
rouse the passions of the animal and
excite him to attack. Thus -from the
same root are developed forms signifying
snarl, anger, incite, set on. From the
continued sound of the letter r, the littera
hirriens, are formed Lat. hirrire, W. hyr-
rio, E. harr, to snarl ; Fin. Ari, snarling
like a dog, angry; drista, to snarl, to
rage, ir4 fremere ; drryttda, to set on,
irritate, make angry. The cry used to
incite a dog is represented in w. by
the interjection herr! hyrr! — Richards,
agreeing with N. hirra, to incite, and
(without the initial h as in Lat. ird) Dan.
irre, opirre, to tease, to provoke, incite ;
G. veriren, verirren, exasperare. — Dief.
Supp. See Irritate.

Iris. — Iridescent, Gr. ipif, the rain-
bow.

To Irk. — Irksome, as. earg, slothful,
dull, timid ; ON. argr, recusans, reformi-
dans.' — Andersen, as. eargian, torpes-
cere prje timore, Sc. ergh, to feel reluctant,
to refrain from for timidity.

Dear Jenny, I wad speak t'ye wad ye let,

And yet I ergh, ye're ay sae scornfu' set.

Ramsay in Jam.

To irk is to make one ergh, to dull one's
inclination to action, to tire or become
weary.
My spouse Creusa remanit or we came bidder,
Or by some fate of God's was reft away,
Or gif sche errit or irkit by the way. — D. V.
— Erravitne vi4, seu lassa resedit.

Iron. Goth, eisarn, Du. iser, tsern, G.
eisen, w. haiarn, Gael, iarun.

Irony. Lat. ironia, from Gr. tlpuvela,
an assumed appearance, pretence ; ttpuv,
one who speaks with a sense other than '
the words convey, a dissembler.

To Irritate. Lat. irritare, to incite,
stir up, provoke. \ compound of z>/ and
a simple ritare, and not a frequentative
of the root irr seen in Dan. opirre, G.
verirren, N. hirra, J"in. drryttda, to pro-
voke, mentioned under Ire.

The snarling sounds of fighting dogs
are imitated by different combinations of
the letters r, s, t ; rr ! ss ! st J ts ! tr !
rt ! giving rise to so many forms of the
verb signifying to set on, to attack, or
quarrel, on the principle explained under
the head above-mentioned. Thus, from
the imitation by a simple ;•, are formed
Lat. hirrire, to snarl, n. hirra, to incite,
Lat. ira, wrath ; from the sound of s,
Pl.D. hissa, Du. hissen, hisschen, hus-
schen, to set on ; from st, Bohem. stwati,
Gael, stuig, to set pn, and perhaps Gr.

3-30 ISINGLASS

arvyoQ, hatred ; from ts, It. izz / U2Z !
cries to set on a dog— Muratori, izzare,
adizzare, Sw. hitsa, G. hetzen, to set on,
It. izza, anger ; and, with the vowel in-
serted between the consonants, Fr. User,
E. tice, entice, Sw. tussa, to incite, pro-
voke ; from tr, E. to ter or tar, G. zerren,
to provoke to anger ; and from rt, G.
reitzen, Du. ritsen, Sw. r<;&, Lat. irritare,
to provoke, incense. To the same root
may be referred Gr. i^it, -iJog, Lat. rixa
(for ritsd), strife, Gr. tpMlu, to provoke.

Isinglass. G. hausenblas_, the bladder
of the (hausen) sturgeon, as well as the
preparation made from it, by us corruptly
called isinglass, probably from connect-
ing the name with the employment of the
substance in icing or making jellies.

Island. — Isle. — Isolate. The spelling
of island has been corrupted, and the
etymology obscured, by the influence of
isle, a word from a totally different root,
viz. Lat. insula, It. isola, Fr. isle j while
island, AS. igland, is properly eye-land, a
spot of land in the midst of water, as the
eye in the midst of the face. Fris. ooge,
eye, and also island, as in Schiermonni-
kooge, the white monk's isle, Spikeroge,
Wangeroge, islands on the coast of Fries-
land. AS. ig has the same sense in Scea-
pige, Sheppey or Sheep's Island. Dan.
'die, eye, o or de, isle. The true etymology
is preserved in eyot, ait, a small island in

JACK

Iso-. Gr. iffof, equal, as in isothermal,
of equal heat ; isochronous, of equal time,
&c.

Issue. Fr. issu, sprung, proceeded
from, born of, from issir, to go out, to flow
forth, and that from Lat. exire, to go out.

-it. Lat. eo, itutn, to go ; whence
exitus, an exit or going out, transitns, a
transit or going through.

It. Du. het, it ; ON. hi?in, hin, hitt,
ille, ilia, illud.

Itch. Ichyn or ykyn or gykyn, prurio.
— Pr. Pm. G. }iicken,to itch. The de-
signation is taken from the twitching
movements to which itching irresistibly
impels us. Swab, jucken, to hop or
spring ; Bav. gigkeln, to shiver, or twitch
under the influence of tickling, desire,
anger. Das herz gieglet ihm ; cor ei sub-
sultat. Einige gigeln so gewaltig nach
dem heuraten j — itch so for marriage.
Ergigkern, to cause to tremble, to frighten.
Gigken, gigkeze?z, to utter broken sounds,
to stutter, giggle. — Schmeller. Then from
broken sounds the signification passed on
to abrupt movements.

Iterate. Lat. iteruin, again, a second
time.

Itinerant. Lat. itinerari, to take a
journey, from iter, itineris, a journey,
route.

Ivory. Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur.

Ivy. AS. ijig, G. epheu, OHG. ebeheiie,
W. eiddew, Gael, eidhean.

To Jabber. — Javer. The sound of
noisy, indistinct, unmeaning utterance is
represented by the simplest combinations
of gutturals and labials, babble, gaggle,
gabble, Sc. gabber ; and with the initial g
softened to /, E. jabber, gibber, javer, Fr.
jaboter, to mutter, chatter, tattle. Jan-
gelyn ox javeryn, garrulo, blatero, garrio
— Pr. Pm. ; javTer, idle silly talk ;
javvle, to contend, wrangle — Hal. ; Fr.
javioler, to gabble, prate, or prattle. —
Cot.

-jacent. IjzX.. jaceo, to \\e..

Jack, I. The Jewish Jacobus was
corrupted through Jaquemes, to yaqucs
in France, and James in England ; and
Jaques, being the commonest Christian
name in the former country, was used as
a contemptuous expression for a com-

mon man. Jaques, nias, sot, grossier. —
Roquef. Jaquerie, an insurrection of the
peasants. The introduction of the word
in the same sense into England seems to
have led to the use of Jack as the familiar
synonym of John, which happened to be
here the commonest name, as Jaques in
France.
Since eveiy Jack became a gentleman,
There's many a gentle person made a Jack.
Rich. III.

The term was then applied to any me-
chanical contrivance for replacing the
personal service of an attendant, or to an
implement subjected to rough and fami-
liar usage. Jack of the clock, Yx.jacquclet,
a mechanical figure which struck the
hours on a clock. A roasting-jack is a
contrivance for turning a spit by means

JACK

of a heavy weight, and so superseding the
service of the old turnspit. A jack, a
screw for raising heavy weights. A boot-
jack (g. stiefel-knecht, literally boot-boy),
an implement for taking off boots. Rou-
chi gros-jacgue, a large sou. — H^cart. A
jack-towel, a coarse towel hanging on a
roller for the use of the household ; jack-
boots, heavy boots for rough service ;
black-jack, a leathern jug for household
service ; jack-plane, a large plane for
heavy work.

Jack. 2. Jacket. The E. jack, Fr.
jaque, \X.. giacco (whence the dim. jackets
Fr. jaquette, a short and sleeveless coun-
try coat — Cot.), is another example of
the depreciatory application of the term
in the sense of substitute or servant. A
jack was properly a homely substitute for
a coat of mail, consisting of a padded or
leather jerkin for defence, with rings or
plates of iron sewed on it. Fr. jaque-
mard, a wooden image against which to
practise tilting, a jack of the clock, also a
coat or shirt of mail. — Cot. Rouchi jaco-
tin, a jacket, iroiajacot, dim. of y agues.

Jackanapes. A coxcomb ; Jack the
ape, a monkey.

Jack of Dover.

Full many a pastie hast thou lettin blode,
And many a Jack of Dovyrhast thou sold
That hath been twyis hot and twyis cold.
Chaucer, Prol. to Cook's Tale.

In accordance with the E. use of jack, to
signify anything used as a substitute or
put to homely service, Fr. jaques is a
name given by pastry-cooks, implying
that a piece of meat or pastry is old and
hard. — Roquefort in v. Jaquet. The re-
maining part of the expression is proba-
bly a punning repetition of the same idea.
I am informed that a heated-up dish is
still among the waiters called a dover or
doover, doubtless do over.

Jack-pudding. A buffoon or jug-
gler's servant set to entertain the crowd
by coarse tricks, among which eating in
a ridiculous manner pudding, soup, &c.,
occupi-ed a conspicuous place.

I had as lief stand among the rabble to see a
jack-pudding eat a custard as trouble myself to
see a play.— Shadwell in Nares.

G. hans-wurst {Jans, Jack ; wurst, pud-
ding) ; Fr. 'Jean-potage, Jean-farine, a
showman's buffoon.

Jade. To jade, to wear out with ex-
ertion ; jade, a worn-out horse. Sp. ijada,
the flank, from Lat. iliumj ijadear,jadear,
the flanks to play, to pant, palpitate;
jadio, palpitation. Hence to jade would

JAM

361

signify to cause to pant, or show signs of
exhaustion.

Jag. — Jig. — Jog. We have had oc-
casion, under Gog and elsewhere, to re-
mark the way in which the roots repre-
senting in the first instance tremulous or
broken sound are applied to signify quiv-
ering or reciprocrating movement, or the
kind of figure traced out by bodies in
motion of such a nature. Now the sylla-
bles gig, gag are often used in the repre-
sentation of harsh broken sounds ; Gael.
gagaich, Bret. gagH, to stutter ; E. gag-
gle, to cry as geese ; Swab, gigacken, to
gaggle as geese, bray as an ass ; Swiss
gigagen, to bray ; Bav. gagkern, gagke-
zen, to cluck as a hen, cough harshly and
abruptly, to stutter ; gig^ezen, gigken, to
utter broken sounds, stutter, giggle ; gick-
gack, in nursery language, a clock, from
the ticking of the pendulum (D. M. v.) ;
Gael, gog, the cackling of a hen, also the
nodding or tossing of the head ; E. gog-
mire, a quagmire, shaking mire ; Swab.
gagen, gagelen, to jog, jiggle, move to and
fro ; Swiss gageln, to shake, be unsteady
as a table ; gagli, a giglot, a girl that
can't sit still. Then, with the initial g
softened to a j, E. j.ag or jog, an abrupt
movement, a thrust brought to a sudden
stop, a projection, indentation.
Some jagit uthers to the heft
With knives that sheip could scheir.

The Dance. Evergreen.

The North and South Joggins are in-
dented cliffs on opposite sides of a river
in Nova Scotia, which seem to jog in and
jog out in correspondence with each other.
— Lyell. K joggle in masonry is a pro-
jection in a stone fitting into a hollow in
the adjoining one for the purpose of bolt-
ing them together

The prefix of an s in w. ysgogi, to
shake, unites the forms having an initial
g or j, with E. shag or shog, to shake or
jog— Hal. ; shaggy, jagged, rugged ; ice-
shoggle, a projecting point of ice ; ON.
skaga, to project ; skagi, a promontory.

The thin vowel in jig, jiggle, imphes a
lighter movement of a similar kind to that
signified hy jag or jog.

Jail. See Gaol.

* Jakes. A privy ; in Devonshire any
kind of filth. — Hal. G. gauche, jauche,
filthy stinking liquid ; mistgauche, the
drainings of the dunghill ; schiffgauche,
bilge water. Probably the word signifies
only slops, splashing. See Jaw, 2.

Jam. The thickenedjuice of fruit. Mod.
Gr. iovpil, broth, juice, i^ov/jl tUv TriapitcHiv,
juice of fruit.

362

JAM

To Jam. — To press in between some-
thing that confines the space on either
side like the jambs of a door ; to fix be-
tween jambs.

In a stage-coach with lumber cramm'd,
Between two bulky \iodX^^ jamm d. — Lloyd in R.

Jamb. Fr. jambe, a leg, also the
jaumb or side-post of a door. — Cot. See
Game.

To Jangle. Formerly to chatter as a
bird, then to chatter, talk idly, tattle,
wrangle, quarrel.

Thy mind is lorne, iao-ajanglest as a jay.

Man of Law's Tale in R.
Lang, jhangla, to cry, to yelp. OFr.
jangler, to prattle, tattle, jest, flatter, lie.
— Roquef. Lilce jingle, the representa-
tion of a clattering sound. G. zank, chid-
ing, jangling. Du. jangelen, janken, to
yelp.

Janty. Fr. gentil, pretty, agreeable.

To Japan. To varnish, because the
best kind of varnished goods came to us
from the country of Japan.

To Jape. The same softening of the
g which is seen in jabber compared with
gabble connects the OE. gab, to lie, mock,
deceive, vii'Csxjape. The radical meaning
is chattering, idle talk. Fr. japper, to
yelp, in low language is used in the sense
of chatter. — Gattel. Avoir bone jape, be7t
del jape, to have the gift of the gab. —
H^cart. N. gjeipa, to make a wry face,
twist the mouth.

Jar. Fr. jare, Sp. jarra, It. giara,
from Arab, garrah, a water-pot. — Diez.
But It. giara has also the same sense as
Fr. gris, sand, gravel, sandstone. Giara
then, like Prov. grasal, may originally be
a pot-de-gris, an earthen pot. See Grail.

To Jar. To creak, make a harsh
noise, as things that do not move
smootlily on each other. Hence jar, dis-
agreement, variance, quarrel. ' Christians
being at jar re among themselves.' — Bale
in R. Swab, garren, Bav. garrezen, to
creak like a wheel or shoe, or the hinge
of a door ; Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp ;
Lat. garrire, to chirp, to chatter.

Jargon. Properly the chattering of
birds, analogous to forms like AS. cear-
kian, OE. chark, chirk, to creak or chirp ;
Lith. kirkti, to creak or cluck ; karkti, to
whirr, cluck, gaggle ; czirksti, to chirp,
twitter ; Magy. csergeni, to rattle, rustle.
Yx. jargonner, to gaggle as a goose ; jar-
gouiller, to warble, chirp, or chatter.

But she withal no word may sowne

But chitre, and as a birdy«?y«o««.^Gower in R.

Hence figuratively for an utterance of

JAW

sounds not understood. It. gergo, ger-
gone, Fr. jargon, gibberish, fustian lan-
guage, a barbarous jangling. — Cot. In
the same way Wall, gazouy, to warble, is
also used in the sense of speaking jargon.
Fr. patois, explained by Palsgrave (p. 261)
as the recording of birds, is now used to
signify a provincial dialect.

Jatindioe. Fr. jaunisse, the yellow
disease ; jaune, yellow.

Jaunt. — Jaunce. Two ways of writing
the same word, as Fr. tancer becomes E.
taunt. The fundamental meaning is to
jolt or jog. To jounce, to bounce, thump,
and jolt, as rough riders are wont to do.
— Forby.

SpurgalWd and tired by yaa»««/ BoUngbroke.

Rich. XL

Fr. jancer un cheval, to stir a horse in
the stable till it be swart withal ; also as
E. jaunt. — Cot. Manx jonse, a jolt or
wince ; jonseragh, wincing, acting in a
wild, untamely manner. — Cregeen. Sw.
dunsa, Dan. dundse, to thump, to fall
heavily.

A jaunt or jance is then used in the
sense of an outing for pleasure or exer-
cise, as Fr. alter se faire cahoter unpeuj
S'vf.fara ut at skakapd sig, to take a jog,
to take exercise.

Faith would I had a few Taorsjeances on't,
An you say the word send me to Jericho.

B. Jons., Tale of a Tub, ii. 4.

* Javelin. Fr. javelin, a weapon of
a size between the pike and the partizan ;
javelot, a gleave, dart, or small javelin. — ■
Cot. It. giavellotto, giaverina, a javelin
that may be hurled as a d.art. — Fl. Bret.
gavlod, gavlin, MHG. gabilSt, OE. gave-
lock, a javelin or dart. Neumann ex-
plains Sp. jabalina, as a boarspear, from
jabali, a wild boar, but the double form
of the word is against that derivation.

Jaw. Jawe or cheek-bone, mandibull.
— Pr. Pm. Fr. joue, the cheek, was for-
merly used in the sense of throat, jaws.
' Garde la ley et le conseil et vie ert a ta
alme et grace k tes jowes : ' — et erit vita
animae tuae et gra.i\dLfducibus tuis. — Pro-
verbes.

The cries of different animals, yelping
of dogs, chattering of birds, give rise to
numerous depreciatory expressions for
talking, and thence furnish designations
of the mouth, throat, jaws, as the instru-
ment of talk. Thus from Pl.D. kiffen,
keffen, to yelp, is kiffe, the jaw ; from
Du. kaeckelen, Fr. caqueter, to cackle, is
Pl.D. kdkel, in the same sense as kiffe,
the instrument of talk. Holt dog ecnmal

JAW

de kakel, hold your jaw one moment.
Hence, throwing off the frequentative
termination, Du. kaecke, the jaw, cheek.
So from gaghelen, to gaggle, Fris. gaghel,
the throat, palate — Kil. ; from Wall.
chawer, to cheep, cry, chaweter, to chatter
as daws, E. chaff, to chirp, chatter {chaf-
finch, a chirping bird ; chough, a chatter-
ing daw), we pass to chaff-bane (Hal.),
chaw-bone (Palsgr.), jaw-bone ; chavel,
chawl, choivl, the jaw. Dan. kicsvle, to
wrangle, kiave, the jaw. To kaw, to cry
as rooks or daws, to gasp for breath, leads
to Du. kawwe, a daw ; kauwe, kouwe, a
jaw, throat, cheek. Again, from gabble,
confused talk, passing into javvle, to con-
tend, wrangle (Fr. javioler, to gabble —
Cot), jaul, to scold or grumble (parallel
with Dan. kicBvle), — Hal., to jaw, to
wrangle, we have gab, the mouth, the
facuhy of s^sQch., jowl, joll, the jaw, and
(with the same relation to jowl as was
seen in kaecke, the cheek, compared with
kdkel), Fr. jowe, e. jaw. It will be ob-
served that an initial k or ch frequently
interchanges with j, even in the same
language ; Fr. joffu, E. chuff/ ; E. jowl,
chowl, jaw, chaw, Du. kauwe, Dan.
kiceve.

Jaw. 2. Jawhole. Sc./aje/, the dash
of the sea ; jaw-hole, a gully-hole, sink
where slops are thrown. Fr. gachis,
splashing ; Q.gaufhe, slops ; mist-gauche,
the draining of the dunghill ; schiff-
gauche, bilge-water.

Jay. A bird noted for its chattering
cry. Fr. geai, gat, a jay, chough, daw ;
Sp. gaio, graio, a jay ; Du. kauwe, kae,
a daw.^Kil. Russ. gai, croaking, E.
caw, cry of rooks. Compare It. gazza, a
pie, with gazzerare, Fr. gazouiller, to
chirp, warble.

Jealous. Fr. jaloux, from Lat. zelus,
zeal, emulation, jealousy.

-ject. Lat. jacio, jactum, in comp.
-jicio, -jectum, to cast, throw, whence
typr. jecter, Fr. jeter, to cast, to put or
push forth, and the compounds inject,
eject, •project, &c.

Jeer. Written geare, geere by Spencer
and Gascoigne. Junius 'has jeer, yeer, to
deride, for which he cites Du. gieren,
cum stridore et strepitu alicui illudere.
Gieren, to cry loudly, to holloa. — Halma.
The form yeer tells against ON. dAra, to
make sport of, from ddri, a fool. Florio
has giara, giarra, a cheating trick or
cozening deceit ; giarrare, giarare, to
sand, to gravel, by met. to cheat or coney-
catch. Giarda, mockerie, jest, trick.—

JIB

363

Altieri. Rouchi, girie, tromperie, mau-
vaise plaisanterie. — H^cart.

Jelly. Fr. geUe, the juice of meat or
fruit which congeals on cooling ; geler,
to freeze.

• Jeopardy. From Fr. jeu parti. Mid.
Lat. jocus partitus, an even chance, a
choice of two alternatives.

Dan moine/jS vos partirai
Deus geus, li malvfes lesserez,
Et ^meiUour vos en tanrez.

Fab. et Contes, 4. 24.

Or regardez que vous ferez

Que je vous vueil un geu parHr,'^-Vo\6.. 4. 293 .

Jerk. — Jert. Alashof awhip, ahasty
pull or twitch. — B. 'A shake, _7Vr/, or
blow with the cord of a caveson.' — Cot.
w. terc, a jerk or jolt.

Jerkin. Lang, jhergaou, an over-coat ;
Fr. jargot, a kind of coarse garment worn
by country people. — Cot. Du. jurk, a
child's slop or pinafore. OFr. jasgue, a
quilted jacket worn under the cuirassj
jazequen, a coat of mail. — Roquef.

Jest. See Gest.

Jet. Fr. jaiet, Lat. gagates. ' The
geat which otherwise we call gagates car-
I'ieth the name of a town and river both
in Lycia called Gages.' — Holland, Pliny
inR.

To Jet. To strut, to carry the body
stately or proudly. ' I iette with facyon
and countenance to set forthe myselfe, je
me braggue.' — Palsgr. in Way.

From Lat. jactare. It. giattare, OFr.
jacter, jatter, to brag or vaunt, also to
swing, toss, shake up and down ; jac-
tance, bragging, proud ostentation. — Cot.
In the same way Lith. mesti, to cast ;
metyti, to cast to and fro, to brag, to strut.

Jetty. Fr. jettSe, a cast, also a jetty
or jutty, a bearing out in buildings, also
the bank of a ditch, or the earth cast out
o/itwhen itis made. — Cot. Jetteis, earth
cast out of a ditch. — Roquef. Hence E.
jetty, a bank carried out into the water.

Jewel. Fr. joyau, jouel. It. gioia,
joy, delight, a gem, jewel, a precious
thing ; gioie,gioieUe, all manner of jewels.
— Fl. See Joy. In Mid.Lat. by errone-
ous etymology /(?£■«;/£.

Jewise. — Juise. Fr. juise, judgment,
irom judicium, as ben^iqon, from benedic-
tio. ' Si proeves varient eient juyse de
pyloric et la partie perde sa demande.' —
Lib. Alb. 665.

To Jib. To start backwards. The

jib-sail is a sail which shifts of itself from

side to side as required by the wind. Du.

gijpen (of sails), to turn suddenly, —

I Halma. OFr. regiber, regimber, to kick

364

JIFFLE

or wince. ' Uor al so sone so thet flesch
haveth al his wil, hit reglbbeth anon ase
fet kalf.'^ — Ancren Riwle 130. Jibby, a
gay frisky girl. — Hal.

To Jifiae.— Ji%-. To jiffle, to be rest-
less.— Hal. A jify is an instant, a turn
of the hand. To jib, to turn rapidly
back ; Fr. gibelet, a gimlet, an instrument
that pierces by turning round ; W. cipio,
ysgipio, to snatch.

Jig. To move to and fro or up and
down, a merry dance ; jiggetting,}o\'(vs\g,
shaking, going about idly ; a jigger, any
piece of machinery that moves with re-
ciprocating action. Fr. jiguer, to throw
the legs about. — Pat. de Champ. Hence
vulgarly gigues, the legs, and gigot, a leg
of mutton. Bav. gigl (contemptuously),
the feet— D. M. v. See Jag.

Jilt. Sc. gillet, a giddy girl, probably
for giglet or giglot, a flighty girl ; ' giglet
Fortune.' — Shakesp. To jilt one is to
behave to him like a jillet, to be incon-
stant to him.

K jillet broke his heart at last. — Burns.

To Jingle. An imitative form like
tingU or G. klingeln, to which last it is
related as chink to clink. Comp. also Fr.
clinquaille, quinguaillc, chinks, coin. —
Cot. Da. gungre, to resound, ON. glingra,
to jingle. 'Let. jwingsch ! (Jcr.j) repre-
sents the sound of a mowing scythe or a
glass window breaking ; jwingschkeht, to
jingle iklingcrn), as when a window is
beaten in.

To Job. I. To peck, to strike with a
pointed instrument. Byllen or jobbyn as
bryddys, jobbyn with the byl, rostro. —
Pr. Pm. The nut-jobber is a synonym of
the nut-hatch, a bird which breaks open
nuts with blows of the bill. Bohem.
dubati, Pol. dziobad, to peck ; dziob, Gael.
gob, the beak of a bird.

Job. 2. An undivided piece of work.
Jobbel, jobbet, a small load.— Hal. To
work by the job, to undertake a definite
piece of work. In the same sense, to
work by t\\e gob (Hal.), ■i.TiA gob, gobbet, a.
lump or portion. Wall, gob, a blow, a
piece ; gob a' homme, a dump of a man.
Baye m'ein ein gob, give me a bit of it.
--Sigart. Pl.D. stoot, a blow, a job or
piece of work done at one time. Brescian
bbt, a stroke, blow ; laiird, a bbt, to work
by the job.

Jobation. Tojobe (at the university),
to reprimand. — B. Jobation is still in
use for a taking to task, such as Job re-
ceived at the hand of his friends.

Jcckey. From Jack (or, with the

JORDAN

Northern pronunciation, JocK), in the
sense of a person if in inferior position.
Jotky was specially applied to the servant
who looks after horses, now almost con-
fined to the rider of a race-horse.
To Jog. See Jag.

Join. — Juncture. Fr. joindre, from
Lat. jungere, the nasalised form of the
same root which gives Gr. Ztiyw/u, to
join, ivyov, a yoke. Sanscr. yuj, join.

Joist. The joists are the sleepers on
which the floor of a room is laid, the bed
of the floor. Gyst, that gothe over the
flore, solive, giste. — Palsgr. in Way. Fr.
giste, a bed, place to lie on, from gesir,
La.t.jacere, to lie. The term sleeper, with
which railways have made us so familiar,
is a repetition of the same figure.

Joke. Lat. jocus, jest, sport ; jocari.
It. giocare. Pro v. jogar, Fr. jouer, to
sport, to play. The root of the word
seems preserved in Lith. jugstu (Eng.
j) or jungu,jugti, to be merry ; jaugtis',
pajugti, to rejoice ; jugulis (exactly cor-
responding to n. juggler), one who makes
sport for the company, a jovial person.

Jolly. It. giulivo, Fr. joli for jolif,
gay, fine, also merry, jocund ; jolieti,
joliveti, prettiness, mirth. — Cot. Not
from Jovialis, but from ON. jol, 'E.yule,
Christmas, the great season of festivities
in rude times. — Diez. N. jula seg, Du.
joelen, to live a joyous life, to make
merry.

Jolly-boat. 'Da.Ti. jolle, a. yawl, jolly-
boat. The original meaning is probably
as in Fr. jalle,jalaye, a bowl ; Du. jol-
leken, a trough. Dan. jolle afsted, to
bowl along. See Gallon.

To Jolt. The representation of the
sound of a blow admits of infinite varia-
tion. To jot, jotter, to jolt roughly —
Forby ; to jock, to jolt. — Hal. To julk,
to sound as liquor shaken in a cask —
Forby, to shake, splash, jolt. — Hal. To
jolle, to knock. He jowTd their heads
together. — Mrs Baker. A joult-head, or
jolter-head, like logger-head, seems to be
from the notion of wagging the head to
and fro, and not from the idea of thick-
ness.

Jonquil. Vr. jonquille, Sp.junguilla,
the sweet yellow Narcissus with rush-like
leaves. 'LaX. juncus, rush.

Jordan. Properly an earthen pot,
synonymous with gally-pot, Du. glei-pot,
a clay or earthen pot. Like gally-pot, in
modern times the term was specially ap-
plied to the vessels in medical use. Our
host in the Canterbury Tales, addressing

JOSTLE

the Doctor of physick, invokes blessings
upon

— thy urinalles and \hy jordanis.

Hollinshed speaks of a pretended 'phy-
sicus et astrologus ' being exposed with
two '■jorden pots ' hung round his neck,
for having deceived the people by a false
prediction ; ' duE ollce quas jordanes vo-
camus.' — Walsinghamin Jam. Dan., Sw.
jord, earth. In like manner Northampton
jurnut, a pig-nut, for earth-nut.

To Jostle. To thrust or push with
the elbows. — B. A frequentative from
Q^x. jouster. See Joust.

Jot. To jot, to touch, to jog, to nudge.
— Hal. I jotte, I touch one thynge against
another, je heurte. What needes thou to
jotte me with thine elbowe ? — Palsgr. Du.
jotten, Fris. jottjen, jotskjen, to jolt. —
Epkema. To fall jot on one's rump, to
plump down. — Forby. To jot a thing
down, to note it in a book at the moment
it occurs.

Then from the connection so frequently
observed between the ideas of a short
movement and a lump or piece of some-
thing, jot is used for a small portion,
what is jotted or thrown down at once.
The resemblance to Gr. twj-a is acci-
dental. Comp. Sw. dial, datta, a touch,
a blow ; detta, to fall ; dutta, to touch or
nudge one ; dett, a dot or speck, a lump,
bit ; dott, a wisp or tuft of hay, wool,
&c. E. dot, a small portion ; a dot of
phlegm. The interchange or equivalence
of an initial d and / is of frequent occur-
rence, as in jag, dagj job, dab, a lump ;
'S.. jounce, and Sw. dunsa, to thump.

Journal. — Journey. From Lat. dies,
a day, came diurnus, daily, and thence
It. giorno, Yx.jour, a day, with their de-
rivatives ■,journal,!i notice of daily events ;
journie, a day's work, a day's travel or
journey. The original sense of the word
is preserved in journeyman, a workman
at daily wages.

Joust. It. giostrare, Fr. j ouster, to
tilt. Derived by Muratori from It. chios-
tro, chiostra, Lombard ciostra, the en-
closed yard in which a tournament was
held. But the word has a more extended
meaning than this derivation would ac-
count for, and the radical signification
seems to have reference to the shock of
the combatants. Limousin dzusta {dz =
Eng. j), to knock at a door ; P>. jouster,
jouter (whence -E. jostle), properly to
knock, then, with softened significance,
to meet together, to join, to abut. See
Jot.

JUBILANT

36s

Ce m'est avis qu'en Louneis,
Justerent li dux e li reis.

Chron. Norm. 2. 10260.
—the Duke and the King met together.
Mon champ joute au sien, my field
abuts upon his, as G. stosst daran, liter-
ally, strikes against it.

The origin may be traced to ON. thys,
OHG. thicz, doz, OSw. dyst, dust, noise,
uproar, tumult. Dero wellono doz, fragor
u ndarum . — N otker.
Med dyst swa at .stanga gingo sunder.
With a crash, so that their spears ilew in sunder.
Chron. Rhythm, in Ihre.

Dan. dyst, combat, shock, set-to . Vove
en dyst med en, to try a fall with one.
Hence rdnna diost, or rida diust, to joust.

Jovial. Cheerful, merry ; qualities
supposed to belong to one born under the
influence of the planet Jupiter or Jove,
as melancholy was promoted by the in-
fluence of Saturn.

Jowl. — Jole. Properly the jaws, throat,
gullet, often specially applied to the head
of a fish. Ajoll of sturgeon. — B. and F.
Geoules of sturgeon. — Howell. Brancus,
3.gole, or a ckawle. — Vocab. in Pr. Pm.
V. Chavylbone. Jolle, or heed, caput.
yolle of a fysshe-teste. Jawle-bone of a
wildebore. — Pr. Pm. and notes. ' The
chowle or crop adhering to the lower side
of the bill.' — Brown. Vulg. Err. in R.

The E. forms seem to have equal claims
to a Fr. and AS. ancestry ; OFr. gole,
golle, geiile, Fr. gueule, the mouth, throat,
gullet, also the stomach itself ; gueuUard
(the equivalent of E. Jowler, Chowler), the
muzzle of a beast, also a wide-mouthed
fellow. — Cot. On the other hand, as.
geagl, jaw, throat, geajlas, geahlas, the
jaws. Viewed in connection with the
latter forms, jowl or jole would differ from
jaw only in the addition of a final el or /,
and the same relation is seen between
chowl or chawle, and Du. kaiiwe, kouwe,
kuwe, throat, gullet, cheek, jaw, chin,
gills.— Kil.

Joy. Lat. gaudere, gavisus sum; It.
godere,gioire, OPtg. gouvir, Yxoy. gauzir,
jauzir, Fr. jouir, to enjoy ; Ptg. goivo,
Prov. gaug, joi, It. gioia, Fr. joie, joy. — ■
Diez.

Jub. A jug.
With brede and cheese and good ale in &julle.
Miller's Tale.

It. gobbio, gozzo, 3. bunch in the throat,
goitre, craw, or crop of a bird, by met.
any glass with a round big body. — Fl.
See Goblet.

Jubilant. Lat. jubilare, to shout for
joy.

365

JUDGE

Judge.— Judicious. Lat. judex (Jus
dico), \\.. giudice, Yr.juge.

Jug. A vessel for drink. Jug or
Judge was formerly a familiar equivalent
of Joan or Jenny. Jannette, Judge,
Jennie (a woman's name) ; Jehannette,
Jug, or Jinny.— Cot. Now the vessel
which holds drink is peculiarly liable to
familiar personification. We have black-
jack (a jack of leather to drink in — Min-
sheu), a leathern jug ; Susan, in the dis-
trict of Gower, a brown earthenware
pitcher. — Philol. Proceed. 4. 223. But
see Goblet.

* Juggler. — To Juggle. The jug-
gler was a person whose business was to
find amusement for the company on fes-
tive occasions by music, recitation, story-
telling, conjuring, &c. The word is com-
mon to all the Romance dialects, from
whence it has passed with more or less
corruption into the other European lan-
guages. It takes its rise in Lat. jocus,
sport, jest, jocor, to sport, to play, jocu-
lator, a jester, joculatio, festivity, sport.
' Joculationes cantusque exercebunt.' —
Firmicus in Fore. From joculator were
formed It. giocolatore, OFr. jugleor, 7r.
jongleur, and E. juggler, while It. gioco-
laro, giullaro, Sp. Prov. joglar, point to
jocularis as their immediate origin. —
Diez. G. gaukeler, Du. guycheler, kokeler
(ludius, gesticulator, mimus, joculator —
Kil.), with Boh. kuglar, keykljr, Pol.
kuglar, are probably borrowed. In a
passage cited by Roquefort, where z- jong-
leur recites his different arts of entertain-
ment, he begins, ' Ge suis juglerres de
vielle' — I am a player on the vielle. He
soon comes to tricks of sleight of hand.

Bien sal joer de 1' escanbot (exchange) —

Et si sai meint beau geu de table,

Et d' entregiet (sleight of hand) et d' artumaire

(magic)
Bien sai un enchantement faire.

It i§ from this latter part of the juggler's
art that the verb to juggle has acquired
the sense of conjure, trick, dehide.
Jugular. Lat. jugulum, the throat.

* Juice. Jows of frutys or herbys or
other lyke. Jus, succus — Pr. Pm. Fr.

jus, juice, sap, moistiire, broth — Cot. Lat.

jus, jusculum, liquor of things boiled,
broth, pottage . The meaning of juice
corresponds more exactly witli Lat. sjic-
cus, which in Lang, becomes jhuc, Sp.

jugo. Lang, jhuca, to suck.

Julep. It. gitclebbe, Fr. julep, a drink
made of distilled waters and syrops, or of
a decoction sweetened with honey or

JUNKET

sugar.— Cot. From Arab juleb, jul&b,
'Pe.ns. gul-db, rosewater. — Diez.

To Jumble.— Jumbre. To rumble,
then to shake together. I jwnbylle, I
make a noyse by removyng of heavy
thynges. I jumble as one dothe that
can [not?] play upon an instrument, je
brouille. — Palsgr.

^sjombre no discordant thing ifere.

Chaucer. Fr. and Cr. 2. 1037.
Da. skumpe, skumple, to shake, jolt. N.
Fris. shumpeln, to jolt ; N. skumpla, to
shake liquid in a vessel.

To Jump. Sw. guppa, to rock, to tilt
up ; Bav. gumpen, to jolt, spring, jump ;
gumper, the plunger of a pump. Con-
nected forms are OFr. regiber, regimber,
to )ii\<^, giber, to throw about the arms or
legs ; Lang, ghimba, to jump, to kick.
Sw. dial, skumpa, to jog, jolt, jump, run
to and fro ; N. skumpa, to shove, to nudge ;
Da. skumpe, skumple, to shake, jolt. It.
inciampare, to stumble or trip upon.
Jump. 2. A throw, cast, hazard.

Our fortune lies
Upon faajamp. — Antony and Cle.

Plump, without qualification or condition,

exact.

I'll set her on ;
Myself the while to draw the Moor apart,
And bring him jump where he may Cassio find
Soliciting his wife.

Ye shall find it make jump six hundred
sixty six. — Bale in R. In this sense the
word, like the synonymous plump, re-
presents the sound of a lump thrown dotal
in the midst. Jum, a sudden jolt or con-
cussion from encountering an object un-
awares.

Junior. Lat junior, compar. o{juve-
nis, young. See Young.

Junk.-— Junt. Junk, a lump or piece.
— Hal. Old junk is cable or thick rope
cut up into short lengths for the purpose
of unravelling. ' A good junt of beef.' —
Allan Ramsay. Swiss' jante brod, a hunch
of bread. — Idioticon Bernense. Parallel
forms are chunk, a log of wood ; chump,
a log or thick piece. The chump-end
of the sirloin is the thick end. Cob, a
lump or piece ; cobbin, a piece of an eel
— Hal. ; ON. kubbr, a short thick piece ;
N. kubba sund' ein stock, to cut a stick to
bits ; kubb, kumb, knubb, a short thick
piece.

Junk. 2. Malay yw/g-, a vessel of con-
siderable size. — Crawford.

Junket. It. giuncata, any junkets,
viz. dainty fresh cheese, so called because
brought to market upon fresh rushes.

JURIS

— FI. Thus we may see on Yorkshire
cheese the marks of the straws upon
which it has been set to drain. Fr. jon-
cade, a certain spoon-meat made of cream,
rosewater, and sugar. — Cot. The name
oi junket is still given in Devonshire to a
similar preparation. Sc. sunkets, pro-
visions, food.

From delicacies of the foregoing de-
scription, to junket has come to signify to
feast, to frequent entertainments.

Juris. — Jurist. — Jury. Lat. jus, juris.

KEEL

367

right, law, equity; whence jufare, to
affirm with legal rites, to swear ; jurata,
Fr. jur^e, a jury or selection of men
sworn to administer the law ; jurist, one
skilled in the law, &c.

Just.— Justice. h3.t. Justus, what is
in accordance with (Jus) the rights of
men.

To Jut. Fr. jecter, jetter, to cast,
throw, put or push forth ; forjetter, to
jut, lean out, hang over. — Cot. Lat. jac-
tare, to throw.

K

To Ka-w.— To Keck. To kaw, to
fetch one's breath with difficulty. To
keck, to make a noise in the throat by
reason of difficulty of breathing — B. ; to
retch, hawk, clear the throat. — Hal.
Hence keeker, squeamish. G. kauchen,
keichen, to gasp for breath ; Du. kichen,
to pant, cough, sob ; Lap. kdkot, kaklot,
to nauseate, properly doubtless to retch.

Kebbers. Refuse sheep taken out of
the flock.— B. ' Kebbers or cullers drawn
out of a flock of sheep.' — Nomenclator
in Hal. From Du. kippen, to pick out,
to cull.

Kecks. — Kecky. — Kex. The dry hol-
low stalks of last year's growth, especially
of umbelliferous plants. Kex, an elder
pipe. — Sherwood, w. cecys, reeds, canes ;
cecysen, cegid. Corn, cegas, Bret, cegit,
Lat. cicuta, hemlock.

Kedge. i. A small anchor, on. ^a^^z,
a cask fastened as a float to the anchor
to show where it lies. From the float
the name seems to have been transferred
to the anchor itself.

2. Brisk, lively. Kygge {kydge, H.), or
joly, jocundus, hilaris. — Pr. Pm. Sc. cady,
keady, caidgy, caigie, wanton, lascivious,
then cheerful, sportive. OSW. kdt, lasci-
vious, also cheerful ; Da. kaad, wanton,
frolicsome. Sw. kdttjas, to be on heat.
Sc. caige, to wax wanton. Sw. dial.
kdgas, to be eager ; kdgg, libidinous, on
heat. Lat. catulio, to caterwaul, to be on
heat.

Kedge-belly. A glutton ; ,S^(^, pot-
bellied ; to kedge one's beUy, to stuff one's
belly. N. kaggie, a keg, small cask, jar,
a heap or close-packed mass ; figura-
tively, a round belly, thickset person.

To Keek. N. kika, Du. kijcken, to
peep. Keek, peep, and teet are all used
in the sense of looking narrowly, and all

seem originally derived from the repre-
sentation of a sharp sound. The sylla-
ble kik, in Sw. kik-hosta, represents the
shrill sound of the throat in whooping-
cough. OE. chykkyn^SiS hennys byrdys
(to peep as a young chick) pipio — Pr. Pm.
Chick is also used to represent the sound
made by a hard body breaking, and
thence a crack or chip, and it is perhaps
from the image of the light shining
through a crack that the notion of peep-
ing is derived. Thus we speak indiffer
ently of the peep of day, or crack of day.
But It may be simply from the notion of
shining, so often expressed by a root
originally representing a sharp sound.
Lap. kiket, to shine.

KeeL on. kjolr, kjoll, keel of ship,
and poet, a ship ;. AS. ceol, OHG. kiol, a
ship, G. kiel, Fr. quille. It. chiglia, the
keel of a ship. The word seems to have
passed from the Gothic to the Romance lan-
guages, and perhaps the G. kiel, the quill
or stem of a feather, may exhibit the figure
from whence the keel of a vessel takes its
name, the ribs of the vessel parting off on
each side like the web of a feather from
the midrib or stalk.

Keel. 2. — Kayle. — Skayle. G. kegel,
Fr. quille, nine-pins. Du. keghel, kekel,
icicle. OHG. chegil, kegil, a pin or peg ;
zelt-kegil, a tent-pin. G. keil, a wedge.
If the element -icle in icicle signify ice, as
we have supposed, and has no reference
to form, it would seem that kegel in the
sense of cone or peg radically signifies
something in the shape of an icicle.

To Keel.

While greasy Sue doth keel the pbf .

Commonly explained to cool, or by
others, to scum. The meaning however
which would best suit the context is to

368

KEELSON

scour, a sense warranted by the patois of
central France, where we have quillmd,
slippery, polished, shining ; acqiciller, to
scour.

y'acquillais pfieles et p6eIons,
Les marmites et les chaudrons.

Equiller la vaisselle, to scour. Quiller,
as couler, to slip or slide. — Jaubert.

Keelson. — Kelson. The piece of tim-
ber lying upon the keel in which the mast
is stepped.

The topmast to the keelsins then with halyards
down they drew. — Chapman, Homer.

Dan. kiol-svin, N. kiole-svill, from svill,
G. schwelk, a sill or beam on which some-
thing rests in building.

Keen. G. kiihn, daring, bold ; auf
etmas kiihn seyn, to be keen after some-
thing ; kauf -kiihn, eager to buy. OSw.
kdn, kyn, quick, prompt, daring.

To Keep. as. cepan, to observe, be
intent upon ;, cepan his hearnies, to seek
his injury ; fleames cepan, fugam capes-
sere, to be intent upon flight. To take
keep of a thing, to take notice of it. To
keep a day holy is to observe it as holy ;
to keep your word, to observe it. Fris.
kijpen, to look. — Epkema. A similar
train' of thought is seen in the case of
hold, the primitive sense of which seems
to be that which is now expressed by the
compound behold.

'Keg. N. kaggje, a small cask, a jar ;
w. cawg, a bowl ; Sc. cogue, cog, a hooped
wooden vessel, a pail ; Gael, cogan, a
small drinking-dish.

Kell. A child's caul, any thin skin or
membrane ; any covering like network ;
the net in which a woman's hair was con-
fined.— Hal. ' Rim or kell wherein the
bowels are lapt.' — Fl. See Caul.

Kelter. Readiness for work. He is
not yet in kelter. — Skinner. Sw. dial.
kiltra sig, to kilt oneself, or tuck up one's
clothes, as one preparing for work, operi
se accingere.

* Kemlin. — Kimnel. A flat tub used
in brewing, for scalding pigs, or the like.
I<emplin,kemlings (B.), kembing (Hal.), a
brewer's vessel. Du. kam, kamme, a
brewery.— Kil. OFr. cainbc, a brewing.
' Nus ne puet faire cainbe, ne brasser
chervoise ne goudale sans son congid.'

It may be doubted however whether
the word is not rather connected with Sw.
dial, kinib. Fin. kimpi, a cask stave, corre-
sponding to Pl.D. kimm, E. chimb, the
projecting ledge of a cask. Sw. dial.
kimma, a tub, cask ; birkimma, a beer
cask. Mr Atkinson cites from a record

KEVEL

of 1385-96, 'pro ij kympe allec ' for two
barrels of herrings. Da. dial, kitner, a
cooper. In Bremen kimker is a cooper
who makes tubs, not casks.

To Ken. on. kenna, n; kjenna, to per-
ceive by sense, recognise, observe.

Kennel, i. Fr. chenal, a gutter or
kennel ; Lat. canale, pipe, channel, water
conduit.

2. Fr. che7iil. It. canile, a place where
dogs are kept. Lat. canis, dog.

Kenspeekle. Northampton skench-
back, easy to recognise, conspicuously
marked. Sw. kanspak, N. kjennespak,
ready at observing, quick at recognising
what has once been seen, from kjenna,
to recognise, and ON. spakr, wise, prudent.
So Sw. dial, minnespak, good at remem-
bering. In E. kenspeekle the sense is
inverted, so as to indicate a quality of
the object instead of the observer, the
latter part of the word being modified as.
if to signify the marking by which the
object is distinguished.

* Kerb. A.stone laid round the brim
of a well, &c. — B. Any edging of strong
solid stuff which serves as a guard to
something else. — Todd. ' Elm scarce has
any superior for kerbs for coppers.'—
Evelyn.

Perhaps for crib, which is technically
used in the sense of a strong wooden
framework. It may, however, be simply
curb, as it is often spelt.

Kerchief. Fr. couvrechief, a covering
for the head ; OFr. chef, chief, head.

Kernel, i. ON. kjarni, pith, heart,
kernel ; Fr. ceriieau, kernel of a nut, &c.
G. kern, pip of fruit, core, inmost or best
part of a thing, pith of a tree. Probably
from korn, grain ; kornen, kernen, to
reduce to grain.

2. Fr. carncan, crcneaii, the battlement
of a wall ; creneU, imbattled ; cren, a
notch, nick, jag. See Cranny.

Kersey. Fr. carisee, creseau, Sw. ker-
sing.

Kestrel. Burgundian cristel, Fr. cres-
serelle, quercelle, a hawk of a reddish
colour. The G. synonym rothel-weihe,
from rothel, raddle or red chalk, points
to an origin in G. rod-crite, creta rubea.
— Dief Supp.

Kettle. G. kesscl, Goth, katil, Bohem.
Russ. kotel,

Kevel. A bit for a horse, gag for the
mouth. Kevel, mordale, camus.' — Pr.
Pm. N. kjevla, to gag a kid to prevent
it sucking. ON. kefli, Dan. kievle, a short
staff, peg, rolling-pin. W. ccf, Lat. cippiis,
a stock. See Gyve.

KEY

Key. I. AS. ccEg, Fris. kay, Lat. clavis,
Gr. fcXti'f, K\»jfe, a key of a lock. The
Lat. and Gr. forms are from claudere,
clausum, kXsi'u, to inclose or shut, as G.
schliissel, a key, from schliessen, to shut.
Thus analogy would lead us to derive
key from w. can, to shut, making it
identical with w. cae, an inclosure, hedge,
garland, Bret, kae, a hedge, or dyke.

It is remarkable that Walach. kyae or
kyi, a key, an undoubted descendant of
Lat. clavis, is almost identical with the
E. word, and perhaps this identity in the
derivatives may proceed from a radical
unity of the parent forms, teaching us to
regard w. cau, the origin of cae, an in-
closure, and of E. key, as the analogue of
Lat. claudo, the origin of clavis. The
/ of claudo might easily fall away, as the
/ of G. schliessen, or Sw. sluta, in E. shut,
while the final d disappears as com-
pletely in Gr. kKuio as in w. cau. Evi-
dence moreover that cae had once a final
d may be found in Du. kade, kaai, kae, a
dyke or causey ; zomer-kade or — kaai, a
dyke which confines the waters in sum-
mer only ; winter-kaai, one which with-
stands the winter floods.

Key. 2. — ftuay. Fr. quai, Ptg. caes,
Bret. kae. The Bret, kae, inclosure,
hedge, dyke, as well as quay, and Du.
kade, kae, dyke, causey, would look as if
a quay was regarded in the first instance
simply as a dyke or embankment along
a river's side. But the true explanation
seems to be that given by Spelman,
'Caia, a space on the shore compacted
by beams and planks as it were by keys'
The name of key is given in construction
to any bond used for firmly uniting se-
parate parts. Thus key-stone is the stone
which binds together the two sides of an
arch. ^ Key, to knitte walls togedyr,
clef.' — Palsgr. ^ Key, or knyttynge of
two wallys in unstabylle grounde, lora-
mentum (concatenatio lignorum, as the
word is elsewhere explained — Dief. Supp.)
vel caya. Keyage, or botys stonding,
ripatum.'-^Pr. Pm.

Kibe. A sore on the'*heel. Devonsh.
kibby, sore, chapped. — Hal.

To Kick. Words signifying vibratory
or abrupt movement are commonly taken
from sounds of a similar character. Now
Bav. gagkern, gagkezen, kackezen, kick-
ern,kickezen, are used to represent abrupt
sounds, such as the clucking of a hen,
dry short coughing, stammering, tittering,
giggling. Gigkgagk, in nursery language
' a clock, a ticker. Hence gig, gag, kik,
appear as roots from whence spring forms

KIDDIER

369

signifying abrupt impulsive action. Tyrol
gageji, goglen, to gesticulate, to toddle as
a child ; gicken, to stick ; gigl, a con-
temptuous expression for the feet. Fr.
dial, giguer, gigasser, to leap, throw about
the legs ; gigailler, s'^battre, s'agiter. —
Jaubert Gl. du Centre de la Fr. Gigue,
gigot, a leg. — Diet, du has lang. Hence
may be explained W. cicio, to kick ; cic, a.
foot ; cicwr, footman — Jones ; cicwyr, in-
fantry.— Richards.

The same correspondence between the
expression of abrupt utterance and mus-
cular action of a similar kind is seen in
stammer and stamp j stutter and G. stos-
sen, to hit or kick ; Pl.D. staggeln, to
stammer, and E. stagger j Sc. habble, to
stammer, and E. hobble.

Kickle. — Kittle. Ticklish, unsteady,
easily moved. Kickish, irritable ; kiddle
(of the weather), unsettled. — Hal. N. kita,
to tickle, to touch a sensitive place ; kitl,
tickling, irritation, shrug ; kitla, to tickle,
touch a sore place, to rub one's shoulders
or arms ; ON. kida ser, to scratch oneself.
Sw. dial, kikklot, rickety, unsteady.

Kickshaw. From Fr. quelquechose,
something, applied to an unsubstantial
nicety in cookery, and thence extended to
unsubstantial gratifications of other kinds.

* There cannot be no more certain argument of
a decayed stomach than the loathing of whole-
some and solid food, and longing after fine quel-
queschoses of new and artificial composition.' —
Bp. Hall in N. and Q. ' Fricandeaux, short,
skinless, and dainty puddings, or quelkchoses
made of good flesh and herbs chopped together.'
— Cot. ' (Brainsick.) Yet would I quit my pre-
tensions to all these rather than not be the author
of this sonnet, which your rudeness hath irre-
coverably lost. (Limberham.) Some foolish
French quelquechose, I warrant you. (Br.)
Quelquechose I O ignorance in supreme perfec-
tion ! He means a hekshose. (Lim.) Why
then a kekshoes let it be, and a kekshoes for your
song.'— Dryden, Kind Keeper.

Kid. I. ON. kid, a young goat ; G.
kitze, a female cat, a goat ; kitzlein, a kid.
See Kindle.

Kid. 2. — Kidnap. In rogues' slang
kid is a child, agreeing with Lith. kudikis,
a child. Hence kidnap, to nab or steal
children.

3. A brush-faggot, w. cidys, faggots ;
cidysen, a single faggot.

4. A pannier or basket. — Hal. Possi-
bly connected with the last sense as being
made of twigs. Bav. kotz, kotzen, kiitzen,
a hod or basket for carrying on the back.
Boh. koss, a basket, anything made of
wicker. '

Kiddier. — Cadger. A packman or
travelling huxter. Kiddier, kidger, one
24

370

KIDDLE

who buys up fowls, &c., at farm-houses,
and carries them to market. — Forby.
Persons who bring fish from the sea to
Newcastle market are still called cadgers.
— Brocket. As pedler, pedder, from the
fied or basket in which he carries his
wares, so it is probable that kiddier, cad-
ger, are from kid. See Kid, 4.

Kiddle. A basket set in the opening
of a weir to catch fish, an implement fre-
quently denounced in our old municipal
laws, probably on account of its destruc-
tiveness. Fr. quideau, a wicker engine
whereby fish is caught. — Cot. Bret, kidel,
a net fastened to two stakes at the mouth
of a stream. — Legonidec. From kid in
the 3rd and 4th senses. Boh.^cjj, basket,
anything made of wicker ; kossatka, a
wicker cage for fishing.

* Kidney.
Take tho hert and tho mydrav and the kidiiere.
Liber cure cocorum, p. 10.

In the receipt for hagese, p. 52, the kid-
ney is called nere simply. G. niere was
used for the testicles as well as the kid-
neys, being both glandular bodies of
similar shape ; entnieren, to castrate.
Hence kidnere maybe quid nere, the nere
of the quid, on. kvidr, Sc. kyte, kite, the
belly.

Kilderkin. Du. kindeken, kinneken,
a small barrel. Comp. Du. kind, E. child.

To Kill. AS. cwellan, to kill ; cwelan,
to die.

And preyid him that he wolde to him sell

Some poison, that he might his rattis ?««//.
Pardoner's Tale.

The primitive meaning seems as in
Dan. qucele, to strangle, choke, smother.
G. qualm, a suffocating fume, thick va-
pour ; Fin. kuolla,to die, to lose strength
and vigour ; kuolen weteen, aquS, suffo-
cor ; kuolettaa, to kill. If choking be the
primitive meaning, we may observe a like
relation between Fin. kuolla and Lat.
collum, neck, as between necare, to kill
(properly to choke), and E. neck.

Kiln. An oven for burning bricks or
lime, drying malt, &c. w. cylyn, OSw.
kolna, kiln ; N. kylna, a drying-house for
corn. Sw. dial, kylla, kolla, kolna, to
kindle fire. Lat. colina, culi?ia, the
kitchen or fire apartment. See Coal.

Kilt. The radical meaning of the word
is preserved in Sw. kylsa, a bunch or
cluster, Du. kildt brods, a hunch of bread.
Kldderna sitta i en kylsa, her clothes
hang all in a bunch. Hence OSw. op-
kilta, Dan. kilte, to kilt one's clothes, to
truss or gather them up into a bunch.
The kilt or short petticoat of the High-

KING

lander is so called from resembling an
ordinary petticoat kilted up for conveni-
ence of walking. Sw. kilta bam, to
swathe an infant, to make a bundle of it.

Kin. — Kind. AS. cyn, Goth, kuni,
kind, family, race ; kuns, kunds, related,
of the same family ; aljakuns, of another
family, foreign. AS. n<zddrena cyn, gener-
ation of vipers ; moncyn, mankind, on.
kyn, race, family, sex ; kynd, offspring ;
Du. G. kind, child, e. kind, kindly, ex-
press the loving disposition towards each
other proper to the members of a family.
When Hamlet accuses his uncle of being
' a little more than kin and less than kind '
he is simply contrasting the closeness of
the connection with the absence of cor-
responding affection.

The origin is as. cennan, to beget, the
root of which, cen or gen, is somewhat
masked in the reduplicate forms, Lat.
gigno (gigeno). Or. yivo/iai (■ytyci/o/ioi, yi'y-
vo/iai), but is manifest in the derivatives
genitus, genus, gens, yivoq, offspring, race,
kind, sex, yivta, yhtBKov. Bret, gana,
genel, to beget ; w. cenedl ( = Or. yiviQ-
\ov), a race ; GaeL gin, beget ; gineal,
offspring ; cine, cineadh, race, family.

To Kindle. i. To produce young,
applied to cats and rabbits. Probably a
nasalised form of kittle, notwithstanding
w. cenedlu, to beget. It may be observed
that Dan. killing (for killing) is applied
to the young of both the hare and the cat.
See Kitten.

2. To produce fire. on. kynda, to set
fire to ; kyndill, a light, torch, candle ; N.
kvende, chips and shavings for kindling
fire ; kyndel, kynnel, a torch, whence E.
cannel coal, coal that burns like a torch.
Lat. candere, to shine, to glow ; incen-
dere, to kindle, inflame, incite.

Probably a metaphorical application of
the idea of giving birth to, expressed by
the root gan, gen, ken, in accordance with
the analogy which leads us to speak of
the extinction of life or extinction of flame,
although in this case the metaphor runs
in the opposite direction.

Kindred, Tfife latter part of the word
is AS. raden, condition, equivalent as a
termination to E. ship. On tha rcedenne,
on the condition. — Leg. Inae. 63. Gefer-
rceden, companionship ; vicegraden, re-
lationship ; teon-raden {teonan, to accuse,
reproach), quarrel, dispute ; e. hatred, the
condition of hate.

King. G. konig, on. konungr, kongr,
king. Lith. kunigas, kuningas, Lett. .
kimgs, lord, noble, an address commonly
given to the pastor ; Lit. kuningene, the

KINK

pastor's wife ; Lett, kundziba, dominion ;
keninsch, king. Said to be from Goth.
kuni, race, signifying head of the race, as
Goth, thiudatis, a king, from fhhida, a
people. But suspicion is raised by forms
like Tartar ckan, Wotiak kun, king, empe-
ror, kunleii, queen, kunoka, lord, chief.

* Kink. Du. Sw. kink, a twist in a
cable, &c. Also a rheumatic stiffness of
any part, as a stiff neck (Atkinson), a
crick in the neck. ne. kench, a twist or
sprain. — Hal. Kneck, among sailors, is
explained by Bailey in exactly the same
sense as kink, viz. the twisting of a rope
or cable as it is veering out. It seems to
me probable that kneck or knick is the
original form of the word (analogous to
crick above mentioned), representing in
the first instance a short quick move-
ment, a turn or twist. ON. knickja, hnyk-
kja, to snatch, to clench or turn back the
end of a nail, &c. ; hnickr, hnykkr, a
snatch, a trick, a twist in wrestling.

To Kink. i. Said of children when
their breath is long stopped through
eager crying or coughing. — B. An imita-
tion of the shrill sound of drawing the
breath under such circumstances. Chin-
cough, king-cough, Du. kick-hoest, kink-
hoest, whooping-cough. Sw. kikna, to
have the respiration stopped ; kikna af
skratt, to chink with laughter.

Kirtle. AS. cyrtelj Sw. Dan. kjortel,
a garment either for man or woman.

Kiss. Goth, kukjan, G. kiissen, W.
cusaw, cusannu, Gx. Kwiui (fut. kvo-u,
Kvadui), to kiss ; Sanscr. kuch, kus, ON.
koss, kiss.

' Analogy would lead us to seek the de-
rivation in a word signifying mouth. N.
mutt, mouth, mutte (in nursery lang.), to
kiss ; Lat. os, mouth, osculum, kiss ; Boh.
huba (=Gael. gob, E. gab), the mouth,
hubicka, kiss; Prov. cais, mouth, jaws,
acaissar, to kiss. In the same way Goth.
kukjan may be compared with N. kok,
throat, swallow.

Kit. I. A pail, bucket. Tin. kit, kitte,
a hooped beer-can.

2. Brood, collection. Du. kudde, a
flock ; Bav. kiitt, a covey of partridges ;
Swiss kUtt, an assemblage or crew of
people ; Sette Commune kutt, kutta, an
assemblage ; kutte va bei, a swarm of
bees ; kiitten sich, to assemble.

Kitchen. Lat. coquina. It. cucina, G.
kUche, Du. kokene, keiiketiej from Lat.
coquere, to boil. See Cook.

Kite. I. A bird of prey. w. cM,
kite ; cudyll y gwint, the kestrell or
wind-hover. Bret, kidel, a hawk. From

KNACKER

371

cudio, to hover— Pugh ; citd, velocity,
flight. — Spurrell. So Lith. lingoti, to
hover ; linge, kite.

2. A belly. See Cud.

Kith. Acquaintance. AS. cuth, G.
kund, known. From AS. cennan, G. ken-
nen, to know. Kith and kin, acquaint-
ance and relations.

Kitten. — Kitling. — To Kittle, n.
kjetla (of cats), to bring forth young ;
kjetling, a kitten ; Fr. caller, to kittle as
a cat. — Cot. ' Gossype, whan your catte
kytelleth I pray you let me have a kyt-
/yngc'—Valsgr. in Way.

At first sight we have no hesitation in
regarding kittle and killing, as well as
kitten, as derivatives from the parent cat,
but it may be doubted whether the name
of the animal be not derived from the
verb signifying to bring forth young,
rather than vice versa. Bohem. kotiti se
(of sheep, cats, dogs, &c.), to produce
young ; Lat. catulus, a whelp ; Dan.
killing (for killing), the young of hares
or cats. To the same root apparently
belong G. kitzlein, E. kid, a young goat ;
G. kitze, a she-goat, she-cat, and possibly
the word cat itself may have the same
origin, as the names of animals are ori-
ginally very ill defined, and the designa-
tions of general relations of age or sex
are apt to be appropriated to particular
species. Thus the word stag, which
seems properly to signify.a male, is in E.
appropriated to the male deer, while N.
stegg is a gander or male fowl ; \. bitch,
a female dog ; Fr. biche, a female deer.

Knack. A snap with the fingers, a
trick or way of doing as it were at a
snap.

Knacks we have that will delight you,
Sleight of hand that will invite you.

B. Jonson in R,

Ir. cnog, a knock, crack, &c. In the
same way, from Du. knappen, to snap,
knap, alacer, celer ; knap-handig, dexter,
manu expeditus. — Kil. Avoir le chic, to
have the knack of doing something. —
Jaubert.

Knick-knacks, trickery, gesticulation,
articles of small value for show and not
for use.

But if ye use these knick-knacks.

This fast and loose with faithful men and true,

You'll be«the first will find it.— B. & F. in R.

Knacker. A sa'^dler and harness-
maker — Forby; one that makes collars
and other furniture for cart-horses.—
Grose S. & E. country words. Doubtless
from ON. hiackr, a saddle,
24*

372

KNAG

At the present day the name oi knacker
is chiefly known as signifying one whose
business it is to slaughter old worn-out
horses, an office analogous to that of the
German Schinder or Abdecker, the flayer,
who had to dispose of the bodies of dead
animals, and of course first stripped off
their skin, the only part of any value.
It would seem that in England this office
fell to the Knacker or coarse harness-
maker, as the person who would have the
best opportunity of making the skins
available. In Flemish patois loroin is
the skinner of dead beasts, from lonim, a
strap. — Vermesse.

Knag. A projection, a knot in wood.
'The great horns of beetles, especially
such as be knagged as it were with small
teeth.' — Holland, Pliny in R. A word
formed On the same plan withy'i^^ or cog,
signifying in the first instance a sudden
jog, then the corresponding projection in
the path of the jogging object, a projec-
tion from a solid surface. Ir. cnag, a
knock, crack ; cnagach (properly jolting),
rough or uneven ; Sw. knaglig, rugged ;
Dan. knag, a crack, crash, a wooden peg,
cog of a wheel. It. nocco, nocchio, any
bunch, knob, snag, or ruggedness in tree
or wood. — Fl.

Knap. To snap, to break with a
snapping noise. G. knappen, to crackle,
crack, to gnaw, bite, nibble, to nip, twitch
or break off; also as E. knap (among
hunters), to feed upon the tops of leaves,
shrubs,'&c.; to knapple, to gnaw off. — B.
Fin. nappata, to snap at, pluck, snatch,
nappia, to pluck as berries ; Du. knappen,
to snatch, to nab.

Knapsack. From the notion of chew-
ing or gnawing, G. and Du. knappen ac-
quires the sense of eating. Wir liaben
nichts zit knappen, we have nothing to
eat. Hence knapsack, a provision-sack.

Knave, as. cnapa, G. knabe, knappe,
a boy, youth, servant, a depreciatory
term of address to an inferior.

But he that nought hath ne cor.veiteth to have
Is rich, although ye hold him but a knave.

W. of Bath.

Du. knegt (the equivalent of E. knight),
a boy or servant, as well as knape, have
acquired a depreciatory sense analogous
to E. knave. Hy is een knegt, ffn knape,
he is a rogue.

The original meaning is probably a
lump (of a boy), from knap or knop, a
knob or bunch, as the woiii boy itself
has formerly been explained on the same
principle. Gael, cnap, a knob, knot, lump,

KNOB

a stout boy. So also ON. hnaus, a clod ;
Sw. knos, a knoll ; Dan. knos, a lad.
Lang, esclapo, a slab of wood, chip, lump
of stone ; una beV esclapo de Jilio, a fine-
grown girl.

To Knead. ON. h7iocta, gnySa, Du.
kneeden, G. kneten, to knead ; V>3S\.. guide,
to rub ; Pl.D. gnideln, to smooth by rub-
bing with a flat implement. W. cnittio,
to strike, twitch, rub gently ; .Bohem.
hnetu, hjijsti, Pol. gnies'if, to press or
pinch (as a tight shoe), to knead.

ON. gnyr, tumultus, strepitus ; gnya,
gnuddi, to rush violently, to rub, to knead.
Stormurinn gn^r d hicsum, or gtia;dir d
husum, the storm beats upon the house ;
gnydr, the rushing of waters.

Knee. — Kneel. G. knie, Gr. yaw, Lat.

Knell. Sw. ,5«a//, explosion, loud noise,
^. gnell,gnoll, noil, shrill cry ; Mid.Lat.
nola, a bell ; Dan. knald, crack of a whip,
explosion.

Knick-knack. See Knack.

Knife. Du. knijf, G.kneif, C3.t. ganivef,
knife ; Fr. ca7tif, penknife. An instru-
ment for nipping or snipping ; G. kneifen,
kneipen, to nip or pinch ; kneip-schere,
snippers ; Du. knippen, snippen, to clip,
shear ; knip-mes, a razor ; W. ctieifio, to
clip, shear, poll.

Knight. Properly a young man, then
a man at arms, fighting man ; n-ar' Uoj;j>,
the soldier who fought on horseback with
armour of defence. AS. cniht, a boy, youth,
servant ; cniht-cild, man-child. Swiss
knecht, strong active youth ; knechten, to
put forth strength, show activity.

The word is so exactly synonymous
with G. knabe, knappe, E. knave, that we
are disposed to attribute to it a like origin
in Du. knocht, a knot. — Kil.

To Knit. To form knots, to make a
texture, like that of stockings, formed of
a succession of knots ; also to bind toge-
ther. Pl.D. knultc, a knot ; knutten, to
make into a knot, to knit. See Knot.
• Knob. — Knop. — Knock. The sound
of a crack or blow is imitated by the syl-
lables ktiap and knack, with such varia-
tions in the vowel and in the character of
the final consonant as may seem to suit
the nature of the particular sound in ques-
tion. Hence are developed two series of
forms, ending in a labial and a guttural
respectively, and expressing ideas con-
nected with the notion of striking, as the
blow itself, the implement with which it
is given, the track of the blow, a pro-
jection, jutting out, prominence, lump.
Thus, with a labial termination, we

KNOCK

have Gael, cnap, to strike, to beat ; a
button, lump, boss, hillock; w. cnwpa, a
knob, a club ; E. knap, the top of a hiU,
or anything that sticks out — B. ; knop, a
bud ; Du. knoppe, knoop, a knot, a bud ;
G. knopf, a knob, button, ball, head ; Pl.D.
knobbe, knubbe, anything thick and round,
a knotty stick, a flower-bud ; knobken, a
small loaf ; Dan. knub, a log, block ;
knubbet, knotty ; knubbe, to bang, to
thrash.

With a guttural termination, G. knack,
a crack or snap ; niisse knacken, to crack
nuts ; Gael, cnac, crack ; E. knock, to
strike ; Gael, cnoc, a hillock, eminence ;
w. cnwc, a knob, lump, bunch ; Ir. cna-
gaim, to knock, to rap ; cnagach, rough,
uneven ; cnagaid, hump-backed ; Gael.
cnag, .a knob ; E. knag, a projection.

Knock. See Knob.

KqoU. a round hillock ; a turnip. —
B. An expression of the class of those
explained under Knob. ON. hnalla, to
beat with a stick; knallr, a cudgel; G.
knollen, a knob, bunch, lump, figuratively
a clown. P1.D. knulle, a hunch, a
crumple.

Knot. Another of the forms signify-
ing a knob or projection, derived from
the image of knocking or striking. Du.
knodse, knudse, a club ; knodsen, knudsen,
to beat ; knodde, a knuckle, a knot ; knut-
tel, a cudgel; Pl.D. knutte, G. knote, a
knot ; Lat. nodus, a knot, knob. Dan.
knude, knot, bump, protuberance. See
Knob.

BLnow. AS. cnawan, OHG. cnahen,
Sanscr. jn&, Pol. znai, Lith. zinoti (i =
Fr.y), Gr. yiyj/turKw, Lat. {genoo, genosco)

LACHES

373

gnosco, to know. The original root seems
to be gen or ken, with the sense probably
of seize, get, apprehend.

It is singular that the Lat. cognoscere
should be reduced in the course of degra-
dation to a form nearly identical with E.
know. Cognoscere, Namur conoche, and
thence by the change usual in Walloon
of the sound of sch into h, Wall, kinohe,
to know.

Rnowledge. Formerly knowleche, the
last syllable of which is the ON. leik, N.
leikje, usually employed in the composi-
tion of abstract nouns. In AS. and OE.
it took the form of lac or leicj AS. reaf-
lac, robbery ; OE. schend-lac, derision ;
wouhlac, seduction ; fear-lac, fear ; god-
leic, goodness — Ancren Riwle ; Pl.D.
bruut-lag, e. -wedlock. It is remarkable
that the termination lik has exactly the
same force in Turkish ; Jichigi-lik, the
trade of a cooper ; kalem-lik,the function
of a pen ; adem-lik, the quality of man ;
dagh-lik,, mountainous country ; beyaz'
lik, whiteness ; (bakmak, to look) bak-
mak-lik, the act of looking. Turk, lika,
face, countenance ; OE. laches, looks, ges-
tures.— Layamon.

Knuckle. Du. knokel, the knotty or
projecting part of the joints ; knokels van
den rug-graet, the vertebrse of the back ; '
knoke, knock-been, the ankle ; knoke, a
knot in a tree, a bone, because the bones
in the living body become conspicuous at
their projecting end ; G. knochen, bone ;
knochel, a knuckle, knot, or joint, the
joints of the fingers., ankle, toes. See
Knob.

Label. OFr. lambel, a shred or rag
holding but little to the whole, a label ;
lambeaux, rags, tatters. Lambeaux or
labeaux was also the name given to the
fringe (laciniis) hanging from the military
cloak — Due. ; OE. lamboys, the drapery
which came from below the tasses over the
thighs. — Hal. G. lappen, a rag, lap, lobe ;
lumpen, a rag, tatter ; It. lembo, the skirt
or lap of a garment, anything that flaps
or hangs loose ; Milan, lamp, a lap, skirt,
rag, slice. See Lap.

IiabiaL Lat. labium, a lip.

Labour. — Laboratory. Lat. labor.

Lace. Lat. laqueus, Prov. lac, laz,

latz. It. laccio, Fr. lacqs, a lace, tie, snare,
noose ; Prov. lassar, lachar, Fr. lacer, to
lace, bind, fasten. The lacing is thus
the binding of a garment, and the name
has been appropriated to the border of
gold or silver tissue, of silk or open thread-
work used as an ornamental edging to
garments of different kinds. See Latch.

Lacerate. Lat. lacer, torn, ragged ;
lacinia, a jag, snip, piece, rag, lappet of a
gown. Gr. XaKi'c, a rent, tatter ; XaniZa,
to tear. From the sound of tearing, Gr.
Xao-Kw, iXamv, to crack, creak, sound,
scream.

Laches. Negligence.

374

LACK

Then cometh lachesse, that is, he that whan he
beginneth any good work, anon he wol forlete
and stint it. — Parson's Tale;

OFr. lasche, slack, remiss, faint ; Lat.
laxus, loose. See Loose.

Ijack. I. — Iiake. — Xiacker. Lack, an
East Indian resin of a red colour, the pig-
ment extracted from which is Lake. Fr.
lacque, sanguine, rose or ruby Colour. — •
Cot. Lacquered ware is ware covered
with a varnish of lack. ' The lack of
Tonquin is a sort of gummy juice that
drains out of trees. The cabinets to be
lackered are made of fir or pine tree.' —
Dampier in R. Du. lak-werk, lackered
ware. The name is then extended to
other kinds of varnish. Fr. lacre, a .ce-
ment of rosin, brimstone, and wax. — Cot.
It. lacca, white lead, also a kind of white
varnish ; laccare, to paint or daub over
with lacca, to paint as women do their
faces. — Fl.

2. Lack had formerly two senses, iden-
tical with those of Du. lack, laecke, want,
defect, fault, blame ; laecken, to decrease,
become deficient, also to accuse, to blame.
Of these senses the notion of fault or
blame might be incidental to that of de-
ficiency or want, but it is probable that
the two uses of the word are from totally
different sources.

The origin of lack, want, is seen in
Swab, lack (properly slack), slow, faint.
To lack then is to become slack, to cease,
to be wanting. In like manner G.Jlau,
faint, feeble ; diese waare wird flau, this
article lacks or is no more sought for —
Kiittner,the demand becomes slack. Du.
laeckende wa^r^merxdecrescens ; laecken,
minuere, decrescere, deficere paulatim,
deesse. — Kil. Namur lauk, slack ; Wall.
laker, to slacken, cease, give over. / n'
Idke nin d' ploure, it does not cease to
rain. — Grandg. Again, from E. dial, lash,
lask, slack, loose, watery ; to lask, to
shorten, lessen. — Hal.

On the other hand lack, in the sense of
blame, seems to be for clack, clag, Pl.D.
klak, klaks, G. kleck, a spot, blot, stain,
disgrace ; einem enen klak anhangen, to
fix a blot upon him. Sc. clag, an encum-
brance, charge, impeachment. ' He has
nae clag till his tail,' no stain on his cha-
racter.

He was a man without a clag.
His heart was franlt without a flaw.

Pl.D. een lak, (or more frequently) enen
klak in de ware smiten, to find fault with
wares ; Sw. lak, vice, fault.
liackey — Iiacket.

LAD

Than they of Haynault bought little nagges to
ride at their ease, and they sent back their lac-
kettes and pages. — Bemers, Froissart in R.

Fr. laquais, a footman ; OFr. naquet, na-
quais, an attendant at a tennis-court ;
naqueter, to stop a ball at tennis, also to
wait at a great man's door, to observe
dutifully, attend obsequiously. — Cot.

The name seems to be taken from the
nacket's office of catching the ball. Fr.
nague-mouche, a fly-catcher. A sharp
sound is represented by the syllable knack,
as in G. knacken, to crack, Fr. iiaquer, to
gnaw with a snapping sound like a dog ;
naqueter des denS, to chatter with the
teeth. Thence the term is applied to any
quick abrupt movement, as in the sense
of catching, or in Bav. knacken, a stroke ;
Fr. naqueter de la queue, to wag the tail.

The interchange of an initial / and n is
not infrequent, as in It. livello and nivello,
Lat. lympha and nympha; N. lykjel and
nykjel, a key ; Sp. lutria and nutria, an
otter.

Laconic. Gr. Aokidvikoc, after the man-
ner of the Lacones or Spartans.

Lacteal. Lat. lac, lactis, milk.

liad. — Lass. Lad was formerly used
in the sense of a man of inferior station.

Sixti and ten
Starke laddes, stalworthe men. — Havelok.
To make lordes of laddes
Of land that he winneth,
And fremen foule thralles
That foUwen aoght his lawes. — P. P. 1325.
When laddes weddeth leuedies.

Prophesy of Thomas of Ercildoune in
Havelok. Gloss.

It would seem to be the same word with
OHG. laz, libertinus (G. freigelassner) ;
frilaz, manumissus ; hantlaz, libertus. —
Graff ' Sunt etiam apud illos (Saxones) qui
edhilingi, sunt qui frilingi, sunt qui lazzi
illorum lingua dicuntur, Latini vero lin-
gui hoc sunt ; nobiles, ingenui, atque
serviles.' — Nithardus in Graff'. G. lasse,
Du. laete, a peasant bound to certain rents
and duties, corresponding to our copy-
hold tenures. The word is Latinised in
various ways, litus, lidus, ledus, adscrip-
titius, servus glebas. - Duo. ' Et Saxones
omnes tradiderunt se illi et omnium ac-
cepit obsides tarn ingenuos quam et lidos!
— Annales Franc, ibid. In the Frisian
laws the composition of a litus was double
that of a slave and half that of a freeman.
Mid.Lat. leudus, leudis, a vassal, subject,
AS. leod, a people, G. leute, people, Goth.
jugga-lauds, a young man, may probably
be distinct.

The difficulty in identifying E. lad with

LADDER

OHG. laz arises from the fern, lass (for
laddess), which is not in accordance with
the Sax. idiom, and would look like a
derivation from W. llodes, a lass ; llawd,
a lad.

* Iiadder. AS. hlcedre, OHG. hleitar,
G. leiter (fem.), Pol. letra, a ladder.

Possibly the word may signify a pair of
poles or spars. G. latte (in some cases), a
bar or pole, a young, slender, and straight
tree in a forest. — Kuttn. P1.D. lade, the
shoot of a tree. — Brem. Wtb. Laede (ger.
sax. sicamb.), tabula, asser. — Kil. AS.
latta, asseres. — Lye. Sw. dial. Iddda, Da.
dial, latter, vognlcetter, or hirer, E. dial.
ladders, lades or ladeshrides, the frame-
work of bars fixed on the side of a wag-
gon to carry corn. Sw. dial. Idder, two
spars fastened to each other at a certain
interval, and used as the framework of a
waggon to carry casks or large stones. G.
lade, a framework of different kinds. Du.
laede, weverS-laede, the comb or reed,
composed of two rods fastened to each
other by a number of teeth (like a ladder)
between which every thread of the warp
passes singly. See Lathe.

Lade. i. Lade, a ditch or drain. —
Hal. A lade, mill-lade, or mill-leat, is
the cut which leads water to a mill. as.
lad, a canal, conduit ; Du. leyde, tuater-
leyde, acquasductus, aquagium. — K. AS.
Icedan, Du. leyden, to lead.

• To Lade. — Load. — Ladle. — Last.
ON. hlaSa, to lay in regular order, to pile
up, to build a wall, to pack herrings, to
pave a floor ; Mad, anything piled up or
laid in regular order ; Da. lade, to load,
OHG. hladan, G. laden, to load. AS.
hladan. Mod, geMaden, to pile up, to
load, also to draw water, to bring bucket
after bucket to the receptacle, analogous
to piling up objects on a heap. Hlcedle, a
ladle or implement for lading liquids.
nicest, ON. Mass, G. last, the loading or
burden of a ship, E. last, a certain quan-
tity of com, fish, wool, &c.

In a secondary sense to lade (of ships)
is to let in water, to leak.

— the ship
Whiche was so staunche it myghte no water lade.

Hal.

Lady. as. Mcefdig.

Lady-cow. — Lady-bird. The name
of a well-known, small, spotted, hemi-
spherical beetle, dedicated to Our Lady,
as appears by the German name Marien-
kafer or Gottes-kUMein, in Carinthia
FrauenkUele. In Brittany it.is. called la
petite vache du bon Dieu, and Bohem.

LAKE

37S

Bozj krawicka, God's little cow, has the
same meaning. The comparison of a
beetle to a cow seems strange, but in
other cases the name of cats, dogs, sheep,
are given to insects of different kinds,
and Pol. krowka, little cow, is the name
given to the dung-beetle. The large
black beetle, popularly called Devil's
coach-horse, is in ON. J'dtun-oxi, the
Giant's ox, the Jotun in Northern mytho-
logy filling the place of the Devils in
Jewish, while the ox or beast of the
plough is exchanged in modern times for
the more conspicuous coach-horse.

The other name. Lady-bird (by which
Lady-cow is being rapidly supplanted),
was probably given as seeming more ap-
propriate to a flying creature ; but bird
may here be a corruption of bode or bud,
a name given to insects of different kinds,
as sham-bode, dung-beetle, wool-bode,
hairy caterpillar. — E. Adams on names
of insects in Philolog. Trans.

To Lag. To trail behind, to flag. As
in muscular exertion the limbs are made
rigid, the idea of the opposite condition,,
faintness, laziness, slowness, is expressed
by the figure of what is loose or slack.
W. Hag, loose, slack, sluggish ; Gael, lag,
feeble, faint ; Esthon. lang, lank, loose,
slack ; Gr. Xayopof, slack, pliant ; Xayyajo),
Xayyew, to slacken ; Bav. lugk, loose, not
tight.

The origin of all these terms is a repre-
sentation of the sound of a loose body
flapping or rattling. E. dial, log, logger,
to oscillate, shake as a loose wheel ; G.
locker, loose, &c. See To Log.

LagOQn. Lat. lacuna, a ditch, pud-
dle, drain, a little hole or hollow place, a
gap ; It. lacuna, laguna, a moor, wash,
fen, ditch where water stands, a drain.
— Fl. Sp. laguna, 'stagnant waters,
marshes.

Lair. A lying place, now confined to
a lying place for beasts.

The mynster church, this day of great repayre,
Of Glastenbury where now he has his leyre.

Hardyng in R.

Du. leger, bed, sleeping place, lair of a
beast, camp or place occupied by an
army ; Dan. leir, camp ; from Du. leg-
gen, to lie ; te bedden, te velde leggen, to
lie in bed, to camp. AS. leger, a lying,
whether in the grave or in bed ; legeres
wyrthe, worthy of burial ; also the cause
of lying or disease; place of lying or
bed ; lying with or adultery ; leger-gyld,
OE. lair-wite, a fine for adultery.— B.
Lake, i. A pigment. See Lack.

376

LAM

2. Fr. lac, Lat. lams.
To Lam. To give a beating to. ON.
lemja, to give a sound drubbing, N. Imnja,
to beat. Du. lain-slaen, enervare verbe-
ribus ; lam, flaccid, languid, vi^eak ; lainme
Udeti, membra dissoluta ; Piedm. lam,
loose, slack. To lam then would be to
beat faint, to exhaust with blows, anal-
ogous to Dan. 7nor-banke, to give a sound
drubbing, literally to beat tender.

Lamb. Esthon. lammas, lamba. Fin.
lammas, lampaan, a sheep ; lampuri, a
shepherd. Lap. libbe, a lamb.

Lambent. Lat. lambo, to lick with
the tongue. A nasalised form of lap.

Lam.e. Broken or enfeebled in some
of the members. Serv. lomiti, to break ;
loman, broken, tired ; Pol. lamad, to
break ; lamanie w nogach, gout in the
feet ; ban. la}n, palsied, paralytic ; Du.
leme, lemte, mutilatio, vitium — Kil. ; ON.
lami, broken, enfeebled, impaired ; Iciini,
a break, fracture ; lama, to weaken, im-
pair ; lam, a fracture, enfeebling ; lama,
membris fractus vel viribus ; fot-lama,
far-lama, incapacitated in the feet, in the
power of walking.

It must be admitted that the meaning
oilame sometimes approaches very closely
that of Du. laf, lam, flaccid, languid,
weak ; Pied, lam, loose, slack ; N. lama,
lamen, fatigued, exhausted, unstrung.
Comp. Du. lammelick, languid^, remissd,
segniter, with E. lamely ; lam.m,e sanck, in-
conditum et ineptum carmen, a lame
production ; lamme leden, membra dis-
soluta ; lam-slaen, enervare verberibus,
to disable or make lame by blows .
Lament. Lat. lamentari.
Lamina. — Laminate. Lat. lamina,
a thin flake or slice.

Lammas. On the first of August, the
feast of St Peter *ad Vincula, it was cus-
tomary in AS. times to make a votive
offering of the first-fruits of the harvest,
and thence the feast was termed Hlaf-
masse, Lammas, from hlaf, loaf In the
Sarum Manual it is called Benedictio
novorum fructuum. — Way in Pr. Pm.

Lamp. Gr. Xa/urag, whence Lat. lam-
pas. Gr. XeSfiTTw, to ring, sound loud and
clear, then to give light, to shine. ON.
glam,glamr, clang, rattle, noise ; glajnpa,
to gleam, glitter, shine.

Lampoon. The syllables taterletat,
tanterlantant, representing sound with-
out sense, are used in Pl.D. as interjec-
ticins, like fiddlededee ! expressing con-
tempt for what a person says. Taterlet&t,
a toy trumpet, or the noise which it
makes ; ene olde taterletat, an old tattle-

LANE

basket; taHterlaniaut,tn?izs; tantern,\.o
tattle, to trifle. Equivalent expressions
are Lang, ta-ta-ta ! Fr. tarare ! a fiddle
stick ! pshaw ! (Boileau) ; and also lan-
turelu! lanturlu! fudge! stufi"! (Spiers),
nonsense ! (Tarver), of which the promi-
nent syllable, lant (as tant in o), has
been made the basis of verbs signifying
to talk nonsense, to trifle ; lantiberner, to
weary with idle stories (Diet, bas lang.) ;
lanterner, to talk nonsense, trifle with, to
fool (Spiers) ; lantiponner, to talk non-
sense, to trifle, harceler quelqu'un en le
tiraillant. — Trevoux. Then as lantiberner
seems contracted to lanterner, so lanti-
ponner would produce lamponner, ex-
plained by Cot. as synonymous with
lanterner, to dally or play the fool with,
to cog, . foist, fib. The primary meaning
of lampoon then would be a piece of*
foolery or nonsense, making fun of a
person, and incidentally a satirical attack.
* Lamprey. Fr. lamproie. It. lam-
preda, Lat. lampetra, ' a lambendis petris,'
from licking stones. — ^Voss. In support
of this etymology Trench cites the OE.
names suckstone and lickstone. ' A little
fish called a suckstone, that stayeth a
ship under sail, remora.' — Withal.

Lance. — Lanceolate. — Lancet. Lat.
lancea, Gr. Xoyxi; a lance, spear, spear-
head.

Land. Goth., on. latid.
Landscape. A delineation of the land,
from AS. sceapan, to shape or form. So
'Si.fiellskap, the outline of a range of hills.
Eg kienne land 'e paa fiellskap, I know
the land by the line of hills.

Lane. — Lawn. Du. laen, an alley,
opening between houses or fields. Sc.
loati, loaning, an opening between fields
of corn left uncultivated for the sake of
driving the cattle homewards. — Jam.
Fris. lona, lana, a narrow way between
gardens and houses. Dan. dijU. laane,
lane, a bare place in a field where the
corn has failed ; lane, an open or bare
place ; E. lawn, lawnd, an open space be-
tween woods ; w. llan, a clear place, area,
or spot of ground to deposit anything in.
The fundamental idea is probably the
opportunity to see through gi\«en by an
opening between trees or the like ; N.
glana, gleine, to stare, to look steadily, to
open (as clouds) and leave a clear space ;
glan, an opening among clouds ; glanen
(of a wood or of clouds), open, separate,
so that one may see through ; glenna, a
clear open space among woods, grassplot
between cliffs and wood ; gleine, an open
space.

LANGUAGE

Language. Lat. lingtia, a tongue,
language, whence Fr. langue, langage.

Languid. — Languish. Lat. langueo,
to be faint, without life and spirit. Gr.
Xayyiu, Xayya^w, to slacken, give up ; Xay-
yojv, a loiterer. See To Lag.

Laniard. — Lanyel. — Lauget. It is
probable that langet, langel, lanyel, a
strap or thong, tether, strip of ground,
must be separated from Fr. lanikre, E.
laniard, a narrow band, a thong ; lanier,
the lash of a whip. — Forby. The former
are certainly from Lat. lingula, a little
tongue, narrow pointed object. It. lingtia,
a langet or spattle, linguella, lingiietta,
the point or langet of a pair of scales, a
tenon. — Fl. Langot of the shoe, latchet.
— Kennett in Hal. Langelyn or bynd
. together, coUigo, compedio. — Pr. Pm.
Laniire op the other hand seems from
longiere (a long narrow towel — Cot.), sig-
nifying a strip. Limousin loundieiro, Fr.
allonge, piece that one adds to lengthen
anything. Allonge or lotige was also
used in the sense of It. langolo for the
lunes or leniins of a hawk, the leather
thongs by which his legs were attached
to the wrist in carrying him. Fr. longe,
Wal. long, signifies also a long strap fast-
ened to the halter of a horse, whence the
expression to lu7ige a colt, in breaking
him in, to hold him with a long rope and
drive him round in a circle.

The g of long disappears occasionally
in the Fr. dialects, as Wal. Ion, slow,
long, far. — Remade. Lim. loung, loun,
slow, tedious, long. It. lungi, Fr. loin, far ;
eslongier, eloigner, to put to a distance.

Bret, louan, a thong or strap, especially
that by which the yoke is fastened to the
ox's head.

Lank. Du. slank, G. schlank, slender,
pliant. A nasahsed form of the root
which appears in E. slack, Gael, lag, weak,
faint, with the fundamental signification
of absence of rigidity. Du. lank, the
flank or soft boneless part of the side ;
Devonsh. lank, the groin.

Lansquenet. G. lanzknecht, a soldier
serving with lance.

Lantern. Fr. lanterne, Lat. laterna,
as if from AS. leoht, light, and -em, place,
an element seen in domern, judgment-
place, heddern, hiding-place, baces-ern,
oven, and lihtes-ern, a lantern. In lu-
cerna the same element is joined with lux,
lucis, light.

The spelling of lanthorn, which so long
prevailed, was doubtless influenced by
the use of transparent sheets of horn for
the sides of the lantern.

LASH

377

Lap.— Lappet. The flap or loose skirt
of a garment. \JC«s.flap, clap, slap, a re-
presentation of the noise made by a loose
sheet striking against itself or any surface.
ON. lapa, slapa, to hang loose ; Du. lab-
beren (of sails), to shiver in the wind ; G.
lapp, slack ; lappen, anything hanging
loose, rag, tatter, clout ; bart-lappen, the
wattles of a cock ; ohr-ldppchen, lobe of
the ear ; AS. Iczppa, a. lap or lobe of the
liver.

A lapwing is a bird ^h-A flaps its wings
in a peculiar manner as iLflies.

To Lap. I. Fr. tapper, to lap or lick
up; Gr. XditTM, to lap, then to drink
greedily ; Lat. lambere, to lick ; Fr. tam-
per, to drink, to swill. In E. cant the
term lap is used for liquid food, wine,
pottage, drink. From the sound of lap-
ping up liquids with the tongue.

2. To lap or wlap, to wrap. ' Lappyn
or whappyn yn clothes, involve.' ' Plico,
to folde or lappe' —Vr. Pm. 'He was
•wtappid in a sack (obvolutus est sacco).'
— Wiclifif. P'rom the. root wlap spring
It. invituppare, Fr. envelopper.

To lap in the present sense is to bring
the lap or flap of the garment round one ;
the forms wlap and flap corresponding
together, as Du. wrempen and 'E. frump.

Lapse. Lat. labor, lapsus, to fall, sink
down.

Larboard. The left side of the ship
looking forwards. Du. laager, OE. leer,
left. ' Clay with his hat turned up o' the
leer side too.' — B. Jonson in Nares. Du.^
laager-hand, the left hand, from laager,
lower, as hooger-hand, the right hand,
from hoog, high. It is, however, against
this derivation that the word is written
laddebord in the Story of Jonah, AUit.
Poems of xiv. Cent., E. E. Text Soc.

Larceny. Fr. larcui, robbery, from
Lat. latrocinium, robbery ; latro, a rob-
ber.

Lard. Lat. lardum, bacon, bacon fat.
Bret, lard, fat, grease ; tarda, to grease,
to fatten.

Large. — Largess. Lat. largus, of
great size, copious, liberal, .whence Fr.
largesse, liberality, gifts.

Lark. AS. laferc, Sc. laverock, Du.
leeuwercke, lewerck, lercke.

Larrup. To beat. Du. larp, a lash ;
larpen, to thresh in a peculiar manner,
bringing all the flails to the ground at
once. — Bomhoff.

To Lash. I. To strike with a sound-
ing blow, as when a whale lashes the sea
or a lion his flanks with his tail. To lash
out, to throw out the heels with violence ;

378

LASS

lasher, a weir, from the dashing of the
water. Like clash or slash, a represent-
ation of the sound. Esthon. laksuma,
to smack, to sound like waves when they
lashthe shore. G. klafschen, to yield that
sound which is represented by the word
klatschj lashing with a whip, clapping of
the hands, clashing of arms. — Kuttn. Du.
kletsen, to clash, clack, crack, to fling;
klets, lash, slap.

2. To bind or fasten anything to the
ship's sides. — B. Du. lasch, a piece set on
or let into a garment, also the place where
the joining is made, the welding of two
pieces of iron together, splicing of rope-
ends ; lasschen or lassen, to join two
pieces together ; Dan. laske, to baste,
stitch, mortise ; N. laskje, a gore or patch ;
aarelaskje, the patch of hard wood let
into an oar to protect it from the rul-
locks ; Bav. lassen, einlassen bretter in-
einander, to scarf boards together, to let
one into the other ; die gelass or gelassen,
the joining.

Iiass. See Lad.

Ijassitude. Lat. lassus, weary.

liast. I. Contracted from latest, as
best from dels/. G. le/zl; Bav. lesst, Pl.D.
les/. Zi lezzist, su lazzosi, demum ; zu
de7n les ten, extreme. — Gl. in Schmeller.

2. A burden. ON. hlass, as. hlcest, Du.
G. last, a load ; ON. hlada, to load, to
pile up, G. laden, to load.

3. The form of a shoemaker. 'Dn.leest,
make, form, shape ; G. leisten, model,
jnould, form, size. ' Ein Spanischer ross,
ob es gleich klein von leist, ist es doch
adelich von gestalt,' though small of size
is noble in form. ' Ein pfarrer soil ein
bildner und leist sin zu leben sinen un-
terthanen,' a pastor should be a model to
his parishioners.

The origin is probably AS. last, Goth.
laist, trace, footstep ; wagen-gelaist, the
trace of the wheel ; the impression of a
thing showing the size and form without
the substance of the original.

To Last. Properly, to perform, but
now confined to the special sense of per-
forming the duty for which a thing is
made, enduring. When we say that a
coat will last for so many months, we
mean that it will serve the purpose of a
coat for so long. G. leisten, to fulfil, per-
form, carry out. ' And thei ben false and
traiterous and lasten noght that thei
bihoten.' — Sir Jno. Mandeville.

As Lat. sequi, to follow, gives exsequi,
to follow but, perform, accomplish ; or
G. folgen, to follow, befolgen, to perform
ipefehl befolgen, to perform one\ com-

L.ATHE

mand), so to last, from Goth, laist, AS.
last, a trace, footstep, is to tread in one's
footsteps, to follow, to fulfil :

Span thu hine georne
Thaet he thine lare lassie :

urge thou him zealously that he may fol-
low thy instruction. — Csedm. x. 1. 58.
Goth, laistjan, afarlaistjan, to follow
after ; fairlaistjan, to attain. The legal
expression in pursuance of is used in the
sense of in fulfilment or execution of

To Xiatcli. To catch. AS. laccan,
gelcBccan, to catch, to seize ; Gael, glac,
catch. The word seems to represent the
sound of clapping or smacking the hand
down upon a thing, or perhaps the snap
of a fastening falling into its place.

Xiatch. — liatchet. From Lat. laqueus,
are formed Fr. lags, It. laccio, any latch
or lachet, binding-lace or fillet, halter,
snare to catch birds or beasts — Fl. ;
Rouchi IcLche, a noose, leash, lace ; lachet,
as Fr. lacet, a tie or fastening. Pol. lapai,
to catch, corresponds to E. latch, as snap
to snatch, clap to clack; Lat. capere, to
E. catch.

Iiate. ON. latr, OHG. laz, slow ; G.
lass, faint, negligent, lazy; Bav. lass,
slack, loose, slow. The radical meaning
is, doubtless, slack, unstrung, then inact-
ive, slow, behindhand. See Loiter.

-late, -lation. Lat. fero, latum, to
bear, bring ; confero, to bring together ;
collatio, a comparison, whence to collate,
to compare ; to translate, to carry over ;
prcelatus, advanced before the r^&t,a. pre-
late j oblation, an offering ; legislate, to
carry laws.

Iiatent. Lat. lateo, to lie, or be con-
cealed, or unnoticed.

Iiateral. Lat. latus, lateris, a side.

Iiath. — Lattice. Fr. Du. G. latte, a
thin piece of cleft wood ; G. latte is also
used for a pole or rod, a young slender
tree in a forest. The primary meaning
is doubtless the shoot of a tree. Russ.
loza, a rod, branch, twig ; G. lode, a
sprig or shoot ; Bret, laz, a pole, fishing-
rod ; W. Hath, a yard, or measure of three
feet ; Gael, slat, a switch, wand, yard.
Fr. lattis, E. lattice, lath-work.

Latb.e. A turner's frame, called by
Cot. a lathe or lare. G. lade, a frame,
what holds or incloses something else ;
the framework of a plough or harrow, a
chest, coffer, receptacle. Kinnladen, the
jawbones in which the teeth are held;
belt lade, a bedstead ; kamtnlade, the
basis which holds the teeth of a wool-
card ; tischlade, a drawer. Du. laede,
laeye, a receptacle, case, chest ; laede van

LATHER

de waege, the receptacle for the tongue
of a balance. Commonly connected with
E. lade, to lay up, lay in order. Line.
lath, to place or set down. — Hal. ON.
hlada, Sw. lada, OE. lathe, a barn, a re-
ceptacle for hay, corn, &c. See To Lade.
It is possible, however, that the radical
meaning may be a construction of bars
or rods. Laede, tabula, asser. — Kil. See
Ladder.

Lather, ne. lather, to splash in water.
— Hal. ON. lodra, to foam ; lodr, foam
of the sea ; Sw. sap-loder, soap-suds ;
Bav. loder, suds, dirty water from wash-
ing ; Swiss ladern, Idttern, flddern, pldt-
tem (from an imitation of the sound), to
dabble in water, make wet and dirty, let
fall liquid dung (of cows) ; kuhpldder,
cow-dung ; verldtteren, to dawb with
cow-dung ; G. pldtschem, to paddle or
dabble in water ; Dan. pladder, mud,
mire.

Iiatiner. Fr. latinier, one who speaks
Latin, an interpreter.

Iiatitude. Lat. latus, broad.

Latten. Brass, tinned iron. Fr. laiton.
It. latone, ottone, brass ; latta, tin plate.
From being used in the shape of plates.
— Diez. Piedm. lata, thin narrow piece
of iron or other metal, plate, blade. Way
cites a document of the 15th century
which speaks of 'latten, or CuUen (Co-
logne) plate.'

Iiaudable. — Laudatory. Lat. laus,
-dis, praise.

Laugh. G. lachen, Du. lachachen,
lachen — Kil. ; from the sound.

To Launcb.. Fr. lancer. It. lanciare,
violently to throw, hurl, dart ; lanciare
un cervo, to rouse a stag. Probably
lancia, a lance, is from the verb, and not
vice versS. ; a weapon to be hurled. A
nasalised form of e. lash, to throw out.

Laundry. — Laundress. It. lavare,
to wash ; lavanda, suds, anything to
wash with ; Fr. layage, washing ; lavan-
dilre, a washerwoman ; Sp. lavadero, a
washing-place ; lavandero, a washer ; la-
vanderia, the wash, linen for washing.
To the last of these forms corresponds E.
laundry, the washing department, and
from laundry is formed laundress.

Laurel. — Laureate. Lat. laurus, the
laurel, laureatus, one crowned with laurel.

Lave. — Lavatory. Lat. lavare, to
wash, bathe, lavator, one that washes.
Radically connected with ON. I'dgr (g.
lagar), AS. lagu, water, liquid. ON. laug,
bath, water to wash in ; lauga, Da. love,
to bathe, to wash.

Lavender. Fr. lavende, from bemg

LAY

379

laid with fresh-washed linen, to perfume
and preserve it from mildew. It. lavanda,.
a washing.

Laver. A sea weed, otherwise called
sea liver-wort, looking as if the word
were a corruption of liver.

Lavish. Prodigal. Fr. lavasse, or
lavace d'eaux, an inundation. The idea
of unthrifty dealing is often expressed by
the dashing abroad of water. It. guaz-
zare, sguazzare, to dabble or plash in
water ; guazzare, to lavish in good cheer ;
sguazzare, to lavish his estate — FI. ; Sw.
pluttra, properly to dabble, correspond-
ing to Sc. bluiter, in a similar sense, and
to Dan. pludder, slush, mire ; Sw. plut-
tra bort penningas, to squander money.
And squander itself is a repetition of the
same metaphor.

Law. ON. lag, order, method, custom,
law. From leggia (hefi lagt), to lay. So
Lat. statutum, statute, from statuere, to
lay down ; G. gesetz, law, from setzen, to
set ; Gr. Ocaiiog, law, from nBtiiu, to lay.

Lawn. I. See Lane.

2. A kind of fine linen, Fr. linon, from
which however the E. word can hardly
have been derived. Sp. lona, canvas, a
texture agreeing with lawn in being open
and transparent. It is remarkable that
lawn, an open space between woods,
seems to be so called from the oppor-
tunity it affords of seeing through.

Lax. -lax. Lat. laxus, loose, slack ;
laxare, to make loose, relax.

Lay. — Laity. \. Lat. laicus,,-'OYlG.
leigo, laih, leih, Du. leek, from Gr. Xaindq,
of the \aog or people, as opposed to the
clergy.

2. A song, metrical tale. Prov. lais,
song, piece of poetry, song of birds, clang,
cry ; lais dels sonails, the sound of bells.
Tuit ^escridon a un lais, all cried out
with one voice. — Rayn. As the old Fr.
poets (as Diez observes) regard the lay
as specially belonging to the Bretons, it
is natural to look to the Celtic for the
origin of the word.

Les cuntes ke jo sai verais,
Dunt U Breton unt fait lor lais,
Vus cunterai assez briefment.

Marie de Prance.

W. llais, a sound, note, tone, voice ; Gael.
laoidh, laoi, a verse, hymn, sacred poem ;
ON. hliod. Hod, voice, sound, also as as.
leoih, a lay or short poem ; G. lied, song ;
Goth, liuthon, psallere, to sing hymns.

Lay. 3. — Lea. — ^Laystall. Lay-land
or fallow-land might plausibly be ex-
plained land laid up from immediate use,
in accordance with Sw. Idgga igen. en.

38o

LAY

dker, to lay up a field or leave it fallow.
But the word is undoubtedly the analogue
of Du. Udig, leeg, empty, vacant, fallow ;
ledig-land, G. leede, lehde, an unculti-
vated piece of ground ; der ledige stand,
unmarried life, celibacy.

Let wife and land lie lay till I return.

B. and Fletcher.

Another form of the word is e. ley, lea,
AS. leag, leak, the untilled field, pasture.

Plenty shall cultivate each scaup and moor,
Now lea and bare because thy landlord's poor.

Ramsay.
Though many a load of marl and manure laid
Revived his barren leas which erst lay dead.
Bp Hall in R.

A clover-ley is a field in which clover has
been sown with the former crop, and
which is left without further cultivation
after the crop is carried. Dan. dial, lei,
fallow ; hid ager, novalis ; leid jord,
cessata terra. — Molbech.

Laystall. Properly lay-stow, where
lay has the same sense of vacant, unoc-
cupied, as in lay-land, an empty place in
which rubbish may be thrown. 'The
place of Smithfield was at that daye a
laye-stowe of all order of fylth.' — Fabyan
in R.

Lay. 4. — Layer. A lay, a bed of mor-
tar.— B. In the same way Fr. couche, a
layer, from coucher, to lay. Du. laag,
lay, layer, bed, stratum ; leger, a lying
place. P1.D. lage, a row of things laid in
order, tier of guns ; afleger, a layer or
offset of a plant laid in the ground to
strike root.

To Lay. ON. leggia, G. legen, to lay ;
ON. liggia, G. liegen, to lie, to lay oneself
down. The first of the two seems the
original form, with the sense of thrusting,
casting, striking. _ Sw. Icegge pa en, to
lay on, to strike ; ON. hoggva och leggia,
to strike and thrust ; lag of kesio, a
thrust with a javelin ; Sw. lagga til
lands, to reach the shore ; lagga sig, to
lie down.

In the same way Lat. jacere, to cast ;
jacere, to lie.

Lazar. — Lazaretto. Lazar, a leper,
from Lazarus in the parable. Du. La-
zarus-haus, a lazaretto, hospital for lepers,
pest-house.

Lazy. Bav. laz, slow, late ; Du. losig,
leusig, flaccid, languid, slack, lazy— Kil. ;
Pl.D. losig, lesig, loose in texture, slow,
weary ; G. lass, slack, slow, dull.

Lea. See Lay.

To Leach. In carving, to cut up. Fr.
lesche, a long slice or shive of bread. —
Cot. Lechette, lisquette, a tongue of land.

LEAK

morsel to eat. — Roquef. Leche, liche,
liquette, lisquette, a morsel. — Pat. de
Champ. Properly a tongue, from lescher,
to lick, as G. lecker, the tongue of cattle,
from lecken.

Lead. Du. load, loot.

To Lead. on. leida, to lead ; leid,
track, way ; at snua d leid, to turn on his
traces, to turn back. The Goth, laiihan,
ON. lida, to move on, go, pass, would
seem to be a derivative, related to leida,
3.5 jacere, to lie, to jacere, to cast, or as G.
liegeft, E. to lie, to G. legen, E. to lay.

Leaf. G. laub, Du. loof, loove, the
leaves of trees. The radical meaning
seems something flat. Magy. lap, the
leaf of a book ; Lith. Idpas, a leaf ; la-
palka, the shoulder-blade.

League, i. Mid. Lat. leuca, Fr. lieue,
a measure of distances, properly the stone
which marked such a distance on the
public roads. 'Mensuras viarum, nos
miliaria, GrEeci stadia, Galli leucas.' — Isi-
dore in Dief. Celtica. Gael, leug, leag, a
stone ; liagan, an obelisk ; W. llech, a stone .

2. Fr. ligue. It. legua, an alliance, from
Lat. ligare, to bind.

Leaguer, i. Du. leger, a lying, lying-
place ; the lair of cattle, lying-place of an
army in the field ; belegeren, to beleaguer
or pitch one's camp for the attack of a
fortress ; whence leaguer, a siege, having
essentially the same meaning with the
word siege itself, which signifies the seat
taken by an army before a town for the
same purpose.

2. A snxall cask. G. legger, wasser-
legger, Sw. watten-le^gare, water-cask in
a ship. Probably from ON. I'ogg, N. logg,
pi. legger, Sw. lagg, the rim of the staves
of which a cask is made ; lagga, to set
staves together ; lagger, laggbindare, a
cooper; ON. lagg-wiS, wood for cask-
making.

Leak. Du. lekken, water to penetrate,
to drip ; lekwijn, wine that leaks from a
cask ; lekzak, a bag for straining. The
radical meaning seems, to drip. Lith.
laszas, a drop ; laszSti, to drip, to leak.
E. latch-pan, a dripping-pan ; latch, leech,
a vessel pierced with holes for making
lye ; leach-troughs, troughs in which salt
is set to drain ; leeks, drainings ; to leek
off, to drain, and hence to leek on or latch
on, to add fresh water after the first wort
has been drawn off in brewing. — Hal.
Sw. bjork-laka, the juice of birch-trees ;
sal-laka, brine ; laka pa, as E. to leek, or
latch on in brewing. The same root is
seen in Lat. liquo, to strain, filter, melt ;
liquatum viimm, strained wine ; liquari.

LEAM

to melt away ; liquor (as Sw. lakd), juice,
liquid.

Iieam. A parallel form with gleam.
ON. Ijomi, splendour ; ljo7na, to shine.
Glemyn or lemyn as fyr, flammo ; — as
light, radio. — Pr. Pm.

Here, as in so many other cases, we are
able to trace the designation of phenomena
of sight after those of hearing, on.
hljomr, resonantia, clamor ; n. Ijom, re-
sonance, echo ; AS. hlemman, to crackle
as flame ; Mem, a sound. ^

Lean. AS. hlcene, lane, Pl.D. leen,
slender, frail, lean ; It. leno, lean, meagre,
faint, feeble, also leaning towards, easily
credulous, and yielding to fair words. —
Fl. The radical signification seems to be
what leans from the want of sufficient
substance to keep it upright, hence feeble,
thin, spare in flesh.

To Lean. AS. hlynian, Du. leunen, G.
lehnen, Dan. Icene, It. lenare, to lean, to
bend towards. Russ. klonif, to bow
down ; klonishsya, to slope, incline, tend
to ; Gael, claon, incline, go aside, squint ;
claointe, bent, sloping ; Gr. kXiVm, to make
to bend, turn towards, turn aside ; Lat.
clino (in composition), to bend towards.

To Leap. on. hlaupa, to run, spring ;
hleypa, to make to spring, to shoot for-
wards ; hlaupast, to escape, elope ; G.
laufen, to run.

Leap-year. on. hlaup-ar, the inter-
calary year which leaps forwards one day
in the month of February. The Du.
schrikkel-jaer has a similar meaning,
from schrikken, to spring or stride ;
schrik-schoen, skaits.

To Learn. Goth, leisan, to know ;
laisyan, AS. Icsran, Sw. lara, G. lehreji, to
teach ; Du. leeren, to teach, to learn ; AS.
leornjan, G. lernen, to learn. OHG. Ura,
AS. Idri, E. lore, learning. Goth, laisa-
reis, a teacher.

Lease. Fr. lais, laissement, the lease
or instrument by which a holding of any
kind is let to a tenant, or given into his
hands to turn to profit. The lessor ■sxA
lessee are the persons who give and accept
the lease respectively. Fr. laisser, G. las-
sen, to let ; lass-gut, lass-hain, a farm or
wood let for a period at a certain rent,
Bav. verlassen einem etwas, to let some-
thing to one on lease.

To Lease. To glean. Goth, lisan,
las, lesun, to gather ; Lith. lesti, to peck
as a bird, to pick up.

♦Leash. Mid. Lat. laxa, Fr, laisse,
lesse, a leash to hold a dog, a bridle or false
rein to hold a horse by, any such long
string. Mid.Lat. laxamina, habense —

LECHERY

381

Gl. Isidor. From laxo, Fr. laisser, to let
go. Bav. gel&ss, a noose for catching
birds.

Not to be confounded with Fr. lacqs.
It. laccio, Sp. lazo, a slip-knot, snare,
tie.

Leasing. OE. lies. Goth, laus, emp-
ty, vain ; lausavaurds, an idle talker ;
N. Ids, loose, lascivious, shameful ; AS.
leas, empty, false ; leasian, to lie, leasere,
a liar ; Du. loos, pretence, false sham ;
looze wapenkriet, a false alarm ; loose
deur, a false door.
Least. See Less.

Leat of a Mill. From G. leiten, to
lead. Das wasser in einen garten leiten,
to convey water into a garden. Einen .
fluss anders wohin leiten, to turn the
course of a river ; wasser-leitung, aque-
duct, conduit, canal. See Lade.

Leather. g. leder, w. llethr, Du.
leder, leer, Bret. ler.

To Leather. In familiar language, to
thrash or beat one ; and Swab, ledern is
used in the same sense. So we speak of
giving one a good hiding, as if it were
meant as a dressing of his hide or skin,
and similar expressions were current in
Latin. Corium perdere, — redimere, to
suffer blows, —forisfacere, to deserve
them.

Leave. Permission. AS. leaf, geleaf,
Pl.D. lof, love, ON. lof, permission ; lofa,
leyfa, G. erlauben, AS. lyfan, alyfan, to
permit. The radical meaning, as shown
under Believe, is applaud, approve, and
in a weaker degree, allow, permit.

To Leave. Goth, laiba, AS. laf, ON.
leifar (pi.), Gr. \017r6c, leavings, overplus,
remainder ; ON. leifa, Gr. Xtiirtiv, Xifnra-
viiv, to leave ; Goth, aflifnan, Sw. blifwa,
G. bleibein, to remain. Carinthian l&pen,
to leave remaining ; lapach, remnants.

Leaven. Fr. levain, the sour-dough
or ferment which makes the mass pre-
pared for bread rise in a spongy form;
from lever, Lat. levare, to rise.

Lechery. — Licborous. From Fr. les-
cher, lecher, to lick, were formed lescheur,
lechereau, a lapper up of, a lickdish, slap-
sauce, lickorous companion. — Cot. Ld-
cherie, gourmandise. — Diet, de Berri.
From G. lecken, to lick, lecker, dainty,
lickerish, nice in food ; in familiar lan-
guage, a lively degree of a sensual desire.
Der lecker steht ihm darnach, his chaps
water at it, he has a letch or latch for it,
as it would be expressed in vulgar E.
Latch, a fancy or wish.— Hal. E. lickerish,
lickorous, dainty. Lat. ligurire, to lick,
to be dainty in eating, eagerly to long for.

282

-LECT

The gratification of the palate was then
taken as the type of other sensual plea-
sures, and G. leckerer is not only a dainty-
mouthed man, but in a wider sense one
who makes the gratifying of his appetites
his chief business. — Kiittn. OFr. l^cheor,
lecherres, lescheur, glutton, epicure, one
given to the pleasures of- the table or the
flesh, adulterer, loose companion. The
E. lechery has become exclusively appro-
priated to the applied sense, while in
France Ucherie, as we have seen, pro-
vincially retains the original meaning.

The same train of thought which pro-
duced the change of meaning in lechery
led in the middle ages to the use of Lat.
luxus, luxuria (classically signifying ex-
cess in eating and drinking), in the sense
of fleshly indulgence ; luxus, bose lust ;
luxuriosus, horentriber. — Dief. Supp.
' Oncques n'orent compagnie ne atouche-
ment de carnelle luxure.' — St Graal, c.
xxix. 152. In the E. translation — 'nether
in weye of lecherie lay hire by.' And pro-
bably this use of luxuria in the sense of
lechery may justify the conjecture that
hixus in the primary meaning of ■excess
in the pleasures of taste has the same
origin with G. lecker, E. lickorous, and Fr.
Idcherie, in a representation of the sound
made by smacking the tongue and lips in
the enjoyment of food. The Gr. ■yXuKug,
and Lat. dulcis (for dlucis), sweet, seem
to show that the sound of a smack was
represented by the syllable gluck or dluck,
which when softened down to luck would
supply the root of luxus. See Luck.

-lect. — Xiecture. Lat. lego, ledum, to
pick, gather, thence to read. Hence Elect,
to choose from; Collect, to gather to-
gether ; Select, to pick out and lay apart.

Lede. A kettle.

And Ananias fell down dede

As black as any lede. — Manuel der P^ch^s.

Ir. luchd, a pot or kettle.

Drum-slede, a kettle-drum. — Fl. in v.
nacchere.

Ledeu. Speech, language.

The quelnte ring
rhurgh which she understood wel everything
That any fowle may in his leden sing. — Chaucer.

From AS. lyden, leden, Latin, the Latin
speech, then language in general. Of
Ledene on Englisc, from Latin into e.
He cuthe be dale Lyden understanden, he
could partly understand Latin. — Pref.
Hept. Mara is on ure lyden, bitemes,
Mara in our language is bitterness. The
same application has taken place in It.,
where latino is used for language.

LEE
E cantin gli augelli ogni in suo latino. — Dante.
Fr. latinier, an interpreter.

The foregoing explanation would never
have been qbestioned if it were not for
the use of Kid or lede in the same sense
as leden. Ilk land has its ain leid.~5c.
prov.

Translait of new thay may be red and song
Ouer Albion ile into your vulgare lede,

D. V. in Jam.

ON. hliof, a sound, the sound of the voice ;
Jilioda til, to address one ; hlioda, Sw.
lyda, to signify. Huru lydde brefvetf
what did the letter import ? Lagen lyder
sd, so the law says. Late, cry, voice.
Foglar hafva olika Idten, fowls have dif-
ferent notes.

Ledge. A narrow strip standing out
from a flat surface, as a ledge of rock, the
ledge of a table. ON. logg, Sw. lagg, Sc.
laggen, the projecting rim at the bottom
of a cask. Ledgins, the parapets of a
bridge. — Jam.

Ledger. A leiger or ledger ambassa-
dor was a resident appointed to guard the
interests of his master at a foreign court.

Now gentlemen imagine that young Cromwell's
in Antwerp, leiger iot the English merchants. —
Lord Cromwell in Nares.

Return not thou, but legeir stay behind
And move the Greeklsh prince to send us aid.
Fairfax Tasso, ibid.

The term was also applied to other cases
in which an object lies permanently in a
place. A ledger-bait in fishing is one
' fixed or made to rest in one certain place
when you shall be absent from it.' — Wal-
ton.

It happened that a stage-player borrowed a
rusty musket which had lien long leger in his
shop. — Fuller in R.

Hence leiger-books are books that lie
permanently in a certain place to which
they relate. ' Many leiger-books of the
monasteries are still remaining, wherein
they registered all their leases.' — H. War-
ton in R.

In modern book-keeping the term
ledger is applied to what the Fr. call the
grand livre, the principal book of account.

The origin is Du. legger, he who lies
or remains permanently in a certain place,
the supercargo, or person appointed to
look after the interest of the owners of
the cargo in a ship, their leiger-ambassa-
dor in that respect ; also an old shop-
keeper, a book that does not get sold.

Lee. Shelter. Lee-side, hliebord, the
sheltered side of the ship. Lee-shore, the
shore opposite the lee-side of the ship.

LEECH

and consequently the shore exposed to
the wind. as. hleo, hleow, shade, shelter.
ON. hlifa, hlja, N. liva, to protect, shelter ;
ON. hlif, a shield (Lat. clypeus), defen-
sive armour. Du. luw, shelter from
the wind. Het begint te luwen, the
wind abates. Dat luwt wat, that gives
some relief. Luwte, AS. hleowth, place
sheltered from the wind, apricitas. Hence
Sc. lythe, shelter, and met. encourage-
ment, favour. The lythe side of the
hill. Possibly the radical image may
be shown in ON. hliit, side, slope of a
hill.

Leech. A physician, healer, then the
blood-sucking moUusk used for medicinal
purposes. on. laknir, Goth, leikeis,
lekeis, a leech, leikinon, to heal ; Boh.
lek, medicine ; leciti. Fin. Idaketa, Gael.
leighis, to heal.

We are inclined in the first instance to
suppose that the notion of curative efforts
may be taken from the type of an animal
licking his wounds ; Gr. \iixtiv, Goth.
laigon, Gael. Ugh, to lick. But it is more
likely that the radical idea is the applica-
tion of medicinal herbs. Esthon. rohhi,
grass, herb, potherb, medicine ; rohhi-
tsema, to apply medicaments. Lettish
sahle, grass, herb ; sahles (pi.), medicine,
sahligs, medicinal. Bret, louzou, Uzeu,
pot or medicinal herbs ; louzaoui, to use
medicaments, dress a wound ; louzaouer,
Uzeuour, a herborist, mediciner. w.
llysiau, herbs ; llyseua, to collect herbs.
Manx Ihuss, leeks, lentils, herbs ; lus-thie,
houseleek. The final s exchanges for a k
(which is probably the older form) in
Russ. Bohem. luk, G. lauch, ON. laukr,
E. leek, potherb, onion, whence in all
probability the lock or lick, G. luege,
which forms the termination of many of
our names for plants ; hemlock, charlock,
garlick, houseleek, Swiss wegluen, wild
endive; kornluege, galeopsis laaanum.
It is to be remarked that houseleek was
cultivated as a vulnerary. Gael, luibh,
luigh, herb, plant.

Leek. See last article.

To Leer. See To Lour.

Lees. Fr. lie, sediment of wine ; Lang.
ligo, sediment, dregs, mud. Wall, lize,
Namur lige, yeast. Bret, lec'hid, sedi-
ment, from lec'hia, to lay, to set down,
w. llaid, mire.

Leet. G. lasse, lass-bauer, the name
given in many parts of G. to tenants sub-
ject to certain rents and duties. Lass-
bank, the court of the lassi, court leet ;
Lass-schopfen, leet-jury. Du. laet, a pea-
sant tenant, subject of a certain jurisdic-

LEPIDOPTERA

383

tion ; laet-banke, the court of the tenants,
court-leet. In England court-leit is the
court of the copyhold tenants, opposed to
court-baron, that of the freeholders of a
manor, copyhold being a servile tenure.
See Lad.

Left. Du. lucht, luft, Lat. Icevus,Yo\.,
Boh. lewy. Perhaps the light hand, in
opposition tothe stronger, heavier right ;
AS. swithre, the stronger, the right hand.
In Transylvania licht is used ior schlecht,
poor, slight. Fris. lichte lioeden, the
common people. Boh. lewiti, to slacken-;
lewny, light, moderate.

Leg. ON. leggr, a stalk or stem ; ann-
leggr, the upper joint of the arm ; hand-
leggr, the forearm ; gras-leggr, a stalk of
grass.

Legacy. — Legate. Lat. legare, to de-
pute, to assign, to bequeath by will.

Legal. — Legislate. — Legitimate.
Lat. lex, legis, law.

Legend. — Legible. Lat. legendus,
p.pcpl. fut. oi lego, I read. See -leet.

Leguminous. Lat. legumen, pulse, as
pease and beans. Explained from lego,
to gather, as being gathered by hand.

Leisure. Fr. loisir, from "LaX. licere,
as plaisir from placere. — Diez. Prov.
lezer, lezor, leisure, permission, oppor-
tunity. OFr. leist, loist, licet, it is per-
mitted, it is lawful.

Leman. A mistress, for lefman, from
AS. leof, loved, dear, as woman for wif-
man.

Thys mayde hym payde suythe wel, myd god

wille he hire nom
And huld hyre as a lefmon.—R. G. 344.

To Lend. — Loan. on. Ijd, Goth.

leihvan,G.lehen ioleadimOTisy aXmter&st ; ■
lehen, a fee, or estate given in respect of
military service ; ON. Idn, Dan. laan, a loan,
thing lent ; OHG. lehanon, G. lehnen, Sw.
lana, to loan or lend.

Length. See Long.

Lenient. — Lenitive. Lat. lenis, mild,
soft, gentle. ON. linr, Sw. len, lin, Da.
lind, G. linde, gelinde, soft, gentle, pliable.

Lent. AS. lengten, lencten, lanten, Du.
lente, OHG. langez, lenzo, lenzen, G. lenz.
Swab, glentz, Sw. ladig, lading, lading,
laing, laig, spring.

Leopard. Lat. Leopardusj supposed
by Pliny to be the issue of a she lion
lleana) by a male panther {pardus).

Leper. Gr. Xtirpbg, scaly; the skin
becoming scaly on those afflicted with the
leprosy ; \cTrie, a scale, husk, peel.

Lepidoptera. Gr. XcTrlg, XiirLSas, a
scale, and irrtpov, a wing.

384 LESION

Lesion. Lat. Icedo, Icesum, to hurt,
injure. •

Less. — Iieast. In all kinds of action
the idea of relaxation is identical with
that of diminution. We say indifferently,
his zeal never for a moment relaxed, or
never grew less ; Lat. remittere is ex-
plained by Andrews to loosen, slacken,
relax, and also to abate, -decrease ; as
slack by Richardson, relaxed, weakened,
diminished. The sinking of the waters
is expressed in Genesis by decrease, in
Chaucer by aslake, or slacken

The water shall aslake and gone away
Aboutin prime on the nexte day.
Now the root lass is widely spread in the
sense of loose, slack. It. lasso, weary,
faint ; Fr. lasche, slack, flagging, faint ;
W. llaes, Bav. lass, OE. lash, slack, loose.
And in OE. less was written lass; the
lasse Bretaine. — R. G. 96. To lass, less,
or liss are constantly used in such a man-
ner that they may be explained with equal
propriety to slacken or to diminish, to
grow or make less.

The day is gone, the moneth passid,
Hire love encreaseth and his lassetk.
His love slackens, grows weak, or becomes
less. ' For their strength dayly lassed.' —
Froissart in R. In the following passage
the abstract idea of diminution is more
distinct.

So that his owen pris he lasseth
Wlien he such measure overpasseth.
In the application to pain it is commonly
written less or liss.

But love consent another tide

That onis I may touch and kiss,

I trow my pain shall never /wj.— R. R,

_ — shall never slacken or abate.

And thus with joy and hope well for to fare
Arcite goth home lessid of his care ;
— i. e. with his care abated or diminished.
G. leschen, to slake, to abate the strength
of, and thence to extinguish fire.

Like a man that hurt is sore
And is somdele of aking of his wound
Ylcssid well, but heled no dele more.

Chaucer in R.

When less had thus acquired the sense
of feebler, smaller, in weaker degree, a
superlative was formed in analogy with
most, best. Lest in the sense of Lat. quo
minus, to the end that not, was originally
less.

But yet ksse thou do worse, take a wife.
Chaucer.
— i. e. in abating or slackening the tend-
ency to do worse.

2, -The termination less in hopeless,

LETTUCE

restless, and the like, is G. los, loose, free ;
los-binden ein pferd, to untie a horse, to
set him loose. Nun bin ich von ihin los,
now I am free of him ; namenlos, rastlos,
without a name, without rest.

Xjessee. See Lease.

Iiesson. Lat. lectio, the act of read-
ing {lego, I read), whence Fr. le^on, Prov.
leisso, lesso.

To Let. To let is used in two senses
apparently the reverse of each other, viz.
1st, to allow, permit, or even take mea-
sures for the execution of a purpose, as
when we say let me alone, let me go, let
me hear to-morrow ; and, 2nd, to hinder,
as in the phrase without let or hindrance.

The idea of slackening lies at the root
of both applications of the term. When
we speak of letting one go, letting. him do
something, we conceive him as previously
restrained by a band, the loosening or
slackening of which will permit the ex-
ecution of the act in question. Thus Lat.
laxare, to slacken, was used in later
times in the sense of its modern deriva-
tives. It. lasciare, Fr. laisser, to let. Laxas
desiccare, let it dry ; modicum laxa stare,
let it stand a little while. — Muratori, Diss.
24, p. 365. So from Bav. lass, loose,
slack, slow, G. lasseti, to permit, to let.
The analogue of Bav. lass is on. latr,
lazy, torpid, slow, the original meaning
of which (as observed under Late) was
doubtless slack, whence E. let, to slacken
(some restraining agency), to permit.

At other times the slackness is attribut-
ed to the agent himself, when let acquires
the sense of being slack in action, delaying
or omitting to do.

And down he goth, no lenger would he let.
And with that word his counter door he shet.

Chaucer.
The Duke of Parma is ill and will not Id to
send daily to the Duke of Medina Sidonia.—
Drake to Walsingham in Motley.

Da. lade, to let, to permit or suffer some-
thing to be done ; also to omit ; lade of,
to leave off. Goth, latjan, galatjan, to
delay.

Then in a causative sense, to let one
from doing a thing, is to make him let
or omit to do it, to hinder his doing it.
Bav. laz, late ; letzen, to retard, impede,
hinder. ' v >

Lethargic. — Lethe. Gr. X^e^j, ob-
livion, whence XtiBapyog {iipybg, inactive),
KriOapyiKbg, drowsy, forgetful.

Letter.— Literal.— Literature. Lat.
littera, whence Fr. lettre, letter.

Lettuce. 'L'AX.lactuca,Yx.laitue,6.i:MhX.-
less from the milky juice.

LEVANT

To Levant. To run away from debt.
Sp. levaiitar, to raise ; levantar el campo,
as Fr. lever le pig net, to decamp.

Ijevee. See Levy.

Level. Lat. libella (dim. of libra, a
balance, also used in the sense of a
plummet), It. /zV^/Zd, a plummet. 'Locus
qui est ad libellam aequus.' — Varro. The
OFr. \iiAlivel, lipeau, while in modern
niveau, as well as in It. nivello, the in-
itial / has been exchanged for an n. Level,
rewle, perpendiculum. — Pr. Pm. Levell,
a ruler, niveau. — Palsgr.

Lever. Fr. levier, an instrument for
raising weights, from lever, to raise.

Leveret. Lat. lepns. It. lepore, Fr.
lievre, a hare ; It. lepretto, a leveret or
young hare ; Fr. levreter, a hare to have
young ; levreteau, levrault, a leveret.

Levesell. — Lessel. A shed, gallery,
portico.

He looketh up and doun till he hath found
The clerkes hors, there as he stood ybound
Behind the mille, under a levesell. — Reve's tale.

The gay levesell at the taverne is signe
of the wine that is in cellar. — Parson's
tale.

The original sense is a shade of green
branches ; G. laube, Pl.D. love (from
laub, foliage), an arbour, hut, gallery,
portico. Dan. lovsal, Sw. Iqfsal, a hut
of green branches ; Dan. lovsals-fest, the
feast of tabernacles. The termination
sal is frequently used in G. to form sub-
stantives from verbs ; triibsal, tribula-
tion ; schicksal, lot ; scheusal, an object
of aversion, &c.

Levigate. Lat. levigare or Icevigare,
to make smooth, from lavis, smooth,
polished.

Levin. Lightning. ' Fulgur, leuen-
ynge that brenneth.'— Ortus. ' To levyne
or to smyte with lewenynge.' — Cath.
Ang. ' Fulgur, fulmen, lewenyngesj ful-
gurat, (it) lewnes:—y[.S,. Vocab. in Way.
■ It is evidently identical with N. Ijon, Ijim,
Dan. lyn, lynild, Sw. dial, lygna, lyvna,
' lightning, a flash of lightning. The
proper meaning of the word seems flash ;
lynende dine, flashing eyes. Fabian in
describing a comet says that ' out of the
East part appeared a great levin or beam
of brightness, which stretched toward the
said star.'— Way in v. So many words
connected with the idea of shining are
found with initial gl as well as a simple /,
that we may probably connect le-wen or
levin with Sc. gleuin, to glow.
So that the cave did gleuin of the hete.— D. V.
But N. lygne, to lighten, seems the older

LIBERAL

385

form ; OSw. lygn-eld, lygnn-eld, ODan.
lugn-eld, lightning.

Levity, -levi-. Lat. //toj, light, trifling,
vain ; allevio, to make light.

Levy. — Levee, -lev-. — Levant. Fr.
lever, to lift, raise, set up, also to levy,
collect, gather. — Cot. The E. levy is from
the form levde, the act of raising or ga-
thering. Levee de soldats, a levy of sol-
diers ; — des imp6ts, a levy of taxes. The
Scotch say to lift a debt, to obtain pay-
ment, to get it in. Se lever, to rise or get
up ; le lever dii roi, the attendance of
the French courtiers on the getting up of
the King. Hence e. levee, a compli-
mentary attendance of guests on a person
in authority. From the ppl. pr. levant,
the rising of the sun, we have the Levant,
the region of the East, specially applied to
the countries under the dominion of the
Turk.

Lat. levo, to raise, is undoubtedly con-
nected with levis, light. See To Lift.
Elevo, to raise up, to elevate.

Lewd. Originally illiterate, untaught,
as opposed to the educated clergy; then,
inferior, bad,, wicked, lustful. AS. IcEwd,
/iswrf^, laicus.— Bede 5. 6. 13. 14. Latwede
man, laicus homo. — jElfric. Gram. ' CEg-
ther ge preosthades,ge munuchades menn
and that Icewede folc : ' as well the men
of the priesthood and monkhood as the
lay people. — Lye. From lead, people ;
OFris. Hoed, litced, men, people, common
people ; lichte lioeden, the laity. Liuda-
mon, liodamon, man of the people. Russ.
liodi, the people ; liodin, liodyanin, a
secular person.

Lewde, not letteryd, illiteratus ;— un-
knowynge in what so hyt be, inscius,
ignarus. — Pr. Pm. Leude of condycions,
maluays, villayn, maugraneux. — Palsgr.
Leude or naughty wine, illaudatum vel
spurcum. — Horman in Way.

Lexicon. Gr. Xtfi/cov, from Xe|i£, a
word ; Atyw, I speak.

Liable. Commonly explained from
Lat. ligo, Fr. Her, to bind ; under obliga-
tion to. But no Lat. ligabilis or Fr.
liable is brought forwards. The word
seems purely English, and it looks as if
it were barbarously formed from the verb
to lie as inclinable from incline, with the
sense of lying open to.

Libel. — Library. Lat. liber, a book,
whence libellus, a little book, famosus
libellus, a scandalous publication ; libra-
rium, a chest or place to keep books in.

Liberal.— Liberate.— Liberty. Lat.

liber, free.

25

386 LIBERTINE

Libertine. Lat. libertintis, a freed
man, Fr. libertin, a dissolute person, one
freed from moral restraint.

License, -licit. Lat. liceo, licitum,
to be lawful, whence Ucentia, permission
to do a thing, unrestrained action. Illicit,
unlawful.

Xich. Lich-gate, the gate where the
corpse is set down on entering a church-
yard to await the arrival of the minister.
Lich-wake, the watch held over a dead
body. Goth, leik, G. leiche, AS. lie, lice,
corpse.

To Lick. I. G. lecken, Goth, laigon,
Or. Xei'xw, It. Ifccare, Lith. lakti. Fin.
lakkia, Russ. lokaf, to lick or lap, to sup
up liquids with the tongue. Pers. laq-
kerden, literally to make laq, to do what
is characterised by the sound laq, shows
the imitative character of the word in the
clearest light.

2. To beat. w. llach, a slap ; llachio,
to slap, to thresh ; llachbren, a cudgel.

Lioorous. See Lechery.

* Lid. AS. hlid, gehlid, a covering,
door. In the AS. Gospel, Matt, xxvii. 60,
it is said that Joseph rolled a great stone
for a hlid to the sepulchre. OHG. hlit,
lid, covering ; uparlid, covering, the
mercy-seat (which covered the ark).
Pl.D. lid, cover ; ogenlid, G. atigenlied,
eyelid. OFris. hlid, lith, covering, roof;
'mit ene plonckene hlide:' [a well] with a
covering of planks. The foregoing would
be satisfactorily accounted for from AS.
hlidan, behlidan, to cover, close, OFris.
hlidia (Stiirenberg), to cover, but the ON.
seems to indicate that the primary sense
is an opening, then what closes it up, in
the same way that the primary sense both
of door and of gate seems to be an open-
ing or passage- ON. hlid, a vacant space,
an opening, gap in a hedge, dyke or wall
closed with a hatch or gate. It is ap-
plied to the vacant space on a wall where
one of a row of shields has been taken
down, to a pause in a battle. Gardshlid,
opening in an inclosure, gate, wicket.
Da., Sw. led, wicket, gate, barrier.

To Lie. I. Goth, ligan, lag, legum,
to lie ; lagjan, to lay ; Fris. liga, lidsa,
lidisa, lizze, to He ; Russ. lojii (Fr.j), to
lay; loj'itsya, to lie down. Lat. legere, to
lay, as appears from colligere, to lay to-
gether, to collect. Gr. Wytiv, originally
to lay, then to lay to sleep ; ViytnQai, to
lie, \ix°Q, a couch, bed. Serv. lojati, to
lay ; legati, to lie. ON. leggia, to lay ;
l^g.?''^, to lie. See Lay.

2. Goth, liugan, G. liigen, Slavon. lii-
gati, Pol. lga&. Boh. hlati, to lie. OHG.

LIFT

lougen, lougnen, negation, falsehood ;
OS. lognian, AS. lygnian, to deny, Lett.
leegt, to deny, refuse. So in Gael, breug,
a lie ; breugaich, give the lie, gainsay.
The fundamental meaning of a lie is vain
idle talk, and to deny or refuse is to make
the speaker talk in vain. Gael, leog, idle
talk ; leogair, trifler ; Ir. liogam (as Gael.
breug), to flatter. In a Vocab. A.D. 1470,
cited by Adelung, loggen is translated
nuga, derisio.

The origin seems preserved in the Fin-
nish languages, where Fin. liika, Esthon.
liig signify by, beside, beyond what is
natural or right. Esthon. jominne, drink ;
liig-jominne, drunkenness ; juus, hair,
liig-juus, false-hair, a wig ; iiimmi, a
name, liig-nimmi, a nick-name, surname ;
te, a way, liig-te, wrong way, by-path ;
and pajatus, speech, liig-pajatus, false-
hood, trifling. Bret, gaou, awry, wrong,
false, gaolavarout, to lie.

Lief. — Liever. As lief, as soon ;
liefer or liever, rather. Du. lief, dear,
pleasing, acceptable ; dat is inij lief, I
am glad of it ; lief hebbe?i, to love. See
Love.

Liege. — Allegiance. The Mid.Lat.
litgius, ligius, Prov. litge, lige, Fr. lige,
was a term of the feudal law, signifying
the absolute nature of the duty of a tenant
to his lord. Liegeman, a tenant who
owes absolute fidelity ; liege-lord, the lord
entitled to claim such from his tenant.
Mid.Lat. litgancia, ligiantia, ligeitas,
&LC., allegiance, the duty of a subject to
his lord.

The notion that the word was derived
from Lat. ligare, signifying the tie by
which the subject was bound to his lord,
appears very early, but is not entitled to
more respect on that account. The deri-
vation adopted by Due. is far more satis-
factory ; from litiis, lidus, ledus, a man
of a condition between a free man and a
serf, bound to the soil, and owing certain
work and services to his lord. Litinio-
nium, lidimonium, litidium, the duty of a
litus to his lord. See Lad.

Lien. An arrangement by which a
certain property is bound to make good
a pecuniary claim. Fr. lien, from Lat.
ligamen, tie. See Limehound.

Lieutenant. One holding the place
of another. Fr. lien, place, and tenir, to
hold.

Life. — Live. Goth, liban, G. leben, to
live ; leib, body. Du. liif body, life.

Lift. OE. lift, hift, the skj-, air.

Tho hurde he thulke tyme angles synge ywis,
Up in the Ivfte a murye song R. G. 2S0.

LIFT

Goth, luftus, the air ; Pl.D, lucht, lugt,
Du. luckt, locht, air, sky, breath ; N. lukt,
ON. lopt, air, sky.

Pl.D. lucht signifies hght as wallas air,
and the enjoyment of the two are so inti-
mately connected that we can hardly
doubt the identity of lucht, light, with
lucht, lugt, luft, air ; and must suppose
that luft has arisen from lucht by the
same tendency to soften aspirates which
is seen in the pronunciation of cough, as
compared with the spelling, or in E. soft,
compared with G. sacht. The absence of
light and air is expressed in Du. by the
same word bedompt, signifying dark, ob-
scurcj and also close, stifling. — Bomhoff.
Gr. a'lSia, to light up, blaze ; diff^p, the
lift, sky.

To Lift. Pl.D. liiften, lichten, to raise
into the lift (Pl.D. lucht, OE. luft) or air.
Liiften is also usedin the sense of giving
air. ON. lopt, air, sky ; d lopt, up in the
air, aloft ; lopta, Dan. I'dfte, to raise or
lift. Swab, lupf a breathing, moment of
breath-taking (comp. Pl.D. lucht haUn,
to draw breath) ; lupfen, to lift ; AS. hli-
fian, to rise up, to raise or lift.

It must be admitted that the idea of
lifting may also be explained as making
a thing light, making it rise upwards, and
the verb seems often to be formed in this
manner. Thus from Lat. levis, light,
levare, to lift ; from Bohem. lehky, light,
lehciti, to lift. The Pl.D. lichten may be
formed either from lucht, the air, or from
licht, light, and it is used as well in the
sense of lift as of that of lighten; die
anker lichten, to weigh or raise the an-
chor ; ei7i schiff lichten, to lighten a ship,
to take out the cargo ; die casse lichten,
to take money out of the chest, an appli-
cation which may be compared with E.
shop-lifting, removing goods clandes-
tinely from a shop, or Sc. to lift a debt,
perhaps to empty or make void the debt,
to receive the money. Lower Rhine lofte,
to steal, Goth, hliftus, a thief, hlifan, to
steal, may be connected with as. hlifian,
to raise, by Fr. enlever, to take away.
Dan. let, light, not heavy, lette, to lighten,
to lift, to weigh anchor.

The vacillation in the apparent deriva-
tion of all these words may be explained
by the ultimate identity of the parent
stocks. Lightness is a tendency upwards,
towards the light and air. To make a
thing light (in the sense of not heavy) is
to bring it towards the light, or, what is
radically the same word, towards the lift
or air. It must be remembered that the
final /, which is lost in AS. hlifian, Bav.

LIGHT

387

lupfen, Lat. levare, as compared with lift,
is no essential part of the root of light.

Ligament. —Ligature. Lat. ligare,
to bind, tie.

Light. I. Goth, liuhath, light ; lauh-
moni, lightning ; G. licht, light ; ON. lios,
Gael, leus, Lat. lux, light ; lucere, Bret.
luc'ha, luia, Fr. luire, to shine ; W. Mg,
light ; lygad, the eye ; llugorn, Lat. lu-
cerna, Gr. Xix""!.', a light, lamp, &c. ; Bret.
lugem, shine, brilliancy ; Gr. \ivKoq,
white ; Xuk;/, the dawn ; Sanscr. luj, lok,
loch, shine, see.

2. G. leicht, Du. licht, leycht, ON. lettr,
Pol. lekki. Boh. lehky, Serv. lak, Russ.
legok, Sanscr. laghu, Lat. leids, of small
weight, easy. The Gr. iKaxvQ, small,
mean, is generally recognised as identical
with levis, which it unites with the Slavo-
nian forms.

As lightness is a tendency upwards to-
wards the light and air, it may take its
designation either from light {lux), or
from Pl.D. lucht, the lift or air, words
which have been shown to be radically
identical. The air is the most common
type of lightness, and it is besides the
only thing which interposes no impedi-
ment to the passage of hght. Thus light-
ness and light are naturally associated
together ; heaviness and darkness. N.
let, light (levis) ; letta (of the weather),
to clear up, to become bright and un-
covered. See Lift.

To Light.— Alight. The different
senses of the verb to light afford a good
instance of the intimate association in our
mind between light and air. To light on
a thing, to fall in with it, is to have light
on it.

I hope by this time the Lord may have blessed
you to have light upon some of their ships. ^-
Carlyle's Cromwell, 2. 384.

In the same way the native of New Hol-
land to signify meeting with a thing says
that it makes a light. 'Well me and
Hougong go look out for duck ; aye, aye,
Bel make a light duck.' Which rendered
into English would be, ' We don't see any
duck ' [don't meet with or light on any],
— Mrs Meredith, Australia. In Pl.D. a
similar idea is expressed by reference to
the air. Het was as wen he uut der lucht
full, it was as if he fell out of the lift or
air ; of one who unexpectedly comes to
light.

To alight from horseback, to light ^x^o^a.
the ground, are probably to be understood
from the notion of lightening the convey-
ance on which the agent was previously
borne. Dan. let, light, not heavy ; lette,
25 *

388

LIGHTEN

to lift, up, to raise; at Utte anker, to
weigh" anchor ; at lette een af sadelen, to
raise one from the saddle, to help him to
alight.

Ligliteii. — Lightning. Goth. Uu-
hath, light ; Uuhtjan, lauhatjan, to light-
en ; lauhmoni, lightening ; G. licht, light,
leuchten, to lighten ; W. Mg, light, Uuch-
ed, AS. liget, flash, lightning. So far
lightning seems simply to be regarded as
a flash of light, the type of brilliancy, but
in other cases we meet again with that
singular confusion of the ideas of light
and sky or air, which has been observed
under Lift and Light, and the phenome-
non is regarded as sky-fire. N. lukt, air,
sky, heavens ; luktmg, lightning ; ON.
lopt, air, sky ; lopt-eldr, sky-fire, light-
ning.

Iiigliten. Pl.D. lichten, to lift, to
lighten. Ein schiff lichten or leichten, to
lighten or unload a ship ; die kasse lich-
ten, to take money out of the chest ; eine
tonne /,, to empty a cask ; die anker /., to
weigh anchor.

Lights. G. die leichte leber (the light
liver), the lungs, from their light spongy
texture. Russ. legkij, light ; legkoe, the
lungs.

- Like. -ly. The Goth, termination
leiks, equivalent to Gr. -^(Koe, Lat. -lis, G.
-lich, and E. -ly, is used to indicate the
nature, form, or appearance of a thing.
Goth, galeiks, of common form, alike ;
samaleiks (Lat. similis), of the same
nature, like ; sildaleiks, wonderful ; sva-
leiks, so-formed, Gr. rtjXiKoc, Lat. talis,
such ; hvileiks, TrjjXiKof, qualis, how-
formed, which.

The same element is preserved as a
substantive word in Lap. lake, mode,
manner. Kutte lakai, kutte laka, in
what manner ? how ? Paha-laka, in bad
manner, badly ; inainetes laka, blame-
lessly. The addition of an adjectival
termination produces a form, lakats
(sometimes standing by itself), equivalent
to Goth, -leiks or Lat. -lis. Tjaskeslakats,
of cold nature, chilly ; kdlkoslakats, of
slow nature, slowish ; aktalakats {akta,
one), OHG. analih, AS. anlic, G. dhnlich,
of one nature, equal, like ; Lap. tolakats,
like thee, thine equal ; tannlakats, Lat.
talis, like this ; mannlakats, qualis, like
which. A remarkable approach to the
Lap. form is preserved in the OE. lok,
used in forming the comparative and
superlative of adjectives in liche. Thus
from grisliche, grisly, Robert of Glouces-
ter forms grisloker, and in the same way
we find hastilokest — R. G., lightloker,

LIKE

wikked-lokest. — P. P. In Finn, where
the sound of k is frequently softened to
that of y, the Lap. lake becomes lai,
genus vel indoles rei, explaining Lat.
-lis, G. -lei, and E. -ly. Fin. silld Idilld, in
that manner. Niin on laini {-ni = meus),
that is my habit. Mitdlaija, of what
kind ; kahtalaija, G. zweierlei, of two
kinds. Esthon. luggo, lukko. condition,
manner, thing.

The same element may be recognised
in OE. leche, IcEche, looks, countenance,
likeness.

Lathlece'/fSC/^^j

Heo leiteden mid egan. — Layamon Brut i. So.

— loathly looks they flashed with their
eyes.

He — thas worde seide,

Mid seorhfulle laiclien . — Ibid, x . 145.

— with sorrowful looks.
He gealp that he wolde fleon
Onfugeles Iceche. — Ibid, i. 122.

— ^he boasted that he would fly in the
image of a fowl.

Goth, fnanlicha, OHG. manalihho, AS.
manlica, an image, representation of a
man.

The course of development is probably
look, countenance, appearance, form,
mode of being. Pers. lika, facies, vultus,
forma — Diefenbach ; Serv. lik, counte-
nance, Russ. lichiko, little face, litze, the
face, mien, person, agent.

In like manner from Lap. muoto, face,
appearance, form, image, is formed muo-
tok, like ; miio tolas, likeness. Attje
muotok, like his father, having the form
of his father. In Fin. the same word con-
veys the sense of Lat. modus, of which
indeed it probably explains the origin ;
niin modoin, in that manner ; monella
niodolla, in many manners. It then forms
an adjectival termination, muotoinen
(contracted to moine?i), alicujus forms,
gestaltet, ahnlich, equivalent to Lap. lakats
above-mentioned ; sen muotoinen or sem-
moineii, of that nature (as from lai, sen-
lainen, in the same sense) ; isansa muo-
toinen {isd, father), like his father. So
also from kuwa, form, figure, image, ku-
•wainen, resembling ; from hahmo, form,
appearance, hahmoinen, resembling. The
Lap. has also wuoke, form, figure, appear-
ance, manner (perhaps from the same
root with Gr. ukus, I seem, tiiciiv, an image ;
with the digamma F'ukm, Fukujv) ; tan
wuokai, in this manner, as tan lakai
above-mentioned. Hence wuokak, like,
equal, and wuokok or wuokasats, as an
adjectival termination equivalent to E. ly;

LIKE

piddnak-wuokasats, or piadnak-lakats,
dog-like ; akta-wuokok or akta-lakats,
uniformis, aqualis.

To liike. N. lika, Lap. likot, to be to
one's taste, to find to one's taste. N.
Kor lika du dee ? how do you like it ?
Lap. Tat munji liko, that likes me well,
it gratifies my taste. As the gratification
of taste is the primary type of all enjoy-
ment, it may be suspected that the root
of our present word is the same repre-
sentation of the smacking of the tongue
which gives rise to E. licorous, licorish,
dainty, given to the pleasures of taste.
See Lechery. To like then, or it likes
me, would be exactly equivalent to the G.
schmecken. Wie sckmeckt ihnen dieser
wein f How do you like this wine ?
Diese antwort schmeckte ihm gar nicht,
the answer was not to his liking. Swiss
gschmoke, placere. — Idiot. Bernense. So
in Du. monden, to please, from niond, the
mouth. Dit antwoord tnondde den koning
niet ; did not please the king. — Epkema
in V. muwlckjen.

Lily. Lat. lilium, Gr. Xupwv, OHG.
lilja. The original sense of the word
may probably be preserved in Esthon.
lil, lillik, lilli. Alb. Ijoulj, a flower ;
Basque lili, a flower, also to blossom.
Mod.Gr. XovXovdi, a blossom ; XouXou-
SidZd), to flourish, bloom, blossom.

Limb. AS. Urn, Da. lem, a joint of
the body ; on. limr, branch, bough,
limb. The word might plausibly be de-
rived from the notion of joining. ' Loketh
that ye beon euer mid onnesse of one
herte ilimed together.' — Ancren Riwle,
256. Limunge, joining ; unlimed, se-
parated.— Ibid. The i however of on.
Um, glue, lime, is long ; of limr, limb,
short. See Lime.

The limb of the moon, in astronomy,
is a different word, from It. lembo, skirt,
border. See Limbo.

Limber, i. we. limbers, shafts. The
limber of a gun is the shafts with their
pair of wheels. In nautical language
limbers are the rollers laid under a boat
when it is drawn up on the beach. Fr.
limon, shafts. See Linchpin.

Limber. 2. — Limp. The radical sig-
nificance is the same as that of flabby,
flaggy, or flaccid ; not having strength to
stand stiff, and so tending to flap upon
itself, supple, pliant, w. llabio, to slap ;
llibin, llelpr, flaccid, drooping ; ON. litnp-
iaz, to faint, become slack. Swiss lam-p-
en, to hang loose, to fade, to move in
a spirits -ss manner ; lampig, lampelig,
faded, loose, flabby, hanging ; gelamp, a

LIMEHOUND

389

loose trailing garment ; Idmmelen, to
swag, hang loose as stockings ill-gar-
tered ; lampohr, langohr, a hanging ear ;
Idmpen (G. lapperi), a flap, piece hanging
loose, rag, dewlap of an ox ; Swab.
lumm, fagged ; lummelig, lummerig,
hanging down, having lost its stiffness ;
lump/, spongy, soft ; lummeUn, liimpeln,
limpeln, to act carelessly and indiffer-
ently.

Lim.bo. A place in the outskirts of
Hell in which the souls of the pious, who
died before the time of Christ, were sup-
posed to await his coming, and where
the souls of unbaptised infants remain.
' Limbus ponitur pro quadam parte in-
ferni, quatuor enim sunt loca inferni,
scilicet infernus damnatorum, limbus
puerorum,purgatorium, et limbus Tpaimra.'
— ^Joh. de Janua in Due.

Then applied to a place of confine-
ment, Fr. limbes, the purgatory of un-
baptised children ; also a low and un-
savoury room in prisons. — Cot. In limbo,
in prison. The origin is It. lembo, a lap
or skirt of a garment, hem, border. See
Limber 2.

Lim.e. i. Anything used for sticking
things together ; hence applied to two
very different substances, glue or bird-
lime, and the calcareous earth used as
cement in building. G. leim, Du. lijm,
glue, any viscous substance which joins
bodies together. — Kiittn. on. lim, glue ;
veggia-lim, wall-lime, lime, mortar. It
is the same word with Lat. limus, slime,
mud, E. loam, Du. leem, clay, terra ar-
gillacea, lenta, tenax, glutinosa — Kil., and
with slime, any viscous, semi-liquid, gluey
material. ' Slime had they for mortar.'
— Genesis. Esthon. libbe, smooth, slip-
pery. Lith. limpu, lipti, to stick ; lippus,
sticky ; Pol. lep, bird-lime, lepid, to glue,
paste, mould, lipki, gluey ; Boh. lipati, to
stick, mould in clay; lepiti, to paste,
glue, daub.

2. A lime-tree is so called from the
glutinous juice of the young shoots. A
bud or twig held in the mouth speedily
becomes enveloped in jelly, and it pro-
bably was used for boiling down to bird-
lime. Pol. lep, bird-lime, lipa, lime-tree.

Limeliouud. A dog held in a leash,
a greyhound. Fr. limier, a bloodhound
or limehound. — Cot. From Lat. ligamen,
a tie, OFr. liameti, a tie, a packet; Lang.
liama, to tie up in a bundle ; Piedm.
liamet, a tape, little tie of riband ; Milan.
ligamm, Bret, liamm, band, tie ; Grisons
ligiar, liar, to bind ; ligiom, liom. Ham,
a band.

390 LIMIT

Limit. Lat. limes, limitis, a bound,
terminating point or line.

To Limn. Fr. enlumiiier, to illumin-
ate, to sleek or burnish, also to limn ;
enlumineur de livres, one that coloureth
or painteth upon paper, an alluminer.—
Cot. ' Excellent— for the neatness of the
handwriting, adorned with illummation,
which we now call lunning, in the mar-
gin.'— Wood, Fasti in R.

Limp. See Limber.

To Limp. Pl.D. Iwnpen, lulken, luii-
scken, to hmp. Dan. lumpe, to limp, go
lame. Fr. clope7', doquer, docker, to
limp — Cot. ; dampin, qui marche diffi-
cilement.— Vocab. de Bray. Lith. klum-
bas, lame of one leg, limping ; khunbis,
lame of one leg, a bungler ; klumboti, to
limp ; klumbenti, G. klopfen, to knock at
a door ; klumpu, klupti, to stumble ;
klumpas, a wooden shoe ; E. dial, dump-
ers, thick heavy shoes ; to dump, to
tramp, to dunter, to walk clumsily, —
Hal.

The fundamental image is the dump-
ing gait of a lame man, consisting of a
succession of knocks, represented by the
Fr. dop, dak, in doper, doquer (softened
to dodter) ; aller dopin-dopan, to go
dop-dop, to limp. G. klopfen, to knock.
The same relation is seen between E.
dundi, a. thump or blow (Hal.), and Sc.
dinch, Lap. linkot, to limp ; linkes, lame ;
Sw. lunk, jog-trot ; bmkapd, to jog on.

Limpid. Lat. limpidus, transparent,
clear.

To Lin. — Blin. To cease ; properly
to slacken ? G. linde, Lat. lenis, soft.

Linchpin. Bav. Ion-, lunnagel, loner,
iN. lunnstikke, Pol. Ion, Bohem. launek,
ODu. lunisa (Schm.), as. lynis, Pl.D.
I'dnse, liinse, Itinsdi, the peg that holds
the wheel on the axle.

ON. hlunnr, limbers, in nautical lan-
guage, the bars of wood on which a boat
is dragged ashore or supported when so
dragged up ; hlummr, the handle of an
oar. Gael, lunn, a spoke or lever, the
shaft of an oar. OHG. lun, obex, paxil-
lus ; Ian, clavus in axe." — Gl. in Schm.
Swab, lanne, land, shafts ; lander, a lath ;
G. geldnder, ha-nnisters. Mid.Lat. lonum,
spoke of a wheel ; limo (Fr. limon, shafts),
a linch-pin. — Dief. Supp.

Line. — Lineage. — Lineament. Lat.
linea, originally a linen thread or string,
a fishing-line, then a line, track or trace,
the line of descent from father to son,
whence lineage, a line of ancestry ; linea-
ments, the lines of the features ; to de-
lineate, to trace out.

LINGUIST

To Line. Sw. dial. Una, to double a
garment on the inside with lijien, then
with any other texture.

Linen. Lat. linum, G. lein, ON. lin, flax.

Ling'. I. N. laanga, Dan. la?ige, Du.
linge, lenge, a kind of codfish.

2. A kind of heath. ON. ling, any
small shrub, especially heath. N. blaabcer-
lyng, the bilberry plant.

LingeL Two words seem'confounded,
of which the first signifies a little tongue
or thong of leather (B.), from Lat. ligula,
lingula, any tongue-shaped object, pro-
montory, spatula, tenon. Fr. ligule, a
little tongue, lingell, tenon. — Cot. Sc.
langel, langet, linget, a tether ; NE. Ian-
got, the latch of a shoe. — Grose.

In the second sense lingel is used for
shoemaker's thread, from Fr. ligneul,
shoemaker's thread, or a tatchingend. —
Cot. '■Lingell that souters sew with,
chefgros, lignier. Lynger, to sew with,
poulcier.' — Palsgr. in Way. Liniel is
still used in this sense in the north of
England, and lingan in Scotland. See
Laniard, Inkle.

Linger. G. verldngeru, Du. lingen,
verlangeti, verlengen (Kil.), to lengthen
out, to be long about a thing.

Lingey. Limber. — B. Bav. lunzig,
soft, limber. See Loiter.

-lings. -long. -linges or longes,
ling, long, were frequently used as an
adverbial termination in the older stages
of our language. AS. on bidding, back-
ward ; neadunga, -inga, OE. nedelingis,
nedelonges, of necessity ; darklings, in
the dark ; grovelyngys or grovdynge
(Pr. Pm.),face downwards. Q.blindlings,
blindly ; riicklings, backwards, rittlings,
sitzlings, &c. The element has much re-
semblance to Sw. lunda, lonnom. Da. /««-
des, Goth, laud, in the expressions salunda,
Goth, svalaud, in such wise ; samma'
lunda, Goth, samalaud, in the same way,
Sw. dial, skakker lonnom, in shaking wise,
as if one had a fever.

The origin of these last is referred
by Ihre to Goth, ludja, face, laudja,
form.

ON. lund, mind, disposition, will, mode,
wise. A allar lundir, by aU means ;
med lengom lundom, in nowise. Fin.
luonto, form, disposition, nature ; w.
Ihcn, form, likeness, shape ; yn llyn, in
this manner.

Linguist. Lat. lingua, the tongue, a
language.

There can be little doubt that lingua
is from the same source with lingo, lic-
tum, to lick, viz. from the smacking or

LINIMENT

clacking of the tongue in the enjoyment
of food. See Deliglit.

Liniment. Lat. lmimentum,ixo\a linio,
to rub softly, to besmear.

Iiink. I. ON. hlekkr. Da. lanke, a
chain, fetter ; hlekkjahund, Da. lanke-
hund, a banddog ; lankeled (led, limb,
joint), link of a chain. N. lekk, a ring,
link, tether, especially one made of withy ;
lekkja, a chain. The radical image seems
to be a crook or bending. Sw. dial, lynka,
ON", lykkja, crook, bending, twist. G.
lenken, to bend in a certain direction, to
turn, to steer ; lenksam, pliable, supple ;
gelenk, a joint. Lith. linkti, to bow, to
turn ; lenkti, to bend in a certain direc-
tion ; linkes, bent ; linkus, pliable. Fin.
lenko, a bending, anything bent ; lenkki,
a hoop, withy band.

2. A torch of pitched rope or paper.
Probably from Du. lonte or lompe, a gun-
ner's match of twisted tow, by a change
similar to that which we see in G.
schriimpfen, E. shrink j G. sumpf, E.
sump, sink. See Linstock.

Jjinnet. Fr. linotte, G. lein-finke,flachs-
finke, from feeding on linseed, the seed of
flax. It. linosa, flax-seed, a linnet.

Linstock. A short staff of wood split,
which holds the match used by gimners
in firing cannon. — B. Sw. luntstake, Du.
lompe, lonte, a gunner's match, made like
a loose rope of twisted flax or tow. — Kil.
As lompe signifies also a rag, the name,
as Ihre and Adelung suggest, is in all
probability taken from the match having
been made in the first instance of twisted
rags. The form lonte may be a corrup-
tion of lompe, but it is by no means
necessary to make that supposition. The
term lompe, G. lumpe, liimpeii, a rag, is
from a root signifying fluttering or flap-
ping, hanging loose, of which many mo-
difications are given under Limber. Now
this image is often represented by forms
with a final d, nd, n, as well as by those
with a final b, mb, m. Thus we have Du.
slodderen, as well as slobberen, to flag or
bag ; slons, sluns, loose ; PLD. slunten,
slunnen, rags ; sluntje, Du. slodde, slojnp,
a slut. Da. dial, lunte is used for a
twisted band of straw, hay, or sedge, to
bind sheaves or the like.

Lintel. Fr. linteau, Sp. lintel, diniel,
the head-piece of a door or window. — B.
Probably from the form Ion, lunn, or
lund, signifying a timber, pole, or bar,
mentioned under Linchpin.

Lion. Lat. leo, -nisj Gr. Xiioi/.

Lip. Lat. labium, Gael. Hob, Hop, lib,
Wall. Upe, Sw. Idppe, lip ; Vulg. G. labbe.

LIST

391

/labbe, lip, mouth ; Lith. lupa, lip ; lupos
(pi.), mouth ; Zulu lebe, under-lip of
animals ; Amakosa umlebe, lip.

From the sound made by the tongue
and lips in lapping. Lat. lambere, w.
lleipio, Bret. Upa, to lick ; Sw. Idppja,
to lap ; Idppja pd allt, to taste of every-
thing. Fr. lipp^e, a mouthful ; Uppic,
thick-lipped.

Liquid.— Liquor. Lat. ligueo, to melt,
to flow.

Liquorice. It. lecurizia, Fr. regUsses,
Gr. yXvKvppil^a {yXvKvg, sweet, and pi?a,
root).

-llsion. -lide. Lat. Icedo, lasum, in
comp. -lido, to hurt, properly, as shown
by the compounds, to strike. Hence
Elision, from elido, to strike out ; Colli-
sion, from collido, to strike together.

To Lisp. Du. lispen, lispelen, Sw.
laspa, to lisp, speak imperfectly ; G. fiis-
pern,flistern, to rustle, whisper.

To List.— Listless, as. lystan, to
have pleasure in, to raise desire, or give
pleasure to. Me lyste, it pleaseth me.
The lyst nu liotha, thou art now desirous
of songs. Dan. lyste, to desire, take plea-
sure in. De kanfaae hvad de lyster, you
can take what you list. ON. lyst, plea-
sure, desire. Pl.D. lusten, geliisten, to
desire. Mi lustet nig meer, I have no
more appetite. Dat luste ik nig, I do
not like it, have no taste for it. G. lust,
pleasure.

Listless is the condition of one who has
no pleasure in his work, and therefore
acts without energy.

Ainsi s'avanc^reiit de grand volenti tous che-
valiers et ecuyers et prirent terre. — Froissart, 4.
0. 18.

I haue nothing so good lust to my work as I
had yesterday. — Palsgr.

List. It. lista, listra, any kind of list
or selvedge, a guarding or border about
any garment, [hence] the lists of tilting
or tournaments, also a row, file, or rank
of anything set in order. — Fl. G. leiste,
a stripe or strip ; Du. lijst, edge, border,
margin, strip, catalogue. The It. liccia,
lizza, list or selvedge of cloth (FL), lists
of a tiltyard, Sp. liza, Fr. lices, lisse, the
fence of a tiltyard, lisiere, list of cloth,
hem of a garment, outskirt of a wood,
can hardly be distinct, though they seem
to have come through a different channel
from the forms with a filial /, and may
probably spring direct from a Celtic
source, while the final ^ is a Teutonic
modification of the same ultimate root.
Bret. Uz, haunch, border, skirt ; lizen.

392

LISTEN

selvedge, list, border; Uz, OFr. delez,
beside, near ; w. ysilys, side, flank.
Dehors les murs a unes lices (a rampart)
De bon mur fort a carneaux bas. — R. R.

Without the diche were listis made
With wall batailed large and drade.

Ibid. Chaucer, 4200.

Listen. We might readily derive AS.
hlysfan, to listen, from ON. Must, an ear ;
at hlusta til, or at leggia hlustir vid, to
give ear to, to listen. But probably Must,
the ear, is so called as the organ of Usten-
ing. w. dust, ear, Gr. skba, to hear. The
probability is that the sense of listen is
developed in a manner similar to that of
Mst ! or hark / signifying in the first in-
stance a low rustling sound, then the
direction of the attention to catch or
watch for such a sound. The Du. luys-
teren signifies to whisper, and also to
listen ; Pl.D. lustern, glustern, to listen.
OHG. Mosen, AS. Mosnian, Bav. losen,
lusen, lusnen, lustern, to listen. Swiss
lisele, to speak in a low voice ; Carinth-
ian lisen, to be still, to listen. — ^Deutsch.
Mundart. AS. Mysa, Miosa, fame, glory,
must originally have signified rumour, a
buzzing sound.

In like manner on. hljoS, IjoS, Da. lyd,
sound, voice ; also silence, a hearing ;
ON. Myda, OE. lithe, to listen ; Da. lyde
(to listen to), to obey. See To Lithe.

Litany. Gr. Xiravtia, a supplicating ;
Xir^, prayer ; \in<so\>.ai, XiTo/iai, to pray.

Iiith. — Lithe. Goth, lithus, AS. lith,
Du. lid, G. glied, a joint, limb, bodily
member. ON. lidr, a joint, knot ; N. lide,
to bend the limbs ; lidig, what bends or
moves with ease, pliable, convenient. E.
lithy, lithe, lithesome, lissome, active,
supple, pliant, gentle.

To Lithe. To relate, to listen.
Lystenith now to my talkynge
Of whom I wylle you lythe. — MS. Hal.
And under lynde in alaunde lenede I a stounde
To lithen here laies and here loveliche notes.

P.P.
ON. Mjod, sound, voice. T einu hljodi,
with one voice. HljocCa or Ijoda, to re-
cite. The word was then elliptically
used for an opportunity of speaking, si-
lence, attention. At beidaz hliods, to re-
quest a hearing. Hence hlyda d, to listen.

Lith.er. — Luther. Loose in a moral
sense, without energy, bad. G. liederlich,
loose, disorderly in business or conduct.
Ein liederlicher, schlotteriger mensch, a
man negligent in dress, whose clothes
hang loose and dangling. Liederlich ar-
beiten, to work slightly, carelessly, slubber
a thing over.

LIVELIHOOD

A clerk had litherly beset his while.

But if he could a carpenter beguile. — Chaucer.
Luther laws, bad laws ; luther dede,
wicked action. — R.G. Du. lodderen int
bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily in bed, to
lounge in the sun. Lodder, a loose, lux-
urious man ; lodderigh, lodderlick, scur-
rilis, luxuriosus, meretricius. — Kil. Swab.
lottern, umlottern, to lounge about. The
idea of looseness is conveyed by a repre-
sentation of the flapping sound of loose
clothes, or the splashing of liquids. Du.
lobberen, to trample in water or mire ;
slobberen, to slap up liquids, slubber up a
business — Bomhoff; slobberen, slodderen,
to flag, hang loosely — Kil. ; slodder, slod-
derer, a slattern, sloven ; Gael, luidir, to
paddle in mud or water ; ludraig, to be-
spatter with foul water ; ludragan, an
untidy person, ludair, a slovenly person.
Esthoh. loddisema, to hang loose ; lodda-
ladda, loose and slack. Swiss lodelen,
lodelen, not to be properly tight ; lodel,
lodeli, a lazy, litherly man.

Lith.0-. — Lithograph.. Gr. XiSoj, a
stone ; lithograph, a drawing on stone.

Litigate. — Litigious. Lat. lis, litis,
strife, a law-suit, whence litigare, to go
to law. As stlis was an ancient form of
lis, it may be conjectured that the word
originally signified a taking of sides, from
W. ystlys, a. side. To bandy words (from
It. banda, a side) is to conflict in words.

All side in parties and begin the attack. — Pope.

See Plead.

Litmus. Du. lakmoes, an infusion of
a lake or purple colour ; moes, pottage,
broth.

Litter. Fr. litiire (from lit, bed), the
bedding of cattle, or straw on which they
lie, whence E. Utter, things strewed about
in confusion.

Fr. litilre signifies also, as Lat. lectica,
It. lettiga, Sp. lechiga, a covered couch
in which one is borne by men or horses ;
lechigada, Fr. ventr^e, portde d'une truie,
&c., a litter of pigs, puppies, &c., the col-
lection of young which the mother has
carried in her belly at one time as in a
litter.

Little. Goth, leitils, ON. litill, OHG.
luzil, Du. luttik, OE. lite, lute.

Littoral. Lat. littus, littoris, the sea-
shore.

Liturgy. Gr. XHroupyi'a, a public ser-
vice or ministration, from Xetroi; (Xaoc, Xiiif,
people), public, and fpyw, to work.

To Live. See Life.

Livelihood. Properly lifelode, way of
life, from ON. leid, AS. lad, way. Lyvely-

LIVER

hede or quickness, vivacitas ; lyvelode, or
lyfehode, victus.— Pr. Pm. ohg. libleit
mensura victus.— Regula Sti. Ben. in
Schilter.

I — bidde mi paternoster and mi crede
That God hem helpe at here nede
That helpen me mi lif to lede.
Wright, Anecdota Litt. Dame Siriz, p. 7.
Mod.Gr. TTopof, way, road ; vopoq ttjs
Juqf, way of life, livelihood. See Load-
stone.

Liver, as . Iz/ere, G. !e6er, liver. Russ.
liver', the pluck, or liver, lungs, and wind-
pipe. Perhaps the liver, from colour and
consistency, may be regarded as a mass
of clotted blood, on. li/raz, g. leberen,
to clot, congeal; gelebert blut, clotted
blood. Da. dial, lubber, anything coagu-
lated ; E. loppered milk, curdled milk.

Livery. Fr. livr^e, from livrer, to
deliver; something given out at stated
times and in stated quantities, as clothes
of a certain pattern to distinguish the
servants or adherents of the donor, or the
supply of victuals or horse-provender to
which certain members of the household
were entitled. Lyvery of cloth or other
gyftis, liberata, liberatura. — Pr. Pm.

Livid. Lat. Uvea, to grow pale, wan,
discoloured.

Lizard. Fr. Uzard, It. lucertd, lusar-
do, Lat. lacerta. Bret, glazard, a green
lizard, from glaz, green.

Lizard-Point. From having been a
place of retirement for lazars. Several
places in a like situation are known by
this name in Brittany, where there is now
commonly a ropewalk, ropemakers being
a proscribed race, supposed to be leprous.
Loach. Fr. loche, a small freshwater
fish, which possibly is named from being
taken under stones. Bret, loc'ha, to stir,
take up, remove from its place ; lodheta,
to take up the stones of the shore in look-
ing for small fish. Speaking of the loach,
Yarreli says, ' Its habit of lurking under
stones often prevents its being observed.'
— Brit. Fishes, i. 376.

The miller's-thumb, the hiding loach,
The perch, the ever-rubbing roach. — Browne.
Load. AS. hlad, load ; hladan, to
load ; ON. hladi, a heap ; hlacta, a barn ;
hlad, a street, road, paved place ; hladinn,
piled up, laden; Mass, a load, waggon-
load. N. lad, a pile, heap of things laid
in order. -•

Loadstone. — Loadstar. AS. lad, on.
leid, a way, journey. AS. Idd-man, a
leader, director ; Iddscipe, a conducting.
ON. leidar-bref, a safe-conduct; leiddr-
stein, a loadstone, stone of the way or of

LOB

393

conduct ; leidarstiarna, loadstar, star of
conduct ; leida, as. ladan, to lead, con-
duct. '

Loaf. AS. hlaf, Goth, hlaibs, hlaifs,
Russ. chljeb, Pol. chleb. Fin. laip, bread,
loaf ; Lat. libum, a cake.

To Loaf.— Loafer. A loafer, in mo-
dern slang imported from America, is an
idle lounger, perhaps from Sp. gallofear,
to saunter about and live upon alms ;
gallofdro, idle, lazy vagabond. Orisons
gaglioffa, a scrip (the badge of a beggar)
or pocket. But more probably perhaps
from G. laufen, to run, to go to and fro,
to haunt ; whence gassenlaufer, an idler
of the streets ; irrlaiifer, landlaiifer, a
landlouper or vagabond. — Sanders.

Loam. AS. lam, Du. leem, G. leim,
lehm, clay, tenacious earth. Lat. limus,
mud, clay. See Lime.

Loan. ON. Idn, a loan, to be distin-
guished from laun, G. lohn, AS. lean, a
reward, wages. See Lend.

To Loathe.— Loth. as. lath, hateful,
evil, injury. Me lath wees, I was loth ;
Code tha laihustan, the most hateful to
God. G. leid, what is offensive to the
feelings. Weder zu Hebe noch zu hide,
neither from love nor hatred. Es thut
mir leid, I am sorry for it. Du. leed,
grief, sorrow, evil, injury ; leeden, taedere,
fastidire. Fr. laid, loathly, ugly.

The original image is probably the
disgust felt at a bad smell. Bret, louz,
stinking, dirty, impure, obscene, ugly.
Lathandii used in the Flyting of Ken-
nedy and Dunbar in the sense of stinking.
Laithly and lowsy, lathand as a leek.

Lob. — Looby. The radical image is
of something not having strength to sup-
port itself, but hanging slack, dangling,
drooping. To lob, to hang down, to
droop ; to lob along, to walk lazily, as
one fatigued ; lob, looby, a clown, a dull,
lumpish, lazy, or awkward person.
Grete loties and long, and loth were to swynke.

P. P.
But as the drone the honey Tiive doth rob,
With worthy books so deals this idle lob.

Gascoigne.

Du. loboor, a pig or dog with hanging
ears, a raw, silly youth ; lobbes, a booby ;
labberlot, one who loiters about the streets ;
Wall, loubreie, idleness, vagabondage ;
ON. lubbaz, to loiter about, segniter volu-
tari ; lubbi, a dog with shaggy coat and
hanging ears, a lazy servant ; Fin. luop-
pata, to do anything slowly ; luoppio, a
sluggard ; W. llabi, llabwst, a long lub-
ber, big clouterly fellow.

394

LOBBY

The origin of all tliese term's seems to
be a representation of the sound of things
of a flabby or loose structure flapping
upon themselves, dangling, or dashing.
Da. flabberen, to flag, flap as sails ; lab-
beren, to shiver in the wind ; slobberen, to
hang loose and slack, to slap up liquids,
eat awkwardly ; lobberen, to trample in
wet and mire ; Esthon. lobbisema, to
tattle (the idea of much talking being
commonly expressed by terms taken from
the dashing of liquids) ; lobbi, sleet, a
mixture of snow and rain ; W. llabio, to
slap.

liObby. — liodge. Lobby, antechamber,
porch, gallery. G. lazibe (from laub,
foliage, as OFr. foillie, a hut, trorafeuille,
a leaf), an arbour, bower formed of the
branches of trees ; lauberhiitte, a booth
or hut of green branches. Mid.Lat. labia,
laubia, laubium, an open portico, clois-
ters. ' Dearabulatorium quod propria di-
citur lobiicm, quod fit juxta domos ad
spatiandum.' — Joh. de Janua. Orisons
laupia, laupchia, lauchia, labgia, lobgla,
gallery in a church, open gallery in front
of a house. It. loggia, an open gallery,
banqueting-house, fair porch in the street
side. — Fl. Fr. loge, a lodge, shed, cote
or small house, booth in a market.

Lobster, as. lopust, lopystre, Lat. lo-
custa marina. A similar interchange of
p and k is seen in Dan. visk, E. wispj
N. lopp, a lock of wool, hay, &c., E. lock.

Iiocal. — Locate. Lat. locus, a place.

Lock. I. ON. lokkr. Da. lok, G. locke,
AS. loc, a curl or ringlet of hair ; Idcge-
•wind, curled hair \ Du. locke, vlocke, a
lock or flock of wool or the like ; on.
lockr, a lock of hair, curl.

Lock. 2. — Locker. Goth, lukan, Du.
loken, luycken (Kil.), on. loka. Da. lukke,
to shut, close, fasten ; /. een inde, to lock
one up ; /. op, to open, unlock, on. lok,
a cover, anything that serves for fasten-
ing, shutter, latch, and fig. conclusion,
end. Du. luik, shutter, AS. loc, a place
shut in, cloister, prison, fold ; also what
fastens, a lock.

A locker is a receptacle made by a seat
with a moveable top. Sw. lock, Da. laage,
cover ; laagebcenk, a locker. Du. loker,
loculamentum, theca. — Kil.

Lodge. Fr. loge, a hut or small apart-
ment. See Lobby. Hence loger, to so-
journ, abide for a time ; which however
agrees in a singular manner with Russ.
lojit' (Fr.y), to place, to lay; lojitsya, to
lay oneself down, lie down ; Serv. loja,
lying place. Illyr. lojiti, to lay ; loj-
Hitza, a sleeping apartment.

LOIN

Loft. — Lofty, on. lopt, the sky or
air, also the open space in the roof at the
top of a house ; d lopt, on high, aloft.
Dan. loft, ceiling, loft. See Lift.

* Log. An unshaped lump of timber,
a piece of firewood, in which sense clog
is also used ; a Yule-log or a Yule-clog.
So we have lump and clump j E. lob, a
large lump, a clown (Hal.), and Sw. dial.
klabb, a log or block. It is probable that
dob, clod, clog, as well as the weaker
forms lob and log, are formed on a com-
mon principle. See Clod.

The log of a vessel is a contrivance for
retaining the distant end of a line un-
moved in the water while the vessel runs
on, for the purpose of ascertaining the
rate of sailing. Originally perhaps a
simple log thrown out behind. To lie
like a log is to lie perfectly unmoved.

To Log. — Logger. To log, to oscil-
late.— Hal. To logger, to shake as a
wheel that has been loosened and does
not move correctly. — Forby. Dan. logre,
to wag the tail ; Sw. dial, loka, to work a
thing to and fro in order to get it loose ;
Fr. locker, to rattle, to shake from loose-
ness ; Bav. higk, lugker, Swiss lug, luck,
G. locker, loose. Esthon. Ibggisema, to
rattle, wabble.

A parallel series with a dental instead
of guttural termination is found in Bav.
loiter, loose, slack, and lottern, to shake ;
die bank lod^t (lottert), the bench jog-
gles, is unsteady. Swiss lodelen, to be
loose, not properly fast ; loderii, to dangle,
to hang loose and slack ; Du. loddereii
int bedde, to lie loose in bed ; lodderbank,
a couch. Corresponding forms in the
guttural class are Pl.D. luggern, to he
lazily in bed ; luggerbank, a couch.

Logic, -logy. Gr. \6yos, a word
spoken, XoyiKOf, of or belonging to reason,
and to words as exponents of reason ;
whence 17 {jixi/^ Xoyiio/, the art of reason-
ing in words.

Logwood. 'Whereas of late years
there hath been brought into this realm
of England a certain kind of ware or stuff
called Logwood, alias Blockwood.' — Stat.
23 Eliz. c. ix.

Loin. Fr. lombe, the loin. Longe, the
loin or flank, the fleshy part of the neck,
back, and reins cut along the back.—
Cot. Du. longie, loenie, lumbus vitel-
linus.— Kil. Wal., OFr. logne, Sc. lunyie,
loin.

Usually derived from Lat. lumbus, by
the common change of mb into ng. Mid.
Lat. lumbus, lungus, lende, lem, sdileg-

LOITER

brat — Dief. Supp. Fr. longite, the loin.
— Cot. See Lumbago.

To Loiter. — -Xounge. The Teutonic
dialects abound in verbs of a frequenta-
tive form, which are used in the first in-
stance to signify the flapping or shaking
of loose things (frequently also the dash-
ing of liquids), then to express a slack
and unstrung way of doing anything, or
simply a total absence of activity and
exertion. Hence are formed nouns (to
which the loss of the frequentative element
often gives the appearance of radicals in-
stead of derivatives), signifying the flutter-
ing object, a slothful, negligent person, or
adjectives of corresponding meaning. Du.
slobbem (see "Loh), sloddern,o. schlottem,
to flap, wabble, dangle ; Swiss lottern, to
joggle ; Bav. lotterti, lotteln, to waggle,
tremble, go lazily (schlapp einhergehen) ;
Fin. lotto, anything dangling ; Bav. latter,
lottel, loitel, a lazy or loose-living man ;
latterhank, a couch for repose ; Du. lod-
deren int bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily
in bed, to idle in the sun ; PI.D. luddern,
to be lazy ; Du. lunderen, to dawdle (cunc-
tanter agere) — Kil. ; Swiss lodelen, I'ode-
len, to be loose, not properly fast ; lodeli
arbeit, loose, imperfect work ; umelodeln,
to loiter about ; lodel, lodeli, careless,
negligent person ; lodern, to dangle, hang
loose and slack, loden, a rag ; Du. loteren,
leuteren, to vacillate, loiter, delay—Kil. ;
ON. lotra, to loiter, go slow and lazily.

With a change to the guttural class of
consonants may be cited E. logger, to
shake ; G. locker, Swiss lugg, luck, loose ;
PI.D. luggern, lungern, to lie abed, in-
dulge in sloth, luggerbank (as Du. lodder-
bank), a couch.

Then with the passage from the sound
of k to that of ch, which is so usual in
Fr. and E. dialects, Fr. locher, to shake,
joggle ; Swiss lotschen, to wabTjle, be
negligent, slack ; timeloischen, to move
about as if all the joints were loose ; lot-
schi, a person of loose character ; Bav.
verlatscht, latschet (of things that ought
to be fast or ^tiff), loose, clammy ; E.
dial, louch-eared, having hanging ears.—
Mrs Baker. The addition of the nasal,
as in luddern, lundern, luggern, lungern,
above-mentioned, converts- Swiss lotschen
into luntschen (of clothes), to hang flap-
ping and dangling, to move lazily ; ume-
■luntscherL, to lounge about, he idly about
-without sleeping ; Westerwald lonzen,
lumen, to lie in bed out of season ; Bav.
lunzen, lunzeln, to slumber, lunzig, soft,
limber, E. dial, lingey.

Xo liOU.— Lill. The fact that the

LOLLARD

395

letter / is the consonant naturally sounded
with the protruded tongue produces Swiss
lallen, E. loll or lillj to lill out the tongue
as a dog that is weary. — Fl. Bav. lallen,
to speak thick, as one with too large a
tongue, and (speaking contemptuously) to
talk, reminding us of Gr. \dKtiv, to talk.
Bav. lallen, lullen, to suck as an infant ;
Du. lellen, to suck, to tattle, chatter ;
telle, lelleken, the tip of the tongue, or
any similar object, nipple, uvula, lap of
the ear ; Swiss lalli, Bav. teller, the
tongue ; Dan. lalle, to prattle ; Fin. Idl-
Idttad, to speak thick, mutter, tattle.

Then from the imperfect speech of in-
fancy, Bav. gelall, childish play, sport,
lovers' toying ; Pol. lala, a baby ; lalka,
a doll ; E. loll, to dandle, fondle.
He lolled her in his amis,
He lulled her on his breast. — Hal.

Du. lollen, to coddle oneself, warm one-
self over the coals.

The same transfer from imperfect
speech to imperfect action, which we have
seen in f amble axi&fitjnble, gives OVi.lall,
the first imperfect walk of a child ; lalla,
to toddle ; lalli, a toddling infant ; lolla,
to move or act slowly ; loll, lolla, sloth ;
E. loll, to lounge, give way to sloth ; Du.
lollebancke, a couch, lounging bench ;
Swiss Uhli (maulaffe), a booby, soft per-
son ; I'dlen, umelohlen, to lounge about ;
Mod.Gr. \wX6s, silly, foolish ; Fin. lolli,
lelli, a lazybones, slothful, effeminate
person ; lallatella, lollittella, to lead a
loose or slothful life ; ON. loll, loth, sloth.
liOllard. The meaning of the word, as
appears from the last article, is simply a
sluggard. . But inOE. to loll yfa.s specially
appHed to the idle life of persons wander-
ing about and living at other men's cost.

For an hydel man thou semest —

Other a spille tyme.

Other beggest thy lyve

Aboute ate menne hatches,

Other faitest upon Fridays

Other feste days in churches ;

The whiche is lollcrme Ufe.

P.P. P.S14, Wright's ed.

For all that han here hele

And here eyen syghte,

And lymes to laborye with.

And loUeres lyf usen,

Lyven ayens Godes lawe

And love of holy churche. — p. 527.
In this sense the term was applied to
the devotees mentioned under Bigot, who
in the 13th and 14th centuries went about
preaching reformation of life, and excited
the indignation of the church by not join-
ing the regular orders. 'Eodem anno
(1309) quidam hypocritse gyrovagi, qui
LoUardi sive De;jm-laudantes vocabantur,

396

LOLLIPOPS

per Hannoniam et Brabantiam quasdam
mulieres nobiles deceperunt.'— Hocsemms
in Due. Afterwards the term was appro-
priated to the followers of Wicliff in Eng-
land. Lollaerd, Lollebroeder, Alexianus
monachus, Waldensis. — Kil.

Among other opprobrious names given
to the same class of devotees, they were
also called Beghards, Mid.Lat. Begardi,
Bigardi, a term signifying one who car-
ries a bag, identical with E. beggar.
For they bereth no bagges
Ne non botels under olokes,
Whiche is LoUerene lyfe. — P. P.

IioUipops. It has been shown under
Loll that the sound made by speaking
with the protruded tongue is represented
by the syllables lal, lei, lol, whence Bav.
lallen, to suck, lullen, to suck the tongue,
thumb, &c. ; leller, the tongue. To lull,
to suck.

My lytylle childe lyth alle lame
That lullyd on my pappys.
Slaughter of the Innocents, Coventry Myst. 182.
The latter part of the word is htympapa,
the infantine expression for eating, as
mama for drink. Papa is used by chil-
dren in the Tirol to signify a desire for
eating, and hence they apply the term
pappe, pappele, to anything nice to eat ;
zucker-pappele, Pl.D. zucker-popp, sweet-
ies, lollipops. — D. M., iv. De pipernit
un de appel, de siben semmelpoppen un
de ein zuckerpopp : the gingerbread and
the appel, the seven cakes and one sugar-
plum.— OUe Kamellen, p. 4. Sp. repapi-
larse, to overload one's stomach with
dainties. Pol. papinki, dainties, tidbits.
Lollipops would thus signify sucking
dainties.

Lombar-liouse. A pawnbroker's shop.
— B.

They had put all the little plate they had in
the Lumber, which is pawning it. — Life of Lady
G. Baillie in Trench.

Du. Lombaerd, fjenerator, usurarius ;
Lombaerde, tabema seu mensa usuraria.
— Kil. Lombaerd, lopibert, lonimert,
place where they lend money on pledge.
— Halma. From the trade of dealing in
money commonly followed by Lombards
in the middle ages, whence in London,
Lombard Street, the street occupied by
bankers.

liOne. — Lonely. From alone, G. al-
lein, all one, simply one. See Alone.

Long. — To Linger. Goth, laggs, ON.
langr, Lat. longus, Pol. dlugi, long.
Probably from the notion of slackness,
which is coincident with that of length
in many cases. Swiss lugg, luck, loose,

LOOK

slack ; das sell lugget, the rope slackens,
i. e. when it is longer than is necessary to .
reach to the point required. Si lengent
iro unriht also sell, they stretch out their
wickedness as a rope. — Notker. Sint
kelengit, relaxantur — Kero ; Gilengit wer-
dent, prolongabuntur. — Graff. A slug is
one who drags on without exertion, is
slack or slow in action, is long about his
work. To lag behind (w. llag, slack,
sluggish, Gael, lag, faint) is to linger, to
be long in coming up.

The representatives of Lat. languere
(from the root lag, slack, faint) are occa-
sionally synonymous, or are perhaps con-
founded with verbs formed from the adj.
long. Fr. languir, to droop, faint, hang
the head, also to linger, idle it, be lither.
— Cot. Languir dans une prison, to
linger in prison. Donnez lui cela, ne le
faites pas languir. Languedoc langhi,
to be ennuied, to find it long, also, as G.
verlangen, to long for. Langhisse de
vous veire, I long to see you.

Loof. The windward side of a ship.
To loof ox luff, to turn the ship towards
the wind, and, as a ship to windward of
another has the power of escaping it, if an
equally good sailor, aloof, on loof, is out
of reach.

It is not easy to make out exactly what
part of the ship the loof originally was.
Du. loef'vi a rullock or oar-pin, scalmus,
but the loof was a timber of considerable
size, by which the course of the ship was
directed ; it would seem to be the large
oar used by way of a rudder, or perhaps
the tiller.

Weder stod on wille,
Wind mid than beste,
Heo rihten heore loues.
And up drogen selles,
Lithen over saestrem.

The weather stood at will.
The wind at the best.
They righted their loofs
And up drew the sails,
Voyaged over sea stream.

Layamon 3, 242.

' Pai^ 3 A. pur un mast de rouge sapin de cent
pees longe, un loffe, une verge et une bowespret
apertenant k dit mast, £(> 17J. ■jd. ' ' Ascendentes
vero naves et velificantes perrexerunt itaque au-
dacter obliquando dracenam, quae vulgariter
dicitur lof, ac si vellent adire Calesiam, sed AngU
maris periti — subito cum se scivissent ventum
exhausisse (had got to windward), versa dracena
ex transversa vento sibi jam secundo insecuti
sunt hostes alacriter.' — Matth. Paris in Bart.
Cotton, p. 108.

Du. loeuen, deflectere sive declinare navi-
gio, cedere. — Kil.
To Look. Bav. luegen, Swiss lugen,

LOOM

to look ; higi, a spy-glass, telescope ;
lugen, eyes ; ON. glugga, to spy, look
narrowly after ; gluggr, window, hole ;
Dan. glughul, peep-hole ; Wall, louki, to
look, to spy ; OFr. louquer, Fr. toucher,
to look askance, to squint ; It. allucciare,
to fix the eyes on a thing ; Lang, lucado,
Wall, loukite, a gleam of light ; loukerote,
a glance, a small opening, peep-hole.
Xioom. An utensil, tool.

The lomes that I labour with

And lyflods deserve

Is Patemostre and my primere. — P. P.

Lome or instrument, utensile ; loome of
webbares craft, telairium. — Pr. Pm. Uten-
silia, andluman. — AS. Vocab. in Nat.
Ant. Du. alem, alaem, utensilia ; werck-
alaem, tools.— Kil. Gael, lamp, hand,
handle.

To Loom. To show a faint light, to
be seen dimly, as a ship at a distance or
in a mist. It. lume, light, and fig. know-
ledge, notice, hint. — Alt. Aver lume, to
have knowledge of a thing. Piedm. lume',
Venet. lumare, to observe attentively.

The word may, however, have come to
us from a Northern source, on. hljdma,
Sw. dial, hljumma, lumma, lomma, luma,
to resound ; Ijumm, lomm, resonance,
sound, rumour ; lymt, I'dmt, hint, rumour.
Fd en lymf om, to get wind of. Thence
a glimpse or imperfect sight of an object.
Se ejt lymt, to get a glimpse, on. hljdmar,
it is rumoured.

Loon. — Iiown. A lazy, good-for-no-
thinj fellow. TlM.loen, homo stupidus,
insulsus. — Kil. Probably from the notion
of inactivity and slowness, as most of
these contemptuous appellations ; lungis,
looby, Fr. lambin, G. lummel, &c. Lim.
lou7ig, loun, Rouchi ton, slow, tedious.
ODu. tome, slow, lazy.

Loop. Gael, tub, bend, bow, noose,
loop ; tuhach, crooked ; tubtin, a curved
line ; tubshruth, a winding stream.

Loop-hole. A peep-hole in the wall
of a castle, from whence to shoot in safety
at the enemy. Lang, loup, a small win-
dow in a roof.
Lat no light leopen yn at loverne at loufe. — P. P.

Du. luipen, to peep, to lurk ; op zijne
tuipen tiggen, to lie in wait ; gluipen, to
peep; gluiper, one that wears his hat
deep in his face, so as to hide his eyes,
one that acts secretly. De deur staat op
eene gluip, the door is ajar. N. gtupa, to
gape ; glaapa, to stare ; glop, a hole, an
opening; gloypa, to gape, not to shut
fast ; Dan. gtippe, to wink ; Du. glippen,

LOP

357

to slip away. Sw. diaLi^f^, to gape,
stand ppenj_^/^„£,-«:ack.

Loop-hole is frequently used in the
sense of a secret means of escape, as G.
schlupf-loch, a hiding-place, hole into or
through which one may slip, a loop-hole,
evasion, or shift. Du. ter gluip, ter stuip,
secretly ; sluipdeur, a, secret door, figura-
tively loop-hole, evasion ; sluip-hoek, a
lurking-place.

Loose. Slack. Du. los, loose, slack,
free ; Goth, laus, loose, empty, void, of
none effect ; laus vairthan, to come to
nothing ; laus as a termination, — less ;
akranalaus, fruitless ; andelaus, endless ;
/a«jj'az'/>4r.r, empty-bellied, fasting ; lausa-
vaurds, an idle talker ; lausjan, to loose,
separate, make void.

Loover. A loouer or tunnell in the
roof or top of a great hall to avoid smoke,
fumarium, spiramentum — Baret ; louer of
a hall, escl&re. — Palsgr. Vedetta, a lour
or high lantern on the top of a house. —
Fl. Yorkshire love, lover, a chimney. —
Craven Gl. ON. liori, the opening in the
roof of a house to let out smoke, a win-
dow ; N. Ijore, air-hole in the roof to let
out the smoke ; Ijora, to clear up ; Ijor,
opening among clouds ; glira, to peep, to
show light through ; glira, a streak of
light, crack in a wall. Pl.D. gluren,
luren, to peep, to lour. See To Lour.
The accented d and H of the ON. are in
other cases represented in e. by the aid
of a vj ON. frd, Yorkshire frav, from ;
ON. diira, E. clover, to slumber ; ON. tiiin,
E. levin, lightning.

Lop. Lop-eared, lap-, topper-, lave-,
touch-, slouch-eared — Baker, having hang-
ing ears ; lop-sided, having one side hang-
ing down. Fin. loppa, lotto, anything
hanging or dangling ; loppa-korwa, a
hanging ear ; loppa-huuti, a hanging lip ;
ON. lapa, stapa, to flag, hang loose ;
stapeyrdr, N. tap-oyrt, tav-oyrt, lop-eared.

The origin is the sound made by soft
or loose things flapping or falling. Du.
slobberen, stodderen, G. schtottern, Esthon.
toddisema, to hang loose and slack ; Du.
todderen. Swab, lottern, to lie loosely
stretched, to lounge ; toppern, Swiss lot-
tern, to shake about, not to hold fast.
See Lob.

The form touch-eared may be com-
pared with Bav. latschen, totschen, to go
about or do anything slackly and lazily ;
vertatscht, tatschet (fii things that ought
to be fast or stiff), slack, soft, clammy.
Melting snow becomes tatschet, to be
compared with E. slush, sludge. Dan.
slaslte, to dabble, paddle, also (of clothes)

-393

LOP

to flap about-Tfne .; Bav. latsch, a wide
mouth, a moutlt-".yitlW«2^cA or hanging
lips ; ON. loka, to trail, nang Toose' ; Ukr,
anything hanging.

* To liop. Lap or lop, the faggot-
wood of a tree. — Mrs B. It. lappare, to
lap or lop trees. — Fl. Perhaps to be
explained from Cotgrave's 'estagner, to
gueldtrssa, to lop or cutoff their branches,'
reminding us of Pl.D. lubben, E. lib, to
geld.

Loppered. Coagulated, of milk or
blood. OHG. leberen, gelebern, to co-
agulate ; lebermere, congealed sea ; ON.
Ufraz, to clot ; Dan. dial, bibber, any-
thing coagulated or gelatinous ; Du.
klobber-saen, clotted or curdled cream.

The radical image is the flapping of
soft and wet or loose things, which are
commonly expressed by the same term,
as in Dan. slaske, to dabble, paddle, to
flap as loose clothes ; Du. lobberen, to
wade and trample in the mire ; lobberig,
gelatinous ; Mag. lobogni, to waver, flut-
ter ; lobozni, to splash ; Swab, loppern,
to be shaky ; lopperig, loose ; Wester-
wald lappern, to shake to and fro, wabble
as an unsound chair, flap as loose clothes ;
Swiss labbig, lappig, watery, Idbberete,
watery food ; Banffsh. labber, to make a
noise with a liquid, sup a liquid hastily ;
E. slobbery, wet, sloppy; Du. slobberen,
to flap as loose clothes, related to E. slab,
thick, as Du. lobberen to lobberig, gela-
tinous.

Make the gruel thick and slab. — Macbeth.

Ir. slaib, mud, ooze. 'The slob embank-
ment.'— Times, Oct. lo, 1861.

The same relation holds good between
Bav. schlottern, to dabble in wet, to flap
as loose clothes, and Schlatter, coagulated
milk, mud, dirt ; schloti, mud, dirt, thaw-
ing weather ; Swab, schludern, to slob-
ber, spill, slop i geschluder, slops, dirty
liquid.

It must be observed that when a body
is of a mixed consistency between solid
and liquid, it will be considered as thick
or thin according to the extreme with
which it is compared. A substance must
be of a watery consistence in which we
can splash and dabble, and on the other
hand it is only when a liquid is thickened
and becomes gelatinous that it is capable
of retaining a tremulous or wabbling mo-
tion. Thus words of the same immediate
derivation come to have directly opposite
meanings, as Swiss labbig, and E. slab,
above-mentioned.

Loquacious, -loqu-. -locu-. Lat.

LOUT

loquor, locutus to speak, whence EI0-.
quent. Obloquy, Colloquy, &c.

Lord. AS. hlaford, ON. lavardr.

Lore. AS. Idre, teaching. See Learn.

Lorinxer. Fr. lorain, is formed from
loranien, a derivative of Lat. lorum, a
strap, in the same way as Fr. airain,
brass, from aramen, a similar derivative
of as, ceris. Hence Fr. loremier, lorniier,
corresponding to Lat. loraminarius, a
maker of straps. ' Quiconque veut estre
lormiers k Paris, cest k savoir faiseurs
de frains et de lorains, ' estre le peut
franchement' — Livre des Mestiers, p.
222. Cliamp. lorain, lorein, a bridle,
strap ; hire, a strap ; lorimier, lormier,
a saddler, worker in harness of leather.
Bret, ler, skin, leather ; leren, strap ; Du.
leder, leer, leather.

To Lose. AS. lesan, Goth.., //-aliusan,
G. verlieren.

Lot. Goth, hlauts, G. loss, ON. hlutr,
lot ; hluti, portion ; hluta, to cast lots,
■obtain by lot.

Lotion. Lat. lavo, lautum or lotum,
to wash.

Loud. ON. hljod, sound ; G. laut,
sound ; and as an adj. loud.

To Lounge. See Loiter.

* To Lour. — To Leer. To lour and
leer are cognate forms descended at no
distant period from a common ancestor.
The radical image is shown in ON. hlora,
hlera, to listen, whence we pass to the
notion of privily observing, peeping, look-
ing in a covert way. G. lauern. Da. lure,
to listen, eavesdrop, watch ; Pl.D. luren,
to watch in a covert manner, to wait his
opportunity, to keep back in a sly way ;
luurhaftig, of a sly and covert nature ;
/. weer, doubtful or suspicious weather,
weather which seems to harbour ill in-
tentions. Luren, gluren (of the weather),
to lour, to look with covert aspect, to
threaten rain. To lour, to look sour or
grim, to begin to be overcast with clouds.
— B.

The Du. equivalent loeren shows the
passage to E. leer, to cast a cunning or a
wistful look. — B. Loeren, to peer, peep,
leer ; specially with desire to possess one-
self of something. — Bomhoff. N. glira,
to peep, wink, half close the eyes, to be
open so that one can see through. It is
mere accident that lour signifies to spy,
with covert feelings of ill- will, and leer
with those of desire.

Louse, w. Lau, G. laus.

Lout. A clownish, unmannerly fellow.
— B. Du. loetc, kloete, homo agrestis,
insulsus, stolidus. — Kil. Perhaps from

LOUT

the nolion of a lump or clod, a rude, un-
shaped, inactive thing. Milan, lotta, a
clod; Prov. lot, heavy, indolent, slow.
' Non es lotz ni coartz,' he is not sluggish
nor cowardly. Lot, mud, dirt.

To Lout. ON. luta, to stoop ; Sw. luta,
to ,stoop, lean, incline, go downwards,
slope, to tilt a cask. The primary mean-
ing is probably like that oiglout, to look
covertly, look from beneath the brows,
and so to hold the head down. n. glytta,
to peep ; Dan. dial, lutte (of the weather),
to lour, look threatening.

Love. G. lieben, to love ; Lat. libet,
lubet, it pleases j libens edere, to eat with
a good appetite ; libido, lubido, pleasure,
dfsire, lust ; Bola. lubiti, libiti, libowati,
to love, to have pleasure in ; libitise, to
be pleased ; libost, will, pleasure ; liby,
sweet, agreeable, pleasant; libati, to kiss,
to taste ; Pol. lubid, lubowa^, to have an
inclination for, to relish, to like ; luby,
lovely, sweet, delicious ; Serv. lyubav,
love ; lyubiti, to kiss ; Russ. liobif, to
Jove ; naliobovatsya, to have pleasure in ;
lobzat', to kiss. So Fris. muwlchjen, to
kiss, also to have pleasure in, from muwlle,
the mouth. Sicilian liccari, to lick, to
flatter, to make love ; liccaturi, a lover ;
licchettu, the flavour of wine ; licchiteddu,
taste, savour.

As kissing is the most obvious mani-
festation of love, we might naturally sup-
pose that the word was derived from
these Slavonic words signifying kiss.
But it is more probable that they have
both a common origin in a representa-
tion of the sound of smacking the tongue
and lips, which gives rise to the Lat.
lambere, labium, E. lap, lip, Walach.
liniba, the tongue; Esthon. libbama, to
lick ; Fr. lipp^e, a good morsel, a snack;
Bret, lipa, to lick ; lipous, delicate, tasty.

It will be observed that the Bohem.
libati is both to kiss and to taste, exactly
as E. smack is used in both senses, or as
NFris. macke, to kiss, compared with
Fin. makia, sweet, well tasted. Now the
pleasure of taste is commonly taken as
the type of all gratification. The rude
tribes met with in a late expedition to-
wards the sources of the Nile expressed
their admiration of the beads shown them
by rubbing their beUies. — Petherick,
Egypt and the Nile, 448. And Burton
shows that joy and affection is expressed
in the same way on the W. of Africa.
' At the peroration he expressed the glad-
ness of the Alake to see us at his capital ;
as for himself, he rubbed his bony hands
on his lean stomach to'show the yearning

LUBBER

399

of his own proper bowels towards us.' —
Abeokutah and Camaroens, i, 148.

In the Tyrolese dialect schldk (g.
schlecken, to lick), is used for pleasure,
enjoyment. Es ist mir kei schldk, it is
no pleasure to me ; er ist zum rdchte
schldk cho, he is come at the right mo-
ment for enjoyment, at a show, for in-
stance.—D. M. iii. 458. The Lat. delicice,
meaning originally appetising food, is
figuratively used in the sense of darling.
To look sweet upon one is to look with
loving eyes. Indeed, it is probable that
the act of kissing is a symbol expressive
of the feelings entertained towards the
object of affection by the figure of smack-
ing the lips over a deUcate morsel. Thus
the expression of devouring with kisses
would be but a return to the original
image.

On the foregoing theory Lat. voluptas
would imply the representation of the
smacking of the palate, by a root vlup
alongside of lub, analogous to Y,. flip, or
fillip, for a smack with the fingers, or to
the old wlap, for lap, It. viluppare, vo-
luppare, to wrap.

Low. I. ON. lagr, short, low ; Sw.
lag, Du. laag, low.

■ Low. 2. ON. logi, Sw. Idge, Dan. lue,
love, AS. IcBg, lig, flame ; Gr. ^\o% l<p^oye),
0\oy6f, flame ; ipKiyw, Lat. flagrare, to
flame, to burn. The origin is. seen in
Du. fiaggeren, to flap, to flutter, from the
wavering action so characteristic of flame.
In the sanje way, from Du. flodderen, to
be in a wavering state, lodderen (properly
to hang loose), to lounge, Swiss lodern,
to flap as loose clothes, we pass to G.
lodern, to waver, to blaze. So also from
E. logger, Magy. logni, to oscillate, shake
to and fro, Dan. logre, to wag, we are
led to ON. logi, flame. The same train
of thought is seen in Magy. lobogni, to
waver, flutter, and lob, flame, lobbanni, to
blaze, flame.

To Low. AS. hloivan, Du. loeien, G.
luien, to low. Lith. loti, to bark.

Loyal. Fr. loyal, OFr. leal, from Lat.
legalis. Lex, legis, Fr. loi, law.

Lozenge. Fr. lozange, a little square
cake of preserved herbs, &c ., also a quar-
rel of a glass window, anything of that
form. — Cot. From Piedm. Sp. losa,
Lang, laouzo, a slate, flag, flat stone for
paving, commonly set cornerwise, in
which the idea of a lozenge mainly differs
from that of a square. Boh. dlazice, a
tile ; dlaziti, to pave.

Lubber. — Lubbard. A lumpish, slug-
gish, clumsy fellow. — Worcester. Da.

400

LUBRICATE

lubbet, N. luhben, thick, fat, obese ; luhb,
lubba, one who is thick and fat ; Sw. dial.
lubbig, thick and clumsy ; lubber, a thick,
clumsy, lazy man ; lubba, the same of a
woman. Du. lompsch, lumpish, dull,
lazy ; lompert, a coarse fellow. See Lob.

liubrioate. Lat. lubricus, slippery.

Xiucid. — Lucifer. Lat. lux, lucis, light ;
luceo, to shine. Russ. lutsch, lutschA, a
ray ; lutscMna, a match ; Serv. lutsch, a
torch ; lutscha, a ray of the sun.

Luck. G. gluck, Du. luk, geluk, hap-
piness, enjoyment, prosperity, fortune.
The appearance of composition with the
particle ^« in Du. gelick is probably falla-
cious, as it is very common to find parallel
forms with an initial /, and gl, or cl re-
spectively, as Du. gluypen and luypen, to
spy, E. gloom and loom, glowre and lour,
glout and lotit, clump and lump, clog and
log, &c.

The origin may perhaps be found m
the enjoyment of food taken as the pri-
mary type of all pleasure, and expressed
by the syllables gluk, glick, lick, repre-
senting the sound of smacking the tongue
in the enjoyment of taste. ' Comment
trouves-tu le liquide du Pere L. Parfait ;
oui parfait, repondit elle en faisant claquer
sa langue centre son palais.' — Montepin.
W. gwefus-glec, a smack with the lips ;
Gr. -{KiypfLai., to desire earnestly, properly,
as Lat. ligurio, to lick the chops at f
yXwKuc, sweet ; G. leckerbissen, delicacies.
See Like.

Lucre. — Lucrative. Lat. lucrum,
gain, profit.

Lucubration. Lat. lucubrare, to study
or work by lamplight ; from lux, lucis,
light.

-lude. -lus-. Lat. ludo, lusum, to
play, sport, mock ; allude, to jest at, to
allude in discourse ; delude, to deceive.

Ludicrous. Lat. ludicer, ludicris,
connected with sport, laughable, from
ludus, play, sport.

Luff. See Loof.

* Lug. — To Lug. Lug, the ear of an
animal, the ear or handle of a pitcher,
iron pot, or the like. In stave-made ves-
sels the end of the stave which projects
beyond the rest and serves as a handle is
the lug, whence probably Sc. leglen, a
milking pail with such a handle. The
pot lugs are the perforated ears of metal
rising above the brim of the pot and re-
ceiving the ends of the moveable bow.
The meaning of Sw. lugg is somewhat
different, the forelock or hanging hair of
the forehead ; Da. dial. Itigget, shaggy.
Sw. lugga, like E. to lug, is to pull by the

LUKEWARM

hair or ears. Lugga nigon i skagget, to
pull one by the beard ; i orat, to lug one
by the ear ; luggas, to pull each other
about.

His ears were laving like a new-luggd sow.

Bp Hall.
It is not easy to say whether the verb is
derived from the noun or the converse.
Certainly the meaning of the E. verb is
exactly such as would arise from the me-
taphor of pulling by the ear. On the
other hand it is not obvious what there is
in common between the ear and the fore-
lock except as affording means of laying
hold of an animal and leading him along.
In the latter point of view to lug may be
to drag along like a rope trailing on the
ground. Swiss lugg, loose, slack ; lug-
gen, to be slack ; das sell lugget, E. lug,
anything slow in movement ; luggard, a
sluggard ; lugsome, heavy, cumbrous. —
Hal.
A kind of weight hangs heavy at my heart,
My flagging soul flies under her own pitch
Like fowl in air too damp, and lugs along.
Dryden in R.

— drags or trails along.

Perhaps lug was originally, as Nares
explains it, the hanging portion of the
ear, then the ear in general. Coles ren-
ders it in Lat. auris lobus, auricula in-
fima.

Lukewarm. Pl.D. slukwarm, luk-
warm, might be plausibly explained from
sluken, to swallow, swallowing hot. But
w. Ihig, partly, half, llug-dwym (Spurrell),
llug-oer (Jones), lukewarm {twy?n, hot ;
oer, cold), must be explained from another
quarter. The corresponding forms in the
other Celtic dialects are Manx lieh, half,
party, side {lieh-doal, half-blind : lieh-oor,
half an hour) ; Gael, leas, leath, leth, half,
partly, by {leth-shuill, one eye; leth-
ruadh, reddish ; leth-ainm, leas-ainm,
nickname ; leas-athair, step-father), Bret.
lez, haunch, extremity, border, and as a
preposition, near, by the side of ; lestad,
step-father, by-father.

The sensible image is preserved in
Bret, lez, Manx Ihesh, the haunch, hip,
whence OFr. delez, hard by, by the side
of. N. lid, side, edge ; paa den eine lia,
on the one side. The signification of
half comes from our bodies being alike
on the two sides, and the Gael, leth is ap-
plied to a single one of any of the mem-
bers of which we have a pair. The Ir.
leath is used with the points of the com-
pass as E. side J leath-theas, on the south
side, southwards. From the notion of
what is on the side of, we pass to that of

LULL

addition, excess, superfluity. The E. be-
sides has the sense of moreover, in addi-
tion to, and on this principle must doubt-
less be explained Ir. hatha, Gael, leas,
gain, profit ; Ir. leatha-daighim {daighim,
to give), to increase, enlarge. The G.
beifiame, a byname, is identical with Fr.
siirnom, a name over and above, or sur-
name. The same connection of ideas is
seen in Esthon. liggi, near, hard by, liig.
Lap. like, additional, excessive, superflu-
ous, which we can hardly avoid identifying
with the Celtic elements above mentioned.
Compare Lap. like namm, Esthon. liig-
iiimmi, a nickname or surname, with the
Celtic forms, and Esthon. liggi-te ite,
way), with Gael, leth-rod, a by-path. In
Lap. likai, besides, the e. translation dis-
tinctly shows the way in which the idea
of excess has arisen.

To Lull. N. lulla, to sing to sleep ;
E. lullaby, the song used for that purpose ;
bill, repose, quiet. The origin is the re-
petition of the syllables la la la in mo-
notonous song. G. lallen, to sing without
words, only repeating the syllable la. —
Kiittn. Serv. lyu, lyu, cry to a child
while rocking it ; lyu-lyati, to rock ;
Russ. tilinliokat' , to set a child asleep by
rocking and singing ; liolka, a cradle,
Esthon. laulma, to sing, laid, a song.

From the repetition of na instead of la,
arise Mod.Gr. vava, lullaby, and in Fr.
nursery language, faire nono, to sleep.
It. nanna, a word that nurses use to still
their children, as lullaby ; nannare, to
lullaby, sing, rock or dandle children
asleep ; niiinare, ninnellare, to rock, sing,
lull.

liUmbago. — Lumbar. Lat. lumbus,
loin. The radical meaning of the word
is probably the soft boneless part, as G.
•weiche, the flank, from weich, soft. Swab.
lump/, soft, spongy ; Hesse, lumm, slack,
loose, flabby ; lumbe, the flank or loins.

To Lumber. To rumble, to move
heavily with noise and disturbance. Sw.
dial. Ijumma, lumma, lomma, Ittmra,
lomra, to resound. ' I lumber, I make a
noise above one's head : Je fais bruit.
You lumbred so above my head I could
not slepe for you.' — Palsgr. Hence lum-
ber, old furniture, thrown with noise and
disregard. So from G. poltern, to racket,
make a x\ms,e., polter-kaimner, a lumber-
room; Pl.D./()//«r2, racket, lumber. Du.
rommelen, to rumble (I ramble, I make
noise in a house with remevyng of heavy
thynges — Palsgr.) ; alles door elkander
rommelen, to turn things topsyturvy ;
rommelpot, rommelzo, higgledy-piggledy ;

LUNCH

401

ro7nmeling, G. geriimpel, old furniture,
lumber. Dan. skramle, to rumble ;
skramleri, lumber, trumpery.

The foregoing analogies speak so deci-
sively in favour of the derivation from the
noise made by throwing things together
in a disorderly way, that there is no occa-
sion to argue against the fanciful deriva-
tion from the obsolete lumbar, a pawn-
broker's (Lombard's) shop, where the
goods are never exposed to the public eye,
and are moreover necessarily kept in the
most perfect order.

2. To lumber, in the sense of encum-
bering the decks of a ship, seems to be
distinct from the foregoing. ODu. Iu7n-
mer, le?nmer, impedimentum, molestia —
Kil. ; Dan. belemre, Du. belemlnern, to
encumber, impede, lumber ; belemmerung
der spraak, impediment of speech. — Hal-
ma. This sense seems to arise in arfalo-
gy with Sc. lagger, to bemire, and thence
to encumber. Du. lobberen, to wade or
trample in the wet ; Da. dial, lummer,
anytiiing semifluid, as gruel or mud.
Veien staaer i et lummer, the - road is all
mud. Lumre en vceg, to daub a wall
with clay and water.

3. Lumber, sawn or split timber. See
Limber.

Luminary. — Luminous. Lat. lumen,
a clear light, commonly explained as if
for lucmen, from the root luc of lux, luds,
&c.

Lump. Corresponding to clump, as
log to clog. N. lump, a block, thick
piece; ON. klumbr, klumpr, Dan. klump,
a lump ; Du. lompe, a rag, tatter, piece,
lump ; lompen, to strike, to use one
roughly. E. lump also represents the
sound of a blow.

And the flail might lump ssN&y . — Clare.

In Du. lompe, G. lumpen, a tatter, it
seems to represent the dangling, flapping
movement of a tatter, and thence to be
extended to a separate portion of any-
thing. Bav. lampeii, to dangle ; lanip-
ende ohren, lop-ears, flapping ears ; lanip-
et, torn, broken, loose. So n. lape, to
dangle; lappe, a little piece; lopp, a flock
of wool, hay, &c., or of sheep ; Fr. loppe,
lopin, a gobbet, lump, morsel, a lock of
wool.

Lunar. — Lunatic. Lat. luna, the
moon ; lunaris, lunaticus, one affected
by the changes of the moon, mad.

Lunch. — Lunclieon. A lump of some-
thing eatable. Closely related to lump,
being formed from the flapping sound of
a dangling thing represented by a final k

402 LUNE

instead of p. Bav. lugk, luck, loose ;
Picard. logue, a rag ; Fr. loguet, the latch
of a door (from rattling up and down),
locher, to joggle, make a noise as a thing
that is loose ; Champ, lochon, a hunch of
bread, of which luncheon is the nasalised
form, as lump of Fr. loppe, above men-
tioned. Lunch also, as lump, was form-
erly used for the sound of a blow. Dunche
or lunche, sonitus, strepitus ; dimchinge
or lunchinge, tuncio, percussio. — Pr. Pm.
It is in this sense that it is the source of
the nearly obsolete lungeous, rough in
play, violent.

Lune. — To Lunge. See Laniard.

liung. ON. lunga, G. lunge, Du. longhe,
loose, lichte. As the two last of these
names are from the light spongy texture
of the organ (Du. loos, empty), the origin
of lung is seen in Bav. luck, lugk, lung,
loose. Aichenholz ist gedigen und hart,
tannenholz lung und weich, oak wood is
solid and hard, fir wood loose and soft.
Sint kelengit, relaxantur. — Kero. Lith.
lengwas, light.

liUngis. A lazy dreaming fellow, a
slow-back. — B. Fr. longis, a dreaming
lusk, tall and dull slangam. — Cot. Rouchi
longiner, to do everything slowly. Piedm.
longh (of persons), slow, lazy, irresolute.
Not so much from long in the sense of
taking much time as from the original
notion of slack, inactive.

Iiupine. Lat. lupinus. It. lupine, a
kind of pulse, as if from lupus, translated
in Venet. fava lovma, G. wolfs bohne,
wolfs beans. But possibly the word may
really have come from a Slavonic source.
Pol. lupina, shell, cod, husk ; lupid, to
flay or strip. Mod.Gr. Xou/Si, the pod or
husk of a bean.

Iiurch.. I. To be left in the lurch. A
metaphor from the gaming-table. It.
lurcio, Fr. lourche, ourche, G. lurz, lurisch,
a game at tables ; also a term used when
one party gains every point before the
other makes one. It. marcio, a lurch or
slam, a maiden set at any game. — Fl.
' A person who is lurtz at tables pays
double.' — Hans Sachs in Schmellei". Fr.
lourche, a lurch in game ; il demeura
lourche, he was left in the lurch. — Cot.

* To Lurcli. — To Lurk. These are
originally variations in pronunciation
only, differing from each other as church
and kirk.

The train of thought may be traced
through two parallel series of forms
having a terminal s and r respectively,
and signifying listen, watch, observe se-
cretly, lie in wait, lie hid, seek to entrap,

LURE

take privily. With "a terminal s, OHG.
hlosen, losen, Swiss losen, to listen. Then
with a terminal k (as in E. smirk com-
pared with Bav. smiereti, to smile), OHG.
losgen, losken, to listen (zu ze imo los-
kende, attentos. — Graff.), to lie hid ;
OFlem. luyschen observare, insidiari, la-
tere, latitare. — Kil. G. lauschen, to listen,
lie listening, lie in wait, look out secretly,
peep ; Sw. dial, luska, to eavesdrop,
privily listen ; N. luska. Da. luske, to
watch an opportunity, lurk, skulk. With
a final t instead of k, on. hlusta, to listen,
corresponding with mhg. luzen, to lie in
wait for, to lie hid ; luzer, luzener, a
listener, eavesdropper, watcher ; hasen--
luzer, hasenluster, one who snares hares ;
erluzen, to entrap, get by lying in wait for.

In the series with a final r, ON. Mora,
hlera, to listen ; standa d, hleri, as Da.
staa paa lur, G. auf der lauer sein, to
hearken privily, to lie upon the lurch. —
Kiittn. Da. hire, to listen, eavesdrop,
lurk, lie in wait ; G. lauern, to lie in wait,
lurk, watch, lie upon the lurch or upon
the catch. An der thiir lauern, to listen
at the door. Die katze lauert auf die
maus, lies upon the catch for the mouse.
Then with the addition of a formative k,
as in E. sculk fropi Du. schuilen, to seek
shelter, in Fris. smillcn, smilleken (Out-
zen), smilke (Junge), to smile, or in G.
lauer, lurke, lorke, weak wine, swipes, we
pass to NFris. lorkin, to listen, and E.
lurk, properly to listen, watch, then to
lie watching, lie hid. Compare Da. dial.
der er lurk i veiret, when the weather
although fine shows signs of change, it
lours, looks suspicious, with Pl.D. luur-
haftig weer, suspicious weather.

Bailey explains lurch, to steal or pilfer,
to lie hid ; lurcher, one who lies upon
the lurch or upon the catch, as G. auf der
latter, auf der lausche sein. In the sense
of filch it corresponds to G. erlauschen, to
obtain by lurking. Pl.D. luksen, privily
to wait for, also to possess oneself of the
property of another in a secret way. —
Danneil. Lurch is to be understood in the
sense of taking privily away, in the pas-
sage of Bacon, where it is often explained,
to devour. 'Too near [to great cities]
lurcheth all provisions and maketh every-
thing dear,' — filches them away.

The lurchline is the line which the
fowler lying on the lurch for birds holds
in his hand, and by which he pulls over
the net upon the birds ; to be compared
with G. lauschgam, a net used in catch-
ing hares or foxes.

Lure. G. luder, a carcass, carrion,

LURID

bait for wild animals. It. ludro, Fr.
leurre, a falconer's lure, a bait. Hence
G. ludern, liidern, E. allure, to entice.

As the stink of carrion is its chief cha-
racteristic, the origin may be Bret, louz,
loullour, dirty, disgusting, properly stink-
ing, whence louz^ a badger.

Lurid. Lat. luridus, of a livid colour.

* Luscious. Fresh or lussyouse as
meate is that is not well seasoned or that
hath an unpleasant swetnesse in it, fade.
— Palsgr. The suggestion of Hickes
that the word is a corruption of delicious
has been treated as absurd, but the ab-
sence of any foreign analogue makes us
look to an English origin, and it is cer-
tain that the first step in the corruption
of delicious was taken in the curtailment
of the de.

Mete and drink ynughe they hade
With lic-ious drinke and clere.

Sir Amadas, xxvii, p. 38.

Moreover luscious was used in the sense
of delicious. Frigalleries, dainties, lick-
orish morsels, luscious acates. — Cot.
The same change of meaning from sweet-
ness to excess of sweetness is seen in Du.
smets (from smetsen, to smack the chops),
which is rendered by Bomhoff delicious,
delicate, and by Kil. prsdulcis, mulseus,
insuisus, et nauseam provocans nimiS.
dulcedine.

Lusk. A slug, or slothful fellow. — B.
The idea of listening, watching, waiting
on, leads to the sense of suspension of
action, sluggishness or torpor. Thus we
have Sw. lura, to lurk or lie in wait, also
to take a nap, to doze ; ON. hira, to be
sluggish, to doze (Haldorsen) ; Pl.D.
luren, to be slow and listless. Again, G.
lauschen, OHG. losgen, losken, to listen,
lie in wait ; im bette lauschen, to slug it
abed. — Kiittn. Bav. lauschen, to act
lazily, to loiter. Dan. luske, to skulk
about ; Fin. luoska, a sloven, slut. See
Lurk.

Lust. — Lusty. Goth, lustus, will, de-
sire. See List. Lusty, Dan. lystig, G.

LYRE

403

lustig, merry, jovial ; Wall, lustih, quick,
lively ; It. lesto, agile.

Lustre. — Illustrate. It. lustro, lust-
rore, Fr. lustre, Du. luister, luster, gloss,
glister, splendour. It. lustrare, Fr. lust-
rer, to give a lustre or gloss to ; Du.
luisteren, lusteren, to glitter, glister, shine.
Lat. illustris, clear, bright, conspicuous.
The word seems radically identical with
E. glister, glisten, to sparkle, shine, Bav.
glast, splendour ; P1.D. glustern, to look
at with sparkling eyes, from the last of
which we pass to Lat. lustro, Fr. lustrer,
to survey. Sol cuncta su4 luce lustrat,
surveys, brightens and irradiates.

Lute. I. The stringed instrument,
Arab, el ud.

2. A paste of clay to stop the necks of
retorts. Lat. lutuni, mud.

-lute, -luv-, -lu-. Lat. Itio, lutum, '
lavo, lautum and latum, tr. \ovm, to
wash ; diluo, to wash off. Hence lotion,
a washing ; to dilute, to pour in water ;
diluent, washy ; diluvium, a washing
away, an abundance of water, deluge.

Lute-stringf. A kind of shining silk,
corrupted from Piedm. lustrino, a name
given on account of its lustre.

Luxury. Lat. luxus, loose, slack, out
of joint, whence luxus, luxuria, a giving
loose to enjoyment, dissoluteness, excess,
profuseness.

Lyceum. Gr. Aimtov, the name of a
public Institute at Athens.

Lye. Lat. lix, lixivium, G. lauge, an
infusion of the salts of ashes to soak linen
in. Esthon. liggo, a soaking ; liggoma,
to set to soak ; ligge, wet, boggy ; Fin.
likoan, lijota, to soak (as flax) in water ;
liko, place where soaking is done ; Lap.
ligge, mud ; Boh. lauh, luh, lye ; luky
(plur.), boggy places ; Russ. luja (Fr.j),
a pit, bog, marsh ; Serv. lujati, to soak
in lye ; Bav. lUhen, to rinse linen. Luh-
hejt, lucre, luhit, lotus, lavatus. — Gl. in
Schm.

Lyre. — Lyrical. Gr. Xupn, a species
of stringed musical instrument, XuptitAc,
connected with the same, or with the
poetry sung to it.

26*

404

MACARONI

MAGGOT

M

Maoaroni. It. maccheroni, macaroni,
originally lumps of paste and cheese
squeezed up into balls, but now ribbons
of fine paste squeezed through orifices of
different shapes.

From maccare, to bruise or crush,
whence also maccatelh, balls of mince-
meat ; niacca, beans boiled to a mash.
From macaroni being considered the pe-
culiar dish of the Italians, the name seems
to have been given to the dandies or fine
gentlemen of the last century, when the
accomplishment of the Italian tour was
the distinction of the youngman of fashion.

The meaning of Macaronic poetry is
thus explained by Merlinus Coccaius, who
was apparently the inventor of the name.
Ars ilia poetica nuncupatur Ars maca-
ronica, a macaronibus derivata, qui ma-
carones sunt quoddam pulmentum, farina,
caseo, butyro compaginatum, grossum,
rude, et rusticanum. Ideo macaronica
nil nisi grassedinem, ruditatem et voca-
bulazzos debet in se continere. — Preface to
the Macaronics. Fr. macaronique, a
macaronick, a confused heap or huddle
of many separate things. — Cot.

Mace. It. mazza, any kind of beetle,
mallet, or club, with a knob or head at
the end, a Serjeant's mace ; mazso, a
bunch, cluster, packet ; Fr. masse, a
lump, round piece of anything, a club ;
masse d'eau, herbe a masses, reed-mace,
typha.

Macerate. Lat. macerare, to make to
waste away, to soften by soaking ; macer,
lean, wasted.

Machine. Lat. machina. See Me-
chanic.

Mackarel. Fr. maquereau. It. macca-
rello, from the dark blotches with which
the fish is marked ; It. macco, a mark as
of a bruise ; maccola, macchia, a spot,
stain ; Sp. maca, bruise in fruit, spot,
stain ; Venet. macar. It. ammaccare, to
bruise. In the application of the term to
a pander there is a confusion with Du.
maeckelaer, a broker, matchmaker, pro-
perly one skilled in pointing out the blem-
ishes of the goods in which he deals,
from, maeckel, a spot or blemish. See
Broker.

Mad. To mad, to rave, wander, be
beside oneself.

Sufficeth thee, but if thy wittes mad,
To have as gret a grace as Noe had . — Chaucer.
Maddyn or dotyn, desipere. — Pr. Pra.
The origin is the confused incoherent
talk of mad people. Swiss madeln, to
mutter, mdddelen, Bav. maden, schma-
dern, to tattle, chatter ; E. to maddle, to
rave, be delirious, confused in intellect, to
lose one's way. ' As soon as I gat to t'
moor I began to maddle.' Maddlm, a
blockhead, confused, foolish person. —
Graven. Gl. Du. 7naUen, to toy, to rave ;
malen, to muse, to dote ; mal, foolish,
silly, mad. A similar train of thought is
found in Swiss mausen, to mutter, speak
unintelligibly ; N. masa, to tattle, also (as
Du. malen) to tease or deave some one
with importunity ; masast, to doze, to
begin to dream ; E. mazle, to wander as
if stupefied — Hal. ; mazzle, to trifle, to do
a thing unskilfully ; mazzlin, trifling. —
Craven. Gl. See Maze.

It. matto, foolish, mad, stands alone in
the Romance languages.

Madrigal. It. madrigale, vtadriale,
mandriale, Sp. mandrial, mandrigal, a
kind of irregular lyric poem, properly a
pastoral, from Lat. maiidra. It. mandria,
a fold, herd. — Diez.

To Maffle. To stammer, speak im-
p'erfectly, or move the jaws like a young
child. The action of the toothless jaws
of infancy or age is represented by vari-
ous combinations of the labial articula-
tions, ba,fa, ma. Du. maffelen, moffeUn,
to stammer, to move the jaws — Kil. ;
Rouchi moiifeter, to move the lips ; Bav.
muffeln, to mumble, chew with toothless
jaws ; Rouchi baflier, to slobber ; bafliou,
one who slobbers, stammers, talks idly ;
Swiss baffeln, viaffeln, to chatter on in a
tedious way ; E. fajffle, to stammer, to
trifle ; tofamble {O^.fameleii), to stutter,
murmur inarticulately ; OE. babeUn, ma-
melen, to babble, mutter.

Magazine. Sp. magacen, almagacen,
almacen. It. maga::zino, Fr. magasin,
from Arab, al-makhzen, a storehouse,
from the root khazana, to store, to keep.
— Dozy.

Maggot, w. magu, to breed ; magad,
a brood, a multitude ; magiad, a breed-
ing ; magiaid, magiod, worms, grubs.
By a like train of thought It. gorgogliare,

MAGIC

to purl, spring, or bubble" as water, and
figurativel;^ to breed wormlets or w.eevils
in pulse or corn ; whence gorgogUo (Lat.
curculw), a weevil or corn-maggot.

Magic. Gr. ixayixos ; fiayoe, a magi-
cian.

Magisterial. — Magistrate. Lat. ma-
gister, a master.

Magn-. — Magnitude. — Magnify.
Lat. magniis, Gr. y-tyaQ, Sanscr. maha,
great. Hence Magnanimous {animus,
mind), great-minded ; Magnificent great
doing, &c.

Magnet. Gr. Mayvi/c, MayKjjrjjc, a
dweller in Magnesia ; Xi0os Ma^vjjrqc or
Mayi/^uias, Lat. magnes, the Magnesian
stone or magnet, from having first been
brought from that country.

Maid. — Maiden. Goth, magus, a boy ;
magaths, a maid, young girl ; AS. magu,
ON. mogr, son, OFris. mach, child ; OHG.
inagad, G. magd, maid, maid ; OHG. mdg,
mach, ON. magr, relation ; Swiss mags-
chaft, relationship, affinity ; Gael, mac,
W., Bret, mab, map, son ; w. magu, Bret.
maga, to breed.

MaiL I. Chain armour. Fr. maille,
It. maglia, m.acch.ia, the mesh of a net,
loop, ring, from Lat. macula, spot, hole,
mesh of a net. K mail, speck on the
feathers of a bird. — B. Perdrix mailMe,
a mailed, menild, or spotted partridge. —
Cot. w. magi, a knot, stitch in knitting,
mesh, snare.

2. A portmanteau or trunk to travel
with, for carrying letters and other things.
— B. Fr. m.ale, a male or great budget.
— Cot. Hence mail, in the modern ac-
ceptation, the conveyance of the public
letters. OHG. malaha. It. mala, Bret.
7nal, coffer, trunk, case ; Gael. mMa, bag,
purse, husk, shell ; 7nd.ileid, a bag, wallet,
budget, the belly.

To Maim. See Mayhem.

Main. Chief, principal. Goth, magan,
ON. mega, to be able ; megin, strength, the
principal part of a thing ; megin-herinn,
the main army ; megin-land, the main
land, continent. Magn, strength, size.

Mainour. — Manner. Mid.Lat. »zfl«K-
opus, the rendering of Fr. mahceiivre, was
used as well in the sense of actual occu-
pation as of an object in the occupation
or possession of any one. In the former
sense it is said by R. de Hengham that it
is a disseisin 'cum mamwpus ?i\\aiyos
impeditur,' when the occupation of any
one is hindered. In the latter sense the
term was specially applied to goods found
in the possession of any one and made
the subject of judicial investigation. 'Et

MALKIN

405

quod praedictus Dux haberet quascunque
bona et catalla vocata inanuopera capta
et capienda cum quacunque person^,
infra terram et feodum praedicta, ac per
eandem personam coram quocunque ju-
dice deadvocata.' — ChartaRic. II. in Due.
' Probatores cum m,anuopere capti,' ap-
provers taken with the goods in their
possession. — Fleta. This gave rise to
the E. expression of being taken with the
mainour, afterwards corrupted to taken
i7i the manner, in flagranti delictu.

' Mainour, alias manour, in a legal sense de-
notes the thing that a thief taketh or stealeth.
As to be taken with the mainour (PI. Cor. fol.
179) is to be taken with the thing stolen about
him : and again (fol. 194) it is said ' that a thief
was delivered to the sheriff together with the
mainour.' — Cowel in Nares. ' Even as a thiefe
that is taken with the maner that he stealeth.' — •
Latimer, ibid.

See Manure.

Mainpernor. — Mainprise. Mainper-
nors were sureties, into whose hands a
person charged with an offence was given,
to answer for his appearance when re-
quired. Mainprise, a committal to the
care of such sureties. From Fr. jnain,
hand, and perner, prener, prendre, Lat.
prehendere, to take.

Mainsworn. See Mean.

To Maintain. Fr. maintenir, Lat.
manu tenere, to hold by the hand.

Majesty. — Major. Lat. major, corw^.
of magnus, as Gr. /us i?mi/, of /jeyaf, great.
Hence majestas, greatness, grandeur.

Make. See Match.

To Make. G. machen, Du. maecken,
maken.

Mai-. Lat. malus, bad, ill.

Malapert. Over-bold in speech or
action, saucy.

Ne malapert, ne renning with your tong.
Chaucer, Coiurt of Love.
Locke uses malpertness. In modern lan-
guage cut down to pert. 'Pert, saucy or
homly, malapert.' — Palsgr.

From Fr. appert, ready, nimble in that
he does — Cot. ; mal-apipert, ready to a
fault, over-ready. It. aperto, open, con^
fident, or bold. — Fl.

He sayde. Come I to the, appert fole (saucy fool),
I salle caste the in the pole. — Sir Percival, 680.

Male. Fr. masle, mdle, from Lat. mas-^
cuius.

Malice. — Malign. — Malignant. Lat.
malitia, malignus, from malus evil,
wicked.

Malkin. A clout to clean an oven.
From Mall, Moll, the kitchen wench, on
a principle similar to that which gives
the name of Jack to an implement used

4o6

MALLARD

for any familiar office ; boot-jack, roast-
ing-jack.

The kitchen malkin pins
Her richest loclcram 'bout her reechy neck,
Clambering walls to eye him.— Coriolanus.

Mallard. Bret, mallard, Fr. malard,
a drake, or male duck. — Pat. de Berri.

Malleable. — Mallet. Lat. malleus, a
hammer. It. maglio, a mallet, beetle,
sledge ; magliare, to pound, "to beat ; Fr.
maUlet, a hammer ; mailloter, to pound.
Pol. m.lot, Russ. molot, a mallet, beetle ;
molotity, to thresh ; m^loty, to grind.
lUyr. mlat, a flail, a hammer ; mlatiti, to
thresh, to beat.

Mallow. Lat. malva, Gr. naXaxn, from
ftoKaanu), to soften, /taXaKoi;, soft, the
herb being still in the East supposed to
possess softening virtues.

The mallow — is very much used by the Arabs
medicinally ; they make poultices of the leaves to
allay irritation and inflammation. — Domestic Life
in Palestine, p. 323.

Malmsey. Wine of Malvasia, in the
Morea. Malvasia, malvaiica, Malmsie
wine. Candy wine. — Fl. Pl.D. malmasier,
}nalmesien. Du. malvaseye, vinum Arvi-
sium, Creticum, Chium, Monembasites. —
Kil. Sp. malvasia, marvasia.

Upon that hylle is a cite called Malvasia, where
first grewe Malmasye, and yet dothe ; howbeit it
groweth now (a. d. 1506) more plenteously in
Candia and Modena, and no where ellys. — Pil-
grimage of Sir R. Guildford. Cam. Soc. p. 12.

Malt. G. mals, on. malt. The de-
rivation from malen, to grind, indicates
no characteristic feature of the thing sig-
nified. Tooke's derivation, from It. jnol-
lire, Fr. jnouiller, to soak, would have
more probability if the name of malt were
not unknown to the Latin dialects. But
the true explanation is pointed out by
Tacitus when he says that the Germans
made wine of hordeum. corruptiim, the
process of malting being confounded by
them with that of rotting. ON. melta, to
dissolve, digest, rot ; maltr, rotten ; melta
bygg til olgerda, to digest barley for
brewing, to malt.

Mamma. — Mammal. A word com-
posed of a repetition of the easiest arti-
. culation of the human voice, ma, ma, and
, thence applied to the objects of earliest
interest to the infant, the mother and the
mother's breast. Lat. 7nam7na, the breast,
Du. mamme, the breast, mother, nurse. —
' Kil. Fin. mamjna, breast, mother. The
designation is common in all regions of
the globe.

ToMammer. Properly to stammer,
thence to hesitate. ' What way were it

-MAND

best for me to go .? I stand in a mammer-
ing.'—=-Terence in E. in Nares.^ Pol. wzo-
motad, to stammer, stutter.

Mammet. A doll, a puppet.
This is no world

To play with mammets and to tilt with lips.

H. IV.
Swiss mdmmi, as E. baby, babby, a new-
born child, a doll ; mammehn, to play
with dolls. The E. mammet, a doll, was
ultimately confounded with maumet, an
idol, from which it has erroneously been
derived. i1/a/<?/z^/, a child's babe. — Gould-
man. Maument, marmoset, poupde. —
Palsgr.

O God, that ever any man should look
Upon this maumet, and not laugh at him.
O. Play in Nares.
See Mawmet.

Mammock. A piece or scrap. Pro-
perly the remnants of eating, what has
been mambled or mumbled. ' He did so
set his teeth and tear it. Oh, I warrant
how he mammocked it.' — Coriolanus. Sp.
mamar, to suck, to devour victuals. Magy.
mammogni, to mumble, in nursery lan-
guage to eat.
' Man. Goth. 7iian.
Manacle. Fr. manicles, manettes (now
menottei), hand-fetters — Cot. ; from inain,
hand.

To Manage. From Fr. main, the
hand, are manier, to handle, wield ; man-
ige, the manage of a horse ; It. maneg-
giare, to manage, handle, exercise, trade
— Fl. ; Mid.Lat. mainagium, occupation,
actual possession. ' De quibus erant in
possessione et mainagio.' — Aresta Pari.
A.D. 1257. Thence the term was trans-
ferred to the furniture requisite for the
occupation of a house, and (in the shape
of the modern menage) to the household
of the occupier. ' Domes, castra et alia
maneria quK sine mainagio competenti
repererat, decentibus utensilibus instrux-
erat.' — Regest. Pari. A.D. 1408, in Due.
Meinage is still used in Languedoc in
the sense of kitchen furniture. Lava lou
7nainajhi, to wash up the dishes. The
erroneous insertion of an j in the old way
of writing the word, mesnage, gave rise
to the supposition that it was derived
from jnansionata {mattsionaticum), me-
sonata: The identity with E. jnatiage is
seen in the expression bon mesnagicr,
one who understands the conduct of a
household, a good manager.

-mand. — Mandate. Lat. mandare,
mandatum {inanu-dare, to hand-give), to
command, commit. Hence Command,
Demand, &c.

MANDARIN

Mandarin. A Chinese officer, a name
first made known to us by the Portuguese,
and like the Indian caste erroneously sup-
posed to be a native term. From Ptg.
mandar, to hold authority, command,
govern. Mid.Lat. mandaria, jurisdiction,
dominion. — Carp.

Mandible. Lat. ■mandibulum ; mando,
to chew, eat.

Mandrake. Lat. mandragora, a plant
supposed to be used in magical incant-
ations. In Fr. still more strangely cor-
rupted, through mandeglaire (Palsgr.),
into main de gloire.

Mane. on. m'dn, w. mwng.

Mange. An itching affection of the
skin in dogs. Fr. dhnanger, to itch, from
manger, to gnaw, to eat, as Sp. comer, to
itch, from comedere, to eat. — Diez.

Manger. Fr. mangeoire, an eating
place, from manger, Lat. manducare, to
eat, originally to chew. — See Munch.

Mangle. It. mangano, a tent-post,
mill-post, upright of a crane, press for
linen ; manganella, a machine for casting
great weights, a crane, lever; Fr. mmi-
gon7ieau, an engine whereout stones, old
iron, and great arrows, were violently
darted. — Cot. Mod.Gr. /layyavov, a ma-
chine to calender linen, a mangle, press ;
fiayyavoTTTiyadov, a well winch or wheel,
instrument to draw water from a well.
G. mange, mangel, mandel, machine for
giving a gloss to linen, calender, mangle.

The word is commonly explained as a
corruption of Lat. machina, a machine,
or mechanical device.

Machinas jaculatorias quas roangana et pe-
trarias vocant. — Will. Tyrius in Due. Quomodo
id faciant, qua arte, quibus manganis, quibusve
instrumentis aut medicamentis. — Due. Henschel.

Mod.Gr. iiayyiviia, machination, plot, de-
vice, imposture.

To Mangle. To disfigure. In Sc,
without the nasal, to magil, maigil.

Thare he beheld ane craell maglii face.

D. V. i8i. 21.
Bot rede lele, and tak gud tent in tyrae
Ye nouther magil nor mismeter my lyme.

Ibid- 484. 30.

Compare magil in the last quotation with
mangle in the following :

Tyndal shall have no cause to say that I deface
his gay goodly tale by mangling of his matter
and rehearsing him by patches and pieces. — Sir
T. More in R.

The origin is G. mackel, Du. maeckel,
Lat. macula, Sp. mancka, a stain, spot,
blemish ; Wall, macule, mancule, fault,
want ; It. macola, spot, blemish ; macolo,
infection, loss, or prejudice ; whence ma-

MANURE

407

colare, to dirty, infect, also to abuse, beat,
bang. — Altieri (percuotere altrui forte-
mente — Vanzoni), properly to maul or
disfigure him by blows. Mid.Lat. maai-
lare, vulnerando deformare. ' Si labium
superius alicujus ita maculaverit ut dentes
appareant.' — Leg. Alam. in Due.

Cat. magular, Sp. magullar, to bruise,
mangle, contuse. — Neum. Again, with
the nasal intonation, Bav. mangel, a fault,
defect, bodily injury, complaint, blame ;
einen mengetn, einen mangel bringen,
Mid.Lat. mangulare, to do one an injury.

Johannes B. prsedictuni Bemardum — de prse-
dicto cultello percussit, quod videns prsedictus
Bernardus qui per prsedictum Johannem man-
gulatus erat. — Litt. remiss. A.D. 1361 in Carp.

Piedm. mangoj^, to mangle, spoil by
rough usage.

E. maul, to disfigure by ill-treatment,
is an expression of precisely the same
meaning, from G. mahl, Sc. mail, E. m,ole,
a spot ; Sc. mail, to discolour, stain.
Indeed, it is probable that mahl and
mackel may spring from different modifi-
cations of the same root.

Maniac. Gr. /lavia, madness ; juaiVo'
nai, to be mad.

Manifest. Lat. manifestus, evident,
open to observation, that may be laid
hold of by hand. Scelus manifestum ac
deprehensum. — Cic. The signification of
-festus in the word is clear enough, al-
though its origin is not explained satis-
factorily.

Manipulate. Lat. manipulus, a hand-
ful, bundle, company.

Manner. It. jnaniero, from manarius,
for Jtianuarius, manageable, that may be
handled ; maniera, Fr. maniire, the
handling of a thing, way of dealing with
it, course of proceeding. — Diez.

Manor. Mid.Lat. mansus, mansum,a.
residence, from manere, to remain, to
dwell; 'in cujus pago manet.' — Leg.
Salic. Prov. maner, OFr. inanoir, dwell-
ing-place, mansion, the dweUing-place of
the lord of a feudal estate, hence the
estate itself. — Diez.

Manse. — Mansion. Lat. maneo,
mansum, to abide, wait, remain or con-
tinue.

Mantle. It. manto, ainmanto, a cloak ;
Fr. mante, a covering ; jnanteau, Lat.
mantelum, mantellum.^ a cloak.

Manu-. — Manual. Lat. mnnus, the
hand, manualis, of or belonging to the
hand.

Manure. — Manoeuvre. Fr. manou-
vrer (manu operare), to hold, occupy,

4o8

MANY

possess. — Cot. Hence OE. manure, to
occupy or cultivate land, in modern times
confined to the single operation of laying
on dung or substances adapted to give
fertility.

The first manured Western ile

By Cham and Japhet'srace.

Warner, Albion's Engl.

' The commonwealth orpolicie of England
^is governed, administered, and manured
by three sorts of persons.' — Smith, Com-
monwealth in R.

Fr. manouvrier, an artificer, handi-
craftsman.— Cot. ' Ut illi coloni — non
denegent carropera et matiopera ex anti-
que, consuetudine,' car work and hand
work. — Edict. Car. Calv.

Many. Goth, manags, much, managei,
a multitude ; G. 7nancher, Fr. maint,
many ; Russ. ninogii, Boh. mnohy, lUyr.
mlogi, much, numerous ; in the last of
which we have perhaps the explanations
of Lat. multus. Fin. moiii, Esthon.
monni, Lap. madde, many.

Map. Lat. mappa, a table-cloth ;
mappa-mundi, a delineation of the earth
on a cloth. ' Mapa, togilla (a towel) ;
mapa etiam dicitur pictura vel forma
ludorum, unde dicitur Mapa mundi.' —
Papias. ' Considerantes quod ipsa pic-
torum varietas mendaces efficit de loco-
rum varietate picturas, quas Mappam
mundi vulgus nominat.' — Gervase of Til-
bury in Due.

To Mar, The usual sense of defacing
or spoiling may probably be derived from
the figure of a person wrying his mouth,
making ugly faces, os distorquens, de-
pravans, deturpans.

The knave crommeth his croppe er the cock

crowe,
He momeleth ant moccheth ant marreth his

mouth. — Political Songs, Cam. Soc.

Now it is shown under Mock and Mould
that the terms signifying wilful distortion
of the face are commonly taken from the
muttering; or grumbling sounds of a per-
son or animal in a bad temper. We may
accordingly derive the marring of the
mouth from Swab, marren, to growl
angrily, as dogs or cats, to quarrel in
loud and angry tones. Hence also may
be explained Prov. and Fr. marrir, to
complain. ' Laquelle servante trouva que
il lui defailloit une dariole — et pour ce que
elle en faisoit noise et grant marison (she
made outcry and great lamentation), lediz
M. son frere oyant ces paroles et grans
marremens, &c.'— Litt Remiss., A.D. 1385,
in Carp. Marri, angry, fretting, discon-
tented, vexed at, aggrieved, afflicted.

MARAUDER

sorry, sad. — Cot. The term is then ap-
plied to what produces lamentation, viz.
ill-usage, affliction, trouble. ' Guillaume
H. dist k I'exposant moult aiTOgamment,
Garson, t'en faut-il parler ? et se plus en
parloit gu'il le mar?iroii,' that if he said
any more of it he would give him some-
thing to complain of. — Litt. Remiss., A.D.
1390, in Carp.

The E. 7nar is often used in the same
sense.

For if thou knew him, out of doiite
Lightly thou shouldest scapen out
Of thy prison that marreth thee.

Chaucer, R. R.

The signification then passes on to the
idea of disturbance, hindrance, delay, de-
feat of a purpose, misleading-, bringing to
nothing. ' Et ipse pacifico animo donat
illi commeatum, tantum ut ipsi et in suo
regno vel suis fidelibus aliquod damnum
aut aliquam marritionem non faciat,' pro-
vided that he should do no damage or
mischief, should give no cause of com-
plaint to him or his subjects. — Cap. Car.
Calv. in Due. ' Post obitum meum
absque uUa marritione ad dictum monas- .
terium firmiter pertineant,' without any
disturbance. — Goldast. ibid. ' Absque
ulla marritione vel dilatione reddere fa-
ciant,' should pay without dispute or de-
lay.— Cap. Car. Mag. in Due. ' Et nemo
per ingenium suum vel astutiam praescrip-
tam legem — marrire audeat vel prasva-
leat,' should obstruct or make the law of
none effect. — Ibid. ' Ut nuUus banntim
vel prasceptum Domni Imperatoris — in
nuUo marrire prjesumat, neque opus ejus
stricare vel minuere vel impedire — et ut
nemo debitum suum vel censum suum
marrire ausus sit,' make difficulties about.
— Ibid. OHG. marrjan, gamarrjan, to
hinder, make void. Biinartez, irritum
fecistis (mandatum) ; farmarrit, irritum,
sine effectu ; marrisal, lassio, impedimen-
tum ; merriseli dera siaigon, impediment
of speech. — Graff. Du. merren, to ob-
struct, delay, entangle ; merrcn-tacken,
lime twigs for entangling birds.

The sense of going astray, losing the
way, is derived from the troubled state of
one confounded with affliction. OFr.
esmarri, afflicted, overwhelmed, troubled,
astonished. — Roquef It. marrire, to go
out of one's wits through fear or aiBaze-
ment, to miscarry as letters do, to stray.
— Fl. OFr. marrir chemin, to lose the
way ; Lang, mari, strayed, lost. AS.
mearrian, to go astray.

Marauder. Fr. maraud, a rogue,
beggar, vagabond, knave ; marauder to

MARBLE

beg, play the rogue — Cot. ; marauder,
marander, chercher \ escroquer, chercher
de quoi vivre ; marandaille, troop of
beggars. — Roquef.

Perhaps the latter mode of spelling
may indicate the true origin, from It. me-
renda, OFr. fnarande, a luncheon ; one
who goes about looking for prog. Wa-
lach. inerende, provisions for the way ;
nierendare, a knapsack.

Marble. Lat. marmor, Fr. marbre,
Du. manner, marble ; marmelen, to mar-
ble or colour so as to resemble m. ; mar-
mel (Wall, marbeul), a marble, or little
ball of marbled clay. — Halma.

JVtarch. Fr. inarcher, to tread, step,
pace, walk, to proceed. It. marciare, to
march. When the important part of an
army consisted of horsemen the most
obvious way of expressiijg the movement
of troops would be by a term equivalent
to OFr. chevaucher (from cheval), to ride
on horseback. Thus we should identify
marcher with Manx markee, to ride, from
Bret, marc'h, a horse. But Diez asserts
that the word is not an old one (a point
on which it is mostly difficult to speak
with confidence), and therefore cannot
come from a Celtic source, and he quotes
from Rutebauf the expression 'aller de
marche en marche^ to wander from bound-
ary to boundary, as suggesting a probable
origin of the word.

Marches. The borders of a country.
Fr. marche, boundary. AS. mearc, a
mark, sign, boundary, limit. Goth.
marka, border ; gamarko, confines.

Mare. i. w. march, OHG. marah,
marh, AS. mearh, on. marr, a horse ;
OHG. meriha, merha, AS. mcEre, myre, Du.
merrie, P1.D. mare, a mare.

2. Nightmare, on. mara, Da. mare,
marerid, G. mahr, Pl.D. maar, moor, Du.
nagt-merrie, Fr. godemare, cauchemar,
the nightmare. ON, mara trad hann, the
nightmare oppressed him. Moni-eldr
(ghost fire), Will-o'-the-wisp. Pol. mara,
vision, dream, nightmare. Wygli^da jak
mara, he looks like a ghost. Albanian
morea. Boh. mura, incubus ; mury,
ghosts, leinures nocturni.

Margin. Lat. margo, -inis, a brink or
brim.

Marigold. Du. goud, gold ; goud-
hloeme, yellow marigold ; goud-wortel,
chelidonium majus, a plant with deep
yellow juice. Fr. goiide, w. gold, gold-
mair, Gael, lus Mairi (Mary's plant),
marigold.

Marine. — Maritime. Lat. mare, Goth.
marei, ON. marr, v/. mdr, the sea.

MARMELADE

409

Mark. i. as. mearc, a mark, sign,
boundary ; ON. merkia, to mark, perceive,
signify.

The radical image is perhaps shown in
Lith. merkti, to wink, to give a sign ;
merkimas, a wink ; akis mirksnis, the
twinkling of an eye.

2. Half a pound, or eight oz. of silver.
The word in this sense is equivalent to a
measure or a certain amount marked off.
ON. mark, a measure of different kinds ;
eight oz. of silver, 48 ells of cloth ; half a
pot of liquids. The same connection
holds between Sw. tndl, a mark, and mdl,
a measure. So also a nail, an eighth of
a yard, from the nails by which they are
marked in a yard measure.

Market. — Merchant. Lat. mercari,
to traffic ; m.ercattis, trade, market ; ON.
markadr, market.

To Marl. — Marline.— To Moor. To
marl, to ravel as silk. — Hal. Marlyd or
snarlyd, illaqueatus, innodatus. — Pr. Pm.
The use of mar in the sense of trouble,
disturb, hinder, has been already explain-
ed. The signification then passes on to
the idea of delaying, entangling, binding.
Du. marren-vlichte, entangled locks, ca-
pilli pedibus pullorum gallinaceorum
involuti, quibus pullorum gressus impe-
diri solet. — Kil. Marren-tacken, mistle-
toe, from whence lime is made to entangle
birds. Marren, meeren, to delay ; mar-
ren, maren, to bind. — Kil. OSax. 7ner-
rian, Fris. meria, to hinder, to delay ;
mere, bands, fetters. — Richthofen. Du.
marren, or meeren, is especially used in
nautical language in the sense of Fr.
amarrer, or E. moor, to bind the ship to
the shore ; meertouw, a cable. In a
somewhat different application Du. mar-
len (for marrelen), to marl, or fasten the
sail to the bolt-rope, whence 7neerling,
marly n, Fr.. merlin, e. marline, line of
untwisted hemp tarred used in that oper-
ation. Fr. amarrer also is used not only
in the sense of mooring, but of marling;
amarrer, renforcer les manoeuvres d'un
vaisseau ; marl-reep, cordes de merlin
pour amarrer les voiles aux vergues. —
Diet, du P. Marin.

Marl. From Du. margh, marrow, is
formed m.arghelen, to fatten land, to make
it more productive, to which effect it was
formerly common to spread over it a cal-
careous earth, thence called marghel,
marl, terra adeps sive medulla. — Kil.

Marmelade. A confection, originally
of quinces ; Ptg. marmelada, from mar-
melo, a quince, and that from Mid.Lat.
malomellum, melimelum, Gr. \iiKi^r\Kov

4IO

MARMOSET

(liiXi, honey, fiijUv, apple), a sweet apple.

Marmoset. A monkey, from his chat-
tering cry. Bret, marmmiz, Fr. marmot,
marmoset, a monkey ; martnotter, to
mutter. Sp. marmotear, to jabber.

Marmot. It. marinotta, marmontana,
OHG. muremunti, murmenti, Swiss mur-
met, murmentU. Diez approves of the
derivation from mus tnontamts, but the
G. murmel-thier doubtless points out the
true derivation in Fr. marmotter, to mut-
ter.— Adelung. Another Swiss name of
the marmot is mungg, munk, from mung-
gen, munken, to mutter.

Maroon, i. A negro escaped to the
woods. Sp. simaron, Ptg. cimarrao (in
America and the W. Indies), of men or
animals that have taken to the woods and
run wild. Perhaps from sima, a cave, as
taking refuge in caves. The fugitive ne-
groes are mentioned under the name of
Symarons in Hawkins' Voyage, \ 68,
where they are said to be settled near
Panama.

I was in the Spanish service some twenty years
ago in the interior of Cuba, and vegro cimarrdn,
or briefly cimarrdn, was then an every-day phrase
for fugitive or outlawed negroes hidden in the
woods and mountains. — N. & Q. Jan. 27. 1866.

2. The colour of a chestnut, Fr. m,ar-
ron.

Marque — Iietters of. Mid.Lat. mar-
cha, Fr. marque, is commonly explained
as an authority given by a prince to any
of his subjects, who have been wronged
by those of a neighbouring sovereign, and
have not been able to obtain justice at
his hands, to pass the marches or bound-
aries of his states and do themselves right
upon any of his subjects or their property.
But probably this is not the exact mode
in which the expression is connected with
the notion of marches or borders. Marca
or marchatio seems to have been an ellip-
tical expression for a borderer's quarrel,
in which sense the latter term is used in
a letter of James of Aragon to Philip le
Bel, A.D. i3icJf ' Cupientes attamen, ut
semper fecimus, evitare pro posse, ne
inter nostros et vestros subditos, marcha-
tiones quse scandali ac dissentionis pos-
sent materiam suscitare, aliquatenus ori-
rentur.' — Carp. By a similar ellipse mar-
care seems to be taken for the right of
pasturing in a conterminous forest. ' Scien-
dum quod in nemore de Lantagio non
poterunt dicti fratres marcare' — Carp.
Marchagium or droit de marchage in
Auvergne was the right of pasturage in
the opposite marches. Marcare or mar-
chiare then may easily have come to sig-

MARSHAL

nify to exercise border right, to do oneself
right in a border-quarrel by seizing the
property or the persons of countrymen
of the wrong-doer- ' Lesquels habitans
n'ayant voulu tenir et payer ledit accord,
le prestre s'en retourna aux Anglois et fit
par iceulx Anglois marquer, piller et
prendre prisonniers les bonnes gens de
laditte paroisse.' — Litt. Remiss. A. D. 1389
in Carp. ' Bernardus nobis supplicavit
ut nos sibi licentiam tnarcandi homines
et subditos de regno Portugallias et bona
eorum per terram et marem ubicunque
eos et bona eorum invenire possit con-
cederemus, quousque de sibi ablatis in-
tegram habuisset restitutionem.' — Lit. Ed.
iii. A.D. 1295, in Rymer ii. 69.

The autiiority for exercising this right
of reprisal was called letters of Marque,
sometimes corruptly written Mart, as if
giving a market for the disposal of prizes
taken from the enemy.

There was a iish taken,
A monstrous fish with a sword by his side —
And letters of mart in's mouth from the Duke of
Florence. — B. and F., Wife for a Month.

Marquess. — Marchioness. Fr. mar-
quis. It. marchese, G. markgraf, origin-
ally, count of the marches or border terri-
tories.

Marram. The bents and grass that
grow in the sea-sand and bind it together.
N. maralm, for mar-halm, ON. mar-halmr,
sea-grass, zostera, &c. Halmr, straw,
haulm.

Marrow, i. ON. Jiiergr, Dan. marg,
marv, Du. margh, mergh, G. mark. Per-
haps from its tender friable structure. E.
dial, merowe, delicate ; RS. meant, merwe,
Pl.D. moer, Du. m^irw, Fr. mur, tender,
soft, delicate ; ON. mbr, fat, lard, tallow ;
meria, viardi, to bruise, pound ; N. maren,
decayed ; mama, to decay.

2. A mate, companion, fellow ; a rogue.
— B.

Marry. Properly of women, to join to
a husband, Fr. tiiari, Lat. maritus.

Marry 1 ' Marry [oath], per Mariam.'
Coles.

Marsh. Fr. mare, a pool, pond, stand-
ing water ; marais, OE. mareis, a marsh ;
Du. maerasch, moerasch, marsh ; It. ma-
rese, maresco, any moorish or fenny place ;
maroso, fenny, full of bogs, puddles,
plashes, or rotten waters. Omnis con-
gregatio aquarum, sive salsae sint, sive
dulces, abusive maria nuncupantur. —
Isidore in Diez. E. mere, a piece of
water. See Moor, 2.'

Marshal. Mid.Lat. marescalcus, the
master of the horse, from OG. mahre, a

MARSUPIAL

horse, and schalk, a servant, a word
which in later times has, hke its synonym
knave, come to be used in an opprobrious
sense. Remains of the ancient significa-
tion are preserved in Fr. marechal, a
blacksmith, shoer of horses.

The marshal was the officer under
whose cognizance fell everything pertain-
ing to the use of arms, the reguiation of
tournaments, &c. Hence to marshal, to
place in order. See Constable.

Marsupial. Gr. ixapain-tov, a small
bag.

Mart. Contracted from market. Swiss
m.archt, mart, market ; marten, to traffic.

Martial. Lat. Mars, the god of war,
war itself.

Martin. — Martlet. Several kinds of
bird are named after St Martin. Fr.
martin-phheiir, a kingfisher ; oiseau de
St Martin, the ringtail, a kind of hawk ;
martinet, Piedm. martlet, a swift (Lat.
apus), a bird with very small feet, whence
martlet, in heraldry, a bird represented
without feet. E. martin is applied to the
swallowkind in general. The same con-
version of n to /, as in martlet, is seen in
Martlemas for Martinmas, the feast of
St Martin.

Martyr. Gr. /laprvp, a witness.

Marvel. Fr. merveille, It. inaraviglia,
from Lat. mirabilia, wonderful tjiings. —
Diez.

Masculine. Lat. masculinus j mas,
a male.

To Mash.. Lat. masticare, Sp., Ptg.
masticar, mascar, Prov. mastegar, masch-
ar, machar, Fr. mascher, mdcher, to chew ;
Lim. motsa, to pound, crush, bruise, mince ;
Wall, machi, mahi, to mix ; Walach. Jnes-
tecd, to chew, to mix; Lang, maca,
machuga, to bruise, to chew ; Swab, mot-
zen, to dablile in water ; Bav. mdrtschen,
matschen, to quash, mash (potatoes, fruit,
&c.) ; maischen, G. meischen, to stir the
malt in hot water; Bav. maisch-boUg,
mash-tub ; Sw. mdska, to mash for beer ;
Gael, measg, to mix, stir; masg, to mix,
infuse, steep, as malt or tea; Sc. to mask
the tea. Lat. miscere. It. mesciare, mes-
cere, to mix, mesh. — Fl. Fr. macquer, to
bruise hemp, break up the stalk ; It. mac-
care, smaccare, to bruise, squeeze, mash ;
Prov. macar, machar, to bruise, batter,
shatter.

Mask. The origin of a mask seems to
be the nurse covering her face, as in the
game of bo-peep, to frighten the infant.
The hidden object of terror behind the
mask or screen gives rise to the notion of
a ghost or bugbear, and hence it is that

MASK

411

mask and ghost are so frequently desig-
nated by the same word. Lat. larva, a
mask, also a ghost or noxious spirit ; G.
mumme, a mask, mummel, a bugbear;
Bav. butz, a mask, a bugbear ; ovi.grima,
a mask, as. grima, a witch, or female
exercising supernatural powers of evil
analogous to those attributed to ghosts.
In the same way the word mask was used
to signify a hideous covering for the face,
and also a ghost or witch. Ugutio in the
I2th century explains mascha, simula-
crum quod terret, quod vulgo dicitur
mascarel, quod opponitur faciei ad ter-
rendos parvos. Gervase of Tilbury gives
the name to a bugbear or object of nightly
terror. ' Lamias, quas vulgo mascas, aut
in Gallic^, lingui strias, physici dicunt
nocturnas esse imagines quK ex grossitie
humorum animas dormientium perturbant
et pondus faciunt.' — Due. In the Lom-
bard laws Lat. striga, a witch, is ex-
plained by the word masca, and at the
present day we have Lang, masc, a sor-
cerer ; masco, a witch, a hag ; Piedm.
masche, ghosts ; masca, a witch ; mas-
caria, incantations, magic. With the
latter term must be classed OHG. mas-
crunc, fascinatio. — Schm. Piedm. mas-
cra, Sp. mascara. It. maschera, a mask.

The syllable masc in the foregoing
forms is probably identical with the root
of Gr. jiadKaiviii, Lat. fascino, to bewitch,
and possibly with Arab, maskh, changing
into a deformed shape, especially men
into animals (Catafogo), a most dreaded
exercise of the sorcerer's power as well in
the East as in Greece and Rome. If
we look for the origin of so deeply-rooted
a form we may suspect that it took its
rise in the simplest way of making an
object of terror, by daubmg the face with
soot. Du. maeschen, maschelen, masch'
eren, to smut, stain, daub ; Lang, mas-
cara, Fr. machurer, Swiss Rom. jnatzura,
matschera, to smut or daub with soot.
Walach. inaskara, disgrace (blot), igno-
miny. Pol. mazgad, to daub, soil ; mas-
zkara, hideous face, monster, scarecrow.

The same connection is seen between
E. grime, to blacken or dirty, Sw. dial.
grima, a spot of soot on the face, and
ON. grima, a mask, Cleveland grim, a
death's-head on a gravestone, church-
grim, Sw. kirkjugrim, a church ghost.
AS. grima, a witch.

The use of masks in festive entertain-
ments seems to have led to some inter-
change on the shores of the Mediter-
ranean between the foregoing maschera,
mascara, and Arab, maskhara (from sak-

412

MASLIN

hira, to deride, make a jest of), jest,
sport, also a jester, buffoon, story-teller ;
tamaskkara, to laugh at, to jest, also to
mask oneself, whence motamaskhir, a
mask or masked person ; maskhara, a
mask. — Dozy, Mahn. Mod.Gr. iiaaxapae,
Slovak inasskara, a jester. Bosniac mask-
ara, a jest, laughable matter.

Maslin. — Mastlin. A mixture of differ-
ent kinds, as wheat and rye ; brass, as
composed of copper and zinc. The im-
mediate origin is OFr. inestillon (still in
use in Champagne), other forms of
which are mesteil, and the modern vi^teil,
messling or masslin, wheat and rye
mingled. — Cot. From It. mescolare, to
mix, with the change (very common in
It.) oi sc into st.

Mason. Fr. ma^on, Prov. massS, OHG.
meizo, mezo, stcinmezo, G. steininetz. Mid.
Lat. matio, machio, mason. From OHG.
iiieizan, Goth, inaitan, to cut, whence
mezaras, mezzisahs (G. messer), a knife ;
meizil (G. meissel, a chisel), steinmezil, a
stone-cutter.

Mass. I. Fr. messe, It. messa, Sp.
inisa, the sacrifice of the mass, or Catho-
lic celebration of the Lord's Supper. The
derivation from It. messa, Fr. mes, a
course or service of dishes at table, Sp.
mesa, table, fare, entertainment, would
correspond more to the Protestant than
the Catholic feeling of the service.

The origin of the word seems certainly
Lat. missa for missio, dismission, as re-
inissa for remissio, confessa for confessio,
and other similar instances cited by Du-
cange. ' Is qui — priusquam psalmus
caeptus finiatur ad orationem non occur-
rerit,ulterius oratorium introire non audet,
nee semetipsum admiscere psallentibus,
sed congregationis missam stans pro fori-
bus prjestolatur, &c.' — Cassianus in Due.
Hence the words at the end of the service,
Ite missa est, you are discharged. ' In
ecclesiis, palatiisque sive prastoriis, missa
fieri pronuntiatur cum populus ab observ-
atione dimittitur.' — Avitus Viennensis,
ibid. The reason why this name was
specially given to the sacrifice of the mass
was that that service commenced with
the dismission of the catechumens after
so much of the service as they were al-
lowed to attend. ' Missa tempore sacri-
ficii est quando catecumini foras mittun-
tur, clamante Levita (the deacon). Si quis
catecuminus remansit exeat foras ; et
inde Missa, quia sacramentis altaris in-
teresse non possunt quia nondum regene-
rati sunt.' — Papias. The part of the
service at which the catechumens were

MASSACRE

allowed to remain was called the missa
catecumenoru^n, while the missa fidelium
included the main part of the service in
which the sacrifice of the Mass was cele-
brated.

2. Lat. massa (properly dough), a lump,
mass ; Or. iidmru, to knead ; Mod.Gr.
fidcTffw, fiasi^tx}, fia<Tov\ii^u}, to chew, eat,
mumble ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, stir,
work dough. See Mash.

Massacre. Commonly derived from
OFr. macelier, maceclier, macecrier, a
butcher (Lat. macelhis, meat-market, ma-
cellarius, meat-seller) ; to slaughter with
as little compunction as a buteher his
sheep, and this supposition would seem
to be corroborated by the form massader,
used by Monstrelet when speaking of the
massacre of the Duke of Orleans in 1407.
' En outre Ik le retournferent et si trfes ter-
riblement le maschaclirent qu'il fut pre-
sentement mort trfes piteusement.'

And if Fr. massacrer were only used in
the sense of the E. word there would be
little doubt in the case. But inassacrer
is also applied in the sense of bungle,
make bad work, and it seems pretty cer-
tain that this signification is taken from
the figure of mumbling, inefficient chew-
ing. Thus we have Venet. mastegare, to
chew ; mastegare le parole, to mumble in
speaking ; mastegare, also, to hack, hag-
gle, cut with a blunt instrument ; maste-
gare un lavoro, as Fr. massacrer une be-
sogne, to bungle or spoil a piece of work.
So It. biasciare, to mumble, biasciare un
lavoro, to bungle.

Again, with more or less corruption,
Lang, mastriga, to chew ; Piedm. mas-
trojd, to mumble, chew with toothless
gums, also (like the equivalent Lang.
mastroulia, as well as Castrais mastega,
mastinga, Milan, mastijia, Prov. mastri-
nar, mastrignar, Milan, mastrugnar) to
fumble, spoil by handling, crumple. In
another series of forms the t of the root
masticare is exchanged for a c. Lat. max-
illa. It. mascilla, the jaw ; Cat. maxiiia,
the tooth of an animal, Sp. mascar, OFr.
mascher, Castr. maxa (which must not be
supposed to be contracted from masti-
care), to chew ; Castr. maxega, Fr. ma-
chonner, to mumble, Milan, manschiugnd,
to fumble, Lang, mascagna, to hack or
disfigure meat in carving, whence It.
scannare, to massacre, murder. Now
the same insertion of the r which we have
seen in Venet. mastegar, Lang, mastriga,
to chew ; Milan, mastinar, Prov. mastri-
nar, to mumble, fumble, would convert
Castr. maxega (pronounced maschegd)

MAST

into maxegra, Fr. mascliacrer, mascliader,
the primitive meaning of which when
used in the sense of slaughter would thus,
like that of Lang, mascagiia, be to hack
or disfigure with wounds, a sense which
it plainly bears in the quotation from
Monstrelet.

Mast. I. ON. mastr, G. mast. It.
masto, mastro, Fr. mAt, the mast of a
ship.

2. The fruit of oaks or beeches used for
fattening hogs. Du. mesten, to feed,
fatten, stuff; mest-dicr, a fed beast ;
mest-voeder, fattening food ; G. mast, the
fattening of animals, the season or food
for fattening ; 7ndsten, to fatten.

Possibly mast may be a modification
of the root pasc in Lat. ■pascor, to feed,
pastus, food ; vescor, to eat. w. pasg,
feeding, fattening ; pasg dwrch, a mast-
hog or fatted hog ; bod yn mhasg, to be
in feeding, to be fed in a stall.

Master. Lat. magister. It. maestro,
mastro, Fr. maistre, inaitre.

Mastic. Sp. almastiga, Arab, mas-
taka, Gr. fiauHxri, mastic, from itaarixai^,
to chew, from the habit of chewing mas-
tic-— F. Newman.

Masticate. Lat. masticare. See
Massacre.

Mastiff. The Fr. must once have had
the form inastif, from whence the E. name
is taken, as well as the old masty, which
is our usual way of rendering the Fr. ad-
jectival termination 2^ as in jolly from the
old. jo lif J- resty from restif. ' If a mas tie
had bit me or an asse given me a blow.'
■ — Primaudaye, Fr. Acad, by T. B. C.
1589. A masty dog — Hobson's Jests ;
masty cur — Du. Bartas in Hal. Fr.
m.atin. It. mastino, are formed with a dif-
ferent termination. The meaning seems
to be a large dog. Venet. mastino, large-
limbed, solid, strong ; E. dial, masty, very
large and big, doubtless from G. masten
{to mastyn beestys — Pr. Pm.), to fatten.
Swiss mastig, fat, obese. — Schmidt. Idiot.
Bern, in D. Mundart. Mestyf, hogge or
swyne (mast-hog), majalis. Mestyf,
hownde, Spartanus. — Pr. Pm.

Mat. Lat. matta (in plaustro scirpea
matta fuit — Ov.), Pol. mata, Fr. natte, G.
matte. Properly, a bunch or tuft of rushes
or the like. Sp. mata, a bush, thicket,
lock of matted hair ; Pol. mot, moiek, a
skein ; motac', to embroil, entangle ; It.
matassa, a skein of yarn, a lock of hair or
wool ; Fr. motte, g. lump, clod ; mattes,
curds ; mattele, clotted, curdled, knotty ;
•del m(}.ttond, a curdled sky, covered with
fleecy clouds ; Wall, maton, clot of milk,

MATE

413

flower of the snowball tree, knot in wool
or cotton, tow.

Match. I. — Make. as. maca,gemaca,
geincEcca, a companion, mate, match ;
macalic, fit, meet ; ON. maki, a spouse,
an equal ; N. makje, a mate, especially of
birds, one of a pair, as shoes, &c., the like
of anything. Probably one of the same
make or mould. N.E. make, or mack,
kind, sort ; inanmak, mankind. The
same corruption of the sound of the k as
in make, match, is found in Fris. meitsen,
meitsjen, to make.

* 2. Fr. meiche, the wick or snuff of a
candle, match of a lamp, harquebuss,
&c. ; tent for a wound. — Cot. Also
mhhe de cheveux, a. lock of hair. Ptg.
mecha, gunner's match, match to light a
candle, wick, tent. It. miccio, miccp,
match, wick. From Gr. \ivla, the snuff
or snivel of the nose, which in Mid. Lat.
myxa, myxus, inixzis, acquired the sense
of the wick of a lamp or candle. ' Myxiaii
ex stuppi amianthi.' — Due. Lang, mecha
(Grandg.), Castrais meco, mucus of the
nose, wick of a lamp or candle ; Lang.
mecheiro, beak of a lamp, part that sup-
ports the wick. The analogy between
the snuff of a candle and of the nose has
been widely felt. Comp. It. mocco, moc-
cio, snivel, snuff or end of a candle, tip of
the nose. Fr. moitcher, to snuff a candle,
to blow one's nose. Piedm. moch, snuff
of candle, wick. In classic Gr. /uu^a was
applied to the nozzle of a lamp. From
the wick of a lamp the designation was
transferred to similar bundles of fibrous
matter, as a lock of hair, tent of a wound.

Mate. I. ON. mdti, tequalis, sodalis,
Du. tnaet, medmaet, maetken, comrade,
fellow, mate. We have at first little hesi-
tation in identifying the word with OHG.
gamazi, gimazzi, conviva, one who takes
food with one, from maz, ON. matr, food,
as companion from panis, bread ; a deri-
vation which seems corroborated by N.
matlag, a company at table, convivial
party ; ON. motunajttr, companion at
table. But the short a in ON. matr, meat,
compared with the accented & in mdti,
mate, leads us to connect the latter with
mdti, Du. m.aetr, oUG. mdza, measure;
whence gamazi, asqualis, G. gemdss, con-
formable, suitable, meet. Thus mate and
meet would be essentially identical, and
in effect e. help-mate and help-meet are
often confounded. In the sense of one of
a pair, however, mate is probably a cor-
ruption of the obsolete mcike. See Match.

The term mate, in the sense of com-
panion, fellow, is much used among sail-

414

MATERIAL

ors in addressing each other, whence
probably the appHcation of Du. maete,
inaetken (remex — Kil.), to a common
sailor, one of the crew, the origin of Fr.
jnatelot (for materot), G. matrose, a sailor.
In our service mate is used in the sense of
assistant ; cook's mate, boatswaMs-mate.

2. Check-mate, at chess, from Pers.
schach mat, the king is dead. — Diez.

3. Downcast, subdued, faint

Him thoughte that his herte wolde all to breke
When he saw him so pitous and so fnate,
That whilom weren of so gret estate.

Knight's Tale.
Which sory words her mighty hart did Ttiate.

F.Q.

Fr. mat, faded, quelled, subdued ; Sp.
mate, unpolished, faded ; matar, to
quench, extinguish, kill, to slack lime ;
Du. mat, exhausted, broken with labour,
overcome ; G. matt, feeble, faint, insipid,
dull, flat. Ein mattes licht, a faint light.
Das bier schmeckt matt, tastes flat. Gael.
ineat, feeble, soft, faint-hearted. Pol.
mat, pale in colour, dim. See Amate.

Material. — Matter. Lat. materies,
materia, stuff of which anything is made.

Maternal. — Matrimony. — Matron.
Lat. 7nater, -tris, a mother ; matrona (re-
spectfully), a married woman, a wife.
Hence maternal, belonging to a mother ;
matrimofiy, motherhood, the marriage
state.

Mathematics. Gr. /laBrniartKbc; /id-
Briiia, a study, system of teaching, from
liavBdvw, to learn.

Matins. Lat. m.atutinus, in the morn-
ing, early ; Fi'. matin, morning.

To Matriculate. To register a student
at the university. Lat. matrix, matricida,
a list or catalogue ; matricula pauperum,
the list of poor receiving relief, whence
matricularltis, Fr. marregUer, marguil-
lier, the person keeping such a list, over-
seer of the poor, or churchwarden.

Matter. In the sense of pus from a
sore it would seem to be an ellipse for
miitlire ptcrulente, an expression of the
same kind with matlire fecale, ordure,
excrement. ' On dit qu'une plaie jette de
la matiire quand elle suppure.' — Trevoux.
The ellipse is widely spread, Gr. SXij,
matter, substance, being used in Mod.
Gr. in the same sense of matter or pus ;
Sp. Jtiateria, Du. materie, pus.

A singular coincidence of sound is seen
in Fr. maturer, to ripen, mature, also to
matter, to suppure ; maturation, sup-
puring, growing to a head^ resolving into
matter. — Cot.

Mattock. Lith. matlkkas, matlkka, a

MAUNDY

grubbing-axe ; Serv. motika, a hoe ; Gael.
madog, a pick-axe.

Mattress. It. materazzo, Fr. materas,
matelas, Sp. almadraqiie, Arab, almd-
trah, a quilted cushion, mattress. — Diez.
But perhaps we need not seek a foreign
origin, and the meaning of the word may
be a collection of flocks ; Sp. mata, a
lock of matted hair ; It. matassa, a flock
of hair or wool ; w. mat, a mat, mattress.

Mature. Lat. inaturus, ripe, ready.

Maudlin. Given to crying, as the Mag-
dalene is commonly represented. Hence
crying or sentimentally drunk, half drunk.

Maugre. Fr. malgrd, in spite of,
against the will of ; mal, ill, and grd, will,
pleasure. See Agree.

To Maul. To disfigure by ill usage,
from ON. mdl, G. mahl, a mark, stain,
blot, in the same way that mangle is from
Lat. jnacula. Wall, macule, mancule, a
spot, defect. To i^awl in Lincolnsh. is
to dirty, to cover with dirt. Somersetsh.
mattles, the measles. — Hal. See Mole.

Maulstick. A painter's stick. G.
mahlen, to paint.

Maund. Fr. mande, manne, a maund,
open basket, pannier having handles ;
banne, a hamper or great basket ; benne,
a basket, great sack for corn or coals,
bin. NFris. mdujnn, a turf or wood chest.
Perhaps from. W. mawn, turf

To Maunder. To mutter, grumble,
to wander in talking, to wander about
thoughtfully. — Hal. Eav. maudern, to
murmur, mutter, be out of temper ; E.
dial, mautidring, grumbling. Sc. mant',
maunt, to mutter, stutter ; Gael, mann-
dach, manntach, lisping, stuttering.

Maundy. The ceremony of washing
the feet of poor persons, performed in
imitation of our Lord at the institution of
the Last Supper, when after supper he
washed his disciples' feet, saying, ' Man-
datum novum do vobis, &c.' Hence the
office appointed to be read during the
ceremony was called mandatum, or in Fr.
mand^. Et post capitulum ab omni con-
ventu mandatum pauperum sicut in
Cssna Domini peragitur. — Orderic. Vit.
in Due. Et per totius anni spatium
unaquaque die tribus peregrinis hospiti-
bus manus et pedes abluimus, panem
cum vino offerimus. — Petrus Cluniacus.
ibid. This was what was understood by
the phrase mandatum trium pauperum.
The mode of keeping the maundye is
succinctly described in the Life of St
Louis. En chascun juesdi assolu li rois^
lavoit les piez h, treize poures — et donoit'
a chascun d'eus quarante deniers,et apres

MAUSOLEUM

il les servoit en sa personne k table ;^-et
auscnns de ses chapelains disoient Foffice
du mandd endementiferes que il lavoit les
piez as poures. — Roquef.

Here the monks their maundie make with sundrie

solemne rights
And signs of great humilitie —
Each one the other's feet doth wash.

Naogergus Popish Kingdom in Todd.

In England the memory of the Maundy
is kept up by the distribution of small
silver coins called maundy money by the
royal almoner on Holy or Maundy Thurs-
day. The writers of the time of the Re-
formation frequently gave the name of
maundye to the sacrament of the Last
Supper itself.

Mausoleum. Gr. Mavo-oXelov, the fa-
mous tomb of King Mausolus.

Mauther. — Modder. A girl. ' You
talk like a foolish mauther.' — B. Jonson.
Commonly contracted to inau'r. — Forby.
Moder, servaunte or wenche. — Pr. Pm.
Probably one of those cases in which the
name of woman is taken from the womb,
or distinctive feature of a woman. G.
barmutter, OHG. muater, Du. moeder, the
womb. The mother or womb, matrice. — •
Sherwood. Chaucer uses moder for the
matrix of an astrolabe, Lith. motere, a
woman, a wife.

Compare Bav. fud, feminal, also a wo-
man ; fodel, a girl, a daughter. — Schm.
It. mozza, a girl, is also used in the other
sense.

Maw. Du. inaag, G. magen, ohg.
mago, stomach ; Esthon. maggo, sto-
mach, also taste ; Fin. mako, stomach,
maku, taste. The stomach is the organ
to which the faculty of taste is subservient.
G. m.6gen, to stomach, to relish. Du.
moghe, appetite ; moghen eenighe spijse,
to relish any food ; moghelick eten, to eat
with appetite ; moghelicke spijse, appe-
tising food. — Kil. Esthon. maggus, Fin.
makia, sweet, well-tasting.

The origin may be the smacking of the
tongue and palate in the enjoyment of
food. Du. smakken, to make a noise in
eating. In Fris. macke, to kiss, the sound
of a smack is represented without an
initial s, as in the Finnish forms maiskia,
to smack the lips, maiskis, a smack with
the lips, kiss ; appetising morsel ; maisto,
taste.

Mawk. — Mawkish. ON. mactkr, Sw.
matk, mask, N. makk, a worm, grub ;
Yorksh. mawk, a maggot, a whim or
fancy. As white as a mawk. — Whitby
Gl. Hence mawkish, insipid, with the

MAYHEM

415

faint taste of things beginning to decay
and breed worms.

Mawmet. The hatred of Mahometan-
ism produced by the crusades made the
religion of the Saracens be regarded as
the type of idolatry, whence Fr. mahom-
met, an idol. — Roqugf. ; m^humerie, idol-
atry, idolatrous temple. ' Ont parld en-
cuntre le autel de Bethel e encuntre les
mahtimeries de la contrde de Bethel.' —
Livre des Rois. The name of Mahomet
was better preserved in E. maumetry,
idolatry ; mawmed, mamet, mawment, an
idol. Mawment, ydolum, simulacrum. —
Pr. Pm.

A temple heo foude faire y now, and a mawmed

amidde
That ofte tolde wonder gret, and what thing

men betide. — R. Gloucester.

' The sinne of maumetrie is the first that
God defended in the ten commandments.'
— Parson's Tale. In process of time the
word was confounded with m.atnm£t, a
puppet, originally a doll.

Maxim. — Maxim.um. Lat. maximus,
greatest ; maxima sententia, the weightiest
sentiment. A maxim is a principle of
the highest authority.

May. — Might. Goth, magan, ON.
mega, Sw. md, to be able ; Goth, mahts,
G. macht, Swiss miiclit, Boh. moc, might,
power ; mohu, niocy, to be able ; Russ.
mogn, mocK, as Lat. valeo, to be able, to
be of health ; mogucK, strong, mogutd.,
bodily strength ; Lith. moketi, to be able,
to understand. Some of the G. uses of
the word look as if the primitive mean-
ing were a capacity to stomach or use as
food. Wein magich nicht, I cannot take
wine, it does not agree with me. Graben
mag ich nicht, I cannot dig. Du. mog-
hen ee7iighe spijse, to relish any food, to
like it, to be willing, to be permitted ;
moghe, appetite, also power. A similar
train of thought is seen in Esthon. koht,
belly, maw, and kohtma, to be able.

Mayhem. — To Maim. To maim (cor-
ruptly for mairi), to disable by wounds.
Maytn or hurte, mutilacio. Mankyn or
maynyn, mutilo. Mankyd or maymyd
mutilatus. — Pr. Pm. Sc. mangyie, man-
yie, menyie, defect, fault, maim, hurt.
Wal. mihaim, defect, blemish, inconve-
nience. ' Li 7tiihain d' I'afaire, c'est ki —
the mischief of the thing is — .' It. ma~
gagna, blemish, vice, defect, putrefaction
in fruit, magagnare, to spoil, taint, vitiate,
rot (AltierQ ; Prov. magagnar, magan-
har, magaynar, OFr. 'mahaigner, me-
haigner. Mid. Lat. mahannare, to wound,

4i6

MAYOR

disable. Bret, mac'han, mutilated, mu-
tilation ; mac'hana, to maim.

The foregoing can hardly be distinct
from ON. inein, injury, hurt, trouble, fault,
hindrance. Da. meen, defect, blemish,
hurt ; nieenWs, innocent, unblemished ;
meenslaae, to cripple, disable by blows ;
meenlydt, disabled, crippled ; OHG. mord
und main, slaughter and destruction. —
Schmeller.

The radical image seems to be indi-
cated by w. man, menyn, spot, speck.
Compare W. Mair wyry heb fann, Mary
maid without spot (Richards), with OHG.
dhiu unmeina magad, the unspotted maid.
The original root, however, must have
ended in the guttural which closes the
first syllable of It. magagna and its equiv-
alents, and may perhaps be traced in Sp.
Prov. macar, It. maccare, to bruise, to
batter ; Sp. maca, a bruise in fruit, spot,
stain ; It. macca, a print, freckle, or mark
as of some bruise, also spoil or havoc. —
Fl. The nasalisation of the root gives
Sp. mancha, stain, blot, defect ; It., Sp.
maiico, defective, maimed, imperfect ; Fr.
manchot, one-handed, wanting a limb ;
manqjier, to want ; Du. manck, maimed,
lame ; mancken, to limp, fail, want ; OE.
manked, maimed. From the same root,
with the addition of a different termina-
tion, Lat. maatla, G. mackel, a spot, stain ;
Sc. to magil, to disfigure, and with the
nasal, G. mangel, want, defect, E. mangle,
to disfigure.

Mayor. OFr. inaieur, maeur, maier,
the chief magistrate of a town, from Lat.
major, greater. Mid.Lat. major damns,
the officer in charge of the household ;
major equorum, the master of the horse,
officer in charge of the royal stable ;
major monasta-ii, chief of a monastery,
abbot. The majores villa were persons
placed over the other inhabitants to ad-
minister the concerns of the township in
the name of the lord, analogous to the
Starost of a Russian village. ' Ut Pres-
byter! curas seculares nuUatenus exer-
ceant ; id est, ut neque Judices neque
Majores villarum fiant.' ' Nequaquam
de-potentioribus hominibus Majores fiant,
sed de mediocribus qui fideles sunt.' —
Capit. Car. Mag. in Due. The mayors
of the communes in France fill a similar
place at the present day.

Maze. Incoherent, senseless chatter
is taken as the most obvious symptom of
a confused or unsettled mind. Swiss
mausen, to speak unintelligibly; ON. masa,
to jabber, chatter ; N. masast, to drop
asleep, to begin to dream; E. dial, to

MAZER

mazle, to wander as if stupefied. — Hal. ;
to mazzle, to trifle, loiter, do anything
unskilfully. — Craven. Gl.
Some neither walks nor sleeps, but mazing sian&s.
Hudson's DuBartas.

To amaze, to make one maze, to stupefy.
A maze is a network of paths contrived
to perplex those who enter it, and hinder
their finding the way out.

The interchange of zzl and ddl, as in
fuzzle, fuddle, identifies mazle or maszle
with Swiss 7nadelH, to mutter ; maddeleit,
to tattle, and E. maddle, to rave, talk con-
fusedly, wander in thought, miss one's
way. Ye masen, says May to January
when she wishes to persuade him that
his eyesight deceived him, that his wits
were madding.

Mazer. A broad standing cup or
drinking-bowl. — B. The proper mean-
ing of the word is wood of a spotted or
speckled grain, from OHG. m&sen, a spot,
scar; masa, c[c3.trlx; dlaller-masen, poc\i-
marks. — Schmeller. Du. maese, spot,
stain, mark ; maeser, maser, Bav. maser,
bruscus, a knotted excrescence on the
boles of different kinds of trees which
furnishes wood of an ornamental grain
for turners, cabinet-makers, and others.
G. maserle, maserbirke, alder or birch
furnishing wood of such a nature. Du.
maes-hout, maeseren-hozU, OHG. mazaltra,
mazeldera (G. massholder), maple, from
the speckled grain of the wood. Fr.
madre, a thick-streaked grain in wood ;
madrer, the grain of wood to be full of
crooked and speckled streaks. — Cot.
' Venderres de hanas de fust et de madre,
de auges — et de toute autre fustaille.' —
Registre de Metiers, 112, Docum. Inedits.
Here we see cups of ordinary wood (fust)
distinguished from those of maser (madre)
or wood of speckled grain, but both in-
cluded under the name of fustaille or
wood-work. In a deed of the Count of
Autun, ' Et anapo corneo magno cum
illo de mazaro.' — Due. In an account of
the royal sideboard, a.D. 1350, we find
mazer and cedar-wood used for the han-
dles of knives. 'Deux paires de couteaux
a tranchier — I'une paire a manches de
cedre garnis de viroUes et de tinglettes
d'argent dordes — et I'autre paire a man-
ches de madre semblables.' But the chief
use of the material being for drinking
\'essels, the Fr. mazcrin, mazelin, as E.
mazer, is found in the sense of a cup.
Gerbert appelle, Baillez moi cy le vin,
Dessus ma table mettez mon mazelin.

Rom. de Garin in Due.

See Measles.

MAZZARD

Mazzard. A burlesque word for the
head, whence to mazzard, to knock on
the head, to brain one. Sometimes writ-
ten mazer, ' Break but his pate, or so ;
only his mazef-, because I'll have his
Tiead in a cloth as well as mine.'— O.
Play in Nares.

There is little doubt that Nares' con-
jecture is right, that it comes from tnazer,
a bowl. In a similar way It. zucca, pro-
perly a gourd, and thence a drinking-
cup, is used to signify a skull.

Mead. I. w. medk, G. meth, Du. mede,
drink made of honey and water ; Gr.
\>iQn, strong drink, drunkenness ; fii&v,
wine ; Lat., w. met. Gr. niKi, Bohem.
med, Pol. miod. Fin. m£si, gen. meden,
honey ; Fin. m£si also, honeyed beer ;
Lith. medus, honey, middus, mead, meszti,
to sweeten with honey, to brew mead.

Mead. 2. Meadow. Properly land
affording hay ; Du. maeyland, from maed-
en, maeyen, Lat. metere, to mow. Bret.
medi, to cut, to mow ; Bav. mad, the
mowing, hay-harvest, place where grass
is mowed ; berg-mdd, mountain-mowing,
piece of steep mountain sward ; amad,
second mowing, aftermath.

Meagre. Fr. maigre, Lat. macer,, lean.

MeaL i. Du. mael, meel, flour, from
maelen, Goth, malan, G. malen. Boh.
mlyti, w. malu, Lat. molere, to grind.
W. mdl, what is ground or bruised ; ^d
maledig, ground corn.

2. The food taken at one time ; a
meat's milk, what is taken from the cow
at a milking. Sc. mail, rent, tribute, an
amount of money to be paid at a fixed
time. The radical idea is seen in G.
mahl, a stain, spot, mark, sign, hence a
bound, limit, the time of a thing's hap-
pening ; ein-mal, once ; abermal, again,
&c. ; zum letzten mahle, for the last
time ; ON. m&l, the time of doing any-
thing, and specially for taking food. Mdl
er at tala, there is a time for speaking.
Morgunmdl, middagsmdl, breakfast, din-
ner time ; d mdluni, at meal times. At
missa mdl (of cattle), to miss a milking.
AS. mael, what is marked out, separate
part. Tha thces males was m.earc agon-
gen, then of the time was the mark past.
— Casdm. Mcelum., in separate parts ;
bit-malum, dcel-malum, by separate bits
or deals. Hence piece-meal, by separate
pieces. See Mole.

To Mean.— Mind. Goth, munan, to
think, intend, will ; muns, meaning,
thought, intention ; ON. muna, to remem-
ber; G. m.einen, Du. meenen, to think,
believe, intend j Lat. meminisse, to re-

MEASLES

417

member ; Lith. manyti, to think ; mintis,
to be informed of; menas, understand-
ing, skill ; jiumanyti, to perceive, recog-
■nise, observe, be of opinion ; Bohem.
mngti, to think, to be of opinion ; miniti,
to think, believe, understand ; Russ.
mnitsya, to seem ; Sanscr. 7nan, to think,
to deem.

The mind, Lat. mens, is the seat of the
thinking or meaning faculty.

Mean. i. Low, common, poor, pitiful.

AH manere of men, the tnene and the ryche.

P. P.

The origin seems OHG. main, properly a
spot, stain. Diu unmeina magad, the
unspotted maid. — Isidore in Schmeller.
Main, mein, are then used for injury, im-
pure, unholy. Das der aid rain tind
nicht main seyj that the oath should be
pure and not false. Mainaid, meinswe-
ridi, perjury (e. mainswear, mansworti) ;
mein rat, evil counsel ; mein spraka,
blasphemy ; mein tdt, maleficium. Lap.
maine, bodily failing, sickness, fault ;
stuora maine {stuora, great), the small-
pox ; ON. mein, sore, injury, crime ; m.ein-
latis, innocent, without injury. W. man,
a spot, mark, place ; mati geni, a mark
from birth, as a mole.

The transition to the idea of common,
expressed by AS. gem.cBne, G. gemein, may
be illustrated by the words addressed to
Peter in his vision, ' What God has
cleansed that call not thou common.' So
in Mark vii. 15, Goth, gamainjan, Gr.
Kotviaveiv, is rendered defile in the English
version, while in the Latin it is rendered
coinquinare, to stain, in the first part of
the verse, and communicare, to make
common, in the second.

2. Intermediate. Lat. medius, It. mezzo,
mid, middle ; mezsano, a mediator, any
middle thing, between both, indifferent.
Prov. mejan,meian,rmAdXvci^. Als grans,
als meians, als menors, to the great, the
middling, and the small. Fr. moyen, in-
different, moderate, a mediator, a mean,
course, way. — Cot. The means of doing
a thing is the course which has to be trod
in order to accomplish it, the intermediate
path between the agent and the object to
be accomplished. The mea}i time is the
time between the present and that when
the thing spoken of is to be done.

Meander. Gr. MaiavJpoc, the name of '
a winding river in Asia Minor.

Measles. A disease in which the body

is much marked with red spots. Du.

maese, spot, stain, mark ; maeselen, mae-

seren, maeseren, maesel-suchte, measles. —

27

4i8

MEASURE

Kil. Bav. masen, spot, mark ; blatter-
masen, pock-marks ; straich-masen,-whea[,
mark of a blow ; wund-masen, scar. The
name of a spot might well be taken fronf
the act of dabbling in the wet, dawbing,
dirtying. Pl.D. tmtsseln, Swiss schmus-
seln, schmauseln, Du. bemeuzelen, to dab-
ble, dawb ; Pol. mazad, mazgad, to dawb,
blot, soil, smear.

Perhaps measly bacon, together with
OHG. maselsucht, miselsuchtjXt'girosy, OFr.
jizesel, a leper, are to be referred to a dif-
ferent source. Valencian mesell is ap-
plied to one who has an internal or con-
tagious disorder, and especially to pigs
which when slaughtered produce measly
meat. From the Arab, mosel, consump-
tive, pple past of the verb salla (to waste
away ?), applied to animals as well as men.
— Dozy.

Measure.— Dimension, -mense. Lat.
metior, mensus sum, to measure ; whence
mensura, Fr. mesure, E. measure ; dim^n-
sio, a measuring between two points, di-
mension ; immensus, unmeasured, im-
mense. See Mete.

Meat. Goth, mats, food, matjan, to
take food, to eat ; ON. mata, OHG. maz,
food, dish. Bohem. maso, Pol. mieso,
flesh, meat. The nasalised vowel of the
latter would seem to bring in Lat. mensa,
table, as an equivalent form ; Walach.
masa, table, food, entertainment.

Meohanic. Gr. fxnixaviKOQ, from fojxav^!
a contrivance, machine.

Medal. It. medaglia, Fr. medatlle, in
later times any ancient coin, but origin-
ally it seems to signify a coin of half a
certain value. Obolus dicitur medalia, id
est medietas nummi. — Willelmus Brito in
Due. Medalia, en half pennynck. — Dief.
Supp. Usavansi all' hora le medaglie in
Firenze, che le due valevano un danaio
picciolo. — Novelle Antiche in La Crusca.
La buona femmina che non avea che due
medaglie (two mites) le quali ella offerse
al tempio. — Ibid. Sometimes it is used
for half a livre, and indicates a coin of
silver, or even of gold. Chi e, chi vago
tanto d'una cosa, — che cosa die valesse
una medaglia, comperasse una livra. — La
Crusca. Medaglie bianche d' argente. —
Ibid. Viginti quinque medalias auri. —
,Carp. With the loss of the d\\. became
Prov. mealha, OFr. maaille, maille, the
half of a penny in money or weight.
Bret, mdzel, mell. ' Bonne est la maille
qui sauve le denier.' — Cot. With so de-
cided a signification of one half in value
it is a bold assertion of Diez that the word

MEET

cannot be derived from Lat. medius. ON.
midla, to divide.

To Meddle. — Mell.— Medley. It.
mischiare, mescolare, Sp. dial, inezclar,
mesclar,'^x.mesler, medler, meiller {Oaron.
des Dues de Norm.), to meddle, mingle,
mell.

Heraut e Guert tant estrivferent
Ke par parole s&medUrent. — Rom de Rou.
— they quarrelled.

The same change of consonants is seen
in Lat. masculus, OFr. muscle, madle,
male, and in Fr. meslier, E. medlar-Xx^e, ;
Prov. mesclada, Fr. melh. Mid. Lat. mel-
leia, medley, confusion, quarrel ; calida
melleia, Fr. chaude mUile, corrupted to E.
chancemedley .

Medial. — Mediate. — Mediocre. —
Medium. Lat. -medius, middle, medio-
cris, middling, mediator, medialis.

Medical. — Medicine. — Bemedy. Lat.
medicus, a physician, from medeor, to heal,
cure, apply remedies. Hence remedium.,
a cure or remedy. Gr. y.iito^ai, to coun-
sel, advise.

Meditate. Lat. meditari, to study,
design.

Mediterranean. Lat. mediterraneus ;
medius, in the middle, and terra, land.

Medlar. By Chaucer written }?iedle-
tree. From Lat. mespilus came OFr.
mesle {mesple), the fruit ; meslier, the
tree, and from the latter, E. medlar. See
Meddle.

Meed. Gr. tma^oq, Goth, mizdo. Boh.
mzda, reward, recompence ; G. mielhe,
hire.

Meek. Goth, muks, on. mjukr, Du.
muyck, soft, mild ; muyck oeft, ripe fruit ;
muycken, N. mykja, to soften ; Boh. mok,
liquid ; mokry, wet ; mokwati, to be wet ;
Pol. moknad, namakai, to steep, or soak ;
miekna^, to soak, to soften ; jniekki, soft,
tender. In other forms the k of the root
is softened to a palatal chj Boh. mociti,
Pol. moczyi, to steep, showing perhaps the
root of Lat. macerare.

Meet. Fit, suitable, according to mea-
sure.

There's no room at my side Margret

My coffin's made so meet.

— so exact. — Sweet William's Ghost.

AS. mete, ON. mdti, G. maass, Lap. muddo,
measure ; AS. gemet, ON. mdtulegr. Lap.
muddak, fit, meet ; G. gemdss, conform-
able. See Mete.

To Meet. — To Moot. on. mdt, d
mdti, against, opposite ; mit-byr, a con-
trary wind ; mceta, Goth, gamotjan, to
meet ; ON. mdt, AS. mot, gemot, a meet-
ing, assembly. Hence E. moot-hall, a

MEGRIM

court hall, place of assembly ; to moot a
question, to discuss it as in an assembly.

As the ultimate meaning of opposite is
face to face, and to meet is to come face
to face, the origin may be indicated in
Lap. miioto, countenance, face, a root
which will again be found doing import-
ant duty under Mode. In like manner
Fin, nen&, nose ; nendita, to meet.

Megrim. A pain in the head, sup-
posed to arise from the biting of a worm.
Etnigraneus, vermis capitis, Angl. the
mygryne, or the "head worm. — Ortus in
Pr. Pm. Hence, as caprices were also
supposed to arise from the biting of a
maggot, the name of megrim was also
given to any capricious fancy.

The origin of the word is Gr. yiiiKpavia,
pain affecting one half of the head ; Kpa-
viov, skull.

Meiny. — Menial. Fr. mesnie, a meyny,
famil)', household, company, or servants.
— Cot. It. masnada, a troop of soldiers,
a company, a family. — ^Altieri.

The word is very variously written in
OFr. maisgn^e, maign^e, maisgnie, mais-
nie, mainie, mesnie, menie, &c. It is de-
rived by Diez from Lat. mansio. It. magi-
one, Fr. maison, as if through a form ma-
gionata, Fr. maisonnde, in the sense of
houseful or household. And this deriva-
tion would seem corroborated by forms
like Prov. maizonier, OFr. masonier,
masnier, mesnier, the tenant of a hired
house ; mesnage, menage, housekeeping,
household.

On the other hand Lat. minus natus
(for minor natii) gives rise to OFr. mains-
nd, maisnd, younger child, Piedm. masnd,
Lang, meina, a boy, child. For the loss
of the n in minus compare Ptg. menoscabo,
mascabo, diminution, Sp. menospreciar,
Fr. mhpriser, to depreciate. From the
forms masnd, mHna, we are led to
Cat. masnada, mainada, Lang, mdinada,
Prov. mainada, family, properly assem-
blage of children, then household serv-
ants. ' Oquelo fenno o bien souen de
so miinado:' that woman takes good
care of her children. ' Oquel home o de
bravo miinado :' that man has pretty
children. — Beronie. ' Cdo sunt les mesnh
Noe solun les poeples et lour nacions. —
Us families Noe juxtapopulos et nationes
suas :' these are the generations of Noah.
From the children of a family to the de-
pendants and servants is an easy step in
signification. ' Avint issi que Absalon
encuntrad la maignie David ; ' accidit
autem ut occurreret Absalom servis
David. — Livre des Rois. Tal senhor,

MEMORY

419

tal maynada (Rayn.) ; tel seigneur, tel
mesnie (Cot.) : like master, like man.

Melancholy. Gr. /jeXoyx"^'"; from
/jIXoc, black, and x"^^, bile.

Melasses. Sp. melaza, the dregs of
honey, also treacle, or the drainings of
sugar ; melote, conserve made with honey,
molasses, or treacle.

Meliorate. Lat. melior, better.

Mellow. Thoroughly ripe, and hence
freed from all harshness or asperity, grati-
fying to the senses of taste, sight, or hear-
ing. G. (Westerwald) moll, soft, ripe ;
(Fallersleben) molich, mellow, on the
point of rotting. — D. M. V. The radical
meaning is a degree of ripeness approach-
ing to dissolution. Mellow, or almost
rotten ripe. — Fl. in v. Mezzo. Du. molen,
meluwen, to decay — Kil. ; molauuenten,
tabescentibus (membris) — Schmeller. To
decay is to fall away to bits. Bav. melw,
melo, melb, meal, powder ; milben, mil-
wen, to reduce to powder ; gemilbet salz,
powdered salt ; Goth, malwjan, ON.
molva, to break small. With the final b
or w exchanged for m, G. malm, dust,
powder ; Du. molm,diist of wood or turf;
molmen, to moulder away, to decay ;
E. dial. 7naum (for malm), soft, mellow,
a soft, friable stone ; Manx mholm, to
rnoulder, make friable ; mhollim, mhol-
mey, friable, ready to fall to pieces, (of
fruit) mellow ; Pl.D. miill, anything re-
duced to powder ; miillig,. powdery (of
earth), mellow. Dat land is to miillig,
too loose. — Danneil. Du. mollig, soft,
mellow in taste ; G. molsch, Fr. mou,
molle, mellow, over-ripe ; w. mallu, to
rot.

Melody. Gr. niXalia, from i^Sr/, song,
and fisXoe, sweet sound, music ; the latter
doubtless from luXi, honey. Gael, mills,
sweet, musical ; mil, honey.

To Melt. Gr. itiXlu, to melt, make
liquid ; ON. mel/a, to digest, make rotten ;
smelta, Du. smelten, to melt ; Du. melu-
wen, molen, AS. molsnian, to rot. The
ideas of melting and rotting coincide in
the fact that the object falls insensibly
away from a solid state. See Mellow.

Member. Lat. membrum.

Membrane. Lat. membrana, the thin
skin of anything, parchment.

Memory. — Memoir. — Remember.
Lat. m.emini, meminisse^ to remember ;
memor (for mnemor), mindful, remember-
ing. Gr. fivaouM, to think on, of which
the perfect nifivrniai is used like memini
in the sense of I remember ; /iviiiiuiv (cor-
responding to memor), mindful. From
27*

420

MENACE

the same source with mens, mentis, and
E. mind.

Menace. Fr. menace, It. minaccia,
Lat. mince, minacia, threats.

To Mend. Lat. emendare, to take
away a fault, menda. Milanese mendcl,
It. rimendare, to mend or darn clothes.

Mendacious. Lat. mendax, mendacis,
false, lying ; mentior, -iri, to lie.

Mendicant. Lat. mendicans.

Menial. Belonging to the meiny.
OFr. maisnier, one of the mesn^e, meiny ,
or household. — Carp. See Meiny.

Menild or Meanelled.
speckled, as a horse or thrush ; meanels,
small black or red spots in a horse of a
lightish colour. W. manr, a spot ; menyn,
a small spot. — ^Jones. See Mean, i..
Maim.

-mense. — Mensuration. See Mea-
sure.

Menstruum. A chemical solvent.
Lat. tnenstruus, of or belonging to a
month ; from the notion that chemical
solvents could only be duly prepared in
dependence on the changes of the moon.

Mental. Lat. mens, inentis, the mind.
See To Mean.

Mention. Lat. meniio, connected with
mens, the mind.

Mephltic. Lat. mephitis, an ill, sul-
phureous smell emitted by putrid water oir
the like.

Mercenary. Lat. mercenarius, hired,
retained for pay ; merces, pay, money
made by service.

Mercer. Fr. mercier, a tradesman
that retails all manner of small ware ;
mer eerie, small ware. — Cot. Lat. merces,
wares.

Merchant. — Mercantile. OFr. mar-
chant. It. mercatante, 7nercante, a traf-
ficker ; inercatare, to cheapen in the mar-
ket, to buy and sell ; mercato, market ;
mercare, Lat. mercari, to bargain, to buy,

Mercy. Fr. vierci, a benefit or favour,
pardon, forgiveness, thanks for a benefit ;
It. mercede, mercS, reward, munificence,
mercy, pity, thanks, Lat. merces, merce-
dis, earnings, desert, reward. A similar
train of thought is seen in Du. wz//i^, libe-
ral, munificent, mild, gentle. — Kil.

Mere. i. Fr. mare, Du. maer, mer, a
pool, fish-pond, standing water. See
Marsh.

2. Lat. merus, It. mero, unmixed, plain,
of itself. It may be doubted whether the
E. use of the word may not have been in-
fluenced by the Du. maar, but, only, no
more than. 'T is maar spot, it is but
sp 3rt, or it is a mere joke. Dat gevegt

MESS

was maar kinderspel, the fight was but
child's play, or was mere child's play.
Daar is inaar zoo •aiel, there is but so
much, merely so much.

3. Du. meere, on. mceri, a boundary ;
Fin. maari. Lap. mere, a definite point,
mark, bound ; meritet. Fin. mdaratd, to
define, appoint, determine ; mddrd-pSiwii,
appointed day ; Lith. mira, measure,
right measure, moderation ; meris, tJie
mark at which one aims.

Meretricious. Lat. meretrix, a harlot,
one who prostitutes her body for gain ;
mereo, to earn.

Merge, -merse. -mersion. Lat.
mergo, mersum, to dip in, plunge over
head. As in Emerge, Immerse, Submer-
sion.

Meridian. 'LzX.meridianus; meridies
{medius dies), mid-day.

Merit. Lat. mereo, meritum, to de-
serve.

Mermaid, on. mar is often used in
composition in the sense of sea. Mar-
mennill, a. sea-dwarf ; mar-flatr, level as
the surface of the sea ; mar-flo, sea-flea,
&c. G. meer, w. mor, the sea.

Merry. — Mirth.. Lap. murre, de-
light ; murres, pleasant ; miirritet, to
take pleasure in ; Gael, mir, to sport,
play ; m,ire, mireadh, playing, mirth ; Sc.
merry-begotten, a bastard, a child begot-
ten in sport or play.

Mesentery, Gr. [iiatvTipuni ; piaog,
middle, in the middle, and ivrtpov, an in-
testine.

Mesh.. The knot of a net. Lith.
mazgas, a knot, bunch, bundle, bud of a
tree ; megsti, to knit, make knots, weave
nets ; magztas, netting needle ; G. masche,
a noose, a mesh ; as, maesce, a mesh,
max, net ; ON. moskvi, Dan. maske, a
mesh ; Du. masche, a blot, stain, mesh.
It is observable that Lat. macula is also
used in the same two senses.

Mess. I. A service for the meal of
one or of several. A mess of pottage, a
dish of pottage. Fr. mh, mets, a service
of meat, a course of dishes at table.^ — Cot.
It. messa, messo, a mess of meat, a course
or service of so many dishes ; among
merchants the stock or principal put into
a venture. From Lat. tnissus, sent, in
the sense of served up, dished, as it was
sometimes translated in E, ' Caius Fa-
britius was found by the Samnite Embas-
sadors that came unto him eating of rad-
dish rosted in the ashes, which was all
the dished he had to his supper.' — Prim-
audaye Fr. Academie, translated by T.
B, C, (1589), p. 195. It is a curious

MESSAGE

coincidence that OHG. maz (Goth, mats,
Bav. mass), meat, food was used in the
same way, ' Do der Cheizer an dem tische
saz, und man vor in truoc daz efste 7naz,'
brought in before him the first course. —
Schm.

2. Properly mesh, a mixture disagree-
able to the sight or taste, hence untidy-
ness, disorder. ' Mescolanza, a jnesk,
mingling, mish-mash of things confusedly
and without order put together ; mescolare,
mescere, mesciare, to mesh, mix, mingle.'
— Fl. See Mash.

Message. — Messenger. From Lat.
missus, sent,, arose Prov., OFr. 7nes, a
messenger, Mid.Lat. missaticum, OFr.
messatge, a message. ''Missaticum per
patrias deportare non nobis videtur —
idoneus.' — Epist. Leon. III. in Due.
' DiEmones nostra missatica deferentes.'
Willelmus Brito. ibid. The insertion of
the n in messenger is analogous to that
in scavenger from scavage, porringer
from porridge, harbinger from harb'rage.

Messuage. A dwelling-house with
some land adjoining. — B. O Fr. mesuage,
messuage. Manoirs, masures log&s aux
champs que la coustume appeloit ancien-
nement Mesuage. — Consuetude Norm, in
Due.

From Lat. manere, to dwell, were de-
rived a variety of forms signifying resid-
ence ; Fr. manoir, a manor ; Mid.Lat.
tnansura, Fr. masure, a poor house ;
7nansio, Fr. maison, a house ; mansus,
mansa, Prov. ma^, OFr. mis, mase, a
small farm, house and land sufficient for
a pair of oxen. From mansus came man-
sualis {terra mansualis, the land belong-
ing to a mansus), mansuagium, masua-
gium, and masagium, a dwelling-house,
small farm, or the buildings upon it.
Masucagium, masata, and other modifi-
cations, were used in the same sense.

MetaL — Metallurgry. Gr. fikraWov,
ftsraXXovpyECii (tpyata, ipyaZojiai, to work,
labour at).

- Metamorphose. Gr. /itTaiioitfmaig ;
lierd, implying change, and /lop^i}, form,
figure.

Metaphor. Gr. ixcraipopa, a transfer-
ring to one word the sense of another ;
/H7-a0Epw, to carry over, transfer.

Metaphysics. Gr. /juto. ra ^vaixa,
after physics. ' From this part of Aris-
totle's logic there is an easy transition to
what has been called his metaphysics j
a name unknown to the author himself,
and given to his most abstract philoso-
phic works by his editors, from an opinion
that those books ouglit to be studied im-

MEW

421

mediately after his physics, or treatises
on natural philosophy.' — Gillies.

To Mete. Goth, mitan, G. messen,
Lat. metiri, Lith. matoti, to measure ;
mestas, Gr. iikrpov, a measure.

Mete. — Mett. A boundary mark, OFr.
mette. ' Comme la ville de Muande s6it
situ^e prfes des fins et mettes de notre
royaume.' — Chron. a.d. 1389, in Carp. v.
Danger. Lat. ineta, a boundary stone,
especially that marking the extremity of
a race ; Serv. metya, a bound ; metyiti,
to abut upon ; Russ. meja (Fr./), Bohem.
mez, boundary ; meznik, boundary stone ;
mezowati, to abut on.

Meteor. Gr. p^tTimpaz, lofty, on high ;
liireuipa, things seen or happening in the
region of the stars.

Method. Gr. piOoSoe, a way, mode of
speech or action ; iutA, and 6S6e, a way.

Metre, -metry. Gr. pkrpov, a measure,
a measured line, a verse, metre ; tiq
psrpa nOivai, to put into verse.

From the same root with Lat. tnetior,
to mete or measure.

Metropolis. Gr. prirpoTroKig ; pijrrip,
mother, and ttoXic, city.

Mettle. Vigour, life, sprightliness.—
B. A metaphor taken from the metai of
a blade, upon the temper of which the
power of the weapon depends.

To Mew. Fr. miauler, G. miauen,
mauen. It. miagolare, Magy. midkolni, to
cry as a cat.

Mew. I. A gull, or sea swallow ; Du.
meeuw, G. mowe, m£we, Dan. maage, ON.
mdfr, mdr, N. maase, Fr. mauce, mouette.

Mew. 2. It. muta, muda, any change
or shift, the moulting or change of
feathers, horns, skin, coat, colour, or
place of any creature, as of hawks, deer,
snakes, also a hawk's mew. — Fl. Fr.
muer, to change, shift, to mue, to cast
the head, coat, or skin ; mue, a change,
any casting of the coat or skin, as the
mewing of a hawk ; also a hawk's mue,
and a mue or coop wherein fowl is fat-
tened.— Cot. The mew of a hawk (Mid.
Lat. mutatorium, mutci), a place to con-
fine a hawk in while moulting, and thence
to mew, to confine, to keep close, 'Domus
autem mutce apta et ampla sibi quaratur
et de mutd quando perfectus est, trahatur.'
— ^Albertus Magn. in Due. mhg. muzen,
to moult, muzkorp, a coop for a hawk
when moulting. See Moult.

In London the royal stables were called
the King's Mews doubtless from having
been the place where the hawks were
kept, and from this accident the name of
mews has been appropriated in London

422

MIASMA

to any range of buildings occupied as
stables.

BCiasma. Gr. iiiaaiia, something foul
and polluting, from fualvu, to be foul, in-
fect. _

Mica. A mineral found in glittering
scales. Lat. fnico, to glitter.

To Mich, To miche in a corner, de-
liteo — Gouldm. ; mychyn, or pryvely
stelyn smale thyngis. — Pr. Pm. From
the same origin with smouch, to keep a
thing secret, to steal privily. Swiss mau-
chen, schinauche^^ to do in secret, conceal,
make away with. Fr. musser^ Rouchi
mucher, to hide, to skulk. It. mucciare,
-ire, to slink away privily ; smucciare,
-ire, to slip or slide. Orisons miitschar,
mitschar, to slip away.

Micro-. Gr. tuxpog, small, minute, as
in Microcosm (Koa/iog, the world), Micro-
scope, &c.

Midden. — Middil. Midding, a dung-
hill.— B. A myddynge, sterquilinium ;
myddyl, or dongyl, forica. — Pr.Pm.
Dan. mbgdynge, modding, Sw. dial, mod-
ding, midding, N. mokdunge, matting,
metting, a dunghill, from Sw. m,ok, Dan.
mbg, muck, and dynge, heap.

Middle. — Mid. Goth, midja, Gr. \ik-
Boq, Sanscr. madhya, Lat. medius, OHG.
mitti, mitter, ON. midr, G. mittel, middle ;
ON. midill, means ; midla, to divide.

Midge. G. miicke, a small fly. Pro-
bably from mttcken, to hum, murmur, as
Fin. m.ytiainen, a midge, from mutina,
mytind, murmuring, whispering. See
Gnat. Pol. miicha, dim. tnuszka, Bohem.
maucha, a fly. Du. mosie, meusie, a gnat.
■ — Kil. Lat. musca, Fr. mouche, a fly.

Midriff. The diaphragm, or mem-
brane dividing the heart and lungs from
the lower bowels. AS. hrif, entrails ;
uferre and nitherre hrife, the upper and
lower belly. Du. middelrift, diaphrag-
ma, septum transversum. — Kil. Pl.D.
rif, rift, a carcase, skeleton. Ohg. hreve,
reve, belly ; fon reva sinero muoter, from
his mother's womb. — Tatian.

Mien. Fr. inine, countenance, look,
gesture ; Bret, mtn, beak of a bird, snout
of a beast, point of land, promontory ; W.
min, the lip or mouth, margin, brink ;
min-vin, lip to lip, kissing ; min-coca, to
pop with the lips. In the same way as.
7icb, the beak of a bird, is used to signify
the face, and Lat. rostrum, a beak, be-
comes Sp. rostro, face.

Miff. Ill-humour, displeasure, but
usually in a slight degree. G. muffeti, of
dogs, to growl, to bark, thence to look
surly or gruff, to mop and mow. — Kiitt-

MILK

ner. Swab, mtiff, with wry mouth ; Swiss
miipfen, to wrinkle the nose, to deride ;
Castrais miffa, to sniff. Snuffing the air
through the nose is a sign of anger and
ill-temper. G. schnupfen, schnuppen, to
be offended with a thing, to take it ill, to
snuff at it.

Might. See May.

Migrate. Lat. migrare, to remove
from one place to another to dwell in it.

Blilch. — Milk. To milch was used as
the verb, milk, the substantive. Smolgi-
uto, sucked or milched dry. — Fl. A
m.ilch-covi is a cow kept for milching. A
like distinction is found in the use of work
and worche. 'Alle goode werkys to
wirche! — St. Graal, c. 31, 1. 284. Con-
versely, G. milch, milk ; melken, to milch.

The primary sense of the word seems
to be to stroke, thence the act of milking,
and the substance so procured. Gr.
ajiiKyiD, to milk, to squeeze out ; Lith.
milzu, milzsti, to stroke, soften by strok-
ing, to milk a cow, gain a person by blan-
dishments, tame down an animal. Ap-
malzyti, to soothe, to tame ; milzikkas, a
milker ; melzama, a milch cow. Lat.
mulcere, to stroke, to soothe. 'Audaci
mulcet palearia dextri.' — Ovid. Mulg ere,
to milk. Bohem. mleko, milk.

Mild. G. mild, soft, gentle ; on. mildr,
lenient, gracious, munificent ; milda, to
soothe, appease ; as. mild, merciful,
kind ; mildse, miltse, mercy, pity ; Goth.
unmilds, without natural affection ; mild-
itha, pity ; Lith. myleti, to love ; mylus,
friendly, mild, gentle ; meile, love ; tneil-
iti, to be inclined to, to have appetite for ;
meilinti, to caress ; susimilsti, to have
pity on ; Bohem. milowati, to love ; m.i-
lost, love, grace, favour, clemency ; Pol.
mily, lovely, amiable ; milosierdzie, com-
passion, mercy, pity. Serv. milye, deli-
ciae, darling.

Perhaps the fundamental image may
be the sweetness of honey. Gael, mills,
sweet, millse, sweetness.

Mildew. G. mehlthau, ohg. militou,
mildew, rust on corn. as. meledeaw, It.
melume, meligine, Mod.Gr. alpofitXc,
honeydew. Goth, milith, honey. It is
probably owing to the whitish appearance
of some kinds of mildew, as if meal had
been scattered over the leaf, that the
name of so different a phenomenon as
honeydew has been transferred to it.

Mile. Fr. niille, Lat. millia passuum,
a thousand paces or double steps.

Militant. — Military. Lat. miles, -itis,
a soldier.

Milk. See Milch.

MILL-

Mill-. Lat. 7n.ilh^ a thousand ; in
Millennmm, a space of a thousand years ;
Millepads, an insect with a thousand feet,
&c.

Mill. AS. myUn, W. nielyn, Du. molen,
Boliem. mlyn, G. niiihle, Gr. \i.vkr\, Lat.
mola, molendinum, Lith. malunas, a mill.
Lith. malti, Lat. molere, G. mahlen, Goth.
malan, Russ. moloty, Boh. mliti, w. malu,
to grind ; »«<?/, what is ground, a grind-
ing.

Milliner. Supposed to be originally
a dealer in Milan wares, but no positive
evidence has been produced in favour of
the derivation.

Milt. The spleen, also the soft roe in
fishes. It. milza, ON. milti, the spleen.
There can be little doubt that the name
IS derived from }nilk, and is given for a
similar reason in both applications. The
same change of the final ^ to ^ is seen in
ON. mjaltir, N. mjelte, a milking ; and a
name slightly altered from that which
signifies milk is given in many languages
to the soft roe of fishes, and to other parts
of the bodily frame of a soft, nonfibrous
texture. Pol. mleko, milk ; melcz, milt
of fish, spinal marrow ; melczko, sweet-
bread, pancreas of calf ; Bret, leaz, milk,
lezen, milt. Du. melcker, 7niUe, Fr. laite,
Lat. lactes, are used in the same sense,
while in G. and Sw. the name is simply
fish-milk.

Mimic. Lat. mi?nus, Gr. liifioe, a far-
cical entertainment, or the actor in it,
hence an imitator ; /iijuw, an ape. It is
not unlikely that the mimes were origin-
ally identical with our mummers, maskers
who go about performing a rude enter-
tainment, and take their name from the
representation of a bugbear by masking
the face. Basque mama, to mask one-
self in a hideous manner ; Pol. mamU,
Boh. mamiti, to dazzle, delude, beguile ;
Fris. m,ommeschein, deceitful appearance.
Epkema. NFris. maam, a mask. — D.
M. See Mummer.

-min-. Eminent. — Prominent. Lat.
e7nineo, to stand out beyond the rest ;
promineo, to project, stand out. Unsatis-
factorily explained from maneo, to remain.
The root seems preserved in Bret, mm,
snout, nose, beak, mouth, point of land,
promontory ; W. min, lip or mouth, mar-
gin, edge ; miniog, sharp-pointed, edged.
To Mince. Fr. mincer, to cut into
small pieces ; mince, thin, slender, small ;
It. minuzzare, Fr. menuiser, to crumble,
break or cut small; It. minuzzainfi, mi-
niizzoli, minutelH, shreds, mincings ;
minuti, pottage made of herbs minced

MINISTER

423

very small. From Lat. mimttus, small,
although Diez would derive Fr. mince
from OHG. minnisto, G. mindesto, least.
But a derivation from the superlative
seems very improbable. It seems more
likely that mince is from the verb fitincer,
and that that is the equivalent of It. min-
nuzzare.

Gael, mhi, soft, tender, smooth, small,
pulverized ; mlnich, make sm.xll, pulver-
ize ; w. mAn, small, slender, fine.

Mind. Lat. mens, mentis, the faculty
of memory and thought ; meminisse, pN.
minnaz, to remember ; minna, to put in
mind ; G. meinen, to think ; mahnen, Lat.
monere, to put in mind ; Gr. nvriiit],
memory ; Gael, meinn, mind, disposition.

Mine. — Mineral. Gael. m,einn, w.
mwH, mwyn, ore, a mine, vein of metal,
maen, a stone ; It. mina, Fr. mine, mi-
niire, a mine ; It. minare, Fr. miner,
to dig under-ground ; Bret, mengleuz,
quarry, mine. Mineral, what is brought
out of mines, or obtained by mining.

To Mingle. G. mengen, Du. mengen,
mengelen, Gr. fityvvav, to mix.

Miniature. Mid. Lat. miniare, to
write with m,inium or red lead ; minia-
tura, a painting, such as those used to
ornament manuscripts.

Minion. Fr. mignon, a darling, a fa-
vourite, dainty, elegant, pleasing ; daim
mignon, a tame deer ; mignot, a wanton,
favourite, darling. From OHG. minni,
minnia, love ; minnon, Du. minnen, to
love ; minnen-dranck, a love potion ;
minnaer, a lover ; Bret, minon, friend ;
miiionach, friendship ; mifioniach, love.

The G. minnen very early took a bad
sense, insomuch that a printer at Augs-
burg in the year 15 12, printing a work of
Father Amandi, explains that on account
of the unseemly senses in which the word
inynn had come to be used, he had
throughout substituted for it the word
lieb. — Schmid. Schwab. Wtb.

The origin may perhaps be found in
ON. minnast, Sw. munna, minna, Nassau
}nundsen,\.oY\z% (Rietz),from ON. Munnr,
the mouth, as Lat. osculum, from os.

To Minish. Fr. menuiser, to make
small ; menu, Gael, meanbh, La;t. minu-
tus, small ; AS. minsian, to grow small •
Sw. minska, to lessen, abate, make small ;
Lat. minor, Goth, jninnizo, less ; W. mdn,
maift, small, fine, thin ; Gael. m\n, soft,
smooth, gentle, pulverized, small.

Minister. One who serves, one in in-
ferior place, from minus, less, as opposed
to magister, the person in superior place,

424

MINNOW

from magis, more. — R. Martineau in
Athenaeum, No. 1417.

Minnow. Provincially mengy, men-
nous, menna7n, a small kind of fish. The
form minnow is identical with Gael.
meanbh, little, small. Meanbh-bhith,
animalcule ; mijiiasg, small fish, minnow.
Me7tnons or niennys is Fr. menuise, fry of
fish, small fish of divers sorts. — Cot.
Menusa, a menys. — Nominale in Hal.
Menna7n is from Fr. minime, least, ap-
plied to the smallest in several kinds, as
a minim in music, a minim or drop in
medicine.

Minor. Lat. minor, less.

Minster. Lat. monasteriiim, AS. myn-
stre, OFr. tnonstier, a monastery, then
the church attached to it, large cathedral
church.

Minstrel. Lat. ministerium, Fr. min-
istere, mestier, occupation, art. OFr.
menestrel, a workman. 'Yram enveiad
al rei Salomon un menestrel ra.ecv^iSS.M.^ ki
bien sout uvrer de or et de argent — e de
<quanque ■mestiers en fud.' — Livre des
Rois. Confined in process of time to
those who ministered to the amusement
of the rich by music or jesting, just as in
modern times the name of art is special-
ly applied to music, sculpture, painting,
occupations adapted to gratify the fancy,
not the serious necessities of life.

Li cuens tnanda les menestrels,
Et si a fet crier entr'els,
Qui la meillor trufe (jest) sauroit
Dire ne fere, qu'il auroit
Sa robe d'escarlate neuve. — Roquef.
Faire mestier, to divert, amuse.

With ladies, knights, and squiers,
And a great host of ministers.
With instruments and sounes diverse.

Chaucer's Dream.

Mint. The place where money is
struck ; Du. munte, G. miinze, Lat.
moneta, money, the stamp with which, or
the place where, it was struck. Du. mun-
ten, to mint, or strike money.

Minute. — Minutiae. Lat. minutus,
little, small, from minuo, minutum, to
make less. A minute is a small division
of an hour, and a second (minuta secunda)
is a sixtieth of a minute, as that of an
hour, or a second sixtieth of an hour.

Minutes. The rough draft of a pro-
ceeding written down at once in minute
or small handwriting, to be afterwards
engrossed or copied out fair in large
writing. See Engross.

Minx. A proud girl.— B.

Miracle. — Admire. Lat. jniror, aris,
to wonder.

MISCHIEF

Mire. ON. myri, marsh, boggy.ground ;
Du. m.odder, moeyer, moer, mire, mud ;
mocr, bog, peat ; moeren, to trouble, make
thick and muddy. See Moor.

* Mirk. — Murky. ON. 7nyrkr, dark-
ness ; myrka, to darken, grow dark ; Boh.
mrak, darkness, twilight ; 7}iraiek, a little
cloud ; mracny, cloudy ; Lap. i/iurko,
mist, fog. Illyr. merk, dark ; merk7iuti,
to grow dark. Lith. 7nerkti, to wink ;
uzmerkti, to shut the eyes. To wink at a
thing is to shut the eyes to it, to make it
dark. Boh. mrkati, to wink ; and, im-
personally, it becomes dark ; mrkdse, it
becomes dark, vesperascit, noctescit. A
like relation may be observed between
Walach. 7nurgu, gray ; ]/iu7gesce, it be-
comes dark, advesperascit, and Pol.
mrugai, to wink.

Mirror. Fr. miroir, from mirer, to
contemplate, admire, Lat. mirari.

Mirth. See Merry.

Mis. A particle in composition im-
plying separation, divergence, error.
Goth, missaleiks, sundry, various ; mis-
sadedins, misdeeds, sins ; missatauja7ids,
a misdoer. ON. mis, d 7nis, amiss, other-
wise than as it ought to be, unequally ;
gera mis, hoggva 77iis j misborinnj 7nis-
radinn, &c., mishdr, misdiupr, unequally
high or deep ; 77tisleggia, to lay unequally.
Thessi vetr 7nisleggst, this winter is un-
steady in temperature. Missesl, lucky
and unlucky by fits ; misgd, to make an
oversight ; misgaungr, a wrong road ;
missa, to lose ; n. i myssen, amiss, wrong ;
misfara, to go astray. See Miss. w.
methu, to fail, to miss ; meihenw, a mis-
nomer.

It is remarkable that 7nes or mis, from
minus, less, is used in composition in the
Romance languages exactly in the same
way as mis in the Gothic. Sp. menoscabo,
Fr. meschef, mischief ; Sp. menospreaar,
Fr. mespriser, mipriser, to put shght
value on, to misprise, to make light of ;
77iesprendre, to mistake ; mesalliance,
unequal alliance ; It. mis/are, to misdo ;
misleale, disloyal, &c. But probably the
use of the particle in the Romance dialects
may really have been derived from the
influence of the Gothic 77iis. The Gael,
uses 7ni in the same way ; as from adh,
prosperity (AS. eadig, blessed), middk,
misfortune.

Misanthrope.— Mis-. Gr. /jiaavSpM-
TToc -fftwiui, I hate, and avBpiavos, a man.

Miscellaneous. Lat. misceo, to mingle.

Mischief. Sp. 7nenoscabo, Ptg. menos-
cabo. Cat. me7iyscap, Prov. mescap, detri-
ment, loss ; Fr. 7/teschie/, meschef, misfor-

MISCREANT

tune, from cabo, chef, head, end, and
mimes, less ; what turns out ill.

SUscreant. Fr. ■miscfiant, misbeliev-
ing ; mescroire (minus cfedere)) to believe
amiss.

-mise. — Demise. — Promise. Lat.
mittere, missum, to send, becomes Fr.
mettre, to put, lay, set, whence detnettre,
to put out of, let go, lay down ; demis,
let go, given over, and thence E. demise,
the laying down of the crown on the death
of the king ; a demise of lands, a making
over to another person. So from pro-
m.ettre, promis, is E. promise.

Miser. — Miserable. — Misery. Lat.
miser, wretched, in sad plight, pitiful,
miserably covetous.

Misletoe. on. mistelteinn, AS. mistel-
tan, mistelta, Du. G. mistel. The latter
part of our word is on. teinn, a prong or
tine of metal, N. tein, a small stick, shoot
of a tree. See Toe.

Misnomer. A misnaming. Fr. nom-
m.er, to name.

Misprision. Fr. mesprison, error,
offence, a thing done or taken amiss,
from m^sprendre, to mistake, transgress,
offend. — Cot.

Miss. A contraction from mistress,
or mistris, as it was formerly written, not
however by curtailing the word of its last
syllable, but more likely by a contracted
way of writing M'^ or Mis. for Mistriss.

Jan. 2. Mr Cornelius Bee bookseller in Little
Britain died Novr. xi. His two eldest daughters
Mis Norwood and Mis Fletcher, widows, execu-
trixes.— Obituary of R. Smith, 1674. Cam. Soc.

To Mis. Pavis on her excellent dancing.

Dear Mis. delight of all the nobler sort.
Pride of the stage and darling of the court.
Flecknoe. A.D. i66g, in N. and Q. 1851.

So Lang. Mas. for Mademoiselle.

To Miss. To deviate or err from. — B.
ON. missa, to lose ; Du. missen, to fail, to
miss. Dan. miste, to miss, to lose.

The original meaning may perhaps be
preserved in Dan. misse, to wink or blink ;
missende oinen, blinking eyes; at misse
med oinen, to blink. Then (by a train of
thought similar to that which leads us to
speak of blinking a question, for slipping
on one side, failing to meet it directly) to
miss, to fail to hit, to go astray. Blench
(from blink), a start, a deviation. — Nares.
Compare Dan. glippe, to wink, to slip, to
miss, to fail. Myssyn, as eyen for dym-
ness, caligo. — Pr. Pm.

Missal. Mid.Lat. missale, a book
containing the service of the (Lat. missa)
mass.

MITE

425

"miss. -mit. — Mission. Lat. mitto,
missum, to send, cast, throw, whence
Commit, Emit, Remit, Remiss, &c.

Mist. — Misle. — Mizzle, on. mistr, G.
mist, Du. miest, thickness of the air,
mist ; missen, miesten, mieselen, nebulam
exhalare, rorare tenuem pluviam ; miese-
linge, nebula. — Kil. as. mistian, mis-
trian, to grow dim. His eagan ne m.is-
redom, his eyes were not dimmed. —
Deut. 34. 7. The fundamental idea
is probably the effect of the mist in
obscuring the view, expressed by the
figure of muddling water, and the word
appears closely related to e. muzzy, in-
distinct in outline, confused with drink.
Pl.D. musseln (sudeln), to work in wet
and dirt ; bemusseln, to bedaub (Schiitze) ;
musseln [muuschen — Schiitze), to drizzlej
mizzle ; musslig wader, drizzly weather,
Danneil. When the seaman speaks of
dirty weather he is not thinking of the
dirt under foot, but of the thickness of
the air and dirtiness of the view. So
from ON. mor, clay, peat, mda, to dawb
with mud ; nii m6ar i fjallit, the hills
are obscured by mist or snow. Pl.D.
smudden, smuddeln, sjnullen, smuddern,
properly to dabble in the wet, to dawb,
smear, dirty ; dat weder smullet, idt
smuddert, it drizzles, it is moist, dirty
weather ; smudderregn, smuttregn, G.
schmutzregen {schmutz, dirt) mizzling
rain. Gael, smod, dirt, filth, dust, driz-
zling rain, moist haziness.

Fin. muta, Esth. mutta, mud, soil. Fin.
musta, Esth. must, black, seem to be
related forms. ' Der wolken dunst und
schwarze mist' — Opitz.

Mistress. Fr. maistresse, maitresse,
fem. of maitre, master.

* Mite. A minute portion of a thing,
anything very small.

The ants thrust in their stings and instil into
them a small mite of their stinging liquor. — Ray.

Craven smite, a small quantity. Sw.
dial, smit, Gael, smiot, a particle. It is
probable that mite is a modification of
mote, expressing diminution by the thin-
ning of the vowel. An intermediate form
is seen in Cleveland moit, a small particle.

' The meat was eaten up, every moit: ' There
was nowther head nor hair on't, mait or doit,'
every fragment had disappeared. — Whitby Gl.

It is most probable that mite in the
sense of the smallest possible coin is
merely a special application of the gen-
eral sense of something very small, in the
same way that doit was also used for a
small coin. Du. mijte, minutia, minutum,
oboli vilissimi genus, vulgo mita.— KiL

426

MITIGATE

Fr. mi'Uj'the smallest of coins. — Cot. The
derivation from minute is unlikely, al-
though Wicliff speaks of the poor widow
casting in ' two tnynutis, that is, a far-
thing.'.

Another application is to the mites in
cheese or the like, the smallest of insects,
hardly individually distinguishable. Ohg.
miza, Du. mijte, mijdte, Sp. mita, Fr.
7nite, mi ton, acarus. See Mote.

Mitigate. Lat. mitigare, from mitis,
meek, gentle, mild.

3Iitre. Gr. furpa, a girdle, a fillet
round the head, chaplet, the turban of
the Asiatics.

* Mitten. Fr. mitaine, miton, a winter
glove ; Gael, mutan, a muff, thick glove,
cover for a gun ; miotagj mutag, a mitten
or worsted glove. The name seems to
have come from Lap. mudda, n. mudd,
modd, Sw. lapmtidd, a cloak of reindeer
skin ; Fin. muti, a garment of reindeer
skin, a hairy shoe or glove ; Sw. mudd, a
furred glove. It may be however that
the notion of a furred glove is expressed
by the type of catskin. Fr. miton, a cat ;
mitoufl^, furred like a cat or with cat-
skins ; wrapped about with furs or cat-
furred garments. — Cot. Bav. mudel,
mautz, mutz, the cat, then catskin, fur in
general.

To Mix. G. mischen, Bohem. misyti,
Lat. miscere, Gr. n'laynv, ^lyvieiv, to mix ;
Pol. mieszad, to agitate, stir, mix, con-
fuse ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, to stir, to
work dough, knead, to make a disturb-
ance ; maiszytis, to be confused, to mix
oneself in a matter ; maisztas, confusion,
uproar ; Gael, masg, infuse, steep, com-
pound, mix ; measg, mix, mingle ; w.
mysgu, to mix ; mysgi, confusion, tumult.

Mixeu. A dung-heap ; as. 7neox,
dung, filth ; Du. mest, mist, mesch, dung,
litter, manure ; Goth, maihstus, G. mist,
dung ; OHG. m.ptunnea, mistina, E. dial.
misken, a dung-heap. Let. mizu, mest,
to sweep, to cleanse, and specially {aiis-
misteti) to carry out dung, mhls, sweep-
ings ; Lith. mezu, meszti, to carry dung ;
mezinys, m.t!szlynas, a dung-heap. Boh.
metu, mesti, smesti, to sweep ; metla, a
besom ; smeti, rubbish, sweepings, sme-
tisko, a laystall, dunghill. In like manner
E. shard, Swiss schorete, dung, from schar-
ren, schoren, to scrape, to sweep out dung ;
w. ysgarth, offscouring, dung, from Bret.
skarza, to sweep, to cleanse. And see
Muck.

Mizzen. Fr. misaine, the foresail of a
ship — Cot. ; It. mezzana, a latteen, a tri-
angular sail with ii long sloping yard un-

MOB

equally divided, so that a small part at
the lower end is before the mast. The
poop or mizzen sail in a ship was formerly
a sail of this description, but afterwards
the part of the sail before the mast was
cut off for convenience of management,
and it was converted into a fore and aft
sail. — Roding, Marine Diet. The signi-
fication of mezzana is mean, what lies
between both ; -perhaps as lying along
the middle of the ship, in opposition to a
square sail, which lies across it.

To Mizzle. See Mist.

To Moan. as. mtsnan, OE. to mean-,
mene. Swab, maunen, to speak with the
mouth nearly shut ; maunzen, to speak in
a whining tone.

Moat. Fr. mothe, a little earthen for-
tress, or strong house built on a hill ;
motte, a clod, lump of earth ; also a little
hill, a fit seat for a fort or strong house,
also such a fort. — Cot. Mote, a dyke,
embankment, causey. — Roquef. ' Le
motte de mon manoir de Caieux et les
fossez entour.' — Chart. A.D. 1329, in
Carp. ' Sans rapareher motte ne fos-
sez.'— Chart. A.D. 1292, ibid. It. inota,
a moat about a house. — Fl. As in
ditch and dike the same name is given
to a bank of earth and the hollow
out of which it is dug, so it seems that
moat signified first the mound of earth
on which a fort was raised, and then the
surrounding ditch from whence the earth
had been taken. Mid.Lat. mota, a hill
or mound on which a fort was built, or
the fort itself. ' Motam altissimam sive
dunjonetn eminentem in munitionis sig-
num firmavit, et in aggerem coacervavit.'
— Lambertus Ardensis in Due. ' Mos
est ditioribus quibusque hujus regionis —
eo quod maxime inimicitiis vacare soleant
exercendis — terras aggerem quantae pre-
valent celsitudinis congerere,eique fossam
quam latfe patentem — circumfodere, et
supremam aggeris crepidinem, vallo ex
lignis tabulatis — vice muri circummunire,
turribusque — per gyrum depositis — do-
mum, vel quse omnia despiciat arcem in
medio asdincare.' — Due.

Mob. Contracted from mobile vulgus,
the giddy multitude.

Fall from their sovereign's side to court the mo-
bile,
O London, London, where's thy loyalty 7

D' tjrfey in Nares.

Dryden sometimes uses mobile, and men-
tions the contracted mob as a novelty.

Yet to gratify the barbarous part of my audi-
ence I gave them a short rabble scene, because
the mob (as they call them) are represented by

MOB-CAP

Plutarch and Polybius with the same cnaracter
of baseness and cowardice as are here described.
— Pref. to Cleomenes, 1692.

Mob-cap. Mob, a woman's nightcap.
— B. To mab, mob, moble, mobble, to
muffle up.

The moon, doth mottle up herself.

Shirley in Nares.

Their heads and faces are vwbbed in fine linen
that no more is seen of them than their eyes. —
Sandys' Travels, ibid.

ODu. moppen, to wrap up. ' Om te gaan
bemopt orn 't hooft,' to go muffled up about
the head. — Weiland. To mop, to muffle
up. — Hal. Du. mop-muts, a muffling
cap ; Pl.D. mopp, a woman's cap.

To moble, mobble, is probably a mere
variation of muffle, formed from Du. mop-
pen, to mutter, as muffle from the analo-
gous G. muffen, muffeln, to mutter, to speak
indistinctly. Gael, moibleadh, mumbling.
But see Mop.

To Mock. Fr. se moquer, to deride.
The radical image is the muttering sounds
made by a person out of temper, repre-
sented by the syllable mok or muk, which
thus becomes a root in the formation of
words signifying displeasure and the ges-
tures which express it, making mouths,
deriding, mocking. G. mucken, to make
a sound as if one was beginning to speak
but breaks off again immediately, the
lowest articulate sound, which sound is
called m.uck or m,ucks. Hence mucken,
to make mouths at one, look surly or gruff,
show one's ill-will by a surly silence,
pouting out one's lips, &c. — Kiittn. Pl.D.
mukken, to make faces, look sour —
Schiitze ; Milan, moccold, to mutter,
grumble ; moccd, to make faces ; Du.
mocken, buccam ducere sive movere. —
Kil. Sp. mucca, % grimace ; It. mocca, a
mocking or apish mouth. — Fl. Esthon.
mx)k, hps, snout, mouth. Making mouths
is the first expression of displeasure and
defiance to which the 'child has resort.
Gr. lidiKog, mockery ; /umbiJio, to mock.

Mode. Lat . modus, Fr. mode, manner,
fashion, way, means. The ultimate ex-
planation may perhaps be found in the
Finnish dialects. Lap. muoto, face, coun-
tenance, likeness, image ; Fin. muoto,
appearance, form, mode, or manner ;
monella muodolla, in many modes ; mo-
nen-Tmiotainen, multiform ; Magy. mdd,
method, manner, on. mdt, image, model,
appearance, likeness, condition, manner,
mode ; m6ta, to form. Sw. mdtt, mea-
sure ; mdtta, measure, moderation, man-
ner, wise ; sd mdtta, in this wise. Da.

MOLE

427

maade, measure, mode, manner, way,
moderation.

Model. Fr. modele. It. modello, a
mould or pattern, the measure or bigness
of a thing ; OHG. modul, Lat. modulus,
dim. of modus, a measure.

Moderate. — Modest. — Modify.— Mo-
dulate. Lat. moderare, modestus, modi-
ficare, modulare, from modus, measure,
mean, proportion.

Modern. Fr. moderne. It. moderno, of
late times, from Lat. modo, now, but lately,
as hodiernus from hodie. — -Diez.

Mohair. Fr. moire, mottaire, G. mohr,
sort of camlet.

Moiety. Lat. medietas, Prov. meitad,
Fr. moitii, half.

To Moil. I.- To daub with dirt.— B.
Properly to wet, the senses of wetting
and dirtying being closely connected.
A monk that took the spryngill with a manly

chare,
And, as the manere is, moilid all their patis
Everich after othir. — Pardoner and Tapster.

It. m^Ue, soft, wet ; mollare, to soak,
moisten, soften ; Cat. mulyar, Fr. mouil-
ler, to wet.

2. To drudge ; perhaps only a second-
ary application from the labprious efforts
of one struggling through wet and mud.

A simple soul much like myself did once a ser-
pent find.

Which (almost dead with cold) lay moiling in
the mire. — Gascoigne in R.

But it may be from Castrais mal, a forge-
hammer ; malha, to forge, to form by
hammering, and figuratively, to work la-
boriously. Compare to hammer, to work
or labour. — Hal.

Moist. Fr. m.oiste, moite, Limousin
mousti, Grisons muost, Milan, moisc,
Bret, moudz, w. inwyd, wet, damp.

To Moither. — ^"Mitlier. — Moider.
Moithered, confused, oppressed with
work. Perhaps to be explained from the
figure of water made thick by stirring up.
Da. muddre, to work in the mud ; mud-
dret, muddled, troubled, thick. But it
may belong to G. miide, tired ; Walser,
miiadi, weariness ; miladar, tired out
with importunities.

Molar. Lat. molaris, a grinding tooth,
from mola, a hand-mill.

Mole. I. AS. 9naal, mcel, a blot, spot,
blemish ; G. mahl, a spot or mark ; mut-
termahl, a mole or natural mark on the
skin ; eisenmahl, an ironmold, as it is
written with an erroneous d, an iron-spot ;
obstmahl, weinmahl. Sec, a spot or stain
from fruit, wine, &c. Mahlen, to paint.
Lat. macula, a spot.

428

MOLE

2. Fr. mole, It. molo, a pier or bank
built out into the sea, from Lat. moles, a
mass, bulk, aiid specially a mole in the
foregoing sense.

Mole, 3.^3SEould-warp. Du. mol,
molworp, G. mdulwerf, from his habit of
casting up little hillocks of Mould or
earth ; AS. weorpan, G. werfen, to cast.

Molecule. Fr. moUcule, dim. of Lat.
moles, a mass.

Molest. Lat. molestus, troublesome,
grievous.

To Moll. See To Hull, 2.

Mollify. From Lat. mollis, soft.

Mollusc. Lat. molluscus, der. from
mollis, soft; mollusca, a nut with a soft
shell.

Moment. — Momentous. Lat. mo-
mentum (for movimentum), what causes
a thing to move ; met. the weight or im-
portance of a thing ; also the passing
instant, the least portion of time.

Monarch.. — Mono-. Gr. povoc, only;
fioviipxiet a sole ruler.

Monastery. Gr. iiovaarrifnov, a place
in which the life of a solitary may be led,
from /<(ii/oe, alone ; nova'iu, to lead a soli-
tary life.

Monday. Moon-day, dies Lunas.

Money. Fr. monnaie, Lat. moneta.

Monger, as. mangian, to traffic,
trade. Hu my eel gehwilc gemangode,
how much each had made by trade.- —
Luke xix. 15. Mangere,!i trader; man-
gunghus, a house of merchandise. ON.
mdnga, to chaffer, to trade ; kaupmanga,
to bargain ; mdngari, a dealer, a money-
changer; Du. manghelen, mangfieren, to
exchange merchandise, to trade; 7nangher,
maggher, an exchanger of wares ; Swiss
mangeln, mankeln, to swap, exchange ;
mangeler, mankeler, G. 7nakler, a broker.
Often derived from Lat. mango, a slave-
dealer, horse-dealer, but it is very un-
hkely that this term, which has left no
representative in the Romance languages,
should so widely have taken root in the
Teutonic and Scandinavian.

Mongrel. It. mongrelltno, of mixed
breed. Du. menghen, to mingle, with
the termination rel, as in pickerel, a small
pike.

Monition. — Monitor, -monisb. Lat.
moneo, monitum, to advise, warn.

Monk. G. monch, Lat. monachtis, Gr.
f.nvaxoQ, solitary, a monk ; fiovovxia, soli-
tary life, from /lovoi;, alone, and t^w, to
keep.

* Monkey. Bret, mouna, mounika,
female ape. — Legon. in v. marmouz. It.
mona, monna, a nickname for a monkey.

MOOR

an ape, or a cat, as we say, Jack, Pug, or
Puss ; monina, monicchio, monkey.— Fl.
Sp. mono, mona, monkey. Probably at
first a fondling name for a cat. Fr. i/iinon,
minet, Castrais minou, mounoic, puss, kit-
ten, little cat.

Monsoon. Ptg. mongao, mougao, It.
mussone, Fr. mousson, monson. From
Arab, mausim, fixed epoch, appropria,te
season, feast held at a certain season,
In Yemen, Says Niebuhr, they give the
name of mausim to the four months of
April, May, June, and July, in which the
vessels sail from India. From the sense
of fixed season it easily passed to that of
wind blowing from a certain quarter at
the.season in question. Thus the Arabs
of the Archipelago speak of the mousim
berat, or mousim timor, the western or
eastern monsoon. Barros explains the
word mougao in one place as signifying
season for sailing to certain quarters, and
in another as a regular wind. — Engelberg.

Monster, -monstrate. Lat. mon-
strumj monstrare, to point out, make a
show of. Hence Demonstrate, to point
out; Remonstrate, to showreasons against.

Month. See Moon,

Monument. Lat. mottumentum, some-
thing to warn or remind, from moneo, to
advise, admonish.

Mood. I. Du. moed, G. muth, on.
mddr, spirit, courage, disposition of mind.

2. Lat. modus, in grammar, a certain
form of inflection indicating tlie mode or
manner in which the meaning of the verb
is presented to the hearer.

Moon. — Month. Goth. me?ta, ON.
mana, G. mond, Gr. \>,rivr\, Lith. menu,
gen. menesis, the moon ; menesis, Lat.
mensis, Gr. fiijv, G. monat, a month, the
period of the moon's revolution.

Moor. I . Lat. Mahrus, an inhabitant
of the eastern part of Africa. From Gr.
navpoq, black. ' Nigri manus ossea Mauri'
' Et Mauri celeres et Mauro obscurior
Indus .' — Juvenal. M avpom, to darken, blind,
make dim or obscure. Mod.Gr. liavpog,
black, brown ; itavpova, to blacken, to
stain ; Boh. maur, N. mur, coal-dust ;
Boh. 7naurek, a grey cat ; maurowy, grey ;
Du. moor, a black or bay horse — Kil. ;
Serv. mor, dark blue. Probably morutn,
a mulberry, has its name from its dark
colour.

Moor, 2. — Morass. — Mire. on. viSr,
heath, moor, peat ; myri, myrr, marsh,
bog, fen ; OHG. muor, palus ; G. moor,
more, OberD. mtir, Du. moer, moor,
marshy, turfy ground. Sw. moras, Du.
moeras, G. morast, morass.

MOOR

The Du. moder, inodder, moyer, moer,
mud, modder, moeder, moyer, dregs, mother
or thick grounds of a liquid, and G. moder,
mud, mire, mother or dregs of wine or
oil, seem to show that the words at the
head of the article are contracted forms
analogous to E. smoor, from smother, Sw.
far, mar, lor father, mother, E. sbcr, from
sludder. The ultimate origin is probably
to be found in forms like madder, madder,
signifying to dabble or paddle, to stir up
and trouble the water, to make it thick
with mud. In this sense we have Pl.D.
maddern, moddern, to paddle in wet
(Danneil), Du. tnodden, moddelen, to grub
in the dirt, E. muddle, to dabble as ducks
with their bills in the wet, to disturb beer
or water. — Moor. Serv. mutlyati, mutiti,
to stir up, trouble, or make thick. Boh.
matlati, to .daub, matlanina, confusion,
G. schrnaddern, Du. smodderen, to daub,
to dirty.

The foregoing forms must, I think, be
entirely separated from Fr. mare, a pud-
dle, marais, Du. maerasch, E. inarsh, Lat.
mare, Goth, marei, w. m.or, sea, &c\

To Moor. Du. marren, maren^o tie,
to moor ; Fr. amarrer, marer, to [moor.
See Marl. /

Moot. AS. mot, gemot, in assembly ;
mot-em, mot-hus, a meeting-place,lmoot-
hall ; motan, to cite before, the moot or
court of justice ; E. to moot., to djscuss a
question as in a court of justice ; moot-
point, a doubtful point, a pojfit which
admits of being mooted dt^rgued on
opposite sides, p&.gemot, meeting, assem-
bly, council, deliberation. Witenagemot,
the assembly of wise men, or great council
of the Saxon Kings. See Meet.

Mop. Properly a bunch of clouts. It.
pannatore, a maulkin, a map of rags or
clouts to rub withal. — Fl. Lat. mappa,
a napkin, was doubtless the same word,
and in thew. of England mop is a napkin,
also a tuft of grass. Gael, mab, mob, a
tuft, tassel, mop ; mobach, tufty, shaggy ;
maibean, moibean, moibeal, a bunch, clus-
ter, tuft, mop, besom. It is essentially
the same word with E. bob, a tassel, or
dangling bunch ; Gael, babag, baban, a
tassel, or cluster.

Mop is also used for a doll, a bunch of
clouts, whence moppet, a term of endear-
ment for a child.

To Mop and Mow. To gibber and
make faces. To mop is a parallel form
of precisely the same origin and significa-
tion as mock. Du. moppen, Pl.D. mupsen,
to mutter, grumble, be out of temper ;
Swiss mupfen, to wry the face, to deride ;

MORGANATIC

429

Gael, moibleadh, mumbling; Bav. miiffen,
to mutter, grumble, hang the mouth ;
Rouchi, m/)ufeter, to move the lips ; Du.
maffelen, moffelen, buccas movere. — Kil.

Swiss mauen, mauwen, to chew ; m.a{cel,
muhel, a sour face ; m&helen, to make a
sour face ; Fr. faire la moue, to make a
moe or mow, to show ill-temper by thrust-
ing out the lips. Faire la moue aux
harengiires, to stand on the pillory ;
Milan, _/iJ la mocca al s6, Fr. morguer le
del, to make faces at the sun or sky, to
be hanged.

To Mope. To be silent, inactive, and
dispirited. From E. mop, Du. moppen,
to make wry faces, hang the lip, pout,
sulk. In the mops, sulky. — Hal. The
senses of being out of temper and out of
spirits closely border on each other, and
are manifested by similar behaviour.
Mopsical, low-spirited. — Hal. Swiss mu-
dern (originally, like moppen, signifying
to mutter), is used in the senses of look-
ing sour, out of temper, of moping like
moulting fowls ; tmiderlen, to go about
in a half sleepy, troubled way.

' Nor shalt thou not thereof be reck-
oned the more moope and fool, but the
more wise.' — Vives in R. E. dial, mop, a
fool, maups, a silly fellow ; Du. maf,
fatigued, dull, lazy. Jemand voor het
mafje houden, to make a laughing-stock
of one.

Moral. — Moralist. Lat. mos, moris,
custom, manner, rite.

Morass. See Moor, 2.

Morbid. Lat. morbus, disease.

Mordant. Fr. mordre, Lat. mordere,
to bite.

More. — Most. as. ma, more ; thces
the ma, so much the more ; ma thonne,
rather than ; nafre ma, never more, never
again. Mara, greater, more. Du. meer,
tneest, more, most. Gael, mb, mbr, moid,
great, many, much ; mbraich, to enlarge ;
mb, greater, greatest ; w. mawr, much ;
7n'wy, greater, more ; mwyaf, greatest,
most ; Sp. mny, much, very ; Bret, mui,
muioc'h, more, most.

More. Root of a tree or herb. To
more, to grub up by the root. Layamon,
speaking of people driven to the woods,
says :

Hii leoueden bi wortes
And bi many wedes,
Bi mores and bi rotes.

Devonshire more, a turnip. G. mbhre,
carrot.

Morganatic. It was the privilege of
the feudatory, among the Lombards and
other branches of Teutonic race, to endow

430

MORION

his wife on the morrow of the wedding
with a limited portion of his fortune,
without the assent of his heir, under the
name of morgengabe or morning gift : —
' quod unusquisque mihtaris ordinis suae
uxori, sine hasredum assensu, nomine
dotis erogare valet, antequam cum ed ad
prandium discubuerit.' — Sachsenspiegel
in Due.

The word was variously Latinized
under the forms morganatiaim, murgan-
ale, murgitatio. The first of these forms
is used in the contract of Leopold of Aus-
tria with Catherine of Savoy, A.D. 1310,
where he engages ' ssepe dicta Catherinse
morganaticum assignare ad nostrum arbi-
trium : de quo morganaiico ordinare et
disponere poterit.' — Cited from Heinec-
cius, Elementa Juris Germ, in N. & Q.,
July 16, 1864. Carp, also gives an in-
stance of the use of the word in the same
sense.

At a subsequent period the name of
matrimoniuin ad morganaticam, or mor-
ganatic marriage, was given to a second
marriage between a man of rank and a
woman of inferior position, in which it
was stipulated that she should only have
claim to the fortune bestowed on her by
morgengabe, without partaking in the
rank, or transmitting to her children any
further right to the inheritance of her
husband. The word is thus clearly ex-
plained in the section, ' De filiis natis ex
inatrimonio ad morgatiaticam contracto,'
cited in Due. Henschel. ' Quidam habens
filium ex nobili conjuge, post mortem ejus
non valens continere, aliam minus nobi-
lem duxit : qui nolens existere in peccato,
earn desponsavit ea lege ut nee ipsa nee
filii ejus amplius habeant de bonis pater-
nis quam dixerit tempore sponsaliorum :
verbi gratii, decem libras, vel quantum
voluerit dare quando earn desponsavit,
quod Mediolanenses dicunt aceipere ux-
orem ad morganaticam.'

Morion. Fr., Sp. morrion. It. mori-
one, a kind of helmet, perhaps a Moorish
helmet, as burganet, a Burgundian one.
Du. Mooriaan, a Moor.

Morkiu. A wild beast found dead,
carrion ;

Could he not sacrifice
Some sorry morkiit that unbidden dies,
Or meagre heifer, or some rotten ewe.

Bp. Hallin R.

The resemblance to ON. morkiiin, Sw.
murken, rotten, is, I believe, accidental,
as rottenness is not the essential notion
of the thing, but accidental death. It
agrees exactly with Lat. morticinus, cat-

MORTAR

tie dead of itself ; Boh. mrcha, mrssina,
carcase, carrion, hence an old worn-out
horse ; Serv. mrtzina, carrion ; mrtza,
mriatz, corpse ; mriyeti, mreti, to die.
Fr. morine, carcase of a dead beast.

Morning. — Morrow. Goth, maur-
gins, G. morgen, ON. morgun, morn.
Written morowning in Capgr. Chron. 45.
The radical meaning is probably the time
at which the sky becomes grey. The
grey of the morning is a frequent ex-
pression for early dawn. Walach. murgu,
grey ; murgitu, twilight ; murgesce, it be-
comes dark, advesperascit, incipit cre-
pusculum. Lang, mourghe, black, dressed
in black. On this principle Galla bora,
to be grey, signifies also to dawn ; bora,
grey, thick, dirty ; boru, the morning, to-
morrow, agreeing in a remarkable man-
ner with w. boreu, morning ; boreuo, to
dawn. Perhaps the-' ultimate root of the
expression may lie in the notion of wink-
ing, as in the case df Mirk above explain-
ed. Pol. mrugac, to! wink ; Lith. mirgHi
(flimmern, blinkenK to glimmer, where it
will be observed , (that blinken, by which
Nesselmann exslains the word, has the
senses"' both of linking and gleaming.

Mo.rphew. lit, morfea, morfia, Fr.
morfifi-

Moige. Thq
morj '^^■f)-

Morswl. A^outhful. ~ Fr. morgeau.
It. morso\ ^norello, from mordere, to bite,
as the eqs^iy^mt E. bit from bite. See
Mortar. '™'

Mort. A great quantity ; murth, an
abundance. — B. ON. margt, neuter of
margr, much ; mart (adv.), much ; mergS,
eopia, multitudo. — Gudm.

Mortal. — Mortify. Lat. morior, tnor-
tuus, to die ; mors, mortis, death. Russ.
merety, Sanscr. mri, to die ; Gr. ;8poro£,
mortal.

Mortar, i. A vessel to pound in.
Lat, mortarium, Fr. mortier. It. mortaro,
G. mdrser. Pl.D. murt, what is crushed
or ground ; murten, to crush, to mash ;
Bav. dermiirsen, dermtirschen, to pound,
grind ; gemiirsel, crushed stone. Miir-
sell, minutal, est quidam cibus. — Gl. in
Schmeller. Fin . wwr/aa, to break ; mur-
to, things broken ; miirska, crushed,
broken to pieces ; murskata, to crush ;
Esthon. mttrdma, to break. Lat. mor-
dere, to break with the teeth, to bite.

2. Morter, the cement made of lime
and sand. Lat. mortarium, Fr. mortier,
G. inortel, is probably to be explained
from the materials being pounded up to-
gether. ' In Greece they have a cast by

ilrus or sea-horse. Russ.

MORTGAGE

themselves, to temper and beat in mor-
ters the moi'tar made of hme and sand,
wherewith they mean to parget and cover
their walls, with a great wooden pestill.'
— Holland's Pliny in R. Du. mortel,
gravel, brick-dust ; te mortel slaan, to
beat to pieces ; mortelen, to fall to pieces.

mortgage. Fr. niort, dead, and gage,
pledge. A pledge of lands to be the pro-
perty of the creditor for ever if the money
is not paid on a certain day. See Mort-
main.

Mortise. Fr. mortaise, a notch cut in
one piece of wood to receive the tenon, or
projection by which another piece is
made to hold it. Probably from Lat.
mordere, to bite, as morsus is applied to
the thing or place in which a buckle,
javelin, knife, &c., sticks. Morsus robo-
ris — Virg., the cleft of the tree in which
the javelin of .iEneas had lodged.

Mortmain. Fr. mart, dead, and main,
hand. The transfer of property to a cor-
poration, a hand which can never part
with it again.

Mosaick. Mid. Lat. 7nusceum, musi-
vum, mosivum, musaicum, or mosaicum
opus, inlaid work of figures formed by
small coloured pieces of glass. The
origin of the name unknown.

Mosque. Fr. mosqiiie. It. meschita,
Sp. mesquita, Arab, mesdjid, signifying a
place where onS prostrates oneself, from
sadjada, to prostrate. — Engelberg.
■ Moss. Fr. mo7isse. It. musco, muscio,
Lat. musais, G. moos, moss ; Du. mos,
mosch, Sp. molio, moss, mould ; mohoso,
mouldy, mossy; Pol. mech, Magy. moh,
moss.

ON. m.osi, G. moos, are also used, as E.
moss, for moss-grown, swampy, or moory
places. Douau-moos, Erdinger-moos,
tracts of such land in Bavaria.

Most. See More.

Mote. A meeting. See Moot.

* Mote. AS. mot, atomus. — Matt. vii.
3. Cleveland ?noit, a small particle ; moiis
and sidvs, the particles of wood and other
foreign substances from which the wool
has to be cleansed after scouring. Sp.
mota, a mote or small particle, a bit of
thread or the like sticking to cloth, a
slight defect.

Probably distinct from Du. mot, dust,
sweepings, where the radical idea seems
essentially different. Moit in Yorkshire
(the equivalent of inote, mite) is used with
doit (corresponding to dot or jot) in order
to strengthen the expression. Neither
moit nor doit, not an atom. — Whitby Gl.
The formation of these words may be un-

MOTHER

431

derstood from such expressions as those
quoted under Motto.

The syllables mot, tot, gru, mik, kik,
used in the first place to represent the
slightest sound, are transferred to a slight
movement, an atom or particle of bodily
substance. Thus Gr. ypS is used in both
senses. Ow5e yp5, not a sound, not an
atom. Sc. gru, a grain, a small particle.
And so mot, which in Fr. signifies a word
or single element of speech, corresponds
to E. mote, moit, mite, an atom. The Du.
use mikken and kikken as the G. mUcken,
for the utterance of a slight sound. Nie-
mand dorst mikken nog kikken (Halma),
no one durst open his mouth. Hence
may be explained It. mica and cica, a jot.
Precisely analogous is the train of thought
in Gael. dUrdail, murmuring ; dilrd, a
hum, buzz (Macalpine), a syllable (Mac-
leod) ; dilrdan, dtlradan, a mote, an atom.

Moth. Two series of forms are com-
monly confounded. On the one hand we
have Goth, matha, AS. matha, mathu, a
worm, Du. made, OHG. m.ado, a maggot,
ON. madkr, Sw. matk, mask, mark, makk
(Rietz), Da. maddik, e. maivk, maggot,
wM-m, Lap. mato, matok, caterpillar,
worm. Fin. mato, matikka, worm, grub,
serpent, creeping thing, which are plau-
sibly explained from Fin. madan, mataa,
to creep, crawl. On the other hand AS.
moththe, OE. mought (that eats clothes — ■
Palsgr.) Sc. mough, Du. mot, motte, Sw.
7natt, mott. The radical idea seems here
to be the worm that reduces to dust ; from
Du. 7not, dust, sweepings. So from Du.
molm, dust of rotten wood, we have
melm-worm, teredo, tinea, cossus, the
insect by which the wood is consumed ;
from Bav. met (in inflection, melb, melw),
meal, powder, milben, milwen, to reduce
to powder {gemilbet salz, powdered salt),
we have milbe, Du. meluwe, milwe, a
mite or moth ; meluwen, to be worm-
eaten. The same connection holds good
between Du. mul, molsem, dust of rotten
wood, molen, to decay (Kil.), and N. mol,
ON. miilr, Pol. mol, a moth or mite. So
also lUyr. griz,z.\yA, sawdust {homgrizti,
to bite or chew), grizlttza, moth, mite.
Florio uses moth in the sense of mote,
atom.

Mother. Sanscr. mdtar, Gr. fi^njp,
Lat. mater, Gael, mathair, Russ. 7naf,
mater, on. moSir.

The name of mother \^ given by analogy
to certain preparations or solutions from
which other substances are obtained.
Sanders quotes a description of vinegar-
making where directions are given for

«2

MOTTLED

filling a new cask one-third with best
vinegar, ' which is only to serve as jnothcr
(matter) for further formation of vinegar
in the cask.' Mutter-fass, cask in which
the materials in vinegar-making are set
to ferment ; mutter lauge, Fr. eaux mire,
lessive mere, E. mother-water, mother-lie,
the spent waters from which the salts they
contained have been crystallised. Mutter-
erde, the mixture from whence saltpetre
is extracted. Wine is called in Turkish
dukhteri-rez, the daughter of the grape.

The name of mother is then given to
the turbid sediment or lees which are
formed in the course of fermentation, oil-
pressing, or the like, and seem to be the
matrix from whence the pure product is
sprung. ' If the body be liquid and not
apt to putrefy totally it will cast up a
mother, as the mothers of distilled waters.'
— Bacon. G. ^vein mutter, essig mutter,
lees of wine or vinegar. Boh. matka,
mother of a child, also dregs or lees ;
Esthon. emma, mother ; emmakas, dregs.

The word now becomes often con-
founded with forms signifying turbidity,
thickness, derived from a totally different
source. G. moder, mud, mire, also the
lees of wine or oil ; moderig, muddy,
mothery, thick and turbid. Pl.D. moder,
lees ; mudder, mud. Du. moeder, mo-
ther ; modder, moeder, dregs, lees ; mod-
der, moder, mud. — Kil. See Mud.

mottled. — Motley. Dappled, covered
with spots of a different colour. Fr.
mattes, curds ; matteU, clotted, knotty or
curdlike ; del mattond, a curdled [mot-
tled] sky, full of small curdled clouds. —
Cot.

The notion of a spotted surface may
naturally be expressed by the figure of
spattering or splashing, dabbling in the
wet. So we have dappled, sprinkled with
dabs, from dabble, and in like manner
7nottled IS related to Swab, motzen, Pl.D.
matschen, E. muddle, to dabble, paddle.
Hesse musseln, to dirty ; Boh. 7natlati,
to daub, smear, blot. With a sibilant
initial OE. smottered, splashed, dirtied ;
Du. smodderen, to daub, dirty ; "W.ysmot,
a spot, patch ; ysmotio, to mottle.

Slotto. It. motto, a word, but com-
monly used for a motto, a brief, a posy,
or any short saying on a shield, in a ring,
&c. — Fl. The slight indistinct sounds
involuntarily made by opening the mouth
are represented in different dialects by
the syllables mut, muck, mum, fiv, ^pP,
gny, kiik, tot. Hence Lat. 7nutire, to
utter a slight sound ; ne mutire quidem,
Gr. nHuv fiiire ypvl^av, not to open one's

MOULDY

mouth, to be perfectly silent ; G. muckerii
to make a slight sound ; nicht muck sagen,
not to say a single word. — Kiittn. The
equivalent phrase in Sp. is no decir chus
ni mus, in It. non dire motto ne totto.^
Hence motto, Fr. mot, a word, a single
element of speech.

Mould. I. Fr. moule, Sp. molde, a
mould. The latter also, as It. modolo, a
model. From Lat. modulus, dim. of mo-
dus, form.

2. Moulder. Properly, friable earth,
garden soil, then earth in general. Fle-
mish m,ul, gemul, dust — Kil. ; Du. irMllen,.
to crumble (moulder) away, fall to pieces
— Bomhoff ; Pl.D. mull, loose earth, rub-
bish, and dust of other things ; Goth.
mulda, dust ; ON. mold, earth ; molda, to
commit to earth, ta Isury ; molna, to
moulder away, to fall away by bits ; jnelia,
mola, to crush, to break small ; moli, a
crumb.

With an s prefixed, Dan. smul, dust ;
smule, a small particle ; smule, smuldre,
to crumble, moulder, smoulder.

3. Mouldy. From the connection be-
tween mouldiness and decay we are at
first inclined to look for the derivation in
the idea of mouldering away. Sw. mull,
mould, earth ; multna, to moulder, crum-
ble to dust, to rot, putrefy ; Bav. milben,
milwen, to reduce to dust ; Du. meluwen,
to rot. — Kil. But in truth the name
seems to be taken, as in many similar
cases, from the figure of a sour face ex-
pressing an ill condition of the mind, ap-
plied to the signs of incipient corruption
given by the musty smell of decaying
things. Thus we have G. mucken (pro-
perly to mutter), to look surly or gruff,
pout out one's lips, scowl or frown, show
ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence.
And figuratively es muckt jnit der sache
or die sache muckt, the thing has a secret
fault or defect, comes to nought. — Kiittn. ;
Bav. mauckeln, to smell close and musty.
Du. moncken, monckelen, to mutter, to
look gloomy or sour ; Bav. maunken,
munken, munkschen, to look sour, sulk,
(of the weather) to lour, (of flesh) to smell
ill, to be musty ; Henneberg niiinkern, to
be musty. Sw. mugga, to mumble ;
Swiss muggelii, to mutter ; E. mug, an
ugly (properly a sour) face ; Dan. mUg-
geii, sulky, also musty, mouldy. Bav.
mu_ffen, to mutter, grumble, to make a
sour face, also to smell mouldy or musty ;
Pl.D. muffen, to sulk, to smell or taste
mouldy; It. »z/^^, mouldiness, mustiness.
Bav. mmidern, to mutter, to sulk, or be
out of humour, to lour, as gloomy wea-

MOULT

ther ; Swiss mudern, to growl, to look
troubled, to lour, mope ; G. modern, to
mould, to rot. The same train of thought
is continued in Gr. fiiWu, to mutter, /ivX-
Xaiviiv, to distort the mouth, to mock, or
make mouths ; N. mulla, to mumljle,
speak low and unintelligibly ; Swiss
mauen, mauelen, to work the jaws ; maiiel,
miihel, a sour face ; mauelen, G. maulen,
Pl.D. muulen, to make a sour face, hang
the mouth ; Sw. mulen, sour-looking,
gloomy, louring, overcast ; mulna, to
cloud over ; Dan. mulne, to become
mouldy ; mul, mould, mouldiness. See
Musty.

To Moult. For mout, the / being in-
troduced by the influence of the u.

When fathers of charyt^ beginnen to moute.

Hal.

Du. muiten, G. mausen, maussen, MHG.
muzen, OHG. nmzon, ODu. mAtdn (Graff),
mititen (Kil.), to change. There is no
reason to suppose the word borrowed
from Lat. muto, as the root is found also
in the Finnish languages, which indeed
afford an adequate explanation of its ul-
timate origin. Finn, mtiu, other, an-
other ; muua, another place ; imtuttaa,
to move to another place, to change to
another form ; Esthon. mu, other ; mu-
duma, muicdma, to change or alter.
Comp. G. under, another, dndern, veran-
dern, to change, transform.

Mouud. A hedge or bank, a rampart
or fence. — B. Mounding is used in
Warwickshire for paling, or any kind of
fencing. In ordinary E. the application
has been restricted to the sense of a
raised bank of earth. The origin is AS.,
ON. mund, hand, figuratively applied to
signify protection, as. mundian, to pro-
tect ; mundbora, G. vormund, protector,
guardian ; miindel, a ward. Perhaps
Lat, munire, to fortify, protect ; mcenia,
walls, considered as a means of safety
and protection, may be from the same root.

To Mount. From Fr. mont, a hill,
and val, a valley, tJ mont and cl val, up
and down respectively ; m,onter, to rise
up ; avuler, to let or send down, to vail
or make lower.

Mountebank. A quack who mounted
on a bench to vaunt his pretensions in the
hearing of the crowd. So It. saltimbanco,
a mountebank, from salire, saltare, to
mount, and banco, bench.

To Mourn. Originally, to groan or
murmur to oneself like a person in grief
' Gemere, to sob, to whoor or mourn as
a dove or turtle.' — Pr. Pm. Gael, tnairg-
to groan, sob, bewail ; Fr. tnorne,

MUCK

433

dull, louring, sad; mairgne^ wot; Goth.
mauriian, fiepi/ivav, to be troubled about ;
OHG. mornen, to grieve ; Boh. jnrneti, to
whimper ; Walach. Tnormai, mornai,
Magy. morogni, Russ. murnuikaty, to
mutter, grumble.

Mouse. Gr. fiXiq, Lat. mus, ON. mus, G.
maus. It is singular that the name of so
familiar an animal should not have been
retained in the Romance languages.

Mouth. Goth, munths, on. iminnr, G.
mund, Sc. munds, the mouth ; N. of e.
muns, the face. — B. As most of the
words signifying mouth and jaws are
taken from the action of the jaws in mut-
tering, jabbering, chewing, it is probable
that the origin of munths, moitth, is shown
in forms like Swiss munzen, to chew ; E.
munch, to make a noise in chewing ; Lat.
jnandere, inanducare, to chew ; Gael.
ma7intach, lisping, stammering ; ON.
mudla, to mumble ; Swiss manschen,
mangschen, Fr. manger, to eat ; to manche,
to eat greedily — Palsgr. in Way ; to
m.unge, to eat greedily. — Bp. Kennet in
Hal.

Move. — Motion. Lat. moveo, motunt,
to move.

Mow. AS. mucg, muga, a heap, stack,
mow ; on. mitgr, a mow of hay, a multi-
tude of people ; N. imiga, mua, imie, a
heap of hay ; muga, to gather into heaps ;
mukka, a large heap ; It. mucchia, Piedm.
7nugia, a heap.

To Mow. AS. mawan, Du. maeden,
maeyen, G. mdhen, Lat. jnetere, to mow.
See Meadow.

Much. — Mickle. on. miok, miog, n.
mykjen, Dan. megenj ON. mikill (neuter,
mikit), Goth, mikils, Swiss michel, Gr.
nkyag, iityaXt], Lat. magnus, Sanscr. majia,
much, great. Sp. mucho is from multus,
3.5 puches, pap, puchada, a poultice, from
pultis.

Muck. I. The cleansings of cattle
stalls. N. mokdungje, m.okkok, a muck-
heap ; tnok-slede, a muck-sledge. From
moka, to shovel, to cast aside with a
shovel ; moka i molda, shovelled into
the earth, buried ; moka. ihop, to shovel
together ; moka fios'e, to clean out the
cow-house ; ON. moka Jlor, to clean out
the floor of the stable. Dan. mtige, to
clear away the dung in stables.

In the same way G. mist, dung, seems
to be from Boh. mesti, to sweep.

2. Moist, wet. — B. 'AH in a muck of
sweat.' N. mauk, mok, liquid used in
cooking, whether water, milk, or whey ;
moykja, to make thinner, add liquid to
food. Boh. mok, moisture, liquid ; mok-
28

434

MUCKER

naiiti, to be wet ; inoc, urine ; mociti, to
wet, soak, steep, to make water ; Lat.
7nacerare, to soak. See To Buck.

3. To run a muck — Malay amtik, a
furious charge or assault. — Craufurd.

To Mucker. To hoard up. Com-
monly derived from AS. imicg. It. mucchio,
a heap ; mucchiare, ammucchiare, to heap
up ; ammuchio, a heaping or hoarding
up. Grisons muschna, a heap ; imischnar
daners, to heap up money. Bav. moger,
goods scraped together.

Mucketer. — Muckender. Sp. jnoca-
dero, a handkerchief ; It. moccare, Fr.
moucher, to wipe the nose, to snuff the
candle, from It. mocco, Lat. mucus, the
snuff of a candle, the secretion of the
nose. See Mucous.

Mucous. — Mucilage. Lat. mucosus,
from mucus, muccus, snivel, the secretion
of the 'nose. The origin is the represent-
ation by the syllable muk, mug of the
sound made by sniffling or drawing up the
moisture into the nose. Gael, mug, a
snuffle ; smuc, a nasal sound, a snivel ;
smug, snivel, phlegm, spittle ; smuig, a
snout. Gr. /ii'/cog, mucus ; /iiiciie, snuff
of a wick ; /Jiiia, snivel ; /uuEn'/p, a nostril.

Mud. Pl.D. inudde, mudder, Du. mad-
der, G. moder, Bav. mott, matter, It.mata,
Fin. miita, Esthon. mudda, mutta. The
origin has been derived under Moor from
forms signifying to dabble, to stir up
liquids, to trouble and make thick. Russ.
mutity, Boh. mautiti, mutiti, to stir,
make thick; mut, muddy liquid, distil-
lery wash; mutny, thick, turbid. Pol.
m<fci<!, to make thick or turbid, to em-
broil, confound ; m<it, met, mud, dregs ;
G. mantschen, to stir in wet or moist
things, to soil one's hands with stirring
in dirt, mud, &c.— K. Pl.D. matschen, to
pa-ddle in slush ; matsch, patsch, quatsch,
slush, mud.' — Danneil. G. muddern, to
stir up the mud as a ship when it touches
ground. Swab, motzen, to dabble and
wet oneself, to daub with colours.

Analogous to mud, from muddle, is Fr.
bourbe, mud, from borboter, barboter, bar-
bauiller, to dabble, muddle.

To Muddle.— Muzzy. The radical
image, as shown under Mud, is the dab-
bling in the wet. Ta tnuddle, to root out
with the bill, as geese and ducks do.— B.
Thence to trouble, to make water turbid,
and metaphorically to confuse the head
like a person in drink. Muddled or
muzzy with drink. Comp. Pol. vtc^ii, to
make thick or muddy, to embroil, con-
found ; Pl.D. musseln, to daub, dirty,

MUFF

work in a dirty manner ; Dan. dial, mos-
sel, confusion ; maasle, , to work in a
slovenly manner, to deal with a thing in
a disorderly way ; at maasle kornet, to
tread down corn like beasts trespassing ;
at maasle penge sammen, to scrape money
together. By the same metaphor in a
converse application we speak of mud-
dling money away, wasting it in disor-
derly, unprofitable expense. Dabbhng
in the wet is often taken as the type of
inefficient, unskilful action.

To Muffle.— Muff. To wrap up the
mouth or face. — B. The more radical
sense is to deaden sound, as when we
speak of muffled oars or drum ; then
(transferring the signification, as is so
constantly the case, from the region of
the ear to that of the eye), to curtail the
sight, to shroud from view. ' The leper
shall have his hed and his mouth maf-
feld.' — Bible 1531 in R. ' When the male-
factor comes once to be muffled, and the
fatal cloth drawn over his eyes.' — South.
Then simply to cover up with clothes for
the sake of warmth. From this latter
sense are formed G. muffel, muff, Du.
7noffel, maff, a muff or furred receptacle
for the hands ; moffel (Kjl.), Fr. moujle, a
winter mitten.

The sense of damping sound itself rests
on the figure of muttering, uttering indis-
tinct sounds, whence (by using the verb
in a factitive sense), to cause to mutter,
to give sound a muttering character, to
make it indistinct. Ta muffle a drum, to
damp its sound. The original sense is
found in E. ?naffle, to utter indistinct
sounds like an infent ; to muff, to muffle,
to speak indistinctly. — Hal. G. muffen,
to express displeasure by muttering
sounds ; muffeln, to mumble or mutter,
to speak unintelligibly. Both muffen and
muffeln are then used in the sense of
muffling up. — Sanders. The same con-
nection between the senses of indistinct
utterance and wrapping up in clothes has
been pointed out by Sanders in the case
of mummeln, to mumble, mutter (Kiittn.),
also (as well as mummen), to muffle up.
' Ich mumtnle euch ein von fuss zu kopf '
' Die rothe wang" halb eingemummt in
ranch werk.' ' Die nordische winterver-
nmmmutig, mantel and leib pelz.' Mum-
mel in Swabia is a muffler of linen cover-
ing the face up to the eyes, which was
worn by women in mourning. See Mum-
mer.

Muff. 2. A fool (Nares), a stupid fel-
low.— Hall. Properly a staimnerer, from
muff, to speak indistinctly (Hall.), as

MUG

maffling, a simpleton, from snaffle, to
stammer. See Hoddipeak.

Mug. I. Svv. mugg, an earthen cup.
OG. migil, fiala ; magele, magellel, ma-
gSlla, makhollein, Swiss mayel, Milan
miolo, ij cup ; Grisons majola, migiola,
earthenware ; It. niaiolica, ornamental
earthenware, supposed to be so named
from having originally been made in
Majorca ; but a theory of this kind is so
frequent a resource in etymology that it
is always necessary to sift the historical
evidence of the article having been actu-
ally produced at the place from whence
it is supposed to be named. It seems to
me more probable that majolica was de-
rived from the OG. magele, a mug, than
the converse.

2. An ugly face. It. mocca, a mocking
or apish mouth ; Esthon. viok, snout,
mouth, lips ; Gael, simiig, a snout, a face
in ridicule. Like many depreciatory
terms for mouth and face derived from
the muttering sounds of a person out of
temper. Swiss muggeln, to mutter; mug-
geie, a mouthful j Sw. mugga, to mumble ;
Dan. muggen, sulky. See Mock, Muzzle.

Muggy. Close and damp ; to mug-
gle, to drizzle with rain ; mug, a fog or
mist. — Hal. on. mugga, dark, thick
weather; Bret, mouga, to stifle, to extin-
guish ; mougiiz, stifling ; w. mwg, smoke;
Gael, muig, smother, quench, become
gloomy, misty, or dark, and as a noun, a
frown, surliness, gloom, cloudiness, dark-
ness. The radical idea is probably shown
in Gael, mugach, snuffling, speaking
through the nose, and thence, as speak-
ing in such a tone is (in children espe-
cially) a sign of discontent and anger,
sullen, gloomy, cloudy. Dan. mukke, to
mutter, grumble ; imiggen, sulky ; Ex-
moor mttggard, sullen, displeased. — Hal.
The application of terms signifying frown-
ing or sullen of countenance to dark and
cloudy weather is very common.

Thus gloom is used to signify either a
frown or the darkness of the air ; to lotir,
properly to frown, expresses the threaten-
ing aspect of a cloudy sky. Du. moncken,
to mutter, to frown, to lour; monckende
opsicht, a louring look ; monckende weder,
covered or cloudy weather ; monckende
kolen, ashes burning covertly. In the
last example is seen the passage to the
sense of quenching or stifling.

Mulatto. Sp. mulafo, the issue of
black and white parents. From mule,
the produce of a horse and ass.

Mulberry, g. maulbeer. Patois de
Berri molle, Sw. mulbaer, Du. moerbesie.

MULLION

435

the berry ; OHG. murbouma, maurpaum,
the tree ; from Lat. morics, Gr. /lopov,
probably so called from the dark purple
of the fruit. See Moor. It is remark-
able however that closely resembling
forms (Lap. muorje, Esthon., Wotiak
mull) are found in many of the Finnic
languages in the sense of berry, fruit.

^ Mulch. Straw half rotten; Pl.D.
molsch, Bav. molschet, objectionably soft,
soft through decay ; molzet, soft, clammy,
sloppy, as thawing snow or ill-dressed
food ; AS. molsnad, decayed ; Manx molk,
macerate, rot ; Bav. 7imlfern, to wear
down to molm or dust. Das alte strS im
strosack ist alles dermulfert, ist ein laute-
res gemulfer, is mere mulch. See Mel-
low.

Mulct. Lat. imdcta, a fine of money
imposed.

Mule. Lat. mulus.

Mullar. Fr. mollette, a stone used by
painters and apothecaries for grinding
colours ; moulleur, a grinder. — Cot. Pl.D.
mullen, ON. m'dlva, to rub down, to re-
duce to powder.

Mulled Ale or Wine. Ale sweetened
and spiced, derived by Way from mull,
powder, dust, the spice being grated into
it. But the true meaning seems to be a
beverage such as was given at funerals ;
Sc. mulde-mete, a funeral banquet ; OE.
7noldale, molde ale, potatio funerosa — Pr.
Pm., from ON. molda, to commit to mould,
or to bury. At ausa lik moldu, to
sprinkle the corpse with mould; Fris.
brenghen ter moiiden, to bring to mould,
i. e. to bury ; Sc. under the moots, in the
grave.

Mullein. Fr. mouleine, inolaiiie, G.
motten-kraut, motten-same, a plant of
which the seeds were considered good
against moths in clothes. Moth-mullen
(verbascum blattarid) herbe aux mites. —
Sherwood. Dan. mot. Boh. mol, a moth ;
G. 7nilbe, a mite.

Mullet. A five-pointed star in heraldry.
Fr. mollette, molette, the rowel of a spur,
also a name technically given to a little
pulley or wheel used for certain purposes.
Milan, moletta, a grindstone. From Lat.
mola, a handmill.

MuUion. — Munnion. The short up-
right bars which divide the several lights
in a window-frame. — B. It. mugnone, a
carpenter's munnion or trunnion. — Fl.
Sp. imtnon, Fr. moignon, the stump of an
arm or leg ; moignon des ailes, the pinion
of a wing. The munnion or muUion of a
window is the stump of the division be-
fore it breaks off into the tracery of the
28 *

436

MULLOCK

window. It. moncone, a stump ; monco,
, Bret, monk, mons, moufi, stumped, having
lost hand or foot. For the ultimate de-
rivation, see Mutilate.

Mullock. Rubbish.
The m-ullok on an hepe ysweped was
And on the flore yeast a canevas,
And all this mullok in a sive ythrowe. — Chaucer.

Pl.D. mullen, to rub to mull or dust ;
Bav. miillen, to rub to pieces ; gemiill,
rubbish. See Mulch. Peat-mull, the
dust and fragments of peat ; mulled-
bread, oaten, bread broken into crumbs. —
Brocket. See Mould, 2.

Mult. — Multitude. Lat. multus,
much.

Mum. I. G. mumme, a thick, strong
beer brewed at Brunswick. ' Cerevisia
quam mamam aut mocum ridiculd appel-
lant pro potu homines hujus loci utuntur.'
■ — Leibnitz Script. Brunsvic. in Adelung.

Possibly the name may have arisen
from the Sw. interjection, mitm ! mum !
expressive of satisfaction with drink. —
Rietz.

2. The sound made with the lips closed ;
the least articulate sound that a person
can make.

Thou mygt bet mete the mist on Malveme hulles
Than gete a ^lom of hure mouth til moneye be

hem shewid.^P. P.
Hence mum, like hist or whist, was used
as enjoining silence; not a mum !

When men cry Tnum, and keep such silence.
Gascoigne in R,
— And gave on me a glum,
There was among them no word t^an but wzw?w.

Skelton.

Mummyn as they that noght speke,
mutio. — Pr. Pm. '

To Mumble. Pl.D. mummeln, to
make the sound mum, mum, in eating or
speaking, to chew like toothless people, to
speak indistinctly. — Danneil. Du. mom-
■melen, mompelen, ON. mumla, Mod.Gr.
\La.fiavkiC,m, to mutter ; Bav. memmeln,
memmezen, mummeln, tnumpfen, to
move the lips rapidly in chewing like a
rabbit, to mutter, mumble. Mump/el,
the mouth ; einen mumpfeln, to hit one
on the mouth.

Mum-cliance. Originally a game of
dice by mummers or maskers, from Fr,
chance, a chance or hazard, a game of
chance ; Swab, schanz, a venture, a cast
at dice. Mommkantse, alea larvatorum.
— Kil. Mummschanz schlagen, persona-
tum aleatorios nummos ponere, iis positis
lacessere coUusorem, a masker to lay
down stakes at dice and then chal-
lenge an opponent. — Vocab. A.D. 1618 in

MUMMERS

Schmeller. Fr. mommon, a troop of
mummers, a visard or mask, also a set at
dice by a mummer. — Cot. Mojno!t,3. chal-
lenge to a throw at dice made by a masker,
aleatorium et silens certamen. — Trevoux.
The requisition of silence gave the word
the appearance, in English, of being de-
rived from mum, silent.
And for mumchance howe'er the chance do fall
You must be mum for fear of spoiling all.

Machiavel's Dogg. in Nares,
To play mumchance then became a pro-
verbial expression for keeping silence.

Mumm.ers. Maskers, performers of a
rude kind of masque or scenic represent-
ation ; mummery, ill-managed acting,
masquerading, buffoonery; Fr. mommeur,
It. motmneo, one that goes a-mumming ;
momjneare, to mum — Fl. ; Du. momnie,
G. mumme, a masker, a mask. Du. mom-
m.e, G. mummel, are also a ghost, a bug-
bear ; Basque viamu, a hobgoblin, bug-
bear, and as a verb, to mask oneself in a
hideous manner. — Salaberry. The same
connection of ideas is seen in Lat. larva,
a mask, a ghost or goblin.

The foundation of this connection is
laid in infancy, when the nurse terrifies
the infant by covering her face and dis-
guising her voice in inarticulate utter-
ances, represented by the syllables Bo,
Bau, Wau, Mum. It. far bau bau, to
terrify children, covering the face. — La
Crusca. Sometimes the nurse turns this
means of producing terror to sport, cover-
ing her face with a handkerchief when
she cries Bo ! or Mum ! and then remov-
ing the terror of the infant by displaying
hgr face, when she cries Peep ! or some
equivalent word. Such is the game of
Bo-peep, Peep-po, Sc. Keek-bo, Pl.D.
Kiekebu, Mumnt-kiek, Mumm-mumm
spielen, Blinde-mumm spielen. The ob-
ject of terror presented to the mind of the
infant by the masked nurse is the primi-
tive type of a bugbear, and is named from
the terrifying cry, It. bau, bau-bau, w.
bw, G. -diau-wau, mummel, mumme. Gr.
fiop/iii ! a cry to frighten children with ;
Mop/iw ! laKvti 'iTnroQ, Bo ! the horse bites ;
fiop/iog, iiopinnToc, frightful. Mo/u/jw, o ruing
^opi^ut fdfisv, rb ^OjScpov toiq TraiSioiQ, —
Hesych. It. baucco, a bugbear, a wo-
man's mask or mutHer ; bauccare, to play
bo-peep, to scare children, to mask or
muffle. — Fl. Hence the application of
the name of mumming to a masked en-
tertainment.

In illustration of the universality of the
principles on which language is formed,
Adelung mentions that among the Man-

MUMMY

dingoes in Africa the wives are kept in
order by a device similar to tliat by which
children are terrified in Europe. A fear-
fully disguised man with a loud noise
threatens to devour the disobedient wife,
and from the sounds which he utters is
called Mutnbo-jumbo, substantially iden-
tical with the G. mummel.

Mummy. Arab, moumiya, from
mourn, wax. — Engelberg.

To Mump. To bite the lip like a rab-
bit, to beg ; mmivper, a genteel beggar. —
B. Sc mump, to speak indistinctly, and
figuratively to hint at. The word funda-
ttientally represents an audible action of
the jaws, and hence either chewing, mut-
tering, or making faces. ON. mumpa, to
eat voraciously ; Swiss mumpfeln, to eat
with full mouth ; Bav. m-untpfen, mump-
feln, to mumble, chew ; die mumpfel, the
mouth. From making faces we pass to
the notion of tricks, gestures, assumed for
the purpose of exciting pity or the like.
Mumps or mowes, monnoie de singe —
Sherwood. ' Morgue, a saddenedjook,
the mumping aspect of one who would
seem graver than he is.' — Cot. Du.
mompen, to cheat, to trick. — Bomhoff.

Mumps. Pl.D. mmnms, swelling of
the glands of the neck. Probably from
the uneasy action of the jaws which it
produces.

Munch. Fr. manger, It. mangiare,
from Lat. manducare, to chew.

Mtindane. Lat. mundus, the world.

Municipal. The Roman mjinicipia
were towns whose citizens received the
rights of Roman citizenship but retained
their own laws. The proper meaning of
municeps is one who takes the offices of
a state, from munus, an office or public
function, and capio, to take. It was used
in the sense of citizen or fellow-citizen.

Munificent. Lat. munifex (from mu-
nus, an office or public charge, also a
gift), one who performed a public duty ;
munificentia, liberality in the expenditure
expected from a public officer, liberality
in general.

Muniment. — Munition. — Ammuni-
tion. Lat. munio, Fr. munir, to fortify,
strengthen, furnish or store with all man-
ner of necessaries ; muniment, a strength-
ening or fortifying ; munimens, justifica-
, tions of allegations in law. — Cot. Muni-
ments is now only heard in the sense of
records or evidences of title to property
and such family papers as are preserved
with them.

Mur. A cold in the head. Fr. moure,
snout, muzzle ; mourues, the mumps ;

MUSE

437

morfondre [inoure-fondre], to take cold,
from the running at the nose ; fondre, to
melt away.

Mural. Lat. mums, a wall.

To Murder. Goth, mauthrjan, G.
m.orden, to slay ; Fr. meztrtre, a homi-
cide; ON. mord, a. privy slaying, conceal-
ment ; i mordi, secretly ; mord-jarn, a
dagger. Bohem. mord, slaughter, mor-
dowati, to slay, may be borrowed.

It is difficult to speak positively as to
the radical signification, whether the word
be connected with forms like Lat. mort-,
death, Bohem. mrtwy,^ dead, mrtwiti, to
kill, mriti, Lat. mori, to die, and thus
signify simply putting J;o death ; or whe-
ther it may not signify knocking- on the
head, and thus be connected with Swiss
morden, Pl.D. murten, to crush, Fin. •
murtaa, to break, Esthon. murdma, to
break, to crush. In the latter language
murdma kal, to break the neck, is used
in the sense of killing. The Fr. meurtre^ '•
a murder, agrees in a similar way with
meurtrir, to bruise.

To Murle. To crumble. W. mwrl,
a crumbling stone ; Fin. murtaa, mur-
rella, to break ; muru, a fragment, bit ;
muria, loose, friable; Sw. mor, tender,
soft, friable ; Fin. murska, broken to
bits ; G. morsch, friable, brittle, mellow,
soft.

Murmur. A representation of a sound
like that of running waters, the wind
among branches, &c. Lat. murmurare,
Gr. liopjjvpiiv. A similar element is seen
in Fr. marmotter, to mutter, or with an
initial b instead of »z. Mod. Gr. ^opPopv-
Zsiv, to rumble.

Murrain. OFr. marine, carcass of a
dead beast, mortality among cattle; It.
jnoria, a pestilence among cattle. From
moicrrir, mor ire, to die. See Morkin. .

Murrey. Fr. mor^e, Sp. morado, violet,
mulberry-coloured ; Lat. morum, a mul-
berry.

Muscle. Lat. musculus, a little mouse,
a muscle of the body, the shell-fish. In
the same way Gr. ;i«e, a. mouse, is used
in both the other senses. Mod.Gr. -aov-
TiKi, a mouse or rat ; vovTiKUKt, a small
rat, a muscle of the body. Cornish togo--
den fer (literally, mouse of leg), calf of
the leg ; Serv. misk, a mouse ; mishitza,
female mouse, also, as weE as mishka,
the arm. Fr. souris, bothe for a mouse
and the brawne of a mannes ' arme. —
Palsgr.

Muse. Lat. musa. See Music.

To Muse. Fr. muser, to muse, dream,
study, to regard fixedly like a fool. 11

438

MUSHROOM

imisc quelque part, he stays somewhere ;
musard, dreaming, gazing or pausing on,
hngering ; It. musorone, lumpish, heavy,
potiting, musing. — Fl.

The absorption of one brooding over
angry thoughts is commonly expressed
by the figure of the muttering sounds in
which he unconsciously gives vent to his
feelings. Thus Bret, bottda, to murmur or
buzz, gives rise to Fr. bonder, to sulk.
The muttering sounds are however more
frequently represented by syllables with
an initial m, mop, muff, muk, mut, muss,
giving rise to a great variety of forms sig-
nifying sulking, keeping an angry silence,
and ultimately (with the usual softening
down of the original figure), the simple
fact of being immersed in thought. Du.
moppen, to sulk ; Bav. muffen, to mutter,
grumble, hang the mouth ; Swiss muffen,
to sulk, be surly ; G. mucken, mucksen, to
mutter, look surly or gruff, scowl, show
one's ill-will by a surly silence — Kiittn.;
Du. moncken, to mutter, to scowl ; E.
mutting, muttering, sulking, glumping —
Hal. ; Swiss mudern, to snarl, grumble,
scowl, mope, sulk ; N. mussa, to whisper,
mutter, sulk ; Lat. mussare, to buzz, mur-
mur, mutter, to brood over, to consider in
silence. ' Flent mcesti, OTi^jj^/z/^^^patres.'
' Mussat rex ipse Latinus quos generos
vocet :' — the king muses on the choice of
a son-in-law. — Virg. Musat, dubitat in
loquendo, timet, murmurat. — Papias in
Due. Gr. /jt/Jw, to miu-mur, moan, mut-
ter, to express displeasure ; Bret, moitsa,
to sulk, be out of temper, express dis-
pleasure ; Swiss miiscii, to mope, to be
sunk in melancholy ; Rouchi mouser, to
sulk ; Du. muizen, to^ponder, muse. The
appearance of a derivation from miiis, a
mouse, leads Kilian to explain the word
as a metaphor from the silent absorption
with which a cat watches for a mouse ;
' muysen, mures venari, tacite quasrere.'
In popular thought the reference to a
mouse presented itself under a different
aspect. A dreaming, self-absorbed con-
dition of mind is very generally attributed
to the biting of a maggot or worm, the
stirring of crickets, bees, flies, and even
mice, in the head. In the year 1183 the
principality of Ravenna was conferred on
Conrad, ' quern Itali Musca in cerebro
nominabant, eo quod plerumque quasi
demens , videretur.' — Due. In the pro-
logue to the eighth book of Douglas'
Virgil, the author, in his sleep, speculat-
ing on all the wrong things that are going
on in the world, is addressed by a man
whom he sees in his sleep, ' What berne

MUSKET

be thou in bed with thy hede full of beis.'
So Pol. roj, a swarm ; rojanie, musing,
reverie, dreaming; It. grillo, a cricket,
by metaphor, a fantastic conceit or whim,
as we say, crickets or bees-nests in one's
head. — Fl. Gabbia di grilli, sorgii, a
cage for crickets or for mice, a self-con-
ceited gull. — Ibid. Fr. avoir des rats, to
be maggoty, to be a humorist. — Boyer.
The analogy of such expressions led to
the erroneous supposition that muizen, to
muse, was to be explained in the same
manner, and muizenis, musing, was con-
verted into muizcnest, mouse-nest. P1.D.
miisenester in koppe hebben, to have
mouse-nests in the head, to be absorbed
in thought. Of a person so occupied
they say ^ He sut 2iut as een pot vull
miise,' he looks like a pot full of mice.

Mushroom. Mussheron, a toadstole,
champignon. — Palsgr. Fr. mousseron,
a name given at the present day to a
dark yellowish brown mushroom, eatable
though coarse, and growing in forests, in
England common among heath. From
the mossy nature of the ground on which it
grows, as champignon, the common Eng-
lish mushroom, from champs, the fields in
which it is found. Fr. mousse, moss. —
N. & Q. Feb. 5, 1859.

Music. Lat. musica, Gr. liovaiicri. Mol-
'aav ^tpfti/, to sing — Pindar ; tiq ijSr] jioiaa}
what strain is this ? — Eurip. As song
was undoubtedly the origin of poetry, it
may be conjectured that the word is
ultimately derived from a root signifying
the modulation of the voice in singing, a
sense preserved in Wal. muzer, to hum a
tune, fredonner, chantonner, to make
music ; Prov. musar, to play on the bag-
pipes ; Lat. mussare, to buzz, hum, mutter.

Musket. Mid. Lat. muscJietta, a bolt
shot from a springald or balista. ' Potest
praeterea fieri quod hsec eadem balistas
tela possent trahere quae 7nuschcttcB vul-
gariter appellantur.' — Sanutus in Due.

Ne nuls tels dars ni puet raeflfaire,
Combien que on i sache tire,
Malvoisine des sajettes,
Ne espringalle ses mouchettes.

Guigneville, ibid.

The implements of shooting were com-
monly named after different kinds of
hawks, as It. terzeruolo, a pistol, from
terzuolo, a merlin ; falconetto, a falconet,
sagro, a saker, names formerly given to
pieces of ordnance, while falcone and
sagro were also the names of hawks. In
the same way the old muschetta was from
Prov. mosqnet, Fr. mouchct, AS. musha-
foc, a sparrow-hawk, a name probably

MUSLIN

taken, not, as Diez supposes, from its
speckled breast iinouchet^, specked), but
from Du. jnossdie, mussche, a sparrow, a
word preserved in E. titiiwiise.

Muslin. Fr. mousseline, Venet. mitso-
liii. Mod. Gr. /jouu-ouXf. Said to be from
Moussul in Mesopotamia. ' In Mesopo-
tamia texuntur telae quae apud Syros et
^gyptos et apud mercatores Venetos ap-
pellantur Mitssoliex hoc regionis nomine.'
— Nomenclature Arabe at the end of
Works of Avicenna in Diet. Etyra. This
derivation is confirmed by Arabic moiis-
oliyy, muslin, properly, belonging to
^fjusdl, as the name of the to'.vn is
written in Arabic.

Mussulman. Turk, viusslim, a fol-
lower of islam, a true believer ; pi. muss-
limin, musslimHn, moslems.

Must. G. mussen, Du. moeten, to be
forced ; Sw. mdste, must ; Du. mo etc,
leisure ; moet, necessity, pressure. Moete,
opera, labor. — Kil. Pol. musu!, zmiiszac,
to force, to constrain ; tnusiec', to be
obliged, to be necessary ; musisz sie bid,
you must fight ; Bohem. musyti, to be
bound, forced to do ; iimsyl, one com-
pelled ; mussciij, compulsion, necessity.

Must. Lat. mustum, Fr. moust, mout,
the juice of grapes ; Russ. msto, viest, G.
most, juice of fruits ; S w. must, juice, sap,
moisture, pith, substance ; must i jorden,
moisture in the earth ; rotiiiust, radical
moisture. IU)Tian7Ka.J/'///,to crush grapes,
to make must, to colour, daub with grease ;
mast, must, colour for the face, salve,
grease.

Mustaches. Mod.Gr. fiijTa^, mus-
taches, /tvaraKi, whiskers ; Gr. iivara^,
upper lip, moustache ; iiaara^, the mouth,
jaws, upper lip ; Venet. mustazzo, snout,
face (in a depreciatory sense) ; mustazzada,
a blow on the mouth ; mustachiare, to
wry the mouth ; It. mostazzo, mustachio,
snout, muzzle, face. Derived from a form
like Lat. masticare, to chew, Pl.D. nius-
seln, miisterti, to mutter, on the principle
illustrated under Muzzle.

Mustard. Venet. mostaj-da, a sauce
composed of boiled must with mustard-
seed boiled in vinegar ; Sp. mostaza,
thickened must ; mostazo, mustard ; mos-
tillo, sauce composed of mustard and
sweet wine.

Muster. An inspection of troops. Fr.
monstrer, to show ; moitstre, monstree, a
view, show, sight, muster of — Cot.

Musty. From Pl.D. muUn, to make
a sour face, may be explained Sw. muleti,
gloomy ; se miilen ut, to look sad or
gloomy, and thence (on the principle ex-

MUTIL.A.TE

439

plained under Mould) Dan. inuliic, to be-
come mouldy. From the same verb is
formed V\.T).muulsk, niuulsch ( — SchiJtze),
sour-looking ; miiulsk nut seen, to look
sour, to sulk. — Brem. Wtb. Hence per-
haps Pl.D. mulstrig, in Lippe imistrig
(Deutsch. Mundart, VI.),and the synony-
mous E. musty. The / of muiilsk is lost in
the same way in Sw.muskjse underniusk,
to look sour, leading to Prov. Dan. musk,
mustiness ; musketi, musty. Hessian,
miitzen, to pout, to hang the mouth, to
look surly or gruff, and met. to begin to
decay ; tnutzig, surly, illtempered-look-
ing ; of the weather, threatening ; smell-
ing of decay, musty ; mutzig riechen, to
smell musty. Fris. milt, mutsch, itiucksch,
sour-looking, sulky, still. — Outzen.

Mutable. -mute. Lat. mtito, to
change. See Mew.

Mute. The syllables 7nut, inuk, 7nuiii,
kuk, are taken to represent the slight
sounds made by a person who is absorbed
in his own ill-temper, or kept silent by his
fear of another. Hence Lat. mutirc,
Diuttire, to murmur, mutter. Nihil iiiu-
tire audeo, I do not dare to utter a sylla-
ble. G. iiicht ciiten 7nuck von sich geben,
not to give the least sound. Du. kikken,
mikken, to utter a slight sound. Magy.
kuk, kukk, a mutter ; kukkanni, to mutter.
Then by the same train of thought as in
the case of e. mum, Lat. niutus, silent,
dumb ; Serv. muk, silent ; muchati, to be
silent ; Magy. kuka, dumb.

Mute. Dung of birds. — B. Yr.mutii;
to mute as a hawk ; esjnezit, the drop-
pings of a bird. — Cot. It. smaltire, to
digest one's meat ; smaltare, to mute as a
hawk. From the liquid nature of the ex-
crements of birds. ON. snielta, to liquefy.

To Mutilate. Lat. mutilo, to cut
short, reduce to a stump ; mutilus (of
animals that should have horns), hornless.
JIanx mut, any short thing ; muttagh,
short, thick and blunt ; smuttan, a stump ;
smuttagh, stumpy, short-snouted. Gael.
smut, a stump, beak, snout ; G. viutz,
anything stumped or cut short ; mutzohr,
a cropear ; 7nutzsch'wanz, a bobtail ;
Swiss mutschig, gemutschet, mutt, g'77iut-
tig, cropped, short and thick ; 7/iutsc/i,
77iutti, 77iuttli, a beast without horns; It.
mozzo, stumped, cut short ; 77tozzo, moz-
zicone, a stump ; 77iozzare, to cut off.
Gris. 7/iuotsch, 7nuott, 7/tott, cropped, cut
short.

The most familiar type of the act of
cutting off the extremity of a thing is
blowing the nose in the way it is done by
those who have not a handkerchief, or

440

MUTINY

the snuffing of a lamp or candle, to which
the word signifying in the first instance
the wiping of the nose is commonly trans-
ferred. And this I believe is the origin
of the foregoing forms. Thus It. mocco,
moccio, mozzo {moszi — FL), is the snuff
or snivel of the nose ; mocco, moccola,
also the snuff of a candle, tip of the nose,
also like G. miilz, applied to the penis
(Fl.) ; moccare, mocciare, to blow the nose,
to snuff a candle ; mozzare, to cut off.
Brescian mocar, to snuff a candle, to blow
one's nose, to take off the point of a
thing, to cut off, a member or a part of
anything. — Peschieri.

The forms moccare, mocciare, become
in Piedm. mocM, to snuff the candle or
lamp, to pinch oif the shoots of the vines,
to crop trees or plants, and mod (as It.
mozzare), to take off the point of any-
thing to make it blunt ; moc4 la coa, le
orie d'lin can, to crop the tail or ears of a
dog. Moc, mot, blunt, stumped. The
nasalisation of the root, as in Lat. emunc-
tus, gives It. monco, monchino, monche-
rino (synonymous with mocherin — Fl.),
Stump of the arm.

Mutiny. Fr. miitin, turbulent, un-
quiet, seditious ; Du. mityten, to mutter,
murmur, excite sedition by privy whis-
perings ; muitery, sedition, revolt ; Bav.
imitern, to grumble. Mutilon, mussitare.
— Gl. in Schm. Lat. mutio, muttio, to
utter suppressed sounds, to mutter. Fin.
fnutista, to whisper, mutter ; miitina,
muttering.

To Mutter. Lat. muttire, to utter low
sounds.

'Mutton. It. montone, Venet. moltone,
Prov. Cat. molts. Mid. Lat. multo, Fr.
mouton, a wether or castrated sheep, then
sheep in general. OFr. molt, w. mollt,
mollwyn, Bret, maoitt, wether.

Mutual. Lat. mutuus, interchange-
able, reciprocal, from each to the other.
Probably from muto, to change, as a^iot-
^aioe, reciprocal, from d;iEi|8w,to change.

Muzzle. It. mil so, Fr. museaii (for
musel), the snout or muzzle of a beast;
It. musclar e, to muzzle or bind up the

MYTH

muzzle ; Fr. museliire, a muzzle or pro-
vender bag ; muserolle, a musroll or
noseband.

A depreciatory term for the jaws and
mouth, and so for the mouth of a beast,
is often taken from a representation of
the sounds made by the jaws in mumbling,
muttering, or chewing. So from Swiss
mauen, mauelen, to chew, mullen, to
chew, to eat, we have mauel, muhel, Fr.
moue, a sour face, G. 7naul, chops, mouth,
ON. 77iuli, a snout ; from G. murreii, to
mutter, grumble, Lang, moure, a sour
face, mine refrogn^e, also as Fr. moure,
mourre, the snout or muzzle — Cot. ; from
Bav. mocken, mucken, to mutter discon-
tentedly, Du. mocken, buccam ducere sive
movere, to pout, grumble, fret (Bomhofif),
It. mocca, an ugly mouth, Esthon. mok,
the snout, mouth, lips ; from Du. mof-
felen, majfeleii, to maffle, lisp as an infant,
move the jaws, Rouchi mouffeter, to move
the lips, Bav. muffen, to mutter, grumble,
hang the mouth, muffelen, to mumble,
chew with difficulty, Fr. muffle, mouffle,
the snout or muzzle ; from Bav. mump-
fen, mumpfeln, to mump or mumble, to
chew, mump/el, the mouth. In the same
way It. 7HUS0 seems to be derived from
forms like Gr. iivtui, Lat. musso, or e.
7nuse, of which we have shown that the
original sense is to mutter.
Muzzy. See To Muddle.
Myriad. Gr. ftvpiag, 10,000; livpiog,
countless, numberless ; /ivpioe, 10,000.
The radical signification is probably a
swarm of ants, as we use to swanii, or
Fr. foun/nller, in the sense of to be in
countless numbers, as. tiiyra, PI.D.
7tiiere, E. pismire, an ant ; ON. 7nau7T, an
ant; 7iiyr, a countless multitude. Gr.
/ivpixti^, Fin. 7im!iriaitten, an. ant.

Mystery. — Mystic. Gr. nvarnfiov,
livanKbg, from fivw, to hold secret, 7/!U and
mut being used to represent the least
sound, the sound made with nearly
closed lips. See Mum.

Myth. — Mythic. Gr. nv9os, a saying,
a fable.

NAB

NAKED

441

N

To Nab. To catch or seize, properly
to clap the hand down upon a thing ; in
Scotland, to strike. Dan. nappe, to snatch,
snatch at, pluck ; «a/-/a«^, nippers ; Fin.
nappata, suddenly to seize, to snap, to
pluck ; Du. knappen, to crack, to seize ;
Fr. naque-mouche, a fly-catcher.

The sound of a crack is represented by
the syllables knap or knack, which are
thence used as roots in the signification
of any kind of action that is accompanied
by a cracking sound. G. knappen, to
crackle as fire ; niisse knappen or knack-
en, to crack nuts ; knappern, to chew
hard dry food into pieces with a certain
noise ; Fin. napsaa, to crackle as the
teeth in chewing ; Fr. naqueter des dens,
to chatter with the teeth ; Du. knabbelen,
to gnaw, nibble.

The sense is then extended to any
quick, short movement, although not ac-
companied by audible noise. G. knap-
pen, to nod, jog, totter, move to and fro —
Kiittn. ; eiti brett knappt auf, springs up
— SchmeUer ; Fin. napsahtaa, to vibrate
as a pendulum, to wink ; Fr. naqueter de
la queue, to wag the tail.
I From the notion of a short, abrupt
movement we pass to that of a projection
or excrescence, a part of a surface which
starts out beyond the rest, and thence to
the idea of a lump or rounded mass ;
Gael, cnap, strike, beat, a stud, knob,
lump, a little hill ; N. nabb, a peg or pro-
jection to hang things on ;. E. dial, to nub,
to push ; knop, a bud ; knoppet, a small
lump ; knob, a rounded projection ; N.
nobb, knabb, ne. nab, the rounded summit
of a hill, as Nab-scar, above Grasmere ;
nob, the head; nobble, a lump ; knoblocks,
nubblmgs, small round- coals; Du. knob-
bel, a knot, lump, hump.

Nabob. Ptg. nababo, governor of a
province in the E. Indies, from Arab.
nouwdb, pi. of ndib, lieutenant, viceroy,
prince.

Nadir. Arab. nAdhir as-semt, the
point opposed to the zenith. — Engelberg.

Nag. Nagge or lytille best, bestula,
equillus. — Pr. Pm. Du., Fris. negghe,
equus pumilus. — Kil. Swiss noggeli, a
dumpy woman. — Id. Bernensein Deutsch.
Mundart. The radical meaning is simply a
lump, a figure often taken to designate

anything small of its kind. ON. nabbi,
OFr. nabe, nabot, a dwarf, from nab, knob,
a lump ; E. dial, knor, knurl, a dwarf,
from knur, a knot. — Hal.

In the last article has been traced the
line of thought from the root knack, knapp
(passing into nag, nab), signifying an
abrupt movement, to the notion of a pro-
jection, prominence, lump. In the original
sense may be mentioned E. dial, nag, to
jog, whence nogs, the projecting handles
of a scythe; Dan. kizag, a wooden. peg,
cog of wheel, handle of a scythe ; Gael.
cnag, to crack, snap the fingers, rap,
knock ; a knock, knob, peg ; E. dial, nug,
a protuberance or knob, a block ; nug-
head, a blockhead, and nugget, a small
lump, a name with which the gold work-
ings of late years has made us so familiar.

Nagging. — Naggy. A nagging pain
is a slight but constant pain, as the tooth-
ache, an irritating pain. Naggy, touchy,
irritable. — Hal. N. nagga, to gnaw, to
irritate, plague, disturb ; Sw. nagga, to
gnaw, to prick.

Nail. G. nagel, both a nail of the hand
and a nail to fasten with ; ON. nagl, nogl,
unguis, nagli, clavus ; Goth, ganagljan,
to fasten with nails ; Lith. ndgas, nail of
the finger, hoof, claw ; ndginti, to scratch ;
Serv. nokat, Bohem. nehet, Gr. ovvt,
Sanscr. nakha, unguis ; Fin. nakla, naula,
clavus. Fin. naula is specially applied
to the nails by which the different weights
are marked on a steelyard, and hence (as
Esthon. naggel) signifies a pound weight,^
explaining the E. nail, a measure of cloth,
viz. the length marked off by the first
nail on the yard measure.

. It is to be supposed that the artificial
nail is named from the natural implement
of scratching, as Lat. clavus, a nail, from
an equivalent of E. clawj and as scratch-
ing and biting are like in effect, the word
is derived by Grimm from nagen, to gnaw
or bite. ON. nagga, N. nagga, nugga,
nygja, to rub, to scrape ; Sw. nagga, to
prick.

For the identity of ovv\ and Lat. ««-
guis, see Nave.

Naked, Goth, naquaths, OHG. nakot,
G. nackt, ON. nacquidr, nakinn, naktr,
Lith. nogas, Pol. nagi, Gael, nochd, W.
noeth, Lat. nudus, Sanscr. nagna.

4|2

NAME

As the essence of nakedness is having
the skin displayed, Adelung suggests Fin.
nahca, Lap. nakke, the skin, as the origin
of the word.

Name. If we confine our attention to
the Latin forms, Fr. no?n, It. Jio7ne, Lat.
nomen, name, agnomen, cognomen, igno-
tus, we have no hesitation in explaining
the- word from {gnoo) gnosco, to know, as
that by which a thing is known. But Gr.
ilvo/ia, ovv]).a, ill accords with such a
theory, and the form nam, with more or
less modification, is common to the whole
series of Indo-European and Finnic lan-
guages to the extremity of Siberia. Goth.
namo, ON. nafn, namn. Fin. nimi. Lap.
namm {nimmet, to mark, observe), Wo-
tiak nim, nam, Ostiak nem, nimta, nifita,
Magy. nev, Mordvinian lam, Tschere-
miss lem, Samoiede nim, nimde, Gael.
ainm, w. enw, Bret, hano, Pruss. emnes.
Boh. jmeno, Pol. imie, Sanscr. naman,
Pers. ndm, Turk, ndni, name. Turk.
ndm is used also in the sense of reputa-
tion, to be compared with Lat. ignominia.

Nap. I. A short sleep, properly a nod.
G. knappen, to move to and fro, nod, jog,
totter — K'ittn ; Tirol, gnappen, to nod,
especially in slumber — D. M. v. 437.
See Nab. So Fin. nuokkata, to nod ;
nukkua, to fall asleep.

2. AS. hnoppa, Du. noppe, flock or nap
of cloth ; noppig, shaggy ; N. napp, shag,
pile, the raised pile on a counterpane ;
nappa, shaggy ; Pl.D. nobben, flocks or
knots of wool upon cloth ; Du. noppen,
Sw. noppa, Fr. noper, to nip off the knots
on the surface of cloth. The women by
whom this was done were formerly called
nopsters.

It seems that the origin of the word is
the act of plucking at the surface of the
cloth, whether in raising the nap or in
nipping off the irregular flocks. Pl.D.
nobben, gnobhen (of horses), to nibble each
other, as if picking the knots from each
other's coat. N. nappa, mippa, to pluck,
as hair or feathers, to pluck a fowl, to
twitch ; nappa, to raise the nap upon
cloth ; Sw. noppra sik, to prune oneself
as birds ; Fin. nappata, nappia, to pluck,
as berries ; Esthon. nappima, G. kncipen,
to nip, to twitch ; Lap. nappet, to cut off
the extremities, to crop ; Gr. /cvdTrrw,
yvaiTTw, to card or comb wool, to dress
cloth ; yvd^ciKKov, flock, wool scratched off
in dressing ; Kvafiie, a fuller, carder ;
Kpa0oe, a teasel or wool card.

Nape. Properly the projecting part at
the back of the head, then applied to the
back of the neck. AS. cnap the top of

NASTY

anything, brow of a hill ; W. enap, a knob,
boss. See Nab. The W. gwegil is
translated by Richards the noddle or
hinder part of the head, and by Spurrell
the nape of the neck. In the same way
Fr. nuqite, the nape of the neck, is identi-
cal with Gael, cnoc, cmcic, ON. hnuk, a
knoll, hillock, w. cnwc, a knob, bunch,
lump ; cnwc y gwegil, the back part of
the scull. Compare also on. hnacki, N.
nakkje, the back of the head ; G. nacken,
the nape of the neck, the back.

Napery. — Napkin. It. nappa, a table-
cloth, napkin ; the tuft or tassel that is
carried at a lance's end ; 7iappe, the jesses
of a hawk, labels of a mitre, ribands or
tassels of a garland.

A parallel form with Lat. mappa, a
clout, as Fr. natte with E. mat, and like
mappa originally signifying a tuft. E.
knap or Imop, a bud, button, knob.

Narrate. Lat. narro, narratum, to
tell of, relate.

Narrow, as. nearwe, narrow. See
Near.

Narwhal. The sea unicorn, ON.
ndhvalr, so called on account of the pal-
lid colour of the skin ; nd, ndr, a corpse.

Nasal. Lat. nastis, the nose.

Nascent. — Natal. — Native. — Na-
ture. Lat. nascor, natus, to be born, to
have sprung from ; natalis, belonging to
one's birth ; nativus, natii7-a.

Nasty. Formerly written nasky.
' Maulav^, ill-washed, nasky.' — Cot. PI.
D. nask, and with the negative particle,
which is sometimes added to increase the
force of disagreeable 'Cs\\a%%,7tnnask, dirty,
piggish, especially applied to eating or
filthy talk. — Brem. Wtb. In the same
way, with and without the negative parti-
cle, Sw. snaskig, osnaskig, immundus,
spurcus ; naskug, naskct, dirty, nasty
(Rietz.), Lap. naske, sordidus — Ihre ;
Syrianian njasti, dirt ; njasties, dirty.
The pig is so generally taken as a type of
dirtiness that the word may well be taken
from Fin. naski, a pig, as Lat. spurcus
apparently from porcus. Or possibly it
may be taken from a representation of
the smacking noise which accompanies a
piggish way of eating, and from which the
Fin. naski, a pig, seems to be taken. Fin.
naskia, to make a noise with the lips in
chewing, like a pig eating ; Dan. snaske,
to champ one's food with a smacking
noise ; Sw. snaska, to eat with a smack-
ing noise like a pig, to be slovenly, dirty
— Rietz. ; Swiss ndtschcn, to make a
smacking noise in eating; Carinthian
natsche, a pig.

NATION

Nation. Lat. natio, from nascor, na-
tus, to be born.

Naught.— Naughty. as. na-wiht,
naht, 7ieaht, no-whit, naught, nothing.
Naughty, good for nothing.

Nausea. Lat. 7iausea, Gr. vavaia, the
being sea-sick, from vavg, a ship.

Nautical. — Naval. — Navigation.
Lat. navis, Gr. vavQ, a ship, vessel to sail ;
navita, nauta, vairrjg, a sailor ; navigo,
to sail.

Nave. I. — Navel. g. tiabe, nabel,
Pl.D. nave, navel, nave of a wheel. —
Adelung. G. nabel, Du. navel, ON. nabli,
nafli, Sanscr. nabM,x!hs. navel ; Fin. napa.
Lap. nape, navel, centre, axis ; Esthon.
nabba, navel.

The radical meaning of the word seems
to be knob, the nave of a wheel being
originally merely the end of the axle pro-
jecting through the solid circle which
formed the wheel, on. nabbi, a knoll,
hillock ; w. cnap, a knob, boss, button.
The navel is the remnant of the cord by
which the foetus- is attached to the mo-
ther's womb, and appears at the first
period of life as a button or small projec-
tion. It is thus appropriately expressed
by a diminutive of nave, navel. In like
manner Gr. 6jn^a\6f, Lat. umbilicus, a
navel, are diminutives of umbo, a knob or
boss. So Boh. pup, an excrescence ;
pupek, navel. The radical identity of
ijifakog and navelhz.i been very generally
recognised, although the passage from
one to the other'has not been very clearly
made out. It seems to be one of those
numerous cases where an initial « has
been either lost or added, as in E. umpire
from nompair, apron from napron, auger
from nauger. The loss of the initial n in
nob, and the nasalisation of the final b (as
in Fr. nabot, nambci, a dwarf), produce
the radical syllable in umbo and dfifaXos.
It is remarkable that the n of nai/e is lost
in other cases, as in Du. aaf, ave, for
naa/, nave, the nave of a wheel, and in
attger, Du. evigher for nevigher. Fin.
napa-kairi, literally centre-bit. More-
over, the n which is lost in umbo and
o\iL(^a\liQ is again replaced in Fr. nombril.

The relation of Lat. unguis, ungula, to
orul, nail, may be explained on the same
principle, regarding wx as the radical
syllable ; and here too the same loss of
the initial n is found in the probable root,
Sw. agga and nagga, to prick.

2. Mid.Lat. navis, Fr. nef, the part of
the church in which the laity were placed.
' Navem quoque basilicas auxit.' — Orderic.
Vital. Supposed to be from the vaulted

NEB

443

roof, the curved roofs of African huts being
compared by Sallust to the hull of a ship.
' Oblonga incurvis lateribus tecta quasi
navium carinas sunt.' Ducange gives
several instances in which navis is used
for the vaulted roof over part of a church.
' Simulque et in nave quse est super altare
sarta tecta omnia noviter restauravit.'
It is remarkable that Sp. cubo is the nave
of a wheel ; It. cuba, the nave or middle
aisle of a church.

Nay. For ne aye, Goth, niaiv, never.
A peerless firelock peece —
That to my wits was nay the Uke in Turkey nor
in Greece. — Gascoigne.

Neap. Scanty, deficient.— B. Neap-
tide, the low tides, as opposed to the
spring or high tides at new and full moon.
ON. neppr, narrow, contracted ; feomeppr,
short-lived ; Dan. neppe, scarcely, hardly ;
knap, scanty ; knappe of, to stint, curtail.

Near. — Nigh. Goth, nehv (compar.
nehvis),liS,. neah,vi\^, near ; 7iear, nearer ;
nehst, nyhst, next. Ga hider near, come
nearer. — Gen. 27. 21. ON. nd, ncerri,
ncErstr, OHG. nah, nalier, nahist, Dan. (as
E. former) ncer, ncermere, nizrmest, w.
7ies, nesach, nesaf, near, nearer, nearest.

Neat. I. Fr. net, Lat. 7iitidus, from
niteo, to shine.

2. ON. naut, an ox. AS. nyte7i is how-
ever applied to animals in general, al-
though mostly to cattle. ' Seo nseddre
was geappre thonne ealle tha othre 7iy-
tenu,' the serpent was more cunning than
all other beasts. The meaning of the
word is unintelligent, from as. nitan for
ne witan, not to know. ' Tham neatu7n
is gecynde that hi nyton hwKt hi send,'
it is the nature of beasts that they do not
know what they are. ' Tha unsceadwisan
neotena,' the unintelligent beasts. — Boeth
xlv. 3. 2. In the same way the term beast
is appropriated in the language of graziers
and butchers to an ox. Mod.Gr. akoyov,
signifying irrational {oKoyov X,aov, brute
beast), is appropriated by custom to a
horse (of which it is the regular name),
as E. neat to oxen.

Neb. — Nib. as. neb, beak, then nose,
face, .countenance. Neb with neb, face to
face ; neb-wlite, beauty of countenance ;
ON. nebbi, Du. nebbe, snebbe, G. schnabel,
beak of a bird. Sc. 7ieb, like E. nib, is
used for any sharp point, as the neb of a
pen, of a knife. N. nibba, nibbestein,
sharp projecting rock. ON. nibba, also a
promontory ; nibbaz (of oxen), to butt
each other.

As nab represents the sound of a blow
with a large or rounded implement, nib

444

NEBULA

or neb seems to represent that of a small
or pointed one. Du. knip, a flip, crack ;
knippen, snippen, to clip, snip. G. schna-
bel, Du. snabel, beak, is that with which
the bird snaps; snabben, to peck, bite,
snatch. — Kil.

Nebula. Lat. nebula, Gr. w^eXij, a
thin cloud, mist ; nubes, vi^oe, cloud,
Sanscr. nabhas, heaven ; Svofoc, dark-
ness; Kvi^ae, darkness, twilight.

Necessary. — Necessity. Lat. neces-
se, of need, that cannot be avoided.

Neck. AS. hnecca, the back of the
head, neck ; Dan. nakke, nape of the
neck and back part of the head. At bote
nakken. for, to bend the neck to. ON.
hnacki, N. nakkje, the back of the head ;
nakke kola, the hollow at the back of the
neck; Du. nak, nek, nik, the nape, neck.
Jemand den nek keeren, to turn one's
back to a person ; stief van nekke, stiff-
necked. Fr. nuque, the nape.

The primary meaning, as shown under
Nape, is the prominent part at the back
of the head. N. nakk, a knoll, prominence
on the side of a hill.

Necromancy. Gr. vtKpoiiavnia ; vek-
pbg, dead, /lavTiia, divination, soothsay-
mg.

-nect. -nex. Lat. necto, nexum, to
knit, join ; as in Connect, Annex.

Need. as. nead, neadhAd, necessity ;
nead-nyman, to take by force ; Du. nood,
G. noth, need, want, distress, aiHiction ;
Russ. nudit', Boh. nutiti, to constrain;
Russ. nuzhd, need, indigence, want.

The explanation of the word is to be
found in on. gnaud, naitd, fremitus, the
noise made by violent action of any kind,
the dashing of ships together, clashing of
swords, roaring of flame. Skipa gnaud,
fremitus naviuni ; hrcedilighjorvagnaud,
the dreadful clash of swords. Gnauda,
nauda, fremere, strepere, vel assidue pre-
mere, affligere, vexare. The expression
representing the audible accompaniment
of violent action is first transferred to the
effect produced on the object upon which
the action is exerted, and then to the
abstract idea of violence, force, com-
pulsion. Elld gnaudadi vida um eyjar,
the fire roared wide among the islands.
Rarfr thola naud, igne violantur tecta,
the roofs suffer the violence [of fire].
Vidr thola naud, the ship endures the
battering [of the waves], vexatur fluctibus.
Nauda, to press hard upon ; naudga, to
offer violence to, to compel.

Needflre. Fire produced by friction
of two pieces of wood Qara.), g. notfeurj
^"fi. gnida, to rub. Like tieed (according

NEIVE

to our explanation), from the sound ac-
companying all effective exertion of force.
ON. gnydr, aquarum strepitus. ' lUos
sacrileges ignes quos nedfir vocant, sive
omnes — paganorum observationes dili-
genter prohibeant.' — Capit. Car. Mag. in
Due. The peasants in many parts of
Germany were accustomed on St John's
eve to kindle a fire by rubbing a rope
rapidly to and fro round a stake, and
applying the ashes to superstitious pur-
poses.

Needle. Goth, nethla, OHG. nddala,
ndlda, Du. naelde, ON. ndl, Bret, nadoz,
w. nodwydd, Gael, snathad, Manx snaid,
a needle. Du. naeden, naeyen, OHG.
nagan, nawan, ndan, G. ndhen, to sew ;
w. noden, Gael, snath, Manx snaie, thread.
Fin. negla, neula, a needle ; knuppi-neula
(a headed needle), a pin; neiiliainen (a
stinger), a wasp. Esthon. noggel, n'ool,
a needle, sting of an insect ; noggene,
nogges, a stinging-nettle.

In the foregoing forms we may perhaps
detect a root nad, nag, signifying prick or
sting, which may explain Goth, nadr, w.
neidr, AS. naddre, an adder.

Nefarious. Lat. fas, right, justice ;
nefas, wickedness.

Negation. — Negative. Lat.. nego,
Sw. neka, ON. neikvada, to say ne, no,
to ; OE. to nick with nay.

On her knees they kneleden adoun
And prayden hyni off hys benisoun ;
He nykkyt hem with nay.

Rom. of Athelstone in Hal.

To the above are opposed Lat. aio, Sw.
jaka, MHG. jehen, G. bejahen, to say aye
or ja to, to affirm.

Neglect. — Negligent. Lat. negligo,
neglectum, to have little regard for. Per-
haps formed as a negation oi eligo, to
pick out, to choose.

Negotiate. Lat. negotium, business.

Negro. Sp. negro, Lat. niger, black.

Neif. A female serf. Lat. nativa.

To Neigh, as. kncegati, on. hneggia,
Sw. gnagga, N.Fris. iiogern, Sussex, to
knucker, Pl.D. nichen, Fr. hennir, It.
nitrire, all representing the sound. Sc.
nicher, nicker, to neigh, to laugh coarsely.

Neighbour, as. neah-bur, neah-man,
G. nachbar, Du. bmir, Dan. 7iabo, fem.
naboerske, neighbour. From AS. neah,
nigh, near, and Dan. boe, G. bauen, to
till, cultivate, dwell. G. bauer, a boor,
cultivator, peasant. Dan. bo, a dwelling.
AS. neah-gehuse, neighbours.

Neither, as. ndther, nawther, from
the negati\'e ne and either:

Neive. on. hnefi, knefi, a fist, hand-

NEOPHYTE

ful. Hence Sc. nevel, navel, to strike
with the fist ; niffer, to exchange, to pass
from one neive to another.

Neophyte. Gr. vto^vroQ, recently
planted, applied to newly-made Chris-
tians ; veoe, new, and (Juoi, to beget, give
birth to.

Nepe. See Turnip.

Nephew.' — Nepotism. From Lat.
nepos, -Otis, descendant, Venet. nevodo,
neodo, and thence by the common con-
version of an internal d to it, or y, Fr.
neveu, Sc. nevoy, E. nephew. One of the
instances in which the Lap. agrees in so
singularly close a manner with Lat. is
seen in Lap. ndpat, sister's son.

Nerve. Lat. nervus, a sinew ; Gr.

VlvpQV.

Nescock. One that was never from
home, a fondling. — B. Bav. nestquack,
nestkacky Pl.D. nestkiken, the youngest
bird of a brood, youngest child in a family.
G. quack, qtiackel, quackelcheiz, nestquack,
a young unfledged bird, fig. a child of old
age. Das quakelchen seines alters. From
quaken, to cry. Der kinder gequak ;
ein jammervoU gequeck.

Nesh. AS. hnesc, tender, soft, weak.
Properly moist. Goth, natjan, G. benet-
zen, to wet ; G. nass, Du. nai, wet ; Fin.
neste, moisture ; nuoska, Esthon. niisk,
wet ; Lat. Notus, the (moist) South wind.

Nest. Pol. gniazdo, nest, breed ; Bret.
neiz, w. nyth, Gael. 7iead, Lat. nidus.
■ Net. I. Goth, nati. Fin. nuotta, ON.
not, G. netz, Bret. neud.

2. See Neat.

Nether, on. nedan, under ; nedri,
lower, nedstr, lowest (adj.) ; G. nieder,
lower ; AS. neothan, beneath ; neothe-
weard, downwards.

Nettle. G. nessel, Pl.D. neltel, Sw.
nessla, N. netla, Dan. ncelde, ON. n'dtr,
mtru-gras, from notra, to shiver, pro-
. bably in the sense of tingling with pain.
Cleveland nodder, to tremble, shake ; Bav.
notteln, to shake, to rock. In a similar
way G. zitter-aal, the electric eel. from
zittern, to shiver.

Neuter. Lat. neuter, neither.

New. Goth, niujo, ON. nyr, Bret.
nevez, Gael, nuadh, Lat. novus, Gr. v'ioq,
Sanscr. nawa.

News. In the sense of intelligence
there is probably a confusion of two words
— I. news, Fr. nouvelles, new things, and
2. Dan. 7tys, properly scent, wind, hint,
inkling, intimation. AS. faae nys, to get
wind of a thing, to get news of it. on.
hnysa, to search for, spy out ; hnysinn,
curious. Du. neuselen, to sniff after, to

NICE

445

scent out ; neuswijs, sagacious, having
good scent, curious.

Newt. A water-lizard. Otherwise ifw/,
evet, eft.

-nex. See -nect.

Next. AS. neah, near, nigh ; nehst,
f, nighest, next, last. ^lEt nyhstan,
at last. Seoththen ich was ischriwen
nexst, since I was last shriven. — Ancr.
Riwle 320.

Nias. It. nido, nidio, nest ; nidare,
nidiare, to nestle ; nidace, nidaso falcone,
an eyas hawk, a young hawk taken out of
her nest. — Fl. Fr. niais, a nestling,
novice, simple and inexperienced gull. —
Cot.

To Nibble. Du. knabbelen, knibbelen,
to nibble, also (as Fin. napistd) to
grumble, wrangle, bargain ; knabbeler.
Fin. ncipisia, a quarrelsome person ; G.
knaupeln, to gnaw, pick a bone, nibble ;
Swiss kniibeln, to pick, work with a
pointed implement ; Pl.D. knappern,
knuppern, knubbern, to munch dry hard
food with a crunching noise, to nibble as
mice or rats — Danneil ; G. ktiappen, to
gnaw, bite, pick, or nibble^Kiittn. ; Pl.D.
knabbeln, g-nabbeln, gnawweln, to gnaw
audibly. Dao gnabbelt'n mus. When
the noise is somewhat finer it is replaced
by gnibbeln, knibbeln, nidbeln, to nibble,
eat by little bits, like a goat. — Danneil.
Fin. napsaa, to sound as the teeth in
gnawing, to strike lightly.

Nice. I. From Fr. nice, foolish, sim-
ple ; Prov. nesci, Ptg. nescio, Sp. necio,
foolish, ; imprudent, ignorant ; Lat. fie-
sciiis, ignorant.

Ainpois s'en joiie k la pelotte

Comme pucelle nice et sotte. — R. R. 6920.

Nicette fut et ne pensoit

A nul mal engin quel qu'il soit, —

Mais moult estoit joyeuse et gaye. — Ibid. 1230.

In Chaucer's translation :

Nice [simple] she y\vas but she ne mentc
None'harme ne sleight in her entente.

For he wes tiyce and knowth no wisdome.

R. G.

* 2. Probably nice in the modern sense
may be wholly distinct from the foregoing,
and may be explained from Pl.D. nusseln,
nustern, Hessian nusseln, iiiisseln, nisseln,
naUseln, nbseln, to sniff at one's food, to
turn one's meat over like a dog with his
snout, to eat without appetite, be nice in
eating, to pick and choose; nesset, nice in
eating. The term then would apply in
the first instance to hesitations or .?■ — :-
pies in eating, and subsequently in dealing
with other things. ' Marcus Cato — never

4+6

NICHE

made ceremony or niceness to praise him-
self openly.' — Holland, Plutarch.

Niche. Fr. niche. It. nicchio, nicchia,
a recess for a statue in a wall, also a nick
or nock. — Fl. A nick in the wall.

Nick. — Notch. It. nicchio, a nick or
nock ; nocchia, nocca, a nock, notch, or
knuckle, as of a bow, or of one's fingers.
G. knick, the clear sound of a weak or
slender body when it gets suddenly a
chink, crack, or burst. Das glas that
einen knick, the glass gave a crack. Also
the crack or chink that takes its rise with
such a sound. — Kilttn. Einen knick in
einen zweig inachen, to crack or break a
twig. Ein reis knickeji, to half break and
half bend a young branch.

The notion of a nick or notch may be
taken from a crack in a hard body, but
more frequently probably from the image
of a sharp, sudden movement, represented
by the sound knick or knock. G. nicken,
to nod, to wink ; N. nokka, to rock ;
nykkje, to pluck or twitch. Then, as in
similar cases, the term is applied to an
indentation or projection. So from Fr.
hocher, to nod, jog, shake, hoche, oche, a
nick or notch. See Cog. It should be
observed that It. nocchio is not only a
notch but a projection, a knot or knob.

Nick. 2.— Old Nick. Pl.D. Nikker,
the hangman, also the Devil as the exe-
cutioner prepared for the condemned of
the human race at the great day of judg-
ment. The same office is ascribed to
him in the ordinary G. exclamation der
Henker ! hole mich der Henker J the
Devil take me : not the ordinary hang-
man.

AS. hncscan, Du. nekken, to kill. Den
nek breken, to break one's neck, to kill
one. So in E. slang, to scrag, to hang,
from scrag, the neck ; nubbing, hanging,
nub, the neck. Magy, nyak, the neck,
nyakasni, decollare, to behead.

Nicknamie, Ekename or nekename,
agnomen. — Pr. Pm. ON. auknefni, Sw.
bknainn, G. eich-, ekel-, okel-, neck-, oker-
name, a surname, nickname. Taken se-
parately we should explain auknefni, eke-
name, from ON. auk, E. eke, in addition,
besides ; nickname, as a name given in
derision, from Fr. faire la nique, to jeer,
or G. necken, to tease or plague.

Susun-o, a privy whisperer that slaundereth,
backbiteth, and nicketh one's name. — Junius
Nomenclator in Pr. Pm.

But the great variety of forms looks more
Iii.^ " series of corruptions of a common
original, which being no longer under-
stood has been accidentally modified or

NIGGARD

twisted in different directions in order to
suit the meaning. And such an original
may perhaps be found in Lap. like
namm. Fin. liika nimi, Estlion. liig nim-
mi, a by-name, surname, the first element
of which in the three languages signifies
in excess of, beside. Esthon. liig-te (te,
way), a by-way, wrong road .; liig-juus,
false hair, a wig. The original meaning
of the word is probably side, whence Es-
thon. liggi. Fin. liki, near. The same
element may be recognised in w. llysenw,
Bret, leshano, a surname, nickname, the
first element of which is used exactly as
the Finnish particle. Bret. . les-tad, a
step-father ; w. llysblant, step-childreri ;
Bret. Uz, a haunch, border, and as a
prep, near ; w. llysu, to set aside ; ystfys,
a side, a flank.

The change from an initial / to « is
seen in It. livello, nivello, Iev?l ; Lat.
lympha and nymphaj It. lanfa and nan/a,
orange-flower water ; Fr. lentille and
nentille, a lentil, &c.

Nidget. See Niggle.

Niece. OFr. niepce, niece. — Cot. The
dialect of Champagne has nieps, nies, ne-
phew ; niepce, niece, from Lat. nepos.

Nifle. A trifle. Norman niveloter, to
amuse oneself with trifles. Nifftiaffs,
trifles, knicknacks. — Hal. The radical
image is a snap with the fingers, used as
a type of something worthless, as when
we snap our fingers, and say I don't care
that for you. Fr. niquet, a knicke, tlickej
snap with the fingers, a trifle, nifle, bauble,
matter of small value. G. knipp, a snap
or fillip with the fingers ; Fr. nipes, trash,
nifles, trifles. — Cot. See Knicknack.

Niggard. The habit of attention to
minute gains in earning money is closely
connected with a careful unwillingness to
spend, and the primary meaning of nig-
gard is one who scrapes up money by
little and little. N. nyggja, to gnaw, rub, .
scrape ; Sw. njugga ihop penningar, to
scrape up money ; njugga med e}t i pen-
ningar, to keep one short of money ;
nj"gg, niggardly, sparing ; Lap. ndgget,
to scrape together ; n. gnika, to rub, to
drudge, to seek pertinaciously for small
advantages ; gnikjen, nikjen, nuggjen,
stingy, scraping, explaining OE. niggon,
while Pl.D. gnegeln, to be miserly, N.
nikker, stingy, correspond to NE. nagre,
a miserly person.

The same ultimate reference to the
idea of rubbing is found in Dan. gnide,
to rub ; gnidsk, niggardly ; Bav. fretten,
to rub, to earn a scanty living with pains
and difficulty ; It. frugare, to rub, to

NIGGLE

pinch and spare miserably, to spend or
feed sparingly, to use frugality. — Fl.

To Niggle. To trifle, nijjble, eat or
do anything mincingly. — Ha,l. To work
in a niggling way is to do a thing by re-
peated small efforts, like a person nibbling
at a bone. Swiss niggele, operam suam
in re parvi manuarii coUocare. — Idiot.
Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart. To Hag-
gle, to gnaw. — Hal. Sw. nagga, to gnaw,
to nibble j N. gnaga, to gnaw, to toil as-
siduously with little effect ; gnika, to rub,
to work slow and in a petty way. To
nig, to clip money ; nigged ashlar, stone
worked with a pointed hammer. — Hal.

Nigh. See Near.

Night. Goth. 7iahts, Lat. nox (noct'),
W. nos, Slav, noc (nots), Lith. naktis. We
might fancy that the ultimate signification
was a negation of light, ne-light, ne-lux,
as Ir. sorcha, light, bright ; dorcha, dark;
Lat. nolle for ne-velle.

Nightingale. G. nachtigall, the bird
that sings by night. ON. gala, to sing,
to crow like a cock, the origin of Lat.
galliis.

Nightmare. See Mare.

Nightshade. Sw. dial, skata, a mag-
pie ; nattskata, a nightjar ; nattskategrds,
G. nachtschade, nightshade.

To Nim. To take by stealth. Goth.
niinan, Lith. imti, to take ; ON. nema, to
take, take away. See Introduction.

Nimble. AS. nrimol, capax, tenax, ra-
pax. — Lye. ON. nema, nam, numit, to
take, and hence, as Dan. nemme, to learn,
to apprehend ; nem, quick of apprehen-
sion, handy, adroit. Deti nemmeste maade,
the readiest way.

Nincompoop. A corruption of non
compos mentis, the legal phrase for a
person not in possession of his mind.

Nine. Lat. novem, Gr. iwia, ON. niii,
W. naw, Sanscr. tiavan.

Ninny. Sp. niflo, an infant, a childish
person ; nitiear, to behave in a childish
manner. Mod.Gr. viv'wv, a child, doll,
simpleton ; fiiyoKov vw'mv, a great ninny.
The origin of the word is doubtless the
sing-song humming used to set a child
to sleep. Sp. nini-nana, words without
meaning for the humming of a tune ;
Mod.Gr. vava, lullaby ; It. ninna ninna,
words used to still children ; niiinare,
nitmellare, to lull children asleep.

To Nip. — Nippers, g. knipp, a snap
or fillip with the fingers. Einem ein
knippchen, klippchen geben, to give one a
fillip. Knippen, sclmippen, to snap ;
kmp-kaiilchen, Pl.D. knippel, knicker, a
marble impelled by filliping with the

NODDLE

447

fingers. To nip is to pinch by an imple-
ment that shuts with a snap. Dan.
nappe, to snap, twitch, pluck ; nappe-
tang, nippers, pincers ; Lap. nappet, to
lop, crop, cut off the extremities ; nappar
pelji, crop-eared.

Nipple. A dim. of neb or nib. Neble
of a woman's pap, bout de la mamelle. —
Palsgr. Fin. ndppy, nyppy, nyppyld, a
pimple, wart, bud. The nipple is in G.
termed brustwarze, brcast-wart. Esthon.
nip, point, end.

Nithing. An abject, vile fellow, a
coward. — B. ON. nida, to abuse, dis-
grace, befoul. Nidaz d trii siitni, to
desert his faith. Nidingr, an infamous
person, coward, niggard, traitor. Nid,
a lampoon, contumely, abuse. Perhaps
the word originally signified nothing
worse than a miser ; fenidingr, mat-
nidingr, a niggard of money or of food ;
ii'idskr, Dan. gnidsk, sordid^ tenax, from
gnide, to rub or scrape. In the N. of E.
nithing is used for sparing ; ' nithing of
his pains.' — B.

No. See Nay.

Noble. — Nobility. Lat. nobilis, no-
bilitas; from 7iosco, novi, to know.

Nock. — Notch. Norm, noque, notch ;
It, nocchio, nocco, a bunch, knob, knur,
snag or ruggedness in any tree or wood,
the knuckle-bones, hard stone of a fruit,
also the nock of a bow or notch in any-
thing.— Fl.

The fundamental image is an abrupt
movement suddenly checked, represented
by a sharp report, and thence an indent-
ation or projection. Gael, cnag, to crack,
snap the fingers, knock, rap ; E. dial.
7iog, to jog. So from Fr. hocher, to jog,
hoche, ache, a notch. See Nick.

Nocturnal. Lat. nox, noctis, night.

Nod. Bav. 7totteln, to move to and
fro ; an der thiir tiotteln, to shake at the
'door; OHG. hnutthi, vibrare. — Schm.
ON. hnioda {linyd, htiatid, hnodit), to
hammer ; Du. knodse, a cudgel. To nod
is to make a movement as if striking
with the head. The E. word has no im-
mediate connection with Lat. nutus, the
t of which belongs to the frequentative
form of the verb.

Noddle. The twddle, noddock, or nid-
dock is properly the projecting part at the
back of the head, the nape of the neck,
then ludicrously used for the head itself.
Occiput, a nodyle. — Hal.

After that fasten cupping glasses to the noddle
of the necke. — Burroughes in Nares.

ON. hnod, the round head of a nail ; Du.
knod, knodde, a knob ; Dan. knude, a

448

NODDY

knot, bump, protuberance ; Lat. nodus.
It. nodo, a knot ; nodo del collo, the nape
of the neck ; nodello (identical in form
with E. noddle), the anlde-bone.

Noddy. A silly fellow. — B. Nodcock,
noddypoU, noddypate, a simpleton. Nod-
dy-headed, tipsy. — Hal. The meaning is
probably one whose head is in a whirl.
In the same way noggy, tipsy, from nog,
to jog. Compare totty, dizzy, with totter,
to stagger. It. noddo, a silly-pate. — Fl.
Norman naudin, s. s. — Cot.

Node. — Nodose. Lat. nodws, a knot,
nodosus.

Noggin. A mug. Gael. c«fl^, knock,
rap, thump, a knob, peg, pin ; cnagaidh,
bunchy ; cnagaire, a knocker, a gill, nog-
gin, quart-measure; cnagare, a little Icnob,
an earthen pipkin,

* Noise. Fr. noise, rumbling, stir,
wrangle, brawl ; Prov. nausa, nosa,
noysa, noise, dispute. Apphed in R. R.
to the murmur of water.

S'en aloit I'iaue aval, fesant
Une noise douce et plesant.

The original sense, however (in which, in
E. it is still chiefly used), is that of dis-
agreeable, importunate sound, and the
most probable origin is Lat. noxa, noxia
(from noceo, to hurt), something hurtful,
injury, brawl, disturbance. In mediam
noxam perfertur. — Petron. Ssepe in con-
jugiis fit noxia si nimia est dos. — Anson.
Flem. noose, noxa, malum, damnum, et
lis, dissidia. — Kil.

* Noisom.e. Having power to noy or
injure.

Thei had tailis like scorpiouns— and the might
of them was to noye men fyve monethis. — Wiclif.

It. noiare, to annoy, molest, trouble ;
noia, noianza, annoyance, molestation.
ODu. noeyen, noy en, vernoeyen, obesse,
nocere, molestum esse ; noeylick, noy click,
noisome. — Kil. It is impossible to se-
parate the foregoing from It. annoiare,
Fr. ennuyer, E. annoy, v/hich have satis-
factorily been traced to Lat. in odio esse,
and the Du. noode, unwillingly, against
the grain, probably comes from the same
source. Entirely distinct are Lat. nocere,
Prov. nozer, OFr. nuisir, Fr. mi ire, to
hurt, whence It. nocevole, Fr. ntiisible,
injurious ; nuisance, injury, hurt.

Noll. — Now!. The head. as. cnoll,
a knoll, hill, top, summit ; G. knollen, a
knob, lump, tumour, protuberance. Ver-
tex, hnoll. — AS. Vocab.

Nomad. Gr. vo^iaQ, from vfftw, to pas-
ture flocks.

Nominal. — Nominee. Lat. nomen, a
name.

NOON

-nomy. Gr. vouoq, a law, order.
Nonoe. For the nonce, for the special
occasion.

Tha that word him com to

That Brutes wolden ther don,

And comen to than anes

To fsechen tha stanes.

— ^When news came to him what the Britons

were about to do, and that they were coming^?*

that only, to fetch the stones. — Layamon, Bnit.

II. 301. ,

To than ane icoren, chosen for the special
purpose. — Ibid. 2. 279.

Nonpareil. Fr. pareil, from L.Lat.
pariculus, dim. from Lat. par, equal. —
Scheler.

Nook. A corner. Four-nokede it is,
it (a piece of water) is four-cornered. — ■
Layamon 2. 500. Gael, niicc, a corner,
nook. Fin. nokka, the beak of a bird,
nose, point ; maan nokka, lingula terras,
a nook of land; «0/4/4za, to peck ; Esthon.
niik, a knuckle, pummel, button ; nukka,
a tip, corner, nook ; Wal. nonk, knot, ex-
crescence. ,

The radical meaning is a projection
either outwards or inwards, and it is
essentially the same with nock, notch. So
It. cocca, a notch, is the same with E. cog.

Noon. The Roman day was divided
into 12 hours, from sunrise to sunset, so
that the ninth hour, hora nona, would be
about three o'clock in the afternoon. In
Norway non or luin is still used in this
sense, signifying the third meal or resting-
time of the day, held at two, three, or four
o'clock, according to custom. Nona, to
lunch, to take the intermediate meal or
repose ; nonsbil, the hour of non, about
three or four in the afternoon.

The transference of the signification
from mid-afternoon to mid-day seems to
have taken place through an alteration in
the time of the canonical services, of
which seven were performed in the day,
matutifia, prima, tertia, sexta, nona, ves-
pera, completorium. It is plain that four
of these must be named from the hours at
which they were originally celebrated,
but we find that nona, the fifth service,
was held in Italy about mid-day at an
early period.

Montando lo sole prima la prima parte, fa terza ;
la seconda, sesta ; la terza, nona, e siamo a mez-
zodi (the sun having climbed the third part of the
heavens performs nones, and we are at mid-day) ;
poi comincia a discendere, e scesa la prima parte
fa mezzo vespro, &c. — La Crusca.

Nona, mittag-zyt, myddach. — Dief. Sup.
Tho bygonne tenebres that into al the eorthe

were ydon
In the sixte tyd of the day that me clupeth noon.

NOOSE

Hit bygan at non and for to the nynthe tyde ylaste
That wolde be midovernon. — Festival Metri in R.

It is probably in memory of the time at
which the service of nones was originally
performed that it is still announced by
nine strokes of the bell. ' L'Angelus de
midi venait de sonner, mais bien des gens
n'avaient pas entendu les neuf coups, et
partant avaient oubli^ de reciter I'oraison
accoutumde.' — Madame Claude, p. i, 1862.
Noose. Lang, nous-cotiren, a running
knot or noose ; nouzelut, knotty. Nous,
nils, nouzel, a knot. — Diet. Castrais.
From Lat. nodus.
Nor. Nor, ne or.

Normal. — Enormous. Lat. norma, a
square for trying right angles, thence
pattern, rule ; normalis, according to
rule, a right angle, pei-pendicular line ;
enormis, out of rule, irregular, huge. Gr.
fvi>tia>v, a rule.
North. ON. norctr, Fr. nord.
Nose. AS. ncese, G. nose, Lat. nasus,
Lith. nosis, Pol. nos, Russ. nos'.

The name of the nose is probably taken
from an imitation of noises made through
the nose, "as G. niesen, to sneeze, Dan.
snuse, to snuff or sniff. So Gael. sro7i,
the nose, compared with E. snore; Gr.
piyX«Q, snout, muzzle, beak, face (pro-
perly nose), compared with poyxosi ^
snoring, psyx^j t° snore, snort. See
Nozzle.

Nostril. AS. nas-thyrla, ncssthyrelj
from thyrel, a hole, aperture ; G. thiirle,
dim. of thilre, a door. On tham wage
^;4yr/ geworht, made an aperture in the
wall. — Bede. Thurhcrypth selc thyrel,
creeps through every hole. — Boeth. Needle
thyrel, the eye of a needle. See Thirl.

Nostrum. Lat. nostruin, ours, pecu-
liar to ourselves.

Not. — Nought. AS. naht, nauht, noht,
nought, not; OHG. niowiht, nieht, G. nicht,
not, from the negative particle ni, and
Goth, vaihts, AS. wiht, G. wicht, a. whit,
thing. So in Romance, from ne and
ens, a being. It. niente, nothing, OFr.
nient, not. ' Detenus en garde et nient
allantz k large,' not going at large. — Liber
Albus, p. 215. Nient countreesteaunt,
notwithstanding. — Ibid. p. 216.

Note. — Notable. — Notary. — Notice.
— Notion. Lat. nota, a mark, sign ;
nosco, nottim, to know.

Noun. Fr. nom, Lat. nomen, a name.
-noujice. -nunc-. Lat. nuncius, a
messenger ; nuncio, to bear tidings, bring
word of, tell. Hence Announce, Pro-
nounce, Renounce, &c.
To Nourish. — Nurse. — Nurture.

NUISANCE

449

From Lat. nutrio, to suckle or feed young,
we pass to Fr. nourrir, and thence to E.
nourish. In the same wa)s Lat. nutrix
gives rise to Fr. nourrice and E. nurse.
From nourrir was formed nourriture,
which was converted into e. nurture, as
nourrice into nurse. For the origin of
nutrio see Nuzzle.

Novel. Lat. novellus {novus, new),
Fr. nouvel

November. Lat. November.

NoTV. AS. nil, Gr. vvv, Lat. nunc.

Noxious. Lat. noxius ; noxa, that
which is hurtful ; noceo, to hurt.

* Nozzle. The nose, snout, project-
ing part of anything, as of a bellows. —
Worcester. Pl.D. niissel, the nose. — ■
DeutscH. Mundart. v. 73.

From Pl.D. iiusseln, E. nuzzle, to sniff
after, to seek with the nose like a dog
(Brem. Wtb.) ; Bav. nuseln, to snuffle or
speak through the nose, to poke the nose
into (in etwas herumsuchen) ; nueschen,
to sniff about, to root in like a swine. In
the same way Pl.D. snuss, the snout, is
related to snusseln, synonymous with
nusseln, above-mentioned ; Dan. snude,
Bav. schnud, snout, to schnauden, schno*
deln, to snuff, pant, draw breath, and Sw.
dial, snok, Lith. snukkis, snout, muzzle, to
Sw. snoka, to snoke or snook, to smell, to
search out, pry into.

-nude. — Nudity. Lat. nudus, naked.

Nudge. Austrian 7tussen, to thrust or
strike, especially with the fist. — Deutsch.
Mundart. ii. Pl.D. nutsche gien, to cuff.
— Ibid. V. 173. Swiss motschen, to thrust
or press, to make another give way ,-
mutschen, to strike with the fist.

Nuel. — Newel. As Fr. noyau, the
spindle of a winding staircase. Noyau
is also the kernel of a nut, stone of a
peach, plum, &c., mould in the hollow of
a piece of ordnance when it is cast, any-
thing contained in a hollow envelope.
From Lat. mix, nucis, a nut, Lang, nou-
galh, noualh, kernel of nut. — Diet. Castr.
W. cnewyll, kernel.

Nug'atory. Lat. nugcE, trifles.

Nugget. A lump of native gold, a
dim. of W.E. nug, a block, a knob or pro-
tuberance ; Essex nigg, a small piece. —
Hal. In North's Plutarch, p. 499, it is
written niggot. ' After the fire was
quenched they found in niggots (lumps)
of gold and silver mingled together about
a thousand talents.' Hence Trench in-
clines to the supposition that nugget is
only ingot disguised.

Nuisance. Fr. nuire, nuisant, from
Lat. nocere, to hurt, as luire, luisant,
29

45°

NUKE

from lucere, to shine ; nuisance, hurt,
damage, wrong, trespass. — Cot.

Nuke. Fr. nitcque, the hinder part of
the head. See Nape.

Numb. — Benumb. Goth., AS. niman,
ON. neina, to take, take away ; AS. beni-
man, benam, benumen, to take away, de-
prive, to stupefy; ON. niiminii, taken
away ; numinn viti, as Lat. mente captus,
deprived of sense, out of his mind.
He may neither go ne come,
But altogether he is benome
The power both of hande and fete.

Gower in R.

Number. — Numeral. — Numerate.
Lat. numerus, Fr. nombre.

Numbles. — XTmbles. The old deri-
vation from ■umbilicus appears on the
whole to be the true one. The numbles
of a deer comprised various parts of the
inwards of the animal from the ' avant-
ers ' of the neck to the bight of the thighs.
Noumbles of a dere or beest, entrailles. —
Palsgr. Prfficordia, the numbles, as the
hart, the spleene, the lunges and liver. —
Elyot. In Sir Gawaine and the Green
Knight however, v. 1340, where the cut-
ting out the numbles is elaborately but
not very comprehensibly described, they
do not include the liver and lungs. It is
natural that a portion consisting of the
soft parts about the belly should take its
name from the navel. And accordingly
we find the word in various forms, nun-
blicus (evidently from umbilicus), num-
bile, numbulus, numblus. ' De bove mor-
tuo, pectus ; de porco mortuo, nunblicum.'
— Due. ' In quolibet porco a carnifice
occiso ad vendendum, les mimbles, et de
quolibet bove — pectus solvere tenebun-
tur.' — Charta, A.D. 1239, in Due. A strong
confirmation of this derivation appears
in the double form of the word, numbles
and umbles, with and without a prosthe-
tic n, precisely corresponding to Fr. nom-
bril and Prov. ombrilh from umbilicus.
It is true that the word seems sometimes
to be confounded with lumbulus or lum-
bellus, which is claimed in some charters
on the same occasion as the numbles in
others. ' Quicunque de eodem castro
occidit porcum ad tallam [to be sold by
retail] prsestat licmbellum qui communi-
ter et vulgariter dicitur filectum ifixe. filet),
curise dicti castri.' — Charta, A.D. 1270, in
Carp.

But it by no means follows that it is
the same part of the animal that is claim-
ed in both cases, and here what is meant
by lumbellus is clearly explained as the
'■filet ' or inside meat along the back of
the animal, quite a different piece of

NYMPH

meat from the numbles. Lumbulus, len-
tipratin. — Dief Supp.

Nun. From It. nonna, grandmother,
as Gr. Trairaq, a priest, from papa, father ;
abbot from abba, father. The first nuns
would naturally be elderly women.

Nuptial. Lat. nubo, nuptum, to
marry ; nupticE, a marriage.

Nurse. See Nourish.

Nut. AS. hnut, G. nuss, Gael, cnudh,
w. cnau, Lat. nux.

Nutmeg. Fr. muguette, noix mu-
guette, G. muscat miss, nux moschata,
from the drug musk taken as the type of
anything highly-scented, whence also the
names of several highly-scented flowers.
Languedoc mtigue, Sp. muscari, the hya-
cinth ; Fr. micguet (formerly musguet —
Diez), woodruff, lily of the valley.

Nutriment. — Nutrition. Lat. nutria,
nutritum, to nourish. See Nuzzle.

To Nuzzle. — Nuddle. To nuzzle,
nuddle, to creep closely or snugly as an
infant in the bosom of its mother. — Mrs
Baker. Properly to sniff after the breast,
to seek it out with the mouth and nose,
as Bav. nuseln, nueschen, nuesien, to snift
after, pry into, search about as a swine
with his snout. So, with the addition of
an initial s, Pl.D. snusseln, to sniff, search
about, especially for food. ' Dat kind
snusselt au den titte ' — the child nuzzles
up to the breast. — Brem. Wtb. E. dial.
snoozling, nestling. — Hal. Da. snuse, N.
snusla, to snuff, sniff. In the same Way
nuddle corresponds to forms like ON.
snudda, to snift after, Bav. schnauden,
schnodeln, to snuff, pant, snift.

To the latter class also belong G. dial .
schnudern, to snuffle or speak through
the nose, to snift, on. snudra, snoSra, n.
snutra, to sniff or seek after food, like a
hound with the snout. The transition
from the last of these forms to Lat. nutrio
is exactly similar to that which takes
place in the meaning of E. nuzzle, when
transferred from the action of the infant
to that of the nurse. To nuzzle, applied
to the infant, is to seek after the breast ;
and conversely, of the mother, it signifies
to press the babe to the breast, to caress,
nourish, bring up.

Mothers who to nousle up their babes
Thought nought too curious. — Pericles.

Old men long nozzled [nursed] in corruption.
Sidney in Todd.

Surely I take almost every one to be of that
quality wherein he is nusled, and afterwards
taught by another's example. — Passenger of Be-
nevento in Nares.

Nymph. Gr. vv\i<^i\, Lat. nympha, a
water-spirit.

OAF

ODD

45 1

o

Oaf. A simpleton, blockhead. Form-
erly more correctly written auf, otiph,
from ON. alfr, an elf or fairy. When an
infant was found to be an idiot it was
supposed to be an imp left by the fairies,
in the room of the proper child carried
away to their own country, whence an
idiot is sometimes called a changeling, a
term explained by Bailey, a child changed,
also a fool, a silly fellow or wench.

These when a child haps to be got
Which after proves an idiot.
When follcs perceive it thriveth not,

The fault therein to smother,
Some silly doating brainless calf —
Say that the fairy left this aulf

And took away the other.

Drayton, Nymphidia in R.

Shakespear uses ouphe for elf or fairy.

— my little son
And three or four more of their growth we'll dress
As urchins, ouphes^ and fairies. — Merry Wives.

Oak. AS. ac, ON. eyk, G. eiche.

Oakum. — Ockam. Old ropes un-
twisted or reduced to fibre for calking
ships. AS. dcumbi, dcembi, OHG. dcambi,
stoppa, tow ; MHG. hanef-dcamb, the
combings or hards of hemp, tow, what is
combed out in dressing it ; as dswinc,
the refuse swingled out in dressing flax.
Stuppa pectitur ferreis hamis, donee
omnis membrana decorticatur. — Pliny
xxix. I. 3, cited by Aufrecht in Phil.
Trans.

Oar. ON. ar, Fin., Lap. airo, Esthon.
aer, air.

Oast. Hop-oast, a kiln for drying hops, a
word probably imported from the Nether-
lands, together with the cultivation of
hops. Du. ast, est, a kiln.

Oath. AS. ath, Goth, aith, G. eid.

Oats. AS. ata, Fris. oat, oat ; as. at,
ON. ata, food, ceti, eatables.

Ob-. Oc-. Of-. Op-. Lat. ob, against,
over against. In comp. with words begin-
ning with c,f,p, the b is assimilated with
the following consonant.

Obdurate. Lat. durus, hard ; obduro,
to harden oneself against.

Obedience. — Obeisance. — Obey. Lat.
audio, to hear; obedio, Fr. obHr, obHs-
sant, to listen to a command, to obey, as
Gr. ctKovd), to hear, viraKoiim, to listen to,
to obey.

Obelisk. Gr. b^tXoe, a spit, a pointed

object, b^iKog, 6l3e\i(TKos, a pointed pillar.

Obese. Lat. obesus, gross, fat.

Obit. — Obituary. Lat. obeo, -itiim, to
go through with ; obire diem ultimum, to
pass one's last day, to die ; obitus, death.

Oblige. Lat. ligo, to bind or tie ;
obligo, to tie up, to engage or bind in a
metaphorical sense.

Oblique. Lat. obliquus.

Obliterate. Lat. oblittero, to blot out,
cancel, from ob and littera, properly to
draw something over the letters, perhaps
to cancel the writing on a waxen tablet
by passing over it with the broad end of
the style. Not from litura, a blot or
blur, a streak or dash through writing,
the i of which is short, or the compound
oblino, oblitum, to dawb or smear over.

Oblivion. Lat. obliviscoy, oblitus, to
forget. Perhaps from liveo, livesco, to
become dark. To forget is to have a
thing become dark to one.

Obscene. Lat. obsccBnus, of bad augury,
ominous, abominable, filthy.

Obscure. Lat. obscurus.

Obstacle. Lat. obstaculum ; obstare,
to stand in the way of

Oe-. For ob- before words beginning
with a c, as in occludo, to shut against ;
occurro, to run up, to occur, &c.

Occult. Lat. occulo, -culizim, to cover
over, to hide, from celo, to hide.

Occupy. Lat. occupo, to lay hold of
before, to take first, from capio.

Ocean. Gr. iiKtavaq, Lat. oceanus.

Ochre. A yellow or brown coloured
earth used as a pigment. Gr. a-^^poi;,
pale, yellow ; wxpa, ochre.

Oct-. Octave. — Octagon. Gr. (Sk™,
Lat. octo, eight.

Ocular. Lat. oculus, an eye. See
Eye.

Odd. When a number is conceived as
odd or even the units of which it is com-
posed are regarded as piled up one by
one in two parallel columns. If the num-
ber be divisible by two the columns will
reach to the same height, or the highest
units will be even with each other, and
the number is called evenj but if there
be a remaining unit it will project like a
point above the top of the parallel column,
and the number is called odd, n. odde,
from oddr, a point. The term is then
extended to any object left sticking up,
29 *

452

ODIOUS

as it were, by itself, for want of another
to match it.

Odious. Lat. odmm, hatred, ill-will.

Odour. — Odoriferous. . Lat. odor, a
smell ; Gr. oSm, perf. bSuda, Lat. oleo, to
smell.

Of-. See Ob-.

Of.— Off. Lat. ai, ON. qf, Gr. Awo.

Ofifal. G. dial. aJ^aU, abgefall, refuse or
dross, what falls from ; Dan. affald, fall,
falling away, offal, the fall of the leaf,
windfalls in an orchard, broken sticks in
a wood, &c.

Office. — OflScial. Lat. officimn, one's
business, moral duty ; officialis, a servant
or attendant on a magistrate.

Oft. — Often. ON. opt, Goth. ufta.

Ogee. — Ogive. It. augivo, Fr. migive,
ogive, the union of concave and convex
in an arch or fillet.

To Ogle. G. aiigeln, to inoculate, also
to eye one slyly, from auge, an eye. Fr.
ceuillade. It. occhiata, a glance.

Ogre. Sp. ogro, Fr. ogre, OSp. huergo,
uerco, the man-eating giant of fairy-tales
• — Diez; It. orco, a surname of Pluto, by
met. any chimera or imagined monster.
— Fl. Cimbr. orco, (boses gespenst) bug-
gaboo. — Bergmann. From Lat. orcus,
hell.

Her marble-minded breast, impregnable, rejects
The ugly orks that for their lord the Ocean woo.
Polyolbion in Nares.

Oil. — Olive. Lat. oleum, G. oel, Gr.
iXaiov, oil ; IXai'a, Lat. oliva, the olive or
oil tree.

Ointment. Lat. wigere, and thence
Fr. oindre, to anoint ; It. unto, salve,
grease ; untare, ontare, to salve or smear.

Old. AS. eald, G. alt, Goth, altheis, old.
The radical meaning is probably ^^roww
Mp, from Goth, alan, to nourish, bring up ;
ON. ala, to beget, give birth to, nourish ;
elna, to grow, to ripen. Lat. alere, to
nourish ; adolesco, to grow up ; coalesco,
to grow together, &c. See Abolish.
Dieftnbach compares Lat. altiis, as sig-
nifying grown up in space, as old in time.

Omelet. Fr. aumelette, omelette, of
unknown origin.

Omen. — Ominous. Lat. omen, a sign
of luck, good or bad.

Omni-. Lat. omnis, all, every.

On. G. nn, Gr. avd, up, on, upon.

One. Gr. dq, fna, 'iv, Lat. unus, Goth.
ains, G. ei7i.

Onerous. Lat. onus, -eris, a burden.

Onion. Lat. icuio, an onion, then,
from the concentric scales of which it is
formed, applied to a pearl.

Onomatopoeia. Gr. ij/o/uaroTroita, from

OPAQUE

dvofiaroTroUo), to coin words, especially to
form words in imitation of sound. "Ovofia,
name, and ttoUw, to make. In later times
the word has been confined to the special
signification above mentioned. It was
early observed that such words as Xtyyai,
to twang like a bow, o-ijw, to hiss, balare,
to bleat, hinnire, to neigh, were exactly
such as we should frame if we attempted
to represent the sounds in question by a
vocal imitation. It was accordingly sup-
posed that a certain class of words had
been formed by the imitation of natural
sounds, and as these were the only class
of simple words in which evidence re-
mained of their having been formed by
the device of man, the name of bvofiaro-
woitjdii or word-making was given to the
process to which they owe their origin, a
name which obviously becomes improper
as soon as we regard all language as
formed by man.

Onyx. Lat. onyx, from Gr. ovul, the
nail of the finger.

Ooze. AS. wos, juice ; o/etes was, juice
of fruit ; wosig, juicy, moist. To ooze
out is to show moisture at the cracks,
moisture to find its way out by small
apertures. ON. vbs, moisture ; vos-klcedi,
rain-proof clothes ; vasla, to splash
through the marshes {kvaske). E. ooze,
the wet mud left by the tide. Fr. vase,
owse, mud, soft dirt in the bottom of
waters. — Cot. N. vaasa, to work in the
wet and exposure, especially out at sea.
Da. dial, qvas, mud, puddle. Veien staaer
i eet' qvas, the way is all in a puddle.
Quasse, to plash, representing the sound
of mud or water under-foot. Det quasser
i stbvler, of the sound of water in the
shoes. Qvaske, to plash, tramp through
wet. N. vaspa, vassa, to wade, go in the
wet ; vass blom, water-lily ; vass drukk-
y^;/, water-logged; vassen,yis.\.exy. EFris.
osen, to dabble in wet.

Op-. See Ob-.

Opal. A gem ' of divers colours, where-
in appeareth the fiery brightness of the
carbuncle, the shining purple of the ame-
thyst, the green lustre of the emerald, and
all intershining.' — Fl. Known to the
Romans under the name of opalus, show-
ing that a Slavonic language was then
spoken in Bohemia, whence the gem is
still brought. The origin is Pol. palac, to
glow, to blaze, opala^, to burn on all sides;
Serv. opaliti, to shoot, to give fire ; from
the gleams of iridescent reflection by
which the stone is distinguished.

Opaque. Lat. opacus, shadowy, dusky,
Fr. opaque.

OPEN

Open. G. offen, on. opinn, as. yppe,
open ; ypjmn, G. offken, ON. opna, to
open, to do up. on. luka, to shut ;
uppliuka, to open ; upplokinn, open.
Opinn is not only open, but mouth up-
wards, som ligger opad. We open a
vessel by lifting up the cover.

Opera. A name introduced with the
thing itself from Italy. Opera, any work,
labour, action ; now-a-days taken for a
comedy or tragedy sung to music. — Fl.
Lat. opus, pi. opera, work.

Operate. Lat. operari, to work, opas,
-eris, work. Bret, ober, to do, to make.

Ophthalmia. Gr. ofioKfibg, an eye.

Opinion. Lat. opinio j opinari, to
think, believe.

Opportune. — Importunate. Lat. op-
portunus, serviceable, convenient, season-
able, as a haven at hand to a ship ; from
ob, in front, and portus. In order to ex-
press the opposite ideas the ob of oppor-
tunus was changed to the negative particle
in, thus giving rise to importuntis, incon-
venient, troublesome, out of season.

-opt-.— Optative. — Option. Lat. op-
tare, to wish, to chuse ; optio, a choice or
election. Hence adopt, to chuse for one's
o^vn.

Optio. — Optician. Gr. oTrriKoe, having
to do with vision, from the obsolete ojtt-o-
/lai, to see.

Opulent. Lat. opulentus, from opes,
wealth, abundance.

Or. Contracted from AS. dhwather,
dwther, dther, OE. ozither. Goth, aith-
than, OHG. edo, ON. eda, AS. eththa, Du.
edder, eer, ohg. odo, as. oththe, OHG.
odar, Fris. auder, uder, Du. odder, oer,
OSax. eftha, OFris. efther, OHG. alda,
Swiss aid, on. ella, Swiss alder, Sw.
Dan. eller, or. — Dief.

Oracle. — Oral. — Orator. -or«. From
Lat. OS oris, the mouth, are Fr., E. oral,
given by word of mouth ; Lat. oro, -as,
to pray, to address words, whence oracu-
lum, an oracle or declaration of the gods
when consulted on human affairs ; oratio,
words, speaking, speech; adoro, to pray
to, to adore.

Orange. It. arancio, Venet. naranza,
Sp. naranja, Mod.Gr. vi^avrXj-ov. The
name must have been introduced with
the fruit itself from the East ; Pers. nd-
renj, Arab, ndranj. The loss of the n
gave Mid. Lat. arangia, which passed into
Fr. orange under the influence of the
golden colour of the fruit. — Diez.

Orb. — Orbicular. — Orbit. Lat. orbis,
a circular object, whence orbita, the track

ORDURE

4S3

of a chariot-wheel ; orbita solis, the way
of the sun.

Orchard. Goth, aurtigards, OYi.jurta-
garSr, MHG. wurzgarte, AS. vyrtgeard,
ortgeard, a yard or enclosure for worts,
i. e. vegetables, a garden. See Wort.

Orchestra. Gr. dpxvcrpa, the part of
the stage on which the chorus danced,
from dpxBo/tat, to dance.

Ordeal, as. ordcel, Du. oordeel, ordael,
a mode of judgment by fire or water, sup-
posed to be decided by the hand of God ;
the judgment /car' i^axvv. Du. oordeel, G.
urtheil, judgment, from ON. ur, out of,
and theil, part ; a laying out of parts, dis-
posing of the matter in proper order. In
the same way Lat. discrimen, a parting,
separation, signifies an examination, de-
cision, proof.

Order. — Ordain. — Ordinary. Fr. or-
dre. It. or dine, Lat. or do, -inis, a rank or
row, arrangement, order. Hence ordino^
to set in rows, to arrange, to ordain or
settle the order of things by a decree.
Ordinary, according to order, regular.

An ordinary or public dinner at cer-
tain hours may be explained as an open*
ing to the public of the ordinary fare of
the house. Common dyet in a mannes
house : ordinaire. — Palsgr.

Ordnance. Formerly ordinance or
ordonance, all sorts of artillery of great
guns. — B. An incidental application of
ordinance in the sense of arrangement,
preparation. Fr. ordonner, to ordain,
appoint, dispose, array, equip. — Cot.

Furthermore the king and his council ordeyned
blank chartres : — had them prepared. — English
Chron. p. 13. Cam. Soc.

In the same work we see the passage
to the modern sense.

The ordenaunce of' the kinges guns avayled
not, for that day was so grate rayne that the
gonnes lay depe in the water, and so were queynt
and myght not be schott. — p. 97.

The Duke of Burgoyn had layd there all his
apparament to take Caleys, amongis which was
a horrible ordinauns, smale barelis filt full of
serpentis and venymous bastes, which he thouhte
to throwe into Caleys be engynas. — Capgrave
Chron. p. 298.

It. ordigno, a machine, mechanical con-
trivance, applied by Ariosto to a gun.

Ordure. Fr. ordure, It. or dura, lor-
dura, filth ; lor do, or do, OFr. ord, filthy,
dirty, from Lat. luridus, dark-coloured.
In luridi denies, discoloured teeth, the
sense comes very near that of dirty, filthy.
Mid. Lat. luridus, zwart, bleec^ onreyn ;
fuul. — Dief. Sup. The equivalence of
forms with an initial / or « and a simple
vowel is not uncommon. Fr. loutre, E.

454

ORE

otter J Fr. lierre, OFr. hierre, ivy ; Fr.
lingot, E. ingotj Fr. laiton, It. ottone,
brass ; It. lonza, Sp. o/z^'fl, an ounce ; It.
luscignolo, uscignolo, a nightingale. The
derivation from horridus supported by
Diez is unsatisfactory.

Ore. Properly the vein of metal, from
the ore being found in a thin band ap-
pearing in the section like a vein running
through the rock. Calamina est qusedam
■vena terra, is a certain ore. — 'Roger Ba-
con, Opus minus, 385. G. ader, Sw.
dder, dr, N. aader, aar, Dan. aare, a vein.
Vena, odder, odir. — Dief. Supp.

The ordinary explanation identifies the
word with AS. dr, cBr, ON. eir, Goth, aiz,
Lat. as, aris, brass.

Organ. — Organic. Gr. opyawov (from
epyo), to work), Lat. organum, an instru-
ment, tool, or machine, a musical instru-
ment. Ultimately the great instrument
of church music of pipes blown by . a
bellows.

Organa dicuntur omnia instrumenta musico-
rum. Non solum illud organum dicitur quod
grande est et inflatur foUibus, sed quicquid apta-
tur ad cantilenam et corporeum est. — St Augus-
tine in Due.

Orgies. Gr. opyia, sacred rites ; ori-
ginally those in honour of Bacchus.

Oriel. This word formerly signified a
chamber or apartment. Adjacet atrium
nobilissimum in introitu quod porticus
vel oriolum appellatur. — Ut non in in-
firmarii. sed seorsim in oriole monachi
infirmi carnem comederent. — Matth.
Paris in Due. Orioluin, a little entrance,
from OS, oris ? It is glossed chamber in
Bibelsworth. — Nat. Antiq. p. 166.
Plus est delit en le oriol [chamber]
Escoter la note de I'oriol [wodewale].

For the queen's cloSet in a chapel : —
Ye schall hur brynge to the chapelle,
Be the oryall syde stande thou stylle.

Erl of Tholouse, 1. 308.
That lady herde his mournyng all
Ryght under the ohambre wall
In her oryall there she was. —
Then said that lady mylde of mood,
Ryght in her closet there she stood.

Squire of low Degree, 1. 180.
An oriel window is one that juts out so
as to make a small apartment in a hall.

Orifice. Lat. orijicium, what makes
an ojaening ; as, oris, mouth.

Origin. Lat. origo, -inisj orior, to
arise, take a beginning.

Orison. Fr. oraison, Lat. oratio, a
prayer.

Orlope. The uppermost deck in a
great ship, from the mainmast to the miz-
zen.— B. It. tetto, the deck or overloope

OSIER

of a ship. — Fl. G. Uberlauf, the deck of
a ship, from iiberlaufen, to run over the
whole surface. Du. overloop, a covering,
the deck of a ship. — Kil.

-orn-. Ornament. Lat. ornare, to
adorn, equip.

Ornithology. Gr. opvif, opj/iS-og, a bird.
Orphan. Gr. b^i^avoz, having lost father
or mother.

Orpiment. A yellow arsenical colour,
Lat. auripigntentum.

Orth.0-. Gr. 6p9if, upright, right, true.
As in Orthodox (^o?a, opinion, way of
thinking or teaching). Orthography, &c.

Orts. Orts, or in Scotland worts, are
the fragments and rejected parts that are
left by an animal in feeding, and generally
the odds and ends that fall to the ground
in doing any work. A cow is said to ort
her provender when she tosses it aside ;
a child orts his bread when he crumbles
it down ; hence metaphorically to ort, to
reject. — ^Jam. The word is very widely
spread. Da. dial, ovred, erred, orret,
ort, orts ; Du. oor-aete, oorefe, reliquiae
fastiditi pabuli ; ooraetigh, fastidiens ni-
miS. saturitate — Kil.; NFris. erten, to
leave remnants in eating ; Pl.D. ert, ori-
els, orts.; erten, verorten, orden, to be
nice in eating, to pick out the best and
leave much remnants — Brem. Wtb. ;
Westerwald urzen, Swiss hurschen, urschi,
orts ; urschen, to ort ; Bav. urdssen,
urezen mit etwas, to deal wastefuUy ; die
J4rdss, rejection, orts.

The Du. and Bav. forms naturally lead
to the derivation suggested by Kiliaan,
oeraete, quasi eueraete, esca superflua,
what is left over in eating; and perhaps
the form of the word has been modified
in accordance with this notion, but Lap.
arates, which is used in exactly the same
sense, can hardly have had such an origin.
The corresponding forms in the kindred
dialects are Esthon. warrid (ytas herunter
fallt), droppings, crumbs, from warri-
sema, to rustle, to fall out, as ripe oats ;
Fin. waret, chaff driven off in thrashing,
from warista, to drip or fall gradually, as
grain from the ears of corn, or leaves in
the autumn. It is remarkable that an
initial w is added in Sc. worts, as in Fin.
•waret, compared with Lap. arates. ' E'en-
ings worts are gude mornings fodderings.'
— Jam.

Oscillate. Lat. oscillum, something
swung by a rope fastened to the top of a
pole.

Osier. Fr. osier, a willow, willow twig,
wicker basket. Probably from being used
in making utensils of different kinds, for

OSPREY

wliich wicker was much employed by the
Gauls. Bret, aoza, oza, to form, fashion,
arrange ; aozil, ozil, willow, made of
wiUow.

Osprey. Lat.«?j-J2/rag-zVr,abone-breaker.

To Oss. To offer to do, to aim at, to
intend to do. — B. Fr. oser, to dare, ad-
venture, be so bold as to do a thing ;
Prov. ausar, It. ausare, osare, Venet.
ossare, from Lat. audere, ausum, to dare.
The difficulty in this derivation is that
OSS belongs so completely to the popular
part of the language that it is very un-
likely to have had a Fr. derivation. W.
osio, to offer to do, is undoubtedly the
same word, but we are unable to say
whether it is bon'owed from E. oss, or
vice vers^. We find the idea in an earlier
stage of development in Fin. osaia, to
aim right, to strike the mark, to be able
to do, to know the way ; osaella, to try to
do, to imitate. Esthon. ots, end, point ;
otsiina, to seek ; otsama, to end.

Osseous. Lat. osseiis; os, ossis, a bone.

Ostensible. — Ostentation. Lat. os-
tendo, ostensum (for ob-s-tendo, to stretch
out opposite), to show ; whence the fre-
quentative ostento, -as, to make a show.

Ostler. Properly the master of an inn,
but now appropriated to the servant at
an inn who jfias charge of the stables and
horses. Yx.hostelier, a host,, innkeeper,
from hostel, a house, hostel, hall, palace.
— Cot. The application to the sense of a-
groom seems to have taken place at a
very early period in England. In the
reign of Rich. II., W. Brewer, 'hostil-
larius W. Larke pistoris,' was condemned
to the hurdle for making short weight in
horsebread, having to stand ' uno de dictis
panibus circa collum suum, et uno botello
feni ad dorsum, suum in signum hostil-
' larii pendentibus,' with a bottle of hay at
his back as a sign of an hostler. — Lib.
Alb. 2. 425. Jack 'the hosteler of the
house,' the companion of the tapster and
her paramour, in Chaucer's story of the
Pardoner and the Tapster, is plainly the
ostler in the modern sense, and not the
master of the inn.

Ostrich. Fr. austruche, an austridge
or ostridge — Cot. ; Sp. avestruz, from
avis struthioj Lat stntthio, Mid.Lat.
strucio, an ostrich. — Diez.

Other. Goth, anthar, OFris. ander,
other, or, ON. annar, Sanscr. anya, an-
tara, other ; Lat. alius, other, alter
(whence It. altro, Fr. autre), the other,
one of the two ; Lith. antras, Lett, ohtrs,
other, second.

Otter. It. lontra, Sp. lutria, mitria,

OUTRAGE

455

Fr. loiitre, Lat. lutra, G. otter, ON. otir,
Pol. wydra, Russ. vuidra.

Ottoman. The Ottoman empire, the
Turkish empire. From Othman the
founder of the dynasty.

Ought. Anything. See Aught.

Ought. The pret. of the verb to owe.

Our. Goth., G. uns, (ace. pi ) us ; un-
sar, tmser, AS. use, ure, our.

Ounce. Fr. once, Lat. uncia, the 12th
part of a pound, and an inch, the 12th
of a foot.

Ousel. OHG. a.misala, G. amsel, as.
osle.

To Oust. — Out. Fr. oster, to remove,
take away, lay aside, drive or expel from.
Ostez vous de Id., get you hence. — Cot.
Prov. ostar, to take away; fdrostar, to
drive out. It is probable that this last is
the original meaning of the word, and
that oust and the preposition out, ON. uf,
G. aus, have their origin in the cry huss !
hut ! used to drive out dogs. Swiss huss !
a cry to set on a dog or to hiss a man,
an exclamation of contempt or abhor-
rence ; huss use /■ fort, hinaus ! properly
to a dog, then to a man. W. hwt! off,
off with it, away ! and as a noun, a taking
off, a taking away ; hwtio, to hiss out, to
hoot; Gael, ut ! ut ! interj. of disappro-
bation or dislike ; Patois de Champ, hus,
hootings, cries, out (hors), door. ' Quibus
id agentibus conversa facie in sinistram
partem indignando quodammodo, virtute
quanta, potuit, Hutz ! Hutz ! quod signifi-
cat Foras ! Foras ! Unde patet quia ma-
lignum spiritum videt.' — Vita Ludovici
Pii in Due. Sw. hut! is used as a cry to
drive out dogs or to stop them and make
them quiet, get out, for shame ! huta tit,
to drive out. In the same way Serv. osh !
cry to drive out ; oshkati, to cry osh ! to
drive out.- The Lap. cry is has! as!
agreeing remarkably with the Gael, form
of the preposition, as, out, out of; Lap.
hasetet, to drive out. Fr. dial, oussi!
toussi! cry to drive out a dog; usse !
houste ! houste d la paille ! ut ! hors
d'ici, va t'en. — Jaubert.

The cries addressed to animals being
commonly taken from sounds made by
themselves, the exclamation hoot! used
in driving out dogs, may be compared
with Lap. huttet, to bark. Swiss huss,
hauss, a dog.

Outrage. It. oltraggio, Fr. oultrage,
outrage, excess, unreasonableness, vio-
lence, from Lat. ultra, Fr. outre, beyond,
with the termination age. Elle est belle
voirement, mats il n^y a rien d'oultrage,
she is fair indeed, but no fairer than she

456

OVAL

should be. Je ne vous demande rien
doiUtrage, I demand nothing unreason-
able.— Cot.

Oval. — Ovary. Gr. wov, Lat. ovum,
an egg ; whence oval, eggshaped ; ovary,
the eggbearing organ.

Ovation. Lat. ovare, ovatum; said to
be from oves, the sheep sacrificed in the
ovation or lesser triumph.

Oven. G. ofen, Goth, auhns, OSw.
ogn, omn, on. ofn, Gr. mvfst, oven ;
Sanscr. agni, Lith. ugnis, Lat. ignis, fire.

Over. AS. iifan, above, upwards, from
above, up ; ufe-weard, ufan-weard, up-
wards ; ufera, higher, farther ; ufemest,
highest ; upmost. G. auf, on, upon, up ;
oben, above, on high ; ober, upper, over ;
iiber, over ; Gr. vvo, under ; in-sp, over ;
Lat. sub, under ; super, over.

Overt. — Overture. Fr. ouvrir, Prov.
obrir, ubrir, OFr. aovrir, a-uvrir, adub-
rir, Castrais durbi, dotirbi. Wall, drovi,
to open, from Lat. deoperire, to uncover.
— Diez.

Owche. — Nouclie. Ouche (a jewel),
bague. — Palsgr. The original form is
that with an initial n.
Whan thou hast taken any thynge,
Of lovis gifte, or nouche or pin. — Gower in Hal.
OHG. iiusca, nuscja, nuskil, MHG. nusche,
niischel. Mid. Lat. nusca, a buckle, clasp,
brooch.

To Owe. — Ought. — Own. Goih.. aigan,
aihan, to possess, to have ; aihts, posses- 1

PAD

sions ; AS. {agan), pres. Ah, agon, ^ri.dh/e;
ON. eiga, d, eigum, dtte, to possess ; G.
eigen, AS. dgen, Sc. awin, what is pos-
sessed by one, own. To own a thing is
to claim it as possessed by oneself. To
owe money is an elliptical expression for
having it to pay to another, possessing it
for another. ON. Eg d hestinn, that is
my horse ; eg d Idnga 7eiS, I have a long
way to perform ; eg d at giallda, I have
to pay, I owe ; Gud d hiydni at thir, you
owe obedience to God, God possesses, is
rightfully entitled to, obedience at your
hands. In the same way we say, I have
to pay you money, I have to go to Lon-
don, Je dois aller k Londres. ' The plow-
man sayde, Gyve me my moneye. The
preeste sayde, I owe none to thee to paye : '
i. e. I have none to pay the6, or I owe
thee none. — From Wynkyn de Worde in
Reliquias Ant. p. 46. A Yorkshiremen
says. Who owes this ? who is the possess-
or of this, to whom does it belong ?

Owl. ON. ugla. Da. ugle, AS. eowle,
OHG. iuwila, MHG. iule, G. eule. Doubt-
less from its cry. G. uhu, the screech owl.
Lat. ulula, owl ; ululo, to howl.

Ox. A name extending to the Finnic
branch of languages ; Lap. wuoksa,
Syrianian os, Votiak oj (Fr. j), Ostiak
uges, Turk. ogys.

Oyster. . OFr. oistre, Lat. ostrea, Gr.
oarpiov, ON. ostra, AS. osire.

Pace. Fr. pas, It. passo, Lat. passus.

Pacifjr. Lat. pacificarej pax, pads,
peace.

Pack. — Packet. G., Du. pack, a
bundle. Fr. paquet, a small bundle.
hpack of cards, and figuratively, a pack
of hounds ; G. diebenpack, a gang of
thieves ; das pack, lumpenpack, the dregs
of the people, a pack of rogues; — Kiittn.
A natighty pack was fonnerly used as a
term of abuse for a loose woman, as a
person is now sometimes called ' a bad
lot.'

To pack, to make into a bundle ; G.
sich packen, Sw. packa sig bort, to be
gone, be packing, pack away. A jury is
packed when it is selected and put to-
gether for a particular purpose, and so in
G. die karten packen, to pack cards in a
fraudulent manner, so that one may
know how they lie.

The original meaning is shown in Es-
thon. pakima. Fin. pakkata, to stuff, to
cram ; pakko, compulsion, force, neces-
sity, pain ; Lat. pangere, pactutn, to drive
in, to fasten ; Gr. irriyvvui (root ■Tray), to
stick or fix in as a nail, to fasten together,
put together, to make solid, stiff, or hard ;
TTi/yof, firm, solid.

Pact. Lat. paciscor, pactus sum, to
agree upon, to engage for, from pango,
pactum, to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan-
gere inducias, societatem, pacem. See
Pack.

* Pad. I. In the most general sense,
a separate mass, a pack, bundle, bunch.
A pad of yarn, a certain quantity of skeins
made up in a bundle ; a pad of wool, a
small pack such as clothiers carry to a
spinning house.— Devon. Gl. in Hal.

He was kept in the bands, having under him
but only a pad [bundle] of straw. — Fox, Martyrs.

PADDLE
Glad here to kennel in s-pad of straw. — Drayton.
A pad is then a bunch of some sort of
stuffing confined in a case, a small cushion,
quilted saddle or the like.

The word is probably an equivalent of
Bav. batzen, botzen, a lump of soft mate-
rial, and is connected with the notion of
paddling in something soft and wet in the
same way that dab, a lump of something
soft, is connected with dabble. O.patsch!
(Sanders), Swab, batsch ! interjection ex-
pressing the sound of a sudden fall or
blow ; batschen, to paddle in water, tramp
in soft mud. Swiss batschen, to fall to-
gether, to clot. Die matrazze bdtscht sich,
the matrass becomes lumpy. Comp. the
proverbial expression a pad in the straw,
something wrong, a screw loose. ' Here
lyes indede the padde within the straw.' —
Hal. Swiss batsch, a lump, clump ; batsch
haar, a bunch of clotted hair ; batsch, a
pad of clouts sewed one upon the other ;
bdtschet, what lies one upon the other, be-
comes a lump, is padded out. G. patz
lehm, a lump of clay to stop a hole in a
furnace.

The same train of thought gives rise to
the parallel series, G. watsch ! represent-
ing the sound made by a blow with some-
thing soft, a fall in the mud, &c. ; E. wad,
a lump or piece of something soft ; wad-
ding, padding or stuffing out.

In the sense of a cushion there is a re-
markable coincidence with Fin. padja, a
pad of hay to prevent galling by the
saddle or horse collar, a mattress ; Esthon.
paddi, a pillow, cushion.

2. Pad, a path ; to pad, to pace, go on
foot.— Hal. Pad, in cant, the highway ;
padder, footpad, one who robs on foot.
Pad (in sporting language), the foot of a
hare or fox. Pl.D. pad, the sole of the
foot ; pad-weg, G. pfad. Fin. padet, patet,
a foot-path ; Pl.D. pedden, to tread ; pad-
jen, to trip. Door dik un dunn padjen,
to tramp through thick and thin. Gr.
irarsu, to tread ; iraroc, a path ; S^.patear,
to kick, to stamp ; pata, foot and leg of
beasts ; Fr. patte, paw. See To Paddle.

To Paddle. To move in the water
with the hands or feet.— B. Yx.patouiller,
to paddle or dabble in with the feet, to
stir up and down and trouble. — Cot.
Hence paddle, an implement for paddling,
an oar with a broad flat blade, as Fr.
gasche, an oar or skull, from gascher, to
splash. The idea of splashing or pad-
dling in the wet frequently occurs in the
special form of tramping through the mud,
explaining the root pad or pat in the
formation of words signifying tramp.

PAGEANT

457

tread, the way trodden, or the foot as the
implement of tramping. G. patsch ! like
klatsch ! guatsch 1 watsch / represents the
sound made by a blow with something
soft and flat. Patsch ! da lag es. Patsch !
da hatte er eins auf s maul. Bav. patsch-
en, to tramp ; patschen, the foot or shoe ;
lackenpatscher, a step i' the gutter. Pl.D.
patsch, mud ; patsch, patsch-hand, the
hand in s.peaking to a child, from the
sound of a pat with the soft flat hand of a
child. Bav. pfotschen (contemptuously)^
paw, hand ; G. pfote, Fr. patte, paw ; Gr.
-Koi', Lat. ped', foot.

In the same way with an initial j)/ in-
stead of/, Pl.D. pladern, to paddle ; E.
plod, to move with heavy footfall ; Swab.
pfatschen, pflatschen, pfatschehi, pjlat-
scheln, to paddle ; pJlaute,pJlautsch,pJlote,
a coarse, thick hand.

* Paddock, i. ons.padda, T)\x.padde,
a toad.

Probably from the notion of paddling
in water. G. patschen, to splash, paddle ;
wasser-patsch, a frog. Dreck-patz (dirt
paddler), a name given in the story to the
frog king.

2. A small enclosed piece of pasture
near home. Commonly regarded as a
corruption of AS. pearroc, a park or en-
closure, but this would be contrary to the
usual course, as dd more readily changes
to rr than the converse. Swab, pfatt, an
enclosure.

It may signify merely a small patch or
piece of land. See Pad.

* Padlock. A hanging lock ; from
pad, in the sense of a lump or detached
mass, as distinguished from the common
lock let into the substance of the mem-
ber which it fastens.

Pagan. Lat. paganttsj pagus, a coun-
try village.

Page. I. It. paggio, Fr. page, pror
perly a boy, then a serving boy, attendant.
Chaucer, speaking of an infant, says,

In cradle it lay and was a proper /fff«.

Gr. 'wqS.q, irmliiQ, child ; Gael, paisde, a
young boy or girl; Manx paitchey, a
child.

2. Page of a book, from Lat. pagina, a.
sheet of paper, as Fr. lame, from lamina, a
blade,7^»zwz«, iroai fcemina. See Pageant.

Pageant. A triumphal chariot or
arch, or other pompous device, usually
carried about in public shows. — B.
Pagent, pagina. — Pr. Pm. The authori-
ties cited by Way in the notes on this
passage show that the original meaning
of the word was a scaifold for the pur-

458

PAGOD

pose of scenic exhibition, equivalent to
' Lat. and It. pegma, which is explained
by Florio, a frame, a fabric, a machine,
or pageant, to move, to rise, or to go
itself with wheels, with vices, or with
other help. In a contemporary account
of the performances, cited in ' Sharp's
Coventry Mysteries,' certain pageants are
spoken of, ' which pagiants were a high
scafold with two rowmes, a higher and a
lower, on four wheeles.' The compiler of
the Liber Albus, describing the ceremo-
nial at the entry of Henry VI. into Lon-
don, A.D. 1432, uses pagina and machina
as synonymous. He tells us that at the
entry of the bridge, ' parabatur machina
satis pulcra in cujus medio gigas mirae
magnitudinis. — Ex utroque latere ipsius
gigantis in eddem pagind erigebantur
duo animalia vocata antelops.' — Munim.
Gildh. III. 459. The name was after-
wards transferred to the subject of exhi-
bition, whether a mere image or a dra-
matic performance. In the Chester
Mysteries each drama is introduced in the
form, ' Incipit pagina prima de celi, an-
gelorum, &c., creacione.' The word was
sometimes written ^flgy«, ox pagen, truer
than the modern form to the Lat. pagina,
from whence it is derived. Nor is there
reason to doubt that pagina itself is an
equivalent of compago, -inis, or compages,
from the Ysrh pango, to fasten, signifying
a framework of materials fastened to-
gether, just as the equivalent pegma is
Gr. Trrjyfta, a construction, from Tr-q-^vviu,
to fasten. 'Ajia^av Trii^aaBai, to build a
waggon. Lat. pagino, compagino, to
construct. ' Solidoque ns.-veva.paginatam
robore.' — Paulin in Face. Pagina, a
sheet of paper, is supposed to be so called
from the skins of papyrus compacted to-
gether of which it is composed.

Paged. An image worshipped by the
Indians and Chinese, or the temple be-
longing to such an idol. — B. From Ptg.
pagao, a pagan, and thence pagode, an
assembly of idolaters, temple of the In-
dians, porcelain image.

Pail. It. padella, Venet. pdela, a pan ;
Sp. paila, a bason, a pan ; Lat. patera, a
bowl; patella, a dish, a plate; Ym.padda,
Bret, pod, E. pot.

* Pain. Fr. peine, pain, penalty, pun-
ishment, also pains, labour, endeavour,
also pain, trouble, anguish. — Cot. Du.
pijne, G. pein, pain, trouble, punishment ;
kopfpein, za/tnpei/i, hend-ache, tooth-ache.
W. poen, Bret, poan, pain, punishment,
pains ; Gael, plan, pain, pang, torment ;
O^.pina, to torment, to punish.

PALE

All from Lat. pcena, retribution, punish-
ment, a word which from the prominence
of the idea in religious teaching would
readily be carried into all European Ian ■
guages. See Punish.

Painim. A heathen, properly heathen-
ism. Fr. paien, a pagan ; paiennisme,
paienisine, paienim.e, paganismus, hea-
thendom, heathenland.

Paint. Lat. pingere, pictzim, Fr. pein-
dre,peint, to paint.

Pair.^-Par. Lat. par, alike, even.
Fr. pair.

Palace. Lat. palatium.

Paladin. It. paladino, palatine, be-
longing to an emperor's court or chief
palace, a count palatine; also 21. paladin,
a knight, or famous man-at-arms of an
emperor's palace. — Fl. The knights of
the round table were the paladins of
Arthur or of Charlemagne, from whose
exploits the heroic character implied in
the name is derived.

Palaeo-. Palin-. Palim-. Palceo- (in
Geol.), Gr. woXoios, ancient ; naXai, long
ago, of old. Palin-, Palim-, Gr. iraXiv,
back, again. Paliinpsest, a MS. written
on a. former MS. rubbed out. Gr. iraki^-
^riaroq, from i|/ai'w, ^aa, to rub off.

It is curious that a plausible explana-
tion of both ■Ka\iv and naKai may be
found in the Finnish languages ; of the
first in Fin. palaan, pallata (to be com-
pared with Gr. iroMw, to turn), to roll, to
return ; palatus, return. From the same
root seems to spring Lap. pale, a turn,
time ; tann palen, at that time; tai palai
(plur.), in those times, formerly. In Lat.
olim (from olle for ille, in those times),
the word signifying times is understood,
while in Gr. TraAai there would be an
ellipse of the demonstrative.

Palanquin. Ptg. palanqiiim, a chair
or couch carried between poles on men's
shoulders, from Sp. palanca, a lever, a
cowl-staff, or pole on which a weight is
supported between two men.

Palate. Lat. palatum.

Palaver. Mid.Lat. parabola, Sp. pa-
labra, Ptg. palavra, word, discourse.
The word seems to have come to us from
the intercourse with the negroes of the
African coast, where Portuguese was the
European language principally known.
To hold a palaver was there used for a
conference, and thence the word was in-
troduced as a slang term. See Parley.

Pale. — Paling. — Palissade. Lat.
palus. It. palo, a pole or stake ; Sp. palo,
a stick ; G. pfahL, a pile, pole, stake ; Fr.
palis, a pale or thick lath, a stake, pole,

PALETTE

pile. — Cot. w. palis, a thin partition of
boards, wattle, lath.

In a secondary sense pale signifies an
enclosure, a place paled in.

Pale, 2. — Pallid. Lat./3//«(7,tobepale.

Palette. The flat plate on which a
painter rubs his colours. W. pdl, a spade ;
Bret, pal, a spade, quoit, float of a mill ;
It. pala, any kind of flat and broad thing
or plate, a spade, float of a water-wheel,
blade of an oar, shoulder-blade ; paletta,
any little flat thing with a handle, a shovel,
trowel, spattle, slice, racket. Y^.pale, a
shovel ; palet, a quoit ; palette, a- sur-
geon's slice.

Palfrey. Fr. palefroi, It. palefreno,
Mid.Lat. paraveredus, parafredus, pala-
fridus, an easy-going horse for riding ;
veredus, a post-horse. The term is ex-
plained by Due. an extra post-horse, a
horse used in the military and by-roads
as veredus on the main roads, but it is
probable that this distinction was not
observed. ' De querela Hildebrandi co-
mitis quod pagenses ejus paravreda dare
recusant.' — Capit. Car. Mag. The first
half of the word is supposed to be the Gr.
TTopa, by, a by-horse ; but it is not easy
to understand how such a compound
could arise. From parafredus were
formed G. pferd, Du. paard, a horse.

Pall. A cloth that covers a coffin at
a funeral, a cloak. Lat. pallium was
especially applied to the cloak sent by
the Pope for the inauguration of a bishop.
W. pall, a mantle, a pavilion ; Bret, pall-
en, a coverture ; pallen-wHi, bed-cover,
coverlet ; pallenvardh, horse-cloth, hous-
ings ; Gael, peall, a skin or hide, cover-
ing, veil.

To Pall. To grow flat as liquors do,
to make dull, to take off the appetite. — B.
To pall, to rot. — Squire of Low Degree.
W. pallu, to fail ; pall, loss of energy,
miss, failure. To appall is to cause to
pall, to stupefy with horror or similar
emotion.

* Pallet. Palyet, lytylle bed, lectica.
— Pr. Pm.

And on a paillet all that glad night
By Troilus he lay. — Chaucer.
Langued. pallet, a straw or rush mat.
Prov. paillola, a couch. It. pagUaccio,
a pallet or straw bed. — Fl. From Lat.
palea, chaff ; It. paglia, Fr. paille, straw,
chaff.

Palletoque. — Pallecote. A cassock
or short coat with sleeves. — B. Fr. pal-
letoc, a garment like a, short cloak with
sleeves. — Cot. Bret. paltSk, a cloak of
coarse cloth worn by peasants at their

PALTER

459

work. Gael, peall, a skin or hide, a
bunch of matted hair, a mat, coverlet ;
peallaid, a sheepskin; peallach, shaggy,
matted ; pealtag, a patched cloak.

To Palliate. Lat. palliare, to cloke.
See Pall.

Palm. I. Gr. 7ra\a;uij, Lat. palma, w.
palf, AS./olm, OUG. folma, the flat of the
hand ; 'LsX. palpare, o^.fdlma, to grope,
feel for with the hands ; w. palfalu, to
grope, creep on the hands and feet.

2. Lat. palma, the palm, a tree with
broad spreading leaves like the palm of
one's hand. Hence palmer, a pilgrim,
carrying a palm-branch in sign of having
been to the Holy Land.

3. The yellow catkin of the willow, the
branches of which, on account of the
name, are carried on Easter Sunday to
represent the palm-branches of Judea.
Pl.D. palme, bud, catkin of willow, hazel,
alder, &c. The buds or eyes of the vine
are also called palm^n in Germany,
whence may be explained E. palmer'
•worm, a grub or worm destroying the
buds of plants.

The name seems to have been given to
a catkin, from the woolly or feathery tex-
ture. Palm of wuU or loke. — Pr. Pm.
fin. palmu, catkin of willow ; palmikko,
lock of hair ; palmikoita, to plait hair or
wicker.

Palpable. Lat. palpor, to stroke
gently, to feel with the hand.

Palpitate. Lat. palpito, to pant or
beat.

Palsy. A loss of the bodily powers,
corrupted from Fr. paralysie, Lat. para-
lysis.

There our Lord heled a man of is\& palasye.
Sir John Mandeville, p. 107.
See Paralyse.

To Palter.— Paltry. To palter is
properly to babble, chatter, then to trifle.
Paltry, trifling.

One whyle his tonge it ran and paltered of a cat,
Another whylehe stammered styll upon a rat.
Gammer Gurton, ii. 3.

In like manner we find babbling for tri-
fling.

K. John. Why dost thou call them bahlyng
matters, tell me? Sedition. For they are not
worth the shaking of a pear-tree. — King Johann,
Cam. Misc.

Sp. chisme, tattle, tale, thence lumber of
little value.

Depreciatory terms for the exercise of
the voice are commonly taken from the
continuous sound of water or the like.
P1.D. pladdern, to paddle, dabble ; Du.
pladeren, G. plaudern, to tattle, or talk in

460

PAM

excess ; N. putra, to simmer, bubble,
whisper, mutter ; Pl.D. paotern (pron.
pawterri), to patter, repeat in a monoton-
ous manner. From the broad sound of
the a in this pronunciation is introduced
tlie / of palter, in the same way as was
formerly seen in the case oi falter, halt.
Patter s^-aA. palter are related together, as
E. chatter and It. cialtrare, to prattle,
chat.

From the notion of what is trifling,
worthless, seems to be developed N. pal-
tra, rags.

Pam. The knave of Clubs. Pol.
Pamfil, the knave of any suit. The
Swedes call the knave of Spades dkta
Patnpen, the true Pam ; the knave of
Clubs the false Pam. Bav. Pampfili, the
queen of Spades (der Eichel-Ober) ;
pampfili, Sp. patifilo, a greedy, lazy per-
son. See Pamper.

To Pamper. To feed high, to indulge.
^-B. Bav. pampfen, to stuff ; sick zioll
pampfen, to stuff oneself full, especially of
puddings ; pampf, thick gruel. Pampf
is a nasalised form of the nursery pap,
food. Tyrol, pappele, milk porridge ;
pappelen, to feed with dainties, to pamper.

Thus the devil fareth with men and womraen.
First he stirith hem to pappe and pampe her
fleisch desyrynge delicous metis and drynkis. —
OE. prayers in Reliq. Ant. i. 41.

On the other hand Fl. has pamb^re
(quasi pane e bdre), bread and drink, also
a nunchions of an afternoon ; pamberdto,
pampered, full-fed.

Pamphlet. From Sp. papelete, a
written slip of paper, a written newsletter,
by the insertion of the nasal, as in Du.
pampier, paper. Sp. papelon, a large
piece of paper, a pamphlet.

Gloster offers to put up a bill : Win-
chester snatches it, tears it.

Winch. Com'st thou with deep premeditated

lines,
With written pamphlets studiously devised ?

H. VI.

Pan-. Gr. Trav, everything. As in
Panegyric {iravfiyvpte, a general assem-
bly). Panorama (opdu, to see, 'opa/ia, a
sight seen).

Pan. ON.panna, Du. panne, G. p/an-
ne, 'boh.pdnew, Lith. pana. From Lat.
patina ?

Pander. From Pandarus, the uncle
of Troilus, who performs the part of a
pander in the story of Troilus and Cres-
sida, popular in the middle ages.

Pane. i. The derivation from Lat.
pagina, a leaf, page, any flat expanse, as
a sheet of marble, or piece of land, seems

■PANNEL

supported by the form paine, a piece of
wall. — Roquef. Valvaritm pagina:, the
panels of doors. — Pallad. Pane or part
of a thing, pagina. Pannel, pagella,
panellus. — Pr. Pm. The preponderating
evidence however is in favour of the de-
rivation from \j3.\.. pannus, cloth, through
Fr. pan, a pane, piece or pannel of a wall,
of wainscot, of a glass window, &c., the
skirt of a gown, the pane of a hose or
cloak. — Cot. The pane of a hose was a
sheet of different colour or material let
into the garment.

Than the linyght shewed me a pane of the
wall, and said, Sir, see you yonder parte of the
wall which is newer than all the remnant. — Bcr-
ners, Froissart in R.

Cat. pany, a piece of wall, pannel of
wainscot, lap of a shirt ; — de oro, gold
leaf. Panyo, cloth. Prov. pan, rag,
clout, lap, piece ; Ptg. pdno, pdnno, piece
of cloth ; — de 7nuro, piece of wall ; —
de chaminS, mantel-piece of a chimney.

Pang. AS. pyngan, Lat. pungere, to
prick. Poignant or pricking grief is that
which gives a severe pang. Fr. poind, a
stitch, or sharp pain in the side.

Panic. Gr. iravm'oQ, from ndj/, the
deity to whose influence panic fear was
attributed.

Panicle. Lat. panicula, the woof
round the quill, in the shuttle, the down
upon reeds.

Pannage. The feeding of swine upon
mast in the woods, or the duty accruing
from it. MXdi.ljsA.. pastio, pastionaticum,
pasnaticum, pasnagium, pannagiitjii,
from Lat. pascere, pastum, to feed. ' In
omnibus etiam suis nemoribus ipsorum
porcis recursum, et oninimodos fructus
ad eorum pabulum, absque eo pretio quod
vulgo pasnaticum dicitur.' — A.D. 1 1 30 in
Due. ' Plains pennaiges de chevaux, de
jumens, poutrains, vaches, veaux et pour-
ceaux allans k la dite forest de Cressi.' —
A. D. 1478.

Fr. pasnage, pawnage, mastage, the
money received by the lord of a forest
for the feeding of swine with the mast, or
of cattle with the herbage thereof. — Cot.

Pannel. Fr. paneau or panneau (from
pannel), like Prov. pannet (petit pan —
Rayn.), is a dim. of pan, pane. The Fr.
term like the E. is applied to the flat
pieces of board enclosed in the frame-
work of a door, &c., the rug or thick
cloth put under the load of a pack-horse.
Du. panned, rug-decksel, dorsuale, et
sella aurigs.— Kil. The pannel of a jury
is the slip of parchment on which the

PANNIER

names of the jurors are written. See
Pane.

Pannier. Fr. punier, a basket, pro-
perly, as Milan, panera, S bread-basket,
from Lat. panis, bread. It. pandra,
pandris, any place to keep bread in, a
pantry, a bread-basket.

To Panse. Fr. penser, to think, ex-
amine, consider of, also, as panser, to tend,
look unto, have a care of, also to dress,
physic, apply medicines unto. — Cot. Pan-
ser un cheval, to dress a horse.

Pansy. The flower heartsease, in Fr.
called /^«j/if, thought.

To Pant. Fr. panteler, to pant or
throb, to beat, also to breathe short and
thick, or often together ; pantiser,pmitoi-
ser, to breathe often, to be short-winded.
— Cot. The quick beating of the heart is
represented by the syllables pit-a-pat or
the ■D.a.iaXiseA. pintledy-pantledy, originally
imitating the sound of a succession of
light blows. 'And the rattling pit-pat
noise.' — B. Jonson in R. ' My heart went
pintledy-pantledy.' — Skinner. Then from
the sympathy between the action of the
heart and lungs, to pant, to breathe quick
and hard.

Pantaloon, — Pantaloons. Fr. pan-
talon, a pair of trousers, seems a modern
word. It. pant alone is the pantaloon of
Italian comedy, a covetous and amorous
old dotard who is made the butt of the
piece. The word seems to signify a
slovenly-dressed person, from Sp. pailal,
clout, skirt or tail of shirt ; panalon, a
slovenly fellow whose shirt hangs out of
his breeches. — Baretti. "LzX^p annus, rag,
cloth.

Pantomime. Gr. iravrofuiiog ; one
who acts in dumbshow ; vavro-, all, and
liiliioftai, to imitate. See Mimic.

Pantry. — Pantler. Fr.- paneterie,
place where the bread is kept ; whence
pantler, the officer who had charge of
,that department, as butler, the officer who
had charge of the buttery.

Pap. — Papa. Words formed of the
simplest articulations, ma and pa, are
used to designate the objects in which the
infant takes the earliest interest, the
mother and father, the mother's breast,
the act of sucking or taking food. Papa
and mamma are widely used in the sense
of father and mother. Lith. pdpas, Lat.
papilla, It. poppa, E. pap, the nipple or
breast ; It. poppare, to suck ; pappa, soft
food prepared for infants ; pappare, to
suck, to feed with pap ; Sp.papar, to eat;
Magy. papa, in nursery language, eating ;
mama, drinking ; Walach. papd, to eat ;

PARAPET

461

Russ. papa, bread ; Lat. mamrtia, mam-
milla. Fin. mamma, the breast.

Papacy.— Papist. See Pope.

Paper. Lat. papyrus, Gr. Tran-wpoe, the
Egyptian rush of which paper was made.
The occurrence of forms like w. pabyr,
rushes, rush candles, Walach. papura,
rush, is opposed to the common belief
that the name is originally Egyptian.

Papillary. Lat. papilla, dim. from
papula, a. pimple.

Para-. Gr. wapa, beside, beyond.

Parable. — Parabola. Gr. TrapafSoXij,
a comparison, illustration, from jrapa-
/SaXXo), to set side by side.

Paraclete. Gr. irapaKXriToe, from napa-
KaXkoi, to exhort ; in New Test. Gr., to
comfort.

Parade. Great show, state ; the place
where troops assemble for inspection.
Fr. parer, to dress, adorn, hang richly,
as with arras. — Cot. It. parare, to pre-
pare, make ready, for a priest to put on
his vestment before he goes to celebrate ;
parata, any preparation, trimming, set-
ting forth. — Fl.

Paradise. Gr. irapaZaisoQ, from a Per-
sian word signifying a park or hunting
enclosure.

Paradox. Gr. 5o Ja, expectation, opinion,
TrapaSo^og, contrary to opinion, strange.

Paraffine. A material having little
affinity with other substances. Lat. pa-
rum affinis, little allied.

Paragon. Fr. paragon, a pattern or
touchstone, whereby the goodness of
things is tried ; the perfection or flower
of, a paragon or peerless one. — Cot. Sp.
paragon, model, example, from the com-
pound preposition ^ara con, in compari-
son with. — Diez. Para con migo, in com-
parison with me ; para con el, according
to him.

To Paralyse. — Paralytic. Gr. \vii>, to
dissolve, loosen ; irapaXvui, to loosen or
disable at the side, to paralyse ; irapaXOaig,
paralysis, palsy ; icapaXvTiKog, one so af-
fected.

Paramount. Above all, sovereign, or
absolute. — B. Yx. paramont, at the top,
up. ' Car meus est dit soit a toi, vien cea
paramont^ melius est enim ut dicatur
tibi, ascende hue. — Proverbs xxv. 7.

Paramour. A love companion ; Fr.
par amour, by way of love. Paramour
(a woman), dame peramour. — Palsgr.

Parapet. It. parapetto, a ward-breast,
breastplate, wall breast high, iromparare,
Fr. parer, to cover, or shield from, to
ward or defend a blow— Fl., and It. petto,
La.t. pectus, breast.

462

PARAPHERNALIA

Paraphernalia, Gr. ^tpj/ij (^ipw), the
dowry brought by the wife, gain, booty ;
Trapa^epwa, Lat. paraphernalia, goods be-
longing to the bride (irnpa) besides the
stipulated portion.

Parasite. Gr. triroe, wheaten bread,
food ; Trapaffiroe, beside the food, eating
at the table of another, a flatterer.

Parasol. It. parasole, a sun-shade,
from par are, to ward off, and sole, the
sun.

To Parboil. 'La.ng. perbouli, to give a
slight boil, to part-boil. Mod.Gr. ixtao-
Ppaiu, to parboil ; /ictro/SpExw, to half wet,
to wet in part.

Parcel. \t. particella, any little parti-
cle, parcel, part, portion. — Fl. Fr. par-
celle, a piece, little part. — Cot.

Parcener. See Partner.

To Parch. Bav. pfarzen, to fry ; fdr-
zen, to toast bread. Probably direct
from the crackling sound of things frying.
Wz\3iCh. parjoH {Fr.j), to burn, to singe.

Parchment. Fr. parchemin, G. per-
gament, Lat. pergamena, from Pergamus
in Asia Minor, where it was invented.

Pardon. Fr. pardon. It. perdono, the
exact equivalent of e. forgive.

-pare. -pair. Lat. parare, to pre-
pare ; as in Prepare, Repair, &c.

To Pare. Fr. parer, to deck, trim,
garnish, order decently. — Cot. Le mare-
chal pare le pied d'un cheval avec un
boutoir ; parer les legumes d'un potager
pour les mettre en vente. — Diet. Lang.
Parer, to peel an apple. — Patois de Norm.
The radical meaning is to set forth, to
prepare.

Parent. Lat. pareo, to beget.

Parenthesis. Gr. eime, a setting (riei;-
/ii, to put) ; ;ropli'0£(7ie, something put in
by the side of.

Parget. The plaister of a wall. — B.
To parget, quasi paristare, parietes ca-
■mento incrustare. — Skinner. Pariette
for walles, blanchissure. — Palsgr. in Way.

If ye have bestowed but a little sum in the
glazing, paving, parieting of God's house. — Bp
Hall in R.

Parish. Fr. paroisse, Lat. parcecia,
Gr. vapoiKta, an ecclesiastical district or
neighbourhood ; Trapoi/coc, dwelling beside
another, from Trapa, by, and oIkos, house.

Park. Fr. pare, an enclosure, sheep-
fold, fish-pond ; Dan. Jisk-park, a fish-
pond ; It. parco, as. pearroc, ohg. pfer-
rich, G. pferch, park, enclosure ; Bret.
park, an enclosed field ; Lang, parghe, a
fold for cattle ; parga, parghejha, to fold
cattle on the ground.

Parley. — Parliament. — Parole. It.

PARRICIDE

parlare, Yx.parler, to speak. Commonly
derived from Lat. parabola, a comparison,
likeness, allegory, passing into paraula,
parola, a wordf whence parolare, parlare,
to speak. Mid.Lat. parabolare was con-
stantly used in this sense. ' Nostri seni-
ores parabolaverunt simul et considerave-
runt.' — Cap. Car. Calv. ' C^pit eum bis
terque appellare ; sed ille nihil homini
valuit parabolare, sed digito gulam ei
monstrabat.' — Due.

It is however hard to understand how
the word for speaking could have had so
forced an origin, and perhaps it may be
explained in closer analogy with other
words of like signification. We have
often had occasion to remark the fre-
quency with which the sound of water,
and of babbling, or much talking, are re-
presented by the same or similar forms.
Now brabble and brawl are used as well
to signify the noise of broken water as of
chiding and loud or noisy talking. Shake-
speare makes Sir Hugh Evans use/rz*-
bles and prabbles in the sense of idle
chatter. The insertion of a vowel be-
tween the mute and liquid would give W.
parabl, speech, utterance, discourse ;
parablan, to talk continually, to chatter ;
parablus, eloquent, fluent. If these
spring from a native Gallic root it might
naturally have been retained in the speech
of the Romanised Gauls, and adopted in
written Latin under the form of parabo-
lare. On the other hand, the sense of
speaking is one where it is very unlikely
that the British language should have
borrowed from the Latin, and it is hardly
possible that parabolare could have been
generally used in the sense of speaking at
a period sufficiently early to give rise to
the w. word, without leaving evidence of
such a use in classical Latin.

A similar explanation may be given of
Sp. palabra, Ptg. palavra (the origin of
our vulgar palaver), word, from G. plap-
pern, to babble, tattle ; Sc. blabber, bleb-
ber, to babble, speak indistinctly.

Parlour. Fr. parloir, the room in a
nunnery where the nuns were allowed to
speak to visitors through a grating.

Parody. Gr. 1^^^, a song ; iTap<f)Sia
(irapa, beside), a song diverted to another
subject, a burlesque, parody.

Paroxysm. Gr. 6ivs, sharp ; 6Kvvm, to
sharpen ; irapolivw, to prick on, stir up,
exasperate, to grow violent ; irapojto-ftde,
exasperation, the violent fit of a disease.

Parricide. Lat. parricida, for patri-
cida, the slayer {cado, to strike) of one's
father.

PARROT

Parrot. — Parakeet. 7\-. perroquet is
derived by Menage from Perrot, the dim.
of Pierre, Peter, from the habit of giving
men's names to animals with which we
are specially familiar, as Magpie (for
Margery-pie, Fr. Margot), Jackdaw, Jack-
ass, Robin-redbreast, Cuddy (for Cuth-
bert) for the donkey and hedgesparrow.
When parrot passed into E. it was not
recognised as a proper name, and was
again humanised by the addition of the
familiar Poll ; Poll-parrot.

Probably Menage was wrong in deriv-
ing perroquet from Perrot, though right
in the general principle. Sp. Perico, the
short for Peter, also, as well as the dim.
periquito, signifies a parrot, and it is from
this latter form that Fr. perroquet and E.
parakeet have been derived.

To Parry. It. parare, Fr. parer, to
ward off. The hat. parare is known only
in the sense of making ready, but if we
examine the compounds we shall find that
the radical meaning must be to push.
Separare, to separate, is to push apart ;
reparare, to repair, to push a thing back
to its original place ; comparare; to bring
things together, to place them side by
side. To ward off a blow is to push it
aside.

To Parse. To distinguish the parts of
speech and grammatical relations in a
sentence. From pars orationis.

Parsimony. Lat. parsimoniaj pro-
bably from parcere, to spare.

Parsley. Fr. perstl, Lat. petroseli-
num.

Parsnep. Lat. pastinaca, Du. pasti-
nak, pasternak, Fr. pasquenade, paste-
naille. — Sherwood. The latter half of the
E. name is the nep of turnep, signifying a
tap-root. See Turnep.

Parson. Mid.Lat. persona eccUsice,
the person who represents the church in
a parish. — Blackstone. Persona signified
dignity or ofifice. Laicus quidam magna
persona ad nos veniens dicebat. — a. d.
741. Proconsulares et cUm. personati mr\.
Viri nobiles et personati. Nul clerc s'il
n'est Prelaz ou establis en personnage ou
dignity, &c. — Stat. Phil. Pulch. A. D. 1294
in Due.

Part. — Partial. — Participle. — Par-
ticle. Lat. pars, partis, part.

* Partisan. A halberd. — B. A par-
tisan or javelin to skirmish with, parti-
giana. — Torriano. Fr. pertuisa7ie, a par-
tisan, or leading staff ; pertuiser, to make
holes. — Cot. Lat. pertimdere,pertusum,
to pierce.
Partlet. A woman's ruff, and hence

PASS

463

a name for a hen, from the long feathers
about her neck.

Partition.— Party. Iji.t. partior, Fr.
partir, to devise, share ; parti, the part
one takes or the side one embraces.

Partner. — Parcener. Fr. parcener,
Prov. partener, parsonner, to partake,
take part with ; Fr. parcener, parsonnier,
a partaker, partner, coheir. — Cot.

Partridge. Yr. perdrix, "LsX. perdix.

Parturient. — Parturition. l^sX.pareo,
partum, to bring forth ; parttis, birth ;
parturio, to be engaged in birth.

To Pasli. To dash, to bruise.

If I go to him with my armed fist
VWpash him o'er the face.

Troilus and Cress.
The poor men half dead were beaten down
with clubs and their heads pashed in pieces. —
North. Hut. in R.

Formed on the same plan with dash, re-
presenting the noise of the blow. Swiss
batschen, to strike the hand ; batsch, a
blow of the hand ; bdtschen, to give a
smacking sound ; to fall with a noise.
Die thUre zubdtschen, to bang to the
door. Dan. baske, to slap, thwack ; — med
vingerne, to flap the wings.

Comp. Swiss ddtsch, a smart blow with
the open hand ; datsch, a clear sound, or
the blow which produces it.

To Pass. From Lat. passus is formed
Walach. ^a j^«, a step, and thence pas/iz,
to step, to go ; pashescu Inaiizte, I a'd-
vance, go forwards. The E. pace, from
the same root, is used both as a sub-
stantive and as a verb. So also the
original meaning oi go or gang is to step,
and the generalisation from the idea of
stepping to that of progress in general is
so natural that there is no occasion to
seek for any other derivation of It. pas-
sare, Fr. passer, to go on, go by, go
through.

The difficulty is to account for the Du.
passen, to accommodate, adjust, to fit, a
sense which may also be traced in Fr. se
passer, to accommodate oneself, to shift.
// se passe d. peu de chose, he is contented,
he maketh shift with a little. Se passer
ahme chose, to do without it. // a des
biens pour se passer, he hath goods enough
to serve his turn. So in E. he is well to
pass, or well to do. In a somewhat dif-
ferent sense Du. wel te pas zijn, to be
well in health.

The point of agreement is to be found
in the sense of happening. The events
of the world are regarded as moving on-
wards to meet us, and they happen at
the moment when they, pass by us.

464

PASSION

Hence the expression, it came to pass, it
happened. Fr. se passer, to happen, Ce
qui s'est passd avant nous, what hap-
pened before us. — Gattel. Du. op dit
pas, hoc loco, hoc tempore ; te pas, k
propos, k point, k saison. — Halma. Recht
te pas komen, opportune, commodd, suo
tempore, tempestivd venire. — Kil. Fr.
passable, suitable, not in excess.

Passion. — Passive. — Patient. Lat.
potior, passus, to suffer, endure, be af-
fected.

Paste.^I'asty. It. pasta, Fr. paste,
p&te, paste, dough. Sp. plasta, paste,
soft clay, anything soft ; plaste, size, a
fine paste made of glue and lime. — Neum.
Diez inclines to the derivation from Lat.
pastus, food, though with some hesita-
tion, arising from the relation between
Sp. plasta and Gr. ■rka.ay.a, anything
moulded. And here doubtless he touches
on a truer scent. As long as bread is in
a state of paste it is not food. ■ The es-
sential characteristic of paste is its sticky,
plastic condition, like that of moist clay
or mud. Now the idea of paddling or
dabbling in the wet and mud is expressed
by a variety of imitative forms beginning
indifferently with a ^ or pi, from whence
the designation of a plastic condition, or
plastic material,. would naturally follow.
Swab, pfatsch, pflatsch, the sound of a
blow in water ; Vlzxy. pladske, Svi.plaska,
paska, G. platschen, patschen, to plash,
dabble ; Dan. pladdre, E. paddle, Fr. pa-
touiller, patroidller, platrouiller (Pat. de
Champ.), to dabble. I paddyl in the
myre as duckes do or yonge chyldren ; je
pastille. — Palsgr.

In a sense somewhat further developed
we have Gael, plasd, plaister, daub with
lime or clay ; Gr. irXanffw, originally, to
mould in clay ; TrkauTucbq, of a pasty or
clayey texture ; Du. peisteren and pleis-
teren, to plaister ; Cat. empastre, Sp. em-
plastre, a plaister ; Cat. empastissar, Sp.
emplastecer (in a confined sense), to daub,
plaister; OFr. empaistros, muddy, sticky;
La.ng. pastissa, to handle awkwardly, as
we speak of dabbling in a business of
which we know but little.

Pastern. The part of a horse's foot
from the fetlock to the heel, also a shackle
for a horse. — B. Mid.Lat. pastorium was
a shackle with which horses were tethefed
out at pasture, and hence the joint on
which the shackle was fastened. — Mura-
tori, Diss. 33. The pastern is in E. some-
times called the shackle-joint. Mid.Lat.
pasturale, Fr. pastureau, pastiiron, pa-
turon, pastern. It. pastora, ' pastoia, the

PATE

pasterns of a horse, also fetters, clogs, or
stocks ; pastoiare, to pastern, fetter, clog,
shackle, or gyve the feet. — Fl.

Pastoral.— Pasture. Lat. pasco, pas-
tum, to feed flock or herd ; whence /aj-
tor, a shepherd, w. pasg, a feeding, fat-
tening.

Pat. I. A light blow, a tap or rap.
An imitation of the sound. The fre-
quentative patter represents the sound of
a number of light blows given simul-
taneously or in succession.

2. A small lump, as a pat of butter ;
such a portion as is thrown down on a
plate at once, from the sound of the fall.
So G. klitsch, a tap, pat, or slap, a flap
with the hand, or the noise which this
blow causes ; also a piece of a viscous,
clammy body ; ein klitsch butter, a piece

of butter of undetermined size Kiittn.

So also to dab, to strike with something
soft ; a dab, so much of a soft body as is
thrown down at once.

3. At the precise moment, in exact
accordance with what is wanted. Fr. cL
propos, fitly, seasonably, to the purpose,
or just pat. — Cot. Now I might do it
pat, now he is praying. — Hamlet. The
word here, as in the first sense, seems
fundamentally to represent the sound of
something thrown down upon the ground,
as marking the exact moment of a thing
being done, on the principle on which
the sense of jump, exact, has been ex-
plained. To cut a thing smack off is a
similar expression. Lith. pat, exactly,
precise. Isz pat kemo, out of the village
itself (not the neighbourhood). Presz pat
weja, due against the wind. Cze pat, in
this very place.

Patch. I. It. pezza, a clout, patch,
tatter. — Fl. Swiss batsch, the sound of a
blow, a smack; batscheji, to strike the
hand, to clap, thence batschcn, patschen,
to clap on a piece, to botch, to patch ;
batsch, a patch ; batsch, a lump, a knot ;
silberbdtsch, haarbdtsch.

2. Patch is also a contemptuous term
for a person ; not specially for a fool, as
explained by Nares.

A crew oi^atcheSt base mechanicals.

Mids. N. Dream.
A cross-patch is still used by children for
a cross person. It seems to signify an
uncultivated person. Bav. patschen, to
dabble, to blunder or fail. Patscherey,
awkwardness. Der patsch, patscher, an
awkward fellow ; e giicde patsche, as Fr.
un boil homme, a simple fellow.

Pate. The radical meaning of the
word seems to be the brain-pan, analo-

PATENT

gous to Sw.panna, the forehead. From
the same root are Lat. patina, a dish or
pan, It. padella, a pan, Fr. pate, a plate,
or band of iron. — Cot. Parallel forms,
with initial pi instead of p, are Piedm.
plata (ludicrously), the bald head ; G.
platfe, a plate of metal, flat surface, Isald
pate, shaven crown of a priest. Ir. plaitin,
a little plate, skull ; plaitin al chinn, the
crown of the head.

Patent. Lat. pateo, to lie open. The
King's letters patent are those addressed
to all the world.

Paternal. Lat. paternns, from pater,
father.
Path. T)v.. pad, O. pfad. See Pad, 2.
Pathetic. — ^Patlios. Gr. itdaxa, iira-
6ov, to suffer ; ird9oQ, suffering, passion.
Patient. ' See Passive.
Patriaroli. Gr. varpia, lineage, race ;
warpiapxric, the chief or father of a race.

Patrician. Lat. patricius, originally
a descendant of the patres, or senators,
the fathers of the state.

Patrimony. Lat. patrimonium, a
paternal estate.

Patriot. Gr. varpia, lineage, descent,
people ; patria, country ; -KaTpmrm, a fel-
low-countryman.

PatroL Fr. patrouille, formerly pa-
totiille, \t. pattuglia, a night vi'atch. The
fundamental image is dabbling in the wet,
tramping through the dirt. Fr. patrou-
iller, to paddle or pudder in the water, to
begrime, besmear — Cot. ; Sp. patullar (as
G. patschelrC), to dash through muddy
places, run through thick and thin. —
Neum. Rouchi patoquer, patrouquer,
Champ, patoiller, platrouiller, to tramp
through the mud. The G. cavalry con-
temptuously call the foot-soldier lacken-
patscher, puddle-stepper. Diez puts the
cart before the horse, and derives the
foregoing forms from Fr. patte, the foot.

Patron. Lat. patronus (augm. of
pater, -iris), a protector.

Patten. Fr. patin, a patten or clog,
also a skate. It. pattini, vifooden pattens
or chopinos. — Fl. Fin. patina, a shoe of
birch iDark. Du. plattijn, clog, wooden
shoe.

One of the numerous series arising
from the root pat, plat, representing the
sound of the foot-fall. Sp. patear, to
stamp, kick, foot, to strike with the foot.
Probably Du. pattoffeln, pajitoffeln, Fr.
pantoujles, slippers, but formerly high-
soled shoes, are from the same root.
Rouchi patouf, gros lourdaut, one who
goes stumping about.

To Patter, i. To make a multiplicity

PAVILION

465

of sounds, each of which would separately
be represented by the syllables pat, tap.
To patter as rain or hail, to fall with a
rattling noise. Fr. patatra .' interj. re-
presenting the noise of something falhng.
2. To repeat in a monotonous manner,
Uke the pattering of a shower, and not
from the repetition of paternosters. Sw.
dial, paddra, to patter as hail, to crackle,
chatter, prate ; padra, a talking woman.
'Fr. pati-pata, 'La.ng. patin-patourlo , words
framed to represent talking with too great
rapidity.— Diet. Lang. Pl.D. piterpater,
unintelligible chatter, talk in a foreign
language ; paotern, to repeat in a mono-
tonous manner, like a boy learning his
lesson. — Danneil. N. putra, to mutter.
Lett, putroht, to gabble ; putroht pah-
tarus, to gabble [paternosters] prayers.

Pattern. Fr. patron, patron, master
of a ship or a workshop, hence a pattern,
the inanimate master by which the work-
man is guided in the construction of any-
thing. Patrone, form to work by, exem-
plar.— Pr. Pm. ' I drawe as a workeman
dothe a patrone with his penne. Je pour-
trais.' — -Palsgr.
Paucity. Lat. paiccus, few.
Paunch. It. panda, Fr. panse, com-
monly derived from Lat. pantex, Walach.
pantece, the belly. But perhaps the word
may be nearer a living origin. Tyrol.
patschen, pantschen, to smack in eating, '
eat greedily ;/a«/ji:^, the belly. — Deutsch.
Mundart. Bav. pamss, pawissen, belly,
thick belly, short, fat child. See Punch.
Pause. The act of taking breath after
labour affords the most natural image of
repose, cessation. Thus we have Sw.
pusta, to blow, to take breath ; N. piista,
to rest awhile ; G. bausen,pausen, patisten,
to puff, to swell ; Lat. pausare, to repose,
pause, stop. Pausatztjn juvencum, a
bullock that has rested. Gr. jraiw, to
bring to a stop, travop.ai, to cease, may in
like manner be classed with Sc. pec'h, to
pant, w. peuo, to pant, to puff, to pause,
peues, a place of rest. Fin. puhhata, to
breathe, to pant, to take breath, to rest.

To Pave. Lat. pavire, to strike, beat,
make dense by beating ; pavimentum, a
path or floor made dense, in the first in-
stance by beating, then by being laid with
stones. Probably from the same root
■with path, with the common interchange
of d and v. Pavyngestone or pathynge-
stone, petalum. — Pr. Pm.

Pavilion. Fr. pavilion, Sp. pabellon,

a tent, colours, flag ; It. padiglione, a

pavilion, canopy ; SardL-papaglione, Prov.

pabalho, Mid. Lat. papilio, a tent, appar-

30

466

PAW

ently from the flapping of the canvas,
like a butterfly. Cum essent cubicula aut
tentoria, quos etiam papiliones vocant. —
Augustine in Due.

Paw. The foot of a beast. Bret, pav,
poo, OYr. poue. 'En sa goule bouta sa
poue.' — Fab. et Contes. 3. 55. W. palf,
palm of the hand, paw ; palf y llew, the
lion's paw. See Palm.

Pawn. I. ON. pantr, Du. pand, G.
't>fan.d, Fr. pan, a. pledge. According to
Diez it signifies something taken from
the possessor against his wiU, from Prov.
panar, to take away, rob, steal, withdraw
from ; Fr. paner, partner, to seize, distrain
upon, rob ; Sp. apanar, seize, carry away,
filch ; Ptg. apanhar, to seize, pluck, take
possession, take by force or fraud, words
admittedly connected with Lat. pannus,
cloth. It seems to me that the train of
thought runs in a somewhat different
course. From Lat. pannus we have Prov,
pan, skirt, cloth, rag, portion of cloth,
portion ; Yr. pan, skirt, face or extent of
surface ; Sp. pano, cloth, piece of cloth in
a garment, panos, clothes ; Pl.D. pand,
skirt, portion of a garment ; diekpand,
portion of a dike which a man has to keep
up ; Du. pand, skirt of garment, a piece
of property, a possession, a pledge. Dat
huis is een waardig pand, that house
is a valuable property. Now a pawn
"is a piece of property used for a speci-
fic purpose, viz. for enforcing payment
of a debt or the like. In the rudest state
of society clothes, are almost the only pro-
perty a man has, and are certainly the
first matters that would be taken in pledge.
Thus Fol.Jani, a piece of cloth, is also a
pawn or security ; fantowai sif, to pawn
clothes. From Fr. pan, Du. pand, a pawn,
we pass to OFr. paner, pander, panir,
pannHr (Roquef), Du. panden, to seize
as a pawn, to distrain. ' Saisir et panner
sour les hommes de fief — Carp. 'De
boeren worden stuk voor stuk gepand :'
the property of the boors was seized piece
by piece. — Halma.

2. A common man at chess. It. pedone,
a iootxasxi., pedo7ia, a pawn at chess ; Sp.
peone, a foot-soldier, day-labourer, pawn.

To Pay. I. 'm:\6.XzX..pacare,\\..pagare,
Fr. payer, to satisfy, to pay ; Lat. pacare,
to appease. Chaucer uses pay in the
sense of satisfaction, gratification ,
But now to the Pardonere as he wolde sterte away,
The hosteler met with him, but nothing to \A%pay.
Prol. Merch. Second Tale, 575.

2. To daub with pitch. T)\x. paaien,\Xi
careen a vessel.— Bomhoff. OFr. em-
poier, ixa-ca. poix, pitch. ' Et ne sont pas

PEARL

empoi^es, car ils n'ont pas de pais.'
Marco Polo, Pautier's edition, p. 535. '^•
peek, pitch ; pech-loffel, a paying ladle.

Pea. — Pease. Lat. pisum, w. pys,
pease. Pea, in the singular, is a modern
corruption on the supposition that the se
oi pease belonged to the plural form. The
old pi. wdiS peason.

Peace. Yr.paix, Lat. pax.

Peach.. Fr. piche. It. pesca, contr.
from Lat. persica, the Persian fruit.

Peacock. Fr. paon, Lat. pavo, Gr.
rawj, from the cry of the bird.

Pea-jacket. Du. pije, pije-laecken,
coarse, thick cloth ; pije, a felt cloak,
nautical cloak ; pije-wanten, winter gloves.
— Kil. Goth, paida, coat ; gapaidon, to
clothe ; Ober D. pfait, coat, shirt ; Fin.
paita, shirt; Gciel. p/atde, blanket, plaid.

Peak. Sp. pica, Fr. pie, a sharp point.
See Pick.

To Peak. — Peaking. Peaking, puling,
sickly, from the pipy tone of voice of a
sick person. It. pigolare, to peep as a
chicken, to whine or pule ; Russ. pikat',
'Kst'hon. pikama, piiksutita, to peep as a
chicken ; Sw. pjdka, pjimka, to pule ;
pjakig,pjunkig, puling, delicate, sickly.

The same connection between the
utterance of a thin high note and the idea
of looking narrowly, which is noticed
under Peep, is exemplified in the present
word, which was formerly used in the
sense of peeping.

That one eye winlis as though it were but blind.
That other pries and feekes in every place.

Gascoigne in R.

Peal. A loud noise, as of bells or of
thunder. N. bylia, to resound, to bellow ;
ON. bylr, a tempest ; bialla, a bell.

Pear. Yx. poire, It. pera, hat. pirum.

Pearl. It. perla, OHG. berala, perala,
Ftg.perola. Diez suggests a derivation
from pirnla, a dim. of pirus. It. pera, a
pear, the name of perilla, being given in
Sp. to a pear-shaped pearl. But it is not
likely that the name would be taken from
so exceptional a form. Wachter's ex-
planation of the word as a dim. of G. beei-e,
a berry, has this in its favour, that it was
undoubtedly latinized by the term bacca,
a berry. Bacas, gemmas rotundas, qui et
uniones vocantur — quos et pernios vocant.
— Gl. in Due. Baccatus, mit laurbeer oder
kosUichen stein geziert. — Dief Sup.
Peerle, bacca, bacca conchea. — Kil. The
evidence in favour of the derivation is
thus very strong, otherwise a different
origin might plausibly be suggested in the
resemblance to a drop of dew, which is
constantly turning up in poetry, and

PEART

which gave rise to the legend that the
pearl is a drop of congealed dew swallow-
ed by the oyster. Dan. perle, to bubble,
sparkle as wine ; vand-perlen, water-
drops ; G.perlen, Du. borrelen, to bubble
up ; E. purl, to run with murmuring
noise, to bubble up.

Peart. See Perk.

Peasant. Fr. paysan, Mid.Lat. pagen-
sis, OSp. pages, countryman. Fr. pays, It.
paese, country, through a ioxxa, pagetise,
frovapagus, a village. — Diez.

Peat. Properly the sward or sods of
turf pared off the surface of land and dried
for burning, then extended to the vegeta-
ble soil which accumulates in boggy places
and is dug for fuel. The origin is the
OE. ieie, to mend or kindle a fire. The
process of paring and burning the surface
of poor land, and then taking two or
three crops of corn from it, was formerly
in use in Devonshire and'Cornwall, as it
still is in the heaths of N. Germany. The
process is thus described by Carew (Bou-
cher v. Beate-burning).

About May they cut up the grass of that
ground, which is to be broken up, in turfes which
they call beating [i. e. fuel]. — After they have
been thoroughly dried the husbandman pileth
them in little heaps called beai-burrowes, and so
bumeth them to ashes. — The charges of this
beating, burning, scoding [scattering], and sand-
ing amount to, &c.

This process was called beat-burning,
giving rise to the name oi beats or peats
for the turfs consumed. In Herefordshire
it is called betting. ' To bett, to pare the
sward with a breast plough or betting-
iron, with a view to burning. The sod
when so pared is called the betting; set-
ting up the betting, putting fire to the bet-
ting.'— Lewis, Hereford. Gl.

Pebble. A rolled stone from the bed
of a river or the sea beach. From the
sound of broken water. Dan. pible, to
flow with small bubbles and a gentle
sound, to purl. In like manner Mod.Gr.
Kox\clZ<ii, to boil, bubble, Kox^axiov, a peb-
ble ; Gr. x^?aw, to rush, or gurgle, kotx^""
?(o, to sound like rushing water, Kax^al-
vui, to move with a rustling noise, or a
noise like that of pebbles rolled on the
shore, koxXj;?, a pebble, shingle. Turk.
chaghlamak, to make a murmuring or
rippling noise in running over rocks or
stones, chakil, a pebble.

Peck. A measure for dry things. Fr.
pic, a measure of flour containing about
nine of our pecks ; picotin, the fourth
part of a boisseau (Cot.), a feed of oats. —
Scheler.

PEEL

467

To Peck. Fr. bee, the beak of a bird ;
becquer, to peck or bob with the beak. —
Cot.

Pectoral. Lat. pectus, pectoris, the
breast.

Peculate. — Peculiar. Lat. pecttlium,
private possession, what a son or a slave
has of his own ; peculiaris, of private pos-
session, appropriated to a particular per-
son or thing. Pectilor, -atus, to appro-
priate the property of the state.

Pecuniary. Lat. pecunia, money,
from pecus, cattle, the earliest kind of
riches.

Pedagogfue. — Pedant. It. pedanto,
pedagogo, a schoolmaster, a teacher of
children. — Fl. Gr. iraiiayuifoq, from Traif,
child, and ayw, to lead, guide. Probably
pedante was formed ham. pedagogo under
an impression that the first half of the
word must signify teaching. Gr. itaiZiliia,
to teach.

Pedal. — Pedestrian . Lat. pes, pedis,
a foot.

Pedestal. It. piedestallo, G. fuss ges-
tell, iroTsipiede, a foot, and stallo, a stand-
ing ; G. gestell, a stand, frame, support.

* Pedigree. Petygrewe. — Palsgr.
Pedegru or petygru, lyne of kynrede, and
awncetrye — Pr. Pm.

In expensis Stephani Austinwell equitantis ad
Thomam Ayleward ad loquendum cum eo ipso
apud Havant et inde ad Hertinge ad loquendum
cum Domini ibidem de evidenciis scrutandis de
Pe de Gre progenitorum hceredum de Husey,
xxd. ob.— Rolls Winchester Coll. temp. H. IV.
Proceed. Archasol. Inst. 1848, p. 64.

Pedlar. — Pedder. A ped in Norfolk
is a pannier or wicker basket ; a pedder
or pedlar, a packman, one who carries on
his back goods in a. ped ior sale. Pedde,
idem quod panere, calathus ; peddare,
calatharius. — Pr. Pm. Pedder, revokis,
negociator. — Cath. Ang.

Peel. I. A shovel for putting bread
into the oven. It. padella, any flat pan ;
Fr. paelle, pelle, a shovel, fire-shovel, peel
for an oven, pan. See Pate.

2. The rind of frUit, thin bark of a sticks
'La.t. pellis, skin ; Fr. pel, peau, skin, also
the pill, rind, or paring of fruit. — Cot.
Tin. pelle, skin, husk ; pelle van t' ey, the
shell of an egg. Yr.peler, to pill, pare,
bark, unskin. — Cot. Du. pellen, Sp. pe-
lar, to skin, peel. The radical sense of
the word is shown in Dan. pille, to pick
or strip ; the peel, skin, or shell of a thing
being fundamentally regarded as that
which is picked or stripped off. See To
Pill.

3. A small fortress, w. pill, a stake, a
castle, or fortress, secure place.

30*

468

PEEP

To Peep. I . The shrill cry of a young
animal is widely imitated by the syllable
feep. Gr. Trnnriiiiv, l^'sX. pippire, Yr.pe-
pier, to peep, cheep, or pule as a young
bird.

2. To begin to appear, to show a
glimpse through a narrow opening or
from behind an obstacle, then to look out
from a position of such a nature. An ex-
planation of the connection between this
signification and the utterance of a sharp
sound was offered under Keek, but pro-
bably the connection may spring from a
more subjective principle than was there
supposed. When we endeavour to sound
the highest notes in our voice we strain
for a moment without effect, until after a
little effort a thin, sharp sound makes its
way through -the constricted passages,
affording a familiar image of a hidden
force struggling through obstructions into
life ; as the sprouting of a bud through
the bursting envelopes, or the light of day
piercing through the shades of night.
Hence may be explained Dan. at pippe
frem (of a bud or seed), to shoot, or peep
forth, and the OE. day pipe, rendered by
Palsgrave la pipe dujour. We now call
it the peep of day, with total unconscious-
ness of the original image. In the same
way Du. kriecke, krieckeling, the day-
spring or creak of day, from kricken, Fr.
cricquer, to creak. I peke or ■^x\t,\e. pipe
hors. — Palsgr.

Peer. . Fr. pair (Lat. par, equal), a
peei", match, companion ; pairs, vassals
or tenants holding of a manor by one kind
of tenure, fellow-vassals. Hence coiir des
pairs, a court-baron, the lord's court, at-
tended by all the tenants of a manor. —
Cot. What the court baron was to the
lord of an individual manor, the Parlia-
ment or assemblage of Peers of the realm
was to the sovereign.

To Peer. Two words are here con-
founded, one.hora7r. paroir {LsX. parerc),
to peep out, as the sun over a mountain,
to appear or be seen. — Cot.

There was I bid in pain of death to pere
By Mercury the winged messengere.

Chaucer in R.

The other form is peer or pire, to look
closely or narrowly, corresponding to Sw.
plira, VX.V). pliren, pliiren,piren, to wink,
look with half-shut eyes, look closely.—
Brem. Wtb.

Peevish. The modern sense of fret-
ful would be well explained by Da. dial.
picEVe, to whimper or cry like a child ;
at piceve over noget, to whine over it.
But the meanings of the word are very

PELF

difficult to reconcile. Torriano renders
it by It. bisbetico, ritroso, capriccioso,
brusco, acerbo ; capricious, self-willed,
shy, harsh, intractable. Schifo, quaint,
nice, coy, peevish. — Fl. Peevish,T:e.Ytscht,
pervers, hargneux, malaise a contenter.^
Sherwood.

This it is to be & peevish girl

That flies her fortune when it follows her.

In Craven, a peevish wind is piercing,
very cold. Minsheu gives doating, Fr.
rfivant, Lat. delirus,as the principal mean-
ing, although, as he refers to overthwart,
he seems also to have understood the
word in the sense of cross or ill-tempered.
In Scotland it signifies niggard, and is
used by Douglas in the sense of Lat. im-
probus.

For thou shalt never leis, shortlie I thee say
Be my wappin, nor this rycht hand of mine,
Sic ^jn^ peuische ^^xA catiue saul as thine.

D. V. 377, 20.

His smottrit habit ouer his schulderis lidder
HsLTig peva^ely knit with ane knot togidder.
— ^uncouthly. — D. V. 173, 48.

Peewit. A name taken from the plain-
tive cry of the lapwing or common plover
of our heaths. The imitative nature of
the name is shown by the variation of
the consonants in the related languages,
combined . with a preservation of the
general likeness. Sc. peeweip, tecwhoap,
tuquheit, Du. kievit, G.kiebitz, Fr. dixhuit.
E. dial, pew-itt, tew-itt, tyrwhit, peweet,
piwipe. The Tyrwhitts bear three plovers
in their arms. — N. & Q. July 21, 1866.

Peg. The radical meaning seems what
is driven in by force of blows. To peg into
a person, to pummel him; to peg away,
to move the legs briskly. To pug, to
strike ; to puggle, to poke the fire ; pug-
top, 2l spinning-top. — Hal. To the same
root belong Dan. piikke, to stamp, to
pound; Lat. pugil, a fighter with fists,
pugniis, a fist ; pungo, pupugi, to prick.

-pel. -ptUse. — Pulse. ha.\..pello,pul-
su7n, to beat, strike, thrust, dri\'e out ;
pulsus, a beating, the pulse y pulso, — as,
to knock or beat. Hence the compounds
Impel, to drive on ; Repel, to drive back ;
Compel, to drive together, to constrain ;
and Impulse, Repulse, Compulsion, &c.

Pelf. — Pilfer. O Fr. pelf re, goods, espe-
cially such as are taken by force, plunder ;
pelfrer, to plunder. ' T. V. clamat quod
si aliquis — infra manerium de K. feloniam
fecerit — et convictus fuerit, habere pel-
fram, viz. omnia bona et catalla seisire.'
— Chart. H. 7 in Lye. 'Pur tute la preie
e la pelfre que pris aveient de terre de

PELLET

Philistim.' — Livre des Rois, where the
marginal note runs ' come David des-
cumfist les Amalechites qui ourent pel-
free e arse Siolich.' ' La curt arcevesque
pelferent come robeur,' they plundered
the court of the archbishop like robbers.
— Vie de St Thomas de Cant, in Benoit.
Pelfer {-pelfrey), spolium. — Pr. Pm. The
verb pelfrer would seem in the first place,
like piller, to have signified to peel or
skin ; and thence Fr. pelfre, E. pelf, the
plunder or booty. Lang, peloufre, peloufo,
the husks of chesnuts or of peas ; Piedm.
plofra (contemptuously), the skin.

Pellet. It. palla, a ball ; palletta, Fr.
pelotte, a little ball. w. pel, a ball ; peled,
a ball, a bullet.

Pell-mell. Yr.pesle-mesle, confusedly,
all on a heap.- — Cot. Written mesle-pesle
in Chron. des Dues de Norm. 2. 4432.
Formed by a rhyming supplement to mes-
ler, to mix, like helter-skelter, hubble-
bubble, &c.

Pellicle. Lat. pellicula, dim. from
pellis, a skin.

Pellucid. Lat. pellucidus {per-luci-
dus), thoroughly bright.

To Pelt. To use a pellet, to throw.
Sp. pelotear, to play at ball, throw snow-
balls at each other, to dispute, quarrel.
Fr. peloter, to play at bah, to toss like a
ball i It. pelottare, to bang, thump ; pe-
lotto, a thump, bang, cuff. G. pelzen, to
beat or cudgel, seems to be irom. pelz, a
skin or pelt, to dust one's jacket, give one
a hiding.

Pelt.— Peltry.— Pelice.— Pilch. Pelt,
the skin of a beast; peltry, furs, skins.
G. pelz, fur, skin ; Fr. pelletier, a fell-
monger, furrier ; pelleterie, the shop or
trade of a pelt-monger. Lat. pellis, skin.

It. pellicia, pellizza, any kind of fur,
also, as Fr. pelisse, a furred garment. —
Fl. AS. pylca, pylece, toga pellicea, a
furred garment ; in xaadsxTx pilch confined
to the flannel swathe of an infant.

Pen. I. hat. penna, a. feaXher.

* Pen, 2. — Pound. — Pond. Pen, a
fold for sheep, coop for fowl ; also a pond-
head to keep in water to drive the wheels
of a mill. — B. To pound up water is to
stop it back, and thus to collect a head
of water or mill-pond, so called from be-
ing pounded up. In the same way Sw.
damm, a. pond, from being dammed up.
The parish pound is the inclosure in
which straying beasts are confined until
redeemed by their owners. AS. pyndan,
gepyndan, to shut in, restrain ; pund,
septum clausura ; pundbreche, infractura
parci. — Leg. H. 1. 40. OE. to pund, pun.

PENNON

469

to pen, to confine. 'Swin ipund ine
sti.' — Ancren Riwle, 128. ' Hwon me
pmit hire : ' when they pound her (a cow) —
p. 416. ' Moni punt hire worde vorte
letten mo ut : ' many pound up their words
for to let more out — p. 72.

The origin of this expression for re-
straining or confining seems to lie in the
notion of bunging up a hole, or perhaps,
to take the derivation still further back,
of stopping it up with a buiich of some-
thing ; Da. bundt, bunch, bundle. At
any rate, we may rest on Swiss punt,pon-
ten, bonten, G. spund, Esthon. pun, a
bung, Fr. bonde, a bung or floodgate,
bondon, a bung, the connection of which
with the forms in question may be illus-
trated by Lap. puodo, a stopper or cover-
ing ; puodot, to stop or shut up, to stop
one's mouth, to put to silence (to be
compared with '■ pundeth ower wordes :'
pound up your words — Anc. R.), to
dam up water, dam a brook ; quels
puodo, a fish-pond, quarne puodo, a mill-
pond.

Penal. — Penalty. Lat. pcena, pun-
ishment. Gr. -Koivi), properly blood-money
((povoe, bloodshed, slaughter), the fine paid
to the kinsman of the slain, thence satis-
faction, ransom, requital, penalty.

Penance. — Penitent. — Repent. —
From 'haX.. poena caxas pcsnitet, it grieves
me, makes me sorry; pcenitentia, re-
pentance or after-sorrow. Corresponding
forms are Vroy. penedir, penedensa, OFr.
pM^er, pdnSance, whence the modern
penance, penance, the punishment en-
joined by the priest as a pledge of repent-
ance.

Pencil. Fr. pinceau, Lat. penicillus
(dim. oi penis, a tail), a little tail, a paint-
er's brush. To be distinguished from
pencell or pensell, a little flag.

Pendant. — Pendent. — Pending. —
Pendulum. Lat. pendeo, to hang, pen-
dulus, hanging.

Penetrate. XAV.penitus, inward.

Peninsula. Lat. peninsula j pene,
almost, insula, an island.

Pennon. — Pennant. — Pensell. It.
pentione, Fr. pannon, pennon, pennon'
ceau, OCat. pand, Sp. pendone, a pointed ,
flag or streamer, formerly borne at the
end of a lance. Hence pennant, in nauti-
cal language, a streamer. The origin is
Lat. penna,pinna, a wing, fin, battlement;
It. pinna, pinnola, the flat flap of any-
thing, as the fin of a fish, flap of a man's
ears, float of a water-mill wheel, the out-
ward sides of a. man's nose. — Fl. Fr.
penne, penon, pennule, a small piece of a

470

PENNY

thing not altogether separated from the
whole (a flap) ; penne de foie, penon, the
laps or napes of the liver ; penneton (pan-
«^^fl«— Trevoux), the bit of a key (hang-
ing from the shaft like the pennon of a
lance) ; pennes, pennons, the feathers of an
arrow.^Cot. The nn of penna changes
to nd in Sp. pendola, a pen, as well as in
pendone, a pennon. See Pane.

Penny. Du. penninck, G. pfennig, a
small coin. The original meaning was
probably coin in general. Thritig scy-
lingepenega, thirty shillings in money. —
Sax. Chron. 775. Vo\.pieni(}d2, Bohem.
penjz, dim. penizek, a piece of money.
Magy. penz, money ; pengni, to ring.
Manx /««§•, penny.

-pense. -pend. Pension. \sA. pendo,
pensum, to weigh, or be of such a weight;
pendo, expendo (to weigh out rnoney), to
pay, to expend or spend ; pensio (e. pen-
sion), a paying ; penso, compenso, to prize
or value, to compensate, recompense, or
requite.

Pensive. A secondary application of
Yja. pendo, penso, to weigh, is to ponder
in the mind, to consider, whence Fr. pen-
ser, to think ; pensif, thoughtful, pensive.

Pent-. Gr. ■Kivrt, five, as vci pentagon,
a figure of five angles ; pentateuch (rtvxoe,
a book) ; pentecost, jrcynj/coon}, the fiftieth

(day). . ^. .

Penthouse. A corruption of penhce,
as the word was formerly written. Fr.
appentis, a sloping shed. It. pendice, any
bending or down-hanging, the side of a
hill, hanging label of anything, a pent-
house, hovel, shed. — Fl. Lat. pendere,
to hang.

Penury. Lat. penuria, scarcity. Gr.
Trivoytai, to labour, to be poor ; ttevjjs, poor.
People. Fr. petiple, Lat. populus, w.
pobl.

Pepper. l^zX. piper, Gr. wln-cpi.
Per-. Lat. per, through, thoroughly.
Perambulate. Lat. ambulo, to walk.
Perch.. Fr. perche, Lat. pertica, a rod.
Perdition. Lat. perdo, perditum, to
lose, to destroy. Perdo, from do, to give
{per-do, thoroughly to do away), may be
considered the active form oi vAiich. pereo
{psr-eo, thoroughly to be gone), to perish,
is the neuter.

Peregrination. Lat. pereger, a fo-
reigner ; peregri, abroad, from home, in
a foreign country.

Peremptory. Lat. peremptorius, ab-
solute, without opening for e9tquses ; per-
imo, peremptum, to take away^tterly.

Perforate. Lat. perforo, to , pierce
through ; foro, to pierce a hole.

PERIWIG

To Perform. Originally /^^«r;/.

Ergo Poverty and poore men
Perfournen the commandement.
And yet God wot unnethe the fundament
Pa-rfournid is. — P. P.

— the foundation is hardly completed.
I parforme ; je parforme and je par-
fournys. — Palsgr. ' Les queux gens eient
plein power de Maire de ceo bien et
loialment faire et parfotirner.' — Lib. Alb.
I. 494. The origin is probably from the
office performed by l.a.t.fumus, the oven,
in completing the work of making bread.
Fr. enfourner, to put in an oven, also to
begin, set in hand or on work ; enfourne-
ment, the beginning or first part of a
matter ; ^enfourner, to undertake, or
embark himself in ; parfournir, to con-
summate, perform, furnish. — Cot. It.
fornire, to accomplish, finish, furnish.

The n seems early to have been changed
to m. under the influence perhaps of Prov.
fonnir, furmir, fromir, to fulfil. OHG.
frumjan, gafrumjan, facere, perficere,
perfungi, exsequi.

Perfume. Fr./^?//^OTJ, pleasant fumes,
dehcate smells. — Cot. It. profumo, any
perfume or sweet smell. — Fl. L.sX.fuimis,
smoke, vapour.

Perfunctory. 'LaX.per/unctorie, slight-
ly, negligently ; perfungor,pej-functus, to
go through with.

Perhaps. A singular combination of
the Fr. par or Lat. per, and E. hap,
luck, chance. Peradventure, percase,
perchance, are similar forms.

Peri-. Gr. Trtpi, about, round about.
As in Pericardium {KapSia, the heart).
Perigee (y^, the earth). Perihelion i^'Kiaq,
the sun).

Peril. 'Lz.t. periculum, It. periglio, Fr.
peril, danger.

Period. Gr. vt^looot, a circuit, going
a round ; irtpi, and oJog, a route, journey.

Periphery. Gr. Trtpi^cpEi'a, circumfer-
ence ; Tfpi, about, around ; (pipa, I bear.

Perish. Lat. pereo, -itu?n lj>er-eo, to
be quite gone), Fr. pMr, perissant, to
perish.

Periwig. —Perruque. A corruption
of Fr. perruque, Du. peruik, under the
influence of E. wig of the same meaning
already existing in the language. The
radical meaning is a tuft of hair, a hand-
ful, or so much as is plucked at a single
grasp. Cotgrave translates perruque, a
lock or tuft of hair, giving fausse per-
ruque for a wig. From N. plukka, Sw.
plocka, Piedm. plucM, to pluck or pick,
are derived respectively plukk, plock,
pluch, a little bit, a morsel, Piedm. //«-

PERIWINKLE

con, a tuft of hair ; and Gr. jrXoKafioc, a
lock of hair, seems to belong to the same
class. In the S. of Europe the pro-
nunciation is softened by the introduction
of a vowel between the mute and liquid,
giving It. peluccare, piluccare. Pro v.
pelucar., to peck, pick, pluck, with the
corresponding nouns, Lombard peluch, a
particle (bruscolo) — Diet. Milan., also as
Sard, pilucca, a tuft of hair. — Diez. In
S^.peluca is developed the sense of a set
of false locks, and hence (by the same
change from I to r which is seen in Lat.
pilus, Walach. pirii, hair) It. parruca,
Fr. perruque, a wig. See To Pill.

Periwinkle, i. Fr. pervenche, Lat.
■vinca pervinca, or simply pervinca. Pro-
bably from the mode of growth in an
intricate mass of twigs. Lat. vincire, to
bind.

2. Properly, in accordance with the vul-
gar pronunciation, pennywinkle, the sea-
snail. AS. pinewinda, the pin winkle, or
winkle that is eaten by help of a pin
used in pulling it out of the shell. In
the south of England they are c<Ci\sA pin-
patches. See Winkle.

To Perk.— To Pert.— Peart. — Pert.
To perk up the head, to prick up the
head, or appear lively. Plants which
droop from drought perk up their heads
after a shower. Peark, brisk. — B. Perk,
brisk, lively, proud. — Forby. PI.D.
(Lippe) prick, smart, fine. — Deutsch.
Mundart. yf.percu, to trim, to smarten ;
perc, trim, neat, compact. In the same
sense with a change of the final k into t,
to peri.

Sirrah, didst thou ever see a prettier child?
How it behaves itself I warrant you ! and speaks
and looks, and ferts up the head. — B. and F.
Knight of the Burning Pestle, I. 2.

Hence peart, brisk, lively; w. pert,
smart, dapper, fine, pretty, nice ; perten,
a smart little girl. With an initial s, to
spiirk up, to spring up straight, to brisk
up.— B. Sw. spricka, to burst, to crack.

The quality of liveliness carried to
excess degenerates into saucine_ss, and
therefore there is no ground to suppose
that pert in the sense of saucy is a cor-
ruption of malapert. The word is used
with more or less of blame from the
earliest period.

And she was proud and pert as any pie.
Chaucer in R.

Nothing shall be outrageous, neither in pas-
sions of mind, nor words, nor deeds, nor nice,
nor wanton, piert, nor boasting, nor ambitious.
— Vives, ibid.

Pernicious. Lat. neco, to kill; per-
nicies, violent death, destruction.

PESTER

471

Perpendicular. Lat. perpendo, to
poise thoroughly ; perpendiailum, a level
or plumbline for trying the regularity of
work.

Perpetrate. Lat. patro (to be a father
to), to bring to effect, to achieve, to get.

Perpetual. Lat. perpetmis.

Perry. Fr. j)oirS (from poire, pear),
drink made from the juice of pears.

Persevere. Lat. severus, hard, stern,
earnest; persevere, to go through with
anything without allowing yourself to be
diverted from what you have in view.

Person. — Personify. Lat. persona, a
mask (used for increasing the sound of
the voice on the stage), a. part in a play, a
charge or office, a person.

To Peruse. The only possible origin
seems Lat. perviso, to observe, but we are
unable to show a Fr. perviser, and if there
were such a term, the vocalisation of the
V in the pronunciation of an E. periiise
would be very singular.

Pest. — Pestilent. 'LaX.pestis, a plague,
infection.

To Pester. Fr. empestrer, to pester,
intricate, entangle, encumber, trouble. —
Cot. Derived by Diez from Mid.Lat. ^^j-
toritim. It. pastoja, the foot-shackle of a
horse ; impastojare, to shackle a horse,
whence empHrer for empUurer . The
true derivation is the figure of clogging or
entangling in something pasty or sticky.
It. impastricciare, to bedaub, beplaster.

Mais pour les paluz enpaistroses
Granz, parfundes e encumbroses—
Ne les vout Rous prendre n'aveir.
— But for the sticky marshes (of Flanders) RoUo

will not have them. — Chron. des Dues de Norm.

2. 6695. I comber, I payster with over many

clothes. — Pjdsgr.

Depestrer, to disentangle, clear, deliver,
rid out of — Cot. The same metaphor is
seen in Sp. fantano, bog, morass, meta-
phorically hindrance, obstacle, difficulty.
— Neurti. When Hotspur complains of
being pestered by the fop he has the
sense of something sticking about him
which he would fain be rid of. So Lang.
pego, pitch ; pegou, a troublesome, impor-
tunate person.

The sense of overcrowding, is merely a
special application of the original figure
of clogging ; clogging by excessive num-
bers.

They within though pestered by their own num-
iDers (clogged and impeded) stood to it like men
resolved, andin a narrow compass did remarkable
deeds. — Milton, Hist. Eng.

The people — gat up all at once into the theatre
and festered (clogged) it quite full. — Holland,
Livy.

472

PESTLE

Pestle. Lat. pistillum, irorapinso, to
pound. See Pistil.

Pet. I. A fit of displeasure. To take
the pet, se mecontenter. — Sherwood.
Plausibly derived by Serenius from Sw.
pytt! Dan. pyt! Manx pyht ! Norm.
i>^^./pish! tut! It./^//o,ablurt (Fl.),/^/-
teggiare, Magy. pittyni, to blurt with the
mouth. A person in a pet pishes and
pshaws at things. Comp. tutty, ill-tem-
pered, sullen (Hal.), standing in a similar
relation to the interjection tut! Swab.
pfausen, pfautzeit, to make a sound by
letting out pent-up air, to express displea-
sure by gestures.

* Pet. 2. — Peat. Peat, a delicate per-
son, usually applied to a young female,
but often used ironically in the sense of a
spoiled, pampered favourite. — Nares.

A pretty ^eai/ 'tis best
Put finger in the eye, an she knew why.

Taming of the Shrew.

To see that proud pert^eai our youngest sister.

O. Play of K. Lear.

Pet-lamb, a lamb brought up by hand.
Kpet in the modern sense of the word is
a favourite child or animal that is made
much of, that is petted or indulged in its
pets or fits of ill-humour.

PetaL Gr. irkroKov, a leaf.

Petard. A short, mortar-shaped gun
for making a loud explosion ; an imple-
ment for bursting open a gate with pow-
der. Fr. peter, to crack.

Petition. Lat. peto, petitum, to seek,
ask, beg.

Petr-. Gr. iriTpa, Lat. petra, a rock,
and ifacio) fio, as in Petrify, to become
stone ; Petroleum, rock oil.

PetreL A breast-plate. Sp. petral, a
breast-leather for a horse ; It. pettorale,
a stomacher, breast-plate ; — di cavallo,
a poitrel for a horse (Fr. poictrail, poi-
tral). — Fl. Yx. poitral, the dewlap of an
ox.

Petronel. OFr. petrinal, poictrinal,
a petronel, or horseman's piece. — Cot^
Doubtless from Sp. petrina, a girdle, from
the weapon being stuck in the girdle. ■ It
is said to have been invented in the Py-
renees. Ultimately from Lat. pectus.
It. petto, the breast ; Fr. poictrine, poi-
trine, breast, breast-plate.

Petticoat. Apparently formed as a
sort of translation of Fr. cotillon, dim. of
cotte, coat.

Pettifogger. Fogger, a huckster, a
cheat ; to fog, to hunt in a servile man-
ner, to flatter for gain.— Hal. Milton
speaks of ' ^^ fogging proctorage of mo-
ney.'

PHASE

The relationship and fundamental
meaning of the word are very doubtful
On the one hand we are led to suspect
that it may be from a perversion of the
name of the Fugger family, proverbial
for their commercial eminence. Bav.
fuggern, to traffic, truck, chaffer; Swiss
fuggern, to pilfer ; Swab, fuggerei (a. D.
1 510), a trading establishment. Du.
focker, monopola, pantopola, vulgo fug-
gerus, fuccardusj fockerije, monopolium.
— Kil. On the other hand VlXi.fokken,
foppen, to jeer, to play tricks on, to de-
ceive, Henneberg fuckeln, to cheat, to
trick. Bav. focken, fogken, to cajole, to
flatter, must be from a different source,
perhaps from the notion of deceiving the
eye by rapid movements, sleight of hand.
Henneberg Jickfackerei, jugglery, tricks,
cheating ; fackeln, to cajole, flatter.

Pettitoes. A corruption of Norm.
petals, little feet (Pat. de Brai), so modi-
fied as to give the word an apparent
meaning in E. It. peducci, a precisely
analogous form of the same meaning, is
explained by Fl. sheep's trotters, pig's
pettitoes.

Petty. As It. piccolo, Sp. pegueno,
small, from the root pic, signifying point,
so it seems Fr. petit. Wall, piti, w. pitw,
small, are connected with w. pid, Grisons
pizza, G. spitze, a point. — Diez.

Pew. Lat. podium, an elevated place,
a balcony ; Du. puyde, puye, a pulpit or
reading-desk. — Kil. 'Hence praying-pew,
a desk to kneel at, which was doubtless
the earliest form of the church pew.
Pew-fellow, a fellow-scholar, class-fellow,
companion at the same desk at school.
Being both my scholars and your honest pue-
fellffw. — Delcker in R.

It. poggio, a hill, a turret, out-jutting win-
dow, or place to stand or lean upon, a.
horse-block, high heap or stack.

Pewter. It. peltro, OFr. peutre, Du.
peauter, speauter. — Kil. Pewter is a
mixture of lead and tin, or lead and zinc,
and spelter is another name for zinc.
Kiliaan gives espeautre as Fr. for pewter,
which also signifies spelt, a kind of wheat.

Phaeton. From the proper name
*a6&iDv, a son of Apollo.

Phantasm. — Phantasmagoria. Gr.
^aivut, to show ; ipdvTaafia, a vision, fan-
cied appearance ; dyeigm, to call up, ex-
cite.

Pharmacy. — Pharmacopoeia. Gr.
^up/iaKov, a drug, ^ap/iaKo-n-oiia, a com-
pounding of drugs (ttoiem, to make).

Phase. — Phenomenon. Gr. ^aiVw,
to show, appear, p.p. ^ai)'6f(Ei'ov,that which

PHEASANT

is shown, what appears ; <i>date, an appear-
ance.

" Pheasant. Gr. (paaiavbg, from the
name of the river Phasis.

Fhial. Gr. 0ia\i;, a bowl, cup, vase.
Phil- Gr. 0i\og, a friend to, fond of.
Philtre. Gr. ipiXrpov, from ^iXem, to
love, a love charm or spell.

Phlebotomy. Gr. (pXePoTO/ioe ; (pXi^s,
a vein, rs^vu, to cut.

Phlegm. — Phlegm.atic. Gr. ^Xly^a,
inflammation, mucus the proceeds of in-
flammation.

Ph.oiietic. Gr. ^wvT/rtKoc j fwvt], a
sound, articulate sound, voice.

Phosphorus. Gr. 0w(r0opoc, light-bring-
ing, Lucifer ; ipiig, light, and ^Ipu, to carry,
bring."

Photograpliy. Gr. ^uf, tpayroQ, the
light.

Phrase. Gr. 0pa?u, to say, speak, tell ;
i>pdmg, a speaking, mode of speech.

Phthisis. — Phthisical. Gr. <p9iaig,
from ^0iM, to corrupt, waste away.

Physics. — Physical. Gr. ipvaiKos, per-
taining to {ijivaiQ} nature ; Lat. physica,
natural science.

Physiognomy. Gr. ^vaio-^viiftiiiv (judg-
ing of nature), judging of man by his fea-
tures, outward look ; yvii/jiiav, one that
knows, an interpreter ; yivwaicu, to know.
Piazza. It.piazza, Yt. place, Sp., Port.,
Prov. plaza, plaga, from Lat. platea, a
broad street.

Pick. Dm. picken, to peck, to pick, or
strike with a pointed instrument ; Fr.
piquer, to prick ; E. pick or pick-axe, a
sharp-pointed instrument for striking ;
It. picco, Fr. pic, a beak, sharp point ;
Lat. picus, a wood-pecker ; W. pig, a
point, pike, beak ; pigo, to prick, to sting,
to pick and choose ; It. picchiare, to
knock, as at a door, to peck, to clap or
beat hard. The origin is an imitation of
the sound of a blow with a pointed in-
strument. Bohem./«i'a/z, '^xnsi. pukaf ,
to crack, to burst ; Lat. pungere, to prick;
VLXi.pinken, pinkepanken, to hammer.

Pickaback. To carry pickaback (for
pickpack) is to carry like a pack on one's
back. Sw. med pick och pack, with bag
and baggage.

* Pickaroon. A rogue. Sp. picaro,
a knave or rogue ; mischievous, crafty,
merry ; It. picdre, picardre, to play the
rogue, to go a roguing up and down. —
Fl. Yr.picorer, to forage, ransack, prey
upon the poor husbandman. — Cot. Sc.
pickery, rapine, theft. 'The stealing of
trifles, which in low language is called
pickery.' — Erskine. Picking and stealing.

PIE

473

Picket. Fr. piquet, a peg, a stake ; E.
pickets, stakes driven into the ground by
the tents of the horse in a camp to tie
their horses to, and before the infantry to
rest their arms about them in a ring. — B.
Vi-^nc^ picket, a. small outpost.

Pickle. I. A lye of brine or vinegar
for preserving food. G. b'ockel, pbkel^ Du.
pekel, brine ; pekel-harinck, a pickled her-
ring.

The word probably was first applied to
the curing or pickling of herrings, the
radical meaning being the gutting or
cleansing of the fish with which the opera-
tion is begun. The Pr. Pm. has pykyn,
or clensyn, or cuUyn owte the onclene,
purgo, purgulo : pykelynge, purgulacio.
To pickle, to glean a second tirrie — Forby:
i. e. to pick clean. In the same way, to
cure fish or meat (to prepare so as to pre-
serve from corruption by drying, smoking,
salting, &c. — Worcester), is from Fr.
dcurer, to scour, to cleanse.

Pickle. 2. A mess. 'You are in a
pretty pickle.' A pickle is also a child
apt to get into a mess, or into scrapes, a
mischievous boy.

From YlXi.pickl, a pig. Pick'l,pick'l /
a cry to pigs. Pick'l is then used as a
reproach to a child who has got himself
dirtied : you little pig ! — Danneil. Dirty-
ing the clothes then becomes the type of
youthful scrapes in general.

Picture. — PictoriaL — Pigment. Lat.
pingo, pictum,to ■^3mt,pigmentum, paint-
ers' colours.

To Piddle. To eat here and there a
bit — B. ; to do light and trifling work.
The fundamental idea seems to be to
pick, to use the tips of the fingers in
doing. G. dial, pitteln, piitteln, potteln,
to meddle with anything by slightly pluck-
ing, picking, touching, feeling ; to piddle
in eating, work at anything by small
touches. Pittle nicht so in der nase, do
not keep picking at your nose. Das ist
eine pittliche arbeit, that is very piddling
(aiisserst subtile) work. N . pitla, to pluck,
pick, sip. Sw. pillra (of birds), to plume
themselves ; & dial, pitzeln, to whittle,
cut little bits — Deutsch. Mund. 2. 236 ;
pitzel, labor parvus. — Westerwald. Idiot.
Du. peuteren, to pick or work with the
finger ; peuselen, contrectare summis di-
gitis, varia cibaria carpere et libare, mo-
titare digitos, fodicare, carpere. — Kil. w.
pid, a point. See Potter.

Pie. I. Fr. pic, Lat. pica, a daw.
Piebald, marked like a pie, black and
white. See Ball.
2. A pasty.

474

PIECE

Piece. Fr. piece, Sp. pieza, bit of any-
thing ; W. pefh, a part or fragment, some,
a little, a thing ; Bret, pes, a piece, bit,
piece of land. It. pezza, a piece, clout,
patch, rag or tatter ; pesse, rags, tatters,
shreds, patches. Spezzare, to split, to
shiver to pieces.

Pier. A pier in architecture is the
portion of solid wall between two aper-
tures, or the solid pillar which stands
between two arches of a bridge, also a
mole in a harbour to break the force of
the sea.

AS. pere, pila, moles, agger ; Du. heere,
a pier or mole, apparently from beuren,
boren, to raise, to lift. Swiss btiren, biih-
ren, birren^ to raise ; biiri, biihri, a pier,
a wall or mound raised in the water to
protect the adjoining land. Bav. enbor,
G. empor, up, aloft ; enboren, ejnporen, to
raise. Geschrei erhaben ttnd emporen, to
raise an outcry. Bav. borkirche, G. em-
porkirche, the gallery in a church. Purdi,
pyra, rogus. Purd-holz, strues. — Gl. in
Schm.

To Pierce. Fr. percer, It. perciare.
Apparently from the same root which
gives us perk, prick; to perk up, to prick
up the head. It can hardly come from
It. pertugiare, Fr. pertuiser.

Pig. I. Du. bigge, big, a pig. Pl.D.
biggen un blaggen, unquiet children or
young cattle, especially pigs. De biggen
lopet enem under de vote, the children
run under one's feet. — Brem. Wtb.

2. A sow of iron is an ingot. Pano di
metallo, a mass, a sow or ingot' of metal.
— Fl. When the furnace in which iron
is melted is tapped the iron is allowed to
run in one main channel, called the sow,
out of which a number of smaller streams
are made to run at right angles. These
are compared to a set of pigs sucking
their dam, and the iron is called sow and
pig iron respectively. Probably the like-
ness was suggested by the word sow
having previously signified an ingot.

Pigeon. From Lat. pipire. It. pipiare,
pigiolare, to peep or cheep as a young
bird, are Lat. pipio, a young pigeon. It.
pippione,piccione,pigione,z.^\%&ori. Mod.
Gr. ininv'CC.a, to chirp ; trnriviov, a young
dove. In the same way from Magy.
pipegni, pipelni, to peep or cheep, pipe,
pip'dk, a chicken, gosling ; and here also
the same metaphor, by which a pigeon is
made to signify a dupe, gives pipe-ember
{ember, man), as Fr. blancbec, bejaune, a
booby ; a young bird being taken as the
type of simplicity. It. ptppione, a silly
gull, one that is soon caught and tre-

PILGARLICK

panned ; pippionare, to pigeon, to gull
one.—Fl. See Gull.

Piggin. A wooden vessel with a han-
dle for holding liquids. — B. The appli-
cation to a wooden vessel seems a de-
parture from the original meaning. Gael.
pige, an earthen jar or pitcher ; pigean, a
little jar, a potsherd.

Pike. I. Yr. pique, a pike, or pointed
pole.

Thei profere a man to bete, for two schilynges or

thre
V^Wa piked staves grete beten sail he be.

R. Brunne.

See Pick.

2. The pike-fish is so called from his
projecting lower jaw. Bret, bek, a beak,
snout, point ; beked, a pike-fish. So in
Fr. broche, a spit, a pointed object ;
brocket, a pike.

Pikelet. A kind of crumpet apparently
of W. origin, being called bara-picklet (w.
bara, bread) by Bayley. Fr. popelins,
soft cakes of fine flour, &c., fashioned
like our Welsh barrapyclids. — Cot.

Pilaster. — Pillar. Fr. pilastre. It.
pilastro, der. from Lat. pila, a column,
L.Lat. pilarium, whence also Yx.pilier.

Pilch. A piece of flannel to be wrapt
about a young child.^B. See Pelt.

Pilchard. Fr. sard, sardine, a pilch-
ard.

Pilorow. The mark of a new para-
graph in printing. Gradually corrupted
from paragraph through parcraft, pil-
craft, to pilcrow. Paragrapha, pylcraft
in wrytynge — Med. ; paragraphus, Anglice
a. parg}-afte in vrytynge. — Ortus in Way.

Pile. A stake driven into the ground
to support an erection. Lat. pila, a struc-
ture for the support of a building, the
pier of a bridge, a mole to restrain the
force of water. It. pilare, to prop up
with piles, to lay the groundwork of a
building, w. pill, stem or stock of a
tree ; log set fast in the ground, stake.

From the notion of supporting, the
signification passes to that of the thing
supported, a mass heaped up. Fr. pile,
Hvl. pijl, ?Lpile or heap.

To Pilfer. See Pelf.

Pilgarlick. One who peels garlick
for others to eat, who is made to endure
hardships or ill-usage while others are
enjoying themselves at his expense.
And ye shuU here how the Tapster made the

Pardonere pull
Garlick all the longe nighte till it was nere hand

day. — Chaucer, Prol. Merch. and Tale.
The tapster and her paramour were en-

PILGRIM

joying the entertainment for which the
pardoner had paid. The Fr. have a some-
what similar proverb. II en pelera la
prune, he will smart for it, he is likely to
have the worst of it. — Cot.

Pilgrim. It. pelegrino, Lat. ;pere-
grinus, a foreigner ; from pereger, one
who is gone into the country, who is
without the city, itoxaper and ager, field.
Peregri, abroad.

PUl. Lat. pilula, dim. oiptla, a ball.

To Pill.— Pillage. Fr. ptller, to rob ;
Sp. pillar, to seize, lay hold of, plunder ;
It. pigliare, to catch, take hold of, take.
To pill was formerly used in the sense of
extort, strip, rob, and also, where we now
use peel, for picking off the husk or outer
coat of fruit or the like.

Hear me, you wrangling pirates that fall out
In sharing that which you have filled from me.

Rich. III.

To pill (pare, bark, unskin, &c.), peler. —
Sherwood. Bret, pelia, to peel, skin ;
w. pilio, to peel or sMn, to pillage, rob ;
pil, peel, rind.

The figure of fleecing or skinning af-
fords so natural a type of pillage and
robbery that we are inclined with little
hesitation to accept the sense of peeling
as the radical signification of the word.
But further examination brings to light a
numerous series of forms, which it is im-
possible to separate from the foregoing,
with the radical signification of picking
or plucking, of touching or taking with a
pointed implement. Nor would it be a
forced derivation of the name oipeel if it
were supposed to arise from considering
the thing signified as what is pilled or
picked off in preparing an article for con-
sumption. Dan. pille, to pick ; — sig i
hovedei, to scratch one's head ; — sig
medncebbet (as Sw.pillrd), a fowl to pick
its feathers, prune itself; ■ — arter, to
shell peas ; — ud, op, to pick out, pick
up ; — barken of et tree, to strip bark off
a tree. At pille ved noget, to work slowly
at something. Fl.D. pulen, to pick, pluck,
unites the foregoing with Z.pull. In der
nase pulen, to pick the nose; uut pulen,
to pick or pull out ; puul-arbeit, piddling
work. Se pulet sig, they scuffle, pull
each other about, explaining Fr. se piller,
said of two persons scolding each other.
Pille ! seize him ! cry to set on a dog. —
Trevoux. TX-pila, to pick, pluck, gnaw ;
pile, a little bit ; Sc. pile, a single grain ;
a pile of caff, a grain of chaff. On the
same principle the original meaning of
Lat. pilare would be to pick, and then to
plunder, to make bare or bald, giving

PILLION

475

pilus, a hair, what is picked at a single
touch, as a derivative, equivalent to N.
and Sc. pile above mentioned.

From VIX). pulen or T<(.pila appear to
be formed as diminutives or frequenta-
tiyss piileken, piilken, polken, s.pilka, to
pick. Up den knaken piilken, to pick a
bone ; Sc. pilk, to pick, as peas or peri-
winkles out of their shells, to pick a pocket.
Similar diminutival forms are seen in Fr.
pilloter, to pick, or take up here and there,
to gather one by one — Cot. ; Prov. pelu-
car, Lang, peluca, to pick, to peck ; It.
pillucare, to pick up clean as a chicken ;
spiluzzicare, to pick out as it were here
and there, to eat mincingly ; spnluzzico,
the least bit, crum, or scrap. — Fl. We
may then suppose forms like N. plikka,
plukka, Q.pjliicken, to pick, pluck, Pl.D.
plik, N. plukk, Sw. plock, a httle bit,
Y\&Am.plucM, to pick or T^Xnes., pluch, a
grain, morsel, Norm, plucoter, to pick up
grains as fowls at a barn door (Decorde),
Fr. Spliicher, to pick, as pease, to pluck
or tease as roses, wool, &c., to arise either
from the absorption of the vowel between
the mute and liquid in It. piluccare, Prov.
pelucar, as in Piedm. pU, to peel or skin,
E. platoon from Fr. pelotonj or they may
have arisen from the transposition of the
liquid and vowel in forms like T<l..pilka,
V\X). piilken. But the true explanation
may probably be that there was a double
form of the root, with an initial/ and pi
respectively, /z'c/^ ox puck (Pl.D. puken, to
pick) a.nd plik oi pluck, while pill or pull
may be contracted from frequentative
forms like OY.. pickle, Gvisons piclar, Wa-
lach. pigulire, to pick or pluck, Du. bic-
kelen, to pick or hew stone, E. dial, pug-
gle, to poke the fire ; or perhaps (as Dan.
lille compared with E. little) from a form
like N. pitla, to pick, E. piddle, to keep
picking. The contracted form is seen in
Du. billen den molensteen, to pick a mill-
stone, compared with -bickelen, and in Sc.
pile above mentioned compared with
pickle or puckle, a single grain or particle
of anything, a small quantity.

Pillion. A cushion for a woman to
ride on behind a horseman. Gael, peall,
a skin, coverlet, mat, bunch of matted
hair ; pillean, a pad, pack-saddle, cloth
put under a saddle ; Manx poll, to mat or
stick together ; pollan, a saddle-cloth.
Sp. pillon, a skin, the use of which (in
Sp. S. America) is described in the fol-
lowing passage from the Athenasum, Aug
9, 1851 :

First a long blanket was put upon the horse —
then came a wooden concem — in shape like a

476

PILLORY

tnillerls pack-saddle — then came 13 lamb-skins,
each larger than the last, so that when the whole
were on, the ends appeared cut square like the
thatch of a house. These things are called /«7-
lones, and in travelling form the bed of the horse-
man. Then came another /27/o«e made of llama
skin.

Pillory. Fr. pilori, Prov. espitlori,
M id. 'L^t. j>inoricum,piliormm, spilorium.
Different derivations have been suggested,
of which the most plausible is Fr. pilier,
from the pillar or post at which the crimi-
nal is compelled to stand. But the most
prominent characteristic of the pillory is
the confinement of the neck by a perfor-
ated board or an iron ring. Pilorium,
sive coUistrigium. — Fleta. The prisoner
is usually said to stand in the pillory, not
at it. ' Condemnat a estar en I'espitlori.'
— Cout. de Condom in Rayn. And it is
rational to look for the origin to the fuller
form of Prov. espitlori, which cannot have
been corrupted from Fr. pilori, while the
converse may easily have taken place, if
the punishment was invented in the South
of France, and spread from thence with-
out the meaning of the name being cor-
rectly understood.- Now Cat. espitUera
is a loop-hole, peep-hole, little window,
which would accurately describe the cha-
racteristic part of the punishment, the
prisoner being derisively considered as
showing his head through a loop-hole to
the gazing crowd below. ' Ponetur in
pillorico ut omnes eum videant et cognos-
cant.' — Charter of Rouen in Due. On
this principle the far-fetched, derivation
was proposed by Cowel ' from ttuXi;, a gate
or door, because one standing on the pil-
lory putteth his head through a kind of
door, and opaw, video.'— Minsheu. ' The
cover of the chest is two boards, amid
them both a pillory-like hole for the pri-
soner's neck.' — Hackluyt in R. The name
Qipillori was given in France to a ruff or
collar worn by women encircling the neck
like the board of the pillory. To peep
through the nutcrackers, to stand in the
pillory. — Grose. The word is doubtless
equivalent to Lat. specularmm,irora spec-
ula, a look-out, a high place for viewing
or watching anything from. Compare
Cat. espill, espilleta, from Lat. speculum,
a looking-glass ; espillets, spectacles, eye-
glasses.

Pillow. Du. peluwe, puluwe, Lat.
pulvinus, from Lat. pluma, w. plu, pluf,
feathers. Pulvinare, plumauc — Gl.
Cambr. in Zeuss ; pulvinar, plufoc. —
Vocab. Cornub. ibid. W. plufawg, fea-
thery.

Pilot. It. pilota, Fr. pilote, Du. pijl-

PINCH

loot — Kil., properly a person who con-
ducts a ship by the sounding line, from
peilen, to sound the depth, to gauge ves-
sels ; peillood, sounding lead ; peil, mark
on the scale at the side of a sluice to show
the depth of the water. I sownde as a
schyppeman with his plommet to know the
deppeth of the see : je pilote. — Palsgr.
The origin of the term seems to be taken
from the/^_^j by which the capacity of a
vessel was marked. Pl.D. pegeln, to
sound, also to tope. Dan. at dricke til
pals, to drink for a wager, measure for
measure. This in Lat. was termed bibere
ad pinnas. Anselm commands,

Ut presbyteri non eant ad potationes, nee ad
pinnas bibant. — Eadmer Hist. Nov. loi.
G. pegel is the height of the water on
a fixed scale. Thus a Rhenish news-
paper, under the head of ' Wasserstands-
nachrichter,' gives ' Oberwesel, 31 Aug. —
pegel 7 fuss, I zoll.'

The other half of the word pilote is
doubtless the element shown in G. lootse,
Du. lootsman, OE. lodesman, a pilot, which
has very naturally been confounded with
Du. loot, a sounding lead, whence looten,
to sound. But this would be a mere re-
petition of the meaning conveyed by the
first syllable, and we cannot doubt that
the lode in lodesman is the same as in
lodestar, lodestone, lodemanage, viz. tra'ck
or way. The meaning of pilot would
thus be one who conducts the vessel by
the sounding line. See Loadstone.

* Pimple. AS. pinpel, pustula— jElfr.
Gl. ; pipligend, pustulatus ; pipligende lie,
pustulatuni corpus. The word would
thus appear to be a nasalised form from
Lat. It. papula, a pimple. — Weigand. So
Fr. pompon, from Lat. pepo, -onis.

Pin. w. pin, a pin, a pen ; Gael, pinne,
a pin, peg, plug ; hn. pinne, a point, prick,
peg.— Kil. Lat. pinna, a fin, a turret,
pinnacle. The force of the element' /z«
in signifying a pointed object is also seen
in Lat. spina, a thorn, and in pinus, a fir-
tree, tree with sharp-pointed leaves, in G.
called nadeln, needles.

Pin and Web, an induration of the
membranes of the eye, not much unlike a
cataract. — B. It. panno nel occhio, a web
in the eye. Panni in oculis fiunt et albu-
gines ex vulneribus vel pustulis.^Duc.
Irypin and web the foreign name is first
adopted and then translated.

To Pinch.— Pincers. Sp' pizcar, Fr.
pincer, to pinch or nip, to take with the
points of the fingers or other points ;
pince, the tip or edge of the hoof. Sp.
pinchar, to prick, pincho, a prickle ; pin-

PINE

zas, pincers, nippers. Gx\'s,o's\% pizs, pizza,
G. spitze, a point, peak ; pizchiar, to nip,
itch, bite ; pizzi, a pinch, as much as one
takes up with the tips of the fingers.
Walach. piscu, point, eminence ; piscd,
to nip, twitch. It. picciare, pizzare, to
peck, pinchj snip, itch ; -piccio, a pinch ;
pizze, pinch-works, jaggings ; pizzicare,
to prick, pinch, snip ; pizzamosche, a
hedge-sparrow, a snap-fly ; Du. pitsen,
pinssen, to pinch, pluck.

Pine. Lat. pinus, w. pinwydd, pine-
trees, characterised by their pin-shaped
leaves, in G. called nadeln, needles, and
the wood, nadelholz.

To Pine. Du. pijne, pain, torment ;
pijneti, pijnigen, to torture. See Pain.
Hence to pine, to languish as one suffer-
ing pain.

Pinfold. ^ Pindar. Pinfold is com-
monly explained as a fold in which stray-
ing cattle are temporarily ^^««^i/ or con-
fined ; pindar, the officer whose business
it is to place cattle in the ^p««i/ or ^z'«/o/(/.
And although it must be observed that a
fold is essentially a place for penning
cattle, it is probable that if we had the
English alone we never should have been
led by the tautology to doubt the fore-
going derivation. But the foreign ana-
logues give a more distinctive meaning
to the term as signifying the fold where
cattle are kept in pledge until redeemed
by their owners. Du. pand, G. pfand, a
pawn or pledge ; pfdnden, O Fris. penda,
peinda, to distrain or seize by way of
pledge ; das vieh pfdnden, to pound
cattle ; pfand-stall, a pinfold ; pfdnder,
a pindar, the executive officer whose busi-
ness it was to levy distraints ; Grisons
pandrer, pendrar, pindrar, to distrain ;
pandrader, pendrader, the pinder.
Fro the Pouke's pondfalde no mainprise may us

fetch.— P. P.
Sc. poind, to distrain, poind, pownd, the
distress or property taken in pledge.

The sergents shall cause the poynds to be de-
livered to the creditor untill the debt be fully
payed to him. — Stat. Rob. i. in Jam.

There seems to be no real connection
with ^. pound, which signifies simply en-
closure, unless indeed it is possible that a
pawn is something impotmded or shut up
until properly redeemed.

Ping. Often used to represent the
sharp sound of a bullet flying past. Pl.D.
pingeln, as kUngeln, to ring ; pingel, a
bell.

Pinion. Pinion is used in two senses,
both applications of the general meaning
shown in It. pinna, the flat flap of any-

PINK

477

thing, as the fin of a fish, the flap of a
man's ears, the floats of a water-wheel. —
Fl. Fr. penne, penon,pennule, a lap or
flap (a piece of anything not wholly se-
parated from it — Cot.) ; penne, penon de

foie, a lap or lobe of the liver ; pennons
d'une fleche, the feathers of an arrow ;

pennon, a pennon or streamer, the little
flag carried at the end of a lance. The

pinion of a bird is the flap or last joint of
the wing.

All unawares
Fluttering ^i'is pennons vain plumb down he falls
Ten thousand fadom deep. — Par. Lost.

In the second sense, Fr. pagnon or pi-
gnoti, a pinion in wheel-work, is a contriv-
ance by which the movement of a cog-
wheel is transferred to a different axis.
To this effect a sufficient number of palets
or longitudinal flaps, like the floats of a
water-wheel, are fixed round the axis and
made to run in the cogs of the largei:
wheel. The name oi pinion properly be-
longs to the separate palets, and the term
should \i& pinion-wheel, as Fr. lanterne A
pagnons, a pair of trunnion heads, or that
which is turned about by the cog-wheel
of a mill. — Cot. It. ruota pinnata, a
wheel with broad floats. — FI. It is now
commonly given to the smaller of two
cog-wheels locking into each other. Lat.
pinna was already used in the sense of a
float of a water-wheel.

Pink. Fr. pinces, the flower pink
(wild gillowflowers. — Minsheu). Proba-
bly from the sharp-pointed leaves set in
pairs upon the stalk like pincers ; Fr.
pince, a tip or thin point. See Pinch.

Pink in the sense of bright flesh-colour
is probably from the colour of the flower ;
although it may be from pink eyes, small
winking inflamed eyes. It. gauzo, blear-,
eyed, pink-eyed. — Fl.

The application to the sense of acme or
point of excellence is apparently taken
from the joke in Romeo and Juliet, where
Mercutio speaking affectedly uses pink
as the type of a flower.

Jiom. A most courteous exposition-.
Merc. Nay, I am the very fink of curtesy.
Horn. Pink for flower !

Mercutio is playing upon words in a
forced manner, and if the expression were
already current Romeo would never have
been made to suggest an explanation.

The names of other flowers are used
in the same way.

London thowe arte the flowre of cities all, —
Of royal cities rose and geraflour.

Song temp. H. V. in Reliq. Ant. i. 206.

478

PINK

Heo is lilie of largesse,
Heo is parvenke of prouesse.

O. Ballad cited by Steevens.

To Pink. Used in a variety of senses,
which may all be explained from a nasal-
ised form of the root pik, representing the
sound of a blow with a pointed instru-
ment. Pl.D. pinken, pinkepanken, to
hammer ; pinkepank, a blacksmith. To
pink, to cut silk cloth with variety of
figures in round holes or eyes. — B. Fr.
piqui, pricked, pierced or thrust into ;
also quilted or set thick with oylet holes
(pinked). — Cot.
One of them finked the'other in a duel (stucic

him). — Addison.
In the sense of picking or culling,
When thou dost tell another's jest, therein
Omit the oaths, which traewit cannot need ;
Pink out of tales the mirth, but not the sin.
Herbert in Worcester.

The sense of winking, in which pink was
formerly used, may be illustrated by Sw.
picka (from which pink differs only in
the nasalisation), to peck like a bird, and
(from the figure of a succession of light
blows) to palpitate as the heart. Wink-
ing is a vibration of the eyelid, as pal-
pitation is of the heart.

And upon drinking my eyes will be pinking.
Heywood in R.

Du. pinckoogen, to wink, squinny, sparkle,
glitter.— Kil.

In like manner with and without the
nasal, G. blicken, to wink, to glitter, e.
blink, Pl.D. plinken, plinkogen, to wink,
pointing to a root plik, synonymous with
pik, in accordance with the view of the
relations of the word taken under To Pill.

Fiunace. It. pino, a pine-tree, and
met. the whole bulk of a ship, also (as
pinaccia, pinassd), a pinnace.^ Fl.

Pint. Sp. Ptg. pinta, a spot or mark ;
pintar, to paint. Hence probably a pint,
a certain measure of liquid marked off
on the interior of the vessel. So from
X)\x. pegel, peil, the mark on a scale mea-
suring depth or content, Pl.D. pegel, sex-
tarius, hemina, a. measure of content.
Pegeln, as in some dialects of G.pinten,
to tope ; Yr. pinteler, to tipple.

Pioneer. Fr. pionier, OFr. peonier,
Prov. pezonier, properly a foot-soldier, a
common man, then applied to the soldiers
specially employed in labourers' work.
Sp. peon, a pedestrian, day-labourer,
foot-soldier, common man, or pawn at
chess

Pious. Lat. pius, Fr. pieux.

Pip. P1.D. pipp, G. pipps, zip/, Fr.
pcpie, It. pipita, haX. pituita, a disorder

PISTON

of fowls, in which a thick slime forms on
their tongue, and the nostrils are stopped
up. The name seems to be corrupted
from Lat. pituita, phlegm. Du. pipse,
the mucus of the nose.

Pipe. A thin hollow cylinder, an im-
plement adapted to make a shrill sound
by blowing into it. From the imitation
of such a sound by the syllable /f^. See
Peep.

Pippin.— Pip. Fr. pepin, seed of fruit,
as of an apple or grape ; pepiniire, a seed-
plot, nursery ground. There seems no
ground for the assertion that the word
originally signified a melon-seed, from
pepo, a melon. A satisfactory origin may
perhaps be found in Da. ptppe, to peep,
shoot, spring forth. For the connection
between a sharp cry and the idea of peep-
ing forth, just beginning to appear, see
Peep.

A pippin in the sense of a particular
kind of apple is probably an apple raised
from the pip or seed. Da. pipling, a
small well-tasted apple.

Pirate. Gr. 7r«par^e, "Lsi.. pirafa, ex-
plained from Triipaia, to make an attempt
on, to attack.

Pisli ! An interjection of contempt,
equivalent to hold your tongue ! It. pis-
sipissare, to psh, to husht, also to buzz or
whisper very low ; pissipisse J pst, hsht !
still ! — Fl. Fr. naj-giies, tush, blurt, pish,
fy, it cannot be so. — Cot. Norm, pet f
interj. to put to silence. — Decorde. Dan.
pyt! O^. putt. I yiaaxpyht/ tut 'pooh!
pshaw !

Pismire. The old name of the ant,
an insect very generally named from the
sharp urinous smell of an ant-hill. Du.
miere,pismiere, mierseycke, an ant ; seycke,
urine ; Pl.D. jniegemke, an ant or emmet ;
7niegen, mingere ; Fin. kusi, urine ; kusi-
ainen, an ant.

Piss. From the sound. 'Lt'A. pischet
is a nursery word. In Bav. nurseries
wiswis macken, wiseln. Fin. kusi, urine.

Pistil. Lat. pistillum, a pestle, from
pinso, to pound.

Pistol. Said to derive its name from
having been invented at Pistoia in Italy,
but no authority is produced for this
derivation. Venet. piston was a kind of
arquebuss ; piston de vin, a large ilask.
— Patriarchi.

Piston. The plunger in a pump or a
steam engine. Fr. piston. It. pestone,
pestatoio, a pestle, stamper, rammer ;
pesta, any treading or trampling ; pestare,
to stamp, pound, bray in a mortar,

PIT

trample upon, to ram or beat in. Lat.
pi7isere,pistum, to pound.

Pit. I. Lat. puteus, It. pozzo, Fr.
puits, a well ; Du. put, putte, a well, a
hole.

2. The pit of a theatre is probably
from Sp. pAtio, the central court of a
house, and thence the pit which occupies
the same place in a theatre. Probably
from the root pat, plat, representing the
tramping of feet. Mod.Gr. irarw, to
tread, iraroe, a. public walk, beaten path,
bottom, floor. Piedm. platia, the pit or
lowest part of a theatre where the audi-
ence stand. — Zalli. 'LaX.platea, a street,
court-yard, area, open space in a house.
See Pad.

Pitcli. G.pech, Du. pik, 'Ls.t.pix, Gr.
iriTTa, maaa, Gael, pic, pitch ; blgh, glue,
birdlime, gum ; W. pyg, pitch, rosin.

The main characteristic of pitch is its
stickiness, and it can hardly be doubted
that the name is taken from this quality.

It.piccare, to prick; piccare, appiccare,
appicciare, to fasten, stick unto ; appic-
cante, appiccaticcio, clammy, gluish, fast-
sticking. S'^i.pegar, to stick to, fasten on,
join together, to infect ; pegajoso, sticky,
glutinous, infectious ; pega, glue, varnish.
The Sp. name of pitch, pez, as in the
other Romance languages, is taken from
Lat. pix, picis, in which the original
significance was already obscured by the
loss of the root pik in the sense of prick
or stick. Gr. irtvKri, a fir-tree, is pro-
bably, like w. pigwydd (pitch-wood), from
producing pitch, and not conversely, as
Liddell supposes, the name of pitch from
the tree which produces it. See To Pitch.

To Pitch.. Pitch and pick are differ-
ent ways of pronouncing the same w6rd,
like church and kirk. The radical signi-
fication is striking with a pointed instru-
ment, driving something pointed into,
sticking into, darting, throwing to a dis-
tance. W. picell, a dart or arrow ; picio,
picellu, to throw a dart, to dart. To pick
a lance was to drive il into an object.

I hold you a grote I pycke as far with an arrowe
as you. — Palsgr. in Hal.

To pitch upon is to come suddenly down
like a javelin striking the ground at the
end of its flight. A ,pitch-fork, or pikel,
as it is called in the North, is a fork for
pitching corn, throwing it up upon the
stack.

Stakes of yren mony on he pygte in Temese
Above scharpe and kene ynow, bynethe grete

and ronde.
That yef ther eny schippis com er me ywar were,

PITTANCE

479

Heo schulde ficke hem thoru out (they should
pierce through them), and adrenche hem so
there.— R. G. 51.

And he took awei that fro the middil, pitching
(affigeus) it on the cross. — ^Wickliff in R."

To pitch a tent is to fix the pegs in the
ground by which it is held up.

Pitch in the sense of a certain height
on a scale, or a certain degree of a quality,
is from the notion of marking a definite
point by sticking in a peg. The pitch of
one's voice is the point which it reaches
in the musical scale ; the pitch of a screw,
the degree in which the thread is inclined
to the axis ; the pitch of a roof, the de-
gree in which the rafters are inclined to
each other.

Pitcher. Fr. pichet (Jaubert), Lang.
pichier, Bret, picher, W. piser. It. pitero,
Sp. puchiro, a pitcher or earthen pot ;
Gael, pigeadh, a pitcher ; pigean, a little
earthen jar, fragment of earthenware.
It. bicchiere, G. becher, a cup.

Pith. Pl.D. peddik, picke, pith ; Du.
pit, pitte, pith, kernel, the best of a thing.
Hereford peth, Devon pith, a crum of
bread. Then applied to the crum or
soft part, the part which crumbles, which
in Pembrokeshire is called the pith. So
in Fr. inie, originally signifying a particle
or little bit, is applied to the crum or
soft part of bread, w. peth, a part, frag-
ment, quantity, a little, a thing. Bret.
pez, pec'h, a piece, bit.

Pittance. It. pietanza, pitanza, Fr.
pitance, properly the allowance of appe-
tising food to be eaten with the bread
which formed the substance of a meal,
afterwards applied to the whole allowance
of foed for a single person, or to a small
portion of anything. Mid.Lat. ^zctozcM,
pitancia, portio monachica in esculentis — ■
lautior pulmentis, quae ex oleribus erant,
cum pictancia essent de piscibus et hu-
jusmodi. — Due.

Numerous guesses at the derivation
have been made, which have fallen wide
of the mark from not attending to the
original distinction clearly pointed out by
Due. 'Dum — a cellerarii pertotum con-
ventum pictantia, i. e. ova frixa, divi-
derentur, invisibilem pictantiam ei niisit,
quod omnibus diebus vit^ suffi pictantiis
omnibus carere vellet.' ' Quod si aliqua
secundo vocata venire contempserit, in-
sequenti prandio A pitancia subtrahatur.'
—Stat. Joh. Archiep. Cant. an. 127S, in
Due. The nun who was late at dinner
was to be punished, not by the loss of
her dinner next day, but by having to

48o

PITY

dine on dry bread or vegetables. 'Aquam
etiam puram frequentius biberunt, et
quandoque pro magnd pictantid (for a
great treat) mixti vel aceto, vel lacte,
nuUcl de vino facta mentione.' Pidance
is still used in the centre of France in
the original sense. ' Les enfans mangent
souvent plus de pidance que de pain.' —
Jaubert. Hence we arrive at the true
derivation, apidan^ant, apitangant, ap-
pdtissant, giving appetite. A dish is
apidanqant when it gives flavour to a
large quantity of bread. — Vocab. de Berri.
Pity. Fr. pitU, from Lat. pietas. In
the exclamation, what a pity ! the word
is probably an adaptation of OFr. qiiel
pechi^ J what a sin !

Alias, quel dol et quel pechi^ !
Benoit, Chron. des dues de Norm. 2. 408 .

Mod.Gr. (5 n icpi/ia ! what a pity ! what a
great misfortune ! what a sin !

Pivot. Fr. pivot, the peg on which a
door turns ; It. pivolo, a peg.

Pixy. In Devon, a fairy ; pixy-puff,
a i\n.z-h?i}^, pixy-stool, a toad-stool, pixy-
ring, a fairy-ring. Pixie-led, to be in a
maze, as if led out of the way by hob-
goblins. This in Pembrokeshire is called
piskin-led, which seems truer to the ety-
mology. Sw. dial, pus, pys, pysing, a
little boy ; pysill, pyssling, httle creature,
pygmy ; pysk, little unshapely person,
dwarf; also goljlin, fairy (smitroU). Hem-
pjaske, a hobgoblin, browniq. The fairies
are called the little people in Wales and
Ireland. G. berg-mdnnchen, a goblin.
Lat. pusjts, a boy ; pusillus, little.

Placable. — Placid. Lat. placare, to
pacify, to make calm and gentle ; placidus,
calm, mild.

Placard. Fr. plaquard, a bill stuck up
against a wall; plaquer, to clap, slat,
stick, or paste on, to lay flat on, to parget
or rough-cast. Du. placken aen den wand,
to fix to the wall ; placken, to daub ;
flacke, a blot.

Place. Fr. place, It. piazza, Q.platse.
The spot of ground occupied by a body ;
iroraplatz, crack, representing the sound
of something thrown smack down. See
Plat.

Plagiary. Lat. plagium, manstealing ;
plagia7ius, a manstealer, and fig. one who
steals other men's thoughts and publishes
them as his own.

Plague. Lat. plaga, a blow, stroke,
wound ; Du. plage, a wound, and met.
affliction, torment, disease, pestilence.

Plaice. Lat. platissa, a flat fish.

Plaid. Gael, plaide, a blanket. Goth.
paida, a coat.

PLASH

Plain. — Plan.— Plane. Lat. planus,
whence Fr. plain, even, level, plaine, a
flat surface of ground. To explain, to
level out, to make easy.

-plain. — Plaint. — Plaintiff. Fr.
plaindre, from Lat . plangere-, to complain,
as ceindre from cingere,feindre from fin-
gere.

Plait.— Pleat.— Plite.— Plight. The
Bret. pleg,plek, W. plyg, bend, fold, show
the root from whence are derived Gr.
TrXsKu, to twine, braid, plait ; Lat. plica, a
fold, and the secondary forms flecto, to
bend, z.-aii plecto, plexum, to plait, knit, or
weave. From the latter verb, or perhaps
from the participial form -plicitus {im-
plicitus, explicittis), axe derived OFr.
ploit, and its E. representatives, plait,
plight, pleat.

Voire cemise me livrez,
El pan desus feral un floit —
(I will make a pleat in the cloth)
\^flet\ fet. — Rayn. in v. pleg.

Now gode nece be It never so lite,
Yeve me the labour it to sew and flite.

Troilus and Cress.

A silken camus lily whight
Purfled upon with many a io\&t& Might .

■f'.Q.

Walach. pleta, a tress of hair ; impleti,
to plait. Boh. plitn, plesti, Pol. plesc, to
wreathe, plait, braid. G. flechte, some-
thing turned or plaited, a tress of hair or
a wattled hurdle, corresponds to La.t.ffecta.

Planet. Gr. TrXnvrjrrie, a wandering
star ; 7!-\avda),-to wander.

Plane-tree. Fr. plane, contr. from
Lat. plataniis.

Plank. Lat. planca, Fr. planche, G.
planke. Boh. planka, plank ; Gr. TrXa?,
anything flat and broad.

Plant, -plant. Lat. planta, the sole
of the foot, whence probably planto, to
plant or set with the foot in the ground ;
plantare, plantarium, a separate plant.
The original force of the verb is preserved
in supplanto, to put the foot under, to trip
one up.

To Plash. 1. To plash or splash is to
dash about liquids, to dabble in water.
G. pladdern, pdantschen, pldtscliern, Sw.
plaska, Du. plasschen, to paddle, splash.
Du. plasregen, G. platzregen, a dashing
shower.

Du. plas, plasch,'^. plash, a puddle, or
shallow pool of rainwater.

To Plash. 2.— Pleach. Fr. plesser, to
plash, to fold or plait young branches one
within another, to thicken a hedge or
cover a walk by plashing.— Cot. Plessis,
a plashed or pleached hedge, or a park

PLASTER

enclosed with hedges. 'LaX.filecto,plexum,
to plait or knit together ; Gr. n-Xlicu, Lat.
plico, to twine, braid, knit.

Plaster. — Plastic. Plaster, Yr.pldtre
{piastre), is the material used, when moist
and plastic, for daubing walls and ceil-
ings. The material first used for this
purpose would doubtless be the mud or
clay that is trodden underfoot, and the
radical notion is to plash, to paddle or
dabble in the wet and dirt. From this
source must be explained Gr. -irXauam,
irXtirrw, to work in soft and ductile mate-
rials, to mould or form, in M od. Gr. to knead
dough ; TfXaaTiKOQ, what may be moulded,
plastic ; ijiirXdaaa, to daub over, to stuff
in plaster ; cjiirXaaTOQ, daubed over ; to
eiivkaarov or £;ujr\affrpov, Lat. emplastrum,
Fr. empldtre, a plaister or application
daubed over with an adhesive medica-
ment. G3.A. plAsd, to daub.

Sp. plasta, paste, soft clay, anything
soft ; plaste, size, fine paste made of glue
and lime.

Plat.— Plot. The radical image is the
fall of water or of something wet on the
ground, with a noise represented by the
syllables plats, plat, plot. G. platz, a
crack, smack, pop ; platzregen, heavy
rain that makes a dashing sound in fall-
ing ; Du. plotsen, to fall suddenly ; plots,
sudden, unawares ; E. platte, to throw
down flat — Hal., i. e. to dash down like
water.

PLATFORM

481

When I was hurte thus in stound
I fell down flat unto the ground.-

-R. R.

— I fell plump down upon the ground.
G. heraus platzen, to blurt a thing out, to
say it plump, without .circumlocution, like
a wet mass flung down upon the ground.

Ye sayd nothing sooth of that,

But, sir, ye lye, I tell you flat. — R. R.

The term is then applied to the fallen
object, or to things of similar shape, and
as wet things thrown down on the ground
spread out in breadth and lie close to
the ground, the root comes to signify
broad, thin, without elevation. See Flat.
We come nearest the original image
in our dial, cow-plat, Da. dial, ko-blat,
SiW\ss pldder, platter, kuhpldder, a round
of cow-dung i pladern, of a cow, to let
fall dung. Bav. platz, pldtzen, a flat
cake ; It. piatto, any flat thing, a dish,
plate, platter; by met. squat, cowering
down, low-lurking ; piattare, to squat
down. — Fl. In like manner 'Da.n.plet, a
spot or stain, e. Mot, Da. dial, dlat, a drop
of fallen liquid, lead to Fr. se blatir (Cot.),

blottir, to squat down, lie close to the
ground.

Then as a spot of dirt marks a definite
place in a garment, G. platz, a broad even
part of the surface of the earth, an open
place, a place, the space or room taken
up by a body. Der markt-platz, the
market-place ; ein griiner platz, a green
plot, grass-plat, or grass-plot. . Auf dein
platze bleiben, to be killed on the spot.
It will be observed that spot, which ori-
ginally signifies a drop of liquid, has the
same application to a definite portion of
ground.

It was a chosen flat of fertile land. — F. Q.

Bav. platten, a bare spot in a wood {kohl-
platten, where charcoal has been burnt),
explains E. platty (of corn-fields), uneven,
having bare spots.

Plate. I.— Platter. A flat piece of
metal, a dish to eat on. It. piatto, any
flat thing, a dish, plate, platter ; piatto,
made flat or level to the ground, by
met. squat, cowering down, low-lurking,
hushed. — Fl. Piattare, Fr. se blottir, to
squat down ; plat, flat, plain, low, shal-
low. The sense of piatto, which Florio
treats as metaphorical, is in truth the
original, the idea of flatness being com-
monly expressed from the image of dash-
ing down something wet or soft, which
lies spread out and flat upon the ground.
Thus E. squat is related to Dan. squatte,
to splash, scaAJlat with Yr.Jlatir, to dash
down liquids. See Plat.

2. Vessels of gold or silver. Sp. plata,
silver. The name was originally given to
the plates or thin lamina in which it was
customary to work crude silver, and ulti-
mately applied to the metal itself. ' Con-
gregaverunt electum aurum regni, etfece-
runt in plafas, et miserunt in batellos
ferratos ad abducendum in Franciam.' —
Knyghton, A. D. 1364 in Due. ' Et quod
quilibet Angligena egrediens fines Anglise
— possit secum reportare platam argenti
vel auri ad valorem duarum marcarum
pro quolibet sacco lanse — et eamdem^/a-
tam ferre deberet ad excambium regis, et
ibi recipere suos denarios.' — Ibid. A. D.
1340.

Platform. It. piatta-forma, Dn.platte-
forme, vulgo plana forma (Kil.), the form
or pattern of a structure on the level plain.

For which cause I wish you to enter into con-
sideration of the matter, and to note all the is-
lands, and to set them down in plat. — Hackluyt
inR.

To be workmanly wrought — according to a
plat thereof made and signed by the hands of
31

482

PLATOON

ihe lord's executors. — Agreement temp. H. VIII.
in R.

God took care to single out the nation of the
Tews, and in them to give us a true pattern or
flatform of his dealings with all the nations of
the world. — Sharp, ibid.

The whole^/a^?-?Kof the conspiracy.— Bacon
in Worcester.

The word is still used in America for the
prospectus or plan of political action of a
candidate.

From signifying the ground-plan of a
building the term is applied to a levelled
surface, then to a flat elevation.

Platoon. Fr. pelote, a little ball to
play with ; peloton, a clue or little ball of
thread. S^. pelote, goat's hair; -pelotdn,
a large ball, a bundle of hair closely
pressed together, a crowd of persons, a
body of soldiers. Tlw.plotte (Kil.), Piedm.
platdn, a ball.

Platter. See Plate.

Plaudit, -plaud. -plause. -plode.
Lat. plaudo, -sum, to make a noise by
clapping of hands, to approve of, en-
courage. Applause, approbation. Ex-
plodo, to drive out with clapping of hands,
to hiss or stamp off the stage.

* Play. AS. plegan, pleogan, to play,
sport, play on a musical instrument.
Play is the exercise of the natural activity
of the creature for the mere pleasure of
the exertion. Its earliest type is seen in
the mimic strife of joyous dogs pretend-
ing to worry each other, and all our games
take the form of a competition for some
object adapted to call forth the powers of
the rival playfeDows. Thus the name of
play may well be taken from a term
signifying contention or struggle. In AS.
poetry war is ca\le.d plega gares, the play
of the javelin ; cescplega, of the shield ;
heard handplega, the hard play of hands.
, Hearmplega, strife. It appears to me
that we must look for the origin to Lat.
placitum, in the sense of discussion, con-
test at law, whence Vrow. plag,plait,play,
litigation, quarrel, dispute ; plaidejar,
playejar, plaegar, to contest, discuss,
quarrel ; Sp. pleito, litigation, debate,
strife; OFr. plaidier,plaidoyer, to litigate,
contest ; plaidier, plaider, badiner, plai-
santer, s'amuser, se moquer. — Roquef.
' Le mari — prist a pleidoyer (began to
wrangle with) et maudire ledit prison-
nier.'— Litt. remiss. A. D. 1373. ' Le sup-
pliant seappoyakl'uis d'un mercier,voisin
de son p^re, k la femme duquel mercier et
&. son varlet il plaidoit et s'esbatoit ' — he
joked and sported with them. — L. R., A. D.
1392 in Carp.

AS. plegan is used in a very similar

PLEDGE

sense in Gen. xxi. 9. Sarra behiold hu
Agares sunu with Isaac plegode, (in our
version) saw him mocking Isaac. The
same train of thought is seen in Du. pla-
dere7i, playeren, pleyten, litigare, conten-
dere, disceptare judicio ; pladeren, plae-
yeren, ludere, jocari, nugari ; plaederije,
plaerije, ludus, jocus. — Kil. See Plead.

The primary image of play being, as
we have seen, what is done for the plea- ■
sure of the exertion itself, the term is used
in a general sense to signify the exertion
of powers of any kind, as when we speak
of the play of the lungs or muscles, of
giving play to one's mirth or imagina-
tion, of the fire-engine playing on the
flames or the cannon on the enemy. By
a similar metaphor Fr. se jouer is used
for doing a thing easily. Faire jouer le
canon, les eaux, to bring the cannon or
the waters into play ; \tjeu d'un ressort,
the play of a spring.

To Pleach. See Plash.

* To Plead.— Plea. Lat. placer e, to
please, to seem good to one, to be one's
choice, forms placitum, an opinion, re-
solve, ordinance, sentence. In the pro-
logue to the Salic laws they are sanctioned
by the formula, Placuit atque convenit
inter Francos, It seemed good and was
agreed upon among the Franks. Thus
the term was extended to an agreement
or treaty, and from the decisions of the
judges it seems to have passed to all the
deliberate proceedings of a court of jus-
tice, and to the court itself from whence
ordinances issued.

Per capitula avi et patris nostri, quae Franci
pro lege tenendci judicaverunt et fideles nostri in
generali placito nostro conservanda decreverunt.
— Capitula Caroli Calvi in Due.

The course of corru'ption iioraplacitum
to ¥x. plait, plaid, is well shown in the
Prov. forms plach, plag, placht, plait,
plai, suit, process at law, quarrel, dispute.
— Rayn. In OPtg. according to Diez the
form is placito, afterwards plazo, prazo.
It. piato, piado, a plea.. — Fl. Sp. pleito,
covenant, contract, debate, strife, litiga-
tion, legal proceedings. In the language
of the Grisons the sense has been further
generalised. Plaid, pled, word ; — da
Dieus, the word of God ; dar buns pleds,
to give good words ; surplidar, to per-
suade.

To Please. — Pleasure. Fr. plaire,
plaisant, to please ; plaisir (direct from
Lat. placere, as loisir from liccre), plea-
sure.

Pleat. See Plait.

• Pledge. — Plevin. — Keplevy. —

PLENARY

Pligh.t. It._ pieggio, Fr. pleige, plege,
Mid. Lat. plivtis, pligius, plejus, plegius,
a surety, one who undertakes for ; pli-
vium, Prov. pliu, promise, guarantee,
pledge ; plevir, plivir, Fr. plevir, pleu-
vir (Mid.Lat. plegire), to engage, to
guarantee ; plevine, pleuvine, OE. plevin,
warrant, warranty, assurance. To re-
plevy (Mid.Lat. replegiare) goods talien
in distress, is to talce them out of the
hands of the distrainer on giving security
to answer his claim at law ; replevin, tjie
act of entering on such an arrangement.
Replegiabilis, replevissable. — Due.

The origin of these terms has been
sought in Lat. prces, prcsdis, a security,
and is explained by Diez from prcebere
fidem, which is not more satisfactory. It
seems to me that we have solid ground
in Mid.Lat. placitare, to negotiate, agree
with ',placitum, O'^x. plaid, plait, conven-
tion, agreement, engagement. ' Cepitque
castrumquod dicitur Hocf?oburg,et Theo-
X&cxaira placitaitdo sibi conquisivit.' — Ado
Viennensis, A.D. 743 in Due. ' Taliter//a-
citatum est fide media et condictum.' —
Eric. Upsal. ibid. In the famous treaty
preserved by Nithardus, ' Et ab Ludher
nul//flz^nunquam prindrai qui meon vol
cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit' —
nullum pactum inibo. ' Firent pais e
plait alrei David.' — Livre des Rois. The
next step is supplied by Grisons pladir,
plidir, to engage, as a servant. From
hence, as from Lat. adulterium to It.
avollMo, E. a-vowtery, we pass to Fr.
plevir, the v of which passes into the soft
g oi pleige, plege, as in Fr. leger from Lat.
Isvis. ' R et A fide interposita plegive-
riint quod censum istum Y et ejus hasre-
dibus bona fide garandizabunt' — Chart.
A.D. 1 190 in Carp. Se pleger, to com-
mence a suit ; plegeur, a plaintiff in an
action. — Cot.

To the same class of words belongs E.
plight, to engage, corresponding to Fr.
plait, agreement, accord, although it is
probably not directly from that source.
Lat. placitum becomes in Prov. placht,
plag, plach, plait, play j while placitare
assumes the forms oi plaidejar,plaideyar,
playejar, plaegar, to litigate, treat, make
accord. Quan lo plag es comensat —
when the plea is begun — Rayn. in v.
Part. From the form placht we pass to
Du.plickt (HoU. Sicamb.), judicium, lis,
litigium ; plichten, plechten, agere lites ;
plechte}i (Fland.), spondere merces pro-
bas esse, to warrant or guarantee. — Kil.
Placitum, Yr. plait, plet, in the sense of
duty payable to the lord on the death of

PLIGHT

483

the tenant or other occasion must proba-
bly be explained in, the sense of engage-
rnent, payment that the tenant has bound
himself to make, and thus we account for
Du. plecht, plicht, plegh, officium, debi-
tum, obligatio et census, tributum, et
munus, officium ; plichtvrij, immunis ;
plichtig, devinctus, obnoxius. — Kil. G.
pjlicht, promise, engagement, obligation,
duty. In like manner the Prov. forms
plag, plaegar, above-mentioned, corre-
spond to Mid.Lat. pligare, to engage, to
plight ; pleyare, to give or take in pledge.
— 'ipse Petrus custus pro parte supra-
dictimonasterii//2]fffl?r^ se cum rationem
suam,et cum rationibus jam dicti monas-
terii ' — should bind himself with his own
means and those of the monastery. —
Chart. A.D. 1020 in Carp. MUG.phlegen,
verpfligen, to assure, warrant. Ic pflige
mich, I undertake. Des vil ic iu ver-
pflegen, as OFr. ce vos plevis (Rayn.), I
warrant you. Du. pleghe, plech (Sax.)
officium et servitus patrono a cliente
praestandum. — Kil.

Plenary. — Plenty, -plenish. -plete.
Lat. plemis, full, from pleo, extant in
impleo, to pour in, to fill. So Lith. pilnas,
Lett, pilns, pils, from Lith. pillu, pilti, to
pour. Pildyti, to fill, complete, fulfil.
Gr. ttXeo^, full ; irifnrXrjfii, to fill.

Plenitas, OFr. pletit^, fulness, plenty.
Compleo, -pletiis, to fill up to the top, to
accomplish, complete. Repleo, repletus,
to fill again, fill to overflowing.

Pleonastic. Gr. TrXtovaimKos, redund-
ant, TrXfova'Sw, to be more than necessary;
ttXeoi/, more.

-plete. — Complete. — Expletive. —
Kepletion. See Plenary.

Plethora. Gr. -a-Xridwpri, fulness, sa-
tiety ; -n-XridoQ, abundance ; ttXIoc, full.

Pleurisy. Gr. vXivpa, -bv, a rib, in
plur. irXeupa, the ribs, side ; ffXtupirijs, dis-
ease of the side.

Pliable.— Pliant. See To Ply.

-plic-. -plex. Lat. plico, -as, to fold ;
plica, a pleat or fold ; complicatio, a fold-
ing together. Implication, a folding of
one thing in another. Sjtpplication, a
bending under of the knees in humility
when making a petition. Lat. -plex is
used as E. -fold in simplex, singlefold,
duplex, twofold, multiplex, manifold.
Hence also complex, folded together, in-
volved. See To Ply.

Plight. OFr. ploit, fold, bending,
thence state and condition. See Plait.
The plight of the body, I'habitude du corps.
— Sherwood.

31 *

484

PLIGHT

Tantost le met en si mal ploit
Apo li fait le cuer criever. —

He soon puts him in so bad a plight he nearly
breaks his heart. — Fabliau of Miller and Clerks
in Wright's Anecdota Lit., p. 22.

Bret, pleg; plek, fold, bending, inclina-
tion, tendency, habit. In the same way
they speak in Fr. of affairs taking un
inauvais pli, une mauvaise toumttre, fall-
ing'into a bad condition. // a pris son
pli, the habit is foiined. La toumure
d'une affaire, the turn that things take,
the condition of the business.

It is observable that G. pflicht, from
pflegen, was frequently used in a sense
closely approaching that of E. plight:
guise, fashion, condition, or sometimes as
the termination -ness. In keiserlicher
pflichte, in imperial fashion, as becomes
an emperor ; in ordenlicher^^/zA/, in an
orderly way; an armlicher p. in poverty ;
niit williger p. with obligingness. Ich
lebe in grozes ntdes /. I live in a state of
great hatred. — Zarncke. Compare,

With eyes sore wept he in momyng pizte.
Rom. of Partenay, 3968.

To Plight. See Pledge.

Plintli. Gr. irXiyflof, a brick or tile,
the plinth or flat tilelike member on which
a column rests.

To Plod. The primitive sense oiplad
or plod is to tramp through the wet, and
thence fig. to proceed painfully and labo-
rious.ly.

I am St Jaques' pilgrim thither gone,
Ambitious love hath in me so offended
That haxefoot plod I the cold ground upon.

AU'sWell, III. 4.

Coming to a small brook, I perceived a hand-
some lass on the other side, who according to the
custom of the rustick Irish tucked up her coats to
the waste, and so came pladdm^throvigii, — Eng-
lish Rogue in Nares.

To plowd, to wade.-
plodach, a puddle.

-Grose. Gdie\.plod,

In a foul plodde in the strete suththe me hym
slong.— R. G. 536.

C.pladdern,plantscken, to dabble, paddle ;
Da. pladder, mire.

-plore. — Deplore. — Explore. Lat.
ploro, to weep, wail ; deploro, to lament,
deplore. It is hardly possible to imagine
a connection between the sense of explore,
to search out, and that of wailing.

Plot. A parallel form with plat, sig-
nifying spot, spot of ground, then the
ground occupied by a structure, the
ground-plan. To plot out, to plan, to lay
out the ground for a design.

PLUCK

And squaring it in compass well beseen
There tlotteth out a tomb by measured space.
F. Q. in R.

Hence figuratively ^/ij/ is used for a de-
sign of future action, and originally it was
as far from implying blame as plan is
now.

So forth she rose and through the purest sky
To Jove's high palace straight cast to ascend,
To prosecute her plot.— F. Q. III. 11.
Accident has appropriated /&« to a de-
sign of open action ; plot, to one of
secret machination.

Plough. G. pffug, Pol. plug. Boh.
pluh. Perhaps from the plough having
been a plug or peg, a stake pushed along
through the ground. G. pjlock, a peg.
' The plough, a sort of long wooden plug
dragged through the soil, having an effect
much like that of a subsoil plough.' —
Olmsted's Texas. Modenese piod, piew,
pioca, a plough, may be compared with
Fr. pieu, a st*;e. — Murat. Diss. 19. 84.
Dan. pldg,plok, a peg; plov, a plough.
Sw.plig, peg ; plog, plough.

* Plover. Fr. dial, pluvier, as if be-
tokening rain. Lat. plwvialis, rainy.
The G. name is jegenpfeifer, the rain-
piper.

To Pluck. Du. plucken, G. pfliicken,
N. plikka, Dan. plukke, Piedm. pluM,
Grisons sphtccar, Fr. iplucher, to pick,
pluck, gather. The radical meaning of
the word is preserved in Rouchi pluquer,
to peck, to pickup crumbs, Yr.pluguoter,
to pick nicely — Cot, Champ, pluchoter,
to pick in eating, or with the pronuncia-
tion softened by the insertion of a vowel
between / and /, \i. piluccare, peliiccarc,
to pick one by one, to pick up clean,
as a chicken doth corn. — Fl. From this
sense of the verb are formed nouns sig-
nifying a small portion, so much as is
picked at once, Piedm. pluch, INIllan.
peluch (bruscolo), a crumb, particle. Ai.
n'l! pci7i pluch, there is not a morsel.
Pl.D. plik-schulden, small debts; plik-
kerie, small matters ; S\v. plockwis, by
little and little ; plock, things of small
value; Dan. plukkeri, trumpery. Du.
plugghe, res vilis et nullius valoris. — Bigl.
It is in this latter sense that E.//«ir^ must
be understood, when it is applied to the
heart, lixer, and lights of cattle, food of
little estimation consumed by the poorer
classes.

From what has been said under Pill it
will be seen that there is some difficulty
in tracing our way with certainty through
the variety of related forms to the original
root. It would seem however that in

PLUG

pick axidipHck, or pluck, we have one of
those cases where the root appears under
a double form, with an initial p and pi
respectively, as in 'E.pasie and Sp. plaste,
E. pate and Q.platte, ^i^^. patio and Piedm.
■platia, pit, Du. paveien and plaveien, to
^ZMS,peistercn a.nA pleisteren, to plaster,
&c.

Plug. Sw. pligg, a peg j Du. plug, a
bung, a peg ; Pl.D. plugge, a peg, a blunt
needle ; plukk, a block, clog, log, peg,
plug, wadding of a gun. Gael, ploc,
strike with a club, block, or pestle ; as , a
noun, any round mass, a clod, club, bung,
stopper ; pluc, beat, thump, a lump,
bunch, bung. Fin. pulkka, a peg, tap,
wedge ; pulkita, to plug, wedge, com-
press ; Esthon. /«//&, peg, round of a lad-
der, bung of a cask. Russ. polk, Boh.
pluk, a troop, regiment.

The sense of a projection, lump, round
mass, is commonly expressed by a root
signifying strike, and the act of stopping
or plugging takes its designation from the
bunch of materials with which the orifice
is stopped. Compare Fr. toucher, to
stop; with E. busk, a tuft of fibrous matter.
From the notion of a bunch of something
thrust in to stop a hole, the signification
passes on to a peg or elongated body
driven in for the same purpose.

Plum. I. G.pflaum, on. ploma, plum-
ma, Du. pruim, OberD. prume, praume,
Lat. prunuin.

2. Plum, light, soft ; plim, stout, fat ;
to plim, to fill, to swell. — Hal. Fr. potd,
plump, or plumme, full-round ; potel^,
plump, full, Aeshy, plumme. — Cot. Not-
withstanding the close resemblance, the
word is distinct from plump, being the
equivalent of G. pflaum in pflaum-federn,
down, swelling, fluffy feathers. Bav.
pflaum, down, loose foam, froth. To the
same root belong 'Ls.t. plumajW. plu,pluf,
feathers, down, and E. flue, fluff, light,
' downy flakes. From pluff a parallel form
with pufl\ to blow. Pluffer, a pea-shooter;
pluffy, spongy, porous, soft, plump. — Hal.

Plumb. — Plummet. A ball of lead
suspended by a line to show the perpen-
dicular. Fr. plomb, Lat. plumbum, lead.

Plumbago. — Plum.ber. Lat. plum-
bum, lead, plumbarius, a worker in lead,
plumbago, a vein of natural lead.

Plume. Lat. pluma, a soft feather ;
w. //z^, feathers. See Plum.

Plump. The radical image is the
sound made by a compact body falling
into the water, or of a mass of wet falling
to the ground. He smif den sten in't
water, plump / seg dat. He threw the

PLUNGE

485

stone into the water ; it cried plump !
Plumpen, to make the noise represented
\fj plump, to fall with such a noise. He
full in't water dat het plumpede. He
fell into the water so that it sounded
plump. — Brem. Wtb. Bav. plumpf,
plumps, noise made by something falling
flat with a dull sound. Sw. plumpa ned
i "vandet, to plump or plunge into the
water ; plumpa ned ett papper, to let a
blot fall on paper. To tell one something
plmnp is to blurt it out, to tell it without
circumlocution, like a mass of somethiug
wet flung down upon the ground, or a
stone which sinks at once, without a
splash, into the water. And as it is only
a compact and solid mass that makes a
noise of the foregoing description, the
t&rxn. plump is applied to a compact mass,
a cluster ; a plump of spears, of wildfowl,
of rogues, of gallants. It is then used to
signify a thick and massive make. g.
plump, massive, lumpish, rounded. Ein
dicker und plumper kerl ; ein plumpes
gesicht, a plump face. In a similar way,
from Dan. pludse, Du. plotsen, to plump
down, to plunge, are derived Dan. plud-
set, swollen, bloated, pludsfed, chubby,
Fl.D. pluizig, pudgy, chubby. Plutzige
finger, round fleshy fingers. Swiss blunt-
schen, the sound made by a thick heavy
body falling into the water ; bluntschig,
thick and plump ; bluntschi, a thickset
person. Sw. dial, flunsa, to fall into
water with a plashing noise; S-w.fluHsig,
plump, over-corpulent ; flunsa, a short
pudgy girl. Gael, plub, sound as of a
stone falling into water, a sudden plunge,
a soft unwieldy lump,//a^ac;^, jolt-headed,
chubby-headed. This plub with inversion
of the / (as in blob, bleb, compared with
bubble) explains Cleveland /iMi5^/if, plump,
stout, fat.

Plunder. VI.D. plunne, formerly //k»-
den, rags, thence in a depreciatory man-
ner, clothes of poor people. Wedekind
toch an toreten plunden, alse ein bedeler,
Witikind put on torn clothes like a beg-
gar. Mine beten plunnen, my bits of
things. Du. plunje, sailors' clothes ;
plunje kist, clothes-chest. G. plunder,
things of little value, lumber, trumpery ;
plunder kammer, lumber-room. Hence
Du. plonderen, plunderen, to seize on
the goods of another by force, to plunder.

To Plunge.. Ft. plcgiger. Tin. plotsen,
plonssen, plonzen, to fall into the water —
Kil. ; plotsen, also to fall suddenly on
the ground. The origin, like that of
plump, is a representation of the noise
made by the fall. Swiss bluntschen, the

486

PLURAL

sound of a thick heavy body falling into
the water. To blunge clay (among pot-
ters), to mix up clay and water, and Du.
blanssen (Biglotton), to dabble, are forms
of similar construction.

Plural. Lat. pluralisj plus, pluris,
more.

Plush. Fr. peluche, Piedm. plucia,
plush ; Du. pluis, flock, flue, lock, also
plush, a kind of cloth with a flocky or
shaggy pile. We have traced (under
Periwig) the line of derivation from the
root pluck to Sp. peluca, a lock or tuft of
hair, a handful, so much as is taken at a
pluck. Now the final ck of pluck is soft-
ened down in Fr. Splucher, pluchoter, to
the sound of sh, corresponding to z in
Tin. pluizen, V\.t). plusen, to pick, pluck,
strip, whence pluis, in the senses above
mentioned.

To Ply. -ply. From Lat. plicare, to
bend or fold, are It. piegare, Prov.
plegar, pleiar, Fr. plier, to ply, bend,
bow ; piegatoie, benders or bowing-ply-
ers. — Fl. The compounds applico, im-
plico, produce Fr. appliquer, to apply,
bend, bow unto, and impliquer, to infold,
enwrap, and fig. to imply ; It. impiegare,
to employ ; Fr. ^employer, to set him-
self about, to apply himself unto, to la-
bour, be earnest upon. Lat. applicare in
littus, to arrive at land. Per mare Asiam
applicare, to pass over to Asia. Ad phi-
losophiam, ad eloquentiam se applicare.
From these may be understood the force
of E. ply, to give one's mind to, to be
intent upon. — B. ' Her gentle wit she
plies to teach him truth.' ' Thither he
plies undaunted' (Milton), bends his
course. Walach. plecd, to bend ; plecu
la fuga, I take flight ; plecu la drumu, I
ply the road, set out on a journey. Mid.
Lat. plicare vadia, to give pledges. To
ply one's heels, to ply for hire, &c.
Parallel with the foregoing are AS. pleg-
gan, G. pflegen, to attend to, to take care
of Plegge on his bocum, incumbat ejus
libris. — Lye.

Keep house and ply his book, welcome his
friends . — Shakesp.

MHG. arzenie pflegen, to cultivate medi-
cine ; slafes p. to sleep ; aventiure, der
Sren p. to seek adventures, honour ; des
altars p. to serve the altar ; pflege, what
a man is occupied in, employment. Die
wile er was in dirre pflege, while he was
in this employment. — Zarncke.

Pneumatic. — Pneumonia. Gr. jrvJo),
to breathe ; levtv^a, -roe, breath, wind ;
vvivyiaTiKoq, belonging to the wind or air ;

POINT

Trviifioiv, the lungs, whence pneumonia,
disease of the lungs.

To Poach. Fr. pocher, to thrust or
dig out with the fingers. Oeuf pochi, a
poached egg. Pocher le labeur d'autrui,
to poche into or incroach upon another
man's employment. — Cot. So 'E. to poach,
to intrude in search of game on another
man's land.

The word is merely a dialectic varia-
tion oipoke, to thrust with a pointed in-
strument.

They use to pocke them (fish) with an instru-
men t somewhat like a salmon spear. — Carew in R .

For his horse, pocking one of his legs into some
hollow ground, made way for the smoking water
to brealc out. — Sir W. Temple, ibid.

To pock, to push ; to patch, to poke, to
thrust at, to push or pierce ; to pouch, to
poke or push. — Hal. Swiss putschen,
butschen, biltschen, to thrust, push with
the horns.

* When clay land in wet weather is
said to be poached or trodden into holes
by cattle, it may be doubtful whether the
word is the foregoing poche for poke, or
whether it may not correspond to the
patch or podge in hotchpotch, hodgepodge.
Banff patch, to trample into mud, to
work in liquid or semi-fluid substance in
a dirty way, to walk through mud or
water. G. patschen, to dabble or tramp
in mire ; patsch, mud, mire. To poach
would then be to tread into mire.

Pock. Du. pocke, pockele, puckele, a
pustule, a bubble, as it were, of morbid
matter breaking out of the flesh. Puk-
kel, peukel, a pimple. Fr. boucle, a bub-
ble. See Buckle. Cotgrave calls pustules
water-powkes. In Da. kopper, small-pox,
the consonantal sounds of the root are
transposed, and here also we are led to
a similar origin in Fin. kuppa, kuppelo,
kupula, a bubble of water, tumour, pus-
tule. G. blase and Fr. ampoule signify
both a bubble and a blister or pustule.

Pocket. See Poke.

Pod. The analogy of cod, which sig-
nifies a bag, a cushion, as well as the pod
or bag-like fruit of beans and peas, would
lead us to connect pod with Da. pude,
Sw. puta, a pillow or cushion. The word
may indeed be a parallel form with cod,
as E. poll with ON. kollr, top, head.

Podgy. See Pudgy.

Poem. — Poesy. — Poet. Gr. voiriita,
•jroirjaiQ, Troirjrrjc, from Troifw, to make,
compose ; thence Lat. poema, poeta.

Point. — Puncture. — Punctual. —

POINT

Pungent. Lat. pungo, pnpiigi, puncium,
Fr. poindre, to prick ; punctutn, Fr.
poind, point, a prick, point.

Point Device. See Device.

To Poise. Fr. poiser,peser, to weigh,
{xoxapoids, 'LsX.pondus, weight. Matters
of great poise, matters of weiglit.

Poison. Yr. poison, from 'Lat.potio, a
drink. Mid. Lat. impotionare, to poison.
Diez points out a similar euphemism in
i^.yerba, Ptg. .j^-z/a:, properly herb, then
poisonous herb, poison, and in G. gift,
originally a dose, what is given at once,
then poison.

Poke. — Pocket. — Pouch, on. poki,
Du. poke, poksack, Fr. poche. Norm.
pouque, pouche, pouquette, sack, wallet,
pocket ; that into which anything is
poked or thrust. — Richardson.. But if
the word be identical with E. pock, a
pustule (Rouchi poques, poquetes, small-
pox), the radical would seem to be a
bubble takeh as the type of a hollow
case. See Pock. It is possible, however,
that the ultimate signification may be
simply protuberance, from the root pok,
in the sense of strike.

To Poke.— Poker. Du./(7/6£^, topoke;
poke, a dagger, on. piaka, to thrust, to
pick ; N. paak, pjaak, Sw. pdk, a stick.
Probably the change to a broader vowel
in poke, as compared with pick, repre-
sents' a thrust with a coarser instrument.
A similar relation is seen in stoke, to
poke the fire, to thrust with a large in-
strument, as compared with stick, to
pierce with a pointed instrument. Rouchi
poque, blow with a ball. Recevoir eune
bone poque, to get a good blow.

A parallel form of root is found with a
final / instead of k. E. 6S.3X. pote, poit, to
push or kick ; firepoit, a poker — Craven
Gl. ; W. pwtio, to poke, to thrust ; Sw.
pdta, to turn up the ground, feel in one's
pocket ; peta, to poke the fire, pick one's
teeth. Sc. paut, to strike with the foot,
kick, stamp.

Pole. Sw. pale, a stake, pale, pile ;
Lat. palus, a pole.

Pole. — Polar. Gr. ttoXIw, to turn up,
turn about ; m\oq, a pivot, hinge, axis,
the axis of the sphere, the vault of heaven.
Fin. palaan, pallata, to roll, to return;
Lap. pale, turn, occasion.

* Foleaxe. An axe with a hammer
at the back ; the implement used by
butchers in felling an ox. Should pro-
perly, it seems, be Yixxitexipollaxe, an axe
for knocking one on the poll or head.
Du. bollen, to fell, to knock down with
an axe or mallet, from bol, the head.

POLL

487

Polecat. Du. poat-kat, an animal dis-
tinguished by its offipnsive smell, whence
the Fr. nwn\& pzitois, ixovn. \,2A. putere, to
stink. To stink li^e a polecat. — Ray's
Proverbs. Sa,nscr.pi(tika, stinking ; pu-
tikd, a civet or pofecat. The origin of
the E. name is OFr. piclent, pullent,
stinking.

Polemic. Gr. TroAf/aoc, war.

Police. — Policy Politics. From

Gr. TToXig, a city, we have ■koKitxiq, a citi-
zen ; TToXirtKoe, belonging to a citizen ;
TToXiTfia (whence It. polisia, Fr. police),
citizenship, administration, government.

Policy. A policy of assurance is a
written engagement to make good a cer-
tain sum on the occurrence of a specified
contingency. \t. pdlizza, a bill or sche-
dule ; polizza di carico, a bill of lading, a
document which it was necessary to pro-
duce on applying for the money assured
on goods lost at sea.

The word is a violent corruption of
Lat. polyptycha, -um. A pair of tablets
folding on each other used as a memo-
randum-book was called diptycha, from
SiTTTvxoe, two-fold. The term was then
applied in ecclesiastical language to the
catalogues of the bishops and other nota-
bles of a. church, whose names were
read at a certain period of the service.
When the list was too long to be con-
tained in a pair of tablets the additional
tablets gave the memoranda the name of
polyptycha, a term specially applied to
the registers of taxes. Polypticos, i. e.
breves tributi et actionis. — Glossae ad
Cod. Theod. Ut illi coloni tam fiscales
quam et ecclesiastici, qui sicut et in po-
lypticis continentur, et ipsi non denegent
carropera et manopera.— Edict. Car. Calv.
in Due. Reditus villarum nostrarum de-
scribere jussit, quod polyptychum vocant.
The term then appears in the corrupted
forms oipuleticum, poleticum, polegium.
Episcopus divino consilio wsvii, poleticum
quod adhuc in eadem ecclesia reservatur
scripsit. — Due. A similar corruption
converted diptychus into diptagus, dipti-
titis.

Poll.— Pollard. PI. D . poll, head, head
of a tree or plant, top, tuft ; OVivl. polle,
polleken, vertex capitis, capitellum, cacu-
men, fastigium ; bol, bolle, globus, spaera,
caput ; bolleken, capitulum, capitellum. —
Kil. Sw. dial, pull, top, crown of hat.
To poll, to cut off the poll or top, or
sometimes to reduce to a, poll or rounded
summit (as Sw. stympa, to cut short, from
stump, or ON. bola, to cut off, from bolr,
trunk), to clip the hair '; a polled sheep

488 POLLUTE

or cow, one without horns ; pollard, a tree
whose top has been cut off, a deer that
has lost its horns.

Parallel with the foregoing are a series
of forms in which the initial/ is replaced
by k. ON. kollr, top, stump, skull ; kol-
I6ttr. polled, hornless, bald ; N. kollut,
hornless, bald, without point, stumpy ;
Pl.D. kiilV, top of tree ; kdll'n (Danneil),
to cut off the head, to poll. Sc. coll,, cow,
to poll the head, to cut, clip, lop ; collie,
a shepherd's dog, which has commonly
the tail cut short. The radical notion
seems to be a round knob. Hesse kulle,
a bowl.

Pollute. Lat. polluo, pollutum.
' Pelt. A thump or blow. — Hal. Hence
polt-foot, a club-foot, the notion of a blow
and of massiveness being frequently con-
nected. Fr. poulser, to push, thrust,
justle, joult. Lat. pulsare, pultare, Sw.
bulla, to knock or beat. Manx poll, a
blow, stroke, thump, or the noise which
it makes.

Poltroon. Fr. poltron, a scoundrel,
also a dastard, coward, sluggard, base,
idle fellow. — Cot. It. poltrone, an idle
fellow, a base coward, base rascal, knave.
Yxam. poltrare, poltrire, to loll and wal-
low in sloth and litherness, to lie lazy in
bed ; ■poltra, a bed to lie on a-days. — Fl.
G. polster, a mattress, cushion.

In latter times the signification has
been so much confined to the idea of
cowardice that the derivation has been
obscured. Fr. paillard is an analogous
form, signifying in the first place a lie-a-
bed, from paille, straw, then a rascal,
scoundrel, filthy fellow. — Cot.

Poly-. Gr. TtoKis, many ; as in Poly-
gamy (yaixog, ma.ma.ge), Polyglot (yXwo-o-a
or yXwTTa, the tongue), Polypus {vove, a
foot), &c.

Pomander. A musk-ball, little round
ball made of several perfumes. Fr.
pomme d'ambre, an apple of amber. — B.
Sp. ponia, a perfume-box, round vessel
pierced with holes for containing per-
fumes.

Pomatum. Originally made with
apples, as appears from the receipt in
Pharmacop. Lond., 1682. Axungise por-
cinse recentis lib. ii. &c. ; pomorum (vulgo
pomewaters) excorticatorum et conciso-
rum lib. i. &c. — N. and Q.

Pommel. Fr. pommcau, pomelle, as
It. pomolo (dim. oi porno), an apple, by
met. any round head, knob, or pommel,
as of a sword or saddle, a pin's head, head
of a nail. — Fl.

To Pommel. Plausibly derived from

PONTIFF

the notion of striking with a knol^bed im-
plement, like the pommel of a sword.
But the root pum is used to signify strik-
ing, from direct imitation of the sound of
a blow, which is represented in Pl.D. by
the syllable bu?ns / — Brem, Wtb. Bav.
punisen, to sound hollow, to beat, strike
against so as to resound. Lang, poumpi,
to beat, to knock. Craven ptim, to
thump, \Aie.Tice.pummer,poomer, a thump-
er, anything very large of its kind, ex-
plaining boomer, the name given in Au-
stralia to the largest kind of kangaroo.

The two derivations would be made to
agree if Lat. pomum itself were one of
the numerous cases in which the idea of
roundness or projecting form is expressed
by the figure of striking, w. pwmp, a
blow, a round mass ; pwmp 0 ddyn, a
lusty fellow.

Pomp. Lat. pompa, a solemn proces-
sion.

Pompion. — Pumpkin, hat. pepo, It.
pepone, popone, Lang, poupoun, Fr. pom-
pon, melon, gourd, pumpkin.

'e..pum.pkin seems to be a corruption
of pompion, as tompkhi or tamkin, the
rammer of a gun, of Fr. tampion.
Pond. See Pen.

Ponder. Lat. pondus, -eris, weight ;
ponderare, to weigh.

-ponent. -pound, hat. pono,positum,
to put, 'set, lay. Hence compono, to put
together, in OE. to compone, or co77ipoune,
and thence by corruption to compound, as
to pound iroTa the older potine or pun, or
as sound from Fr. son. In the same way
Expound, Propound.

Poniard. Fr. poignard. It. pugnale,
Ptg. punhdl, a dagger, probably, as Gr.
t-fxiipi-liav (from x«'P> hand), a hand-knife,
from Lat. pugnus, Yx.poing, the fist ; em-
poigner, Ptg. punhar, apunhar, to grasp.
Pontiff, hat. pontifex, the name given
to those appointed to preside over reli-
gious rites. In the opinion of Varro, from
their having occasion to make and repair
the bridge over the Tiber for the perform-
ance of sacred rites on the other side.
' Potitijices, ut Q. Scasvola Pontifex Maxi-
mus dicebat h posse et facere : ego k
ponte arbitror, nam ab lis sublicius est
factus primum et restitutus SEepe, quod eo
sacra et uls et cis Tiberim non mediocri
ritu fiant.' It is obvious that this ex-
planation is a mere guess, and it has
always been felt as a strange origin of the
designation. A highly plausible explana-
tion is suggested by F. W. Newman, who
supposes that pontifex is for pompifex,
the conductor of the pompa or solemn

PONTOON

processions, analogous to Gr. rcvn from
TTE/iirt. The Samnite Pontius is tlie Sa-
bine Pompeius. And pontes occurs in
the Iguvine tables with the appearance of
signifying /(7w/£?, processions.

Pontoon. Fr. ponton, Lat. pons, pon-
tis, a bridge.

* Pony. In Boyer's Diet., 1727, it is
marked as a mean or vulgar term, and is
explained as ' a little Scotch horse.' The
name may then be from Gael. po?iatdk, a
pony, a docked horse (Macalpine), and
not vice versi. The derivation from
puny, insignificant, appears highly im-
probable.

Poodle. Du. poedele, to paddle in the
water, whence poedel-hond, a poodle or
rough water-dog. — Overyssel Almanach.
G. piidel-nass, thoroughly wet.

Pooh.! An interjection expressive of
contempt, originally representing the
sound of spitting, from the figure of spit-
ting out an ill-tasting morsel.

To-o-Ii ! Tuh ! exclaims the Muzunga, spitting
with disgust upon the ground. — Burton, Lalce
Regions of Africa, 2. 246. There's Mackinnons
live there. But they are interlopers, they are
worthless trash. And he spit in disgust. — Geof-
fry Hamlyn, 1869. Would to God therefore that
we were come to such a detestation and loathing
of lying, that we would even spattle at it, and cry
fy upon it, and all that use it. — Dent's Pathway.

Sw. spott, spittle, also derision, raillery,
contempt, insult. Galla twu ! interj. re-
presenting sound of spitting ; tufa, tilfada,
to spit, to slight, to scom. yissynpiiwlia,
Gr. jrruw, Lat. spuere, to spit ; respuere,
to spit out, to disgust or dislike, to reject,
refuse. As sneezing is a convulsive act
of spitting, it is taken as expressive of re-
jection, and we speak of a thing not to be
sneezed at. Bav. pfuchesen, pfugezen, to
puff as a short-winded person, spit as a
cat, sneeze.

Pool. w. pwll, a pool, pit, ditch ; Du.
poel, puddle, slough, plash, pool, fen ; ON.
pollr, a standing water, water-hole. Fin.
pula, an opening in the ice. The origin
is preserved in Fin. pulata, "to splash,
dabble, duck, in aqua moveor cum sonitu,
aquam agito. E. dial, pooler, the imple-
ment with which tanners stir up the ooze
of .bark and water in the pits.

Poop. Lat. puppis, Fr. poupe, the
hinder part of a ship-
Poor. Lat. pauper, Fr. pauvre, pro-
\\nzyaSyy poure J poure honime / — Vocab.
de Berri.

Pop. Imitative of the sound made by
a small explosion of air ; a pop-gun, a
tube contrived to drive out a pellet with

PORCELLANE

489

a pop. Hence to pop, to move suddenly.

Pope. The name of papa, father, was
formerly the peculiar address of a bishop,
and sometimes was used for the episcopal
title ; Papa urbis TuroniccE. — Greg. Tur.
By a decree of Greg. VII. the title was
confined to the Roman Pontiff. — Due.
In the Greek Church the name is still
given to a priest. Gr. TroTrSe, Walach.
popct, Magy. pap. G. pfaffvi a corruption
of the same word.

Popinjay. It. papagallo, OYr. pdpe-
gau, papegay, Sp. papagayo, parrot, ety-
mologically talking cock. Devon pop-
ping, chattering, tattling ; Bav. pappeln,
to chatter, tattle, talk ; der p apple, the
talker, a parrot. So Sanscr. vach, to
speak ; vacha, a parrot. The change in
the last element from It. gallo, Fr. gau,
geau, a cock, to gay, geai, a jay, probably
arose from the fact that the jay, being re-
markable both for its bright-coloured
plumage and chattering voice, seemed to
come nearer than the cock to the nature
of the parrot.

Poplar. Lat. populiis, G. pappel, a
tree distinguished by the tremulous move-
ment of its leaves. Bav. poppeln, to move
about like water in boiling ; poppern, to
move to and fro, to tremble with anger ;
pfopfern, to beat as the heart, to palpi-
tate.

^oppy- Fr. pavot, pabeau, papou. — ■
Jaubert. Lat. papaver.

Populace. — Popular. — Populous.
'LzX. populus, w.pobl, people.

Porcellane. China ware seems to
have been first made known in Europe to
the Italians through the Arabians, who
called it, as we now do, China. The
name oi porcellane. It. porcellana, was in
all probability given to it from the re-
semblance of the surface to that of various
sea-shells, as the Venus' shell or tiger-
shell, in It. called porcellana, a name
which Rob. Estienne also gives to the
buccinum or conch-shell. ' Ung grand
OS de poisson de mer faict comme ung
cor, et duquel Ton peut corner, et en font
les graveurs des images, communement
diet Porcelaine, buccinum.' Porcelle, the
fine scallop or cocldeshells that painters
use to put their colours in.— Fl. Porcel-
lane is mentioned by Marco Polo in the
13th century, long before the intercourse
of the Portuguese with the East. He also
gives the same name to the cowries
which were used as money in India.—
Mahn. Etym. Unt. 11. The designation
of porcellane by the name of the shell
early led to the supposition that the

490

PORCH

China ware was made of powdered shells.

Poroh. Fr. porche, hat. porticus, as
perche irom. pertica.

Porcupine. It. porco spinoso, Ptg.
porco espinho, Venet. porco-spin, a, Spiny
pig, porcupine, hedgehog. From these
was formed n.porpin, a hedgehog (Hal.),
and thence coxxu-^tly porpentine, the word
used by Shakespeare where we now read,
Like quills upon the fretful porcupine.

Pore. Fr. pore, Lat. porus, the minute
holes in the skin through which the per-
spiration oozes out, from Gr. Tropoe, a
passage.

To Pore. To look close and long.
The Sw. uses pdla in a similar way ;
pala hela dagen i en bok, to pore all day
over a book. Pala med shrifwande, to
be drudging in writing.

Porpesse. It. pesce porco, the hog-
fish.

Stinking seales and forcpisces. — Spenser.

It is remarkable that while in England
the native mereswine, ON. marsvin, sea-
swine, has been supplanted by the Latin
porpesse, the same change has taken place
in France in the opposite direction, and
the porpesse is there known by the name
of marsouin.

Porphyry. Gr. Trop^tJpa, purple, jrop^u-
pirijc, red marble.

Porridge. — Porringer. Not the equi-
valent of It. porrata, leek-pottage — Fl.,
from Lat. porrum, a leek, but simply a
corruption of pottage, what is boiled in
the pot. Fr. potage, pottage, porridge. —
Cot. From porridge is formed porringer
(as messenger from message), a vessel for
holding porridge ; more correctly called
pottenger in Devonshire.

A potenger, or a little dish with eares. — Baret.
1580 in Hal.

Pottanger, escuelle. — Palsgr.

Port. Wine of Porto, or Oporto, in
Portugal.

Port-, -port. — Portable. — Porter.

\jzX. porta, -as, Fr. porter, to carry. Hence
to import, export, to carry in, out of a
country ; po}-tfolio, an implement for
holding papers ; portmanteau, &c.

Portcullis. Fr. porte-coulisse, a slid-
ing-gate ; coulisse, anything that shdes
or slips or is let down, from couler, to
slide, shp, flow gently, trickle.

The Porte. The Porte or Sublime
Porte, the name formerly given to the
Ottoman Court, is a perverted Fr. trans-
lation of Babi AH, literally the High
Gate, the chief office of the Ottoman

POSE

government. Bab, a gate, a house of
government, official residence, or place of
business. — Redhouse. The term is never
applied by the Turks to the Sultan or his
court, but simply to the premises where
the general business of the government is
carried on.

Portend. — Portentous. Lat. por-
tendo (from porro, onward, in front, and
tendo, to stretch), to foreshow ; portentutn,
a sign of good or ill luck, thence some-
thing wonderful, a prodigy.

Porter. A dark kind of beer, origin-
ally called porter's beer, implying great
strength and substance.

Porthole. G. stikk-pforten, geschiitz-
pforten, or pfort-gaten, the openings for
the artillery in a ship side ; pforte, a door.

Portly. Stately ; Fr. se porter, to
carry oneself, to behave.

To Portray. — Portrait. Fr. pour-
traire, to draw, delineate ; pourtrait, de-
lineation ; traire, Lat. trahere, to draw.

Pose. -pose. — Position. — Positive.
Posture. \.at. pono, posittim, to put, set
down, place, gives positio, a setting,
placing, or situation, positura, position,
posture, and a very numerous set of com-
pounds, as Deposit, Composite, Imposition,
Proposition, &lc. In the verbs however
which correspond to these siibstantival
forms, Fr. diposer, composer, imposer,
&c., the place of po7to has been surrepti-
tiously occupied by derivatives from Lat.
pausa, a cessation or rest. Hence Prov.
pausa, rest, repose, peace. It. posare, to
pause, abide, repose, Ptg. pousar, to stay
in the house of some one, to rest, to sit
down. Then in an active sense, Prov.
pausar. It. posare, Fr. poser, Ftg. pousar,
to set down, to place, put, set. Diez quotes
from the Alamanic laws, ' etpausant arma
sua josura.' ' Elhs lo vanpausar en .1. bel
lieyt : ' they lay him in a fine bed. ' Ar
opauzem aissi :' now let us suppose it
so. — Rayn. From this source came, in-
dependent of any Latin original, Prov.
ripausar. It. riposare, Fr. reposer, to rest,
repose, while the compounds expaiisar,
depausar, empausar, &c., Fr. exposer, d^-
poser, &c., took the place of Lat. expono,
depono, impono, &c.

To Pose. — Appose. Fr. apposer, to
lay, or set, on, or near to. — Cot.

Then he apposed io them his last left roste.

Chapman, Homer.

To pose or appose were then used in the
sense of putting to a person specific
points on which an answer was expected,
of subjecting to examination, and an ap-

POSNET

posite answer is an answer on the points
put to one.

And often coming from school, when I met her,
she would appose me touching my learning and
lesson. — Stow in R. She pretended at the first
to pose him and sift him, thereby to try whether
he were indeed the very Dulce of York or no. —
Bacon, H. VII. inR.

The exercises of the students written
for examinations at St Paul's school are
still called appositions. The term is then
specially applied to the case in which the
person examined is unable to answer,
vA\tXipose or appose takes the meaning of
putting to a nonplus.

And canst thou be other than apposed with the
question of that Jew who asked whether it were
more possible to make a man's body of water or
of earth ? All things are alike easie to an infinite
power. — Bp Hall in R.

Posnet. A pipkin. Probably a dim.
of pot. Posnet, a lytell potte. — Pcilsgr.
OUe in Necham is glossed pozj urceoli,
■pocenet. Urceos, in John de Garlandii,
in one MS. pos, in another pocenez. —
Scheler.

Possess. Lat. possideo, possessum,
irom. potis sedeo, I sit as master or wield-
er ; as possum from potis sum, I am
master, I have in my power. Sanscr./a/z,
a master, owner, lord. "Lst. potior, -itus, to
have in possession, to get the upper hand.

Possible. — Potent, -potent. Lat.
possum, I am able, pcpl. potens, -entis.
See Possess.

Post. I. Lat. postis, a doorpost, the
fixed upright on which the door is hung.
Perhaps from positus, set, laid ; positus,
-iis, the site of a thing.
■ 2. It. posta, from positus, a set place or
station, the post or appointed place where
a sentinel must stand ; the posture or
standing of a man, the stake set on a
game ; also a station or place where re-
lays of horses are kept for the public ser-
vice. Posta seems also to have been
used for an entry in a book of account,
whence our expression to post up an ac-
count. ' Ubi vero per postas libri usu-
rarii non apparuerit per petentem sibi
usuras restitui.' — Concil. Ravennense, A. D.
1317, in Due.

Post-. Posterity. Lat. post, after,
afterward ; posteri, those that come after,
descendants, posterity.

Postern. Posterne, yate, posticum,
posterula. — Pr. Pm. Fr. posterne, po-
terne, It. posterla, explained by Muratori
as a corruption Cii posterula iox porterula,
a little gate. "BuX. posterula is also used
in the sense of a back way. ' Viator qui-
dam ad citeriora festinans cum bivium

POTATOE

49

armato milite vidisset oppletum, ^er pos
terulam tramitein medium squalenten
fructetis et sentibus vitabundus excedens
in Armenios incidit fessos.' — Ammianu
in Due. In general, however, it is usee
for back door, and like posticium, whicl
was used in the same sense, is a deriva
tion ixorapost, behind.

Postulate. Lat. postulo, to demand
from posco, poscitum {j>os'tu7n), to asl
for, require, demand.

* Posy. A motto or device, an in
scription on a ring or the like. Fron
poesy.

A paltry ring whose posy was
For all the world like cutlers' poetry
Upon a knife. Love me and leave ine not.

Shalcesp .

Udal writes itpoisee — 'There was also ;
superscription or poisee written on th'
toppe of the crosse — This is the King 0
the Jews.' — Luke c. 23.

A nosegay was probably called by thi
name from flowers being used emblema
tically, as is still common in the Eas(
Among the tracts mentioned in Catal
Heber's MSS. No. 1442, is 'A new yeare
guifte, or a posie made'upon certen flower
presented to the Countess of Pembroke
By the Author of Chloris, &c.' — N. an(
Q., Dec. 19, 1868.

Then took he up his garland and did shew
What every flower, as country people hold.
Did signify, and how, ordered thus
Expressed his grief.— B. & F., Philaster I. i.
There's rosemary, that's for remembrance

pray, love, remember ; and there's pansies, that'

for thoughts. — Hamlet.

Pot. (m.pottr, Lith. pudas, Fm.patr.
Fr. pot:

The expression to go to pot is probabl
to be explained from Sw. dial, putt, pii
hell. Far te putten ! go to hell. H,
gikk dpyttes, it went to pot, turned ou
fruitless.

Potable. Gr. irivw, TrETrwicn, from
root TTo-, to drink ; ■ainov, Lat. potii
drink ; potare, to drink.

Potash.. The salt obtained from boi'
ing wood ashes in a pot or kettle.

Potatoe. From the name by whic
the root was known in Haiti. Pets
Martyr, speaking of Haiti, says (in D(
cad. 2, c. 9), 'Effodiunt etiame tellut
suapte natura nascentes radices, indigen:
Batatas appellant, quas ut vidi insubrs
napos existimavi, aut magna terra tubera
From this last expression sprang It. tat
tufalo and G. kartoffel Navagerio, wh
was in the Indies, at the same time, write
in 1526, 'lo ho vedute molte cose del

492

POTENT

Indie ed ho avuto di quelle radice che
chiamano batatas, e le ho mangiate : sono
di sapor di castagno.' Doubtless these
were sweet potatoes or yams, which are
still known by this name in. Spanish.

Potent. See Possible.

Pother. See Pudder.

To Potter. To stir or disorder any-
thing— B. ; to poke, push, as with the end
of a stick, to do things ineffectually.—
Craven Gl. Du. poteren, peuteren, to
pick one's nose or teeth, to finger. The
notion of trifling or ineffectual action is
often expressed by the figure of picking,
or stirring with a pointed implement. So
Norm, diguer, to ^rick, digomier, to work
slowly. — Decorde. To piddle, or work in
a trifling manner, is properly to pick with
the fingers. The simple form of the verb
of which potter is a frequentative is seen
in E. dSsX. poit ot pote, to poke, Svi.pdta,
peta, to poke or pick. Vl.D.pdotern, to
stir (herumwhiilen) with an instrument in
something. If the instrument is pointed
the word ispdokern.— Danneil.

Pottle. A measure of two quarts.
Fr. potel, little pot ; measure of a demi-
setier or other small measure. — Roquef.

Pouch.. See Pocket.

Poultice. Lat. piils, pultis, pulticula,
It. polta, poltiglia, pottage, gruel, pap.
Gr. ■KokToq, mXfog, porridge. The form
poultice, poultis, corresponds to a Lat.
pulticius. See Putty.

Poultry. — Pullet. Fr. poule, a hen ;
poulet, a chicken, from Lat. pullus, the
young of an animal, as a chicken or a
foal.

Pounce. I. Powder for smoothing
parchment for writing on, for which pur-
pose pumice was formerly used. Fr.
^ierre ponce, from It. pdmice, a pumice-
stone ; poncer, to smooth, rub over with
a pumice-stone.

2. The talon of a bird of prey. Sp.
puncJia, thorn, prick ; piinchar, pitnzar,
to prick, sting. To pounce upon an ob-
ject is to dash down upon it like a bird
of prey, to seize it with his pounces.

Found. I. V>Vi. pond, Q.pfundj Lat.
pondo, in weight, in pounds as the unit of
weight. '

Pound. 2. — To Pound. Pound, the
inclosure for straying cattle. See Pen.

To Pound. AS. punian, oe. to pun.
To stamp ox punne in a morter. — Fl.

To Pour. An initial p in an English
word occasionally corresponds to ch in
Sp., as in E. poll and Sp. cholla, the top
of the head. To pour may thus be the
equivalent of Sp. chorrear, to gush, to

PRANK

pour; chorro, a strong and coarse scund
emitted by the mouth, a gush of water.
The word is however by some identified
with W. bwrw, to cast or throw; bifrw
gwlaw, to rain ; bwrw dagrau, to shed
tears.

To Pout. Lang, pout, pot, Lim. poto,
a lip ; _/5z las potas, Genevese faire la
potte, to stick out the lips in ill humour,
to pout. Serv. putyenie, thrusting out the
lip in discontent ; putyitise, to pout.

The origin is the interjection of con-
tempt and displeasure,/^;';;^.'' prut! trut!
tut! on. putt! Fr.Fland. /a^./ puite !
representing a blurt of the mouth with
the protruded lips. M3igy. pittyni, pitty-
egetni, pittyentni, to blurt with the lips ;
pittyasz, one who has prominent lips ;
pittyesztni, to hang the lips, to pout ;
pittyedni (of the lips), to project.

In like manner from the form prut !
may be explained G. protzen, prutzen, to
sulic, and OUG. prort, a lip ; from tut ! E.
tutty, ill-tempered, sullen, and tut-mouth-
ed, having a projecting mouth ; from
trut ! G. trotzen, to pout or sulk, to huff,
and Sw. trut, snout, chops.

Powder. Fr. poudre, from Lat. pul-
ver\ dust (pol're, poldre, poudre), as
soudre from solvere, moudre from molere.

Power. Fr. pouvoir, OFr. pooir. It.
potere, an infinitive formed by analogy
from the inflections poles, potest, as It.,
volere, Fr. vouloir, from volo, volumus,
&c.

Practice. — Pragmatic. Gr. Trpaaaui,
-Hoi, to do, work, behave, deal ; TrpaKTixos,
business-like ; vpayfta, what is done, a
thing, business ; TrpoyfinriKoc, Lat. prag-
maticus, busy, skilled in state affairs or
in law ; pragmatica sanctio, constitutio,
&c., what was done by the emperors in
council. Pragmatical, busy, officious,
meddlesome.

Prairie. Tr. prairie, 'L.l.aX. prataria,
ixom prattim, a meadow.

Praise. — Prize. Lat. pretium. It.
pretio, prezzo, pregio, Fr. prix, price ;
Du. prijs, price, worth, value, also praise,
or the attribution of a high value, also
prize, or the reward of success. Sp.
prez, honour or glory gained by some
meritorious action. Fr./nV, price, value,
prize, reward ; priser, to set a price on ;
Du. priisen, to appraise, to praise.

Prank. — Prance. To prank, to set
off, trick or trim — B. ; to set out for
show.

They which are with God and gather with
hiin^goeth not praniytig afore God, but mekely
Cometh after. — Bale, Ap. in R,

PRATE

G. prangen, to glitter, strike the eye
with outward show ; mit kleidern prangen,
to prank up oneself, go costly. Prange
nicht vor dem kmige, put not forth thy-
self in the presence of the king. Prange-
pferd, Y>\x. pronkpaard, a horse of state,
horse for show. G. prangen, Du. pronk,
ostentation, finery. Te pronk stellen, to
show off ; te pronk staan, to be exposed
to view, to stand in the pillory. P}'onken,
to make a fine show, to strut.

A prank is commonly taken in a bad .
sense, and signifies something done in
the face of others that makes them stare
with amazement.

In Venice they do let heaven see the pranks
they dare not show their husbands. — Othello.

The link between /ra;«/^ and prance is
found in Bav. prangezen, prangssen, to
make compliments, assume airs ; prangss,
ziererei, idle ceremony. Da. dial./ra^>,
prandse, to strut, prance. Swiss spranzen,
to strut.

The word may be regarded as a na-
salised form of Fr. braguer, to flaunt,
brave, brag, or jet it ; braguerie, wanton
tricking or pranking, bragging, swagger-
ing. See Brag. From the same root
{prag or brak, crack) may be traced G.
prahlen, to cry, speak loud, to glitter,
strike the sight, to brag, boast, make
parade ; Swiss brogeln, progeln, to strut,
swagger.

To Prate. — Prattle. Sw. prata, Du.
praaten, V\.V). praten, prateln, Q,. praten,
prdschen (D. M. 4. 236), pratten, prdt-
zeln (Sanders), Swiss pradeln, braudeln,
brudeln, brodschen, bruscheln, Swab.
bratschelii, to prate, tattle ; Pl.D. braod-
schen, to talk loud ; E. dial, pross, chat ;
Sw. A\3l. paira, padra, to prate, chatter ;
Serv. prtlyati, to prattle.

The sense of idle or excessive talk is
commonly expressed by the figure of
broken sound, as we call a great talker,
a rattle, a clack. On this principle the
forms above collected take their rise in
slightly varying representations of inar-
ticulate sound. G. pratsch! represents
the sound of water dashed down (San-
ders) ; prasseln, prasteln, pratzeln, sprat-
zen, to crackle, rustle (Sand.), protzeln,
rauschen (D. M. 4. 132, 300), Du. preu-
telen, protele7i, to simmer, murmur (Kil.),
Sw. dial, pruttla, to boil hard, bubble up.

Prawn. From the formidable spur
with which the head is armed? AS. preon,
bodkin. NFris. porn, It. parnocchia,
prawn.

To Pray. Lat. precari. It. pregare,
Fr. prier.

PREPOSTPIROUS

493

Pre-. Lat./n?, in front; as m Precinct,
Precise, &c.

To Preach.. Lat. predicare, to an-
nounce, proclaim ; Sp. predicar, G. pre-
digen, on.predika, "i^.preika, Yv.prescher,
pricher, to preach.

Preamble. Yx.preamhi.lej La.t.pra-
ambulare, to go before.

Prebend. See Provender.

-preo-. — Precarious. Lat. preces,
prayers ; precor, -catus sum, to pray ;
deprecor, to deprecate or pray against ;
imprecor, to imprecate or invoke upon.
Also 'LsX.precaritis, ^.precarious, granted
on entreaty, held at the pleasure of
another, and so, unreliable, uncertain.

Precept. Lat. prcecipio, -ceptum, to
instruct. See -cept.

Precious. 'L-iX.pretium, a price ;/r^-
tiosus, Fr. precieux, costly.

Precipice. — Precipitate. Lat. proe-
ceps (from prcE and caput, head), head
foremost, headlong, steep, rash ; praci-
pito, to fling or run down with violence,
to hurry.

Precocious. Lat. coquo, to cook, to
ripen ; prcecox, early ripe.

Predaceous. — Predatory. See Prey.

Predial. Lat. pradium, a farm.

Preface. Lat. fari, to speak ; pra-
fatio, something spoken before.

Pregnant. Lat. prcegnans, in the
state previous to giving birth to a child.
From the root gen exhibited in Gr.
ysi/i/diu, to beget, produce, and implicitly
in Lat. nascor, natus (for gnascor, genas-
cor, to be born.

-prehend. — Prehensile. Lat. prce-
hendo,prcehensum,X.o grSiS^ ; apprehendo,
to lay hold of, to understand ; compre-
hendo, to hold, to comprise, to under-
stand.

Prelate. Lat. prcefero, prcElatus, ad-
vanced before the rest.

Preliminary. Lat. limen, a threshold.

Premises. Lat. prcemissa, things
spoken of or rehearsed before. Then
from the use of the term in legal language,
where the appurtenances of a thing sold
are mentioned at full in the first place,
and subsequently referred to as the pre-
mises, the word has come to signify the
appurtenances of a house, the adjoining
land, and generally the whole inclosure
of a property.

Premium. Lat. pramium, a reward.

Prentice. For apprentice, Fr. appren-
tis, from apprendre, to learn.

Preposterous. Lat. prceposterus, the
wrong end first ; prce, before, in front,
posterus, behind.

494

PREROGATIVE

Prerogfative. The tribes that were
asked to give the first vote at the election
of the Roman magistrates were called
prcerogativce {rogo, to ask) ; whence^rjj-
rogativa, precedency; pre-eminence.

Presage. See Sagacious.

Presbyter. Gr. Trpia^inipoQ, comp. of
vpsaPut:, an aged man.

Present. Lat. prasens, pra esens,
being before, from esum, the primitive
form of sum, I am.

Press, -press. 1,31. premo,pressum.
As in Express, Compress, &c.

To Press for a soldier. — Press-gang.
From Lat. prasto, in readiness, to give
money in prest was to give money in hand
to be subsequently accounted for.

And he sent thyder three somers (baggage
horses) laden with nobles of Castel and floreyns,
to gyve in prest to knyghts and squyers, for he
knewe well otherwyse he sholde not have them
come out of theyr houses. — Beraers, Froissart
iuR.

']^Qriz^prest-money,f:.oxr\ipC\.y press-money,
the ernest money received by a soldier
taking service.

I never yet did take press-money to serve under
anyone. — Cartwright in R. As we have all re-
ceived our press-money in baptism, so we must
every one according to our engagement maintain
the fight against the world. — Bp Hall in R.

Hence to prest, or press, to engage sol-
diers. To press soldiers, soldaten werben,
conscribere, coUigere milites. — Minsheu.

At a later period the practice of taking
men for the public service by compulsion
made the word be understood as if it sig-
nified to force men into the sei-vice, and
the original reference to ernest money
was quite lost sight of.

Preter-. Lat. /?-i?/^r, beyond.

Pretext. Lat. prcetexo, prcstextu7n, to
cover over, overspread, to cloke, excuse,
(.pretend.

Pretty. Dapyr or pratie, elegans. —
Pr. Pm. The analogies usually suggested
are not satisfactory. There is too great
a difference in meaning to allow us to re-
gard the word as the equivalent of G.
prdchtig, stately, splendid. Nor does It.
pretto, pure, unmixed, give a much better
explanation. The radical meaning seems
to be that of Fr. piquant, agreeably pro-
voking, making a strong impression on
our taste ; qui plait, qui touche extreme-
ment ; beautd piquante. — Gattel.

It is shown under Proud that the blurt
of the mouth expressive of defiance is re-
presented by the interjections trtit .' prut I
from the former of which are formed G.
trotzen, to pout like a child, to defy ; Bav.

PRICK

trdtzen, to provoke one, lacessere, irritare ;
then (as G. reizend, charming, from reizen,
to irritate, provoke, charm), trutzig (nett,
zierlich, artig, mignon), pretty.

In like manner, from the interjection
prut ! are formed G. protzen, to sulk ;
protzig, insolent, saucy ; Du. pratten,
superbire, ferocire. — Kil. From the no-
tion of insulting we readily pass to that of
irritating, provoking, and thus the E.
praty, pretty , the equivalent oi G. protzig,
would acquire its actual signification in
the same way as has been shown in the
case of Bav. ti'utzig. .

Thus spurred and rendered desperate by the
irresistibly provocative prettiness of Catherina. —
TroUope, Marietta, z. 55.

It is a strong confirmation of the fore-
going derivation that it enables us to ex-
plain a meaning of pretty apparently at
total variance with the common one ;
pretty, crafty. — Hal. ON. pretta, to de-
ceive, 'ii.pratta, Sc. prat,prot, a trick.
The notion of provoking or teasing natur-
ally leads to that of playing tricks upon
one, then deceiving him.

Prevaricate. Lat. pravaricari j a
term of Roman law, to act dishonestly in a
cause, to promote the interest of the side
for which you are engaged, to shuffie, to
work by collusion in pleading, properly to
walk crookedly. Varus, crooked, awry.

Prey. Lat. prceda, Bret, preiz, Fr.
proie. The original meaning is shown
in w. praidd, a flock or herd, prey taken
in war, which in early times would con-
sist mainly of cattle. Gael, spreidh, cat-
tle ; Sc. spreith, prey, plunder. ' A party
of Camerons had come down to carry a
spreith of cattle, as it was called, from
Morray.' — Abernethy.

Thai folk were all that nycht sprethand,
Thai made all thairis that thai fand.

Wyntown.

Price. Lat. pretium, W. pi'id, Bret.
pris, Yx.prix.

Prick. — Prickle. Du. prik, a prick
or stab ; W. pric, a skewer ; Ptg. prego,
a tack or small nail, the sharp horn of a
young deer ; pregar, to nail, fix, stick.
Sw. prick, point, spot ; prickig, spotted.
Pl.D. prikken,prikkelii, prokeln, to pick,
stick ; anprikkeii, to stimulate, set on.
w. procio, to thrust, to stick in. Gael.
brog, to goad, to spur ; Fr. broche, a spit;
brocher, to stitch.

To Prick. To prick along is probably
not from spurring the horse but moving
sharply forwards. ' 1 pycke me forlhe
out of a place, or I pycke me hence : je
me tire avant.' — Palsgr.

PRIEST

Priest. OFr. prestre, Lat. presbyter,
from Gr. irpeir/Sirtpoc, elder.

* Prim. The word seems to repre-
sent the pursing up the mouth of a per-
son, keeping a careful watch on their
words. On the same principle is formed
Sc. mini, prim, demure, prudish. — Jam.
' The peer pridefou body cam mimmin'
an' primpin' ben the fleer.' — Banff, dial.
Sc. primp, to deck oneself out in a stiff
and affected manner ; prinipit, stiff in
dress and demeanour ; primsie, demure,
precise. It may probably be the latter
word which was intended by ' tht prenzie
Angelo,' in Measure for Measure. Isabella
has just been speaking of the ' outward-
sainted deputy,' and his ' settled visage.'

Prime. — Primary. — Primate. — Pri-
mitive. 'LaX.prcB, in front, before; prior,
former ; primus, first, as Gr. Trpo, vpoTipoc,
irpwne. Lith. pirm, before, pirinjaus,
sooner, rather ; pirmas, the first. Gr.
jrpiv, before.

To Prime. The pri?ning of a gun is
the last dressing or trimming which fits
it for immediate service. To prime, to
trim up young trees. — Forb)\ A pri?ning-
iron, a pruning-knife. — Minsheu. The
original meaning of pruiie is to. dress or
set in order, and the priming of a gun
was called pruning. It. granittr polvere,
coYn-powdsr, pruning, or touch powder.
— Fl. See Prune.

Primrose. Prymerose, primula. — Pr.
Pm. Lat. primula veris, Fr. primevere,
the earliest conspicuous flower of spring.
The element rose is added in the E.
name as the type of flower in general.

Prince. — Principal. — Principle. It.
principo, prince, prence, Lat. princeps,
prince, leader, beginner, chief; princi-
■pium, beginning, first taking ; from capio
and the element prim or prin, before.
Lith. pir7n, before ; pirmgalas, forepart ;
pirmgimys, first-born. See Prime.

Print. Prcente, effigies, impressio. —
Pr. Pm. It. imprenta, Fr. empreinte,
print, stamp, impression. — Cot. Em-
preindre, from Lat. imprimere, as craindre
from cremere (tremere), geindre from ge-
mere.

Prior. See Prime.

uprise. Lat. prehendere, Fr. prendre,
to take ; pris, taken ; prise, a taking. So
from Lat. apprehendere, Fr. apprendre,
appris, to learn, to teach, and thence E.
apprise, to make known to one. So also
Fr. comprendre, compris, E. to comprise,
or contain ; Fr. entreprendre, -pris, to
undertake, E. enterprise, an undertaking.

To Prise. To prise a box open is to

PROCTOR

495

force it open by leverage, from Fr. prisi\
a taking, seizing, any advantage — Cot.,
what enables one to hold, a purchase in
nautical language. Manx prise, a ful-
crum ; as a verb, to raise by lever on a
fulcrum. — Cregeen. On the other hand
in Wiltshire to brise is to use force. If
one wants an overfull box to shut, the
direction is to brise upon it. — N. and Q.,
September 3, 1870.

Prism. Gr. irpiu, to saw ; ivpicfia,
anything sawed, sawdust, a geometrical
prism.

Prison. It. pj-igione, Fr. prison, from
Lat. prehensio, prensio, seizure. Si^.pri-
sidn, seizure, capture, confinement, pri-
son, prisoner. In OE. also prison was
commonly used for prisoner.

Pristine. 'Lax. pristinus, ancient, be-
longing to former times. See Prime.

Private, -prive. Lat. privus, sepa-
rate, single, particular, one's own ; privo,
to take away, to deprive ; privatus, de-
prived of, also appropriated, peculiar,
one's own.

Privilege. Lat, privilegium, a law
affecting particular persons, a private law.

Prize. Two words seem to have been
confounded. 1. from Lat. pretium, Fr.
prix, the price, value, worth of things,
also the prize, reward, or honour due to
the best deserver in a justs, &c. — Cot.,
and

2. Fr. prise, a taking, seizing, booty, or
prize. De bonne prise, good or lawful
prize, also full ripe, fit to be cropped,
gathered', or taken. — Cot. Et %'ih, prieg-
7ient riens des enemys de roy ou d'autres
qiconques, qu'ils tiele /m.? feront amener
en le dit port, et ent ferront pleine infor-
mation k dit conservator. — Stat. 2 H. V.,
c. 6.

Pro-. Gr. !rp6, before. Lat. pro, for,
before, in comp. in place of, for, as pro-
noun, what stands ybr a noun.

Probable. —Probate. — Probity. Lat.
probus, good ; probo, to make good, to
deem good or approve. See To Prove.

Probe. QaX. proba, Fr. ^prouvette,zxi
instrument of surgery to try the depth of
a wound, from Lat. probare, to try. Prov.
prova, a probe, a sounding-line. The Sp.
name of the implement is tienta, from
Lat. tentare, to try.

Problem. Gr. irpd/3X»;/ia ; Trpo, in front,
/SaWtt), to cast.

Procrastinate. Lat. procrastinare; to
put ofi' to the morrow ; eras, to-morrow ;
c;>'«j/z««.f,-belonging to the morrow.

Proctor. See Proxy.

49S

PRODIGAL

Prodigal. "LaX. prodigus, irouiprodigo,
to lavish.

Prodigy. Lat. prodigium, a thing
monstrous.

Profane. Lat. profanusj pro, away
from, axidL/anum, a temple, fane.

Profile. It. porfilo, a border in arm-
oury, a purfle or worked edge, a profile ;
also used for the superficies or surface of
anything. — Fl. Fr. pourfil, a man's out-
ward lineaments, the middle line of his
face. — Cot. Properly the outline of the
face. \X-filo, line, edge.

Profit. Lat. proficio, -fectuin, to help
on, further, advantage, to proceed or go
forward ; profectus, It. profetto, Fr. profit,
profit, advantage, increase.

Profligate. t,3X. fligo, to dash down ;
profligo, to put to flight, to ruin ; profii-
gatus, ruined, debauched, wicked.

Profound. Lat. profundus, deep,
having the bottom {fundus) far down.

Prog. Prog is what is got by prog-
ging, as the provisions in a beggar's bag,
and is thence applied to victuals taken to
be consumed on a journey or the like.

While spouse tucked up does in her pattens

trudge it,
With handkerchief Qiprog\-ike trull with budget.
Congreve in R,
To Prog. To use all endeavours to
get or gain. — B. Da. prakke, to get by
importunity. At prakke sig frem i wer-
den, to get on in the world by hook or by
crook. Prakker, a beggar. N. prakka,
to scrape together, to molest ; prakkar,
a miser, a. pedlar. Sw. pracka,-\a make
shifts, to shuffle, to beg. Pracka tihani-
inan,io scrape together, get by hook or
by crook ; pracka pa, to fob off ; pracka
ihop ndgot, to patch up a piece of busi-
ness. Prack, meanness, huckstering,
beggary, bungling ; prackare, a vagabond,
beggar, broker, huckster, bungler. Du.
pragchen,prachm,\.oga.va. by sordid means,
to scrape up, to cheat, to beg ; pracher, a
niggard, usurer, miser, beggar. There
can be little doubt that the foregoing are
identical with E. prag, prog.

O neighbour.^, neighbours, first get coyne
Firste hardlye ;>ra^g-c the purse. —Drant, Horace.
He married a light huswife who stealing that
money which for many years before he had been
scraping together by his pronging axiA necessitous
tricks and shifts.— Wood, Ath. Oxon. in R. A
proguing knave. — B. and F.

The word is commonly referred to Lat.
procurator, an attorney or proctor, a per-
son a main part of whose business con-
sisted in calling in money, and recovering
dues of a more or less oppressi\e nature.

PROP

Pie was thus a very unpopular character,
and was made the type of discreditable
dealing.

The fogging proctorage of money.

Milton in Worcester.

It would seem that the OE. contractions
proketor, prokecy, for procurator, procu-
racy, and Gael, procadair, a law agent,
pracadair, a collector oity^^^jprocadair-
eachd, advocacy, pleading, importunity,
might vulgarly have been felt as if de-
rived from a root, prock or prack, to ad-
vocate, to importune. And thus we may
explain OE. prokkyti, or styffly askyn,
procor, procito — Pr. Pm., as well perhaps
as Sc. prig, to importune, to haggle.
Gael, (locally) prac, small tithes, dues.

Prolific. IjaX. proles, offspring.

Prolix. \jzX.. prolixus (explained from
pro and laxus, slack), long, lengthened,
tedious.

Promenade. Fr. mejier, to lead, to
move ; promener, 'to walk, to lead out.
Je le pour7nenerai, I will keep him stir-
ring, will find him work enough. — Cot.
Se promener, to go out for pleasure or
exercise ; pro7nenade, a walk. Lat. mino,
to drive cattle. ' Prominare jumenta ad
lacum.' — Appian.

Promiscuous. Lat. promiscutisj pro,
and misceo, to mingle.

Promontory. Lat. promotitorium ;
pro, in front, mons, a mountain.

Prompt. Lat. promo, promptum, to
draw forth, bring out, lay open ; promptus,
drawn forth, ready.

Promulgate. Lat. promulgare, to
publish abroad, explained as \liox provul-
gare, from vulgus, the people ; to lay be-
fore the public.

Prone. Lat. promts, bending forward,
inclined.

Prong. The point of a fork, in the S.
of E. a pitchfork. Prongstele, the handle
of a hay-fork. — Hal. Yxoytv prog, synony-
mous withprod, to prick. Sussex sprong,
spronk, stump of a tree or of a tooth.

Prop. Sw. propp, a bung, stopper,
cork, wadding ; proppa, to stop, ram,
cram ; Du. prop, proppe, a stopper, also
a support ; proppen, to cram, to support.
— Kil. Piedm. broba, bropa, a vine prop,
stake for supporting vines. Walach.
proptea, a prop, support ; propii, to prop,
to lean on.

The radical meaning seems to be pre-
served in E. brob, to prick with a bodkin
-—Hal., a parallel fonn with/rorf or brode.
From the notion of pricking wo pass to
that of thrusting in, cramming, or to th;.t

PROPAGATE

of thrusting upwards, supporting. Com-
pare Lang, pounchar, to prick or sting ;
pounche, Fr. pointal, a support, prop. It.
pmitare, to prick, puntello, a prop.

Propagate. 'LsX.propago, to spread as
a tree at the top, to multiply and increase ;
propago, -inis, a vinestock cut down for
the sake of shooting out afresh, a shoot
or cutting, a race, stock, or lineage.

Proper. — ^Proprietor. Lat. proprms,
one's own.

Prophet. Gr. Trpo^^rijc ; -irpo, before-
hand, 0t//ii, to say, speak.

Propinquity. Lat. prope, near by ;
propinquus, near at hand, neighbouring.

Propitious. Lat. propitius, favour-
able to.

Prose. Lat. prosa, simple discourse,
opposed to metre. Explained from pror-
sits {pro-versus), straight.

Proselyte. Gr. wpoaiiKvroQ, from irpoa-
£pj;o/xoi, -f)K9ov, to come over to.

Prosody. Gr. ir^oaifSia ; irpog and <^^,
a singing.

Prosper. — Prosperous. 'Ls.t.prosper,
fortunate ; Gr. Trpoo-^Epu, to bring to, to
add ; Trpoff^opoe, serviceable, profitable.

Prostrate. Lat. sterno, stratum, to
strew or spread ; prosterno, to lay flat, to
cast down.

Proto-. Gr. Trpo, before ; comp. irpo-
repof, earlier ; superl. irpStToq (for jrpoTaroc,
irpmroq), first.

Protocol. Fr. protocole, Gr. jrpMro-
KoKKov, a Byzantine term applied to the
first sheet pasted on a MS. roll, stating
by whom it was written, &c. Subse-
quently applied to notarial writings. Gr.
(coXAou, to glue, paste.

Protuberant. Lat. protuberare j pro,
before, and tuber, a swelling.

Proud. — Pride. The blurt of the
mouth expressive of contempt or de-
fiance is represented by the interjections
Ptrot ! Prut ! Trut ! Putt ! Tut ! Twish !
some of which forms have been retained
in one of the European languages and
some in another. OE. pirot! scornful
word, or trut/ vath ! — Pr. Pm. Prut !
ON. putt ! interjection of contempt ; Fr.
trut ! tush, tut, fy man ; trut avant J a
fig's end, on afore for shame. — Cot. From
the form trut the G. has trotz, scorn,
bravado, arrogance ; einem trots bieten,
to defy one ; das kind trotzt, the child
pouts, is sullen ; trotzig, huffing, swag-
gering, proud, insolent. In like manner,
the form prut produces protzen, to show
ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence
(to pout) ; protzig, insolent, snappish,
saucy — Kiittn. ; Hesse, brotzen, to pout

PROW

497

or thrust out the lips from ill-v/ill ; brotze,
brotzmaul, prutsche, a pouting mouth,
projected lips ; briid, priits, priitsch,
Swiss briitsch, Du. prootsch, preutsch,
proud ; pratten, to pout ; prat, proud,
arrogant ; Pl.D. prott, apt to give short
and surly answers. — Danneil. OE. pruie,
proud.

The Manuel des Pecchds treating of
Pride takes as first example him who
defies the reproofs of his spiritual father,
and says

Prut ! for thy cursyng, prest. — 1. 3016.

ON. atprutta d, hesta, to pop to a horse
to make it go faster. The different forms
of the interjection representing a blurt
with the lips may be compared with
Magy. ptrusz,prusz, triisz, W. tis, sneeze.
We say that a thing is not to be sneezed
at, meaning that it is not to be despised.

-prove. — Prove. — Proof. Lat. probus,
good ; probo, to make good, to show the
soundness of a thing, to prove, also to
find good, to approve ; also, as It. pro-
•vare, to try, to use means that must
make manifest the goodness or deficiency
of a thing. Reprobo, Fr. reprouver, to
reject on trial, to find bad, to reprove or
reproach one with his fault. To improve,
to make better.

Provender. — Prebend. Lat. pra-
benda, -orum (from prabeo for pm-hibeo,
to hold forth, supply, provide), the ration
or allowance of food for a soldier, was
applied to the allowances for monks and
canons in monasteries. ' Centum clericis
pauperibus prcebendam panis, piscis et
vini concedebat.' ' Fratres amavit, prce-
bendam auxit.' — Due. The word became
in Tr. provende, and corr\ygit\y provendre
(whence E. provender), a ration of food
either for man or beast. Provendre,
benefice ecclesiastique. — Roquef

Se il ne s'en amende — manjust sols et
perde saprovende de vin, jusqu' alors qu'il
ait fait satisfaction et amende. — Regie de
St Bernard in Roquef. Du. provende,
provisions.

In process of time the term was appro-
priated to the benefices of the canons or
dignitaries of a cathedral. ' Et in Remensi,
Cameracensi et Leodiensi ecclesiis be-
neficia quae vulgo prcebenda dicuntur ob-
tinuit.' — Due.

Province. Lat. provincia.

Provost. OFr. provost, G. probst.
From Lat. prcepositus, set before.

Prow. Lat. prora. It. proda, Fr.
proue, the fore part of a ship. Pol.
przod, fore part ; przod okretu, front of
ship, prow. Naprzod ! forwards !
32

498 PROWESS

Prowess. Lat. probus, good, sound,
became Cat. prous, Prov. pros, good for
its purpose, Fr. preux, valiant, loyal,
worthy, discreet, ready. — Cot. Adverb-
ially prou, much, greatly, enough. — Cot.
Cat. pro batre alcun, probd percutere
aliquem. — Diez. It. buon pro vi faccia,
Fr. bon prou leur face, much good may
it do them. OE. prow, profit, advantage.
In long abydyng js full lytyl/rira;. — MS. in Hal.

The general quality of goodness is
typified by valour in a man and virtue in
a woman. Prejid' ho7nnu (Mid. Lat. /n?-
bus. homo), a valiant, faithful, discreet
man ; preude femme, a chaste, honest,
modest, discreet matron. — Cot.

Las donas eissamen an pretz diversamens,
Las Unas de belleza, las autras de proeza :

thus women also have different excel-
lencies, some in beauty, and others in
virtue. — Rayn.

But reference being commonly made
to the quality as exhibited in men, Fr.

prouesse. It. prodezza (with an intrusive
d to prevent hiatus, as in Lat. prodest,

prodesse), Tioy.proheza, is,, prowess, came
in general to signify valour or valorous
deeds.

Prasfatus heros posi mfmtas proiUates.

Orderic. Vit. in Due.

* To Prowl. — ProU. The derivation
from a supposed Fr. proieler, to seek
one's prey, is extremely doubtful. The
older way of spelling is proll, and even
purl, in Pr. Pm. I prolle, I go here and
there to seke a thynge, je tracasse. —
Palsgr.

Though y^ prolle aye, ye shall it never find.

Chaucer.

Proximate. X^-iX.. prope, near; comp.
propior ; superl. proximus (for propsi-
mus), nearest.

Proxy. haX. procurator, an advocate
or attorney, was cut down in Sc. to pro-
cutor, and in E. to prokeior, proctor j and
procuratio, Du. prokuratie, an authority
or warrant of attorney, was curtailed in
like manner to prokecy, proxy. Proke-
toure, procurator ; prokecye, procuratio.
— Pr. Pm.

* Prude. Properly a woman who
keeps men at a distance, treats their
offers with contempt ; & proud %\y\. Du.
preutsch, prootsch, proud ; cen preutsch
meisje, a prude ; preutschheid, pruderj'. —
Bomhoff. Swiss brutsch, stolz, sprode,
proud, cold, disdainful. Compare ein
sprbdes inddchen, a shy, coy, or capricious
girl, a prude. — Kiittn.

PSALM

Prudent. Lat. prudens, contr. from
providens.

To Prune. — Proin. To prune or
proin is for a bird to dress her feathers
with her beak.

Skartis (cormorants) with thaie bekkis
Forgane the sun gladly thaym prunyeis and bekis.
D. V. 131. 45.

The signification, however, is not confined
to the case of a bird, but is extended to
the notion of dressing or trimming in
general.

I wald meprein plesandlie in precious wedis.

Dunbar.

A special application of this idea gives
the ordinary sense of prune, to dress or
trim trees. The priming or pruning of a
gun (as it was formerly called) must be
understood as the dressing or trimming
of the implement, giving it the last touch
necessary to fit it for immediate service.
The origin seems to be ON. prjon, Sc.
preen,prin, a pin or knitting-needle, from
the notion of picking or arranging nicely
with a pointed implement.

He kembeth him, heproineth him and piketh.
Merch. Tale.

Fr. eschargotter, to pruine a tree, to pick
any thing round about. — Cot. So also
Sc. prink, signifying to prick, is also used
in the sense of decking. Prinked (Ex-
moor), well-dressed, fine, neat. — Grose.
They who frink and pamper the body, and neg-
lect the soul. — Howell in Todd.

To pick, to dress out finely. — Hal. Prick-
medainty, one who dresses in a finical
manner. — Jam.

On the same principle Du. priem, a
pin or bodkin, seems to be the origin of
prime, to prune or dress trees. To prime,
to trim up young trees. — Forby. Prim-
ing-iron, as pruning-iron, a knife for
pruning. — MinsheUi A person carefully
dressed is said to be tird d. quatre ipin-
gles. ■

Prurient. Lat. prurio, to itch, to feel
strong desire.

To Pry. To peep. I pike or prie, je .
pipe hors. — Palsgr. Perhaps identical
with Sc.prieve,prei/,pree, to prove, taste,
try.

Nae honey beik that ever I 6iA free
Did taste so sweet and smervy unto me.
Ross's Helenore.

Possibly however it may be a modifica-
tion of OE. pire or peer, to peep.

Psalm.— Psaltery. Gr. iraaKfioi, from
tttoWo), to play on a stringed instrument,
whence ■KtjaKriigi.ov, an instrument of that
description.

PSEUDONYM

Pseudonym. Gr. ifetiSuvu/toc, falsely
named ; ^tvSog, a lie, and ovofia, a name.

Pslia. — Pshaw. The interjections
pish ! and psha ! are different ways of
articulating the sound/jA, by introducing
a vowel between the consonantal sounds
in the one case, and subsequent to both
in the other. See Pish.

Puberty. — Pubescence. Lat. pubes,
the signs of manhood, the hair that grows
on the body at the approach of manhood ;
pubertas, youth. Pubescence {bot.), down
on plants.

Public. — Publican. — Publish.. Lat.
publicus (from popiilus, people), belong-
ing to the people ; publico, Fr. publier,
to publish or make public.

Puce. Flea-coloured ; Fr. puce, It.
pulce, Lat. pulex, pulicis, a flea.

Puck. See Pug.

Pucker. To pucker is to make fiokes,
to bag. Yr.poche,\^\^ pucker or bagging
of an ill-cut garment. — Cot. It. saccola,
saccoccia, a pouch, pocket, also any puck-
ering or crumpling in clothes ; saccolare,
to bag, to pucker. — Fl.

Pudder. — Podder. — Pother. Dis-
turbance, confusion, confused noise ; to
pudder, pother, to confound, perplex.

The image immediately suggested by
the word is a thickness of the air imped-
ing the sightanddaraping the vital powers,
from whence the signification is extended
to the confusion of the hearing and under-
standing by the conflict of sounds.

— ^such a smoke
As ready was them all to choke,
So grievous was Has pother. — Drayton.
They were able enough to lay the dust and
pudder in antiquity which he and his are apt to
raise. — Milton.

The resemblance to powder is merely
accidental, and pudder is probably a pa-
rallel form with Da-pludre, %. puddle, to
work up clay and water together ; pluther,
mire (Whitby GL), or with E. blunder, to
stir and puddle water, to make it thick
and muddy. — Hal. Compare also to
muddle, to dabble like ducks in the dirt,
also to confuse, perplex. Da. dSsS.. pulse,
to stir up water ; puis, pudder or thick-
ness of the air or water from smoke, dust,
fog, &c. See Puzzle.

If the radical sense of the word be a
confusing noise we may comp. G. poltern,
to make a noise, in Bav. to disturb, trou-
ble. ' Sie wollten frey und ungepoltert
von andern leuten seyn.'

* Pudding. Fr. boudin, Piedm. bodin,
Pl.D. budden, pudden (Schiitze), pudde-
■wurst (Brem. Wtb.), properly the gut of

PUDGY

499

an animal stuffed with blood and other
materials, w. poten, belly, pudding.

The radical image may be lump or
round mass, then something stumpy,
short and thick, protuberant, swelling.
E. pod, a protuberant belly ; poddy, round
and stout in the belly (Hal.); Sc. pud, a
fat child ; N.-E. pniddly, fat (Craven Gl.) ;
Northampton puddy, thick-set; Pl.D.
puddig, thick (Brem; Wtb.) ; Wall.
s'boder, to swell ; iodi, rabodi, stumpy,
short and thick ; boudenn, belly, navel
(Sigart) ; bodenn, prominent belly, calf of
leg (Remade) ; OFr. boudine, navel ;
Piedm. bodero, bodila, a paunchy, thick-
set man ; Lang, boudougna, boudifla, to
swell ; boudena, to burst with fat ; boudoli,
a short and thick person ; Castrais bou-
doul, bouzolo, the belly.

Puddle. To puddle iron, is to stir a
portion of melted iron with a bar in a re-
verberatory furnace until it becomes vis-
cous. G. butteln, buddeln, to poke or root
about in earth, ashes, &c. ; aschenputtel,
one who pokes about in the ashes. — ^San-
ders.

Puddle, a plash of standing water left
by rain, a mixture of clay and water.
Formed like /a^^/i? from a representation
of the sound of dabbling in the wet. Du.
poedele, to dabble in water. — Overyssel
Aim. Fr. dial, patouiller, to paddle ;
patouille, puddle, dirty water, liquid mud,
slops of water. — Jaubert. In these imi-
tative forms an initial p or pi are used
with great indifference. Pl.D. pladdem,
to paddle or dabble in the water ; Dan.
pluddre, to work up peat and water to-
gether, to puddle. The derivation of
Lat. palud', marsh, from the same root, is
somewhat obscured by the insertion of a
vowel between the p and /.

Pudgy. ■ Soft like mire ; then, as soft
materials fall back upon themselves and
are ill-adapted for a slender structure,
short and thickset. Pudge or podge, a
puddle. ' The horse-road stood m. pudges,
and the path was har41y dry.' — Clare.
' And littered straw on all the pudgy
sloughs.'' — lb. Banff, pudge, punch, a
thickset person or animal, anything short
and stout of its kind. Northampton
pudgell, gudgell, a puddle ; gudgy, short
and thick. Podge, to stir and mix to-
gether ; porridge, a cesspool.^Hal. Sw.
puss (Da. puds), a puddle ; pussig, fat,
bloated. Litet pussigt och lett barn, a
XiVCi^ pudgy child. Bav. bdtzen, to dabble
in something soft ; batzen, botzen, a lump
of soft materials ; batzig, sloppy, soft,
clammy; Hesse, batsch, wet, dirty weather.
32 *

50O

PUERILE

Westerwald, batsch, for the sound of plash-
ing or tramping in the wet ; batsch, mud,
dirt, puddle. G. putsch ! represents the
sound of a blow with the flat hand, or of a
fall upon the soft earth or in the water, or
the plashing sound of water. Pitsch,
patsch geht das ruder, splash goes the
oar ; pitschpatschnass, thoroughly wet.
"Er patschte ihm das wasser ins gesicht. —
Sanders. Hence patsch, the soft pudgy
hand of a child ; also mud, mire, puddle.

Puerile. Lat. puer, a child.

Puerperal. Lat. puerpera, a woman
that has just brought forth ; puer, a child,
pario, to bring forth, produce.

To Puff. To blow in an intermittent
way, thence to swell. It. buffare, to puff,
blow hard, bluster ; Fr. bouffer, to puff, to
swell. A puff, a blast of wind, anything
of a swollen airy texture. Du. poffen, to
blow, fill the cheeks, swell, brag.

The sound of blowing is very generally
represented by the syllable pu, usually
with a terminal consonant. ON. pua, to
breathe upon, to blow ; Sw. pusta, to
breathe, blow, pant, to take breath ; Lith.
pukszti, to pant, snort ; pusti, to blow,
breathe, snort ; Fin. puhua, puhella,
pukkia, to blow, breathe, pant;- Boh.
puch, a breathing ; piichnauti, to sweU ;
Russ. putchitsya, to swell ; Serv. puati,
to blow ; pualka, a bellows ; Turk, piifla,
to blow ; Magy. puffadni, to swell, puf-
fanni, pufogni, pufolni, to puff ; Malay
pupui, to blow ; Maori puka, to pant ;
puku, to swell ; Sc. to pec'h, to puff, pant.
Now mon they work and labour, pec'h and pant.
Magy. pihegni, to breathe hard, pant ;
pihelni, to breathe ; pihes, panting.

* Pug. — Puck. o'E.pouke, devil.

The heved fleighe fram the bouke
The soule nam the helle-fouke.

Arthur and Merhn.

O^. puki, goblin ; Sw. d^<i^.puJ:e, devil,
goblin, scarecrow ; Ir. puca, goblin ; Sw.
spdke, ghost, goblin, scarecrow.

Essentially the same with bug, W. bwg,
an object of terror, ghost, hobgoblin. Russ.
pugaf, to terrify ; piigalo, a scarecrow.

Then, as an ugly mask is used for the
purpose of terrifying children, the term
pug was applied to a monkey as resem-
bling a caricature of the human face.
Sw. boogg, bogh, a frightful mask, ugly
face. The Ptg. term coco, a bugbear, hob-
goblin, was applied to the cocoa-nut from
the resemblance to a monkey's face at
the base of the fruit, k. pug-dog is a dog
with a short monkey-like face.

Pugilist. Lat. pugil, Gr. vvi\>.n.xoi.

PULLET

a fighter with the fists ; iriii,, with clenched
fist ; iriiyiiii, Lat. pugnus, the fist ; pugio,
a dagger. From the element shown in
pungo, pupugi, to stick, prick.

Pug-mill. A mill for working up clay
for bricks. Dan. ptikke, to pound ore be-
fore melting. E. dial, to pug, to strike ;
pug, a thrust ; to puggle, to poke the fire.
—Hal. VaVpuk ! the noise of a blow ;
puk, knock, rap, tap.

Pugnacious. Lat. pugno, to fight.
See Pugilist.

Puisne. — Puny. Fr. puisn^, since
born, younger brother. Puisne, and in an
Anglicised form /««y, were formerly used
in the general sense of junior, but with
the exception of puisne, or junior judge,
the use is now confined to the metaphori-
cal sense of ill-grown, poor of its kind.

If any shall usurp a motherhood of the rest,
and make them but daughters and punies to her,
she shall be guilty of a high an-ogance and pre-
sumption.— Bp Hall in R.

Puissant. Fr. puissant, powerful ;
formed as if from a participle possens,
from Lat. posse, to be able.

To Puke. G. spucken, to spit ; Magy.
pok, spittle.

To Pule, Yr.piauler, to peep or cheep
as a young bird, to pule or howl as a
young whelp. — Cot. To make the cry-
represented by the syllable piau, as mi-
auler, to mewl, to make the cry repre-
sented by miau, mew. G.pauen, Sc.pew,
to pule, to cheep as a chicken.

To Pull. A parallel form with pii/,
signifying originallyto pick. Pl.D.puien,
to pick, nip, pluck. To puU garlick, to
peel or pill it. The sounds of i and u
often interchange. A Glasgow man pro-
nounces which, whuchj pin, pun. In
other parts to put is pronounced ^zV, and
on the same principle Du. put, a well,
corresponds to E. pit. In OE. we had
rug and rig, the back ; hulle and hill;
cuth and kith, acquaintance ; luther and
lither, bad, &c. From the present root
we must explain Tin. puele, pole. It. pula,
the husks or hulls, the strippings of corn,
and perhaps Lat. polire, It. ptilire, to
clean or polish, properly to pick clean.
The slang expression of polishing off a
bone shows the natural connection of the
two ideas. Pl.D. up>p den knaken piilkefi,
to pick a bone. With an initial s, Lat.
spoliare, to strip ; spolium, what is strip-
ped off, as the skin of an animal, the
arms of an enemy overcome in battle.
See To Pill.

Pullet. See Poultry.

PULLEY

Pulley. Fr. poulie, It. poltga, OE.
polive, poliff, polein.

Ther may no man out of the place it drive,

For non engine of windas oi f olive.

Squire's Tale.
Poleyne, troclea. — Pr. Pm. Sc. puUisee,
pulliskee — Jam., Cat. politxa (politsha),
pulley ; Du. paleye, a frame for torture, a
pulley.

The names of the goat and the horse
were very generally applied to designate
mechanical contrivances of different kinds
for supporting, raising, or hurling weights,
or for exerting a powerful strain. Thus
G. bock, a goat, is used for a trestle, saw-
ing-block, fire-dogs, rack for torture,
painter's easel, windlass, or crab for
raising weights. Fr. chevre, Lang, crabo,
a she-goat, signify a crane; crabo, also
trestles or sawing-block, a plasterer's
scaffolding. — Diet. Castr. From the same
source are derived OSp. cabreia, Prov.
calabre, a catapult ; Ptg. cabre, calabre, a.
rope or cable; Sp. cabria, Fr. cabre, a
crane ; cabria, also an axle-tree ; cabrio,
cabriol, a beam or rafter.

The series taking their designation
from the horse comprise Fr. chevalet, a
pair of sawing trestles, a rack for torture,
a painter's easel ; Lat. cantherius (pro-
perly a gelding or pack-horse), a rafter or
vine-prop, and thence Fr. chantier, a vine-
prop, sawing-block, stocks for a ship,
stand for a cask ; Sp. -potro, a colt, rack
for torture, frame for shoeing horses ; Fr.
poutre, a beam ; Fr. poulain (colt), a
sledge for moving heavy weights, a dray-
man's slide for letting down casks into a
cellar, or other contrivance for that pur-
pose ; the rope wherewith wine is let
down into a cellar, a pulley-rope — Cot.;
giving rise to OE. poleyn, above-mention-
ed. Sp. polin, a wooden roller for moving
heavy weights on ship-board. The Prov.
poli, Lang, pouli, a colt, agree with Fr.
poulie, while Piedm./>o//, a colt, coincides
with Sp. polea, Ptg. poU, a pulley. In
like manner Yr.poliche or pouliche, a filly,
explains Cat. politxa, and Sc. pullishee,
a pulley, as well as Lang, poulejho, the
wipe of a well. It. poliga must be re-
garded as an analogous form, from which
we pass to OE. polive, as from It. doga to
Fr. douve, a pipe-stave.

The figure of a colt is so commonly
used to express a support of one kind or
another, that It.poltra, a conch, poltrona,
an easy-chair, may perhaps be identified
with poltra, a filly, instead of being de-
rived from G. polster, as commonly ex-
plained.

PUNCH

501

Pulmonary. Lat. pulmo, -onis, the
lungs.

Pulp. Lat. pulpa, the fleshy part of
meat, pith of wood. Ga.&\.plub, sound of
a stone falling into water ; as a verb, to
plump, plunge into water ; a soft lump ;
plubaiche, lumpishness.

Pulpit. Lat. pulpitum, a scaffold,
stage, desk.

-puis-. See -pel. Repulse, Impul-
sion, &c.

* Pulse. Grain contained in a shell
or pod, as peas and beans. Pulls, the
chaff of peas.— Hal. Probably the pi.
of Du. puele, pole, pelle, peule, peascod,
shell. — Kil. Peul, peascod ; peulvrucht,
pulse, leguminous plant. — Bomhoff. Pel,
shell, pod; /«2^/, peas. — Halma. FromDu.
pellen, "E.. pill, pull, peel j YlXi.pulen, to
pick.

Pulverise. LsA. pulvis,pulveris, dust.

Pumice. Lat. pumex.

To PummeL See Pommel.

Pump. Fr. pompe, ON. pumpa, G.
pu7npe, in vulgar language /&?«/«. Lith.
plumpa, plumpas. Rightly referred by
Adelung to the idea of splashing. The
sound of something heavy falling into
the water is represented in G. by the %y\-
\a.h\e plump, whence plumpen, to splash,
to beat the water with a pole in fishing ;
plump-stock, the pole employed for such
a purpose. Pumpen, va\%a.r\Y p lumpen,
to pump. In Cornwall //«»«/ is a pump
or draw-well, to plumpy, to churn, an act
in which a plunger is driven up and down
in an upright vessel like the piston in a
pump. 'Ba.TiS. plump-kirn, the common
churn. Pl.D. pump, pumpel, a pestle ;
pumpeln, to pound.

Pumpkin. See Pompion.

Pun. A play upon words, possibly,
as Nares suggests, from oe. pun, to
pound, as if hammering on the word.

Punch. — Puncheon, i . Punch, a short,
thick fellow, a stage puppet. — B. Banff.
pudge, punch, a thickset person or animal,
anything short and stout of its kind.
Northampt. puddy , pudgy , pzmchy , short
and thickset. — Mrs B.

I did hear them call their fat child ^KKir,^, which
pleased me mightily, that word having become a
word of common use for everything that is thick
and short. — Pepys.

Bb.y. punzen, a short thick person or
thing ; punzet, thick and short. From
signifying something short and thick it
seems to have been applied to a barrel or
cask, and thence to the belly. ^SN.panz,
ponz, punz, -en, a cask ; bantzen, panzl,
belly. Carinthian/««^£, a cask, and (con-

502

PUNCH

temptuously) the belly, a child. It. jiun-
zone, Fr. poinson, a puncheon.

Punch seems to be a nasalised form of
pudge, as G. pantsch of the synonymous
putsch, mire, puddle, or mantsh of matsch,
mire. Pantschen, to paddle, dabble in
the wet ; also to strike a sounding blow.
The signification of something short and
thick must be explained on the same
principle as in the case of Pudgy. But it
may be from the connection which causes
so many words signifying a blow to be
used also in the sense of a lump or knob,
as in the case of bunch.

The fact XhiX punch already signified a
short thick man probably led to the con-
version of Pulcinella, the little hump-
backed puppet of the Italians, \a.X.o Punch-
inello, now cut short to Punch.

2. The well-known beverage, said to
be from YivaAa punch, five.

At Nerule is made the best arrack or Nepo da
Goa, with which the English on this coast malce
that enervating liquor called pounche (which is
Hindostan for five), from five ingredients. —
Fryer, New Account of E. I. and Persia, 1697.

The drink certainly seems to have been
introduced from India.

Or to drink falepuntz (at Goa), which is a
kind of drinlt consisting of aqua vitse, rosewater,
juice of citrons, and sugar. — Olearius, Travels to
the Grand Duke of Muscovy and Persia, 1669.

To Punch. I. To p-unchw\Xh.ih& fist
or the elbow, to strike or thrust. Bun-
e, tuncio.^Pr. Pm.

To houTJche or pusshe one ; he bunchelh me
and beateth me, il me pousse. — Palsgr. He came
home with his face all to bounced, contusa. —
Horm.

Pl.D. bumsen, bunsen, to knock so that it
sounds. See Bounce. Q. pantschen, to
strike a sounding blow. ' Den dritten
panscht er auf den bauch.'^ Sanders.
Cimbr. punlien, to punch with the fist ;
punk, fiancata, a punch in the ribs. Swiss
bunggen, to give blows, especially with the
foot or the elbow. '&diV.pumsen,p7imbsen,
to sound hollow, strike so that it resounds.
Dan. dial, pundse, to butt like a ram.

2. It. punzacchiare, punzellare, to
punch, push, shove, justle, prick forward,
goad ; punzone, a sharp-pointed thing,
bodkin, pouncer or pounce, ox-goad ;
punzonare, to pounce, make pouncing
work ; Fr. pohidre, to prick, spur, incite ;
poinson, a bodkin, a stamp, puncheon.
Prikkyn or punchyn, as men doth beestis,
pungo. — Pr. Pm. S^. punchar, punzar,
to prick, sting, punch ; punzon, a punch,
puncheon, a pointed instrument used by
artists. Lang, pounchar, to prick, to

PURFLE

sting ; pounche, Fr. pointal, a support,
prop ; pouncho, point of a pin ; pounchon,
a. sting, goad. 'Dn. pontsen, ponssen, to
punch.

Punctual. — Puncture. — Pungent.
See Point.

Punish.. "LaX. punire, Yx. punir, punis.

Punt. A flat-bottomed boat. Du.
pont, a ferry-boat, broad flat boat ; navi-
gium quo amnes trajiciuntur loco pon-
tium. — Kil. Fr. ponton, a. ferry-boat,
pontoon.

Puny. See Puisne.

Pupil. Lat. pupa, a young girl, a doll,
whence the dim. pupilla, an orphan fe-
male child, the apple of the eye ; pupus,
a small child {m3\.€),'pupillus, an orphan,
ward.

Puppet.— Puppy. It. pupa, puppa,
a child's baby, puppy, or puppet to play
withal. — Fl. Fr. poupie, a baby, a pup-
pet, or bable ; the flax of a distaff; poupes
de chenilles, bunches of caterpillars. Du-.
pop, a puppet, doll, young baby. The"
radical meaning, as in the case of doll,
seems simply a bunch of clouts. Du.
pop, popje, cocoon or nest of caterpillars ;
pop aan een schermdegen, the button on
a foil ; brand-pop, a bunch of tow dipped
in pitch to set a house on fire. Magy.
bub, a bunch or tuft ; buba, a. doll.

It is from the obsolete sense of a doll,
and not in the modern one of a young
dog, that the term puppy is applied to a
conceited, finely-dressed young man. In
the same way, Du. pop is applied to a
flaunting girl. — Bomlioff.

Purblind. Pure -blind, altogether
blind, or else simply blind, just blind,
able to see a little. In the former sense
it is used by R. G.

Me ssolde pulte out bothe hys eye and make him
purblynd, — p. 376.

Purblynde, luscus. — Pr. Pm. Du. puur,
pure, simple, only ; puurstekeu, alto-
gether ; puursteken blind, altogether
blind ; puur willens, with hearty good
will. Sw. dial, purblind, totally blind.
Comp. G. rein, pure, clean ; rein-blind,
-taub, -toll, -voll, totally blind, deaf, &c.
— Dief. in v. ragitu The sense of par-
tially blind is a softening down in a man-
ner similar to that in which we say, ' Oh,
he is quite blind; he cannot see across
the street.'

Purchase. Fr. pourchasser, eagerly
to pursue, thence to obtain the object of
pursuit ; It. procacciare, to shift or chase
for, to procure. — Fl. See Chase.

Purfle. — Purl. Ornamental work
about the edge of a garment. It. porfilo.

PURGE

the profile or outline of a person's face, a
border in armoury, the surface or super-
ficies of anything, any kind of purfling
lace ; porfilare, to overcast with gold or
silver lace ; 7r.pourfiler, to purfle, tinsel,
or overcast with gold thread, &c. — Cot.
¥,. purl (contracted oi purfle), a kind of
edging for bone lace. — B. Sc. pearling,
lace.

Purge. — Purgative. Lat. pur gar e,
to cleanse ; from purus, clean.

Purify. — Puritan. LaX. prurus, clean.

To Purl. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to
spring as water.

Betres lay burly ng in hur blode.

Florence of Rome, 1639.

— ^with the blood bubbling forth.
Swab, burren (of the wind), to roar. G.
perlen, to bubble. Sw. porta, to simmer,
bubble, murmur, rumble, gurgle.

Purlieu. Land which having once
been part of the royal forest has been
severed from it by perambulation {pour-
alUe, OYr. purale'e) granted by the Crown.
The preamble of 33 E. I. c. 5 runs —

' Cume aucune gentz que sount mys hors de
forest par la puraUe — aient requis a cest parle-
ment qu'ils soient quites — des choses que les
foresters tour demandent.'

In the course of the statute mention is
made of terres et tenements deaforestds
par la pneraU. These would constitute
the purlieu. -K purlieu ox purlie-man is
a man owning land within the purlieu
licensed to hunt on his own land.

To Purloin. To make away with.
Purlongyn or put far away, prolongo,
alieno. — Pr. Pm. Purloigner, to prolong
(a truce). — Lib. Custom, 166. Fr. loin, far.

Purport. OFr. pourporter, declarer,
faire savoir. — -Roquef The simple por-
ter, to carry, is used in a similar sense.
Les lettres d'aujourd'hui portent que,
&c., bring news, announce that, &c. The
import of a deed is what it signifies or
carries in it.

Purpose. OFr. pourpenser, to be-
think oneself, a word afterwards sup-
planted by proposer, to purpose, design,
intend, also to propose, propound. — Cot.
For all Ms purpose, as I gesse;
Was for to maJcen great dispence.

Chaucer, R. R.

In the original the word is pourpens.
De a^nAi fitrf eased, ex insidiis precogitatis.
Leg. Gul. I.

Pourpos, design, resolution. — ^Roquef.

Purpresture. An encroachment or
enclosure out of the common property, a
taking part of it into one's own possession.
Fr. pourprendre, -pris, to possess wholly I

PUSS

503

(Cot.), investir, envelopper, usurper, oc-

cuper. — Roquef.

Quand je vis la ^\s.ce porprendre,
Lui et sa gent de toutes parts.

Pourprins, possessed on every side, fully
held; pourpris, pourprissure, an in-
closure, a close.

To Purr. Represents the sound made
by a cat. G. murren, schnurren.

Purse. Fr. bourse. It. borsa, Sp. bolsa,
a purse. Gr. pvpaa, Lat. bursa, a hide,
skin, leather.

To Pursue. — Pursaivant. Fr. pour-
suivre, in Berri poursuir, to pursue, to
prosecute ; poursuivant, a suitor, suer ;
— d'armes, a herald extraordinary, a bat-
chelor in heraldry, one that's like to be
chosen when theplace falls. — Cot. See Sue.

Pursy. OE, Purcyfe, short-winded or
stuffed about the stomach, pourcif. —
Palsgr. It is singular that the more
modern ionts poulsif, poussif, should be
truer to the origin, t.zX.pulsare, Yr.poul-
ser, pousser, to beat or thrust. There is
so much analogy between the action of
the lungs and the pulse of the heart that'
we need not be surprised at finding Prov.
polsar used in the sense of breathe or
pant. — Raym. Hence Fr. pousse (in
horses), broken wind, choke-damp in
mines ; poussif, short-winded. It. pul-
sivo, panting, also pursy, short or broken-
winded ; piilsare, to pant, to beat. — Fl.
Lang, paulsa, to take breath ; Du. bul-
sen, pulsare et tussire. — Kil. Swiss biilze,
to cough. — Idiot. Bern.

Purtenance. See Appurtenance.

Purulent. — Pus. — Suppurate. Lat.
pus,puris, Gr. ttvov, Sa.nscr.piiya;piij/ana,
discharge from a sore, matter. Doubtless,
like putris, from the foul smell. See
Putrid.

Purvey. Fr. pourveoir, to purvey or
provide. Lat. prrovidere.

Purview. The provisions of an act of
Parliament. Yr. pourvu, provided.

To Push. Yr.poulser,pousser, to push,
thrust; Lai. pulso, to push, strike, beat;
It. bussare, to knock.

Pusillanimous. Lat. pusus, a little
boy ; pusillus, little, insignificant ; ani-
mus pusillus, a faint heart.

Puss. T)^.poes,Y\X).puus,pnmsmau,
puuskatte. Originally a cry either to call
or to drive away a cat, from an imitation
of the noise made by a cat spitting, g.
p/uchze?i, to spit like a cat. Serv. pis !
cry to drive away, Alban./zjj ./ to call a
cat ; pisso, puss, cat in nursery language.
Lith. puz, puiz {z = Fr. j), cry to call a
cat ; puize, pussi

S04

PUSTULE

Pustule. \j3.\..pusula,pustiila, a blister,
swelling, pimple, pock. The equivalent
of Gr. ^ui7a\ic, a bladder, bubble, from
<jivaa.ui, to puff, to blow. Lett. pAschlis,
a bladder ; pust, to blow. Da. puste, to
blow ; piise, to swell up. The image of
blowing is represented in a very wide
range of languages by the syllable pu
ox fit.

To Put. Properly to push or poke.
Hdi.puiie, to put, put into, put away. Fr.
bouter, to thrust, put, bud, to put forth
leaves. It. buttare, to cast, fling ; botta, ,
a stroke, w. pwtio, to poke, thrust ; e.
dial, to pote, poit, to poke. In OE. there
is frequently an intrusive /, pult, as in
jolt compared with 70/.

-pute. — Putative. Lat. puto, to cast
in one's mind, to reckon, think. Hence
computo, to reckon together, to sum up ;
dispute, to cast one's thoughts in oppo-
sition to another; imputo, to reckon to
one ; reputo, to consider, to think and
think again. Putativus, supposed.

Putrid. — Putrefy. Lat. puteo, to
stink ; putidus, stinking ; thence puter
or piitris, piitridus, rotten, corrupt. Gr.
■KvOoi, iri(7w, to rot. Sanscr. p^, stinking ;
ptiti, pAtika, putrid, stinking ; puy, to
putrefy, to stink. Lett./^/, to rot.

The interjection pu ! or fu ! repre-
sents the exspiration with closed nose
by which we reject an offensive smell.
Sp. pu / exclamation of disgust at a bad
smell ; excrements of children. — Neum.
Pl.D./«.'' apu! interj. by which child-
ren express their disgust at anything
stinking or nasty. Dat is apu, that is
nasty. Kapz/k, wie stank der alte mist !
— Sanders. Russ. /ti ! fie ! ftikaty, to
detest, to huff (i. e. blow) at draughts.
Lett. pAst, to puff, to blow. See Fie !
Faugh !

Puttock. A kite. It. bozzago, a buz-
zard.

QUACK

Putty. A pasty mass composed of
powder of metallic oxides and oil used
for fastening glass in windows, stopping
holes in carpentry, &c. Fr. potie, a
glazier's putty, also in foundries the mix-
ture of clay and horsedung used for
moulds ; potde d'dmiril, the pasty residue
of emery and oil arising from the grind-
ing of precious stones. The essential
meaning is something of a pasty nature,
from Lat. puis, pultis, pap, whence It.
poltiglia, Milan, poltia, pap, poultice,
batter, also mud, slime, especially that
which comes from the sawing of stones ;
spoltij, as potde d'^mdri, also mud from
the grindstone. Mason's putty is a pasty
material used for filling cavities. ' The
interior of the bed was filled with fine
7naso7i's putty, consisting of lime and
stonedust.' — Report on Holborn Viaduct,
Dec. 17, 1869.

To Puzzle. To confuse, bewilder.
A figure taken from the puddling or
troubling of water, the sound of dd and
zz before / easily interchanging, as in
fuddle and fuzzle, muddle and muzzy.
Puzzle-headed and muddle-headed are
synonymous.

Something sure of state,
Kath fuddled his clear spirit. — Othello.

In the same way blunder, signifying
originally to trouble water, is used meta-
phorically in the sense of confound.

To shuffle and digress so as by any means
whatsoever to blunder an adversary. — Ditton
in R.

Pygmy. Gr. Trvyitalog, from iruyfLrj, a
measure of length, from the elbow to the
knuckles.

Pjrramid. Gr. irwpapic, from the form
taken by the flame of a fire ; sriip, fire.

Pyre. Gr. vrwpii, a funeral pile.

Pyrites. — Pyro-. Gr. irCp, -oq, fire ;
TTvpiriiQ (XOos, stone), a stone which
strikes fire.

Q

Q,uack. — ftuaoksalver. The salving
of wounds was so generally taken as a
type of the healing art, that no reason-
able doubt can be entertained of the
meaning of the latter element in G. quack-
salber, Du. kwakzalver, kwakzalfster, E.
quacksalver. The import of the element
guak is not so clear. It has usually
been explained as having reference to

the noisy outcry with which the quack-
salver or mountebank (G. marktschreier)
vaunts his wares.

Seek out for plants with signatures
To quack o^universal cures. — Hudibras.
Du. kwak, a jest, or story. De kwak-
zalver vertelde aardige kwakken, the
mountebank told them funny stories. —
P. Marin. But when we .look to the

QUACK

dialects of the north of Europe, where
the word seems to have originated, we
are led to a different explanation.

Dii. quakkelen, Pl.D. quackeln, seem
to be parallel forms with G. quackeln,
wacheln, wankeln, E. quaggle (Hal.),
waggle, expressing in the first place the
agitation of liquids, and then wavering,
splashing, spilling, dabbling, bungling,
babbling.

In the sense of wavering, G. quackeln,
to waggle, waver (Kiittn.), P1.D. quakkel-
haftig, wavering, inconstant ; Du. quak-
kelen, to freeze and thaw by turns, to vary
in health, to be an invalid ; quakkel-
winter, a mild winter ; quakkel-ziekte, a
slight indisposition. Pl.D. Ik kier mi an
keen quakkeln, I stand no trifling, I go
my own way. The sense of splashing,
dabbling, spilling, is seen in P1.D. ver-
quakkeln, to waste one's money on trifles ;
Du. quakkelgeld, money for small ex-
penses ; qudk, a slop, drop of liquid left
in a glass, a trifle ; quacken, qtiackelen,
dissipare, profundere (Kil.) ; Da. quakle,
to dabble, bungle, deal in what one does
not rightly understand. Quakleri i land-
bruget, i lasgekonster, dabbling in farm-
ing, in medicine. Kicerlingquakleri, old-
wives' doctoring ; forquakle, to spoil by
unskilful management ; f. en sag, sin hel-
bred, to bungle a business, to spoil one's
health by quackery. N. kvakla, to bungle,
botch. Sw. quackla, quacksalwa, to drug,
to physic ; q. med sig, to take too many
slops, to take a great deal of physic to
little purpose — Widegren • quacklande,
too much medicine, quackery, charlatan-
ery.— Nordforss.

The original meaning of quacksalver
would thus be a dabbler in medicine, an
idea expressed also (although from a dif-
ferent metaphor) by the Du. synonym
lapzalver, a bungler in medicine, pro-
perly a cobbler of the body, from lappen,
to patch, to botch, or mend clumsily.
We may compare also Bav. batzig, soft,
clammy, sloppy ; batzen, to handle ma-
terials of such a nature ; batzeln, to dab-
ble in medicines, to doctor oneself. Du.
kladden, to dawb, dabble ; klad-salver,
a quack.

To Quack. To make a noise like a
duck or frog. Aristophanes represents
the croaking of a frog by the syllables
KoaJ, Kodl. Lat. coaxare J G. quacken,
guacksen, to croak like a frog ; Lith.
kwakSti, kwakseti, to croak, quack, cluck,
gaggle.

Quadr-. Q,uadri-. ftuadru-. In
Lat. compounds, like quadrangle, quad-

QUAIL 505

ruped, &c., from quatuor, four. Quad-
ratit, the quarter of a circle ; Lat. quad-
rans, the fourth part. Quadroon, Fr.
quarteron, one a fourth part a negro.

To auaflf. / quaught, I drink all out,
je bois d'autant.— Palsgr. In Scotland
a child is said to wacht when sucking so
forcibly as to swallow a considerable
quantity at once. Waught, a hearty
draught.

Cou'd your skill
But help us to a -waught of ale,
I'd be oblig'd t' ye a' my life. — Ramsay.
To waucht, waught, wauch, to drink
copiously.

Thay skink the wyne and wauchtis cowpys full.
D. V. 210. 8.
Nather Lord nor Knicht he lute alane,
Except his coup war wachtit out alway.
Bume in Jam.
Thay wauchitai. the wioht wyne. — Dunbar.
The forms above cited seem to represent
the sounds made in an eager draught of
liquid, as Sw. qudfwa, to choke, does the
sound of gasping for breath in choking.
Analogous forms are G. hauchen, E. huff,
whiff, to draw the breath, waft, a draught
of air, Sc. waff, to blow ; the resemblance
in sound between the act of drawing
breath and of taking a draught of liquid
being witnessed by Sc. souch {ch gutt.),
sou/, to draw a deep breath as in sleep-
ing, Fr. souffler, to breatlje, and G. saufen,
to drink deep ; soff, a draught, or gulp.

Q,uag. — Quagmire. Provincially gog
and gog7m're. Quaggle, a tremulous mo-
tion.— Hal. See Quake.

Quail. Du. quackel. It. quaglia, Gri-
sons quacra, a quail, from the note of
the bird. Coturnices, quacoles. — Gl. de
Reichenau. Du. quacken, to cry as a
quail ; Pl.D. quackeln, to tattle. Mid.
Lat. quaquila, Prov. quisquila, a quail ;
quilar, Sw. quillra, to pipe, to twitter.
Zulu quehle, expressive of a ringing
sound, partridge ; quali, the small wild
red pheasant, so called from its noise.
— Dohne.

To Quail. I . To curdle as milk. — B.
In s. s. It. quagliare, cagliare, Ptg. coal-
har, Fr. cailler, w. ceulo. It. quaglio,
gaglio, Du. quaghel, W. caul, Lat. coagu-
lum, rennet, the infusion used to curdle
milk. Of these the Lat. coagulum, ren-
net, or curdled milk, derived from con and
agere, to drive together, is commonly
supposed to be the original. But the
word admits of a perfect explanation from
the Germanic root shown in E. dial, quag-
gle, a tremulous motion (Hal.), G. quac-
keln, to waver, on the same principle on

5o6

QUAINT

which N. quap, a soft gelatinous body,
soft fat or flesh, is derived from ON. quapa,
to tremble. In like manner mayperhaps
be explained E. curdle, properly cruddle,
from Prov. cratlar, OFr. crodler, crosier,
to shake. Compare also Swiss hottern,
to shake, to jog, with Du. hoi, hotte,
curds; Sc. hattit cream, clotted cream.
If we may judge from the words signify-
ing butter and cheese, the Latins seem to
have learned dairy operations from the
Germanic races, and coagulum may be
an accommodation of the form quagel to
a Latin derivation, in the same way that
the G. butter vi3.% made to bear a refer-
ence to the animal from whence it was
produced, when adopted in Greek under
the form of ^irrvpov, as if from /3o5e, an
ox.

2. To quail, as when we speak of one's
courage quailing, is probably a special
application of quail, in the sense of cur-
dle. The bodily effect of fear or horror
being very similar to that of great cold,
these mental emotions are represented as
causing the blood to congeal or curdle.

Yet I express to thee a mother's care :
God's mercy, maiden, does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother?
To-day a mighty hero comes, to warm
"Your curdling blood, and bid you Britons arm.

Garth.
The guilty man felt his- heart curdle with terror.
. — Love's Sacrifice, t 266.

Mi s'agghiaccib il sangue per la paura,
my blood congealed with fear. So also
It. cagliare, Piedm. quajd, to curdle as
milk, to begin to be afraid of one's adver-
sary, to quail in one's courage. — Fl. The
metaphor is carried still further in It.
cagliare, to hold one's peace ; Sp. callar,
to keep silence, to abate, become calm.
When somer took in hand the winter to assaile
With force of might, and vertue great, his stormy
blasts to quaile. — Surry in R.

We are apt to be distracted from the fore-
going explanation by Du. quelen, to pine
away, to languish, to fade. ''T gewas
queelt op het veld, the herb fades in the
field. De hoochste van het volck des
lants quelen : sink, are overcome. — Bible
in Weiland. Devonshire queal, to faint
away ; squeal, infirm, weak. But the re-
semblance is purely accidental, the latter
forms being from the pipy tones of a sick
person. Pol. kwilii, to pule, wail, whine,
lament, Du. quelen, quenen, gemere, lan-
guere, languore tabescere. — Kil.

duaint. Fr. coiiit, neat, fine, daintv,
trim.— Cot. Bret, koant, pretty. It. con-
tezza, information, advertisement, know-

QUALM

ledge of, familiarity, acquaintance, also'
quaintness, neatness, spruceness ; conti-
gie, curious ornaments, quaint trimmings
used of women rather for grace and show
than for use. — Fl. Prov. conte, cointe,
coinde, conge, gracious, agreeable, pretty ;
coindansa, acquaintance, agreealjleness ;
coindeiar, Fr. cointoier, to deck forth,
embellish, make oneself agreeable. It.
accontare, to acquaint or meet with.

Notwithstanding the singular agree-
mentwith La.t. comptus, trimmed, adorned,
the word must be derived either from Lat.
cognitus (as Diez supposes), or from G.
! kund, kundig, known, acquainted with, a
sense in which Fr. coint was formerly
used. Dunt il ja Men fut cointe : of
which he was already informed. — Alexis
in Diez. The transference to the later
signification arises from the amenities
which grow out of civilised intercourse.
So from the equivalent AS. cuth, known,
we have Sc. couth, couthy, familiar, agree-
able in conversation, pleasant, loving,
affectionate, giving satisfaction. — Jam.

A mankie gown of our own kintra growth
Did make them very braw and unco couth.

ON. kunnliga, comiter, familiariter. Un-
couth is the opposite of quaint; awkward,
revolting, displeasing.

To ftuake. — Quag'. Forms repre-
senting broken sound are very frequently
used to signify broken movements, such
as the agitation of liquids or the quaver-
ing or shaking of things more or less soft
or loose. Thus Du. gagelen, to gaggle,
or make the harsh broken sounds of a
goose, Bret, jfrt^/z, to stutter, lead to Swiss
gageln, to joggle, gagen, to rock ; E. gog-
gle, to roll to and fro ; gogmire, a quag-
mire or shaking bog. A slight modifica-
tion of the radical syllable gives Du.
quacken, to cry like a goose, frog, or quail
(Kil.) ; ON. quaka, quackla, to twitter as
birds ; E. dial, quaggle, quackle, to make
choking sounds in the throat (Nail, Dial,
of E. Anglia), from which we pass to G.
quackeln, to joggle, waggle, totter, E.
quaggle, a tremulous motion (Hal.), and
quake, to shake. Du. waggelen, G. wac-
keln, to jog, totter, shake, E. waggle, wag,
are essentially the same words with the
initial qu softened down to a simple w.

Qualify. — Quality. Lat. qualitas,
whatlike-ness, from quails, whatlike, of
what sort. See Which.

Qualm. A feeling of sickness, fig. a
distressing thought suddenly coming over
us.

They sayed, our soul is qualmyshe over thys

QUANTITY

meate — cind is readye to caste it up agayne. —
Udal in R.

AS. cwealm, cwylm, destruction, pesti-
lence, death.
Vol of syknesse, and of qualm and sorwe thys

lond was tho,
Of honger and of vuele (evil) geres. — R. G.
The radical image is shown in Dan.
quale, to choke, offering a type of abso-
lute destruction when the breath is en-
tirely stopped, or of every degree of op-
pression from positive torture to mere
sickness of the stomach. Sw. qudlja, to
turn the stomach, produce sickness ; fig.
to grieve, torment ; qual, torment, suffer-
ing, oppression of the chest, sickness ;
samwets-qiial, remorse, qualms of con-
science ; dSds qudlet, the agony of death ;
qualm, hot, stifling weather ; qualmig,
qualmish, sickening. G. qualm, a vapour,
exhalation, thick smoke, properly a chok-
ing smoke; qualmig, full of steam or
smoke.

ftuantity. Lat. quantitas ; quantus,
how much.

To ftuap. — Quave. — Quaver. To
qtiap, to quake, pant, tremble. — B. To
quave, to have a trernulous motion. — R.
Earthquave, quavemire, earthquake,
quagmire. ON. quapa, Bav. quabeln, G.
quabbeln. Da. quabbre^ to shake like a
jelly, or loose fat ; Du. quabbe, a dewlap,
from its quavering movement; Swab.
quabbe, a. morass. To quaver with the
voice is to utter a shaking note, to rise
and fall in the musical scale, to speak un-
steadily. We have seen under Quake
the mode in which terms originally repre-
senting a broken sound are applied to
movements of analogous character. Now
it is matter of indifference in representing
an abrupt sound whether the syllable is
made to end with a guttural or a labiaL
We use whap and whack indifferently for
a sounding blow, and so in Du. the sylla-
bles quap ! or quak ! represent the sound
of a sudden fall. Dat gaf eenen harden
quak! — Weiland. Quakken, to throw
down. Hee strukelden, en quap! daar
li 'e, he stumbled, and slap ! there he lay.
— Overyssel Almanach. Da. quoppe,
quobbe, to give a hollow sound like a blow
on an inflated body or a horse trotting.

Quarantine. Yx.quarantaine, a period
of forty days; quarante, Lat. quadraginta,
forty.

Quarrel. i. Fr. querelle, quarrel,
broil, altercation. Lat. querela, com-
plaint ; queri, to complain. The repre-
sentation of the high tones of complaint
or anger by a root similar to that which

QUARRY 507

gives rise to the foregoing forms is widely
spread. G. quarreu, to cry as children,
to grumble, wrangle.

Menschenfreundlich, nicht ein quarrer
1st der bibelfeste pfarrer. — Sanders.

ON. kurr, complaint, murmur ; Fin. ku-
rista, to speak in a high thin tone, to
complain, cry as a child ; kiristd, to cry
as a child ; kirid, querulous.

2. Fr. quarreau, a quarrel or boult for
a cross-bow, an arrow with a four-square
head. — Cot

Quarry, i. Fr. quarriire, carriire, a
place where stones are hewn for building ;
quarrieur, a quarrier, a hewer of stones
in quarries.

Mid.Lat. quadra, Fr. quarre, anything
cut square ; G. quader, quaderstein, Prov.
caire, a stone squared for building ; Fr.
quarrer, to cut square.

2. Among falconers any game flown at
and killed. — B. In this sense the word
is from Fr. curie, the entrails of the game,
which were commonly given to the dogs
at the death. Curie, a dog's reward, the
hounds' fees of, or part in, the game they
have killed.— Cot. Norm, couraie (Pat.
de Brai), It. cUrata, corata, corada, cora-
della, the intestines of an animal, heart,
liver, lungs, &c From eor, heart. Corata,
infestini intorno al cuore. — La Crusca.
In the dialect of Lyons cora is the pluck
of an animal ; course de mouton, fressure
de mouton. — Diet. Etym. Mid.Lat. co-
rallum, OFr. coraiUes^ intestines. — Due.

The word is written cuyerie by De
Foix in his Miroir de la Chasse, and was
imported into E. under the form of querre
or querry. The book of St Albans in-
structs us in ' undoing ' a hart to take
out 'the tongue and the brains, laying
them with the lights — the small guts and
the blood upon the skin — to reward the
hounds, which is called the querry.' — N.
& Q., May 9, 1857. To make a hawk to
the querre is to teach him to find his
game. In the following passage of Hey-
wood the word is clearly used in the
sense of the Fr. original :

Aye, but 't was at the querre.
Not at the mount hke mine :

i. e. at the distrilxition of the reward,
which was made at the close of the
chase. In the same sense must be ex-
plained a passage of HoUinshed, which
has been misunderstood by Nares. ' The
vii of Auguste was made a generall hunt-
yng with a toyle raised of foure or five
miles in lengthe, so that many a deere
was that day brought to the quarrie :'

5o8 QUART

brought to the distribution, not to the
square {carrde) or inclosure where the
animal was killed. Considered with re-
ference to the dogs, the curie or querre
was the practical object of the chase, and
thus came to be applied to the game
killed. Defendre la curde was to keep
the dogs from the game till it was pro-
perly prepared for them. And meta-
phorically soldiers are said to be en curde
when they have seized their quarry, or
are making valuable plunder. — Trevoux.

Quart. — Quarto. Lat. quatuor, four ;
qtiartus, fourth ; whence quart, the
fourth part of a gallon ; quarto, a. sheet
of paper folded in four ; quarter, a fourth
part, &c.

Quarter. The conformation of our
bodily frame naturally leads us to divide
the horizon into four quarters, fore and
aft, right and left. Hence quarter is
taken as the type of position, or division ;
as when we ask a person what quarter he
is come from, or speak of a certain quar-
ter or division of a city.

In a more confined sense, quarters, in
military language, is the special residence
appointed to particular army corps, or
even individuals.

Again, from signifying a definite posi-
tion the word is extended to the notion
of limitation, conditions. To keep quar-
ter is to keep within certain bounds,
limits, or terms.

They do best who if they cannot but admit
Love, yet malce it keep quarter, and sever it
wholly from their serious affairs. — Bacon in
Todd.

Friends all but now
In quarter and in terms, like bride and groom
Divesting them for bed, and then but now
Swords out and tilting one at other's breast,

' Mr Wharton, who detected some hundred of
the bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill quarter
from his lordship : ' very ill conditions. — Swift in
Todd.

Clarendon speaks of ' offering them quarter
for their lives if they would give up the castle.'

Finally, to give quarter was used in an
elliptical sense for sparing life, keeping
within bounds, not proceeding to the ut-
most extremities.
That every one should kill the man he caught,
To keep no quarter. — Drayton in R.

Quartz, g. quarze or querze, a name
formerly given to crystals forming in the
earth from the solution of disintegrated
elements, but now confined to crystal-
ized silex. Quarzchen von alaunj salz-
quarze, crystals of alum, of salt.— San-
ders.

To Quash. Fr. qitasser, casser, to

QUEAN

crash in pieces, quash asunder, also to
casse, annul, abrogate. — Cot. Lat. qrias-
sare, to shatter, dash to pieces, enfeeble.
Sp. cascar, to crush, break to pieces ; It.
casciare, to squash or crush flat; accas-
ciare, accastiare, to squash, to dash or
bruise together. G. quetschen, to quash,
crush, bruise. Imitative. See Cashier.

To Quaver. See Quap.

Quay. See Key, 2.

Queacli. — Queachy. Queach is used
in two senses, the connection between
which is not very obvious, though imme-
diately derived from a common root.
The term is commonly applied by Dray-
ton to boggy unstable ground.

Whereas the anvil's weight and hammer's dread-
ful sound

Even rent the hollow woods and shook the
queachy ground.

Here the. word is identical with the ele-
ment quick in quickmire, a quagmire
(Hal.), quicksilver, ON. quikr,mohi\is, tre-
mens, and with the verb to quiche, queach,
quinch, to stir, to move slightly. — Hal.

In the second sense, a queach is a plot
of land left unplotighed because full of
bushes or roots of trees. — Forby.

All sylvan copses and the fortresses
Of thorniest queackes. — Chapman.

Here the radical idea is the spontaneous
growth of bushes and thorns by which
the land is infested, and the word is
identical with the name quickgrass, quitch
or squitch, the troublesome grass that
spreads over our corn-fields. Du. queyck-
en, quicken, to breed ; Pl.D. queken, to
propagate, quek, Du. queek, Ditmarsh
quitsch, squitch. G. queck is extended to
weeds in general. — Sanders. E. dial.
quickwood, thorns. — Hal.

* Quean. A disrespectful term for a
woman.
That stool, the dread of every scolding quean.

Gay.

Sc. quean, queyn, a young woman ; a
sturdy qjieyne, a hure-queyne. Like
wench it has in itself no evil signification,
being merely the AS. cwen, woman, wife,
queen, with the disrespectful quality im-
plied. When used in this way it was
very early marked by a difference of
spelling (and probably of pronunciation)
from queen.

At churche in the charnel cheorles are uvel to

knowe.
Other a knyght fro a knave, other a queyne fro a
queene. — P. P.

Or prelate living jolily
Or prieste that halt his quein him by.

Cnaucer, R. R.

QUEASY

The word has met with a similar fate
in the cognate languages, and a still
wider distinction has in some cases
grown up between the original word and
the depreciatory application of it Du.
quene, mulier vana, garrula, improba,
procax, et meretrix ; quenen-kaap, ineptiae,
aniles fabulse. — Kil. Da. quinde, a wo-
man ; qtiind, a quean. ON. kona, a. wo-
man, is still in some parts of Sweden
used in the original sense, but in ordi-
nary Swedish it signifies a worthless
wench or strumpet, while the word for
woman is quimta. See Queen.

* Queasy. Sickish at stomach. — B.
Pl.D. quaos'n, to pick and chuse in eat-
ing ; verquao^n, to spoil the fodder by
turning it over in so doing. — Danneil.

ftueen. AS. cwen, woman, wife, queen.
' Abrahames cwenj' 'thes Caseres cwen.'
Cwen-fugol, a hen-bird. Goth, quens,
queins, quins, woman ; ON. kona, kuna,
in comp. qtienn-, woman ; quenndfr, fe-
male animal ; quennkind, womankind.
-Russ., Boh. zena, Pol. zona, Gr. iwit,
Sanscr. jani, Pers. zen, woman. From
the root jan, Gr. ycr, to bring forth.

Queer. It is singular that two cant
words, rTim and queer, signifying good
and bad respectively, have both come to
be used in the sense of curious, out of
the common way, odd. Bene, good ;
quier, nought ; ken, a house ; quyerkyn,
a prison-house ; to cutte quyre whyddes,
to geve evell wordes. — Harman, Caveat,
A.D. 1567.

To Quell. The primitive meaning of
the word is shown in Dan. qucele, to
choke, strangle, suffocate ; fig. to quell or
suppress. Quellyn or querkyn, suffoco.
— Pr. Pm. Sw. qudlja, to oppress the
stomach, cause sickness. Det qudljer
mig, I feel sick, qualmish. Fig. to tor-
ment, distress ; qudlja samwetet, to wring
the conscience ; — ndgons rati, to violate
the rights of one. Qudljas, to suffer, be
ailing, languish. AS. cwellan, acquellan,
OE. quell, to kill ; AS. cwellere, a killer,
manslayer, tormentor. In the same way
N. querka, to strangle, choke, to slay,
kill ; Sw. quafwa, to suffocate, strangle,
suppress, tame, extin^ish.

The origin of qucele, to choke, Uke
that of G. kehle, the throat, is to be found
in a representation of the guttural noises
made by a person choking. We repre-
sent by the syllable quawk the deep gut-
tural note of a raven, or the inarticulate
sounds of a person choking.
E'en roused by quawking of the flopping crows.

Clare.

QUERN

509

Quawkened (made to cry quawk), almost
choked. — Mrs Baker. on. quaka, to
sigh ; Pl.D. quakken, to groan. We have
then provincially to quackle, to interrupt
breathing, formed to express the inar-
ticulate sound then uttered (Forby), to
choke (Hal.). Hence forms like Lith.
kakliis, the neck, and contractedly (as E.
{r«az7 compared with Du.j'«acy&«/),Esthon.
kael, kaal, the neck ; G. kehle, the throat.
In the same way E. joll, jowl, chowl,
from AS. geagl, geahlas, throat, jaws.

To Quench.. AS. cwincan, OFris.
kwinka, to waste away ; AS. cweiican,
acwencan, acwinan, to quench. The
radical image seems to be the whining
tone of a sick person, figuratively used to
signify the sick condition of the patient,
and thence a languishing, failing state,
gradual extinction. Du. quijnen, que-
nen, gemere, languere, languore tabes-
cere. — Kil. P1.D. quinen, to wail, com-
plain, to be poorly. — Brem. Wtb. Dan.
tvine, to whine, whimper, to pine away ;
Sw. twina, to languish, to fade away, to
perish. AS. cwanian, to mourn, to lan-
guish ; wanian, to lament, bewail, also
to wane, to decrease. The final c, ch, of
AS. cwencan, E. quench, indicates a fre-
quentative form answering to ON. queinka,
to keep complaining ; E. dial, whinnock,
intensitive of whinny, to whimper like a
child — Forby ; Bav. quenken, quenkeln,
to whimper ; G. quengeln, to speak in a
whining tone of voice.

The verb signifying extinction of life
is subsequently applied to a flame from
the analogy between the subjects with
which we are so familiar. Thcet fyr
acquan wees, the fire was quenched.

To Querken. — Wherken. To choke.
Chekened or querkened. — Pr. Pm. Noid,
drowned, whirkened. — Cot. From the
guttural sounds made by a person chok-
ing. Lith. quarkti, G. quarken, to croak
like a frog. E. dial, to querk, to grunt, to
moan. — Hal. Querking, the deep slow
breathing of a person in pain, a tendency
to groaning. — Exmoor Scolding. Fris.
quarke, to breathe hard, to catch the
breath ; querke, to throttle ; querk, the
throat. — Outzen. In the same way from
quawk, representation of a guttural sound,
quawkened or quockened, almost choked.
• — Mrs Baker.

To the same imitative root belong Fin.
kurkku, kulkku, the throat, chops, neck,
G. gurgel, Lat. gurgulium, the windpipe.

Quern. A handmill. Goth, quaemns,
AS. cweorn, ohg. quirn, on. quom,a.Tnill;
Lith. gima. Boh. zernow, millstone;

510 QUERPO

Lith. girnos (pi.), Pol. zarna (pi.), hand-
mill.

Perhaps from the whirring sound of the
stone in turning. Du. quirren, to creak,
G. kirren, to make a shrill tremulous
sound ; W. chwyrii, whizz, snarl, whirl ;
OHG. quirtian, MHG. zwirnen, to whirl.
.Sia.nscr.jima, tritus ; jri, to grind. .

Guerpo. Sp. cuerpa (Lat. corpus),
body, and specially the trunk of the body.
En cuerpo de cainisa, in his shirt-sleeves,
half dressed. En cuerpo, in his doublet,
without the cloak necessary to complete
the out-door attire. Hence in querpo
was used by our writers of the 17th cen-
tury for in undress.

Boy, my cloak and rapier, it fits not a gentle-
man of my rank to walk the streets in querfo, —
B. & F. in Nares.

Q,uert. Ease, quiet, safety. Quert or
•whert, incolumis, sanus, sospes. To
make quarfuUe, prosperare. — Pr. Pm.

Bitwene the adder and the grehound
The cradel turned upsodown on ground —
The stapeles hit upheld all quert.
That the child n'as nowt ihert.

Seven Sages, 771.

Than was the king ful glad in hert

That thai were hale and in quert. — Ibid. 3862.

My life, ray hele and all my hert,
My joy, my comfort and my quert,

Ywaine and Gawaine, 148S.

N. kvar, still, quiet, at ease. Haer £er saa
kvart og stilt. Kvare seg, kurre seg, to
set oneself to rest. ON. kyrr., tranquil.
A t sitia um kyrt, to live quiet at home .
At kyrraz, to grow calm. Kiira, rest.

The origin would seem to be the cower-
ing attitude of a bird at rest. N. kura, to
bow the head, rest, lie still, sleep. Kure
seg is said of birds when they put their
heads under the wing to sleep.

Qruemlous. Lat. querulus, from que-
ror, to complain.

ftuery. From Lat. Qiicere (seek, ask,
inquire), which is often used as a mark of
interrogation to call attention to a ques-
tion we are about to ask. It is doubtless
from this source that the mark of interro-
gation is derived, representing, as it im-
mistakeably does, the initial Q of Qutere.

-quest, -quisite. -quire. V.a.X. queer 0,
qucEsitum, to seek, -inquire. As in In-
quest, Exquisite, Require, &c.

Q,uibble. To play with words, to
equivocate, to move as the guts do. — B.
A word of like formation with G. quab-
beln, mentioned under Quap, but indicat-
ing (like quiver, compared with quaver)
a finer, quicker movement, by force of the

QUICK

thin vowel i. Bret, gwiblen, a weather-
cock ; Gael, cuibhle, circular motion ; w.
ckwip, a quick flirt or turn. See Quip,
Quirk.

Quick. The analogy between sound
and movement is nowhere better illus-
trated than in the origin of quick, and the
numerous connected forms. The radical
image is a quivering sound, the represent-
ation of which is used to signify a quiver-
ing movement, and thence applied to
express the idea of life as the principle of
movement. G. quiek ! quick 1 quiek ! are
used interjectionally to represent a sharp
shrill sound, as the squeak of a pig or a
mouse, the grating of a wheel ; gequieke,
gequieks, gequietsch, squeaking, twitter.
' Quieksen wie junge Eule.' ' Ferkel
quietschen so.' ' Den quitschenden tbnen
der violinen.' — Sanders. Silesian quick-
ern, to titter. Bav. quitscher, quitschern,
to twitter, to creak ; der quicker, the chaf-
finch. With a nasal, Du. quincken, quinc-
kelen, quinckeren, to warble, quaver.

Then passing to the sense of move-
ment, to quick, to stir ; to quetch, to
budge or stir, to cry. — B. To quitsch,
queach, quinch, to make a slight noise, to
stir, to flinch. — Hal. I quytche, I styrre
or move with my bodye, or make noyse,
je tinte ; I quynche, I make a noyse, je
tinte. — Palsgr. ON. quika, to move ;
quiktr^, a peg that moves to and fro;
quiksandr, a quicksand. Du. quicken,
vibrare, librare, agitare, movere, mobili-
tare, also, vivere et moveri ; quincken
micare, motitari, dubio et tremulo motu
ferri. — Kil. Da. quickstjert, a wagtail ;
Fris. quinksteert, an earwig, from the way
in which it turns up its tail when threat-
ened:

From the notion of mobility to that of
life is an almost imperceptible step. ON.
quikr, moveable, tremulous, active, live ;
E. quick, active, rapid in movement, also
living, having the principle of movement
in oneself. Quicksand, a moving sand ;
quicksilver, moving silver, or living silver,
argentum vivum. Da. quag, living,
quick ; quccgsand, quicksand, uniting
quick with quag. Fris. quek-, quink-,
quag-jacht {jacht =; light), a moving light,
will-o'-the-wisp.

The softening down of the initial qu to
wh and iv gives a similar series. E. dial.
whicker, to neigh ; whink, a sharp cry ;
ON. hvika, kvika, to flinch, to totter ;
Du. wicken, to vibrate ; E. wink; Du.
wiket, wincket, a wicket, or little door
moving easily to and fro ; E. dial, which,
lively, quick; whicks, quickgrass.

QUID

^uid. A piece of tobacco rolled about
in the mouth like a cow chewing the cud,
in some parts called chewing the quid.
Quide, or cud, the inner part of the throat
in beasts. — B. See Cud.

Q,uiddity. — Quiddit. Mid.Lat. qm-
ditas, the whatness or distinctive nature
of a thiiig, brought into a by-word by the
nice distinctions of the schools. Quiddity
or quiddit, a subtilty or nice refinement
• — Nares.

Bysome strange quiddit or some wretched clause,
To find him guilty of the breach of laws.

Drayton's Owl in N.
It. quiditativo, full of quiddities, quirks,
or wranghngs, also obscurely doubtful. —
Fl.

duiescent. — Quiet. Lat. quies, rest,
whence qtdesco, quietunt, to take rest.

ftuill. Quylle, staike, calamus. — Pr.
Pm. G. kiel, quill, stalk, narrow water-
pipe, shaft of lance ; kegel, a cone, nine-
pin, peg ; Da. kogle, kongel, a fir-cone ;
Swab, kengel, a quill, stalk, icicle ; lilien-
kengel, a lily stalk. MHG. kil, quill, stalk ;
ktl, G. keil, wedge ; Fr. quille, a skittle,
the keel of a ship. As the distaff is de-
scribed by Hupel (Esthon. Diet.) as the
' kegel Oder stock ' on which the flax to
be spun is bound, the foregoing forms
may bg identified with W. cogel, a distaff
or truncheon ; Bret, kegel, kigel, a distaff
(commonly a reed — Legonidec) ; Gael.
cuigeal. Lap. k&kkel, Pol. kadziel, Boh.
kuzel, distaff ; kuzelaty, conical ; kuielka,
a skittle. The on. kbngull, N. kokle,
kugia, kuHgle, a fir-cone, lead to G. kun-
kel, distaff. Whence Mid.Lat. concula,
It. conoccMa, Fr. quenouille.

The primitive signification, as in the
case of many words signifying pointed
objects, would seem to be a splinter or
fragment split off from a mass of wood
br stone. Fr. esquazUe, escaille, a scale,
pieces of wood wherewith crannies left
between stones in building are filled up ;
7nur escaille, a wall full of cracks or
chinks ; escaillures de pierre, shards or
spalls, small pieces broken or hewed from
stones ; esquille, a little scale or splint of
a broken bone. — Cot. E. dial, squails,
ninepins. Squails were also the sticks
or pieces of cleft wood used in cock-throw-
ing. Fr. quille also can only have the
sense of chip in the expression irousser
son sac et ses quilles, to pack up his sack
and his chips, to be compared with Du.
zijne spillen pakken (e. spill, splinter,
chip), or, as we say, to pick up his orts
(or droppings), to take himself off. It.
squillo was formerly used in the sense of

QUINTAIN

5"

spillo, properly a splinter, then the vent-
peg of a cask, the hole itself, or the gimlet
by which it is bored. Diciamo spillare
la botta, per assaggiarla, traendole non
per la cannella il vino, ma per lo spillo,
cide piccol pertugio fatto con instrumento
detto anch' egli spillo, e dagU antichi
squillo. — La Crusca. G. spule, Pl.D. spole,
a quill, is identical with E. spall, speal,
&c., splinter, fragment. From the sense
of a splinter, or split piece of wood, the
passage is easy to that of a wedge, or
anything wedge-shaped or tapering, a
cone, ninepin, the pointed end of a fea-
ther, whence probably the name of keel
is applied to the backbone of a ship, from
which the ribs and planking are given off
on either side like the web from the stalk
of a feather.

auillet.

Why may not this be the scull of a lawyer?
where be his quiddits now, his quillets, his cases,
his tenures, and his tricks ? — Hamlet.

Notwithstanding Nares' objection that
the scholastic term was quodlibet, and
not quidliiei, the derivation from this
source is probably correct. It. quilibetto,
a quidlibet. — Fl. Fr. quodlibet, a low
joke, play upon words. A quodlibet was a
question in the schools where the person
challenged might choose his side. Quod-
libetum, quia quod libet defenditur. —
Vossius.

Many positions seem quodlibetically constitu-
ted, and like a Delphian blade will cut on both
sides. — Brown, Christian Morals in R.

Q,tulliiig. A kind of pleating. Guern-
sey enquiller, to pleat, gather, wrinkle.
' Au front tout enqicilli.' From Fr. cueil-
lir, to gather.— Metivier.

Quilt. See Counterpane.

ftuinary. — Quint. Lat. quinque, five ;
quintus, fifth ; quinarius, belonging to
the number five.

Quince. Formed from Fr. coignasse,
pear-quince, the greatest kind of quince.
— Cot. Coi?ig, It. cotogno, Lat. coto-
neum, cydonium, a quince. Quyne-dple
tre, coingz. — Palsgr. 914.

Quinsy. Fr. squinmice, the squinancie
or squinzie. — Cot. Lat. cynanche a bad
kind of sore throat ; Gr. KvvdyxVi literally
a dog-throttling.

Quintain. A game in which the fun
was to see the player tumbled off his
horse. ' At last they agreed to set up ,1
quinten which is a crossbar turning upo,
a pole having a broad board at the on
end and a bag full of sand at the other.
Now he that ran at it with the lance, if
he hit not the board, was laughed to

512 QUIP

scorn ; and if he hit it full and rid not
the faster, he would have such a blow
with the sandbag on the back as would
sometimes beat them off their horses.' —
Essex Champion (1690), in Nares. ' The
speciality of the sport was to see how
sum for his slakness had a good bob
with the bag, and sum for his haste to
toppl doun right, and cum tumbling to
the post.' — Kenilworth Illustrated, in N.

Lang, tintaino, tinteino, a similar game,
in which persons tilted against each other,
placed on a bowsprit at the end of boats,
from which the least shock precipitated
them into the water ; ' ce qui est le prin-
cipal divertissement de ces sortes de fetes.'
Fa la tintaino, chanceler, perdre I'equili-
bre et culbuter dans I'eau. Fr. tintin, the
ringing of a bell ; It. tentennare, to ding-
dong, dingle, tingle, jangle, gingle, also
to vacillate, stagger, waver. In Florence
boys tilt at a gourd hung to a string and
call it tintana. — Vanzoni.

Quip. A jibe, jeer, or flout. — B. Pro-
perly a cut, a smart stroke. W. chwip,
a quick turn or flirt ; chwipio, to whip,
to move briskly. Gael, cuip, a whip, lash,
trick. ON. hvipp, saltus, celer cursus ;
hvipp inn og hvapp inn, in and out, here
and there. Du. Het is maar quik, it is
only a joke.

Q,uire. i. Fr. ch(£ur, Lat. chorus, a
choir or band of singers.

2. Fr. quaier (Roquef.), cayer, cahier,
a. quire of written paper. There is no
reason to doubt that it is formed from
Lat. qiiaternio, analogous to Rouchi qua-
yire, kayire, a seat, from cathedra, or
quarry, from quadraria. Assit ei (scrip-
tori) quaternio [glossed quaer\. — Nec-
cham in Nat. Antiq. Sp. quaderno, four
sheets of paper stitched together ; duerno,
two sheets so stitched. Du. quatern, ca-
tern, a few sheets stitched together ; Fr.
cahier, a. copy-book. OE. quair, a book.

Diez suggests a derivation from a sup-
posed codicarium.

-quire, -quis-. Lat. quaro, quasi-
tum (in comp. -quiro, -quisitum), to ask,
to seek, to labour to get, to procure.
Qticsrere victum, to get one's living.
Hence Acquire, Inquire, Require. Ex-
quiro, to search out, to inquire diligently;
exquisitus, much searched for, exquisite.

Quirk. A shift, or cavil. — B. Pro-
perly a quick turn. e. dial, quirk, to
turn.

And by the bam side we saw many a mouse
Quirking round for the kernels that littered
about. — Clare in Mrs Baker. .

Quit. — Quite. — Bequite. — Acquit.

QUIVER

The Lat. quietus, at rest, was specially
applied to the sense of free from any
claim of another party. ' Et accepi pre-
tium ego venditor a te emptore meo — et
finitum pretium testor apud me habere,
ita tamen ut omnibus temporibus securus
et quietus maneas.' ' Libera et quieta in
perpetuam eleemosynam tenenda.'

Hence It. quieto, queto, a discharge
from legal claims ; quetare, to discharge,
absolve, acquit. Quietum clamare, to
quit claim, was to acknowledge another
to be freed from the demands of the
speaker. Acqtiietare was sometimes used
in the sense of quieting the demands of a
debtor, viz., by paying his debt or dis-
charging his claim. ' Tenentur hseredes
testamenta patrum — servare et debita
eorum acquietare.' Hence simply to pay.
' Petitum est ut Clerus adquietaret novem
millia marcarum.' Hence to quite or re-
quite a service is to pay it back, to dis-
charge the obligation incurred, to quiet
the claims to which it gave rise.

A quit rent, quietus redditus, is a rent
paid in money in discharge of services
which would otherwise be due.

The adverb quite, or quitely as it was
formerly written, signifies absolutely, dis-
charged from any condition which would
interfere with the full meaning of the
term to which it is applied.

Lo here this Arcite and this Palamon
That quitely weren out of my prison,
And might have lived in Thebes really.

Chaucer.

Quiver. OFr. quivre, G. k'dcher, Dan.
koger, Mod.Gr. KoiiKovpov, It. coccaro,
quiver ; Du. koker, case ; messen-, boog-,
piil-koker, a knife-, bow-, arrow-case, or
quiver. ■ Koker van den mast, the recep-
tacle in which the mast is stepped. Fin.
kukkaro, a purse.

David prit les armes d'or et les quivres d'or.—
Livre des Rois.

To Quiver. To shiver or shake.— B.
Related to quaver as quick to quake, and
parallel in sense and foim to Lat. vibrare.
The formally equivalent Sp. quebrar sig-
nifies to break, an idea the connection of
which with that of shaking is shown by
the expression of breaking a thing to
shivers. Du. kuyven, kuyveren, huy-
■vereti, to shiver, tremble. — Kil.

From the figure of moving to and fro,
quiver was used in the sense of active,
lively.

Thy quick and quiver wings. — Turberville.

Simeon — of body feble and impotente, but of
soule quiver and lustie. — Udal in R.

QUOIN

Quoin. Lat. cuneus, a wedge.

Q,uoit. E. dial, coit, to toss, to throw ;
Sc. coit, as Fr. cottir, to butt or strike
with the horns.

If thou dost not use these grape-spillers as thou
dost their pottle pots, quoit them down-stairs three
or four at a time. — WiUcins in R.

/ coyte, I play with a coyting-stone. —
Palsgr. The radical sense of tossing or
hurUng through the air seems preserved
in Fin. kuutta, a quoit ; kuutilo, a shut-
tlecock ; kuutilo-kiwi {kiwi, stone), a
white pebble, a chuckie-stane.

Quorum. A selection from enumer-
ated persons whose presence is required
to authorise the proceedings. From the
form of the appointment in Law Latin :
A B, CD, E F, &c., of whom (quorum)
AB, CD, &c., shall always be one. Or,
of whom at least such a number shall
always be present, &c.

Quota. — Quotient. Lat. quot, how
many ; quotiens, quoties, how often.

To Quote. To cite or note with chap-
ter and verse. Lat. quot, how many ;
quotus, what in number.

Quoth. The terms significative of
much or idle talking are commonly taken
from the sound of dabbling in water, or
from the chattering or cackling of birds.
Then, as the image from which a desig-
nation is taken is commonly a caricature
of the thing ultimately signified, the term
which originally signified much talking is
applied to talking in general. Thus Du.
lellen, to tattle, seems to point out the
origin of Gr. \akuv, to speak, while E.

RABBLE

S13

prate shows an earlier acceptation of the
word than Gr. ^paZ,uv.

The sound of dabbling in the wet is
represented in G. by the syllables quatsch,
or 7natsch. Qiiatsch-nass, so wet as to
give a sound, like water in the shoes, for
instance. In dem dreck henim quatschen,
to tramp through the dirt. Quatscheln,
to dabble. — Westerwald. Matsch und
quatsch, slush, soft mud, also senseless
chatter. Das ist lauter quitsch quatsch
was du sagst. Qiiatschen, to chatter..
With slight variation, Pl.D. quaddern,Xa
dabble — Brem. Wtb., Dan. quadder, soft
mud, the quacking of ducks, or their
snubbling in the wet, and according to
Diefenbach, chatter, tattle. In Harzge-
birg and Saterland, quaddern, to chatter
foolishly ; Brunsw. koddern, to tattle, to
talk ; Cimbr. koden, koden, to speak or
say. We arrive at the same 'end from
forms representing the chirping or chat-
tering of birds. Westerwald quitschern,
Sw. quittre, Dan. quiddre, Du. quedelen,
to twitter, warble — Kil., quetteren, to
chirp, warble, prattle. The connection
between the piping of birds and the high
tones of complaint or song lead to Sw.
quida, to lament, to cry ; qucsda, to
sing ; OSax. quithean, to lament ; ON.
queda, to sing, to recite, to say, to re-
sound ; AS. cwathan, Goth, quitha, to
say ; w. chwedlai, gossip, tattle ; chwedlf
report, news, a saying, story ; chwedleua,
to chatter, to talk, or discourse. Thieves'
cant, whids, words ; to whiddle, to tell
tales, to inform. — Grose.

Quotidian. Lat. quotidiamis j quo-
tidie, day by day ; quot diebus.

R

Rabbit. Rabet, young cony. — Pr. Pm.
CentralFr. rabotte. Wall, robett, Du.
robbe, robbeken, a rabbit. Fr. rabouil-
lire, a rabbit burrow, a hole.

To Rabbit. To channel boards. To
rebate, to channel, chamfer. — B. Rabat,
an yron for a carpentar, rabot. Rabet-
tyng of hordes, rabetture. I plane as a
joiner dothe with a plane or rabatte. —
Palsgr. Fr. rabot, a plane. The radical
image is a broken, rattling sound, repre-
sented by Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabdter
Qaubert), to rumble, rattle, clatter, whence
raboteux, rugged, rough, uneven, and ra-
boter, to remove the unevennesses, to

plane. In the same way, from Du. hob-
belen, to stutter, to jog, and thence hob-
belig, rough, uneven, we are led to G.
hobeln, to plane. From Du. rouw, rough ;
het taken rouwen, to take away the
roughness from cloth, to comb cloth.
The expression of the idea of roughness
from the figure of a rattling sound is
shown in Du. rampelen, to rumble, rattle,
rompelig, rough, uneven.

Rabble. Du. rabbelen, to gabble, gar-
rire, blaterare, precipitare sive confun-
dere verba — Kil. ; rabbel-taal, gibberish,
jargon. Swiss rdbeln, to clatter, make a
disturbance ; rdblete, grdbel, an uproar,
33

514

RABID

crowd of people, noisy disturbance ; ra-
belkilth, a loose assembly of young peo-
ple. Lat. rabulare, to bawl, make a
noise ; It; rabulare, to prattle, scold, to
rabble, to huddle.— Fl. Swab, rapplen,
to talk quick and unclearly, to be wrong
in the head.

The original sense is a noisy confusion
of voices, then a noisy crowd.

Thus, Father Travis, you may see my rashness
to rable out the scriptures without purpose, rime,
or reason. — Fox in R.

And after all the raskall many ran

Heaped together in rude rabblemeni. — F. Q.

See Rubbish, Rammel.

Balbicl. Lat. rabidusj rabies, mad-
ness.

Race. Used in several senses, which
may, however, all be derived from the
figure of ^violent action or rapid move-
ment.

In this fundamental signification we
have OE. race, to dash, to tear.

His bannerman Wallace slew in that place.
And soon to ground his baner down he race.
Wallace in Jam.

And in her swounde so sadly holdith she
Her child rin two, whan she gan them embrace,
That with grete slight and grete difficulte
The childerne from her armes they gan to race.
Clerk's Tale, 2124.

OFr. esracer, esracher, Fr. arracher, OE.
arace, to pluck off, pull down. Erased
(in Heraldry), anything violently torn off
from its proper place. — B. A race, or
dash with the pen, liture, rature ; to race
out (to strike out), rayer, effacer. — Cot.
G. reissen, to rage, to tear, to snatch.
Der wind reisst, tobet, brauset, rages,
roars ; reisst die ziegel von den ddchem,
hurls down the tiles from the roofs. Je-
manden nieder reissen, to dash one to the
ground ; sich reissen, to rush, move along
with a swift force, to tear along. Ein
reissender strain, a violent current. Riss,
a cut or blow with a stick, a rent, a
draught, sketch. Pol. raz, a stroke, blow,
cut ; Fin. raasia, to scratch, to tear ; AS.
hreosan, reosan, ON. hrasa, properly to
move with a noise, to rush, to fall ; AS.
■mycelum rcese, with great violence. A
race is then a rapid course, whether of
horses or of waters, or, with the significa-
tion softened down, simply course, the
current of events.

Bot gif yee weigh the mater Weill and consider
the race of the history. — Bruce in Jam.
ON. rds, a rapid course ; rds hesta, cursus
equorum ; rdsir dcEgra, cursus dierum ;
•vats rds, a watercourse, outlet of waters.
N. raas, course, stream ; rcesa, to go

RACK

straight forwards, to stream, flow in abund-
ance.

The sense of a violent current of water
is exemplified in Venet. rosa, Prov. rasa,
OFr. rase, a mill-race, the stream which
turns a mill, the characteristic feature of
which is the tail-race or agitated part be-
low the wheel, though the name is ex-
tended to the tranquil conduit above.

Another application is to currents pro-
duced by the conflict of tides in the sea,
as the Race of Aldemey, of Pentland.
Thai raysyt saile and furth thai far.
And by the mole thai passyt yar.
And entrit som into the rase,
Quhar that the stremys sa sturdy war.

Barbour in Jam .
Du. raes, Eestuarium. — Kil. Rase, as the
Rase of Bretayne, ras. — Palsgr. Race,
in the sense of breed, lineage, hne of de-
scent, Fr. race. It. razza, Sp. raza, has
been commonly derived from Sp. and
OFr. raiz, root, as signifying the root or
stock of the family.

Bon buijon de bon raiz
Et de haut p6re vaillant fiz.

Chron. Norm. ■^. 12738.

But probably Diez is right in rejecting
that derivation and connecting the word
with OHG. reiz, reiza, a line, in accord-
ance with Wal. tir, race, compared with
Fr. Here, line, row ; or AS. tuddor, race,
compared with Du. tudder, tuyer, tether,
strap, row ; or with Pl.D. toom, strap,
also progeny, race. He might however
have found a form more nearly connected
in OE. race, a dash or stroke with the pen,
the simplest type of a line. Sp. raza is
not only race, but a ray or line of light.

A Race of ginger is OFr. raiz, root.
It is written rasyn of ginger in Pr. Pm.
Fr. racine de gengimbre.

To Kack. I. To rack wines is to de-
cant, to draw them off the lees. Lang.
araca le bi, transvaser le vin. From
drdco or rdco, dregs, the husks and solid
remnants after pressing wine or oil. So
from Venet. morga, lees of oil ; morgante,
travasatore di olio. — Bberio. Fr. raque,
dirt, mire ; vifi raqu^, small or coarse
wine squeezed from the dregs of the grapes.
— Cot. Rache de goudron, dregs of pitch.
Fr. bourras, silk-rash (Cot.), i. e. the dregs
of silk.

2. To strain, to stretch. Du. rehkcn,
G. rechcii, to stretch. To rack one's brains
is to strain them ; rack rent is rent
strained to the uttermost.

You find it necessary to say as we say, and are
afterwards to rack and strain invention to find
out some subtle and surprising meaning for it. —
Waterland in R.

RACK

Eack. I. An instrument for stretch-
ing.

These bows were bent only by a man's imme-
diate strength without the help of any bender or
rack. — Wilkins in Worcester.

As the stretcher of a cross-bow was
provided with a series of teeth which held
the string while it was gradually drawn
onwards, the name of rack- or ratchet-
work is given to a row of teeth into which
the cogs of a wheel work.

2. Du. racke, reck-bancke, a frame on
which torture was inflicted by stretching
the joints ; recken, racken, to stretch, to
torture. — Kil. G. recken, to stretch ; einen
verbrecher atif der folterbank recken, to
put a criminal to the rack ; Sw. strdcka,
to stretch ; strdck bank, the rack.

3. A receptacle for hay formed of a
range of upright bars, and generally the
name seems to be given to any set of
linear things fixed parallel to each other
like the teeth of a comb or rake. Kplate-
rack is a frame for holding plates, com-
posed, like a hay-rack, of upright bars.
The term is then extended to frames for
holding other things in which the charac-
teristic feature of upright bars. is lost, as
in a bottle-rack. Pl.D. rakk, a book-
stand ; theerakk, glaserakk, a stand for
tea-things or glasses ; klederrakk, a row
of pegs for hanging clothes on. "Qvi.reke,
regge, a rake or comb — Biglotton ; Yak,
rek, a dresser, clothes-horse. — Halma.

On the same principle, Fr. r atelier, a
rack for hay, from rateau, Lat. rastellum,
a. rake, while G. raufe, an implement like
1 large comb, used in separating flax from
the seeds, is also used in the sense of a
Kay-rack,

4. The drift of the sky.

The winds in the upper region which move the
:louds above, which we call the rack, — Bacon in
R.

3Sw. wrceka, on. reka, to drive ; rek,

Irift, motion. Isinn er i reki, the ice is

Iriving ; skyrek, the rack or drifting

;louds.

Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun,

Not separated by the racking clouds. — H. VI.

sometimes confounded with reek, a mist,
)r vapour.

They must needs conceit that death reduces us
o a pitiful thin pittance of being, that our sub-
tance is in a manner lost, and nothing but a
enuious reek remains. — Mores Immortality of
he Soul.

Back. — Eackel. Rack, in the expres-
ions gone to rack, rack and ruin, is to
)e understood in the sense of crash,

RAFFLE

515

breakage ; gone to smash. Sc. rak,
crash, uproar.

They met in mell^ with ane felloun rak,
Quhill schaftis all to schudderis with anycrak.
D. V. 386, 14.

From the rutis he it lousit (the rock) and rent,
And tumblit doun fra thyne or he wald stent —
The river wod affrayit with the rak.
And demmit with the roUtis ran abak.

n. V. 249. 31.

Boh. 7-ochati, to make a crash ; Fin. rack-
kid, cum strepitu concutio, fragorem edo.
E. dial, rackle, to rattle. From this source
seems to spring OE. rakyl, rackle, impetu-
ous, unbridled, rash.

Kacket. Noise as of things knocking
about, disturbance. Sc. rack, crash,
shock ; Rouchi raque, expression repre-
senting the noise made in striking the
hands together. Boh. rachotiti, to make
a noise ; rachoceni, crash, noise. Gael.
rac, to tear, sound as things tearing ; ra-
caid, noise, disturbance, blow on the ear.

To racket about is to move noisily
about, and hence the name of racket was
given to the game of tennis, in which the
ball is violently driven to and fro, and
ultimately to the bat or racket, Fr. ra-
quette, used in striking the ball.

And though I might, yet I would not do so.
But canst thou plaieii racket to and fro,
Nettle in, dock out, now this, now that, Pan-
dare ? — Chaucer,

Thus like a tennis ball is poor man racketed
from one temptation to another, — Dr Hewet in
R.

Kacy. Flavorous, pungent. — Worces-
ter. Race and raciness in wine signifies
a kind of tartness. — Blackstone in R.
Brisk racy verses. — Cowley.

The radical meaning of the word is that
of Fr. piquant, inciting, appetising, from
G. reizen, Sw. reta, to provoke, entice,
allure. Reta smaken, piquer l& gout ; re-
tande, charming, appetising. Bav. ras-
sen, incitare ; rass. Swab, ress, sharp in
taste, pungent ; zapf-rasser wein, wine
fresh from the tap ; der rassling, agari-
cus deliciosus. — Schm. OHG. rdzer win,
racy wine. Swiss rdss, sharp,- cutting,
astringent ; rdsses messer, rdsser wind,
rdsse lauge.

Kadiant. — Radiate. Lat. radio, to
send out rays or beams of light. See
Ray.

Radical. Lat. radix, the root.

Radish. Fr. radis, Walach. radike,
It. radice, G. rettig, from Lat. radix, root.

Raffle. It. raffio, a hook, or drag ;
raffolare, to rake, drag, scrape together
by hook or crook, to rifle for. — Fl, Raf-
33 *

5.6

RAFT

fola-ruffola, riffraff, by hook or crook.
Fr. rafler, to scrape or scratch, to catch
or seize on violently ; faire une rafle, to
rifle, sweep all away before them ; jeter
une rafle, to throw three dice alike, as
three aces, &c., to. win all. on. hrafla, to
scrape together ; It. arraffare, to grab ;
G. raffen, to rake together, to take away
everything by force and violence ; Piedm.
rafa, G. raffgut, spoil, pillage.

To raff was formerly used in our own
language in the sense of scraping or
raking.

Now that churchales ought to be sorted in the
better ranks of these twaine may be gathered from
their causes and effects, which I thus raffe up
together. — Carew in R.

Hence raff, riffraff, scraping, scum, re-
fuse, the refuse of society; r^QSkerake),
a debauched, unprincipled person. In
another application, raff is a scraping
together, a confused heap.

The Synod of Trent [was called] to settle a
reffoi errors and superstitions. — Barrow in R.

Kaft.— Kafter. A raft is a float made
of spars of wood. Raff-merchant, a tim-
ber merchant. — Brockett. Rafter, apiece
of timber for building — B., but especially
one of the spars of a roof. ON. raftr, a
pole, stake, small beam ; Dan. raft, a
long thin piece of timber, spar, lath, pole ;
humleraft, a hop pole. Fris. rafte, dach-
raff, a lath ; Swab, raf rafen, a spar,
especially roof spar ; Bav. rafen, the roof
spar, also young stem of tree fit to make
a rafter. Rafuun, capriuns ; ravo, tignus,
luctans, asser. — Gl. in Schm.

The name is probably connected, as
Outzen suggests, with Fris. rabb, Du. ribb,
ribbe, Sw. ref a rib, from the rib-like ap-
pearance of the timber used in roofing.

Rag. The primary meaning is proba-
bly a jag or projecting piece, the word
being formed on precisely the same prin-
ciple as jag or shag. Sw. ragg, long
coarse hair, like that of goats ; raggig,
shaggy ; Dan. rage, to project ; Lith.
ragas, horn, projecting corner, tooth of a
wheel. The radical image seems to be a
harsh broken sound, the representation
of which is applied in a secondary sense
to signify an abrupt, reciprocating move-
ment, the path traced out during such a
movement, or finally, a single element of
that path, an abrupt projection.
My voice is ragged, I know I cannot please you.

As You Like It.
In the original sense. It. ragghiare, to
bray like an ass, to make a harsh broken
sound ; rugghiare, to roar ; Swiss r&g-
gen, to make harsh disagreeable sounds

RAIL

in speaking or singing ; riiggig, hoarse ;
Esthon. raggisema, to crackle ; Magy.
regetni, rekegni, to croak ; Dan. rcegle, to
rattle in the throat. Then passing to the
idea of motion, Sw. raggla, to totter, to
make zigzags ; ragglande, zi^z2igs. — Nord-
forss. N. rigga, rigla, rugga, rugla, to
rock, waver, hang loose. Da. dial, rcegle,
rigle, torn hanging rag, tatter ; raggeret,
ragged. Gael, rag, stiff, rigid, also a rag,
a wrinkle ; ragach, ragged, wrinkled.

AS. hracod, torn ; Gael, rac, to tear ;
racadh, act of tearing, or of sounding as
cloth in the act of tearing, seem radically
distinct notwithstanding the similarity of
meaning.

Rage. Lat. rabies. It. rabbia, Sp. Prov,
rabia, Ptg. rabia, ravia, Sicilian raggia,
Fr. rage, rage. Ptg. raivar, Prov. raviar,
raujar, ratjarj enrabiar, enrapjar, enrat-^
jar, to rage.

The radical image is probably the
senseless utterance of a madman. Du.
rabbelen, to gabble ; G. rappeln, to rattle ;
Swab, rapplen, to speak in a quick and
confused way, to be cracked in the head.
— Schmid. See Rave.

Ragout. A highly seasoned dish. Fr.
ragouter, to restore the appetite, from
gout, Lat. gustus, taste ; ragout, sauce
to stimulate the appetite and restore the
taste for food. — Trevoux.

Rail. I. A bar or strip of wood, metal,
&c. A word of diminutive or frequenta-
tive form, from It. riga, a streak, line,
ruler ; Prov. rega, a line, furrow ; Piedm.
riga, a line, ledge, rod, thin slip of wood,
ruler ; Pl.L). rige, rege, a row or string.
From forms like these we pass to Du.
regel, a row or line ; Pl.D. regel, G. riegel,
a bar, bolt, rail ; riegelholz, timber for
rails or bars. Fr. rayaux [sing. rayal\
bars, or long and narrow pieces of metal.
— Cot. The Cat. form is ralla, a line,
whence passar ralla, to cancel, to be com-
pared with Lat. cancelli, rails. Rouchi
roie, line, furrow ; roile, line, window- or
chimney-shelf Norm, railer, to score,
to draw lines ; railette, the division of the
hair ; roile du dos, the backbone. See
Ray.

2. Fr. rasle, rdle, Fin. rddkkd, W. cre-
genyryd, the rail or corncrake, a bird of
peculiar harsh note, represented by the
foregoing names. It. ragliare, to bray
like an ass ; Ptg. ralhar, to grate ; Dan.
reegle, G. rocheln, Fr. rosier, rdler, to
rattle in the throat.

3. AS. hrcegel, rcegel, a garment ; nihtes-
^r(Sg»/, a night-rail, night-clothes ; hrcegel-
hus, vestr)'. ohg. hragil, indumentum,

RAIL

cothurnus, tropasa, spolia ; gihragilon,
ornare ; anthragilon, exuere. Grisons
ragila (in a depreciatory sense), clothes,
children's clothes, ragged clothes ; rag-
liun, a. ragged person. Other cases in
which the designation of clothes is taken
from a rag are given under Hater and
Duds.

To Bail. I. To use opprobrious
words. — B. Fr. railler, to jest, sport,
deride, mock, scoff at. — Cot. Dan. ralle,
to rattle ; N. ralla, radla, radda, rassa,
to tattle, jabber. Da. dial, ralde, 7-aUe,
to rattle, to talk idly. ' Jeg troer du ral-
ler,' you are joking, said to one who tells
an improbable story. Du. r alien, rellen,
blaterare, garrire, jocari. — KiU Pl.D.
rallen, to make a great noise as children
playing, to sound as the waves beating
on the shore. — Brem. Wtb.

2. To trickle, as tears, or blood from a
wound.

The purple drops down railed purple red.
Fairfax in R.

From the unsteady trembling movement
of trickling drops. Du. rillen (for rid-
delen — Weiland), trillen, grillen, to
tremble, shiver. To trill, it will be ob-
served, is also used in the sense of to
trickle. Fr. griller, to shiver, also to
trickle, steal, run glib along. — Cot.

Baiment. See Array.

Bain. as. rcsgn, regn, ren, G. regen,
Fris. rein, Goth, rign.

To Baise. To cause to rise. Goth.
urreisan, — rais, — risun, to stand up ;
raisjan, urraisjan, to raise, to rouse, on.
reisa, to go, to excite, to raise. At reisa
flock, to raise a tumult ; — Ms, to build a
house ; — dfcetr, to set up. Rlsa, to rise.

The primary origin is probably rasa,
to go straight forwards, to rush, to move
with violence ; ras, precipitancy, fall.
AS. reosan, hreosan, to rush, to fall. See
Race.

Baisiu. Fr. raisin, Prov. razim, ra-
zain, grape, Lat. racemus, Sp. racimo, a
bunch of grapes.

Bake. i. From the noise of raking
or scraping. Bret, raka, graka, to make
noise in rubbing a hard and rough body,
to cluck, croak ; Gael. rd.c, rake, harrow,
make a noise like geese or ducks. ON.
raka, to scrape. Sw. raka, to shave, to
make a disturbance ; rakande, noise, dis-
turbance. Fr. racier, to scrape, rasp,
grate, rake. Du. raeckelen, raecken, to
rake. Maori rdkurdku, to scrape or
scratch, an implement to scrape with, a
rake, small hoe.

2, In the sense of a dissipated person

RAKEHELL 517

or profligate, is commonly supposed to
be a contraction from rakehell, but in
the first instance it may have signified
nothing worse than noisy merry-making.

Than all thay leuche upon loft with laiks full

mirry,
And raucht the cop round about full of ryche

wynis,
And raiket lang, or thay wald rest, with ryatus

speiche. — Dunbar in Jam.

Bret, raka is used of many kinds of im-
portunate noise, to cackle like a fowl, to
croak, and figuratively to babble, tattle.
Swed. raka, to riot about ; rakande, riot-
ing, disturbance, noise, Dessa kattorna
hafwa rakat der forfarligen hela natten
igenom : these cats have kept a horrible
racket all night through. Raka omkring,
to rove about. — Widegren. Racka, to
run about. Racka bestindigt fram och
tilbaka, to keep running to and fro ; racka
omkring hela Paris, to run about all
Paris. To rake, to gad or ramble idly — ■
Forby ; to rove or run about wildly as
children. — Mrs Baker.
And right as Robartes men raken aboute
At feyres and at full ales, and fyllen the cuppe.
P. P. Crede, 143.

Sc. raik, to range, wander, rove at large.
A lang raik, a long extent of way ; sheep-
raik, a sheep-walk.

The radical notion may probably be a
sweep or rapid movement over a surface.'
Sw. raka af, to run off, to brush away ;
rak, straight ; Craven raik, raitch, a
streak, scratch; Du. recken, strecken, to
stretch ; streke, a stroke, streak, extent,
tract, course ; Sw. strek, a dash, stroke,
streak, line ; Sc. straik, to rub gently, to
stroke, to spread butter or plaister ; a
straik, an extent of country ; a lang
straik, a long excursion on foot ; upd"
straik, in motion, in a state of activity.
With Sterne staves and stronge thei over lond

straieth.—P. P. Creed.
LoUeres lyvynge in sleuthe, and over lond stryken*

P. P.

G. 'streichen, to rub, to stroke, to sweep
along, move rapidly along or away, to
wander, ramble, rove, or run about, to
extend in length. Sw. stryka, to stroke,
rub, wipe, move along.. Stryka omkring,
to rove about ; —fdrbi, to graze, to shave ;
— ut, to strike out, draw a line through
writing to efface it.

Bakehell. Rendered by Minsheu,
taugenichts, furcifer; a profligate, the
scrapings of hell.

Such an ungracious couple [Domitian and
Commodus] as a man shall not find again if he
raked all hell for them. — Ascham in R.
On the same principle are formed Pl.D.

5i8

RALLY

hollenbessem, hell-besom (Danneil), Du.
helleveeg {veegen, to sweep), terms of
abuse, especiSly for an angry violent
woman, a shrew, a vixen.

It is sometimes supposed that rakehell
is a mere corruption of Fr. racaille, the
base and rascal sort, the dregs or offals
of any company — Cot., a word signifying
simply scrapings, off-scourings, from Bret.
raka, P1.D. raoken, to scrape ; as rascal,
from It. rascare; Fr. raspaille, Du. raep-
alje, the scum of the people, from It.
raspare, Fr. rdper, Du . raepen, to scrape.
And doubtless the two words were con-
founded in our older writers, and rakehell
written where only rascal is meant.

And far away amid their rakehell bands

They spied a lady left all succourless. — F. Q.

In record whereof I scorn and spew out the
rakehelly rout of our ragged rhymers. — Spenser
inR.

The confusion is increased by the re-
semblance in sound and meaning of the
Oe. rakel, rackyl, impetuous, unbridled,
passionate.

The jolly woes, the hateless short debate,
The rakehell\\le, that longs to love's disport.
Siurey in R.

See Rack, Rackle.

To Bally. • i. Fr. railler. See Rail.

2. Fr. rallier (Lat. religare), to re-as-
semble, re-unite, gather dispersed things
together. — Cot. Rouchi raloier, to put
together the bits of a broken thing.
Eftsoones she thus resolved —
Before they could new counsels realize. — F. Q.

Ham. Du. ram, Bav. ramm, rammer,
G. ramm, ram-men, rammel, the male
sheep. Commonly derived from the
■ strong smell of the animal. E. dial, ram,
acrid, fetid ; Dan. ram, rank in smell or
taste, as old cheese, or a he-goat ; ON,
andramr, one whose breath smells ill.
But it is more probable that the word is
a special application of a general term
signifying originally the male of animals,
from OHG. rammalon, G. ram?neln, to
cover the female, said of sheep, hares,
rabbits, cats, &c. ; rammler, the male of
such kind of animals ; mhg. rammelcere,
a ram ; rammelcsrin, dissoluta virgo.
See To Ramble.

: To Ram. To strike like a ram with
his head, to thrust in. So Dan. bukke, to
ram, from buk, a buck or he-goat, an
animal equally prone with a ram to but-
ting with the head. At rammepcele ned,
at bukke pale, to drive in piles. Raynbuk,
a rammer. Lat. aries, a battering-ram.

Ramage. Fr. espervier ramage, a
brancher, a ramage hawk, — Cot. From

RAMBLE

ramage, boughs, branches, of or belong-
ing to branches; also ramage, haggard,
wild, homely, rude.— Cot. It. ramo, a
branch ; ramigno, . branchy ; ramingo;
ramengo, 3. ramage hawk.

Ramas. In Pembrokeshire a rigma-
role, a string of nonsense. Dan. ramse,
remse, string of unmeaning words, rigma-
role ; at lare paa ramse, to learn by rote.
At ramse noget op, to repeat a thing in a
monotonous way without reference to
sense, to say by rote. Sw. e7i lang ramsa
aford, une kyrieUe de mots. — Nordforss.

Sc. rammes, to ro3.r,rame,to cry aloud,
to roar ; rame, a cry, especially when the
same sound is repeated. ' He has ay ana
rame^ when he continues to cry for the:
same thing, or to repeat the same sound.
— Jam. Fr. ramas, a heap, medley, min-
glemangle, probably belongs to this head,
signifying originaUy a confused noise.
Cette histoire n'est qu'un ramas d'impos-
tures. Fr. ramage, the song of birds,
chatter of children, is another shoot from
the same stock. Quel ramage font ces
enfans la ! Rabdcher, to make a tedious
repetition.

To Ramble, i. The syllables ram,
rom, rum, are used in a numerous class
of words framed to represent continued
multifarious noise, clatter, and then ap-
plied to the sense of noisy, riotous, ex-
cited action. We may cite E. dial, rame,
to cry aloud ; Lat. rumor, murmur, noise,
confused sound ; It. rombare, rombaz-
zare, rombeggiare, rombolare, to rumble,
clash, clatter ; G. rumor, a noise, bustle,
clamour, tumult, commotion; Westerwald
rafnmoren, Austrian romotten, Hamburgh.
ramenteii, to make a clatter, make a dis-
turbance ; E. dial, rammaking, behaving
riotously and wantonly ; ramracketing, a
country rout where there are many noisy
amusements ; Sw. ramla, to rattle ; Du.
rammelen, to rattle, chink, clash. De
rammeling der wapenen, the clash of
weapons ; nut geld rammelen, to clink
with money. Ramincleti is then applied
to tumultuous, noisy action ; perstrepere,
tumultuari. — Kil. Mit jilngen mdgden
rammlen, to sport with girls ; sich im
bette rammeln, to rout about in bed.
' Tanzen and rammeln^ ' Ball spielen,
laufen und rammelu.'— ^Sanders. Next
from the excited action of animals pairing,
G. rammeln is specially applied to the
pairing of animals, as hares, rabbits, cats,
sheep. The wild conduct of hares under
this influence is witnessed by the proverb,
' as mad as a March hare.' ' Wenn die
hasen rammeln, so jagen sie einander

RAMIFY

herum.' ' Derim Marz rammelnd^ii k;it-
zen.' — Sanders. Du. rammelcn, lascivire,
catulire, efferari libidine, et domo relictS,
vagari. — Kil. Rammeler, u male rabbit,
and a libidinous man, a sense in which e.
rambler also is vulgarly used. Sc. ram-
mis, to go about in a state approaching to
frenzy under the impulse of any powerful
appetite ; to rammis about like a cat, to
be rammising with hunger. — Jam.

The sense of wandering up and down
is derived from the notion of noisy move-
ment, disturbance, agitation. Du. ram-
melen, rommelen, strepere, turbare ; rom-
melen (inquit Becanus) robust^ et cele-
riter sursum deorsum, ultro citroque se
movere. — Kil.

In his sieve — he had a silver teine,
Heslily tokeit out this cursid heine, —
And in the pannes bottom he it lafte,
And in the water rambled to and fro,
And wonder privily toke up also
The copper teine. — Canon Yeoman's Tale.
The people cried and romhled up and doun.

Monk's Tale.

The same train of thought is shown in N.
rangla, to rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to
ramble, wander about ; Dan. ralde, to
rattle ; N. ralla, to tattle ; of beasts, to
rut, to be on heat, also to ramble or gad
about.

2. To ramble, in the sense of being de-
lirious, talking in an incoherent way, is
probably not from the figure of wandering
in speech, but from the primitive sense of
rattling, clattering ; Sw. ramla, to clatter,
to tattle, analogous to Sc. clash applied to
idle talk ; Du. rammelen, to talk idly,
loosely, confusedly, rabbelen, kakelen —
Halma ; remelen, delirare, ineptire. — Kil.
Comp. ralleii, rellen, strepere, garrire,
blaterare, deliramenta loqui. — Kil.

Ramify. Lat. ramus, a bough or
branch.

Bammel. — Rubble. — Rubbish. Ram-
mel, rubbish, especially bricklayer's rub-
bish, stony fragments.

To rammel or moulder in pieces, as sometimes
mud walls or great masses of stones will do of
themselves. — Florio in Hal.

Sw. rammel, rattle, clatter; rammel af
stenar som falla ur muren, rattle of stones
falling out of the wall ; ramla, to rattle,
to fall with a crash. Stenar ramlade af
berget, stones rattled down from the moun-
tain. Ramla omkull som en mur, to
tumble down as a wall. e. dial, rames,
ruins, rentmants. An old rames of a
house.

In the same way from the parallel form
Du. rabbelen, to gabble (properly to rattle.

RAMP

S19

a:s shown in Pl.D. rabbel, bustle — Dan-
neil, rabbeltasch, a rattle, a great talker —
Schiitze), is formed E. rubble, what comes
rumbling down, the ruins of old walls.
' Rzibbell ■or brokell of old decayed houses.'
— Huloet. 'Rubble, as mortar and broken
stones of old buildings.' — Baret.

On the same principle Rubbish (com-
monly explained as what comes off by
rubbing) is from Fr. rabascher, rabaster,
rdbalter, to rumble, rattle ; rabaschement,
a rumbling or terrible rattling. — Cot. So
from the form rabaster, Lang, rabastos,
silk rubbish, remnants of silk spinning.
Comp. Pl.D. rabakkeii, to rattle ; een
oold rabak, an old ruinous house or fur-
niturej a rattle trap. Pl.D. rabusch (pro-
nounced as Fr. rabouge), confusion.

To Ramp. — Romp. — Rampage. It
is shown under Ramble that the element
ram or rom is used to represent noise in
a long series of words signifying noisy,
riotous, excited action. The radical sense
is shown in It. rombare, rombazzare, rom-
beggiare, to rumble, clash, clatter ; Du.
rammelen, to rattle, clash, clink, then in
a further developed sense, perstrepere,
tumultuari. — Kil. G. raminelen, to rout
about, to sport in an excited manner, to
caterwaul. The It. rombazzare, rombeg-
giare, may be identified with MHG. ram-
biieze, spring widely about — Zarncke, and
with E. rampage, to be riotous, to scour
up and down, rampadgeon, a furious,
boisterous, or quarrelsome fellow — Hal.,
while Hamburgh ramenten, to make a
clatter, corresponds to Lincolnsh. ram-
pantous, overbearing ; and It. rampegare,
rampicare, to clamber or grapple, to E.
rammaking, behaving riotously and wan-
tonly.— Hal. From the syllable ram or
ramp, which lies at tlie root of all these
forms, springs the verb to ramp or romp,
signifying unrestrained bodily action,
throwing about the limbs, scrambling,
jumping about, pawing.

And if that any neighebour of mine

Wol not in chirche to my wife incline,

Or be so hardy to hire to trespace.

Whan she cometh home she rampeth in my face,

And ciyeth, False coward wreke thy wife.

Chaucer, Monk's Prologue.
Yet is this an act of a vile and servile mind, to
honour a man while he lived — and now that
another had slain him, to be in such an exceed-
ing jollity withal- as to ramp in manner with
both their feet upon the dead, and to sing songs
of victory, &c. — North, Plut. in R.

It. rampare, rampegare, . rampeggiare, to
raihp, elamber, drag, or grapple, to paw
like a lion or a bear ; Fr. ramper, to
climb, to creep. ^.;, .

520

RAMPALLION

When Clare speaks of ramping wil-
lows, he conceives them as scrambling
about, pushing out their limbs in an ex-
cessive degree, growing luxuriantly, in
the same way that G. 7'ammeln, which
when used of children signifies tumbling
and tossing about, throwing about the
limbs, is also applied to plants in the
sense of shoot, spring, sprout. — Sanders.

A ra7np or romp is a young person of
unrestrained spirits, a girl noisy and bois-
terous in play. G. Mit jiingen magden
rammeln, to toy or romp with girls.

Kampallion. A coarse vulgar person.
Devonsh. rtimbullion, a great tumult. —
Hal. Castrais rainbal, confused noise,
bustle and movement of a house ; ram-
balha, to disturb, trouble ; ramboul, a
mess ; ramboulha, to disorder, turn topsy-
- tujvy. Comp. Sc. rallion, clattering,
noise, with rullion, a coarse masculine
woman. — ^Jam.

Kampart. — Rampire. Fr. rempar,
rempart, a rampier, the wall of a fortress ;
reniparer, to fortify. — Cot. It. riparare,
to ward off a blow ; riparo, a defence,
remedy, a rampier, fence, covert, place of
refuge. — Fl. See Parry.

B>aucour. — Rancid. — Rank. Lat.
rffiWiT^ti, It. riz««><;, to become rank, tainted,
or unpleasant in taste or smell. Rancore,
rancura, rancour, rage, spite ; rancorare,
to rancour, fester, rage, rankle. — Fl. Fr,
rand, musty, tainted, unsavoury, ill smell-
ing ; rancmur, rancour, hatred, rankling
despight. — Cot. CentralFr. rancmur, dis-
gust; ^afaitrancceur. 'Du..ransi,ranstig,
G. ransig, rancid.

Random. — Randon. The radical
meaning is impetus, violence, force. Ran-
doun, the swift course, flight, or motion
of a thing. — Jam.

He rod to him with gret randoum.

Beves of Hampton.
Then rode he este with grate randawne.
MS. in Hal.

The adverb at random is to be explained
as left to its own force, without external
guidance.

The gentle lady loose at randon left
The greenwood long did walk. — F. Q.

Fr. randon, force, violence ; de randon,
impetuously. — Roquef. Aller k grand
randon, to go very fast ; sang respandu
a gros randons,\s\QioA spilt in great gushes.
— Cot. Prov. randa, randon, effort, vio-
lence. Faitz es lo vers a randa, the verse
is made at one effort, at a blow. Las
regnas romp a un randon, he breaks
the reins at a blow. Cant ac nadat un

RANGER OF A FOREST

gran randon, when he hacl swum a good
bit. — Raynouard.

TJie radical image is the noise which
accompanies impetuous action. Fr. ran-
fanplan, rubadub, the beating of a drum.
Piedm. rabadan, ramadan, Gloucestersh.
randan, noise, bustle, uproar. It. ran-
dellare, to make a whirling noise, to turn
as a whirlwind, to hurl or fling furiously ;
randello, a violent hurling or whistling
noise in the air ; a randello, in flinging
manner, at random. — PI. OE. randall,
random. — Coles in Hal. Randy, bois-
terous, noisy, obstreperous. G. randal,
noise, uproar. — Sanders. E. dial, ran,
violence, force.

Range. — Rank. Fr. rang,reng,renge,
Prov. renc, rengua, Cat. renc, Lyonnese
ranche (Gl. Gdnev.), w. rhenc, Bret, renk,
Piedm. ran, rem, row, line, rank ; Fr.
ranger, to arrange, dispose, set in order ;
rangde, a rank, row ; Prov. rengar, arren-
gar, arrenjar, It. rangiare, to range or
set in order. Sc. r aing, ro^, line; to
raing, to rank up, to be arranged in line ;
also to go successively in line, to follow
in succession. ' The folks are rainging
to the kirk.' It. rangiare is used as E.
range, in the sense of making stretches
up and down. To range along the coast
is to move along the line of coast ; to
range over the country, to stretch over
the country in extensive sweeps.

The Britons rcnged about the field.

R. Brunne, 194.

And in two renges fayre they hem dresse.
Knight's Tale.

Diez' explanation from 7-ing, a circle of
listeners, is very unsatisfactory. In a
circle there is no priority, which is the
ruling idea in rank. It is far more pro-
bable that the origin is to be found in a
nasalised form of Du. recken, Sw. rdcka,
to stretch, to reach to. Du. recke, Sw.
rdcka, rank, line. /" en rdcka, at a stretch,
in a continued line. The range of a gun
is as far as the gun will reach. A range
of mountains is a stretch or line of moun-
tains, and a reach of a river is an analo-
gous expression, so far as it extends in
one direction.

Range. 2. mhg. viur-ram, a fire-
grate, kitchen range ; G. rahmen, a
frame.

Ranger of a Forest. So called be-
cause it is his duty to range up and down
in the forest [ad perambulanduiji quotidie
per terras deafforestatas — Manwood] to
see to the game, and the duty of the
keepers in their several walks. — Minsheu.

RAiNK

521

The guardians of the forest are termed
regardatores, inspectors, in the Charta de
Foresta, 9 H. III., rendered rangers in
the old translation of the Statutes, while
facere regardum is rendered, to make
range, or make his range. Now to make
range is not an English expression, and
certainly is not a translation oi facere re-
gardum, to make inspection. It is ob-
viously framed to correspond with the
name of the Ranger (by which the officer
was known in the time of the translation) in
the same way that the phrase facere re-
gardum corresponds to regardator in the
original, and therefore cannot be used in
support of Minsheu's derivation. The
probability is, as it seems to me, that the
name of ranger was taken from rama-
geur, the name by which the guardian of
the forest was known in France. The
right of cutting branches in the forest for
fodder or other purposes, and the duty
payable to the lord for the exercise of
the right, were called ramage, Mid.Lat.
ramagium, from ramus, branch. ' Ego
Audiernus dedi B. ramagiutn per omnes
buscos meos in curte de M. ad hoc
ut homines de C. accipiant ad omnes
necessitates suas.' — Chart, a.d. 1104 in
Due. Hence OFr. ramagetir, an officer
whose duty it was to look after the woods
and to receive the payments on account
of ramage. ' Pasturages communs sanz
en riens payer au ramagetir.' — Chart.
A.D. 1378 in Carp. The corruption from
ramageur to ranger will cause little diffi-
culty if we compare the Fr. raim, rain,
rains, rainche, a branch or stick, derived
from ram.us. Cut brushwood is still called
rangewood, or ringewood, in Northamp-
tonshire.— Mrs Baker.

It would be perfectly natural that the
superintendence of the game should be
given to the same officer whose business
was to look after the woods, and it might
easily happen that the J'ormer duty might
supersede the latter, as in-England, where,
according to Manwood, the ranger had
no care of vert, but only of venison. It
is not true however that such was the
case with the regardatores of the Forest
Charter.

Rank. The adj. rank is used in very
different senses, which however may per-
haps all be developed from the funda-
mental notion of violence or impetuosity
of action.

The seely man seeing him ride so rank,
And aim at him, fell flat to ground for fear.

F. Q.

Ah for pity ! will rank winter's rage

These bitter blasts never gin to assuage ?
Shepherd's Cal.
Of many iron hammers beating rank. — F. Q.
From the last quotation we readily pass
to the sense of frequent, closely set, ' As
rank as motes i' t' sun.' — Craven GI. And
generally the image of vigorous action
supplies the senses of strong in body,
luxuriant in growth, fully developed, ex-
cessive in any quality, strong in taste or
smell, harsh in voice, &c.

' In the mene tyme certane wycht and
rank men [viribus validiores] take hym
be the myddill.' — Bellenden, Boeth. in
Jam. ' Seven ears came up on one stalk,
rank and good.' — Gen. ' A rank modus.'
'Rank idolatry.' ' The rank vocit swanys.'
— D. V.

Precisely analogous senses are ex-
pressed by forms springing from the
parallel root ramp, ram,* representing
noisy, excited, violent action, as shown
under Ramble, Ramp. ON. rammr, ramr,
robust, strong ; r. rymr, a loud noise ;
ro7iim hildr, a sharp fight ; r. ast, vehe-
ment love ; ramr reykr, a sharp smoke ;
andramr, oi rank breath. In N. of E.
ram, fetid. ' He is as ram as a fox.'
Strong-tasted butter is said to be ram-
mish. — Craven Gl. N. ram, strong in
taste as old cheese, bold in speech, tho-
rough in respect of a. bad quality. Ein
ram kjuv, Sw. ram tjuf, a rank thief
Sw. ram lukt, rank smeU ; ram. bonde, as
Fr. un franc paysan, a mere boor. Dan.
vor ramme alvor, in good earnest ; at
tale ram Jydsk, as we should say, to talk
rank Cockney.

When frank Mess John came first into the camp,
With his fierce flaming sword none was so ramp.

Jam.

The term is then applied to the lux-
uriant growth of plants.
By overshadowed ponds in woody nooks.
With ramping sallows lined and crowding sedge.

Clare.

E. dial, rammily, tall, rank. — Hal. G.
rammeln (of plants), to spring, shoot,
sprout. — Sanders. Cimbr. rammele, twig.
It. rampollo, a bud, sprig, branch.

With nk or ng instead of mp or m, in
the radical syllable, as in E. shrink, com-
pared with G. schriimpfen, we have Da.
rangle, to rattle, jingle ; N. raiigla, to
rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to wander
about ; G. ranke/t, rankern, rdnkeln (San-
ders), rangen (Brem. Wtb.), to sport
noisily, run wildly about, tumble about,
romp ; ranken (of the sow), to be on heat.
Ranken is also said of plants which cling
to or climb up other bodies by means of

522

RANSACK

their filaments. Die gurken rankeii auf
der erde fort, the cucumbers scramble,
ramp, creep, or grow along the ground.
Ranke, ranken, a branch, tendril, twining
sprigs of vines or hops. — Kiittn.

To Kansack. on. rannsaka, Sw, ran-
saka, to search thoroughly, to search for
stolen goods. Gael, rannsaich, Manx
ronnsee, search, rummage. Ihre explains
the first syllable from Goth, razns, on.
rann, a house, comparing the word with
Lomisard salisuchen {sal, a dwelling), G.
haussuchen, Fris. hamsekene, a searching
or an attack of a house. It may possibly
be from the figure of a hog rooting with
his snout. ON. rani, snout of a hog ;
rannadr, snouted.

Ransom. Fr. ranqon, OFr. raani;on,
raenqon, raention — Roquef , from Lat. re-
emptio, a purchase back. Redemptioii is
the same woi^ with insertion of the eu-
phonic d.

To Bant. — Bantipole. To rant, to
rage, rave, or swagger — B. ; to drink or
riot.— Hal.

Let's drink and rmit and merry make.

Craven GI.

Ranty, wild, frisky, riotous. Randy,
boisterous, obstreperous, disorderly —
Brockett, also lecherous, on heat. — Hal.
Luxuriari, gogel sein, rant haben.. —
Schmeller. G. ransen, ranten, to make a
noise, move noisily about ; den ganzen
tag im hofe herum ranzenj im bette
herum ranzeii, to rout about. Ranzen
in sportman's language is used of dogs
and wild animals on heat. Bav. ranten,
to play tricks ; sich ranten, to swagger ;
ju-ranten, to jodel, to cry jti ! Swab.
rande, jiinger rande, a young sportive
person ; randlen, to sport, muthwillen
treiben ; rantschen, to ramble idly about ;
Du. ranzen, to caterwaul, be on heat ;
randen, randten, delirare, ineptire, insa-
nire. — Kil. In Franconia and Silesia
rant is 'noise, uproarj according to Frisch.
See Ramble, Rank, Romp.

Rap.— Rape. — Rapid. The syllable
rap is used in the first instance to repre-
sent the sound of a blow or hard knock,
and then to signify whatever is done with
the violence or quickness of a blow.
Rouchi rapasse, a volley of blows ; Mod.
Gr. pairlZui, to smite. Sw. rapp, blow,
stroke, and as an adj. prompt, active,
operating like a blow. Dan. rap, quick,
swift, brisk ; rappe dig, make haste.
And Ich comaunde quath the kynge to Con-
science thenne,
Rafpe thee to ryde, and Reson that thou fette.

P. P. in R.

RARE

OE. rape, haste.
So oft a day I mote thy werke renew
It to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape,
And all is thorow thy negligence and rape.
Chaucer to his scrivener.

To rap out oaths is to utter them with
violence and haste like a volley of blows.
Lat. rapere, to seize with violence ; rapi^
dus, occupying a short space of time like
a blow, quick. Rapt with joy, rapt in
admiration, signify carried away with the
emotion. Bav. rappen, to snatch. I
rappe, I ravysshe. — Palsgr. In rap and
ran, to get by hook or crook, to seize
whatever one can lay hands on, the word
is joined with the synonymous ON. rdn,
rapine. / rap or rende, je rapine. —
Palsgr. To rap and renne. — Chaucer.
To get all one can rap and run. — Coles
in Hal. ON. rdn ok hrifs {hrifs, robbery)
is used in the same way. Leida vikin-
gum rdn ok hrifsan, to thoroughly plun-
der the vikings. Kilian has raep, coUec-
tio, raptura. Manx raip, to rend or tear.
See Rend.

Rapacious. — Rapine. — Rapture.
Lat. rapio, raptuni, to seize, take by vio-
lence.

Rape. I. Fr. r&fe, marc de raisin,
the stalks and husks of grapes in the
wine-press. — Jaubert. Properly the scrap-
ings, refuse. Lang, raspal, a besom ; ras-
palia, to sweep ; Du. raepen, colligere,
levare, auferre — Kil., raepalie, refuse, rub-
bish.

2. A division of the County of Sussex.
ON. h>-eppr, N. repp, a district.

3. Fr. rapt, a ravishing or taking by
violence ; Lat. rapio, raptuin.

Rapier. Fr. rapiire, a long sword for
thrusting, a word commonly used in a
depreciatory sense. From Sp. raspadera,
a raker (Neum.), demiespadon pour rac-
ier (Taboada), as if we called it a poker.
Rapiere, Spanische sworde. — Palsgr. 908.

Rapparee. A wild Irish plunderer, so
named from the rapary or half-pike with
which he was armed. — Burnet.

Was it not the priests that were the original of
the Rapparecs? Did they not enjoin every one
upon pain of excommunication to bring a rapary
or half-pike in his hand to mass? — Essay for the
Conversion of the Irish, Dub. 1698, in N. & Q.

Ir. ropaire, a rapier, doubtless from the E.

Rare. i. — Rarefy. — Rarity. Lat.
rams, thin, scarce.

Rare. 2. Raw, underdone. — Hal. In
the U.S., according to Lowell, rare or
raredone is the ordinary term used in that
sense. It is well explained by that author
(Biglow Papers, II. Series, xxxi.) as a

RASCAL

contraction from rather, signifying too
quickly done, too soon taken from the
fire. The same form is seen in rare ripe,
early ripe. Devon rare, early. — Hal.
The elision of th between vowels is very
common, as in whe'r for whether, smore
from smother, or (G. oder) from other, &c.

Rascal. The meaning of rascal is the
scrapings and refuse of anything. Ras-
caly or refuse, whereof it be, caducum. —
Pr. Pm. Rascall, refuse beasts. — Palsgr.
N. raska, to scrape ; rask, offal, remnants
of fish or the like. Sp. rascar, raspar, It.
rascare, to scrape.

In like manner from Bret, raka, Fr.
racier, r&per, Du. raepen, to scrape, are
derived Fr. racaille, the rascality, or base
and rascal sort, the scum, dregs, offals,
outcasts [scrapings] of any company —
Cot., Du. racalie, raepalie, the dregs of
the people. — Bigl. Kil. Yorkshire rag-
galy, villanous. — Hal. Da. rage to rake,
scrape ; rageri, trumpery, trash.

The imitative character of the words
signifying scraping is shown by their ap-
phcation to the act of hawking or clearing
the throat, in which a similar sound is
produced. It. raschiare, rastiare, ras-
care, rassare, to scrape, also to keck hard
for to cough or fetch up phlegm from the
lungs. — Fl. ON. rcBskia, screare cum
sonitu. Sp. raspar, to scrape, may be
compared with G. rduspern, to hawk ; It.
recere, to retch, with G. rechen, to rake ;
ON. hrcekia, to hawk, with E. rake ; Dan.
harke, to hawk, with Du. harcken, to
rake ; Ptg. escarrar, to hawk, with G.
scharren, to scrape.

Rase. rase. Lat. rado, rasum, to
scrape.

Rash. G. rasch, quick, impetuous,
spirited. Rasches pferd,^. spirited horse ;
rascher wind, fresh wind ; rasches feuer,
brisk fire. Bav. rosch, resch. Swab, raisch,
fresh, lively, quick ; on. roskr, acer, stre-
nuus, validus. A rasch carle, a man
vigorous beyond his years. — Jam. Pl.D.
rask, risk, quick, brisk ; Sw. en ung ras-
kerkerl, a brisk young fellow ; Pol. rseski,
brisk, smart, lively.

The word is formed on the same prin-
ciple as the adj. rank above explained,
from a representation of the sound ac-
companying any violent action, for which
purpose the Germans in common life
make use, according to Adelung, of the
exclamations rr/ hurr t ritsch/ raisch.'
Hence many verbal forms approaching
each other more or less closely. G. rau-
schen, to rustle, roar, to rush, or move
swiftly with noise and bustle. ON. raska.

RASPBERRY

523

ruska, strepere, turbare, violare. Fridr
raskadiz, the peace was broken ; taumar
raskiz, the reins are broken. Sp. rasgar,
to tear ; rasgo, a dash of the pen, a stroke.
AS. rascian, stridere, vibrare ; Sc. rasch,
dash, collision.

Enee — and Turnus samyn in fere
Hurllis togiddir with thare scheildis Strang-,
That for grate raschis al the heuinnis rang.

D. V.

To rash, to do anything with hurry or
violence, to tear or throw down, to snatch,
to rush.

There Marinell great deeds of arms did shew —
Rushing off helms and riving plates asunder.

F.Q.

I missed my purpose in his arm, rasht his
doublet sleeve, ran him close by the left cheek. —
B. Jonson in R.

To rash through a darg, to hurry through
a day's work. — Jam. I rasshe a thing
from one, I take it from hym hastily, Je
arache. — Palsgr. See Race.

A rash is an eruption or breaking out
of the skin,i. e. the breaking out of an
humour, according to the old doctrine.

Rasher. A rasher of bacon is a slice
of broiled bacon.

The syllable rash represents the sound
of broiling or frizzling. Bav. rdschpfann,
a frying-pan ; gerdsch, a fritter ; reschen,
to fry. — Schm. E. dial, rash, to burn in
cooking.

The term rash is provincially applied
to things that rustle in moving, as corn
in the straw which is so dry that it easily
falls out in handling. — Hal. Bav. rbsch,
resch, crackling, crisp, like fresh pastry,
dry hay, straw, frozen snow.

To Rasp. The harsh sound of scraping
is represented by various similar syllables,
rasp, rask, rastj Sp. raspar, rascar, to
rake, scrape ; It. rascare, raschiare, ras-
tiare, to scrape, to hawk or spit up phlegm
with a harsh noise. The same two mean-
ings are united in E. rasp and G. rduspern,
to hawk. Bav. raspen, to scrape upon a
fiddle, to scrape together; raspeln, to
rattle, to scrape together. — Schm.

From the root rast, Lat. rastnim, a
harrow, rastellum; Bret, rastel, Fr. rd-
teau, a rake ; ratelier, a hay-rack.

Raspberry. Formerly raspise or rasp-
ise-berry. It. raspo, a bunch or cluster
of any berries, namely, of grapes, also the
berry that we call raspise. — Fl. Doubt-
less from rasp, signifying in the first in-
stance scrape, then pluck or gather. It.
raspolare, to glean. grapes after the vint-
age. Bav. abreispen, to pluck off, espe-

524

RAT

cially the burnt pieces of a torch, to make
it burn brighter.
Kat. G. ratze, It. ratto, Fr. rat, Gael.

Katohet-wlieel. A cog-wheel having
teeth like those of a saw, against which a
spring works, allowing the wheel to move
in one direction and not in the other. It
appears to be named from the resem-
blance to a watchman's rattle, where the
noise is made by a cogged wheel con-
tinually raising and letting fall again a
wooden spring. Lim. roqueto, a wooden
rattle (moulinet de bois) used instead of
bells on Holy Thursday and Good Fri-
day. Doubtless so named from the
racket which it makes. It. rocchetto, the
cog-wheel of a mill ; the wheel about
which the string of a clock or of a jack
goes. — Fl.

Kate. — To Ratify. Lat. rear, ratus
sum, to think, to deem ; ratus, reckoned,
allowed, settled, established; rata pars,
a proportionate part ; pro ratd, in propor-
tion. Hence E. rate, a calculated propor-
tion, an assessment in certain proportion.
Lat. ratifico, to make firm, to ratify.

To Kate. To assess, to appoint one
his due portion of something to be done
or paid. Hence to impute or lay some-
thing to one's charge, to reprove or chide.

And God was in Crist rRcounceilinge to him
the world, not rettynge [reputansj to hem her
giltis.— WicUf in R.

• By the same figure we speak of taxing
a man with an offence, or taking him to
task on account of it. Tax and task are
synonymous with rate. ' I sette one to
his taske, what he shall do or what he
shall pay ; Je taxe.' — Palsgr. In like
manner from It. tansa, a taxing ; tansare,
rateably to sess a man for any payment ;
also to tax a man with some imputation,
to chide, rebuke, or check with words. —
Fl.

Bathe.— Bather. Rathe, soon, early ;
rather, sooner. I had rather die, I would
sooner die. When used to signify a slight
degree of a quality it must be understood
as asserting that the subject approaches
nearer the quality in question than the
opposite. Rather deaf, sooner deaf than
not, further advanced in the direction of
deafness than the opposite.

ON. hradr, quick ; hrada, to hasten ;
N. rad, quick, hasty, ready, straight ;
radt (adv.), quick, readily, straight for-
wards. Du. rad, Picard rode, nimble,
quick.

Batio. — Bational. From Lat. rear,
ratus sum, to think, is ratio, account.

RAVE

reckoning, respect, consideration, pro-
portion, reason ; ratiocinari, to reason.

Battle. G. rasseln, Pl.D. r astern, Du.
ratelen, to make a collection of sounds
such as might individually be represented
by the syllable ras or ratj Pl.D. rat-
tern, to speak quick and indistinct, to
rattle on. — Danneil. Gr. spoTof, tte sound
of striking; KpoTiai, to knock, clap, clat-
ter, rattle, chatter, prate ; KpdraXov, a
rattle.

Rattle-traps are old worn-out rattling
things, hence a slighting name for move-
able goods. So from Norm, pataclas,
crash, clatter (Decorde), Lim. potoclan
(properly rattle), trumpery, goods. N'o
empourta tou sown potoclan, he has taken
away all his rattle-traps. Pl.D. rabak-
ken, to rattle ; een oold rabak, an old
worn-out piece of goods.

Bavage. — Bavenous. — Eavine. —
Bavish. Lat. rapere gives rise to Prov.
rapar, arapar, arabar, Fr. ravir, to
snatch, to seize ; ravage, spoil, havoc j
ravine, Prov. rabina, violence, impetu-
osity ; ravineux, impetuous, violent. ' Et
li jaians par tel ravine le fiert,' the giant
strikes him with such violence. —Rom. de
la Violette. In E. ravenous the sense is
confined to greediness or eagerness in
eating.

Puis menjue de grant ravine
Des plus belles qu'il eslut :

eats with great violence. — Fab. et Contes,-

i-97- . . . ^

In a different application, ravine deau
is a great flood, a ravine or inundation of
water which overwhelmeth all things that
come in its way. — Cot. Thence in a se-
condary sense, E. ravine is the water-
course of such a flood, a narrow steep
hollow cut by floods out of the side of a
hill.

To Bave. The syllable rab is used as
well as ram (as explained under ramble),
in the construction of words representing
a confused noise. Piedm. rabadan, ra-
madan, crash, uproar, busde, disturb-
ance. Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabascher,
to rumble, rattle, or make a terrible noise,
as they say spirits do in some houses. —
Cot.
O esprit done, bon feroit, ce me semble,
Avecques toy rahbater toute nuict. — Marot.
Prov. rabasta, chiding, quarrel, dispute.
Champ, rabache, tapage ; rabacher, ra-
doter, to dote, to rave, and with the b
passing into a v, ravacher, ravasser, ra-
vauder, radoter ; ravater, gronder, mal-
traiter ; raver, vagabonder. — Tarbes. Fr.
ravacher, ravasser, to rave, talk idly,—

RAVEL

en dormant, to sleep unquietly ; ravau-
deur, one that either confounds or under-
stands not what he says, or one that
neither says nor does aught rightly, a
bungler, botcher ; revayde, a coil or stir ;
resver, to rave, dote, speak idly. — Cot.
Resver de nuit, courir las rues pendant la
nuit ; raver par la ville, courir par la
viUe. — Roquefort. Hence Du. rabaud, a
vagabond, properly a noisy reveller, and
with the exchange of b for v, ravot, revot,
caterva sive turba nebulonum ; ravotten,
tumultuari, et luxuriari, popinari, to riot,
revel — Kil., to romp, play in a wild man-
ner.— Bomhoff. The same radical syl-
lable gives also Du. rabbelen, to rattle,
gabble ; Pl.D. rdbeln, to rave, to be de-
lirious.— Danneil. It. rabiUare, to rab-
ble, to huddle, to prattle, or scold. — Fl.
Wal. ravle, to dream unquietly ; Du.
ravelen, raveelen, sestuare, circumcursare,
et delirare, desipere, insanire, furere. —
Kil. Revelen, to rave, to dote. — Halma.
Champ, revel, bruit, gait^, emeute. To
the same root belong Lat. rabies, It. rab-
bia, rage, madness ; Gael, rabhd, idle
talk, coarse tiresome language ; Fr. ra-
bacher, to keep repeating in a tiresome
way.

See Revel, Riot, Ribald, Rove.

To Ravel. Of thread, to become con-
fused and entangled. It. ravagliare, Fr.
raveler, Du. ravelen, rafelen, uitrafelen,
to ravel out ; rafeling, unravelled linen,
lint. I fasyll out as sylke or velvet, Je
rauele. — Palsgr. The primary image is
confused and rapid speech, from whence
the expression is applied to a confused
and entangled texture. Du. rabbelen, to
rattle, gabble, precipitare sive confundere
verba. — Kil. Rabbelschrift, scrawl, con-
fused writing. Pl.D. rabbi, bustle, dis-
order, confusion of head. Du. ravelen,
revelen, to wander in mind, talk con-
fusedly, rave, dote.

The same passage from the figure of
confused speech is seen in Gael, mabair,
a stammerer ; mabach, stammering, en-
tangled, confused, ravelled ; and in Du.
hatteren, hutteren, to stammer, falter ;
Sc. hatter, to speak thick and confusedly ;
Pl.D. verhadderen, to entangle, ravel.

Ravelin. Fr. ravelin. It. ravellino,
rivellino, a ravelin, a wicket or postern
gate ; used also for the utmost bounds of
the walls of a castle ; also a sconce with-
out the walls. — Fl.

Raven, on. hrafn. From Du. raven,
to croak. Pl.D. nagt-rave, the night-jar
or goat-sucker, from the croaking noise
it makes at night. Fin. rddwyn, the

RAZE

52s

croaking of crows or rooks. Lat. ravus,
hoarse.

Ravine. — Ravish. See Ravage.

Raw. AS. hreaw, hreoh, Du. rouw,
roud, rudis, austerus, asper, insuavis
gustu, visu, tactu. Rouw, rauw, rudis,
imperfectus, non laboratus, immaturus,
crudus. Rouwen, rouden, pectine pan-
nos rudes confricare. ON. hrdr, raw, not
dried, cooked, salted. Sw. rd wed, green
wood ; radt weder, AS. hreoh weder
(Matt. xvi. 3), wet weather. Sw. ra, rude,
unworked, unpolished ; G. rauh, rough,
raw ; It. ruvido, rough, rugged, rude ;
Lat. rudis, rough, unwrought, undressed,
raw ; crudus, raw, rough, unpolished, un-
ripe. Bret, criz, w. crai, cri, unprepared,
raw ; Fin. raaca, ra'an, unripe, uncooked,
untilled, rude ; G. roh, raw, undressed, un-
cooked, unpolished, rough.

Ray. Lat. radius, a straight rod,
spoke of a wheel, and thence a ray or
beam of light, which issues from the sun
like the spokes from the nave of a wheel.
Fr. ray (m.), a ray or beam of the sun,
spoke of a wheel ; raie {(.), a ray, line,
streak, row, spoke of a wheel. Prov. rai,
raig, rait, rach, rah, ray, line, current ;
rega, streak, furrow ; raia, ray. It. radio,
raggio, razzo, a ray ; Sp. rayo, a ray,
beam of light, straight line, radius of
circle, spoke of a wheel ; raya, stroke,
dash of a pen, streak, line ; rayado,
streaky. Rayar, to streak, to rifle, to
draw lines, to expunge or strike out ; raza,
ray, beam of light. Piedm. riga, a line,
stroke, strip of wood ; rz^^^, striped. We
see a masc. and fem. form running
through the Romance languages, of which
the m. is doubtless from Lat. radius, but
the f. has probably come from a Gothic
influence. G. reihe, Pl.D. riege, E. row,
line, order, rank.

To Raze. To lay even with the ground.
— B. Fr. ras, shaven, cut close by the
ground, cut close away. Couper tout ras,
to cut clean off', sweep clean away. — Cot.
Lat. radere, rasum, to shave. Fr. rez,
level, ground, floor, bottom ; rez de chaus-
s^e, level with the pavement, ground floor.
Mettre rez pied rez terre, to raze, makfe
even with the ground. — Cot.

To rase, in the sense of scratching out
a word in writing,, is singularly con-
founded with race, to obliterate by a
stroke of the pen. / race, I stryke out a
word or a lyne with a pen, Je arraye. /
race a writynge, I take out a word with
a pomyes or penknife. Je efface des
mots. I rase, je defface ; 1 rase or stryke
out with the pen, j'arraye. — Palsgr. In

526

RE-

the same way erase, to scrape out, is con-
founded with arace, to strike out. / arace,
I scrape out a word or a blot, je efface.
— Palsgr.

Probably this is one of the numeroiis
cases in which ultimate unity of origin
shows itself in close resemblance between
remote descendants, and Lat. radere,
rasum, to scratch or scrape, belongs to
the same class with G. reissen, to tear ;
OE. rash, to dash, to tear ; Fr. arracher,
E. arace, race.

Ee-. Ked-. Lat. re, again, back.
To Reach,. G. reichen, to extend to ;
r^ci'f//, to draw out, to stretch; Dxi.reiken,
to reach ; Pl.D. raken, reken, to reach, to
touch ; It. recare, to reach unto, bring
unto. Gr. dpkyiiv, Lat. porrig-ere, to reach
forward ; dirigere, to direct, &c.

A reach of a river is so far as it
stretches in one direction.

* To B.ead. as. radan, to advise,
counsel, direct, appoint, govern, to in-
terpret, to read. Swa swa Josue him
rcidde, as Joshua directed him. Swefn
rcedan, as Sc. to red, to interpret a dream.
' The gude king gaif the gest to God for
to rede : ' gave up his spirit to God to
dispose of. — Jam. on. rada, to direct or
dispose of, to take counsel, to interpret,
to read. Ef ek md radaj if I may de-
cide. At rada draum, runar, stafi, rit,
skrd, to explain a dream, to read runes,
letters, writing. Vpprada bref, to read
aloud a letter. Sw. rdda, to counsel, to
direct, to have one's way. Rd sig sjelf,
to be one's own master. Da. raade, to
advise, sway, rule, to divine, unriddle ;
raade bod paa, to devise a remedy for.
Goth, garedan, to provide \fauragaredan,
to foreappoint. ON. rceda, G. reden, Sc.
rede, to speak, to discourse, seem deriva-
tive forms.

It is difficult to speak with any con-
fidence as to the fundamental meaning
of the word. Perhaps the most plausible
suggestion is that it signifies to lay in
order, to dispose, arrange. To consult
is to lay in order one's thoughts ; to read
a dream or a riddle, to lay in order the
several parts and so to make clear their
meaning. ON. rod, Sw. rad, a line, rank,
row ; ON. rada, to dispose, arrange (Hal-
dorsen) ; Pol. r^'^, order, rule ; rz^dziif,
to direct, govern, manage ; Boh. rad,
lUyr. red, rank, order ; Boh. raditi, lUyr.
rediti, to dispose, arrange ; Lith. rSdyti,
to set in order, to dress ; redas, arrange-
ment, order.

Beady, as. rad, gerced, Pl.D. reed,
rede, Du. gereed, G. bereit, ready ; Dan.

REAR

rede, plain, straight, clear, ready, pre-
pared. Rede sohi, — -penge, ready money;
en rede sag, a clear case. Rede, to pre-
pare, to deal with. At rede en seng, to
make a bed; —for sig, to acquit oneself;
— sit haar, to comb one's hair ; — sig iid
av, to extricate oneself At giore rede
for, to give account of a matter. Redskab,
tool, implement, with which anything is
done. Sw. reda, to prepare, to set to
rights, to dress, to fit out, to arrange ;
reda, order ; redig, clear, regular, orderly.
N. reiug (for reidug), ready. ON. reida,
to deal with, drive, set forth, prepare.
Reida sverdit, to wield a sword ; —fram
mat, to set out food ; —feit, —ut and, to
pay money. Reida, apparatus, prepara-
tion ; til reidu, in readiness. Reidi,
harness, rigging of a ship. Sc. to red,
to disentangle, to clear, make way, put
in order.

Beaks. To revel it, to play reaks.—
Cot. in v. degonder. See Rig.

Beal. Lat. realis, of the nature of a
thing ; what is in deed and not merely in
show ; res, a thing.

Bealm. O Fr. realme, reaulme, reaume,
Prov. reyalme. It. reame, kingdom. Ac-
cording to Diez through a form regali-
men, from regalis.

* Beam. Du. riem, Fr. rame. It.
risina, risima, resima, Sp. r^jwa, a bundle
of twenty quires of paper. From Arab.
rizma, a bale, packet, bundle, especially
a ream of paper. Rizma itself is from
razama, to pack together. As paper
seems to have been first received from
the Arabs, it was natural that the terms
relating to it should have come from the
same quarter. The acts of the Caliph
Haroun Alraschid are written on paper
of cotton, while the earliest Western
documents are of the eleventh century.—
Dozy.

To Beap. Sc. rep, reip, ne. reap, AS.
7-ipa, ripe, a handful of corn in the ear ;
to reap, AS. hriopan, ripan, to gather
reaps, to harvest the corn. The remote
origin is shown in Goth, raupjan, o. rau-
fan, Du. roopen, ruepen, Pl.D. ruppen,
repen, to pluck. Goth, raupjan ahsa,
to pluck ears of corn. — Marc 2. 23. In
the Salic laws reffare segetetn. So from
Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather, G. rcispe,
rispe, an ear of corn ; mhg. respe, a bun-
dle of twigs ; It. raspolo, a bunch of
grapes.

* Bear. Thin, rawish, as eggs, &c.,
boiled rear. — B. See Rare.

Bear. Prov. rei^-e, OFr. riere, from

REAR

it. retro, behind. It. dietro, Prov. de-
ire, Fr. derriire, behind.
To Rear. Another form of raise, anal-
;ous to Dii. verlieren and verliesen, to
36 ; kiereii and kiesen, to choose, &c.
I. raran, to rear, raise.
Keason. Fr. raison, Lat. ratio.
Reasty. Reasty or reezed bacon is
icon grown rancid by keeping, now
;nerally pronounced rusty from an ac-
immodation of the name to the rusty
How of bacon in that condition. Fr.
lant, musty, fusty, resty, reasy, dankish,
isavoury. — Cot. / reast, I waxe ill of
ste, as bacon. — Palsgr. p. 688. Caro
ncidus, rest flesh. — Eng. Vocab. in Nat.
It. The radical meaning seems to be
lie or over-kept bacon, as chars restez
;mnants, brolcen meat) is glossed in
belesworth by resty flees (resty flesh),
id resty or restii'e (from Fr. rester) is
onounced reasty in the N. of E. 'A
asty horse.' — Brocket.
[1 avcra payn musy ho cerveise assez egre,
Bure assez resic, moruhe assez megre :
stale or rancid butter. — Reliq. Ant. 155.
Of the finely dressed ladies returning
)m the feast and putting on their homely
tire, it is said :

Pas s'en vont a Toustel, retornent de la feste,
E tantost si changent la bele lusante teste,
3ele kefu sifresche ja devient si reste,
Ke le marchant se repent ke achata cele beste.

she who was so fresh now becomes so
de. — Satire on Ladies, Rel. Ant. 163.
To Reave. — To Rive. Of these verbs
s latter is nearer the original form. ON.
''a, to tear asunder ; rijinn, ragged, torn ;
if a (pret. rauf, ptcp. rofid), to tear
under, to break up. Hence AS. reaf,
■ D. roof, G. raub, spoil, what is torn
'ay, carried off ; AS. reafian, Goth, rau-
n, Pl.D. roven, Dan. rove, to rob ; ON.
ufari, reyfari, Sc. reiver, a robber.
The sense of robbing or violently taking
ay is commonly taken from the figure
scraping or scratching. Sw. rifwa, to
■atch, tear, claw, grate, rasp. Rifwa
i et hus, to tear down a house. Dan.
le, to rasp, to rive, rend, tear. Du. rif-
1, to rub, rake, scrape. Bret, skrapa,
seize with the claws, gripe, carry away,
J ; skraba, to scratch, to scrape, to rob.
the. same way the original sense of
t. rapere, to seize, to rob, has probably
;n that of P1.D. raopen (Danneil), G.
fen, to scrape or rake.
Bebeck. Bret, rebet, rebed, Fr. re-
ue, rebebe, reberbe. — Roquef. It. ri-
ca, ribebba, a crowd, or fidler's kit. —
OE. ribible. Corrupted from Arab.

RECEIPT

527

rubabah. 'Besides this they have the
one-stringed rubabah or guitar.'— Thom-
son, Pilgrimage to Medina.

Rebel. Lat. rebellis, warring against,
from belliim, war.

Rebiiff. An expression formed on the
same principle as the vulgar blow up, to
scold. ' He gave him a good blowing up.'
It. buffa, a puff, blurt with the mouth
made at one in scorn, also a brabble or
brawling contention ; rabbicffare, ribuf-
fare, to check, rebuke, chide. — Fl. OFr.
rebouffer, to repulse, drive away with con-
tempt.— Roquef

Rebuke. It is difficult to make up our
mind as to the Fr. form from which the
word is taken. The closest resemblance
is to Rouchi rebuquer, to give one blows.
n s'ras ben rebuqu^, you will catch it.
But the sense agrees better with Fr. re-
becquer, to peck again as one cock at an-
other, to answer saucily. — Cot. Bret.
rdbecha (Fr. ch), to rebuke, reprove ; It.
ribeccamento di parole, a check or rebuke
with taunting words ; rimbeccare, to re-
tort back word for word or blow for blow,
to beat back by direct opposition ; rim-
boccare, to retort word for word, to up-
braid, to twit or hit one in the teeth of
anything done for him. — Fl. As Vi.bocca
corresponds to Norm, bouque, mouth,
rimboccare should be replaced by Norm.
rebouquer, which however is only given in
the sense of Fr. reboucher, to nauseate (ne
pouvoir plus manger — Decorde) ; rebou-
cher le cceur, to turn the stomach. Gene-
vese rebequer, degouter, soulever le coeur.

Rebus. A riddle where the meaning
is indicated by things (Lat. rebus) repre-
sented in pictures, the syllables forming
the names of the things represented hav-
ing to be grouped in a different manner.
Thus the picture of a fool on his knees
with a horn at his mouth is to be read in
Fr. fol d genoux trompe (tromper, to" blow
a horn), but read in a different manner it
gives/tj/ age nous trompe. — Cot. Rebuses
in Heraldry are such coats as represent
the name by things, as three castles for
Castleton.

To Rebut. Fr. rebuter, rebouter, to
put or thrust back, to reject, refuse ;
bouter, to thrust, put, push forwards. It.
buttare, to throw, cast, fling ; ributtare,
to cast back, repulse, reject.

To Recant, It. ricantare, to sing
again. Fr. deschanter, to recant, unsay.

Receipt. — Recipe. Receipt, a medi-
cine prepared for the cure of diseases. — B.
Receyte of dyvers thynges in a medicine :
recepte, — Palsgr. Originally applied to

528

RECENT

medicine, the term is extended to signify
instructions for compounding any ottier
kind of thing, as a receipt for making
soap, for tanning leather, &c.

The word is sometimes spelt recipe,
from that word being placed at the head
of a physician's instructions for the medi-
cine to be taken by his patient.

Recent. Lat. recens, fresh, new.

Reciprocal. Lat. reciprocus, working
to and fro.

To Reck. — Reckless. AS. r^can, rec-
can, pr. ro-hte, Pl.D. rocken, Du. roecken,
rochten, OHG. rohjan, ruachen, OSax.
rokean, ruokean, to reck, regard, care,
care for ; Pl.D. rokeloos, Du. reukelos, G.
ruchlos, reckless. ON. rcekja, to care, to
take care of ; afrokjaz, to neglect ; rcskja
veiMfang, to attendi to fishing ; rakjattdi,
qui curam gerit, curator. Hvat rcskir
thik ? cujus rei rationem habes ? quid
curK tibi est ? OHG. ruahha, roka, care.
Lith. rupeii, to concern. Kas iai taw
rup\ what does that concern you ? Rupus,
careful ; rupinti, to take care of ; ne-
rupus, reckless, careless .

With regard to the origin we can only
suggest with great reserve Du. raaken, to
touch, to hit, thence to concern, to re-
gard. Dingen die my raaken, things
which concern me. Hy wierd door haar
elende geraakt, he was touched by her
misery. Wat raakt tt dat? what does
that concern you, what is that to you ?
Compare Sc. Quhat raik f what does it
signify, what do I care ?

Flattry. I will ga counterfeite the freir,
Dissait. A freir 1 quhair to ? thow cannot

preiche —
Flattry. Quhat mkf bot I can flatter and

fleiche. — Lyndsay in Jam.

On the other hand, Lith. rokundas, reck-
oning, is also used in the sense of affair,
concern. Tai mano rokundas, that is
my business. ON. rok, events, things ;
OHG. racha, rahha, thing, cause ; Pol.
rzecz, speech, subject, fact, affair, thing.
See Reckon.

To Reckon, as. recan, reccean, to
say, recite, tell, number, reckon. Ic mag
reccan, I can relate. Bigspell reccan, to
tell a parable. Areccan of Ladene on
Englisc, to translate from Latin into
English. Gereccean thankas, to give
thanks. JRacce, narration, account, speech.
OHG. rahha, res, ratio, causa, fabula ;
rahhon, rachon, rechen, gerechen, to say,
tell, interpret ; Goth, rahnjan, to count,
account, reckon ; faura-rahnjan, to pre-
fer,- Pl.D. reken, rekenen, g. rechnen, to
reckon.

RECREANT

Lith. rokdti, to say, tell, reckon ; ro-
kitis, to reckon with oneself, consider ;
rokundas, reckoning, concern ; rokubcl,
reckoning, number, account. Pol. rach-
owaif, to count, reckon ; rachunek, ac-
count, reckoning, bill ; rachunki (pi.),
arithmetic ; rachuba, calculation. Rzei,
rkekna^, to say ; rzecz, speech, subject,
matter, affair, thing. Esthon. rdkima,
rddkma, to speak ; radklema, to reckon.
Fin. rdkista, to speak, speak loudly, lo-
quens strepo ; rdkind, sermocinatio.

Recluse. Fr. reclus, Lat. recludo, re-
clusuni. The classical sense of the Lat.
word is to set open ; the E. &Fr. words
take a sense nearly opposite.

To Recoil. Formerly written recule
or recuilj Fr. reculer, to draw back,
from cul, the rump.

Recondite. Lat. recondo, reconditum,
to hide or lay up apart.

Reconnoitre. Fr. reconnaitre, to ex-
amine carefully, Lat. recognoscere, to take
notice of again.

Record. Lat. recordari, to call to
mind ; from cor, cordis, the heart.

To Recoup. To diminish by keeping
back a part as a claim for damages. —
Worcester. Fr. recoiiper, to cut again
in order to correct the fault of a first
cutting. — Trevoux.

To Recover. Fr. recouvrer. It. ri-
coverare, Lat. reciiperare, to recover
or get again. This verb, which has no
derivation in Lat., would seem to find its
explanation in Swab, kober, E. coffer, a
basket, whence Swab, kobern, erkobern,
to get, to earn ; Bav. erkobern, erkmvern
sick (sich erholen), to recover health or
strength. Irkoboran, adipisci. — Otfr.
But what glut of the gomes
May any good kachen,
He will kepen it himself,
And coffrene itfasie.—P. P. Creed, 133.

Recreant. Mid. Lat. recredere. It. ri-
credere, OFr. recroire, are not to be ex-
plained as originally signifying to change
one's belief, but to give up, give back the
subject of dispute, to give in, to yield, to
fail. ' Cum Blancha comitissa Campaniae
cepisset et captum teneret dilectum et
fidelem meum H, ipsa per preces et re-
quisitionem meam ilium mihi recredidit
[delivered him up to me] tali pacto quod
ego cepi super me et eidem dominas mese
concessi, sicut homo suus ligius, quod
infra quindenam quam ab ips4 inde fuero
requisitus prasdictum H illi reddam in
sua captione apud Pruvinum.' — Docu-
ment A.D. 121 1 in Carp. ' L'evesque de
Chartres me requist fist le roy que je li

RECRUIT

feisse recroire ce que je tenois du sien.' —
Joinville, ibid. But it was often used for
virtually giving up or acknowledging the
right to be in another, and giving pledges
for actual dehvery when required. Red-
dere vel recredere is to give actual pos-
session, or to give security for delivery in
due season. ' Cognoscentesque rei veri-
tatem atque comprobationem statim se
recrediderunt,' they gave in. ' Tassilo
venit per semetipsum tradensque se in
manus domini regis Caroli in vassaticum,
et recredidit se in omnibus se peccasse
[he gave himself up as having been alto-
gether in the wrong] et mala egisse,
denuo renovans sacramenta.' — Annales
Francorum A.D. 787 in Due.

' Quando i vescovi del tempio viddero
che '1 re si ricredea d'andare a adorare i
loro Iddeisi ebbero grande paura: ' when
the priests saw that the king gave up
worshipping their gods. ' I Fiorentini
ordinarino di fare armata in mare per
fare ricredenti i Pisani della loro arro-
ganza : ' to make the Pisans abate their
arrogance. — La Crusca.

Ne direz ja que failliz seie,
Ne que de valeir me recrei^e,
Chron. des ducx de Norm. i. 41S.

You shall not say that I am failed, nor
that I have given up my valour.

The active and passive participles, It.
ricredente, ricreduto, Fr. recriant, recreii,
were used in general of one who yields in
battle, and especially of the beaten party
in a judicial combat.

Vedrai, in uno stante o vivo o morto
Ricredente il faro ; datti conforto :

in one instant alive or dead I will make
him give in. ' E se tu mi vinci, rimarr6
vostro ricredente siccome il cavalier che
combatte il torto : ' and if you conquer
me I will remain at your mercy like the
champion who fights for the wrong. The
formula to be pronounced by the cham-
pion undertaking a duel is given in the
Assises de Jerusalem. ' Je suis prest de
le prouver de mon corps contra le sien,
et le rendrai mort ou recrMnt en une
heure dou jour, et v^ez cy mon gage.' —
Due. • Thus recreant became a term of
abuse of the utmost infamy, equivalent to
poltroon, coward, convicted traitor. Cow-
ard, recreant. — Palsgr.

Recruit. From Fr. recroist, a re-in-
creage, a new or second growth ; recrois-
tre, to grow or spring up again. — Cot.

To recruit, to supply or fill up, to re-
inforce.— B.

Eect-. -rect.— Rector. Lat. rego, rec-
tum, to direct, rule, go^'ern ; in comp.

REEF

529

■rigo, to drive, cause motion in, guide.
Rectus, right, straight, driven to a cer-
tain point. Dirigo, ,to guide between,
aim at one among several points, to order,
arrange : erigo, to rear up, raise from out
of; porrigo, to stretch forward ; corrigo,
to straighten, to bring to agree with a
pattern, &c. See Reach, Regal.

Recumbent. Lat. recumbo; cumbo;
cubo, to lie down. Gr. kvtttui, to stoop.

Red. Goth, rauds, on. raudr, w.
rhwdd, Lat. rutilus, Gr. IpuBpoe.

Redan. — Redeat. In fortification, an
indented work with salient and re-enter-
ing angles. — B.

Redeem. — ^Redemption. Lat. redi-
mo, redemptum J re, again or back, emoj.
to buy.

Redolent. Lat. redoleo, to give out a
smell i oleo, to smell.

Redoubt. Fr. reduite. It. ridotto, Sp.
reducto, reduto, a blockhouse, or little
fort, within which soldiers may retire on
occasion. It riducere, ridurre, Fr. . re-
dtiire, reduit, to bring back ; reduit, a
place of retiral.

Redound. — Redundant. Lat. redun--
dare, to overflow, rise above the banks ;
re and unda, a wave.

Reed. Du. riet, OHG. hriot, as. hreod.
Probably named from their rustling or
whispering sound. Du. rijsselen, rijtelen,
susurare, levi strepitu moveri. — Biglotton.
Fin. rytista, to rustle, to sound lightly aS'
a reed breaking ; ryti, reed, sedge. So
from kahata, to rustle as a mouse among,
straw, to whisper as the wind among reeds ;
kahila, reed. So also on. reyra, stridere,
fremere (Egils.) ; AS. hreran, to agitate ;
ON. reyr, reyrr, a reed.

Reef. — Riff, i . A ridge of rocks pro-
jecting above the water. G. rmtfe (from
raufen, to pluck), provincially raff, reff
(Westerwald), ratifel, reffel, riffel (Kiittn.),
a kind of fixed comb through which the
flax or hemp is drawn, to pluck off the
heads of seeds ; ON. hrifa, a rake. Du.
rieve, rieffe, a rake or comb. — Kil. From
the figure of a comb the term rdf, reff,
is in Swabia applied to a row of long pro-
jecting teeth. Westerwald zahnrahf, a gap
in the teeth ; raffel, rdffel, zahn-rdffel, a
broken-toothed person. The comparison
to a row of broken teeth is equally ap-
plicable to a ridge of rocks.

The whole fleet was lost on a riff or ridge of
rocks that runs off from the isle of Aves. — Dam-
pier in R.

Bav. riffen, riffeln, to ripple flax ; riffel,

a jagged ridge of rocks, ohg. riffila,

serra. — Gl. in Schm. Compare Sp . sierra,

34

53°

REEK

a saw, a rid^ of mountains and craggy
rocks, standing out like the teeth of a
saw against the sky.

In Du. rif, riffe, the term is improperly
extended to a projecting sand-bank or
spit of sand. Sw. ref, reef of rocks, sand-
bank.

2. A reef, Du. reef, rif, is a row of short
ropes stretching across a sail for the pur-
pose of tying the strip of sail above the reef
up to the yard, and so diminishing the size
of the sail. When loose they hang against
the sail Uke the teeth of a comb, from
whence apparently the name. Rif or
rift inbinden, to take in a reef. — Kil.

To Reek. ' To smoke, to steam. AS.
ric, ON. reykr, G. rauch, Du. rook, smoke.

To Eeel. To move unsteadily like a
drunken man, to turn round ; Sc. reile, to
roll the eyes. The formation of the woi'd
may be explained by Swiss riegeln, to
rattle, then to wriggle, swarm ; Bav.
rigeln, to set in motion, to shake, stir;
rogel, roglet, loose, shaky ; N. rigga,
rugga, to shake, rock; rigla, rugla, to
be loose, to waver, totter ; Sw. ragla, to
reel, stagger, move in zigzags. In like
correspondence to E. wriggle we have
Sc. wreil, to turn about.

Quha is attaichit unto ane stalk we se
May go no forther, but wreil ahout that tre.
D.V. 8.27.

The Scotch reel is a dance in which three
or four dancers in a row twist in and out
round each other. It is known in Nor-
way and Denmark under the same name
of ril or riel, Gael, righil.

To reel silk or thread is to wind it
round an appropriate implement, so as
to make a skein of it. Gael, ruidhil,
ruidhle, ruidhlichean, a reel, probably
from the E.

The designation of a broken or con-
fused motion is commonly taken from
the representation of a sound of like cha-
racter, and it may be that reel is not so
much a contraction of forms like the fore-
going as a parallel form, originally, like
them, a direct representation of sound.
Sc. reiling, a loud clattering noise, con-
fusion, bustle ; reil, a confused motion.
— Jam. Supp. Pl.D. rallen, to make a
noise as children at play ; Dan. dial.
raale, role, to cry ; Dan. vraale, to bawl,
squawl.

Reeve. The bailiff of a franchise or
manor. — B. as. gerefa, ON. greif., a pre-
fect, governor ; Du. graef, greeve, G. graf
count. In composition, shire-reeve, or
sheriff, port-reeve, borough-reeve.

REGATTA

To Refrain. Lat. fmnum, a bridle ;
refroeno, to curb in, to hold back.

Refulgence. Lat. fulgeo, fulsi, to
shine.

* Refuse. It. rifiutare, rifusare, Sp.
refusar, rehusar, Fr. refuser. The word
is explained by Diez as arising from a
mixture of Lat. recusare and refutare, but
it can hardly be necessary to resort to so
doubtful a plan of origination. We have
Prov. refutz, refut, refui (Fr. refus), re-
fusal, contempt, disdain ; refudar, refuy-
dar, refusar, Piedm. rifude, to refuse ;
Castrais rafut, rafus, refusal ; rafuda,
rafusa, to refuse. ' Refused his wife,' di-
vorced her. — Capgrave Chron. 245. See
-fute.

Regal. — Regent. — Reign. — Royal.
Lat. rego, to govern, gives rex, regis, and
thence It. re, OFr. rei, Fr. roi, a king ;
regnum, Fr. regne, a kingdom, reign ;
regner, to reign. Sanscr. rdg, to govern ;
rdgan, a king ; rajni (Lat. regind), a
queen ; rdjatd, royalty. The radical sense
of the word, to guide or direct, appears in
the Lat. compounds. See Rect-.

To Regale. Sp. regular, to make
good cheer, to make much of, to gratify,
caress, entertain ; regalarse, to fare sump-
tuously, to take pleasure in, also to melt.
Pluinbuin regalatum is explained by Pa-
pias liquefactum. It is not easy to under-
stand why Diez should separate the word
from It. gala, good cheer ; Fr. galler, to
entertain with sport, game, or glee — Cot.,
galer, se rejouir. — Roquef. It has already
been shown that the latter fonns spring
from the image of floating or swimming
in delight. It. galare, to float, might be
used to explain Sp. regalar, as signifying
to cause to float or swim, then to melt.
The connection between the ideas of
melting and of enjoyment may be illus-
trated by a quotation from Spenser given
under Gala.
lL.ong thus he lived slumbring in sweet delight,
Bathing in liquid joys his melted sprite.

Regard. It. riguardare, Fr. regarder.
It. guardare, to look. See Guard.

Regatta. It. regata, regatta, a boat
race much used at Venice. — Vanzoni.
Sunt et alia spectacula k pluribus seecuUs
usitata Florentiae, Senae, Venetiis, vide-
licet, il gioco del calcio, le regatte, &c. —
Murat. Diss. 29, 853. It. rigatta, any
striving or struggling for the mastery, a
play among children called musse (hide
and seek) ; rigattare, to contend for the
victory, to wrangle or shift for, to cog and
lie craftily. — Fl. Brescian regata, strife,
scramble ; fare a regata, fare a ruffa

REGIMEN

raffa, to scramble foranything. — Melchiori.
Venet. regetare, fare a gara. — Patriarchi.
Sp. regate, a quick turn to avoid a blow ;
regatear, to wriggle, to shuffle, to haggle.

Sw. dial, ragata, to be noisy, to make a
disturbance.

Kegimen. — Begiment. Lat. regi-
men, regimentum, government. Medical
regimen is the government of one's diet,
&c., under medical directions. A regi-
ment, a body of men under one command.
See Regal.

Region. Lat. regio, -nis, a tract of
country. From rego.

Register. 'L.tA. regero {gerci,to carry),
to cast back, cast up again ; regestum,
earth cast up out of a trench ; whence
fig. regesta, and corruptly registra, notes
of things thrown together in a memoran-
dum book, a .register.

Regesta, -orum, res multse in unum coUectse,
et in tabulas et commentarios relatae, quas vulgo
registra dicunt. — Vopiscus in Forcell, I regyster,
I put a thyng in writynge in a booke of recorde.
— Palsgr.

Regrator. A huckster, or one who
trimmeth up old wares for sale ; but it is
commonly taken for him who buys and
sells any wares or victuals at the same
market, or within five miles thereof — B.
Fr. regrat, sale of salt by retail ; mar-
chandises de regrat, trumpery goods
bought to sell again ; regratter, to haggle,
to sell salt in small quantities. C'est un
homme qui regratte sur tout, who haggles
at the most trifling article ; regrattier, a
huckster, broker. Regratier de sel, de
vivres, &c.

Commonly explained from Fr. gratter,
to scratch, through its supposed com-
pound regrater, to dress, mend, scour,
furbish, trim or trick up an old thing for
sale.— Cot. The difficulty is that it is
hardly possible to separate Fr. regratier
from It. rigatiere, a huckster, retailer, re-
grater, or such a one as at a cheap rate
engrosseth commodities and then sells
them very dear. — Fl. Rigatiere also, like
Fr. regratier, signifies a broker or fur-
bisher up of old things for sale. Sp. re-
gatero, regatdn, a huckster, a retailer.
The two forms, with and without the r,
are found side by side in Limousin regro-
taire, recotaire, a corn badger, or one who
buys corn at a cheap market to sell it at
one worse supplied. — Beronie. Fr. Flan-
ders haricotier (Vermesse, Hdcart), a
huckster, broker, seems to be another
form of the same word, corresponding to
Bayonne haricoter, to haggle, as Sp. re-
gatero to regatear, recatear, Ptg. regatar,

RELAY

S3I

to haggle, to huckster. Wall, halcoter, to
joggle) to haggle.— Grandg. Sp. regatear
is also to riggle or move sideways, to
shuffle in business. See Regatta.

Regret. Properly to lament, then to
grieve for. I mone as a chylde doth for
the wanting of his nourse,/^ regrete. —
Palsgr. Regreter was also to scold.

Que Madame m'a fait regret
Que j'ai affaitie mon chiennet.

, Fab. et Contes, 4. 319.

Grate, reprimande. — Pat. de Champ, on.
grdtr, weeping, lamentation ; Sc. greet,
to cry.

Regular. — Regulate. Lat. regula, a
rule or ruler, a pattern for guidance in
drawing lines. From rego, to direct or
govern.

To Rehearse. Fr. rehercer, to repeat
what one has already said. — Roquef.
Properly to go over again like a harrow
(Fr. herce) over a ploughed field.

Et si le rois o lui conseille
Molt ait bien overte I'oreille,
Que ne lui covient kercier,
Ce que le rois li velt chargier.

Fab. et Contes, 2. 161.

— it is not fitting to go over the ground
again, to make the king repeat his charge.

The same met. is seen in ON. hrifa, a
rake, also iteration. Hann kalladi upp i
hrifu, clamitabat. To rake, to repeat a
tale.- -Hal. Gael, ric, rake, rehearse, re-
peat.— Arm strong.

Reign. See Regal.

Rein. Fr. resne, reine, the reigne of a
bridle. — Cot. OFr. regne, Prov. regns,
regiia. It. redina, Ptg. redea, rein, bridle.
According to Diez from retinere, to hold
in.

Bret, ren, direction, government ; r^a,
to direct, govern, guide ; ranjen, renjen,
reini

Reins. — Renal. Lat. ren, rents, the
kidneys.

Relative. Lat. relativus, from refero,
relatum, to bring back, refer.

Relay. A relay of dogs or horses is a
supply of fresh animals posted to relieve
and take the place of a tired set. The
explanation of the word is not to be found
in the notion of laying on the fresh
animals, but in the release or dismissal of
the old. It. rilasciare, to release, to ac-
quit or discharge ; rilascio, rilasso, a re-
lease or discharging. Cani di rilasso,
fresh hounds laid for a supply set upon a
deer already hunted by other dogs. — Fl.
Fr. chevaux de relais, horses layed in cer-
tain places on the highway yor the ease of
those one hath already rid hard on, A
34 *

S32

RELEASE

relazs, spared, at rest, that is not used.
■Relayer, to succeed in tlie place of the
■weary, to relieve or ease another by the
undertaking of his task. — Cot. Relays,
•chose delaissde, abandonn^e. — Roquef.

Release. To 7'elease is to let loose, to
let go the hold one has on anything.
Lat. relaxare, to slacken ; It. rilasciar-e,
to relax, release, relinquish ; Fr. relaisser,
to relinquish, forego again. See Lease.

Relent. Fr. ralentir. It. rallentare,
Lat. reUntesco, to grow soft and hmber ;
lentus, supple, pliable.

Relevant. Tending to support the
cause, important to the matter in question.
Lat. relevo, to lift up again.

Relic. — Relict. — Relinquish. Lat.
linqiio, to leave ; relinqtio, relictum, to
leave behind ; reliqnia:, Fr. relique, relick,
remains. Lith. lykus, overplus, remain-
der ; likti, to remain over. See Eleven.

Relief. — To Relieve. Lat. relevare, to
lighten, to raise or lift up, to relieve from
a burden, render more tolerable, refresh.
It. rilevare, rilievare, to raise, lift up
again, to work raised or embossed work ;
to comfort, to cure or recover again ;
rilevo, relievo., any uprising or uptaking,
any raising or advancing, any ease or re-
lief, also any raised or embossed work ;
also leavings, remainders or scraps of
anything (what is taken up after a meal).
— Fl. It. rilievo, Fr. relief, E. relief, was
also the duty paid by the heir to his lord
on taking up the inheritance of a deceased
ancestor.

Religion. Lat. religio.

Relinquish.. See Relic.

Relish. Savour, enjoyment of food.
CentralFr. relicher, to lick; se relicher,
to show enjoyment by licking one's chaps
again. II a trouvd ce plat si bon qu'il
s'en reliche. — Jaubert. The Academy
uses the expression ^e7i Ucher les babines.

Reluctant. Lat. lucta, a wrestling ;
reludor, to struggle against.

To Rely. To rest or repose upon —
R., properly to look to for rest or repose ;
not from E. to lie, but Fr. relayer, to ease
another by an undertaking of his task ;
se relayatis I'lm Vautre, easing one an-
other by turns. — Cot. To rely on one
then is to look to him for a relay.

To Remain. Lat. maneo, to wait,
stay, stick ; rcinaneo, to continue, to be
left after.

Remedy. See Medicine.

Remember. Lat. rememoror, to call
to memory. See Memory.

Reminiscence. Lat. reminiscor, me-
mini, to remember. Gr. fii;uv^(jKOfiai,

RENOWN

livdoitai, perf. ;i£^i/)(/iai,to remember. From
the root men (signifying think) of mens,
mind.

Remonstrate. Mid. Lat. remonstrare:
re and inonstrare, to show, point out.

Remorse. Lat. mordeo, morstun, to
bite ; 7-e7nodero, to bite again, to torment
or grieve one. An old English treatise
on the Remorse of Conscience is called
the Againbite of Inwit.

Remote. Lat. rejiiotus, from removeo,
to move back, away.

Remtmerate. Lat. munus, -eris, a
gift, recompense.

To Rend. on. rdiz, rapine ; rajta, to
seize by violence, plunder. E. dial, ran,
force, violence. — Hal. The radical image
is the sound accompanying violent action,
produced by giving way of opposition
iDefore it. Examples of the representation
of such a noise by the syllable ra« are
given under Random. We may add
Gael. ra«, roar, shriek, make a noise ; It.
ratito, the noise made in the throat by
difficult breathing ; rantolare, rantacare,
to hawk or keck.

The resemblance between the harsh
sounds produced in the throat when op-
pressed by phlegm and the sound of tear-
ing is witnessed by Gael, ric, a crash,
the noise of cloth in the act of tearing, of
a scythe in the process of mowing, com-
pared with N. mkja, to hawk ; Picard.
raqiier, to spit ; and by Bret, strak, noise,
crack, crash ; Gael, srac (for strak), tear,
rend, rob, spoil ; It. stracciare, to tear,
compared with Grisons scracchiar, Sicil.
scraccair, to spit.

To Render. — Rent. Lat. reddere {re-
dare). It. reiidere, Fr. rendre, to give up, to
yield. It. rendita della terra, the fruits
of the earth ; what it annually yields ;
rendita, rendite (Fr. rente), revenues, in-
comes, yearly rents, land profits.— FI.

Renegade. It. rinnegato, Sp. rene-
gado, one who renounces his faith, an
apostate, a wicked, perverse person ; rene-
gare (Lat. fiegare), to deny, disown, then
to blaspheme, to curse. See Runagate.

Rennet. — Runnet. The membrane
of a calf's stomach for curdling milk. G.
gerinnen, Du. renneti, riimen, runnen
(Kil.),to run together, to coagulate, curdle;
rensal, rinsal, runsal (Kil.), OE. renlys or
rendlys [renels, P.) for mylke, coagulum.
— Pr. Pm.

Renown. Fr. renom, renommie, re-
nown, fame. Sp. renombre, surname,
epithet added to the name of a person,
renown, reputation ; renombrar, to give
a name, to render famous. The nasal

REPAIR

sound of the final m and n in Fr. being
unknown in E. was represented indiffer-
ently by m or n. Thus Fr. nom, a name,
became E. noun, a substantive, and the
word was written in the same way in our
Norman Fr. Les nouns de lour nief,
barge, balengere, &c. : the names of their
ship, &c.— Stat. H. v. c. 6. On the other
hand, renown was often written with
an m.

Her name was Rosiphele,

Which was of grete renome. — Gower.

Go to then, O thou far renow-med son
Of great Apollo.— F. Q.

Bepair. i. Lat. reparare, Fr. reparer,
to get again, to restore, recover, renew.

2. Fr. parer, to ward off, leads to It.
riparo, a defence, shelter, place of refuge ;
Fr. repaire, a lodging, haunt, den of a
beast, and thence repairer, to haunt, fre-
quent, lodge in a certain place, giving
rise to E. repair, to resort to, to return as
to one's den.

Kepartee. Fr. repartie, an answering
blow in fencing, &c., and thence, a return
of or answer in speech, a reply. — Cot.
Partir, to set out, start with impetuosity,
to go off as a gun ; partir d'un dclat de
rire, to burst out laughing. Thus repar-
tee is a prompt reply.

Bepast. Lat. pascor, to feed ; pasius,
food.

To Repeal. Fr. rappeler (Lat. re-ap-
pellare, to call back), to revoke or make
void.

Kepeat. — Repetition. Lat. repeto,
repetitum, to ask back, go over again.

Repertory. Lat. repertoriu7n, an in-
ventory, from reperio, repertum, to find,
meet with.

To Repine. Properly to feel dissatis-
faction, then to express it.

Then the knyght retoumed again lo them and
shewed the kynges wordes, the whiche gretly en-
couraged them, and refoyned [se repentirent] in
that they had said to the king as they did.— Ber-
ner's Froissart in R.

From It. repugnere, Fr. repoindre, to
prick agaiil.

Now when they heard this they were pricked in
their heart (weren compunct in herte. — Wicliff).
— ^Acts ii . 37.

Replenish. — Replete. Lat. repko,
repletmn, to fill full. See Plenary.

Replevy. See Pledge.

Reprehend. Lat. reprehendo, to lay
hold on, blame, rebuke. See -prehend.

* Reprieve. Reprieve or repreve is
OYr. reprover, repreuver, from Lat. re-
probare, to disallow, reject, mislike. — Lit-

REREMOUSE

533

tleton. Christ suffered many reprevynges
for us. — Mandeville in Hall. Reprevyn,
reprehendo, redargue. — Pr. Pm. The re-
prieve of a criminal must be an elliptical
expression for the disallowing of the sen-
tence.

Reprimand. Fr. reprimande, Sp. re-
primenda. Explained from Lat.. repri-
niere, to repress, snub, or keep under
(Litt.), analogous to Fr. offrande, an offer-
ing, from offrir. On that principle repri-
menda should signify a fault, but it does
not appear in Latin in that sense.

Reprisal. It. ripresaglia, whence Fr.
reprhaille, E. reprisal, from Lat. repren-,
dere, reprensus, to take back again.

Reproach. Fr. Sp. reproche, It. rim-
proccio, Prov. repropche, reproach, blame,
outrage. Explained by Diez as equiva-
lent to a Lat. repropiare (analogous to
Fr. approcher for appropiare), hovaprope,
near ; to bring a man's actions before
him, to twit him with them.

But repropiare, to bring near, is far
from having the force of G. vorwerfen, to
cast before one. And though no doubt a
difficult step remains to be supplied, it
seems more probable that the origin is to
be found in It. brobbio, from opprobriuvi,
reproach, disgrace. Mi disse mille brob-
bii, he covered me with abuse. Rimbrob-
biare, r-ijnbroggiare, or rimproppiare,
rimprocciare. The intermediate form
rimbroccio is vouched by Florio. The
change from bbi to ggi is exemplified in
abbia, aggia, may have, while that from
ggi to cci is seen in st aggia, staccia, a
lath.— Fl.

Reprobate. — Reprove. See -prove.

Repudiate. Lat. repitdium, a putting
away one's wife. This, like pudor, shame,
and refuto, to reject, refuse, is probably
one of the words derived from the inter-
jection fu! or pu ! expressing in the first
instance disgust at a bad smell, then dis-
like and rejection. G, anpfuien, verp-
fuien, to cry fie upon, to reject. By a
similar figure the Lat. has respuo, to spit
back, to refuse.

Repugnant. Lat. repiignare, to con-
trary one ; pugno, to fight. See Pugilist.

Requiem. Lat. requies, rest, repose,
the accus. of which is requiem, the initial
word of the service for the dead, whence
the term is taken.

Beremouse. AS. hreremus, a bat,
equivalent to G.flittermaiis, from the flut-
tering of his wings, from AS. hreran, ON.
hrara, to move. At hrara tungu, to
wag the tongue ; — sverd, to brandish a
sword. — Egils.

534 RESCIND

Bescind. Lat. rescindo, to cut off,
abolish.

Bescue. OE. rescous, rescow, from
OFr. rescouyr, rescourre, to recover, re-
deem, deliver ; whence rescous, recovered ;
rescoueur, one who redeems goods from
the hands of creditors. It. riscuotere
(Lat. re-excutere), to fetch a thing out of
pawn, to exact payment ; riscuotersi, to
escape ; riscossa, exaction of payment,
recovery, retaking, rescuing, deliverance.
— Altieri. Lat. excutere, to tear from,
take away by force, to which corresponds
OFr. escourre, to beat corn from the chaff,
as rescourre to riscuotere.

Kesemble. From Lat. similis, like,
similare or simulare, to make like, to
imitate ; It. sembiare, sembarre, Fr. sem-
bler, to seem ; Prov. resemblar, Fr. ras-
sembler. It. rassembrare, to resemble.

Besort. — Besouroe. To resort, to re-
pair or betake oneself to. Resource, some-
thing to apply back to for succour. — B.
Fr. resortir, ressortir, to issue, go forth
again, to resort, repair, to appeal from an
inferior to a superior court. En dernier
ressort, finally, without further appeal.
Sans nul resort, without delay. — Fab. et
Contes, II.

Diez would explain the meaning from
It. sortire, to 'obtain or acquire, whence
risortire would signify to get back, to re-
cover, and thence to betake oneself to,
on the same principle on which ricove-
rarsi signifies to have recourse to, to fly
to for help. But risortire Aoes not appear
ever to have been used in the sense of
recover, and we have no occasion for this
hypothetical explanation.

The truth is, that Fr. ressort and res-
source are parallel forms with the same
general meaning more or less directly
derived from Lat. surgere, to rise. Hence
It. sorgere, ppl. sorto, Fr. sourdre, ppl.
sors, sours, to rise, spring, come out of ;
se resourdre, to spring up again, recover,
come to one's former estate or vigour |
resours, raised, recovered, got up again ;
ressource, a new spring, recovery, up-
rising, also refuge for succour. — Cot.
From the other form of the participle,
sorto, surto, are formed Cat. siiri, a bound
or spring ; Ptg. surto, the spring upwards
of a bird, Fr. essort, essour, essor, source,
spring, fiight ; ressort, spring, elasticity,
the spring which moves a piece of me-
chanism, and thence metaphorically, re-
source, supply of needful power. II a
fait jouer tous ses ressorts, he has used
all his means, resources.^Tarver. From
the substantive arises a secondary form

RET

of verb, Sp. surtir, to spring as water
(Taboada), Ptg. surtir, to fly, to soar,
Cat. surtir, to spring up, Fr. sortir, to go
out. To resort to a thing is to have re-
source to it, to come back to it as the source
or supply of what is wanting to meet the
emergency.

Al I refuse but that I might resorte
Unto my love, the well of goodlihede.

Chaucer.

The same met. sense is found in Prov.
ressort.

Contra mort ressort ni cubatura.
— against death there is neither resource
nor protection.

Bespite. Breathing time, delay, for-
bearance.— B. From Lat. respectus. It.
rispetto, Prov. respieg, respeit, Fr. respit,
regard, consideration, expectation, then
respite, delay. 'Tout prent sans nul
respit avoir : ' takes everything without
regard for any consideration. — Fab. et
Contes, 4. 445. ' Mando vobis ut respec-
tetis benedictionem usque ad Pascham : '
should delay the blessing until Easter. —
Eadmer. ' Et ainsi fut respoitiez li allers
a Adrenople a cele fois : ' was put off.^-
Villehardouin.

Bespond. — ^Besponse. Lat. spondeo,
to promise, engage for; respondeo, to
answer.

Best. Two words are confounded.

1. From Lat. restare,\.o remain, to re-
sist, stand firm, hold out; Fr. rester, to
remain ; reste, a remainder ; It- res tare,
to remain, abide, or stay still in one place,
to cease from, to leave or be left over-
plus.

2. From G. rast, Du. ruste, raste, ease,
quiet, repose.

Bestive. — Besty. It. restio, restive,
resty, drawing back, loth to go as some
horses, by met. slow, lazy. — Fl. Fr. restif,
stubborn, drawing backward, that will
not go forward. — Cot. From Lat. restare.

Bestore. Lat. restaurare, to repair,
remake. See Store.

Bestilt. Lat. resulto, to leap back ;
re and sulto, a freq. of salio, to leap.

Besurrection. Lat. resurrectio, from
resurgo, resurrectum, to rise again ; re
and surgo, to rise.

To Bet. To rait timber, to set it to
soak. — Ray. Hay is raited -whsn it has
been much exposed to wet and dry. —
Hal. G. rosteii, Pl.D. rothen, Du. rotten
or rooten het vlasch, to ret flax, to steep
it in water in order to separate the fibre
by incipient rotting. Rettyn' tymber,
hempe, ur other lyke, rigo, infundo. — Pr.
Pm.

RETAIL

The word is a mere modification of
rot. Sw. rota, N. royta, to rot, putrefy,
decay, to ret flax. Royte upp klceda, to
rot clothes by much exposure to wet.
Royte hamp, skitm, to set hemp or slcins
to soak in order to loosen the fibre in
the one case and the hair in the other ;
royta, rottenness, long continuance of
wet weather in which corn is in danger
of rotting, also the steeping or stripping
of goods.

Retail. Fr. retail, a shred or small
piece cut from a thing. — Cot. Tailler, to
cut.

Retaliate. Fr. talion, a pain equal to
the harm done ; retalionni, requited or
paid back with the like. — Cot. Lat. talis,
such.

To Retell. It. recere, Lang, raca, to
vomit. AS. hrcecan, Picard. raquer, N.
rakja, to retch, hawk, spit. on. hraki,
spittle ; Du. rachelen, to cough, to hawk
and spit ; Bret- rodha, roc'hella, to snore,
to breathe with difficulty. It. recere Vani-
ma, to breathe one's last, expresses the
stertorous breathing of the death-bed.

The origin is a representation of the
harsh raking noise made in forcing the
breath through passages encumbered with
viscous secretions.
Reticent. See Tacit.
Reticulate. Lat. reticulatus, made in
the form of a irete) net.

Retinue. Fr. retenir, to retain or hold
land of a superior ; retenue, a holding, a
train of retainers or persons holding of or
dependent upon one.

To Retire. Fr. retirer, to draw back ;
tirer, It. tirare, to draw, pull, strike ;
tiro, a throw, draught, stroke. Identified
by Diez with Goth, tairan, to tear, on the
principle on which we use tear for any
violent action ; to tear a paper down, to
tear along the road. It must always be
remembered that the original image from
whence an expression is taken will com-
monly appear a gross caricature of the
thing signified.

Retreat. Fr. retraite corresponding
to a Lat. retracta, from retrahere, retrac-
tum, to withdraw.

To Retrench. Fr. retrancher, to cut
off. See Trench.

To Retrieve. To recover, get again.
See Contrive.
Retro-. Lat. retro, backwards, behind.
Reveal. Lat. revelare, to disclose, as
if by throwing back {velum) a veil.

Revel. Commonly referred to Fr. re-
veiller, to waken, as if signifying one who
keeps late hours. But reveiller is to

RHYME

535

awake, not to watch or sit up late. The
real origin is in the notion of noisy merry-
making. Swiss rdbeln, to clatter, make a
disturbance ; grdbel, rdblete, disturbance,
uproar, confusion ; rdbelkilth, nocturnal
assembly of young people. Bret, ribla,
to revel, lead a dissipated life. Champ.
ribler, to be out at night, lead a debauched
life ; revel, noise, disturbance, gaiety ;
reveaux, pleasures, debauches.

Plains est de joie et de revel. — Roquef.

Du. ravelen, raveelen, sestuare, fluctuare,
et circumcursare et delirare, insanire,
furere. — Kil. With a change of termina-
tion, ravotteji, tumultuari et luxuriari, po-
pinari, to riot, romp. Connected forms
are Du. rabbelen, to gabble ; Swiss raf-
feln, to rattle ; Gael, ramhlair, a noisy
fellow ; ramhlaireachd, play or sport.

Revenge. Fr. revanche, requital, re-
venge. See Vengeance.

Revenue. Fr. revenir, to come back,
to profit or yield increase ; revenue, a re-
turn or coming again ; revenue de bois,
the new springing of wood after it has
been lopped or felled. — Cot. In like
manner revenue is applied to the yearly
income from property in general.

Revere. — Reverend. Lat. vereor,
revereor, to stand in awe of.

Reverie. When ideas float in our
mind without any reflection or regard of
the understanding, it is that which the
French call resverie, our language has
scarce a name for it. — Locke. Resver,
to rave, dote, speak idly ; resvetir, a.
dotard or dreamingfop. — Cot. See Rave.

Revulsion. Lat. revtilsio, a. plucking
back ; vello, vulsum, to pull or pluck.

Rhapsody. Gr. pa^/ipSid, a portion of
an epic poem for recitation at one time ;
paiTTio, to stitch or link together, and (fSnj,
a song.

Rhetoric. Gr. piiTup, an orator; ri pr/-
ropiKi) {rixvri), the art of the public
speaker.

Rheum-. — Rheumatism. Gr. ptv/ia,
pevfianubsS from plw, to flow, the idea
being that there was an undue flow of
rheum, or humour, through the part af-
fected by the disorder itrmtd Rheumatis7n.

Rhinoceros. Gr. pivoK^pwQj piv, the
snout, nose, and Ktpas, a horn.

Rhomboid. Lat. rhombus, Gr. pofifSog,
a lozenge, and iWoe, form, fashion.

Rhyme. It. rima, Fr. rime, G. reim.
Diez objects to the derivation from Gr.
pvQ/iSg, measure, proportion, regular move-
ment, metre, rhythm, that it would have
given rise to an It. rimmo or remmo in-

53'> MB

stead of rima, and he is more inclined to
OHG. rim, AS. «'»?, gerim, w. Mz/^ Bret.
ricinm, number. But in Fr., at least,
there is no difficulty in the formation of
rime from the older spelling rithme, rime
or metre. — Cot. Rithmailler (rimailler),
to rime paltrily. — Ibid. The term rith-
micare was used in the sense of versifying
long after the introduction of rhj-me, and
it is perfectly natural that rithmus, which
signifiedmetrical writing, should gradually
have been applied to the rhyme which
became its most striking characteristic.
An Ars rithmicandi written in the 14th
century begins as follows •. Ad habendum
artem rithmicandi et dictaminis notitiam
sciendum est quid sit rithmus et ex quot
syllabis constare debet — et ubi ser\'anda
est consonantia [the rhyme]. Rithmus
est consoiia paritas syllabarum sub certo
numero comprehensarum. — Reliq. Ant. i.
30. As consonantia is used throughout
in the sense of rhyme, it seems that con-
sona in the latter clause must be under-
stood in the sense of rhyming, showing
that in the apprehension of the author
rhyme formed • an essential element of
rhythm.

Rib. Du. ribbe, a rib, beam, lath,
rafter ; G. rippe, rib ; gerippe, Pl.D. rif,
rift, sceleton. — Brem. Wtb. AS. /trif,the
intestines, is probably what is contained
in the framework of the ribs. Swab, nzf,
rafen, rafter or spar of a roof.

The radical image seems to be a frame-
work of rods or bars, perhaps originally
from comparison with the parallel teeth
of a comb or rake. G. raufe, raffel, 7-iffel,
an iron comb for plucking off the heads
of flax-seed ; raufe. Swab, raf, reff, the
rack or lath-work which holds the hay
for cattle, the cradle of a scythe. G.
helmreife, the grate of a helmet or bars
which protect the mouth. — Brem. Wtb.
G. raufe, Bav. reff, reft, is also a basket
made of rods for carrying on the back ;
reftrager, feferer, higler, one who carries
about fowls, eggs, butter, &c., on his back
for sale. We have the same word in E.
rip, a panier for carrying fish ; ripper,
one who carries about fish for sale.

The foregoing supposition would unite
w. crib, a comb, cribin, a hay-rake, Bret.
cribin (as G. ratfe, riffeV), a comb for flax,
with G. krippe, a crib, rack for cattle, any
framework of rods or beams to be filled
up with earth or stones. Das tifer krip-
pen, to fasten a bank with stakes or piles,
by which the earth is held together, as
the soft parts of the body of an animal
by the (gerippe) skeleton.

RID

Ribald. OFr. ribault, ribauld. It. ri-
baldo, a name applied generally to any
loose character. ' Fures, exules, fiigitivi,
excommunicati,quos omaesribaldosYxzca.-
cia vulgariter consuevit appellare.' — Matt.
Paris in Diez. Du. rabaud, scortator,
lascivus, nequam, nebulo, mendicus faUax,
aruscator. — KiL

It is probable that the original signifi-
cation is nothing worse than a reveller or
noisy companion, from Fr. rabalter, to
rumble, rattie, make a terrible noise, as
they say spirits do in some houses. — Cot.
Du. ravotten, to riot, racket, lead an up-
roarious hfe. — Hahna. Ravot, revot,
cater\'a nebiJonum et lupanar. — Kil.

In ultimate formation the word is a re-
presentation of ratde, clatter, analogous
to Piedm. rabadan, noise, uproar, clatter ;
or to E. rubadub, ro-wdydow, from the last
of which is formed the American roii'dy,
a term exactly synonymous with OFr.
ribauld.

Eibband. — Eibbon. Yr.rubdn. From
Du. rijghe, rije, a row or line ; riighen,
to string, to lace ; rijghbaiid, rijghsnoer,
rijghnestel, a.lace, band, tie. Du. nestel,
a lace or strap, is identical with It. nostra,
a ribbon.

Rich. Prov. ric, noble, powerful, illus-
trious, rich ; Sp. ricos hombres, magnates,
grandees. Goth, reiks, ruler ; reikinon,
to rule. OX. riki, realm, power ; rikia,
to reign ; rikdomr, riches. G. reich, em-
pire, rich. GaeL righ, king; righich,
govern. Lat. regere, rex, &c.

Rick. AS. hreac, OX. hraukr, especi-
ally applied to a heap of fuel ; hreykia,
to pile up. N. rdyk, rauk, a small heap,
as of corn-sheaves in the field, or of turf.

Rickets. Mid. Lat. rachitis, disease of
the spine. Gr. pax'f, the spine.

To Rid. ON. h7ioSa, to clear away ;
hrodi, rubbish, what is cleared away ;
hrodit skip, a ship in which all th^de-
fenders are killed ; riodr, a place cleared
of wood, in E. commonly called riddings.
Dan. rydde, to grub up, to clear ; rydde
op i en stue, to set a room to rights ;
rydnitigs-plads, a cleared place ; rydde
bort, rydde af veicn, to clear away. G.
reuten, Bav. ricdcn, to clear away, root
out, extirpate ; das ried, geried, rieder,
riddings, place cleared of wood and
bushes.

Sc. red, to clear away, set in order,
clearance, removal of obstructions ; red,
outred, rubbish.

Pl.D. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, to
save or rescue, seems a wholly different
word, signifying perhaps to snatch from

RIDDLE

danger, as. fireddcvi, rapere, eripeic. —
Lye.

Riddle, i. as. hriddel, hridder, G.
reiter, rdder, Bret, ridel, W. rhidyll, Gael.
rideal, a sieve, especially a corn-sieve.

From the v^^.y in which a sieve is shaken
whenever it is used. ON. rida, to tremble ;
AS. hrethadl, Du. ridde, a fever or shak-
ing sickness ; riideren, rijeren, rijelcn, to
shiver with fever or with cold. — Thes.
Ling. Teut. E. dial, to rue, to ree, to sift
— Hal. ; Sc. ree, a small riddle. Bav.
erridern, to shiver. The primary origin
S3ems to be the representation of a rust-
ling or rattling sound. G. rattel7i, to sift.
Bav. rodel, a tin box with pebbles in it ;
rodeln, rudeln, to shake, to stir ; G. rut-
teln, to shake, sift, winnow corn. Gr.
K^oToKov, a rattle ; Gael, crith, tremble,
shake, quiver. AS. hriscian, to make a
rustling noise, to shake, frizzle.

2. AS. rcEdelse,!Ln imagination, a riddle.
'Se leasa wena and sio radelse thara
dysigra monna :' the false opinion and
the imagination of foolish men. OHG.
ratsal, ratisca, ratissa, rdtersch, radisli,
a riddle. Rat mir dise ratschen, read me
this riddle.

Bav. rdten, G. erratlien, ratheii, ON.
rdda, to conjecture, divine, make out,
imagine. Rathe was ist das, guess what
is that. Dan. raade, to divine, devise.
Raade bod paa, to devise a remedy for.
See Read.

To Ride. on. reida, to sway, lift, weigh,
brandish, move up and down. La reidir
buk, the tide carries the corpse. Skip
reidduz, the ships were borne on the
waves. A ship rides at anchor when she
is borne up and down by the waves with-
out changing place. ON. rida, to be
borne on a horse or in a ship. Rida
kjol, to be carried in a ship. To be borne
or carried aloft as a standard, a sword,
an axe. N. rida, to sway to and fro as a
boat resting on a stone. Du. rijden, to
ride on horseback, to be borne in a car-
riage, to slide on the ice.

Parallel with reida and rida are ON.
leidg., to lead, and lida, to be borne. At
lida i lopti, to be borne through the air.
Du. lijden, to slide, to pass by.

-ride. -ris-. Ridicule. Lat. rideo,
risum, to laugh ; as in Deride, Derision,
Lat. ridiculus, what moves to laughter.

Ridge. AS. hricg, ON. hryggr, Pl.D.
rugge, Dan. ryg, G. riicken, the back.
Then anything formed like the back of
an animal, a long horizontal line from
which the surface slopes down on either
side.

kk;

537

Kiding, In Domcsihiy, tn'diii,^:, one
of the divisions of tlnx-c into which the
county of \'ork is broken up. ON.
Thridjiinor, n. tridjiing, a third part.
The initial t was probably lost, as Miiller
suggests, in consequence of the difficulty
of recognising the sound in the com-
pounds jVor//^-, East-, and West-trithing,
in which the word would principally
occur.

Rife. Du. rijf, copious, abundant. ON.
rifr, rijlegr, liberal, munificent ; rifka, to
increase. In the N. of E. ripe, prevalent,
abundant.— Hal.

Riffraff. Refuse, dregs, scum of any-
thing.— B. Rif and raf, tag rag and
bobtail, every atom, scrapings and all.

King Richard it wan and tille his sister it gaf,
The Sarrazins ilk man heslouh alle rif and raf.
R. Brunne in R.

II ne lui lairra rif ni raf, he will strip
him of all. On n'y a laiss^ ni rifle ni
rafle, they have swept it all away. — Cot.
It. raffola-ruffola, riff-raff, by hook or by
crook. Lomb. o de riff o de raff, in one
way or another. See Raff

Rifle. A rifle is a gun' having a barrel
internally grooved or scored in a spiral
in order to make the bullet revolve. Pl.D.
rifeln, to streak, to furrow. Dan. rijle, to
groove a column. See To Rifle, Rive.

To Rifle. Fr. rifler, to rifle, ransack,
sweep all away before him. Du. rijfelen,
to scrape, rub, seize. It. raffa, a raffling,
rifling ; raffio, any hook or crook, a rake,
a drag ; raffolare, to rake, drag, scrape
together by hook or by crook ; ruffolare,
ruffaae, to rifle, to filch or pilfer craftily.
Lombard ruff, sweepings, dirt. See
Raffle.

Rift. A cleft, chink, crack. — B. From
rive.

To Rig. * I. N. rigga, to rig a ves-
sel. Perhaps a metaphor from harness-
ing a horse. Sw. dial, riggapd, to har-
ness a horse. From rygg, the back ?

2. To rig about, to be wanton, to romp;
rig, a wanton, romping girl ; riggish,
rampant, ruttish. — B.

The wanton gesticulations of a virgin in a wild
assembly of gallants warmed with wine, could be
no other than riggish and unmaidenly. — Bp
Hall in R.

Probably from the excited movements
of animals under sexual impulse, as in-
dicated under Ramble. N. rugga, rigga,
rugla, rigla, to rock or waver ; E. wrig-
gle. Manx reagh, ruttish, wanton, merry,
sportive, lecherous ; riggan, to rut ; rig-
gyl, as E. rig, ridgil, ridgeling, a ram
imperfectly castrated, and consequently

538

RIGHT

liable to sexual excitation. To play reaks,
to run a rig, to act in an excited manner,
to do something outrageous.

Bight. AS. rikf, Goth, raihts, G. recht,
Lat. rectus, straight, stretched out ; por-
rigo, to stretch out ; dirigo, to stretch
towards a definite point. Gr. opsyw, to
stretch.

The meaning of right is always a
metaphor more or less direct from
the image of straightness. The right
course is that which leads in a straight
line to the object sought for. Moral
right is that which has to be done, which
lies in the straight way to satisfy the con-
science. The right hand is the hand it
is right to make use of

Rigid. — Kigour. 'LaX.rigidus, rigors
rigeo, to be stiff. ON. rigr, stiffness.

Rigmarole. A repetition of idle words,
a succession of long foolish stories — Wor-
cester ; a confused, unconnected dis-
course.— Hal. There can be little doubt
that it is a corruption of ragman-roll,
which was used in a very similar sense.

Tindall — hath in the handling of that one mat-
ter alone utterly destroyed the foundation of all
the heresies they have in their whole raggemans
rolle.— Sit T. Moore.

In the play of Juditian, Towneley Mys-
teries, p. 311, Tutivillos, one of the devils
who had been employed in catching
people sinning, and comes to make his
report, says :

Here a roUe of ragman of the rownde tabille
Of breffes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.

The origin of the term has been made
out by Mr Wright in his Anecdota Litte-
raria. The name was originally given to
a game consisting in drawing characters
from a roll by strings hanging out from
the end, the amusement arising from the
application or misapplication of the cha-
' racters to the persons by whom they were
drawn.

A roll of this kind, from MS. Fairfax
16, is printed by Mr Wright :

Here begynnyth Ragmane roelle,
My ladyes and my maistresses echone
Lyke hit unto your humbyl womanhede,
Resave in gr^ of my sympill persone
This rolle, which ^^thouten any drede
Kynge Ragman me bad serve in brede,
And cristened it the merour of your chaunce.
Drawith a strynge, and that shall streyght you

leyde
Unto the very path of your govemaunce.

The popularity of the amusement is
shown by the familiar allusion of Gower:

Venus whiche slant withoute lawe
In non certeyne, but as men drawe

RIME

Of Ragemon upon the chaunce,
She leyeth no peys in the balaunce.

MS. in Hal.
The name of Ragman is given to the
devil in P. P., and he is probably made
to preside at our game as the father of
sorcery. Sw. raggen, the devil.

From the strings hanging out at the
end of the roll by which the characters
were drawn, the name oi ragman-roll ^zs
given to any deed with a number of seals
hanging to it, and especially to the inden-
tures by which the Scottish Barons were
made to subscribe allegiance to Ed. I.,
and of which a record was kept in four
large rolls of parchment preserved in the
Tower. Unum instrumentum sive car-
tam subjectionis et homagii faciendi re-
gibus Anglise — a Scottis propter multa
sigilla dependentia ragman vocabatur. —
Chronicon de Lanercost in Wright.

, Swa thai consentyd than
And mad upon this a ragman
With many sells of Lordis, thare
That that tyme at this trett^ ware.— Wyntown.

There preached a pardoner as he a priest were,
Brought forth a bull with many bishops seales ;
He — raughte with his ragman both ringes and
broches. — P. P.

Rill. A trickling stream, from the
sense of trickling, explained under To
Rail, 2.

Aganippe's spring
— with soft murmurs gently rilling
Adown the mountains where thy daughters
haunt. — Prior.

Pl.D. rille, a little stream or water-
course, such as those which the rain
makes in running off meadows, or the
tide retiring from mud-banks.

Rim. AS. rima, margin, edge. The
rime of the sea was used for the surface
of the sea.

The weeds being so long that riding in fourteen
fathoms water, many times they streamed three
or four fathoms upon the ryme of the sea. — Haw-
kins' Voyage, p. 116.

It is perhaps in this sense that the mem-
brane enclosing the bowels is called the
rim. Sw. and Dan. bryn is used as well
in the sense of edge or border as of sur-
face. Dan. bryn, the ryme or surface of
the sea, also the brow or rim of the eye.
G. augenbraune, the eyebrow, is in other
dialects augenbramen. Thus rim, brim,
and bryti, must be regarded as radically
identical. N. bryning, Dan. brcemme,
a border or edging, w. rhim, rhimp,
edge, rim.

Rime. G. reif, Du. rijpe, rijm, Sw.
rim, hoarfrost. ON. hrim, soot, hoarfrost.

RIMPLE

Bret, frimm, Fr. frinias, mist which
freezes in falling.

Rimple. — Bumple. — Hippie, as.
hrympel, Du. rimpe, rimpel, rompe, rom-
pel, a wrinkle, rumple, pucker. Words
representing a broken sound are com-
monly applied to signify a broken move-
ment, then a broken, uneven, rugged sur-
face. The gentle sound of small waves
breaking on the shore is represented by
the word ripple, which is then applied to
the uneven surface of the rippling water,
and rimple is used in the same sense.
As gilds the moon the rimpling of the brook.

Crabbe in R.
Pl.D. rumpeln, originally signifying to
rumble, to clatter, is now chiefly used in
the applied sense of jolting, jogging.
Rumpelgeest, as G. poltergeist, a clatter-
ing ghost. De bunk rumpelt mi, my belly
rumbles. De wage rumpelt up dem
steenwege, the carriage clatters along the
road, or jolts along. Ik kan dat rumpeln
nig verdragen, I cannot endure the jolting.
Rumpumpeln, to jolt excessively. Du.
rompelig, uneven, rugged. Then as a
shaking motion throws a surface into
confusion, to rumple, to disorder, disar-
range, crumple. See Rumble, Rumpus.

To Bince. Fr. rincer, ON. hreinsa,
Dan. reuse, to cleanse. ON. hrein, G.
rein, Dan. reen, pure, clean.
Bind. Du. G. rinde, crust, bark.
Biug. ON. hringr, a circle, a ring ;
kringr, a circle. Dan. kringel, krinkel,
crooked, twisted ; kringle, to go in folds,
to run round. E. crinkle, to curl. The
connection of the foregoing forms with
ON. hringla, to tinkle, is probably based
on the principle so often referred to on
which a crooked, curiing form is desig-
nated by the figure of a broken or qua-
vering sound. W. crychlais, a quivering
voice ; crychiad, a shake in music ; crych,
a curling, wrinkling, rippling.

To Bing. ON. hringia, to ring bells ;
hringla, to clink, ring, tingle. Hann
hringlar gialldi, he chinks his money.
Dan. ringle, klingre, to ring, tinkle. All
imitative.

Biot. Fr. rioter, Bret, riota, to chide,
brawl, jangle ; Gael, raoit, indecent mirth.
It. riotta, riot, brawl ; Du. ravotten, tu-
multuari, et luxuriari, popinari ; ravot,
revot, caterva nebulonum, et lupanar,
luxus, luxuria.— Kil. Ravotterig, bruit,
tintamarre, charivari. — -Halma.

A similar word to Fr. rabater, men-
tioned under Ribald.
Bip. I. A panier for fish. See Rib.
2. A name applied to men and boys,

RISE

539

and even to animals if they appear to be
lean, half-starved, or otherwise ill-condi-
tioned.— Hal. A rip of a horse is a thin,
worn-out horse. Pl.D. rif, rift, a skele-
ton. G. gerippe, a skeleton. He is een
rift, so mager as een rift. — Brem. Wtb.
E. rip is also applied metaphorically to a
morally ill-conditioned person.

To Bip. I. To tear. Ultimately de-
rived from the sound of scratching or
tearing. See Raffle. ON. Ari/a,. to scrape,
to snatch ; ?ifa, riufa, to tear ; Du. roo-
pen, reupen, ruppen, G. raufen, to pluck ;
Yr.friper, to rub, to wear ; fripon, a rag.

2. ON. at rippa upp, Dan. oprippe, to
rip up, to go over again, to repeat. Jeg
ei oprippe vil det som jeg for har sagt :
I will not repeat what I have said before.
Du. Die zaak werd niet gereptj men repte
van die zaak niet : they did not make
mention of the thing.

When each party had ripped up their sundry
fortunes and perils passed, they highly praised
God.— Haokluyt in R.

It has been shown under Rehearse
that the figure of raking is often used to
express iteration. ON. hrifa, a rake, also
iteration. To rip and to rake tip old
grievances are used indifferently.

Bipe. Du. rijp, G. reif.

To Bipe. To rake, to probe, and
thence met. to search or examine.

Then fling on coals and ripe the ribs
And beek the house baith but and ben.

Ramsay.
All the hymis of his goist
He rypit with his swerd amid his coist,
So til his hart stoundith the prick of death.
D. V. 330. 38.

It is from this sort of action that a sword
is called in Sp. raspadera, Fr. rapilre, a
raker or rasper. Esthon. riipma, to rake.
See To Rip.

Bipple. See Rimple.

To Bipple. To pluck off" the heads of
flax seeds by drawing the straw through
a fixed iron comb. Walach. grebla,.z.
comb or rake. Fris. rebbel, Dan. ribbel,
a frame with iron teeth through which
thrashed straw is drawn and combed to
save any remnants of the corn. — Outzen.
G. raufen, rupfen, Swiss riipfeln, to pluck ;
G. raufen, raiifeln, to ripple flax ; raufe,
reffe, raufel, reffel, riffel, the comb used
in that operation. Pl.D. repen, reppen,
repeln, to rip, pluck, tear, to ripple flax ;
repe, a rack for hay ; repe, repel, a ripple.
Dan. rive, to rake, rive, tear, rasp.

To Bise. ON. risa, to rise ; Goth.
urreisan, AS. arisan, to rise up ; reosan,
to rush, to fall. Du. riisen, opriisen, to

54°

RISIBLE

rise up ; riisen, afriisen, to sink, to fall.
OHG. risan, to fall ; anarisan, irruere ;
arrisan, corruere, surgere ; zarisan, de-
albi, ruinari.— Graff. Regenes tropphen
risente in erda, rain-drops falling on the
earth.— Notker, Ps. 71. 6. Bav. reisen,
to fall ; reisuhr, an hour-glass, marking
time by the trickling of the sand. Swiss
riesen, rauschend herabfallen; laicbriesi,
laubriesete, the fall of the leaf.

The radical image seems to be the rust-
ling sound of fragments falling to the
ground, which is represented by such
forms as Bav. riseln, Swiss riesehti, to
fall in drops, in little bits. Es riselet,
cadit nivosa grando. Der risel, hail. —
Schmeller. Swiss rieslete, stones rattling
down a hill-side ; riesobsi, worm-eaten
fruit that falls prematurely. Sometimes
the imitative syllable begins with gr or
dr instead of a simple r, as in G. grieseln,
to fall in bits ; Ff. gresiller, to fall in
rime ; gr^sil, hail ; Swiss droseln, troselii,
to patter down ; E. drizzle. To these
latter forms are related Goth, driusan,
AS. dreosan, to fall, in the same way as
OHG. risan to riseln. Gr. ^poo-oj, Lith.
rasas, Lat. ros, dew, probably owe their
designation to being originally conceived
as what drizzles or falls in a fine shower.
Bav. es reisst nebel, a drizzling mist falls.

The direction of the motion in the act
of falling being often expressed by a pre-
position, as when we speak of falling
down, tumbling down, coming pattering
down, it was a natural device to desig^nate
motion in the opposite direction by the
same radical with a preposition of oppo-
site signification : Du. afriisen, to fall
down ; opriisen, to rise up. In English,
where the compound signifying to fall was
wanting, the addition of the preposition
in the compound expressing the opposite
idea would appear superfluous, and thus
it may have been that the simple verb to
rise has come to include the signification
of motion upwards which it originally
owed to union with a preposition indi-
cating that relation.

Risible, -ris-. See -ride.

Risk. Fr. risque. It. risico, risco, Sp.
riesgo, risk. Bret. 7-iska, riskla, to slip
or slide ; riskuz, slippery. A slippery
path affords a lively image of risk or
danger. So Gael, sgiorr, slip, slide, run
a risk ; sgiorrach, apt to slip or stumble,
running a risk. — ^Armstrong.

Rissoles. Fr. rissoler, to fry meat till
it is brown. — Cot. From the rustling
noise of fr>ing. Dan. risle, to purl, mur-
mur ; Swiss riesen, riesenen, krachen.

RIVET

zitternd rauschen — Stalder ; Sv/ab. risse-
len, to rustle, shake in the wind ; Sc.
reissil, a clattering noise.

Rite. — Ritual. Lat. ritus, a custom,
ceremony, established order of proceed-
ing. _

Rival. Lat. rivalis, explained in dif-
ferent ways from rivus, a brook ; by some
from the struggles between herdsmen
using the same watercourses ; by others
as signifying those who dwell on opposite
sides of the stream.

To Rive. — Rift, -reave. Ryvyn' or
rakyn', rastro ; ryvyn' or reendyn', lacero ;
ryvyn' or clyvyn', as men doo woodde,
findo ; revyn', or be vyolence take awey,
rapio. — Pr. Pm. OX. rifa, to scratch,
tear, tear asunder ; Sw. rifwa, to scratch,
tear, claw, to grate, to grind. Rifwa of,
to tear, pull, strip off; — sonder, to tear
to pieces ; N. riva, to scratch, tear, tear
to pieces ; riva. Da. rive, a rake ; riva.
Da. revne, rift, a rift, crack, split. See
To Rob.

Rivel. Wrinkle. Riveling, turning
in and out. — B. w. of E. to reeve, to
wrinkle. — Hal. 'D-a.ruyffeleii, to wrinkle.
Closely allied with rabble, nibble, rum-
ple, rimple, ripple ruffle, ravel, all from the
radical figure of a broken confused noise,
leading to the notion of a jolting irregular
movement, then of a rugged, rumpled, or
entangled structure. Grisons rabaglia, a
wrinkle ; teila rabagliada, rumpled, tum-
bled cloth. E. Ravelled, entangled. Pa-
rallel forms with an a and i in the radical
syllable are very common.

River. OFr. riviere, shore ; from
Lat. riparia, derivative from ripa, bank.
It. riviera, coast. Ptg. ribeira, meadow,
low land on the bank of rivers, shore,
coast ; ribeiro, a stream.

Rivet. From Lat. ripa, shore, bank,
are formed Lang, ribo, Fr. rive, edge,
border, strip along the edge of anything ;
rivet, Lang, ribe, the welt of a shoe, the
strip of leather turned in between the
upper leather and the sole, to which they
both are fastened ; Sp. Ptg. ribete, bor-
der, seam, binding, the doubling down at
the edge of a garment. Welt of a shoe,
rivet d'un Soulier. — Sherwood. Hence
Fr. river, Ptg. rebitar (for ribetar), to
double back the edge or point of a thing,
to rivet or clench a nail ; river un lit (in
Berri), to tuck in a bed ; rebitar 0 chapeo,
to cock or turn up the brim of the hat ;
nans arrcbitado, a turned-up nose. It.
ribadire, to clench a nail. In Craven
rebbit, Sc. roove, ruiff, to clench, to rivet.
It is not surprising that the word should

RIVULET

have been referred to a root which would
account for the meaning so well as It.
ribattere, Fr. rebattre, to beat back, turn
back the extremity, but such a derivation
would destroy the connection between
Fr. river and E. rivet, nor could It. ri-
battere have been corrupted to ribadire.

Rivulet. A double dim. from Lat.
rivus, a brook.

Road. From ride, pret. rode, a wa.y
through which men ride. An inroad is
.a riding into an enemy's country ; a road
at sea (Fr. rade, Du. reede), a place where
ships may ride at anchor.

To Roam. It. romeo, romero, OFr.
romier, a pilgrim, one who makes a pil-
grimage to Rome. Chiamansi romei in-
quanto vanno a. Roma. — Dante, Vita
nuova. From romeo is formed It. ronie-
are, romiare, to roam or wander about as
a palmer. — Fl. The verb to roam how-
ever could hardly have come to us direct
from the It., and it does not seem to have
had a Fr. equivalent. I am inclined
therefore to believe that it is from G.
raum, E. room, space, analogous to Lat.
spatiari, G. spazieren, to walk abroad,
from spatium.

The usual signification of ON. ryma, G.
raiimen, Du. ritimen, is to clear a space,
to make or leave room.

Hii alijte with drawe suerd, with matis mony on,
And with many an hard stroc riimcde lier way

anon,
Vort hii come up to the deis. — R. G. 536.

AS. rym thysum manne setl : give this
man place. ^Luc 14, 9. Pl.l3. ?7/«ot
hus maken, to vacate a house. The
verb was then used in the special sense
of leaving home, wandering abroad.
Uuanda andere fogela ritment, sparo ist
heime : when other birds quit the nest,
the sparrow remains at home. — Notker,
Ps. loi, 7. Hence OSw. rum, abroad ;
wara rumme, to be abroad, as opposed
to wara hemma, to be at home. — Ihre.
From this application may be explained
the use of roam in the usual sense of
wandering abroad.

Roan. Fr. rouen, It. roano, Sp. ruano,
roano, the colour of a horse having a
mixture of bay and grey hairs.

To Roar. as. raran, Du. reeren, from
the sound.

Roast. It. rosta, a frying-pan ; rostire,
Fr. rostir, to roast, broil, toast. G. rost,
a grate, trellis, a gridiron. Feicerrost, a
fire grate ; bratrost, a gridiron ; helm-
rost, the grate of a helmet ; r'dsten, to
dress meat on a gridiron, to broil, fry,

ROBE

S4I

and more generally to roast or toast.
Pol. roszt, a grate ; rossczka, a rod, twig,
small branch. A grate is a collection of
parallel or interlaced rods. See Roost.

Rob. It. robbo, Fr. rob, Arab, robb,
the thickened juice of fruits.

To Rob. Goth, biraubon, to strip or
spoil ; Prov. raubar, OFr. rober, Sp.
robar. It. rubare, Du. rooven, Dan. rovej
E. reave, bereave, to take by violence, to
plunder, rob. The Gael, reub has the
simpler sense of rend, tear, pull asunder,
but the meaning is completely developed
in the derivatives reubainn, robann, ra-
pine ; reubair, robair, a robber.

MHG. rotiben signifies both to rob and
to rtib, and it is probable that the differ-
ence between these two forms has only
arisen from the tendency, which may
often be observed in the growth of lan-
guage, to distinguish variations in the
application of a term by slight changes
in the pronunciation of the word. Thus
Grisons rapar, to rub, and Du. raepen,
to scrape, will be connected with Lat.
rapere, to rob. The senses of rubbing,
scrubbing, scraping, scratching, tearing,
gradually pass into each other, and acts
of this kind being accompanied by a pe-
culiar harsh sound, while the effect of
the action when sufficiently forcible is to
tear away a portion of the body operated
on, it furnishes language with a conve-
nient type of robbery. Dan. rive and
Sw. rifuia are used in all the foregoing
senses, to rasp, scrape, rake, rub, rend.
Rive farver, to grind colours ; rive noget |
of eens haand, to snatch a thing out of
one's hand ; en rivende strain, a rapid
stream. Sw. rifwa of, to tear away, to
take by violence. G. raffen, to rake to-
gether, to take away everything by force
and violence. — Kiittn. Bret, krafa, krava,
j/^r«i5a,J/Jra/a, signify to scrape or scratch,
and also to seize, steal, rob.

Robbins. g. raabanden, small ropes
on board a ship that fasten the sail to
the yard, from ON. rd, Sw. ra, a sail-yard,
and batid, a tie.

Robe. It. 7-oba, any robe or long upper
garment for man or woman, also goods,
stuff, merchandise. — Fl. Fr. I'obe, a gown,
mantle, coat. Sp. ropa, cloth, clothes.
The name is undoubtedly taken from the
notion of stripping, whether it be from
the fact that clothes originally consisted
in skins stripped from the backs of ani-
mals or that they were regarded as what
might be stripped off the wearer.

Prov. ratibar, to rob ; rauba, garment,
spoil. Du. rooven, to spoil ; roof, spoils,

542

ROBIN

plunder ; roof van 't schaep, a fleece. AS.
reaflan, to rob or spoil ; reaf, garment,
spoil, plunder. Lith. rubas, a garment ;
rubiti, to plunder, also to clothe. It has
indeed been supposed that the derivation
runs in the opposite direction, and that
the act of robbing takes its name from the
clothes which would constitute the earli-
est subject of plunder. And it must be
admitted that such a relation of ideas
seems to hold good in the case of Prov.
pan, cloth, panar, to rob or steal. But it
is incompatible with the relations estab-
lished in the case of the verb to rob.

Bobin. The most familiar of our wild
birds, called Robin-red-breast (from Rob-
in, the familiar version of Robert), on the
same principle that the pie and the daw
are christened Mag (for Margery) and
Jack. In the same way the parrot takes
its name from Pierrot, the familiar version
of Pierre, Peter.

Robust. Lat. robustusj robur, vigour,
strength.

Kochet. It. rochetto, a garment of
plaited lawn worn by bishops. Central
Fr. rochet, a smock-frock. From G. rock,
a coat. See Frock.

Eock. I. ON. rockr, OHG. rocco. It.
rocca, a distaff The origin of the term
seems preserved in Fin. and Lap. ruoko,
a reed, from the distaff having been made
of that material. Thus Legonidec in ex-
plaining Bret, kegel, a distaff, observes
' ce b^ton est ordinairement un roseau,'
and Altieri explains rocca, ' strumente di
canna o simile.'

2. It. rocca, Fr. roc, a rock, crag, cliff,
a fortress or stronghold ; rocke, rocker, a
rock, stony crag or hill. Bret, roc'h, a
rock ; rodhel, a mass of stone.

Diez' suggestion of a derivation from
rupes through a form rupica, analogous
to avica, natica, cutica, from avis, natis,
cutis, is not satisfactory. Probably the
original may be merely a lump, then a
small piece of stone for throwing. Fr.
rocque, lump of earth — Roquef. ; It.
rocchio, any round rugged stone, any un-
polished lump or mass of stone or earth,
any mammock or luncheon piece. Roc-
chino, a piece of an eel or other fish baked
in a pie. Rocchetio, a bobbin (a short
piece of stick ?) to wind silk upon. Cat.,
Lim., roc, a stone for throwing ; OFr.
rocher, to throw stones.

To Hook. 'Qa.'a.rokke, N. rugga, to rock,
shake, vacillate ; rugla, to waver, go up
and down. e. dial, to rog, roggle, to
shake ; roggan, a rocking-stone ; OFr.
rocquer un enfant, to rock a child. G.

ROGUE

ruck, a shake, toss, or jerk. Dem tische
einen ruck geben, to give the table a
shove.

The original image would seem to be a
broken sound, as represented by Sw.
rockla, N. rukla, to rattle in the throat.
See Ruck, Rugged.

Rocket. It. rocca, a rock or distaff;
rocchello, rochetto, a rocket or bobbin to
wind silk on ; also the wheel about which
the cord of a clock or jack goeth ; also
any kind of rocket or squib of wildfire.—
Fl.

The distaff was commonly made of
reed, and with its clothing of flax offered
a familiar resemblance to a barrel-wheel
with the cord of the jack round it, or to a
quill or bobbin wound round with silk.
From these the appellation is transferred
to a firework contained in a hoUow case
or cylinder.

Rod. Du. roede, G. ruthe, a rod.
Walach. ruda\ a pole or stick, the pole of
a carriage, a stick of sealing-wax.

Rodent, -rosion. -rode. Lat. rodo,
rosum, to gnaw. As in Corrosion, Erode.

Rodomontade. A boasting speech
such as those of Rodomonte in Italian
Romance.

Roe. I. ON. rd, G. reh, a small kind
of deer.

2. ON. hroga, Sw. rog, rom, Du. roghe,
roghen, the eggs of fish.

-rogate. — Rogation. — Prorogue.
Lat. rogo, -as, to ask. Rogare legem, to
propose a law. Hence abrogare, to ab-
rogate, annul ; prorogo, to adjourn ; de-
rogo, to withdraw something from ; sur-
rogo {sub-rogo), to substitute, whence
surrogate, an official authorised to grant
licences in the place of the Bishop.

Rogue. To rogue, to wander round
the country. Fr. divaguer, to stray,
range, rogue about, wander inconstantly
up and down. — Cot.

Fye on thee, thou taynted doge !
What, laye thou still in that stonde.
And let that losinger go on the roge f

Chester Plays II. 94, in Hal.

Apparently an equivalent of Fr. roder, to
roam, wander, vagabondise it, rogue
abroad (Cot.), from Prov. rodar (Lat. ro-
tare), to roll, as N. ralla, to roll, also to
trapip about. The Prov. has a secondary
form rogar,\D. the same sense, from whence
E. rogue seems to be descended in the
same way as Fr. roder from rodar.

Peyras y rogan molt espes : stones roll
there thickly.

Swiss rugeln, to roll ; e. dial, to niggle
about, to stir about.

ROIL

To Eoil.— Rile. i. To roil, to dis-
turb, trouble, vex. — Hal. To rile, to
render turbid, to vex, disturb — Brockett,
to stir up liquor and make it turbid by
moving the sediment, figuratively applied
both to the temper and complexion ; a
riled complexion is one coarsely ruddy. —
Forby. 'How roiled Xh& water looks :'
i. e. muddy. — Mrs Baker. The word
seems to signify lees or sediment. Ryall,
fome or barme, spuma. — Pr. Pm. Riall
of wine, fome, brou^e, ileur. — Palsgr.
Cot. explains fleur de vin as mother of
wine, the mouldy spots that float on old
wine.

2. To roil, to range. — B.
Man shall not suffre his wife roil about.

Wife of Bath, Prol. 680.

' Don't roil about so' is often said to rest-
less children. — Mrs Baker. ON. rdla, to
wander about ; N. ralla, to roU, also to
vagabondise ; Bav. ralle?t, to run about.
Swab, rollen, to be noisily merry ; roller,
a rambler, a Tom-cat. Swiss rollen, to
run hither and thither, to toy, dally, romp.

To BrOist. — ^Eoisterer. To roist, to
Swagger or boast ; roisii?ig, noisy, bully-
ing ; roister, a rude, boisterous fellow. —
B. Gloucestersh. to roust, to disturb, to
rouse. — Hal. Sw. rusta, to make a rout
or disturbance ; rustande, noise, bustle,
banqueting, dissolute life ; rustare, a dis-
solute fellow. Piedm. rustU, to squabble,
quarrel ; rustlon, a quarrelsome person.
Fr. rustre, a roister, hackster, swaggerer.
^Cot. Bret, rouestl, tumult, disturb-
ance ; rotiestler, reustler, a disturber.
Gael, riastair, become turbulent or dis-
orderly.

Perhaps the representative origin of
the word is clearest in Pl.D. rastem, to
clatter, do a thing noisily. In't hus rUmm
rastem, to racket about the house.—
Danneil. Holstein raastern, to rattle ;
raasterer, one who makes an outcry,
speaks with much noise.

To KoU. It. rotolare, Venet. rodolare,
Prov. rodolar, rotlar, rollar, Fr. rouler,
Du^ G. rollen, ON. rulla, Dan. rulle, Bret.
rula, W. rholio, to roll.

The origin of the word seems to be the
rattling sound which is so marked a cha-
racteristic of rolling bodies, and remains
as the only meaning of the word when we
speak of the roll of the drum or of tliun-
der. Swiss rollen (of a stream of water),
to brawl, to murmur. Dan. ralle, to rat-
tle ; Da. dial, rallesteen, loose rolling
stones, rubble ; ralde, to rattle along, to
roll rattling along. Bret, rula, to roll
down, to fall rolling.

ROMANCE

543

If we were to adopt the ordinary de-
rivation from Lat. rota, we must suppose
that the Scandinavian and Teutonic forms
above cited are borrowed from the Ro-
mance, a supposition, in the case of the
Scandinavian forms at least, extremely
unlikely. Onthe other hand, if the origin
of the word be the representation of a
rattling or rolling: sound, it would con-
versely afford a derivation of rota, a
wheel, as the implement of rolling, on the
principle in accordance with which we
have in other cases had occasion to ob-
serve that words of an imitative nature
often seem to take their birth in the fre-
quentative form, from which the element
indicating continuation is subsequently
eliminated.

Bomance. The name of Roman was
given to the popular language, Spanish,
Proven9al, French, &c., which grew out
of Latin in the different provinces of the
Empire, and the name is preserved in the
native designation of the dialects spoken
in the Grisons and in Wallachia, Ru-
monsch or Rumauntsch, and Romanesca.
The Walloon dialect was (in Ducange's
time) called by the Belgians la langue
Romane, and the parts of Flanders and
Brabant where it was spoken, le Roman
pays. In Sp. the expression hablar en
Romance signifies to speak in plain Span-
ish, to speak in plain words. A chronicle
of A. D. 1177, speaking of translations into
French, says, ' Multos libros et maxim^
vitas sanctorum de Latino vertit in Ro-
manum. In Provencal we find Latin
called letra, the letter or learned language,
in opposition to Roman, the language of
ordinary speech. Aquest peccat es epelat
en letra presomptio, mas en Romans se
deu apelar folia esperansa.

From the name of the language were
formed Ptg. arromangar, Prov. romansar,
Fr. romancier, to translate into or to write
in the vulgar tongue ; and rotnans, ro-
mance, roman, a writing in that language.
' Lo libre que vos ay de Lati romansat : '
the book which I have translated out of
Latin into (in this case) Provencal. ' Cel
4jue vola romansar la vida Sant' Alban : '
he who chose to write in the vulgar tongue
the life of St Alban. — Rayn. The name
of Romance was subsequently appropri-
ated in different countries to different
kinds of writings, according to the form
which the popular literature took in each.
In Spanish it came to signify a ballad.
In English, where the literature began
with translations from the French, the
name was commonly given to the French

544

ROMP

original, but was subsequently used in the
sense the word had acquired in French,
of a story of fiction.

Whan Philip tille Acres cam, hteUe was his dede,
The romance sals grete sham, whoso that pas

will rede.
The romancer it sais, Richard did make a pele.
R, Brunne, ii8.

Men speken of romaunces of pris,
Of Hornchild, and of Ipotis,

Of Bevis and Sir Guy. — Sir Thopas.

Romp. See Ramp.

Eonyon. A mangy person. Fr. rogne,
scurf, scabbiness, mange.

Rood. I. Mid. Lat. 7'2y^a&, a measure
of land, from the rod used in measuring.
Du. roede, a rod, a measure of ten feet in
land-surveying.

2. AS. rM, the cross ; Fris. rode, gal-
lows, cross. G. riithe (the equivalent
form) is by no means confined to such a
slender shoot as that to which we com-
monly give the name of rod in E., but is
applied to the beam of an anchor, and
specially to the swipe of a well, or long
transverse pole working at the top of an
upright support which seems (as v/e have
argued) to have furnished the original
type of a gibbet.

Roof. AS. hrof, ODu. roef, Russ.
krov, krovU, roof Serv. krovnat, thatch-
ed ; krovnaisch, a straw hut.

Rook. I. AS. hjvc, Du. roek,roekvogel,
not (as Kilian supposes) from the sooty
colour of the bird (Du. roek, smoke), but
from its croaking cry. Gael, roc, cry
hoarsely, croak ; rbcas, a rook, a crow.
Lat. raucus, hoarse.

2. It. rocco, Fr. roc, the rook or castle
at chess, from Pers. rokh, a camel. — Diez.

Room. Goth, riims, space, place,
spacious ; ON. rum, AS. riim, G. raum,
Lith. rtiimas, space.

Roost. AS. hrost, Du. roest, sedile
avium, pertica gallinaria. — Kil. Plausibly
explained by some from Du. rust, G. rast,
rest. Dan. dial, roste, to rest ; solrdH,
sunset. But the true meaning of the word
seems to be simply that indicated by
Kilian, the rod or perch on which the
bird settles itself to rest. Traces of thi*
fundamental meaning may be found in
the proverbial expression to rule the roast,
where the word must probably be under-
stood as the rod, the emblem of authority ;
to rule or wield the rod.

This ycir sail rioht and reason rule the rod.
New Year's gift to Q. Mary, in Evergreen.

To fall down at the roist, in the Flyting
of Kennedy and Dunbar, can .only have

ROSARY

the sense of kissing the rod or submittino-
to authority. °

Thou raw-mou'd rehald, fall down at the roist—

Say Deo mercy, or I cry thee down ;

And leave thy ryming, rebald, and thy rows.

From the same source are G. rost, a.
grating or framework of rods, Sc. ?vost,
the spars forming the inner roof of a cot-
tage, OSax. hrost, roof See Roast.

Root. ON. rot.

To Root. AS. wrotan, Du. wroeten,
Dan. rode, to root as a pig or a mole. N.
rota, to dig, to dabble ; rot, digging,
labouring in mud and dirt, long-continued
and wearisome work. Then from the use
of the snout by a pig in rooting (and not
•vice versa), AS. wrot, G. russel, a snout ;
Du. rote, an elephant's trunk. Pol. ryi,
Bohem. ryti, rypati, to dig, to root, to en-
grave ; rijak, rypak, a snout. Pol. ryci'e,
the act of digging, burrowing, rooting as
swine, also of engraving ; tytowac', to en-
grave.

Rope. ON. reip, Pl.D. reep, rope ;
Goth, skaudaraip, shoe-tie ; Du. reep,
roop, rope, cord, strip or band, hoop ;
angelreep, a fishing-line.

The analogy of E. strap. It. stroppa,
Du. siroop, a noose or cord ; G. strippe,
strap, string (Fliigel), in the first instance
probably a strip or narrow piece of bark
stripped from a tree (Du. stroopen, to
strip), would lead us to suspect a similar
origin of the word rope, which may have
served to designate a band ripped from a
surface of some stringy material. G. reif,
rope, hoop ; ra^ifen, to pluck. The oc-
currence of parallel forms beginning with
r and scr or str respectively is very com-
mon. G. reifen and strcifen both signify
to groove or channel, properly to stripe
or streak. Rie7n, rieiiwn, a tliong, strap,
tie ; sti ieme, a stripe or streak.

Ropy. Viscous, stringy.

^'iscous bodies, as pitch, wax, birdlime, cheese
toasted, will draw forth and roape, — Bacon in R.

Rosary. Rosarium or rosarius, sig-
nifying properly a collection or garland
of roses, was a title of many works (like
E. garland, a common name for small
collections of popular ballads — Hal.) con-
sisting of compendiums of flowers as it
were culled from preceding authors. Of
these the most celebrated was that of
Arnold de Villanova, entitled Liber quon-
dam abbreviatus, verissimus thesaurus
thesaurilm, Rosarius philosophorum et
omnium secretorum maximum secretum,
&c. It begins as follows : Iste liber no-
minatur Compositor alias Rosarius eo

ROSE

quod ex libris philosopliorum breviter
abbreviatus est. — Carp.

In the course of time the name was
specially appropriated to a string of Pater-
nosters and Ave Marias to be recited in
a certain order in honour of the fifteen
mysteries of our Lord in which the Virgin
was a partaker, and from the collection of
prayers the name was transferred to the
string of beads used for the purpose of
keeping count in the recitation.

The Rosary, otherwise called Virgin's Psalter,
is a new manner of praying — which is made up
of 150 Ave IMariesand 15 Paters tacked together
with little buttons on a string. — Breviat in R.

Eose. Lat. rosa, Gr. p65oi/.

Rosemary. Lat. rosmarinus, Fr. ros-
marin, Sp. romero.

Roster. In military language the list
of persons liable to a certain duty ; Bav.
der roster. Wacht-roster, the list of those
who are to take the watch. Probably
from register, the common word for a
list in G. — Schm.

Eostrum. Lat. rostrum, the bill of a
.bird, stem or beak of a ship ; the rostra
in the Forum at Rome was a pulpit or
speaking-stage adorned with the beaks
of captured ships.

To Eot. ON. 7'otna, to decay, to fall
off. HdriS rotnar, the hair falls off. At
rota skinn, to strip the hair from skin.
Du. rot, rotten, rottenness.

Rota. An arrangement of the mem-
bers of a court to perform certain duties
in turn. From Lat. rota, a wheel. The
Rota at Rome is a high court of appeal
which proceeds on this principle.

Rotate. Lat. rotarej rota, a wheel.

* Rote. — Routine.

I know and can hy roate the tale that I would

tell. — Surry in R.

Now it lies on you to speak to th' people

Not by your own instruction, nor by th' matter

Which your heart prompts you, but with euch

words
That are but roated in- your tongue. — Coriolanus.

Fr. route, a track or road, was formerly
written rote, whence rotine, routine, an
usual course, ordinary way ; par rotine,
by rote. — Cot. Faire une chose par
routine, only by habit without reflexion.
Routiner, router, to make one learn by
routine; routiner quelqu'un h coudre.

II est routini k ce travail, is thoroughly
accustomed to it.— Gattel. See Route.

Rote. — Rut of the sea.

I hear the sea very strong and loud at the
North, which is not unusual after violent atmo-

ROUSE

54S

spheric agitations, when the wind has lulled.
■They call it the rote or rut of the sea. — D. Web-
ster in Worcester.

ON. sioar-rdt, roar of the sea. as,
hrutan, Sc. rout, to roar, to bellow.

Ane routand burn amydwart thereof rynnis
Rumland and soundand on the craggy quhynnis,

D.V.

Rouge. Fr. rouge. It. roggio, robbio,
Sp. rubio, Prov. rog, from Lat. rubeics or
robius. — Sch.

Rough. G. rauch, Du. ruych, ruygk. —
Kil. AS. hruh, ruh, rug, ruw. Da. ru,
rough, hairy. AS. hreoh. Da. raa, Sw.
rd, stormy, fierce, cruel, seems a different
word, though the two are sometimes con-
founded. Da. ru hugger, raa hugger,
rough-hewer. G. das rauche heraus keh-
ren, to turn the rough side outwards, fig.
to show severity ; rauh, hoarse, rough,
disagreeable to the feelings. Eine rauhe
luft, a sharp raw air. Ein rauher mann,
a rough, severe, inhuman, austere man.
Rauh is also used for hairy.

Round. Lat. rotundus. It. rotondo,
Sp. redondo, Prov. redon, OFr. reont,
roont, Mod.Fr. rond, round. From ro-
tare, to turn round. See Roll.

To Round or Rowne. To round one
in the ear is to whisper. G. rau7ien, Du.
roenen, ruenen, to whisper, to whisper in
the ear. — Kil. Rouchi rotcn ! roun / re-
presents the noise made by a cat purring.
Sp. runrun, rumour, report. Lap. rudn^
fame, rumour, speech.

Roundel. — Roundelay. Fr. rondeau,
rondelet de rime, a rime or sonnet that
ends as it begins. — Cot. Of rondelet we
have made roundelay, as if compounded
with lay, a song.

Rouse. The radical sense of the word
is shown in Pl.D. ruse, rusie, noise,
racket, disturbance ; G. rauschen, to rustle,
roar, to bustle, rush, do things with noise
and bustle. Der bach ra«j(r,4// die wellen
rauschen J der wind rauschtm den biischen.
Gr. polios, any rushing sound, the whizzing
of an arrow, flapping of wings, &c. The
original sense is preserved in a rousing
fire, a roaring or crackling fire ; a rousing
lie, a cracker, a thundering lie. Fris.
ruwzjen, to roar as the sea. — Epkema.
In the same way G. rausch is a flare up, a
sudden blaze. Einen rausch or raiisch-
chen in den ofen machen, to make a quick,
clear, burning fire in the stove. — Kiittn.
The same word is metaphorically applied
to excitation from drink. Sich einen
rausch trinken, to have a flare up, a
drinking bout, to be made tipsy. Im

546

ROUT

ersten rausch, in the first heat. — Stalder.
Pl.D. ruusk, ON. russ, Du. roes, tipsiness.
When transferred to the cognate sense of
a full glass or bumper, E. rotise was not
itnnaturally supposed to be contracted
from carouse (G. garaus), with which it
has a merely accidental resemblance.
I have took since supper

A rouss or two too much, and by G — ■

It warms my blood. — B. & F.

Rouse, noise, intemperate mirth. — Hal.
From the noise accompanying impetuous
action, G. rauschen, Sw. rusa, to rush, to
move impetuously. Rusa opp, to rouse
up, rise briskly up. Han rusade opp iir
somnen, he roused up, started up out of
sleep.
jEneas rousing as the foe came on,
With force collected heaves a mighty stone.

Pope's Homer.

More commonly however it is used as an
' active verb in the sense of exciting others
to vigorous action.

Rout. To 7-out is to snore, to bellow
as oxen ; N. rjota, ON. hriota, ryta, to
mutter, grumble, grunt, snore. To rout
about is then to itiove about uneasily, to
make a disturbance. Prov. rota, tumult,
confusion, rout. Mais dura la 7'ota que
fan en I'albergada ; longer lasts the rout
or disturbance which they make in the
lodging. Cuia eissir de la rota, he thinks-
to get out of the tumult.

From the noise, made by a crowd of
people, OFr. route, G. rotte, E. 7-out, come
. to signify a gang, crowd, troop of people.
' The rabble rout.'

But nightingales a full great rout
That flien over his head about. — R. R.

To rout together is to meet together in a
rout, to consort.

On the same principle we have Lat.
turba, tumult, confusion, uproar, then a
crowd of persons, animals, things, a com-
pany of soldiers. Diez' explanation of
rout in the sense of assemblage, from
Lat. rupta, as a fraction or division, is
quite unsatisfactory. It is however to
this latter origin that we must refer It.
rotta, a breach, rout, or overthrow of an
army — Fl., Fr. 7-oute,a rout, discomfiture,
the breaking of a troop or squadron of
men.— Cot. On the other hand, Fr. de-
route, of precisely the same signification,
would seem to be from route, a troop.
' I parte a rowte or company of men
asonder. — Je desroute.'—Vslsgr.

Route.—* Rut. Fr. route (formerly
rote), a rutt, way, path, street, course,
passage ; trace, tract or footing ; routes,
the footing of ravenous beasts, as the

ROW

wolf, boar, fox, &c.— Cot. Bret, rouden,
a trace, line, vestige, mark ; Gael, rathad
{ra'ad), a road, way ; Manx raad, a track,
road, path ; raad cart, a cart way. Wall.
7'ote, arote, trace, footsteps. — Grandg.
A rut is the trace of the wheel. Banff
7'ot, a line drawn on the soil as a guide in
planting, &c., a row, a rut.

N. rad, rod, ro, a line, row.

To Rove. — Rover. Rover was form-
erly used in the special sense of a pirate
or sea robber. Rovare, or thef of the
se, pirata. — Pr. Pm.

And over that the best men of the cytie by thyse
ryotous persones were spoyled and robbid ; and
by the rovers also of the sea. — Fabyan in R.

There is no doubt that in this use of
the word it is a simple adoption of Du.
roover, a robber, from rooven, to rob ;.
Dan. rbverskip, a pirate ship. But as
pirates are eminently a roving race, the
verb to rove acquired from the coincidence
the special sense of ranging the seas in
search of plunder.

Four score of them departed with a barke and
a pennesse — and so went to the islands of His-
paniola and Jamaica a roving, — Hackluyt in R.

Bow. I. OE. rew, AS. rcewa, 7-awa,
Pl.D. 7'ege, rige, Du. rijge, rije, G. reihe,
a line, rank, row, streak ; Pl.D. 7-ige, It.
7'uga, Fr. rue, a row of houses or' street.
It. riga, a line, streak, ruler ; Fr. I'aie, a
ray, line, stroke, row ; raier, to rew,
streak or skore all over. — Cot. On the
other hand the word seems related to ON.
rod, N. rad, rod, ro, Sw. rad, Pol. rst^, a
line, row, rank. Lat. 7-adius, a rod, spoke
of a wheel, beam, ray. Chaucer uses
row of the rays of light.

The rffwis red of Phebus' light.

See Ray.

2. Row is familiarly used in the sense
of noise, disturbance, tumult. The imita-
tive character of the word is shown by
the term rowdydow, fonned like rubadub
to represent a continued noise. Swiss
rauht, ranwcii, to make a dull, hollow,
muttering sound ; rausen, to run noisily
about, to revel ; rausi machen, to make a
row, make merry in a loud and unre-
strained manner ; Tvscii, ruusse7i, to roar,
buzz, snore ; russe7i (rumoren),to make a
row. Pl.D. jiisc, noise, tumult, quarrel.
Swiss riidcu, to bellow, to make a noise ;
7i7neruodeii, to rove noisily about. NE.
to 7-ow, to stir about.

To Row. 1. V)n.rocde,7'oeyc,s.roA,^
pole. Roede is also an oar, the pole with
a flat blade by which a boat is propelled
in rowing. Plence rocde7i or roeyen het
schip, to row. Roedcii or roeyeTi den

ROWDY

wijn, to gauge a cask with a measuring
rod. G. ruder, Du-. roer, an oar.

2. To row, to dress cloth. Du. roud,
rouw, rough, raw, unfinished ; rottden,
rouwen het laecken, to card or dress
cloth, to dress rough cloth and raise the
nap upon it. Rowed or unrowed cloth
was what was sold as such after or before
the nap had been raised respectively.

Sw. rugg, rough entangled hair ; rugga,
to raise the nap on cloth.

Kowdy. A noisy turbulent fellow,
from rowdydow, an expression framed to
represent continued noise.

Deuced handsome fellow that : a little too
row-de-dmo for my taste. — Aspen Court, i, p. 6.

Bowel. Fr. i-ouelle, dim. of roue, a
wheel, any small hoop, circle, iring or
round thing that is moveable in the place
which it holds. — Cot. Venet. roda, a
wheel ; rodela, the rowel of a spur.

To Eowne. To whisper. See To
Round.

Boyal. Fr. royal, OFr. reial, real,
Lat. regalisj from rex, a king.

Eoynous. — Roynish. Fr. rogneux,
roigneux, scabby, mangy, scurvy ; rogne,
roigne, Sp. rofla, Bret, rouii. It. rogna,
the mange ; Wall, rogti, ragn, itch,
mange, also moss on a tree. Fin. rohna,
scurf, rubbish.

To Bub. ON. rubba, to move a thing
from its place, to rub ; Sw. rubba, to put
out of place, to disorder ; Dan. rubbe, to
rub, scrub, rough-hew. Lap. ruobbet, to
rub, to scratch ; aiweb ruobbet, to scratch
the head. w. rhwbio, Gael, rub, to rub.
G. reiben, to grind or rub, seems the
equivalent of Dan. rive, to grind, grate,
tear, and not of rtib.

From the meaning of the Scandinavian
forms it would seem that the radical
signification is to jog, to give an abrupt
impulse, whence may be explained Pl.D.
rubberig, Du. robbelig, rough, uneven,
pimply. From the sense of jogging, that
of moving abruptly to and fro, and of
rubbing, would readily follow.

Sc. rug, to tug, and thence to rob, is a
parallel form, and corresponding to rug
and rub may be noted Du. rucken, rup-
pen (Biglotton), to pluck, to rip, snatch
away ; G. rucken, to push, pull, remove,
proceed ; dem tische einen rilck geben,
to give the table a shove ; rupfen, to
pluck, to rob.

Bubbish.. — Bubble. Rubbish or rub-
ble, moilon, decombres. — Sherwood. Ro-
bows or coldyr, petrosa, petro (Petrone
sunt particukis quae abscinduntur de pe-
tris. — Cath.)— Pr. Pm. Way cites a pay-

RUCK

547

ment from the Wardrobe account of a.d.
1480, ' for cariage away of a grete loode
of robeux, that was left in the strete after
the reparacyone made upon a hous ap-.
perteigning unto the same Wardrobe.'
Robrisshe of stones, platras. — Palsgr.
These words have a similar origin, and-
are not to be explained as rubbage, or'
what comes away in the process of rub-'
bing. The radical image (as in rammel,
rubbish, compared with Sw. ramla, tq
rattle, crash, fall down) is the rattling
down of fragments from a ruinous struc-
ture, and the origin of rubbish may be
found in Fr. rabascher, to rumble, rattle'
— Cot., while rubble (mortar and broken'
stones of old buildings — Baret) may be
explained from Du. rabbelen, G. rappeln,'
to rattle ; Fr. rabalter, to rumble, rattle.
Pl.D. rabakken, to rattle ; een old rabak,
a rattle-trap, old ruinous piece of goods.

Bubiound. — Eubrio. — Euby. Lat.
ruber, rubicundus, red; rubrica, a red
pigment.

Buck. A disorderly mass, a crease or
fold in linen, ' Your gown sits all o''
rucks' To ruckle, to rumple or work up'
into wrinkles. ' The bandage ruckles up,
so it must all come off.' — Mrs Baker.

ON. hrucka, to wrinkle ; N. rukka, a
crease, a wrinkle. The course of deriva-
tion seems to be the same as we have'
had occasion to observe in so many other
instances, from a tremulous or broken'
sound, to a tremulous or abrupt move-'
ment, then to a wavy or broken, uneven
surface

Representing broken sound may be"
cited Sw. rockla, N. rukla, G. 7''6cheln, to'
rattle in the throat ; Du. ruchelen, to'
bray like an ass, cough, grunt, mutter ;•
E. dial, ruggle, a child's rattle ; to rucket,
to rattle. Then, in the sense of abrupt
or broken movement ; N. rugla, to wag-
gle, shake, rock ; E. dial, roggle, to
shake ; ruggle, to stir about ; ruckle, a
struggle ; Pl.D. ruckeln, rucken, to jog — '
Danneil ; N. rugga, to rock, shake, vacil-
late ; Sc. rug, to tug. Roggyn or mevyn,
agito. — Pr. Pm.

Finally from the idea of a jogging or a
jolting movement to that of a rough un-
even surface is an easy step. The com-
plete transition from sound to shape is
exemplified in N . hurkla, to rattle in the
throat ; glainra, skrangla, to rumble,
rattle ; hurklet, glamren, skranglen, rug'
ged, uneven. In like manner we pass
from Dan. skrukke, to cluck as a hen, to
N. skrukka, a wrinkle, an unevenness ;
skrukkjen, hard, uneven, wrinkled.
35 *

548

RUCK

The same connection between the
image of a confused noise and a rumpled
structure is seen in Dan. tummel, uproar,
racket, and E. tumbling of a garment.
To Ruck. To squat or cower down.
After a most comely sort sTie rucketh down upon
the grounde, not muche unlike the sitting of our
gentlewomen oft-times here in England. — Fardle
of Fashion, A.D. 1555.

But now they rucken in their nests
And resten. — Gower in Mrs Baicer.
A brooding hen is provincially called a
rucking hen, probably from her importu-
nate clucking at that time. Gael, rbc, to
croak. Dan. skrukke, to cluck ; skruk-
hone, a brooding hen. To ruck then is
properly, as It. chioccare, chiocciare, to
cluck as a brooding hen, also to cower or
squat down as a hen over her chickens. —
Fl. Dan. ruge, to brood, to hatch.

The same transposition of the r that is
found in N. rukla, hurkla, to rattle in the
throat, connects E. ruck with Pl.D. hur-
ken, dual hurken, to squat down ; hurke-
pott, a pot of embers over which women
crouch to keep themselves warm. E. dial.
io hurkle, to shrug up the back ; to hurch,
to cuddle. — Hal.

Kudder. i. g. ruder, an oar ; steuer-
ruder, the steer-oar or rudder, vessels
having originally been steered by an oar
working at the stern. See To Row.

2. A sieve for separating corn from
chaff. — B. G, reiter, rader, Du. rede,
reder, a sieve.— Kil. See Riddle.

Buddy. Of a red colour. Fl.T).rood,
W. rhudd, AS. read, red ; AS. rudu, red-
ness ; OE. rode, complexion, the red colour
of the face, and thence ruddy, full colour-
ed. Gr. poJov, the rose, is doubtless the
same word ; Lat. rutilus, red,

Kude. Lat. rudis unwrought, un-
taught.

Budiment. Lat. rudimentum, the
first teaching, a principle or beginning.

To Kue, — Kuth. as. hreo-wan, reo-
wan, to rue, be sorry for, grieve, lament.
G. reue, OHG. hriuwa, mourning, lamenta-
tion ; ON. hryggr, sorrowful ; hrygd, E.
ruth, pitifulness, sorrow.

Eruff. — E.uf3.e. Another instance of
the kind mentioned under Ruck, where
from a root representing in the first in-
stance a tremulous or vibratory sound are
developed forms signifying motion of like
character, then a waving, uneven, irregu-
lar surface.

In the original sense, E. ruffle, a vibrat-
ing sound made upon a drum less loud
than the roll. — Btocqueler in Worcester.

When James Robertson offered to speak upon

RUGGED

the scaffold he was interrupted by the ruffle of
the drum. — Wodrow.

Sc. ruff, the roll of the drum, beating
with the feet in token of applause. — Jam.
Ptg. rufa, rufla, a roll on the drum. Fr.
ronfler, Lang, roicflar, Gr\sori%' grunflar,
grufflar, to snore ; E. gruffle, to growl.

That ruffen was used in the sense of
shivering or trembling' is shown by the
glossaries cited in Dief. Supp. Frigutire,
zittern vor frost, von kalte ruffen : van
kelden roeffen : schaderende of bevende
kald lijden. To ruffle is then to throw a
surface into elevations, to disturb, disor-
der, whether in a physical or figurative
sense. A breeze ruffles or curls the sur-
face of the water ; anger ruffles or dis-
turbs the mind. To 7-uffle silk is to tum-
ble or rumple it. A ruff is a plaited
collar ; 7-uffles, plaited borders for the
wrist or in other parts of di-ess. Du.
ruyffelen, to rumple, wrinkle . Ptg. arru-
farse, to snarl as a dog, to set up his fea-
thers as a turkey-cock, to curl as the sur-
face of water, to become angry. Cat.
arrufar, to wrinkle, crumple ; arrufarse,
to bristle, to set up the hairs or feathers ;
arrufar las nas, to turn up the nose, to
show displeasure. Castrais 7-ufa, to
wrinkle, crumple, crease ; Lang, rufa, a
wrinkle, crease, rumple ; rufe, rough,
rugged.

Kt^fflan. — Rufler. To ruffle is to do
anything with noise and disturbance, to
bustle, to swagger.

The night comes on, and the high winds
Do sorely ruffle. — Shakesp.
The rising winds a ruffling gale afford. — Dryden.
Fr. ronfler, Bret, rufla, to snort, snore,
snift. Hence ruffler, a bully. So Ptg.
roncar, to rumble, roar, snore, also to
hector ; roncador, a snorer, a fierce bully,
a noisy fellow. Rufista, a quarreler.
From the same origin is It. ruffiano, Sp.
rufian, E. ruffian, properly a swaggerer,
swasher, a bully, then the companion of
a prostitute, and in It. a pimp or pander.
Sp. arrufianado, quarrelsome, swaggering,
insolent.
Rufous. Lat. rufus, reddish.
Rugged. — Rug. A rugged surface is
one broken up into sharp projections, the
idea of abrupt irregularities of surface
being expressed by the figure of sharp
abrupt movements, as in the case of
shagged, shaggy, from shog, or jagged,
horn Jog. Roggyn or mevyn, agito. — Pr.
Pm. Roggle, to shake.— Brockett. Sc.
rug, to tug, to snatch. N. rugga, to rock,
shog, jog. Sw. rugga sig, se hdrisser, to
stand on end ; ruggig, raggig, rugged,

RUIN

rough, shaggy ; rtigg, shaggy hair ; rugga
kldde, to raise the nap on cloth. Water-
rugs mentioned in Macbeth are shaggy
water-dogs. A rug is a shaggy garment.
See Ruck, Rag.

Buln. Lat. ruinaj ruo, to fall head-
long.

Kule. Lat. regula, Prov. regla, Fr.
rigle, OE. rewele, reule.

Bum. Rome or rum, in the cant of
rogues and thieves, signified great, good.
Romevyle (rumville), London ; roinemo}-t
[mart, woman), the Queen (Elizabeth) ;
rome bouse {bouse, drink), wine. — Har-
man, A.D. 1566. Ru?n, like the opposite
term queer, properly signifying bad, is
used in the secondary sense of odd,
curious, out of the way, in a contemptible
sense. ' A rummy old fellow,' or ' a queer
old fellow.' — Modern Slang.

From rum-booze, good drink, strong
drink, wine, brandy, the name of rum has
been appropriated to the spirits distilled
from the produce of the sugar-cane.
Rmnbooze, wine or other good liquor. —
Grose.

Bum.b. The angle which a ship makes
in her sailing with the meridian of the
place where she is ; one point of the
mariner's compass, or eleven degrees and
a quarter. — B. It. rombo, Ptg. rumbo,
rumo. The points of the compass were
in old charts marked by large lozenges or
rhombs, whence the name of rhuinb is
said to be given to the points of the com-
pass. Fr. rumb, a roombe, or point of
the compass, a line drawn directly from
wind to wind in a compass, traversboard,
or sea-card. — Cot. But it is not unlikely'
that the word may have been introduced
with the compass itself, which is sup-
posed to have come through the Arabians.
Now Arab, rub" is quarter; rub"-ii-takhta
{takhta, board), a wooden quadrant for
taking altitudes, a graduated board.

To Bumble. Du. rommelen, to rum-
ble, buzz ; rommeling, lumber, old fur-
niture ; rammelen, to clink, rattle, tattle ;
rammeling, clash. G. rummeln, to rum-
ble ; rummel, geriimpel, rzimmeley, lum-
ber ; rumpeln, to rumble, rattle, clatter.
,E. dial, rommle, to speak low or secretly ;
rommock, to romp boisterously; ram-
making, behaving riotously and wantonly;
rumbullion, a great tumult ; rumbustical,
boisterous ; rtimmage, lumber, rubbish ;
rumpus, a noise, uproar ; It. rombare,
rombazzare, rombeggiare, to make a rum-
bling or clattering noise ; rombolare, to
rumble, roar, clash, clatter.

RUMP 549

Bumbustical. Boisterous.— Hal. Fr.
rabaster, to make a clatter or disturbance.
— Cot. Lang, rabastaire, rambaliaire
(tracassier), a busybody ; Castrais rabas-
traire, rabastejha, to trouble, importune.

Euminate. Lat. rumen, the paunch,
belly, the cud of beasts ; nimino, to chew
the cud.

Buuunage. Two words seem con-
founded. I. Rmmnage, the proper stow-
ing of merchandise in a ship ; rummager,
the person appointed to look to that duty;
from Du. ruim, Fr. nun, the hold of a
ship.

The master must provide a perfect mariner call-
ed a romager, to raunge and bestow all merchan-
dise in such place as is convenient. — Haokluyt
in R.

And that the masters of the ships do look well
to the romaging, for they might bring away a "
great deale more than they do if they would take -
paine in the romaging. — Ibid.

Hence to rummage, to search thoroughly
among the things stowed in a given re-
ceptacle.

2. But in addition to the foregoing the
word is sometimes used in the sense of
racket, disturbance.

And this, I take it,
Is the main motive of our preparations,
The source of this our watch, and the chief head
Of this post haste and romage in the land.

Hamlet.
In this sense it may be a parallel form
with rumpus; It. rombazzo, rombeggio,
a rumbling noise ; rammoscio, disturbance
(shown in rammoscinare, to rumple, ruffle
— Torriano), or with Sc. rummes, ruin-
myss, to bellow, roar ; rammis, to rage
about, and perhaps with Fr. ramage, the
song of birds, chatter of children. Under-
the same head must be classed E. dial.
rummage, lumber, rubbish, probably from ■
the rattling, shaky condition of old things.
G. rummel, rumble, lumber, old things ;
rumpeln, to rumble, rattle ; rumpelkasten,
a chest for lumber, figuratively, an old
coach, exactly corresponding to E. rattle-
trap ; geriimpel,\nmbtr. V\.V>.rabakken,
to rattle ; een old rabak, an old piece of
furniture.

Bumm.er. Sw. remmer, Du. roomer,
G. romer, a large drinking glass.

Bumour. Lat. 7-tcmor, a rumbling
sound, a report.

Bump. G. rumpf, Du. rompe, trunk,
body separate from the extremities. Sw.
rumpa, the tail, rump. We are led from
analogous forms to suppose that the pri-
mitive meaning is projection, then stump,
tail, tail-part or rump. Thus we have G.
sturz, shock, plunge, something project-

550

RUMPLE

ing, stump, dock of a horse's tail ; slurs
am pflug, plough-tail. Bav. starz, cab-
bage stalk, tail of a beast. Again from
stutzen, to start, push, knock against ;
stutz, shock, push, anything short ; stutz-
schwanz, bobtail.

The sense of projection would naturally
spring from Pl.D. rumpeln, rumpumpeln,
to jolt, jog.

Rumple. G. rummeln, rumpeln, to
rumble, rattle. Pl.D. rummeln, mmpeln,
both in the first instance identical with
E. rumble, are generally appropriated, the
one to the original sens?, the other to the
derived one of jogging, jolting. De wage
rumpelt up dem steen wege : the carriage
rattles or jolts along the road. Rum-
pumpeln, to jolt greatly.

Then, as in so many other cases, we
pass from the notion of broken sound or
shaking motion to that of disturbance,
confusion, a disordered, tumbled struc-
ture. Bav. rummel, a disturbance, uproar:
der Bayrische rummel, the war of suc-
cession in 1778. To rumple clothes is
to disorder by rough usage. Du. ro7iipeleti,
rimpelen, rompen, to wrinkle. — Kil. Rom-
pelig, rough, uneven.

In like manner rammel, rattle, clatter ;
G. rammeln, to rout about, make a dis-
turbance, move noisily to and fro. Das
kind raminelt sich im bett herum, das
bett zu schande verrammelt, the child
tumbles about in bed, tumbles the bed
shamefully.

Eumpus. A disturbance. Rumbus-
tious, rumbustical, boisterous, noisy. Sc.
rtimmyss, to bellow, roar ; It. rombazzo,
a clatter ; Swiss rumpusen, to pull one
another alDout, to contend in sport. ON.
ru77ir, jytnr, clash, noise.

Run. AS. riiiiian, and transposed,
yrnanf Du. rennen, to run. ON. re7ina
{rann, runnit), Dan. rinde, to flow, to
melt, to run, to fly ; ON. retina, rensl,
Dan. rende, a canal, a rtitinel. on. renna
{rendi, rent), to pour out, liquefy, to cause
to run ; renna kopar, to smelt copper.
Line, to rind or render, to melt as lard,
&c.— Hal.

Runagate. A refugee or runaway,
from OE. gate, way.

Whom they coulde not overcome by battell,
tliey overcame with fear of beating, and made
them run away, not like enemies overcome by
battell, but like runnagate slaves. — Golding, Jus-
tine in R.

The word is then confounded with Fr.
retidgat. It. rinnegato, one who renounces
his religion, from rinnegare, to renounce,

RUSH

deny. In Sp. renegador is commonly
used in the original sense of an apostate,
while renegado is taken in the secondary
sense of a reprobate, a wicked abandoned
person.
He letteth the runagates continue in scarcity.
Rundlet. — Runlet. A small cask, a
further dim. of OFr. rondelle, s. s. —
Roquef.

Rung^. A staff, a step of a ladder.
Goth, rugga, a staff, rod. Gael, rang,
rongas, a staff, bludgeon, rib of a boat,
any piece of wood by which others are
joined. . ON. raung, rong, rib of a boat.

Runnet. — Rennet. The maw of a
calf, used to make milk run or curdle for
cheese.

As nourishing milk when runnet is put in
Runnes all in heapes of tough thicke curd, though
in his nature thinne. — Chapman, Homer in R.
G. rennen, to run ; rennse, rennet ; Du.
rennen, rinneji, riinnen, to run, to coagu-
late ; runsel, rensel, rennet. — Kil.

Runt. Sc. runt, trunk of a tree ; kail
runt, a cabbage-staik. E. dial, runt,
stump of underwood, dead stump of a
tree, the rump. From the sense of a
stump or dead stock the term is figura-
tively applied to a withered hag, an old
woman, or to poor lean cattle. The
primitive sense is probably a projection,
as in the case of rump. Sw. runka, to
jog, shake, vacillate.

The occurrence of parallel forms with
an initial r and sir or scr is very common,
as rub and scrub ; G. rumpfsjid. strumpf,
trunk, stock. In like manner, corre-
sponding to runt, we have E. dial, strunt,
a bird's tail ; strunty, docked, short.

-rupt. -I'uption. — Rupture. Lat.
ruptus, broken, burst, ruptio, a bursting,
breaking, from rumpo, ruptum. As in
Corrupt, Disruption, &c.

Rural. — Rusticate. Lat. rus, ruris,.
the country, whence ruralis, and rusticari,
to dwell in the country.

Rush.. AS. rise, Pl.D. rusk, aurusk,
risch. Probably from the whispering
sound when moved by the wind. as.
hriscian, to make a rustling noise, to
shake, vibrate, frizzle. — Bosw. Sw. ruska,
ruskla, to rustle, to shake. To shake as
a rush is a proverbial expression. He.
bevef as een aurttsk. — Brem. Wtb. See
Reed.

To Rush. G. rauschen, to rustle, purl
as a brook, whisper as the wind in the
bushes, roar as the waves, to make a noise
or bustle, to rush, to move swiftly A\ith a
noise or bustle.. — Kiittn. Du. ruysschen,
bombilare, strepere, fremere, susurrare et

RUSSET

impetum facere, irruere, grassari.— Kil.
N. rusk, noise, rattle, uproar, sudden
movement; rough weather; ruska, to
rattle, throw into disorder, do things with
bustle and haste.

Busset. Fr. roux. It. 7-osso, Lat. rus-
sns, red.

Eiust. G.rost;V)M.roesti

To Rustle. AS. hristlan, Pl.D. russeln,
krusselii, ruscheln, G. rasseln. Pl.D. De
muus riisselt im stro ; G. die maus rasselt
im stroh. Sw. riiskla, to move with a
slight noise, to rustle in moving. Directly
imitative.

Rut. I. The trace of a vi'heel. See
Route.

2. Fr. ruit, T^tt, the rut of deers or
boars, their lust, and the season when
they engender ; also a herd of female
deer followed by the male in that season.

SACK

551

—Cot. In Bret, the term rud or net is
applied also to domestic animals, as
dogs ; ruda, to be on heat.

From the violent behaviour of the ani-
mal under sexual excitation. See Ram-
ble, Rout. G. ranzen, to make disorderly
mbtions united with a loud noise, to rout
about, is applied to hogs and all four-
footed beasts of prey when they go to
rut or to couple. Ratischen, properly to
roar or rustle, is also appUed to hogs and
especially sows on heat Swiss riiden,
to rnake a noise, to bellow ; umeriiodeji,
to riot about ; der riiedi, riiedibub (wild-
fang), an inconsiderate and petulant
young man. In a special sense riiden is
to rut, to be on heat ; riid, riidi, a Tom
cat. Sp. ruido, noise, uproar, tumult.

Rye. ON. rugr, Du. rogge, G. rockett,
roggen, Lith. ruggei, Russ. rozhj.

Sabbath. A Hebrew word signifying
rest.

Sable. It. zibellino, G. zobel, Pol. so-
bol, ON. safali ox savali. Jornandes calls
the iar pelles saphirincz.

Sabre, a sabel, Ital. sciablo, Pol.
szabla, Magy. szablya, a sword, from
szabni, to cut.

Saccharine. Lat. saccharum, Gr.
ai^ic^ap, aaKxapov, sugar.

Sacrament. — Sacerdotal. — Sacred.
— Sacrifice. — Sacrist. Lat. sacer, sacred,
whence sacerdos, a priest ; sacrificium,
the holy rite of offering a victim ; sacra-
mentum, a solemn or sacred oath ; sa-
crista, a keeper of holy things, &c.

Sack. I . A word common to a wide
range of languages, Heb., Arab., Gr.,
Lat., G., &c.

Sp. saquear, Fr. saccager, to sack a
town, is from the use of a sack in re-
moving plunder. Du. sacken, to sack,
put up in sacks, thence to rob, to plunder.
Sacken ende packen, convasare omnia,
furto omnia colligere. Sackman, a plun-
derer, robber. — Kil. In the same way we
speak of bagging game for bringing it to
bag.

1 To give the sack is a very general ex-
pression for dismissing one from his em-
ployment, equivalent to packing him off,
sending him off bag and baggage. Fr.
On lui a donn^ son sac et ses quilles (?aid
of a servant whom his master 'hath put I

away), he hath his passport given him. — ■
Cot. Den sack sijnen knecht geveti, to
dismiss his servant ignominiously. — ^il.
2. Sack (wine), vin d'Espagne, vin sec.
—Sherwood, 1650. Bishop Percy cites
from an old account-book of the city of
Worcester, ' Anno Eliz. 34. Item for a
gallon of claret wine, and seek, and a
pound of sugar.' The name was properly
given to the dry Spanish wine such as
that still imported under the name of
sherry. 'Sherry sack, so called from
Xeres, a sea town of Corduba in Spain,
where that kind of sack is made.' —
Blount, Glossographia in Nares. Shake-
speare uses sherris and sack as synon-
ymous.

This valour comes of sherris, so that skill in
the weapon is nothing without sack. — H. IV.
Minsheu (1625) explains sacke, a wine
that Cometh out of Spaine, Belgicd Roo-
menije [Roomenije, vinum Hispaniense
— Kil.], wijn seek, quasi siccum, propter
magnam siccandi humores facultatem,
giving the right derivation of the word
though he did not understand the mean-
ing of the term dry applied to wine;
When the proper mea,ning of the name
was so early lost in England, it is not
surprising that it should have been ap-
plied to other strong white wines coming
from the same quarter, whether sweet or
dry, and we hear of Canary and Malaga
sacks. Venner (Via recta ad vitam longani

552

SACRILEGE

1637 in N.), after discussing medicinally
the propriety of mixing sugar with sacli,
adds : ' But what I have spoken of mix-
ing sugar with sack must be understood
of Sheric sack, for to mix sugar with
other wines, that in a common appella-
tion are called sack, and are sweeter- in
taste, makes it unpleasant to the pallat
and fulsome to the stomach.' ' Canarie
wine, which beareth the name of the
islands from whence it is brought, is of
some termed a sacke with this adjunct,
sweet'

Kilian's sack-wijri, vinum percolatum,
vulgo saccatum, was a totally different
thing, being a wash of the lees of wine
and water strained through a bag. 'Sac-
catum, buffet, c'est beuvraige de lie de
vin et d'eau coulee parmy un sac' — Ca-
tholicum parvum in Due.

Sacrilege. Lat. sacrilegimn, a steal-
ing of sacred things ; lego, tectum, to
pick, to gather.

Sad. The radical meaning is at rest,
steadfast, fixed, serious, sorrowful.

Though I be absent in bodi, bi spyryt I am
with lou joiynge and seynge jour ordre and the
sadnesse [in common version steadfastness] of
your bileve that is in Christ. — Wiclif, Coloss. c.
2, in R.

But we saddere [firmiores] men owen to sus-
teyne the feblenesses of sike men and not plese
to ussilf. — Id. Romans, c. 15.

W. sad, firm, wise, sober, discreet ; 7nerch
sad, a discreet woman. Pl.D. sade, rest,
stillness, quiet, from setten, to set, to fix.
Sik to sade geven, to be at rest ; saden,
sadigen, Lat. sedare, to quiet, to bring to
rest. ON. settr, Dan. sat, sedate, steady,
staid. Swab, satt, fast, firm, close. Das
eisen liegt satt an. Satt binden, to bind
fast.

Saddle. Du. sadel, G. sattel, Bohem.
sedlo. Lat. sella is a contracted form of
the same word, signifying a seat or con-
trivance for sitting on a horse. Bohem.
sedeti, to sit ; sedadlo, Lat. sedile, a seat.
Pol. siodlo, saddle ; siedlisko, seat. The
word is very likely to have been formed
among the equestrian Sarmatians.

Safe. — Save. — Salvation. — Salvage .
Lat. salvus, in good health, whole, sound,
well ; Fr. sauf, safe. Lat. salvo, Fr.
sauver, to save, and thence salvage, the
saving of goods from wreck or fire.

To Sag. To sink gradually down, to
be depressed ; properly to sink as the
surface of water leaking away or sucked
up through the cracks of the vessel in
which it is contained. Sc. seg, seyg, to
sink as liquids in a cask in consequence

SAINT

of absorption. The roof of a house is
seggit when it has sunk a little inwards.
— Jam. Gael, sug, suck, imbibe ; sugh,
drain, dry up, drink up. Swiss suggen,
to suck ; siiggern, siickern, G. sickern, to
drain away, trickle, ooze. AS. sigan,
pret. sah, to suck in, to sink down, to
set. ' Swa swa sigende. sond thonne ren
swylgth : ' as thirsty sand swallows the
rain. G. saugen, pret. sog, to suck, to
absorb moisture ; sogen, to drop, trickle
down, to sink, settle. Sw. suga, to suck,
to soak ; suga i sig, to absorb, imbibe ;
suga or siga sig igenom, to soak through,
to drip ; signa, to sink, fall gradually. N.
siga, to ooze, as water through the earth,
to fall gradually by its own weight, be-
come gradually lower, sink. on. at lata
siga undan, to give way. ByrSin sigr at,
the load weighs heavy on the horse, sags
on him. Bav. ersaigen, to make the sur-
face of water sink, to dry up, exhaust,
waste ; seigen, to sink. 'Die prawt swaig
und saig nider in amacht : ' the bride
was silent and sank down fainting. Du.
seyghen, sijghen, G. seigeii, seihen, to
strain liquids, to cause them to sag or
sink down through a strainer. Seiger,
an hour-glass, marking time by the sink-
ing of sand. Bav. seig, G. seicht, shallow,
having sunk down or drained away.
Lith. nuseku, nusenku, I flow away, dry
up, sink ; sunkus, heavy. N. sakka,
Pl.D. sakken, to sink down. Dat water
is in't sakken, the water is falling. De
mudder, de barm is sakket, the sediment '
is fallen or settled. Af sakken, hen under
sakken (as Fr. sier en arrifere), to fall
with the stream.

Sagacious, -sage. Lat. sagax,a^\^
of apprehension, or of sight or scent or
taste ; sagio, to smell out, to perceive
quicldy, to guess at or foresee. Prcssagio,
to presage or have scent of beforehand.
Probably a modification of sapio, to
savour, smell, taste or smack, to under-
stand and perceive well, to be wise.

Sage. I. Fr. sage, OFr. saive. It.
savio, saggio, from Lat. sapius, preserved
in nesapius, imprudent, silly. — Petronius.
Sapio, to taste, thence to discriminate, to
be wise.. See Sagacious.

2. Fr. saulge, Lat. salvia,, the aromatic
plant.

Sail. G. segel, ON. segl, sail ; sigla, to
sail ; w. siglo, to shake, rock, move, or
stir.

Saint. — Sanctify.— Sanctimonious.
Lat. sanctus, devoted or dedicated, thence
holy, a saint ; sanctimonia, holiness. See
Sanction.

SAKE

Sake. AS. sacu, contention, dispute,
suit at law. Weartli sacu betweox Abra-
hames hyrdemannum and Lothes. — Gen.
xiii. 7. Forsecgan, CEtsacan, andsacan,
■withersacan, to gainsay, deny, forsake.
Goth, sakan, to object, reprove, contend
with ; andsakan, to oppose ; gasakan, to
accuse ; sakjo, contest. Pl.D. sake, suit
at law, cause of a thing ; saken, to com-
plain, to bring an action ; versdken, to
deny. G. sache, a complaint, process, suit
at law, an affair, business, occurrence,
thing.

Salad. Fr. salade, It. insalata, pro-
perly a dish seasoned with salt.

Salary. Lat. salariutn, a soldier's pay,
properly an allowance of salt.
Sale. See To Sell.
Salient. Lat. salio, to leap.
Sallow. I. AS. salig, salh, Gael, seil-
each, Lat. salix, w. helyg. Fin. salawa, a,
willow.

2. AS. salowig, dark in colour. Bav.
sal, discoloured, dark, dirty. 'Der spiegel
glitz was worden sal : ' the polish of the
mirror was become dull. Goth, bisauljan,
Fr. salir, to dirty. Gael, sal, dross, scum,
filth ; salaich, to sully ; W. halawg, de-
filed ; halogi, to defile.

Most words signifying to dirty have
their origin in the figure of dabbling in
the wet, as shown under Salve, Soil, Sully.
Under the latter head are indicated a
parallel series, Fr. souiller, Pl.D. solgen,
sSlen, Flem. solowen, seulewen, &c., to
dirty, which it is difficult clearly to dis-
tinguish from those in the present article.
Sally. Fr. saillie, a breaking out
upon, a leap, spring ; saillir, to leap, go
out, stand out beyond others. Bret, sala,
Lat. salire, to leap.

Saloon. Fr. salon, a large hall ; salle.
It. sala, a hall ; OHG. sal, ON. salr, AS.
salo, house, palace, hall. Goth, saljan,
to lodge, to dwell ; salithvos, lodgings.

Salt. — Saline. Lat. sal, Gael, salann,
salt ; sal, salt water, the sea ; Gr. dXc,
salt, the sea ; W. halen, salt ; hallt, salted.
The word is common also to the whole
Finnish family. Fin. suold, Wogul sal,
Magy. s6.

Saltier. Fr. saultoir, properly a stir-
rup, from sauter, to mount, but in
Heraldiy applied to signify St Andrew's
Cross. /

Salubrious.— Salute. Lat. salvus,
whole, sound, in good health ; saluber,
-bris, healthbearing, wholesome ; salus,
-utis, health. Corresponding forms with
an initial h corresponding to the Lat. s

SAME

553

(as in w. halen, Lat. sal; W. hen, Lat.
senex) are Gr. oXog, whole, sound ; Goth.
hails, hale, whole ; G. heil, health ; E.
heal, holy, &c. Compare the Lat. salu-
tation Salve ! with E. Hail!

Salve. Goth, salbon, G. salven, to
anoint ; Pl.D. salven, to smear, to mess.
Mit dem eten up'n teller herum salven, to
make a mess on one's plate in eating. Wo
hest du di so to salvet ? how have you so
dirtied yourself, made such a mess of
yourself.' Sien tiig besalven, to daub or
dirty one's clothes. Bav. salben, a mish-
mash. Henneberg i5£j(2//^/« (of children),
Coblenz besdbeln, Palat. besalben, to daub
oneself; Osnabr. besabben, to beslobber.

The word is probably, like sjnear and
others signifying grease, formed from the
image of dabbling in the wet, dirtying,
then daubing with grease as the most
permanent kind of dirtying. It would
thus be of a common origin with E. sal-
low, Fr. sale, and the parallel forms sully,
soil, &c. Traces of the original sense of
dabbling in the wet are to be found in
Bav. gesalb, gesalf, gesalfer, chatter, tat-
tle, a sense constantly expressed by terras
taken from the agitation of water ; sal-
fe7-n, to spatter ; siilfern, to sip. Swiss
sulpern, to blot, to dabble. Bav. salber,
one who works slow, on the same princi-
ple on which we give the name of a dab-
bler to an inefficient workman.

Salver. Sp. salva, salvilla, a salver,
or piece of plate on which glasses, &c.,
are served at table. As salva was the
tasting of meat at a great man's table,
salvar, to guarantee, to taste or make the
essay of meat served at table, the name
of salver is in all probabiUty from the
article having originally been used in
connection with the essay. The Italian
name of the essay was credetiza, and the
same term was used for a cupboard or
sideboard ; credentiere, credenzere, a
prince's taster, cup-bearer, butler, or cup-
board-keeper.—Fl. Fr. credeizced' argent,
silver plate, or a'cupboard of silver plate.
—Cot.

Same. Goth, sama, same ; Slav. j«;«,
Russ. samiii, self; Pol. sam, alone, by
himself, mere, same, self. Sanscr. sama,
like, equal, plane, all, whole.

Fin. sama, same, in what is called the
adessitive case, becomes samalla, which
is used elliptically in the sense of ' at the
same time,' agreeing in a remarkable
manner with Lat. simul, and offering a
far from singular instance in which an
explanation of Greek or Latin forms may
be found in the Finnish languages. Sa-

554

SAMPHIRE

malla niuodolla, in the same mode or
manner.

Samphire. Fr. Herbe de Sai7tt Pierre,
a sea-side plant.

Sample. — Sampler. From Lat. ex-
emplum, OSp. enxemplo, Ptg. enxeinplar,
exemplar, a model. Tlie same insertion
of an n is seen in Ptg. enxame, a swarm
of bees, from Lat. examen.

Sanction. Lat. sancio, sancitum and
sanctutn, to ordain, 'appoint, establish,
ratify, thence to consecrate, dedicate ;
sanctus, ordained, sacred, inviolable, holy ;
sanctio, an ordinance, ratification.

Sane. — Sanity. — Sanatory. Lat. sa-
nus, whole, sound ; sano, -as, to make
sound, to heal. Insanus, unsound of
mind, insane. See Sound.

Sand. ON. sandr, G. sand.

Sandal. Gr. aaiSaXov, Lat. sandalium.

Sanguine. — Sanguinary, -sanguin-.
Lat. sanguis, -inis, blood. Consanguin-
ity, community of blood.

Sap. Pl.D. sapp, juice, wet. ' He
paddjet in den drekk dat em de sapp um
de oren flugt : ' he paddles in the dirt so
that he is splashed over head and ears.
G. saft, juice.

The word seems ladically the same
with sop, from the noise of dabbling.
Pl.D. sappen, to sound as wet in motion,
to drip, leak, ooze. De schoe sappet, the
water sounds in one's shoe. Idt is so
vuul up'r straten dat it sappet : it is so
dirty in the streets that one hears it splash,
it is .sopping wet. Een sappigen weg, a
soppy or muddy way. De appel sappet
dor den sakk : the apple-juice soaks
through the sack. Bay. safferen, to squash
or sound under the feet like wet ground,
or shoes full of water ; OHG. saf, G. saft,
juice.

To Sap. Fr. sapper, to undermine, to
dig into ; It. zappare, to dig ; zappa, a
mattock, spade, shovel ; Wal. sapd, to
dig. .

. Essentially the same word as step, from
the stamping action of the foot in digging,
on the same principle on which Bohem.
kopati is to kick, and also to hack or hoe,
to dig. Venet. zapar, to tread, paw as a
horse, stamp ; It. zappegare, to trample.

Sap-green. g. saft-fdrbe, among
painters, colours made of the juices of the
animal or vegetable kingdom as opposed
to minerals. Saft-griin, sap-green, made
of the juice of buckthorn-berries.

Sapient. Lat. sapio, to be wise. See
Sagacious.

Saponaceous. Lat. sapo, Gr. adwuv,
soap.

SATRAP

Saracen. Gr. 'SapaKrivog. Commonly
explained from Arab, shark, rising, the
East ; sharki. Eastern. The difficulty
is that the Moslems would not have ap-
peared *to themselves in the character of
Easterns, but only to the Western
enemies whom they were attacking. In
fact the name of Saracens seems to have
been unknown to the Arabs themselves,
and only to have been in use among the
Greeks, who never would have devised a
name with an Arabic explanation..

Sarcasm. — Sarcastic. Gr. udp?, -ciie,
flesh ; ffop/cajw, to tear flesh like dogs,
to sneer (in mod.Gr. to bite, to deride) ;
aapKaaixog, a bitter laugh, sneer.

To Sarce. — Searce. Fr. sasser, to
sift through a fine sieve ; sas (OFr. sdas,
Lang, sedas), a ranging sieve or searce.
— Cot. It. setaccio, setazzo, a sieve or
strainer made of horse-hair ; Lat. seta, a
bristle, horse-hair.

Sarcenet. It saraciitetto, q. d. Sara-
cen's silk. — B. Pannus Saracenici operis.
— Due.

Sarcophagous. Gr. aapico^ayoe ; sap?,
flesh, and ipaytiv, to eat.

Sardonic. Gr. 2ap5wrt(c6c, SapSowog.
VaXaQ 2orp5o2/ioe, a bitter, feigned laughter ;
from a herb growing in Sardinia, which,
if eaten, caused great laughing, but ended
in death.

Sash. I. It. sessa, a Persian turban
[a piece of muslin wrapped round the
cap] — Fl.

2. Fr. cJiAssis, the sliding frame of a
window ; cli&sse, framework in which cer-
tain things are held, a shrine for relics.
La chdsse d'un rasoir, the handle of a
razor ; d'une rose, the calix. See To
Chase.

Sassafras. A medical wood. Fr.
sassafras, Sp. saxafrax, salsafrax, saxi-
frage, because the same virtue was attri-
buted to sassafras as to saxifrage, of break-
ing up the stone in the bladder.

Satchel. Du. sackel, G. sdckel, a purse.
Fr. sachet, a little sack.

To Sate.— Satiate.— Satiety.— Satis-
faction. Lat. sat, satis, enough.

Satellite. Lat. satelles, a personal
attendant.

Satin. Ptg. setim. Said to he a
Chinese word. — N. and Q.

Satire. Lat. satira, satyra, a poem
in which the manners of the times were
freely treated without respect of persons.
Gr. o-arupoe, a play in which the chorus
consisted of Satyrs.

Satrap. Gr. aarpavrie, originally Per-
sian.

■ SATURATE

Saturate. Lat. satur, full fed, sated.

Saturnalia. Lat. saturnalia, feast of
Saturn, in which unrestrained licence was
allowed, even to slaves.

Saturnine. A grave unsocial disposi-
tion ascribed to the influence of the
planet Saturn, as a Jovial disposition ex-
presses the tendency to good fellowship
induced by the planet Jupiter.

Satyr. Lat. Saiyrus, Gr. Sarupog.

Sauce. — Saucer. It. salsa, Fr. sauce,
properly a mixture of salt, then any relish-
ing addition to food. Saucer, a little
dish to hold sauce.

Saucy. As sauce is a sharp-tasted
seasoning of food, it is metaphorically
applied to sharp speech, short sharp re-
plies. Fr. sauce, met, a reprimand. A
man is said to be bien sauci when he has
received a sharp reprimand.

Wo was his coke but if Ins sauce were
Poinant and sharp, and ready all his gere.
Chaucer, Prol.

If it be so, as fast
As she answers thee with frowning looks, I'll

sauce
Her with bitter words. — As You Like It.

To Saunter. One of those cases in
which either an / after the initial j has
been lost, or parallel forms beginning with
.f and si respectively have originally been
developed, as in Lat. sorbere and G. schliir-
fen, E. sop and slop, Pl.D. sabbeln, sdb-
berii, and E. slobber.

In like correspondence with saunter
we have G. schlentern, Sw. sldntra, to
wander idly about ; G. schlendern, to
saunter, loiter — Fliigel ; Pl.D. slender-
weg, a promenade.

The radical meaning would seem to be
to trail or drag along. G. schlender, a
gown with a train ; Pl.D. slender, the
usual course. E. dial, slade to drag ;
Sw. slade, E. sled, a sledge or drag. Sw.
slinta,Fl.t>. slindern, to slide ; Da. slunte,
to idle.

Sausage. It. salsiccia, Fr. saucisse,
from being cured with salt.

Savage. ' Fr. sauvage. It. selvatico,
selvaggio, salvaggio (Lat. sylvaticus),
savage, wild, untamed, forest-bred. — Fl.

To Save. See Safe.

Saveloy. Fr. cervelas, a kind of dry.
sausage eaten cold. — Cot. It. cervelada,
a kind of yellow sausage in use in the
Milanese. Doubtless from being made
of (Fr. cerveille) brains.

Savour. Fr. saveur, Lat. sapor, taste ;
sapio, -ere, to smack, taste or smell, to
reUsh. Probably the syllable sap repre-
sents the smacking of the lips.

SCALE

555

Saw. I. ON. sag, N. sag, Da. sav,<i.
sage. It. sega, Fr. scie, a saw. The origin
is perhaps the zigzag or seesaw movement
by which the act of sawing is character-
ised. S'p. chiguechaque,Z:&z.vijtx ; Pl.D.
suggen, suggeln, to hack, haggle, cut
with a blunt knife.

2. Du. saege, a narration, a saying.
ON. saga, a narrative.

Saxifrage. Lat. saxifragaj saxum, a
stone, and frango, to break, being sup-
posed to be good against stone in the
bladder.

To Say. as. secgan, ON. seiga, G. sagen.

Scab. Lat. scabies. It. scabbia, G.
schabbe, scab, scurf, itch, from scabere,
Du. schabben, schobben, schrabben, to rub,
scratch, scrape. Bret, skraba, to scratch,
scrape.

* Scabbard. Might be plausibly ex-
plained from being made of scaleboard or
thin board, in the same way that a hat
was called a beaver. Scaleboard — com-
monly pronounced scdbboard. — ^Worces-
ter.

The ancients — used splints — and of them some
are made of tin, others of scabbard and tin, sewed
up in linen cloths. — Wiseman, Surgery.

But this explanation is opposed by the
OE. forms scawberk {scauberke — Merlin
514), or scaberge (Rom. of Partenay),
scaubert (Miiller). Of these scawberk
may have passed into Fr. escaubert or es-
cauber, by which vagina is glossed in John
de Garlandi^ : vaginas, escaubers. Hence
conversely E. scaubert, scabbard. The
first syllable should mean blade, as giving
the word the meaning of blade-cOver,
but no one has succeeded in making out
that signification.

Scaffold. Fr. eschaffaut, Lang, escafold,
escharfaut, escadafaut. It. catafalco, cata-
farco, Sp. cadafalso, Prov. cadafalc.
From Prov. and OSp. catar (Lat. cap-
tare), to look, to see, and It. palco, a
planking. — D iez.

To Scald. Fr. ichauder. It. scaldare,
to heat, warm, scorch, scald ; caldo, Lat,
calidus, hot. Gael, sgald, scald, pain,
torture ; Bret, skaota, to scald, sting like
a nettle ; Dan. skolde, Sw. skolla, to scald.

Scale. I. — Shale. — Shell. T)\i. schaele,
bark, crust, shell, scale ; schelle, bark,
shell, skin, scale. G. schale, a shell, dish,
cup, bowl, bark of a tree, cover of a book,
peel of fruit, shale or mineral that separ-
ates in flakes. It. scaglia, scale of fish,
shiver or splinter of stones, skin of snake ;
Fr. escaille, scale of fish. Escailler des
noix, to pill or shale walnuts ; escailleures,
shards or spalls, small pieces broken or

556 SCALE

hewed from stones. Fr. dial, challe de
noix, the green husk or shale of a walnut.
The radical signification is something
that splits or separates or that is picked
off. The shale or husk of fruit or vege-
tables or scales of fish are what is picked
off as unfit for food. The shailes of
hemp (HoUyband) are the bits of stalk
that have to be picked from the fibre.

Lith. skelfi, skilii, to split, burst ; skel-
deti, skaldyii, to crack, burst, split ; skalus,
skillus, easy to split ; skalai, splinters of
fir for torches ; skilstis, hoof of a cloven-
footed animal ; skyle, a split, hole, open-
ing. Gr. anxisXiii, to rend, tear, flay ;
(TKuXoc, the skin of an animal ; aicuKa, arms
stripped from a slain enemy, spoils. Gael.
sgil, sgiol, shell, unhuskj sgiolta, un-
husked, active, quick ; It. sciolto, loosed,
active. Da. skille, to separate. Melken
skilles, the milk is turned. E. dial, to
sheal milk, to curdle, to separate the parts
of it. — Ray. It. scagliare, to shiver or
splitter — Fl. ; Fr. mur escailU, a wall full
of cracks or chinks.

Scale. 2. — To Scale. — Escalade. Lat.
scala (from scando, to climb ?), Sp. escala,
Fr. ichelle, a ladder, thence a scale or
graduated measure ; Sp. escalar, to mount
by ladders ; escalada, an escalade.

Scalene. Gr. erKoXjjroc (o-KaJw, to limp),
limping, halting, uneven, unequal.

Scall. Scurf in the head ; scalled or
scald head, a scurfy head. Du. schelle,
bark, shell, skin, membrane ; schellen
van't hoofd, scurf of the head. Dan.
skaldet, bald, bare.

Scallop. A shell-fish of a round in-
dented shape, whence scalloped, having
the edge indented like a scallop shell.
Du. schelpe, shell, cockle-shell, nut-shell ;
schelpevis, shell-fish ; St Jacob's schelpen,
coquille de St Jaques, the scallop-fish or
pilgrim's scallop-shell.

Words signifying shell, peel, husk, are
commonly derived from the notion of
scaling, peeling, or picking off, separating
the outer useless portion. Du. schelfe,
shell, scale ; de vis schel/en, to scale a
fish, to scrape off the scales ; Bret, skalfa,
to separate, to split. Gael, sgealb, a quick,
sudden sound, the sound of a blow, a
slap, then, from the crack of things burst-
ing or splitting, to split, splinter. Sgealb-
chreag, a sphntered or shelvy rock. Sc.
skelp, a slap, blow, stroke ; to shelve, to
separate in lamina.

Probably Lat. scalpere, to scrape,
scratch, engrave, sculpere, to form by
cutting or carving, Gr. yXa^w, y\u0u.

SCANTLING

yXuTTTu, to hollow out, to carve, must be
classed under the same head.

Scalp. It. scalpo, the skin of the head.
Sc. shaup,\\iS\., husk; peaskatcp. Da. dial.
skalp, the shell of peas. Fr. escalbotter,
to pill, to unhusk, or loosen the husk of.
— Cot. ON. skdlpr, sheath. See Scallop.

To Scamble. To scramble, to make
shift. Fr. griffe-graffe, scamblingly, catch
that catch may. — Cot. Scambling,s^-^2cvi\-
ing. — Hal.

Thus sithe I have in my voyage suffered "vvrack
with Ulysses, and wringing wet scambled to the
shore. — Gosson {1579) in Hal.

It. scarmigliare, to card cotton or wool,
to scramble, scratch, touse or tug by the
hair ; scarmigliato, scrambled, toused,
scratched, &c.

A parallel form with scramble, in the
same way that we have Du. schabben and
schrabben, to scrape or scrub, or E. dial.
scaffle and scraffle, to scramble.

Scamp. A cheat, a swindler. — Jam.
A workman is said to scamp his work
when he does it in a superficial, dishonest
manner. Swab, schampe, liederlicher
mensch. — Schmid.

Du. schampen, to shave, scrape, slip
away ; schampig, slippery ; schampschoot,
a grazing shot.

To Scamper. "Qzy. gampen, gampern,
to sport, spring about. Sw. skumpa, to
jog ; — sin ivdg, to jog off, scamper away.
See Jump, Game.

To Scan. i. It. scandere, to mount,
ascend, also to scan a verse, to examine it
by counting the feet ; hence

2. To examine narrowly.

Scandal. Lat. scandalwn, from Gr.
dKavZaXov, a trap for an enemy, a stumb-
lingblock, offence.

Scant. — Scanty. Barely sufficient.
ON. skammr, short ; skamtr, a measured
portion. I skornum skamti, circumcissl
portione, i. e. parc^, circumcis^. — Egills.
N. skant, a measuring rod, measured por-
tion ; skanta, to measure off, to cut off a
little so as to make a thing exact, to give
sparingly, reckon closely. Skanta, mea-
sured, exactly fitted, leaving nothing to
spare.

Scantling. A small piece of anything,
also the size to which a timber is to be
cut. From Fr. cliantel, chajtteau, a cor-
ner-piece, lump or cantle of bread, &c.
(g. kan(, edge ; It. canto, side, corner),
are formed Fr. eschanteler, to break into
cantles, to cut off the corners or edges
of, eschantillon, a small cantle or corner-
piece, also a scantling, sample, pattern,
proof of any sort of merchandise. — Cot.

SCAPE

Hence to scantle, to cut bits from. 'The
chines of beefein great houses are scantled,
to buie chaines of gold.'— Lodge (1596)
in Hal. Omnes denarii Jaccenses qui
falsi non sint recipiantur ab omnibus
hominibus — sive sint fracti, sive perforati,
vel etiam scantellati. — Fori Aragon. in
Due.

The sense of measurement is explained
by Sp. descantillar, descantonar, to break
off part of a thing, to lessen ; descantillon,
a small line marking the proper scantling
to which anything is to.be cut. — Neum.

Scape. Lat. scapus, shaft of a pillar,
stalk of a plant ; Gr. oicijjrrw, to prop, to
lean on.

Scapular. Lat. scapula, the shoulder-
blade.

Scar. Originally a crack or breach,
then specially applied to the mark of a
wound, a cliff, precipice or broken rock,
a fragment. It is used by Gower in the
original sense :

And eke full ofte a littel skare
Upon a banke, ere men be ware,
Let in the strenie.

Bret, skarr, crack in a wall, chap in the
skin ; skarra, to crack, to open. Fr.
escarre, breach, bursting open, opening
made with noise and violence. Faire
grande escarre, to disperse people, to
leave a wide space open ; escarrir, to
scatter, disperse. — Trev. ' Le canon a
fait une grande escarre dans ce bataillon,
dans la muraille : ' has made a great
breach in them. — Gattel. The foregoing
must not be confounded with Fr. eschare,
surgically, the crust of a burn or ulcer,
from iaxdpa, from whence E. scar of a
wound is commonly derived.

In the Scandinavian and Teutonic
dialects the root is found as well in the
shape of scar as with the addition of a
final d. Du. scheure, schaerde, crena,
ruptura, rima, schaere (vetus) scopulus,
rupes ; scheure, schore, scissura, njptura.
— Kil. ON. skor, N. skar, notch, breach,
cleft in a rock. OHG. scorro, scorra,
prseruptum montis, scopulus. — Gl. in
Schm. in v. schorren. on. skarS, a
breach, nick, opening ; skardx vor, Dan.
hareskaer, a. hare-lip. Dan. skaar, a
cut, notch, fragment, shard. E. dial.
potscar, a potsherd; share, the opening
of the thighs ; /hard or sherd, a piece of
broken stone or pottery, a notch or gap,
an opening in a wood. — Hal.

The ultimate origin is in all probability
a representation of the noise made by
a thing cracking or bursting. Comp.

SCARCE

5S7

Gael, sgairt, a loud shout or cry, and
thence Fr. escarter, to scatter, disperse,
with Fr. escarre, escarrir.

Scarce. OFr. eschars, eschard, escar,
close, sparing, niggardly ; escharcer,
escharder, to diminish, to spare ; eschas,
scarcely. Sp. escaso, scanty, narrow,
small, short, sparing, niggardly. It.
scarso, scarce, scant, sparing. Bret.
skarz, slender, little, close, niggard,
clean, cleansed ; skarza, to spare, re-
trench, diminish, also to cleanse, scour,
steal. Re skarz eo h6 sae, your gown is
too short. N^ ket skarz ann ?d-man,
this corn is not clean. The radical
meaning of the verb would seem to be
to scrape, leading on the one side to the
notion of cleansing, and on the other to
that of paring, shaving off, clipping,
sparing. Piedm. moneda scarsa, hght
money, money that has been clipped or
rubbed. ScarsoU, to pluck off super-
fluous leaves and shoots from vhies. Du.
schaers, a razor ; schaers afschaeren, to
cut close ; schaers, close, niggardly, also
hardly, scarcely. It. cogliere scarso, to
strike a grazing blow shaving along the
surface, to strike slanting.

The root may be traced through a wide
extent of variation. Sometimes it is
found without the initial s, as in Bret.
karza, to scrape, cleanse, sweep, to clear
out • dung ; kars, sweepings, ordures ;
karzpren, kazpren, karpren, a plough-
staff, stick for scraping the coulter of
the plough. The Breton z changes to th
in w. carthu, to scour, cleanse, carry out
dung from stables or cowhouses ; carth-
bre7i, a plough-staff; earth, offscouring,
outside, rind, what is peeled off ; ysgarth,
offscouring, ordures.

With the loss of the final d or z, on.
karra, kara, to scrape, to cleanse, ex-
plaining Dan. karrig, sparing, niggardly ;
ON. skara, to rake or scrape, to snuff
the candle ; G. scharren, to scrape, to
cleanse stables, streets, &c.

The ultimate origin is an imitation of
the sound of scraping or scratching,
which are often represented by the same
forms. ON. karra, to creak as a wheel ;
Gael, sgairt, screech, shriek ; Sc. scart,
to scratch, scrape, cleanse by scraping,
gather money in a penurious way. Heart,
a scratch, a niggard. ' Move thee to
scrape, to scart, to pinch, to spare.'

The same train of thought is indicated
in Gael, sgread, a shriek, cry ; sgreadan,
a disagreeable sound, noise of anything
tearing asunder ; Sc. screed, any loud
shrill sound, the sound or act of rending,

558 SCARE

a rent, the thing that is rent or torn off.
See Shard, Shred.

To Scare. Sc. skar, skair, to take
fright. A skair horse, or a horse that
skars, is one that is easily startled. Skare,
a fright, a scarecrow. — Jam. ON. skidrr,
timid, shy. N. skjerra, to frighten, to
scare.

The idea of frightening is commonly
expressed by the figure either of the
trembling symptomatic of fright, or of a
sudden noise which instinctively startles
and produces fright. It has been argued
under Afraid that Fr. effrayer and G.
schrecken, to frighten, both have their
origin in forms representing a crash or
crack, and it is probable that scare is
derived from a like source. Fr. escarre,
breach, bursting open with noise and
violence. — Trev. Bret, skarr, crack,
breach. Gael, sgairt, a loud cry or shout.
A similar connection may be observed
between E. scream and Sw. skrama, Xa
frighten.

To Scarf. To join timbers with a
slanting joint. Sw. skar/wa, to join to-
gether, to piece, eke out. Skar/wa en
arm, to lengthen a sleeve ; — timmer, to
scarf two pieces of timber. Dan. skarre,
jsr. skara, skjerve, to scarf timber ; skarv,
a bit cut off the end of a plank. Bav.
scharben, to shred vegetables, to make a
notch in a timber to receive a cross-
piece. Bret, skarfa, to scarf timber or
stone. — Lepelletier.

The origin of the term is to be found
in the scraping down or slicing off a
piece of each of the timbers in order to
make the joint. Sp. escarbar, to scrape
or scratch the ground like a fowl or
beast ; escarpar, to rasp or cleanse works
of sculpture, to escarp or slope down a
bank, to scarf timber. Escarpa, the
scarp or steep slope on the inside of a
ditch next the rampart. It. scarpello, a
chisel, lancet, tool for slicing or paring.

Scarf. Fr. escharpe, a scarf or bau-
drick ; escharpe d'un pdlerin, the scrip
wherein he carries his meal. — Cot. It
would seem that the name of the scrip
was transferred to a scarf from the latter
being worn over the shoulder in the way
that a beggar's scrip was carried. In
the same way Da. taske, a pouch, becomes
Sc. tische, a belt. Da. taskebelte, zona ;
taskemagere, zonarius. — Lye. Scheler's
explanation of the word as signifying a
strip, of cloth from OFr. escharper, to
tear, is not satisfactory. OHG. scherbe, a
scrip, comes still nearer the E. form than
Fr. escharpe. See Scrip.

SCATTER

Scarf-skin. The outside skin. Bav.
schiirffen, scherpffen, to scratch or pick
oif the outside of a thing. Sich scherpffen,
summam cutis stringere. See Scurf.

Scarify. Lat. scarifico (for scarifo), to
lance or open a sore. Gr. mcapi(poe, a
stile, etching tool ; BKapiipiiii), incapi^do/jin,
to scratch.

Scarlet. It. scarlato, Fr. Scarlate, o.
scharlach.

The origin of the word has been much
disputed, and it has been supposed to be
borrowed from an Eastern source. But
the name of an article of commerce is at
least as likely to have passed from Europe
to the East as vice versa, and the word
admits of a plausible explanation in the
Lat. carii, flesh.

It. scarnatino, flesh-coloured, became
in Venet. scarlatin, explained hy Patri-
archi as a colour of mixed white and
red. But the mixture of a colour with
white is considered as a dilution or weak-
ening of the colour, and therefore if the
diluted colour were expressed by a di-
minutive, the full colour would be signi-
fied by the primitive form. Thus from
scarlatin, a whitish red, would be formed
scarlato, full- red, scarlet. Compare
Shakespeare's incarnadine, to dye with
crimson.

Scarp. It. Scarpa, Fr. escarpe, Sp.
escarpa, the slope of a wall or steep front
of a fortification. See Scarf

Scatclies. — Skates. Fr. eschasses, stilts
or scatches to go upon. — Cot. Schaeise, in
Flanders stilts, ' vulgo scacce,' in Holland
skates ; also a carpenter's trestle, the sup-
port on which he saws wood. — Kil. Pl.D.
skake, shank or leg. It. zanca, shank ;
zanchc, stilts. Sp. zanca, shank ; zan-
cudo, long-shanked ; zancos, stilts. So
Lira, digo, a leg ; diga, a long-legged
person ; digas, stilts. The point in which
stilts and skates agree is that they are
both contri\'ances for increasing the
length of stride.

Du. chaetse (from whence E.j-/?^a&) would
seem to be a corruption of Pl.D. skake,
which was Latinised under the form
scaca, scata, scadea, scacia, scassa. — Dief.
Supp. But see To Scotch.

Scathe. Goth, skatlijan, G. schadcn,
to injure ; ON. skadi, AS. sceatha, Pol
szkoda, damage, hurt. Gael, sgad, mis-
fortune, loss ; sgath, lop off, prune, de-
stroy, injure.

To Scatter. Du. schetteren, to crush,
resound, burst out laughing, to scatter.
It. scaterare, to scatter. — Fl. The idea
of a thing breaking to pieces is represent-

SCAVENGER

ed by the figure cf the sound of an ex-
plosion. So Fr. sVclatei; to crash, to
burst or shiver to pieces. Eclat de ton-
nerre, a clap of thunder ; par eclats, in
shivers. Dan. sprage, to crackle, S\v.
spraka, to crack, explode, show the origin
of Lat. spargerc, OE. sparkle, to scatter.
Dan. skitigrc, to ring, clang, resound ;
Sw. skingra, to scatter, dissipate.

Scavenger. The scavage or shewage
was originally a duty paid on the inspec-
tion of customable goods brought for sale
within the city of London, from AS. scea-
wian, to view, inspect, look. The sec-
tion De Scawanga, Liber Albus, p. 223,
commences as follows : ' Qi est contenuz
des queux marchaundises venauntz en
Londres deit estx^e prys Scawenge nostre
Seignur le Roy ; et comebien doit estre
prys de chescun. — Et fait assavoir que
Scawenge est dite come demonstfance,
pur ceo qe marchauntz demonstrcnt as
viscounts marchaundises des queux deit
estre pris custume, einz qe rien de ceo
soit vendue.' The scawengers or scava-
gers were the inspectors to whom the
goods were actually shown. Afterwards
the inspection of the streets seems to have
been committed to the same officers,
unless the name was used in the general
sense of inspectors. ' Qe scawageours
eyent poair de survder les pavementz et
qe touz ordures es rewes soyent oustez,'
p. 585. The oath of the scawageour is
given p. 313. 'Vouzjurrez qe vcnis sur-
•verrez diligientement qe les pavementz
deinz vostre garde soient bien et droitur-
element reparaillez — ; et qe lez chemyns,
ruwes et venelles soient nettez des fiens
et de toutz maners des ordures, pur
honestee de la citde ; et qe toutz les
chymyneys, fournes, terrailles soient -de
pierre, et suffisantement defensable en-
contre peril de feu.' The lab-ourers by
whom the cleansing of the streets was
actually done were then called rakyers,
or rakers.

-scend. -scans-, -scent. Lat. scan-
do, scansum, to climb (in comp. -scendo,
-scensuin) ; as in Ascend, Descent, Ascen-
sion.

Scene. — Scenery. Gr. o-ict)?/)), the cover
or tilt of a waggon, a tent, booth, stage, or
scaffold, the stage on which the actors
performed, a scene at a theatre.

Scent. Fr. senttr, to smell.

Sceptic. Gr. a-Kljrro/joi, to look about,
look carefully, consider ; aKi-il/ig, examina-
tion, inquiry, doubt ; ffKETrriKof, inclined
to reflection ; oKEirriKoi, the Sceptics, a

SCOFF

559

school of philosophers who doubted of all
things.

Sceptre. Lat. sceptrum, Gr. aicrjTrTpou,
a regal staff, from mriTTTM, to prop, to lean
upon ; sKrivToiiai, to support oneself on a
staff.

Schedule. Lat. scheda, schedula, a
scroll, leaf of paper, short writing ; schidia,
a sheave of thin slice of wood ; Gr. ffxi^ij,
a tablet, leaf From ox'?"") 'o split.

Scheme. Gr. axnv^a, outward form,
fashion, appearance, from OGr. nyiu, to
have, hold.

Schism.— Schist. Gr. axiafia, a rent,
ffXiffroc, split, from trx'?", to cleave, split,
produce fissures.

Scholiast. Gr. o-xoXiacr);?, from tr^o-
\iov, a comment. See School.

School. — Scholar. Gr. o-^oX^, leisure,
rest, that in which leisure is employed,
discussion, lecture, philosophy, the place
where such studies were pursued, a
school.

Sciatic. Gr. lax'ov, the hip ; hxtac,
-aSog, pain in that region ; hx'aSiKoc,
subject to pains in the hips ; Lat. sciatica,
disease in the hips.

Science. — Sciolist. Lat. scio, to
know ; scientia, knowledge.

Scimetar. Fr. cimeterre. It. scimitarra.

Scintillate. Lat. scintilla, a spark.

Scion. A graft, or young shoot of a tree.
Here, as in scent, the c is inserted without
etymological grounds. Fr. scion, sion, a
young and tender plant, a shoot, sprig, or
twig. — Cot.

The proper meaning of the word is a
sucker, a shoot that sucks its sap from
the parent tree. Sp. chupar, to suck, to
imbibe moisture ; chupon, a scion or
sucker of a plant, a young twig. Gr.
ai^uiv, a reed, straw, tube used to draw
wine out of the cask, the sucker of a
pump. It. stone, a pipe, gutter, or quill
to draw water through. — Fl. Another
application of the sense of sucker is seen
in Lat. siphon. It. sione, a whirlwind,
waterspout, sucking up the water as it
passes over it. See Sip.

Scirrhus. Gr. aKippog, an indurated
tumor.

Scissors. Written by Chaucer sisoures.
It. cesore, a cutter, a tailor ; cesoie, Mo-
denese cesore, Mantuan zisora, scissors ;
Lat. casus, cut.

Scoff. ON. skatip, skauf, skop, derision ;
draga skaup at einum, hafa i skaupi, to
deride. Thad hlaup vard at skaiipi, that
inroad was in vain. OFlem. jfAo/, schoppe,
ludibrium; Du. j^r/io^^^, scomma, sarcas-
mus. — Kil. Possibly a shave, a dry wipe.

560

SCOLD

Compare Du. schampen, to graze the sur-
face, to deride, scoff, abuse. — Kil. Lat.
perstringere is used in both senses, to
graze, and to censure, speak acrimoni-
ously.

Scold. Du. schelden, to scold, revile ;
scheUnaem, nickname, name of abuse.
From the loud shrill tone qf scolding.
ON. skellr, clang, crash ; skella, to bang.
Hann skelldi upp og hid : he burst out a
laughing. Sw. skalla, to bark like a dog,
to cry out loud, to scold, make use of
abusive language. Alia hans kreditoren
skalla efter honom : all his creditors cry
after him. Skalla ut, to decry ; skallsord,
abusive language. N. skjella, a clapper,
rattle.

Sconce, i. A small fort. Du. schantse,
a rampart made of trees and branches,
parapet, outpost ; sc/tanlsen, to defend
with a rampart ; schantskorven, gabions.
— Kil. G. schanzen, to make a fence, in-
trench, fortify ; schanzkleid, a canvas
screen drawn round a ship at the time of
an engagement to prevent the enemy from
seeing. To sconce or ensconce oneself is
to post oneself behind a screen of some
kind.

The meaning of the word is something
to conceal or cover one from the enemy,
from Fr. esconser (Lat. abscondere, abscon-
suni), to hide, conceal, cover. Esconsail,
a screen or shelter, a sconce, abri, ca-
chette, refuge. — Roquef Guigneville (in
Carp.) makes man after the fall address
God,

Fai moi de toi un esconsail,
Un abril [abri] et un ripostail
Ou je me puisse aler bouter.

2. A sconse or little lanterne. — Baret.
1580. Scons to sette a candel in, lanterne
&. main. — Palsgr. Mid.Lat. absconsa,
sconsa (Lat. absconsa candela, a hidden
light)., originally a dark lanthorn. Ab-
sconsa, abscons, absconse, luchte, lan-
terne. — Dief Sup. ' Debet Prior cum
absconsd accensa per choi-um ire ac videre
quam regulariter sedeant.' ' Sconsas —
nunquam Prior vel Abbas habuit nisi
illam qua; omnium communis fuit.' — Due.
' Lesquelz compaignons alumerent la
chandelle et la mirent dedens une esconse
ou lanterne.' — Lit. Remiss. 145 1 in Carp.
Scoop. Du. schoepe, schuppe, a shovel ;
schoepen, scheppen, to draw water, draw
breath ; schepyat, a scoop ; scheplepel, a
ladle ; G. schuppe, a scoop, shovel ; sch'dp-
fen, to draw water, take breath, let in
water,

'Tis as easy with a sieve to scoop the ocean

As to tame Petrachio.— B. & F

SCORN

Pl.D. schuppe, a scoop, shovel. Fr. ^cope,
a scoop for baling boats.

Boh. kopati, to kick, hack, dig, hoe ;
Pol. kopad, to dig, hollow, scoop out ;
Serv. kopati, to dig ; kopanya, a wooden
bowl.

Scope. Lat. scopus, from Gr. o-kottoc,
a mark or butt to shoot at, thence a pur-
pose or object ; mci-nTOfiai, to look at
steadily.

To Scorch. The Ormulum has scorrc-
ned, scorched, of a crusty loaf, or land
shrunk up with drought.

All the people that the violent wind Nothus
scorclith, and bakyth the brennyng sandes by his
drie heate. — Chaucer, Boeth.

Du. schroken, PI. D. shroggen, to scorch,
singe.

The origin seems to lie in the crackling
sound of frizzling or scorching. Boh.
sskwrciti, to crackle or fizz as butter on
the fire ; sskwrliti, to scorch, singe ;
zsskwrknauti, to fizz in singeing ; sskwrk-
nautise, skwrkatise, to shrivel up ;
sskwrkly, shrivelled, shrunk. Pol. kur-
czyd, skurczyd sif, to shrivel.

Score. A notch, then from the cus-
tom of keeping count by cutting notches
on a stick, account, reckoning, number,
the specific number of twenty, as being
the number of notches it was convenient
to make on a single stick ; when that
number was complete the piece on which
they were made was cut off (Fr. taillie),
and called a tally.

Whereas before our forefathers had no other
books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused
printing to be used. — H. VI.

ON. skera {sker, skar, skorii), AS. sceran,
scyran, Du. scheren, to shear or cut ; ON.
skor, Dan. skaar, skure, Du. schore,
schorre, a notch or score. See Shear.

Scoria. Gr. cr/cwp, dung, ordure ; Lat.
scoria, dross or refuse from the smelting
or refining of metal.

Scorn. Two closely resembling forms
from totally different figures are found in
the Romance languages. First, It. schema,
Sp. escarnio, Prov. esgue?-n, OFr. eschern,
derision, mockery ; It. schernire, OFr.
escarnir, eschemir, eschermir, to mock.
' Eschermirs est quant I'en gabe homrae
seulement de bouche.' — Roquef.

The foregoing forms are derived from
OHG. skern, derision ; skernSn, to mock ;
skirjio, a mountebank. — Diez. The radi-
cal meaning would seem to be to treat
one as dirt, from Dan. skam, ordure, dirt,
met. a scoundrel, worthless person. ON.
skarnlega, shamefully. E. dial, scam,
dung ; scarnyhmighs, a dirty drab.

SCORPION

Ambitious mind a world of wealth would have,
And scrats and scrapes for scorfe and scorn ie

dross. — Mirror for Mag. in R. v. Scrab.
In the next place, from the helpless con-
dition of an animal that has lost its horns
we have It. scomare, to take off the horns,
and met. to scorn, mock, flout ; scorno, a
scorn, mock, flout — Fl. ; Fr. escorner, to
deprive of horns, to take from one a
thing which he thinks an ornament and
grace to him, to lop the boughs of trees,
to deface, disgrace ; se laisser escorner,
to suffer himself to be made a fool, used
like a gull ; escome, shame, disgrace ;
escorni, unhorned, that hath lost his
horns, hence melancholy, out of heart,
ashamed to show himself, as a deer is
that hath lost his head. — Cot.
Scorpion. Lat. scorpio.
To Scoss or Scourse. To change. — B.
See Horse-courser.

Soot. — Shot. Fr. escot, payment of
one's own share of a common expense.
It. scotto, the reckoning at an inn. AS.
sceotan, to shoot, cast, throw down in
payment, expend, pay. Pl.D. scheten, to
cast; schott, contribution, tribute. G.
schiessen, to shoot ; geld zusammenschies-
sen, to contribute one's share of money;
vorscMessen,X.o advance money; zuschuss,
a disbursement of money for one's quota
of expense, on. skot penningr, money
for expenses on a journey.

Scotch. A notch ; to scotch, to notch.
Scotch-collops are sliced or minced col-
lops.

What signify scotch-collops to a feast.

King in R.

The word is probably "formed on the same
principle as nock or nick, representing, in
the first instance, a sharp sudden sound,
then applied to a sharp sudden impulse, a
projection or indentation. It. coccare, to
snap, click, crack ; cocca, notch of an
arrow, nib of a pen ; scoccare, to clack,
snap, or pop ; — un bacio, to give a smack-
ing kiss ; — delle hore, the striking of the
hours.
E. dial. Seattle, to haggle or cut badly.
The beef was scotfled shamefully.

To Scotch. To scotch or scoat a wheel,
to stop it by putting a stone or piece of
wood under it. — B. Scote, a prop, a drag-
staff or stay by which a waggon is pre-
vented from running back when going
up-hill. — Hal. Wal. ascot, anything used
to support an unsteady object ; ascoter,
to prop, to scotch ; Fr. accoter, to under-
prop, shore, bear up, stay from shaking
or slipping.— Cot. Lang, acouta, to sup-

SCOUT

S6i

port, put a wedge under the leg of a
shaking table ; acouta las rodos, to scotch
the wheel. The word scotch is probably
identical with E. skatch, Du. schaetse, a
stilt, properly a support. Du. schaetse is
also a carpenter's trestle, a support for
his work. See Scatches.

The idea of propping or supporting
rests on that of a shock or push, as shown
in It. cozmre, to shock, to butt ; Genevese
cotter, to boggle, hesitate in reciting, to
prop or support ; rester cotte, to stop short;
se cotter, to break off ; cotte, stay, prop,
as of a loaded apple-branch, shore of a
ruinous building, wedge under the leg of
a ricketty table. Vaud. cottar, to push
or shut the door, to support, steady. E.
dial, scant, to push violently ; as a noun,
a dragstaff.

The same train of ideas is seen in G.
stutzen, to butt, to start or boggle like a
horse ; stutzen, to stay or underprop ;
Dan. stode, to push, thrust, jog; P1.D.
studde, stutte, a prop.

Scough. See Scuff.

Scoundrel. In the absence of any
foreign analogue we may suggest the pos-
sibility of the word having originally been
scumberel, from scumber, scummer, to
dung. ' With filth bescumbered.'— Mars-
ton. Comp. Da. skarn, dung, dirt, met.
a good-for-nothing, a scoundrel.

To Scour. There is little essential
difference in the sound made by the act
of scraping, scrubbing, scratching, tear-
ing, and accordingly all these modes of
action are designated by closely resem-
bling forms. Du. scheuren, schoren, to
tear ; G. scharren, to scrape, rake, scratch;
scheuern, Dan. skure, It. scitrare, Fr.
escurer, to scour, cleanse ; N. skura, to
rub, scrape, scour. Pol. szorowad, to
rub, scrub, scour, to drag as a gown, to
shuffle with the feet, also to go fast;, as in
E. to scour the country.

Scourge. Fr. escourgde, a thong, latchet,
a scourge or whip. — Cot. It. scoreggia,
coreggia, strap, scourge, whip. Lat. cor-
rigia, strap, from corium, leather.

Bret, skourjez, a whip, rod. Gael.
sgiurs, to whip, drive away. It. scuriscio,
a switch ; scurisciare, to switch.

Scout. OFr. escoute, a spy. Etre aux
Scoutes, to be on the watch, to spy, from
escouter. It. ascoltare, Lat. auscultare, to
listen. To scout or reject contemptuously
seems to be Sc. scout, to pour forth any
hquid forcibly — Jam. ; to throw away
slops. ' It is also used, in a neuter sense,
to fly off quickly, most erroneously ap-
plied to liquids.'

562 SCOWL

But as he down upon her louted
Wi' arm raxed out, awa she scouted.

Pl.D. schudden, to shake, to pour. In
the last application compare E. scud.

To Scowl. Da. skule, to look with
downcast eyes, to look privily from fear
or distrust. Pl.D. schulen, Du. schuilen,
to sculk, lurk, spy. Daar schulet wat
unterj there is something hidden. Pl.D.
schuuloord, Du. schuilhoeck, a lurking-
place ; schuiltoren, specula et insidiae.
— K. The sense seems to be to look
from under cover of the overhanging
eyebrows or from under cover of a more
general kind. on. skjdl, shelter, conceal-
ment, covered place ; skjdleygdr, whose
eyes lie deep in the head ; AS. sceoleage,
scyle-eagede, squint-eyed.

Da. skeeloiet, squinting ; skele, G. schiel-
en, E. dial, shelly, to squint ; Sc. to showl
the mouth, to make wry mouths. Bohem.
sskuliti, to squint ; sskula, sskulina, a
(peephole) slit. Pol. skulony, Gr. anoKiltQ,
crooked, bent. ON. skjAlgr, skew, squint-
ing ; at skjota augum i skjdlg, to squint ;
N. skjaag, skjegl, squinting ; skjegla, to
squint. Possibly there may be a confu-
sion of two forms, one expressing a covert
look and the other a crooked or slanting
one. See Shallow.

To Scrabble. To scratch with the
nails, to scramble. — Hal. To feel about
with the hands. — B.

He scrabbled up the tree. — Mrs Baker. And
he — fained himself mad in their hands, and
scrabled on the doors of the gate. — i Sam. xxi.
13-

Du. schrabben, Bret, scraba, Da. skrabe,
E. dial, scrab, to scrape or scratch ;
scrapple, to grub about. — Hal. The no-
tions of scratching, scraping, clutching,
griping, scuffling, struggling, making re-
peated irregular exertions of the arms
and legs, are signified by a variety of
forms adapted in the first instance to
represent any harsh and broken sound.
Thus from ON. spraka, to crackle, we
have sprtikla, to throw about the arms
and legs, to sprawl ; G. spratzeln, to
crackle ; Sc. sprattle, to sprawl. Lith.
skrebsti, to rattle, craclde, signifies also
to struggle, sprawl, crawl. Sw. skrafla,
to rustle, crackle, leads to E. scraffle, to
struggle, scramble, climb, to wrangle,
quarrel. In the same way NFris. skrab-
liii, to rattle, is used in a secondary
sense for strugghng, working laboriously.
A daskar skrabbalt, the plates rattled. —
Johansen, p. 49. It. scarabillare, to
make a scraping or squeaking sound,

SCRAGGLE

screpolare, to crackle, are used as direct
representations of sound, while the figur-
ative sense is exhibited in Fr. escarbillat,
stirring, quick, lively — Cot. ; Sp. escara-
pelar, to dispute, wrangle, quarrel ; Ptg.
escarapellar, to scratch, to scuffie ; Sp.
escarabajear, to scribble, scrawl, crawl to
and fro like insects ; escarabajo, Ptg.
escaravelho, Lat. scarabceus, a beetle, the
scrabbling animal.

On the same principle Sw. skramla,
to racket, clack, cackle. Da. skramle, to
rumble, explain It. scaramelare, to play
tricks of legerdemain, to make rapid and
confusing movements with the hands.
Sw. skrdla, to bawl, to make a racket,
Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble, cor-
respond to E. scrawl, to crawl about, to
make irregular confused scratches on
paper. Fr. grouiller, to rumble, in a
secondary sense signifies to move about
in numbers, to swarm. Du. rabbelen, to
rattle, to speak quick and confusedly,
figuratively to scribble, scrawl ; rabbel-
schrift, a scrawl. See Scraggle, Scrall.

Scrag. A lean scrag, a body which is
nothing but skin and bones. — B. Fris.
skrog is used in s. s., while Da. skrog
signifies carcase, the hull of a ship. Scrag
of mutton, the bony part of the neck;
scraggy, lean and bony.
The scragged and thorny lectures of monkish
.sophistry. — Milton.

E. dial, scrag, a crooked, forked branch ;
scrog, a stunted bush ; scraggy, twisted,
stunted.

The proximate origin seems. to lie in
the notion of shrinking or shrivelling. N.
skrekka, skrokna, to parch, shrink; skrok-
kjen, dried up, shrunk, hard, wrinkled ;
skrokka, to shrink ; skrukka, a wrinkle,
pucker, unevenness ; skrukkut, wrinkled,
shrunk. E. dial, shrockled, withered.
Pl.D. schrdkel, schrokel, a stunted, mis-
shapen thing. Gael sgreag, shrivel,
become dry, parched, or shrivelled ;
sgreagair, an old shrivelled or close-
fisted man ; sgreagan, anything dry,
shrunk, or shrivelled ; sgrog, shrivel ;
sgrogag, anything shrivelled and con-
temptible, a little old woman, useless old
timber, stunted tree. See Scorch.

To Scraggle. Dorset to scramble.
— Hal. In Northampton used in the
sense of struggle, make efforts with dif-
ferent members of the body.
I'm often so poorly I can hardly scraggle along.

Scraggling, irregular, scattered. Also
applied to vegetation that grows wild
and disorderly.— Mrs Baker. Essentially

SCR ALL

the same word with straggle or struggle,
an initial scr or str often interchanging.
' I scruggell with one to get from him,
je m'estrive.' — Palsgr. The word origin-
ally represents a broken sound, then a
jerking irregular movement. N. skrangle,
to jingle, rumble, rattle. Palsgrave gives
murmur or grumble as the first sense of
stroggell. 'He stroggleth at everything
I do. II grommelle a tout taflt que je
fays.'

Probably Fr. escarquiller, to straddle,
is an equivalent of E. scraggle, having
first signified to throw about the legs,
then to stretch them apart.

To Scrall. — Scrawl. To scrawl or
scrall is used in two senses : first, to be
in general movement ; and, secondly, to
write or draw ill, to make irregular, ill-
formed scratches. To scrall or stir,
muovere ; to scrall or scribble, scara-
bocchiare. — Torriano. Fr. grouiller, to
rumble, also to move, stir, scrall, to
swarm or break out confusedly in great
numbers. — Cot.

The two senses may be reconciled if
we observe that to scrawl or scribble is
to scramble about the paper, to move
over it in an irregular variety of direc-
tions, while to scrall as a set of young
pullets, or an ant-hill, is to be in a state
of confused, multifarious movement. It.
scrollare, Piedm. scroU, to shake, to wag.

The present is one of the numerous
cases in which the representation of a
rattling, crackling, rumbling sound is
applied to movement of fancied analogy.
Fr. grouiller, above quoted, is applied
both to sound and movement. Devon-
shire scrowl, to broil or roast (properly
doubtless to make a crackling sound). —
Hal. Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble.
Da. skraale, to bawl ; skralde, to rattle ;
N. skrella, to bawl, to rattle, crack, echo.
ON. skridla, to rustle hke dry things.

To Scramble. To do something by
repeated clutching with the hands. To
scramb, to puU or rake together with the
hands ; to scramp, to catch at, to snatch.
— Hal. To scraum, to grope about as a
person in the dark. — Craven Gl. Du.
scrammen, to scratch. It. scaramelare, to
juggle or move the hands rapidly to and
fro, seems an analogous form.

The origin is probably similar to that
of scrabble, scraffle, scraggle, words in
the first instance representing confused
sound. Da. skramle, to rumble ; Sw.
skramla, to clash, clatter, cackle. It.
scramare, to cry out. See Scrabble.

To Scranch. To crash with the teeth,

SCREAM

563

to make a noise in eating. — B. Directly
imitative, like craunch, crunch. Du.
schrantsen, to gnash, chew, craunch, eat
greedily.

* Scrap. A shred or small fragment.
Not to be identified with Da. skrab, Sw.
skrap, afskrap, scrapings, rubbish, but
rather with G. scherbe, a sherd or frag-
ment of something hard. MHG. schirbe,
scharp, schurben, Bav. zerscherben, to
break in pieces ; schdrben, OHG. scarbon,
to shred vegetables. Farskirbindn, dis-
crepare. — Graff. See Scrip.

The radical image is the crack made
by a hard body in breaking, on. skrap,
crack, rattle. Lat. crepare, to crack, also
to break to pieces. The same train of
ideas is seen in Fr. Sclat (esclat), a crack,
clap, also a fragment, splinter ; dclater, to
burst.

To Scrape. Direct from the harsh
sound of scraping, scratching, tearing.
N. skrapa, to make a harsh sound, to
grate, scrape ; skraapa, skraaba, to cre^k,
crackle ; skreppa, to rattle ; ON. skrapa,
to creak or grate, to rattle as hail, rustle
as dry skin. Du. schrabben, to scratch
or scrape ; schraeffen, schrapen, to scrape.
Bret, skraba, to scratch. Sp. escarbar,
to scratch or scrape like an animal with
the paw ; escarpar, to rasp ; Prov. escar-
pir, escharpir, to tear to pieces. Cat. es-
garrapar, Ptg. escarvar,to scratch, scrape.

Scrape in the sense of difficulty, dis-
grace, is perhaps from the metaphorical
sense of Sw. skrapa, to reprimand. Han
adrog sig en skrapa, he drew down a
reprimand on himself, got into a scrape.
It may however be from the figure of a
narrow exit where you can only scrape
through, on the same principle on which
we call a narrow escape a close shave.
N. skrapa, to get on with difficulty, to
make shift to live.

To Scratch. — Scrat. — Cratch. As
in the last article, the present forms are
direct representations of sound. ' Cratch-
ing of cheeks.' — Chaucer. Du. krassen,
to scratch, scrape, splutter as a pen,
croak as a raven. Kratsen, to scratch,
scrub. ON. krassa, to scratch, to tear. Fr.
grater, to scratch, scrape ; esgratigner,
to scratch.

To Scrawl. See To Scrall.

To Screak. Synonymous with creak,
as scranch and cranch, sqtiash and quash,
smash and mash, &c.

Scream. It. scramare, sclamare, to
cry out ; W. ysgarm, outcry, bawling ;
garm, shout, outcry. AS. hryman, to cry
out, call.

36 *

564

SCREECH

Screech.. — Shriek. Da. skrige, Sw.
skrika, to cry, shriek, scream. It. scric-
ciolare, scricciare, to screech. W. ysgrech,
a scream.

Screen. — Shrine. Pol. chronid, schron-
ii, to shelter, to screen ; Bohem. chraniti,
schraniti, to guard, protect, keep ; schrana,
a receptacle, a screen. In the first of
these senses Boh. schrana corresponds to
Lat. scrinium, G. schrein, Fr. escrain, a
chest, casket, shrine ; in the second with
Fr. escran, dcran, a skreen, the one being
an implement to keep something of value
in, the other, to keep what is noxious off.

The final n is exchanged for an m in
Du. schermen, to defend, scherm, a screen ;
G. schirm, anything that affords shelter or
protection, a screen ; It. schermagUa, a
fire-screen ; schermire, scremire, Fr.
escrimer, to exercise the art of defence, to
fence or fight scientifically with swords
or foils. Skirmish is quite a different
word.

A screen for gravel or com is a grating
which wards off the coarser particles and
prevents them from coming through.

Screw. Fr. escroue, G. schraube, Sw.
skruf. Da. skrue, Pol. szruba.

To Scribble, i. To scratch with a
pen, write ill. Scribble-scrabble, sorry or
pitiful writing. — B. Fr. escrivailU,
scribbled, baldly written. — Cot. See To
Scrabble.

2. To scribble wool, to card, scratch or
tear it to pieces with a wire comb. Gael .
sgrlob, scratch, scrape ; sgrloban, a
scraper, currycomb, wool-card. Sw.
skrubba, to rub, to scratch ; skrubbel, a.
wool-card ; skrubbla, G. schrabbeln, to
card or scribble wool. Pol. grzebai, to
scrape or scratch ; grzebieii, a comb ;
grepel, a wool-card ; greplowad, to card
or scribble.

-scribe, -script-. Scripture. Lat.
scribo, scripium, to write ; scriptura, a
writing. Hence G. schreiben, Du. schrij-
ven, Bret, skriva, Gael, sgrlobh, to write.
Doubtless, like Gr. ypa^M, or E. write,
from the notion of scratching lines. Bret.
krava, skraba, to scratch, scrape ; Gael.
sgrlob, scratch, scrape, draw lines ;
sgriobair, a graving tool.

Scrimp, Scanty. G. schrumpfen, Da.
krympe, to shrink, w. crimpio, to pinch
or crimp. See Shrimp.

* Scrip. Pl.D. schrap, Fris. skrap,
ON. skreppa, W. ysgrepan, Fr. escharpe,
Lith. krapszas, a wallet, scrip. De Guile-
villes Pilgrimage, Cotton MS., has, ' I
ffailede a sherpe and bordon,' where the
Cambridge Prose has, ' Me failede scrippe

SCUD

and burdoun.' OHG. scherbe, pera ; ein
scharpe, ein sack, stips. — Graff. From
this latter gloss it appears that scharpe
was used in the sense not only of a scrip
or bag, but also of Lat. stips, an alms,
contribution, scrap, agreeing with OG.
scherf, a mite, the smallest coin. It is
probable then that scrip is properly a re-
ceptacle for scraps, a scrap-sack.

On the other hand, Bav. scherben (pro-
perly a potsherd) is used for an earthen
vessel : licht-, tnilch-, nacht-scherben. And
as in the East the beggar collects his
alms in a basin, it is possible that an
earthen vessel (G. scherbe, Du. scherf,
scherve, a. potsherd) was used for that
purpose among our own ancestors when
the term scherbe, scherpe, scrip, took its
rise, and that the name was inherited by
the bag or wallet which served the same
purpose in later times. The former ex-
planation however appears far the more
probable one.

Scrivener. Bret, skriva, to write ;
skrivaner, one who teaches to write, or
who does writing for another. It. scrivano,
a notary, clerk, scrivener.

Scrofula. Lat. scrofulcE, diseased
glands of the neck, from scrofa, a sow.
Probably a translation of the Gr. name
■)(pign,iti, which was or seemed to be de-
rived from %oi^oQ, a pig.

Scroll. Corrupted from scrow. See
Escrow.

To Scrub. Sw. skrubba. Da. skrubbe,
Pl.D. schrubben, to rub, scrub ; Du.
schrobben, to rub or scrape ; schrabben,
to scratch. Gael, sgrlob, scrape, scratch,
make bare by rubbing, curry a horse. A
scrub, in the sense of a sorry fellow, a
person treated with contempt, might be
explained by Da. skrab, scrapings, fig.
trumpery, trash, but more probably it
signifies only something stunted, poor of
its kind. See Shrub.

Scruple. — Scrupulous. Lat. scrupu-
lus, a small stone such as may get into
a traveller's shoe and distress him, whence
the further meanings, of a doubt or source
of doubt, and a small weight.

To Scruse. — Scrouge. To scruse, to
press or thrust hard, to crowd. — B.
Into his wound the juice thereof did scruze. — F.Q.

Fr. escrager, to crush and squeeze out of;
escraser, escrager, to crush. — Cot.

-sorut-. Scrutiny. Lat. scrutor, to
seek diligently ; scrutinium, a search.

Scud. Du. schudden, to shake, toss,
jolt, wag. Hence, as the figure of shak-
ing expresses the exertion of superior

SCUFF

liower over an object, e. scud is used to
signify the movement of a body under the
influence of overpowering force. To send
before the wind is to drive before it with-
out attempt at resistance. A scudoi rain
is a violent shower driving with the wind.

* Scuff. Skuff' or skuft, the nape of the
neck. A good skujffing, a punishment
among boys by nipping the neck with the
finger and thumb. — Whitby Gl. Du.
schocht, scho/i, atlas, the nape of the neck,
higher part of the back on which a burden
is borne. — Kil. Schoft (P. Jlarin), Fris.
skuft, the withers of a horse, properly the
tuft of hair which a person mounting lays
hold of to help himself up. Hence E.
scuff, applied to the loose skin on the
shoulders by which one lays hold of a dog
or a cat The radical notion is a tuft of
hair, Goth, skuft, hair of the head, G.
schopf tuft of hair or of feathers. Shtiff
is used in familiar language for a dis-
orderly mass of hair. See Shag.

* Scuffle. I. A fray, a close hasty con-
test. Probably the radical meaning is a
straggle in which each seizes the other by
the scuff or hair of the head, in which
they fall together by the ears. See Scuff.
Words expressing the same idea are
widely formed on this principle. Thus
from G. schopf, Bav. schiibel, a tuft of hair,
are Austr. schopf en, schiibeln (to scuffle),
to pull by the hair ; Pol. czub, hair of the
head ; czubid, to pull by the hair ; czubid
si^, to fall together by the ears ; Swiss
tschogg, tschuber, tuft of hair ; tschoggen,
tschubern, to pull by the hair. See Tug.
On the other hand we have Sw. skuffa, to
shove, jog, nudge ; skuffas, to shove or
push one another, to hustle ; but the
former appears to me the more probable
origin.

* 2. Du. schoffel,^ Dutch hoe or scuffler,
an instrument for lightly paring the sur-
face of a garden bed and cutting off the
weeds. Schoffelen, to scufHe weeds.
Here the radical notion seems to be
whisking or passing lightly over the sur-
face. Du. schuiffelen, to hiss, whistle.
Banff, scuff, with slightly whizzing sound.
'A hard the stane gang scuff past ma
hehd.' Scuff, to wipe very lightly.
Scuffle, a shghtly grating sound. ' The
scuffle o's feet gart ma leuk roon.' To
scuffle, to rub lightly, do any kind of
work, as hoeing, sweeping, brushing, &c.,
in a slight manner. See ShufHe.

To Sculk. Da. skulke, to slink, sneak ;
skulke syg, to sham sick. ' I skowlke, I
hide myself, je me couche.' — ^Palsgr. Pl.D.
schulken, to shirk school ; verschulken,

SCULLERY

56s

to hide a thing. — Brem.Wtb. Du. schui-
len, Pl.D. schulen, to conceal oneself, get
out of the way from shame, fear, &c. ON.
skjol, Da. skiule, cover, shelter, hiding-
place. Fris. schuwl, shelter, conceal-
ment ; schuwlcjen, to shelter from rain,
&c. — Epkema. See Lurk.

Scull. I. See Skull.

2. A small oar. To scull a boat, to
drive it by a single oar working to and
fro at the stern like a fish's tail. From
N. skol, splash, dash, as Fr. gache, an
oar, from gacher, to splash. ON. skola,
to wash ; N. baare skol, the dashing of
the waves.

Scullery. — Scullion. Two derivations
are given for scullery, either of which
would be quite satisfactory were it not
for the occurrence of the other. From
Lat. scutella we have It. scudella, Venet.
squela, OFr. escuelle, a bowl, platter,
saucer ; escueillier, place where the dishes
are kept ; sculier, officer in charge of
them. — Roquef And as we ha^ve pantry
and buttery from the Fr., analogy would
lead us to look to the same source for
scullery. But the primary office of a
scullery is that which is indicated in the
definition given by Bailey, a place to
wash and scour in. In this direction we
are led to on. skola, Sw. skolja, Da.
skylle, to rinse, splash, wash, skylle-regn,
a drenching shower, skylle-vand, N. skol,
dish-water, Sw. skoljerska, a scullery-
maid or scullion. The corresponding E.
form is s-will or squill. ' I swyll, I rynce
or dense any maner vessell.' — Palsgr.
Swiller, a scullion. Lixa, a swyllere. —
Nominale, xv. Cent. Of the hero of a
story in the Manuel des Pecch^s who be-
came a scullion it is said,

He makede hymself over skyle
Pottes and dysshes for to swyle. — /. 5827.

And shortly after he is spoken of as ' the
squyler of the kechyn.' — /. 5913. Other
instances of the use of squiller in s. s. are
cited by HaUiwell. ' The pourveyours of
the buttlery and pourveyours of the squy-
leny.' — Ord. and Reg. p. 77. Palsgr.
has squillary for scullery, and Worcester
gives Norm. Fr. squillerge in s. s.

In the case of scullery then we must
pronounce in favour of the Scandinavian
etymology ; but scullion would seem to
have a totally different origin in Fr.
escouillon, escouvillon j Sp. escobillon,
a dish-clout, oven-malkin ; Lang, escoube,
a brush, also a maukin for an oven. — Cot.
Sp. escoba, Lat. scopuB, a besom, broom,
w. ysgubo, to sweep. In the same way

566

SCULPTURE

malkin, mawkin, is used both for a
kitchen-wench and for the clout which
she plies.

Sculpture. Lat. sculpo, sculptum, to
engrave, to carve in stone or wood. Gr.
ykv^ia, to hollow out, to carve. Lat.
scalpo, to scratch, scrape, grave.

Scum. ON. shim, G. schaum, OFr.
esaime, It. schiuma, scuma, Gael, sgum,
foam, froth, scum. From the humming
sound of agitated waters. Pol. szumied,
to rush, roar, bluster as the wind, waves,
&c. ; szum, rush, roar, bluster, then (as
foam is produced by the agitation of the
waves), froth, foam.

* To Scummer. — Soumber. To dung,
and fig. to dirty. OFr. encumbrer, encom-
brier, escunbrier, to emb^-rrass, encum-
ber, dirty. — Burguy.

Scuppers. — Soupperholes. The holes
in the side of a ship by which the water
runs off from the deck. Commonly de-
rived from Pl.D. schuppen, to cast with a
scoop or shovel. Dat water uut schuppen,
to bale out water. But it must be ob-
served that the action by which the water
runs off through the scuppers is very
different from baling, nor are they known
by a name similar to the E. term in any
Teutonic or Scandinavian dialect, in all
of which the name is spit-holes, G. spei-
gaten. We are thus reminded of OFr.
escopir, escupir, Sp. escupir, to spit, to
which however the designation of scuppers
in the latter language {embomales) has no
relation. Walach. scupi, scuipi, Bret.
skopa, to spit.

To Sour.— Skir. To scur, to move
hastily ; to skir, to graze, skim, or touch
lightly ; to skirl, to slide. — Hal. To skir
the country round. — Macbeth.

The light shadows
That in a thought scur o'er the fields of com.

B. & F.

Gael, sgiorr, slip, slide, or stumble. Sw.
skorra, Da. skurre, to grate, jar. The
primary force of the syllable scur or skir
is probably to represent the sound of
rapid movement through the air, as in
htirry-skurry.

Sctirrer in the sense of scout is proba-
bly distinct from the foregoing, being
taken from It. scorrere, to run, gad to and
fro.— Fl.

And he sent for the scurrers to advyse the deal-
ynge of their ennemyes and to see where they
■were and what number they were of. — Berners,
Froiss. in R.

Scurf, G. schorf, Du. schorfte, Sw.
skorf, scurf, scab j skorpa, crust, scab.

SCURVY

Dan. skorpe, crust ; skorphud, scurf.
Lancash. scroof, dry scales or scabs.

The ideas of scratching and of itching,
or the cause of it, a rough, scabby, scurfy
skin, are closely connected. Thus from
Lat. scabere, to scratch, rub, scrape, we
have scaber, rough, scabby, scabies, scab,
itch, mange. On the same principle, g.
schaben, to scrape, schabe, the itch, scab,
scurf; kratzen, to scratch, krdtze, the
itch ; Sw. kla, to scratch, kldda, the itch.
It is probable that scurf ox the equivalent
scrur, scroof, has a similar origin in a
form allied to E. scrub, scrape, Du. schrab-
ben, schraeffen,S-p. escarbar, Ptg.escarvar,
to scratch, scrape. Pol. skrobcu! sif po
glowie, to scratch one's head. Another
application of the same radical figure is
to express the notion of refuse, worthless,
whence E. dial, scroff, scruff, refuse wood
or fuel ; scrawf, refuse. — Hal. So from
G. kratzen, krdtze, the waste or clippings
of metals or minerals. It is a strong con-
firmation of the foregoing derivation that
parallel with scurf, or the more original
scruff, and related to it as rub and its
numerous allied forms are to scrub, are
found widely spread among the European
languages a series of synonymous forms,
of which perhaps the most instructive is
Lap. ruobbe, scar, scab, itch, to be com-
pared with ruobbet, to rub or scratch ;
aiweb ruobbet, to scratch the head ; ruob-
bajes, scabby. Fin. rupi, scurf, scab,
itch, small-pox ; G. ruf, rufe, Fr. rouffe.
It, ruffia, roffia, scurf; Milan, ruff,
sweepings, rubbish, filth, scurf; Venet.
rufa, crust, dirt, moss of trees ; Swiss riife,
riefe, eruption, scab ; Sc. reif, eruption,
the itch ; as. hreof, scab, leprosy ; hreofla,
a leper; hrieftho (to be compared with
Du. scherfte) scaliness of the skin, scurf,
leprosy ; ON. hrufa, roughness, crust,
scab ; hrufla, to scratch the surface,
slightly wound ; PI.D. roof, rave, rob,
scab ; Du. rappe, scab, scurf, scabies quae
plerumque decerpi solet — Kil. ; E. dial.
rove, scab.

Scurrile. — Scurrilous. Lat. scurra, a
buffoon, professional jester.

Scurvy, i . Scurfy, scabbv, then shabby,
mean.

2. Mid.Lat. scorbutus ; Fr. scorbut j E.
dial, scorvy. Sw. skdrbjugg, G. scharbock,
are doubtless corruptions ai scorbutus, the
origm of which is unknown. Perhaps
the disorder may have taken its name
from the scurfy unwholesome skin of a
scorbutic person.

Scurvy grass, provincially scrooby grass,
the botanical cochlearia, may be an ac-

SCUT

commodation from the ON. name, skarfa-
gras, from skarfrj a cormorant, the plant
growing on seaside rocks.

• Scut. The short tail of a rabbit or
deer. Sw. dial, skati, tip, point, extremity,
top of a tree, spit of land, short tail of
animals as of a bear or a goat.

To Scutch. To cleanse flax. Scutched,
whipped. — Pegge. Gael, sguids, switch,
lash, dress flax. A form analogous to E.
switch, from the sound of a thin rod
moving rapidly through the air.

Scutch.eon. Fr. escusson, a scutcheon,
small target or shield. — Cot. Dim. of
escu, a. shield, coat of arms, from Lat.
scutum.

Scuttle. I. Sp. escotilla, Fr. dscou-
tilles, the scuttles or hatches of a ship, the
trap doors [properly openings] by which
things are let down into the hold. — Cot.
Sp. escotar, to hollow a garment about
the neck ; escote, the hollow of the neck ;
escotado, a dress cut low in the bosom.
From OHG. scoz,G.schooss,\>o%<sa\.. — Diez.
See Sheet.

2. A hoUow basket. AS. scutel, G.
schiissel, Du. schotel, a dish, bowl, Lat.
scutella, scutula, dim. of scutum, a shield.

To Scuttle. I. To make holes in a
ship's deck or sides to let out or in the
water, from scuttle, a small hatchway.

2. To hurry furtively away. Apparent-
ly for scuddle, a dim. of scud. To scuddle,
to scud away, to run away all of a sud-
den.—B.

Scythe. See Sithe.

Se-. Lat. se-, a particle used only in
composition, and signifying apart : se-
ponere, to jAace apart. It seems to be
merely the ablative of the reflective pro-
noun. To lay apart is to lay by itself.
Seorsum (for se-vorsuni), apart, asunder,
in a direction by itself In the same way
ON. sir, the dative of the pronoun, is used
to signify separation : k hofud sir, on his
head ; vera einn sir, to be alone by one-
self ; sirhverr, everj one by himself.

Sea. ON. sior, sea, salt-water. Da.
so, G. see, Goth, saivs, lake.

Seal. I. ON. selr, Da. sceI, scelhund,
OHG. selach, a seal.

2. Lat. sigillum (dim. of signum, a
mark). It. sigillo. Pro v. sagel, OFr. sael,
seel, Sp. sello, a signet, seal.

Seam. i. on. saumr, a sewing, seam ;
saum thradr, sewing thread. Du. zoom,
a hem, brim, border ; G. saum, Sw. som,
hem, seam.

2. Fr. saim, seam, the tallow, fat or
grease of a. hog. — Cot. Lat. sagina, fat-
tening, fatted animal, fat produced by

SEASON

567

feeding ; saginare, Sp. sainar, to fatten
beasts. Prov. sagin. Champ, sahin, Sp.
sain. It. saime, grease or fat.

Sean. Lat. ^agena, Gr. <7ayrivrj, a drag-
net.

Sear. — To Sear. Du. zoor, Pl.D.
soar, dry ; sooren, AS. searian, to dry,
dry up. Fr. sorer, to dry herrings in the
smoke ; Gr. Sijpde, withered, dry.

Sear leaves, leaves withered or dead as
at the fall of the leaf; sear wood, dead
boughs. — B.

To Scarce. See Sarce.

To Search. It. cercare, Prov. cercar,
sercar, Fr. chercher, Norm, sercher (Pat.
de Brai), Bret, kerc'hout.

The origin, as Diez has well shown, is
Gr. Kipicog, a circle, from the idea of going
round through every corner of the space
which has to be searched. When Ahab
and Obadiah made their anxious search
for any springs of water remaining un-
dried, it is said in the Vulgate, ' divise-
runtque sibi regiones 7Jt circuirent eas.'
Propertius uses circare in the same sense.

Fontis egens erro, circoque sonantia lymphis.

The monk or nun whose business was
to make a round of examination was
called in Mid.Lat. circa, Fr. cherche.
' Ordonnons qu'il y aura deux cherches
lesquelles on prendra pour un an, les-
quelles iront par sepmaines ciraiir les
officines du monast&re pour voir si on ne
trouvera point aucunes caquetant ou fai-
sant autre chose iUicite.' — Carp. Albanian
kerkoig signifies both I go throughout,
and I search. Kerkoig dynjame, I travel
round the world. In the same way from
Gr. yvpoQ, a turn, a circle, Mod.Gr. yuptiw,
to seek, search, inquire for ; yupiju rbv
Koa/Jiov, I travel round the world.

Season. Fr. saison, due time, fit op-
portunity, a term, a time. — Cot. Sp.
sazon, fit time, time of maturity, proper
condition, taste, savour ; sazonar, to
ripen, bring to maturity, or to a proper
condition for enjoyment, to season meats.
Ptg. sazao, proper time, time of maturity,
season of the year. Prov. sazo, period,
time. En breu de sazo, en pauc de sazo,
in a short or little time ; manta sazo,
many times, often. Sazonar, to ripen, to
come to maturity, to satisfy. No fui
sazonada de, I was never surfeited with,
satisfied with.— Rayn. Dessazonar, to
trouble, derange, disconcert. Mid.Lat.
saisonare, sadonare, assaxonare, to bring
to a proper condition. ' Quod pelles quae
ex dorsis scuriolorum erant confectas non
bene saisonatce.' ' Item fumarii debent

S68

SEAT

coquere bene et sadonare panes in furno.'
— Consuet. Perpin. in Carp. ' Teneatur
(furnarius) panem bon4 fide coquere et
asaxonare! — Stat. Vercel. ibid.

Two derivations are commonly offered,
first from Lat. satio, sowing, seed-time,
extended to other seasons of the year ;
the objection to which is that satio does
not appear ever to have been used in the
sense of seed-time, much less of season in
general. The second explanation sup-
poses the word to be a corruption of It.
stagione (from Lat. sfatid), a season or
time of y£ar, Sp. estacion, station, a
place appointed for a certain end, season
of the year, hour, moment, time. The
loss of the /, which would bring It.
stagione to Fr. saison, is no doubt a dif-
ficult step, but the senses correspond so
exactly that I am inclined to believe that
saison has originated in such a manner.
It. zocco, Fr. souche, the stock or stump
of a tree, have a like relation with E.
stock.

Seat. See Sit.

Second. Lat. secundus, Fr. second.

Secret. Lat. secretus j secerno, secre-
tion, to sever, lay separate, put by itself

Sect. Lat. secta, for secuta, a follow-
ing, course of life, course of doctrine,
union of persons following the same leader.
Divitioris enim sectam plerumque se-
quunttir. — Lucret. Quy hanc sectam,
rationemque vitae re magis quam verbis
secuti sumus. — Cic. Hostes omnes
judicate qui M. Antonii sectam secuti
sunt. — Cic. Sector, tg follow. Mid.Lat.
secta was used for a suit or uniformity of
dress. ' Quodlibet artificium simul vestiti
in una secta,' each guild dressed in one
suit of colour. — Knyghtonin Due. 'Libra-
tam magnam panni unius sectcB,'a. copious
livery of cloth of one suit or of uniform
colour and quality. — Fortescue, ibid.
■Secta in English Law was also suit or fol-
lowing. Secta curia, attendance on the
court of the Lord ; secta ad molendinum,
duty of carrying the tenants' corn to a
certain mill. Secta or sequela, the right
of prosecuting an action at law, the suit
or action itself.

-sect. — Section. — Seg'ment. Lat.
seco, sectum, to cut ; sectio, a cutting;
segtnentum, what is cut off.

Secular. Lat. seculum, an age, se-
cularis, belonging to this age or world.

Secure. Lat. securus; se and cura,
care, without care, safe.

-seoute. -sequence. Lat. sequor,
secutus, I follow, whence Persecute, Cojt-
secutive, Consequent, &c.

SEEK

. Sedate. Lat. sedo, -as, to render calm
or still, the causative of sedeo, to sit.

Sedentary. — Sediment. Lat. sedeo,
to sit or settle down.

Sedge. AS. secg, carex, gladiolus.
Lingula, the herb gladen or seggs. — Fl.
Ir. seisg, w. hesg, sedges.

Sedition. Lat. seditio {se itio), a
going apart, making a separate cabal or
mutiny.

Sedulous. Lat. sedulus, careful, as-
siduous, sitting at work.

See. Properly the seat or throne of a
bishop. OYx. sd,sied2,siez. 'The arch-
bishop of Canterbury took him be the
rite hand and sette him in the Kyngis se.'
— Capgrave, 273. ' Quant il fu sacre e
miz el sd.' — Vie St Thomas. ' E sui assis
al sed xiaX.' — Livre des Rois. Lat. sedes.

To See. as. seon, Goth, saikvan, g.

Seed. AS. sad, G. saat, ON. sdd. w.
hdd, seed. Lat. satus, sown.

To Seek. Goth, sokjan, ON. scekia,
Sw. sSka, Pl.D. sbken, seken, G. suchen.

The most obvious type of pursuit is an
infant sniffing for the breast, or a dog
scenting out his prey or sniffing after food.
On this principle we have Du. snoffelen,
naribus spirare, odorare, indagare canium
more — Kil. ; G. schniiffeln, to search out ;
Bav. schnurkeln, to snift, also to search
about, ferret out ; N. snusa, to snuff, sniff,
to search, to pry into ; Du. snicken, to
draw breath, to sob, sigh, sniff, to scent
out ; E. dial, sneak, snawk, snuck, to
smell ; snook, snoke, Sw. snoka, to search
out, to trace a thing out. Snoka i hvar
vrd, to thrust one's nose into Svery corner.

Now the sound of sharply drawing
breath through the nose as in sobbing or
sniffing is often represented by parallel
forms beginning with sn and j respectively.
Thus we have E. dial, snob, to sob ; G.
schnauben, to short, schnobern, to sniff, to
scent out, to be compared with E. sob;
and E. snuff, sniff, to be compared with
Sc. souff, to breathe deep in sleep, AS.
seofan, to sigh. In the same way Du.
snickeft, Pl.D. snucken, to sob, correspond
to OE. sike, to sigh, and Sw. sucka, to
sigh or sob. The syllabic suk is used to
represent the sound of sniffing or snifting
in Lap. sukt, a cold in the head, to be
compared with E. dial, sjieke, Du. snof, in
the same sense. Such an application of
the root would also explain W. swchio [to
sniff out], to search with the snout as a
pig or a dog (Lewis), the origin instead
of a derivative of swch, Gael, soc, the
snout. Hence Fin. sika, Esthon. sigga.

SEEL

a hog, W. socyn, a pig, as the rooting
animal. Sw. sSka to seek, is applied to
dogs in the sense of tracing by scent ;
soka som hundar, to scent out ; sdka efter
ijorden, to root like a pig in the ground.

To Seel. Fr. siller les yeux, to seel or
sew up the eyelids, (and thence) to hood-
wink, keep in darkness. — Cot. It. ciglio,
Fr. cil, an eyelid ; cigliare, to seel a
pigeon's eye or any bird's. — Fl. Seeling
(among falconers) is the running of a
thread through the eyelids of a hawk when
first taken, so that she may see very little
or not at all, to make her better endure
the hood. — B. The process of ensiling a
hawk's eye is described in the book of St
Alban's. 'Take the nedyll and threde
and put it thorough the ouer eyelydde, and
so of that other [and so with the other
eye], and make them faste und the becke,
that she se not, and then is she ensiled
as she oughte to be.'

We must not confound the word with
sealing in the sense of closing.

To Seem. i. — Seemly. — Beseem. To
seem was formerly used in the sense in
which we now use beseem, to become, be
suitable to.
Honest mirth that seemed her well. — Spenser.

ON. sama, to fit (as a coat), to be fitting
or becoming, to adorn ; soma, sama, to
be or to deem fitting or becoming. Betr
samdi thar : it would better become
you. Hann samir thaS ecki : he does
not approve of it, does not think it fitting.
Samilegr, N. sameleg, Dan. sommelig,
decorous, seemly, fitting.

The principle of the foregoing expres-
sions is the unity resulting from a well-
assorted arrangement, giving rise to the
use of the root sam (which indicates
unity or identity in so many languages)
in expressing the ideas of fitness, suit-
ability, decorum. N. sams, like, of the
same kind ; sam, agreement, unity ; usam,
discordance ; scemja, to fit one thing to
another, to agree together, to live in
unity. See Same.

We must not confound the foregoing
with G. ziemen, geziemen, Goth, gaiiman,
Du. taemen, betaemen, to be fitting or
becoming ; G. ziemlich, Du. taemeligh,
taemigh, Sw. temmelig, decent, tolerable,
middhng, the origin of which is explained
under Beteem.

To Seem. 2. There is considerable
difficulty in tracing the development of
the verb seem, to appear. Diefenbach
regards as undoubted that it is a second-
ary application of seem, to be fitting. He

SEIZE

569

quotes E. seem as formerly signifying
decere, now videri. — II. p. 192. It is not
very obvious how such a change of mean-
ing C0UI4 have taken place, although, if
the meaning had originally been to ap-
pear, the change to that of appearing
right or fitting would have been compre-
hensible enough. It is however some
confirmation of Diefenbach's position that
Bav. zemen (= G. ziemen), to become,
beseem, behove, is also used in the sense
of being acceptable to one, seeming good
to him, and generalLy of seeming or ap-
pearing to one in a certain light. Mich
zimet, gezimet eines dinges : I am well
pleased with a thing, it seems good to
me. rDas ziinbt mich : videtur mihi, me-
seem% Ss zam mi, or zam mi, me-
thought, meseemed. Zimts di weit auf
Traunstein: do you think it is far to
Traunstein ? Comp. w. of E. sim, zim,
to think.

It is to be remarked that It. semirare,
Fr. sembler, to seem, are derived from
the same ultimate root from which we
have explained seem, to become or be
fitting.

There is an accidental resemblance to
ON. synask. Da. synes, to think, to seem,
from syn, sight, view. Mig sy?ies, me-
seemeth, methinks. Maanen synes os
lige stor sem solen : the moon seems to
us as large as the sun. n. han kann
koma naar han synest : he can come
when he thinks fit, when it seems good
to him. ON. mer syndiz, it appeared to
me.

To Seethe. on. sjoSa, to cook by
boiling ; G. sieden, to boil. Doubtless
from the bubbling noise of boiling water.
ON. suda, hum, buzring, boiling. Pl.D.
suddern, to boil with a subdued sound ;
Sc. softer, to make the bubbling noise of
a thing boiling, to simmer. Gael, sod,
noise of boiling water, steam, boiled
meat. Gr. tri^tiv (of hot iron plunged
into wet), to hiss.

To Seize. Fr. saisir, Prov. sazir, to
seize, to take possession of; sazina, sa-
dina. It. sagina, Fr. saisine, seisin, pos-
session of land. It. sagire, Mid.Lat.
sacire, to put in possession. Regarded
by Diez as formed from OHG. sazjan, to
set ; bisazjan, to beset, to occupy. Ga-
sazjan, to possess ; sezzi, possession. — ■
Graff. Mid.Lat. assietare (from Fr. as-
siette, seat) is used in the sense of giving
possession. Quod feudum castri de Po-
piano fuerat — assignatum, assietatum, et
traditum dicto militi. — Arest. Pari. Paris,
A.D. 1355, in Carp. It may be doubted

S70

SELDOM

however whether the word is not of Celtic
origin. Gael, sds, lay hold of, fix, adhere
to ; sds, a hold or grasp, an instrument,
means.

Seldom. Goth, sildaleiks, wonderful ;
ON. sjaldan, seldom, sjaldsin, seldom
seen, sjaldgcetr, seldom got, rare, &c.
AS. seid, -or, -ost, unusual, rare ; seldan,
seldon, rarely, seldom ; seldcuth, selcuth,
rarely known, wonderful, strange ; G.
selten, seldom.

Dief. avows that he has no light on the
subject either from within or without the
Gothic stock of language.

Self. ON. sjalfr, Goth, silba, G. selb.
Possibly from the reciprocal pronoun,
Lat. se, G. sich, and leib, body, as OFr.
ses cars. ' Et il ses cars ira avec vmis en
la terre de Babiloine : ' and he himself
will go with you, he will go bodily with
you. — Villehardouin, p. 46.

To Sell. ON. sella. As. sellan, syllan,
ODu. sellen, to transfer, deliver, sell ; ON.
sala, MHG. sal, delivery.

Selvage. Du. selfende, selfkant, self-
egge (Kil.), the selvage, properly self-edge,
that which makes an edge of itself with-
out hemming. De zey'kanten worden
niet gezoomd, the selvages are not hem-
med.— Halma.

Semblance, -semble. Lat. simulo
(from slmllls, like), to make as if, to
assume the appearance of ; dissimulo, to
make as if it was not, to dissemble. It.
seinblare, sembiare, sembrare, Fr. sembler,
to seem, to resemble ; It. sembianza, Fr.
semblance, appearance, semblance ; It.
simigliare, Sp. semejar, to resemble, to
seem like ; It. rassomlgliare, Fr. ras-
sembler, to resemble.

Semi-. Lat. semi, Gr. ij/it, half; both
used in comp. only.

Seminal. Lat. semen, seed for sowing ;
sero, I sow.

Senate. — Senile. — Senior. Lat.
senex, an aged man ; senior, elder ;
senilis, belonging to old age ; senatus,
properly an assembly of aged men. Goth.
sineigs, aged, from a simple sins, preserved
in the superl. sinista, the eldest. W. hhi,
Gael, sean, aged, old.

To Send. on. senda; Goth, sandjanj
G., Du. senden.

Seneschal. Mid.Lat. siniscalcus, fa-
mulorum senior, the steward. From
Goth, sineigs, old, superl. sinista, and
skalks, EL servant. — Grimm. In like man-
ner, the starost or steward of a village, in
Russia, signifies eldest.

Sense. — Sensation. — Sensible. Lat.
sentio, sensum, I think, feel ; setisus, feel-

SEPT

ing, perception ; j^«jz&7zj,thatmaybefelt.
-sent. I. -sent in absent, present, Lat.
absens, prcesens, is the active participle of
the verb sum (for esutti), to be. See
Essence.

-sent. 2.— Sentient. — Sentiment. —
Sentence. Lat. sentio, to feel, perceive,
think ; as-, dis^, con-sentio, to agree to,
to think differently from, to think with.
Sententia, opinion, pronounced opinion,
decision.

Sentinel.— Sentry. It. sentinella, Fr.
sentinelle, from whence E. sentinel is
borrowed, are variously explained ; from
Sp. sentar, to seat, as signifying a soldier
appointed to watch a fixed post in opposi-
tion to a patrole ; or from sentire, to
perceive, as It. scolta, a scout, from ascol-
tare, to listen ; or from sentina, the sink
of a ship, on the hypothesis that the name
was originally given to a person appoint-
ed to watch the state of water in the
hold. But neither sentar nor sentire
could have formed a feminine noun like
sentinella in the senses above understood,
nor could the word be a corruption of
sentinatore, which must have been the
original fjprm if it signified the watcher of
a sentina.

The real origin of the designation is the
confinement of the sentinel to a short
path or beat along which he paces to and
fro, from OFr. sente, a path, the origin of
the modern sentier, and of the diminutives
sentine, sentelle, senteret, cited by Roque-
fort. Thus sentinelle (as a secondary
dim. from sentine) or senteret would
originally signify the sentinel's beat, and
his function would be familiarly known
by the phrase /aire la sentinelle, or per-
haps battre la sentinelle or senteret, as in
English to keep sentry, whence the name
would be compendiously transferred to
the functionary himself. Fr. lever de
sentinelle, to relieve a sentinel, to take
him from his beat.

It is a strong confirmation of the fore-
going derivation that it accounts for the
origin of both the synonyms sentinel and
sentry, the last of which is commonly
assumed to be a corruption of sentinel
without further explanation.

Separate. Lat. separo, -as, to put by
itself.

Sept. A clan or following ; a corrup-
tion of the synonymous sect.

Wherein now M'Morgho and his kinsmen,
O'Byme and his sepie, and the Tholesbien in-
habited.— State Papers, A.D. 1537.

There are another secte of the BeAes and divep
of the Irishry towards Sligo. — Ibid. A.D. 1536, in
N. & Q. May 9, 1857.

SEPULCHRE

The same corruption is found in Prov.
cepte. ' Vist que lo dit visconte non era
eretge ni de lor cepte:' seeing that the
said viscount was not heretic nor of their
sect. — Sismondi, Litt. Proveng. 215.

Sepulchre. — Sepulture. Lat. sepelio,
sepultum, to bury.

Sequel. — Sequence, -sequent. Lat.
sequor, secuius sum, to follow ; sequent,
following ; sequentia, sequela, a following.

Sequester. Lat. sequester, an inter-
mediary, one who holds a deposit ; se-
questra, to put into the hands of an
indifferent person, to lay aside.

Seraglio. The palace in which the
women of a Mahometan prince are shut
up. It. serragUo, a place shut in, locked
or inclosed as a cloister, a park, or a
paddock ; also used for the great Turk's
chief court or household. — Fl. From
serrare, to lock in, to inclose. Probably
the application to the sultan's palace was
favoured by the Turkish name saray
(from the Persian), a palace, a mansion.
Sarayli, any person, especially a woman,
who has belonged to the sultan's palace.
Caravanserai, the place where a caravan
is housed, an Eastern iim.

Sere. Several, divers. — B.

Befor Persye than jffl>-men brocht war thai.

Wallace.

In seir pards, in several divisions.— Ibid.
NE. They are gone seer ways, in different
directions. — Jam. Sw. sdr, apart. Taga
i sdr, to take to pieces. S&rdeles, singu-
lar, special ; sarskildt, diverse, different,
particular.

The origin is ON. sdr, sibi, for or by it-
self. Hann var sir um mat, he was
by himself at meat. ' Their foro stun-
dum bathir samt, stundum ser hvarr (Sw.
hvar for sig) : ' they went sometimes both
together, sometimes each by himself. —
Heimskringla, I. 27. SMegr, singular,
morose. SdrrdSr (Dan. selvraadig), self-
willed, obstinate ; sdruitr (Dan. selvklog),
conceited, confident in his own wisdom.
See Se-.

Swed. sin, suus,'is used in an analog-
ous way in the sense of separate, peculiar,
particular. Sin budkaflei hvamfidrding,
a separate token (baculum nuntiatorium),
in each division. Sinaledes, quisque suo
modo {sin led, his own way), whence pro-
bably may be explained Sc. seindle, sel-
dom, rare ; originally, peculiar.

Sere. — Cere. The yellow between the
beak and eyes of a hawk. From the re-
semblance to yellow wax ?

Serenade. It. serenata, evening music

SETTLE

571

played before the door of one's mistress
by way of compliment. Sereno (of the
weather), open, fair, clear, thence the
open air as opposed to the confinement
of a house ; giacere al sereno, serenare, to
lie in the open air. Sereno is also applied
to the evening dew which only falls in
clear weather.

Serene. Lat. serenus, clear, bright,
calm.

Serg^eant. It. sergente, a Serjeant,
beadle, also a servant, a groom or squire.
— Fl. Fr. sergent, Piedm. servient, a
beadle, officer of a court. Li serganz kil
servoit, the servant who served him. — ■
Chanson d'Alexis in Diez. Mid.Lat. ser-
vient ad legem, a serjeant at law. The i
of serviens is converted into a / and the v
lost, as in Fr. aireger ixora. abbreviare.

Series. Lat. series, a train, order, row,
from sero, to lay in order, to knit.

Serious. Lat. serius, grave, earnest.

Sermon. Lat. sermo, a discourse.

Serpent. Lat. serpens j serpo, to
creep, glide, as snakes do.

Serrate. Lat. serra, a saw.

Serried. Fr. serrd, closely pressed ;
serrer (Lat. sera, a. lock), to shut in, in-
close, press.

-sert. Sero, sertum, to knit, wreathe,
join ; as in Assert, Insert, Desertion, &c.

To Serve. — Servile, -serve. Lat.
servus, a. slave ; servio, to be a slave, to
serve, to work for another. Hence to de-
serve, to earn a thing by work.

-serve, -serv-. Lat. servo, properly
to look, to take heed, then to take care
of, to keep, preserve, or save. Hence Con-
serve, Observe, Preserve, Reserve.

Session. Lat. sedeo, sessum, to sit ;
sessio, an act of sitting.

To Set. — To Sit. — Seat. as. settan,
G. setzen, ON. setia, to place, to let down ;
G. sitzen, ON. sitia, to sit, to set oneself
down. Lat. sidere, to let oneself down,
to alight, to sink, settle, sit down ; sedere,
to sit, to remain sitting ; Gr. E?opoi, to
seat oneself, to sit ; 'iSog, seat ; t?w, to
make to sit, to sink down, settle, sit.

Seton. Fr. seton, an issue in the neck,
where the skin is taken up and pierced
with a needle, and a skein of silk or
thread passed through the wound. Mid.
Lat. It. seta, silk ; setone, a hair cord.
Bret, seizen, a string of silk.

Settle.—* To Settle. AS. setl, a seat,
a setting ; setlgang, setlung, the setting
of the sun. To settle is to seat oneself,
to subside, to become calm. In the sense
of adjusting a difference, coming to agree-
ment upon terms, there is probably a

572

SEVEN

confusion with a radically dififerent verb
from ON. sdtt, satt, agreement, reconcilia-
tion ; AS. sahte, seht, peace, agreement ;
sahtlian, sehtian, OE. saghtle, to compose,
settle, reconcile ; sahtnys, an atonement.
For when a sawele is sa^tled and sakred to
dryjten: when a soul is reconciled and dedicated
to the I^rd.— Morris' AUiterative Poems, p. 72.

The confusion with settle, to subside, took
place very early, and in the poem last
quoted it is said of the Ark,
Where the wynde and the weder warpen hit

wolde,
Hit sa^tled on a softe day synkande to grounde.

P-Si-
Again, of the subsidence of the storm as
soon as Jonah was cast into the sea.
The se sa-jUed therwith as sone as ho most.

p. 98.

Seven. AS. seofgn, Goth, sibun, ON.
si'd, Dan. syv, Gr. eVra, Lat. septem, Gael.
seachd, W. saith, Sanscr. saptan.

To Sever. — Several. Fr. sevrer, to
wean ; It. severare, to sever or sunder,
from Lat. separare. Hence OFr. several,
divers, several, separate persons.

Severe. Lat. severus, stern, rigorous,
harsh.

To Sew. Lat. suere, Goth, siujan, AS.
simian, suwan.

Sew. — Sewer, i. To sew is used in the
sense of to make or to become dry. A
cow when her milk is gone is said to go
sew ; a ship is sewed when she comes to
lie on the ground or to lie dry. To sew
a pond is to empty or drain it, to set it
dry. — B. To sew (of a hawk), to wipe
the beak. — Hal.

A corresponding form is found in all
the Romance languages with the radical
sense of sucking up moisture, the origin
of which is shown in Gael, sitg, suck, im-
bibe ; sAgh, juice, sap, moisture, and as
a verb, drink up, suck in, drain, dry, be-
come dry ; sughadh (pronounced sii-a),
drinking or drying up, seasoning of wood;
gun sugh (without moisture), dry. In the
same way Sp. jugo. It. suco, succo, sugo,
sap, juice ; Sp. enjugar. It. asciugare,
Prov. eisugar, essugar, echucar, Fr. essuer,
esseuwer (Roquef.), essuger (Jaubert),
essuyer, to dry, and thence to wipe. Prov.
eissuch, Fr. essuy- (Vocab. de Berri), E.
dial, assue, k sec, dried. Grisons schig,
Schick, dry ; ina vacca Schick, a cow that
is gone a sew. Sckichiar, silar, siier, to
dry, to wipe. The W. sych, Bret, sec'k,
dry ; sycku, sedha, to dry, to wipe, con-
nect the foregoing forms with Lat. siccus,
and showtliat the latter is (like Gael.^a«
sil^h, dry) formed on a negation of succus.

SEX

Sometimes, instead of considering the
effect of the suction in di7ing the subject
from whence it is drawn, our attention is
directed to the bodily presence of the
liquid withdrawn. In this point of view
we have E. dial, sew or sue, to ooze or
issue as blood from a wound, water from
wet land, to exude. Ta sew out stam-
minly, it flowed out surprisingly. — Moor.
NE. seugh. Midland sough, suff, a drain.
'The town sink, the common j«k/.' — No-
menclator 1585, in Hal. Grigons schuar,
assaver, assovar, to water ; Fr. essiaver,
to flow away; essiaw, essuier, essuyer,
esseouere, essiaviere, seuwiire, esewiere, a
conduit, mill leat, drain of a pond. — Ro-
quef. Mid.Lat. assewiare, to set dry, to
drain. ' Quod ipsi mariscum praedictum
cum pertinentiis assewiare, et secundum
leges marisci vallis includere et in cultu-
ram redigere, — et mariscum sic assewia-
tu7n, &c.' — Chart. Edw. III. The use of
seware in the sense of watering is a
secondary application, as the water drawn
off in the process of draining would often
be usefully employed on other land. ' Cum
prohibuissera ne ecclesia S' Bertini pra-
tum suum per terram meam sewaret.' —
Chart. Domi de Basenghem, A.D. 1220,
in Carp.

* Sewer. 2. An officer who comes in
before the meat of a king or nobleman
and places it on the table.^— B. To sew
was used in the sense of serving up
dishes.

Take garlick and stamp it and boil hit and seiv
it forihe. — Pr. Pm.

The origin may probably be found in
Pl.D. sode, soe (from sieden, to boil), so
much as is boiled at once, a dish ; een soe
fiske, a dish of fish. Sew in the Liber
cure cocorum is commonly used for
sauce :

Hew thy noumbuls alle and sum,

And boyle \hy sew, do horn therinne. — p. 10.

I^ay the hare in charioure (charger), as I the
kenne,

Powre on the sewe and serve it thenne. — p. 21.

It is used for boiled meat in the following
passage :

At Ewle we wonten gambole, daunce.

To carrole and to sing,
To have gud spiced sewe and roste,

And plum-pies for a king.

Warner, Alb. Eng. V. c. 24.

The w. forms are probably borrowed
from the English. W. saig, seigen, a dish
or mess of meat ; seigio, to serve up ;
seigiwr, one who serves up dishes, a
sewer.
Sex. Lat. sexus.

SEXTON

Sexton. OE. sehesteyn, Fr. sacristain,
the keeper of the sacristy or place where
the sacred vestments and other imple-
ments of a church are stowed.

The Setesteyn for all that defense
3yt he save the body ensense,

Manuel des Pecchfe, ii.ioo.
Sextry, a vestry. — B.

Shabby. Mean, contemptible. A
term expressive of contempt, of like origin
and application with scurvy, from the
itching skin and scratching habits of a
neglected dirty person, e. dial, shab
(Fris. shab), the itch ; shabby, mangy,
itchy. — Hal. Du. schabben, schobben, to
scratch, to rub ; schabbe, scab ; schabbigh,
scabby — Kil. ; schabbig, schabberig,
shabby. — Bomhoff. Dan. skabe, to
scratch ; skabbig, Dan. skabbed, mangy.
■ — Outzen.

■ : Shack. The shaken grain remaining
on the ground when gleaning is over, the
fallen mast. — Forby. Hence to shack, to
turn pigs or poultry into the stubble-field
to feed on the scattered grain ; shack,
liberty of winter pasturage, when the cattle
are allowed to rove over the tillage land.
To go at shack, to rove at large, and met.
shack, a vagabond ; shackling, idling,
loitering. — Hal.

In the original sense, shackin, the ague ;
shackripe, so ripe that the grain shakes
from the husk. — Craven Gloss. Shack,
to shed as over-ripe corn. — Mrs Baker.
Manx skah, shake, shed.

Shackle, as. scacut, sceacul, a. clog,
fetter ; Du. schaeckel, the link of a chain,
step of a ladder, mesh of a net ; schakelen,
to link together. It is not easy to see
any connection of meaning with Sw.
skakil, Dan. skagle, the shaft of a cart.

Shade. Goth, skadus, shade ; ufar-
skadrjan, to overshadow ; gaskadveins,
covering ; AS. sceado, sceadu, Du. schaede,
schaeye, schaduwe, schawe, G. schaiten,
shade ; Gael, sgdih, Bret, skeud, shade ;
W. cysgod, shadow, shelter ; ysgodi, to
shelter, shadow ; ysgodigo, to be affright-
ed (comp. Fr. cheval ombrageux). Gr.
o-iMtt, shade ; BKiaX,ia, to shade ; tymaSiiov,
cKiaSiffKr], a screen.

Shaft. ON. skapt, the shaft of a spear,
a handle ; Du. schacht, schaft, a stalk,
reed, rod, pole, arrow, quill, the shaft of a
mine.

Chaucer seems to use it in the sense of
reed.

His slepe, his mete, his drinke was him byraft
That lene he wede and drie as is a. shaft.

Knight's Tale.
Gr. BKa-iTTOv, nKfjirTpov, a staff ; Lat.

SHAIL

573

scapus, stalk, shaft of a pillar, post ;
scipio, a. staff.

Shag^. — Shaggy. — Shock. Shag or
shock is long tufted hair, long nap of cloth.

Of the same kind is the goat hart, differing only
in the beard and long j>5fl^about the shoulders. —
Holland, Pliny. Buls with shackt heares and
curled manes like fierce lions. — Hollinshed in R.
Shag wool'd sheep. — Drayton.

A shock head is a head of tufted hair ;
a shock dog or sh(j.g dog, a rough shaggy
dog.

AS. sceacga, csesaries, item frondium
fasciculus ; sceacged, comatus, comosus.
■ — Lye. ON. jyJ^.gg', beard. ^yi\s?, tschogg,
tuft on a bird's head, locks of a man's
head ; tschoggen, to tug one by the hair.
It. ciocca, any tuft, bush, lock of hair, silk
or wool, also a thick cluster ; cioccoso,
bushy, shaggy, bunchy. — Fl. Du. schocke,
a heap. — Kil. E. shock, a pile of sheaves.
Lap. tuogge, a tangled lock ; Fin. tukka,
forelock, hanging lock.

Parallel with the foregoing is a series
of similar forms with exchange of the
final guttural for a labial. Goth, skuft,
OHG. scufi, scuff, hair of the head ; MHG.
schoup, bunch, wisp of straw ; G. schopf,
Swiss tschuff, fschnp, tuft of feathers,
hair of head, It. ciuffo, a tuft or forelock
of hair, Fr. touffe, E. tuff, tuftj G. zopf,
tuft or tress of hair, top of tree ; Pol.
czub, tuft, crest; Let. tschuppis, tuft of
hair, bunch, cluster, heap ; W. sidb, tuft,
tassel ; sioba, crest of bird.

The radical image is probably a shag,
shog,jog or abrupt movement, leading to
the notion of a projection, then a lump,
bunch, tuft. ON. skaga, to project, skagi,
a promontory. In the same way Sw.
^'^Sgj shaggy hair, seems to be connected
with Da. rage, to project.

To Shag.— Shog. To jog, move ab-
ruptly to and fro. Shoggle, to shake, to
joggle. — Brocket. ' And the boot in the
myddil of the see was schoggid with
waives.' — Wiclif. To rock, shake, shog,
wag up and down. — Cot. W. ysgogi, to
wag. A parallel form with gog (in gog-
mire),jog,jag, formed on the same prin-
ciple with them from the representation
of abrupt movements by sounds of similar
character. Compare Swiss tschaggen, to
tick as a clock ; schaggeri (stossen), to jog.
Da. skoggre, to make a loud harsh noise ;
skoggerlatter, horselaugh, roar of laughter.
See Jag.

To Shall. To w^lk crookedly. To
drag the feet heavily.— Craven Gloss.
Esgrailler, to shale or straddle with the
feet or legs.— Cot. ON. skjdlgr, oblique.

574

SHAKE

Swab, schelk, awry ; schelken, to go awry.

To Shake, on. skaka, to shake, to
jog; Du. sehocken, to shake, jog, strike
against ; Sift3h.schakken,schokklen, schuk-
ken, to shake, strike against, move. Dem
schuldigen schokkt das mantele: the cloak
of the guilty trembles. Schick, an im-
pulse ; schuckweis, by starts.

Parallel forms with Shag, Shog.

Shale. A kind of slaty marl that may
be separated in thin sheets. G. schale, a
shell or scale. See Scale.

Shall.— Should, Goth, skulan, pres.
skal, skulun, pret. skulda j on. skal,
skuldij G. sollen, shall. Goth, skula, a
debtor ; Sw. skuld, fault, crime, cause,
debt. Skuld pd en rekning, balance
due in an account. Lith. skeliti, skilti,
to be indebted ; skola, debt.

The sense of liability or indebtedness
is explained by Grimm on the supposition
that the original meaning of skal was I
have slain, thence, I have become liable
for the weregelt. A more satisfactory
explanation may be found in N. skil,
skjel, skyl, separation, difference, distinc-
tion. D'as skil paa (of anything unusual),
there is a difference. Hence skilja, to
make a difference, to be of consequence,
to produce an effect, to signify, to concern
one. Dffi skil ikje lite, there is no little
difference. Dae skilde meg ■ inkje, that
made no difference to me, did not con-
cern me. In this sense it skills not was
formerly common in our own language.

Now we three have spoken.it
It skills not greatly who impugns our doom.

2nd pt. H. VI.

It skilUth very much [it is of great importance]
in this matter and question now in hand to know
the nature of the earth, &c. — Holland, Pliny
in R.

In the same way odds, difference, is
vulgarly used in the sense of consequence,
tendency to produce an effect. ' It's no
odds which you take.'

The term signifying difference is then
applied to that from whence the differ-
ence proceeds, the reason, cause, grounds
of an action, the sake or that on account
of which it is done, the proper principles
of action, equity, justice.

In like manner Joon the apostle for humilnesse
in his epistleyir tlie same skile sette not his name
thereto. — Wiclif in R.

Philip herd that chance how the Inglis had done,
And alle how it began, and all the skille why
That thei togidder ran, and we had the maistrie.
R. Brunne, 252.

Da. ban veed intet skiel til det han sager,
he has no grounds for what he says. ON.

SHAM

skil, N. skiel, right, just demand ; aUe ei
skjel, one rule for all ; ON. gdra skil, Da.
gjore ret og skjel, to do justice, satisfy all
legitimate claims upon one,

A king to kepe his lieges in justice,
Withouten doute that is his office.
All woU he kepe his lordes in hir degree
As it is right and skil that they be
Enhansed and honoured.— Chaucer in R.

N. gjera skjel fyr' ein ting, to make satis-
faction for a thing, to earn it. Sw. skdl,
reason, ground, motive. Hwad skdl
fdregaf han, what excuse did he give,
what pretext did he make. Hafwa skdl
att, to have ground for. Han har skdl
at klaga, he has reason to complain.
Med ritt och skdl, with right and reason.
Han har gjordt j'.ta/fdrmaten, he has de-
served his meat. Han har gjordt skdl
fdr sig, be has performed his part. From .
the foregoing forms we pass to ON. skal
(pi. skidurri), AS. sceal (pi. sceolon), I
shall, as fundamentally signifying, I have
ground for, I have reason, I am bound
to do so and so, to pay a sum of money, &c.

The derivation of shall from a word
signifying difference is supported by the
analogy of ON. munr, difference, and
thence man (infin. munti), I must, E. dial.
/ mun. Munr er at tnans lidi, there is
a difference in one man's aid ; one man's
aid produces an effect. Siafyri mun um
eit, to foresee the consequence of a thing,
the difference it will make. N. mun, dif-
ference, change ; muna, to change, to
produce an effect, to be of use, to help ;
mune (auxiliary), must, ought.

Shalloon. Stuff of Chalons.— B.

Shallop. — Sloop, It. scialupa, Fr,
chaloupe, Du. sloepe, a boat.

Shallo-w. — Shelve. — Shoal. Swiss
schalb, schelb, slanting, shelving. In
proportion as the shore shelves or slants
the sea is slow in deepening. Hence
shallow, shoal, undeep. ON. skidlgr,
oblique. Sc. schald, shallow, shoal. Swab.
schelb, crooked, wry ; schelk, askew, wry,
of the eyes or gait. See Shelve.

Sham. Pretended. To sham one, to
put a trick upon one.— B. Probably a
hide-shatne, as Da. skamskiul {skiute, to
hide, conceal), Sw. skamidcke {tdcka, to
cover), a false pretext, cloak for shame.
Hans sygdom var kun skamskiul: his
sickness was only a sham. G. schand-
deckel, a sham, a flam, what one takes
for a cloke to cover one's shame with. —
Kiittn.

This pretended zeal for natural religion is a
mere shaiii and disguise to avoid a more odious
imputation. — Stillingfleet .

SHAMBLES

Shambles. Lat. scamillus, dim. of
scamnuin, a bench. It. scabello, OFr.
eschatne, eschatnel, a stool, as. sceamol,
a bench. Du. schabelle, schaemel, a sup-
port,*trivet, stooL

Shambling. Du. schampelen, to
stumble. Swiss tschiimpelen, to go about
in a slack and trailing manner. Sc.
shamble, to rack the limbs by striding
too far. ' You'll shamble yourself.'
Shamble-chafts, wry mouth, distorted
chaps. — ^Jam.

Sham.e. Goth, skaman sik, to be
ashamed. ON. skomm, shame, dishonour,
abuse ; skamma, to dishonour, disfigure,
abuse ; skammask, to be ashamed.

Shame is the pain arising from the
thought of another person contemplating
something belonging to us with con-
tempt, indignation, or disgust. It shrinks
from the Ught and instinctively seeks con-
cealment, like Adam when he heard the
voice of God in the garden and knew he
was naked. Accordingly the word may
well originate in the idea of shade or con-
cealment, and may be illustrated by P1.D.
jcA^»j£, shade, shadow; a-verschetnen, to
overshadow ; hevenschemig, dark, over-
cast. See Shimmer.

Shanioy. — Shammy. Fr. chamois, a
wild goat, and the skin thereof dressed.
It. camoccia, camozza, the wild goat ;
camoscio, Fr. satneau, chameau, shammy
or buff leather, leather dressed soft G.
gemse, chamois ; zetnisch, semisch, Du.
seem., seemen, seetnsch, PoL zaTnsz, Sw.
samsk, shammy leather. The resemblance
to the name of the chamois seems acci-
dental, as it is not likely that an animal
so rare as the chamois must always have
been should give its name to a leather in
general use. Some explain it as Samogi-
tian (G. SdmiscK) leather. It must be
observed however that the characteristic
of the material is pliantness as opposed
to the stiffness of tanned leather. Now
Du. sam- (applied to leather) is soft,
pliant ; sm£u en sam, sappig en malsch.
— Overyssel Almanach, 1836. E. dial.
semmit, semtnant, pliant, supple, slender.
As soft and semmit as a lady's glove. As
tall and semmant as a willow wand. —
Whitby Gl.

Shank. AS. earmscanca, the arm-bone ;
Pl.D. schake, schanke, long leg, leg in a
depreciatory sense. Da. skank, G. schenkel,
the shank ; diehschenkel, the thigh. It
zanca, leg, shank, shin. Sp. zanca, leg
of a bird, long thin leg.

Shape. Goth, gaskapjan, ON. skapa,
Du. schaepen, scheppen, to form. N. skap.

SHARD

S7S

form, shape. OHG. scaffelosa zimber, in-
formis materia. Probably derived from
the notion of carving or shaping by the
knife. Lith. skabeti, to cut ; skabus,
sharp ; skapoti, to shave, to carve ;
iszkapoti, to hollow out, cut hollow.
Abroza skaptoti, to carve an image in
wood or stone.

Shard, i . A broken piece of a tile or
of some earthen vessel, a gap in a hedge.
— B. Du. schaerde, scheure, a breach,
notch, crack, piece of broken pottery ;
schaerdtandig, gap - toothed, broken-
mouthed. P1.D. skaard, G. scharte, ON.
skarS, Da. skaar, a notch, breach, cut.
OHG. orskardi, lidiscardi, injury to the
ears or limbs. Da. skaar, also, as NE.
potscar, a fragment. Fr. escharde, a
splinter.

The corresponding verb is seen in the
forms Du. scheuren, schoren, to rend, tear,
cut, crack — KU., Pl.D. scheren, to tear
away, separate, OHG. skerran, Prov.
esquirar, to scratch or tear, 07r.deschirer,
to tear apart, G. scharren, to scrape,
Bret, skarra, to crack, chap, Gael, sgar,
tear asunder, separate, divorce, Fr. es-
carter, to separate, to disperse. All from
the sound of scraping, scratching, tearing,
analogous to Gael. rcLc (which uses the
same consonantal sounds in an opposite
order), make a' noise as of geese or ducks
or of cloth tearing, tear asunder, rake,
harrow. See Scarce.

2. A special application of the notion
of separating (closely allied to that seen
in Fr. escharde, a spUnter) gives OE.
shard, a scale.

She sigh her thought a dragon tho

Whose scherdes shynen as the Sonne. — Gower.

The sharded beetle. — Cymbeline. It.
scarda, a scale ; scardare, to scale fishes,
card wool.

3. Shard, dung.

You forget yourself— a squire,
Aad think so meanly ? fall upon a cawshard.
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, 4, 5.

Sharde and dung. — Elyot in Hal. It is
in this sense that ' the shard-born beetle '
is to be understood in Macbeth ; dung-
bom, and not borne aloft on shards or
scales.

The humble bee talceth no scom to lodge in a
cow's foul shard.

So from sham, dung, the beetle is called
sharnbug, shambude, P1.D. schambulle,
schamwevel.

This sense of the word is to be explained
from the notion of scraping or raking
away and casting out as refuse. G.

.576 SHARE

scharren, to scrape, scratch, rake ; Swiss
scharren, to scrape the dirt of the roads ;
schoren, to cleanse out the dung from a
stall ; schorete, ausschorete, dung ; schor-
graben, gutter that receives the draining
from stables ; Bret, skarza (properly to
scrape), to sweep, to cleanse ; W. ysgarth,
offscouring, excrement ; Sw. skrdda, to
cleanse, to pick, to cast out the bad.
Skrdda ogras, afskrap ifran, to weed, to
free from rubbish. It. scardare, to weed,
is the same word, although commonly ex-
plained as if it signified to free from
thistles.

Share. — Shire. As scir, a share, a
shire or territorial division ; sceran,
scyran, to shear, shave, cut off, divide,
part, share. Pl.D. scheren, to separate,
tear away, shear ; Du. scheuren, schoren,
to tear, cut, burst ; Prov. esquirar, to
scratch or tear ; Fr. deschirer, to tear ;
It. scevrare, to sever or sunder, to tear
apart. OHG. scerran, to scrape ; gascer,
a portion, division ; scara, ON. skari, It.
schiera, a body of troops. OHG. scaro, G.
pflugschar, a ploughshare, the part of the
plough which tears up the furrow-slice.
Gael, sgar, tear asunder, separate. Bret.
skarra, to crack, chap.

The radical image is the harsh sound
of scraping, scratching, tearing, cracking,
all agreeing in the separation of a portion
of the body operated on.

To Shark. — Shark. To shark is to
clutch greedily after, thence to make dis-
creditable shifts to obtain ; shark, a fish
eminent for its voracity. Du. schrokken,
to eat greedily; schrok, schrokdarm, a
greedigut. It. scroccare, scrocchiare, to
shark or shift for, to shark for victuals, to
live by wit ; scrocco, any wily shift or
sharking for ; mangiare a scrocco, to live
well at other people's expense, to shark
for victuals. — Fl. Grisons scrocc, a rogue.
Fr. escroquer, to swindle. II escroque son
diner ou il pent ; he gets his dinner where
he can. The signification is attained
through the figure of scraping, clutching,
getting by hook or by crook. En gierige
schrok is explained by Halma, vrek die
regts en links schraapt, a wretch who
scrapes right and left. And Bret, skrapa,
to scrape, is also rendered by Fr. gripper,
enlever, escroquer. Skraba, to scratch,
scrape, steal.— Legon. e. to scrape ac-
quaintance is to make shift to get ac-
quainted, to seize on any indirect means
that may occur for attaining that end.'
Comp. It. grofolare, to scrape together,
to filch or shift for by hook or by crook, to
snatch one's meat and feed greedily.— Fl.

SHATTER

The sense of scraping or scratching is
commonly expressed by direct representa-
tion of the sound. E. screak, to creak or
grate like a door or a cart-wheel ; scrauk,
to scratch. — Hal. The same radical form
may be recognised in Da. skrukke, to
cluck like a hen, when it is observed that
the cries of domestic fowls are often de-
signated by the same fbrms as the harsh
sounds of scraping or tearing. Thus we
have Bret, graka, to croak, to cluck, to
make a noise like scrubbing a rough body,
to scrape ; Gael, rdcadh, noise of geese
or of ducks, noise of tearing, act of raking
or of tearing.

The transposition of the liquid and
vowel (which often conceals the imitative
character of words) leads to Du. schurken,
to scratch {schurkepaal, a scratching-post
for cattle), Fris. skurke, skark, a scratch
or notch — Outz., corresponding to Du.
schurk, G. schurke, a rogue, sharper, knave,
shark, cheat — Kiittn., as E. scrauk to It.
scrocco and Fr. escroc.

Sharp. ON. skarpr, G. scharf, sharp.
AS. scearfan, to cut in pieces; scearfe, Du.
scherf, scherve, a fragment. Bav. scherp-
fen, schiirpfen, to scratch, to cut. Sich
scherpfen, summam cutis stringere.

The earliest kind of cutting would be
scraping with a. shell or the like. Du.
schraeffen, Sp. escarbar,to scrape, scratch;
escarpar, to rasp, rub, cleanse. Lat. scal-
pere, to scratch, scrape, also to cut or
engrave; scalprum, a knife, lancet, chisel.
In the same relation which sharp bears
to scrape, stands Lith. skabus, sharp, to
skaboti, to cut, skapoti, to scrape, shave,
carve.

Sharper. Properly one who resorts to
any means of obtaining money, from Du.
schraapen, to scrape, which is specially
used in the sense of getting money by
hook or by crook; schraaper, an avari-
cious, unconscientious man. The word
would thus be exactly synonymous with
shark or sharker above explained.

* But the idea of playing a trick on
one, and thence of cheating, is so fre-
quently expressed by the representation
of a blast with the mouth, that it is not
improbable that sharper may be from
shirping. It. buffa, the despising blast
with the mouth that we call shirping.
See Halliwell.

To Shatter. A parallel form with
Scatter. Du. schetteren, to crack, crash,
resound, burst, scatter with noise ; schet-
teritighe, sonus vibrans, sonus dissolutus,
stridor dispersus, fragor. — Kil. Swiss
tschdtiern, schdttern, to rattle like a heavy

SHAVE

fall of hail or rain. E. dial, shatter, to
sprinkle, to scatter about ; shafted, be-
spattered.— Hal.

To Shave. Du. schrabben, schabben,
schobbeu, to scrape, shave ; schaven, to
rub, to shave, polish. Sw. skubba, to rub.
Lat. scabere, G. schaben, to scrape, scratch,
shave. Lith. skaboti, to cut, to hew.

Shaw. A thicket. ON. skogr, Dan.
skov, a wood. Comrtionly identified with
ON. skuggi, Du. schawe (Kil.), Sc. scug,
scoug, shade, shelter. It is certain that
E. shaw was very generally used for the
shade of shelter of the woods.

Welcome, quoth he, and every good felaw ;
Whider ridest thou under this grene shaw ?

Frere's Tale.
I rede that ye drawe
Into the wode schawe.
Your heddes for to hyde

Ritson, Lybiaus Disconus.

Sc. and NE. scug, to seek shelter. The
sctig of a brae, of a dyke, the shelter it
affords. To scug is said of one who is
skulking from the pursuit of the law, and
is ■ compared by Jam. with on. skogar-
madr, skoggangr-matr, an outlaw, one
who has taken refuge in the woods.

Shawl. Persian, shal.

Sheaf. Du. schoof, G. schaub, schob, a
bundle of straw, a sheaf OHG. scoub, a
bundle of straw or the like, a mop, a troop.
Gael, sguab, Bret, skub, w. ysgub, a sheaf
of corn, a besom ; Sp. escoba, Mod.Gr.
oKoirra, a besom, scrubbing brush, w.
siob, sioba, a tuft, crest, tassel. It. ciuffo,
tuft or forelock of hair ; Pol. czub, hair of
the head ; Let. tchuppis, bunch of hair.
The radical image is probably a projec-
tion, bunch, bush. See Scuff, Shag.

Sheal. — Shealing;. A hut for shep-
herds, fishers, &c., shed for sheltering
sheep. To sheal the sheep, to put them
under cover. — ^Jam. ON. skjol, shelter,
protection ; skyla, shade ; as a verb, to
protect. Gael, sgd.il, shade, shadow, cur-
tain ; sgailean, a little shade, umbrella,
arbour, cottage, booth ; sgdlan, a hut.

To Sheai To sheal milk, to separate
the parts, to curdle it. Dan. skille, to
sever ; skilles, to part asunder. Melken
skilles, the milk is turned. See Skill.

To Shear. P1.D. scheren, to tear
asunder, separate, to shave. Schere hen :
shear off, pack off, or in Vulgar slang,
cut ! Du. scheuren, schoren, to tear,
break asunder, crack, burst ; scheure,
schore, a breach, crack, cut, opening, on.
skera, to cut, and (as Sc. shear) to reap
corn, to clip hair. Lith. skirti, to separ-

SHED

577

ate, distinguish, choose ; skirtis, to part
asunder ; skyris, difference, distinction.

The radical meaning is probably to
tear, from the harsh sound of rending.
Albanian shkyir, I tear asunder.

Shears. G. schere, an implement for
shearing, scissors, shears. See Share.

Sheath, g. scheide, on. skeidir, sheath.
Sw. skida, shell, pod, husk, sheath. The
fundamental purpose of the sheath is
undoubtedly the protection of the sword,
and the origin of the word may perhaps
be shown in Gael, sgiath, a wing or pin-
ion, a promontory jutting into the sea,
shelter, protection, a shield. So lUyrian
krilo, a wing, also protection ; kriliti, to
protect.

Sheave. — Shive. Sheave, the circular
disc on which the rope works in a pulley ;
shive, a slice. Du. schijve, schijf, G.
scheibe, a disc, wheel, slice, quoit ; fen-
sterscheibe, a pane of glass ; Pl.D. schive,
anything round and flat, the leaf of a
table. Sw. skifwa, a slice of bread, meat,
&c., sheave of a pulley. ON. skifa, Dan.
skive, a slice.

From the notion of shivering or split-
ting to pieces, on. skifa, to split, to
cleave ; G. schiefern, to scale, to separate
in small pieces ; schiefer, a splinter, slate,
a kind of stone which splits in flat layers.;
Pl.D. schevelsteen, schevel, slate; scheve.
Da. skicEve, Sw. skdfwa, splinters of
hemp and flaxstalks that fly off in dress-
ing. See Shiver.

Shed. I. A penthouse or shelter of
boards. — B. Du. schutten, to ward off, to
hedge, defend, hinder, shut. Schutten
den slag, den wind, to parry a blow, to
shelter from the wind ; het water met
dyken schutten, to stop the water with
dykes ; schutberd, paling ; schut tegen 't
vuur, a fire-screen ; schutdack, an open
roof for shelter against the weather, a
shed ; Du. schot, a pigsty ; N. shut, a
shed made by the projecting roof of a
house ; ON. skuti, shelter given by a pro-
jecting rock ; N. skuta, to project ; Sw.
skydd, protection, shelter, rampart ; skyd-
da, to protect, shelter. Suffolk shod,
shud, a shed. The origin appears to be
the notion of shoving forwards, inter-
posing an obstacle between ourselves and
the danger which threatens us. on.
skjota ifkyt, skaut, skutum, skotit). Da.
skyde, to push forth, shove, shoot. Skyde
wand, to repel water ; skyde skylden paa
een, to throw the blame upon one. Du.
schieten, to push forwards, to shoot. Het
brood in den oven schieten, to put the
bread into the oven. Hence schot, the
?7

578

SHED

act of shooting forwards, or the obstacle
pushed forwards. Een schott voor schieten^
to shove forwards an obstacle., to prevent
a thing. Pl.D. schott, the bolt of a door ;
Da. skodde, a shutter.

From schot again and its equivalents
are formed the verbs Vl.Ji.schotten, schut-
ten, schuMen, to bolt a door, to repel by
a panel or shutter, and Du. schutten, Sw.
skydda, above mentioned.

2. Another shed is provincially pre-
served in the sense of parting, difference,
from Goth, skaidan, G. scheiden, AS. scea-
dan, to separate, divide, belonging to the
same root with Lat. scindere, Gr. axi^i'v,
to cleave, oe. shed, shead, shade, the
parting of the hair. ' The dividing or
shedding of a woman's hair of her head.'
— Fl. To shead, to distinguish ; shed,
difference between things. — B.

To Shed. Properly to shake, then to
shake off, shake down, shake out, spill,
scatter. Pl.D. schudden, to shake, also
to pour out. Appel un beren schudden,
to shake apples and pears from the tree.
Bav. schutten, to shake, to spill, to pour.
Entschiitten sich eines dinges, to rid
oneself of a thing, to shake it off. Es
schiittet, it pours with rain. Gib acht das
d'n^t schidst, take care that you do not
shed or spill anything. Shedes, pours. —
Sir Gawaine in Hal.

Allied with scatter, shatter, shudder,
and with Gr. okiS {aKiSdvwui, (TKiSdtria),
scatter, shatter, sprinkle, shed. XntSiiaai
alfia, to shed blood ; — aixiirjv, to shatter
a spear. Manx shah, shake, shed.

Sheen. Fair, shining. — B. as. scyne,
scyna, bright, clear, beautiful. Wif curon
scyne and fsegere, chose wives beautiful
and fair. — Caedm. Engla scynost, bright-
est of angels. G. schon, beautiful. See
Shine.

Sheep. G. schaaf, sheep. The name
has been referred to Pol. shop, Bohem.
skopec, a wether or castrated sheep
(whence skopowina, mutton), from sko-
piti, to castrate. It should be observed
that the common It. word for mutton is
castrate, and the original meaning of
Mid. Lat. vtulto, Fr. mouton, seems to
have been a wether, derived by Diez from
Lat. mutilus.

Sheer. Altogether, quite, also (of cloth)
thin. — B. The fundamental signification
seems to be shining, then clear, bright,
pure, clean. Da. skiar, gleam, glimmer-
ing ; Sc. skyrin, shining. Goth, skeirs,
clear ; gaskeirjan, to make clear, to in-
terpret. ON. skirr, clean, bright, clear,
innocent; skira, to cleanse, thence to

SHELTER

baptise. Skirdagr, skirithorsdagr, Sheer
Thursday, was the evening before the
Passover, when our Lord washed the
disciples' feet. The sense of clear, trans-
parent, when applied to cloth, passes into
that of thin, flimsy. Pl.D. een schier lass-
gaarn, a wide-meshed salmon-net.

From the same root probably belong
Lith. czyras, pure ; Pol. szczery, Russ.
shchiruii, clean, true, pure, and possibly
the latter element in Lat. siiicerus.

Sheet. An open piece of cloth not
made up into a shaped garment, and
thence any flat expanse. AS. sceat, cor-
ner, part, region, covering, sheet. Eor-
than sceatas, regions of the earth. —
Csedm. Sees sceat, a corner of the sea, a
bay. Under his sceat, under his garment.
— Bede. Weafod sceatas, the covering of
the altar. G. schooss, the lap, lappet,
skirt, the loose part of a garment.

The primary meaning is a corner, then
the lap of a garment, corner of a sail ;
then, in nautical language, the ropes
fastened to the corner of the sail by which
it is drawn to one side or the other of the
vessel. Lap. skaut, point ; aksjo skaut,
the point of an axe ; skautek, angular ;
ON. skaut, corner, lap, corner of a sail.
Suffolk scoot, an angular projection mar-
ring the form of a field. — Forby. Goth.
skauts, the lap of a garment. AS. Pes
veil, sceat. — Vocab. nth century in Nat.
Ant. Gael, sgdd, corner of a garment or
of a sail, sheet of a sail.

Sheld. Spotted, particoloured, whence
sheldapple iiox sheld-alpe ?), the chaffinch,
or pied finch ; sheldrake, a particoloured
kind of duck. ON. skioldr, a shield ;
skioldottr. Da. skioldet (of cattle), parti-
coloured ; N. skioldet, spotted ; skiolda
(of snow), to thaw in patches.

Shelf. AS. scylfe, a. board, bench,
shelf; Du. schelf, the scaffold on which
a mason stands; VXSi.schelfen, upschelfcii,
to raise on a scaffold or boarding. — Brem.
Wtb.

The primary meaning seems a thin
piece formed by splitting. Gael, sgealb,
split, dash to pieces ; sgealb-chreag, a
splintered or shelvy rock. Sc. skdve, to
separate in lamina. A stone is said to
skelve when thin layers fall off from it in
consequence of friction or exposure to the
air. — Jam. Du. schelffe, a shell, husk,
scales of a fish ; schelfferen, to split off,
to scale ; schelffer, a splinter, fragment ;
schelferachtig, fissile. — Kil. See Shiver.

Shell. Du. schaele, schelle, shell, scale,
bark. See Scale.

Shelter. Covering, protection. Pro-

SHELVE

bably from shield, OHG. schild, schilt.
Swab, schelter, guard for a stove.

To Shelve. It. stralare, to shelve or
go aside, aslope, awry. — Fl. ON. skjdlfa.
Da. skjalve, to shake ; skjdlga, to shake,
to make crooked, awry ; skjdlgr, shaking,
failing to hit the mark, squinting, askeW.
See Shallow.

Sherbet. It. sorbetto, any kind of thin
supping broth ; also a kind of drink used
in Turkey, made of lemons, sugar, cur-
rants, almonds, musk, and amber, very
delicate, called in England Sherbet. —
Fl. There is no doubt that the E. word
is from Arab, sharbat, a drink or sip, a
dose of medicine, sherbet, syrop ; shur-
bat, a draught of water, from sharb, shirb,
shurb, drinking, supping, the exact equi-
valent of Lat. sorbere, It. sofbire, to sup
or suck up liquid ; the Arab, as well as
the Latin root being doubtless, like G.
schlurfen, a direct representation of the
sound. Lith. srebti, srobti, sraubti, srMti,
sruboti, to sup, sip ; sruba, soup, broth.

Sheriff as. scirgerefa, a shire-reeve,
governor of a county. The origin of the
latter element is unknown.

Sherry. Wine of Xeres in Spain, the
Sp. X often representing the sound of ch
or sh, as in xague, check, xe/e, chief,
xeque, a sheik, xabeque, a kind of vessel
called a shebeck. — Baretti.

To Shew. AS. sceawiaii, Du. schouwen,
to look, to show. G. schauen, to look ;
Sw. skdda, to behold, to view. Du.
schoude, schouwe, an outlook, high place.

Shide.
And bad shappe him a shup aishides and of
bordes.— P.P.

ON. skid, a thin piece of wood, splinter
for burning ; skidgardr, a fence of laths,
Du. schieden, to split wood. G. scheit, a
splinter, a fragment, a piece of cleft fire-
wood ; scheitern, to split to pieces ; OE.
shider, a shiver or fragment ; to shider or
shinder, to shiver to pieces.

Faste they smote them togedur

That their sperys can to-sckyder. — MS. in Hal.

The origin of shide and shider seems
precisely analogous to that of shive and
shiver. In both cases we proceed from
the representation of a broken sound to
express the idea of shivering, shattering,
bursting asunder. In the original sense
we have Swiss tschddern, schddern, tschi-
dern, tschudern, to give a cracked sound ;
tsch&deri, a clapper; Du. schetteren, to
crash, resound, burst with laughter, to
quaver with the voice, then (as the equiv-
alent E. scatter, shatter) to burst in pieces,

SHIFT

579

dispergere cum sonitu, difiundere, spar-
gere. — Kil. The sense of quivering or
shaking is preserved in shudder, differing
slightly in form from shider, while the
two senses of trembling and breaking to
pieces are united in shiver. On the same
principle Bav. tattem, to shiver for cold,
is connected with E. tatter, a rag or frag-
ment of cloth.

Parallel with E. shide, shider, shinder,
are Lat. scRidice, chips, splinters ; sciii-
dula, a shingle or thin piece of cleft
wood; Gr. <!yyc,r\, axi^Vi a- shide or splin-
ter ; and as these are undoubtedly con-
nected with Lat. scindo, scidi, to cleave,
split, cut, Gr. axZ,ia, to cleave, we must, if
we rely on the principle of derivation
above explained, suppose that it also
gave rise to the last-mentioned verbs, but
there is- no reason to suppose that these
latter were earlier in the order of forma-
tion than the related substantives.

Shield. G. schild, on. skjbldr. Com-
monly referred to ON. skjol, shelter, pro-
tection, skyla, to cover, protect, as ON.
hlif, a shield, hlifa, to protect. Gael.
sgail, shade, covering, curtain.

Shift. The older sense of dividing,
distributing, allotting, is now nearly obso-
lete. Shifting, in Kent, the partition of
land among coheirs. — B.

God clepeth folk to him in sondry wise
And everich hath of God a propre gift
Som this, som that, as that him Irketh shifi.

Chaucer, W. of B. Prol.

ON. skipa, to ordain, arrange ; skipta, to
distribute, share, arrange a succession
among heirs, booty among captors. Gud
skipti meS okkr: let God deal with us
two, let him allot to each what seems
good to him. Skipta is then, like e. shift,
to change. N. skipa, to' arrange, appoint;
skipta, skifta, Da. skifte, to partition,
shift, change. A shift or woman's smock
is not, as Richardson explains it, a gar-
ment often shifted, but simply a change
of linen, as a delicate periphrasis which
lost its virtue when shift via.s no longer
understood as a special application of the
sense of change. The name then became
liable to the same feeling which made
smock obsolete, and has in modern times
been widely replaced by the Fr. chemise.
The radical meaning of the verb seems
to be to give shape or form to. AS. sceo-
pan, scyppan, to form, create, ordain. Ic
hiwige oththe scyppe : I form or create^
Alfr. Gr., where it will be observed that
the synonymous hiwige is derived in an
analogous manner fiom hiw, form,
fashion, appearance. Pl.D. schippen, to
37 *

58o

SHILLING

give a thing its form and appearance, to
arrange. 'Du hest hier niks to schippen:'
you have nothing to meddle with here.
Misschippen, to deform, misfit ; umschip-
pen, to alter, change the form of a thing.
— Brem. Wtb. The same change of ch
and/" which is seen in PI.D. achter, E.
after, in Du. schacht and schaft, a shaft,
lucht and luft, left, PI.D. lucht and luft,
air, identifies shift with G. schicht, a part
or division ; erbschicht, share of an in-
heritance. Schicht is also a.layer, stratum,
row, so much of a certain arrangement as
is laid out at one continuance without a
break. Eine rede in drei theilen schichten :
to arrange a discourse in three parts.
A special application is to a definite
period of work, as (when the day is divided
into three parts) friih-, tage-, nacht-
schicht, the morning, day, and night-shift.
Schicht halten, to take one's turn or shift
of work. In the same sense PI.D. schuft,
schuft-tied. Das kann ich in einer schuft
thun : I can do that without resting. —
Adelung. Du. schoft, schoff, the division
of the day's work into four parts ; also
the meals by which they are broken.
Schoften, schoffen, to rest or to take meals
at the stated hours. — Kil. G. bierschicht,
pause when workmen leave their work
for a draught of beer. Thus schicht, or
the equivalent shift, might be applied to
the breaking off of the old strain or the
commencement of a new one, and hence
acquires the sense of change. A shift of
work is properly a bout of work, the
period during which the labourer works
at a single stretch, but is subsequently
applied to the change of workmen at the
expiration of the proper time. In the
same way a shift of linen would properly
be the period during which a shirt would
wear without washing, then the entrance
on a new shift, or the change of shirt
when the old one was sufficiently worn.

It is in this sense of a turn of work
that the word is used when we speak of
making shift, making a thing serve our
turn. To shift is to do the duty of the
hour ; a shifty person, one skilled at turn-
ing his hand to various kinds of work.

Shilling. G. schilling, a piece of
money, a definite number of certain
things, or a definite quantity of materials.
The most likely suggestion as to the
origin is that supported by Ihre, from Sw.
skilja, to divide. The name, according
to his view, would be originally given to
those pieces of money which were
stamped with an indented cross, so that
they could easily be broken into four,

SHIN

and the quarter of which was in as. called
feorthlyng, a farthing or ferlyng, or styca,
a bit.

To Shimmer. G. schitnmern, PI.D.
schemeni, Sw. skimra, to glimmer, flicker,
shine unsteadily or obscurely, whence
Du. schemeren, schemelen, to shade, PI.D.
scheme, shade, shadow.

We have frequently had occasion to
observe that ideas connected with the
faculty of sight are expressed by words
applying in the first instance to the phe-
nomena of sound. Thus Fin. kilina is
rendered tinnitus clarus, splendor clarus ;
kilia, clarfe tinniens, clarfe lucens ; kilistad,
tinnitum clarum moveo, splendorem cla-
rum reflectb ; kimistd, acut^ tinnio
(comp. E. chime) ; kimaltaa, kiimottaa,
to glitter, sparkle ; komista, to sound
deep or hoUow ; komottaa, to shine as
the moon. Esthon. kum, noise, shine,
brilliancy ; kumama, to glow ; kummama,
to roar, hum, tingle, to shine. Du. scha-
teren, schetteren, to ring, crash, resound ;
schitteren, to glitter, shine. The same
relation holds good between Pol. szemrad
{sz = E. sh), to murmur, mutter, rustle, or
the equivalent E. simmer (in Suffolk
shimper), to make a gentle hissing or
rustling noise like liquids just beginning
to boil, and shimmer, to shine unsteadily
or faintly.

From the frequentative, which in imi-
tative words is usually the original form,
are developed OHG. scimo, splendour,
brilliancy, ray of light, sciman, to glitter ;
ON. skima, splendour, reflection, and, as
a verb, to glance suspiciously round ; AS.
sciman, to glitter, to squinny, still pre-
served in the provincial skime, a ray of
light, also to look at a person in an un-
derhand way ; shim, appearance, white
streak on the face of a horse.— Hal. N.
skjoma, to glance, to flicker ; PI.D. scheme,
reflexion, shade.

Shin. G. sckiene, a splint or thin piece
of wood, splint for a broken arm, tire of a
wheel or strip of iron with which it is
bound round. Armschiene, beinschiene,
a piece of armour for the arm or thigh ;
schienbein, the shinbone, so called from
its sharp edge like a splint of wood. The
analogous bone in a horse is called the
splintbone.

The original meaning of the word is
probably a splinter or fragment, from a
form like E. dial, shinder, to shiver to
pieces. Adelung mentions an obsolete
schinen, to split, and perhaps Lat. scindere
may be referred to the same root if the
primary sense were to burst asunder, then

SHINE

to separate, to cut. For tbe ultimate
origin, see Shingle.

Shine. Goth, skeinan, ON. skina, G.
scheimn, to shine. Bret, skina, to spread,
to scatter , skin, ray, spoke of a wheel,
furrow.

The resemblance of the fonns shime
and sAine,however striking, is probably
not to be accounted for on the supposition
of a confusion between the pronunciation
of m and n, but rather from both the
foregoing forms having arisen from inde-
pendent representations of somewhat simi-
lar sounds.

In designating the phenomena of sight
we are necessarily driven to comparison
with sounds which produce an analogous
effect upon our sensitive frame. Thus
the sudden appearance of a brilliant light
is represented by the sound of an explo-
sion, and a sparkling or broken glitter by
the sound of crackling. Fr. ^dai, origin-
ally representing a loud smart sound, is
applied to a brilliant light ; Maf de ton-
nerre, a clap of thunder ; dclat de lumiire,
a sudden flash of light. Petiller, to
crackle, also to sparkle, twinkle. Du.
schetteren, schateren, to crash, resound ;
schitteren, to glitter. At the same time,
the sounds employed as the types of visual
conceptions have their connections also
in the realm of mechanical action. A
loud and sudden crash suggests the notion
of explosive action, bursting asunder,
shivering to pieces, while a crackling
sound is connected with the idea of vibra-
tory or broken movement. S'Maier, to
burst, crash, shiver into splinters ; ^clat,
a shiver, splinter, small piece of wood
broken off with violence.— Cot. Du. schet-
teren is identical with E. scatter, and was
formerly used in the same sense ,- diffun-
dere, dispergere cum sonitu. — Kil. In
like manner Da. sprage, to crackle, cor-
responds with Lat . spargere and with E.
sparkle, which itself was formerly used in
the sense of scatter. ' I j;^ar^/abroode,
I sprede thynges asonder.' . — Palsgr.
Hence may be explained the relation of
Bret, skin, dispersion, as well as of G.
schiene (mentioned under Shin), a shiver,
splinter, to E. shine.

When we look for forms representing
sound which might, on the principle above
explained, give rise to the root skin sig-
nifying shine, we meet with Da. skingre,
to ring, clang, resound, leading to Sw.
skingra, to disperse, scatter, and Sc.
skinkle, to sparkle.

SHIRT

S8i

The gay mantel
Was skinkland in the sun.-

-Jam.

In Lat. scintilla, a spark, the sound of kl
in skinkle is exchanged for tl, in a manner
analogous to the interchange of _^/ and dl
in E. shingle and G. schindel, or in N.
singra, to jingle, and ON. sindra, to
sparkle.

Shingle.— Shindle. i. A lath or cleft
wood to cover houses with. — B. It. scan-
dole, laths or shindells. — Fl. G. schindel,
a shingle, a splint for a broken arm. Lat.
scandiila, scindula, a shingle.

The idea of breaking to pieces is com-
monly expressed by reference to the
sound of an explosion, as explained under
Shine. Thus OFr. esclat, properly sig-
nifying a clap or crack, is used in the
sense of a shiver, splinter, also a small
and thin lath or shingle. — Cot. The
origin of shingle, shindle, is shown in
Dan. skingre, to ring, clang, resound,
leading to Sw. skingra, to disperse, scat-
ter. In E. dial, shinder, to shiver to
pieces, the sound of ng exchanges for nd
as in shingle and shindle, or in N. singra,
to jingle, and ON. sindra, to sparkle.
The dental is also found in Lat. scindere,
to split, and in It. schiantare, to rap, split,
or burst in sunder, whence schiantolo, a
splinter, shiver [shindle]. — Fl.

Shingle. 2. The pebbles on the sea-
shore, from the jingling noise made by
every wave on a shingly beach. N. singla,
singra, to jingle, clink ; singl, gravel,
shingle.

Ship. Goth, skip, G. schiff, Fr. esquif.
It. schiffo, Lat. scapha, Bret, skaf, ship,
boat. Gr. aicd(pri, anything scooped or
dug out, a hollow vessel, tub, bason, bowl;
a light boat or skiff : (TKawTui, to dig. The
first boat would be a canoe or hollowed
trunk, now called a dug-out in the U. S.

Shire. See Share.

To Shirk.— Sherk. A modification of
shark, signifying, in the first instance, to
obtain by rapacious or unfair proceeding,
then to deal unfairly, and finally to avoid
or escape from anything by underhand
proceeding. ' Certainly he (Laud) might
have spent his time much better— in the
pulpit than thus sherking and raking in
the tobacco shops.' — State Trials in R.
Laud was accused of fraud in contracting
for licenses to sell tobacco. ' Idle com-
panions that shirke living from others,
but time from yourselves.' — Bp Rainboro
inR.

Shirt.— Skirt. G^.skyrta, Da., skiorte,
Sw. skjorta, shirt ; Da. skiort, Sw. skorte,
skirt. The original meaning of shirt
seems to have been a short garment,
while skirt is the part shortened or

532

SHIVE

tucked up for the convenience of action.
AS. sceort, short ; sceortian, scyrtan, to
shorten ; OHG. scurz, short ; scurziu kau-
uati, short garments. Walach. scurtu,
short ; scurtd, to shorten ; scurteica, a
short garment (togula superior), small
upper cloak.

Bibelesworth distinguishes O Fr. eschmir,
a shirt, and escour, a skirt.

Prenez, valets en vos eschours [the schirtes]
De 90 frael hareng rous.
Par devant avet escour [the shirte beforne]
Et de cote sont gerons [gores] — Nat. Antiq.

EscourchU, tucked up. — Roquef. Du.
schorssen, schorten, to tuck up, suspend,
be wanting ; schorsse, schorte, an apron,
upper petticoat. Pl.D. upschorten, Da.
skiorte, opskiiirte, to tuck up one's clothes.
G. schurs, schiirze, an apron ; schUrzen,
to truss or tuck up ; die drmel schiirzen,
to tuck up the sleeves.

Shive. See Sheave.

To Shiver. Written cMver, chever,
by Chaucer. Chyveryng or quakyng for
cold. Chymerynge or chyverynge, or
dyderynge, frigutus. — Pr. Pm.

The analogy between sound and move-
ment enables us to speak of a quivering
or tremulous sound and a quivering
or tremulous motion, and thence to de-
signate the motion by what was originally
meant as a representation of the sound.
Thus the word chitter, originally repre-
senting confused, broken sound, as the
chirping of birds, is applied to trembling
movement; ' Chytteryng, quivering or
shakyng for cold.' — Huloet in Hal. So
Du. quetteren, to chirp, corresponds to
Lat. quatere, to shake. Du. schetteren,
to crack, to warble, is also rendered by
the Lat. tremere, intremere. Schetter-
inghe, sonus vibrans, stridor dispersus,
modulatio. — Kil.

On the same principle, Sp. quiebro, a
trill or quaver, leads to E. quiver, to
tremble, Du. kuyveren, kuyven, to shiver,
tremble, parallel forms with Lat. vibrare.
The same variation of the initial con-
sonant which is seen in shake as com-
pared with quake, or in Du. schetteren as
compared with quettereti, brings quiver
into parallelism with shiver. Lower Rhine
schoeveren, to tremble.

When a body not altogether rigid is
violently shaken, the parts of which it is
composed are flung into movement in a
variety of directions, and seem to be fly-
ing apart from each other. Thus the
senses of shaking and of breaking to
pieces are frequently united, and we speak

SHOCK

of shivering a pane of glass, breaking a
thing to shivers.

The birdes song —
So loud ysang that all the wode yrong
Like as it should shiver in pecis small.

Chaucer, Black Knight.

And than the Squyer wrocht greit wonder

Ay till his sword did shaik in sunder.

Squyer Meldrum, 156.

She dithered an' sha'k, you thought she wad
ha' tummled i' bits. — Cleveland, Gloss, in v.
dither.

Du. scheveren, to break to pieces ; scheve,
a shive, a fragment ; scheversteen, slate,
stone that splits up into slices, on. skija.
Da. skive, a thin slice ; ski/a, to cleave
or split.

In the same way ON. skjalfa. Da.
skicelve, to tremble, are connected with
Du. schelfe, schelve, schelfer, a scale, crum,
splinter, fragment ; E. quiver, to tremble,
with Sp. quiebra, crack, fracture ; quebrar,
to break.

ShoaL I. AS. theqfsceol, a gang of
thieves ; thegnscole, a train of retainers.
Du. school, a shoal of fishes, flock of
birds. En school vinken, a flock of spar-
rows. Ir. sgol, a scull, school, or shoal
of fishes.

The radical meaning seems to be a.
clump or mass. Du. scholle, a clod, mass,
lump of ice ; scholen, to flock or crowd
together. It. zolla, a clod ; zollare, to
grow together in clods ; zolle delP aria,
the clouds. 'A cloud of witnesses.' Mod.
Gr. aicovXa, a mass, lock of wool, flax, &c.
Compare flock of wool, flock of sheep, of
birds, &c.

2. A shallow place in the sea. Perhaps
from Fr. escueil, ecueil. It. scoglio, Sp.
escollo, a shelf on the sea, or rock under
shallow water, from Lat. scopulus, a rock.
More probably however it corresponds
to Sc. schald, schaiil, shallow. ' The
schaldis of Affirik : ' syrtes — D. V. ' Shawl
waters maik maist din.' — Ramsay, Sc.
Prov.

Shock. I. Fr. choquer, Sp. chocar,
Du. schokken, to jog, jolt, knock against.

The word is of analogous formation with
cock, kick, cog, shag, shog, jag, jig, jog,
&c., from a form in the first instance re-
presenting an abrupt sound, then used
to signify an abrupt movement, a projec-
tion, prominence, bunch or tuft.

Forms closely bordering on the sylla-
ble shock are used to represent broken
sound in Sc. chack, to clack or click ; e.
dial, chackle, to chatter ; Sp. chacolotear,
to rattle like a loose shoe ; Swiss tschdg-
gen, to tick like a clock ; Da. skoggre,
skoggerlee, to roar with laughter. P1.D.

SHOE

suk! is used to represent the jolt of a
rough conveyance. Of a rough horse
they say, Das gait jummer suk ! suk ! it
goes always suk ! suk 1 Ene olde suksuk,
an old rattle-trap, of an old spinning-
wheel, or a jogging-horse. Hence suk-
keln, G. schttckeln, sckaukeln, schokkeln,
Fr. sagoter, to shake, jolt, jog.

2. Shock, tufted hair, pile of sheaves.
See Shag.

Shoe. Goth, skohs, on. skor, G. schuh.

To Shog. To jog, joggle, or make to
vacillate. — B. Swiss schauggen, schaggen,
to jog ; W. ysgogi, to wag. See Shag,
Shock

To Shoot. ON. skjota, Du. schieten,
G. schiessen, to dart, shoot, move with im-
petuosity. A shoot or young branch is
the growth shot out in a single season.

Shop. — Shippen. Fr. eschope, a stall
or little shop ; G. schoppen, P1.D. sckupp,
a shed ; AS. scypen, a stall, stable, shed ;
NE. shippen, a cow-house; ON. skdpr,
Da. skab, Sw. skdp, a press or cupboard.

Shore, i. The border of the land, or
extremity where the land is broken off.
Du. schore, ruptura, scissura, rima, et
acta, ripa — Kil. ; scheuren, schoren, to
burst, split, tear, divide ; Pl.D. schoren,
to tear asunder. See Shard.

2. A prop. N. skora, ON. skorcta, a
shore or prop, the shores or stocks by
which a ship is supported on dry land.
N. skora, skara, to hew ; skoraspone,
chips. The word properly means a piece
or length of timber. Bav. schrot, a piece
of bread, flesh, cloth, paper, especially a
length of timber, abschnitz von holzstam-
men. — Schmeller. In the same way G.
stolle, a piece ; stollen, a support, prop,
pedestal. See Shard, Sherd.

3. A public drain. Erroneously sup-
posed to be a corruption of sewer. It is
really from G. scharren, to scrape, Swiss
schoren, to cleanse, sweep out stables,
whence schorete, ausschorete, what is
scraped or swept out, dung, manure ;
schorgraben, the drain which receives the
runnings of the cattle. So shoreditch is
the ditch which receives the scrapings of
the streets. The scavengers were form-
erly called rakiers, scrapers. Item quod
homines cujuslibet Wardas habeant ras-
tratores sufficientes ad purgandas War-
das de diversis fimis. — Liber Albus, 258.
See Shard.

Short. I . AS. sceort, OHG. scurs, Walach.
sciirta, Alban. shkourte, G. ktirz, Lat . cur-
tiis, Pol. krotki, short ; skrocid, to shorten.

2. Applied in a technical way to the
quality of iron it signifies brittle ; hot-

SHOWER

S83

short, red-short, &c. • In this combination
it is often pronounced and sometimes
written shear, as red-shear iron, and is
from Sw. skor, brittle. — Marsh. The
technical terms of iron point to Sweden
as the early seat of the manufacture, as
in the case of Sw. ivdlla, to weld iron.

Shoulder, ohg. saeltara, G. schulter.
Connected by some with ON. skjoldr, a
shield, a derivation supported by E. dial.
shield-bones, blade-bone. — Hal. But per-
haps a more likely origin is the broad
shovel-like shape of the bones. E. dial.
shull, a shovel ; shull-bane, the shoulder-
blade. The G. schanfel is applied to any
broad flat implement, as the blade of an
oar, fluke of an anchor. Pol. lopata sig-
nifies a shovel, oven-peel, blade of an oar,
while the dim. lopatka is a shoulder-
blade. Lat. scapula may not improbably
be identical with G. schaufel. In parts of
England the sho'ulder is called spade-,
spaud-, or spuw^bone, from Sc. spald,
spauld, spawl, Fr. espaule, Sp. espalda,
Prov. espatla. It. spalla, a shoulder, show-
ing the same relation to Lat. spatha,
spatula, a spatula, spattle or broad slice,
and to E. spade, as that which has been
shown above h&fi&tnshoulderz.iidshovel.

To Shout. A parallel form with hoot,
as E. dial, siss and hiss, Pl.D. schuddern
and huddern, to shudder. It. scioare, to
cry shoo ! to frighten birds. Mod. Gr.
UKovZw, to shout.

Shove. Du. schuiven, G. schieben, on.
skufa, N. skwua, skyve, to shove, push,
draw ; Du. gaan schuiven, to abscond,
steal away. Fr. esquiver, Sp. esquivar,
Grisons schivir, to slip aside, avoid,
escape ; It. schifare, schivare, to shun,
avoid, to loathe, or abhor. It is to be
remarked that the proper meaning of shun
is to shove or push, then to avoid.

Shovel. G. schaufel, Du. schtiffel,
schuyffel, schoepe, schuppe, a shovel or
similar implement. The meaning would
seem to be an implement for digging.
Pol. kopai, to dig, scoop, hollow ; kopnac
nog<f {noga, foot), to kick; kopystka, a
spattle ; Boh. kopati, to dig ; skopati, to
dig away; kopyto,'^oo'i; kopeysko, a coal-
shovel. Russ. kopnut', to dig ; kopanie,
digging ; kopanitza, a spade, shovel.
Walach. scobi, to scoop, hollow out,
carve in wood, stone, &c. Bret, skop,
skob, a scoop, bowl. As digging is a
coarser kind of scraping, Lat. scabere, G.
schaben, and E. shave, must probably be
closely allied. N. skavl, skjevla, a scraper.

Shower. Goth, skura wmdis, a siorm
of wind. ON. skur, a shower of rain.

584 SHRED

Pl.D. schuur, a passing fit of illness.
Dat duUe sehtiur hebben, to have an at-
tack of madness. Dat schuur is vorbi,
the fit is passed. Bi sclmren, at recur-
ring intervals.

The origin is probably shown in G.
schmidern, schauern, to shudder, shiver ;
schauer, a trembling, shivering, especially
that of cold or fever. Then, taking an
attack of fever as the type of a passing
fit of illness, the term is applied to other
cases of intermittence wholly unconnected
with the symptom of shivering, and
finally to a passing shower of rain or hail.
In the same way Da. gys, shudder, and
also shower.

Shred. Du. schroode, schroye, a bit,
piece of paper, scrow ; schrooder, a tailor ;
VXXi.scharden, schraen, to eat, to gnaw as
a mouse ; G. schrot, what is cut up into
fragments, corn coarsely ground, lead cut
up for shot ; schroten, to shred, cut up.
OberD. schreissen, to split ; Goth, dis-
kreitan, to tear asunder.

The word differs only in the transposi-
tion of the liquid and vowel from shard,
sherd, and the radical meaning is a piece
rent off, from a representation of the sound
of tearing. Gael, sgread, shriek, cry,
harsh grating sound ; Sc. screed, a loud
shrill sound, the sound made in tearing,
the act itself of rending, or the piece torn
off. Gael, sgraid, sgrait, a shred, rag.

* Shrew. — Shrewd. Shrew was form-
erly used in the general sense of a bad man.
^'^r«K/zV/ generation, prava. — Wiclif, Acts
2. Shretide folke, improbis. — Chaucer,
Boeth. 6. II. The primitive sense of the
word seems to be shewn in G. schroff,
rugged, passing into the notion of harsh,
hard, sharp, disagreeable, bad. A shrewd
air is a sharp air, a shrewd man, a. man
of a hard clear judgment. In Hesse the
word appears under the form schrd, schrd,
schreff, in the pi. schrowe, shrawe,
schrewe, rough to the touch, poor, miser-
able, bad. Ein schroes pferd, an ill-fed
poor horse ; ein schroes essen, coarse bad
food; ein schrA maul, a. sharp tongue ;
ein schrower, a shrewd man, one ready of
speech and act. Pl.D. schrae weide, bare,
scarce pasture ; ene schrae tied, a shrewd
time, hard times ; schrae huus holen, to
keep a spare house.

Shrewmouse. AS. screawa, mus
araneus cujus morsus occidit. From
shrew, wicked, as the bite of the animal
was supposed to be fatal, and it was said
to lame cattle even by running over them.
It must not be confounded with Du.
schermuys, G. schormaus, the mole or dig-

SHRIMP

ging mouse, from scharren, schoren, to
scrape, to dig.

The derivation is confirmed by a pas-
sage in Higden Polychron. by Trevisa, p.
335, new ed. 'There is grete plente of
samon — and of wel schrewed mys.' The
Latin text has mures nocentissimos, the
other old translation most nyous mys. —
Marsh.

Shriek. See Screech.

Shrift. See Shrive.

Shrill. Used by Spenser as a verb.

At last they heard a horn that shrilled dear

Throughout the wood that echoed again.

Sc. skirl, to cry with a shrill voice ; a
shriek, a shrill cry. N. skryla (of children),
to cry in a high note ; skraala, to squawl.
Pl.D. schrell, harsh, sharp in sound or
taste, hoarse. Schrell bier, hard, sour
beer ; de appel het ejien schrellen smakk,
the apple has a sharp taste. Shriek and
shrill are related to each other as squeak
and squeal.

Shrimp. Anything very small of its
kind, a small shell-fish.

Such things go for wit as long as they are in
Latin, but what dismally shrimped things would
they appear if turned into English. — Echard in R.

Du. krimpen, to contract, diminish.
AS. scrym7nan, to wither or dry up. G.
schrumpfen, to shrivel, wrinkle, shrink ;
Sc. scrimp, to deal sparingly with one ;
contracted, scanty, deficient. ' He scrimps
him in his meat.' Da. skrumpe, to shrivel,
shrink ; Du. schrompelen, to shrivel, be-
come wrinkled or crumpled. E. dial.
shrump, to shrug, to shrink; shi-ump-
shouldered^ crump-shouldered, having
contracted shoulders. Gr. Kpa/ipog, parch-
ed, shrivelled.

The idea of contraction is connected
with a vast variety of forms which may
be arranged in two parallel series, rtip,
rump, crup, crump, skrup, skrump, and
ruk, runk, cruk, crunk, skruk, shrunk.
But whether the. foregoing forms have
grown from a common root or have arisen
independent of each other, or whether the
connection between the fact of contraction
and the sound by which it is signified is
always of precisely the same nature, are
questions on which it would be rash to
pronounce a decisive opinion.

The general course of development ■
would seem to be from the analogy be-
tween a broken, rugged sound, and a
movement, and thence a shape of similar
character, and from the individual con-
tractions of a rugged line or surface to
the idea of contraction in general.
As examples of the different forms may

SHRINE

be cited Lith. rupas, rugged ; E. ripple,
rimple, the surface of water curled by a
breeze ; rumple, G. riimpfen, to distort
the mouth or nose ; Gael, crup, crouch,
contract, shrink ; E. crump, crimp j Sw.
skrttmpen, shrivelled, shrunk ; and for the
series with a terminal k instead of p, N.
rukka, Lat. ruga, a wrinkle ; E. 7-uggeds
Sw. rimka, to shake, vacillate ; rynka,
wrinkle, rumple ; E. crook, crouch, crincle;
N. skrukka, a wrinkle ; as. scrincan, to
shrink ; Sw. skrynka, wrinkle ; skrynkia,
to crumple, wrinkle.

Shrine. AS. serin, G. schrein, Fr. escrin,
Lat. scrinium, a cabinet or place to keep
anything in. See Screen.

* To Shrink. To start back, instinc-
tively to withdraw from something pain-
ful ; then, to contract, to draw in. OFlem.
schrinckeH, contrahere, retrahere. — Kil.
It seems to be a nasalised form of the
Du. schrikken, to start back, to startle
(Bomhoff), the origin of which is ex-
plained under Shrug, which is indeed
fundamentally synonymous. Florio ex-
plains It. raggruzzare, to crinch, shrink
or shrug together. ' I drawe together
as lether or other thing that shringeth
together.' — Palsgr. G. eschrecken, to be
alarmed, is properly to start at, to shrink
from. Du. e?i schrikkig paard, a startlish
horse. N. skrekka, to shrink as cloth.

To Shrive. — Shrift. To shrive is ex-
plained by Bayley, to make confession to
a priest, also to hear a confession, and it is
generally understood to include the whole
circumstances of the transaction, the im-
position of penance and consequent ab-
solution. From the latter applications
ON. skript is used in the sense of repri-
mand and of punishment.

The word has been explained from
Lat. scribere, to write, on different grounds
which will hardly bear examination. Ac-
cording to Skinner, because the names of
persons confessing were taken down in
writing ; according to Ihre, because the
penance enjoined was given by the priest
in writing. But the name must have
arisen at a period when writing materials
were too dear, and the knowledge of read-
ing too confined to make it possible that
the injunction of penance should with
any generality have been delivered in
writing. The truth appears to be that
there is no direct descent from Lat. scri-
bere, and in order to explain the relation
with the Lat. verb we must go back to a
meaning which it had anterior to that of
writing, viz. the scoring of a line, as shown
in the covx^awxidi prcescribere, to prescribe

SHROUD

585

or enjoin, literally, to trace out a line to
be followed by the agent in question.
' Culter vocatur, pr^densam, priusquam
proscindatur, terram secans, futurisque
sulcis vestigia prcsscribens incisuris ' —
Pliny; where the latter clause may be
translated, and marking out beforehand,
by the incisions, a track for the future
furrows.

From the same original source, but
doubtless by no direct descent, is Pl.D.
schreve, a line, which is used in the same
metaphorical sense as the verbal element
in p?-ascribere. Na dem schreve hauen :
to c\it according to the line chalked out.
Aver den schreven gaan : to go beyond
the line, to transgress. Thus we are
enabled from the internal resources of
the language to explain AS. scrifan, ge-
scrifan, to trace out a line of action, to
ordain, enjoin, assign. Sylle with his
life swa hwtet swa him man scrife : he
shall give as a ransom for his life whatso-
ever is laid upon him. — Exod. xxi. 30.
Throwige tha;r swa bisceop him scrife :
patiatur ibi sicut episcopus ei imponat.
Buton swa gescryfen sy : unless it is in
any way enjoined. Edictis, gebennum
oththe gescrifum ; ahdictis, /orscri/enum.
— Gl. Cot. in Junius.

To shrive then had reference originally
to the injunctions given by the priest on
hearing confession, and was only a spe-
cial application of a word which in its
general sense has been lost to the Eng-
lish language.

To Shrivel. Gael, sgreubh, sgreag,
dry, parch, shrivel ; sgreagan, anything
dry, shrunk, or shrivelled. E. dial, shravel,
dry faggot wood. Related to OE. rivel,
to wrinkle, as Du. schrompelen to E. rttm-
ple, or as Sw. skrynka to rynka, to wrin-
kle.

The word, like so many others con-
nected with the idea of a wrinkled, rug-
ged surface, may be from the mere repre-
sentation of a broken sound, but in .the
present case it is probable it has a more
specific origin in a form like ON. skrdfa,
N. skraava, to creak or rustle like dry
things. ON. skrdthurr, so dry as to make
a noise of the foregoing kind. N. skraaen,
dried, shrunk ; skraana, to dry, shrivel,
shrink. Da. dial, skrasle, to rustle ; skras,
skraasel, very dry. On the same prin-
ciple, Lith. skrlbeti, to rusde, crackle ;
skrebti, to become dry.

Shroud. To shrowd, to cover, shelter.
— B.

Give my nakedness
Some shrewd to shelter in.— Chapman, Homer.

S86

SHRUB

I gan anone so softly as I coude

Among the bushes prively me to shrtrwde.
Chaucer, Black Knight.

AS. scriid, garment, clothing, on. sknid,
ornament, clothing ; skrudbumn, state-
lily clothed ; loptlig skrud, the ornaments
of the sky, the heavenly bodies. Skryda,
to adorn, to clothe.

Shrub. A dwarf tree, also a little sorry
fellow.— B. Scrubby, stunted, poor of
its kind. Da. dial, skrub, bush, brush-
wood. Egeskrub, bogeskrub, an oak or
a beech that is stunted in its growth. The
scrubs in Australia are growths of brush-
wood or stunted trees.

The original meaning would seem to
be a roughness, then a prominence, pro-
jection, stump, low tree with stiff brushy
branches, a stunted growth. V)2,. skrubbet,
rough, rugged. The E. shrub or scrub
and scrog correspond to Du. strobbe and
struik, Pl.D. struuk, G. strauch, a shrub
or bush. Du. stobbe, struik, stronk, G. :
strumpf, a stump or stalk. Straube,
anything with a rough or uneven surface.
' Harte und strmibe hinde wie ein reibi-
sen.' — Schmeller. Bav. strauben, struben,
strupen, to stand up stiff, subrigere, in-
horrere ; strobeln, to be or to make rough,
like disordered hair. G. struppig, rugged,
standing on end like hair or feathers. A
shrub or scrub is a bush with stiff project-
ing branches.

Du. strobbeUn, strompehn, struikelen,
stronkelen, to stumble, are probably not
to be understood as striking against a
stump, but as plunging, striking irre-
gularly out with the feet. Bav. strabeln,
strappeln, to move the hands and feet.
See Stumble.

* Shrug^. The actual meaning is a
twitch or convulsive movement, especially
of the shoulder, a shuddering, shrinking.
Schruggyn, frigulo. — Pr. Pm. ' The touch
of the cold water made a pretty kind of
shrugging come over her body like the
twinkling of the fairest among the fixed
stars.' — Arcadia in R. Kiittner translates
den kopf zHcken, to shrink or shrug in
order to ward off a blow. Zucke nicht !
don't shrug, don't stir in the least. Shrug
corresponds to OHG. scrican, screcchan,
to start, spring, leap, dash. The syllable
scrick, like crack or crick, represents in
the first instance a sharp sudden sound,
then a sharp quick movement. Sw. dial.
skrdkka, to give a crack, to move by
jerks. Bav. schrick, a sudden sound, a
clap of thunder, a crack in a glass vessel.
'VoU der offnen schriick und ritzen.' —
Schm. ' Crepuit medium, zerschrick in

SHUN

der mitt.' ON. skrugga, thunder ; skrykh;
a sudden movement. Med rykkjum ok
skrykkjum, with jerks and starts, n.
skrukka, a wrinkle, or drawing in of a
texture. Parallel forms without the sibi-
lant initial are N. nikka, a wrinkle, OE.
^gi rog, to tug, wag, shake ; on. rykkja,
Da. rykke, to twitch, pluck, tug; Sw.
rycka, to pluck or snatch ; ryckapdaxlar-
nar, to shrug one's shoulders.

To Shudder. Du. schudden, schuddeni,
Pl.D. huddern, Du. huggeren, huyvercn,
to shiver ; P1.D. schiiddeln, to shake ;
schuddern, G. schaudem, schauern, to
shudder, shiver. The radical figure is a
broken sound, the representation of which
is subsequently applied to a broken move-
ment. Swiss tschddem, tschudern, tschi-
dern, schddern, to give a cracked sound ;
tschdderi, a clapper. E. dial, 'shider, to
break to shivers ; shider, a shiver. Da.
dial, skuddre, to shiver. — Molb. in
toddre.

To Shuffle. Bav. schufeln, to go along
scraping the ground with one's feet.
Hesse, schuben, shufeln, to slide, schufel,
a slide on the ice. See ScufHe.

To Shun. Properly to shove (in which
sense it is still provincially in use), then
to shove on one side, to avoid. A Sussex
peasant said : ' He kept shtmning me off
the path.' ' I shonne a danger, I starte
asyde whan I se a thynge, Je me guenchys.
An I had not shon?ted asyde he had hit
me in the eye.' — Palsgr. So from Du.
schuiven, to shove, Fr. esquivcr, to slip
aside, shun, avoid.

From turning aside from arose the sense
of forbearing, sparing.

What wuste I what was wrong or right,
What to talce or what to schone.

Body and Soul, 341.

Hence may be explained G. schonen, to
spare, to abstain from. Er schonete zu
nehmen von seinen schafen und rindern :
he spared to take of his own flock.

Synonymous with shun, and probably
a mere corruption of it, is shunt, a word
which, having become obsolete in culti-
vated language, has been brought back
again by accidental use in the termino-
logy of railways. A train is said to shimt
when it turns aside to allow another to
pass.
Then I drew me down into a dale whereat the

dumb deer
Did shiver for a shower ; but I shunted frotn a

freyke,
For I would no wight in the world wist who I

were. — Hal.

To shunt is also, as G. verschieben {scldcben.

SHUT

to shove), to put off, delay. Schape us
an answer and schunte yow no lengere. —
Morte Arthure in Hal.

To Shut. From Du. schieten, to shoot,
cast, drive forwards, is formed schut,
something put forwards, a defence, ob-
stacle, hindrance, mound, dike. Schieten
een gracht, to dig a ditch. Een schut
voor jets schieten, to place an obstacle be-
fore a thing, to hinder it. Schut tegen 't
vuur, tegeit de wind, a screen against the
fire or wind. Schutdeur, a sluice gate ;
schutdak, shed ; schuthok, schutkooi, a
pound for cattle. Pl.D. schott, a bolt, a
sliding door by which water can be kept
out. Bav. schiitt, a mound. Schntten
machen, aggerem facere. — Gl. in Sclim.

Again from the substantive schutt or
schott is formed a secondary verb, Du.
schi/tten, to ward off, turn back, hinder,
stop, shut up. Schutten den wind, to
keep out the wind, whence schutsel, a
window shutter. Slag schutten, to parry
a blow. Schutberd, boarding for in-
closures. Schutten de beesten, to impound
beasts. Pl.D. schotten, schutten, to keep
or shut out. Schotte de d'dre to, bolt the
door. Water schotten, to repel the water
by a dam. In the latter sense, the Da.
uses the primary verb skyde, to shoot ;
skyde vand, to repel water. Bav. schiiiten,
to fence round, to protect ; Sw. skydda,
to protect, shelter ; G. schiitzen, to pro-
tect, are equivalent forms.

Shuttle. Da. vaverskytte, N. skutul,
skiot, skyt, the "implement by which the
thread is shot to and fro in weaving.

Shy. G. scheu, timorous, shunning ;
scheuen,1o\ie: afraid of, to shun ; scheuchen,
to scare away, to affright ; scheuche,
vogelscheu, a scarecrow. Du. schouw,
timid, wild ; schowen, schuwen, to avoid.
It. schifare, to loathe or abhor, to shun ;
schifo, loathsome, also nice, coy. Prov.
esquiu, wild, frightened ; esquivar, to
avoid, refuse. . Sp. esquivo, scornful, shy,
cold. -" '■•■"

A natural origin of the word may be
found in the interjection of shuddering,
schu ! schuck ! (Grimm, 3, 298), leading
to OHG. sciuhan, expavescere, perhor-
rescere, terrere ; kisciuhit, perterritus ;
liohtskihtig, lucifugus ; Pl.D. schuck,
horror, fear, avoidance. Ick heffn schuck
vaorn aust : I shudder at the thoughts of
harvest. He schuckt sick nao hus te
gaon : he fears to go to the house. Dat
part schuckt : the horse shies. — Danneil.
G. schUchtern, shy, timorous. And this I
believe is the true explanation of the word,
although a different origin would seem to

SIDE

587

be mdicated by Sw, skygg, timid, fearful,
shy, wild ; skygga, to take fright, to turn
aside ; which seem derived from skugg,
shade, shadow, making the original signi-
fication, starting at a shadow, a figure
very generally used to express the idea of
taking fright. Sw. wara rdddfarsin egen
skugga, to be afraid of one's own shadow,
to be fearful ; Bret, skeud, shadow ; lam-
mout rag he skeud, to start at his shadow,
to be afraid. So s}l?,<:i M . ysgod, shadow;
ysgodigo, to take fright as a horse —
Richards ; Sp. sombra, shadow ; asom-
brar, to overshadow, to take fright as a
horse, to terrify, amaze ; Fr. ombrage,
shade ; ombrageux, jealous, suspicious ;
chez'at ombrageux, a shying horse ; Gr.
o-«a, shadow ; Mod.Gr. CTKidJw, to shade,
to terrify ; cKidZonai, to be afraid.

Sib. Related, of kin ; preserved in
gossip (God-sib), related in God, i. e. by
the ordinance of baptism. Goth, sib/a,
relationship ; OHG. sibba, sippia, affinity,
peace ; ON. sifi, relation, friend ; AS. sib,
peace, alliance, kindred, companionship.

Sick. AS. seoc, G. sicch, ON. siukr,
Goth, sinks, sick ; G. siechen, to be sicljly,
to languish. Connected by Diefenbach
with the notion of drying up, fading
away. Lett, sukt, to fade away ; Pol.
suchy, dry ; suchota, dryness, leanness ;
suchoty (pi.), consumption. Russ. soch-
nuty, to fade away, dry up. Bret, seach,
dry ; siochan, feeble, delicate, tender.

A more probable derivation may be
drawn from the sighing and moaning of a
sick person. Pl.D. siiclit signifies both
sigh (and thence longing, strong desire),
and also sickness. G. sucht, an im-
moderate longing for a thing, sickness.
Ehrsticht, geldsiicht, zanksucht, a longing
for or devotion to honour, money, broils ;
gelbsucht, jaundice. E. love-sick and
love-longing are equivalent terms. Du.
suchten, to sigh, groan, languish. Gael.
acain, sigh, sob, moan ; acaineach, wail-
ing, sickly. Da. hive, to pant or gasp,
also to languish in sickness. Han har
Icenge hivet, he has long been ailing.

Sickle. AS. sicel, Du. sekel, seckel, OHG.
sihhila, G. sichel, Lat. secula, a sickle or
scythe, from seco, to cut.

-side, -sidence. Lat. sedeo, sessuin,
to sit ; sido, sedi, sessum, to seat oneself,
to sit down, settle ; whence Reside, Sttb-
side, &c. In like manner are related Gr.
tZ,o\Lm, to seat oneself, sit, and I'Jw, to seat,
place, sit, 'iZvftai, to settle down.

Side. I. ON. sida, G. seite, a side.

2. Long, as ' my coat is very side.' — B.
AS. sid, ample, spacious, vast ; ON. sidr,

588

SIDEREAL

long, loose. Sidr har, flowing hair ;
siteyrdr, long-eared ; sidd, length of gar-
ment.

Sidereal. Lat. sidus, -eris, a star, con-
stellation.

Siege. Fr. siige, It. sedia, seggia, a
seat or sitting ; assedio, Lat. obsidium,
the sitting down before a town in a hostile
way. See -side.

Sieve. — Sift.- as. sife, Pl.D. seve, Du.
zeef, zijghe, G. sieb, a sieve ; si/ten, sich-
ten, Du. sijghen, Dan. sigte, to sift. The
name may probably be taken from the
implement having originally been made
of sedge or rushes, ox. sif, Dan. siv,
sedge, rush. ' Sieves were made of flax-
string, but many of a more common
quality were made of thin rushes, and that
they were originally of this simple mate-
rial is evident from the sieve being repre-
sented in the hieroglyphics as composed
of rushes.' — -Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt-
ians.

The probability of the foregoing deriva-
tion is supported by w. hesg, sedge ;
hesgyn, a sieve ; Pol. sit, a rush ; sito, a
si^ve. On the other hand, the name
might naturally be derived from Dan.
sive, N. siga, to ooze as water, to fall by
its own weight, to sink ; Du. zijgen, zij-
pen, to trickle, drip, strain ; N. sia, sila,
to filter, to strain. Boh. prosywati, to
sift, to strain through a sieve ; prosywad-
lo, a sieve. Da. sie, to strain ; si, a
strainer, filter. See Sile.

Sigh.. AS. sicaii, siccettan, E. dial, sike,
Sw. sucka, w. igio, to sigh, sob ; AS. seof-
ian, to mourn ;'e. dial, to sife, j^ to
sigh ; G. seufzen, Pl.D. suchten, sufteii, to
sigh. Da. hige, hie, hive, to pant, gasp.
Sc. souch, swoitch, the sound of the wind,
or of one breathing heavily in sleep, a
deep sigh ; souch, souf, to sound as the
wind, to breathe deep as in sleep. All
directly imitative.

Sign. -sign. — Signal. — Signify.
Signum, a mark, sign ; whence signifo-
care, to make a sign, to signify ; signacu-
lum, a seal ; OFr. seignal, signacle, a
seal, mark, signal. To Oqnsign, Resign,
&c.

To Sile.— Silt. To sile, to drip, to ooze
through, sink down, to fall ; siling dish,
a milk-strainer ; silt, sediment, ooze.
And then syghande he saide with sylande terys.
Morte Arthure.
Many balde gart he sile
With the dynt of his spere. — MS. Hal.
Sw. sila, to strain, filter ; sila sig frain,
to percolate or ooze through. Pl.D. silen,
to drain off water.

SILLABUB

The immediate origin is the form ex-
emplified in N. siga, Du. zijgen, doorzij-
gen. Da. sie, to strain, percolate, sink in ;
G. versiegen, to drain or dry up ; N. sika,
to strain or drain off moisture, whence
the frequentatives sikla, to trickle, also
(as Da. sagle) to drivel ; sila, to drip, to
strain ; silla, to drip fast ; G. sickern,
siekern, to trickle, leak, percolate.

As in so many similar cases, a parallel
form is found with a terminal labial in-
stead of guttural in the radical syllable.
Du. door zijpen, doorzijpelen, to drip or
trickle through ; Pl.D. sipen, sipern, to
ooze, drip ; sipeln, sippern, to let tears
trickle.

The ultimate origin is to be found in
the notion of sucking or supping up, then
sinking into the cracks of the vessel or
walls in which the liquid is contained.
See To Sag.

Silence. Goth, silan, Lat. sileo, Gr.
ffiya'w, to be silent. In all probability
from hushing or commanding silence by
a hiss. Gr. ffi?a),to hiss, to cry sh ! to hush.
The interjection commanding silence is
in Turk, sitsdf Ossetic ss .' sos / Fernan-
dian sia ! Yoruba sio / — Tylor.

Silk. Lith. szilkai, silk ; silkai, cot-
ton. From Gr. ati^mdv, Lat. sericum, the
produce of the Seres, by the conversion
of the r into /.

The first people of any knowledge and acquaint-
ance be the Seres, famous for the fine silke that
theii woods doeyeeld. — Holland, Pliny.
*

Sill. The threshold of a door or win-
dow. Pl.D. siill, G. schivelle, Fr. seuil.
It. soglia, a threshold. Sw. syll, Dan.
syld, base of a framework, building,
ground-sill. NE. sites, the main timbers
of a house ; soil, rafter, window-sill. —
Hal. Fr. solive, a beam.

Sole signifies in general the founda-
tion, or that on which a thing rests, v/.
swl, a flat place, ground, soil ; Bret, sol,
soil, area, floor of a house ; foundation,
base, bottom ; sole of a shoe, beam. vt.
sail, syl, a groundwork, foundation, base ;
seilddar {daear, earth, ground), a founda-
tion, pile, or prop ; seilfaen, sylfaen,
foundation stone ; seilddor, door-sill,
threshold ; gosail, an underpinning or
ground silling, foundation ; goseilio, to
underpin, to prop. Gael, sail, a beam ;
sailbhunn {bonn, sole, foundation, base),
the sole, lower beam of a partition.

Sillabub. A frothy food to be slapped
or slubbered up, prepared by milking from
the cow into a vessel containing wine or
spirits, spice, c&c.

SILLY

AnrJ we will ga to the davvnes and sluiber up
a silUbub. — Two Lancashire Lovers in Hal.

The word is a corruption o{ slap-up or
slub-up (like Fr. salope, from Swab.
schlapp, a slut), and is the exact equiva-
lent of Pl.D. slabb' tit, Swiss schlabutz,
watery food, spoon-meat, explained by
Stalder as schlabb mis, from schlappen,
slabben, to slap, lap or sup up food with
a certain noise. Schlabbete, schlappete,
weak soup.— Stalder. Mantuan, j-/«//ar,
to devour. To slap up, to eat quickly, to
lick up food. — Hal. on. slupra. Da.
slubre, Pl.D. slubbern, to sup up soft
food with a noise represented by the
sound of the word. On the same prin-
ciple are formed E. dial, slubber, anything
of a gelatinous consistency, the spawn of
toads or frogs ; slub, wet and loose mud.
— Hal. Du. slemp [sillabub], a certain
drink made of milk, sugar, &c. (Bomhoffj,
is derived in like manner from slempen,
Bav. slampen, to lap, sup up, junket.

Silly. AS. salig, g. selig, blessed,
happy.

O God (quod she) so worldly selinesse,
Whiche clerkes callen false felicitie,
Ymedled is with many bittemesse.

Chaucer, Tro. and Cress.

It is probably from the union in an infant
of the types of happiness or unalloyed
enjoyment, innocence, and inexperience,
that we must explain the train of thought
in the present word. It is constantly
used by the older writers in the sense of
simple, unknowing.
Thus craftily hath she him besette
With her Hme roddes, and panter and snare,
The selie soul ycaught hath in her nette,
Of her sugred mouth alas ! nothing ware.

Ch., Remedy of Love.

The simplicity of a child carried on into
later life implies deficiency of understand-
ing, and thus simpleton or innocent be-
come synonymous for an idiot or fool.
The French say, que vous etes bon enfant,
what an innocent you are ! N. Fris.
salig, half saved, weak in mind. The
same train of thought is seen in Gr.
lufiOije, good-liearted, simple-minded, then
silly, in Fr. bejiH, a simpleton, from bene-
dictiis, blessed, or in Boh. blazen, a fool,
from blaziti, to bless.

The primary origin of the word is
probably shown in Manx shilloo, a. herd
of cattle ; Gael, sealbh, cattle, posses-
sions, good fortune ; sealbhmhor, having
great possessions ; sealbhach, prosper-
ous, fortunate. In the same way AS. ead,
a possession ; eadig, rich, happy, blessed.

Silvan. Lat. sylva or silva, a wood.

SIMPLE

589

Silver. Goth, silubr, Slav, srebro,
Lith. sidabras.

Similar. — Similitude. Lat. similis,
like ; similaris, of like nature ; similitudo,
likeness. Goth, sama, same ; sainaleiks,
samelike, agreeing together ; samaleiko,
Squally, likewise.

To Simmer. Imitative of the gentle
hissing or murmuring of liquids beginning
to boil. ' I symper as licours on the fyre
byfore it bygynneth to boyle-' — Palsgr.
The crs.2ixaoi simpering xm)ik. — Fl. Comp.
Du. sissen, to fizz as water on hot iron;
to simmer. — Bomhoff. Pol. szemrad, to
murmur, ripple, rustle. Turk, zemzemd,
soft murmur of voices. In the name of
the fountain zemzem at Mecca the same
root represents the purling of water.

Simony. The crime of Simon Magus,
selling spiritual things for money.

* To Simper. To smile in a restrained
affected manner, to put on an air of mo-
desty.

With a made countenance about her mouth
between simpering and smiling, her head bowed
somewhat down, she seemed to langtiish with
overmuch idleness. — Sidney, Arcadia.

Swiss zimpfer thun, to behave in an over-
bashful way, to affect propriety, ■ to eat,
drink in an overdelicate way ; zimpfer-
len, to mince, to be prudish, overdelicate ;
zimpferli, zimpertrili, a girl of affected
sensibility, as OE. simperdecocket, a nice
thing. — Cot. Bav. zimpern, zimpeln, to
behave -in an affected, delicate, nice
way. Swab, zumpfer, zemper, bashful,
affected, nice in eating; zimperknickele,
an affected person. Sw. sipp, simp, sem-
per, affectedly moderate in eating. — Ihre.
Da. dial, semper, simper, affected, coy,
prudish, especially of one who requires
pressing to eat ; ' She is as semper as a
bride.' The radical meaning is probably
the same as that of E. prim, signifying a
conscious restraint of the lips and mouth,
as if closing them in the pronunciation of
the word sipp. ^ Sipp,' says the Brem.
Wtb., 'expresses the gesture of a com-
pressed mouth, and an affected pronun-
ciation with pointed Irps. A woman who
makes this sort of megrims is called Miss
Sipp or Madam van Sippkels. Of such
a one they say. She cannot say Sipp.
Den mund sipp trekken, to screw up the
mouth. De bruut sitt so sipp, the iDride
sits so prim.' See Prim.

Simple. Lat. simplex, single, without
pretence. Ihre compares semel, once ;
semita, a footpath, path for a single per-
son ; singulus, each by himself, single.

590

SIMULATE

referring them to the possessive pronoun
sin, suus. See Se-.

Simulate. Lat. si?nulare, to feign.
See -semble.

Simultaneous. Lat. shmd, together,
all at once. Fin. sa?na, the same ; in the
adessitive case, samalla, at the same mo-
ment, together ; satnalla muotoa, in the
same manner.

Sin. G. siinde, OHG. sunta, ON. synd.
The radical meaning is probably breach.
N. sund, synd'e, sundered, injured, broken;
i sund, in pieces, asunder ; ei( sundtglas,
a broken glass ; stmde klade, torn
clothes, N. synd is used not only for sin
or guilt towards God, but breach of right
in general. Hava synd /yr' ein, to re-
proach one with his misconduct ; gjera
synd paa ein, to deal hardly with one, do
him injustice ; syndapeng, money unjustly
e.xtorted. OHG. sunta, peccatum, culpa,
noxa, macula ; aiio sunta, sine macula ;
suntiga, noxisi (corpora); Lat. sons, sontis,
guilty, hurtful ; insons, OHG. unsuntig,
innocent.

Since, as. sith, late, and as an adv.
lately, afterwards ; sithmczst, sithest, last ;
siththan, siththen, after, after that, thence-
forth, since. OE. seththe, sith, sithen, sin,
sithence, Sc. syne.

And he axide his fadir how long is it sitlie this
hath falle to him ? — Wiolif, Marie 9.

For sithen the fadris dieden. — 2 Peter 3,

O mighty God, if that it be thy will,
Sin thou art righteous judge, how may it be, &c.
Man of Laws T.

From consequence in time since is trans-
ferred to consequence in reasoning and
causation. In accordance with, or in de-
pendence on the fact that thou art
righteous judge, how may it be, &c. ON.
sid, sidar, sidast, o. late, later, at last ;
um sidir (ace. pi.). Da. omsider, at last,
at length, on. fyrr og sider, from be-
ginning to end. Pl.D. seder, sedert, sinter,
sint, Du. sedert, sinds, G. seit, since.

Sincere. Lat. sincerus, apparently a
compound of the same element which
gives the sim in simplex, and Pol. szczery,
pure, unmixed, genwine, sincere, true. AS.
sin (in comp.), ever, always ; G. singriin,
E. sengreen (evergreen), a plant ; OHG.
sinvluot, G. sundjluth, the great flood.

Sinew. AS. sinu, Du. zemiw, G. sehne,
ON. sin, sinew.

To Sing. Goth, siggvan, to sing, to
read aloud. Gael, seinn, ring as a bell,
play on an instrument, sing, chant, pro-
claim. Sanscr. chinj, ring, tingle. ON.
sangra, to murmur ; N. sangra, to whine,

SIR

give a long-drawn whining sound ; singla,
singre, to clink.

To Singe. Du. senghen, senghelen,
to burn superficially ; de gesengde lucht-
streek, the torrid zone. Derived by Ade-
lung from a representation of the sound
of blazing. ON. sangra, to murmur ;
sangr, having a burnt taste.

Single. — Singular. Lat. singulus,
singularis.

Sinister. Lat. sinister, on the left
hand, unlucky.

To Sink. Goth, siggquan, ON. sbkkva,
G. sinken, Sw. sjunka, to fall to the bot-
tom ; Goth, saggquan, G. sdnken, Sw.
sdnka, to cause to sink. It is not easy to
separate the present form from the series
mentioned under Sag, where the radical
notion is the wasting or soaking in of
water through the pores and interstices of
the basin in which it is held, then the
lowering of the surface, the fact of gradu-
ally lowering or sinking down. Lith. seku,
senku, to dry up, drain away, become
shallow ; sunkus, heavy ; AS. sigan, to
sink down, fall, set as the sun ; N. siga,
to ooze or trickle through, to sink slowly,
become imperceptibly lower, to fall gradu-
ally down by its own weight.

In accordance with the original mean-
ing, to sink was used in the sense of
pouring away liquids, and the word is
still used in the sense of a drain or place
where slops are poured away.

In the lordys cup that levys undrynlcen.
Into the almes dische hit schall be sonken.

Book of Curtasy, Percy Soc. vol. iv.

The bailiff that had the charge of the publick
sinkes vaulted iander the ground dealt with Scau-
rus for good security. — Holland, PHny in R.

In the same way Du. siipen, to trickle,
drip, ooze ; siipe, a drain or sink. — Kil.

Sinuous. Lat. sinus, a bosom, a bay.

Sip. A related forni with sap, sop, sup,
all representing the sound of a mixture of
air and water, as in the act of sucking up
liquids or of agitation in a confined
space. Du. sop, soppe, juice, sauce ; sope,
suype, a draught of liquid ; suypen, G.
sau/efi, to sup up, to drink deep ; Du.
sippen, to sip or take small draughts.

A sippet is a small piece of bread sop-
ped in sauce. Skelton uses it for a sip.

And ye will geve me a sippet

Of your stale ale. — EUnor Rummyng.

Gr. a'l^uiv, a reed or tube used to suck or
sip wine out of the cask.

Siphon. Gr. (ti^mi', a tube.

Sir.— Sire. It. Ser, Sere, a title given
to Doctors, Priests, Clerks, &c., and to

SIREN

Knights, as we say, Sir ; Ser buono,
Goodman Sir ; Ser bello, fair Sir. Mes-
sere, my Sir; also a master. — Fl. Fr.
Sire, Sir or master ; a title of honour
which without addition is given only to
the King, but with addition unto mer-
chants or tradesmen (Sire Pierre, &c.),
and unto knights (Sire chevalier), and
unto some few owners of fiefs or seig-
niories.— Cot.

The question has been raised whether
the word is a contraction of Signore,
Seigneur, or whether it is an adoption of
Mod.Gr. Kup, Sir, master, from Kvpioi,
Lord. But st'gywr and seigneur readily
pass into sior (used colloquially for Sir
in the N. of Italy), and sieur, sire, and
seigneur were used indifferently by the
early writers. ' Messires Nicolas Pol,
qui peres Monseigneur Marc estoit, et
Messires Mafo, qui frferes Messires Nico-
las estoit.' — Marco Polo, ch. i, from
Marsh. The old Catalan form is Mos-
sen.

Siren, Lat siren, from Or. SfipTJr.

Sirloin. Properly surloin, as it is
written in an account of expenses of the
Ironmongers' Company, temp. H. VI. :
' A surloyn beeff, vii.d.' — Athenjeum,
Deer. 28, 1867. Fr. suiionge, terme de
boucherie ; superlumbare. — Trevoux.

Sirname. Fr. stirnom, It. sopranome,
additional name.

Sirocco. Sp. xirque, Ptg. xaroco, S.E.
wind, from Arab, charqut, adj. of chare,
the East.

Sirreverence. From salvd reverentid,
save your reverence, sa' reverence, an in-
troductoiy excuse made when anything
indecorous has to be mentioned.

Neither would common fame report these
horrid things of them, not to be uttered without
a preface of honour to the iuarer. — Minucius
Felix by James, 29.

At which the lawyer taking great offence
Said, Sir, you might have used save reverence.
Hartington.

The beastliest man ; why, what a grief must this
be

(Sir-reverence of the company) a rank whore-
master. — Massinger in Nares.

Siserara. Corruption of certiorari,
the name of a legal writ by which a pi-o-
ceeding is moved to a higher court.

They cannot so much as pray, but in law, that
their sins may be removed with a writ of error,
and their souls fetched up to heaven with a sasa-
rara. — O. Play in N.

Siskin. A small singing bird of a
yellowish hue. Du. siisken, ciisken, G.
zeisig, Pol. czyz, a goldfinch, greenfinch ;

SIZE

591

Sw. siska, siskin. Du. sissen, to twitter
like small birds.

-sist. Lat. sisto, to place, stay station-
ary. As in Consist, Insist.

Sister. Goth, swistar, Pol. siostra,
Lith. sessere, Esthon. sossar. Fin. sisa,
Sanscr. swasri, sodary, Lat. soror, w.
chwaer, Gael, piuthar.

To Sit. See Set.

Site.— Situate. Lat. situs, -a, -um,
set, placed, buried ; situs, -its. It. sito, Fr.
sit, the setting or standing of a place, a
situation. According to the form of the
word, situs should be the pple. of sino,
situm, to permit, let be, suffer, but the
sense is as if it came from sido, sesswn,
to set down.

Sithe. ON. sigS, a sickle, a sword ;
Pl.D. seged, segd, seed, seid, a kind of
sickle or billhook for cutting turf. Lat.
securis. Boh. sekera, an axe. From the
verbal root exemplified in Lat. seco^exA-
ish, sseku, sseczu, to cut ; Bohem. sekati,
to cut, hew, strike with a rod, sword, &c.,
whence sekac, a mower. Pol. siekad, to
chop, hack, mince. ON. sax, a knife, or
short sword ; saxa, to chop, to strike.

Six. Lat. sex, Gr. tf, Goth, saihs. Boh.
ssest, w. chivech, Heb. schesch, Sanscr.
shash, Gael. sd.

Size. I. From Lat. sedere, to sit, de-
scended It. assidere, Prov. assezer, assire,
assir, Fr. asseoir, to seat, set, place, fix,
and thence It. assisa, Prov. asisa, Fr.
assise, a sitting, setting down, settlement,
arrangement. It. assisa, a settled fashion,
the arrangement of a tax, and thence the
tax itself. All' assisa, according to the
fashion. Prov. asiza, state, condition,
manner^ ' Per mostrar noel asiza, so es
noela maniera : ' to show a new assize,
that is, a new manner. — Raynouard. . E.
assize, and corruptly size, was the settle-
ment or arrangement of the plan on which
anything was to be done. The assize of
bread or of fuel was the ordinance for the
sale of bread or of fuel, laying down price,
weight, length, thickness, &c.

'Tis not in thee •

To grudge my pleasures, to cut oif my train,
To bandy hasty words, to scant my sizes. — Lear.

— i. e. to curtail my allowances.

There was a statute for dispersing the standard
of the exchequer throughout England, thereby to
size [regulate] weights and measures. — Bacon,
H. VII.

The term was then applied to the
specific dimensions laid down in the
regulation, and finally to dimensions of
magnitude in general. The measure de-
scribed by Rastall as an act for the assize

592

SKATE

of fuel is mentioned by Fabyan in the
following terms :

Also this year was an act of parliament for
weed and coal, to keep the full size [the regulated
construction of the faggots, &c.] after the Purifi-
cation of our Lady— that no man shall sell of any
other jiE^^^^pon pain of forfeiture.

2. A second meaning, apparently very
different from the former one, is a kind of
glue used to give coherence to the coat
laid on in coloufing walls or to stiffen
paper. It. assisa, sisa, a kind of glue
that painters use. — Fl. The original
meaning seems to be a laying on, a coat
of plastic material laid on for gilding, then
the viscous ingredient used to give cohe-
rence to the coating. Fr. assiette is often
used synonymous with assise, and both
forms are used in the sense of a couch or
layer of stones or bricks in building,
while assiette a dorer is gold size. — Cot.

Skate. Lat. sguatus, squatina, ON.
skata, perhaps from its pointed tail. N.
skat, top of a tree, properly point ; skata,
to become smaller at the end, to run to a
point. Da skata att, it runs to a point
behind. Skaten, narrow at the end.

Skein. Fr. escaigne, W. cainc,ysgainc,
a branch ; ysgainc o edaf, a skein of thread ;
rhaff dair cainc, a rope of three yarns ;
cainc o gerdd, a tune in music ; cainc o
for, an arm of the sea. Gael, sgeinnidh,
flax or hemp, thread, twine ; sgeinn,
sgeinnidh, a skein.

Skellum. A rogue. Du. schebn, a
carcase, carrion, dead animal ; a plague,
pest, pestilent fellow ; schelmshals, a
villain ; schelmstuk, a piece of wicked-
ness. G. schelm, a rogue. OHG. scelmo,
scalmo, pestilence.

Sketch.. Fr. esquisse, It. schizzo, from
schizzare, to squirt or spirt, to dash or
dabble with dirt or mire, to blur or blot,
also to delineate the first rough draught
of any work, as of painting or writing.
Schizzata, a spitting, a dashing with dirt,
blurring with ink, any rough draught. —
Fl.

•The proper meaning of the word is
something dashed off or jotted down upon
paper ; a mere blotting of paper. So
from Du. kladde, a blot, patch of dirt,
Madden, to blot, to dirt, also to scribble ;
Pl.D. kladde, thorough draught oi sketch
of a writing.

Skew. G. schief, Du. scheef, on. skeifr.
Da. skicev, oblique, wry ; skiave, to slant,
to swerve or deviate. The radical mean-
ing seems to be something shoved or
thrust out of the straight line, as wry is
what is writhed or twisted aside. G.

SKILLET

schieben, to shove ; sich schieben, to be
displaced or awry, to be removed out of
its horizontal situation sideward — Kiittn.;
verschieben, to put out of its place, to dis-
order. Eure perriicke ist verschoben, sits
quite awry. OberD. schiebicht, awry.
Gr. (TKaiof, Lat. sccevus, left.

In the same way E. shun, to shove, to
turn aside, seems connected with Du.
schttyn, oblique, E. dial, aswyn, awry.

Skewer, In Devonshire called a skiver,
probably identical with shive or shiver, a
splinter of wood. Da. skiave, Pl.D.
scheve, a bit of straw or of the stalk of
hemp or flax. E. diaL skeg, stump of a
branch, peg of wood.

Skid. A piece of wood on which
heavy weights are made to slide ; a slid-
ing wedge to stop the wheel of a carriage.
To skid the wheel is then applied to any
mode of locking the wheel ; skidpan, an
iron shoe used for that purpose. The
word signifies a shide or billet of wood.
G. scheit, a splinter, fragment, piece of
cleft wood. ON. skidi, a billet of wood,
a snow-shoe, consisting of thin boards
fastened to the feet ; skidgardr, a fence
of cleft wood. See Shide.

Skiff. Fr. esquif. It. schiffo, scaffo,
Lat. scapha, a boat.

Skill. The radical sense is separation,
then difference, distinction, discernment,
reason, intellectual or manual ability.
ON. skil, separation, distinction, discrim-
ination. SJd skil handa sina, to know
his right hand from his left. Kunna skil
eines, to know the rights of a thing, to
understand it. Gora skil, to do what is
right and just. Skilja, to separate, dis-
tribute, arrange. Ver skildum Ijds frd
myrkri, we parted light from darkness.
Da. skille, to sever, put asunder ; adskille,
to sever, divide, distinguish, discriminate.
Skiel, separation, boundary, discernment.
Han veed inlet skiel til del han siger, he
has no grounds, no reason for what he
says ; ret og skiel, right and justice ;
skiellig, reasonable.

In like manner Joon the apostle for humelnesse
in his epistle, _/&?■ the same siitesette not his name
thereto [for the same reason]. — Wichf,

See Scale, Shall.

Skillet. — Skellet. A small vessel with
feet for boiling. — B. Fr. escuellette, a
little dish (Cot.), designates an object of
a somewhat different kind. The skillet
is a metal vessel, and is apparently from
the resemblance in shape and material to
a mule-bell. It. squilla, a little bell, from
squillare, to [squeal] ring, clink, squeak,
shrill, to sound shrill and clear. — Fl. G.

SKIM

schellen, to ring ; schelle, a small bell.
Lang, esgiiile, esquileto, a mule-bell. ' Si
quis skellam de caballis furaverit.' — Leg.
Sal. in Due. ' Skeletta, in old Latin re-
cords, a little bell for a church steeple,
whence our vessels called skillets, usually
made of bellraetal.' — Philip's N ew World
of Words, 1706.

To Skim. To take off the scum,
thehce to move lightly over the surface
of a liquid.

To Skime. To look asquint. — B. ON.
skima, to glance around, to look out fur-
tively ; skima, a glimpse, gleam. AS.
sciman, to glitter, to be dazzled, weak-
eyed ; me scimiath, lippus sum. Swiss
schimer, specious, showy.

From shimmer, to glitter, to shine in-
termittently or feebly, and not vice versi,
the frequentative being usually the
original form in these imitative words.
So we have shive and shide', a fragment,
splinter, from shiver- and shider.

Skin. Du. schinde, scheene, skin, bark,
peel ; schinden, to skin. ODu. schin,
scurf ON. skinn, skin, fur. w. cenn,
skin, peel, scales ; cenn y coed, the moss
of trees ; ysgcn, scurf. Bret, kenn (in
comp.), skin, leather. Bugcnn, neat's
leather ; talgenn, band worn across the
forehead. Kenn, scurf, dross of metals.

Skiuk. AS. scene, drink, a drinking
cup ; scencan, to skink or serve with
drink. Du. schenckeji, to pour out, serve
with wine, give to drink ; schencker, a
skinker or drawer, one who serves with
drink. G. schenken, to pour out of a
larger vessel into a smaller ; schenke, a
place where liquids and even other wares
are retailed. Sw. skdnka, to pour out
wine, &c. ; skdnksven, Fr. ^chanson, a
cup-bearer.

Skip. To leap. w. dp, a sudden
snatch or effort ; ysgip, a quick snatch.
Gael, sgiab, start or move suddenly,
snatch at. To skip is to move with a
sudden start.

Thanne shal your soule up into heven skifpe
Swifter than doth an arow of a bow.

Merchant's Tale.
If one read skippingly and by snatches.

Howelin R.

See Jib.

Skipper. Du. schipper, a sailor ; Gael.
sgioba, ship's company, a company asso-
ciated for any purpose ; sgiobair, ship-
master or pilot.

To Skir. To glide or move quickly. —
B. To graze, skim, or touch lightly. — Hal,

Send out moe horses, shirre the country round.

Macbeth.

SKULL

593

Pl.D. schurren is said of anything that
makes a noise by rubbing along the
ground ; to slide over the ground with a
rustling noise ; especially to shuffle along
with the feet. If the noise is clearer the
term is schirren. Wat sChurret da ?
whence comes that scraping noise ? Af
schurren, to scuttle away. Vorbi schur-
ren, to slide by. G. scharren, to scrape
with the feet. To shurl, to slide on the
ice. — Grose.

Skirmish. A small encounter of a
few men when they fight in confusion
without observing order. — B. OE. scar-
mish, Fr. escarmouche, G. scharmiitzel.

The word has no relation to Fr. es-
crimer, to fence, to which it is often re-
ferred. It properly signifies a row or
uproar, from a representation of the noise
of people fighting, as. hream, clamour,
outcry ; Bret, garm, clamour, battlecry ;
W. garm,ysgarm, shout, bawUng, outcry ;
ysgarmes, outcry, also a skirmish, bicker-
ing.

Gael, gairm, call, crow like a cock;
sgairn, howling of dogs or wolves ; sgair-
neach, crying aloud, shouting, howling.

Skirt. See Shirt.

Skit. An oblique taunt, something
cast in one's teeth like a splash of dirt.
Sc. skite, to eject any liquid forcibly, to
squirt, to throw the spittle violently
through the teeth. It. schizzare, to squirt,
to dash or dabble with dirt or mire, to
blur or blot. "

The same metaphor is seen in E. dial.
slart, to splash with dirt, to taunt by in-
sinuations— Hal. ; ON. sletta, a splash or
spot, a slur ; sletta, to dash (properly
something liquid), spargere, projicere ;
sletta i nasir, to have a skit at one.

Skittish. Humoursome, fantastical,
frisking. — B. It, schizzinoso, peevish, self-
weening, skittish, froward, from schizzare,
schizzinare, to frisk or spirt and leap as
wine doth being poured into a cup, to
spin, spirt, gush forth violently. — Fl. The
effervescence of youthful spirits is a com-
mon metaphor.

Skull. I . Da. skal, shell ; hierneskal,
brain-pan, skull. Sw. skal, shell ; skalle,
hufwud skalle, skull, pate, noddle. ON.
skdl, bowl, scale ; hiarnskdl, the skull.
If skull be radically identical with ON.
skdl. Da. skaal, Sw. skull, skoll, OE.
schal, a bowl or drinking-cup, it is not, as
Jamieson suggests, because our barbarous
ancestors used the skulls of men for such
a purpose, but from the resemblance of
the skull to a drinking bowl, the earliest
contrivance for which would be a shell of
38

59+

SKY

some kind, of a gourd, a cocoa-nut, or

shell-fish. , It. cocuzza, a gourd ; cocuz-

zolo, the crown of the head ; ziccca, a

gourd, also a kind of round drinking-glass ;

by met. a man's head, pate, or nob. — Fl.

We have seen that mazzard, the head,

is probably from mazer, a bowl.

In flakoun and in skull

They skink the wyne. — D. V. 210. 7.

Servanz war at thes bridale,

That birled win in cupp and schal.

Small, Metrical Horn. 120.

2. A small oar. See Scull.

3. A skull of herrings. See Shoal.
Sky. Properly a cloud, then the

clouds, the vault of heaven. So G. wolke,
a cloud, compared with E. welkin, the sky.
And let a certaine winde go
That blewe so hidously and hie
That it ne lefte not a skie.
In all the welkin long and brode.

Chaucer, House of Fame.

In the same way Sw. sky, a cloud ; skyn
(in the definite form), the sky, heaven.
Om skyn fSlle ned, if the sky should fall.
Ropa til skyn, to call to heaven, to call
upon God. ON. sky, cloud ; skylaus, evi-
■ dent ; /// skyia, up in the sky.

Probably the word may be connected
with Sw. skugga, AS. scuma, scua, Du.
schaede, schaeye, Gr. ff/ci'a, shadow, shade.
My fader than lukand furth throw the sky (umbra)
Cryis on me fast, Fie son, fie son in hye.

D. V. 63, 12.

Slab. I.— Slabber. — Slobber. The
sound of dabbling in the wet, of the
movement of the air and liquid in a con-
fined space, of supping or drawing up
liquid into the mouth, is represented by
the forms slabber, slobber, slubber, or the
syllables slab, slap, slop.

We may cite G. schlabbern, to slabber
one's clothes, to sputter in speaking,
schlabberig, schlabbig, sloppy, plashy,'
dirty ; Swiss schlabbete, schlappete, watery
drink, broth, &c. Pl.D. slabbem (of
ducks), to make a noise with the bill in
seeking their food in water, to slobber, to
spill liquid food in eating ; Du. slabberen,
slabben, to slap up Uquids, to slobber. E.
slabber is sometimes used in the sense of
splashing only.

Till neare unto the haven where Sandwitch

stands
We were enclosed in most dangerous sands,
There were we so\ised and slabbered, washed
and dashed. — Taylor in Hal.
His hosen —

Al beslombred in fen as he the plow folwede.
P. P. 1. 430, Skeat.

Pl.D. slabben, to lap like a dog, to make
a noise in supping up liquids (Danneil) ;

SLADE

N. slabba, to dabble, dirty, spill ; E. dial-
slab, a puddle or wet place ; slabby, sloppy,
dirty ; Gael, slaib, mud, ooze. E. dial.
slub, wet and loose mud (Hal.), thick mire
in which there is danger of sticking fast.
— Forby. Here we see that the same
tenn is used to express two opposite
kinds of consistency, wet and loose, or
stiff and thick. In the one case the mud
is compared with solid ground, and in the
other with water, and on this principle it
is that slab has sometimes the sense of
thick, stiff.

Make the gruel thick and slab. — Macbeth.

* Slab. 2. A slab or thick unhewn piece
of wood or stone, must be explained from
Lang, esclapa, to split wood ; bos esclapa,
split logs ; esclapo, grand quartier de
bois, ^clat de moeUon brut, a slab of
wood or stone. Esclapa is a parallel
form with esclata, to crack, Fr. ^clater,
to burst, split. 'See Slate.

Slack.— To Slake, on. slak, Flem.
slack, G. schlapp, schlaff, Da. slap, not
tight, flapping, loose ; N. slekkja, to
make slack, and figuratively, to slake, to
diminish the active force of anything, to
still pain or thirst, to quench the fire, to
deaden, to put out. N. slokkjen, exLin-,,
guished ; slokna, to go out, to faint.

The sound of the flapping, of a loose
sheet or of dabbling in liquids is repre-
sented equally well by a final b or p as tiy
g or k, and hence the sy\\3.h\&s flab, Jlap,
flag, flak, slab, slap, slag, slak, with tlie
usual modifications, are found in innu-
merable instances expressing the idea of
a wet or loose condition, the absence of
tension or inherent strength. Pl.D. slak-
kern (of the weather), to be sloppy, to
rain continuously, to dabble in the wet
and dirt, to slobber or slop one's food
about, to wabble or waver ; slakkerig,
sloppy, wet ; slikk, mud, ooze. Sc. slau-
kie, slaupie, flaccid, flabby, inactive,
slovenly. Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble.

Sc. slack, a depression in the ground
or a gap between hills, may be explained
by N. slakkje, slackness, a slack place in
a tissue, where the sarface would swag
down.

To Slade. To drag along the ground ;
slade, a sledge or carriage without wheels
for dragging weights along. ON. slada,
to trail ; sladar, the train of a gown.
slodi, what is sladed or dragged along,
a brush harrow. Gael, slaod, trail along
the ground.

The idea of dragging along the ground
is probably connected with the fi^re of
a rope which when hanging slack trails

SLAG

along the ground, while when hauled
tight it is suspended in the air. Thus
from Da. slap, slack, is formed slepen, G.
schleppen, to drag, to trail, to carry on a
sledge, and in the same way Gael, slaod,
to trail, may perhaps be explained from
Du. slodderen, to flap or hang loose ; Du.
sladde (what hangs loose), a rag or tatter.
See To Slur.

Slag. G. sMacke, Sw. slagg, scoria,
dross of metals ; slaggsump, the pit into
which the slag nans from a furnace. When
minerals are smelted in a furnace the
melted metal sinks to the bottom, and
the slag or vitrified dross is allowed to
run off from the surface like slaver drivel-
hng from an infant's mouth. N. slagg,
slaver, spittle ; slagga, to drivel, to spill
or flow over the sides of a vessel.

The word is connected with many simi-
lar forms derived from a representation of
the sound made by the agitation of liquids
or masses of wet. Sw. slagg, slush, a
mixture of snow and water ; Pl.D. slakk,
so much of a slabby material as one takes
up at once in a shovel or large spoon and
flings down anywhere. — Brem. Wtb. Sc.
slag, a quantity of any soft substance
lifted from the rest, as a slag of porridge,
a large spoonful. Slag, miry and slip-
pery.— Pr. Pm.

To Slam. To shut or to fling down
with a bang. Lap. slam, noise ; nialme
slam, the noise of the mouth, words.
Uksa slamketi, the door was slammed,
was shut with violence. Sw. slamra, to
jingle, clatter, chatter. It. schiamo, schia-
mamo, uproar, noise.

Slammacking. To slammack, to walk
slovenly, to do anything awkwardly;
slammocks, slammerkin, slamkin, an awk-
ward waddling person, a sloven.

The sound of dabbling in the wet or of
the flapping of loose clothes is repre-
sented by the syllables slab or slap, slamp,
■ slam. Du. slap, slack, loose, weak ; slab-
bakken, to go slackly to work, to loiter ;
slabbakke, a loitering woman. Pl.D. vers-
labben, slampn, slampamfn, to neglect
one's dress, to let it go into disorder ;
slabbsack, slamp, slampamp, a slovenly
woman. — Danneil. Swiss schlampen,
schlatnpern, to be flappy ; Swab, schlappe,
schlamp (Fr. salope), a slut ; schlampam-
pen, to go dawdling about ; schlampere,
schlampamp, Hamburgh slammetje, a
slatternly woman. See Slattern. The
meaning seems to vibrate between slack-
ness or laziness of action, and the ex-
pression of neglect by the figure of loose,
trailing, or flapping clothes.

SLAP

595

Slander. OE. sclaunder, Fr. esclandre,
scandal, discredit, from Lat. scandalum,
a stumbling-block, cause of offence. 'Ce
qui tourne au grand esclandre de la jus-
tice.'—Coutume d'Anjou in Diet. Etym.
The word, as Menage remarks, was
first escandre, then esclandre. Escandale,
escande,esca7tdle, escandre, esclandre, scan-
dal, noise, bad example. — Roquef We
find skandre in R. Brunne.
Till Emme, Hardlcnoutes moder he did a grete

outrage,
His brother a foule despite, himself vileyn skan-
dre.—^. S3.

Slang. I. N. slengja, to fling, to cast ;
slengje kicEffen (to fling jaw), to give bad
words, to make insulting allusions, as in
E. to slang or to jaw one are vulgarly
used in the same sense. N. slengje-ot
(slang- words), insulting words, also new
words taking rise from a particular occa-
sion without having wider foundation. —
Aasen. Pat. de Flandre, nomg'te (nom
jdtd), a nickname, a name flung on one.
— Vermesse.

2. A long narrow strip of land. Sw.
slang, a stroke ; piskslang, a slash with
a whip. In the same way stripe signifies
both a blow with a lash and a long nar-
row portion of surface. Pol. kresa, cut,
slash, also a long streak. The word
streak itself is a. close relation to stroke.

Slangam. An awkward lout — Hal. ;
' one that being sent on an errand is long
in returning.' — ■ Cot. in v. longis. N.
slengja, slyngja, to dangle, sway to and
fro, to saunter idly about ; slyngjar, a
dawdler. G. schlingel, a sluggard, lazy-
bones, scoundrel, clown.

Slant. It. schiancio, oblique, sloping ;
a schiancio, aslant. The notion of ob-
liquity seems derived from the figure of
sliding or slipping aside, w. ysglentio,
Sw. slinta, to slide, to slip. OFr. en
etclenkaunt, obliquando (in the next page
he writes etpines for espines, thorns). —
Neckam, Nat. Antiq. 'Fr.glisser, glincer,
esclincher, esclinser, to slide or glance.
Esclanche, the left side. — Roquef Sc.
sklent, to slope, decline, move or strike
obliquely ; glent, glint, to glance, gleam,
glide, to start aside, to squint. See
Glance.

Slap. A blow with the flat hand, from
a direct imitation of the sound. To fall
slap down, is to fall suddenly down so as
to make the noise slap ! It. schiaffb, a
slap. In Da. slap, G. schlapp, schlajf,
slack, loose, the sound represented is the
flapping of a loose sheet.

To slap is also to slop or spill liquids,
38*

596

SLASH

to sup up watery food. G. sMappen,
PI.D. slabben, to lap or sup up' with a
noise like dogs or pigs. SlabV nich so!
said to children who eat in such an un-
gainly manner. — Danneil.

Thy milk slept up, thy bacon filcht !

Gammer Gurton, ii. j..

Slash. A representation of the sound
of a blow cutting through the air, or
scissors closing sharply.
What's this, a sleeve ! 'tis like a demi cannon.
What, up and down, carved like an appletart !
Here's snip and nip, and cut and slish and slash.
Taming of the Shrew.

The same form is used to represent the
dashing of liquids, or the flapping of loose
clothes. E. dial, slashy, wet and dirty ;
Da. slaske, to dabble, paddle, to hang
loose as flapping clothes; slasket, slovenly.
See Slush. Sw. slaska, to paddle, to be
sloppy ; slask, puddle, wash.

To Slat. See Slate.

Slatcli. The slack part of a rope which
hangs down. See Slouch.

Slate. OE. sclaf, sclaie, fissile stone
used for roofing.

The puple wenten on the roof and bythe sclattis
thei letten him doun with the bed into the myddil.
— Wiclif.

^Sklat or slai stone.' — Pr. Pm. From
Fr. esclat, a shiver, splinter, also a small
and thin lath or shingle; shsclater, to split,
burst, crash, shiver into splinters. — Cot.
Lang, esclata, to crack, chap ; esdatos,
chaps in the hands. Esclapa, to split
wood ; esclapo, a chip.

The ultimate origin is a representation
of the sound of a blow or of an explosion
by the syllable sclat, slat, sclap, slap.
O Fr. esclat de tonnerre, a clap of thunder.
To slat, to slap, to strike, to throw or
cast down violently, to split or crack. —
Hal.

And withal such maine blows were dealt to and
fro with a.xes that both headpeeces and habergeons
were slat and dashed a-pieces. — Holland, Am-
mian in N.

Slattern. — Slut. The act of paddling
in the wet and the flapping of loose tex-
tures are constantly signified by the same
words, from the similarity in the sound
by which the action is characterised in
both cases ; and the idea of a slovenly,
dirty person may be expressed either by
reference to his ragged, ill-fitting, neglect-
ed dress, or by the wet and dirt through
which he has tramped. The Da. slaske
is to dabble or paddle, and also (of
clothes) to hang flapping about one, from
the last of which senses must probably
be explained slasket, slaskevorn, slovenly.

SLAVER

G. schlottern, to flap like loose clothes,
and in Bavaria, to dabble in the mud ;
schlotterig, loose, flapping; schlotterig
gekleidet gehen, to be slovenly or care-
lessly clad. Du. slodde7-en, to hang and
flap ; slodderkleed, loose flapping clothes ;
slodderig, slovenly, negligent ; slodder,
slodderer, a slattern, sloven. PI.D. slod-
derig, loose, wabbhng, lazy, slow, lifeless.
Devonsh. sloudring, clumsy, loutish. — ■
Hal. Swiss schlodig, negligent in dress.
From the figure of flapping is derived
PI.D. slodde, a rag, then a ragged dirty
man ; Fris. slet, a rag or clout, a ragged
slovenly woman— Epkema; Du. slodde,
sordida et inculta mulier (Kil.), a slut.
Da. slat, slattet, loose, flabby ; slatte, a
slut or slattern. But probably in many
of these cases the idea of flapping or
flagging is used in a figurative sense to
express a dull, spiritless, inactive dis-
position, and not the actual flapping of
loose and ragged clothing. PI.D. slitd-
dern, to flag, to hang loose, to be slow, to
deal negligently with.

On the other hand, from the same
original imitation of sound with the fore-
going, are Bav. schlott, schlutt, mud, dirt,
sloppy weather ; schlutt, a puddle, a dirty
person, a slut ; Swab, schlettern, to slat-
ter or spill liquids, schlutt, a slut or dirty
woman ; E. dial, slud, sludge, mud, dirt ;
slutty, dirty. Bav. schlotzen, to dabble
in the mud, to be negligent and slow;
schlotz, dirt, mud ; schlotzen, schlutzen,
an uncleanly woman. See Sleet, Slouch.
Slave. Fr. esclave. It. schiavo, G.
sclavc. Commonly supposed to be taken
from the name of the Sclavonian race,
the source from which the German slaves
would be almost exclusively derived, and
it is in favour of this derivation that the
ODu. had slavven as well as slave, a
slave. But possibly the word may be
formed on the same principle with the
synonymous drudge, a name derived from
dragging heavy weights and doing such
like laborious work. Da. slcebc, to drag,
trail, toil, drudge ; slcsbe en seek paa ryg-
gen, to carry a sack on one's back ; slabe-
kiole, gown \^ith a train ; slcebetoug, a
towing line. Sla-b, a drudge. E. dial, slab,
a drudge, a mason's bo)-. — Forby. Fris.
slobbjen, Du. slooven, to toil, to moil, or
drudge. N. slava, to slave or drudge ;
slave, a drudge, a slave. G. schleppen,
Du. sleypen, to drag or trail ; sleype, the
train of a gown. Sw. slap, train of a
gown, laborious work.

To Slaver. A variation of slabber,
slobber, in the same way that the G. has

SLAY

schlaff as well as schlapp, slack, on.
slafra, to lick, to chatter, j/<j(^a, N. sieve,
slaver, drivel ; Lat. saliva. Slavering or
slattering weather, a continuance of slight
rain. — Forby.

To Slay. — Slaughter, as. sleati, sloh,
geslagen, to slay, smite, strike, cast.
Goth, slahan, to strike ; afslahan, to slay ;
ON. sld, to strike ; sldtr, slaughter, meat
of slaughtered cattle ; sldtra, to slaughter.
G. schlagen, to strike, to move with vio-
lence ; schlacht, battle ; schlachtcn, to slay,
to slaughter.

From the sound of a blow represented
by the syllable slag/ as smack, slap,
slash, &c., all signifying the act of striking
with a certain noise.

* Sleave. Sleave or sleave silk would
seem to be the tangled refuse of the co-
coon which cannot be wound off, but only
spun. It. capitone, the hurds of silk cods,
or coarse sleeve-silk ; floscio, faint, droop-
ing ; seta floscia, sleave or ravelling silk ;
flosciare, to ravel as sleave silk doth. —
Fl. Fr. flosche, fagg^, weak, soft ; sole
flosche, sleave silk. — Cot.

Eight wild men apparelled in green moss made
with sieved silk. — Hollinshed.

The meaning is probably husk or cod
silk, from G. sMaube, schlaue, Pl.D.
sluwe, Du. sloove, sluive, the husk, cod,
pod of peas, beans, &c., husk of grain, the
covering out'of which the grain is slipped.
Bav. schlauffen, sloufen, to make to slip ;
inslouf, indumentum ; urslouf, exuvije —
Schm. See Sleeve. From the nature of
sleave silk, sleave acquires the sense of a
tangled mass of fibrous matter, as when
Shakespear speaks of ' the ravelled sleave
of care.'

Sled.— Sledge, i. Du. sledde, slidde,
G. schlitten, a sledge or carriage made to
slide along the ground instead of rolling
on wheels. G. schlittern, to slide or slither ;
schlitten, a sledge ; schlittschlth, a skate
or sliding shoe. It. slisciare, to slide or
glide, to go on sleds or trucks ; sliscio, a
sled. — Fl. ON. sledi, sledge ; slodi, any-
thing that is dragged over the ground, as
a brush-harrow. Gael, slaod, drag, haul,
trail along the ground, a raft or float, a
sledge. To slade, to drag on a sledge —
Forby ; sled, to drag the feet, to go slip-
shod.— Craven Gl. Sladering drag, a
small drag sliding on the ground, drawn
by one horse. — Hal. To slade is to make
to slide, as Da. slcebe, Du. sleypen, to trail
or drag, is to make to slip, but we must
not in either case assume that the factitive
is a derivative form from the neuter verb.
See Slade.

SLEEP

597

Perhaps the forai sledge may corre-
spond to OHG. sleihha, a sledge ; sleichim,
traheas. — Graff. From slihhan, G.
schleichen, to slide.

Sledge. 2. AS. slecge. Da. slagge, Sw.
slagga, a large smith's hammer, from AS.
slean (ppl. gestagen), to strike. See Slay.

Sleek. — Slick. Polished, smooth.

Her flesh tender as is a chike,
With bent browes smooth and slikc.

R. R. in R.
Who will our palfries slick with wisps of straw.
B. & F., Knight of burning pestle.
Which dissolved, and he
Slicki all with sweet oil. — Chapman, Odyssey.

The most natural type of the act of
smoothing a surface is a cow or a cat
licking its young or its own skin. ON.
sleikja, Da. slikke, to lick. N. sleikja,
also to stroke with the hand ; slikja, to
be sleek, to shine ; slikjande, sleek, shin-
ing. Hesten ce so fat' at dee slikje ti haar'a,
the horse is so fat that its coat shines.
ON. slikja, to sleek, to polish ; slikju-
steinn, a whetstone. E. slickstone, a stone
for polishing the surface of paper or cloth.
In the same way Gael, sliob, lick, stroke,
rub gently with the hand, polish ; sllobta,
licked, stroked, polished, tf.sleip, smooth,
slippery, polished ; slipa, to whet ; slipe-
stein a whetstone. Du. slijpen, to grind,
whet, polish.

Sleep. — Slumber. Goth, slepan, ohg.
sldfan, slaffan, G. schlafen, Du. slaepen,
to sleep. The radical figure is probably
the relaxation of all the vital energies in
sleep, from OHG. slaf, staph, slack, relaxed,
weak, slothful ; slafen, slaffen, tabescere,
torpere, dissolvi ; arslaffen, resolvi, elan-
guescere. G. einschlafen, to slacken, be-
come remiss, to fall asleep. ON. slapa,
to hang loose. Russ. slaV, relaxed, loose,
feeble ; slabety, to faint, become slack.
When one of our limbs is rendered tem-
porarily torpid by pressure, we say that
it is asleep. Westerwald schlaafen, to go
lazily and slow, to drag on; schlaafer,
schlaa/sack,a.la.zyhorLes ; schlaafig,schlaa-
ferig, dawdling, lazy.

In the same way G. schlummern, Du.
sluimeren, sluimen, E. to slumber, NE.
sloom, slaum, a gentle sleep or slumber
(Grose), to sleam, to slumber, sloomy,
duU, slow, inactive, dreamy, may be de-
rived from the root slap, stamp, slump
(indicated under Slammack), signifying
flagginess, feebleness, slackness, relaxa-
tion. Du. slomphose, loose bagging trow-
sers ; Bav. schlumpen, to slobber, to hang
loose and negligently, to be negligent,
especially in dress ; schlummerig, loose,

598

SLEET

flapping. E. dial, sloimnakin, slovenly,
loose, untidy. To go slooming along is
to go along in a dreamy, inactive way.
ON. sJuma, to be dejected ; slcenileiki,
failure of strength ; at slama til, opus ali-
quod leviter et invalide attrectare (Gudm.),
to go to it in a sloomy way. Sw. slumra,
to slumber ; — qfver, to slubber a thing
over, to pass over it slightly ; slumrare,
a lazybones, indolent, sluggish person ;
slumrig, indolent, lazy, torpid, negligent.
Without the initial s, Swiss liihm, luinm,
soft, gentle, then sleepy, spiritless, yield-
ing. Das wetter Itiemet, the weather be-
comes mild. Du. lome, slow, lazy.— Kil.
Swiss lummern, to lounge, slug, lie lazily
about.

Sleet.— Sludge.— Slush. The sound
of paddling in the wet and dirt or of the
dashing of water and wet bodies, is re-
presented by the syllables slash, slosh,
slush, slatter, slotter, shitter, sladder,
slodder, sludder, with such modifica-
tions as are common in the different
dialects of the Gothic race ; and with the
image of paddling in the wet is con-
stantly joined that of the flapping of loose
textures, and the idea of slackness or
looseness, passing into that of inactive,
slow, lazy, slovenly.

We use the words slosh and slush
with a distinct consciousness of their
effect in representing the sound of dash-
ing water. To slosh or slush,^ to splash
about liquid mud. // sloshes so, is often
said after a thaw. To slush, to wash
with much water without rubbing. ^ Slush
it in the river.' — Mrs Baker. Slosh, snow
in a melting state. — Craven Gl. Sc. slash,
a great quantity of broth or sorbillaceous
food ; slashy, wet and dirty. — ^Jam. Cor-
responding forms are Da. slaske, to dab-
ble, paddle, to hang flapping as loose
clothes ; Sw. slaska, to dabble, splash,
slop ; slaskwdder, sloppy weather ; sno-
slask (sloshy snow), sleet. Bav. schlass,
schloss, loose, slack, flaccid. Swiss schlas-
sem, soft damp snow, slack.

With a change of the final sound from
s or sh to d or t, w. yslotian, to dabble,
paddle ; E. dial, sladdery, sloddery (Mrs
Baker), slattery, wet, dirty ; to slatter, to
wash in a careless manner, throwing the
water about ; slattering, rainy weather. —
Forby. ' It's varra slattery walking.' To
slat, to dash water ; slat, a spot of dirt.
— Craven Gl. ON. sletta, to splash ;
Swab, schlettern, to spill liquids. E. dial.
slotter, to dirty, to spatter with mud, and
as a noun, filth, nastiness; BaN.schlottern,
schlotten, schliitten, schlotzen, to dabble ;

SLENDER

schlotter, mud, dirt ; schlott, schlutt, mud,
dirt, sloppy weather, thaw. Swiss schbid-
erji, to slobber, eat and drink uncleanly ;
schluderig, watery ; geschluder, slops ;
Swab, g'schliitten, snowy and rainy wea-
ther in winter ; schluttig, sloppy, rainy,
E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly ; slodder.
sluthir (Mrs Baker), slud, sludge, slutch,
slush, wet mud. Da. slud, sluus, N. sletta.
Lap. slatte, rain and snow together, or
sleet ; N. slatra, to rain and snow toge-
ther.

Sleeve, as. slyf, Fris. slief, a sleeve,
what one slips the arm into, from Bav.
schlaiffen, to slip (as a bird does its head
under its wing) ; schlauffen, to slip in or
out ; anschlauffen, to slip on an article of
dress ; Swab, anschliefen, ausschliefen, to
slip on or off ; einschlauf, the whole
dress ; Swiss schlauf, a muff for slipping
the hands into. E. dial, slive, to put on
hastily. ' I'll slive on my gown and gang
wi' thee.' — Craven Gl.
Where her long-hoarded groat oft brings the

maid
And secret sliver it in the sibly's fist.— Clare.

I slyppe or slyde downe, je coule; / slyve
downe; je coule. — Palsgr.

On the same principle Du. sloop, Fris.
slupe, a pillow-slip, the washing cover
that is slipped on and off a pillow ; bes-
lopje, to slip a covering over. See Slop.

* Sleeveless. Wanting reasonableness,
propriety, solidity. — Todd. A sleeveless
errand, reason, tale. Probably a corrup-
tion of Sc. thewless, thieveless, unprofit-
able, unsatisfactory ; a thieveless excuse,
errand, &c., exactly as E. sleeveless. AS.
theaw, custom, manner, thew ; theawlice,
according to manners, decently, properly.

Sleazy. Weak, wanting substance. — J.

I cannot well away with such sleazy stuff, with
such cobweb compositions. — Howell in Todd.

The radical sense is, apt to fray or tear,
from G. schleissen (the equivalent of E.
slit), to fray, wear out, tear, slit, split. —
Kiittn. E. dial, sleeze, to separate, come
apart, applied to cloth when the warp and
woof readily separate from each other ;
sleezy, disposed to sleeze, badly woven.
— Jennings. Carinthian schleiss'n, to tear
or to fall asunder ; schleissik, worn out,
ready to tear ; a' schleissige pfdt, a thread-
bare coat. Cimbr. slaiscg, thin through
wear, worn out. See Slit.

Sleight. See Sly.

Slender. ODu. slinder, tenuis, exilis.
— K. The radical meaning is pliant,
bending to and fro, thence long and thin,
from a verb signifying to dangle, to sway
to and fro, the evidence of which is pre-

SLEW

served in Bav. schUnderling, something
dangling ; rotzschlenderling, stiria e naso
pendens — Schm. ; G. schlendem, to stroll,
saunter, walk about without settled pur-
pose ; Du . slidderen, sHnderen, to wriggle,
to creep as a serpent. — Kil. On the same
principle G. schlank, pliable, slender, from
Bav. schlanken, schlinkschlanken, to dan-
gle ; Pl.D. slakkern, slukkern, slunkem,
to waggle, joggle.

To Slew. To turn round. — Hal. Pro-
perly to slip. ' It slewed round to the
other side.' !

A lynnand cord they slewyt our his hed

Hard to the bawk, and hangyt him to ded.

Wallace. ;
Slewyt, slipped. — ^Jam. It is the same
word with E. slive, to slip. See Sleeve.

Slice. OFr. escleche, separation, dis-
memberment, portion ; esclisse, a splinter ;
esclisier, to separate, divide. — Roquef.
G. schleisseti, to cleave, slit, split, on.
slita, to tear asunder ; slitr, a piece torn
off. See Slit.

Slick. See Sleek.

Slidder.— Slither.— Slide. Du. sled-
deren, slidderen, slibberen, to slip, slide,
fall; slidder en, slinderen, to creep (wriggle)
like a serpent, w. llithr, a slip, slide ;
llithrig, slippery. Lith. slidtis, sliddus,
slippery, smooth, shining ; slidin'eti,
slysti, Pol. slizgad sie, to slip, slide ;
sliski. It. sliscio, slisso, slippery ; slisciare,
to slide. Lett, slids, slanting ; sliddet,
sliddinat, to slide ; sltdet, to slip ; slid-
dens, sltsch, shppery, sloping, steep.
The radical signification is probably a
vacillating unsteady movement, as in Du.
slodderen, slobberen, to flap, flag, waggle ;
G. schlottern, to waggle, joggle, swag ; on.
slodra, to drag oneself on ; Sw. sliddrig,
loose, flagging. From the notioA of a
vacillating movement arises that of slip-
ping or sliding as opposed to moving
steadily onwards. And from the frequent-
ative and earlier form slidder is formed
the verb to slide, to move smoothly over
a surface without leaving it. The root is
then applied to smoothness of surface
which causes one to slide. See To Slur.
It is however equally difficult to ignore
thfe relation of sUde with glide; slidder
with glidder, slippery ; Sw. slinta, to slip,
slide, with E. glint, to ^3.nce,yf. ysglentio,
to slip, or to derive both series from a
common image. See To Glide.

Slight. G, schlecht, originally plain,
%mooth, sti-aight, then plain, simple, un-
qualified, plain as opposed to what is of
superior value, low in value, mean in esti-
mation, bad, base ; schlichi, sleek, smooth,

SLIME

599

even ; schlichten, to straighten, to malce
smooth or flat. Du. slecht, slicht, planus,
aequus, et simplex, et ignobilis, communis,
vulgaris, vilis, tenuis — Kil. ; slechten,
slichten, to level to the ground, to demol-
ish.

In three days they slighted and demohshed all
the works of that garrison. — Clarendon in R.

Goth, slaihts, ON. slettr, even, smooth ;
Sw. sldt, smooth, polished, plain, poor,
shght, common, bad. Sldta ord, flatter-
ing words. N. sletta, to fling or cast, ex-
plains the passage where Falstaff speaks
of being slighted out of the buck-basket
into the river. Skoen slatt utav fot'a,
the shoe was cast or flew from his foot ;
sletta nice haandaa, to fling with the
hands.

Slim. Slender, thin, slight, also dis-
torted, worthless, sly, crafty. — Hal. Du.
stem, slim, transverse, oblique, distorted,
worthless, bad. Slim, pravus, perversus,
astutus, vafer. — Bigl. Slimgast, a sly
fellow ; slimbeen, slimvoet, having a dis-
torted leg or fopt. Bav. schlimm, wry.
Fris. slom, oblique ; aslem {oi the door),
half open ; slemme, to set the door ajar.
— Outzen. E. dial, slam, the slope of a
hill ; tall and lean. — Hal. ON. slamr,
vilis, invalidus ; at slcema til, to set
slackly to work. Probably the original
meaning of the word may be flagging,
flaccid, then hanging down, sloping, lead-
ing to the idea of obliquity and depravity.
See Slammack, Slope. To slim in Sus-
sex is to do work in a careless and decep-
tive manner (Hal.), to be compared with
ON. slcema, above mentioned, and Pl.D.
stamp, a slovenly woman. E. dial, slimmy,
of slight texture. — Hal.

Slime. G. scklamm, mire, mud; schleim,
ON. sHm, Du. slijm, slime, viscous matter.
In the same way, without the initial sibi-
lant, AS. lam, Pl.D. leem, G. lelun, loam,
clay, mud ; leim, AS,, lime, glutinous mat-
ter. Lat. limtis, mud.

Probably the fundamental notion may
be sloppy mud, from a representation of
the sound of dabbling in wet. Du, slob-
beren, slabbereii, slabben, to slap up liquid
food ; Gael, slaib, E. dial, slob, Du. slibbe,
slibber (limus, casnum moUius — Kil.),
mud, ooze. Slip in the Potteries is the
name given to the sloppy mixture of clay
and water.

The terminal labial is first nasalised,
as in Bav. schlampen, to lap like a dog,
to eat greedily and uncleanly, and finally
extinguished, leaving the nasalising liquid
into which it seems to have been con-
verted. Thus we have Du. slempen, slem-

6oo

SLING

men, G. schldmrnen, scfilemmen, to guzzle,
live luxuriously, while in a different appli-
cation G. schlamm, mud, corresponds to
Gael, slaib, E. slob, above mentioned.

The same connection is seen between
G.schlocken,schlicken,V)\x. slacken, slicken,
to guzzle (from the sound of supping up
liquids), and Du. slijck, G. schlick, mud.

On the other hand, there are grounds
for suspecting that the name of slime
may be derived from the image of licking.
Gael, sliob, to lick, stroke, rub gently with
the hand — Macleod ; to smooth, polish,
besmear — Armstrong ; sliom (properly to
lick?), to smooth, gloss, flatter; sliom,
sleek, smooth, slippery, lubricated. Na
brie shliom, the sleek (slimy) trout.
Esthon. libbama, limpama, to lick ; libbe,
smooth, slippeiy, flattering; limma, slime,
mud.

Sling'. Sw. sldnga, to totter, stagger,
twist, swing, fling, hurl. Slinga, to twist ;
slingra,Xa curl, to roll. Sldnga sig som
en mask, to writhe like a worm. Da.
slingre, to reel, stagger, roll like a ship.
Du. slingern, to dangle, ' stagger, whirl
round, hurl ; slingen, slingeren, to creep
as a serpent, to sling ; slinger, slanger,
spira. • — Kil. Slinger, a pendulum, a
sling. — Bomhoff. G. schlingen, to twist ;
schlingeln, to loiter, saunter, ramble.

To Slink. To creep or move secretly,
to slip a foal or calf, i. e. cast it privily
before its time. as. slincan, to creep,
crawl ; sliticend, a reptile, creeping thing.
G. schleichen, Du. sleyken, to sneak, slink,
creep ; sleyncke, a hole. Das schleichen
einer schlange, the wriggling of a serpent.
Sw. slinka, to dangle. Hdret slinker
kring dronen, the hair hangs loose about
the ears. Slinka efter quinfolk, to dan-
gle after women. Han slank bart, he
slunk away. Tiden slinker forbi,' time
slips by. N. sle/tja, to dangle, sway to
and fro, saunter, loiter. Bav. schlanken,
schlinkschlanken, schlinkenschlanken, to
dangle, sway to and fro, loiter about ;
schldtikeln, to dangle ; schlenkern, to
swing, to sling. Swiss schlenggen, scklen-
ken, to sway to and fro. Lith. slinkti, to
slip, slide, creep. Platikai slenka, the hair
falls off. Slankioti, to lounge, saunter,
dawdle. Slinkas, lazy, slow.

The radical idea in creeping or crawl-
ing is wriggling onwards, moving onwards
by alternate movements to the right
and left, and the notion of secrecy seems
to arise from the movement not being
directed in a continuous right line to the
object sought for. On this principle it is
argued under Slender, that the primitive

SLIT

meaning of Du. slinderen, to creep like a
serpent, is to wriggle, to move by zigzag
efforts.

Slip.— Slippery. It may perhaps not
be possible to trace the derivation of the
word slip in all its senses from a single
source. In the first place, from Svi. slapp,
lax, slack, we have sldppa, to let loose, let
slip. Sldpp hunden Ids, let the dog loose,
let slip the dog. Sldppa ndgot ur hdnd-
erna, to let slip a thing out of one's hands,
Sldppa fram ei ord, to slip out a word.
Sldpphdnd, clumsy-handed, apt to let slip
out of one's hands.

From the foregoing seems to be formed
the neuter slippa, slapp, sluppit (ON.
sleppa, slapp, slopipit), to slip, to get off,
get loose from, escape. Et ord slapp
fram for honotn, a word slipped out from
him, he let fall a word, hoinen slipper
up, the seam rips up, comes apart, separ-
ates. In a similar way we speak of taking
a slip from a plant, i. e. separating a
small portion of the plant from the parent
stem. When the foot slips, it loses its
hold. When we speak of anything slip-
ping through an obstacle we imply that
it gets loose from it, is not held by it.
To slip into a chamber implies escape
from something that might have hindered
the action. G. schliipfen, Pl.D. slippen,
slupen, to slip away, slip or slide into ;
Sw. slipprig, G. schlUpfrig, ON. sleipr,
OE. slipper, slippery. Swab, sclilappig,
schlapperig, loose, flagging; schlapper,
old trodden-down shoes, slippers. To
slip on a garment is to throw it loosely
over one. So also we may compare G,
schlaff, loose, with Bav. schlaiffen, schlauf-
fen, sloufen, to slip in, slip on. Der spar
slaifft sein haubt under sein fettig, the
sparrow slips its head under its wing.
' Anesloufe, indue.' Einschlauf what is
slipped on, dress ; tirslouf what is slip-
ped off, cast clothes, skin, &c. Schleiffen,
OHG. slifan, G. schleifen, to slide, glide.

Perhaps we should set out from forms
like slabber, slobber, representing the
agitation of liquids or loose textures ; Du.
slobberen, laxum sive flaccidum esse, to
flap ; slibbe, slibber, mud, mire ; slibberigh,
muddy, slippery ; slibberen, to slip, slide.
— Kil. Somerset slopper, loose, unfixed.
—Hal.

To Slit. AS. slitan, to tear, to con-
sume ; G. sclileisscn, to slit, split, fray, wear
out ; schleisse, a splint, lint, scraped linen.
Sw. slita, to tear, separate by force. Slita.
sig Ids ifrdn, to shake oneself free from ;
slita opp ur jordcn, to tear up out of the
earth. Slita ut kldder, to wear out

SLIVER

clothes ; slita sonder, to tear asunder ;
slitning, wear and tear. ON. slita, to tear
asunder, separate ; slita Jlokk, to dismiss
an assembly ; slita thiug-i, to close the
court ; sHtr, slitri, a rag, portion. Da.
slide, to pull, tear, to wear, to toil,
drudge.

Sliver. A splinter, slice, slip. — Hal.
Slive, sliver, a large slice. — Mrs Baker.
"Tis broke all ta slivvers.' — Moor.
We'sterwald schliewer, a splinter. AS.
sKfan, Craven slieve, to cleave, split.
Slyvyn asundyr, findo ; slyvynge of a tre
or other lyke, fissula. — Pr. Pm. ' I slyve
a gylowflowre from his braunche or
stalke.' — Palsgr. Tusser uses sliver for
split logs of firewood. To slive, to slip,
slide. — Mrs B. See Sleeve, Slip.

Slobber. See Slabber.

Sloe. Du. sleeuwe, sleepruyme, G.
schlehe, the small astringent wild plum,
so named from what we call setting the
teeth on edge, which in other languages
is conceived as blunting them. — ^Adelung.
Du. she, sleeuw, dull, blunt ; (of the teeth)
set on edge ; (of fruit) sour, astringent.
Sleeuwe scherpte, a blunt edge ; sleeuwe
tanden, stupidi dentes, obtusi. — Kil. Die
prnimen zijn soo slee als of het wilde
pruimen waren: these plums are as sour
as sloes. Bav. schleh, blunt, set on edge.
ON. sliofr, dull, inactive, blunt ; sliofar
tennur, teeth on edge.

Sloop. Du. sloepe, a shallop, light
vessel ; from sloepen, shiipen, to slip .'
See Shallop.

Slop. I. Imitative of the sound of
dashing water. To slope, to make a noise
when supping liquid. — Teesdale Gl.

Thy milk slop't np, thy bacon filcht.

Gammer Gurton, ii. x.

Du. slabben, to lap, to slobber. Lap.
sldbbot, to sprinkle ; slebbet, to pour, to
splash ; slappe, wet and soft snow partly
thawed. Fris. door dik, door dun te slob-
ben, to splash through thick and thin. —
Epkema.
2. A loose, outer dress, smock-frock.
His overest slopfe it is not worth a mite.

Chaucer.
With slop-frock suiting to the ploughman's taste.

Clare.

ON. sloppr, a wide outer dress, a surplice,
night-dress. Fris. slupe, a pillow-slip ;
beslopje, to slip a covering over. Bav.
schlauffen, to slip in or out; anschlauffen,
to slip on an article of dress ; einschlauf,
the whole dress. Du. slobbe, sloejhose, a
pair of slops or loose bagging breeches.
The connection of the latter form with
slobberen, to flap or flag, laxum sive flac-

SLOUCH

60 1

cidum esse, corroborates the derivation
above given of slip from slapp, loose,
slack. See Sleeve.

To Slope. To hang obliquely down-
wards like a slack rope, from Du. slap,
slack. — Skinner. But the immediate
origin is a verb like ON. sldpa, flaccere,
pendere — Haldorsen ; N. slope, to hang
down, to slope or be a little inclined
downwards. ON. slapeyrdr, lop-eared,
having hanging ears.

Slot. I .—Sleuth. The slot of a deer is
the print of a stag's foot on the ground.
Sc. sleuth, the track of man or beast as
known by the scent, whence sleuth-hmmd,
a bloodhound, dog kept for following the
track of a fugitive. ON. slod, track, path,
way ; doggslod, the track left by men or
animals in the dew ; mark made by
something dragging along when the
ground is covered with dew ; slodi, a
drag-harrow. Cheshire cartslood, cart-
rut. — Wilbraham. Gael, slaod, trail along
the ground ; slaodan, the track or rut of
a cart-wheel. Pol. slad, a trace, track,
footprint. See To Siade.

* Slot. 2. A bolt. Slot or schytyl of
a dore, verolium (Fr. verrouil). — Pr. Pm.

Probably a somewhat different applica-
tion of Du. slot, a lock or fastening, from
sluiten, G. schliessen, to shut. Du. sluif
boom, a bar, barrier, rail ; vectis et clath-
rus ; slotel, a key ; slotelen, securicute,
snbscudes duo tigna inter se vincientes. —
Kil. From this last may probably be
explained Cleveland slot, a crossbeam or
bar running from one side to another in
any construction ; slotes of a cart", the
underpieces which keep the bottom to-
gether ; slotes of a ladder or a gate, the
flat step or bar. — B.

Slot in engineering is a hollow for the
head of a bolt or the like to work in, the
tuck in a dress for a string to run in. —
Atkinson. Probably from Du. sluitgat,
a mortise or hollow to hold a tenon.

Sloth. See Slow.

Slouch. To slouch is to flag, to hang
down for want of inherent stiffness, to do
anything with unstrung muscles, to walk
with a negligent gait. A slouch, a lub-
berly fellow. — B. ' No weather pleaseth:
it is colde, therefore the slouch will not
plow.' — Granger in Todd. The slatch of
a rope is the slack part of a rope which
hangs trailing.

From ON. slakr, slack, we pass to Sw.
sloka, to droop ; sloka med oronen, med
wingarna, to hang the ears, drag the
wings. Slokhatt, a slouch hat, hat with
hanging flaps ; slokbj'ork, a weeping birch.

602

SLOUGH

Gd och sloka, to go slouching about. ON.
slokr, a slouch or dull inactive person.
Da. slukoret, slouch-eared, having hang-
ing ears.

In the same way without the initial s,
w. llac, slack, loose ; llacio, to droop, to
decline ; ON. Uka, to hang down ; Ukr,
anything hanging; Idkubyr, a light wind
that lets the sails flap ; Fr. locker, to
shake like a loose wheel ; logue, a dan-
gling rag ; E. dial, louch-eared, having
hanging ears ; G. latschen, to go dragging
one's feet, to slouch along.

In another set of parallel forms the
final k of slack is exchanged for ss, t,
or tz. Bav. scMottern, to hang dangling,
to slouch about (Schmid) ; schlotzen, to
dabble in the dirt, to be negligent and
slow ; schlotz, a lazy slow person ; schlass,
schlatt, flaccid, slack ; schlattoret, slouch-
eared ; schlatte, a lazy ill-dressed per-
son ; Swab, schlossigkeit, inactivity ; ON.
slota, sluta, to be relaxed, to soften,
to hang down. Vedrinn slotar, the wea-
ther becomes mild. Lata hattin slota, to
slouch one's hat, let the flap hang down.

Slough. I. A deep muddy place in
which one is ingulfed. Du. slacken, to
swallow ; slock, gula, fauces, et bara-
thrum, vorago, gurges. — Kil. Gael, sluig,
swallow, ingulf; slugpholl, a whirlpool;
slugaid, a slough or deep miry place.

* 2. The cast skin of a snake ; the
skin or husk of a gooseberry or currant
(Atkinson) ; the crust of dead matter that
separates from a sore. MHO. sMch, the
skin of a snake ; G. schlauch, properly, as
balg, the skin of an animal stripped off,
and made into a vessel for liquids, a
wineskin, hose for conveying liquids, also
the loose skin of a horse's sheath. The
meaning of the word is something slipped
off, that from which something has slip-
ped, from OHG. slthhan, MHG. slichen, G.
schleichen, to slip, slide, slink. Bav.
schlaichen, to slip in or out, to convey
privily ; einem etwas ztischlaichen, to
slip or slive it into his hand. Schlich,
the gliding of a brook or of serpents, to
be compared with slough, the slime of
snakes (marking the track where they
have slid). — Hal.

In the same way from the parallel
form OHG. sttfan, Bav. schleiffen, e. dial.
slive, to slide, slip, with the factitive
schlauffen, sloufen, to make to slip, are
schlauff, that into which a man slips ;
inslouf, indumentum ; urslouf, exuviae ;
G. schlauf, a serpent's slough ; schlaiibe,
husk or cod of beans, &c. (Sanders) ; Du.
sloof, sloove, husk, velum, tegmen, exuvia;;

SLUBBER

also the prepuce, in which sense it is to
be compared with G. schlauch, the sheath
of a horse.

* Sloven. A person careless of dress
and personal cleanliness. Du. slof, sloe/,
an old slipper, and fig. a sloven or slut.
Sloef, toga sive tunica rudis, impolita et
sordidula; sloef hose, tibiale laxum. — Kil.
See Slop.

Slow. — Sloth. AS. sleaw, slaw, lazy,
slow ; slawian, aslawian, to be lazy,
torpid ; slawth, slewth, sloth. Du. sleeuw,
she, blunt, ineffective ; Bav. schlew, schle-
•wig, feeble, flat, faint, slow, insipid, un-
salted, lukewarm, blunt ; OHG. slewe,
slewechait, torpor — Schm. ; sleo, sleuuo,
dull, faded, lukewarm ; sleuuen, to fade,
waste, become torpid, indifferent, luke-
warm ; sleuui, languor, dullness ; slewig,
slebig, dull ; Swab, schlaib, unsalted,
watery, thin, empty. ON. sljdr, slcer
islcBfr), blunt, dull, slow, inactive ; sleeva,
sljdva, to blunt, dull, slacken ; Da. slov,
Sw. slo, blunt, dull, slow of apprehension.

Probably Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble,
dull of hearing, Russ. slabuii, slack, re-
laxed, weak, faint, feeble, belong to the
same stock. The radical image would
be the slapping of a slack structure, as a
rope or the sail of a ship. Related forms
are Du. slap, G. schlaff, slack, flaggy,
weak, soft, flat. Met slappe handen to
werk gaan, to work slowly. Du. slof,
slow, negligent, careless.

Slowworm. This name may really
signify what it appears to do, as motion
is veiy difficult to the animal on a bare
surface such as a road, where it is fre-
quently found, though among herbage it
is agile enough. But the element slow
is suspiciously like schleich in the G. name
blindschleiche, Carinthian schleich, plint-
schleich, plintschlauch, from schleichen, to
slide. In N. it is called sleva, sldge,slde,
perhaps from its slime ; sieve, slaver,
drivel.

To Slubber. A word of like formation
with slabber, slobber, representing the
sound of supping up liquids into the
mouth, dabbling in the wet, &c. ON.
slupra, Dan. slubre, Pl.D. slubbeni, to
sup up liquids. Hence in Hamburgh
metaphorically, from the notion of hasty
and greedy eating, slubbern, to slubber
up, to do a thing carelessly and superfi-
cially ; slubberer, slubberup, a careless,
negligent person.

Bassanio told him he would malce some speed
Of his return : he answered, Do not so,
Slubber not business for my sake.

Merch. Venice.

SLUDGE

Du. slobberen, to sup up liquids like ducks,
pigs, &c., to sup up in a dirty uncouth
manner ; over keen slobberen, to pass
lightly over a matter. In like manner
Du. slorpen, slorven, to sup up, serve to
explain Sw. slurfwa, to bungle, botch,
slubber.

To slubber is also to slobber or spill
liquids in eating, hence to dirty.

To slubber the gloss of your new fortunes.

Shakesp.

N. slubba, to spill liquids, to dirty.

Sludge. See Slush.

Slug. — Sluggard. Another of the
numerous metaphors from the image of a
loose unstrung condition. Pl.D. slukkern,
slunkem, Westerw. schlockerii , schluckern
(synonymous with schlappem, schlottern),
to wabble, shake to and fro. Da. slug-
oret, sluk'dret, having flagging ears. To
slug is thus to lie slack and unstrung, to
indulge in sloth.

He lay all night slugging under a mantle.

Spenser in Todd.

/ slogge, I waxe slowe or drawe behynde.
— Palsgr. A slug is a creature of a soft
boneless consistency. ON. slceki, a duU.
inactive person.

In like manner without the initial s,
Swiss lugg, luck, loose, slack ; das sell
lugget, the rope trails, is slack ; Du. log,
heavy, slow ; E. luggish, dull, heavy, slow ;
lug, luggard, a sluggard ; Fris. lugghen,
to be lazy and slothful ; luck, luggerig,
slothful. Lith. slukyti (fauUenzen), to
slug ; slunkis, a sluggard, a lazy creeper
about ; slinkas, lazy, slow.

Slmce. Sw. sluss, Du. sluys, G. schleuse,
Fr. dcluse, a sluice or floodgate. Da.
sluse, lock in a canal ; sluseport, flood-
gate. Mid.Lat. clnsa, eclusa, as if for ex-
clusa, from the notion of shutting off the
water, a derivation supported by Swiss
Muss, a large sluice in a gorge where
water is collected until it is sufficient to
wash down a collection of timber ; klusen,
verklusen, to stop the flow of water. Das
wasser hat sich geklusst, has stopped
running.

But it may be doubted whether the
Mid.Lat. form is not an accommodation,
and the word really derived from the
sloshing or slushing sound of the water
as it rushes through the gates. To sluice
one with water is to slosh water over him,
to throw a mass of water over him. Sw.
slosa, to lavish, squander ; Da. dial, sluse,
to purl as a brook. Westerw. schlosen,
schlusen, to become sloshy, to thaw.

On the same principle Du. sas, a flood-

SLUR 603

gate, may be connected with E. souse, re-
presenting the sound of dashing water.
Soss, a slop ; as a verb, to pour out, to
dabble in the dirt. From the same origin
is the cry sus! sus! to pigs to come to
their wash.

To Slumber. See Sleep.

Slump. To fall plumb down into any
wet or dirty place.— B. ' In Suffolk we
should say, I slumped into the ditch up
to the crotch.' — Moor. Slump, a dull
noise made by anything falling into a hole.
— Jam.

From representing the noise of a thing
falling plump upon the ground the term
is applied to chance, accident, what hap-
pens at a single blow or in an unforeseen
manner. Pl.D. slump, a chance ; slump-
schote, a chance shot ; slumps, plump,
thoughtlessly ; up'n slump kopen, to buy
upon the chance, without knowing the
exact quantity. Sw. of en slump, by
chance ; en blott slump, a pure chance ;
slumpa, to buy things in block. Da.
slumpe, to light, stumble, chance upon ;
slump, a lot. To slump things together,
to throw them together in a single lot.

To Slur. — Slurry. To bedaub or
dirty, whence met. slur, a stain or dis-
grace. Slur, slurry, thin washy mud. —
Forby. To slairg, slerg, slairy, to be-
daub.— Jam.

We have frequently had occasion to
remark the identity of forms representing
the sound of dabbling in the wet and the
flapping of loose fabrics, giving rise to an
intimate relation between words signify-
ing mud or dirt, and a loose texture, a
wabbling, vacillating, slipping or sliding
movement, inefficient nerveless action,
and the like.

The sound made by the agitation of
liquids or of loose textures is represented
by the forms sladder,slodder,sludder, slid-
der. Thus we have Da. sladder, sludder,
tattle, idle talk (an idea constantly ex-
pressed by reference to the sound of dab-
bling in water) ; Swiss schlodern, to slobber
in eating ; E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly ;
slodder, slud, sludge, wet mud — Hal.; slu-
ther, liquid mud — Mrs Baker; Bav. schle-
dern, to move to and fro in the water, to
rinse linen ; schluder, mud ; schludern,
schlodern, to wabble ; schlaudern, to work
negligently and superficially, to slur a
thing over ; Du. slodUeren, to hang loose,
to flag ; slodderig, slovenly, negligent ;
Pl.D. sludern, slur en, to wabble, to flag
or hang loose, to be lazy, to deal negli-
gently with. Aver ene arbeid sluren, to
slur over a piece of work. Slodderig,

6o4 SLUSH

shidderig, slung, flagging, lifeless, in-
active. De kleder sittet em so sludderig
[or slurig\ umH lief, the clothes hang so
loose about him- Du. shore, slorken,
sordida ancilla, serva vilis, ignava— Kil. ;
slaoren, sleuren, to drag, trail, sweep along
the ground as a loose hanging garment,
a slack rope ; sloorigh, dirty. Swiss
schlarggen, to dabble, to debaub, to go
trailing or shuffling along; schlargg, a
slur or spot of dirt ; geschlargg, nastiness,
dirt ; schlarggig, dirty ; E. dial, sladder-
iiig-drag,3. sled for traihng timber along;
Pl.D. slarren, slurren, to shuffle, slip the
feet along ; slarren, slurren, slippers, old
shoes i Du. slieren, to stagger, to slide on
the ice, to drag — Bomhoff ; E. dial, to
slither, to slir, to slide, to slip. — Hal.
Pl.D. slieren, to lick (to sup up). — Schiitze.
Bav. schlieren, to bedaub ; schlier, mud.
ON. sUr, uncleanness, slime of fish ;
slorugr, dirty.

Slush. Slodder, slotter, sluther, slud,
sludge, slutch, slosh, slush, are used pro-
vincially or in familiar language for wet
mud or dirty liquid, melting snow, &c.
The origin is a representation of the noise
made by dabbling or paddling in the wet,
by forms like Swiss schlodern, to slobber,
E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly, Bav.
schledern, to rinse linen in water ; schlot-
zen, to dabble, Sw. slaska, to dash, dabble,
slop, giving rise to Sw. slask, dirty liquid,
Bav. schlott, schhUt, mud, slush, thawing
weather ; schlotz, mud, dirt. Da. sladder,
sludder, tattle, idle talk, belong to the
same root, on the same principle that G.
waschen signifies both to wash or to
agitate in water and to tattle.

Slut. In this word, as in slattern, the
idea of dirt is constantly mixed up with
that of lazy negligent work, on the prin-
ciple mentioned under Slur. Pl.D. slatte,
sladde, anything that hangs loose and
flagging, a rag ; slatje, Du. sladde, slodde,
sletse, slet, Da. slatte, slutte, a slut, a
negligent, slovenly woman ; Swab.
schlatte, a lazy, slovenly man ; schlutt, a
slut. Pl.D. slatterig, flaccid, flagging ;
G. schlottern, to flag, dangle, wabble. Da.
slat, slattet, loose, flabby ; slattes, to
slacken ; Bav. schlattoret, having flag-
ging ears. Bav. schlott, schlutt, mud,
slosh ; schlutt, a puddle ; schliitten, to
dabble in the wet and dirt ; schliitt, an
uncleanly person. E. dial, slutch, mud —
Tim Bobbin ; slatch, the slack of a rope ;
slatching, untidy — Hal. ; slotch, a sloven;
slotching, slovenly, untidy. His stockings
hang slotchikin about his heels. — Mrs
Baker. Slouch, a lazy fellow ; to walk

SMACK

about in an idle manner. — Hal. Bav.
schlotzen, to dabble, meddle with dirt, to
be lazy and negligent ; schlotzen, schlut-
zen, a slut ; schlotz, dirt, mud, a lazy per-
son, sluggard.

Sly.— Sleight. Sleight, dexterity. —
B. ON. slcegr, crafty, cunning ; slagct,
contrivance, cunning ; slcsgdarbragd, art-
ful trick ; N. slog, dexterous, expert,
clever, sly, cunning. Sw. slog, dexterous,
handy ; slogd, mechanical art ; handa
sldgd, manufacture ; slug, G. schlau, Pl.D.
slo2t, cunning, sly.

The same connection of ideas is seen
in handicraft compared with crafty, and
in a7-tificer compared with artful. And on
the same principle ctmning was formerly
used in the sense of manual skill. Per-
haps the ultimate origin may be found in
the root slag, strike, from the use of the
hammer being taken as the type of a
handicraft. ON. slcegr (applied to a horse)
signifies apt to strike with his heels. Sw.
slogda, opera fabrilia exercere." — Ihre.
Sldgamens werk, the work of artificers. —
Jerem. x. 9.

The radical unity of sly and sleight was
formerly more distinctly felt than it is
now.

— and stele upon my enemy,
For to slee him slehliche, slehies Ich by thenke.

P.P.
For thei ben sllgh in such a wise
That thei by slyght and by queintise
Of fals witnes biingen inne
That doth hem often for to winne.

Gower in R.

Smack, i . A syllable directly represent-
ing the sound made by the sudden col-
lision or separation of two soft surfaces,
as a blow with the flat hand, the sudden
separation of the lips in kissing, or of the
tongue and palate in tasting. Hence
smack, a slap, a sounding blow, a hit with
the open hand. — Hal.

Du. smak, noise that one makes in eat-
ing. Gy moet zoo niet smakken als gy
eet : you must not smack so in eating. —
Halma. Smak, noise of a fall, [and
thence] 'smakken, to throw, cast, iling,
to fall down. — Bomhoff. Met dobbel-
steenen smakken : to rattle the dice —
Halma ; smackmuylen- {muyl, the chops),
maxillas sive labia inter se claro sono col-
lidere, manducando sonum edere ; smack-
tanden, to strike the teeth together in
chewing. — Kil. Kussen dat het smakt, to
give one a smacking kiss. PI. D. smaksen,
G. sch?natzen, Da. smaske, N. smatta, to
smack with the tongue and chops in eat-
ing. Schmatzen is also applied, as E.
smack, to a loud kiss. E. dial, smouch,

SMACKERING

smoucker, a loud kiss. Pol. smoktad,
cmokai, to smack with the lips, to kiss, to
sip or suck.

Smack represents the sound of a blow-
er of a sudden fall, in such expressions as
knocking a thing smack down, cutting it
smack off.

From the smacking of the chops in the
enjoyment of food has arisen the sense of
taste, in which the root smak ^ is widely
used. Pol. smak, savour, taste, relish.
AS. smcEccan, smecgan, to taste ; Sw.
smaka, Du. sinaken, G. schmecken, to taste ;
geschmack, schmackhaft, of agreeable
taste. Geschmacke speis, savoury food. —
Schm. Pol. smaczny, well-tasted. Lith.
smagurei, dainties ; smagus, good, plea-
sant, nice. Lett, smakka, taste, smell.

In some dialects the initial s of the
imitative syllable is dropped, as in Fris.
viacke, to kiss — Outzen ; Fin. maku,
taste ; makia, well-tasting, sweet ; mais-
kia, maskia, to smack the chops ; maiskis,
smacking, dainties, also a kiss ; Jtiaistaa,
to taste, to sip, to be savoury; maisto,
the sense of taste, taste of a thing. Lat.
maxilla, a jaw, must be referred to the
same root. In Bohem. an / is inserted
after the m; mlask, a smack %\ith the
mouth, a loud kiss ; nilaskati, mlasstiti,
to smack with the mouth ; mlaskanina,
delicacies.

2. Pl.D. smakk, Fr. semaqiie, a light
vessel. The m is probably a corruption
from an original nj AS. snakk, ON. sneckia,
Sw. sndcka, P1.D. snikk, a small vessel.
The original meaning was probably a
beaked vessel. OG. snaggun, snacgu?i,
naves rostratse — Gl. in Schmeller,' who
cites ' holzschuhe mit schnackcn' as pro-
bably signifying wooden shoes with beaks.
Sette Communi, snacko, beak. Swiss
schneicke, schneugge, snout, from schneick-
en, schneuggen, Sw. snoka, to sniff, search
about with the nose like a dog or a pig.
See Snook. Lith. smikkis, snout, beak.
Du. snoeck, a pike, from his beaked snout.
Schmeller has also ' snarcken, rostratae
naves,' to be explained by Sw. snoi-k (pro-
perly snout), extremity of anything, from
snorka, to snort, snuff, sniff. Bav.
schnorren, prow of a boat ; schnorren,
schnurren, snout, mouth and nose.

It is certain that this principle of no-
menclature has taken place in the case of
Du. sneb, a boat with a beak, from S7ieb,
beak ; and Pl.D. snau, snanschip, a snow,
a kind of small seaship, from snau, snout,
beak ; and probably navis may be con-
nected in the same manner with neb,
snout, beak, as G. nachen, Mid.Lat.

SMATTERING

60S

naca, Fr. nacelle, a skiff, with Fin. nokka,
beak. Wenheen nokka, the prow of a
boat.

Smackering'. A longing for • to have
a smackering after a thing. — B. Origin-
ally a smacking of the chops at the
thoughts of food, as Lat. Kgurio, to long
for, properly to lick the chops at, from
lingere, to lick.

Small. Du. smal, thin, narrow, small ;
ON. smdr, comp. smceri, superl. smsstr.
Da. smaa, Fris. sma, smad, smaed, small;
S. Da. smddsk (kleinlich), small in size. —
Outzen. ON. smdregn, sindsandr, fine
rain, sand.

Perhaps from Da. dial, stnadder, E.
'smatter, a fragment, Gael, smad, a par-
ticle, jot, the smallest portion of a thing.
So in ON. of the golden calf, eg molade
hann z smaat, I stamped it to powder. — •
Deut. 9. Sc. to smatter, to deal in small
wares, to be busily employed about trivial
matters ; to smatter awa', to spend on a
variety of articles of little value.

It may be observed that Pol. mala,
little, has a similar connection with Lat.
molere, to grind.

Smalt. A colour made from blue
enamel. It. smalto, a name given to
different bodies which are used as coat-
ings in a melted or liquified state, and
subsequently harden, as enamel, plaster
of Paris, mortar. G. schmelz, enamel,
metallic glass, from schmelzen, to melt.
See Enamel.

Smart. As a noun or verb it signifies
sharp pain ; as an adjective, sharp, brisk ;
significations which may be connected
on the supposition that the word originally
signified a sharp stroke or cut. G. schmerz,
Du. smart, pain, ache.

Da. snerte, to lash ; snert, lash of a
whip ; Da. dial, at sidde snert (of a gar-
ment), to sit close ; snyrt, neat, pretty,
smart (smukt), ON. snirta, to smug, adorn,
smarten ; smrtinn, neat, spruce. Fris.
snar, quick, smart ; snirre, a stroke with
a whip. — Outzen. The notion of smart-
ness of dress is connected with that of
briskness of action,, as opposed to the
dawdling movements of a slattern.

To Smash. It. smassare, to crush
flat. See Mash. Gael, smuais, smash,
break in pieces ; smuaisrich, a breaking
into pieces, splinters, fragments. Da.
smaske, to smack with the lips in eating ;
Sw. smiska, to smack, slap ; smiska sdn-
der, to smash, break to pieces. It. smac-
care, to crush, squash, bruise.

Smattering. — Smatch. Smatch, a
taste or small touch of a quality. Smat-

6j6

SMEAR

tering, superficial or slight knowledge ;
smatterer, one who has some smatch or
tincture of learning. — B. Pl.D. smak-
sen, G. schmatzen, Swiss schmatzern,
schmatzeln, n- smatta, to smack with the
tongue in eating. Fris. smeijtsen, to taste,
to try. — Epkema.

After he had indifferently taught his scollers
the Latine tong and some smackering of the
Greek. — Primaudaye Fr. Acad, transl. by T. B.
C. A.D. 1589, p. 3.

Smatters, in the expression breaking
to smatters, must be explained from
G. schmettern, to crash or crack, as a peal
of thunder, and thence like zerschmettem,
to break to pieces. Sw. smattra, to
crackle. Tallwed smattrar i elden, deal-
crackles in the fire. And as the crackhng
is the result of the wood splitting to
pieces, it is natural that the term which
represents the crackling should be applied
to the splinters. So Fr. &lat signifies
both crack and fragment. Da. dial, smad-
der, crack, fragment. Det gav en smad-
der saa man kunde hdre det langt borte,
it gave a crash so that one could hear it
a long way off. Det gik i smadder, it
went to smatters. Han smaddrede cegget
mod steenbroen, he smashed the egg on
the pavement. Gael, smad, a particle,
jot.

To Smear. Du. smeeren, G. schmieren,
Bav. schmiren, schmirben, to smear, daub,
grease ; as. smeru (g. smerwes),G.schmeer,
ON. smjor, smor, fat, grease, butter.
Another OE. form stiU provincially pre-
served is smore or smoor. ' I smore one's
face with any grease or soute : je bar-
bouylle.' — Palsgr. And this probably
points to the true origin of the word as a
contraction from smother, which itself is
provincially used in the sense of smear or
daub. — Hal. Pl.D. smudderen, smud-
delen, smuUen, to dabble, dirty; smudder-
regen, E. dial, stnur, drizzling rain. Du.
smodderen, smeuren, to daub, smear ;
smodderig, smorrig, smeerig, Fris. smorig,
dirty ; smorig linnen. — Epkema. Gael.
smiir, smiiir, smiirach, a blot, spot, par-
ticle of dust, ashes, earth ; stniir, smiur,
bedaub, smear. The radical image would
thus be the act of dabbling in the mud,
and the name would be transferred to
grease, as the material that daubs in the
most effectual manner. On this principle
G. schmutz, filth, dirt, is in Swiss applied
to lard, butter, grease ; schmutzen, to
smear the hair with grease. Bav. sc/unotz,
dirt, fat, grease. Pol. mazad, mazgad, to
blot, smear, daub, anoint ; maslo, butter.
See Smother.

SMILE

Smeech.— Smeegy. e. dial, smeech, a
stench, obscurity in the air, arising from
smoke, fog, or dust. To smeech, to make
a stink with the snuff of a candle. — Hal.
Smeegy, tainted, ill- smelling. — Moor.
Connected with as. smec, smic, smeoc,
smoke, as G. riechen, to smell, with rauch,
smoke. Bav. schmecken, to smell, and
thence schmecker, the nose ; schmecke,
schtneckbuschel, a nosegay. There is
however a strong tendency in the Ober
Deutsch dialects, as in the English, to
use the word in the sense of a bad smell.
Thus the Swiss translation of the Bible,
speaking of Lazarus in the tomb, says,
' Er ist vier tage im grabe gelegen, er
schmecket }ezX..' See Smoke.

Smell. The original sense of the word
would seem to be dust, smoke, then smell,
as G. riechen, to smell, from rauch, smoke.
Pl.D. smelen, smellen, to burn slow with
a strong-smelling smoke. Dat holt smelet
"weg, the wood smoulders away. Hier
smelet wat, here is a smell of burning ;
smelerig, smelling of burning. — Brem.
Wtb. Du. smeulen, to burn or smoke
in a hidden manner. — Bomhofif PLD.
smoPn, a verb applied to thick dust,
mist, mizzling rain, a smoking fire. — Dan-
neil. Lith. smalkas, smoke, vapour ;
smelkti, to smoke, to rise in vapour ;
smilksteti, to smoulder, burn in a hidden
way ; smilkyti, to perfume ; smilkimas,
perfume. Sw. smolk, dust ; Da. dial.
smelk, smilk, fine rain. Da. smul, dust ;
smule, to crumble. See Smoulder. On
the same principle ON. dupt, dust, dtipta,
to throw out dust, N. duft, dupt, fine dust,
dufta, to fly in dust, to smoke, must be
identified with Da. dt4.ft, fragrance, dufte,
to exhale odour, g. duft, vapour, mist,
evaporation, the fine exhalation of sweet-
smelling bodies, scent.

Smelt. G. schmelzen, Du. smelten, to
melt, dissolve, liquefy. See Melt.

To Smicker. To look amorously upon.
Sw. smeka, to stroke, caress, flatter ;
smickra. Da. smigre, to flatter ; ON.
smeykligr, smooth, sweet, flattering. Du.
smeecken, smeeckehii, to speak smoothly,
to implore, to flatter ; G. schnidcheln, to
coax, caress, fondle, cajole, flatter. See
Smile.

To Smile, n. smila. Da. smile, ohg.
smielan, mhg. smielen, smicren, Bav.
schmieren, Manx smooir, to smile. AS.
smcsrc, laugh ; smercian, to smirk, smile,
where smirk is evidently a diminutive
form, in the same way that the Fris. has
smilleken (Outzen), j;wV,^^ (Junge), alono--
side of smillen, smiile, smeele.

SMIRCH

It is probable that both modifications
of the root, smile as well as smire, are
contracted, the one from a form like G.
schmeicheln, to caress, coax, flatter, the
other from one like Sw. smickra. Da.
smigre, of the same signification, both
these latter forms being derivatives from
an equivalent of Sw.smeka,o^G.smezcken,
to caress, cajole ; smeichan, assentiri,
adulari, blandiri. — Graff. G. schmeicheln
is actually used in the sense oi smile.
' Sie lachlet, sie schmutzt, sic schmeichlet.'
— Sanders. And conversely Westerwald
schmieren and Sw. smila are used in the
sense of fawn,coax, flatter. Smila or smeka
sig i?i hos ndgon, to curry favour with one ;
sfnila med munnen {munnen, the mouth),
to smile, to simper. Da. dial, smila, to
flatter, to be false. Pol. smead sie. Boh.
smati se, to laugh. Lett, smeet, to laugh ;
smeekls, laughter, sport, ridicule ; smaidit,
to smile, flatter, sport. Sanscr. smi, to
smile.

The ultimate origin of the expression
may be the caressing of an infant with the
mouth and chin, whence the designation
of the chin seems to be used in express-
ing the idea of caressing. Sw. smekas,
to caress one another, to bill and kiss ;
smekimge, a darling. Gael, sm-ig, smi-
gean, Manx smeggyl, Lith. smakras, the
chin, Gael, smig, smigean, also a smile,
mirth. In the same way, from Fin . leuka,
the chin, leukailla, to use the chin, to
kiss, sport, smile. So also W. gwen, a
smile, gweniaith, flattery, seem connected
with gen, chin, jaw, mouth. The intro-
duction of the w, at least, need cause no
difficulty, as we have both gwenfa and
genfa, a bit, curb, from gen, jaw.

On the other hand, a smile may be
considered as smothered laughter, and
may be typified by the smoke and ashes
which betray the presence of a smoulder-
ing fire. Thus we may compare Du.
smuylen, smollen (K.), Swab, schmollen,
Fris. smillen, smilleken, smilke, to smile,
N. smolla, smolka, to laugh low, to titter,
with Du. smeulen, Pl.D. smelen, smullen,
smolen, to smoulder or burn in a hidden
way, to send up a thick smoke, steam,
dust, mist, to rain fine, Sw. smolk, dust,
mote, dirt. Da. dial, smilk, fine rain, Lith.
smalkas, smoke, vapour, snielkti, to
smoke. Schmollen, in ordinary G., sig-
nifying a sulky silence, may be explained,
as if brooding over hidden ill- will instead
of hidden mirth.

The connection of the idea of covert
laughter with that of smouldering, dust,
dirt, smoke, holds good in a remarkable

SMITH

607

way in other instances. E. dial, to smudge,
to daub, to stifle or smother, to smoulder
or burn in a hidden way, is also used in the
sense of smothered laughter.— Brockett.
G. schmutsen, to dirty, also, as schmutz-
lachen, scamutzeln, schmuntzen, schmunt-
zeln, to smile, simper, laugh in one's
sleeve. Du. smuysteren, to daub or smear,
corresponds with Pl.D. smustem, smuns-
tern, smusterlachen, to smile; as Swiss
smusseln, to dabble, dirty, NE. smush, to
smoulder, with Pl.D. smuschern, to laugh
in a covert way. In the same way we
have Manx smooir, MHG. smieren, schmier-
lich lachen, E. smirk, to smile, titter,
parallel with E. smear, Pl.D. smoren,
.smorchen, smurken (Br. Wtb.), to smother,
stifle, stew, Du. stneuren, smooren, to
smoke (K.), e. dial, smur, fine rain.

Sw. smdle, N. smaalcegja, to smile, are
wholly unconnected with any of the fore-
going, being analogous to G. klein lachen,
Fr. sourire, from smd, smaa, little, small,
and le, Icegja, to laugh.

* To Smirch.— Besmirch. To black-
en, to dirty. From 7nirk, dark, a root
much developed in the Slavonic lan-
guages. lUyr. merk, dark ; merciti (mer-
chiti), to blacken, befoul, dirty ; smerk-
nutise, to become dark. Pol. mrok,
darkness, mroczny, murky, dusky ; Serv.
mrchiti, to blacken ; Boh. smrkatise, to
become dark. Commonly explained from
the notion of smearing or daubing.

To Smirk. See Smile.

To Smite. Pl.D. smiten, G. schmeissen,
to strike, to cast. Doubtless from an
imitation of the sound of a blow, which is
represented indifferently by the forms
smack, schmatz, smat. N. smatta, to
smack with the tongue ; Bav. schmatzen,
to smack with the tongue, to kiss, strike,
let a thing fall with a sudden noise ;
schmitzen, to strike, to cast ; G. schmitz,
a lash with a whip. Sw. smiska, to lash,
to dash ; Bav. schmaiss, schmiss, a blow.
' Der fuhrman schmeisst mit der giesel
und gibt ein schmitzen : ' the carter
smacks or cracks his whip and lashes
his horses. — Schm.

Smith. — Smithy, on. smiSr, arti-
ficer ; s?nidja, smithy, workplace ; smiS,
workmanship, art ; smida, to construct ;
smidi, an object of art.

The radical sense seems to be a
worker with the hammer, one who smites
metal into shape. In Galla tuma is to
beat or strike, to forge iron, whence tumtu,
every kind of craftsman (' but the signifi-
cation oi strike preponderates '), especially

6o8

SMOCK

a smith, locksmith, but also a shoemaker,
tailor, &c. — Tutschek.

Smock. — Sm.ockfrock. on. s>nokkr, a
shirt without arms, also a sheath, or what
one sticks a sword or knife into. In He-
ligoland smock is a woman's shirt. The
meaning is a garment one creeps into or
slips over one's head. ON. smokka, to
stick in ; smokka sir in, to creep into ;
smokka sdr or nete, to slip out of a net ;
smeygia, to slip into, to slip on ; smjuga,
to creep through or into. Lith. smaigti,
smeigti, to stick into, as a pole into the
ground ; smaigas, a hop-joole.

Smoke, as. smec, smeoc, G. schmauck,
Du. smook, smoke. Gr. aiivx"', to burn in
a smouldering fire. w. mwg, smoke,
fume ; ysmwcian, a little smoke, mist, fog ;
mygu, to smoke, smother, stifle. Bret.
moug, (originally doubtless smoke, then)
fire, family, house ; moged, smoke ; mo-
geden, exhalation, vapour ; mouga, to
suffocate, extinguish. Gael. 7miig, milch,
smilch, suffocate, smother ; ?niichan, a
chimney ; muig, smoke, mist, gloom ;
muigeach, smoky, misty, gloomy ; Ir.
milch, smoke ; miichaim, to smother, ex-
tinguish ; muchna, dark, gloomy. Manx
inoogh, extinguish ; smoghan, stink; smog-
ham, a suffocating or smouldering fume.

The ultimate origin is, I believe, to be
found in a representation of the nasal
sounds made in sniffing an odour or in
gasping for breath. From sniffing an
odour we pass, on the one hand, to the
idea of that which is snuffed up, exhala-
tion, vapour, smoke ; then, from smoke
being considered as the suffocating agent,
to the idea of choking, suffocation ; or we
may step at once to the latter conception
from the figure of gasping for breath.
Pl.D. snikken, to gasp for air, to sob, in
Hamburgh, to be suffocated,- to choke ;
versnikken, to draw the last gasp, to die.
The imitative form preserved in Bav.
pfnechen, to pant, to breathe deep, leads,
on the one hand, to Gr. irvsw, to breathe ;
TTvoi], a breathing, an exhalation, vapour,
odour, and, on the other, to Tri/i-yw, to stifle,
choke, drown, stew ; Lat. necare, to kill ;
It. annegare, to drown.

The inarticulate sounds made in mut-
tering, sobbing, sniffling, were imitated
in Gr. by the syllable nv, which must
sometimes have been strengthened by a
final guttural, shown in iivxjiOQ, groaning,
fivKTrip, the nose or snout, jivkoc, snivel,
the mucus of the nose, fiMije, snuff of a
lamp. The same imitation gives rise to
G. mucken, muckscn, Mag. mukkani, Fin.
viiikahtaa, to make slight inarticulate

SMOTHER

sounds with the mouth closed ; Gael.
milch, mutter, hum ; mugach, snuffling ;
sinuc, a snivel, snore, nasal sound ; smu-
each, snivelling, snuffling, snoring.

Hence must be explained Bav. schmec-
ken, to sniff, to smell, to detect by smell,
in the same sense as E. smoke, to find any
one out, to discover anything meant to be
kept secret. — Hal. Swiss erschmekkern,
to smell out, to discover. AS. smeagan,
smean, to investigate, consider. Bav.
schmeckst eppes [etwas] ? do you smell
anything ? do you smoke ? do you twig ?
Schmecken, a nosegay ; schmecker, a nose-
gay, the nose. In schmeckende bach, the
sulphur springs, we see the passage from
the idea of smelling to that of vapour,
smoke. Devon, smeech, stench, as of a
candle blown out ; obscurity in the air
arising from smoke, fog, or dust. — Hal.
Bav. schmecken and the equivalent Ber-
nese, schmoke, are especially applied to
the disagreeable smell of tainted meat.
Das fleisch schmbkt, Bav. 's Jleisch
schmeckt, is schmecked warden, would in
Suffolk be rendered ' the meat is smeegy.'
Bernese, ubel-, wolschmbkig, ill or well
smelling. G. schmauchen, to smoke to-
bacco, is to be rather understood in the
original sense of snuffing or inhaling
than in that of making a smoke.

Sm.ooth. AS. smethe, smooth, even,
soft. The radical meaning is, pliable,
from G, Schmieden, to forge or form by
the hammer, leading to geschmeidig,
malleable, ductile, then soft, pliant, com-
plaisant ; Pl.D. smidig, S7nodig, Du.
smedig, pliant, soft ; Pl.D. smdden,smodi-
gen, Du. smijdigen, mulcere, mollire—
Kil. ; Dan. smidig, limber, supple.

Smother. — Smoor. The radical image
seems to be dabbling in wet and dirt,
whence follow the ideas of splashing,
slobbering, dirtying, spotting, of a spot,
stain, separate particle of dirt or dust,
thickness of air, mist, smoke, and thence
suffocation, choking, extinction. Pl.D.
smaddern, to dabble, meddle with dirty
things, make blots in writing — Danneil ;
smudden, S7nuddcrn, smuddeln, smulkii,
Du. smodderen, E. dial, smother, Swiss
schmusseln, schmauseln, to dabble, daub,
dirty ; Du. smoddig, smodderig, smodsig,
Pl.D. smudderig, smuddelig, smullig, G.
schmottrig, schmutzig, E. smudgy, smutty,
smeared, dirty ; Pl.D. besmiid'dern, to be-
smotter, to splash with dirt ; smuddcrregn
(stavJoregn), S7mittregn (Schiitze), Da. dial.
s?nudskregn, mizzling rain ; Pl.D. idt
smuddert, E. dial, it smithers, it drizzles ;
Pl.D. smudderig, smullig weder, dirty

SMOTTERED

weather, moist, rainy weather ; smudder-
s-weet, sweat caused by close smotheiy
weather ; Bav. schmodig, schmiidig,
schmudrig, close, oppressively hot ; Du.
smul, smoel weder, aura tepida, aer lan-
guidus, calor flaccidus, close, oppressive
weather. — Kil. Da. smuds, Sw. snaits,
spot, splash, dirt, mud ; E. smotch, smutch,
smut, stain, soot, dirt ; smudge, a thick
smoke, and as a verb, to stain or smear,
to smoulder or burn without flame, to
stifle — Craven Gl. ; smudgy, hot and
close.

As Vl.T) . smuddeln contracts to smullen,
so smuddem melts into Du. smooren,
smeuren, to exhale, smoke, suffocate, ex-
tinguish ; smoor, vapour, smoke — Kil. ;
E. dial, smoor, smore, to daub, smear,
smother ; smur, small misty rain ; West-
erwald schmorren, schmarren, to smoke
tobacco.

The same course of development may
be traced in Boh. sinud, smoke, vapour,
Gael, smod, dirt, dust, smut, mizzling rain ;
smodan, a little spot or blemish, dirt, dust,
drizzling rain, haze ; smudal, sweepings,
trash ; smttdan, a particle of dust, soot,
smut, smoke ; smud, smuid, smoke,
vapour, mist ; smuidre, smuidrich, clouds
of smoke or dust, exhalation, mist ;
smuidir, smuidrich, to smoke. Then in
a contracted form, smilr, smiur, bedaub,
smear ; smilr, smiiir, smilrach, a blot,
spot, blemish, a particle of dust, an atom,
dust, ashes, dross. See Smoulder.

Smottered. See Smut.

Smouch. I. A kiss. ' What bussing,
what smouching and slabbering one an-
other.'— Stubbs in Todd. Swiss iiber-
schmauseln, iiberschmussetn, to kiss over
and over, to beslabber, from schmau-
seln, schmusseln, to dabble, dirty. Swab.
schmatz, schtnutz, a hearty kiss. G.
schmatzen, to smack.

2. To smouch, to convey away secretly,
to steal.

Swiss mauchen, mucheln, mautschen,
tnauscheln, to enjoy delicacies in secret ;
schmauchen, verschmauchen, to smouch, or
secretly purloin eatables, to conceal ;
maiicken, schmaiicken, verschmaiicken, G.
mausen, to pilfer, steal. Sw. smussla, to
do anything furtively ; — bort, to make
away with privily ; — in nagotin sinficka,
to slip something into his pocket ; — un-
dan, to appropriate slily, to smouch ; Du.
smuigen, to eat and drink in secret, to do
anything secretly. See Smuggle.

Smoulder. Thick smoke ; to smould-
er, to burn with a thick smoke, burn in a

SMUGGLE

609

hidden way, consume away without show-
ing the fire.

The powder sendes his smoke into the cruddy

skies,
The smoulder stops our nose with stench, the

fume offends our eyes. — Gascoigne in R.

Now the Sonne is up your smooder is scattered.
— Jewell. / smolder as wete wode doth that
bumeth not clere. — Palsgr.

Sometimes used in the sense oi smother.

A great number of them falling with their
horses and armour into a blind ditch were
smouldered and pressed to death. — Hollinshed.

We have seen under Smother that Pl.D.
smuddeln, to dabble, smear, dirty, passes
into smullen, as smuddem into smooren.
Dat weder smullet, it is dirty weather ;
smudderig, smuddelig, smullig, dirty,
smudgy; dat ligt smullet weg, the candle
gutters away. Hence Da. smul, dust;
falde hen i smul, to crumble into dust,
smule, smulre, smuidre, to crumble,
moulder. Pl.D. smelen, smellen, smolen,
Du. smeulen, to burn slowly with a thick
smoke. In E. smoulder the burning body
is considered as going away in ashes and
soot. In an analogous manner smudge,
dirt, is in Craven used for a thick smoke
or suffocating vapour ; to smudge, to
smoke without flame, to smear, to stifle ;
smudgy, hot or close, smothery. See
Smother.

Smug. Spruce, neat ; to smug up one-
self, to trim, to set oneself off to the best
advantage. — B. G. schmuck, pretty, hand-
some, fine, neat ; schmiicken, to adorn, set
off, deck, trim, smug up or beautify. —
Kiitner. Da. smuk, pretty ; det smukke
kion, the fair sex. G. sich schmiegen, and
in Bavaria schmucken, to shrink, contract,
make oneself small ; geschmogen, small,
contracted ; schmugelich, neat, pretty,
pleasing. Neat and tight in dress is the
opposite of loose, flapping, slatternly.

To Smuggle. G. schmuggeln. Da.
smugle, to smuggle ; Du. smokkelen, to
smuggle, sharp at play, pilfer. AS.
smugan, to creep ; stnygelas, holes, lurk-
ing-places ; Du. smuigen, to do anything
furtively ; ter smuig, ter smuik. Da. i
smug, Sw. z smyg, i mjugg, clandestinely ;
smyga, to slip privily in or out of ; smyg-
handel, smuggling trade ; smyghdl,
smygwra, a lurking-place ; ON. smeygja,
to slip into, to put into. Smeygja fati
yfir hofudser, to slip on a garment over
one's head, to creep into it ; smjuga, to
press oneself through or forwards with a
39

6io

SMUT

creeping motion ; smuga, Da. smoge, a
little hole, narrow passage.

The primitive sense is probably pre-
served in Lith. snaigti, smeigti, smegti,
to stick into, whence smaigas, a hop-pole.
Isismeigti, to penetrate, stick into, jier-
smeigti, to stick through, pierce.

Smut. The senses of paddle, puddle,
plash, splash, spatter, sputter, spot, are
closely allied, and similar senses are
signified by PID. pladdem, plasken, G.
platschen, to dabble, . splash ; platsen,
Pl.D. plastern, plattern, to soCind like
a heavy shower ; Sw. plottra, to blot,
to scrawl ; Da. plet, a spot, stain, &c.
In other cases the same class of pheno-
mena are represented by imitative forms
in which the/ or pi of the former class
is replaced by an m. Pl.D. niaddem,
moddern, to dabble, paddle (Danneil),
and thence Du. modder, mud; bemod-
deren, to bedaub — Epkema ; E. muddle,
Swab, motzen, PLD. matschen,inantschen,
to dabble, plash, daub, and with the sibi-
lant, PI. D. smudden, sniuddern, smuddeln,
Smullen, to dabble, dirty ; smaddem, to
dabble, let wet or dirt fall about (Dann.),
to blot, scribble ; Sw. smattra, to crackle,
sputter. Da. smadder, E. smatter, E. dial.
smither, N. S7nitter, fragment, atom ; E.
smotter, to spatter, dirty ; Sw. smuts,
spot, splash, dirt, mud ; G. schmutz, E.
smut, smudge, smitch, dirt, smoke, dust ;
Du. smetten, Sc. smad, smot, E. smit, to
mark or stain. W. ys7n.ot, a spot ; ysmotio,
to spot or dapple. See Smother.

Snack. — Snap. — Snatch.. A sharp
sudden sound like that of the collision or
breaking of hard bodies is represented by
forms like knack, knock, knap, snack,
snap, which thence are applied to signify
any sharp sudden action, or the quality of
quickness essential for the production of
the noise in question.

Sc. snack represents the snapping of a
dog's jaws, a sudden snap, then quick,
alert, agile.

The swypper tuskaud hound assayis
And neris fast, ay ready hym to hynt —

Wyth hys wyde chaftis at hym makis ane snak.
D. V. 439, 33.

A snack is familiarly used in the sense
of a hasty meal, a mouthful snatched or
snapped up in haste.

Our kind host would not let us go without
taking a snatch, as they called it, which was, in
truth, a very good dinner. — Boswell, Journey.
The knack 1 learned frae an auld auntie
The snackest of a' my kin. — Ramsay.

In vulgar slang snack or snap is booty,
share, portion, any articles out of which

SNAIL

money can be made ; ' looking out /of
snaps' waiting for windfalls or odd jobs.
—Modern Slang. Hence logo snacks, to
go shares, to participate in the booty.

The imitative character of the word is
shown in Pl.D. snapps! interj. expressing
quickness. Snapps / snupps ! het de
katte de muus weg. G. schnapps ! da
gieng es los ; snap ! there it went off.
Bav. in ein'm schnipps, Du. met eenen
snap, Sc. in a snap, in a crack, in a mo-
ment ; snaply, quickly ; Da. dial, snap,
Sw. snabb, quick ; Du. snapreisje, a hasty
journey. A snap is a spring which closes
with the sharp sound represented by the
name. G. schnapps, a dram of spirits, so
much as is tossed off at a swallow.

Snaflle. A bit for a horse, an imple-
ment to confine the snout, on the same
principle on which Bav. schnabel is ap-
plied to an iron mask fastened on the
faces of abandoned women, from Pl.D.
snavel, G. schnabel, the snout.

The designations of the words signify-
ing snout are commonly taken from the
sounds made by snuffing through the
nose, snorting, or smacking with the
jaws. Thus we have G. schnaubeit,
schnaufen, Pl.D. snuven, to snuff; Bav.
snabett, to smack like a pig ; E. dial.
snabble, to eat greedily, eat with a smack-
ing sound ; snaffle, to speak through the
nose, to chatter, talk nonsensically ; and
Du. snabbe, snebbe, snavel, snebel, Bav.
schnufel, Pl.D. snuffe, a snout, beak.

Snag. A short projection, the project-
ing stump of a broken branch, a tooth
standing alone (Hal.) ; snaggletoothed,
having the teeth standing out.

The word snag is adapted to signify a
short projection, on the same principle as
k7iag, jag, shag, cog, syllables represent-
ing a sound abruptly brought to a con-
clusion, and thence applied to a movement
.suddenly cut short, or to the figure traced
out by such a movement, an abrupt pro-
jection. Gael. snag,!L little audible knock,
a hiccough, a wood-pecker ; snaglabhair,
stammer in speaking ; Manx snog, nod ;
snig, a fillip, a smart stroke or blow. G.
dial, schnacke, schnocke, to jerk the
head about ; schnicken, to snap, move
quick. — Deutsch. Mund. III. E. dial.
snug, to strike or push as an ox with his
horn.

Snail. AS. sncegel, sncegl, snal; West-
erwald schndgel, sc/uial; G. schnecke, Pl.D.
snigge, E. dial, snag, snig, snake, ON.
S7iigil, N. snigjel, s/tiel, all apparently
from Swiss schnaken, schnaaggen, to
creep, go on all fours, crawl ; AS. snicalt,

SNAKE

to creep, as Du. slecke, a snail, from G.
schleichen, to creep.

Snake, as. snaca, ON. snakr, snokr,
Da. snog, Sanscr. naga, a snake. AS.
siiican, to creep.

Snap. See Snack.

Snapsack. Originally, perhaps, a beg-
gar's wallet. ON. snapa, to seek one's
living ; snap, scanty pasture, begged
scraps. See Knapsack.

To Snape. — Sneap. To nip with cold,
to check, rebuke, properly to cut short. A
step-mother snapes her step-children of
their food. To snaple, to nip as frost
does. Du. snippen, to nip. De wind
snipt in't angezigt, the wind cuts one's
face.

Scharp soppis of sleet and of the snyppandsnsm.
D. V. 200. 55.

Da. dial, sneve, snevve, to clip, cut short,
to cut one's hair, to nip or dwarf with
cold, to give one a reproof. At snyppe or
snevve een of, to cut one short, set him
down. N. snikka, to cut, also to repri-
mand, to put one to shame. In Suffolk
the word is snip. ' The frost ha' snipt
them tahnups.' Also in the sense of
checking or rebuking. — Moor.

The sense -of cutting short may be
attained in two ways : i. From the sharp
snap of a pair of scissors, or the blow by
which the cut is given ; and, 2. From an
abrupt movement leading to the notion
of a projection or point, then to that of
removing the point or stump, or reducing
to a stump, as explained under Snub.
From Bav. schnauppen, snout or ex-
tremity, is formed g'schnaupet, nipped by
the frost, which seems the true equivalent
of E. sneaped or snaped. Bav. schneppen,
schnippen, to make a short sudden move-
ment, gives schuepp, Pl.D. sfiibbe, snippe,
beak or point, so that even snip may be
explained in the sense of cutting off the
point, docking, curtailing.

Snare, on. snara, a cord, snare,
springe ; Du. S7iare, a cord, string of a
musical instrument ; Fris. snar, a noose.
The designation of cord or string may be
taken from the notion of twisting or turn-
ing, in two ways, viz. either from the twist-
ing of the fibres in the formation of the
string, or from the notion of its use in
twisting round and entangling, or con-
fining another object. Thus from the
verbs to twist, to twine, the name of twist
or twine is given to various kinds of thin
cord. In the same way Sw. sno, to twist,
twine, entangle ; sno, string, twist ; hatsno,
hat-string.

The ultimate origin is the whirring

SNATCH

61 1

sound oi an object rapidly turning through
the air, of which different modifications
are represented by syllables framed on the
vowels a, i, u, according as the sound is
of a sharper or a duller nature. Pl.D.
snarren, to whirr like a spinning-wheel, to
grumble, mutter, to pronounce the r in
the throat ; G. schnarren, to make a harsh
noise like that of a rattle, or a string jar-
ring ; to cry like a missel-thrush or a
corn-crake ; OE. to snarre, as a dogge
doth under a door when he sheweth his
teeth. — Palsgr. Hence, in a secondary
application, ON. snara, to whirl, hurl,
turn, twist. N. snara seg ihop, to snarl
or twist up like thread ; snara eit baand,
to twist a rope.

With the other vowels we have Pl.D.
snirren, to whirr like a thing whirling
round, to lace, to draw a string tight ;
snirre, a lace, a noose. P1.D. snurren,
to whirr like a spinning-wheel, buzz like
a fly, snore ; Sw. snorra, to whirr, hum,
and thence to spin round, to whirl ; snorra,
a spinning-top. G. schnur, Sw. snore, a
string or lace. See next article.

To Snarl. The final / is merely an
element implying continuance of action,
as in Fr. miauler, to cry miau ! E. kneel
from knee, whirl from whirr, &c. To
snarl like a dog was formerly stiar, as
mentioned in the last article. The term
is then applied in the same way as the
simpler form, to the idea of twisting, curl-
ing, entangling. To ruffle or snarl as
over-twisted thread. — Cot. ' Lay in wait
to S7iarl him in his sermons.' — Becon in
Hal. Snarl, a snare — Hal. ; Sc. sjiorl,
a snare, difficulty, scrape ; snurl, to ruffle,
wrinkle ; snurlie, knotty.

Northern blasts the ocean snurl. — Ramsay.
Pl.D. sndrk'n, to snarl as thread. — Dan-
neil. Henneberg schnarren, to shrink, to
crumple up. On a similar principle to
the above. Da. kurre, to coo like a dove ;
kurre, a knot, twist, tangle in thread.

Snast. — Snace. — Snat. The snuff of
a candle ; snasty, cross, snappish ; snatted,
snub-nosed. Parallel forms are seen in
knast or gnast, the snuff or wick of a
candle (emunctorium, lichinus — Pr. Pm.) ;
Pol. knota, wick or snuff of a candle ;
Lith. knatas, wick ; Pl.D., Da. knast, a
knot in wood. The radical meaning
should be a knot or tuft of fibrous mate-
rial used as a wick, then the burnt por-
tion of the wick that is snuffed off. The
same equivalence of an initial sn and gn
or kn is seen in snag and knag, snarl and
gnarl.

To Snatch. See Snack.
39 •

6l2

SNATHE

To Snathe. — Snaze. ne. snathe, snaze,
sned, to prune trees. Westerwald schnasen,
schnaseln, ausschnaseln, Cimbr. snoazen,
snozen, snoazeln, to prune, to lop trees ;
ON. sneis, branch or twig of tree ; af-
sneisa, to cut off branches, to prune ;
Silesian jf^wa/, twigs, branches, lop ; Bav.
schnaiten, to prune, lop, hack ; geschnattel,
geschnaitel, E. ^\2X.snattocks, crums, frag-
ments, scraps.

Snead. — Sneath. The handle of a
scythe, not the short projections by which
it is held in the E. form of the implement,
and therefore the AS. snced, a bit, seems
hardly to afford a satisfactoiy explana-
tion.

To Sneak, ' as. snican, to creep ; sni-
cendne wyrin (ace), a creeping worm ;
Swiss schnaken, schnaaggen, schtohgen,
to creep ; schnage, schnaagbohne, creep-
ing kidney-bean. Gael, snclg, snAig, to
creep, crawl, sneak ; snAgair, one who
creeps along, a lazy fellow ; Ir. snaighim,
to creep or crawl.

The radical signification seems to be
going along like a dog scenting his way
with his nose to the ground, sniffing for
victuals or what can be picked up. Fris.
sniicke,sn'dke,snickje, to sniff"; Westerwald
schnaticken, to sniff, to seek for victuals.
E. dial, snawk, sneak, to sniff, smell ;
snook, snoke, to smell or search out, to pry
about curiously, to look closely at any-
thing, to lie hid. See Snook. O'S.snikja,
to hanker after, to spunge or seek meanly
for entertainment ; at snikja mutu, to
sniff after bribes. The idea of meanness
arises from the dog being deterred by no
rebuffs when he is sniffing after food.
N. Han fm 'kje vera tykkjen so snikje
skal : he must not be sensitive who would
spunge, or sniff after food. The meta-
phor is distinctly seen in the slang term
of an area sneak, one who pries into areas
for what he can pick up. ON. s?iaka, to
sniff about, then to creep or move over
the surface like fire. Eldr snakadi iim
klesSi theira : the fire crept over their
clothes. Da. snage, to snuff about, rum-
mage ; snagen, prying, pilfering ; snige,
to convey privately ; at snige sine varer
ind, to smuggle in his wares ; at snige
sig bort, to sneak off. Tyven sneg sig
ind i huset om natten, the thief sneaked
into the house at night ; snigvei, a secret
path ; snigende feber, a slow, creeping
fever.

In the same way from G. schnaufen, to
snuff, sniff, Westerwald schnaufer, a sly
person ; schncmfen gehen, to go on the
sly, to go a stealing. ON. sndfa, to sniff,

SNICK

then (like E. snook) to go about with the
head down, to sneak or skulk about.
Again, ON. snefja, to scent, to ferret out,
explains E. dial, sneving, sneaking ; snevil,
a snail. See Snee.

To Sneap. See Snape.

Sneb. See Snub.

To Sneck. To latch a door ; snecket,
the latch. From the clicking sound made
by the latch in falling to, on which ac-
count it was also called clicket, and in Fr.
loquet.

To Snee. — Snie.— Snive. — Snew. To
snie with lice, to swarm or abound. ' The
room was as full as it could snive! — Mrs
Baker. Snew is used by Chaucer in the
same sense, where it is commonly ex-
plained as a met. from snowing.

Withoutin balce meat never was his house

Of fishe and fleshe, and that so plenteouse,

It snewed in his house of mete and drink.

The true explanation is to be found in
Ir. snaighim, to crawl ; E. dial, sneving,
sneaking ; snevil, a snail.

To Sneer. Properly to snarl, to ex-
press ill-temper, to laugh scornfully. To
sneer, to make wry faces ; sneering match,
a grinning match. — Forby. PID. S7iar-
ren, to mutter, grumble, snarl, Da. snarre,
to snarl, growl. Fr. ricaner, to sneer, is
explained by Palsgr. to snarre as a dogge
doth under a door when he showeth his
teeth. By Cotgrave it is understood in
the sense of E. snicker, or snigger, to
laugh in a suppressed way, being explain-
ed to giggle, tighy (tee-hee).

There she gave mony a nicker and sneer>
Rise up, quo' the wife, thou lazy lass,
Let in thy master and his mare.
Stiiggeren and sneeren, speaking con-
temptuously of others. — Moor.

To Sneeze. Du. niezen, G. 7iiesen, to
sneeze ; nieseln, to snuffle, to speak
through the nose. on. hniosa {of cattle),
to sneeze. From a representation of the
sound of air driven through the nose. Da.
snuse, to snuff, sniff; sniius, Gael, snaois,
Sc. sneeshin, E. dial, snush, snuff.

Snell. Sc. snell, sharp, severe, pierc-
ing ; properly, energetic in action, rapid.

Berinus answered snell. — Chaucer.
G. schnell. It. snello, sudden, quick, agile.
G. schnall represents the sound of a snap,
whence schnellen, to move with a snap,
to spring or bound. Bav. schnall, a snap
with the fingers, a loud sudden noise ;
dersclniellen, to burst. — Schm. Swiss
schnall, the snap of a spring or a vicious
dog ; itn schnall, in a moment, in a snap;
schnellen, to snap.

Snick.— Snook. The sound of a smart

SNICKER

crack or blow is represented by the syl-
lables knack, knick, knock, snack, snick,
snock, the final k often changing for a g ;
and when the blow is given with a sharp
implement, the knock becomes a hack or
chop.

w. cnic, cnicell, a slight rap, a pecker,
anything that smacks. G. schnicken, to
snap the fingers, to snip — Sanders ; Sc.
sneck, sneg, to cut with a sudden stroke
of a sharp instrument ; sneck, sneg, a cut,
notch. N. snicka, to cut, to work with a
knife. Flem. snoecken, to cut, lop, prune.
E. dial, to snag, snig, to cut off lateral
branches. — Wilbraham. In Staffordshire
snig is the cut herbage of sedges, and a
snigbob is a tussock of growing sedge.
Sniddle, long coarse grass, stubble. — Hal.
Austrian schnegern, to whittle with a
knife. Gael, snagair, to carve wood. ne.
snick, a notch, a cut ; SE. snig, to cut, to
chop. — Hal. Snock, a knock, a smart
blow.— Jennings. SnoUh, a. notcb.. Manx
snig, a fiUip, a sharp stroke or blow ; sneg,
a latch.

To Snicker. — Snigger. These forms
represent the broken sound of suppressed
laughter, of a mare whinnying to her foal,
of a horse at the approach of his corn.
Sc. snocker, to snort, to breathe high
through the nostrils ; nicker, nicher, to
neigh, to laugh in a loud and ridiculous
manner. — Jam.

Snickup. — Sneckup. i. A represent-
ation of the sound of the hiccup. A
charm for the hiccup is 'Hickup, snickup,
three sups in a cup are good for the hick-
up.' Then taking the hickup as the type
of the least possible malady, to say of a
man that he has got the snickups, means
rather that he fancies himself ill than that
he is really so. — Forby. Du. hikken,
snikken, to hickup ; snikken, also to sob,
to gasp. P1.D. snikken, snukken, to sob;
smikkup, slukkup, the hiccup. — Brem.

2. Sneckup or snickup is used interject
tionally in the sense of begone ! away
with you ! (Forby), as by Sir Toby Belch
to Malvolio when he comes lecturing him
and his companions in their drunken
orgies : ' Give him money, George, and
let him go snickup.^ ' No, Michael, let
thy father go snickup.' — Knight of Burn-
ing Pestle, B. and F. in N.

The expression may perhaps be eluci-
dated by Bav. scAmeck's / an interjection
used in exactly the same way, being ren-
dered by Schmeller, I have no answer for
you, that is nothing to me. The force of
the word is sniff ! find out for yourself !

SNITE

6iJ

make out what you can of it ! equivalent
to Go look ! ask about ! from schmecken,
to sniff, to smell. Du. snicken, e. snucke,
to sniff, scent out like a. dog. — Kil. See
Snook. ON. sndfa, to sniff, to trace by
scent ; snafadu hedan, pack off, begone.

To Snip. To nip, snip, clip, are all
formed on the same plan representing the
sharp click of a pair of blades coming to-
gether in the act of snipping. Du. knip-
pen, to snap the fingers, to give a fillip,
also, as snippen, to snip or clip. G.
schnippen, to crackle, to snap the fingers,
fillip. Bav. in einem schnipps, in a mo-
ment ; schnipfen, to snip, to sip, to pilfer.

Snipe. Du. sne-ppe, snephoen, G. schnepfe,
snipe, a bird distinguished by the length
of its bill. Pl.D. snippe, snibbe, beak,
also snipe. So Fr. bee, beak, bdcasse, b^-
cassine, woodcock, snipe. Bav. schnepp,
schneppen, the beak, bill, from schneppen,
schneppen, to make a short quick move-
ment; schnipfen, to pick. Ttw. snabben,
to peck, to snap ; snabbe, snebbe, beak.

To Snite.— Snot. — Snout. The de-
signations of the mucus of the nose and
of the nose itself, the snout or nose and
mouth of animals, are commonly taken
from a representation of the sound made
in sniffing or drawing air through the
nose impeded by mucus. Thus from-
Pl.D. snurren, snoren, to snore, we have
snurre, the nose or snout, and Sw. snor,
mucus of the nose. From G. schnauben,
to snuff, E. dial, snob, to sob, we have
snob, snot, and G. schnabel, beak, snout ;
from Du. snuyven, snuffen, to snuff or
sniff, are derived snuyve, snof, rheuina,
catarrhus, running at the nose, E. snivel,
and Du. snavel, Pl.D. snuff, the nose,
snout. From Pl.D. snorken, to snore,
Sw. snorka, to snift, Bav. schnurkeln, to
draw the air or mucus through the nose
with a certain sound, to sniff, snore, snuffle,
Nuremberg schnorgeln, to speak through
the nose (Brem. Wtb. in S7iarren), Lith.
snargloti, to snift, we pass to Lith. snar^
glys, snot, Sw. snork (properly snout),
extremity. From Du. snicken, Fris. sniicke,
to sniff, Sc. snocker, to breathe high
through the nose, to Lith. snukkis, Cimbr.
snacko, Swiss schneicke, snout. From Da.
snuse, to sniff, Lap. snusotet, to snite or
blow the nose, to Pl.D. snuss, the snout.

In the same way we have Pl.D. snot-
teren, to make a noise in the nose when
impeded with mucus, to snifter ; E. snot-
ter, to cry, to snivel (Craven Gl.), to
breathe hard through the nose, to snort.

Close by the fire his easy-chair too stands,

6i4

SNIVEL

In which all day he snotters, nods, and yawns.

Ramsay.
G. schnaitem, schnadern im kothe, to
muddle like ducks in the mud ; Swab.
schnudern, to dabble in mud ; Bav.
schnudern, schnodeln, to draw breath
through the impeded nose. ' So si den
atum hart haben un schnudrent durch
die nasen.' — Schm. Swiss schnudern, to
snivel, to snift in crying ; Bav. schrzauden,
to draw breath, snort, pant. ON. snudda,
snudra, Bav. schniiien, to snifif about, to
search. Gael, snoi, smell, snuff the wind,
suspect ; snoitean, a pinch of snuff. Lap.
snodkeset, to snift ; snudtjet, to sniff out,
to trace by scent.

From these we pass to Bav. schnuder,
schnudel, Du. snodder, snot, snut, Pl.D.
snotte. Da. snat, snot, on. snyta, snot, the
mucus of the nose, and on. snudr, Bav.
schnuder, schnud, Pl.D. snute, Tixx.snuite,
G. schnautze, the snout. G. schnaiitzen,
Du. snutten, smitten, Pl.D. snutten, on.
snyta, to snite, to blow the nose and
cleanse it from mucus, and thence to
snuff a candle, are pretty equally related
both to snout and s?wt, and perhaps may
have been developed simultaneously with
those forms from the same radical image.

From Gael, snot, snuff the wind, Bav.
sniiten, N. snutra, to sniff, search, may
be explained Goth, snutr, as. snotor,
sagacious, prudent, an exact equivalent
of Lat. sagax, keen at following the
scent.

Snivel. Besides the ordinary sense of
snifting, drawing up the mucus audibly
through the nose, especially in crying,
snivel is used in Northamptonshire in
the sense of shrink, shrivel. Fruit that
is over-ripe and withered is said to be
snivel'd up ; flannel snivels up in wash-
ing. 'I'm so cold I could snivel into a
nut-shell.'
How snivelled and old he looks. — Mrs Baker.

This is one of the numerous cases in
which the idea of contraction is expressed
by the drawing up the nose and mouth
in the act of grinning, snarling, snifting,
sniveling.

A kind of cramp when the lips and nostrils are
puUed and drawne awry like a dog's mouth when
he snarreth.- — Nomenclature, 1585, in N.

Bav. schnarkeln, to snore ; schnurkeln
schniirkeln, to draw the air or mucus
through the nose with a certain noise, to
sniff, snore, snift, pry, shrink ; schnurkel,
a wrinkled old woman ; G. schnorkel, a
volute in Architecture, on. med snerk-
janda nef, with upturned nose ; snerkja,
pain that makes one wry the mouth ;

SNOOZE

snorkinn, shrunk, contracted. N. snorka,
to snift, snort, grumble, scold ; snerka,
to shrink. With the final gu.tural ex-
changed for a labial, Bav. sctinorfezen,
schnurfeln, to snift, snifter; schnerfen,
schnarpfen, schnurpfen. Da. snerpe, to
contract or shrink ; snerpe munden sam-
men, to purse up the mouth ; Du. snerpen,
to make one smart, to pinch. NE. to
snerple, to shrivel up. — Hal. Compare
also Lat. ringor, to gtin, to be in ill-
humour, to wrinkle, shrivel.

Snob. In Suffolk a journeyman shoe-
maker ; in slangish language used in the
sense of a coarse vulgar person. Sc.
snab, a cobbler's boy. The proper mean-
ing of the word is simply a boy, then,
like G. knappe, a journeyman or work-
man, servant. E. dial, snap, a lad or servant,
generally in an ironical sense. — Hal. The
ultimate meaning of the word seems to
be a lump of a boy. Snap, a small piece
of anything (frustulum — Coles). — Hal.
See Knave.

To Snook. — Snoke. To smell, to
search out, pry into — Hal. ; to lie lurk-
ing for a thing. — B. ' Halener, to vent,
snook, wind, smell, or search out.'— Cot.
Nicto, to snoke as houndes dooth. — Ortus
in Hal.

The sound of sharply drawing the
breath, as in sobbing, snifting, sniffing,
is represented by the syllable snik, snuk;
and from the figure of sniffing the air is
very generally expressed the idea of
searching about, especially seeking for
delicacies or eatables, prying curiously
into things. Pl.D. snikken, snukken, to
sob ; Du. snicken, to sob, gasp, sniff,
scent out. — Kil. E. dial, sneke [a snift-
ing], a cold in the head. Swiss schneicken,
schneuggen, to sniff like dogs or pigs ;
schneicke, schneugge, Lith. snukkis, the
nose or snout. Da. dial, snoke, to trace
by scent ; at faae en snok of noget, to
get wind of something ; snykke, to snuff
tobacco. N. snik, smell ; snikja, to han-
ker after. Lap. snuogget, to scent, trace
by scent like a dog, pry into ; Sw. snoka,
Da. snage, on. snaka, to snuff about,
rummage, search. E. dial, snawk, sneak,
snuck, to smell. Fris. sniicke, snoke,
snickje, to sniff.

To Snooze. To slumber, nap. — Wor-
cester. Snoozing, nestling and dozing,
lying snug and warm. — Mrs Baker. Lith.
snudau, snusi, snusti, to fall asleep, to
doze ; snausti, to be sleepy ; snudis, a
dozer, dreamer.

The word may spring from the same
origin in a representation of the sound of

SNORE

breathing, by two different courses, viz.
1st, direct from the deep breathing of a
person in sleep, as in the case of OE.
swough, Sc. souff, signifying, in the first
place, breathing heavily, and then sleep.
In the same vvray ^aM.pfnausen, to breathe
deep through the nose, is used exactly as
E. snooze, in the sense of comfortable
sleep. 'Als er einest bey nachtlichem
weise in dem warmen ied.erhst'hpfnauste :'
as he nightly snoozed in the warm feather-
bed.

On the other hand, the sense may be
taken from the figure of an infant sniffing
after food, and pressing close to its mo-
ther's breast. Dan. snuse, to snuff, sniff,
and, in a secondary sense, to sniff out, to
pry ; E. dial, snowze, to pry into, to ferret
about. ' Don't come snowzing after me.'
-^Mrs Baker. N. snuska, snusla, snutra,
to sniff or pry after eatables. ON. snudda,
snudru, Bav. snauden, to sniff, scent out ;
E. snuddle, to nestle (Hal.) ; nuddle, to
nestle, to fondle, as when a child lays its
head on the bosom of its nurse ; nuzzle,
to creep closely, as an infant in the bosom
of its nurse or mother. — Mrs Baker.
P1.D. sniisseln, to sniff after, to trace by
scent ; snusselije, niceties, tit-bits ; snuss,
the snout ; herumsnusseln, to pry about.
Dat kind snusselt an dem titte : the child
nuzzles or snuggles up to the breast, e.
snoozling, nestling. — Hal.

The association of the idea of seeking
for food with those of warmth and sleep
is derived from the earliest period of the
infant's life. See Snug.

To Snore. — Snort. Snort bears the
saijie relation to snore as snift to sniff,
the addition of the final t intimating a
separate act as distinguished from the
continuous action of snore or sniff, ' In
the snirt of a cat,' in a moment.

Swiss schnodern, to snore, sniff, snort ;
schnerre, Pl.D. snurre, the snout, nose ;
snurren, to whirr like a spinning-wheel,
to snore in sleep; snoren, snorken, G.
schnarchen, Lap. snoret,snorret, to snore ;
Sw. snor, mucus of the nose ; Pl.D. snir-
ren, to whirr ; snarren, to grumble, mutter.

Snot. See Suite.

Snout. See Snite.

Snow. I. G. schnee, ON. sniSr {snjdva,
snjda, to snow), Goth, snaivs, Pol. snjeg,
Lith. snegas, Gael, sneachd, Lat. nix,
nivis {fiingere, to snow), Gr. vi^ds, a
snowflake.

2. Pl.D. snau, a kind of ship, originally
a beaked ship, from snau, beak, snout.

Snub, iinub is a word analogous to
jag, jog, job, snag, &c., representing, in

SNUB

615

the first instance, a short abrupt sound,
then applied to a sudden movement
abruptly stopped, then an abrupt projec-
tion or stump. To snub is, then, to re-
duce to a stump, to cut short, as Sw.
stympa, to dock or mutilate, from stump,
a snag or stump.

In thesense of a short abrupt sound
we may cite E. dial, snob or snub, Swiss
schnupf, a sob, passing to the idea of
abrupt movement in Swiss auf den
schnupf, Da. z en snub, in a moment, at a
blow, and in Sw. dial, snubba, snabbla,
snubbla, snappla, snoppla, snuppla, to
stumble. Then, as stumble and stump
are connected together, we have Sc. snab,
the projecting part of a rock or hill, a
rough point ; E. snub, a jag or snag.

His dreadful club
All armed with ragged snuis and knotty grain.

F. Q.

A snubnose is a stumpy nose. Sw. dial.
snubba, nubba, a short tobacco pipe, a
dumpy woman. Hence ON. snubba, to
reduce to a stump or snub, to cut short ;
snubbottr, Da, snubbed, stumpy.

The heads and boughs of trees — towards the
sea are so snubbed by the winds as if the boughj
had been pared or shaven off. — Ray in Todd.

Da. snubbe af, Sw. dial, snubba, to cur-
tail, to dock ; snubba, a cow without horns ;
snubbug, snubbut (of cattle), wanting
horns ; snuv-orug, having short stumpy
ears.

To snub or snib is then figuratively to
set down or reprimand, take one up short,
cut off his excuses, &c. Sw. snubba. Da.
dial, snibbe, Fris. snubbe, snobbe, snope,
afsnope, to set one down, as a too forward
child, to give a sharp reproof; snap, snupp,
ashamed, cast down. It is the same
metaphor when we speak of being com-
pletely stumped, being cut short, reduced
to a nonplus.

The foregoing is, I believe, the true ex-
planation of the connection between the
verb to snub or snib, and forms like Du.
snabbe, snebbe, Bav. schnauppen, on.
sfioppa, the snout ; otherwise there is a
close analogy between a sharp reprimand
and a slap in the face, blow in the chops,
as shown in It. nasada, Venet. mustaz-
zada, a rebuff, from naso, and mustazza,
a snout, respectively. * Pol. btizia, the
mouth ; buzowa^, to snub. Swiss schnautz,
a rough reproof; schnautze, snout ; an-
schnautzen, to speak roughly to one ;
Dorsetsh. snout, to snub — Hal. ; and we
might be inclined to explain a snubbing
as a figurative application of ON. snap-

6i6

SNUDGE

pungr, a blow on the chops ; Gloucest.
snoiip, 2l blow on the head. — Hal.

To Siiudge. To snudge along, to
walk looking downward and poring as
though the head was full of business— B.,
marcher d'un air rampant et pensif.—
Miege. To snudge over the fire, to keep
close to it. To nudge or snudge, to hang
down the head. — Mrs Baker.

The primitive meaning seems to be
going along with the face bent to the
earth like a dog tracing out the scent,
then looking closely after, seeking greedily
for, leading to the use of snudge in the
sense of a miser. ON. 'snugga, snudda.
Da. snuse, to sniff, snuff, search out ;
snugga til eines, to have hope of some-
thing. N. snuska, snusla, to sniff out,
search for something to eat. From the
latter se'hse must be explained the familiar
E. nuzzle, nuddle, to creep closely or
snugly, as an infant in the bosom of its
mother.

She nuzzhth herself in his bosom.

Stafford's Niobe.
We then pass to the idea of grovelling,
going along in a dejected way with the
head down.

Sir Roger shook his. ears and nuzzled along,
well satisfied that he was doing a charitable work.
— Arbuthnot in Todd. How he goes nuddling
along. — Mrs Baker.

The passage from the idea of sniffing
to that of a miser is shown in Du. snicken,
to sniff, to scent, and Sw. snikas, to be
greedy of gain ; sniken, greedy, avaricious,
Stingy, mean.

To Snuff.— Snifif. From a representa-
tion of the sound made by drawing
breath through the nose. Du. snojfen,
snuffen, snuffelen, snnyven, to breathe
through the nose, to trace by scent ;
inoffen, snuffen, to sob ; snof, scent,
perception by scent ; snoeven, snuyven,
to take breath ; snoff, snuff, cold in the
head, running at the nose — Kil. ; Fr.
renifler, nifler, to snifter, snuff up, snivel.
OE. nevelynge with the nose.— Pr. Pm. G.
schnauben, schnaufen, scknieben, to snuff,
snort, huff, puff and blow. Emungere,
snuben, snuuen de nasen. — Dief. Supp.
Schnuffeln, schnilffeln, to snuffle, speak
through the nose ; schnupfen,Xo snuff up,
a cold in the head ; schnuppe, the snuff
of a candle ; schnuppen, -pfen, to be of-
fended at a thing, to snuff at it ; sthnup-
pem, to snivel. Pl.D. snuff, snuffe, nose,
snout.

Snug.— Snuggle. To snuggle is to
nestle, to lie close, like an infant pressing
itself to its mother's bosom.

SOAP

Betwixt them two the peeper took his nest
Where snugging^e\S. he well appeared content.

Sidney.

Hence snug, warm and close, sheltered,
concealed. The ultimate origin is the
figure of snooking or sniffing after food.
See Snook. Westerwald schnaucken, to
sniff after eatables, to eat ; schnaucker,
one who pokes his nose everywhere ;
schnuckeln, to seek after delicacies, to suck
at the breast ; schnuckler, a. person with
a lickerish tooth, an infant at the breast ;
schnuckeles waare, lollipops. Bav.
schnuckeln, to suck, lick, eat with plea-
sure ; abschnuckeln einen, to devour with
kisses ; schnuckes, a darling. Sw. snugga,
to play the parasite, to sponge ; snugga
sig til nagot, to get a thing by fawning.
See Snooze.

So. Goth, sva, AS. swa, on. sva, svo,
G. so, Fr. It. si, Lat. sic. Gael, so, this,
these ; an so, here ; gu so, hither, to this
place ; Mar so, thus, in this manner., So !
here, see here, take this. Fr. ce, OFr. qo,
Prov. aisso, so, this. Fin. se, he, that.
Esthon. se, the, this ; sel kombel, sedda
wisi (in this wise), sis, so. In vulgar'
language, a person says, ' I was that
angry ' for so angry, angry in that degree.

So. — Soa. A tub with two oars to
carry on a stang. — B. ON. sdgr, sdr. Da.
saa, tub, pail, bucket j not to be con-
founded with Fr. seau, a bucket, formerly
siel, from situla.

To Soak. To drain through or into,
to imbibe or suck up, to cause to imbibe.
E. dial, sock, the drainage of a farmyard ;
socky, wet ; sog, a quagmire ; sagged,
soaked with wet. G. and ON. sog, the
sink of a ship, lowest place that receives
the drainings of the ship ; soggr, wet ; G.
sogen, socken (in salt worKs), to drip, to
drain ; siekern, sickern, in Hesse sockern,
to leak, trickle, soak through ; Gael, silg,
suck, imbibe ; silgh, juice, sap, moisture ;
as a verb, suck in, drink up, drain, dry ;
nan tonn, as ON. sog, the flux

and reflux of the waves. Manx sooghey
soo, to suck, steep, soak ; w. swg, a soak
or imbibing ; swgio, to soak, to become
soaked ; soch, E. sough, a sink or drain.

Soap. Du. zeep, G. seife, Lat. sapoirC),
w. sebon, Gael, siabunn, siopunn, soap.
Bret, soav, soa, sua, tallow ; soavon, suan,
soap. Fr. suif, tallow ; savon, soap. W.
swyf, scum, foam, yeast, also suet.

Soap was regarded by the Latins as a
Celtic invention, and therefore it is rea-
sonable that we should look to the latter
class of languages for an explanation of
the name. ' Prodest et sapo. Gallorum

SOAR

hoc inventum, rutilandis capillis, ex
sevo et cinere.' — Plin. Martial calls it
Batavian scum or foam.

Et mutat Latias spuma Batava comas.

To Soar. It. sorare, to soar or hover
in the air like a hawk. Fr. essorer, to air
or weather, to expose to the air, and so
to dry, to mount or soar up, also, being
mounted, to fly down the wind. — Cot.
Prov. eisaurar, essaweiar, to lift into the
air, to raise. From aura, air.

To Sob. A representation of the sound.

Sober. Lat. sobrius, sober, as ebrius,
drunk. No plausible explanation is of-
fered of either.

Sobriquet. Fr. sobriquet, a nickiiame.
Norm, bruchet, the bole of the throat,
breast-bone in birds. Fouler sus I'bruchet,
to seize by the throat. Hence soubriquet,
sobriquet, [properly a chuck under the
chin, then] a quip or cut given, a mock or
flout, a jest broken on a man, [finally] a
nickname. — Cot. ' Percussit super men-
tonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet.' —
Act A.D. 1335 in Archives du Nord de la
Fr. iii. 35. ' Donna deux petits coups
appelfe soubzbriquets des dois de la main
sous le menton.' — Act a.D. 1335, ibid, in
Hericher Gloss. Norm. In the same way
soubarbe, the part between the chin and
the throat ; a check, twitch, jerk given to
a horse with his bridle ; endurer une
soubarbe, to endure an affront. — Cot. So
also Gael, smeachar, the chin, smeachar-
anachd, a taking too great a Hberty with
one, as taking one by the chin.

Soccage. See Sock, i.

Social. — Society. Lat. socius, a com-
panion, fellow, mate.

Sock. I. A ploughshare. — B. Yx.soc,
the coulter or share of a plough, the
plough itself — Cot. From Gael, soc,
snout, beak, chin, fore part of anything,
plough-share ; W. swch, snout, point ;
swch aradr, swch esgid, snout of a plough
(ploughshare), point of a shoe. G. sech,
coulter. The plough turns up the land
like the snout of a pig. For the ultimate
origin of the word see Seek. Soccage, a
tenure of land by inferior services in hus-
bandry [by plough service] to be per-
formed to the lord of the fee. — B.

2. Lat. soccus, a kind of shoe ; Du.
sacke, a sock, woollen covering for the feet.
Prov. soc, 3. buskin, a wooden shoe ;
soquier, a maker of sabots or wooden
shoes ; Cat. soch, soc, clog ; Pied, soch,
soca, socola, a clog or shoe with a wooden
sole ; Ptg. socco, a wooden shoe, also, as
Fr. socle, the base of a pedestal ; It. zoc-

SOIL

617

Colo, a clog. Fr. socque, a sock or sole of
dirt cleaving to the bottom of the foot in
a cloggy way. — Cot.

The proper meaning of the word seems
to be a clog or block, as in It. zocco, Prov.
soc, soca, Fr. souche, a stock or stump of
a tree ; Lang, souc, a block of wood, a
hack-block. A clog or wooden shoe is,
on the same principle, in Du. called
block, holblock J in G. klotzschuh, from
klotz, a log ; in Gr. rl^oiiapov, from tX,o«ov,
a stump of a tree, a log.

The sense of a stump or stock is taken
from the idea of a projection, an abrupt
movement suddenly checked. P1.D. suk,
a syllable expressing the idea of a jog or
jolt. Of a rough trotting horse they say,
Dat geit jummer suk ! szck ! it goes
always jog ! jog ! Sukkeln, to jog along,
to stumble. A similar resemblp^ce is
seen between stump and stumble.

Socket. The base upon which a can-
dle is fixed like a tree upon its stump.
Fr. souchet, souchon, *souchette, Lang.
soukete, a little stock or stump of a tree ;
Fr. souche, Prov. soc, soca, stump. See
last article.

Sod. Pl.D. sode, soe, Du. sode, soede,
Fris. satha, a turf Gael, sod, a turf, a
clumsy person ; sodach, a robust or clumsy
man ; sodair, a strong-built man ; sodag,
a clout, a pillion or pannel.

Soda. Sp. soda, sosa (from Lat. salsa).
Mid. Lat. salsola, seaside plants, from
whose ashes soda was made.

Sodden. See Seethe.

Sofa. Arab, sofah.

Soft. Du. sacht, soft, Pl.D. sagt, G.
sacht, sanft.

Soil. I. Fr. sol. It. suolo, Lat. soltim,
ground, soil, foundation, sole of the foot.

2. Fr. soil, sueil de sangUer, the soil of
a wild boar, the mire wherein he wallows ;
se souiller (of a swine), to take soil, to
wallow in the mire. Da. sol, mire, mud ;
Sw. sola, to wallow. Bav. solen sich {pi
a stag), to cool himself by wallowing in
the water. To take soil, to run into the
water as a deer when close pursued. —
B. Soal, a dirty pond. — Hal. See next
article.

To Soil.— Sully, i. Fr. souiller, It.
sogliare (Fl.), ohg. solagSn, mhg. siiln,
solgen, Swiss siilchen, Pl.D. solen, siillen,
Du. solowen, seuleiuen, s'dlen,^ ON. sola.
Da. sole, to daub, dirty. Swiss sulch, a
stain of dirt ; G. solung, the wallowing
place of swine ; It. sugliardo, filthy. ON.
sulla, to paddle, dabble, mess.

The proper meaning of the word is
doubtless to dabble in the wet, and the

6i8

SOIL

primitive form is probably similar to that
shown in Sc, suddill, stcddle, G. sudeln,
suddeln, soddeln, (Brem. Wtb.), Du. soete-
len, to daub, sully, stain, from a repre-
sentation of the sound of dabbling in
water. Bav. suttern, sottern, to boil a
gallop, make a noise in boiling ; to gug-
gle out of a narrow-necked bottle ; suit,
a puddle.

The elision of the d is palpably shown
in Bav. sudeln, sul'n, to dirty, to boil (in
a contemptible sense), Pl.D. smuddeln,
smullen, to smear, dirty, dabble. In a
similar manner Fr. mouiller, E. moil,
maul, to wet, dabble, dirty, must be re-
garded as contracted from forms like
muddle, m,addle, originally imitating the
sound of dabbling in the wet.

For a parallel series of similar origin
see Sallow.

It is not improbable that Lat. solum
belongs to the same stock with the fore-
going, having originally signified mud,
then ground, loM^Sst place, foundation.

To Soil. 2. To feed cattle with green
food in the stall. In Suffolk it signifies
to fatten completely ; soiling, the last fat-
tening food given to fowls when they are
taken up from the baru-door and cooped.
— Forby. In this sense of high-fed, stall-
ed, it is used by Shakespeare.

The fitchew nor the sqiled horse goes to 't
With a more ravenous appetite. — Lear.

E. dial, soul, to satisfy with food. — Hal.
The origin is undoubtedly Fr. saotiler,
Prov. sadollar, Lat. satullo, to glut, sa-
tiate. Prov. sadol, Fr. soul. It. satollo,
Lat. satur, satullus, sated, full, fatted.

It is singular that even in this last
sense the word seems ultimately to spring
from the same physical image of dab-
bling or wallowing in liquids. When
once man had become acquainted with
intoxicating liquors, abundance of drink
would become the normal type of the
highest luxury, and hence probably must
be explained the figures of bathing or
swimming in dehght noticed under Gala.
N. sumla, to paddle, dabble, bathe, swim
(Aasen), is in on. applied to Pharaoh
and his host overwhelmed by the billows
of the sea. Sutnladisk konungrinn — i
sidvarins bylgium. Hence stiml, sumbl,
drink, ale, a drinking bout. AS. symbel,
a feast, banquet, supper ; symbelnys, a
festival, solemnity. Tha symbelnys incessa-
sanges, the solemnity of the mass. From
the image, then, of the splashing of liquids
M'C pass, on the one hand, to the idea of
filth and dirt, and, on the other, to that

SOKE

of flowing bowls, luxurious enjoyment,
sated appetite.

Both branches of the metaphor are ex-
hibited in Pl.D. smudden, smuddeln,
smullen, to dabble, splash about, dirty,
also to eat and drink copiously, to live
luxuriously ; Du. smul, gluttony ; smul,
smul van dranke, ebrius, obrutus vino,
thoroughly drunk. — Kil. Smullen, to
soil oneself ; to make good cheer, to gor-
mandise [and hence to satiate oneself];
Ik heb er van gesmuld, I have had my
belly-full of it. — Bomhoff. Smullbroer, a
boon companion, lickerish fellow. In the
same way from forms like Sw. sudda, PI.

D. suddeln, soddeln, soetelen (Brem.
Wtb.), to dabble, we pass to the contract-
ed sblen, used in both senses. Besolen,
to bedabble, to dirty, also to swill one-
self with drink ; solig, drunken ; sblbroer
(as Du. smullbroer), sblgast, a boon com-
panion. With these last may be compared

E . swillbowl, swilltub, a drunkard ; to
swill, to wash or rinse, to drink copiously ;
swill, hog's wash, swiller (exactly equiva-
lent to Fr. so.uillard), a scullion. — Hal.
Sw. sSla, to wallow, dabble, bedaub ; also
to sot, to guttle ; N. sulla, satiated, drunk.
It is hard to separate the series here
given from Fr. saoul, soul, sated, drunk.
Sotil comme une grive, as drunk as an
owl. But if the forms are truly analogous,
we must suppose that the root sat, ap-
pearing in Lat. satur, satiari, satullus,
was derived from a form like satullare,
originally (like Pl.D. suddeln, soddeln, Du.
soetelen, Bav. sottern, suttern) represent-
ing the agitation of liquid. From this
source also would be explained the con-
tracted form shown in Fr. sale, Gael, sal,
dirty, Fr. salir, to dii-ty, E. sallow, which
it is so difficult to keep apart from the
series connected with Fr. souiller and E.
sully.

To Sojourn. Fr. sejoumer; It. sog-
giornare; OFr. sorjornier. — Chron. Dues
de Norm. 2. 11607. Ed uimeis od mei
surjurneras. — L. des Rois.

Soke. The privilege of holding a court
which the tenants of the lordship are
bound to attend, or the territory over
which the duty of attending the court ex-
tends. The soke of a mill is the territory
over which the tenants are bound to bring
their corn to be ground at a certain mill.
The word is derived from AST socan, secan,
to seek, and is equivalent to Mid.Lat.
secta, Fr. stiite, E. suit. Soca molendini
and secta molendini are both used for the
soke of a mill. Soca placitorum and secta
I placitorum signify the right of holding a

SOLACE

court to which the tenants of the lordship
owe suit. Sw. soka, to seek, to bring a
suit at law.

Solace. Lat. solor, to console, solace,
ease ; solatium, It. solazzo, Fr. soulas,
solace, sport, recreation. In Gael, the
particles so and do are used like ti and
Ivg in Gr. Thus from leir, sight, percep-
tion, soilleir, bright, clear ; doiUeir, dim,
dark, obscure ; solas, comfort, cheerful-
ness, joy ; dblas, woe, grief, mourning.

Solar. Lat. sol, the sun.

Solder, — Sodder. Fr. soulder, souder,
to soulder, consolidate, close or fasten to-
gether.— Cot. It. saldo, sodo, solid, firm ;
saldare, to fix, fasten, to stanch blood,
solder metals, starch linen, gum or stiffen
silks, close or heal up a wound. — Fl.
Lat. solidus.

Soldier. OFr. souldart. Norm, soldar,
soldier, one who receives pay. Eo son
stao to soldaero. — Barsegap^ (Milanese
13th cent.). It. soldo, Fr. solde, pay, hire,
from solidus, Fr. sol, sou, a piece of
money.

Sole. The basis of anything, floor of
a mine, lower surface of the foot, of a
shoe, &c. P1.D. sale, G. sohle, Lat. solea,
It. suola, Sw. sola, sdla, sole of the foot
or of a shoe. Goth, sulja, sandal ; stil-
jan, to found, to lay a foundation. W.
sail, foundation, groundwork ; seilgamu
{camii, to step), to tread a sole away ;
seilddor (foundation of door), threshold ;
seilddar (daear, earth, ground), a found-
ation, pile, a prop, explaining Pl.D. sjile,
G. saiile, a column, pillar.

The radical signification is probably
that of Lat. solum, the ground or earth,
from the origin explained under Soil.

Sole. Lat. solus, only.

Solecism. Gr. ffoXoiKio-fioe, a barbarism
in speech ; from 26X01K01, dwellers at Soli,
a city in Cilicia, who had lost the purity
of the Attic speech.

Solemn. Lat. sollemnis, solemnis, so-
lennis, what is done every year at a cer-
tain time. Solemnia sacra dicuntur quas
certis temporibus annisque fieri solent. —
Festus. It then aicquired the sense of
accustomed, authorised, formal. The de-
rivation of the first syllable has been
much disputed, whether from solus, only,
according to the analogy of biennis, from
bis, twice, and annus, or from sollo, which,
according to Festus, signified all, whole,
in Oscan.

Solicit. Lat. solicittis, careful, troubled,
busy.
Solid. Lat. solidus, whole, entire, not

SOOL

619

hollow ; solus, only, alone j Gr. iiXos,
whole, entire.

Solitary. — Solitude. Lat. solus, alone.

Sollar. An upper room of a house. —
B. Properly simply a flooring, then ap-
plied to floors or stages in different parts
of the house. It. solaro, sollato, a floor
or ceiling ; solare, a story of any build-
ing, from solare, to sole, to floor, or ceil.
— Fl. OFr. solier, sollier, an upper floor,
ground floor, loft.

Du. solder, solier, lacunar, tabulatum,
contignatio ; solderen, contignare, con-
tabulare ; et in solario sive horreo con-
dere. — Kil. Corn, soler, a stage of boards
in a mine. — Dief. Bret, sol, base, found-
ation, beam ; solier, ceihng, floor, loft.

Solstice. Lat. solstitium, midsummer
or midwinter, the period at which the
midday sun is stationary in the heavens,
neither rising nor falling ; sol, sun, and
statio, standing.

Soluble. — Solution, -solve. Lat.
solvo, solutum, to loosen, relax. Gr. Xint,
to loosen, undo.

Some. Goth, sums, Swiss som, sum,
Sw. soni, somlige, Du. sommig, some.
Sw. som is used as a relative particle in
the sense of that, as, so.

Son. Goth., Lith. sunus, Russ. siein,
Bohem. syn, Sanscr. s^nu, son. Fin.
siindua, to be born ; sunnuttaa, Esthon.
siinnitaina, to beget. Sanscr. su, to beget,
to bear, bring forth ; ptcple past, suta,
a son ; sutA, a daughter ; si.na, born,
blown, budded (as a floWer), a son ; sunA,
a daughter.

Song. See Sing.

Songle. — Songow. A handful of
gleaned corn. — B. Sc. single, s. s. — Jam.
Du. sangh, sanghe, fasciculus spicarum. —
Kil. Bav. sdngeln, to glean ; sdngel-
biisckel, a bundle of gleaned corn. Sange,
manipulus, gelima. — Gl. in Schmeller.
Swab, sange, a bundle of hemp.

The origin is Da. sanke, to gather, cull,
glean, pick. Sanke-ax, gleanings of corn,
sankebrcende, bundles of firewood, faggots.
Sw. samka, samla, to collect, gather, from
the particle sam, in composition equiva-
lent to Lat. con, Gr. am ; samman, toge-
ther. Bav. sdmen, to collect, gather. Satn.
sdmnat, manipulus. — Gl. in Schm.

Sonorous, -son-. Lat. somas, a sound ;
sonorus, sounding. Consonant, Dissonant,
&c.

Sool. — Sowl. Anything eaten with
bread. — B. The butter, cheese, &c.,
eaten with the bread that forms the staple
of a poor man's meal, is called sowling

620

SOON

in Pembrokeshire. Edulium, Anglice,
sowylle. — Nominale xv. cent., in Hal.
Kam he nevere hom hand bare,
That he ne broucte bred and sowel.

Havelok, 767.

Maria Egyptiaca eet in thyrty wynter
Bote thre lytel loves, and love was her souel.

P.P.

ON. sufl, N. swvl, Sw. sofwel. Da. suul,
anything eaten with bread. Sw. sofia, to
season.

The origin of the term is shown in Bret.
soubinel, the sowling or sauce eaten with
the brose or porridge that forms the prin-
cipal part of a peasant's diet. The sou-
binel consists of honey, melted butter, &c.,
and is commonly put in a hollow in the
middle of the porridge, each spoonful of
which is dipped in the soubinel as it is
eaten. From souba, to sop or dip. — Le-
gonidec. Goth, supon, OHG. soffon, ga-
sofon, to season food. Sowling is called
slppersauce in Cleveland.

Soon. Goth, suns, immediately, sunsei,
as soon as ; AS. sona, soon. Du. saen,
immediately, soon.

Soot. Condensed smoke. Du. soet,
Pl.D. sott, sud, Sw. sot, Da. sod, Gael.
suith, Lith. sodis.

Probably from Du. soetelen, Pl.D. sud-
deln, Sw. sudda, to dabble, dirty, in the
same way as the nearly synonymous smut,
from Pl.D. smudden, smuddeln,' in the
same sense. The idea of staining or
dirtying is expressed by the figure of
splashing or daubing with wet, and then
the name is given to soot as the most
staining or dirtying material.

Sooth. ON. saimr, sadr, true, in ac-
cordance with the fact. Sanscr. sat (nom.
sail, ace. santam), being, equivalent to
Lat. sens, sentis mprcssens; whence asat,
nothing ; satya, true. When the Houyh-
nyms were driven to express the idea of
falsehood, new to them, they called it say-
ing that which is not.

To Sooth.e. The radical meaning is
to lull or calm by a monotonous sound.
Goth, suthjan, to tickle the ears. AS.
gasothian, to flatter. ON. suda, to hum,
to buzz. Sc. south, sowth, to hum a tune,
a murmuring sound.
The soft sotith of the swyre [gorge of the hills],

and sound of the stremes,
The sweit savour of the swairde, and singing of

fovvlis.
Might comfort any creature of the kyn of Adam.
Dunbar in Jam.
G. sausen. Da. suse, to buzz, whizz, sound
as wind or water ; einein kinde sause sin-
gen, to lull a child asleep; W. suo, to buzz,
to hush, to lull.

SORE

On the same principle the word lull is
derived from monotonous singing, la-la-
la. Da. nynne, to hum a tune ; It. ninnare,
to sing, to lull or dandle children asleep.
N. hulla, lulla, sulla, to hum, to lull.

It seems to be from some hazy feeling
of the physical origin of the word that it
is so frequently used in the sense of calm-
ing by sound.

There is little doubt but the verse as well as
the lyre of David was able to soothe the troubled
spirits to repose. — Knox, Ess. in R.
Ideal sounds
Soft-wafted on the zephyr's fancy'd wing.
Steal tuneful soothings on the easy ear.

Thomson.
The godlike man they found
Pleased with the solemn harp's harmonious

sound :
With this he soothes his angry soul. — Pope,IUad.

Possibly Lat. sedare may have the same
origin. See Seethe.

To Sop. To dip into or soak in broth,
&c. Sop, bread soaked in broth, drip-
ping, wine, or any liquid. — B. N. sabba,
svabba, subba, to paddle, dabble ; subben,
soaked, wet. Goth, supon, gasupon, to
season, properly to dip bread in sauce.
Sw. soppa, broth, soup. N. soppa, bread
and milk. Pl.D. sappen, to make a sound
like water in dabbling. Idt is so vuul
up'r straten dat idt sappet : it is so dirty
in the streets that it splashes audibly. De
schoe sappet : it squashes in one's shoe.
Sappig, soppy, plashy.

Sophist. Lat. sophista, Gr. aotptarrie,
from aoipiZia, to teach wisdom ; anfoe,
wise.

Soporiferous. Lat. sopto, -Hum, to
set to sleep ; sopor, sleep.

Soprano. See Sovereign.

Sorcerer. Fr. sorcier, a wizard, pro-
perly one who divines by casting lots ;
sortilege, witchcraft, divination by lot ;
sort, Lat. sors, a lot. Alban. short, lot ;
shortar, soothsayer, sorcerer. Fin. arpa,
lot ; arpamies {mies, man), soothsayer.

Sordid. Lat. sordes, filth; sordidtis,
dirty, slovenly, vile.

Sore. — Sorry, on. sdr, wound, sore ;
sdrbeittr, very sharp ; sArkaldr, very
cold, sorely cold, so cold as to be
painfully felt ; sdrligr, painful, sore ;
sdrliga, sdrla, badly, hardly. N. soar,
wounded, injured, sore, and in a figurative
sense, painful, bitter. Eiti saar sukk, a
bitter sigh ; ein saar'e graat, bitter weep-
ing ; saart, painfully, bitterly, with pain-
ful effort. Bav. ser. Swab, seir, seer,
painful, sore ; OHG. sMg, painful, suffer-
ing, sad. Sc. sare, sair, a sore, wound,
pain to the mind, sorrow ; sore, painful,

SORREL

Sorrpwful, oppressive, severe, violent,
hard ; Sc. sary, sad, sorrowful, pitiable,
wretched. — Jam. e. sorry has come
pretty generally to be felt as if it was the
adjective of sorrow, with which, in reality,
it has no etymological connection.

Sorrel. I. Fr. sorel, the herb sorrel
or sour dock ; sorel du bois, sour trefoil,
wood sour [wood-sorrel]. — Cot. n. sure-
gras, G. sauerampfer, Gr. b^dKi^, from
65us, sharp.

2. A horse of a mixed red colour. It.
sauro, a sorrel colour of a horse. Fr.
saur, sorrel of colour ; harenc satir, a red
herring. Saurir les harencs, to redden
herrings, to lay them on hurdles in a close
room and then smoke them with dry
leaves until they have gotten their sorrel
hue ; sorer, to reek, to dry or make red as
herrings in the smoke. — Cot.

As the sorrel stems are of a brown-red
colour, strikingly conspicuous in a field
of mowing-grass, the word may simply
signify of the colour of sorrel. On the
other hand, it may be from P1.D. soar,
dry ; OHG. sauren, soren, to dry. See
Sear. The name of the colour would
then be taken from that of a dried her-
ring.

Sorrow. Goth, saurgan, to sorrow ;
saurga, sorrow ; G. sorge, ON. sorg, care,
sorrow, anxiety ; syrgja^ to mourn. Fin.
sum, grief, sorrow, care ; surua, surkua,
to grieve, mourn ; surra, to be sorrowful,
painful, to take care of.

Sort. Fr. sorte, Du. soorte, G. sorte,
Lat. sors, sortis, lot. Sort was frequently
used in the sense of a company, assem-
blage, as lot is in vulgar language.

There on a day as he pursued the chase,

He chanced to spy a sort of shepherd grooms

Playing on pipes. — F. Q.

Soss..— Souse. Soss, a mucky puddle
^B. ; anything dirty or muddy, a heavy
fall ; souse, a thump or blow ; a dip in
the water. — Hal. Souse or soss is used
to represent the sound either of a dull
blow or of dabbling in the water. To
souse or soss down is to sit suddenly
down. To sotise into the water, to plunge
suddenly in. ' Sossing and possing in the
durt.' — Gammer Gurton. ' Of any one
that mixes slops or makes a place wet
and dirty, we say in Kent, he makes a
soss.' — Kennett in Hal. Sossed, saturated;
sossle, to make a slop. — Hal. N. susla,
to paddle, dabble. Pigs are called to
their wash by the cry of sttss ! suss ! To
suss, to swill like a hog. It. sozzare, to
defile, sully.

SOUGH

621

They soused me over head and ears in water when
a boy. — ^Addison.

. — The rabble sous' d them for't
O'er head and ears in mud and dirt. — Butler in T.

Swiss sotschen, shoes full of water which
make a sousing or squishing noise at
every step.

Sot. A drunkard ; to sot, to drink to
excess. From drunkenness the meaning
seems to have passed to drunken stupidity,
folly, misconduct. Fr. sot, sottish, dull,
gross, absurd, foolish, vain, lascivious.
Bret, sot, sod, stupid, imbecile, coarse.

The idea of drinking to excess is in
many cases expressed by the figure of
paddling or washing, as in E. szvlll,,'v/hich
from signifying rinsing or washing with
water is applied to inordinate drinking.
Sw. sdla, to dabble, wallow ; sola och supa,
to sot away one's time. — ^Widegren. PI.
D. solen, to dabble ; besolen, to swill, to
drink oneself full ; solig, dabbled, drunk.
Again, Pl.D. smudden,smuddeln,s?nullen,
to dabble, paddle, daub, also to sot, to
gormandise, guttle, tope, and suddeln, sod-
deln, Sw. sudda, suddla, to daub, blot ;
N. sulla, drunken, full. The noise made
by the agitation of water, in a somewhat
different manner, is represented by Pl.D.
suddern, to boil with a gentle sound ; E.
dial, sotter, to boil gently.

From forms like the foregoing the radi-
cal syllable sod, sot, is used in the expres-
sion of ideas connected with the dashing
of liquids . Gael, sod, noise of boiling
water ; E. soapsuds, water and soap beaten
up together in washing ; sot, to tope, a
drunkard ; Lith. sotus, g; satt, full, sati-
ated.

Souce. — Souse. Pickle of salt, any.,
thing pickled, especially the ears of pigs,
whence souse, the ear. To souse, to steep
in pickle, to season with pickle.
Kill swineand sowse 'em,
And eat 'em when we»have bread.

B. & F. in T.
Oil though it stink they drop by drop impart ;
But souse the cabbage with a bounteous heart.

Pope.

Fr. saulse, sauce, sauce.

Souchy. Du. zootje, Pl.D. soodje;
■water-soodje, water-souchy, perch served
up in the water in which it has been
boiled. Zootje, soodje, is the dim. of PI.
D. sSde, soe, Du. zoo, a boiling, so much
as is boiled or sodden at once. Een sSe
fiske, a dish of fish.

Sough.. An underground -drain, w.
soch, a sink or drain. ON. sog, the sink
of a ship, outflow of a lake. See to Soak,
to Sew, Sewer.

622

SOUL

Soul. Goth, saivala, AS. sawel, sawl,
ON. sdl, G. seek, soul. Gael, saoil, think.

Sound. I. w. sdn, noise, report,
rumour ; Bret, son, soun, sound, tune ;
Fr. son, Lat. sonus.

2. A narrow arm of the sea, properly-
one that can be swum over. as. and on.
sund, swimming. He mid sunde thas ea
oferfaran wolde : he would pass the river
by swimming. A'in er &, sundi : the river
must be crossed by swimming. ON. sund,
a sound or straits ; N. su7id, a ferry ; ON.
sund/ugl, water-fowl ; sundfcerr, what
may be swum over. n. symja, to swim ;
sumd, symd, capable of swimming.

3. From the same source must be ex-
plained cod-sounds (in Shetland called
soutns), the swimming bladder of the cod-
fish. ON. sundmagi {magi, maw or
stomach), the swimming bladder.

4. G. gesund, Du. zond, gezond, Lat.
sanus, sound, whole, uninjured.

To Sound. Fr. sonder, to measure the
depth with a plummet. Bret, sounn, stiff,
steep, upright, perpendicular. Sounn
gand ar riou, stiff with cold. Sounn eo
ar menez, the mountain is steep. Sound-
er, uprightness, perpendicular. Sounna,
to make or become upright, to stiffen, w.
syth, stiff, erect, upright.

Soup. — To Sup. Fr. soupe. It. sopa,
broth with bread soaked in it ; also sops
of bread. Mouill^ comme une soupe.
NE. soup, to saturate, soak ; soupy, wet
and swampy, on. supa {syp, saup, sopii),
to sup up liquids, to drink. OHG. wein-
sawf, wine-sop. Swiss saufen, to sup up,
eat with a spoon. G. saufen, Sw. supa,
Pl.D. supen, to drink copiously ; sopen, to
give to drink ; soopje, a sip, a little drink.

Like sap, sop, sip, from the sound.

Sour. G. sauer, ON. siirr, w. sHr.

Source. Fr. source, from sotirdre,
Prov. sorzer. It. sorgere, to rise, spring,
bubble up as water. Fr. sourgeon, a
young shoot of a. tree, the rising up of
water in a spring. — Cot. Lat. surgere, to
rise.

Souter. A cobbler. Immediately from
Fr. savetier, It. ciabattiere, a cobbler,
Souter or clouter of old shoes. — FI. Fr.
savate. It. ciabatta, an old shoe ; Sp.
zapdto, a shoe ; zapdto de tierra, earth or
clay which sticks to the shoes. Lang.
sabdto, a shoe ; sabAtier, a shoemaker.
Fr. jai^o^, a wooden shoe. In the Limou-
sin dialect sabot is contracted to sou;
whence soutid, a malcer of sabots, whicli
may serve to illustrate the passage from
savetier to E. souter. The resemblance
to Lat. sutor is a curious accident, made

SPADE

more singular by the fact that we are
brought round to the same designation
from other quarters. Fin. suutari, Lap.
sutar, a shoemaker, are supposed by some
to be corruptions of G. schuster. They
also remind us of ON. sutari, a tanner,
from suta, to tan.

The origin of Sp. zapdta, as well as of
Fr. sabot, appears to be a representation
of the sound of the footfall. Sp. zapatdzo,
clapping noise of a horse's foot, noise
attending a fall ; zapatear, to beat time
with the sole of the shoe, to strike the
ground with the feet, said of rabbits when
chased ; zaparrazo, a violent fall attended
with great noise. Prov. sabotar, to shake,
to stir.

South.. Du. zuid, G. sUd, ON. sunnr,
sudr, Sw. sunnan, . soder, Da. sijnden,
south. There can be little doubt that
the meaning of the word is, turned to the
sun. Bav. sunnenhalb, sunnhalb, sunder-
halb, turned towards the sun, southward ;
sunderwind, the south wind. Swiss sun-
net-halb (on the sunny side), southwards ;
schatten-halb (on the shady side), north-
wards.

Sovereign. Fr. souverain. It. sov-
rano, soprano, uppermost, supreme. Lat.
supra, above.

* Sow. AS. sAgu, Du. soegh, sogh, souwe
(Kil.), Pl.D. soge, G. sau, Sw. sugga,
OberD. sucke,'^?iSS.. couche (Sigart), Fin.
sika, Esthon. sigga. Let. cuka (tsuka),
Lat. sus, sow ; suada, OberD. suckel, Fr.
cochon, w. soccyn, a pig.

The name seems to be taken from the
cry to call the animal to its food, OberD.
suck! Norfolk sugJ (Hal.), Let. cuk !
Wall, couche! U.S. chuk ! (Bartlet).

To Sow. Goth, saian, AS. sawan, Pl.D.
saden, saien, OHG. sahan, G. sden, Sw.
sdda, sa, Bohem. syti, Lith. seti, Lat.
serere {sevi, satum, semeti), W. hau, to
sow ; had, seed ; Bret, hada, to sow.

* To Sowle.— Sole. To sowle by the
ears, to lug one by the ears.

He'll go, he says, and sole the porter of Rome
gates by the ears — Coriolanus.
Du. sollen, to toss up and down, as a ship
upon the waves, to toss in a blanket ;
jemand sollen (Fr. houspiller), to towze
one, pull him about. Sol over bol, solle-
bol, sol or sole over bol vallen, prjecipi-
tari, to tumble head over heels, q. d. solea
supra caput.— Kil. Fr. sabouler, to toss,
tumble with, tread under the feet, to tug
or scuffle with. — Cot.

Space. Lat. spatium.

Spade.— Spud. — Spattle. g. spaten,
a spade ; Du. spade, spacye, a spade, hoe ;

SPALL

spadelken, spayken, G. spattel, a spattle or
slice for mixing medicines or spreading
plaisters. Spattle is also used in the
sense of spud, a spade with a diminutive
blade for digging weeds. N. spode, spudu,
a small shovel. Gr. tnra.9ti, a blade. Lat.
spatha, a short broad sword ; spathula,
spatula, a spattle. It. spada, Sp. espadu,
Fr. epee, a sword. It. spdtola, spatella,
spatula, a spattle, trowel, cook's flat scum-
mer or broad slice, broad flat shovel,
shoulder-blade, a broad flat lath, or splint
of wood with a handle to beat flax with.
— Fl. Alb. shpate, sword ; shpatoule,
shoulder-blade.

The primitive type of a blade or im-
plement for digging would be a splinter
of flint or piece of cleft wood, as shown
in G. grabscheit, a spade, properly a shide
or piece of cleft wood for digging. It is
probable, then, that spade may be radi-
cally identical with Swab, spatt, speitel,
Bav. speidel, spaitl, a chip, splinter, shin-
gle. The ultimate origin may perhaps
be found in forms like E. spatter, spattle,
■ to scatter liquid in small drops ; Piedm.
spatare, to spatter, scatter, squander ;
Du. bespatten, to bespatter, bedash. The
spattering of liquid by a sudden blow
would afford a lively image of dashing to
small fragments.

Spall.— Spell.— Spill.— SpoU. Spalls
or broken pieces of stone that come off
in hewing. — Nomencl. in Hal. Shivers,
spals, rivings. — Fl. Spawl, a splinter. —
Hal. Sc. spale, speal, a splinter, lath,
chip. A splint or speall of wood or stone.
— Fl. Spels, spoils, chips of wood. — Hal.
Spell, spill, a chip of wood for lighting a
candle. Swiss spallen, to apply splints.
Du. spelle (properly a splinter), a pin. It.
spillo, a pin, prick, spill. — Fl. N. spile, a
thin lath, a shaving ; spilekorg, a chip
basket ; spjeld, a shive, shelf, float of a
water-wheel ; ON. spjall, spjald, a lath,
thin board, tablet, back of a book ;
steinspjold, the tables of stone on which
the law was written ; Goth, spilda, a
tablet ; AS. speld, a torch, chip for light-
ing ; E. spelt, a splinter. Chippes and
spelts of wood. — Nomencl. 1585, in Hal.
Gael, spealt, a splinter ; spealt, cleave,
split, break with force. Sw. spillra, to
shiver to pieces ; spillra, a splinter, shiver.
P1.D. spellern, spellen, to split. — Brem.
Wtb. in v. spelje. Pl.D. sf alter, a thin
piece of wood ; spiller, a smaller splinter,
such as matches are made of; spallrig
(Swiss spdllig, spellig), easily cleft. —
Uanneil. E. spelder, a shiver or splinter.
Spelder of wood, esclat.— Palsgr.

SPALLES

623

The grete schafte that was longe
AUe to spildurs hit spronge.

Avowing of Arthur.

Bav. gespilderter zaun, a fence of laths.
OE. spillers or spilters, the thin divisions
at the top of a deer's horn. — Hal.

There is no doubt that the foregoing
forms signifying a splinter or fragment
are of like origin with G. spalten, Gael.
spealt, to cleave, Fris. spjellen, to split
(Outzen in Spille), but it would be rash
to say that the noun is derived from the
verb or vice versS,.

The sound of a blow or of an explosion
is represented by an articulate form,
which is then applied either to the act of
flying to pieces, or to the separate parts
which are the result of the explosion. Ir.
spallaim, to beat or strike ; spalla, frag-
ment of stone for walling. Gael, sgealb,
the sound of a blow, a slap ; as a verb,
to split, dash into fragments ; and again,
sgealb, a splinter.

Spalles. Shoulders. — B. Spalde,
spawde, a shoulder ; spadebone, spawbone,
spautbone, the shoulder-bone. It. spalla,
OFr. espalde, Fr. dpaule, Ptg. espalda,
espddra, Prov. espatla, Gris. spadla, w.
yspawd, shoulder.

The meaning of the word has doubtless
reference to the broad shovel- or blade-like
shape of the shoulder-bone. Gr. airndri,
any broad blade, a flat strip of wood used
by weavers, a spatula for stirring ; aTraOri,
fl Tov avdptinrov, costa, humerus, armus.^
Joannes de Janua. hat . spatha, a sword ;
spathula, spatula, a spattle, or slice ;
Alban. shpate, sword ; schpatoule,
shoulder-blade. Mid.Lat. spatula, spa-
dula, schulder, schulderbein. — Dief.
Supp. Spatulosus, magnas et diffusas
habens spatulas. — Joan, de Jan.

The radical meaning of spatula, as
shown under Spade, is a splinter or piece
of cleft wood, from a form like scatter,
spattle, to scatter abroad, and a similar
contraction to that from spatula to It.
spalla is seen in E. spattle, spawl, to spit
about. It is probable, then, that the con-
traction may have taken place at a very
early stage of language, when the root
was used in the sense of splashing about,
and thus that E. spall and spill, a splinter,
may be true equivalents of It. spalla.
Bav. speidel, a splinter, is pronounced
spei'l, spa'l. — Schm, The nasalisation of
speidel gives G. spindel, while the con-
tracted form is seen in the synonymous
spille, a spindle.

It is reasonable, on the same principle,
to 'suppose that Lat. pala, a shovel, is

624

SPAN

contracted from a form corresponding to
It. padella, any flat or frying pan — FL,
the root of which is preserved in Pol.
padai si(, to chap, crack, burst.

Span. G. spanne, It. spanna, Fr. espan,
empan, the length of the outstretched
thumb and fingers. G. spannen, to strain
or stretch, extend, bind, fasten. Einen
auf die folter spannen, to stretch one on
the rack. Tiicher in den rahmen spannen,
to stretch cloth on the tenters.

The radical meaning of the verb to
span is probably to fasten with spans, i. e.
chips, splinters, or pegs. Fris. sponne, a
peg or nail. In support of this deriva-
tion may be cited Lap. spanes, a chip ;
spanestet, to peg a skin out to dry. In
the same way, ON. spita, a splinter or
peg ; spita, to fasten with pegs, especially
to stretch out a skin to dry. N. spila,
spile, a splinter, chip, peg ; spila, Pl.D.
spilen, to stretch out, to fix open. De
ogen upspilen, to open wide the eyes.
T)Vl. spaik, a. splint or splinter; spalken,
to support with splints, to set open. He
spalkte ziine oogen op, he opened wide his
eyes. Fris. spalckjen, to stretch out, to
fasten on the cross. — Epkema.

To Span. To wean a child. — B. G.
spanferkel, a sucking pig ; spdnen, to
wean ; AS. spana, ON. spene, a teat ;
spendrekkr, spenabarn, a sucking-child.
Flem. spene, spenne, sponne, spunne,
mother's milk. Pl.D. spennen, to wean,
in other dialects to suck. — Brem. Wtb.
Bav. spinn, spiinn, gespunn, gespunst,
spun yarn, also mother's milk ; gespunne,
the breast.— Schm.

As we use the word spin to express the
springing forth of a thread of liquid from
a small orifice, as blood from a vein, or
milk from the breast, it is probable that
the milk springing from the breast was
compared to the thread of yarn springing
from the flax on the distaff, and from the
flow of milk the name of spunn or spin
was given to the breast. S;pin, to stream
out in a thread or small current. — Todd.
The blood out of their helmets span. — Drayton.

Span-new. See Spick and Span.

Spangle. The radical meaning seems
to be to tingle, then to glitter, sparkle, on
the principle by which words representing
ringing sound are transferred to glittering
objects. Lith. spengti, to ring, to sound ;
spangius, twinkling, squinting.

The twinkling spangles, the ornaments of the
upper world. — Glanville in R.
A vesture — sprinkled here and there
With guttering spangs that did like stars appear.

F..Q.

SPAR

Gael, spang, anything shining or spark-
ling, any small thin plate of metal ;
spangach, shining, sparkling. Bav. span-
geln, to sparkle or bubble up like wine in
a glass, to ornament with metal plate.
To spangle was used in the sense of
glitter.

Lucignolare, to shine, flare, sf angle, glitter.
Lucignoli, ribbands, flowers, gUttering jewels,
spangles, bodkin pendants . Smoghare, to shiver
in pieces, to spangle or glitter as some precious
stones do. — Fl.

In the application to a clasp, perhaps
the snapping sound with which it shuts
may also come into play. Du. spang, a
stud, clasp, spangle ; ON. spong, a clasp,
a plate of metal. N.Fris. spungin, to
snap. — Johannson, p. 176. From the
sound of a snap also must be explained
the Sc. sense of the word, to leap with
elastic force, to spring. — Jam.

The arrowis flaw spangand fra every stryng.

D. V.
See Spank.

Spaniel. Fr. ipagneul, OFr. espag-
neul, espagnol — Sherwood; a Spanish
dog.

Spank.— Spunli. Spank, a sounding
blow with the open hand ; to spank along,
to move at a rapid rate ; spanking,
sprightly, active, large ; spanky, showy,
smart. W. ysponc, a smack, a jerk, skip
or quick bound; yspo7tcio, to smack, to
bound sharply. In" familiar E. spunk,
spirit; spunky, %-^vn.\.e.ii. FI.D . spakkem,
spenkem, to run and spring about, to
gallop a horse. — Brem. Wtb. Sc. spjink,
a spark, a match or splinter of wood for
lighting.

Spar. I. The crystallised minerals of
a metallic vein. as. spceren, sparstan,
gypsum. ' Gypsum, sparchalch, gybss,
oder j;^fl^.' — Vocab. a.d. 1430, in Deutsch.
Mundart. G. spath, a spaad, spat, spalt
or spar, a kind of leafy stone ; Jlusspath,
fusible spath or spar.— Kiittn.

2. A bar of wood. Du. sperre, sparre,
a rod, stake, bar, post, beam. G. sparren,
a rafter. It. sbarra, a bar, barrier, palis-
ade, impediment. Gael, sparr, a joist,
beam, spar, a hen-roost.

The radical sense may perhaps be an
implement of thrusting. ON. sparri, a
pin or stick which holds something apart
from another ; gomsparri, a stick which
holds the mouth open, a gag ; sperra,
Da. sparre, a rafter, n. sparre, a prop,
stake set slanting against a door or a wall,
a rafter. See next article.

To Spar. i. To shut as a door.— B.
AS. sparran, to shut. G. sperren, to set

SPARE

open, force apart ; das maul sperren,
auf-sperreii, to open wide the mouth;
die thiire aufsperren, to set the door wide
open. Also to shut, stop, block the way,
prohibit. Sich sperren, to resist, oppose.
Sw. spdrra upp, to set open ; spdrra igen,
to shut, bar, stop.

The radical image is probably exhibited
in Lith. spirru, spirti, to kick, to stamp,
to strike or thrust against something.
Spirti i zemi, to stamp, to paw the
ground. Spirtis, to rely upon, to lean
upon, to bear up against ; spirdyti, to
stamp or kick ; spardyti, to kick like a
horse ; atsispirti, to strive against, to set
one's feet against ; ispirti, to thrust in, to
thrust away j paspirti, to support, to prop ;
uzspirti {jiz, behind), to shut up, stop,
barricade. ON. sperrask, to make resist-
ance by thrusting with hands and feet.
From the same source must be explained
ON. spor, G. spur, footmark, the print
left in the ground by the pressure of the
foot.

If the foregoing view of the radical
meaning of the word be correct, it will
also account for the next signification, viz.

2. To spar, to practise boxing, to box
in gloves, to set oneself in attitude to
fight. In this sense the word is a meta-
phor from cock-fighting : ' when a cock
is opposed to another, both having their
spurs covered, to embolden them to fight.'
^-Todd. To spare a gamecock, to breathe
him, to embolden him to fight ; the fight-
ing a cock with another to breathe him.
— B. Sparing, the commencement of a
cockfight by rising and striking with the
heels. — Hal.

The immediate origin is Fr. esparer, to
fling or yerk out with the heels, as a horse
in high n3a.nage. — Cot. S' sparer (in horse-
manship), to rear, to stand on the hind
legs and paw the air with the fore-feet. —
P. Marin in v. steigeren.

To Spare. To refrain from using,
taking, or doing something, on. spara,
G. sparen, Lat. parcere, It. sparagnare,
sparmiare, Fr. ipargner.

Spark. — Sparkle. The meaning of
these words is developed on the same
plan as that of Fr. esclai, signifying in the
first instance a clap or crack, an explosion,
the effects of an explosion, the breaking
to bits, scattering in drops or fragments,
sprinkling, speckling, or throwing out rays
of light and glittering.

The radical sense is shown in Lith.
sprageti, Lett, sprakotei, to crackle as
firewood on the fire, to rattle ; sprdgt,
(Da. sprage, Sw. spraka, to crackle, to ex-

SPAWL 62s

plode, sprdcka, to crack, to break to
pieces ; Da. spraglet, Sw. spracklig,
variegated, speckled. The E. sparkle,
spark, differ from these last only in in-
verting the place of the liquid and vowel.
E. dial, spark, to splash with dirt ; spark-
ed, variegated ; sparkle, to sprinkle,
scatter, disperse ; sparkled, spreckled,
speckled, spotted.

I sprede thynges asunder or j;^a?-fe// them abrode.

Palsgr.

Du. sparckelen, scintillare et spargere,
dispergere. — Kil. Lat. spargere belongs
to the same class.

The exchange of the final k in the radi-
cal syllable for a p produces the parallel
form shown in Fr. esparpiller (It. spar-
pagliare), to scatter, disparkle asunder,
dishevel — Cot., OE. sparpil, to disperse.
Besperpled with blood. — Mort d'Arthur.
From the same root Lang, parpaliejha,
Castrais parpalhefa, to twinkle as the
eyes, to range from object to object,
opposed to a steady look at a given ob-
ject ; parpalhol. It. parpaglione, a. butter-
fly, from its fluttering flight, changing in
direction at every moment.

Sparrow. Goth, sparva, ON. sporr.
Da. spurre, spurv, G. Sperling.

Sparse, -sperse. Lat. spargo, spar-
sum, in comp. spersum, to scatter, strew.
Hence Disperse, Aspersion. See Spark.

Spasm. Gr. a-Kaaixa, a convulsion,
from ffTrao), to wrench.

To Spatter. — Sputter. — Spot. Du.
bespatten, to splash, bespatter or be-
spattle. The sputtering of a candle re-
presents the crackling noise caused by
moisture in the wick exploding and spat-
tering the grease about. Small portions
of grease or dirt so thrown about consti-
tute spots. To spattle, or bespattle, differs
only in the sibilant prefix from Yr.petiller,
to crackle, sparkle. La buiiiire pHille,
the candle sparkles or spits. — Cot. A
pen sputters when it scatters or spatters
about the ink with a crackling noise in-
stead of moving smoothly over the paper.
Lang, s'espatara, to spread oneself on the
ground ; espatara, espoterat, scattered,
spattered, Fr. dparpilH. Piedm. spatard,
to spatter, sprinkle, scatter. Spatter and
scatter are analogous forms.

Spattle. See Spade, Spawl.

Spavin. It. spavana, Fr. espavent,
esparvain, esprevain, a spavin, a cramp
or convulsion of sinews in horses. — Fl.

To Spawl. To spit, to cast spittle

about. Contracted from spattle, as brattle,

brawl; sprattle, sprawl, &c. Spatyll,

flame [phlegm], crachat. — Palsgr. Lith.

40

«26

SPAWN

spjauditi, to spit ; spjaudalas, spattle,
spawl.

* To Spawn.

To sfanyn as fysh. — Pr.. Pm.

Explained from the analogy between
the spawning of fish and the spinning of
milk from the breast. Bav. span, Du.
spenne, sponne (Kil.), milk from the breast.
We would doubtfully suggest It. span-
dere, to shed or spill.

To Spay. — Spave. To castrate a
female animal. Gael, spoth, Bret, spaza,
,W. dyspaddu, Manx spoiy, to castrate ; /er
spoiyt, Lat. spado, Gr. airaiiav, an eunuch.

To Speak, as. spcEcan, sprecan, G.
sprechen, Fris. spreka, to speak. Bav.
spachten, sprachten, to speak, tattle,
speechify ; spacht, speech, song of birds ;
■whence probably specht, a woodpecker.
' Schwatzen wie ein specht j' to chatter
like a woodpecker. ' Die vogel enphien-
gen den tag mit suessem spacht : ' the
birds greeted the day with sweet song.
Anspecken, concionari ; speckere, con-
cionator, rhetor. — Gl. in Schm. ON.
spekja, speech.

The connection of the word with Pl.D.
spaken, Bav. spachen, spachten, to crack
from drought, may be illustrated by the
analogy of Sc. crack, rumour, noisy talk,
familiar conversation ; cracky, talkative.
A like relation may be observed between
the forms sprecan, sprechen, and on.
spraka, to crackle, sp>raki, a rumour,
report. Fd spraka af einu, to get wind
of a thing.

The existence of parallel forms with
and without a liquid after the initial mute
is very common, as in cackle and crackle j
G. spund and Sw. sprund, a bung ; E.
spout and Sw. sprutaj spruthval, the
spouting whale ; G. sputzen, to spit,
spriltzen, to spirt, sprinkle ; E. speckled
and Sw. sprecklot, &c.

Speal. A splinter.— B. See Spall.

Spear, g. speer, w. ysper. See Spar.

Species. — Special. — Specify. Lat.
species, outward form or figure, appear-
ance, particular kind of things. See
-spect.

Speck.— Speckle. Lith. spakas, spake-
lis, a drop, a speck ; spakas, a starling,
from his speckled coat ; Boh. szpakas, a
starling, a gray horse ; szpakowaty,
grizzled, roan, gray. The origin lies in
the figure of spattering with wet. Swiss
verspecken, to splash with dirt ; speckig,
dirty. G. spiicken, Du. spicken, to spit,
to scatter the saliva. It. spicchiare, to
gush or spirt out, as blood out of a vein,

SPELK

wine out of a spigot-hole. In the same
way from Pl.D. sputtern, t.o sputter or
scatter the saliva in speaking, also to
splash or squirt, Du. bespatten, to bedash,
to spatter, Sw. spott, spittle, we pass to E.
spot, the mark, as it were, of a drop of
saliva or other wet falling on a body.
We call it spitting when the rain falls in
small drops.

On the same principle Du. sprenckelen,
to sprinkle, also to speckle, spot ; sprenc-
kel, a spot. G. gesprenkelt, sprenklich,
speckled, dappled. From Sw. spruta, G.
spriitzen, E. spirt, spirtle, to scatter liquid,
Flem. sprietelen, to sprinkle (Kil.), G.
spurzen, spHrzeln, to spit (Diefenbach),
may be explained Du. sproet, sproetel, a
freckle ; Sc. spourtlit, sprutillit, speckled ;
sprutill, a speckle. — Jam. To sparkle
was (as we have seen) used in the sense
of sprinkling, corresponding (with trans-
position of the r) with Sw. sprdckla, a
speckle ; sprdcklot, E. dial, spreckled,
speckled.

-spect. — Sp ectacle. — Spectre, -spio-.
Lat. specio (in comp. -spicio), spectum, to
behold, look, forms a very numerous
class of derivatives ; specto, to look, spec-
taculum, a thing to be seen ; spectrum, a
vision, a spectre ; speculum, a looking-
glass ; species, appearance ; also the com.-
■poMnAs,Aspect,Inspect, Respect, Conspicu-
ous, &c.

Speculate. Lat. specula (from specio,
to look;, a look-out, watch-tower ; specu-
lor, to watch, contemplate, consider dili-
gently. See -spect.

Speed. AS. spedan, to succeed, prosper,
speed, effect ; spedig, prosperous, abund-
ant, rich ; sped, success, effect, virtue,
means, goods, substance, diligence, haste.
Thurh his mihta sped, by dint of his
might ; thurh his mildsa sped, through
virtue of his mercies. Bringe spede us,
bring us assistance. On thas woruld-
speda, on these worldly goods. Spedmn
miclum, with much zeal. Pl.D. spoden,
spdden,to haste. OHG. spiion, spuoan, to
succeed ; gaspuon, to happen ; spuat,
prosperity, success, quickness ; in spuote,
in brevi tempore ; gaspuat, substantia ;
framspuat, prosperitas.

Bohem. sp&h, haste, success, fortune ;
spechati, spessiti, to haste ; Pol. spieszyi,
to hasten; spieszny, hasty, speedy; Russ.
speshit, to haste. Lap. spaites, quick,
rapid ; spaitet, to hasten. Gr. ffjreiJw, to
hasten ; ajrovSri, diligence, zeal, haste.

Spelk. A thin chip frequently used
for lighting candles. To spelk, to apply-
splints. — Craven Gl. on. spjalk, spelka.

' SPELL

spilka, a peg. Sw. spidle, spidlke, a splint,
splinter, round of a ladder. Du. spalke,
a splint. Spelt and spelk may originally
represent the crack of things splitting.
P1.D. spalk, noise, racket ; Gael, spealg,
spealt, cleave, split, break with violence,
fall into pieces or splinters. E. dial.
spelch, split, as spelched peas. — Pegge.
See Spall.

Spell. — SpilL The radical meaning
of the word, as shown under Spall, is a
splinter or fragment, of which several
special applications may be noted.

1. Spill, a thin slip of wood, and in
later times, of paper, for lighting candles.
From this source may perhaps be ex-
plained G. spiel, play, as originally sig-
nifying drawing lots made of straws or
splinters. The word spielen is still used in
this sense in some parts of Germany. —
Westerw. Idiot. In Bavaria it is applied
to drawing lots for the conscription. —
Schm.

2. Spell, a turn, a job ; spill, quantity,
lot. — Hal. To do a spell of work, to
work by turns ; to give a spell, to be
ready to work in such a one's room ;
fresh spell, when the rowers are relieved
with another gang. — B. The sense, like
that oijob, is a portion or separate piece.
ON. spilda, a piece of anything, as of
meat, of land ; Pl.D. spal, spall, a certain
portion of land.

3. To spell, to tell the letters of a word
one by one, pointing them out with a spill
or splinter of wood. Lang, toco, la touche,
buchctte dont les enfans se servent pour
toucher les lettres qu'ils dpeUent. — Diet.
Lang. Butza, petite buchette de bois ou
de baleine dont I'enfant se sert en dpelant
pour suivre et indiquer les lettres. — Gloss.
du Pat. de la Suisse Romaine. Festue,
to spell with, festeu. — Palsgr. In York-
shire it is called to spelder, from spelder
or spilder, a splinter. — HaL Fris. spjeald,
a splinter ; letterspjealding, spelling ; Du.
spell, a splinter ; spellen, to spell.

4. Spell in Gospel is an entirely differ-
ent word. AS. spell, ON. spjall, discourse,
relation, rumour, language. Tha ongan
he secgan spell, then he began to make a
speech. Ealdra cwena spell, old wives'
fables. He thas boc hcefde of Ladene to
Engliscum spell gewende, he turned this
book from Latin into the English lan-
guage. Spellian, Goth, spillon, to an-
nounce, relate, declare.

The words signifying talking are so gene-
rally taken from the sound of the agitation
of water, that it is plausible to derive
spell, discourse, from the same root with

SPICK

627

Sw. spola, G. spiilen, to dash or wash, and
E. spill, to shed liquid, in the same way
that ON. skol, skvol, tattle, chatter, skola,
to tattle, are from a figurative application
of skola, to rinse or wash, Sw. squal,
splash, gush. There are many other
cases in which terms signifying in the
first place tattle or babble, are subse-
quently applied to serious talk.

5. A magic spell is commonly explained
as equivalent to incantation ; a form of
words by the recitation (as. spellian, to
recite) of which magical effects were pro-
duced. It was by charms of such a nature
that Circe worked.

Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulyssis.
Virg. Eel.

And Boethius attributes the transforma-
tion to ' tacta cartnine pocula.' In the
corresponding passage of Alfred's para-
phrase it is said : ' Tha ongunnon lease
men wyrcan spell^ then began bad men
to work spells.

-sparse. See Sparse.

To Spew. AS. spiwan, Du. spouwen,
spugen, to spit, vomit ; Goth, speiwan,
G. speien, Lith. spjauditi, spjauti, Lat.
spuere, Gr. irrvia, to spit.

Sphere. Gr. a^ai^a, Lat. sphcera.

Spice. Fr. epices. It. spezie, spices.
Spyce, a kynde, espece. — Palsgr. Lat.
species, kinds, was used at a later period
for kinds of goods or produce in general ;
species annonarim, agricultural produce.
' Equos quoque ejus, aurum argentumque,
sive species quas meliores habebat, pariter
auferentes.' — Greg. Turon. in Due. The
term was then applied to spices as the
most valuable kinds of merchandise.
' Adde et aromaticas species quas mittit
Eous.'

In the same way Cat. generos, kinds, is
applied to kinds of merchandise, wares ;
generos, mercaderias, mercium genera.-^
Esteve. Die. Cat. ' Tabaco, cacao y
altros generos de America.'

Spick and Span. — Span-new. Du.
spellenieiv, spikspelderniew, Sw. spill-
erstny, ON. sp&nnyr. Da. splinterny, all,
as well as the E. terms, signify fresh from
the hands of the workman, fresh cut from
the block, chip and splinter new. ON.
spann, sponn, G. span, a chip^ Splinter, frag-
ment ; hobelspdne, shavings ; sagespdne,
saw-dust ; leuchtspdne, matches. The Du.
spelle and spelder correspond to E. spill,
spilder, Sw. spillra, a splinter. N. spik,
a chip, splinter, match. See Spike.

The same metaphor is used to express
absolute nakedness ; Sw. spillernaken,
40 *

628

SPIDER

Da. splittembgen, Pl.D. splinternackend,
naked as a thing comes from the hands
of the maker.

Spider. Du. spinne, spinnekobbe,
-koppe (Kil.), G. spinne, Sw. spinnel, E.
dial, spinner. ' Addercop or spiners web,
araign^e.' — Palsgr. When the sound of
n and r come together there is a tendency
to replace the n by d, as in ON. maSr for
mannr, man ; dudr for dunr, clang.

Spiggot. — Spiddock: A peg to stop
the vent-hole of a cask, or the pipe of a

.faucet. It. spigo, a spigot or quill. — Fl.

■ w. yspig, a spike, spine ; pigo, y spigo, to
prick ; yspigod, a spiggot, spindle ; pigo-
den, a prickle. Bay. spickel, a wedge, a
pointed or tapering portion.

The E. dial, spiddock, Manx spyttog, is

.not to be considered as a corruption of
spigot, but as formed in a similar manner

-from the parallel root spid, spit, signifying
splinter. Bav. speidel, a chip, splinter;
also, as speigel, spettel, spittel, a gore or
pointed strip of cloth ; Swab, speidel,
speigel, a wedge, or wedge-shaped portion
of bread, meat, cloth, &c. ; speitel, a
splinter, w. pid, pig, a tapering point.

.See Spile.

Spike. — Spoke. Sw. spik, a nail. N.
spik, a splinter, a match ; leggspik, the

.shin-bone ; handspik, a handspike, lever.
V\.T). speke, G. speiche. It. spica, spiga,
the spoke of a wheel. Manx speek, a peak,
aspire; yf-pig, a point, prick ; yspig, a

.spike, a spine.

The primitive sense is a splinter, from
whence the term is transferred to any-
thing pointed or tapering, as in Lat. spica,
an ear of corn ; spiculum, a point, a sting.
The origin of the word seems to be a re-

, presentation of the crack of an explosion.
Vo\.p(ka6, to crack, crackle, burst, split ;
sp^kad sii, to split ; Russ. pukat', to burst
with a crack ; It. spaccare, spaQchiare, to
crack or break, to burst, cleave, split in
sunder ; P1.D. spaken, verspaken, Bav.
spachen, spachten, to crack with drought,

,to become leaky ; spachen, spachten, chips,

-shides, firewood. Swiss spicken, to snap,
to fillip ; specken, spiggelen, to split wood,
to splinter ; spiggel, a splinter.

Spile. The vent-peg of a cask It.
spillo, a pin, prick, thorn, a spigot or

• gimlet, also a hole made in a piece of

, wine with a gimlet or drawing-quill 5 spina,
a spigot, quill, gimlet, or tap to broach or
pierce a barrel. — Fl. Spinare, Venet.

.spilare, to spnle a cask, to bore a hole for
a peg in order to let in the air. See

, Spigot, Spill.

J Spill. Splinter, chip, fragment of

SPINDLE

paper used as chips for lighting candles.
' Spils or chips of the tree ,' ' Spils of
broken and shivered bone.' — Holland,
Pliny. It is used by Spenser in the sense
of a slice of ivory for inlaying.
Thoiigh all the pillars of the one were gilt
And all the others pavement were with ivory spilt.
ON. spjald, spil, a. tablet or thin piece of
board, applied to the cedar wainscoting
with which Solomon covered the walls of
the temple. Spill in the sense of spUnter
or fragment seems to be ultimately identi-
cal with spill, to shed liquid, on the same
principle that j^^rf itself is connected with
shide, a splinter of wood. The dashing
or spattering of liquids affords a lively
type of the act of scattering in fragments,
and Sw. skSlja, N. skvala, skola, skylja.,
to sound like water in a flask, to wash,
gush, dash, may thus indicate the origin
of It. scagliare, to shiver or splitter, and
thence of scaglia, Fr. esqiiaille, esqualle,
escale, a scale or splinter ; esguille, a little
scale, a splint. — Cot. The same relation
holds good between splatter, splutter, to
splash, and splitter, splinter, a shiver ;
between Yx.fiatir, to dash water, and E.
flittcr,flinder,3L shiver; between E. slatter,
to splash, and Fr. esclat, a shiver.

To Spill. To shed liquid, and figura-
tively, to waste, to destroy.
And gaf them sonde at wille in Inglond for to

fare,
Man and beste to spille, non ne suld thei spare.
R. Brunne, p. 114.

Pl.D. spillen, to shed, spill, waste, spoil;
N. spilla, to gush, flow, spill, waste, throw
away. Han spille tied, it pours with rain ;
te spilles, to waste. G. spiilen, Sw. spola,
to wash or rinse. Sjdn spolade Sfwer
ddcket, the sea washed over the deck.

The word probably represents, in the
first instance, the sound of the dashing of
water, from a root parallel with Sw. sgual,
noise made by the dash of water, gush,
flow ; squala, skSIja, Da. sky lie, to wash,
rinse, pour, gush. Compare N. spilleregn
and Da. skylregn, Sw. squalregn, a
drenching shower.

To Spin. ON. spinna, Da. spinde, G.
spinnen. See Spindle.

Spindle. The pin or thin rod formerly
used in spinning, for twisting the fibres
drawn from the distaff. The thread was
fastened in a slit at the upper end of the
spindle, and at the other end was a
whorl or round weight for keeping up the
circular movement. Hence the applica-
tion of the name to any axis of revolution,
as the axis of a wheel, of a capstan. In
another point of view it was taken as the

SPINE

type of anything long and slender, as in
spindleshanks. To spindle, among gar-
deners, to put forth a long and slender
stalk.— B. In G. the name of spindeln is
given to the pointed lime-twigs of the
fowler. In spindelbauni, the spindletree
or prickwood, Euonymus Europeus, a
shrub of which skewers were made, it has
the sense of skewer. P1.D. spindel, a
knitting-needle.

The radical meaning of the word is
simply a splinter, and the act of spinning
seems to take its name from being per-
formed by means of a spindle, instead of
vice versi. Spindel is a nasalised form
of Bav. speidel. Swab, speitel, a splinter,
analogous to E. shinder, shider, Jlinder,
Jliiter, splinter, splitter, all in the sense
of shiver, fragment. It is a parallel form
with G. schindel, a splint, splinter for a
broken limb, shingle or cleft plate of wood
for covering roofs, and is connected with
Lat. spina, a thorn, and G. span, a chip,
just as schindel is connected with schiene,
a splint or thin plate of wood or metal, E.
shin, the sharp-edged bone of the leg.

This constant parallelism between
forms beginning with sp and sk or sh is
explained by instances like E. spatter and
scatter, Piedm. spatar^, to spill, spatter,
scatter, spread, It. scaterare, to scatter ;
where the endeavour to represent a rat-
thng sound is equally satisfied with either
initial.

Spine. — Spinacli. Lat. spina, a thorn,
prickle ; spinacia, whence It. spinace, the
prickly plant.

-spire. — Spirit. Lat. spirare, to
breathe, spiritus, breath, the soul or life.
Inspire, Conspire, Respiration, &c.

Spire. A steeple that tapers by de-
grees and ends in a sharp point ; to spire,
to grow up into an ear as corn does. — B.
Spire, the sharp seed-leaf of corn that
springs from the ground.

Out of this ground must come the spire, that, by
processe of tyme shall in greatnesse sprede to have
branches and blossomes. — Chaucer.

Spy re of come, barbe du bled.

I spyer as come dothe whan it begynneth to
waxe rype, je espie. — Palsgr.

Spire, a stake, a young tree, the sharp
leaves of flags. — Hal. Sw. spira, a rod,
lath, sceptre, yard or spar of a vessel, top,
point, spire or pointed steeple ; also bud,
shoot, sprout; Da. spire, germ, sprout,
to germinate, to sprout ; spirekaal, sprouts
from the old stock of a cabbage ; spiir,
boom, spar, spire ; spiiriaarn, a steeple.
N. spir, point, top, ray of a crown, spirt
or little stream of liquid shooting forth ;

SPIT

629^

spira, to shoot up, to spirt, stream, spring
forth. Bav. sporl, a pin, leaf of fir.
Sporle, acicula.^ — Gl. in Schm.

The radical sense is perhaps a splinter,
which is frequently taken as a type of
anything thin and pointed. It may be a
contraction from Sw. spillra, Pl.D. spiller,
a splinter, whence spillern, to spindle or
spire up, to shoot up into sletfder growth.
The original sense would then be pre-
served in Pl.D. sptr, spirkn, a crum or
shiver (of bread, cheese, &c.) — Danneil.

Spirt. See Spurt.

Spit. Du. spit, spet, a spit ; spief,
spiesse, spietse, a pike, spear. ON. spita,
a little piece of wood, peg, skewer, &c.
N. spyta, a spit, a thin pointed nail, a
knitting-needle ; spita, to become pointed.
Sw. speta, a little rod ; spets, a point,
extremity. Da. spid, a spit ; spids, point,
tip, end ; pointed, peaked ; spyd, a lance
or spear ; spydig, sharp. It. spito, spedo,
spiedo, a spit, a spear. OHG. spiz, a spit,
a pike, point ; G. spiess, any slender-
pointed object, a spit, a pike, w.yspyddu,
to jut out ; yspyddaid, prickly, sharp.
A spit of sand is a tapering point run-
ning out into the sea ; spitter, spittart, a
young stag with simple pointed horns.

The type from whence the designation
was originally taken seems to have been
a splinter of wood, designated on the
principle explained under Spade, an ob-
ject of finer point and narrower shape
being indicated by the thin vowel in spit
as compared with the broader a in spat-
tle, spade. That there is no distinct line,
however, to be drawn between the two
conceptions is shown by e. dial, spit, a
spade (Hal.), or spadegraft, the portion
of earth taken up by the spade at once ;
Du. spitten, to dig. The It. schidone,
schidione, a spit, is the augmentative of a
form corresponding to E. shide, G. scheit,
a splinter or cleft piece of wood, which
constitutes also the latter element in G.
grabscheit (digging shide), a spade.

It. spezzare, to break, split, shiver in
pieces, must not be considered as formed
from dis scrA pezza, pezzo, a piece, but as
bearing the same relation to G. platzen, to
crack or fly in pieces, which sputter does to
splutter, and must be regarded as a direct
representation of natural sound, along
with Fr. patatras, crash of falling objects,
pHiller, to crackle, pdter, to crack or
explode, Piedm. spatar^, to scatter, spat-
ter.

Spit. — Spittle. OE. spaftle, spottle,
spittle ; AS. spcetan, Sw. spotta, ON. spyta,
N. sputta. Da. spytte, G. spiitzen, Lat.

630

SPITE

sputare, Gr. -i^vmiv, to spit ; Du. spuy-
ten, to spit, to spout.

Pl.D. sputtern, N. sputra, to spirt or
sputter ; Piedm. spatari, E. spatter, sput-
ter, or witli a formative / instead of r,
spottle, to splash or dirty (Hal.), bespattle,
to splash, represent the sound in spitting
or scattering drops of liquid.

Spite. , The somewhat antiquated equi-
valent despite leads us at once to Fr.
despit. It. dispetto, Prov. despieit, despieg,
Sp. despecho, displeasure, malice, anger ;
Lat. despecius, contempt. £n depit de,
in spite of.

On the other hand, we have Du. split,
Pl.D. spiet, vexation, jeering, spite. Dai
spijt my, it irks me. Di to 'm spiet, in
spite of you ; spiet sines bardes, in spite
of his teeth. N. spit, vexation, annoy-
ance, derision, affront ; spiten, spitig, de-
risive, irritating ; Da. spydig, sharp, sar-
castic, caustic. Now it is not easy to see
how a word of this nature should have
been imported from Latin into the retired
Norwegian dialect, while two plausible
derivations occur in native ground. In
the first place, we have seen the root spit
used in the designation of any pointed
object, and hence spite may have the
sense of pricking, irritation, analogous to
Fr. piquer, to prick, nettle, sting, pro-
voke, taunt, vex ; pique, vexation, quarrel,
grudge ; or to G. stickeln, to prick, and
figuratively to jeer, scoif, taunt. G. spitzig,
pointed, and figuratively, sharp, satirical,
offensive.

Again, the feelings of disgust, dislike,
contempt, find natural expression in the
act of spitting, whence Sw. spott, spittle,
signifies also affront, contempt, derision.
Gawaine Douglas, expressing his vexation
at the way in which Virgil's language is
spoilt in Caxton's translation, says :

His ornate goldin verses mare than gylt
I spate for disspite to se thame spylte
By sic ane 'wicht. — 5. 44.

On this principle E. pet, a fit of anger,
has been explained from the interjection
Da. pyt .1 Norman pet ! equivalent to E.
tut ! pish .' pshaw / expressing a con-
temptuous blurt with the lips which ulti-
mately represents the act of spitting.
And as It. petto is explained by Florio, a
blurt, petteggiare, pettachiare, to blurt
with the mouth or lips, it is quite possible
that this may be the figure by which dis-
petto comes to signify displeasure, and
not from the calmer sense of Lat. despec-
ius. Thus spite and despite would ulti-
mately be derived from the same source
without supposing any direct connection

SPOIL

between Fr. despit and N. spit, P1.D.
spiet.

Splash. The sound of dashing water
is represented by the syllable plad, plat,
plash, splash. G. pladdern, Sw. plaska.
Champ, platrouiller, to paddle, dabble ;
G. plaizregn, a dashing shower ; Da.
pladse, to shower down ; pladske, to dab-
ble, splash. E. splotch, a splash of dirt ;
splitter-splatter, splashy dirt. — Hal.

Spleen.— Splenetic. Gr. avkifv, Lat.
splen.

Splendid.— Splendour. "LsA. splendeo,
to shine brightly.

To Splice. Du. splissen, Sw. splissa,
G. splissen, splitzen, to join together so
that the two ends shall interlace or over-
lap. Probably to join so that the imple-
ment shall appear as if split. G. spleis-
sen, to split, to cleave ; spliss, a cleft, sht.

Splint. — Splinter. Splinter, and thence
splint, is a nasalised form of splitter, in
the same way that we \i.-^ve, flitters and
flinders, pieces, fragments. G. splint, a
pin or peg ; splinichen, a little shiver or
splitter of wood. — Kiittn. See Split.

Splinter-bar. The bar to which a
horse is harnessed in drawing. Written
springireebar by Serenius ; spintree-bar
in Wiseman's Surgical Treatises, p. 397,
cited in N. & Q., March 10, i860.
Doubtless from G. spannen, to fasten ;
Du. aanspannen, voorspannen, to put the
horses to a carriage. Fr. atteler, to spang,
yoke or fasten horses to a chariot, plough,
cart, &c. — Cot. The word was then
originally spa?igtree, corrupted to spin-
tree, springtree, spintree-bar, splinter-bar.

To Split. — Splitter. OHG. splizen,
Du. splitten, splijten, G. spleissen, to split ;
Bav. spleissen, schleissen, a match, splinter
for lighting. P1.D. spliten, to split, strip ;
sputtern, to shiver to pieces. The sound
made by dashing liquid is represented by
the expression splitter-splatter, splashy
dirt. — Hal. To splutter is to scatter
drops about in speaking or in writing
with an ill-made pen. Splatter-dashes or
spatter-dashes are coverings for the legs
to keep off the splashes of mud. Thus
splitter expresses the idea of scattering
abroad, in the first place, drops of liquid,
and then fragments of a solid object, and
thence comes to signify a shiver or splinter.
Sw. splittra, to shiver, splinter ; splittra
sig, to fly to pieces, explode ; splittra,
splitter, a shiver, splinter. G. platzen, to
crack, snap, split, break to pieces.

To Spoil. I. To spoil or despoil, from
Fr. despouiller, Lat. spoliare, to take the
spoil or plunder.

SPOKE

2. In the sense of waste, make useless,
go to ruin, the word is a broad pronun-
ciation of spill, to shed liquids, and
thence to waste.

Spoke. See Spike.

Sponsor, -sponse. Lat. spondeo,
sponsum, to be surety for another ; re-
spondeo, to answer. The origin of the
word seems to have been the custom of
sanctioning an engagement by a sacrifice
or libation to the gods. Gr. tTTrivSaj, to
pour out a drink offering ; airovdri, a
drink offering, libation ; pi. tyirovSai, a
treaty or truce.

Spontaneous. Lat. spontaneusjsponte,
of one's own free will.

Spoon. AS. span, G. span, Sw. spin,
a chip ; ON. spdnn, spdnn, chip, splinter,
fragment, also a spoon, originally a chip
of wood for supping up liquid. Du. spaen,
a chip, a spoon ; schuymspaen, a scum-
mer. — Kil.

Probably Lat. spina is a parallel form
with transference of the sense from a
splinter to a thorn. The final n seems to
stand in the place of an original d or ;",
first strengthened, and then supplanted
by an intrusive n. From an equivalent
of E. spatter, to scatter, we have derived
Du. spadel, G. spatel, a spatula or thin
slice of wood ; Bav. speidel, speitel, a
sphnter, as well as the nasalised spindle
of the same original sense.

The nasalised form is also exhibited in
Sw. spdnta, to cleave, to split ; spint, a
splint or snip ; spinta sSnder, to cleave
into splinters,, to cut to pieces ; It. spon-
tone (properly a large shiver or sphnter),
a pike, a goad, a hunter's staff tipped
with iron, a long bodkin, the prick or
sting of a serpent or wasp — Fl. ; in
Milanese, a needle or spindle— Diez ; G.
spund, a bung or thick peg to stop a cask.
The growth of a ,^ after final n is seen
in the vulgar pronunciation gownd for
gown, and the passage in the opposite
direction from nd to a simple n is equally
easy. The same change of sound from d
to n is also found in the parallel series
shide, shidder, shinder, shindle a shiver
or splinter, G. schiene, a scale or thin
plate.

Sport. — Disport. Sport or amuse-
ment, OFr. desport, deport, is properly
diversion, which is resorted to in order to
divert the thoughts from the serious busi-
ness and sorrows of life.

Amors I'avoit fait 4 ses mains

Por les fins amans conforter

Et por les maulx miex deporter. — R. R. 1866.

Qu'il soit distreint par touz sez biens et

SPRAWL

631

chateux — et ceo de jour enjour, jawj nulh
disport avere [without having any remis-
sion] ou nulle mainprise , trovere. — Lib.
Alb. i. 474.

It. disporto, diporto, disport, solace. —
Fl. On the same principle OFr. desduire,
deduir (from Lat. deducere), se distraire
du travail, to divert, withdraw from work
or occupation ; deduit, pastime, recrea-
tion.

Spot. E. patter represents the rattling
sound of raindrops or hail; spatter, sput-
ter, the scattering abroad of drops of
liquid or mud. Du. spatten, bespatten, to
bespatter or splash ; spat, a drop of what
is splashed, or the spot or mark which it
leaves.

Spouse. — Espouse. Lat. spondeo,
sponsum, to engage, betroth ; sponsus, -a
(It. sposo, -aj Fr. espous, epoux, spouse),
an affianced man or woman, a new-mar-
ried man or woman, a spouse. See
Sponsor.

Spout. N. sputra, to keep spitting, to
sputter, to spirt, squirt, spout ; sputr, a
stream of liquid squirted out ; sputta, to
spit ; Du. spuyten, to spit, to spout. From
signifying a gush of water, spout is applied
to the pipe or mouth from whence it is
ejected.

Sprag. — Sprack. Quick, lively, active.
— Hal. A springy, elastic way of doing
things is typified by the sound of a crack.
Dan. sprcekke, to crack, to burst ; Sw.
spricka, to crack, burst, split, spring,
sprout. ON. sprcekr, brisk, fiery ; sparkr,
brisk, lively. Pol. szparki, quick, lively.
A spark is a brisk young man.

On the same principle, E. sprunt, lively,
active, brisk — B., may be compared with
sprunk, to crack or split. — Hal. To
sprunt, to spring. See Spruce.

Sprain. Fr. espreindre, to press, wring,
strain, squeeze out, thrust together. From
Lat. exprimere.

Sprat. A small fish considered as the
fry of the herring. Du. sprot, pullus,
germen (a sprout), sarda pisciculus, vel
hareng£e soboles sive halecis puUus ut
quidam putant : Angl. sprat, sprot. —
Kil.

To Sprawl. Fris. sprawle. Da. spralde,
spralle, to toss about the limbs ; at giore
sprceld, to make a fuss, cut a dash. Somer-
set, sprawl, motion, movement ; Devon.
sproil, liveliness. — Hal.

One of the numerous cases in which a
broken confused sound is used to repre-
sent multifarious movement. We may
cite AS. brastlian, to crash, crackle, roar
like flame ; G. prasseln, to crackle ; Sw.

632

SPRAY

prassla, to rustle, also to be in continual
movement, to wag the tail, to flounde^r
like a fish out of water, to kick like an
infant, &c. ; sprassla, to crackle, spratila,
spralla, to throw the limbs about, to
sprawl ; OHG. sprazalon, sprataldn, pal-
pitare, micare ; NE. sprottle, to struggle.
Then with inversion of the liquid and
vowel, as before in the case oi sparkle, Du.
spartelen, to sprawl, frisk, flutter, wag
one's legs, sparkle as wine. — BomhofF.

ON. sprokla, sprikla, to sprawl or throw
about the limbs, E. dial, sprackle, to climb
(to get on by the action of hands and
feet), are analogous forms from the re-
presentation of crackling sound mentioned
under Spark.

Spray. This word is used in two
senses, viz. : scattered drops of water
dashed into the air, and twigs or shoots
of .trees. The idea from whence both
significations are developed is that of
bursting open, springing forth, scattering
abroad.

The ultimate root is the representation
of a crackling noise, as by Swiss sprdt-
zelen, to crackle, Bav. spratzeln, to sput-
ter like a pen in writing, to crack, burst
(vor leid zerspratzen, of the heart, to burst
with grief — Schm.) ; It. sprazzare^ to
shower down as water upon stones, to
dash or bespirt, to roar and rage as the
sea ; sprizzare, spruzzare, G. s-pritzen, to
spirt, spatter, Sw. sprdtta, to sputter like
a pen, to scatter ; sprdtta upp i luften, to
throw up into the air ; spritta, to crackle
like salt in the fire, to spirt, to start ; G.
sprudeln, to sputter, to spout or spurt
out, to emit moisture by small flying
drops ; OHG. anspradern, to sprinkle
(Schm.), E. dial, spraid, to spatter, to
sprinkle ; Da. sprede, to scatter, to spread.
The final d is softened down in spray in
the same way as in Fl.D.spredeii, spreen,
to spread, or in G. sprudeln, spriihen, to
sputter, to sparkle or cast forth anything
in a flow of small particles, to drizzle.

The close connection between the idea
of the springing forth of waters and the
bursting forth of vegetation is shown by
the use of the word spring in both senses.
To sprout, also, as a tree, is the same
word with Sw. spruta, to spout, and with
E. spurt. Bav. sprutzen signifies both to
sprout like a shrub, and to spurt or
sprinkle. The immediate antecedent of
spray in the sense of twig is shown in
OHG. sprad, frutex ; spreid, sarmentum,
frutices, frutecta, arbutus ; gespraide, ar-
busta. — Graff. Pl.D. sprate, spratel, a
sprout. Lith. sprogti, to crack, to split.

SPRING

also to sprout or shoot as a tree ; sproga,
a spray or shoot of a tree.

To Spread. Du. spreeden, spreyden,
G. spreiteii, Sw. sprida. Da. sprede, to
spread, to scatter. OFr. espardre, espar-
tir, to scatter, spread abroad.

The sound of a heavy shower or of the
dashing of the waves is represented by It.
sprazzo (Fl.), while a less violent action
is signified by spruzzare, to sprinkle,
spruzzolare, to drizzle. In a similar
manner are formed Swiss spratzeln, to
crackle, spreitzen, spyreissen, to spirt,
sprinkle water, to rain ; Bav. spratzeln,
to sputter like a pen in writing ; zersprat-
zen, to burst asunder ; Sw. sprdtta, to
sputter like a pen, to scatter abroad,
spread manure, or the like; spritta, to
crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, to
start ; Swiss sprdtten, to spread hay, PI.
D. sprei'n (for spreiden), to spread out
hay, flax, &c. to dry (Danneil) ; G. spru-
deln,to sputter, to spurt; OTiG. anspradern,
to sprinkle ; E. spirtle, E. dial, sprittle (Mrs
Baker), spraid (Forby), to spatter, to
sprinkle.

Thus there can be no doubt that spread
comes from the image of spattering
liquids ; whether it is connected with G.
breiten, to spread abroad, is a different
question. It may be that breit itself takes
its rise in a representation of the sound of
spattering or scattering particles abroad.

Spree. See Spry.

Sprig. The representation of a crack-
ling noise gives rise to two parallel roots,
sprat and sprak, from the first of which
has been deduced spray, a twig. From
the latter form spring Sw. spraka, to crack,
crackle ; spricka, to crack, burst, split ;
spricka ut, to burst forth, to spring, bud,
shoot ; sprdcka, to shatter, break to
pieces, leading to Swiss spryggen, spryg-
gelen, to splinter ; spryggeli, a match or
small splinter ; gespriggelt, speckled ;
Lith. sprageti, spragseti, to crackle,
sprogti, to crack, burst, split, and thence
to shoot, sprout, bud ; sproga, a crack, a
sprig or shoot of a tree ; sprogalas, a
sprout or shoot, w. brigyn, ysbrigyn, a
sprig, twig, shoot of tree.

Sprightly. See Sprite.

Spring. A sharp sudden movement is
typified by a sound of similar character,
such as a crack or snap. Now the use of
a root sprag or sprack, representing the
sound of a crack, is exemplified in Sw.
spraka, Da. sprage, Lith. sprageti, to
crackle ; sprogti, Sw. spricka, to crack,
burst, split ; sprdcka, to cause to burst,
to shatter. Of these last Sw. springa, to

SPRINGALD

split, burst, spring forth, and springa, to
cause to burst, G. sprengen, to scatter, to
burst open, to cause to spring, are nasal-
ised forms. Glaset sprang, the glass
cracked ; springa lek (to crack to the ex-
tent of becoming leaky), to spring a leak.
Springa i stycken, to fly to pieces. To
spring a mast is when a mast is only
cracked but not broken. — B.

* Springald. i. A youth. ' Joseph,
when he was sold to Potiphar, he was a feir
young springaid.' — Latimer. In this ap-
plication it is probable that the word has
originally signified a branch or shoot of a
tree, like Gael, gas, gasan, or gallon, or
our own irnp, all of which signify both a
branch and a youth. Thus Cot. trans-
lates mon peton, my pretty springall, my
gentle imp. The origin is the OFr. es-
pringaler, to spring, bound, spurt (Cot.),
and though espringale is not found in the
sense in question, yet Roquefort has es-
prinier, a scion, shoot, imp for grafting.

2. Fr. espringalle, espringarde, espin-
garde, Prov. espringalo, espingalo, was
an ancient machine of war for casting
large darts or stones, and the name was
subsequently applied to a piece of artil-
lery. Sp. espingarda, a musketoon. The
double form of the word with and without
an r after the / is found in the original
verb as well as in the derivative. We
have Lang, espinga as well as Fr. esprin-
guer, espringaler, to leap, spring, dance ;
It. springare, springere, to wince or thrust
forward violently, to fling ; sprinto, sprin-
gato, yerked, winced {Fl.) ; and also, spin-
gare, to jog one's feet (Altieri), spingere,
spignere, to drive, to thrust on forwards.

Springe. A noose to catch birds with,
a spring-noo%&. Du. spring-net, a net to
catch birds with.

To Sprinkle. The representation of
a crackling or explosive sound by the
syllable sprak (as shown under Spark)
gives rise to Lat. spargere (for spragere),
to scatter in fragments, as well as the
nasalised E. diaL sprunk, to crack or split ;
G. sprengen, OE. sprenge, to spread, scat-
ter, sprinkle ; Du. sprenkelen, to sprinkle ;
sprenkel, a spot, a spark ; G. sprenkeln,
to mark with scattered spots, to speckle.
In the latter sense we have (without the
nasal) Sw. sprdckla,^.ii\2\. spreckle, Swiss
gespriggelt, speckled, freckled.

Sprit. Examples have been given under
Spark, Spring, Sprinkle, of words derived
from a root, sprak, representing a crack
or explosion, and signifying cracking,
splitting, bursting asunder, scattering in
fragments, spreading abroad, and a similar

SPRUCE

633

series may be traced to the parallel root
sprat. G. prasseln, spratzen, spratzeln,
to crackle ; Swiss sprdtten, to spread
hay ; Sw. sprdtta, to sputter like a pen,
to scatter abroad, to spread ; spritta, to
crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, spring
forth as water ; N. spretta, to split, to
spring asunder, to fly abroad like chips
of wood or stone under the axe ; to spring
or shoot like leaves, to spring up like the
sun at day dawn, and actively, to scatter
abroad, to sprinkle. Dae spratt fliserne
paa alle kantar, the splinters flew on all
sides. E. sprit, to split, sprout, grow ; to
sprittle, to sprinkle (Mrs Baker) ; sprotes,
fragments. ' And thei breken here speres
so rudely that the tronchouns flew in
sprotes and peces alle aboute the halle.' —
Maundeville. ' OHG. sprat, a crum or
atom. Du. sprot, a spot or freckle ;
sprietelen, to sprinkle ; spriet, the cleft
or fork of the body ; sprietwegh, the part-
ing of two ways ; spriet (properly a piece
of cleft wood), a javelin, spear, shepherd's
staff, the yard of a sail, bowsprit. AS.
eafor spreot, a boar spear ; sprota, a nail
or peg.

Sprite. —Spright. Contracted from
spirit, analogous to Fr. esprit, Sw. sprit.
Winsprit, spirits of wine. Sprightly,
spirited, lively.

Sprout. — Spurt. — Spirt. The dis-
tinction between spurt as applied to the
spouting or projection of liquids, and
sprout, to the springing of vegetable life,
appears to be a late refinement, the two
forms being used by Cotgrave indifferently
in either sense. ' Rejaillir, to spurt or
sprout (as water) back again.' ' Drageon
fourcherain, a shoot that spurteth out
between two branches.' In like manner
Bav. sprutzen, to spirt or sprinkle, also
to sprout or spring as a plant. Du. sprui-
ten,to sprout, is identical with Sw.j^^t//^,
to spirt, sprinkle, squirt.

Spurt, sprout, and sputter, are differ-
ent arrangements of the same consonantal
sounds representing the noise made by
a mixture of air and drops of water. N.
sputra, spruta, spryta. Da. sprutte,sprude,
G. sprudeln, to spurt, spout, gush, to bub-
ble up ; It. spruzzare, to sprinkle ; E.
dial, spruttled, sprinkled over ; Sc. spru-
tillit,spourtillit, speckled, spotted ; Pl.D.
sprutteln, Du. sproetel, sproet, spots,
freckles.

A short exertion is familiarly called a
spirt or spurt, while in Sussex the name
of sprut is given to a violent jerk or sud-
den movement.

Spruce. 1. Neat or fine in garb. — B.

634

SPRUCE-BEER

The original sense, as in the case of the
nearly synonymous smart, is brisk, lively
in action, then carefully attended to, as
opposed to dull and slovenly. To spruce
lip, to trim, to dress. Sprack, sprag, quick,
lively, active ; spark, a gay dashing fel-
low.— Hal. ON. sparkr, brisk, lively. E.
spurk, brisk, smart.

Come spurk up, here's your sweetheart a-coming.

Moor.

To spurk up, to spring, shoot, or brisk up.
— Ray. To sprug tip, to dress neatly. —
Hal. To perk up again, to recover from
sickness ; to perk oneself up, to adorn.
The idea of attention to dress is con-
stantly connected with that of briskness
and life.

The equivalent of E. spurk, sprug, is
Sw. spricka, to crack, snap, spring, shoot,
and in the same way it seems that spruce
is to be compared with Bav. spriessen, to
spring, to sprout ; sprutzen, to sprout, to
spirt ; sprutzen, a well-grown young girl ;
Swiss sprutzen, to spring with elastic
force.

In like manner sprunt, to spring, and
sprunt, lively, active, brisk, spruce.
See, this sweet simpering babe,

Sweet image of tliyself ; see, how it sfrunts

With joy at thy approach.

B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass.
How do I look to-day, am I not dressed
Spruntly ?— Ibid.

Spruce-beer.— Spruce-fir. A decoc-
tion of the young shoots of spruce and
silver fir was much in use on the shores of
the Baltic as a remedy in scorbutic, gouty,
and rheumatic complaints. The sprouts
from which it was made were called spros-
sen in G. 3.ViA.jopeit in Du., and the de-
coction iXsAi sprossen- or jopeniier. From
the first of these is E. spruce-beer. — Beke
in N. and Q., Aug. 3, i860. And doubt-
less the spruce-fir, G. sprossenfichte — Ad.,
takes its name as the fir of which the
sprouts are chiefly used for the foregoing
purpose, and not from being brought
from Prussia, as commonly supposed.

Spry. Nimble, active, alert. A soft-
ened pronunciation of the synonymous
sprag, sprack. Spree, a frolic, is proba-
bly from the same root, signifying a spurt,
an ebullition of spirits. G. spriihen, to
spurt.

Spud.— Spuddle, w. of e. spudlee, to
stir the embers with a poker ; spuddle, to
move about, to do any trifling matter
with an air of business.— Hal. To puddle
iron is to stir a melted mass in the oven
with an iron rod till it coheres in a viscous
lump. Spud, a pointed staff.

■ SQUAB

Sw. spSde, spa, a staff, a rod ; N. spode,
spuda, a stick for turning cakes m the
oven, a small shovel. W. yspodol, a slice
to spread salve, a staff ; yspodoh, to
cudgel.

Spunk. Spirit, w. ysponcio, to smack,
to bound sharply ; ysponc, a jerk, squirt,
skip or quick bound. Spunk is also a
spark, and thence apparently a match,
tinder, touchwood. Sc. to spank is to
move with quickness and elasticity, and
also to sparkle or shine. — Jam. Compare
also Sc. to spang, to spring, with spangle,
to sparkle. See Spank, Spangle. Du.
■voncke, a spark, also tinder.

Spur. — To Spurn. AS. spura, spora,
G. sporn, ON. spori, Sw. sporre, Gael, spor,
W. y spar dun, Fr. ^peron. It. sperone,
sprone, a spur ; AS. spurnan, spurnettan,
to kick, to spurn ; sporning, a stumbling-
block. Lith. spirti, sperdyti, spardyti,
to kick, stamp, thrust with the foot. Fr.
esparer, to kick. Lat. spernere, to despise,
probably signified, first, like E. spurn, to
kick, then to kick away, to despise. ON.
spor, Da._/»^j^(?r, footmark, the indenture
made by the pressure of the foot. See
To Spar.

Spurge. A plant, the juice of which
is so hot and corroding that it is called
Devil's Milk, which being dropped upon
warts eats them away. — B. Hence the
name, Fr. espurge, from espurger, to
purge, cleanse, rid of. — Cot.

Spurious. Lat. spurius, bastard.

To Spurn. See Spur.

To Spurt. See Sprout.

To Sputter. Pl.D. sputtern, N. sputra,
to sputter, spurt. .Formed to represent
the sound of a mixture of air and liquid
driven from an orifice.

* Spy. Fr. espier. It. spiare, OHG.
spiohon, spiehan, spehon, G. spAhen, Du.
spieden, spien. Da. speide, to examine
narrowly, to explore. Notwithstanding
the terminal d. of the Du. and Da. forms,
the true relation seems to be with Lat
specio, specto, to look, whence specular, to
look out, explore ; speculator, a scout or
spy. OberD. spegen, spechen, Pol. szpie-
gowa^, Let. sptggot, to spy. The radical
signification is probably shown in Let.
sptguUt, to glitter ; spiguls, a glowworm ;
spidlt, to shine ; spidigs, shining, bril-
liant. The G. blicken, radically signifying
to shine, expresses also the idea of looking.

Squab. Anything thick and soft ; a
soft stuffed cushion, a thick fat man or
woman, an unfledged bird or nestling.

From a representation of the sound
made by the fall of a soft lump.

SQUABBLE

No, truly, Sir, I should be loth to see you

Come fluttering down like a young rook, cry

And take ye up mth your brains beaten into your
buttocks.— B. & F.

The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and
dropped him down, squab, upon a rock, that
dashed him to pieces.-^L' Estrange in T.
In the same way plump, thick and fat,
from the sound made by the fall of a body
of such a nature.

Squabble. Words signifying noisy
talk are commonly taken from the dash-
ing of water. Thus we have G. waschen,
ON. thwcetta, to wash, also to tattle ; It.
guazzare, to dabble, plash ; guazzolare,
to prattle ; Da, dial, squatte, to slop, also
to chatter, tattle. In like manner, Du.
kabbelen, to beat as waves against the
shore ; en kabbelend beekje, a murmuring
brook ; Sw. kdbbla, to squabble, wrangle ;
N. svabba, E. dial, squad, swab, swob, to
splash ; swobble, to talk in a noisy bully-
ing manner — Forby ; Swiss schwabbeln,
to splash ; G. schwabbeln, geschwabbel,
chatter.

Squad. A group, a company. — Hal.
Fr. escouade, a small body of men. The
latter is explained as if for escouadre,
from Sp. escuadra, Fr. escadre. It. squadra,
a troop or square of soldiers, which is
also supposed to be the origin of G. gesch-
wader, OberD. geschwieter, Du. geswade,
geswadder (Kil.), a squadron. But these
latterforms may be satisfactorily explained
from an internal source, and if the Fr.
escadre or It. squadra had been adopted
in G. they never would have received the
Teutonic prefix ge. The origin of G.
geschwader is shown in Du. swadderen,
to splash, slop, spill, to make a noise,
and thence gheswadder, a noise, disturb-
ance, crowd, a troop of men. Sc. swatter,
to dabble, also a large collection, especi-
ally of small things : 'a. swatter of hairns.'
In a similar manner we have charm, a
hum, or low murmuring noise ; a charm
of goldfinches, a flock.

The E. squad, and perhaps Fr. escouade,
may be derived from the same source by
a different track. The sense of break-
ing up a complex body into separate divi-
sions may naturally be expressed by the
figure of splashing or spilling liquid.
Thus from E. squatter, swatter, to dabble,
splash, we pass to Sw. squdttra, to waste
or scatter, and the nasalised E. squander,
provincially used in the sense of disperse,
scatter. N. squetta, to spirt, splash, to
spread abroad like a flock of cattle ;
squett, a small portion of liquid. The
latter form is the eqiiivalent of Lincolnsh.

SQUASH 635

squad, sloppy dirt, which seems to signify
a lump or dab, an unmoulded mass,
when an awkward boy is called an awk-
ward squad. In the same way, a swad,
a clown or bumpkin — Hal. ; a swad of
a woman, obesala. — Coles. The dim.
squidlet signifies a small piece of any-
thing, as of meat or cloth. — Hal. The de-
rivation of Fr. escouade from E. squad is
supported by Rouchi escouater, to squat
or press flat. Wad is used in a similar
manner for a body of people when it is
said of persons connected together in any
way of business that they are all in the
same wad. — Hal.

Squalid. Lat. squaleo, to be filthy.

Squall. A sudden storm of wind and
rain. Sw. squala expresses the sound
of gushing water. Regnet squalade pH
gatorna, the streets were streaming with
rain. Blodet squalade ur saret, the blood
gushed out of the wound. Squalregn, a.
violent shower of rain ; squalbdck, a tor-
rent ; squalor, skulor, dish-wash. See
Scullery.

To Squall. — Squeal, on. squala, to
scream, cry, make a noise ; squaldr, Da.
squalder, noisy talk, clamour ; N. skval-
dra, to yelp as dogs, to bawl, make a
noise ; Sw. squallra, to tattle ; squdla,
to squall as an infant. E. squeal, to make
a shrill cry. It. squillare, to sound shrill
and clear, to ring. Prov. quilar, quillar,
to chirp, chatter, cry, complain. ' La re-
gina va gitar un gran quil^ the queen
makes a great cry. Fin. kilid, ringing,
clear sounding ; kilistd, to ring ; kiljua,
to cry with a shrill voice, to vociferate.

To Squander. A nasalised form of
squatter, signifying, in the first place, to
splash or spill liquids, then to disperse,
scatter, waste. Da. squatte, to splash,
spirt, and fig. to dissipate ; Sw. squdttra,
to squander. E. to squat, to splash ; to
swatter, to spill or throw about water, also
to scatter, to dissipate. — Hal. Squan-
dered is still used in the sense of dis-
persed.

His family are all grown up and squandered about
the country. — Hal.

Square. OFr. esquarrd. It. squadro,
Lat. quadratus.

To Squash. E. dial, squash, to dab-
ble, splash — Moor ; squish-squash, noise
made by the feet in walking over a
swampy piece of ground.
If nought was seen, he heard a squish-squash

sound,
As when one's shoes the drenching waters fill.

Clare.

Pl.D. quatsken, quasken, quassen, express

636

SQUAT

the sound of dabbling in a wet material,
walking with water in the shoes, or dash-
ing a soft material on the ground. G.
qtiatschen, to make the sound of wet
things. In dreck treten dass es quatschet,
to plash in the mire. Quetschen, to quash,
squash, crush, bruise. Den saft aus den
trauben quetschen, to squeeze the juice
out of grapes. Niisse quetschen, to crack
nuts. It. guazzare, to dabble, splash ;
squazzo d'acqua, a plash of water ; squac-
ciare, squasciare, Fr. esguacher, to squash,
crush something soft.

To Squat. To bruise or make flat by
letting fall, to sit or cower down — B. ; to
throw anything against' the ground —
Baret; to splash, to make fiat, to quiet.
— Hal.

Saieng that though laws were squatted in warre,
yet they ought to be revived in peace. — Hollin-
shed.

As radical syllable of the imitative J-j'Ka/-
ter, squat represents the sound of a drop
of liquid falling to the ground, and is
then figuratively used to signify lying flat
and close to the ground like a liquid mass.
Da. dial, squatte, to slop, spill ; squat, a
slop, blot, drop ; Derbysh. squot, to spot
with dirt. It. guattare, quattire, to squat
or cowre down, to lie close and hushed.
— Fl.

The same transition from the idea of
spilling liquid to that of lying close to the
ground is seen in Da. dial, blat. Matte, a
drop, a blot, koblat, a cow-plat or flat
cake of cow-dung, compared with Fr.
blotir, to squat, skowke or lie close to the
ground, to hide or keep close. — Cot.

To Squatter. — Squitter. To squatter
is a word not generally recognised in pur
dictionaries, though fully understood by
every one. It is a parallel form with
spatter, representing the sound of dashing
about a liquid in scattered drops, and is
used by Cotgrave in explaining Fr. escarter,
to scatter, to sheed, squatter, to throw
about or abroad. The parallel forms spat-
ter and squatter are also found in Piedm.
spatard, to spill, scatter, spread, and It.
scattarare, to scatter. — Fl. Sc. squatter,
swatter, to go splashing along ; E. dial.
swatter, to spill or throw about water as
geese and ducks do in drinking. Bav.
sckwadern, schwidern, to splash, to spill.
Sw. squattra preserves the secondary
sense of chatter, tattle, constantly ex-
pressed by reference to the sound of
dashing water. It. squaccherato, squat-
tered, plashy. — Fl.

The thinner vowel in squitter indicates
an action of more confined nature than

SQUIB

squatter. N. skvittra, Grisons squittrar,
squittar, to squirt, spirt ; squittir (of cat-
tle), to be loose in the bowels.

To Squeak. — Squeal. The moment-
ary sound of the terminal k in squeak, as
compared with the continuous sound of
/ in squeal, adapts the former word to re-
present a short acute cry, the latter a
prolonged note of similar character. G.
quicken, quicksen, to squeak like a pig,
&c. Prov. quilar, to cry, chirp, &c.

Squeamish.. Sickish at stomach, and
met. nice, scrupulous.

Thou wast not skoymus of the maiden's womb.
Te Deum of 14th cent, in N. & Q., Feb. 20, 1869.

Cleveland swaimous, swaimish, diffident,
bashful, shy ; Devon weamish, squeam-
ish.—Hal.

It was shown under Qualm that the
image of choking is used to express
every degree of oppression, from sim-
ple sickness of the stomach to death
itself. Da. quale, to choke, to oppress,
plague, torment) Sw. qudlja, to make
sick. Mdten qudljer mig : the meat lies
heavy on my stomach, makes me qualm-
ish. The derivative qualm signifies what
causes choking. Sw. qualm, oppressive,
suffocating weather ; qualm or qual i
inagen, sickness at stomach ; qualmig,
qualmish, sickish ; Da. qicalm, a choking
feeling, thick oppressive air, also as G.
qualm, and Du. walm, steam, vapour,
smoke. Da. dial, swalm, oppressively hot,
smoke, choking vapour. E. dial, swalm,
swame, pestilence, sickness.

That yere litulle shal be of wyne,

And swalme among fatte swyne. — MS. in Hal.

OE. sweam or swaim, subita aegrotacio. —
Gouldm. in Pr. Pm. Sweem, tristicia, mo-
lestia, maeror ; swemyn, molestor, maereo.
— Pr. Pm. To think swem in Genesis
and Exodus is to grieve over. Skeymows,
sweymows, queymows, abhominativus. —
Pr. Pm. Devon weamish may be com-
pared with Sw. wdmjas, to nauseate, have
disgust at. Walmynge of the stomake,
nausia. — Pr. Pm.

To Squeeze. AS. cwysan, to squeeze,
crush, bruise. Pl.D. quetsen, qudsen, G.
quetsclien, quedden, quetten, to squeeze.

Squelch. — Squolsh. The sound pro-
duced by the fall of soft bodies. — Wright.
Hence squelch, a fall.

Squib. A child's squirt — Mrs Baker ;
also a firework, spouting fire like a squirt
does water. A modification of E. dial.
squab (Mrs Baker), swab, N. svabba, to
splash. From the notion of splashing or
dashing about liquids we pass to that of

SQUINT

driving it out in a thin stream, as in spat-
ter, sputter,spurt or spirt j squatter, squit-
ter, squirt.

To Squint. Fr. guigner, to wink or
aim with one eye, to Mink, to wink and
look askew. — Cot. To squinny, to look
with eyes half shut, to squint. To squine,
to squint. — Mrs Baker. To squink, to
wink or squint. — Moor. See Wink.

To Sqiiir. To cast away with a jerk
[to hurl], to whirl round. — Hal. To skir,
to graze or touch lightly, to scour a coun-
try ; to scur, to move hastily. — Wright.
From a representation of the whirring
noise of a body hurled through the air,
with a prefixed J-. Sw. hurra, to whirl.
•Pl.D. swiren, to fly about, to riot, to swing
from side to side. G. scharren, to scrape ;
schurren, to slip over the surface with a
scraping sound ; schurrende fusstrittej
Hinweg schurren, to scurry off.

It. sguirrare is quoted by Adelung as
equivalent X.o0.schwirren,\.o chirp, warble,
whirr. ON. svarra, to whizz, roar, rush ;
N. svirla, E. dial, swir, to whirl ; to swirk,
to fly with velocity, to swirl, to whirl. —
Jam.

Squire. See Esquire.

To Squirm. To wriggle like an eel.
The sound of a whizzing movement, as
shown under Squir, is represented by the
syllables whirr, swirr, squir. The roots
so formed are modified by terminal ele-
ments adapted by their nature to repre-
sent a continuous or a momentary move-
ment. Thus swirk signifies a jerk or
rapid sudden movement ; swirl, a con-
tinuous movement, analogous to the re-
lation between squeak and squeal. The
final m, though not so common as /, has
a similar effect in the construction of
words, giving to squirm the signification
of a whirling, twisting movement. G.
schwarmen imitates the confused noise
which things make in their motion, the
humming or buzzing of bees, of a crowd
of people. See Swarm.

Squirrel. Fr. dcureuil, Aragqnese
esqiiirol, escurol, from a dim. of Lat. sciti-
rus, Gr. adovpog, a squirrel, properly sig-
nifying bushy-tail ; from aiad, shade, and
ovpa, tail.

Squirt. As we have spatter, sputter,
spurt, N. sputra, spruta, by different
arrangements of the consonantal sounds,
so we are led from squatter, squitter, to
squirt; from swatter to FID. swirtjeu,
E. dial, swirt, to squirt. Esthon. wirt-
suma, to sprinkle, spirt, splash. N.
squetta, squittra, to spirt, spout, squirt,
.splash.

STABLE

637

To Stab. To give a sharp abrupt
thrust. Gael, stob, stab, thrust, drive into
the ground, and as a noun, a projecting
stump, a pole, stake, prickle ; ON. stappa,
stoppa, to pound, to stamp ; N. stappa
also, as Lat. stipare, to stuff, to cram ;
Pl.D. stappen, to step, to go slowly ; N.
stabba, stabla, to go slowly, to stagger ;
Gr. (T7-ti'/3w, to stamp, to tread.

It has been shown, under Falter, Halt,
Hamper, that the senses of stammering
or stuttering, and staggering, limping,
stumbling, are often expressed by the
same or slightly modified forms, signify-
ing a series of abrupt efforts made in the
one case with the voice in the attempt to
speak, in the other with the legs and body
in the attempt to walk. To stammer is
used in the N. of E. and Scotland in the
sense of stumble or stagger. Fr. chan-
celer, to stagger, also to stammer. — Cot.
Sw. stappla, to stammer, stutter, also to
stumble. In this latter example the fre-
quentative / signifies repetition or con-
tinuation of action, while the radical
syllable stap corresponds to a- single
element of which the action is composed,
viz. an abrupt effort with the voice or
with the limbs, a thrust, stamp, or stab.

The same train of thought may be
traced through two similar series in which
the final labial of stab, stamp, stammer,
is exchanged for a corresponding guttural
and dental.

Thus in the guttural series, Swiss stag-

geln, Rhenish staggsen, to stammer ; Sc.

stacker, stacher, stacker, to stagger ; on.

stakra, to totter. Then passing to the

elementary form, Sc. slug, to stab ; stuggy,

said of stubble when cut unevenly ; to

stock, to thrust ; stok, stog-sword, Fr.

estoc, a thrusting sword.

For so Eneas stokkis his stifif brand,

Throw out the youngkere hard up tyl his hand.

D. V. 349, 14.

G. stock, a stick, staff, stock of a tree ;
Bret, steki (for stokt), to knock, jolt ; stok,
a shock or knock.

With a dental termination, G. stottern,
and provincially stattern, statzen, stotzen,
statzeln, to stutter ; Sc. stoit, slot, stoiter,
to walk in a staggering way, to stumble.

Sho stottis at straes, syne stumbilles not ^t
stanis. — Montgomery in Jam.
Du. stooten, to push, thrust, thump, hit ;
stootsteen, a stumbling-block.

Stable. I. Lat. stabulum, from stare,
to stand.

Stable. 2. — Stablish. Lat. stabilis,
firm on its basis, from stare, to stand ;
OFr. establer, Fr. dtablir, to make stable.

638 STACK

Stack. From forms like Sc. stacker,
to stagger, ON. stakra, to totter, the sylla-
ble stak comes to express the sense of jog
or project sharply. ON. stakka, a stump ;
staksteinar, projecting stones ; stakkr, a
stack or projecting heap. Gael, stac, a
precipice ; a steep and high cliff; stacach,
rugged, uneven. A stack is a precipitous
rock standing separate from a line of
cliffs. See Stagger.

Staddle. A young tree left standing
when underwood is felled ; a support.
AS. stmthel, stcBthol, a. foundation, that on
which a structure stands. ON. stada,
standing ; Da. stade, stand, station. See
Stead.

StafE ON. stafr, G. stab, Alban. stapi,
a staff. The meaning of the word is an
implement of stabbing or thrusting, as
shown in Gael, stob, push, stab, thrust ;
stob, a stake, pointed iron or stick, prickle,
stump ; Lat. stipo, to cram, stuff, pack ;
stipes, a stake, stock. In like manner G.
stock, a stick, may be compared with Sc.
stug, to stab ; stock, to thrust. The E.
stick is used as a noun in the sense of
staff, and as a verb in that of stab or
thrust into.

Stag. The name of stag is given to
very different animals, chiefly however to
the male. ON. steggr, stcggi, a gander
or drake. Sc. stag, siaig, a stallion or
young horse. E. stag, a castrated bull, a
gander, a turkey-cock fatted in its second
year. — Hal. Staggard, a hart in its
fourth year. — B. Swiss stagel, a hart.

Stage. Fr. estage, a story, stage, loft,
or height of a house ; also a lodging,
dwelling-house, or place of abiding. Es-
tager, a vassal, dweller within such or
such a liberty or manor. — Cot. Prov.
estatge, residence, delay, rank, manner,
state. ' Tornara en aquel estatge on el
era premeiramen : ' will return to that
state of life where he was first. ' Pueys
s'en torna la mars suau en son estatge : '
then the sea returns quickly to its bed. —
Rayn. A stage is a framework of timber
on which anything is made to stand.
' The great toure stode but on stages of
tymbre.' — Berners, Froissart.

From Lat. starey Prov. esiar, to re-
main, to be.

The sense of stage on a journey may
be either a metaphor from the floors suc-
cessively attained in going to the top of a
house, or it may be used in the original
sense of resting-place.

To Stagger. Sc. stacker, stacker,
OE. staker (Chaucer), Da. dial, staggre,
staggle, stagge, to stagger; ON. stakra, to

STAKE

totter ; staka, to stumble ; Du. staggelen,
to paw the ground. Swiss staggeln,
Rhenish staggsen, N.Fris. staggin (Jo-
hannsen, p. 52), to stammer, stutter.
Fr. saggoter, to jolt, rudely to shog or
shake. — Cot.

A staggering gait is when one moves
by a series of abrupt movements, sway-
ing from side to side, while in stammering
or stuttering the broken efforts are made
with the voice instead of the legs. The
syllables dag, jag, jog, shag, shog, stag,
are all used to represent movement
abruptly checked. See Stab.

Stagnate.— Stagnant. Lat. stagnum,
a standing pool. See Stanch.

Staid. Grave, sober, stayed or sup-
ported, not vacillating. See Stay.

To Stain. — Distain. Fr. desteindre,
to distaine, to dead or take away the
colour of ; desteinct, distained, pale, wan,
bleak, whose die is decayed or colour lost.
— Cot. I stayne a thyng, I marre the
colour : je destains. — Palsgr. Lat. tin-
gere, to dye.

Stairs, as. stager, a ladder, steps ; Du.
steiger, waterside stairs, a mason's scaf-
fold ; Sw. steg, a step ; stege, a ladder ;
NE. stee, steye, a ladder. From Goth.
steigan, AS. stigan, OE. steye, to mount, to
step up.

There ne is cable in no land malced that might
stretche to me to drawe me into blisse, ne steyers
to steye on is none. — Chaucer, Test. Love.

N. stiga fram, to step forwards ; J. upp, to
lift the foot ; s. ned, to set down the foot,
to tread ; j. uppyve, to tread over shoe-
tops in mud or water ; stig, a step, foot-
print, step of a ladder or stairs. Gr.
ariixiiv, to Step, to mount ; Lett, staigdt,
to go, to walk ; stigt (tief eintreten), to
Stump.

The ultimate origin is the figure of an
impulse abruptly stopped, which is repre-
sented by the parallel roots stag and stai,
as shown under Stab. From the former
we have Gael, stac, a hobbling step, and
E. stagger, and from the latter ON. stappa,
to stamp, Du. stappen, stippen, to step.
In stamping or stepping the movement of
the foot is abruptly stopped by the solid
ground.

Staith. A stage or platform for ship-
ping coals. ON. stod, Da. stadc, a stand,
station, standing -place ; stod also is
specially used in the sense of Du. staede,
static navium. — Kil. N. stod, a quay,
Ian ding stage, sea-wall. G. gestade, shore.
See Stage.

Stake. Essentially the same word with
stack, a syllable representing, in the first

STALACTITE

instance, effort abruptly checked, then the
idea of sticking up or sticking in, what is
prominent or projecting, what fastens or
is firm. Gael, stac, stumble (make a false
step— Armstr.), a hobbling step, halt, a
stake or post driven into the ground, a
pillar, column, eminence, rock, stack,
thorn s stacanach, knolly, rugged, full of
impediments. E. stacker, staker, to stag-
ger ; ON. staka, to stumble. OFr. estac,
estache, a stake, tie ; Sp. estaca, G. staken,
Du. staeck, a stake, stick, post. Lap.
staikes, stable, steady, firm.

Stalactite. — Stalagmite. Gr. <sTa\-
aKTiQ, araXayiiOQ, from araXdaau) or araKdl^ut,
to fall or distil in drops.

Stale. I . Stale was formerly used in
slightly varying senses, derived from Du.
ste/te, position, place ; G. stellen, to place,
post, set in a certain place. Die game,
tine falle stellen, to pitch nets, to set a
trap. Hence stale, a bait laid to entrap,
a decoy, a snare. Stale for foules takyng.
— Palsgr.

Still as he went he crafty stales did lay

With cunning trains to entrap him unawares.

F. Q.

G. stell-vogel, a decoy bird. Das gestell
derfischer, nets, &c., laid by fishermen.

Closely allied is the sense of an am-
bush, a laying in wait. Late in stale,
lay in wait. — Stanihurst. Descr. Ireland.
Stale of horsemen in a felde, guecteurs. —
Palsgr. OFr. prendre estal, to take posi-
tion, to stand. G. Eine schrift stellen,
to draw up a writing. Sich stellen, to
make as though, to behave purposely, to
counterfeit.

This easy fool must be my stale, set up
To catch the people's eyes. — Dryden.

Was this your drift, to use Femeses name :

Was he your fittest stale f— B. J

2. Another application is, when stale is
used in the sense of old, past its season,
overkept. Du. stel, vetus, vetustus, reses,
quietus. — Kil. This sense may be ex-
plained from OFr. tenir estal, to keep
your place, to remain. — Roquef. Piedm.
stall, of a horse, kept long in the stable ;
of bread, stale. On a similar plan It.
stantio, stantivo, what has long been
standing, tainted, stale.

•Stale. — Steal. A handle, as of a be-
som, axe, plough. Pl.D. steel, G. stiel,
stalk, pillar, prop, handle. Probably a
contraction from a form like Swiss stigel,
stiegel, a staff, pole, stiegele, stagel, a
prop, support. Hence Swiss stielen, to
accompany a godfather to church for the
sake of showing him honour, to support
him. Lett, sttga, a stalk ; stigt, to stick

STALK

639

the foot deep in the ground. G. stange, a
staff, pole ; stdngel, a stalk.

To Stale. It. staltare, OFr. estaler,
Du. statten, a decorous expression for the
urining of horses. Probably not as com-
monly taking place when the animal
returns to the stall or stables, but, as
Schmeller explains it, from stopping the
horse to let him stale. Das pferd stallt,
the horse stops. Stallen den lauf des
krieges : to stop the course of the war.
Sw. stdlla en hest, to stop a horse. Piedm.
stali, to stop, to stanch.

Their [mares] staling is no hindrance to their
pace in running their carriere, as it doth the
horse, who must needs then stand still. — Holland,
Pliny.

To Stalk. AS. stalcan, to step ; Da.
stalke, to go with high uplifted feet, with
long steps. N. stauka, to go slowly, to
stump along hke an old man with a stick.
' A stalker or goer upon stilts or crutches,
grallator.' — Withal. 1608. The proper
meaning is, to set down the foot with
marked effort, so as to throw the weight
of the body on that leg. Gael, stale, dash
your foot against — M'Alpine ; walk with
halting gait — ■ JWacleod ; sialic, strike,
knock against, stamp, set down the foot
suddenly ; Ir. sialic, stop or impediment ;
E. dial, stalk, to poach the ground, the
horse's feet to sink deep into it.

It stalks so as horses can't come on the land ;
us were forced to dibble it. — Mrs Baiter.

Stalky, miry. — Hal.

The origin may be a representation of
movement abruptly checked by a form
like Bret, stlak, clap, crack. In a similar
manner, the parallel root stlap (shown in
Bret, stlapa, to dash, to throw with vio-
lence) might give rise to Du. stalpen, to
paw the ground (unguli ferire), stelpen,
stulpen, to.stop (properly to strike against)
— Kil. ; Sc. stilp, to halt, to go on crutches.
So also from Bret, strak, crack, loud noise,
we pass to G.straucheln, Du. struikeln, to
stumble ; Bav. storkeln, starkeln, to strut,
stagger ; Dorset, stark, to walk slowly ;
N.Fris. staurke, to strut.

Stalk. ON. stilkr, N. stalk, stelk, sty Ik,
stalk ; Da. stilk, stalk, stem, handle ; Suf-
folk stawk, the handle of a whip.

The equivalence of G. stielchen, from
stiele, a stalk, handle, column, would lead
us to regard the final k of stalk as a di-
minutival ending, were it not for the oc-
currence of parallel forms stilp and stilt,
in which the k of stalk is exchanged for
a p and / respectively. Sc. stilp, to
stump, to go on stilts or crutches ; Walach.
stilpu, a column ; stilpare, a. shoot, twig ;

640

STALL

Sw. stolpe, a stake, support, leg, pillar ;
E. diaL stulp, stump, post ; Swiss stelz, a
stalk— Adelung ; E. stilt, a support.

The radical signification seems to be
that explained under To Stalk, viz. strik-
ing with the foot, throwing the weight of
the body upon one leg as in staggering
or stumbling or stepping with delibera-
tion, whence the name is transferred to
anything used as a leg in bearing up a
weight, a prop, support, stalk.

StaU. ON. stallr, that on which any-
thing stands or is placed, bench, foot,
basis ; AS. steal, a stall, place, stead, seat,
room. Horsa steal, a place for horses or
stable. Gehalgode on his stealle, con-
secrated in his stead. OHG. stall, G. stelle,
place ; stalgeban, to give place ; kernstal,
the place which holds kernels, the core of
fruit. B.T.V. kerzenstall, a candlestick ;
burgstall, place where a castle stands or
has stood. It. stallo, OFr. estal, place,
seat, residence, whence estaller, to install,
to place in seat. Prendre estal, to take
position.

De haut estal en bas escame
Pu&nt bien lor sifege cangier :
— from high stall to lowly bench can well change
their seat. — Roquef.

In this sense we speak of the stalls of a
cathedral. In a somewhat different ap-
plication, Fr. estail, estal, the stall of a shop
or booth, anything whereon wares are
laid and showed to be sold. — Cot. Lith.
stdlas, Pol. stdl, a table. Bav. stellen,
what is set for objects to stand on ; bucM
stellen, G. biichergestell, a book-stand or
book-stall.

Stallion. Fr. estalon, dtalon. It. Stal-
lone, stallione, a horse long kept in the
stable without being used, also a stallion.
— Fl. A stallion is called equus ad stal-
lum in Leg. Wisig. according to Diez.

Stamina. Lat. stamen, a thread, the
grain of wood.

To Stammer. Goth, stamms, ohg.
stamm, ON. stamr, as. stomm, stamer,
stomer, stammering ; ON. staina, Sw.
stamma, OHG. stamen, stammen, stamma-
Idn, stambilSn, G. stammeln, stammern,
stummem, AS. stoinmettan, to stammer,
stutter. Sc. stammer, to stagger. ' The
horse stammers' The broken efforts
made by the voice in stammering, as con-
trasted with the uniform flow of ordinary
speech, are represented by varying forms,
of which perhaps Sw. stappla, to stam-
mer or stagger, may be taken as the ori-
ginal type. The final p of the root is first
nasalised and afterwards absorbed, leav-
ing the nasal as its sole representative,

STANCH

as shown in the forms OHG. stambilon,
OE. stamber (Hal.), E. stumble, stam^ner.
A similar series is exhibited in Sw. hap-
pla, Sc. kabble, habber, to stammer ; E.
hobble, to Ump ; Sc. hamp, to stanmier,
to halt in walking ; Du. hompelen, to
limp, E. hambyr (Pr. Pm.), hammer, to
stammer, to give repeated blows, to do' a
thing by repeated efforts.

To Stamp. See Step.

To Stanch. — Stanch. Fr, estancher,
to stanch or stop the flow of liquid, to
quench. Sp. estancar, to stop, to pro-
hibit, to stop a leak ; estanco, stanch,
water-tight. K stanch \ei%A\% one that
will hold the water in or out, whence fig.
stanch, firm, reliable. Bret, stanka, to
stop the flow of liquid, to stop a hole, to
obstruct ; Prov. estancar, restancar, to
stanch, to stop ; estanc, firm, stable.
Lat. extinguere, restinguere, to quench,
put out a fire, in which sense E. stanch
also was formerly used.

Theforesayde erle sette fyreupon asyde of the
citie — whiche fyre was scantly stenckyd in seven
dayes after. — Fabyan, Chron.
Prov. estancir, to quench. In Lat. stag-
num, a standing water. It. stagnare, to
stanch, to stagnate, the g and n are
transposed, which are again found in
proper order in OFr. estanche, estang,
Gael, stang, a pond.

The sense of stoppage or hindrance of
action is expressed by forms springing
from two parallel roots, stab, stap, stamp,
and stag, stak, stank, signifying, in the
first instance, jog, thrust, impulse ab-
ruptly checked by an obstacle, which may
either oppose an absolute resistance to
motion, or may be penetrated to some
extent, allowing the implement of force
to stick fast in the substance of the im-
pediment. To the former class belong E.
stab, to strike with a sudden thrust ;
stamp, to strike the ground with the
foot ; Sw. stappa, to pound, to stuff or
thrust into ; Sc. stap, to stop ; Prov.
estampir, to stop, to close : to the latter,
Du. staggelen, to strike the ground with
the foot, to paw like a horse, E. stagger,
staker, to make abrupt movements right
and left instead of moving steadily on-
wards ; Swiss staggelen, sianggeln, to sttt-
ter, to speak by a series of broken efforts ;
Bret, stok, a shock or knock ; ON. staka,
to stumble, to strike against an impedi-
ment ; Sc. stock, to thrust ; G. stocken, to
stop, to cease from motion, to stick or
stop short in speech ; Lang, s'estacd, to
stick at, hesitate, boggle ; estangd, to
stop, shut, fasten ; Devon slagged, stuck

STANCHION

in the mire ; Bret, staga, Castrais estaca,
to fasten ; G. stang, It. stanga, a stake,
bar, or implement for thrusting ; on.
stanga, to stick, thrust, strike with the
horns ; Sw. stdnga, Lap. stagget, to shut.

Stanchion. Supporters in buildings ;
(in ships) pieces of timber that support
the wast-trees. — B. Fr. estanson, a prop,
stay, trestle ; estancer, to prop, to stay. —
Cot. Prov. estanc, firm, stable. Vf.ystanc,
a hold-fast, bracket ; ystando, to prop.
The office of a stanchion is to thrust
against an object and prevent it from
giving way. See Stanch.

To Stand. Goth, standan, pret. stothj
ON. standa, stoct, stadit. Stada, stand-
ing, standing still ; solstada, solstice ;
vedrstada, the standing or direction of
the wind. Stada, as Da. stade, stand,
station, stall ; also as Da. sted, stead,
place ; Goth, staths, place.

The root of the word is stad, which, on
the one hand, is nasalised in stand, while
the d is softened down and lost in G.
stehen, Lat. stare, Gr. VVrij-/!!, Sanscr.
stM, Boh. sti-H. The final t will be ob-
served in Lat. status, standing, posture,
station. The primary meaning is proba-
bly to strike against, to meet with an im-
pediment, to come to a stop, from the
representation of an abrupt sound by the
syllable stad, stat, in a way analogous to
the course of development illustrated
under Stanch. Gael, stad, impediment,
stop, cessation ; stadach, stopping, hesi-
tating, stammering; Devon stat, stopped
— Hal. ; E. stotter, stutter, stut, to speak
in broken tones ; Sc. stot, stoit, stoiter, to
totter, stagger, stumble.

Sho stottis at straes, syne stumbillis not at stanes.

To stot, to stop. — Jam. Goth, stautan,
Sw. stita. Da. st6de, Du. stooten, to strike
against, to jolt, jog, thrust.

Standard. It. stendardo, Prov. estan-
dart, estandard, Sp. estandarte, Fr. hten-
dart, Mid.Lat. standardum, stantarum,
standarum. Two words from different de-
rivations seem to be confounded. Yhe-stan-
dard was a lofty pole or mast, either borne
in a car or fixed in the ground, marking the
head-quarters of an army, and commonly
bearing a flag on which were displayed
the insignia of the authorities to which it
belonged. Hence the word is explained
from Lat. extendere. It. stendere, to spread
abroad, display. Stendale, any displaid
streamer, banner, or standard. — FL Era
uno carro in su quattro rote, et havevavi
su due grande antenne vermiglie, in su le
quali ventilava il grande stendale dell'

STAPLE 641

arine del commune de Firenze. — ^Joh. Vil-
lani in Due. Extendarium, vexillum. —
Albertinus Mussatus (ob. A.D. 1329) de
Gestis Italicorum. On the other hand,
the term frequently occurs in the histories
of the crusades, designating especially
the ensigns of the Saracens, which con-
sisted solely of a stander or upright with-
out a flag.

Unus autem nostrorum accepit standarum
Ammaravisi, desuper quod erat pomum aureum,
hasta vero tola cooperta argento : quod stanta-
rum apud nos dicitur vexillum. — ^Tudebodus in
Due. Longissima ha^ta, argento operta per totum,
quod vocant Standart, et quas regis Babiloniae ex-
ercitui signum praeferebatur et circa quam praeci-
pua virtus densabatur. — ^Albertus Aquensis, A.D.
mo. Qui omneS procedentes secus Alvertum in
campo quodam — standart, id est, malum navis
erexerunt, vexillum S. Petri — in eo suspendentes.
— Simeon Dunelm. A.D. 1138.

Aliqui coram in medio cujusdam machinEe,
quam illi adduxerant, unius navis malum erexe-
runt, quod Standard appellaverant, unde Hugo
Eboracensis Archidiaconus ;

Dicitur a stando standardum, quod stetit illic

Militias probitas, vincere sive mori.
In summitate vero ipsius arboris — ^vexilla suspen-
denmt. — Ricardus Hagustald. a.d. iigo.

G. stander, an upright in building ; thiir-
stdnder, eckstdnder, a door-post, corner-
post In this sense E. standard is a fruit-
tree that stands of itself in opposition to
one that is supported against a wall.

As the standard is the object to which
the army looks for direction, the term is
met. applied to any fixed mark to which
certain actions or constructions are to be
made to conform : the standard of morals,
standard of weights and measures.

Stang. ON. stong, ohg. stanga. It.
stanga, a bar, staff, pole, properly an in-
strument of thrusting, from ON. stanga,
to thrust, stick, strike with the horns.
Sw. stdnga, to shut, to fence ; stangel, a
bar, also, as G. Stengel, a stalk, the part of
a plant that shoots up and supports the
flowering branches. Lap. stagget, to
shut ; staggo, a stake or pole.

Stanza. It. stanza, Fr. stance, a staff
or stave of verses at the close of which
there is a pause in the versification. Sp.
estancia, stay, continuance in a place, re-
sidence, stanza. From estar, to stand.
Walach. stare, a pause, a stanza in verse.

Staple. I. AS. stapel, a prop, support,
trestle.

Under ech stapel of his bed,

That he niste, four thai hid. — Seven Sages.
Du. stapel, stalk, stem, support, heap,
steeple, foot, basis on which anything
rests. — Kil. Sw. stapel, stocks on which
a ship is built, a heap, pile ; OFr. estappe
41

642

STAR

Rouclii estate, a stake, pole, pile. Gael.
stapul, bolt, bar, staple. Fr. estampeau,
a trestle ; estamper, to support, to under-
prop.— Cot.

The origin of the word is the root stab
or stap, signifying abrupt thrust, from
whence we pass to the notion of a pro-
mirience or projection, as in Da. dial.
stap, N. stabbe, stump of a tree, ON. stabbi,
a heap, a stack. The application of the
name to a prop or support arises from
regarding the prop as thrusting upwards
against the weight imposed upon it. The
staple of a door is the iron loop stuck into
the door-post in order to hold the bolt of
the lock. Sc. siapalis, fastenings. — ^Jam.

2. In a derivative sense staple is used
for a market or emporium, the merchan-
dise brought to be sold at such a market,
the principal merchandise of a country,
the materials of manufacture, raw mate-
rial, substance of a thing.

The origin of these significations is Du.
and Sw. stapel, a heap, and thence a place
where goods are stored up or exposed for
sale. Rouchi estapler, to expose goods
for sale in public market ; Champ, estape,
estaple, shop, market ; estapler une voi-
ture, to stop a conveyance for the purpose
of offering the goods for sale. Fr. estape,
estaple, a public storehouse wherein mer-
chant strangers lodge their commodities
which they mean to vent ; also a certain
place whereto the country is enjoined to
bring in provisions for a marching army ;
also the pecuniary contribution allowed
by those towns or persons that bring in
none. — Cot. Hence itape, resting-place,
or soldier's allowance on march.

In the N. of France, and Germany, the
term was applied to a privilege accorded
to certain towns, by which they were
entitled to stop all imported goods brought
within their limits until they had been ex-
posed to public sale for a definite period,
and the name was also given to the towns
possessed of such a privilege. Rouchi
estaple, public exposure to sale. ' Le temps
de t estaple au lieu de deux heures devra
durer toute la journde.' E. staple, a city
or town where merchants jointly lay up
their commodities for the better vending
of them by the great ; a public store-
house.— B.

Star. Gr. aarx)^, aarpov, Lat. astrum,
Goth, stairno, Bret, steren, w. seren, a
star ; sSr, stars. Bret. stMden, a star ;
stdrdd or stMdeimou, stars ; stMdenni,
to twinkle, glitter. In a similar manner
appear to be formed W. serenu, to glitter,
dazzle, sparkle; Du. sterren, to twinkle

STARE

— Kil., ON. stirna, to glitter. But, on the
other hand, nothing is more probable
than that the stars should take their name
from sparkling or glittering, and a root
ser or ster having that signification ap-
pears in Lat. serenus, bright, clear, shin-
ing ; Gr. (TrepoTT^ (darepoTr^), aarpaTri]
(analogous to Champ, ablancer for. balan^
cer), a flash of lightning, flashing, glitter.
See Stare.

Lat. Stella may perhaps be for sterula,
but it may be direct from the root stel,
parallel with ster, signifying, in the first
\asX3Xice.,crack, then burst, scatter, sparkle,
according to the analogy of Fr. iclat,
which signifies, in the first place, the crack
of an explosion, then fragment, glitter.
Sp. estallar, to crack, to burst with a
loud sound ; estallo, crackling, crashing,
sound of anything bursting or falling ;
OFr. estoile, estelle, dclat de bois, chip,
splint, to be compared with estoile, a star;
esteler, to flash like lightning. — Roquef.
Another instance of the name of a star
being taken from the sense of sparkling
is seen in Magy. tsillag, a star, compared
with tsillogni, tsilldmlani, to sparkle,
glitter ; G. schillern, to glance, play with
different colours.

Starboard. ' The right side of the ves-
sel. ON, stjomborcK, Da. styrbord; from
stjom, the rudder, Da. sty}-e, to steer, be-
cause the rudder consisted of an oar on
the right side of the ship, where the steers-
man stood.

Starch. See Stark.

To Stare, i. To glitter, shine. ^Staryng
or schynyng as gay thyngys, rutilans.
Staryn or schynjm and glyderyn, niteo.'
— Pr. Pm. Du. sterren, to twinkle.
As ai stremande stemes stared aJle thaire wedes.
K. Alex. p. 129.
Herfieryeyesvrith furious sparks didrfare.— F.Q.
See Star.

2. ON. stara, Sw. stirra, Du. staren,
staroogen, to stare, gaze, look fixedly. N.
stara, stira, are also used in the sense of
simply looking, turning the eyes towards.
Star, eyes, look, sight ; brunt star, brown
eyes.

As the act of looking consists only in
opening the eyes for the reception of light,
the senses of looking or gazing and of
shining are often expressed by the same
word, as in g. blick, a flash Of light, a
glance or look, and fig. the eye, looks.
Swiss glare, to stare, is identical with E.
glare, glow ; OE. glare, glowr, to stare,
with N. glora, to glitter, to stare. To
stare then, in the sense of looking fixedly,
may be a secondary application of stare.

STARK

to shine. ' / stare, as a man's eyes stare
for anger, mes yeulx s'alument.' — Palsgr.

On the other hand, we have G. starr,
stiff, rigid ; ein starrer blick, a fixed
look i starren, to be stiff ; starren, an-
starren, starr anselien, to stare at. And
certainly the verb to stare is used in this
latter sense, when we speak of an ill-
fed horse having a rough and staring
coat. ' Aggricciamenti, astonishments,
starings of one's hairs.'— Fl. Holstein
sturr, stiff ; sturre haar, rigid hair. ON.
stargresi, Dan. stcErgrces, star, sedge,
rigid grass, growing by the sea or on
moors, in E. provincially starr or bent.
It. stora, a mat or hassock made of bents
or sedge. Sw. stirra utjingren, to spread
one's fingers ; stirra med igoneti, to
look wildly, to stare. Bav. storren, to
project ; der storren, the stump of a tree;
Gael, sturr, rugged point of a hill ; stur-
rag, turret or pinnacle ; sturrach, rugged,
surly in temper.

Stark. — Starch, on. sterkr, styrkr,
OHG. starah, starh, G. stark, rigid, stiff,
strong. Goth, gastaurkan, to dry up ;
ON. storkna, Du. storkelen, Swiss storche-
len, to congeal, coagulate, thicken ; Sw.
storkna, provincially strogna, to choke.
E. dial, stark, starky, stiff, dry. — Mrs B.

The original sense is probably rugged,
uneven in surface, an idea commonly ex-
pressed from the figure of a harsh, broken
sound. Bret, straka, strakla, to crack,
clap, crackle, rattle; strakel, stragel, the
clapper of a mill ; Bohem. ssterkati,
sstrkati, sstrokotati, to rattle ; Russ.
sirogaf, strugat', to rake, scrape, plane ;
strog', rigid, hard, austere ; Lith. stregti,
to stiffen, to freeze.

As the sense commonly passes through
the idea of a broken movement before
that of a broken surface, we must in all
probability refer to the foregoing root
such forms as E. straggle, struggle, and
G. straucheln, Du. struikelen, to stumble ;
Bav. storkeln, starkeln^ to stagger ; E.
dial, stark, to walk slowly, stump.

Starch for stiffening linen is G. stdrke,
strength, stiffness, starch. Sw. stdrkelse,
Du. stijfsel, starch.

To Start.— Startle. To start, to do
anything with a sudden spring. At a
stert, in a moment. — Chaucer. G. sturz,
a fall, tumble, start, spurt. — Kiittn. Sein
pferd that einen sturz, his horse started ;
sturzkarren, a tumbril or cart that tilts
up. Sturz is also what projects abruptly,
the stump of a tree, dock of a horse's tail,
handle of a plough. Das ^ierd stiirzt die
ohren, the horse pricks his ears. Pol.

STATIONER

643

storczyi, to raise or set up, to bristle, to
prick up the ears ; sterczei, to stick out,
protrude, jut out. G. sturz am pfluge,
pflugstert, plough-handle ; E. dial, stert,
tad of a plough, stalk of fruit ; redstart, a
bird with a red tail ; Bav. starz, tail of
beasts, stalk, g. stiirzen, to dash, to
do things with a quick sudden motion,
throw down, fall ; Du. storten, to hurl
or throw headlong, to tumble, fall, to shed
or spill. Stortregen, a violent shower.
G. eine tonne stiirzen, as in E. nautical
language, to start a cask, to spill the con-
tents.

The origin appears to be the clattering
sound of dashing down. Bohem. stur-
cowati, to clatter, to empty out ; E. dial.
strat, to dash to pieces, to splash with
mud ; strat, a fall. — Hal. Comp. Bret.
stlaka, straka, to clap ; stlapa, to dash
down. Swab, stritzen, to spirt. To
startle, to sparkle. — Hal. ' Frizzare, to
spirt, to frisk, to startle as good wine doth
being poured into a glass, also to frisk or
skip nimbly.' — FI.

To Starve. In the Midland Counties
to clem is to perish from hunger ; to starve,
to suffer from cold. / am starved, I am
perished with cold. on. starf, labour,
trouble, inconvenience ; starfa sik, to ex-
ert oneself. N. starva (of a sick or wearied
beast), to go slow and tottering, to shrug
hke cattle in the cold, to go off, fall away,
perish ; starving, a slow and tottering
gait. Du. sterven, G. sterben, to die.
Compare as. deorfan, to labour, painfully
to exert oneself, to perish. Gedurfon heora
scipa, their ships perished. Sw. strdfwa,
to endeavour, to strive ; strdfwan, work,
pains. See Strife.

State. — Station. — Stature. — Statis-
tic. From Lat. sto, statum, to stand, are
formed static, a. station or standing-place;
statura, stature ; status -■ds, the standing,
state or condition of a thing, and thence
E. statist, one who examines the state of
things.

Stationer. In Mid.Lat. and even in
classical times (according to Muratori,
Diss. 25), statio was applied to a stall or
shop. It became appropriated to a seller
of books and paper, &c., as grocer, which
formerly signified a wholesale dealer, to a
seller of spices. ' Datia (quod dant mer-
catores de locis in quo vendunt) staytgeld.'
— Dief Supp. An ordinance of A.D. 1408
prescribes, ' quod nuUus libellus sive trac-
tatus — amodo legatur in scolis — nisi per
Universitatem Oxonii aut Cantabrigis
primitus examinetur — et universitatis auc-
toritate stationariis tradatur ut copietur
41 *

644

STATUE

et facti coUatione vendatur justo pretio.'
— Concil. Britan. Ed. Spelman in N . & Q.,
Jan. 12, 1861.

Statue. Lat. statua.

Statute, -stitut-. Lat. status, stand-
ing, posture, gives rise to statuo, -utum
(in comp. -stituo), tp set, place, establish,
ordain. Hence Constitute, Institute, Sec.

* To Staw. To glut, to clog, to be
restive, to refuse to draw.— Craven. Gl.
Staud, surfeited, tired. — Hal.

Or olio that would siaw a sow. — Bums.
It is merely the broad pronunciation of
stall, in the sense of standing-place ; to
stall, to bring to a stand. Stalled, set
fast in* a slough, satiated, cloyed. — Mrs
Baker.

As stille as a stone oure ship is stalled,

Townely Myst.

Bav. stallen, Sw. stdlla, to stop ; Piedm.
stale, to stop, to stanch.

Stave. I. A different pronunciation of
staff, appropriated by custom to certain
modifications of the object, as a pole of
some length, or one of the bars of which
a cask is composed, on. stafr, N. stav, a
stick, pole, stave of a cask.

2. A stave in psalm-singing is a verse,
or so much of the psalm as is given out
at once by the precentor to be repeated
by the congregation. Pl.D. staven, to
recite the words of a formula that is to
be repeated by another person, to admin-
ister an oath ; een staveden eed, an oath
solemnly administered.

In this sense the word is a met. from
the construction of a hooped vessel by
putting together the staves of which it is
composed, and as each of these is separ-
ately set up, so a stave is so much of the
formula as is separately recited. ON.
stafa einum eid, to administer to one an
oath ; SV& st'dfud sok, a matter so con-
stituted, so arranged. N. stava, to set up
the staves in a cask, and thence fig. to
set together the letters of which a written
word is composed, to spell ; stavelse, a
syllable, a separate element of a spoken
word. It is obviously from this meta-
phor also (and not, as commonly sup-
posed, from the upright bar forming the
body of the letter in the Runic alphabet)
that we must explain ON. stafr, AS. staf,
hocstcEf, G. buchstab, a letter. ' Litera,'
says .i^Ifric, ' is st(Bf on Englisc, and is
se laesta dael on bocum, and is untodae-
ledlic : ' lette;j- is staf in English, and is
the least element in writings, and is in-
divisible. In the same way the stave is
the ultimate element of a cask or tub.

STEAD

and as the staves are separately useless
until they are set up in the form of a
vessel, so the letters are individually in-
significant until set together in a word.

Stay. I. ON., Da., Du., stag, Fr. estaye,
the stay or strong rope that fastens the
top of the mast to the bow of the vessel.
ON. staga, to bind, to fasten. Bret, stag,
a tie, fastening ; staga, to fasten. See
Stanch.

2. Stay. — Staid. Stay, a prop, a sup-
port, also a stop, let, or hindrance ; to
stay, to support, to bear up, to stop, to
continue in a place. — B.

The primary sense is that shown in ON.
stod, N. st'dd, stydj Sw. stod, stake, prop,
support ; ON. stoda, to support, to help ;
Du. staede, staeye (Kil.), Fr. estaye, a prop
or supporter. Hence staid, stayed, sup-
ported, steadied, kept firm.
The abbot who to all posterity did leave
The fruits of his stay'd faith, delivered by his pen.

Drayton.

Du. staeden, stabilire — Kil. ; Sw. stoda,
stodja, to prop or support ; stodja sig, to
rest, repose on; n. stod, sto, steady, continu-
ous ; stoe se, to be steady. To stay, in
the sense of hinder, prevent, stop, as
when one speaks oi staying <ya.€% hand, is
a metaphor of the same kind as when we
use help in the sense of abstain from,
prevent. ' It cannot be helped.' In the
same way from G. steuer, which properly
signifies a stake, prop, support, is formed
steuern, to stop, hinder, stay, keep back,
avert. — Kiittn.

Probably stay, in the sense of continue,
remain unmoved, has come to us through
the Romance. Lang, estaia, residence.
' Estaia farem ab lui : ' mansionem apud
eum faciemus. Prov. estar, to stand, to
cease or abstain from action ; OFr. ester ^
esteir, to stand, remain, be.

The essential function of a stay or prop
consists in the upward thrust by which it
counteracts the weight of an incumbent
body. Thus the immediate origin of the
word may be found in G. stossen, Sw.
stbta, Da. stode, to strike against, jog,
thrust, strike endways, stamp, pound. In
the same way from the secondary form G.
stutzen, to dash against, to come to a
stop, we have G. stUtze, Sw. stotta, a prop
or support. A conjecture as to the ulti-
mate origin is given under Stilt.

Stead. — Steady. — Steadfast. Two
words seem to be confounded in E. stead,
viz. : I. Goth, staiks, 0J>!. stadr,stdd, Du.,
AS. stede, Da. sted, place, spot, properly
standing ; ON. standa, stod, stadit, to
stand. Se stede is halig, this place is

STEAK

holy. — Jos. V. 15. Da. i steden, in the
place of, instead of. From this sense of
the word we have homestead, the home
place ; bedstead; G. bettstatt, bettstdtte;
ON. eldstadj Cleveland, firestead, door-
stead, meddenstead J ON. stadfastr. Da.
stadfast, stedfast, standfast, E. steadfast,
firm in its place ; Sw. stadig, E. steady,
standing in its place, stable ; on. stedja,
to place, staddr, Sw. stadd, situated,
placed, bestead. Wara stadd i fara, to
be placed in danger. Icke wara stadd
wid penningar, to be hard bestead for
money.

2. Stead in the other sense corresponds
to Du. staede, Sw. stdd, prop, stay, sup-
port; ON. adstod, assistance ; stoda, to
avail.

From this sense of the word must be
explained the expression, to stand one in
good stead, exactly equivalent to the Du.
te staede kommen, in staede staen. — Kil.
See Stay.

Steak. SHces of meat to fry or broil.
— B. ON. steikja, Dan. stege, to roast,
broil, fry ; ON. steikari, a cook. N.Fris.
stajcken, to roast in the ashes. As roast
seems originally to signify the rod on
which the meat was stuck by way of a
spit, so it is probable that stea.k is a modi-
fication of stick or stake. OHG. stekko,
pole, stake, stick, peg. Da. steg, a stake,
pole, also a roast ; at vende steg, to turn
the spit. Sw. stek, roast meat.

Steal. A handle. See Stale.

To Steal. Goth, stilan, on. stela.

Steam. as. stem, vapour, smoke,
smell. Du. stoom, dom, domp, damp
(Kil.), steam, vapour. Boh. dym, smoke.
Bav. daum, vapour, smoke ; doamwint,
moist warm wind. See Damp, Stew.

Steed. AS. steda, a horse or stallion.
Gael, steud, to run, to race ; a race, a
wave ; steudshruth, a rapid stream ; steud-
each, steud, a swift horse, racehorse, war
horse ; steudach, swift, billowy.

Steel. OHG. stahal, OberD. stahel,
stachel, G. stahl, steel. Probably Wach-
ter and Adelung are right in connecting
it with stechen, to stick, and stachel, prick,
point ; analogous to It. acciaro, Fr. acier,
steel, from ofies, point, edge. When steel
was first introduced it would be too
valuable to be used for more than the
■edge of the weapon, and would be known
as edge metaL Du. stael van het mes,
the edge of a knife. — Kil. A similar con-
traction is seen in ohg. stechal, Bav.
stickel, g. steil, steep. Boh. staly, firm,
stable, is unconnected.

To Steep. — Steep. — To Stoop. In

STEER

64s

different branches of the Gothic stock the
syllables stap, slip, stup, convey the sense
of striking end foremost, stabbing, stick-
ing into, stamping, setting down the foot,
throwing down, lowering, dipping or sink-
ing into a liquid, soaking.

We may cite on. stappa, to stamp, to
pound ; N.Fris. stuppin, to strike against
(stossen, Johans. p. 50) ; Du. stappen,
stippen, to step, to set down the foot;
stippen, to fix, to stick into, to embroider ;
G. stupfen, to goad, to prick ; Pl.D. stup-
pen, stippen, to strike the ground with a
stick in walking ; stipsiock, a walking-
stick ; stippen, also to dip ; instippen, to
dip the pen in ink. N.Fris. stiepen, to
dip candles, Sw. stdpa, to dip candles, to
cast metals, to steep seed or the like in
water, to soak into, as ink into paper.
The sense of soaking is incidental to that
of dipping into liquid. ON. steypa, to
cast or throw down, to pour out, to cast
in metal ; steypask, to cast oneself down
or out of, to fall. N. stbypa, to cast down, '
stupa, to fall. Sw. stupa, to incline, to
lower, to fall. Stupa en tunna, to tilt a
cask ; s. omkull, to drop down. Han
stupade i slagtningen, he fell in battle.
From the idea of tumbling to that of
steepness or abrupt inclination is an easy
step. The Lat. prceceps, headlong, sig-
nifies also sloping, steep. Sw. stupad, in-
clined, leaning downwards ; stupning, de-
clivity. N. stup, a steep cliff; stupebratt,
so abrupt that one may fall down. The
stoop of a hawk is when he falls from a
height upon his prey.

Steeple, as. stypel, a tower ; Sw.
siapel, stocks on which a ship is built, a
heap, a pile ; klockstapel, a steeple or
belfry; N. stupel, clock-tower; Pl.D. stipel,
stiper, a prop, support, pillar. A pair of
thick legs are called een paar gode stipels,
to be compared with G. stapeln, to come
striding along. See Staple. ON. stopull,
support, pillar, tower, steeple.

Steer. — Stirk. A young bull, ox, or
heifer. Bav. ster, steren, sterch, sterchen,
the male sheep or hog. OHG. stero, a
ram. Swiss sterchi, a bull for breeding ;
stier, an ox calf Gael, stuir, a male calf
G. stier, stierchen, a bull ; stieren, to copu-
late, of the bull and the ram. as. styric,
styrc, Du. stierick, heifer. Gris. stierl,
sterl, yearling bull.

To Steer. — Stir. as. styran, astyrian,
to move, stir, steer, govern. Hit ne mihte
that hus astyrian: it could not move
that house. — Luke vi. 48. He styreth
thone roder: he moves the sky. Osric
that rice xigear styrde : ruled the realm

646

STEM

eleven years. Eall thai the styrath and
leofath: all that moves and lives. ON.
styra, to guide, steer, govern, control.
OHG. stmran, stiurjan, to direct, move,
govern, control, also to prop, support,
lean on. Du. stieren, stueren, to drive
forwards, impel, propel. — Bigl. Kilian
renders it, agere, adigere, agere navigium,
subigere navem conto, promovere navem.
Stierboom, contus nauticus, trudes, per-
tica nautica. The sense here indicated,
of poling a boat or pushing it along with
the help of poles would seem to be the
original meaning of the word, as it re-
conciles several applications, apparently
unconnected. We have ohg. stiura,
baculus, stipes, remus — Graff ; Bav.
steuer, a prop, support, aid, contribution ;
ON. staurr, Sw. stdr, a stake or pole ;
E. dial, stour, stower, a stake, a boathook ; •
OHG. siurle, stbrlen,fischerstorl, a fisher's
pole for stirring the water, or fishing-rod.
— Dief Supp. in v. contus. Gr. cravpoq, \
a stake, pole, pale, afterwards the cross
or stake on which a criminal was crucified.

The use of a pole for a somewhat
different purpose gives Du. siooren, to
stir up the mud or shallows, to disturb,
impede, to stir up, irritate, excite — Kil. ;
G. siSren, to poke, rake into, stir up, dis-
turb ; Sw. sidra, to trouble, interrupt,
hinder, molest; also to place stakes, to
support ; Bav. stiiren, to poke, as with a
stick in the mud, with a finger in the
nose, &c. ; zandstiirer, a toothpick.

Stem. I. AS. stemn, G. stamm, the
stem or trunk of a tree. E. dial, stelms,
siembles, shoots that grow from an old
stock; staums, stalks. — Mrs B. Lith.
stambas, the stock or stem of a cabbage
or the like ; stambras, stalk of grass ;
Lett. stSbrs, stalk of grass, shaft of an-
chor. ODu. stapel, stalk. Lat. stipes,
any piece of wood standing in the ground,
a pale, stake, trunk of a tree ; stipula, a
stem, stalk, straw ; Bohem. stopka, the
stalk of a leaf, fruit, &c. Fr. estampeau,
a prop, stay, trestle. Rouchi, s'^tamper,
to keep upright, to support. G. sidmmen,
to sustain, prop, stay or bear up; sick
stdmmen, to lean or rest against some-
thing.

The stem is the part of the plant which
thrusts or shoots upwards and supports
the boughs and whole produce of the
plant. From the root stab, signifying
thrust. Sanscr. stambh, to stop, support ;
statnbha, a pillar, post, stem.

2. The stem of a ship (as. stefn, stemn,
ON. stafn. Da. stavn) is that great pile of
timber which is wrought compassing from

the keel below, and serves to guide the
ship's rake. — B. The parts of this timber
that turn upwards before and behind are
in Sw. called framstam and bakstam, the
prow and poop respectively. In E. the
name of stem has been retained only in
the case of the former. ' From stem to
stern! N. stemm, the stem or prow of a
vessel. ODu. sieve, a staff; the handle
of a plough ; sieve, veursieve, the stem or
prow of a ship ; achtersteve, stern.

To Stem. i. To stop, to put a stop to.
— B. To resist, as when we speak of
stemming the flood. ON. stemma, to stop,
close, bar, dam. At dsi skal d stemma :
a river must be stopped at its source.
Stemma siigu fyrir einum. : to bar the
way before one.

From a modification of the root stap,
signifying thrust, endlong blow, the final
p of which is first nasalised and then
absorbed : stap, stamp, stam. ON. stappa,
to stamp, to pound; Sc. stap, to stop,
obstruct, to cram, to stuff. Prov. desta-
par, to unstop. ' Lo bondonel destapa'
he draws the cork. Sp. destapar, to un-
stop, uncover. Lith. stabdyti, to stop.

The nasalised form is seen in E. stamp,
to strike an endlong blow ; Rouchi stam-
per, to support. Etampe-ti cont' P mur:
support yourself against the wall. S'itam-
per, to stand upright. When the thrust
is sufficiently violent, the implement is
stuck into the obstacle by which it is met,
and the act assumes the aspect of striking
or fixing, fastening, stopping. Prov. es-
tampir, tampir, to shut, to stop. ' Una
porta — que fon barrada et estampida de-
dins : ' a door that was barred and shut
within. The terminal p is finally absorbed
in G. stdmmen, stemmen, to plant, to stick
something on or against an object with
sudden thrust, as a stick upon the ground,
the elbow on a table, the feet against a
wall, the foot or knee upon an adversary's
breast — Sanders ; to stem, resist, bear up
against, to sustain, support, prop. — Kuttn.
' Sich gegen etwas stemmen : ' to bear up
against it. ' Sich empor stemmen : ' to
raise oneself up by leaning on one's elbow,
&c. (to be compared with Rouchi sVtam-
per). ' Sass ich aufgestemmt in ineinem
bette ; ' I sat supported in my bed. Sw.
sidmma, to stop, stanch, to hem or border.

A parallel series of similar forms, differ-
ing only in the want of an initial s, may
be found under Dam. Lang, tapa, tampa-,
to stop, shut, inclose, surround ; ON. teppa,
to stop, to close ; Pol. tamowai', to stop,
to dam, to check, restrain.

2. To stem is sometimes used in a

STENCH

different sense derived from on. stefna or
stemna, to turn the stem towards, to move
in a certain direction. Hafa eit fyrir
stafni, to have an object .before the stem,
to stem towards it, to move in that di-
rection. Their stefndu inn i QorSin : they
steered in towards the firth.

They on the trading flood —
Ply stemming nightly towards the pole. — Milton.

Sw. stdfwa, to direct one's course towards
a point. N. stemna, course, direction,
appointment, a number of ships coming
at an appointed time. A colliery is said
to have a large stem on when there are a
number of ships waiting for cargo, n.e.
Steven, an appointed time ; to set the
Steven, to agree upon a time and place of
meeting. In Cornwall, stem, stemjnin, an
appointed task, a day's work.

Stench. See Stink.

Stent. An allotted portion, a right of
pastui-age [for a definite number of cattle]
— Hal. Stent, portion, part. -^ Palsgr.
Stente or certeyne of value or dette and
other lyke, taxatio ; stentyd, taxatus. —
Pr. Pm. The day's work of a collier is
called his stent in Staffordshire. Mid.Lat.
extendere, OFr. estendre, to estimate. —
Roquef. ' Hsec est extenta terrarum de
terris et tenementis Prioris de Derhuste
quantum valeant.' — Monast. Ang. ' Par
mesmes les jourours soient les terres es-
tendues k la very value.' — Due.

Stentorian. Having a voice like
Stentor, the crier of the Greeks at Troy.

Step. — Stamp. Du. stap, baculum,
gradus, passus ; stappen, to step, to set
down the foot. ON. stappa, to stamp, to
thrust with a pole or the like. Their sidp-
pudu snjdinn med spjdtskSptum sinum :
they beat down the snow with their spear-
shafts. Stappa fcEtinum. i jordina, to
stamp with their feet on the earth. N.
stampa, to stamp, to tramp in wet or
mud ; stappa, to pound, to stuff in, cram
full ; stapp, pounded or mashed food. G.
stapfen, to step, to tread hard. Gr. artifiia,
to stamp, tread, ram down. Pol. stqpai,
to step, stride ; stopa, sole of the foot.
See Stab.

Step-father.- Step-son. The original
application of the term is to a step-child,
signifying an orphan, a child deprived of
one at least of its parents, and is thence
extended to a person marrying a widow
or widower with children, coming in the
place of father or mother to orphan chil-
dren. Sie beam his astepte, in another
version, syn beam his steopcild, may his
children be orphans. — Ps. cviii. 9. Ne
late ic eow steopcild, ego non vos orbos

STERN

647

relinquam. — ^Joh. xiv. 18. Ofhreow him
thcBt astepede wif, miserabat eum orbatae
mulieris. OHG. stiuf, steof, step (-father,
-child, &c.) ; stiti/an, orbare ; arstiufan,
viduare ; bestiuftiu, orphani. — Graff.

The origin may perhaps be shown in
ON. stufr, a stump, whence styfa, to cut
short ; styfdr, cropped, cut short. OSw.
stuf, stubbe, a stump ; stubba, stufwa, to
cut short.

Stereo-. Gr. arepcbe, firm, solid ; as
in Stereotype (fixed type). Stereoscope, &c.

Sterile, Lat. sterilis.

Sterling^. Originally a name of the
English penny, the standard coin in
which it was commonly stipulated that
payment should be made ; it was sub-
sequently applied to the coinage of Eng-
land in general; and metaphorically came
to signify, of standard value, genuine,
sound.

' Denarius Angliae qui vocatur Sterlin-
gus.' — Stat. Edw. I. in Due. ' Moneta
nostra, videlicet sterlingi, non deferatur
extra regnum.' — Stat. David II. Scot. ' In
this year (135 1) William Edginton — made
the kyng to make a new coyne — distroy-
ing alle the elde sterlynges which were of
gretter wight.' — Capgr. Chron. 214. 'In
centum marcis bonorum novorum et lega-
lium sterlingorum- tredecim solid, et 4
sterling, pro qualibet marcd computetis.'
—Chart. H. III. in Due.

The origin of the name is unknown.
Some suppose it to be from the coin
having had a star on the obverse, the ob-
jection to which is that there is no evi-
dence of any coin in which the star occu-
pied a place sufficiently marked to give a
name to the coin. There are indeed
pennies of King John on which there is a
star or sun in the hollow of a crescent
with other emblems, but it is a very in-
conspicuous object. Others suppose that
the name was given to coins struck at
Stirling in Scotland. But the hypothesis
most generally approved is that the coin
is named from the Easterlings or North
Germans, who were the first moneyers in
England. Walter de Pinchbeck, a monk
of Bury in the time of Ed. I., says, ' Sed
moneta Angliae fertur dicta fuisse a no-
minibus opificum, ut Floreni a nominibus
Florentiorum, ita Sterlingi a nominibus
Esterlingorum nomina sua contraxerunt,
qui hujusmodi monetam in Anglia pri-
mitus componebant.' The assertion how-
ever merits as little credit in the case of
the Sterling as of the Florin. We do not
even know when the name originated.

Stem, I. Sc. stoume, stern.

648

STEW

Ac wile Hunger was here mayster wolde non

chide,
Ne stryve agens the statute, lie loked so sturne.

P. P.

ON. stura, sorrow, disturbance ; stiirinn,
N. sturen, sturall, sorrowful, cast down,
disturbed ; Du. stuer, torvus, austerus,
ferox ; stooren, to disturb, trouble ; Sc.
stour, disturbance, battle, conflict.

2. Stern, the steerage or afterpart of a
ship. From ON. styra, to steer, direct,
rule ; styri, the rudder ; stiorn, govern-
ance, rule, rudder; stjoma, to steer, to
govern. OHG. stiura, Du, ^siuur, rudder.
Himself as skippare hynt the siere on hand.

D. V.
See Steer.

Stew. I. Sc. sUw, vapour, smoke,
dust.

All thair flesche of swait was wate.

And sic a siew raiss owt off thaim then.

Of aneding [aynding, breathing] bath of

horss and men
And off powdyr, that sic myrknes
Intill the ayr abowyne thaim wes. — Barbour

MiUstew, G. muhlstaub, the dust of a
mill. Stew, when the air is full of dust,
smoke, or steam.— Grose ; dust, pother,
disturbance, ' What a stew you are
making.' Figuratively, a state of vexa-
tion and perplexity, ' I was in a fine stew.'
— Mrs Baker. Goth, stubjus, Pl.D. staff,
G. statib, dust ; OHG. stoupon, turbare ;
stubbi, Bav. stubb, stupp, dust, powder.

It would seem that dust, smoke, vapour,
is originally conceived as the suffocating
agent, and is named from stopping the
breath, and, in the first instance, from
sticking or thrusting into. Thus we have
Lat. stipare, to cram, press, stuff; It.
stipare, stivare, to pack, ram in hard, to
stop chinks ; Du. stuwen, to ram, to
stow ; E. dial, stive, to push with poles, to
stuff, to choke. A road is said to be
stivven up when it is so full of snow as to
be impassable ; to be stived up, to be
stifled up in a warm place ; stiving, close,
stifling. ' Sweep gently or you will stive
us.' [ Hence stive, dust. — Mrs Baker. For
the identity of stive and stew, compare
skewer and skiver j E. dive and Du.
duwen, douwen. ' The room was so warm
I was quite stewed.' — Mrs B. Stives,
stews or brothels. — Hal.

A series of parallel forms without the
initial s is seen in Du. douwen, duwen, to
push, stick into ; It. tuffare, to dip, duck,
plunge in water, to smother ; Sp. tufo,
choking vapour, Lang, toufo, oppressive
heat ; tub6s, fog, mist ; Gr. tv<^oq, smoke,
mist, cloud ; ON. dupt, dust ; Da. duft,
fragrance ; Grisons toffar, tuffar, to stink.

STICK

2. Stew, a place to keep fish in alive
for present use. ' They take a milter out
of their sieeves or pooles where they use
to keep them.'— Holland, Plinie in R.
Pl.D, stauen, to stop, to dam ; stau, a
dam ; Pol. staw, a pond ; stawidlo, a
floodgate.

To Stew.— Stove.^Stews. It. stuva,
stufa, stua, Prov. estuba, on. stofa, Sw.
stufwa, OHG. stupa, G. stube, Pl.D. stove,
stave, E. stove, a heated confined space,
heated room, hot-bath ; the notion of
heat being incidental merely, on the same
principle on which we speak of a room
being close when we mean that it is too
hot. Piedm, stua, a stove or hot closet,
also the wadding of a gun, what is ram-
med down to keep the powder tight.
Pl.D. veile stoven, venal chambers, a
bagnio or stews, a brothel.

From the noun is formed the verb Fr.
estuver, to stew, soak, bathe ; It. stufare,
stuvare, stuare, to bathe and sweat in a
stove or hothouse, to stew meat in a close
covered pot or pan — Fl. ; Sw. stufwa,
Pl.D. staven, stoven, to stew. G. stauchen,
to jog, thrust, stick into, stop the flow of
water, is also used in the sense of stewing
meat ; to cram it into a confined space.
Stauchen einen, to poke one in the ribs ;
sich aufs bett hinstauchen, to lean on the
bed. — Schmeller. It. stufare, to glut or
satiate, is also from the original sense of
stuffing or thrusting into.

Steward. ON. stivardr, the person
whose business it is to look to the daily
work of an establishment, from stjd, N.
sti, domestic occupation, especially the
foddering the cattle ; stia, to be busy
about the house, especially in taking care
of cattle, to bring the cattle to the house.
ON. stia, sheephouse.

To Stick. The radical image is a
shock or sharp blow, a thrust with a
pointed implement, which is driven into,
and remains fixed in, a solid obstacle.
Hence the idea of stoppage, cessation.
When the action is considered with re-
ference to the source from which it pro-
ceeds, rather than the end to which it is
directed, we are led to the notion of pro-
jection, of something sticking sharply out
of the surrounding surface.

The radical sense is seen in Pol. stuk,
noise made by striking with something
hard ; stiikai, to make such a noise, to
knock ; Bret, stok, a knock or shock ;
steki, to knock; Sc. stock, to thrust. We
have then Du. steken, g. stecken, to stick
into, to put a ring on one's finger or
money into one's hand, to stick a sword

STICKLER

ill the sheath, to stab one with a sword,
to stick fast, to come to a stand. Im
kothe sleeken, to sticlc in the mud. Die
sache steekt, the thing is stopped. Sich
sleeken, of water, to be stopped, to cease
to flow ; sleekhuslen, a choliing cough.
In Scotland a sliekit minisler is one who
has failed to pass his examination. To
stick or sleke, to stab, to stitch, to fix or
fasten, and thence to close, to shut. To
sleek Ihe door, to shut it. ' He sleeked his
eyne, his neive :' shut his eyes, his fist.
To sleek is also to stop, to choke.

And Bannokbum betwix the braes

Off men, off horss swa stekyt wais . — Barbour.
ON, slika, to dam. E. dial, slagged, slog-
ged, stuck in the mire. It. stuccare, to
stanch, stop or close up, to glut or cloy
(Fl.), also to stop masonry with a com-
position of lime, to parget. Da. slikke, to
prick, stick, stab, stitch.

Alongside the verb we have G. slock,
sleeken, a staff or stick, an implement for
thrusting; It. slocco, a thrusting sword,
also a short truncheon or cudgel, slecco,
stecca, a stick, lath, splinter ; N. slikka, a
stick, pin, point, prick.

Stickler.— To Stickle. Slicklers were
persons appointed on behalf of each of
the parties in a combat to see that
their party had fair play, and to part
the combatants when occasion required.
Hence to stickle for, to maintain one's
rights to a thing. ' I slyckyll between
wrastellers or any folkes that prove mas-
tries to se that none do other wronge, or
I part folke that be redy to fight : je me
mets entre deux.' — Palsgr. 'Advanced
in court, to try his fortune with your
prizer, so he have fair play shown him,
and the liberty to chuse his stickler.' — B.
Jon., Cinthia's Revels.

The proper reading of the word should
be stightlers, as signifying those who
have the arrangement or disposition of
the field, from AS. stihtian, OE. sti'ifle, to
govern or dispose. ' Thas the Willelm
v/eolde and slihte Englelond :' from the
time that w. wielded and ruled E.

Thaje he be a sturn knape

To stiiUl and stad with stave,
Full well con dryjtyn schape
His servauntej for to save.
Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight, 2136.

When Gawaine goes to keep his appoint-
ment with the green knight in the chapel
of the wood, he asks, Who sli^lles here ?
who rules, who is the master here 1
If we leven the layk of owre layth synnes.
And stylle steppen in the styje he styitles hym-

selven,
He will wende of his wodschip and his wrath leve: I

STILL

649

if we step in the path he himself appoints.
—Morris, Alliterative Poems.

In accordance with the above the word
is written stileler in the Coventry Mys-
teries, p. 23.

This is the watyre abowte the place, if any
dyche may be made, ther it schal be played : or
ellys that it be strongly barryd al abowte, and lete
nowth over many stitelerys be withinne the plase.

Stifif. G. steif, Dan. sliv. From the
same source with slab, staff, stub, Lat.
stipes, &c. ; what projects, stands abruptly
out, unbending, unyielding. Swiss slaben,
geslaben, to be stiff with cold ; gestabet,
stiff; met. uncultivated; stabi, a clown.
P1.D. stdvig, stiff, staff-hke. Lith. stipti,
to become stiff with cold, or in death ;
stiprus, strong. Let. slaibus, strong,
brave. In hke manner Esthon. kang, a
bar, lever, pole ; kange, hard, stiff, strong,
great.

The sense of stiffness may however be
attained from the notion of stuffing or
thrusting in. Gr. bth^u), to stamp; ari-
^apos, strong, stiff, thick ; aruftKoQ, arv^\6g,
o-r«0pof, aTv<p6Q, close, solid, rugged, harsh;
ariu), to make stiff; ffn^poj, pressed close,
compact, solid, strong ; <rri0of, anything
pressed firm. Lat. slipare, to cram, stuff,
pack close ; It. slipare, stivare, to ram in
hard ; Du. stijven, to stiffen. Dal stijft
de beurs, that fills the purse, e. sleeve, to
stow cotton by forcing it in with screws,
to stiffen, to dry. — Hal. Sc. stive, sleeve,
firm, compact, trusty.

To Stifle. To stop the breath, on.
stiffa, to stop, to dam ; stifla, a stoppage,
as of the nose, of water. Fr. eslouper, to
stop, to close ; estouffer, to stifle, smother,
choke. E. stuff, to ram, to thrust in. G.
slopfen, to stuff, to stop. Bret, stoufa,
stouva, slefia, stevia, to cork, stop a bottle.
Gr. arvipta, to draw together, to compress,
E. dial, sttyi, a suffocating vapour ; slijy,
stifling.

Stigma. — Stigm.atise. Gr. ariyna, a
mark or brand, from ari^iii, to prick in, to
brand ; oriy/iariju, to mark with aTiyitara.

-stil. — Still. Lat. slillare, to drop, fall
in drops ; as in Distil, Instil.

Stile, AS. sligel, gradus, scala, from
stigan, to climb, to mount. A stile is a
contrivance for stepping over a fence.
P1.D. stegel, sliegsel, steps in a wall for
getting over ; Bav. sligel, a stile.

Stiletto. Lat. stylus, stilus, a bodkin
or pointed implement to write with ; It.
stile, a. pricker, knitting needle, goad, in-
dex of a dial ; stiletto, a pocket dagger.

* Still, adj. and adv. Without move-
ment, and thence, without sound, or vice

650

STILT

versi. G. still stehen, to stand still ; still
schweigen, to be totally silent. By those
who regard the absence of movement as
the original idea, the word is connected
with G. stelle, place, standing-place. Das
pferd will nicht von der stelle, the horse
stands still, wiU not stir ; stellen, to place,
settle, order or regulate something. Der
hund stellet ein wild, the game stands
still before the dog ; Eine uhr stellen, to
set or regulate a clock ; steller, the regu-'
lator; ON. stilla, to arrange, moderate,
direct, to tune an instrument, to stop a
horse. Da. stille, to place, set,'^ation, to
set a watch, to level a gun, also to stop,
still, quell, appease ; stilles, to subside,
abate. Grimm supposes a primitive verb,
stillan, stall, stullun, to rest, whence OHG.
stil, quiet, still ; stillt, silence. Gr. trriXXo),
to set in order, arrange, dispatch.

On the other hand, the hushing of a
person to silence affords the most lively
image of calm and quiet, and a plausible
origin is suggested in the interj. of silence,
St ! Du. een stille geruisch, a soft noise.
Stil! sag ik. Peace ! I say. But this sug-
gestion again is opposed to forms like
Lith. tylus, quiet, still ; tilti, to be silent ;
tildyti, to still, to quiet ; tyld,, silence ;
Pol. tulid, utuli^, to calm, quiet, soothe.

Stilt. G. stelzen, Du. stilten, stilts ;
stilte, a wooden leg ; Bav. stelzen, a prop,
stilt ! stelzen, to prop, to go on stilts or on
wooden legs, to strut ; Sw. stulta, to totter;
stylta, stilt, prop, stay, support. — Wide-
gren. Sc. stilt, to halt, limp, go on
crutches ; stilt of a plough, the plough-
handle.

The common element in the foregoing
significations seems to be the thrust ex-
erted through the stilt, chitch, or support,
and perhaps the type from which the de-
signation is originally taken may be the
abrupt exertion of the voice in impeded
speech, the broken efforts of the muscular
frame in staggering or stumbling being
constantly signified by the same terms
with the analogous exertions of the voice
in stuttering or stammering. Thus we
pass from E. stotter, stutter, to Sc. slot,
stoit, steet, stoiter, Yorkshire stauter, to
stagger, stumble, Sw. stdta, to jolt, knock,
dash, thrust, G. stutzen, to knock or dash
against, to start, and from thence to Sc.
stut, steet, Du. stut, Sw. stotta, G. stiitze,
a prop or support.

Again, the broad sound of the a in
Yorkshire stauter corresponds to the
introduction of an / in Bav. staheln, to
stutter, from whence we pass as above to
G. sielze and E. stilt. The I is introduced

STINT

in a similar manner in Du. stalpen (Kil.),
to stamp, compared with stappen, to step,
to stalk ; in G. stolpern, to stumble, com-
pared with Sw. stappla, to stammer,
stumble, and in E. stalk, compared with
OE. staker, to stutter, stagger, or Da. dial.
stagge, stagle, to stagger.

Stimulate. — Stimulus. Lat. stimu-
lus, a prick, goad.

Sting'. ON. stanga, stinga. Da. stikke,
'Ttinge, OHG. stungan, stingan, to butt,
stick, thrust, prick. A nasalised form of
the same root with stick.

Stingy. ' Pinching, sordid, narrow-
spirited. I doubt whether it be of ancient
use or original, and rather think it to be
a newly-coined word.' — Sir Thos. Brown.
It is explained in the New Diet, of the
terms ancient and modem of the Canting
Crew, by B. E. Gent (1710), as 'covetous,
close-fisted, sneaking.'

The word is probably a corruption of
skingy, used in Line, in the same sense,
also in Suffolk in that of cold, nipping.
To skinch, to give scant measure, to nip
and squeeze, and pinch and pare. — Hal.
Schinch, a small bit. 'Just give me a
schinch of your cake.' Schinching, nip-
ping, niggardly, parsimonious. — Mrs B.
Lincoln, kinch, a small bit ; OE. chinche,
Fr. chiche, pinching, niggardly, sparing ;
chic, a small piece. De chic d chic, from
little to little. — Cot. It. cica, any little
jot.

Stink. — Stench. OHG. stinchan, to
smell sweet, or the converse. ' Er stinchet
suozo :' he smells sweet, as. stenc, smell,
fragrance. ' Blostman j/«««j .•' blossoms
of fragrance. Stencian, to scatter, sprinkle.
ON. stokkva, to spring or cause to spring,
to sprinkle. 'Blod stokk or nosunom :'
blood sprang from his nose. Sw. stinka,
to spring ; stinkfidder, a steel spring;
stinka, also to stink ; stdnka, to sprinkle.
N. stekka, to crack, to chip.

Smell seems to be considered as arising
from the exhalation of odoriferous par-
ticles springing from the odorous body
and spreading abroad in the air.

To Stint. To cut short, to stop. Styn-
tyn' of werkynge or mevynge, pauso, de-
sisto. — Pr. Pm. ON. stuttr, short ; stytta,
to shorten ; stytta upp, to stop raining.
OSw. stunt, short; stunta, to shorten. G.
stutz, stutze, anything cropped or docked,
or short of its kind ; stutzen, to crop, dock,
curtail.

The radical meaning of stutz seems to
be a jog or sudden movement ; stutzen, to
butt at, to hit, to knock, to start ; aufdeii
stut::, on a sudden. From the notion of a

STIPEND

jog we pass to that of a projection or
stump, then of something stumpy or short.

Stipend. Lat. stipendium, pay ; siips,
small money, contributions, alms.

Stipulate. Lat. stipulor, to covenant
or engage, probably from a straw {sti-
pula) being emblematically used in
making the engagement.

Stirrup. AS; stigerap, G. steigreif, a
rope or strap for mounting on horseback ;-
stigan, G. steigen, to mount, and rap, rope,
G. reif, a ring or hoop, as well as cord or
rope.

Stitch. A modification of stick, signi-
fying a prick, a sharp pain. G. sticken, to
embroider.

Stithe. AS. stitk, stithelic, hard, severe,
rigid; stithferhth, firm-minded. Appar-
ently connected with N. styd, a pole, prop,
support, on the same principle on which
stiff is connected with staff, or Fin. kan-
kia, rigid, with kanki, a stake or bar. Du.
stedigh, steegh, firm, fixed, steady, obsti-
nate, restive.

Stithy. ODu. stiete — Kil. ; ON. stedi,
Sw. stdd, an anvil.

-stitute. See Statute.

Stoat. A stallion horse. — B. ; also a
weasel, from a supposed analogy. Du.
stuyte, equus admissarius, vulgo stuotus.
— iCil. Dan. stodhingst, a stallion; AS.
stodhors, stotarius.

Stock. The ultimate origin of the
word in a representation of the sound of
striking with something hard, by the
syllable stok, stuk, has been explained
under Stick. Hence arose a verb signify-
ing to thrust, stab, strike endways, drive
into, fasten ; and a noun signifying the
implement of thrusting or stabbing, for
which is required something long, straight,
and rigid, as a stick, the stem of a tree,
the part that shoots or thrusts upwards.

The course of development may be
traced through Bret, stok, jog, shock,
knock, blow ; Rouchi dtoquer, to knock ;
Hereford stock, to peck ; Sc. stock, to
thrust ; Yorksh. stoche, to stab ; stoach,
stolch, to poach, tread into wet land as
cattle in winter ; Fr. estoquer, to thrust
or stab into ; Rouchi estoquer, to stick
into a soft material ; E. stoke, to poke the
fire i G. stacker, a poker, picker ; Rouchi
stiquer, to poke, to stick. / stique toudi
aufeu; he is always poking the fire. We
have then Fr. estoc, a thrust or thrusting
sword, the stock of a tree ; It. stoccata, a.
thrust in fencing ; G. stock, a stick, staff,
stem of a plant or tree, stump of a felled
tree, a short thick piece or block ; atmo-
senstock, a trunk in churches in which

STOLE

651

alms were put. From this last must be
explained the Stocks or public funds, re-
ceptacles opened by the state authorities,
into which the contributions of the public
might be poured as into the charity trunk
in churches. Stocks or gilliflowers are to
be explained by Du. stock-violiere, leu-
coion, viola lutea et muraria, q. d. viola
lignescens sive in baculum crescens —
Kil., stem- or stalk-violets (violet being
taken as the type of a sweet-smelling
plant), as contrasted with the humble
growth of the true violet. The stockdove
is the wild kind, the stock or stem from
whence the tame pigeon is supposed to be
derived. In the same way, Sc. stockduck,
G. stockente, wild duck ; stockerbse, wild
peas.

The stocks is a wooden frame in which
a prisoner is stocked or set fast.

Rather die I would, and determine
As thinketh me now, stocked in prisoun.

Chaucer.
Sw. stockhus, prison ; G. stocken, to stick,
stagnate, stop. Das blut, die milch .f/(7c/J/ ,■
curdles, congeals. Gael, stocaich, grow
stiff or numb ; Lincoln, stockened, stopped
in growth. Rouchi etoquer, to choke. A
ship is stoaked when the water cannot
come to the pump. — B.

Stocking'. The clothing of the legs
and lower part of the body formerly con-
sisted of a single garment, called hose,
in Fr. chausses. It was afterwards cut in
two at the knees, leaving two pieces of
dress, viz. : knee-breeches, or, as they
were then called, upperstocks, or in Fr.
haut de chausses, and the netherstocks or
stockings, in Fr. bas de chausses, and then
simply bas. In these terms the element
stock is to be understood in the sense of
stump or trunk, the part of a body left
when the limbs are cut off. In the same
way G. strumpf, a stocking, properly sig-
nifies a stump. ' Mit strump und wurzel :'
with stump and root. Strump, strump-
fung, a short length cut off a strip of
land. — Sanders. An r is inserted or left
out in many of these forms without
change of meaning, as in the foregoing
strump and e. stumps Pl.D. strumpeln
and the synonymous E. stumble; Du.
strobbe, a shrub or bush, and E. stub; the
Pl.D. dim. stritddik and E. stud, G. staude,
a shrub ; G. strampfen and E. stamp.

Stoic. Gr. aroa, a portico ; irra'ik-de, of
a portico, whence a Stoic, a follower of
Zeno the philosopher, who taught in the
portico called Paecile at Athens.

Stole. Lat. stola, from Gr. btoXii, a
robe.

652 STOLID

Stolid. Lat. siolidus, dull, foolish.

Stomach. Gr. <!Toy.a, mouth ; arbfiaxoq
(properly mouth, opening), the throat or
gullet, the orifice of the stomach, neck of
the bladder, stomach itself.

Stone. AS. Stan, ON. sten, G. stein.

Stook. A shock of corn of 12 sheaves.
From G. stauchen,\.o jog, is formed stauch,
Pl.D. stuke (properly a projection), a
heap or bunch. Stauchen einen, to poke
one in the ribs. Ein stauch Jlachs, a
bundle of flax ; ene stuken tor/, a heap of
turfs set out to dry. Rouchi stoc, estoque,
a shock or stook. Bohem. stoh, a heap,
a hay-cock.

Stool. I. Goth, j/o/j, OHG. j/^^iJ/, Gael.
stbl, w. ystol, a stool, seat. OHG. stuol,
stol, also a support ; G. stollen, a prop,
foot, post; Pl.D. stale, foot of a table, &c.;
Du. voetstal. It. piedestale, a pedestal.
P..USS. stul, a stool, a block ; Lith. stalas,
Pol. stol, a table. Pol. stolek. Boh. stolec,
a seat, throne, bench ; Serv. stola, seat,
throne, table. See Stall.

2. Stool, a cluster of stems rising from
one root ; to stool, to ramify as corn. An
old stool is a stump that sends up fresh
suckers. Manx sthol, sprout or branch
forth, grow in many stalks from one root,
Lat. stolo, -nis, a shoot, sucker.

Stoop. A drinking vessel. See Stoup.

To Stoop. See To Steep.

To Stop. The radical idea is stabbing,
striking endways, thrusting a lengthened
implement into an orifice which it fills up,
or into the substance of a body in which
it sticks fast. N. stappa, to stamp, pound,
stuff, cram ; stappa, cramfuU ; Sc. stap,
to stuff, to obstruct or stop. ' The meal-
kist was bienly stappit.' Stapalis, fasten-
ings ; stappil, a stopper ; Du. stoppen, to
stuff, to bring to a stand ; G. stopfen, to
stuff, cram, close a hole ; Fr. estouper, to
stop, close, shut ; estoupillon, a stopper ;
esioupe, tow, the material for stopping or
stuffing, showing the origin of Lat. stupa,
Gr. ariirri, Du. stoppe, stopsel, tow. Mod.
Gr. (TTvipu), to squeeze ; (rriitj/is, astringency,
alum ; arvirrtipi, a press ; aTovTrovu), to
stop up; ffrowTTi, tow ; aToujuirdi/iD, to pound,
force in or fix.

Store. Fr. estorer, to erect, build, store,
garnish, furnish. — Cot. Estor, marriage
provision ; estorement, provisions, furni-
ture ; Norm, dtorer, to provide. There
is no doubt that it is the same word with
Lat. instaurare, to repair, renew, provide,
by which it is rendered in Mid. Lat. : ' Et
reddat haeredi cum ad plenam astatem
venerit terram suam totam iiistauratavi
de carucis et omnibus aliis rebus : ' pro-

STOUND

vided or stored with. — Magna Charta.
It may be doubted however whether the
word is not immediately derived from a
Teutonic source. ON. staurr, Sw. star, a
stake, pole, pillar ; OHG. stiura, a stake,
pole, prop, and thence aid, assistance,
contribution. Bausteur, brandsteur, con-
tribution towards building n. house, to-
wards loss by fire; megsteur, viaticum,
provision for a journey. — Schmeller. ohg.
heristiura, expeditio, may be compared
with OFr. estoree, fleet, naval expedition;
G. aussteuer, marriage portion, with Fr.
estor above-mentioned. On the same
principle may be explained Lat. instauro,
from Gr. aravpog, a Stake.

Stork. A bird remarkable for its
Stalking gait and long legs* Dan. storken
stalker i mose : the stork stalks in the
fen. N.Fris. staurke, to strut; Dorset.
stark, to walk slowly ; Bav. stSrkeln, to
stalk, walk with long legs ; storkel, man
with long legs or long thin body ; a fish-
ing rod ; sterken, a stalk. ' Der truncken
starckelt auf den iussen : ebrius titubat
pedibus.' — Gl. in Schm. The ultimate
origin is seen in Bret, strak, a crack ;
strakla, to crackle ; whence we pass to e.
strike, on the one side, and G. straucheln,
Du. struikelen, to stumble, stagger, on
the other, and thence by inversion of the
r to the foregoing forms. See Stalk.

Storm. Du. storm, rumor, strepitus,
tumultus vehemens; impetus, procella,
nimbus ; stormen, tumultnare, strepere,
oppugnare, impetum facere. It. stormo,
a storm, a rumbling noise, a blustering
uproar, a confused rout or crue. — Fl.
Stormare, to storm, rumble, rumour,
noise, to troop together tumultuously, to
make an uproar.

Story. I. Fr. histoire, Lat. historia, a
relation.

2. The height of one floor in a building.
Probably from Fr. estorer, to construct^
build, although I cannot find that estorie
was used in the sense of E. story.
Hii bygonne her heye tounes strengthy vaste

aboute,
Her castles and storys that hii my5t be ynne in
doute.— R. G. p. 181.

Stound. Hour, time, season, also mis-
fortune.— B. Properly a blow. as. siii-
nian, to dash, strike.

So tyl hys hart sioundis the pryk of deith. — D. V.
Sc. stound (a stab), a sharp pain affecting
one at intervals.

When I was hurte thus, in stounde [at the mo-
ment]
I fell doune plat upon the grounde.— R. R. 1733.
OHG. stimt, a moment ; Du. terstond, im-

STOUP

mediately, upon the spot. Pl.D. upstund,
at present. OE. stoundmele, at intervals,
from one moment to another. In G. stund,
an hour, the word has acquired the sense
of a definite interval of time.

Stoup. AS. stoppa, Du. stoop, N. staup,
a ilagon or drinking vessel. N. staup
also, as well as stava, Sw. s'tdfwa, is a
milking-pail or wooden vessel with one
stave prolonged in order to form the
handle, a peculiarity from which the
vessel probably takes its name. ne. stap,
staup, the stave of a tub. — Hal. In the
same way stonk, the handle of a pail, also
a drinking-cup with a handle. — Hal.
Suffolk stawk, the handle of a whip.

Stout. OFr. estout, Du. stout, bold,
proud ; stouthertigh, stout-hearted ; G.
stolz, proud, stately, fine.

Stove. See Stew.

To Stow. I. Da. stuve, Du. sfouwen,
stuwen, G. stauen, stauchen, to push, to
stow or thrust wares together in packing.
Gr. BTitj3uv, to stamp, tread, stamp tight ;
Lat. stipare, to pack together, cram, stuff,
make close ; It stipare, stivare, to stop
chinks, to store or pile up close as they
do packs in ships ; Mod. Gr. ari^a, heap-
ing together ; mi^a tov Kapa^iov, the stow-
ing of a ship ; an^aCai, to heap together,
stow, pack.

2. To lop or top trees. Stowd, cropt,
as a horse's ears ; stowin^s, loppings ;
stowKn, a lump of meat. The meaning
is, to reduce to a stump. ON. stufr, a
stump ; Sw. stuf, Pl.D. stuw (Danneil),
a remnant. ON. stufa, a female slave
whose ears have been stowd or cropt for
theft; Pl.D. stAf, blunt, stumpy, cut
short ; borne stuven, to lop or cut off the
head of trees.

As the verb to stow, to thrust or pack
tight, is a variety of stab,-stcp, stamp, so
stuf, stuw, above-mentioned, are modifi-
cations oi stub, stump.

To Straddle.— Stride. Pl.D. striden,
strien, Du. strijden, G. streiten, ON. strida,
Da. stride, to contend, oppose, struggle
with. P1.D. striden is also to stride ; be-
striden, to bestride ; strede, AS. strcede, a
stride ; P1.D. striedschoe, G. schrittschuh,
schlittschuh, skates.

There seems so little connection be-
tween the two senses of Pl.D. striden, and
the interchange of scr and str is so easy
(E. scraggle, straggle, scruggle, struggle;
It. scrosciare, strosciare, to crack, clatter ;
E. scrub, Du. strobbe, shrub), that we are
inclined to regard E. stride as a corruption
of the form still retained in Somerset,
scride, and in Du. schrijden, G. schreiten.

STRADDLE

653

to stride, straddle, deriving it with Dief-
enbach from Goth, skreitan, to tear,
OS ax. scritan, scindere, lacerare; from
the notion of separating the legs. This
view is strengthened by the double form
adduced by Kil., schrijden and scherden,
schrijdbeenen, scherdebeenen, to straddle ;
schrijdlinck, scherdelinck (G. schrittlings),
straddling, astride ; schrede, scherde, a
stride, as if from schaerde, a gap, breach,
opening. E. share, the fork or division
between the legs. But this appearance is
probably deceptive, as G. schritt, a step,
can hardly be distinct from Sw. skridt,
pace, rate of going. Da. skridt, pace, step,
from ON. skrida, Sw. skrida. Da. skride,
to slide, glide, advance, OHG. skritan,
gaskritan, labi, delabl, coUabi, significa-
tions which appear to belong to a radical
image of a totally different nature.

It appears to me that the word straddle
(with its derivative stride) is a kindred
form with scrabble, scraggle, straggle,
struggle, representing, in the first instance,
confused noise, then signifying tumultuous
movement, throwing about the arms and
legs, thrusting in different directions,
standing on end, contending with, spread-
ing out the legs in the exertion of force.
The development of these significations
may be traced through Lat. stridere, to
hum, whizz, creak, &c., G. strudeln, to
move tumultuously like gushing water ;
Bav. strodeln, OHG. stredan, to boil ; AS.
stredan, to sprinkle, scatter; Bav. stro-
deln, also to kick or struggle. The
infant strodelt himself out of his swad-
dlings ; the child strodelt off the bed-
clothes. Da. dial, strutte, to stand on
end, stick out, like the staring coat of
a horse ; Pl.D. strutt, Da. strid, stiff,
rough, hard ; Bav. strut, Pl.D. strudden,
siruddik, a bush or shrub, a growth con-
sisting of stems striking out in all direc-
tions. N. strat, a stalk, stump of small
trees or bushes, obstinate person ; stratta,
stritta, Sw. j/r^^(Z, to resist, oppose ; str eta
emot strdmtken, to swim against the
stream. Bav. verstreten, Devonsh. to
strat, to stop, hinder. Da. dial, strede, to
set the feet apart for the purpose of re-
sistance. At strede med benene. Stred,
Sw. streta, a. shore, support, strut. At
staae til stred, to stand leaning against ;
stredfast, firm, solid. Pl.D. stridde, a
trivet ; Da. stritte, to straddle.

A closely similar series of forms may
be traced in which the d of straddle is ex-
changed for b, V, or f. OHG. stropalon,
crepitare, strepitum edere; Bav. strabeln,
strapeln, to scrabble, struggle, sprawl;

654

STRAGGLE

strobeln, strauben, to stand on end ; stro-
belkopf, a person with tangled staring hair;
Du. strobbe, strubbe, a bush, shrub ; Bav.
straub, P1.D. struuf, bristling, rough, up-
staring ; struben, striiven, to stand on
end, to set oneself against, to oppose ; G.
sich strauben, to resist, make head against;
Pl.D. streven, to set oneself against, to
strive, also to stride, to make wide steps ;
streef, what resists, strong, stiff ; streve, a
slanting support, also a stride ; to streve
staan (as Da. at staae til stred), to sup-
port, to thrust in opposite directions with
hands and feet. Sik to streve setten, to
struggle against. Streveledder, a step-
ladder, a ladder with a straddling sup-
port,

Fr. escarquiller, to straddle, seems iden-
tical with E. scraggle, with inversion of
the liquid and vowel, as in Du. schrede,
scherde. Lang, esparpalia, to straddle.

To Stragg^le. To move irregularly, in
varying directions, to separate from the
regular line of march. From the figure
of a broken rattling noise. Bret, straka,
strakla, to crackle ; strakel, stragel, a
clapper of a miU, rattle to frighten birds.
A similar relation seems to hold good be-
tween Sw. skramla, to rattle, clash, and E.
scramble, to get on by broken efforts, to
move irregularly, confusedly. See Strug-
gle.

Straight. G., ODu. strack, straight ;
stracks, stracksweghs, straight way s, direct-
ly, at once. — Kil. Bav. strack, gestrakt,
outstretched, direct, immediate. ' Stracks,
recto modo, sine medio ; strackait, recti-
tudo.' — Gl. in Schm. G. strecken, to
stretch. See Stretch.

Strain. Breed, race, hereditary dis-
position, inborn character, turn, tendency,
manner of speech or action, style or air
of music. In Scotch the word strynd or
strain is met. used for the resemblance of
the features of the body. As we say, ' he
has a strynd or strain of his grandfather,'
i.e. resembles him. — Rudd. in Jam.

AS. streonan, strynan, to- acquire, get,
beget, procreate ; strytid, stock, race, ge-
neration. E. dial, strene, shoot of a tree ;
strene, strinde, progeny, child. — Hal.

To Strain. Fr. estraindre, estreindre,
from Lat. stringere, to squeeze, wring,
strain.

Strait. OFr. estroit, Bret, striz. It.
stretto, strait, narrow. Lat. stringere,
strictum, to strain.

Stram, we. stram, a loud sudden
noise ; to beat, to dash down ; strambang,
violently ; strammer, a great falsehood ;
strumming, huge, great. Pl.D. stramvi,

STRAW

G. straff, tight, stretched. Violence of
action is expressed by reference to the
noise which accompanies it. See Strap-
ping.

Strand, i. on. strand, border, edge,
coast, shore ; N . strind, a row, stripe,
line ; Sw. rand, border, margin, stripe,
edge.

2. OHG. streno, G. strdhn, strange,
strdhe, the strand of a rope, one of the
strings of which it is twisted, a skein,
tress.

Strange. OFr. estrange. It. strano,
Lat. extraneus, from extra, without.

Strangle. — Strangury. Gr. arpayya,
Lat. stringo, to strain, squeeze, draw tight ;.
Gr. arpayyaXri, a halter ; (rrpnyynXi'Jd), Lat.
strangulo, to strangle.

Again, from the same root, orpoyj, what
is squeezed out, a drop ; arpayyovpLa (oupoK,
urine), suppression of urine.

Strap. Du. strop, a noose, knot, rope,
halter ; Sw. stropp, tie, fastening, strap ;
Bav. strupfen, a strap, noose ; einstrup-
fen, to draw together, to shrink. ' Strop-
fen, strangulare.' — Gl. in Schm. Lat.
struppus, a thong, tie. It stroppo, a
withy, osier to bind faggots. Bret. strSba,
to tie or join several things together, to
envelop, surround ; strSb, whatever serves
to envelop, surround, or tie together ;
str&binel, a whirlwind, whirlpool. Gr.
arpoPog, a whirling round, a cord, rope ;
aTpoipog, a twisted band, cord, rope ;
<r7-po;8l(u, (Trpo0£cD, to spin, whirl round.

Strapping. Huge, lusty, bouncing. —
B. The idea of large size is expressed by
the figure of violent action, such as is
accompanied by noise. Thus a large
object of its kind is called bouncing or
thumping, whacking, strapping, the last
of which is to be explained by Bret, strap,
clash, racket, noise, disorder; strapa, to
make a noise. It. strappare, to tear away
with violence, to break or snap asunder.
— Fl. We speak of a tearing passion, a
tearing, slapping, strapping pace.

Stratagem. Gr. (rrparijyof, a general,
from urparof, an army, and dyw, to lead.
Hence oTpaniytw, to act as general, and
aTpaTr)yriiia, a piece of generalship.

Stratify. — Stratum. Lat. sterno, stra-
tum, to strew, spread over ; stratum, what
is strewed, a layer, bed.

Straw. AS. streoiu, streaw, stre, G.
stroh, Du. stroo, ON. strd, G. streu, streu-
stroh, straw, litter, what is strewed to lie
on. Heht he him streowne gegarwian, he
ordered to prepare a bed for him. So
Lat. stramentum, what is strewed or

STRAY

spread under anything, straw, from- ster-
nere, stratum, to strew.

Stray. A beast taken wandering from
its pasture. — B. Mid.Lat extrarius, OFr.
estrayer, estrajer, a stranger, foreign mer-
.chant ; a stray or beast that has lost its
master. — Cot. Estrayere, estrahere, estra-
jere, goods left by a stranger dying with-
out heirs in a foreign country, which were
forfeited to the Lord. ' Si catallum esfra-
iers inveniatur in teneamento ecclesias
Cameracencis.' — A.D. 1302. 'Justitia
spavias, quod Gallic^ dicitur estrahere.' —
A.D. 1348. The word seems directly
formed from Lat. extra without the aid of
a second element, and in like manner
seems to be formed the verb : OFr. estrder
son fief, to abandon his fief; Prov. estra-
guar, estracar, to exceed, go out of bounds.
Dos estraguat, an extravagant gift ; Jor-
nada estracada, an excessive day's jour-
ney.

Streak. Pl.D. streke. Da. streg, a
streak, stroke, stripe, dash, line, trick.
See Strike,

Stream, on, straumr, Du. stroom, G.
Strom, Pol. strumien, a stream. Ir.
sreamh, a stream, a spring ,- sreamhaim,
to flow. Sanscr. sru, to flow.

Street. Du. straete, G. strasse, It.
strada, Lat. strata, via strata, a paved
way, then the street of a town.

Stress. Pressure, compulsion. ' I
stresse, I strayght one of his liberty, or
thrust his body together; je estroysse.
The man is stressyd to sore, he can nat
styrre him : I'homme est trop estroyssd.' —
Palsgr. OFr. estroissir, Fr. Mricir, to
straiten, as if from a form strictiare, from
strictus, tight, compressed. See Strait.

To Stretch, ohg. strac, strah, rectus,
rigidus, strictus ; stracchen, to be tight,
stiff; stracchian, strecchan, as. streccan,
Du. recken, strecken, to make tight, to
stretch ; AS. strac, strec, rigid, violent.
Strec man, a powerful man. Strece
nimath, violenti rapiunt. — Matt. xi. 12.
The ultimate origin may be found in Bret.
strak, crack, loud noise, the accompani-
ment of violent action, whence the term
is appUed to the state of tension into
which a structure is thrown when made
the instrument of forcible exertion. See
Stram.

To Strew. Goth, straujan, OHG. streu-
uan, strouwen, strawen, straian, AS. streo-
wian, ON. strd, Lat. sternere, stravi, stra-
tum, to strew ; stramen, what is strewed,
straw. Sanscr. stri, to strew, to spread ;
AS. stredan, stregan, to sprinkle, scatter.
Swab, stritzen, Serv. strtzati, to sprinkle.

STRIKE

65-5

Strict, -strict. Lat. stringo, strictum,
to tie, or draw tight. District, Restrict.
See -strain.

Stride. Pl.D. striden, strien, to con-
tend, to stride ; bestriden, to bestride ;
stride, AS. strcede, a stride. It is to be
observed that Pl.D. streven is used in the
same two senses, to strive and to stride.
See Straddle.

Strife.— To Strive. OFr. estrif, strife,
contention ; estriver, to contend ; Bret.
strif, striv, quarrel, effort ; striva, to
quarrel, to strive or endeavour, on. strida,
to contend, fight with, molest ; strict, con-
test, war ; stridr, rough, contrary, stub-
born, hard, severe, violent. G. streben, to
strive, make efforts, exert force against;
strebepfahl, a buttress, shorepost, prop.
Pl.D. streven, to exert force, to resist,
also to stride.

The radical image seems to be the
throwing out the limbs or other means of
resistance in the act of opposition, the
bristling up of an angry dog or other ani-
mal. G. strauben, to stand on end as
feathers or hair, to stare up, bristle ; sich
straiiben, to resist, oppose, or make head
against, to go against the grain. Es
straiibet sich, it goes against the grain.
Das straiiben, standing on end, resisting,
opposing. P1.D. siruuf, rough, bristling;
sik striiven, striiben, to bristle up, to set
oneself against, to resist, to strut. See
Straddle.

To Strike.^Stroke. A loud sharp
sound such as that of a hard blow is re-
presented by two parallel forms, strac and
strap, the first of which is shown in Bret.
strak, crack, explosive noise ; straka, to
crack, to burst ; Gael. strd.c, a loud or
crashing sound, a blow or stroke, and as
a verb, strike, beat, ; E. strokes G. streich,
Du. stT^eke, on. strik, stryk, a stroke,
blow, lash, as well as a streak or line, the
course of a blow. Milan, strbcc, blows.
We have then the verbs, G. streichen, Du.
strijken, to take the course of a stroke, to
sweep or move rapidly along a surface, to
graze or touch lightly; P1.D. striken, to
sweep, move rapidly over a surface, to
iron linen, sharpen a tool, to stroke or
flatter ; straken, strakeln, G. streichen,
streicheln, to stroke. Die Jlagge, die segel
streichen, to let the sails sweep or slip
down, to strike sail.

The radical syllable is applied to the
sound of tearing in Gael, srac, tear, rend,
rob, spoil ; It. stracciare, to tear.

The parallel root strap is seen in Bret.
strap, fracas, crash; Lat. strepere, to
make a noise ; It. strappare, to tear, snap

6s6

STRING

asunder ; E. strapping, thumping, large.
See Strip.

String. — Strong. AS. streng, ON.
strengr, G. Strang, Gael, sreang, a string,
cord, rope ; It. stringa, a lace, tie ; Du.
streng, a strand, twist, hank, skein, traces;
G. strick, anoose, snare, cord, traces ; Du.
strik, a noose, knot. String seems to be
originally conceived as the implement of
compression. Gr. orpayyw, Lat. stringo,
strictum,to Axa.vi tight, compress, squeeze.

To the same root belong as. Strang,
streng, on. strangr, Du. streng, strong,
rough, rigid, severe, tight, strict.

Strip. — Stripe. We have seen under
Strike that the parallel roots strak, strap,
are used to represent various loud noises
such as those of a blow, a rent, &c. In
the former of these applications we have
Pl.D. stripp^, blows ; strippsen, to beat,
to flog — Danneil ; Du. strippen, to basti-
nado; E. stripe, a lash or stroke, and
thence the mark of a lash, a streak or
long narrow line ; VX.T). stripe, Du. strepe,
strijpe, G. streif, a stripe or line, a strip or
long narrow portion. Swiss strdpfeln, to
stroke.

From the application to the sound of
tearing. It. strappare, to break or snap
asunder, to pluck or tear away with
violence — Fl. ; Swiss strapen, strap/en,
Bav. strauffen, strup/en, Du. stroopen, to
strip or pull off, especially something that
comes off in a continuous line. A strip
is a narrow slip such as is stripped off at
a blow.

A stripling seems to signify stripe-
shaped, a tall thin young person, as N.
strik, a stripe or streak, also a tall slim
youth.

To Strive. See Strife.

Stroke. See Strike.

To Stroll. Swiss strielen, strolen,
strolchen, to rove about ; strolchvolk, beg-
gars. Lang, estralia, to wander about.
' Knowing that rest, quiet, and sleep, witli
lesser meat, will sooner feed any creature
than your meat with liberty to run and
stroyle about.' — Blith's Husbandry, 1652.
Da. dial, strelle, to stroll ; gadestrelP, a
street-walker.

The term seems to be a met. from the
flow of water, as we speak of people
streaming about, wandering about with-
out definite aim. The sound of milking
is represented in Pl.D. by the syllables
stripp-strapp-strull (Danneil), whence
strull, a thin stream of liquid ; struUen,
to stream out as the milk from a cow's
udder ; strull-becken, a chamber-pot ;
Du. strnllen, struylen, streylen, to urine —

STRUT

Kil. ; G. strahl, a ray, a spirt of water;
wasserstrahl, a waterspout ; Bav. stralen,
strallen, to urine ; stralen, to stroll ; Swab.
stroUen, a gush of water, struolen, strielen,
to stroll.

Structure, -struct. Lat. struo, struc-
turn, to build, erect. As in Construct, De-
struction, Instruct.

Struggle. — Scruggle. Words of analo-
gous formation and signification with
straggle, scrdggle, representing in the first
instance a broken sound, then applied to
broken confused movement. ' I strogell,
I murmur with words secretly. He strog-
gleth at everything I do : il grommelle a
tout ce que je fays. I scruggel with one
to get from him. I scruggel with him :
je me estrive a luy. I sprawie with my
legs, struggell.' — Palsgr. Scriggle, scrug-
gle, to writhe or struggle. — Forby. Scrig-
gins, scroggUngs, the straggling apples
left on a tree when the crop has been
gathered. Du. struikelen, Pl.D. striikeln,
G. straucheln, to stumble.

To Strum. To play badly on a string-
ed instrument. Properly to thump, to
make a noise. G. strampfen, strampeln,
to stamp or make a clattering motion with
one's feet. — K. Ohg. strottm, strum, stre-
pitus. Piedm. strun, resonance, ringing ;
struni, perstrepere, reboare, resonare. So
Boh. ssumeti, to hum, make a noise;
ssumar, a strummer or bad player on the
fiddle; ssumariti, to strum. It. strim-
pellare, to scrape, play badly on an in-
strument.

Strumpet. OFr. strupre, stupre, Lat.
stupru7n, concubinage. Ir. striopachas,
fornication ; striobuid, a prostitute.

To Strut. I. To project, to swell one-
self out, to walk in an ostentatious man-
ner. ' Their bellies standing astruite
with stuffing.' — Sir T. More. G. strotzen,
to be swollen or puffed out, to strut. Ein
gestrotzt voiles enter, an udder distended
with milk. Sie strotzt einher, she struts
along, she flaunts it. So in vulgar lan-
guage a swell is one who makes a show
in dress. Da. strude, strutte, to stick out;
strudbuget, pot-bellied ; strud, extremity,
end. Pl.D. strutt. Da. strid, rigid, stiff,
sticking out ; Bav. strut, bush, shrub, a
growth of stems sticking out in all di-
rections.

The sense of sticking out seems to
come from the image of kicking, throwing
out the limbs, and the word to belong to
the class indicated under Straddle.

Strut. 2. In architecture a piece of
timber set slanting as a support to a
beam. Sw. streta, a support, strut, stan-

STUB

chion ; strata, to resist, struggle, strive
against ; Da. dial, stred, a strut ; at stride
med benene, stritte imod, to set the legs
apart in resistance, to struggle against ;
stredig, firm, stiff. G. streiten, to contend,
struggle with, to oppose or be contrary to.
See Straddle.

Stub. — Stump. Two forms differing
only in the nasal pronunciation of the
latter, both signifying a short projecting
end. Du. stobbe, Pl.D. j/«<5<J^, stump of a
tree ; Da. stub, stump, stubble ; Gael.
stob, stump, stake, prickle, thorn ; Du.
stompe, Pl.D. stump, stumpel, stummel, a
stump, end from which something has
been cut off.

The radical image is a sharp abrupt
thrust, a conception represented in E. by
slightly varying forms, dab, job, stab, and
by Gael, stob, push, stab, thrust ; Du.
stompen, to kick, push, thump ; Bav.
stupfen, stumpen, to nudge, thrust.

The expression then passes on to sig-
nify a body of the form traced out by a
movement of the foregoing description,
an abrupt projectioi? or object sharply
standing forth out of the surrounding sur-
face. In the same way from Bret, stok,
jog, shock, we pass to E. stock, the trunk
or stem ; from Rouchi choquer, to knock,
shock, jog, to cheque, stump of a tree,
block, and the equivalent It. zocco, stump,
snag, log, and Fr. souche, ^tock, trunk ;
from Da. stode, to jog, strike, push, to
stod, a stub or stump of a tree as well as
a shock or jolt.

Sometimes an r is introduced without
alteration of the sense, as in Sc. stramp,
G. strampfen, to trample, compared with
E. stamps Du. strobbe, a shrub or stubby
growth, compared with stobbe j G. strumpf,
synonymous with stump/, a stump; and
Fr. estrouble, as well as estouble, stubble.

Stubble. Fr. estouble, Prov. estobla.
It. stoppia, G. Du. stoppel, the stubs of
com.

Stubborn. For stubberen, like a stub,
rigid, obstinate. ' Stubbernesse, contu-
mace ; stubbleness, or sturdinesse, lour-
dasse.' — Palsgr.

Stud. I. A knob or projecting head
of a nail or button, also a bush, shrub, or
stumpy growth.

Seest not thilke same hawthorn stud.
How bragly it begins to bud.

Shepherd's CaL

G. staude, a bush, shrub. Der kohl stau-
det sich, the cabbage grows to a head.

The radical image seems to be a sud-
den shock or jog, from whence we pass.

STUM 657

as in the case of Stub, to the idea of a
sharp projection, a short projecting body.
Da . stod, a shock, jog, jolt, also a stub or
stump of a tree ; o. stutzen, to knock, to
start ; stutz, anything stumpy ; stutzohr,
an animal with cropped ears ; stutz-
schwanz, a bobtail.

2. A stock of breeding mares. 'D^.stod,
a stud ; stodhingst, a stallion, stodhoppe,
brood-mare. G. stute, a mare ; stuterey,
a stud, a collection of breeding horses
and mares. Pol. stado, a flock of birds, of
sheep, covey of partridges, herd of oxen,
stud or collection of breeding horses ;
stadnik, a stud-horse, stallion, a town bull,
herd bull. Lith. stodas, a herd of cattle,
especially of horses.

And as he welke in the wodde
He sawe a full faire stode
Of coltis and of mens gude.

Sir Percival, 325.

Student.— Study. 'h2A.st'udeo,\.Q> apply
one's mind to a thing ; studium, study.

To Stuff. To cram, thrust into a re-
ceptacle. G. dial, stauchen, stuffen, to
thrust, to strike endways {stossen) ; G.
stop/en, Pl.D. stoppen, to stuff, to fill up a
cavity, and hence to stop, to prevent
access or egress, to bring to a stand. Je-
manden das maul stopfen, to stop one's
mouth, to silence him. Fr. estouper, to
stop, to close J estouffer, to stop the breath,
to stifle, choke. — Cot. That this is the
true explanation of dtouffer is shown by
Pl.D. stoff, which signifies not only stuff,
but dust, the choking material. Goth.
stubjus, G. staub, dust. ON. stybba, thick
smoke. ' For when they should draw their
breaths this stuffing air and dust came in
at their mouths so fast that they had much
ado to hold out two days.' — North, Plu-
tarch. '/ stuffe one up, I stoppe his
breath. Je suffoque.' — Palsgr.

ON. stappa, to pound, stamp ; Gr. aTiij3<a,
to stamp, tread ; arvipw, Lat. stipo, to cram,
stuff, make close, pack together.

Household stuff \^ the goods with which
a house is filled to fit it for occupation,
and in a more extended sense, Fr. dtoffe,
G. stoff, E. stuff, the contents of a thing,
that of which it is essentially composed,
and specially the woven fabric of which
clothes are made.

Stultify. Lat. stultus, foolish.

To Stum. — Stummy. Stummed up,
stummy, close, confined. G. stemmen, to
stop, to dam. From a modification of
the same root with stop, stuff, signifying,
in the first instance, thrust or stab, then
stick into, bring or come to a stand. G.
stupfen, to nudge, to thrust; Du. stom-
42

658 STUM

pen, to thrust, push, thump; Lith. stumti,
to thrust ; stumplis, a ramrod ; siumtis,
to crowd, to press against each other.
See To Stem.

Stum. Unfermented wine. Du. stom
signifies dumb, and is also explained by
P. Marin, du vin muet, wine that has not
worked from being oversulphured, and by
Holtrop, du vin dtouffd, wine that has
been choked by sulphur and stopped from
working. We have seen in the last arti-
cle that stum has in E. the sense of stuff
or stop up, and Du. stom may be explain-
ed from regarding a dumb person as one
whose voice is smothered.

To Stumble. To make a false step,
to strike the foot against an obstacle in
walking. The derivation from stump, as
if the word signified to strike against a
stump, is supported by many analogies.
It. cespo, cespite, a. turf, sod, bush ; cespi-
tare, to stumble ; G. strauch, a shrub,
bush ; straucheln, to stumble ; Du. strobbe,
stronck, a stump ; strobbelen, stronckelen,
to stumble. — Kil. OFr. bronche, a bush,
broncher, to stumble ; Galla_,f7y^,a stump,
gufada, to stumble.

Nevertheless I believe in the present
case that the analogy would mislead us,
and that the primary meaning is simply
to strike with the feet, from the root ex-
hibited in Du. stompen, to kick, thrust,
thump, Bav. stumpen, to nudge, strike
with the elbow, or the like. Mod. Gr.
oTou^Tri'Jw, nTovpiirovu), to pound, E. stump,
to walk with heavy steps, to strike the
ground heavily in walking, N. stumpa, to
stumble, totter, fall. Da. dial, stumle,
stumre, to strike the ground with the feet,
to stamp, stumble, totter. At gaae og
stumre med en kiep : to stump along with
a stick. Pl.D. stumpeln, stunkeln, to
hobble ; Sc. siummer, to stumble.
He slaid and stummerit on the sliddry ground,
And fell at end grufelingis amid the fen. — D.V.

The resemblance to the word stump
arises from the fact that the latter also is
derived from the same root, as explained
under Stub.

Stump. See Stub.

To Stun. To stupefy with noise or
with a blow, primarily with noise. AS.
stunian, to resound, to dash ; stun, ges tun,
strepitus.— Ettmiiller. g. staunen, erstau-
nen, to lose the power of action, to be
stupefied, astonished. Sc. stonay, to
stupefy, astound. The same connection
between a loud noise and stupefaction is
seen in Lat. atfonare, to thunder, and
thence to amaze, astonish, deprive of the
senses ; attonitus, thunderstruck.

-SUADE

Stunted. Dwarfed,hindered in growth.
ON. stuttr, short ; stytta, to cut short ;
OSw. stutt, stunt, docked, short ; sttinta,
to shorten. — Ihre. G. stutz, a stump, any-
thing short of its kind ; stutzen, to dock,
to shorten. The fundamental meaning of
the word is a short projection, from
stutzen, to knock, to strike against, to
start.

Stupefy. — Stupid. — Stupor. Lat.
stupeo, to stand still like a stock, to be
numbed, senseless, astonished. Sanscr.
stambh, stop, make or become immov-
able ; stabhda, stopped, blocked up, stupe-
fied, insensible ; stumbh, stubh, stop,
stupefy.

Sturdy. ProvinciaUy, giddy, sulky,
and obstinate ; also a disease in sheep in
which the animal becomes sturdy or
stupefied. — Craven Gl. Sturdy or stub-
born, estourdy. — Palsgr. Gael, stuird,
stuirdean, vertigo, a disease in sheep,
drunkenness. — Macleod. It. stordire, to
make dizzy or giddy in the head. — Fl.
Sp. aturdir, to stupefy, confuse.

The radical meaning is probably, as in
the case of stun, to stupefy with noise,
w. twrdd, noise, stir, thunder — Richards ;
Da. torden, thunder; Gael. dUrdan, hum-
ming noise. It must be merely an acci-
dental resemblance between sturdy and
Bret, stard, firm, solid, on. stirdr, stiff,,
unbending, hard.

To Stutter. The broken efforts of the
voice in imperfect speech and those of the
body in imperfect going are commonly
represented by the same forms. ' To stut
or stagger in speaking or going.' — Baret.
' I stutte, I can nat speake my wordes
readily, je besgue.' — Palsgr. G. stossen,
to kick, knock, hit ; anstoss, a stumbling-
block, also stammering or stuttering.
Pl.D. stoot, a blow ; stotem, G. stottem,
to stutter. Swiss dudern, dodern, to
stammer ; dottern, duttem, to palpitate.
See Stammer, Stagger.

Sty. I. N. stigje, stigkbyna (e. dial.
stianeye, stiony), P1.D. stieg, a pustule at
the corner of the eye.

2. ON. st{, stia. Da. sti, a sty ; faarsti,
a sheep-cote. Bohem. stdg, stdge, a
stable, shed, from stogim, stdti, to stand.
Russ. stoilo, a stall, place for one beast to
stand.

Style. Lat. stylus, stilus, a sort of
pencil to write with on waxed tablets.

Styptic. Lat. stypticus, from Gr.
arvirriKht, astringent, from otv^iii, to con-
tract, make close, stiff, thick. See Stiff.

-suade. -suasion. Lat. sucideo, sua-
sum, to advise ; Persuade, Dissuade.

SUB-

Sub-. SuTater-. La.t.su6,sudier,nndei;
beneath.

To Subdue. OFr. subduzer, to subdue.
— Roquef. The meaning of the word
agrees with Lat. subdo, to put under, but
according to form it should come from
Lat. subduco, OFr. sosduire, to take from
under, to withdraw.

Sublime. Lat. sublimis, on high.

Subtile. — Subtle. Lat. subtilis, fine,
thin, probably from tela, a web of cloth.

Suburb. Lat. suburbium; from sub
and urbs, a city.

Sue-. Lat. sub, before words beginning
with c, as in Succeed, Succumb.

Succour. Lat. succurro {sub and curro,
to run), to come to the aid of, to come
into one's mind ; Fr. secourir, to help ;
secours, succour, assistance.

Succulent. Lat. succus, juice, moist-
ure.

Such. Goth, svaleiks (so like), AS.
svilk, OHG. solih, sulih, G. solcher, Sw.
silk, Westphalian siik.

To Suck. G. saugen, Du. suigen, Lat.
sugere, Fr. sucer. It. succhiare, w. sugno.
Boh. cucatl (tsutsati). From an imitation
of the sound.

Sudden. Fr. soubdaln, soudain, Prov.
sobtan, Lat. subitus, subltaneus, sudden.

Suds. G. sod, the bubbling up of water
that simpers or seethes ; seifensod, soap-
suds.— Kiittn. G. sottern, Pl.D. suddern,
Du. zudderen, to boil with a suppressed
sound ; Pl.D. suddeln, G. sudeln, to dabble
in the wet, do dirty work. In the same
way Swiss schwadern, of liquids in a cask,
to dash with a certain noise, to paddle,
splash ; schwaderete, soapsuds. Banff.
softer, the noise made by anything in
boiling or bubbling up ; the act of doing
work in a dirty, disorderly manner ; a state
of dirt and disorder. See Seethe.

To Sue. — Suit. From Lat. segul, to
follow, arose It seguire, Sp. seguir, OFr.
sewir, slevir, WaU. suir, to follow, to pro-
secute or pursue one at law. OE. seuve,
sywe. ' Forsake al and seuve me.' — P.P.
To sue for an office is to follow after it.

From the participle secutus we have
Mid.Lat. secia, It. segulto, OE. sywete,
Fr. suite, a following, a train of followers,
a set of things following in one arrange-
ment. A suit at law, a suit of clothes.
A thousand knyghtes — clothed in ermyne ech one
Of on sywete.^^, G,

To suit is to agree together, as things
made on a common plan.

Suet. Lat. sebum, OFr. sieu. ' Miex
valt a Dieu ob^ir que le sieu del multun
offrir.'^Livre des Rois. How or when

SULTRY 659

the termination et was added does not
appear.

Suf-. Lat. sub, before words beginning
withy; as in Suffer, Suffix.

Suffocate. Lat. suffoco, to choak, stop
the breath, froih sub and /aux,/aucis, the
gullet.

Sugar. Lat. saccharum, Arab, sukkar,
Sanscr. sharkara.

Suicide. Lat. sui, of himself, -cida,
slayer, from cado, to kill.

Suit. See Sue.

* Sulky. — To Sulk. as. asealcan,
languescere, flaccescere, torpere ; asolcen,
remissus, ignavus, deses, iners ; solcen,
deses, desidiosus. — Lye.

Ne laet thu the thin mod asealcan, let
not thy mind depress thee.— Csedmon.
130, 30. Bav. selchen, to dry, as hams,
sausages, &c.

Sullen. Formerly written soleine, i. e.
solitary ; of an unsociable morose dis-
position.

So I, quoth he [the cuckoo], may have my make

in peace —
Let each of hem be soleine all hir live. — Assembly

of Foules.

To Sully. It. sogliare, Fr. souiller, to
befoul, dirty ; se souiller (pi a swine), to
wallow in the mire, Pl.D. suddeln, solen,
G. sudeln, properly to dabble in wet and
dirt, to do dirty work, to dirty. G. sttdel.
It. soglia, Fr. souil, sueil, the place where
a boar wallows in the mire.

All ultimately from a representation df
the sound made by dabbling in the wet.
Swiss siidern, to splash, to slobber, eat
untidily; silderete, fen, mire, also (con-
temptuously) sauce.

Sulphur. Lat. sulphur.

-suit. Lat. salio, sultum, to leap,
whence the freq. sultarej as in Insult,
Result.

Sultry. — Sweltry. Oppressively hot.
Du. zwoel, zoel, G. schwUhl, sweltry,
swelling, suffocating with heat. — Kiittn.
AS. swelan, to burn ; swalotk, aestus,
cauma, oppressive heat ; OHG. suelen,
suilizon, to burn, to dry up ; suilizung,
cauma ; Pl.D. suelen, to burn without
flame, to smoke, and tlience (of cut grass)
to dry into hay, E. dial, swale, sweat, to
wither in the sun, to burn, dry up. ' And
men swaliden with greet heete.' — Wiclif.
Lith. svilti, svelti, to burn. ON. svcela,
thick smoke. Pl.D. verswelen, to burn
away, explains another sense of E. sweat,
when applied to the guttering of a candle
or burning away without producing light ;
to gutter, melt away, met. to grow thin. —
Hal. A similar metaphor is seen in OHG.
42*

66o

SUM

suilizon, to parch or dry up ; OFlem.
swelten, OE. swelt, to faint ; MHG. swel-
ten, to be suffocated, to perish through
heat or hunger ; on. svelta, Da. suite, to
hunger, famish ; Goth, sviltan, AS. swel-
tan, to die. Nearer the original form is
perhaps swelter, to suffer oppressive heat,
to faint, or, consequentially, to sweat.
Swalterynge or swownynge, syncopa. —
Pr. Pm. From this form of the verb we
pass to sweltry, sultry.

When we seek for the radical image
from whence the expression is ultimately
derived, we observe that the characteristic
of a smothered flame is the fuel wasting
imperceptibly away, an idea which may
conveniently be expressed by reference to
the spilling or slopping of a liquid, be-
cause in the latter case the fact is accom-
panied by a certain noise which admits
of vocal imitation. Now swelk is used
to represent the sound of milk dashing in
a churn ; to swilker, to splash about ; to
swilker over, to dash over ; to swilter, to
waste away slowly ; swelking, sultry. To
swele, swile, to wash or rinse. On the
same principle, Pl.D. smuddeln, smullen,
to dabble in the wet ; of a candle, to gut-
ter or sweal ; Du. smoel, sultry ; smoel
weder, aer languidulus, calor flaccidus. —
Kit. E. dial, swatter, to spill or throw
about water, to scatter, to waste ; swattle,
to waste away.

Sum. — Summary. — Summit. Lat.
super, above ; superior, higher ; supre-
mus, summus, highest, topmost, utmost ;
summum, the top, the whole, the sum.

-sume. -sumption. Lat. sumo, sump'
turn, to take ; as in Consume, Presump-
tion, &c.

Summ.er. i. g. sommer, on. sumar,
Gael, samhradh, w. haf. As winter and
wind are connected, so we should suspect
sutnmer and sun to be, but the connec-
-tion has not been satisfactorily traced.

2. A beam ; bressomer, breast-summer
or front beam of a house. Erroneously
explained as trabe sommaria, a principal
beam.

The true explanation is found in Fr.
sommier, a sumpter-horse (and generally
any toiling and load-carrying drudge or
groom), also the piece of timber called a
summer. — Cot. It. somaro, a pack-horse,
a summer. — Fl. w. swmer, a beam ;
swmeru, to support, uphold, prop. See
Sumpter.

Summon. Fr. semondre, to invite,
warn, summon ; semonneur, a summoner.
Lat. summoneo ; sub and moneo,Xo warn.

Sumpter-horse. From Gr. fforrw

SUPPLE

(iraju), ataaypuu), to pack close, stamp
down, to pack or load, was formed aayiia,
a pack-saddle, a load. We have then
Lat. sagma, salma {sagma quae corrupte
salma dicitur— Isid.), It. salma, soma, G.
saum, a burden ; It. somaro, Fr. sommier,
a sumpter or pack-horse. Somaro is now
used for a donkey, as Prov. sauma, a
she-ass.

Sumptuary.^ — Sumptuous. IjaX, sump-
tits, expense, costliness, from sumo, sump-
tum, to take.

Sun. Goth, sunno, ON. sunna, Sanscr.
sAnu, syAna, syona.

To Sunder. — Sundry. on. sundr,
asunder, in separate parts ; sundra, to
tear to pieces, separate ; Du. sonder, with-
out, separated from ; N. sund, i sund, in
pieces ; sunde klcede, tattered clothes ;
sundriven, torn to pieces.

To Sup Sip. To draw up liquids in

small quantities into the mouth with an
audible noise, represented by the word
itself. Sp. chupar, to suck ; Gr. ai^av, a
sucker, a pipe for sucking wine out of a
cask.

Super-. Lat. super, above, in advance
of.

Superb. Lat. superbus, proud.

Supercilious. Lat. cilium, eyelid {cillo,
to stir, to twinkle) ; supercilium, what is
above the eyelid, the eyebrow, then, from
the contraction of the eyebrows in the
expression of such feelings, pride, haughti-
ness, severity.

Superficies. Lat. superficies ; super,
and fades, face.

Superfluous. Lat. superfluo, to over-
flow.

Superior. See Sum.

Superlative. Lat. superfero, -latum,
to lift or bear above ; superlatio, excess,
amplifying.

Supersede. Lat. supersedeo, to sit
upon, and thence by a somewhat obscure
figure, to cease from, to give over. To
supersede an officer is to cause him to
cease from his command.

Superstition. Lat. superstes, remain-
ing ; superstitio, a vain fear and worship
of supernatural beings. The word is
variously and not satisfactorily explained.

Supper. Fr. souper, a meal at which
soup formed the principal dish.

Supplant. Lat. planta^ the sole of the
foot ; supplanto, to trip up.

* Supple. Fr. souple, supple, limber,
pliant, nimble, flexible.-^Cot. Apparent-
ly from OFr. soplier, soploier, souploier
{sub and plico), to bend, to yield to the
will of another. — Burguy. Bret, soubla,

SUPPLIANT

to bend down, to incline. Soublid kd
penn, bow your head. Gael, submit,
supail (Macalpine), flexible, supple ; sub-
laich, to make or become supple.

Suppliant. — Supplicate. Lat. sup-
plico, Fr. supplier, to intreat humbly, the
knees bending under one.

Supply — Supplement. Lat. suppleo,
Fr. suppliers sub, a.T\.d pleo, to fill.

Suppurate. Lat. suppuro, to generate
(pus, puris) matter. Gr. irvdu, to rot ;
■niiov, matter. See Putrid.

Supreme. See Sum.

Sur-. In some cases contr. from Lat.
super, upon, above, as in Surprise j in
others, where the verb begins with an r,
from Lat. sub, under, as in Surrogate.

Sure. Fr. s-Ur, OFr. segur, sdur, Lat.
securus.

Surf. The foaming or broken water
made by the waves beating on the shore.
Norm, etchurfer, to foam. — H^richer.

Surfeit. 1 surfet, I eate to muche
meate. Je surfays, or, je fays exces. You
surfayted yesternight at supper ; vous
vous surfistez, or, vous fistez exces hier k
souper. — Palsgr. Super, and facia.

Surge. Fr. sourdre (Lat. surgere), to
rise, spring, boil or bubble up ; sourgeon,
the spouting up of water in a fountain,
spring of a well.

It is said that— all great rivers are gorged and
assemblede of divers surges and springs of water.
— Bemeis, Froissart. ^ surge of tears. — Turber-
ville.

Now applied only to the boiling of the
waves.

Surgeon. Gr. ^wpovpyoc, one who works
with the hand ; Lat. chirurgus, Fr. chi-
rurgien. Norm, serugien, OFr. surgien,
surgeon.

Surly. The meaning has probably
been modified in modern times in accord-
ance with a supposed derivation from
sour.

Heo schulen hem sulf grennen — and makien
sur semblant for the muchele angoise ithe pine of
helle. — Ancren Riwle, 212.

The original meaning seems however
to have been sir-like, magisterial, arro-
gant.

For shepherds, said he, there doen lead,

As lords done otherwhere,
Their sheep han crusts and they the bread,

The chips and they the chear—
Sike sirly shepherds han we none.

Shepherd's Cal. July.

It. signoreggiare, to have the mastery,
to domineer ; signer eggevole, magisterial,
haughty, stately, surly. — Altieri. Faire du

SWAD

66l

grobis, to grow proud, to take a surly
state upon him. — Cot.

Surmise. OFr. surmise, accusation,
from surmettre, to lay upon, to accuse.—
Roquef.

Surname. Fr. surnom, an additional
name. It. sopranome, a sirname, a nick-
name.— Fl.

Surplice. Fr. surplis, OFr. sorpelis,
Mid. Lat. superpelliceum, a linen gown
worn over the woollen or furry garments
of the ecclesiastic.

Surplus. Lat. super, above, contract-
ed into sur, s-ndplus, more.

Surprise. Fr. surprise, iromsurpren-
dre, It. sopraprendere, to take unawares,
to come upon one suddenly.

Surrender. OFr. surrender, to deliver
up. Lat. reddere, to give back.

Surreptitious. Lat. surreptitius j sur-
repo (sub repo), to creep in unawares.

Survey. OFr. surveoir (Lat. videre),
to oversee, overlook.

Sus-. Lat. sub, in comp. with words
beginning with c,p, s, tj as inSusceptible,
Suspend, Sustain, &c.

Sutler. G. sudeln, to dabble in the
wet, to do dirty work, to handle a thing
in a slovenly manner ; sudler, a dabbler,
dauber in painting, a scullion ; Du. soete-
len, to do dirty work, to carry on a petty
trade, to hupkster ; soetelaar, a camp
huckster or sutler. See Suds.

Suture. Lat. sutura, a seam sewed,
from suo, sutum, to stitch or sew.

Swab. — Swabber. Du. zwabber, Sw.
swabb, a swab or kind of mop made of
unravelled rope, used on board ship for
mopping the decks. The radical mean-
ing of the word is to sop or slop, to
splash in water. Du. zwabberen, to swab,
dabble, paddle ; G. schwabbeln, schivap-
pern, schwappen, schweppen, to splash,
dash to and fro, wabble. ' Dann
schwappte die woge bis zu den schultern :'
the wave splashed up to the shoulders. —
Sanders. N. svabba, sabba, subba, to spill
or splash water, to dabble in wet ; E. dial.
swab, to splash over. In like manner Fr.
gadrouille, a swab, from Swiss Rom.
gadrouilli, to dabble, to disturb water.

Swad. — Swaddle. Swad, a peascod,
a handful of peasestraw. — Hal. A swad
of a woman, obesula. — Coles. Swat, to
throw down forcibly, a quantity ; swatch,
a piece of anything, a patch, a sample.
The fundamental meaning of swad, swat,
swath, like that of squad, squab, would
seem to be a lump or bundle of some-
thing soft, from Du. swadderen (Kil),
Bav. schwadern, schwatteln, E. dial.

662

SWAG

swatter, swattle, to splash, dasL, or spill
liquids. Swiss schwetti, so much of a
fluid or soft matter as is thrown down at
once, then a lot or quantity of things, as
of apples. The swath of grass would
then be the bundle of grass cut at each
stroke of the scythe, and the verb to
swathe, to make a bundle of, to tie up in
bundles. 'Swathed or made into sheaves.'
— Cot. in V. javeld It is certainly in this
sense that swatch seems to be used by
Tusser :

One spreadeth those bands, so in order to lie,
As barley, in swatches^ may fill it thereby.

To swatch, to bind, as to swaddle, &c. —
Hal. The forms swatch and swatchel, a
fat slattern, also to daggle, dirty, to beat,
unite swad, swath, swathe, swaddle, with
Du. swachtel, swadel, a swathe or swad-
dling-band ; zwachtelen, to swathe, to
swaddle. In the application of swatchel
to a fat woman, the reference is to the
swagging or wabbling movement of the
flesh of a fat person, as in Bav. schwadig,
schwattig, swagging, soft, as boggy
ground, and the softer garts of the body ;
e schwadige menschin, a full-breasted
woman.

To swaddle was also to beat. Swad-
dled, cudgelled. — Coles. He banged, be-
lammed, thumped, swaddled her. — Cot.
in v. chaperon. And this is in accord-
ance with other cases in which words ex-
pressing the dashing of liquids are used
to signify beating, as to wallop, or G.
schwappen, to splash, compared .with e.
swap, a blow ; Banff soople, to wash,
to soak, to beat with severity ; Fr. escla-
bousser, to splash, Lang, esclabissa, as-
sommer de coups.

Perhaps we must regard swatchel and
swatch as immediately derived from forms
in which the d of swaddle or labial of
swap, swabble, is replaced by a guttural.
E. dial, swack, to strike, to throw ; swack,
a large quantity (Jam.), a blow, a fall ;
swacking, huge, large. — Hal.

To Swag.— Swagger. The idea of
tremulous motion, swaying backwards
and forwards, is commonly expressed by
forms originally representing the sound
made by the dashing of water, swabble,
swaddle, swaggle, wabble, waddle, waggle;
where the final consonant may be of any
class, labial, dental, or guttural, and the
initial j may be omitted without altering
the force of the word.

Thus we have Swiss schwabbeln,
schwabben, to splash, dash to and fro,
wabble, swag like loose flesh, stagger like
a drunken man. With a final _^, e. dial.

SWAP

swiggle, to shake liquor violently, to
rinse linen to and fro in water.
I swagge, as a fatte person's belly swaggetk as he
goth. — Palsgr.

Swaggergog, a quaking bog, — Mrs Baker.
To swagger in gait is to walk in an
affected manner, swaying from one side
to the other. Swiss schwdgeln, to stroll
about. To swagger in talk may be di-
rectly taken from the noise made by the
dashing of liquids, as in the case of Bav.
schwadern, to splash, tattle, bluster,
swagger.

The nasalisation of the consonant gives
G. schwanken, to splash to and fro, to
waver, rock, stagger ; E. dial, swanky,
watery beer, boggy, swaggering, strutting.

Swain. Da. svend, a bachelor, serv-
ant, attendant, joumeyrnan ; svendedreng,
a male child ; on. sveinn, a boy, young
man, servant. The word has clearly no-
thing to do with swine.

Swale. NE. windy, bleak, cold. on.
svala, to cool, to refresh ; svali, coolness,
cold, hate.

To Swale. — Sweal. See Sultry.

Swallow. ON. svala, G. schwalbe,
Du. zwaluw, Pl.D. schwalke, OberD.
schwalm.

To Swallow. G. schwelgen, to swill,
guzzle, tipple. ON. svelgia, to swallow.
Du. swelgen, to devour, swallow, drink.
From the sound made in swallowing
liquid. Bav. schwappeln, to splash, to
swag (of loose flesh), to swiU, to be ad-
dicted to drink. N. skvala, to gurgle.

Swamp. — To Swamp. To swamp a
boat is to sink it by the washing in of the
waves. ON. squampa, tp splash ; Swiss
schwampeln, to splash, dash to and fro
like water. N. skumpla, to shake to and
fro in a vessel. It is the nasalised form
of Bav. schwappeln, E. dial, swab, squab,
to splash, dash over.

From the same source is E. swamp, a
soft plashy ground ; Pl.D. swamp,swamm,
G. schwamm, a sponge, a structure adapt-
ed to sop up water ; or a fungus, a soft
spongy growth.

Swan. ON. svanr, G. schwan.

Swap. I. Swap and swack represent
the sound of a blow, and thence are ap-
plied to any sudden movement, as in fall-
ing, striking, throwing. Pl.D. swaps !
swips ! swups ! express the sound of a
smack, and thence signify quick, imme-
diate. Swaps! kreeg he enen an de
oren : smack J he caught it on the ears.
Schwipp ! schwapp' ! schlug er mir den
kopf ab : smack ! he cut off my head.
Swap! quickly, smartly. In some counties

SWARD

a fall is called a swap.— Hal. W. chviap, a
sudden stroke or blow, and as an adverb,
instantly. To swap, to draw a sword, to
cast a stone, to strike. — Jam. Hence
swapping (like strapping, whapping,
bouncing, thumping), large, huge, strong.
— Hal. In like manner from the repre-
sentation of the sound of a blow by the
syllable swackj swacking,\xay:i%\xdXiy large.
— Mrs B. ' He swacked the wood in his
face.' Schwapp ! lasst sie ihr schliissel-
band nach seinem kopfe fliegen : slap !
she let fly her keys at his head. — Sanders.

2. The sense of barter or truck seems
to come from the notion of a sudden turn,
an exchange of place in the objects that
are swapped. In the same way to chop is
to do anything suddenly, to turn suddenly
round, and to swap or barter. The wind
chops round to the north, a greyhound
chops up a hare. G. stutzen or stossen, to
knock or strike ; waaren verstutzen, ver-
stossen or umstossen, to chop, swap, bar-
ter.—Kiittn.

Sward, on. svordr, Du. swaerde, G.
schwarte, Pl.D. swaarde, sware, the thick
skin of bacon or pork, then applied to the
skin of the head, the coating of turf on a
grass-field. Du. swaerde van den hoofde,
the skin of the head; V\.V> . gronswaard,
greensward.

The proper meaning of the word would
seem to be the crackling or skin of roast
pork. Bohem. sskivariti, Illyr. chwariti,
to crackle like melting fat, to fry ; sskwar,
skin of pork ; sskwarek, Illyr. chwarak,
greaves, remnants after the melting of
tallow. OHG. swarte, cremium [quod re-
manet in patilli de carnibus frixis] — Schm.

Swarm. A multitude of creatures in
intricate movement. The idea of multi-
tudinous movement is expressed by the
representation of a confused sound, as in
scrall, crawl, and Fr. grouiller, to rumble,
also to swarm, abound, break out in great
numbers. Zulu bubula, to hum, as bees ;
bubulela, a swarm of bees, concourse of
people. On the same principle the origin
of swarm is the representation of a hum-
ming or buzzing sound. E. dial, sharm, a
confused noise, buzzing, din. — Moor. G.
schwarm, noisy revelry ; schwdrmeitf to
buzz, to make a confused sound as a mul-
titude in motion, to swarm as bees, to
revel. 'Was fiir ein liebliches sumsen
schwdrmt um mich her.' Bav. schwurm,
geschwiirm, confusion in the head, swarm,
throng ; schwirbeln, schwarbeln, to move
in a confused mass, to whirl, to swarm.

To Swarm. — Squirm. — Swarf. To
climb the bole of a tree by clipping it

SWAY 663

with the arms and legs, twisting them
around it.

He swarfed then the mainmast tree,
He swarfed it with might and main.
Ballad of Sir Andrew Barton, N . & Q., Ju. 59.
Then up the mainmast swerved he.

Ibid., Percy Soc.

To squirm, to wriggle about, to climb
trees by embracing them with the arms
and legs. — Webster. OFris. swerva, to
crawl. ' AUe da creatura deer op der eerde
swerft.' — Richthofen. mhg. swirben, to
whirl, to move in a confused mass. Sw.
swarfwa, to turn ; Du. swermen, swerven,
to wander about (Kil), to rove, wander,
revel. — Bomhoff. The radical image is
a mass in intricate confused movement.
See Swarm.

Swart.— Swarthy. Goth, svarts, ON.
svartr, G. schwarz, black ; ON. surtr,
swarthy. Diefenbach connects 'La.t.sordes,
dirt, as if swarthy were dirt-coloured.

Swash. Swish and swash represent
the sound made by the collision of liquids
or of divided, solids. A horse swishes his
tail ; swish-swash, washy liquor. Piedm.
svassS, to splash, to rinse. To swash
down, to fall with a noise. In the same
way soss, a heavy fall, a dirty mess.
Sossle, to make a slop. — Hal. To swash,
also figuratively to swagger, to talk big.
Sw. swassa, to strut, to swagger, to talk
bombast. ,

Swath. G. schwaden, Du. swade,
Pl.D. swad, swatt, the row of grass as it
lies on the left of the mower cut by his
scythe, also the bare space from which it
is cut. Commonly explained from as.
swathe, a track, path, footsteps. Naenige
swathe his owhwaer aetywde : no traces of
him anywhere appeared. On swathe, in
the way. Dolhswathe, the traces of a
wound, a cicatrice. Thus the swath is
understood as primarily signifying the
path cut by the mower in the standing
grass. But the heap of grass seems to
have a stronger claim to attention than
the space from which it is cut, and the
original meaning of the word is probably
the mass of grass cut by a single blow of
the scythe. Fr. javeler, to swathe or
gavel corn, to make it into sheaves or
gavels. — Cot. E. dial, swaff, as much
grass as a. scythe cuts at one stroke. —
Hal. See Swad.

Sway. Du. zwaayen, to swing, turn,
brandish ; Pl.D. swajen, to waver in the
wind ; ON. sveigja, N. svogja, sv'oia. Da.
sveie, to bend; N. svaga. Da. svaie, to
swing to and fro, to roll like a ship;
svaierum, room for a ship to swing at

664

SWEAL

anchor. Sw. swegryggad, swankruggad,
swayed in the back ; E. swaying, a hollow
raking of the backbone.— B. For the
ultimate origin see Swag.

To Sweal. To sweat a hog, to singe
him; to sweal, to melt wastefully away
like bad candles. — B. See Sultry.

To Swear. Goth, svaran, on. sverja,
G. schworen, to swear; on. svara, to an-
swer.

The radical meaning seems to be to
certify, to assure, to declare as true, from
OHG. wAr, G. wahr, certain, assured, true.
Ze tdd wAr, as sure as death. ' Ez ist
mir wArez gewizzen : ' it is known to me
for certain. WAr machen, to make sure,
to prove by documents. — Schmeller.
P1.D. war en, to certify, to prove by wit-
nesses or documents. Waren up den
hilligen, to take his corporal oath, to
swear by the holy relicks. — Brem. Wtb.
See Ware.

Sweat. ON. sveiti, as. swat, sweat,
also blood, w. chwys, Sanscr. svaidas,
hat. sudor, sweat ; udor, moisture ; udus,
wet.

To Sweep, on. sdpa, to sweep, to
wipe ; sdpr, a besom ; Sw. sopa, to sweep,
wipe, brush ; also a clout, a duster; Gael.
sguab, sweep ; sguab, sguaib, w. ysgub, a
besom, brush, a sheaf of corn ; ysgubo, to
sweep, to whisk ; Bret, s/iuba, to sweep ;
Lat. scopice, Sp. escoba, a besom.

The radical image seems to be the rins-
ing of a vessel with water, the dashing of
water over a surface, or the coursing of
the waves along the surface of water. G.
schwappen, schweppen, to splash or slop.
' Die schwappenden fluthmassen.' ' Der
weinim ^is^schweppetvUa&c.' Schweifen,
to move a fluid body to and fro, to rinse,
to splash, to sweep along the ground, to
rove or range over the country ; Du.
sweyven, to vacillate, fluctuate, wander.

Sweet. AS. swet, Du. zoet, on. scetr,
G. suss, Sanscr. svad, Lat. suavis.

To Swell, on. svella, to swell ; soltin
skip, a sodden, water-logged ship. The
original sense is probably shown in Du.
swellen (Kil.), a parallel form with wetten,
to boil, to spring, G. wallen, to boil, wal-
lop, move along in a waving manner.
Das meer wallet, the sea swells up in
waves ; eine hohe welle, a great swelling
wave. — Kiittn. The same relation is seen
in ON. bolginn. Da. bullen, swollen,
and Lat. btcllire, to boil, Du. bolghe, a
wave or billow.

To Swelter. The sense of this word
in the ordinary expression of sweltering
with heat seems to be to faint with heat.

SWIFT

Swalterynge or swownynge, syncopa.

Pr. Pm. Probably swatter, swatter or
swelter, swilker, are parallel forms,
representing, in the first instance, the
noise of dashing liquids, then signifying
the dashing or splashing of liquids, spill-
ing, squandering, wasting ; then wasting
away, fainting. To swatter, to spill or
throw about water as geese or ducks do in
drinking, to scatter, to waste ; to swather,
to faint ; to swattle, to drink as ducks do
water, to waste away. — Hal. The inser-
tion of an / (as in palter compared with
patter, E. dial, swatch for swatch, a patch,
stramalkin for stramaking, Sc. fagald
fox fagot) ^vta swalter,swelter, to flounder
in the wet, to drip, trickle.

Slippes in the sloppes oslante to the girdylle,
Swatters up swiftly with his swerde drawene,
Morte Arthurs,

I feel the drops of sweltering sweat
Which trickle down my face.— <3ascoigne.

To swilter, to waste away slowly. — Hal.

We must however not regard these
parallel forms as actually derived from
each other, but rather as arising from
slightly varying efforts to represent the
same inarticulate sounds. With a final k
instead of / in the radical syllable we
have swelk, noise made by liquid in a
churn ; to swilker, to splash ; swelking,
sultry. See Sultry.

To Swerve. To wander from. — B. Du.
swerven, swermen, to wander, rove, also
to riot, revel.

The radical image is a hum or confused
noise, from which we pass to the notion
of noisy revelry, on the one hand, and, on
the other, to that of whirling, turning
round, turning aside, moving to and fro.
Sw. hurra, surra, swirra, to whizz, buzz,
whirl ; surra, swirra, also to revel ; ON.
hverfa, to turn, bend ; Da. stirre, to hum,
buzz, also as N. svarva, to lash or twist a
rope round with string ; Da. svire, to
revel ; to whirl, turn round ; Da. dial.
sziirre, to move to and fro ; slceden
svirrer, the sledge swerves, swings to
one side ; svarre, svarbe, to turn in a
lathe.

Swift. The idea of rapidity or mo-
mentary duration is commonly expressed
by the figure of a smart blow. Thus in
Scotch they say, I'll be with you in a rap,
in a clap; while jwo:^, which originally re-
presents the sound of a blow, is used for
a little while.

He had sluminerit bot an swak. — D. V.

Swap, which like swack represents the
sound of a blow, is used for any rapid

SWIG

action, for the drawing of a sword, cast-
ing of a stone, or the like. The change
of the vowel from a to i expresses a finer,
smaller motion, as in whip, to strike with
something thin, to do anything quickly,
compared with whap, to strike a heavy
blow. On this principle we pass from
swap to ON. svipa, to whip, to move
quickly, do anything hastily, to brandish
a sword ; svipull, moveable, transitory ;
svipr, svif, a sudden movement, a mo-
ment, instant ; z chii svifi, at the same
moment ; Da. i et svip, in a trice ; ON.
svifa, to move to and fro ; to move sud-
denly ; svifr, moveable, yielding. Sc.
swipper, quick, nimble, sudden ; swiff,
■ rotatory motion, or the sound produced
by it ; the swiff of a mill. — Jam. AS.
swipa, a whip ; swipian, to whip or do
something with a momentary action.
Swipte hire thset heaved : he whipped
off her head. See Swivel.

To Swig. To drink in sounding gulps.
Swig or swidge, water or beer spilt on the
floor, table, &c. If the roof or a barrel
leaks, the floor will be ' all of a swidge.'
Swidge, a puddle ; to swiggle, to shake
liquor in an inclosed vessel — Forby ; to
rinse hnen in water. — Moor.

To Swill. To rinse, to wash out with
water ; swill-tub, the tub which holds
the hog-wash — Mrs Baker ; swill-bowl, a
drunkard ; swiller, a scullion, one who
washes the dishes ; as. swilian, to wash ;
swiling, a gargle. Doubtless from the
sound of agitated liquid, and perhaps
contracted from a form like swiggle, to
shake liquor violently, to rinse in water,
to drink greedily. To swilker, to splash,
is a parallel form.

Da. skylle, to rinse, wash ; skyllevand,
dishwasii, swillings ; skyllebad, a shower-
bath. See Scullery. G. spiilen, to wash,
rinse, swilL

To Swim. This word seems origin-
ally to apply to the movement of water in
agitation ; to move or flow like water ; to
be carried along on the surface of water,
to move about on the surface or in the
water, n. svabba, to dabble, paddle,
splash, spill ; Swiss schwabbeln, to wab-
ble, splash, fluctuate, to reel like a drunk-
en man ; jiT^wa^fe/z^, overflowing, reeling ;
est ist mir so schwabbelig. Bav. schwaib-
en, to overflow, to rinse, to wash. Die
wasche schwaiben, to swiggle or rinse
linen in water ; gl'ise schwaiben, to rinse
glasses ; das geschwaibet (geschwemme,
gespiile), dishwash, swillings. Schwai-
ben, or schweben are then used in the
sense of moving to and fro like water.

SWING

665

being carried on the surface of water,
reeling, staggering. Auff 'm wasser schwe-
ben, fluctuare, jactari fluctibus ; das schiff
das da schwebet in dem mer, the ship
floats in the sea. Suebont, natant ; sue-
pen, sueparon, nare. — Gl. in Schm. G.
schweben, to float, wave, hover, flutter.
— Kiittn.

The softening of the final b X.Q m leads
from Swiss schwabbeln to on. svamla, to
splash, paddle in water, and from G.
schweben to Bav. schwaimen. Der vogel
schwaimet in den luften, the bird hovers
in the air. Hin und wider schwaimen,
to wander to and fro. G. schwemmen, to
wash, to bathe in water ; schwimmen, to
swim, to be borne along by or to be
bathed in liquid. ON. sveima, to move
to and fro in a confused manner, to wan-
der about, to swarm ; svima, svimma,
to swim ; svimra. Da. svimle, to be
dizzy, giddy. The Kestrel or Windhover
is called in G. schweimer, schwemmer,
schwimmer, schweberle, from its 'schwe-
benden' flight The head swims when
the visible scene appears in unsteady
movement around us like the surface of
water.

Swindle. G. schwindel, swimming in
the head, dizziness, giddiness. In a
figurative sense schwindel is applied to
dealings in which the parties seem to have
lost their head, as we say, to have become
dizzy over unfounded or imreasonable
prospects of gain. ' AIs der Assignaten-
schwindel (Assignat-mania) zu wiithen
begann.' ' Er hat bei dem Aktien-schwin-
del (Share-mania) viel geld verdient.' —
Genz in Sanders. The word may be
translated madness, delusion. Then in a
factitive sense schwindeler, one who in-
duces delusions in others. Einem etwas
abschwindeln, to get something from
another by inducing delusion ; to swindle
him out of something.

The parallel form on. sundla, to be
dizzy, connects G. schwindeln through
ON. sund, a swimming, with svima, svim-
ma, to swim, svimra. Da. svim-le, to be
dizzy. Du. swijmelen, falsa imaginari
instar dormientium, vertigine laborari. —
Kil. Da. svingel, dizziness, darnel (from
producing dizziness) ; svingle, to reel as a
drunken man.

Swine. Goth, svein, on. svin, Russ.
svinyia, Pol. swinia, swine. Apparently
a derivative from the original form corre-
sponding to E. sow.

Swing. G. schwingen, N. svinga, to
swing, whirl, brandish . The idea of an
undulating or to and fro movement is

666

SWINGE

widely expressed by forms that may be
grouped round a root wag. E. waggle,
wag J G. wackeln, to wag, waddle, wabble ;
Du. wigghelen, to shake, to totter, also as
G. wickeln, to roll in, to wrap. — Kil. Lat.
vagari, to wander ; vacillare, to waver,
totter ; Fr. vague, a wave ; and with a
nasal, Du. wankelen, G. wanken, to wag,
wabble, reel ; AS, wancol. Da. wankel,
wavering, unsteady ; ON. vingsa, to swing,
to dangle ; E. wing, from its rapid vibra-
tions in flight.

Then with a sibilant prefix, Sc. swag, to
swing, move backwards and forwards,
and with the nasal, G. schwanken, Du.
swancken, swanckelen, to waver, stagger,
totter ; G. schw&nken (as E. swiggle), to
rinse in water ; ein fass schwdnken, to
swing a cask with some water in it in
order to wash it thoroughly. — Kiittn. as.
swangettan, to wag, waver, palpitate.
Fris. swinge, a wing.

To Swinge. To beat or strike, an act
that is done with a swinging movement.
AS. swingan, to do anything with violent
action, to scourge ; sweng, a blow ; Fris.
swinge, a flail. — ^Japycx.

To Swink. To labour. From a swing-
ing, whirling movement, taken as a type
of violent exertion. Du. swancken, li-
brare, vibrare, quatere ; swanck, swi7ick,
vibratio, libratio, motus, momentum. —
Kil. P1.D. swunken, to sway to and fro,
as a tree under the impulse of a violent
wind. — Danneil.

Swipe. The crane-like contrivance for
drawing water, consisting of a rod un-
evenly balanced on a post, having a weight
at the short end and bucket at the long
end ; in Du. wippe, wipgalge, from
wippen, to vibrate ; or swankroede, from
swanken, to vibrate, as E. swipe from ON.
svipa, to brandish, to move rapidly to and
fro. Pl.D. swengel, a swipe, from swing-
ing to and fro. — Danneil. ne. swape, the
handle of a pump.

Swipes. To swipe, to drink off hastily.
— Hal. N. skvip, thin and tasteless
drink. G. schwappen, schweppen, to
splash, dash ; diinnes geschweppe, thin
watery beer. Da. dial, at svipe ollet, to
waterthe beer ; svip, swipes, thin beer.

Switch. A pliant rod, from the swish-
ing noise which it makes in moving
rapidly through the air when a blow is
struck with it. Pl.D. zwuksen, to make
such a noise, also to bend to and fro ;
zwukse, Hanover swjctsche, a long, thin
rod, a switch. G. zwitschern, to chirp or
twitter as birds.

Swivel. A fastening so contrived as to

SYMBOL

allow the thing fastened to turn freely
round on its axis. ON. svif, sudden
movement ; N. sviv, swing, force of move-
ment ; sviva, to turn round ; sveiva,
the crank or handle of a wheel ; on.
sveifla, to swing round, to brandish. See
Swift.

Swoon. — Swouad. A swoon is a fail-
ure of the active principle. AS-, swindan,
to consume, languish, vanish. OHG.
swindan, swintan, tabescere ; suuintit,
tabescit (anima tua) ; farsuindan, evan-
ere, deficere, absorbere, transire.

The idea of wasting or consuming is
often expressed by the figure of spilling
liquids, as in squander, which is a nasal-
ised form of squatter, to splash, dabble.
In the same way G. verschwenden, to
squander, dissipate, waste, must be re-
garded as a nasalised form of the equiva-
lent E. swatter, Bav. schwaddem, schwid'
dern, to splash or spilL The final d is
lost in schwainen, to spill, consume.
' AUes des pluts das ymmer verswaint
und vergossen wirt : ' of all the blood that
is ever shed and poured out. ' Blutvers-
wainer Christus : ' Christ prodigal of his
blood. — Schmeller. Swab, schwanen,
schweinen, schwenden, to waste away,
shrink, wither ; Bav. schwand, schwund,
decrease, waste. Es geschwindet mir,
hat mir geschwinden : I have lost my
strength. G. schwindsucht, the wasting
sickness, consumption ; Swiss schwinden,
geschwinden, to swoon or faint.

Swoop. A sweeping movement.

Sword. AS. sweord, ON. sverd, G.
schwert.

Sycophant. Gr. ffwpco^ojrijs, a common
informer, false accuser, slanderer, false
adviser. The name would literally signify
an informer about figs, from bvkov, a fig,
and 0aij/a), to shew, but there is no really
historic knowledge how it arose.

Syl-. Sym-. Syn-. Sy-. The Gr. prep.
aiv, with, answering to Lat. cum, con- , ap-
pears in composition under the foregoing
forms, the final v being assimilated to a
following liquid, and lost before a » or J.

Syllable. Gr. Xofipdvto, tXa/3ov, to
take ; avWapfi, a taking together,
several letters taken together, a syllable.

Syllogism. Gr. ffti\Xoyi<rjuds ; Xoyiaiiog,
an argument, reason.

Sylph, A spirit of the air, a name
said to be invented by Paracelsus. .

Symbol. Gr. jSaXXiu, to cast ; avii^aWiii,
to put together, to compare ; ain^oKov, a
mark or token of a thing, a ticket, cheque,
a verbal signal or watchword, hence the

SYMMETRY

creed or watchword of the Christian
body.

Symmetry. Gr. cimiurpoQ, commen-
surate with, in due proportion, fitting ;
likrpov, a measure.

Sympathy. Gr. aviiTraBtia, feeling
witli another. See Pathetic.

Symphony. Gr. avfitjiuivia ; aiiv, and
^uvli, a voice, uttered sound.

Symptom. Gr. abinrTiaiia, a coincid-
ence, concurrent event ; from avitntirTou,
to fall out together.

Synagogue. Gr. avvayioyii, an assem-
bly ; nvvdyia, to bring together, collect.

Synoopy. Gr. avyKoirri, a cutting short ;
(jiV, and KOTTTw, to cut.

Syndic. Gr. Jikij, right, law, lawsuit ;
aivSiKog, a helper in a court of law.

Synod. Gr. 6S6q, a way ; awoSos, a
coming together.

Synonym, Gr. ovo/ia, name, avviiwuoQ,
having the same name.

TACK

667

Synopsis.— Synoptical. Gr. oi|/if, a
viewing, sight ; avvo\j/is, a comprehensive
glance. See Optic.

Syntax. Gr. Taaaa, ToXio, to arrange ;
raltg, an arranging, order, rank ; aivTalie,
an arranging together, putting together in
order.

Synthesis. Gr. aivdiais,iroinavvTiSiiiii,
to put together.

Syringe. Gr. avpHiw, to pipe or whis-
tle ; triply?, a pipe.

Syrup. It. siroppo, Sp. xarope, xara-
be, axarabe, from Arab chardb, a frequent
word among the Arab doctors. Becri
says the chardb of honey is called hy-
dromel. From chariba, to drink. —
Engelberg. Sharb, shurb, drinking. See
Sherbet.

System. Gr. avarrjiia, what stands
together, a body of united elements ;
avviartiiu, to put or be put together, to con-
sist.

T

Tabard. It. tabarro, Fr. tabarre, Sp.
tabardo, a wide loose overcoat, the paint-
ed overcoat worn by heralds.

Tabby. Sp. tabi. It. tabino, tabi, Fr.
tails, Arab, attdbi, a rich kind of watered
silk. From a quarter of Bagdad called
al-'Attdbiya, where figured stuffs of that
kind were manufactured. — Dozy.

2. A brindled cat, marked with stripes
like the waves of watered silk.

Tabernacle. Lat. tabernaculum, dim.
of taterna, a booth.

Table. — Tabular. Lat. tabula, a
board, a table.

Tabor. —Tambour. — Tambourine.—-
Timbrel. Prov. tabor, Fr. tambour, Sp.
tambor, atambor, a drum ; tamborete,
tamboril, a little drum, a tabour or tim-
brel. Arab, tabl, a drum, Sp. atabal, tim-
baj, kettledrum. The sound of a blow is
very generally represented by the sylla-
bles tab, tap, dab, dob, top, or the like.
Thus the Spaniards represent the beating
of the drum by tapatan or taparapatan,
as we by rubadub or dubadub. Arab.
tabtabat represents the sound made by
the dashing of a waterfall. Malay tabah,
tabuh, to beat, to drum ; tabuk, tapiik, to
slap. Gr. TvvTiit, to beat. Magyar dob-
ogni, to knock, to stamp ; dob, a drum.
Fr. tabouler, to knock loud and fast ;
Piedm. tabuss^, to knock at q door, to

beat ; tabuss, noise, uproar. Fr. tapper,
to strike, clap ; E. tap, to knock gently ;
E. dial, tabber, to knock or tap. ' How
that boy is tabbering on the table.' — Mrs
Baker. Devon, to taper at the door. —
Lye. It. toppa! toppa! represents the
sound of knocking at a door. Swiss dop-
peln, to knock at a door, to hammer.
Champagne tombir, to resound ; to7nbe, a
hammer. It. tambussare, tambustare, to
rumble, rattle, drum, to dubadub. — Fl.

Tacit. Lat. tadtusj taceo, to be silent.
Goth, thahan, on. thegja, Sw. tiga. Da.
tie, OHG. thagen, thaken, dagen, to be
silent.

*Tack. I. To tack, to fasten, to sew
slightly together, whence tack, a small
nail for fastening on something to a more
important object. Piedm. tach^, Milan
faced, It. attaccare, to fasten ; staccare, to
unfasten, to detach ; attaccaticcio, sticky.
Bret, tach, Langued. tacho, a tack or
small nail.

Tack is, I believe, an analogous form to
jog, jag, dag, dig, stag, stack, stick, repre-
senting in the first instance a sharp move-
ment abruptly checked, then signifying
thrust, projection, point. The passage to
the sense of fastening is seen in the ex-
pressions to stick out, to stick in, to stick
to.

G. zack ! is used as an interj. ex-

668

TACKLE

pressing movement with a sudden start.
— .Sanders. Er saiimte nicht den rappen
anzustechen,und zack ! zack ! war er zum
thor hinaus. The repetition of the signi-
ficant element in zickzack represents a
succession of abrupt movements in
different directions, indicated by .the
change of vowel from a to i, and thus
signifies a jagged or zigzag line.

Hence zacke, zacken, a jag, spike,
prong, tooth ; zacken, to jag, notch, in-
dent, explaining It. tacca, a notch. Pl.D.
takk, a point, tooth, branch of a tree.

The sense of thrusting is seen in
Piedm. taca, a support, a stand for a bar-
rel ; Gael, taic, prop, support ; Sp. taco,
stopper, plug, ramrod, billiard-cue. Some-
times the word may come direct from the
figure of something clapped on. Sp.
taque, the clapping of a door ; Fr. taquer,
toquer, to beat, to knock. — ^Jaubert. It.
tach-tach, the sound of beating, hammer-
ing, &c. ; tacco, taccone, a patch, a heel-
tap ; topr)a, a tack cobbled on an old shoe.
— FI.

2. In nautical language a tack is the
rope which draws forward the lower cor-
ner of a square sail, and fastens it to the
windward side of the ship in sailing trans-
versely to the wind, the ship being on
the starboard or larboard tack according
as it presents its right or left side to the
wind. The ship is said to tack when it
turns towards the wind, and changes the
tack on which it is sailing.

Tackle. The harness of a draught
horse, or ropes and furniture of a ship.
Du., Pl.D. takel, the fittings of a ship,
w. taclau, accoutrements, implements ;
taclau y llong, the tackle of a vessel ;
taclu, to dress, deck, fit, furnish ; taclus,
trim, adorned. Perhaps the word may be
explained from It. dial, tacar or tacar
sotto (Cherubini), It. attaccare, to harness
horses and fasten them to the carriage.

Tact-, -tact. — Tangent, -tingent.
Lat. tango, tactum (in comp. -tingo,
-factum), to touch ; tactus, the sense of
touch, a touch ; contingo, to touch one
another, to arrive, to happen ; contiguus,
touching each other, near to. E. tangent,
a touching line.

Tactics. Gr. raicriKn, matters perti-
nent to military movements, from raaaia,
Iraia, to array.

Tadpole. The young of the frog in
its first stage after leaving the egg, a
creature consisting apparently of a globu-
lar head with a tail. Hence it is frequent-
ly designated by the same name with
the miller's thumb, a small fish of similar

TAILOR

conformation. Fr. chabot [Lat. capita,,
big-head], the little fish called a bull-
head or millers thumb ; also the little
water vermine called a. bullhead. — Cot.
Another name for both is titard (Trev.),
while the tadpole is distinguished as
titard de grenouille, G. kulhaupt, kaul-
haupt (Diefenb.), kaulkopf (Sanders),
kullkopf, tadpole, bull-head (Idioticon v,
Kurhessen), from kulle. Boh. kule, kaule,
a bowl or baU. w. penbwl, a blockhead,
a tadpole, itompen, head, and pwl, ob-
tuse, blunt, properly round, globular. Gael.
pollceannach, lump-headed, stupid ; poll-
ceannan, a tadpole. To these latter
forms correspond e. dial, polehead, Sc.
powhead, a tadpole, from poll, a rounded
top, a head ; a mere variation of bullhead.
The creature is also called pollwiggle,
pollywig, from as. wigga, Esthon. waggel,
a worm (s. Earwig) ; the round-headed
worm.

The form tadpole is equivalent to Fr.
titard de grenouille, or to G. kaulpadde,
kaulfrosch, Pl.D. kAlpogg, pAlpogg (Dan-
neil), the element taJ, being the as. tade,
a toad, corresponding to Pl.D. padde,
pogg, a frog, while the fmsXpole is identi-
cal with the w. pwl, Gael, poll, with the
bull in bullhead, and with poll, a round
top.

Tag. Point of a lace. — B. Sw. tagg,
P1.D. takke, G. zacken, a point, tooth,
thorn ; ^ac^^/z, to jag, dent, notch. Formed
on the same principle as dag, jag, jog,
representing in the first instance a sharp
movement abruptly checked, then the
path traced out by such a movement, a
pointed shape. See Zigzag, Tack.

Tail. w. tagell, a dewlap, wattle. G.
dial, zagel, zdl, a tassel. — Deutsch. Mun-
dart. Zagel is also the tuft of hair on a
beast's tail, the tail itself ; zageln, to wag
the tail. ON. tagl, a horse-tail. Sw. tagel,
horse-hair.

The radical idea would seem to be what
dangles to and fro.

-tail. — Entail. — Retail. From Fr.
tailler, to cut, an estate-tail is a partial
estate cut out of the feesimple, so as to
leave a remainder in the hands of another
owner. To entail an estate is to divide
the feesimple among successive owners.

Other compounds of tailler are re-
tainer, to shred, snip, cut very often ; re-
tailles, shreds, clippings ; detailler, to
piecemeal, to cut into pieces. Hence E.
retail, to sell in small portions ; details,
the separate elements of which a matter
is composed.

Tailor. Fr. tailleur d habits, a cutter

-TAIN

of clothes. Tailler, It. tagliare, to cut.
ON. tdlga, telgja, to cut, hew, to form by
cutting. See Tally.

-tain. -tent. -tin-. Lat. teneo, tentum
(in comp. -iineo), to hold ; contineo, to
keep in, keep together, withhold, contain;
abstineo, to hold from, to abstain ; con-
tinentia, keeping in, temperance, contin-
ence ; pertineo, to hold on, to reach to, to
belong to, &c.

Taint. A touch of corruption. Fr.
attaindre (Lat. attingere), to reach or at-
tain to, to touch or hit in reaching, to
overtake in going ; attaint, raught, at-
tained to, touched. — Cot.

To Take. on. tak, grip, hold, grapple
in wrestling ; taka, to seize, take, touch.
Sw. tag, hold, touch ; fatta tag i, to seize
hold of ; sldppa tag, to let loose ; drtag,
the stroke of an oar ; taga, to seize, to
take. Tag hit, give it me. Tagas, to
struggle, to contend. Du. tacken, tangere,
arripere, apprehendere, harpagare, capere,
figere. — Kil.

Radically identical with Lat. tangere,
tactum, to touch ; and with It. attaccare,
Piedm. taM, to fasten, to join one thing
to another. Compare tachessd, to contend,
dispute, quarrel, with N. takast, Sw. tagas,
to wrestle, contend, dispute. Tacm la
rogna da un autr, to take the itch from
another ; taM la rogna a un, to give it
to another. Tachd 'I feu, to take fire, also
to light a fire, to communicate fire. To
attack is to seize hold of one, to commence
the struggle.

Talc. ON. talgusteinn, talgstein, soap-
stone, talc, from being easily cut with a
knife or split into panes ; ON. telgja, to
cut, carve. Herra biskup skal upp Idta
gera brjdstit (the front of the church), ok
i setja tvislongan glygg med talgusteini,
a twolight window paned with talc.

Tale.— To Tell. on. tala, telja, to
speak, say, talk ; tal, speech, number ;
telja t'dlu, to make a speech. Telja is
also to reckon or count. Du. taele,
speech, discourse ; taelen, to speak ;
taelen, tellen, to count. — Kil. G. zahl,
number ; zdklen, to reckon, count ; erzdh-
len, to tell, relate. See Talk.

Talent. Lat. talentwn, Gr. raKavTov,
a certain weight of money. • In the sense
of natural endowment the term is taken
from the Parable of the Ten Talents.

Talisman. Fr., Sp. talisman, Ar.
telsam, a magical image, on which are
mystical characters as charms against
enchantments. Byzantine Gr. Tikvma, in-
cantation.
To Talk. In seeking the origin of talk

TALL

669

two prmciples must be borne in mind :
first, that the words by which this idea is
expressed have commonly signified in the
first instance to talk much or imperfectly,
to chatter, tattle, lisp ; as Gr. \6l\iiv, to
speak, compared with g. lallen, to speak
mdistinctly, to lisp, stammer, babble, or
Gr. ^^aXfiv, to speak, compared with e.
prate. And secondly, that the sense of
tattling or idle talk is often expressed by
forms taken from the splashing or dashing
of water. So we have Swab, schwappeln,
to splash, also to speak quick and con-
fusedly ; and with inversion of the mute
and liquid, Swiss schwalpen, to splash.
Da. dial, svalpe, to tattle, e. dabble, to
paddle in wet, g. dial, dabbeln, to tattle. —

D. M., 3. 373. Now E. daggle, or taggle
(Mrs B.), is to trail in wet and dirt ; be-
daggled, bedabbled, dirtied; daggly, wet,
showery. — Hal. To these correspond
OberD. taggeln, tegeln, tekeln, dekeln, to
dabble, daub ; teglich, teklich, smeary,
dirty (Deutsch. Mundart, 3. 344) ; as well
as It. taccolare, which must originally
have signified to splash or dabble, as
shown by taccato, bedashed, speckled ;
taccola, a bungling, botching piece of
business (compare dabble, to work imper-
fectly, to bungle), also babbling, chatter-
ing, prating. — Fl. Hence taccola, a jack-
daw, a bird eminent for chattering. A
like inversion to that which was shown in
schwappeln and schwalpen, or in sputter
and spurt, squitter and squirt, leads from

E. daggle and G. taggeln, or It. taccolare,
to Bav. dalken, to dabble, also to bungle,
cobble, work unskilfully ; verdalken, to
besmear ; dalk, a dauber, bungler ; dalken,
dolken, dolkezen, to stutter, sputter, speak
imperfectly, to speak (in a contemptuous
sense), or, finally, to talk. — Schm. Talgen,
talken, to dabble, to smear, then to tattle,
or talk foolishly. — Sanders. So also from
It. taccola we pass to Pl.D. taalke, talk, a
daw, a tattling woman. — Brem. Wtb. On
the other hand, we cannot doubt that the
It. form is identical with Bav. dachal,
dahhel, dahel. Swab, dahle, G. dohle,'a.
daw. Thus It. taccolare, to chatter, is
connected with G. dahlen, dallen, to stam-
mer, chatter, tattle, trifle. 'Wer lehrt
dem Psittacum unser wort dallen f ' — ■
Sanders. Silesian tallen, to stammer.
'Die tunge laUt und tallt.' — Deutsch.
Mund. 4. 188. Swiss talen, dalen, to
speak imperfectly, to drawl, on. tala, to
speak or talk.

Tall. Fr. taille, cut, and thence the
size or stature of a creature. A tall man
is a man of good stature.

670

TALLOW

Tallow. G. talg, ON. tolgr, the solid
fat of ruminants. Apparently from being
considered as the means of daubing or
smearing. G. talgen, talken, dalken, to
dabble, daub. ' Sichimkuhdreckfe&i^^«,
betalken; ' to daub oneself with cowdung.
• — Sanders. Swiss talggeti, a soft mass,
as an ill-cooked pudding ; Swab, talket,
talkicht, clammy, doughy, fat ; Bav. ver-
dalken, to bedaub, smear. Swiss dolgg,
talk, a blot of ink ; verdolggen, vertolken,
to bedaub. See Talk.

Tally. From It. tagliare, Fr. iailier,
to cut, is formed Fr. taille, a tally or piece
of wood on which an account was kept
by notches. When complete the wood
was split in two, with corresponding
notches on each piece. Hence to tally,
to correspond exactly.

The root may be preserved in It. tacca,
a notch or tally ; also, as Fr. taille, the
size or stature of a man. Here the syl-
lable tac seems, like E. hack, to represent
the sound of striking with a sharp instru-
ment. It. tach-tach, sound of knocking
at a door. A frequentative form from this
root, analogous to Du. hackelen, to chop,
or E. haggle, might give rise to tagliare,
tailler.

Talon. The claw of a bird of prey,
properly the hind-claw. ' Talant of a
byrde, the hynder clawe, talon, ergot.' —
Palsgr. Lat. talus, the heel.

Tamarind. Arab, tamr hindi, Indian
dates.

Tambour. See Tabor.

Tame. Du. tarn, taem; G. zahm,
tame. on. tamr, accustomed to ; — vid
sund, accustomed to swimming ; — d
bdthar hendr, accustomed to use either
hand ; temja, to accustom to, to tame.
Goth, gatamjan, to tame. Lat. domare,
Gr. Sajidu, to subdue, to tame.

Tammy. Fr. tamis, It. tamigio,
tamiso, Du. teems, terns, a boulter,
strainer, sieve. Fr. estamine, the stuff
tamine, also a strainer. — Cot. It. siamig-
na, a strainer made of goat's hair, from
stame, Lat. stamen, the fixed threads in a
loom, woof, yarn.

To Tamper. To meddle with ; pro-
bably a metaphor from the tempering of
clay. So Sw. kladda, to dabble, to do a
thing in a slight manner, to meddle with-
out fitness or necessity, to tamper. — Wide-
gren. Lang, tapo, clay ; tapio, dab or
daub, tempered clay for wall building.

Tampion. — Tamkin. — Tomkin. Fr.
tampon, a bung or stopper ; Lang, tampa,
to shut, stop ; fenestra tampado, a shut
window ; se tampa las aourelios, to stop

TANK

one's ears ; tampes, shutters ; tampo, a
tank or reservoir. A nasalised form of
Lang, tapa, Fr. tapper (Cot.), to stop.
See Tap. The same corruption as that
of tamkin from tampion is seen va pump-
kin iroxD. pompion.

Tan. — Tawny. Fr. tan, bark of young
oak for tanning ; taner, to tan or dress
leather with oak bark ; tand, tanned, also
swart, dusky, tawny of hew, as things
which have been tanned. — Cot. Bret.
tann, oak; aval tann, an oak-apple or
oak-gall ; G. tanne, a fir-tree, the bark of
which is also applicable to tanning.

Tandem. A mode of driving from the
carriage seat two horses one before the
other. From a joking abuse of Lat. tan-
dem, at length.

Tangf. I. A rank taste. — B. A meta-
phor from a ringing sound. Twang and
tang are both used for a loud ringing
sound and a strong taste.

There is a pretty affectation in the Almain
which gives their speech a different tan^ from
ours. — Holden in Todd. His voice was some-
thing different from outs, having a little twang
like that of street music. — Search. He then
owned that he had received heavenly gifts in
earthen vessels, and though the liquor was not at
all impaired thereby in substance or virtue, it
might get some twang of the vessel. — Search in R.

To tang bees is to ring a beU or make
a noise with a piece of metal on a shovel
or the like at the swarming of bees. — Mrs
Baker. Fr. tan-tan, a cattle-bell. Sp.
tangir, tafler, to play on a musical instru-
ment ; taftido, tune, sound, clink. Maori
tangi, cry, sound. Arabic, tantanat,
sound, re-echoing of musical instruments,
murmuring of water ; tanin, noise, sound,
echo.

2. The part of a knife that runs up into
tjie handle ; the tongue of a buckle, on.
tangi, a narrow tongue of land ; the tang
of a knife or a sword. Gael, teanga,
tongue.

Tangent. — Tangible. See Tact.

Tangled. Tangled, or in the E. of
England twangled, is twisted together in
a confused intricate mass. Now twang-
ling signifies in the first instance a disso-
nant jingling sound like unskilful playing
on a stringed instrument, and thence in a
secondary sense the term is apphed to a
confused involved texture. So from
brangle, representing a continuous jarring
sound, to embrangle, to perplex or en-
tangle. Rumble and grumble represent a
broken muttering sound, rumple and
crumple a broken uneven state of surface.

Tank. Ptg. tanque, a pond, reservoir,
basin of water, a receptacle of water

TANKARD

pounded or stopped up, from Prov. tancar,
to stop, to shut. Tancar la boca, to shut
the mouth, Langued. tanca, to stop ;
tanco, the bar of a door. Ptg. tanchar, to
stick into ; tancMto, a stake, a stanchion,
Sp. taco, a stopper or plug. Cat. taco, a.
ramrod, a mace at billiards.

The ideas of sticking into, stopping,
shutting, are also expressed by the parallel
root tap, tamp J as in Castrais tapa, to
stop, to stuff or satisfy; tapofam, a damp-
er, a stop-hunger, a piece of meat given
at the beginning of a feast ; tap, a stop-
per ; tampa, tanca, to stop, shut, cease ;
tampadou, tancadou, a stopper ; tanco, a
stake ; Langued. tampa, to stop or shut ;
fenestra tampado, a shut window ; tampos,
shutters ; tampadou, tancadou, a bolt or
bar ; tampo, estampo, 2l. tank or reservoir.
See Stanch, Dam.

Tankard. Tr.ianquard,'DM.tanckaer<l,
N. tankar, a can with a spout ; dankar, a
jug, jar. Commonly supposed to be a
corruption of Lat. caniharus.

Tansy. Fr. tanasie, Sp. atanasia, from
Gr aSavaaia, imimortaUty.

Tantalise. Fr. tantaliser, from the
proper name Tantalus,

Tantamount. Lat tantus, so much,
and amount.

Tap. I. A form analogous to rap or
pat, signifying a light blow. Fr. taper du
pied, to rap with the foot Boh em. tepati,
to strike with a hammer, a stick, &c. ;
Russ. topat', to stamp with the feet.

2. Then as on. siappa, E. stamp, are
specially applied to striking endways, as
with a pestle, the root tap or top takes
the sense of striking endways, thrusting
into. We speak of the woodpecker tap-
ping with his beak, whence apparently
Boh. top, the beak of a bird ; toparka, the
stamper of a churn ; Sp. topar, to but or
strike with the head, run against. Hence
may be explained P1.D. tappe, G. zap/,
Du. tap, a plug thrust in to stop a hole.
With the addition of an initial s we have
Du. stappen, to step, to set down the foot,
and stoppen, to thrust into, to stuff or stop.
Sp. tapar, to stop up, choke, cover ; tapar
la boca, to stop one's mouth ; tapon, a
plug, bung, cork. Lap. tappet, to shut.

Tape. AS. tcsppe, properly the tip or
corner of a garment, then the tape or tie
which is fastened to it. A like transfer-
ence of sense is seen in the sheet of a sail,
which signifying in the first instance the
comer of a sail, is transferred to the rope
fastened to the corner, by which the sail
is managed.
Taper. — To Taper, as. taper, tapor.

TARE

671

a waxhght The question arises whether
It is so called because of the tapering
form ; or whether to taper is to assume
the form of a taper or dip-candle. If the
former is the case, a satisfactory origin
inay be found in a tap or plug for stop-
ping a hole, which is smaller at the fore-
most end. A tap root is a root of taper-
ing form. G. zapfen is applied to different
objects of tapering form, as the uvula, an
icicle, a fircone ; and the resemblance be-
tween an icicle and a dip-candle is strik-
ing enough.

Tapestry. Fr. tapisserie, tapestry ;
tapis, Prov. tapit, Sp. tapeto, Lat tapete,
hangings for covering walls. Sp. tapar,
to stop up, conceal, mantle, cover.

Tar. AS. teor, tyrwa, ON. tjara, G.
theer, Gael, tearr. Fin. terw'a, tar. The
root seems to be preserved in Swiss targ-
gen, toorggen, daarggeln, dohrggeln, tir-
gen, dirggen, dirggelen, to dabble, daub,
work in dough, handle uncleanlily, bun-
gle ; E. dial, teer, to daub with clay, to
plaster ; teerwall, a clay- wall.

To Tar. To set on, to provoke, OFr.
atarier, atarjer. Si Deus te atarried vers
me : si Dominus incitat te adversum me.
— Livre des Rois. Ilment pur nus at-
tarier e escharnir : he comes to provoke
and to scorn us. — Ibid. They have ter-
rid thee to ire. — Wiclif, Psalms. Du.
tergen, G. zergen, P1.D. targen, tarren,
tirtarren, to irritate, provoke. Da. tirre,
to tease.

The origin seems to be an imitation of
the sound of a dog snarling, used for the
purpose of setting the animal on to fight.
Sc. tirr, to snarl ; quarrelsome, crabbed.
Swab, zerren, to be in ill humour. So w.
hyr, the gnar or snarl of a dog, a word
used by one who puts a dog forward to
fight, a pushing or egging on ; hys, a
snarl, also used in setting on a dog ; hysio,
to cause to snarl, to set on.

Taradiddle. An idle story, a falsehood.
Formed in the same way as fiddlededee !
G. larifari ! Langued. tatata! of Fr.
tarare ! interjections mocking what is
said and expressing disbelief. See Tattle.
Tardy. Fr. tardif. It. tardivo, tarda,
Lat. tardus j slow.

* Tare. It. tara, Fr. tare, Sp. tara or
merma signify the deduction to be rr^de
from the gross weight of the merchan-
dise on account of the package in wliich it
is contained. Of the two Sp. synonyms,
merma is the participle past, merml or
mermd, of the Arab ramd, to reject ; and
in like manner tara is the Arab, tar ha, or,
with the article, at-tarha, the substantive

672

TARGET

of the verb taraha, to reject, deduct, re-
trench.—Dozy.

Target. Fr. targe, targue. It. targa,
targetta, Sp. darga, adarga, ohg. targa,
G. tartsche, Gael, targaid, a shield. Com-
monly referred to Lat. tergtis, hide, skin,
thence a shield, as being made of hide.
Septem taurorum tergora, a shield of
seven bull-hides.

Walach. targa, however, signifies cer-
tain things made of wicker, as a. wicker
chimney, a wicker bed, and the old Celtic
shield was made of wicker.

Tariff. A book of rates for duties to
be laid upon merchandises. — B. Turk.
td'rif, an explaining, describing ; Arab.
td'rtf, explanation, notification; "arif,
knowledge. ^

Tarn. on. tjbrn, a little lake, morass.

To Tarnish. It. femire, Fr. ternir,
to make dim ; terne, dull, lustreless. OHG.
tarnjan, to conceal, cover ; tarnkappe,
the coat of darkness which made the
wearer invisible. AS. deorn, OE. dern, hid-
den, secret ; dyrnan, to secrete, conceal.

Tarpawlin. Properly tar-palling, a
tarred pall or covering for goods.

To Tarry. Fr. tarder, formerly also
larger, Grisons targittar, Prov. tardar,
tarzar, to delay, tarry, from Lat. tardare.

Tart. I. AS. teart, teartlic, sharp,
biting, pungent. Du. taertig, subacidus,
acerbus, immitis. — Kil. Perhaps from
Du. tarten, to provoke, defy, as Swiss
riiss, sharp, cutting, astringent, from Bav.
rassen, G. reizen, to provoke, incite.

2. It seems that there was no origina\
difference between Fr. tourte, tourteau, a
cake, a loaf of brown bread, and tarte, a
pie or pudding, a flat portion of soft
materials which consolidates in baking.'
It. torta, a kind of pastry-work, like a
rice-pudding baked ; tortello, a little pud-
ding— Altieri ; tartera, tarlerella, tarta-
relle, any tartlet or little tart.— Fl. ' Et
aliqui loco turlarum et zoncarum dant in
principio prandii turtas, quas appellant
tartas, factas de ovibus [ovis] et caseo et
lacte et zucchero.' — De moribus Placen-
tise, A.D. 1388, in Mur. Diss. 24.

The word has often been explained as
if it signified a twist of pastry, from Lat.
tortus, twisted ; but, as Scheler remarks,
Yx.^tarte signifies something flat and
squat. It is taken as the type of a
squashy consistency in the expression
of tarte Bourbonnaise, a mire or slough. —
Cot.

The fundamental meaning seems to be
a mass of something soft and wet, which
when thrown down spreads out and lies

TASSEL

flat and broad. Venet. torta cotia al sole,
Wall, tourte cuite au soleil, a cowdung.
Swiss datsch, dotsch, a blow with the flat
hand; ddtschen, to fall with a noise.
Then from the noise of a soft thing falling,
datsch or dotsch is a cake, a lump of some-
thing soft, something unseemly broad, ill-
baked bread, doughy pastry ; datschig,
dotschig, doughy, soft, broad and flat,
dumpy; Swab, daatsch, a dumpling,
doughy pastry, unrisen pastry; datschen,,
to work in pastry; Bav. datschen, dots-
chen, to press down something soft ;
datsch, dotsch, mash of apples, potatoes,
&c., pudding, dumpling. Kuedatsch, a
cowdung. The addition of an r in the
imitative syllable gives Bav. trdtschen,
trdtscheln, to dabble in the wet ; tart-
schen, tortschen,io dabble, splash, bedaub;
tartsch, mash (brei) of any kind, mess. —
Deutsch, Mundart, 4. 444 ; tdrtsch, ill-
cooked food. — Ibid. 3. 9. Grisons trus-
cher, turschar, to stir up, mix, knead j
turschimm, dabbling. Fr. torchis, a mix-
ture of clay and cut straw for daubing
walls ; torcher, to wipe, properly to daub-
or smear.

Tartan. A word not known in Gaelic,
and probably taken from Fr. tiretaine,
Du. tireteyn, Milanese tarlantanna, lin-
sey-woolsey. In later times the word
has come over again in the shape of tar-
latan, a kind of clear muslin.

Tartar. Lat. tartarum, the hard de-
posit in wine-casks.

Task. Fr. tasche, Rouchi tasque, a
definite amount of work set one to do ;
formerly used in the sense of tax, or a
definite sum appointed one to pay. Du.
tackse, taescke, a task; tackswerck, task-
work.— Kil. Lat. taxare, to estimate, to
tax. W. tasg, tax, tribute, also task ;
gweithio ar dasg, to work by the job ;
tasga, to tax, rate, assess.

Task that a prince gadereth. taulx. — Palsgr.
In this first year he lost Normandy and Angeoy;
and every ploughland tasked at 3J. to get it
again. — Grey Friars' Chron. i Hen. viii.

Tassel. — Tercel. It. terzolo, Fr. tier-
celet, a male hawk, said to be a third less
than the female.

Tassel. A hanging tuft of silk or the
like for ornament. Entirely distinct from
It. tassello, Fr. tasseau, Lat. taxillus, a
die or small cube. The relationship of
E. tassel is with G. zote, zotte, zottel, a
lock of shaggy hair, tuft, fringe, tassel. —
Sanders. Goldne zottlein auf dem hut.
Mit halbstiefeln und zotteln daran : Hes-
sian boots with tassels. Die sogenannte
zatteln, eine zerschneidung der rander in

TASTE

lange zacken oder lappen. ohg. zata,
zota, juba, villus, fimbria. — Graff. Swiss
zattig, zattelt, shaggy, ragged. Henne-
berg zassel, a fringe of mud hanging to
the skirts of a garment, agrees exactly with
the E. word. Bav. zasel, zassel, a catkin
or male tassel-like flowers of the hasel,
&c., hanging wavering in the wind. We
may compare also Bav. doschen, with the
dim. doschl, anything bushy, a nosegay, a
tassel ; Da. dusk, a tuft or tassel. See
Tussock, Tatter.

Taste. It. tastare, Fr. taster, tAter, to
handle, to feel or examine by the sense of
touch ; afterwards applied to examining
by the sense of taste. G. tasten, to feel or
grope.

The primary sense is probably to strike
with the hand, aftenvards softened down
to the idea of handling, o.fliegentaschen,
a fly-flap ; maultasche, a slap on the
chops. Swab, datsch, a blow ; ddtscheln,
to pat or stroke ; G. tdtscheln, to stroke ;
tatsche, a clumsy hand; tatze, paw of
beast ; Bav. tascheln, to plash with rain ;
taschen, tascheln, tdtscheln, to strike with
a clashing sound, to handle, to feel.

Tatter. Clothes hanging in rags. — B.
ON. t'oturr, a rag, tatter. Hlifir han-
gandi tbtr : there is shelter in a hanging
tatter. The radical image is the flutter-
ing of the torn fragment. Bav. tattern,
to tremble, shiver; tatterman, a scare-
crow, a figure dressed in rags that flutter
in the wind. So E. d^\^S.. jotider, to chat-
ter with cold ; jouds, rags . ' Connected
forms are seen in G. z'otte, zottei, a hang-
ing lock, tassel ; zottelig, shaggy ; zottet,
zotlet, shaggy, tattered. — Schmeller.
Swiss zattig, zattelt, shaggy, ragged ;
zattli, a tattered person, ohg. zotarjan,
MHG. zotteren, to hang in locks. Chaucer
uses tatterwags, as Henneberg zassel, for
a fringe of dirt hanging to the skirts of a
garment.

— with graie clothis nat full clene

But frettid full of tatarwags. — R.R. 7210.
The meaning of which is apparent from
the original —

Qui ont ces larges robes grises
Toutes freteUes de crotes. — 1. 12663.
Banff tatterwallop, to hang or flutter in
rags.

To Tattle. A continuance of broken
sound without sense is represented by
the syllables ta ta ta, which are used in-
terjectionally in Languedoc, as tar are !
in French, or tdterletat! in P1.D., to ex-
press contempt or disbelief of what is
said. In the latter dialect tateln is to
gabble like a goose, to talk much and

TAW

673

quick; eene oolde tdtel, an old tattler.
Taatgoos, tatelgoos, a goose in children's
language, a tattling woman ; titeltateln,
to tattle continuously. It. tattamelare,
Pl.D. taotern (Danneil), to prattle. Du.
tate?en, to stammer, to sound as a trum-
pet.

Tattoo. The imprinting of permanent
characters on the living body, a name
brought from the South Sea Islands.
Tahiti tatau, sign, writing ; Maori ta, to
cut, to print, to tattoo.

Tattoo. The beat of the drum is re-
presented by various combinations of the
syllables rap, tap, tat, or the like. E.
rubadub, dubadubj Fr. rataplan, rantan-
plan, Piedm. tantan, tarapatapan, tara-
patan, Sp. taparapdtan, tapatdn. It. tap-
patd (Vocab. Milan.), from the last of
which we pass to Du. taptoe, the imme-
diate parent of our tattoo. It is easy to
see that the final toe of taptoe is nothing
but the accented tdn or td of the Sp. and
It. forms.

To Taunt. From Fr. tancer, tanser,
to chide, rebuke, check, taunt (Cot.), as
"E. jaunt from Yx.jancer. In tancer, ten-
cer, two words seem to be confounded,
one from IL tenzone, tenza, OFr. tanqon,
tance, contention, dispute, quarrel ; and
the other probably from It. tacca, taccia,
•Fr. toihe, and with the nasal, tanche, a
spot, stain, blemish, reproach. 'Ausi
pOrte Jesu Christ son sergant parmi
I'ordure du monde et parmi les pechids,
qu'il ne comprent tenche de mortel pe-
chi^.' — St Graal, c. 31. 308.

From the latter of these forms may be
explained Fr. tancer, Picard teincher, to
chide (Roquef.), as It. tacciare, to tax,
charge, or accuse, to blame (Altieri),
from taccia, a blot. But if we may rely
on the forms cited by Florio, another
derivation equally plausible may be found
in It. tansa, an assessment, a taxing, a
taxing with a fault ; tansare, to assess
for any payment, to tax, to chide, rebuke.
Tautology. Gr. ravToKoyia ; Tavrb
ravTov, the same thing.

Tavern. Lat. taberna, properly, ac-
cording to Cic. (from tabula), a boarded
hut, a shop, warehouse, tavern.

To Taw. AS. tawian, P1.D. tauen, to
taw or dress leather ; Du. touwen, mace-
rare, emollire, depsere, coria perficere, pa-
rare, agitare, subigere. — Kil. To taw
leather is properly to dress it soft. ' I
tawe a thynge that is styfife, to make it
soft, je souple. It is styffe yet, but tawe
it a little.'— Palsgr. Sc. taw, to work
43

674

TAWDRY

mortar, to knead. From Pl.D. iaa, tage,
taw, Du. taey, G. zdhe, tough.

Tawdry. Vulgarly showy. Com-
monly explained from the cheap finery
sold at Saint Awdry's fair. But there
is much that is hypothetical in this ex-
planation. If such a fair was really held
in the Isle of Ely it does not appear how
its wares got such celebrity. The term is
applied in the earlier instances to a kind
of lace or necklace. ' The primrose
chaplet, tawdry lace and ring.' — Faithful
Shepherd.

Not the smallest beck
But with white pebbles makes her tawdries for
her neck. — Polyolbion.

Now in the legend of St Ethelred she is
said to have died of a swelling in her
throat, which she considered as a judg-
ment for having been vain of her neck-
laces in her youth. She said when dying,
' memini cum adhuc juvencula essem
coUum meum monilibus et auro ad vanam
ostentationem onerari solitum. Quare
plurimum debeo divinffi providentis quod
mea superbia tarn levi pceni defungatur.'
Hence the author explains the name of
tawdry for a necklace. ' Solent Anglias
nostrae mulieres torquem quendam ex
tenui et subtili serica confectum coUo
gestare quam Ethelredse torquem appel-
lamus, forsan in ejus quod diximus memo-
riam.' — Harpsfield, Hist. Eccles. Ang. in
Nares.

Tawny. See Tan.

Tax. Fr. taxe, Lat. taxare, to value,
assess.

To Teach, as. tcscan, to instruct,
direct. Goih.. gateihan, to announce, make
known ; G. zeigen, to show ; Sanscr.
dich, show ; ddich, teach ; Lat. docere, to
teach ; dicare, to appoint ; indicare, to
declare, proclaim, appoint ; index, what
points out ; Gr. Stixwiii, I point out, show,
teach.

Team. — To Teem. A team of horses
is properly a string of horses drawing a
plough or waggon. ON. taumr, a rein,
bridle, rope, '^.ti.toom, a rein, and thence
a line of progeny, a race ; avertooin, the
ascending, neddertoom, the descending
line ; as. team, anything following in a
row, race, progeny; tyman, to beget, pro-
pagate, teem.

The same metaphor is seen in ON.
tjodr, Pl.D. tider, Du. ttidder, a tether, a
rope for tying cattle ; A.s. tuddor, off-
spring, progeny ; tyddrian, to procreate.

To Tear. Goth, gatairan, to break
up, destroy ; distairan, to tear asunder ;
gataura, rent, separation ; ohg. zcrati,

TED

ferzeran, to destroy ; Du. terren, to tear,
separate, destroy, w. tori, to break ; Bret.
terri, to break, destroy, abrogate, abolish.

Tear. as. tsr, tceher, ohg. zahar,
Goth, tagr, Gr. ianpu, Lat. lacryma, w.
deigr, Gael. deur.

To Tease. — Teasel. — Tose. — Touse.
Du. teesen, to pick, pluck, pull about,
touse ; G. zausen, to pick or tease wool,
to touse or pull about ; Bav. zaisen,
zaiseln, to tease wool, to pluck, pill. ' Wit-
twen und waisen schaben und zaisen' to
shave and pill widows and orphans. Zais-
el, a teasel, a plant of which the head is
used in teasing ox raising the nap of cloth.
Sc. tousle, to rumple, handle roughly, pull
about ; tousie, rough, shaggy, dishevelled.

The radical idea is picking at a lock or
entangled mass. G. zotte, Bav. zottel,
zozen, zozel, a cot or lock of hair j Sw.
totte. Da. tot, a bunch of flax or wool;
Sc. tate, teat, tatte, a flock of wool, flax,
hay, &c., a lock of hair. ON. testa, a bit,
tcEta, to pull to pieces, to tease wool.

To Tease. To annoy for the purpose of
provocation. Probably from the figure of
irritating a dog, setting him on to attack
by hissing or snarling sounds. To tice a
dog is in Pembrokeshire to set him on to
attack another animal. OFr. enticer, to
excite, provoke. Sw. tussa, to set on, to
provoke. See Entice. The Da. tirre,
to tease, corresponds to E. to tar or ter, to
set on. G. reizen is to entice, to provoke,
and also to tease.

Teat. Pl.D. titte, G. zitze, W. teth,
Gael, did, It tetta, cizza, zizza, Fr. teton,
Gr. tit9oc, Pol. eye (tsyts), OHG. deddi,
E. dial, diddy, breast. Goth, daddjan,
ON. totta, to suck.

Technical. Gr. rlx"!/, art.

-tect. — Tegument. Lat. tego, tectum,
to cover, preserve : as in Protect, Detec-
tion.

To Ted. To turn or spread abroad new-
mown grass. — B. Swiss zetten, zetteln,
to separate in small parts, especially ap-
plied to the spreading out haycocks with
the fork. Zettelkraut, sourcrout, cabbage
cut into small bits. Bav. zetten, to strew.
' Sieh, wie zettest du, en ut defluit juscu-
lum, decidunt nuces.' ' Sie zatten pulver : '
they scattered powder. Har zetteln, to
spread out flax to dry. — Schm.

Probably from the rattling sound of
things falling in a scattered way. Swiss
zdttem, to sound like a heavy shower of
rain. Ich hore das wasser zdttem. Zat-
tern, zotterii, ziittern, to let a little fall at
a time, to sprinkle. Pl.D. toddeln,to fall
in small quantities as corn from a hole in

TEDIOUS

a sack. — Danneil. Hesse, zisseln, to
scatter.

Tedious. Lat. tadium, weariness ;
tadere, to weary, to irk.

To Teem. i. To bring forth plenteous-
ly. See Team.

2. To pour out, to unload a cart. — Hal.
Sc. toom, tume, empty, void. ON. iomr,
empty, unoccupied ; Sw. toma. Da.
tSmme, to exhaust, empty. GaeL taom,
empty, pour out, bale a boat ; taomaire,
a pump. Jr. taomaim, to draw water.
Rom. Swiss touma, tema, to pour.

Teen. Sorrow, trouble, mischief ; to
teen, to excite or provoke. — B. AS. teona,
reproach, injury, wrong ; teonatt, tynan,
to incense, irritate, provoke. OFr. attayne,
ataine, anger, hatred, vexation, dispute.
Flem. tanen, tenen, irritare. — Kil.

The commencement of anger and dis-
cord is frequently expressed by the tigure
of kindling or lighting up, as when we
speak of wrath being kindled, or a person
being incensed, from incendere, to light
up. To teend or teen a candle is still pro-
vincially used in the sense of lighting a
candle. Fris. tdnde, tdne, tine, to kindle.
— Outzen. AS. teadan, Da. tcznde, to
kindle.

Teetotum. — Totum. Rom. Swiss to-
ton.

Teine. A teine of silver, an ingot of
silver. — Chaucer. OHG. zain, a rod, reed,
arrow, also a bar or ingot of metal, on.
teinn, a thin bar, a spit Da. teen, a
slender rod, spindle. N. tein, a thin stick,
shoot of a tree.

Tele-. Gr. r^Xt, at a distance.

To TelL See Tale.

Temerity. Lat. temeritas; temere,
rashly.

Temper. — Temperate. Lat tempera,
to mix, to bring to a proper condition,
to moderate, govern, refrain. Tempera-
mentum, temperatura, mixture in due
proportions, condition of a thing with
respect to the proportion of conflicting
qualities ; Jemperies, mixture in due pro-
portions, a good moderation or wear.

Tempest. Lat tempus, time ; tem-
pestas, time, season, weather good or
bad, a storm or tempest

Temple, i. Lat. templum, originally
an open space with a view all round, and*
as such adapted for observing auguries ;
a place consecrated for that purpose by
the augurs, a building for the worship of
the gods.

2. Lat. tempus, pi. tempora. It. tempia,
Fr. tempe, the temples of the head or flat
spaces behind the eyes.

TENDRIL

67s

Temporal.- — Temporise. Lat. tempus,
temporis, time.

To Tempt. — Attempt. Fr. tenter, Lat
tentare, OFr. tenter, temter, tempter, to try .
The signification of the word may be ex-
plained from the figure of shaking at a
thing in order to ascertain whether it is firm.
The syllables representing sounds of differ-
ent kinds are often applied to signify move-
ments of corresponding character. Thus
from ding-dong, representing the sound
of large bells, we have to dangle, to swing
to and fro. It. dondon represents the
sound of bells, and thence is formed do7i-
dolare, to swing, toss to and fro, dandle.
The sound of a smaller bell is represented
by tintin, whence Lat tintinnire, to ring,
tingle. The same elements are applied
to movement in It. tentennare, to shake,
jog, stir. Tentennare all' uscio, to knock
at a door. Tentennio, jogging, shaking ;
tentennlo, the tempter, the devil. The
contraction which must be supposed in
order to produce tentare from tentennare
is precisely that which is found in Fr. tin-
ier, to tingle, from Lat. tintinnire.

Ten. Goth, taihun, taihund, OHG. ze-
hun, zehan, o. zehti, Lat decern, Sanscr.
dasan, Gr. ZkKa.

Tenable. — Tenacious. ^ — Tenant. —
Tenement. — Tenure. Lat. teneo, ten-
turn, Fr. tenir, to hold ; tenant, holding,
whence a tenant, one holding land under
another. Lat. tenax, Fr. tenace, that holds
fast, &c.

Tench.. Lat. tinea.

To Tend. — Tender, -tend, -tension.
Lat tendo, iensum, to stretch out, to
spread, to reach, to bend his course ; at-
tendo, to direct the mind to, to attend,
and thence E. tend, to wait upon ; extendo,
to stretch out from ; distendo, to stretch
apart, &c.

A tender is a stretching out or offering
of something.

Tender. Fr. tendre, Lat. tener.

Tendon. It. tendone, tendine, the
sinew which fastens the muscles to the
bones like a string to the bow ; tendere,
to stretch.

Tendril. The tender shoot of a plant,
now confined to the twisting claws of
climbing plants, probably from having
been chiefly applied to the shoots of the
vine. It. tenerume and Fr. tendron signify
the tender shoot of a plant, as well as
cartilage or gristle considered as the
young or tender state of bone. Tene-
rella, a young girl. — Altieri. Tenerina,
a tendrel or tender sprig of plants. — Tor-
riano.

43 *

676

TENNIS

Tennis. A game in which a ball is
driven to and fro with rackets. To tennis
is used by Spencer in the sense of driving
to and fro. ' These four garrisons issuing
forth upon the enemy will so drive him
from one side to another and tennis him
amongst them.' — State of Ireland. It is
true that the word here used may be
taken from the game of tennis, but it is
possible, on the other hand, that it may
show the origin from whence the name
of the game is taken. Now tennis in the
foregoing sense might well arise from Fr.
tamiser, Du. temsen, to boult or searce,
an operation affording a lively image of
an object driven to and fro from one side
to the other. A similar change of m be-
fore J into n is seen in E. tense, from Fr.
temps.

Tenon. Fr. tenon, It. tenone, a pro-
jection made to fit into a mortise ; the
leathern holdfasts of a target. That by
which something holds, from tenir, to
hold.

Tense. OFr. tens (Fr. temps), Lat.
tempus, time.

-tent. In content, retentive, &c.
See -tain.

Tent. I. Lat. tentorium, Fr. tente, a
tent. Fr. tenture, a stretching, extending,
displaying ; tenture d'une chambre, the
hangings of a chamber. It. tenda, a tent
or any cloth to hang before a window or
shop to keep off the sun. Tendere, Fr.
tendre, to stretch, display, spread.

2. It. tenta, a surgeon's probe or search-
ing needle, from tentare, to try, to search
a sore, as probe, from probare, to try or
prove.

Tenter. Fr. tendoires, frames used by
clothiers for stretching cloth. ' Quand
les dtoffes ont passd le moulin on les dtale
sur ces tendoires pour les faire sdcher.' —
Beronie in v. Tendas. Tentar, for cloth,
tend, tende. — Palsgr. Lang. tentA, to
spread out cloth as a shelter against the
sun ; tento, an awning. Fr. tendre, to
stretch ; tenture, a stretching, spreading,
extending, displaying — Cot. w. deintur,
a tenter, is borrowed.

Tenuity, -tenuate. Lat. tenuis, thin ;
attenuo, extenuo, to make thin, to lessen.
See Thin.

Tepid. Lat. tepidus ; tepeo, to be
warm.

Tergiversation. Lat. tergiversari ;
tergus, the back, versare, to turn.

Term. — Terminate. — Terminus. Lat.
terminus, a bound, landmark, limit, end ;
Gr. rspjia, -ar"C, a goal, bound, end.

Termagant, A ranting, bold woman.

TESTAMENT

From Termagant or Tervagant, one of
the supposed deities of the Mahometans,
represented in our old plays as z, person-
age of a most violent character. ' Gron-
nyng upon her lyke Termagauntes in a
play.'— Bale in Todd.

So help me, Mahoun of might,
And Termagant, my God so bright.

Guy of Warwick in N.

It. TermegistOi Tremegisto, the child of
thunder and of the earthquake, by met. a
great quarrellous boaster. — Fl.

Ternary. Lat. ter, thrice ; ternus,
three and three together.

Terrace. It. terrazza, terracia,coa.rss
earth, rubble, rubbish ; an open walk, flat
roof — Fl.

Terrestrial. — Territory. Lat. terra,
the earth.

Terrier, i. A small dog used to hunt
badgers, foxes, or rabbits in their holes.
Fr. terrier, the hole, burrow, or earth of
a cony or fox. — Cot.

2. Fr. terrier, papier terrier, the court-
roll or catalogue of all the names of a
Lord's tenants, and the rents they pay and
the services they owe him ; from terre,
land.

Terrine. — Tureen. Fr. terrine, an
earthen vessel, with us confined to the
vessel that holds soup.

Terror. — Terrible. Lat. terreo, to
frighten. Sw. darra, to shiver, to tremble.

Terse. Lat. tergeo, tersum, to wipe ;
tersus, wiped, clean, neat.

Tertiary. Lat. tertius, the third.

Tesselated. Lat. tessera, a square
piece of anything, a die to play with ;
tessella, a small square tile, to be used in
mosaic work.

Test. — Testaceous. ' Test is a broad
instrument made of maribone ashes
hooped about with iron, in which refiners
do fine, refine, and part gold and silver
from other metals, or (as we used to say)
put them in the test or trial.' — Blount,
Glossographia, 1679. The te^m is then
metaphorically applied to any operation
by which the quality of a thing is tried.

From Lat. testa, shell, earthen vessel,
potsherd, was taken It. testo, an earthen
pitcher, a goldsmith's cruze or melting-
'pot, the test of any silver or gold. — Fl.
Fr. test, let, shell, potsherd, test.

Lat. testaceus, made of brick or tile,
having a shell.

Testament. — Testify, -test. Lat.
testis, a witness ; tester, to bear or call to
witness, to make his will. Protestor, to
declare against a thing. Contestor, to

TESTER

come to an issue ; contestatio, the trial of
a cause by hearing both sides, a contest.

Tester. It. tesiiera, the testern or
headpiece of anything, crown of a hat,
head of a cask, &c. It. testa, Fr. tHe, the
head, are from Lat. testa, an earthen pot,
a shell, analogous to G. kopf, from ohg.
kopf, a cup. — Diez. The dim. testula
gives It. teschio, the scull.

Tether, on. tjoSra, to tether. Fris.
tudder, Pl.D. tider, tier, a tether. Gael.
iaod, a halter, hair-rope, reins ; teadhair
(tyaoer), to tether. Manx tead, teid, a
rope.

Tetra-. Gr. prefix r'tTfia, for Thrapa,
four.

Tetter. A humour accompanied with
redness and itching. — B. The word
tetter was used in the sense of itching.
It. pizzicare, to itch and smart, to tetter j
pizza, a kind of itching scurf, tetter, or
ringworm. — Fl. It was shown under Itch
that the name of the affection was taken
from the tremulous or twitching move-
ments to which it leads ; and in the same
way tetter must be connected with ON.
titra,Suffol]i titter,Ba.v. tattern, G. zittern,
to tremble; whence zittermahl, zitter, a<.
tetter or ringworm ; zitteraal, an electri-
cal eel.

Text. — Texture, -text. Lat. texo,
textum, to weave ; textum, textus, a weav-
ing or web, a composition, the subject of
a discourse. Prcetexo (to weave in front),
to border, cover, encompass, and met. to
colour, cloak, excuse, pretend ; prcetext-
um, a border, a pretence, pretext.

Thane, as. thegen, thegn, a minister,
disciple, attendant, a soldier, servant of
the king, nobleman ; ON. thegn, a brave
man, freeman, man, warrior ; thegnskapr,
bravery, generosity, honour ; ohg. degan,
a male, a soldier, disciple ; edildegan,
nobleman ; heridegan, a waiTior ; swert-
degan, a guardsman ; deganheit, \iX2M^ry,
valour.

The word may perhaps be accounted
for from the sword being taken as the
emblem of the male sex as the distaff
of the female. OFlem. sweerdmaghe,
sweerdside, relations on the male side;
spillemaghe, spindel-maghe, relations on
the female side. Fris. ' Ende sint hia
hka-sib dia sweerdsida ende dia spindel-
sida ;' the male and female side are in
the same degree of consanguinity. In
this way from G. degen, a sword, the word
might come to signify a male child, young
man, warrior.

Thank. — Think. Goth, thagkjan,
thankjan, G. denken, to think ; Goth.

THEME

677

thugkjan, G. diinken, to seem or appear,
to present itself in thought. Gr. Iok&, tSo^e,
it seems, seems good; Soicii,tdoHa ftot, I seem
to myself, I think ; Sokti, a vision. Lith.
dingti, to seem ; man ding, methinks, it
seems to me. Kas dingsta taw, what is
your opinion ? Dingoti, to think j dings-
tis, opinion.

AS. thane, thought, will, favour, thanks.
Heora agues thances, of their own will.
Thurh uncres hearran thane, through the
will or favour of our lord. Thanks are a
recognition of good will, an expression on
our part of the feeling which an intended
kindness should produce. Bav. dank,
will, voluntary act ; meines dankes, of my
own accord ; dankes, willingly.

ON. thekkja, to observe, to recognise ;
thekkjask, to seem good ; thakka, to
thank ; thokka, to take notice of, to think,
be of opinion, thokkask, to be agreeable
to ; thokki, disposition towards, good
will ; thykkja, thdtta, ihdi,to seem, to think.
Da. tykkes, to think, to be of opinion ;
tykke, opinion, judgment, will, pleasure;
tcekkes, to please ; tcsnke, to think ; takke,
to thank.

Thatch. AS. thac, these, a roof, thatch ;
theccan,to cover, conceal ; sceometheecan,
to cover his nakedness ; thece, cover ;
thecen, a roof. Da. tag, roof; takke, to
roof, to thatch. G. dach, a roof; decken,
to cover. Lat. tegere, Gr. ari-^tiv, to cover ;
tectum, rrriyri, a roof.

Thaw. AS. thawan, Du. dooden, ont-
dooden (Kil.), dooijen, E. dial, to dove, ON.
thida, theya, Da. toe, to liquefy, to thaw ;
ON. thd, unfrozen earth ; theyr, thaw, mild
weather ; OHG. dawjan, G. dauen, ver-
dauen, to digest or dissolve in the stomach.
The radical sense is to become soft, to
rnelt. Gael, tais, moist, soft ; taisich,
moisten, soften, melt ; Bret, teuzi, to
melt, to disappear ; Corn, tedha, to melt,
dissolve, thaw ; w. tawdd, melting,
dripping ; toddi, to melt. Lat. tabesco, to
dissolve, consume, waste away ; tabes,
mouldering away, corruption, consump-
tion.

Radically distinct from ON. dogg. Da.
dug, Du. daauw, dew, although the two
forms are confounded in G. thauen, to
dissolve, to thaw, to fall in dew, and in
Pl.D. dauen, to fall in dew, to thaw, to
digest in the stomach.

Theatre. Gr. Slorpov, from eedo/iat, to
behold.

Theft. See Thief.

Theist. — Theo-. Gr. eeo'e, God.

Theme.— Thesis. Gr. TiBtifii, to place,
put, and thence Bc/m, what is laid down,

678

THEOREM

a proposition, subject of discussion ; Bime,
a setting, placing, affirmation.

Theorem. — Theory. From Gr. Beapne,
a spectator, springs Gnupiu, to look at, to
contemplate, speculate on, whence Giwpta,
a viewing, contemplation, theory ; dtuprma,
a speculation of the mind.

Thews, in the sense of manners, quali-
ties (as. theawas), is nearly obsolete, and
can hardly be the same word with thews
in the sense of muscles, brawn. Thew in
the latter sense seems identical with thigh,
the fleshy part of the leg. ON. ^A/o, but-
tocks, thick part of the thigh, especially
in cattle and horses; thjd-leggr, thigh-
bone. AS. theoh, Du. diede, diege, die,
thigh.

Thick. ON. thyckr, thjukr, close press-
ed, tight, thick ; G. dick, thick, frequent ;
Gael, tiugh, thick, close set, frequent.

The radical idea seems to be' close set,
compact, solid, then broad in comparison
to length, and should be derived from a
verb signifying stick, or thrust into, as
compact, from Lat. pangere, to stick into.
So also Gr. irayyt, thick, and irriyog, firm,
solid, seem connected with Trfiywiii, to
drive or stick into, to stiffen, condense ;
and Esthonian pciks, thick, with paki-ma,
to stuff, to cram. The origin of thick
maybe preserved in Fin. tukkia, to thrust
into, to stop ; tukko, tuket, a stopper ;
Esthon. tiikkima, tiikma, to stuff, to cram,
and thence tiikkis, a stopper ; Magy.
dtigni, to stick into, to stop ; Sc. dook, a
peg. The Du. dik, ODu. dijck (K.), thick,
would thus be connected with dijck, a dike,
a dam, a pond, as Bret, stank, close press-
ed, thick, with stank, a pond.

Thief. — Theft. Goth, thittvs, on.
thjdfr, G. dieb, thief.

Thigh. AS. theoh, Du. diede, dije,
dieghe, thigh, on. thj6. See Thews.

Thill. AS. thil, a stake, boarding,
planking, the pole or shafts of a carriage ;
ON. thil, thili, a pannelling, boarding.

Thimble. A protection for the thumb.

Thin. ON. thunn?', Du. dun, Q.dunti;
Lat, tenuis, w. teneu, tenau, Gael. tana.

Thine. Goth, thu, gen. theina, thou ;
theins, thine.

Thing. ON., AS. thing, G. din^. The
primitive meaning seems to be discourse,
then solemn discussion, judicial con-
sideration, council, court of justice, law-
suit, cause, sake, matter, or subject of
discourse. ' Zelit thir iz Lucas uuaz iro
thing thar tho uuas :' Lucas tells you
what their discourse then was. — Otfried.
AS. For minum thingum, on my account,

THORP

for my sake. On thisum ihingum, in
this state.

The analogy of the foregoing train of
thought would lead us to suppose that
Fr. causer, to prattle, talk idly, wrangle,
strive together in words (Cot.), G. kosen,
to talk, chatter together, indicate the
origin of Lat. causa, subject, matter,
question, anything that is spoken about
or controverted, a suit at law, a cause,
which in It. cosa and Fr. chose acquires
exactly the sense of E. thing. A like
connection may be traced between G.
sache, a discussion, matter of discussion,
suit at law, affair, thing, ursache, cause,
and sagen, to say ; or between the cor-
responding AS. saca, dispute, suit at law,
E. sake, cause, and secgan, to speak, say.
A like train of thought is found in Maori
mea, to speak, say, do, think, also a thing.

To Think. Thought is considered in
primitive languages as internal speech, as
in Maori ki, speech, thought, to speak,
to think ; mea, to speak, think, do ; also
a thing. See Thing, Thank.

Third. AS. thridda, Goth, ihridja,
Du. derde, ON. thridi, G. dritte, Lat. ter-
tias, Gr. rpiVof, &c. See Three.

To Thirl. AS. thyrel, a. hole ; thirlian,
to pierce a hole through. G. thUr, a
door ; Bav. tier, turlein, tirl, a door, hole,
opening. Das hosentiirlein, the slit in
the trowsers. Tiirlin au der nasen, the
nostril. — Schm. The Lat. forare, to
pierce, seems connected in like manner
viSXh fores, doors.

Goth, thairh, through ; thairko, a hole.
MHG. diirhel, diirkel, perforated ; a hole.

Thirst. Goth, thaursus, dry ; ga-
thairsan, to become dry ; thaursjan, to
thirst ; thaurseith mik, I am thirsty, I
am dry ; thaurstei, thirst. ON. thurr, G.
diirr, dry ; therra, thurka, to dry ;
thyrstr, thirsty. Gr. npaw, to dry up, to
parch. Lat. terreo, to parch or dry up,
to roast.

Thistle. ON. thistill, G. distel.

Thong. AS. thwang, thwong, on.
thvengr, a strap. Related to whang, a
slice or strap, as thwack and whack,
thwittle and whittle, thwart and whart.
Under this guidance we are led to sup-
pose that the original meaning is a separ-
ate portion, a slice. See Whang.

Thorn. Goth, thaurnus, ON. thorn,
G. dorn, Pol. ciern. Boh. tm, w. draen.
Probably from the root preserved in Lith.
duri~u, durti, to prick, stick.

Thorp. — Throp. A village. G. dorf,
s. s. N. torp, a small farm ; a troop of
cattle. ON. thorp, a bank or eminence, a

THOUGHT

group of houses, a collection of three
people.

The origin seems preserved in Gael.
tarp, a clod, a lump. Perhaps Lat. tarda,
a crowd, may be the same word. See
Troop.

Thought. See Think.

Thousand. Goth, thusundi, ohg.
zenstunt, Lith. tukstaiitis, Lett. tuksiSts.

Thowl. Du. dolle, an oar-pin ; ON.
thollr, a fir-tree, poet, tree in general ;
rothrar-thollr, an oar-pin. N. toll, tall,
fir-tree ; toll, a pin, peg, oar-pin ; Da.
toll, a stopper, an oar-pin.

Thrall. ON. thrall, Gael, trdill,^ a
slave.

Thrapple. — Thropple. AS. throt-
bolla, the throat-pipe.

To Thrash. — Thresh. ON. thriskja,
thryskva. Da. tcsrske, Sw. troska, G.
dreschen, Du. droschen, doschen, Goth.
thriskan, to thresh. Imitative of the
sound. G. draiischen, to sound as heavy
rain ; Bav. dreschen, to tramp ; durch's
koth dreschen, to tramp through the mud ;
gedrasch, mud, sludge. It. trescare, OFr.
trescher, to dance ; Sp. triscar, to make
a noise with the feet, to stamp, to frisk ;
Milan, trescd, to thresh, especially to
tread out rice and millet under horses'
feet. Bohem. treskati, triskati, to knock,
strike, crack, crash, chatter ; Pol. trzask,
crack, crash, clap.

Thrave. A bundle, a certain number
of sheaves of corn set up together. Da.
trave, a score of sheaves ; Sw. trafwe, a
pile of wood.

The proper meaning seems a handful.
AS. threaf, manipulus. on. thrifa, to
gripe, to seize.

■ Thread. Du. draed, thread ; G. draht,
drath, thread, wire, straw-band. From.
drehen, Du. draayen, to turn, twist.

Threat. AS. threan, threagan, threa-
•wian, to reprove, reprehend, correct,
chastise, punish, afflict, vex, torment;
threaung, reproof, threats ; threat, re-
proof, threat, punishment ; threatan,
threatian, to compel (Mat. v. 41), to cor-
rect, to threaten. Mid thsere bisne men
. threatian, to warn men by the example.
That hio hine threatige to thon thaet he
bet do, that she should reprove him to
the end that he should do better. Threat-
ende, violent. — Mat. xi. 12.

ON. thruga, to press, compel, force;
N. truga, trua, to force, to drive by
threats or fear ; to threaten ; Sw. truga,
trufwa, to force, to drive by threats or
fear ; trug, constraint, threats ; Da. true,
G. droken, Du. dreigen, drowmen, droten

THRIVE

679

(Kil), Pl.D. drowen, droen, Fris. truwa,
druwa, to threaten. Goth, threihan, to
press, crowd, straiten.

Three. Sanscr. tri, Lith. trys, Lat.
tres.

Threshold, as. therscwald, thresc-
wald, therscold, therscol, OE. threswold,
ON, threskfdlldr, thrbskulldr, Sw. troskel.
Da. tcerskel, OG. driscuvili, truscheufel,
Bav. drischaiifel, Swiss drischiibel. Not
to be confounded with G. thiirschwelle, E.
doorsilly which are composed of different
elements.

The latter element iii threshold is as.
weald, wold, wood ; OSw. wal, ol, bar,
staff. In the story of Genesis and Exodus
we have roi&K/i?/^ synonymous with rode-
tre in Hampole, the roodiree or cross ;
and archewald, the ark, corresponding to
earcebord'wL Csedmon.

Noe sj^g ut of the archewolde.—\. 614.

With regard to the first element of the
word it must be observed that AS. thers-
col, therscel, is a flail as well as threshold,
and in Dorset drashel is still used in
both senses. Now the notions of tread-
ing and threshing are closely connected
together, and indeed the primitive mode
of threshing was to tread out the corn
under the feet of oxen. Milan trescd, to
thresh, especially to tread out rice and
millet under horses' feet ; It. trescare, to
dance, Sp. triscar, to stamp, to frisk.

Threshold, then, is the bar on which
we tread on entering the house, as Lane.
threshel, Dorset drashel, a flail, is a staff
for threshing. In Sweden the two ele-
ments of the flail are drapwalox slagwal,
the bar that strikes the corn, and hand-
wal, handol, the handstaff or handle.

Thrift. Well doing, then economy,
sparingness. See Thrive.

To Thrill. Two words seem con-
founded.

1. To thrill or thirl, to pierce. See
Thirl.

2. To tingle, shiver, to feel a sharp
tingling sensation.

A sudden horror chill
Ran through each nerve and thrilled in every
vein. — ^Addison.

It. trillare, to shake ; Fr. dridriller, to
tingle, as mule-bells. See Trill.

To Thrive. — Thrift. ON. thrifa, to
seize, snatch, lay hold of ; thrifask, pro-
perly to take to oneself, then as Da. f rives,
to thrive, prosper, attain well-being, grow,
flourish ; thrifnaSr, well-being, advan-
tage, gain; thrifill, a careful,_ diligent
man ; thrtf, good luck, well-being, dili-
gence, good bodily condition. N. trivci.

68o

THROAT

to snatch ; trive ti, to seize hold of ; tri-
■vast, to thrive, to be satisfied with his
circumstances. Comp. G. eunehmen, to
increase, improve. Der mensch nimmt
zu, the man grows fat. Das zunehmen,
increase, growth, thriving. — KUttn. Da.
tiltage, to assume, to increase.

Throat. — Throttle, as. throte, throt-
bolla, Du. strot, It. strozza, strozzolo,
the throat ; OHG. droza, drozza, fauces,
frumen, G. drossel, drostel, the throat,
gullet, Bav. dross, the throat, the soft
flesh under the chin.

To Throb. To beat in strong pulsations,
a notion which the word seems adapted
to express in virtue of the abrupt effort
with which it is pronounced. We are
unable to show any very closely related
forms, but may cite G. trab, representing
the jolting trot of a horse, or the measured
tramp of troops. Pol. drabowaj, to trot.
Sw. trubb (in trubbnos, snubnose, trubbig,
stumpy) must once have signified a jog, a
projection, to be compared with Du.
strobbehn, to stumble, to dash the foot
against an obstacle. A lighter kind of
action is expressed by the root trep in
Lat. trepido, to tremble ; Russ. trepetaty,
trepetatsya, to tremble, palpitate, beat.

Throne. . Gr. epovos, Lat. thronus.

To Throw.— Throe. The primitive
meaning of the word is to turn or whirl,
and thence to cast or hurl. It will be ob-
served that the Lat. torquere has the same
two senses, and it is probably a true
equivalent of the E. word. Sc. thraw, to
wreathe, to twist.

' Thraw the wand while it is green.'

The E. throw is still technically used
in the sense of twist or turn when we
speak of throwing silk ; and in pottery
the man who works the clay upon the
wheel is called the thrower. Jhrowyn
or turne vessel of a tre, torno. — Pr. Pm.
To throw is still used in the sense of
turning wood in the North. A throw, a
turner's lathe. — Hal. G. drehen, Du.
draien, to twist, or turn. W. troi, to turn ;
Bret, trii, to twist, to turn ; trb, a turn,
an occasion ; tro-d-trS, turn about, in
turns, successively, w. tro, a turn, a time.

The analogy of these latter forms shows
that AS. thrag, thrah, OE. throw, Sc. thraw,
a space of time, an occasion, are to be
explained in the sense of a turn, and not
from Goth, thragjan, to run, as supposed
by Jamieson. By throws, in turns.

By throwes eche of them it hadde.— ;-Govver.
The Sc. thraw is used in the sense of
wrench or sprain, wrest, distort, oppose,

THRUST

resist, use violence with. Hence, on the
one hand, we pass to the idea of pang or
agony in the dead throws or agonies of
death, the throes of childbirth. The word
torture, by which we express the highest
degree of pain, at bottom means simply
twisting.

On the other hand, the figure of twist-
ing or wresting, taken as the type of
violent exertion, leads to on. thrd, ob-
stinacy, continuance, opposition ; N. traa,
obstinate, enduring, close, opposing, cross,
harsh, bitter of taste ; NE. thro, eager,
earnest, sharp, bold.

Thoghe the knyght were kene and thro.
The outlawys wanne the chylde hym fro.

MS. in Hal.
A like train of thought may be observed
in Du. wringen, to wring or twist, and
wrang, sharp, harsh, sour, hard.

Throng . as. thrang, a press or crowd ;
thringan, G. dringen, to press ; ON.
thryngva (thryng, thrunginn), to press ;
thrdngr. Da. trang, narrow, compressed,
close, pressing, difficult. Corresponding
forms without the nasal are found in ON.
thruga. Da. trykke, G. dritcken, AS. thric-
can, to press ; ON. uthrugadr, voluntarily,
uncompelled. Goth, threihan, to press,
to afflict.

AS. thriccan survives in E. dial, thrutch,
to press, thrust ; thrutchings, the last-
pressed whey in the making of cheese.

Throstle. — Thrush, o. drossel, dros-
tel. Da. trost, Pol. Russ. drozd, Lat. turdus.

Through. Goth, thairh, ohg. durh,
G. durch, AS. thurh, thuruh, through ; W.
trw, trwy, trwydd, through, by, by means
of ; traws, transverse direction, adverse,
cross ; Gael, thar, over, across ; ia?-suinn,
transverse, across ; Lat. trans, across,
over, on the other side.

Thrum. An end of thread. G. trumm,
a short, thick piece, an end of candle,
rope's end, end of a thread, of a piece of
stuff. The ends of the thread of the warp
cut off by the weaver are called trumm,
in Switzerland triem. Triimmer, in pi.,
fragments. Von ort bis an das drum,
from beginning to end. The primitive
form of the word is probably shown in
Sw. trubb, stump, preserved in trubbndsa,
trubbnos, a snubnose ; trubbig, stumpy,
blunt. See Throb.

To Thrum. To play badly on an in-
strument, on. thruma, to make a noise,
to thunder. See Strum.

To Thrust, on. thrysta, to press,
thrust. Goth, trudan, to tread, to tread
grapes in a press. Lat. trudere, trusum,
to thrust. Russ. trud\ pains, effort,

THUD
labour ; potrudit', to put work upon one,
to incommode. , „ , ,

Thud. The sound of a dull blow, a
violent impulse. Lat. tundo, tutudi, to
beat, to pound.

Thumb. OHG. dumo, tkumo, G. dau-
men, ON. thumall.

Thum.p. Imitative of the sound of a
blow. It. thombo, thumbo, a thump. — Fl.
Champ, tombey a hammer, tombir, to re-
sound. Da. dump, Bolognese tonf, sound
of a heavy fall, or the fall itself, w. twm-
pian, to thump, stamp, strike upon, fall.
Fr. tomber, to fall. Let. dumpis, noise,
uproar.

Thunder. G. donner, Lat. tonitru, Fr.
tonmrre; Lat. tonare, to thunder. ON.
duna, dynja, to bellow, roar, rush ; dunr,
dynr, Da. dunder, dundren, rumbling
sound, roar, din. Tordenens, kanonernes
dundren, the roar of thunder or cannon.
To dun was used in OE. in the sense of
making a hollow noise.

Now wendeth this oste in wardes ten
Ful wel araied with noblemen ;
The dust arose, the centre had wonder,
The erthe doned like the thonder.

Syr Generides, 1. 3774.

Dunnyn in sownde, bundo. — Pr. Pm.
Lith. dundeti, Sanscr. tan, to sound. The
redupUcate form of It. tontonare, to
thunder, to make a confused noise, to
grumble (Fl.), shows the imitative nature
of the word, and the same may be said
of Yolof denadeno, thunder, and Yoruba
dondoH, a drum. Wolof danou, thunder.
In the face of forms like these it is a
wanton preference of the abstruse to de-
rive the word from the Sanscr. root tan,
which from signifying stretch, is supposed
to express ' that tension of the air which
gives rise to sound.' It is impossible
that so incongruous a notion as the
stretching of the air could ever have
occurred to an unscientific mind. The
tone or pitch of a musical sound is a
totally different notion, which, depend-
ing as it does on the tension of the
sounding chord, is naturally expressed by
the root in question. The imitative sylla-
ble is sti'engthened by the introduction of
an r in It. tronare, to thunder ; Da. driin,
din, peal, rumbling noise ; G. dronen, to
drone.

Thursday, on. Tkorsdagr,\h.e day of
Thor, who in the northern mythology
filled the place of Jove, the thunderer
(Du. dondergod), in classic mythology.
Hence, in Mid.Lat. it is called dies Jovis,
AS. thunres dag, G. donnerstag.

Thwack. ■ Thwick-thwack represents

TICKET

68 i

the sound of blows. Whack is an ana-
logous form. So we have thwite and
thwittle as well as whittle, to hack with a
knife ; twirl, synonymous with whirl;
twi?ik with wink J- G. zwerch, and quer,
across ; zwehle and quehle, a towel.

Thwart, on. thvera, to slant ; thwerr,
AS. thweorh, OHG. dwerah, G. zwerch,
cross, wry ; Du. dwaers, dweers, oblique,
transverse ; dweerwind, the whirlwind.
ON. tun thvert, across, athwart. From
the same root signifying turn or twist,
which produces Du. dwarlen, to whirl,
and E. twirl, as. thwiril, a churnstafif or
whirl for stirring milk. It i& seen without
the initial dental in Fr. virer, to turn, in
E. whirl and Lat. vertere.

To Thwite. See Whittle.

Thyme. Gr. 8ii;«os or Qiiiov.

Tiara. Gr. napa, a royal head-dress
in the East..

Tick. Fr. tique, G. zecke, the parasite
on dogs, &c.

Tick.— Ticking. Du. tijk, G. zieche,
Bohem. cycha, a tick or covering of a bed.
Champ, tiquette, a pillow-case. Grisons
teigia, taja, taschia, a tick, sheath, case.
Fr. taie d'oreiller, a pillow-case.

Probably from G. Ziehen, to draw ; what
is drawn over. Weisse ziechen iiberziehen,
to put clean ticks on a bed. On the same
principle the tick is also called Uberzug in
G., and omtreksel in Du., bovatrekken, to
draw.

To Tick. Parmesan tac-tac, Brescian
tech-tech, toch-toch. If. ticche-iccche, repre-
sent the sound of knocking. Bolognese
tectac, a cracker.- Tick, with the thin
vowel, represents a lighter sound, and is
then applied in a secondary sense to a
slight touch. ' Such ticking, such toying,
such smiling, such winking, &c.' — Hal.
Du. tikken, to pat, touch ; Pl.D. ticken,
anticken, to touch gently, as with the tips
of the fingers. — Danneil. To tick a thing
off is to mark an item with the touch of
the pen. Hence to take a thing on tick is
to have it jotted down or marked on the
score instead of paying. So V\X) . klitzen,
to jot down in writing ; upp den klitz
halen, to take upon tick. When this im-
port of the term was not understood, a
false etymology led precisionists to speak
of taking upon ticket.

Ticket. A mark stuck on the outside
of anything to give notice of something
concerning it. Fr. Mquet, a little note,
breviate, or ticket, especially such a one as
is stuck up on the gate of a court ; eti-
quette, a ticket fastened within a lawyer's
bag, &c. — Cot. Rouchi estiquette, a point-

682

TICKLE

ed stick, and ludicrously a sword (a peg —
Roquefort), from estiquer, to stick into.

To Tickle. Provincially tittle, Lat.
titillare, Sc. kittle, Du. kittelen, G. kitzeln,
Fr. chatouiller, Wal. catt, kikt, Gael.
ciogail, diogail, Magyar csiklani, csikolni,
to tickle ; csikos, ticklish. The explana-
tion of the expression may be found in
Pl.D. ticken (Danneil), to tick, or touch
lightly, to twitch or cause to twitch. A
tickling is a light touch that causes one
to twitch. See Itch.

Esthon. kiddisema, to crackle, swarm,
creep, to tickle ; kuttistama, kSdditema,
to tickle ; Fin. kutittaa, to tickle, to itch ;
kutinen, ticklish ; kutina, tickling, creep-
ing ; kutia, kutita, to be tickled, to itch ;
kutkua, to feel tickling, to itch, to waver,
as boggy soil ; kutkuttaa, to dangle, to
tickle.

Tide.— Tidings. — Tidy. as. fid, hour,
time ; G. zeit, Sw. tid, time, season, period,
hour, space. Time is the happening of
events, the course of what happens. AS.
tidan, getidan, to betide or happen. R.
G. uses the expression tyde what so by-
tyde, happen what may.

For by my trouth in love I durst have sworn

Thee should never have tidde sa iaS.T a grace.

Chaucer.
The tides are the seasons of the sea, the
regular course of ebb and flow. on.
tidindi, events, tidings, news. Tidy,
seasonable, orderly, appropriate, neat.

If weather be fair and tidy, thy grain

Malta speedier carriage for fear of a rain.

Tusser.

G. zeitig, timely, seasonable, mature.
Wiclif speaks of tidefuland lateful fruits.

Tie. AS. tige, a drawing, efficac)', a tie,
from teon {tugon, togen, getogen), Pl.D.
teen, togen, G. ziehen, to draw ; zug, a
pull ; zUgel, a rein ; AS. tigehom, a horn
for drawing blood, a cupping glass. Tian,
getian, to tie.

Tier. OFr. Here, rank, order. Du.
tudder, tuyer, Pl.D. tider, tier, a tether,
a row of connected things; tuyerett, to
tether cattle, to connect in a row. — Kil.
Pl.D. tidern, tiren, to tie. De ko in'tgras
tiren, to tether a cow to a stake.

Gael, taod, a halter, hair-rope, cable.
Jr. lead, a' rope, cord, string.

Tierce. Fr. tierce, from Lat. tertius,
third.

Tiflf.— Tift.— Tifau. Used in several
senses, all ultimately reducible to that of
a whiff or draught of breath. Tiff, a sup
or draught of drink. — Moor. Hence tiff,
small beer. Tift, a small draught of
liquor, or shprt fit of doing anything;

TILLER

fetching the breath quickly, as after run-
ning, &c. A tiff or fit of anger ; fifty,
ill-natured, petulant. — Brocket. N. tev,
taft, drawing the breath, wind or scent
of a beast ; leva, to pant, breathe hard.

A tiff ox fit of ill-humour must be ex-
plained from snuffing or sniffing the air,
as miff, a pet or ill-humour, from Castrais
miffa, to sniff. Tiffin, now naturalised
among Anglo-Indians, in the sense of
luncheon, is the North-country tiffing
(properly sipping), eating or drinking out
of due season. — Grose.

Tiger. Lat. tigris, Gr. n-^piq.

Tight. Du. dicht, digt, solid, thick,
close, tight. — Hal. on. thettr, Sw. tdt,
staunch, tight, ne. theat, close, stanch,
spoken of barrels when they do not leak.
Thyht, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn, in-
teger ; thytyn', or make thyht, integro,
consolido. — Pr. Pm.

Tile. AS. tigel, G. ziegel, Lat. tegula,
Fr. tuile. From Lat. tegere, to cover.

Till. — Until. G. ziel, ohg. zil, Bohem.
cyl, a bound, limit, end.

Till. A drawer, then a money-box.
Fr. layette, a till or drawer ; also a box
with tills or drawers. — Cot. Possibly
from Du. tillen, to lift, to move.

To TiU.— Toil. The fundamental
signification of AS. tilian and its Germanic
equivalents seems to be to direct one's
efforts to a certain end, thence to endea-
vour, to purpose, to procure or get. G.
ziel, a bound, limit, mark, end ; zielen, to
aim at, to hit ; Bav. zilen, to appoint a
set time or place, to beget children ; G.
kinder, getreide erzielen, to beget children,
to cultivate corn. AS. tilian, to direct
one's efforts to a purpose, to labour, to till
the soil, to get. ' Sume tiliath wifa : '
some seek wives. ' Geornlice ic tylode to
awritanne : ' I earnestly laboured to write.
' He is wyrthe thast thu him tilige : ' ille
est dignus ut tu ei operam des, that he
was worthy for whom he should do this.
— Luc. 7. 4. Bav. zelgen, Du. tuylen,
teulen, teelen, io till the soil; tuyl, agri-
cultura, labor, opera, opus. — Kil. Pl.D.
telen, to beget, to cultivate, till.

Tiller. In Suffolk the handle of a
spade is called a tiller. The ordinary
sense of the word is the handle of the rud-
der, the bar by which it is worked. Per-
haps from Du. tillen, to lift, to meddle
with.

To Tiller. To send up a number of
shoots from a root. Tillers are also the
young trees left to stand when a wood is
felled. AS. tilga, Du. telghe, telgher, a
branch, shoot.— Kil. In Osnabruck telge

TILT

is applied to a young oak.— Brem. Wtb.
Pl.D. telgholt, tellholt, branchwood for
burning or other purposes. Corrfeze
tudel^ a germ, sprout ; tudela, to sprout.

Tilt. ON. tjalld, a tent, a curtain ;
Du. telte, G. zelt, a tent ; Sp. tolda, toldo,
an awning. Lap. telte, a covering for a
sledge ; teltek, a sledge with a tilt ; teltet,
to spread.

To Tilt. I. To joust, to ride at each
other with blunt lances. To come full
tilt against a person is to run against him
with the entire force of the body. AS.
tealtian, tealtrian, Exmoor tilt, to totter,
vacillate. Tealde getrywth, faith wavers.
Tealtiende, nutantes. — Ps. 1 08. 9.

The force of a significant syllable is
often increased by the addition of an /
without change of meaning, as in patter,
palter; tatter, Pl.D. taller, rags ; jot, jolt,
to jog. So from totter is developed toller,
still used in Northampton in the sense of
jog, totter, move heavily and clumsily.
The tottering bustle of a blundering trot. — Clare.
Thence toll, a blow against a beam or the
like.— Mrs Baker.

Ouertok hem, as tyd, tulte hem of sadeles
Tyl uche piynce had his pere put to the grounde.
Morris AlUt. Poems, B. 1213.

— struck or drove them from their saddles.

In another poem, in the same volume,
it is said that Jona was no sooner out-tulde
(pitched overboard) than the tempest
ceased ,

2. To tilt up, to strike up a thing so as
to set it slanting.

Timber. Goth, timrjan, timbrjan, to
build. G. simmer, formerly the stuff or
matter of which anything was made,
especially building materials. Skaffelosa
simber, informis materia. In Henne-
berg zimmer is used for a beam. It was
then used for a building, and finally a
chamber. Du. timm^r, fabrica, contig-
-natio, et materia, et tignum. — Kil.

Timbrel. Sp. tambor, a drum ; tain-
boril, a labour or kind of small drum ;
tamboritillo, a small drum for children ;
timbal, a kettle-drum. Ptg. tambdril,
tambourine, little drum. See Tabour.

Time. Time like tide seems to signify
happening, the course of events. 'ON.
tima. Da. time, to happen, to befall ;
timask, to succeed ; timi, time ; timadagr,
a lucky day ; timalaus, unlucky. Goth.
gatiman, g. ziemen, geziemen, to be fit or
becoming, show a secondary sense ana-
logous to that of <y&.fall, to be suitable to.

It nothingy^//j to thee
To make fair semblant where thou mayst blame.

R. R.

TINDER

683

—it is not allotted to thee; it does not
fall to thy lot.

To have no time for something is a
corruption from loom, leisure.

And, or the tothyr had toyme to tak
His swerd, the king sic swak him gaiff
That he the hede till the harnys claiff.

Bruce iv. 643.

Timid. Lat. timeo, to be afraid.
Tin. ON. tin, G. zinn, Lat. stannum.
-tinct. -tinguish. — Extinguish. —
Distinguish. Lat. stinguo, exstinguo,
extinguo, -tinctum, to put out, to quench ;
distingue, to know apart, to separate by
marks. The foregoing forms are not to
be explained from Lat. tingo, tinguo, to
dip, sprinkle, dye, but from the root, stag,
stig, signifying stick, prick, shown in Gr.
(TTi^w, to prick ; ariKTog, pricked, marked,
spotted ; iiadri'Sw, to distinguish by a
mark, to spot ; and in Lat. stigo, instigo,
to prick or urge on. The nasalised form
of the root is seen in E. sting, in slang, a.
pole, and in stanch, stench, to stop the
flow of liquid, to quench or stop the ac-
tion of fire. Exstinguo then is utterly to
stop, and the radical identity of the verb
with E. stanch is well illustrated by It. re-
stagnar, to stanch or stop the flow of blood,
compared with LaX. restinguere,to quench.
Tincture. — Tinge. — Tint. Lat. tingo,
tinctum, to dip, stain, dye. Fr. taindre,
teinilre,pp\e. telnet, teint,to dye or colour ;
teint, a tint or colour. The E. tinge cor-
responds to Prov. tencha, tinge, colour ;
tenchar. It, linger e.

The radical sense is shown in Gr.
rtyyw, to wet, moisten, bedew, then to dye
or stain. See Dew, Daggle.

Tinder. The idea of glittering or
sparkling is commonly expressed by the
figure of a crackling or tinkling sound.
Thus E. glitter may be compared with
Da. knittre, to rattle, crackle, and E. glis-
ter, glisten, or Da. gnistre, to sparkle,
with knistre, to crackle. On the same
principle, Du. tintelen, primarily to tinkh
or tingle, in a secondary sense is to twin-
kle or sparkle, and thence lintel, tontel, ton-
del, tonder, tinder, the recipient of sparks.
To tinkle a candle was used in North-
ampton, according to Kennet, in the
sense of lighting. Sw. iindra, to sparkle ;
tunderr tinder. ON. tyndra, to sparkle ;
tendra, tandra, to light a fire, a candle ;
tundra, to blaze ; tundr, tinder. N. ten-
dra, tende, to light ; tendring, a setting
fire to, a beginning to shine ; maanetend-
ring, the new moon. G. ziinden, to kin-
dle, set fire to ; zunder, zundel, OFr,
tondres, tinder.

684

TINE

Tine. The point of a fork, of a deer's
horn. ON. tindr, N. tind, the tooth of a
comb, a rake, a harrow, sharp point of a
mountain. ON. tonn, Da. tand, a tooth.
N. tindut, Da. tandet, toothed.

Tingle. — Tinkle. The sound of a
small bell is represented in different
dialects by the 'syllables tin, ting, tink,
tang, twang. Thus Melchiori, Vocab.
Bresc, has tinch-tinch, onomatopoeia for
the sound of bells. Ting-tang, the saint's
bell ; io tang, to sound as a bell ; to
ting, to ring. — Hal. Du. tinghe-tanghen,
tintinare. — Kil. Lat. tinnire, tintinare,
to ring ; tintinnabulum, a bell ; tin-
tinnaculus, tinkling, clinking. Fr. tin-
ier, to ting, ring, tingle ; tinion, the ting
of a bell, the burthen of a song ; tintouin,
a ringing, singing or tinghng in the head,
about the ears ; tintillant, tinging, ting-
ling, resounding. — Cot. Du. tintelen was
formerly used in the sense of tinkle, but
has now the metaphorical senses of
sparkle or tingle, as the fingers with cold.
In the original sense it represents a suc-
cession of brisk impressions upon the
ear ; and is then applied to a succession
of analogous impressions on the eye or
the sense of touch. Hesse zingern, zin-
geln, to tingle with cold.

Tinker. — Tinkler. A mender of pots
and pans, from the clinking sound of his
working. A tinker, or tinkeler. — Baret.
1580. Tynkynge, the sowndyngofraetalls
when they be strycken together, tintin. —
Palsgr. For a like reason a dealer in
hardware is in Fr. quincailler, or in the
N. of France clincailleux. — Hdcart. Cli-
quaille, clinquaille, quinguaille, chinks,
coin; quinquailler, old iron, small iron
ware ; dinquaillerie, a chinking or clink-
) ;g of money, or of many pans and skel-
lets together. — Cot.

So also G. klempern, Pl.D. klimpern,
to tinkle, to make a tinkling noise with
hammers as tinkers and tinmen, to play
ill on a stringed instrument ; Henneberg
klemperer, a tinker. On the Lower Rhine
he is called spdngler, from Lith. spengti,
to ring, to sound.

Tinsel. Cotgrave explains Fr. bro-
catcl as tinsel or thin cloth of gold. From
OFr. estincelles, sparkling, spangles —
Roquef. ; estincelle, a spark, sparkle. It
will be observed that spangle also pro-
perly signifies sparkle. Fr. estincelle is
explained from haX. scintilla,hy inversion
of the c and t. But it may perhaps, on
the principle indicated under Tinder, be
derived from a form corresponding to e.
tinMe, tu<inMc, or Du. tintelen, to tinkle,

TIPPET

then to sparkle. The Lat. scintilla itself
might be explained from a form like Da.
skin^re, to ring, clang, resound.

Tmy. Small. When we wish to ex-
press something very small we make the
voice pipy, and say a little tee-eeny thing,
a teeny-weeny thing, showing that the
force of the expression lies in the narrow
vowel ee, the only. one that can be pro-
nounced when the vocal orifice is con-
tracted to the utmost limit. The sense
of diminution is expressed by the con-
traction of the volume of sound. The
rhyming form teeny-weeny may indicate
a connection with Du. weynigh, G. wenig,
little, small, few.

The Galla has tina, little.

Tip. The change of the broad vowel
a or (7 to the narrow i is often used to in-
dicate diminution of action or of size. So
from knob, a round broad projection, we
pass to nib, a fine and pointed one, and
from ON. toppr, Da. top, top, summit,
also as G. zopf, a tuft of hair, to Du. tip,
tipken, tip, point ; G. zipfel, a tip, corner,
lappet.

The light vowel modifies the sense of
the verb in the same way as that of the
noun. Hence from Bav. toppen, to knock,
to beat as the heart, Sp. topar, to butt or
strike with the head, to run or strike
against, may be explained E. tip, applied
to a light, quick movement ; to tip one a
wink ; to tip or slip a present of money
into tire hand ; to Up up, tip over.

Tippet. Properly, like G. zipfel, the
tip or lappet of a garment. The tip of
the hood was called in Mid. Lat. liripi-
pium, and was greatly lengthened out so
as to admit of being wrapped round the
head or the neck, and thence the name
of tippet was given to a wrapper round
the neck. Du. timp, a tip or corner, also
a wrapper for the neck, fascia collum am-
biens et a frigore cervicem defendens,
vulgo compendium. — Kil. Leripipium,'
zippe, kogel-zipp, kappen-zipffel, timpe
van der kogelen ; temp van een kaproen.
— Dief Supp. ' As the monks had their
cowles, caprons or whodes, and their
botes, so had they then their long typ-
pettes, their prestes cappes.' — Bale in R.
Cum liripipiis ad modum cordarum circa
caput advolutis. — Knyghton in Due.
Liripipiuni sive timpam retro latam du-
plicem et oblongam habens per dorsum
dependentem. — Longa tunica vestitus,
nigro caputio, cum grandi liripipio coUo
indutus. — Due.

It was perhaps this variety in the mode
of wearing the tippet that led to the

TIPPLE

phrase of turning his tippet in the sense
of a total change of conduct.

To Tipple. Bavarian zip/el, zipfeldn,
a tip or corner of anything, is used for a
bit, a small portion. Kein zip/el, not a
bit ; zipfelweis, in small portions ; zip-
feln, zipfelen, to take, give, eat, drink,
&c., in small portions. The cow zipfelt
when she lets her milk go in driblets ;
Hesse verzippeln, to sprinkle, .scatter in
small portions. So w. tic, ticyn, a par-
ticle, a little bit ; ticial, to produce small
particles or drops, to drain the last drops
in milking; Hp, tipyn, a small particle.
E. dial, tip, a draught of liquor. To tip-
ple then would be to drink in small por-
tions, to be continually drinking. Pl.D.
tippl, a dot, spot, fine drop. — Danneil.
N. tippa, to drip ; tipla, to drip slowly,
to sip.

Tipsy. Swab, dapps, tapps, diebes,
dipps, Swiss tips, a fuddling with drink ;
tipseln, to fuddle oneself; betipst, tipsy.
Frogi these forms it would appear that
we cannot explain the word as unsteady,
apt to tip over, as we should be incHned
to do if we had only the E. word.

Tire. Tire of a wheel, the tier or rim
of iron that ties or binds the fellies to-
gether.

* To Tire. i. OE. terwyn or make
wery, lasso, fatigo ; terwyd, lassatus, fati-
gatus. — Pr. Pm. AS. tirian, tirigan, tyr-
wian, to vex, irritate, provolce, oppress.
Hine mid wurdum tirigdon, iUum verbis
irritaverunt. Me tyrath mine eagan, me
irritant mei oculi, lippio. — Elfr. Gr. Hig
Taitirigdon.Wx me provocaverunt. — Deut.
32. 21. Mid ungilde tyrwigende waes,
was vexing with unjust tribute.— Chr.
1 100. Du. tergen. Da. targe, G. zergen,
to irritate ; Da. iirre, to tease, to worry.

The primary sense would seem to be
to provoke,. irritate, harass, whence the
notion of weariness naturally follows. A
person long provoked is at last tii'ed out,
he can bear it no longer. We speak of
being harassed with business, tired, worn
out. See To Tar.

_ 2. To tire, to feed upon (especially of
birds of prey), is a totally different word
from the foregoing.

The foule that hight vultour, that eateth the
stomake of Titius is so fulfylled of his songe that
it nill eaten ne iyren no more. — Chaucer, Boeth.

Sw. tdra, to gnaw, eat, consume ; tara
pa, to prey upon, consume, live upon.
PL.D. teren, G. zehren, to consume ; ohg.
zeran, Goth, tairan, AS. teran, to tear ;
zerjan, to consume. See To Tear.
3. To tire, to dress. See Attire.

TOADEATER

685

Tissue. Fr. tissuj tisser, OFr. tissir
and tistre, Lat. texere, to weave. See
Texture.

Tit.— Tittle. Henneb. tiittele, a little
bit. See Tot,

Tithe. AS. teothe, tenth ; teothian, to
tithe or take a tenth. Fris. tegotha,
tienda, tenth. Tithes are called tiends in
Scotland.

Title. Lat. titulus, an inscription, ex-
planatory mark.

To Titter. Swiss fitzern, kitzern,
Hanneberg kittem, kekkern, to giggle,
titter. Titter, like giggle, represents a
succession of sharp thin sounds, while
tatter, with the broad vowel, expresses a
succession of opener sounds. Bav. tat-
tern, OE. tatter (Pr. Pm.), to chatter, tattle,
gabble. Du. tateren, to make a rattling
sound, to stammer, stutter.

And as the sense is transferred from
sound to movement in Bav. tattern, to
shiver, tremble, so we have provincially to
titter, to see-saw, to tremble, on. titra, G.
zittern, to tremble, shiver. In like man-
ner 'Qa.v. gigken,gigkezen, to make broken
sounds, to stutter or giggle, leads to gig-
keln, to tremble, twitch, quiver, corre-
sponding to E. kickle, fickle, tottering, un-
steady. See To Totter.

To.— Too. Du. toe, G. zu, to. Too
hot, G. zu heiss, is hot in addition to
[what is fitting].

Toad, The name of the toad is gener-
ally taken from the habit of the animal of
puffing itself up with wind. So Gr. ^uo-aw,
to blow, to swell ; ^icraXof, a toad. Fr.
bouffer, to puff, blow, swell up ; Lat. bufo,
a toad. Magy. bufa, a toad, a, man with
swollen cheeks. In like manner Da.
tudse, Ditmarsh tutze, a toad, are from
ON. ttitna, to swell, Somerset tote, to bulge
out. In South Danish trute is to project
the lips, to strut like full pockets, and
trutz, a toad.

Toadeater. Originally the assistant
to a mountebank.
Be the most scorned Jackpudding of the pack,
And turn toad-eater to some foreign quack.
Satire on an ignorant quack, by Thomas Brown.

The same author, in a collection of letters
from dead persons, puts the following
passage into the mouth of Joseph Haines,
a celebrated mountebank and fortune-tell-
er, who died in 1701. 'I intend to build
a stage, and set up my old trade of for-
tune-telling, and as I shall have occasion
for some understrapper to draw teeth for
me or to be my toad-eater on the stage,
&c.'— N. & Q., Febr. 15, 1862.
The word was explained as ' a metaphor

686

TOAST

from a mountebank's boy eating toads in
order to show his master's skill in expel-
ling poison.' — Daniel Simple, by Sarah
Fielding, 1744. But this is doubtless an
imaginary explanation. A more rational
suggestion is that of Mr Keightley's in N.
& Q., that swallowing toads is a version of
Fr. avaler des couleuvres, which signifies
putting up with all sorts of indignities
without showing resentment. Thus a
toad-eater would be a souffredouleur.

Toast. I. Roasted bread. It.tosfare,
to toast or parch. Lat. torrere, tostum,
to roast.

2. A pledge in drinking. The German
cry when topers pledge each other, knock-
ing their glasses together, is stoss an ! of
which it is not improbable that the E.
term is a corruption, as carouse from gar
aus.

Tod. A bush, a bunch of anything
fibrous, as of hay. A tod of wool is 281b.
ON. todda, a flock or ball of wool ; toddi,
a lump of food. G. zote, provincially zode
(Deutsch. Mundart. I. 408), a lock or
flock of wool or hair, a rag or tatter. See
Dud. Da. tot, a bunch of flax, &c. Pl.D.
tadde, tadder, taddel, a rag.

To Toddle. To walk imperfectly like
a child, with alternate impulses. G. zot-
teln. is used in exactly the same sense.
Daher zotieln, or, gezottelt kommen, to
come reeling or staggering along, to be
trotting along. — Kiittn. Zotten, zotteln
(contemptuously), to go. — Schm. Er
zottelt nach so gut er kann. — Sanders.
J3av. zottern, to dangle, indicates the
characteristic feature of the idea. Pl.D.
zaddel, a rag, tatter (dangling or flutter-
ing in the wind). — Danneil. See Tassel,
Totter.

Toe. ON. td,'KS. ta, Du. teen, Pl.D.
taan, toon. The toes seem to be regarded
as the twigs or branches of the foot. on.
teina, a shoot ; teinn, a rod ; Du. iee?t,
an osier, a twig ; AS. tdn, a twig, sprout,
shoot. N. iein, a shoot, rod, stick. The
mistletoe or mistle shrub is in on. mistil-
teinn.

Toft. A place where a messuage once
stood, that is fallen and pulled down. —
B. Da. tomt, site of a building ; toft,
enclosed field close to a farmhouse; torn,
empty. Sw. tomt, place for building, site
of a house, empty space. N. tuft, toft,
tomt, site of a house, place where a house
has stood.

Together. See Gather.

Toil. Du. tuylen, teulen, to till the
ground, to work, labour ; tuyl, agriculture,
work, toil. See Till.

TONE

Toil. — 2. Toilet. The toils in hunt-
ing were nets set up to enclose the game.
Fr. toiles, toils, or a hay to inclose or en-
tangle wild beasts in. — Cot. Toile, cloth,
from Lat. tela, a web.

Toilette was a packing or wrapping
cloth, the cloth that covered a dressing-
table, whence in E. it is applied to the
dressing-table itself.

Toise. Fr. toise, a fathom. From
Lat. tensus. It. teso, stretched. Mid.Lat.
tensa, tesa, extension, width of the stretch-
ed arms, and thence Fr. toise, as moisixoxa.
mensis, poids from pensum. — Scheler.

Token. Goth, taikns, G. zeichen, OSax.
tekan, Bohem. ceych, a mark, a brand.
Lith. czekis, a mark, burnt in or otherwise
imprinted ; czekoti, to mark. Lap. tsekke,
a nick or notch, thence the number ten ;
tsekkestet, to notch ; m.drkeb tsekkeset, to
cut in a mark ; tsekkot, to cut, to desig-
nate, to mark out for or appoint.

Tolerate. — Tolerable. Lat. tolero, to
sustain, endure. Goth, thulan, on. thpla,
AS. tholian, to thole, endure, suffer.

* Toll. Gr. TiKoQ, consummation,
magistracy, government ; that which is
paid for state purposes, tax, duty, toll;
TtKitvr^q, a collector of tolls ; TiKimmv, Lat.
telonium, a toll-house. Hence Mid.Lat.
telon, telonium., tolonium, OFr. tolin, tol-
lin, tollien, tonlien, ON. tollr, G. zoll, E.
toll.

To Toll. Tollyit or mevyn' or.steryii'
to done a dede, incito, provoco, excito. —
Pr. Pm.

With empty hand may no man hawkes tulle :.
1,0 here our silver redy for to spend. — Chaucer.
' Attirer, to draw or bring to, to toll or
lead on, to entice, allure unto.' — Cot.
' The fault of the escape is attributable to
the hoggishness of the man who tolled
the negroes into Dover.' — Americannews-
paper, 1857.

To toll the bells is when they ring
slowly to invite the people into church.

Tomb. Gr. tu/i/3oc, place where a
dead body was burnt, mound of earth
over the ashes, tomb, grave. Mid.Lat
tomba, Fr. tombe, tombeau.

Tome. Fr. tome, Lat. tomus, a volume ;
Gr. rofioe, a cut, a part, a volume, from
Tsfivu), to cut.

Ton.^ — Tun. Lat. tina, a wine-vessel ;
Fr. tine, a tub ; tonne, a barrel.

Tone. — Tonic. Gr. riivui, to stretch,
strain, whence tovoq, a strain, stretching,
the thing stretched, a cord, and (as the
sound of a cord rises in tone in proportion
to the strain) a raising of the voice, a
musical tone, note.

TONGS

Tongs. ON. taung, tSng, Sw. tdng,
Du. tanghe, G. zange, tongs. An imple-
ment consisting of two stangs or rods.
ON. tong (as stong), a rod, bar, stick, the
bar by which the load of a sledge is tight-
ened.— Fritzner.

Tongue. Goth, tuggo, ON. tunga, G.
zunge, Gael, ieanga, OLat. dingua, Lat.
lingua.

Tonsure. Lat. tondeo, ionsutn, to clip,
shear.

Tool. ON. tol. Ihre compares Lat.
telum, a weapon.

To Toot. Du. tuyten, toeten, to sound
a horn, to whisper in the ears ; OE. totte,
to whisper, on. thjota. Da. tude, to
sound, resound as the wind, waves, music.

Tooth. Goth, tunthus, OHG. zand, G.
zahn, Sanscr. dantas, Gr. oSovq, oSovtoq,
Lat. dens, dentis, W. dant.

Top. I. ON. toppr, the top oi»summit,
anything that runs up to a point, a tuft ;
tretoppr, tree-top. Da. topsukker, loaf-
sugar ; topmaal, heaped measure. Pl.D.
topp, Du. top, tsop, summit, top. w. twb,
a round lump.

Words signifying strike or knock are
often applied to the end of a thing, as the
part with which the blow is given ; or to
a projection or part that strikes tfut from
the surrounding surface, then to a bunch
or lump. In this way It. botta, a blow or
stroke, is related to Fr. botte de foin, a
bunch of hay ; and Pl.D. bunsen, to
strike, to E. bunch. To bob is to make
an abrupt movement, to strike ; and bob
is a bunch or lump.

Now topp ! represents the sound of
striking hands or concluding a bargain
(see Tope). It. toppa-toppa! sound of
knocking at a door. — Diz. Parmeggiano,
in v. tac-tac. Sp. topar, to knock or
strike against ; tope, the striking of one
thing against another, butt end of a plank,
top or summit.

2. Du. top, G. topf, kreiseltopf, a spin-
ning top. The radical idea is a rounded
summit, and the name often includes
the notion of something tapering. Sw.
sockertopp, a sugar-loaf; N. topp, tapp, a
cork ; toppa, a bung ; G. zap/en, a bung
or stopple, an icicle, a fircone ; Fr. tou-
pin, toupon, a. stopper for a bottle ; tou-
pil, toupillon, a casting-top ; toupillonet,
a very small top or stopple. — Cot.

To Tope. Properly to pledge one in
drinking, to knock the glasses together
before drinking them off, then to have a
drinking-bout, to drink in excess. Bav.
toppen, Sp. topar, to knock. In Sw. and
P1.D. the exclamation topp !, in Fr. tope!.

TOSS

6S7

represents striking hands on the con-
clusion of a bargain, whence toper, to
accept a proposition, to agree toi And
according to Florio the same exclamation
was used for the acceptance of a pledge
in drinking, where the knocking of glasses
stands instead of the striking of hands
at a bargain. * Topa ! a word among
dicers, as much as to say, I hold it, done,
throw ! also by good fellows when they
are drinking ; I'll pledge you.'

The foregoing explanation would make
the E. tope the exact equivalent of Fr.
choquer, choquailler, to quaff, carouse,
tipple — Cot., choquer les verres, to knock
glasses.

Topic. — Topogfraphy. Gr. roTrog, a
place, a topic, a common - place in
Rhetoric ; roiriKos, concerning place, con-
cerning TOTToi or common-places.

Topsyturvy. From topside (other
way. It is written topst'-to'eriuay in
Searches' ' Light of Nature.'

Torclx. It. torcia, torchia, Fr. torche,
a torch, also the wreathed clout, wisp, or
wad of straw laid by wenches between
their heads and the things they carry on
them. — Cot. From It. torcere, to twist,
because the torch was made of a twisted
wreath of tow or the like.

Torment. — Torture. Lat. torqueo,
tortum, to twist, wrench, racki

Torpedo. — Torpid. — Torpor. Lat.
torpeo, to be benumbed, to be dull and
drowsy.

Torrent. — Torrid. Lat. torreo, to
roast, scorch, dry up with heat. Hence
torrens, a stream that runs only in the
winter and dries up in summer.

-tort. — Torsion. Lat. torqueo, torsi,
tortutn, to twist, wrench. As in \Distort,
Contortion, &c. Retort, a close chemical
vessel with the mouth bent downwards.

* Tortoise. It. tartaruga, Sp. tortuga,
Fr. tortue, Prov. tortesa. From Lat.
tortus, twisted.

Be not like the crane or the tortu ; for they are
like the crane and the turtu that tumithe her
hede and fases bacward, and lokithe ouer the
shuldre. — Knight of Latour, c. xi.

* To Toss. The radical image is pro-
bably shown in N. tossa, to strew, to scat-
ter. To toss hay is to spread it in small
portions, to throw it here and there. Hesse
zisseln, to spread hay, either with the
hand or with rakes. See To Ted. Aus-
zisseln, to shake the crums from a table-
cloth. Bav. zosselweis, in scattered por-
tions. Banff toosht, an untidy bundle of
rags, straw, &c. ; to toosht, to dash hither
and thither. Fallersleben tost, tassel, tuft

688

TOT

of hair. E. dial, tisty-tosty, a bunch of
cowslips tied up and used to toss to and
fro for amusement. — Jennings. See
Tassel, Tatter.

Tot.— Tit. The syllables tat, tot, tit,
are used in the formation of words signi-
fying broken sound, as in Du. tateren,
toteren, to sound like a trumpet, to stam-
mer, G. tottern, todern, to totter in speak-
ing, to tattle, or twattle with stuttering
(Ludwig.), Bav. tattern, to chatter, OE.
tateryn, jangelyn, chateryn, jaberyn (Pr.
Pm.), E. dial, tutter, to stutter ; titter, to
giggle. The radical element by itself
signifies a slight sound in N. tot, a mur-
mur ; It. ni totto ni motto, not a syllable.
Sc. tutmute, a. low muttering ; Banff teet,
the smallest sound, smallest word, ' Nae
ae teet cam cot o's hehd.' Then, as in so
many other cases, the syllables represent-
ing sound are transferred to the sense of
bodily action and bodily substance. Hence
Bav. tattern, to tremble ; Du. touteren, to
palpitate, tremble, see-saw ; E. totter, to
move unsteadily ; titter, to tremble, to see-
saw (Hal.) ; ON. titra, to shiver; Lat. tititlo,
E. dial, tittle, to tickle, to excite by slight
touches ; Hampsh. tat, to touch lightly.
To tot about, to move with short steps, as
a child attempting to walk, or a feeble
old person. — Mrs Baker. Totty, un-
steady, dizzy, reeling. To tot a thing
down in the margin is to mark it with a
slight touch of the pen, as from Jot, to jog,
we speak ai jotting a thing down on paper.
And as yo^ is transferred from the sense
of a short abrupt movement to that of a
small quantity, so tot is applied to any-
thing small. A child is called a pretty
little tot. In Lancash. it signifies a tuft
or brush. Da. tot, Sc. tait, a flock of
wool, flax, &c. Fr. tatin, a small portion ;
It. tozzo, a lump or bit. E. dial, totty,
small.

, The change of the vowel from n or o to
i marks diminution, in tittle, the mark of
a touch, or the least portion of anything ;
tit, anything small of its kind, a little
horse, a little girl, a little bird. A titlark
is a small kind of lark ; titmouse (Du.
mossche, a sparrow, G. meise, a small bird),
or tomtit, a very small bird ; titfaggots,
small short faggots. ON. tita, a small
bird.'an object small of its kind. e. dial.
titty-totty, titty, diminutive, tiny. — Hal.
On the same principle It. zito, zita, a boy,
a girl, and E. chit, must be explained from
It. zitto, Fr. chut, properly a slight sound,
thence used with ellipse of the negative
in the sense of hush ! Non fare zitto, not
to utter a sound ; chuchoter, to mutter.

TOUT

Total. Lat. totus, whole, entire.

To Totter. Toteroh' or waveroU',
vacillo. — Pr. Pm. Titter-totter, a play
for childre, balenchoeres. — Palsgr. Os-
cillum (a swing), a totoure. — Med.Gr. in
Pr. Pm. Tatter or totter represent in the
first instance broken sound, then broken
movement, doing anything by broken im-
pulses, stammering or stuttering, totter-
ing or moving in a vacillating way, mov-
ing to and fro. G. tatterata ! represents
the sound of the trumpet. — Sanders in v.
Tusch. Du. tateren, horribili sonitu tara-
tantara dicere instar tubae ; titubare,
balbutire, imperfect^ loqui ; maculare,
inepte aliquid facere. — Kil. IJanff tooter,
to tattle, babble, walk with a weak falter-
ing step, work in a weak trifling manner.
Du. touteren, to oscillate, to swing. E.
dial, tutter, to stutter.

Touch. Fr. toucher, OFr. toqjier, to
knock, hit, touch. — Roquef. It. ticche-
tocche represents the sound of knocking
at a door ; Prov. toe, blow ; Sp. iocar, to
knock at a door, to ring bells, to play on
a musical instrument, to reach with the
hand, to touch. It. tocco, a knock, stroke,
hit, stroke of a clodk ; toccare, to hit, join
close to, to touch.

Tough. AS. toh, Du. taai, G. zdhe,
what stands pulling, from AS. teon (ptcple
togeti), Pl.D. teen, togen, G. Ziehen, to pull,
to draw. Boh. tahati, to draw ; tahowity
tough.

Totir. Fr. tour, a turn.

Tournam-ent. A combat in an en-
closed space, from It. tomeare, attorneare,
to surround. ' Fece attorneare soa huoste
con buone catene de fierro con pali di
fierro moito spessi ficcati in terra. Quesso
attorniamento fu fatto alia rotonna a
modo di un fierro da cavallo.' — Fragm.
Hist. Rom. in Muratori, vol. iii., speaking
of the preparations for the battle of Crecy.

To Touse. — Touzle. g. zausen, PL.D.
tuseln, to puU or hale about, to tug, tear
by snatches, pull by the hair, to touse
wool ; sich zausen, to tustle, fight. To
touse wool is to pull the flocks to pieces
and lay them together again. The pro-
per meaning is to puU to pieces. ' Recipe
brawne of capons or of hennys — and
towse them small.' — Babees Book, p. 53.
E. dial, tuz, tust, a bunch of wool or hair.
See To Tease.

To Tout.— Tote. To look, to peep.
Than toted I in at a taveme and there I aspyide
Two frere Carmes. — P. P. Creed.

Tote hylle or hey place of lokynge,
conspicillum, specula. — Pr. Pm. His ton
toteden out — P. P. : his toes peeped forth.

TOW

A touter is one who looks out for custom.
To tote, in Somerset, is to bulge out, and
probably the radical meaning of the word
may be to stick out. Totodun ut tha
heafdu, eminebant capita. — Past. i6. J.
ON. tota, a. snout ; t^a, anything stick-
ing out ; t&teygdr, having prominent
eyes ; tiitna, to swell. E. dial tutmouthed,
having a projecting jaw. Du. tuyte, the
nave of a wheel ; tuytmuyl, a projecting
mouth ; tuytpot, a pot with a spout ;
tuytschoenen, toteschoenen, beaked shoes ;
tote, a snout ; de tote setten, to make a
snout (in nursery language), to project the
lips in ill temper. From the interjection
tut! expressive of displeasure, as from
trut! tush! tut! fyman! (Cot.), another
form of the same interjection ultimately
representing a blurt with the lips, are
formed Da. dial, trutte, to stick out the
lips, to bulge as full pockets ; trutt, a
spout. — Molbech. Sw. dial, truta, to
pout ; trutas, to be out of temper ; trut, a
mouth, snout, spout.

Tow. Fris. touw. — Kil. ON. tog, the
long hairs or coarse shaggy part of the
fleece; tog- thrddr, thread spun of such
wool. From ON. toga, to draw, hale,
drag : what is drawn out in combing or
dressing the wool, as E. tow is the refuse
drawn out in dressing flax. The name of
tow would thus be precisely synonymous
with oakam or ockam, AS. dcembi, what is
combed out

To Tow. Fr. touer, to hale a vessel
by a rope. Du. toghen, ON. toga, to drag
or pull ; tog, drag or pull. Hafa hest i
togi: to lead a horse with a string behind
one, to have a horse in tow. To take a
ship in tow then is to take it in drag. on.
tog is also a cable, a fishing-line ; the
means by which the ship pulls at the
anchor, or by which the fish is drawn out
of water. Du. touw. Da. totig, a cable,
rope. P1.D. tog, draught, stroke, trick.
Tog is the root of Goth, tiuhan, G. ziehen
igezogen), as. feon, teohan {togen)^ Pl.D.
teen, togen, to draw.

Towel. It. tovaglia, a tablecloth,
OFr. touaille, Du. dwaele, dwaal, a towel ;
dwell, a clout, a swab ; dwaen, dwaeden,
dwaegen, to wipe, wash ; Goth, twahan,
AS. thwean, on. thvd. Da. toe, to wash.

Tower, w. twr, a tower, a heap or
pile. Lat. turns, Fr. tour, a tower. An
abrupt peaked hill is called torm Devon-
shire. Gael, torr, a steep hill, mound,
heap, tower, and as a verb, to heap up.

Town. Properly an enclosure, en-
closed place, then farm, dwelling, village,
town. AS. wyrt-tun, a garden for worts.

TRACK

689

Pl.D. tuuH, a fence, hedge, an enclosed
place, garden ; G. zaun, a hedge. AS.
tynan, to enclose, hedge, shut.

'And ase the eie openeth and tunetk.'

Ancren Riwle, p. 94.

Commonly referred to Goth, tain, G.
zain, zein, AS, tdn, a rod or shoot, as the
simplest material of a hedge. Bav. zain,
zainen, a hurdle, wattle, basket ; zain-
reusen, wattled baskets for taking fish.

-toxic- Lat. ioxicum, Gr. toKikov,
poison.

Toy. An ellipse for play-toy, imple-
ments of play, as G. spielzeug, spielsachen,
toys. Zeug, P1.D. tiig, Sw. tyg. Da. toi,
materials, stuff, implements. Pl.D. kla-
ter-tUg, rattle-traps ; jungens un derens
tiig, a collection of youths and girls. G.
liederliches zeug, paltry stuff; Idcher-
liches zeug, nonsense. In like manner
daff-toy (Sc. daff, foolish, trifling) was
formerly used in the sense of a trifle.

The gentlewoman neither liked gown nor petti-
coat so well as some little bunch of rubies or
some such daff-toy. I mean to give her Majesty
two pairs of silk-stockings lined with plush if
London afford me not more daff-toy I hke better.
— Letter of Arabella Stewart in N. & Q., Dec.
i860.

Fine foj/j,mignotises ; slender toys, menu-
sailles, menuailles. — Sherwood.

To Toy. To handle amorously. OE.
togge, properly to tug, to pull about.

Mid -wouhinge, mid iogginge, with wooing,
with toying. — ^Ancren Riwle, 53. 6. Ha toUith
togederes ant toggiih, they fondle together and
toy.—'Sii Marherete in E. E. Text Society.

Trace. It. traccia, Fr. trace, a trace,
point of the foot, footstep, also a path or
tract. — Cot. Sp. traza, first sketch or
draught, trace, outline. From trahere,
through the participial form tractus, trac-
tio. — Diez. It will be observed that Sp.
rostra signifies both the act of dragging
along and a track or mark left on the
ground. To trail is to drag along, and
trail in N. America is the trace or mark
where a person has passed.

Traces. Trayce, horsys barneys, traxus,
restis, trahale. — Pr. Pm. Fr. traict, a
teame-trace or trait.— Cot. From Lat.
tractus, draught; cheval de trait, a
draught-horse.

Track. Ff. trac, a track, tract or trace,
a beaten way or path, also a trade or
course.— Cot. Our first inclination is to
unite the word with tract or trace, or to
derive it from g. irecken, to drag. The
Prov. has trah, trag, trai, in the sense of
draught, course. ' Lo dreg trai:' the
right direction.

But the primary meaning seems to be
44

690

-TRACT

that given by Palsgrave : step, a print of
one's foot, trac. And the true explana-
tion of the word I believe to be that it is
a parallel form with G. trapp, represent-
ing the sound of the footfall, and thence
signifying a footprint. — Danneil. Swiss
Rom. trac, a trap-door. Piedm. trich--
track represents the sound made by one
who clatters along in clogs or wooden
shoes. Roquefort explains trac as noise,
the blow of a lance, the pace of a mule or
horse. Tracas, much trotting or hurry-
ing up and down. — Cot. Castrais tra-
quet-traquet, tripping, going off by little
steps. Cat. trac, Sp. traque, a crack, re-
port of an explosion. IJxaoA'o.fa lo traco,
to make a beaten path in snow.

It is singular that there is yet another
route by which we are brought to the
same form. From ON. troSa, to tread, is
the frequentative tradka, and thence N.
trakka, to trample, stamp ; trakk, tread-
ing, continually going to and fro.

-tract. — Traction. Lat. traho, trac-
tum, to draw, drag. As in Abstract, Con-
tract, Retract, Subtract, &c.

Tractable. See Treat.

Trade. The proper meaning of the
word is a trodden way, a beaten path or
course, and thence metaphorically a way
of life. A tradesjnan is one who follows
a special way of life in opposition to the
husbandmen who constituted the great
bulk of the community. The trade-winds
are winds which hold a certain trade or
course.

Wyth wind at will the trad held thai,
And in England com rycht swyth.

Wynton. vi. 20, 55-

Tho would I seek for queen-apples unripe
To give my Rosahnd, and in summer shade
Dight gawdy girlonds was my common trade
To crown her golden locks.

Shepherd's Calendar.

Pl.D. trade, irahe, wagentrahe, a waggon-
rut. — Adelung in v. geleise. ON. trod,
treading. In the sense of commerce,
however, it is probable that trade, a way
of life, has been confounded with Sp.
■irato, treatment, intercourse, communi-
cation, trade, traffic, commerce ; tratar,
to treat of a subject, to confer, to trade
or traffic. See Treat. The name of traite
is specially given in French to the trade
of the African coast ; la traite des noirs,
the slave trade.

Tradition. Lat. trado {trans, across
and do), traditum, to hand over, to trans-
mit.

Traffic. Sp. trafagdr, traficar, to
traffic, also to travel or make journeys ;

TRAITOR

trafago, traffic, a careful management of
affairs ; trdfagon, active, industrious,
meddlesome. Castrais trafega, to stir, to
mix (brouiller), to bustle ; trafegous, med-
dlesome, troublesome.

The word seems to signify active em-
ployment, from Limousin trofi, trafl,
noise, disturbance, quarrel ; then busi-
ness, commerce, traffic. ' Lei oou fa un
fier trofi : ' they have made a fine racket.
' Oven oougu doous trofi ensemble : ' we
have had some rows together. Trofiga,
to traffic. Swiss Rom. traffi, disturbance,,
noise, business. Languedoc trdfi, tracas,
trouble, desordre, disturbance, trouble.
Lou trdfi d'un oustaou, the trouble of a
household ; trafica, to bustle, to be busy,
to frequent a place. Like many of the
words of the S. of France it has probably
a Celtic origin, w. trafu, to stir, to
agitate ; trafod, a stirring, turning about,
bustle, intermeddling, labour, pains, trou-
ble ; trafodiaeth, transactions — Lewis;
trafaes, stir, bustle, pains. — Jones.

Tragedy. Lat. tragcedia, from Gr.
rpayifS'ia ; from rpayoe, a goat, and (fS^, a
poem for singing.

To Trail. To drag along. A fre-
quentative from Lat. trahere, to draw.
A trail, a sledge. ' Dogs — which they
yoke together as we do oxen or horses to
a sled or trail.' — Hackluyt, III. 37. Sp.
trailla, a drag for levelling ground. Mid.
Lat. traha, tracula, a sled or harrow.
Trahas quffi rustici tragulam vocant. —
Papias in Due. Trahale, a sledge. — '
Carp. It. tragula, a drag-net. Ptg.
tralha, a fishing-net. Du. treylen, to tow
a vessel, to drag it by a rope. Prov.
tralh, traces, track.

Train, i. It. traino,Sp.tragift, Vrov,
trahi, OFr. trahin, Fr. train, from Lat-
trahere, to draw.

2. Sw. tran, G. thran, train-oil, oil that
drips from the fat of whales. Pl.D. traon,
tear, drop, train-oil ; fraonSg, a dripping
eye. — Danneil. OHG. trahan, gutta, la-
cryma.

Traitor. — Treason. — Treachery.
From Lat. tradere, to give over, to betray,
were formed It. tradire, Prov. trahir,
trair, Fr. trahir, to betray, and It. tradi-
tore, OFr. trahitor, traitor, trahitre, Fr.
traitre, a traitor. In the same way
traditio became Fr. trahison, traison, e.
treason. Another version of Lat. tradere
gave Prov. trachar, to betray (quite dis-
tinct from Fr. tricher, to trick or cozen),
and tracker, trachor, OE. trechcntr, a be-
trayer, whence e. treachery. In a similar
manner the Prov. had the two forms mat-

tramel

'faitor and malfachor, a malefactor ;
Mtar and afachar, to train, to dress.

Tramel. It. trdmagUo, Sp. trasmallo,
Fr. tramail. Piedm. trimaj, a fishing-
net of very fine materials of two or three
layers, the middle one of narrow meshes
and the outside ones of very wide meshes.
The fish strikes against the narrow meshes
of the middle net and drives a portion of
it through one of the wide meshes on the
opposite side, where it is entangled in a
kind of pocket. Hence the name, from
irans maculam, through the mesh. The
Sp. form of the word, trasmallo, is hardly
compatible with the ordinary explanation
from the threefold constitution of the net.

To Tramp. — Trample. From a na-
salised form of G. trapp ! trapp ! repre-
senting the sound of the footfall. Du.
trappen, trappelen, Sw. trampa, to tread,
to trample.

Trance. It. transire, transitare^ to
pass over ; by met. to fall into a swoon,
or to yield and give up the ghost ; transiio,
a passage over, also a dead trance or the
instant of giving up the ghost. — Fl. Fr.
transi, fallen into a transe or sowne,
whose heart, sense, or vital spirits fail
him i astonied, appalled, half dead.
Transi de froid, benummed with cold.
Transe, extreme fear or anxiety of mind ;
a trance or sowne, — Cot. Sp. transito,
passage to a better life, death ; transido,
languishing, dying of inanition.

TranCLuit Lat. tranquillus.

Trans-. Tra-. Lat. trans, across,
beyond.

transept. Lat. tram, across, and
septum, an enclosure.

Transom. — Transommer. A cross
beam, horizontal division in a window.
Fr. sommier, a sumpter-horse, also the
piece of timber called a summer, a truss-
ing hoop on a cask. — Cot.
; Trap. It trappa, trappola, a trap ;
trappa is also a trap-door, a falling door :
Fr. atfraper, to catch. From the sharp
sound of the falling door represented by
the syllable trap ! which is in G. used to
imitate the sound of the footfall

Trap-rook. A name given in Geology
to an igneous rock which often sends out
dykes into the fissures of more modern
strata, and these being found at different
levels on the two sides of the dyke have
the appearance of having been dislocated
by the intrusiqii of the dyke. Now strata
so dislocated are said by the miners to
trap up or trap down (using trap in the
sense of a sudden fall or sudden move-
menti according as they appear at a

TRAVEL

691

higher or lower level on the other side of
the dyke. _ Hence the dyke causing such
a dislocation would seem to have been
called a trapdyke, and thence the name
of trap transferred to the rock of which it
was composed. See Account of the strata
of a district in Somersetshire, Phil. Trans.
1719.

To Trape. — Traipse. To trail along
in an untidy manner. Trapes, a slattern,
an idle sluttish woman. Probably from
the notion of being drabbled or drapled
in the mire. See Drabble, Draggle.
Banff trype, to walk in a slovenly man-
ner ; traich (ch gutt.), to handle or. work
in a liquid or semiliquid substance, or in
a lazy, dirty, disgusting manner, to go
idly from place to place.

Trappings. To trap a horse was to
dress him in housings. ' Mules trapped
with silke and clothe of golde.' — tJdal,
Mark. ' Coursers t7-apped to the earth in
cloth of gold.' — Berners, Froissart in R.
Hence trappers or trappings were the
ornamental housings of horses.

The origin seems to be the representa-
tion of the flapping of cloths by the
syllable trap. Sp. gualdrapa, horsecloth,
housing, tatter, rag hanging down from
clothes ; gualdrapear (of sails), to slap
against the mast ; trapo, rag, tatter, sails
of a ship, cloth. Ptg. trape, syllable re-
presenting the sound of a blow ; trapear,
(of sails), to flap against the masts ; trapo,
a rag. — Roquete.

Trash. Trash or trousse signified
clippings of trees.

Gret fur he made ther a night of wode and of sprai,
And tresche ladde ther aboute that me wide sai. •

R. G. SS2.

Trouse is still used in Hereford for the
trimmings of hedges.

Provided always that they be laid with green
willow bastons, and for default thereof with vine-
cuttings or such trousse, so that they lie half a
foot thick.-^HoUand, Pliny. Faggots to be
every stick of three foot in length — this to pre-
vent the abuse of filling the middle part and ends
with trash and short sticks. — Evelyn. See N. &
Q., June II, 1853.

N. tros, the sound of breaking ; trosa,
to make such a sound, to break to bits ;
tros, windfalls, broken branches in a wood,
dry broken twigs ; tros vid, light dry wood
for burning. ON. tros, offal, rubbish ;
trosna, to break up, wear away. Castrais
trasso, old worn-out things ; uno trasso
de capel, an old hat.

Travel. It. travaglio, Sp. trabajo,

Prov. trabalh, trebalh, Fr. travail, pains,

labour, work. The passage to the E. sense

of travel has taken place in like manner

44 *

.692

TRAVERSE

in the case of G. arbeit, labour, which in
Bavaria is used in the sense of travel.
Uber welt arbaiten, to travel over the
world. — Schmeller.

I believe that the word signifies in the
first instance rattle, noise ; then agita-
tion, movement ; then trouljle, torment,
work. Bret, trabel, a rattle, clapper ;
Prov. trebalh, chatter. ' Non aug
d'auzelhs trebalh :' I do not hear the
chatter of birds. Trebalhar, to agitate,
disturb, trouble, torment ; trebalhos, tur-
bulent, troublesome, quarrelsome. Cast-
rais trebo, racket, noise at night ; treba,
to make a racket, to stir while others are
in bed; ireboula, to trouble or muddy
water, w. iraf, a stir, a strain ; trafu, to
stir, to agitate ; trafel, that stirs or works,
a press, a hatchel ; trafael, extreme effort,
trouble. See Trouble.

Traverse. Fr. travers, from Lat.
transversus.

Travesty. Fr. travestir, Lat. trans
and vestis, to change into other clothes.

Tray. Du. draag-bak, a hod for
carrying mortar ; draagen, to carry. The
Du. ^sometimes answers to an E. /, as in
drollen, E. troll, to roll. — Kil.

Treachery. See Traitor.

Treacle. From its resemblance to the
old confection called triacle, which was
considered a sovereign remedy against
poison, and was named from Mid.Gr.
Otjpiov, a viper, either because it was good
against the bite of vipers, or because it
was supposed to be made of viper's flesh ;
6ijptaic{i, Mid. Lat. theriaca,tenaca,triaca.
— Dief Sup.

Tread, as. tredan, Pl.D. treden, treen,
G. treten, on. troda, Goth, trudan, to
tread, w. troed, Gael, troidh, troigh,
foot.

Treason. See Traitor.

Treasure. Fr. trisor, Sp. tesoro, from
Lat. thesaurus.

To Treat. Lat. traho, tractum, to
draw, whence tracto, Fr. traicter, trailer,
to handle, meddle with, entertain, treat.

Treble. — Triple. OFr. treble, triple,
Lat. triplus, Gr. rpin-Xooj, 7-p«)rXo5s, three-
fold. The highest part in music is called
treble.
The human voices sung a triple hie. — Fairfax.
I have siu pleasour at my hart
That garris me sing the trouUll pairt,
Wold sum gude fellow fill the quart.

Lyndsay Satire of the three Estates.

Tree. as. treow, Goth, triw, on. trd,
tree, wood. W. derw, Gr. ^piic, an oak ;
OSlav. drjevo, Boh. dfewo, tree.

Trellis. Fr. treillis, any latticed or

TREPAN

grated frame. — Cot. Treille, an arbour
or walk covered with vines. Lat. irichila,
an arbour.

Tremble. — Tremendous. — Tremu-
lous. — Trepidation. — Intrepid. . Gr.
rpE/tu, Lat. tretno, to tremble, to quake for
fear ; tremulus, quaking, and thence It.
tremolare, Fr. trembler, to tremble. The
original form of the root is presen-ed in
Lat. trepidus, trembling ; trepido, to
tremble, to pant. Russ. trepetaty, to pal-
pitate, tremble ; trepet, shivering, trem-
bling, fear. Boh. trepati, to clash, to
beat ; tfepatise, to palpitate, tremble.

Trench. — Trencher. Prov. trencar,
to cut off, to break ; It. trinciare, Fr.
trancher, formerly trencher, to cut off, to
cut to pieces ; tranchdes, the trenches or
ditches cut before a besieged place ; tran-
choir, a trencher or wooden plate on
which our ancestors cut up their meat at
meals.

The primaiy meaning seems to be to
crack or break, then to break or divide
into small pieces, to divide or cut. Ptg.
trinco, snapping of the fingers ; trincar,
to crack as a nut with the teeth, to crunch,
to gnaw. Sp. trincar, to break, chop,
divide into small pieces. Cat. trencar, to
break. Prov. trencar, trenchar,trinquar,
to break, cleave, cut, break off ' Lo dorc
se trenca : ' the crock is broken.

It may be doubted whether the It.
trincare, Fr. trinquer, to tope or quaff,
does not properly signify the knocking of
glasses, instead of being derived from G.
trinken, as commonly supposed. Cou-
sinly explains Castrais trinca, knocking
glasses as a pledge in drinking.

To Trend. See Trundle.

To Trend. In nautical language, to
turn or bend in a certain direction.

Not far beneath i' the valley as she trends
Her silver stream. — Brown.

AS. irindel, an orb, a circle ; Sw. trind,
round. See Trundle.

Trepan. Gr. rfviravov, Mid. Lat. tre-
panum, a borer for a broken skull ;
TpuTTMu, to bore, to pierce.

To Trepan. — TrapaiL. To ensnare
or entrap.

Nothing but gins, and snares and trapans for
souls. — South, Sermons.

If these swear true he was trapanned on ship-
board.— Stillingfleet, Speech in 1692.

According to Fl. It. trapanare signified
in a met. sense ' to slide and pass through
with speed and closely, to cheat.' lo non
so se tu trap&ni nel secrete del mio in-
tendimento. — Aretino.

TREPIDATION

Trepidation, -trepid. See Tremble.

Trespass. Fr. trespasser, to overpass,

exceed, pass on or over ; — son serment,

to break or go from his oath. — Cot. Lat.

trans, beyond, zxiApassus, a step.

Tress. It. treccia, Fr. tresse, Sp. tren-
za, explained by Diez as a plait of three
bands of hair, from Gr. rpi-xa, threefold.
So It. ^r^»3, a threefold rope, Prov. trena,
a tress, from Lat. trinus. Entrenar, to
interlace, to plait.

Trestle. A crossbeam resting on two
pair of legs, for the support of boards
serving as a table or scaffolding or the
like. OFr. trestel, Fr. treteau, dim. of
OFr. traste (Roquef ), It. trasto, a. transom
or crossbeam. Sc. trest, traist, the.frame
of a table, trestles. Trabem, trastrum. —
Gl. Reichenau. Lat. transtrum, a cross-
beam. The analogy of the Celtic lan-
guages leaves it hardly doubtful (in spite
of Gr. flpavoe, a serving bench) that the
word is derived from the prep, trans,
across, or its representatives, w. trains,
transverse, across ; trawst, a rafter.
Bret, treuzi, to cross ; a dreuz, across ;
treuzel, crossbar ; treust, beam, rafter ;
treustel, trestle, lintel of a door. Gael.
thar, over, across ; tarsuinn, transverse,
across ; iarsannan, tarsnan, a cross-beam.
Diez erroneously derives the word from
Du. driestal, a trivet.

Trevet. — Trivet. Du. drijvoet, treeft,
Fr. tripled, a support standing on three
feet.
Tri-. Lat. tre-j tres, three.
Tribe.— Tribune. Lat. tribus, one of
the three bodies into which the Romans
were originally divided. The magistrate
presiding over each of these tribes was
called tribunus, a tribune.

Tribulation. From Lat. tero, tritum,
to rub, bruise, bray, thresh, springs tri-
bula, a dray used for beating out the corn,
and thence tribulo, to beat out the corn,
to thresh, and met. to afflict, vex, oppress.
Tribute, -tribute. Lat. tribuo, to
hand over, to grant, allot, divide. Tribu-
tum, tax, impost paid by the people for
the public expense. Hence Attribute,
Contribute, Distribute, Retribution.

-trieate. -trigue. Lat. tricce, trifles,
.impediments ; whence intrico, -atum, to
entangle; exirico, to disentangle, extri-
cate. From intrico also is Fr. intriguer
(in the place of which Cot. has in-
triguer, intrinquer), to perplex, puzzle ;
intri^e, a plot, entanglement, intrigue.
Trioe. A moment.
And whan that he him moste avaunteth,
That lord whiche vainglorie daunteth.

TRICKLE 693

All sodenly as who saith treis,
Where that he stode in his paleis.

Gower. Conf. A. b. r.
Sp. tris, crack, noise made in breaking,
thence a trice, an instant. Venir en un
tris, to come in a trice. So in Sc. in a-
crack, immediately. — Jam.
Poor Tackles' grimly ghost was vanished in il
crack. — Lewis.

To Trice. To hoist or hale up aloft.

For the horses he had, them he made to be
girt before one after the other, and then did
softly trise them with long pulleys fastened to
the beames. — North, Plutarch.

Sw. trissa. Da. iridse,a. pulley; tridse,
to hoist or lower by means of pulleys ;
Pl.D. drysen, updrysen, to hoist ; dryse-
blok, a pulley. Trisel, a whirling, turn-
ing round, dizziness, giddiness, a top.
Trisel-stroom, -wind, a whirlpool, whirl-
wind.— Brem. Wtb.

Trick. Du. trekken, to pluck, pull,
draw ; trek, a. stroke of a pen, draught,
pull, tug; a trick at cards, i. e. the collec-
tion taken up off the board at once. Een'
trek spelen, to play one a trick. In the
same way G. streich, a stroke, a trick.

I am inclined to believe that Fr. tricher,
to cozen, cheat, deceive, use false tricks
(Cot.), is from a different source, viz. from
the representation of a blurt with the
mouth by the syllable true, so that tricher
would be equivalent to -&.pop in the sense
of cheating, ne. trucky, cheating. — Hal.
True, popping or sound with the lips
wherewith we use to encourage a horse. —
Cot. It. truscare, to blurt or pop with
one's lips or mouth ; truscio di labbra, a
blurting or popping with one's lips or
tongue, for to encourage a horse (FL),
from which last must be explained Fr.
trousse, a cozening trick, blurt, slampant.
—Cot. See Trifle. x

To Trickle.— Trinkle. The radical
signification seems to be to roll or advance
with an undulating motion. We speak
indifferently of tears trickling or rolling
down the cheeks. To trickle in the E. of
E. is used for the rolling of a solid body.
' Trickle me that orange across the table.'
— Forby. Devon, truckle, to roll, a roller
under a heavy weight. — Hal. w. treiglo,
to roll or turn over, to wander about. Sc.
trigil, trigle, to trickle.
Be all thir teris trigilland ouer my face. — D. V.
no. 86.
The sense of rolling is generally ex-
pressed by the figure of broken sound, and
thus It. retolare, to roll, has been con-
nected with E. rattle. We speak of the
roll of the drum or of thunder. In like

094

TRIDENT

manner trickle, truckle, seem to be" con-
nected with forms like Sp. trique-traque,
clattering, clashing ; traquear,traquetear,
to crack, crackle, to shake to and fro ;
Alban. trok, trokelin, I knock at a door,
and with the nasal, tringelin, I ring, clink;
trongelin, I knock, clap, to be compared
with Sc. trinkle, to tingle, to trickle. ' The
tares trinkled down her cheek.' — Moor.

Parallel forms with exchange of the
final k for t, are E. dial, trittle, ON. tritla,
It. trottolare, to roll, bowl, twirl ; Sc.
trintle, to roll, to trickle.

Trident. Lat. tridens ; tres, three,
and dens, a tooth.

Trifle. It. truffa, a roguish trick, a
cheat, a trifle, toy, an idle thing ; stare in
iruffo, to play the fool, to toy or trifle. —
Altieri. Fr. trujfe, trujle, a gibe, mock,
flout, jest, gullery ; truffer, truffler, to
mock or jibe at, to lie, cheat.

Hold thy tonge, Mercy,
Hit is irufle that thou tellest.— P. P.

How doth our bysshop tryjle and mocke us.

Bemer's Froissart.

The origin is probably the representa-
tion of a contemptuous blurt with the
mouth. It. tronfare, tronfiare, to snort,
to huff or snufi' with anger, also to trump.
— Fl. Walach. trufi, to swell with pride.

Trigger. — Tricker. Du. trekken, to
pull ; trekker, the trigger, by pulling
which the gun is let off. Sw. trycka, to
press ; trycka af, to let off a gun; tryckje,
latch of a door, trigger of a gun.

Trigonometry. Gr. rpiywvov, a tri-
angle.

To Trill. To turn, to roll, to trickle.
Sw. trilla, to roll ; Da. trille, to roll, to
trundle ; trillebor, a wheelbarrow on.
trilla, to rim about.

In the Squire's Tale Cambuscan is di-
rected to guide the movements of a horse
by trilling a. pin in his ear.
— ^sudden smarts,
Which daily chance as Fortune trills the ball.

Gascoigne.
His sake teares trilkd adowne as reyne.

Prioress' Tale,
The radical image is a quavering sound,
from whence the expression is transferred
to a quavering, vibratory, or whirling
movement. It, trigliare, trillare, to
quaver with the voice in singing ; w.
ireigl, a rolling over, walking about ; Sc.
trigil, trigle, E. trickle, to roll as tears,
Swiss trohlen, to thunder, to roll ; abe
trohlen, to roll down, to come rumbling
down. ; trohlen, to bowl, to roll.

Trim. AS. trum, firm, stedfast, try-
mian, trymman, to confirm, strengthen,

TROLL

establish, prepare, dispose, set in order.
Garas trymedon, they prepared arms.
Trymede getimbro, would prepare build-
ings, Geleafan getrymian, to confirm be-
lief. To trim the boat is to steady it.
To trim a garment is to set it in
order, to give it the necessary ornaments
to set it off. Trim is what is properly
decked out.

Trinity. Lat. trinus, of three, three
and three together.

Trinkets. Gewgaws, toys.^ — B. Pro-
bably to be explained from the ratthng
which pleases children in their toys, as
Lat. crepundia, toys, from crepere, to
rattle. Ptg. trinco, snapping of the fin-
gers ; trinco da porta, the latch of a door.
Fr. traquet, a rattle, a mill clack ; trique-
niques, trifles, things of no value. Walach.
trankof, a rattle, a trifle, anything ridi-
culous.

To Trip, G. trapp-trapp-trapp repre-
sents the sound of the footfall ; trippeln,
to trip, to move by short quick steps. Du.
trappen, trippen, to tread ; trippen, trip-
pelen, irepelew, to dance. — K. Da. trip,
a short step. Bret, tripa, to dance, skip,
stamp. Fr. triper, to tread, stamp,
trample.

Tripe, It, trippa, Sp. tripa, Fr. tripe,
Bret, striper, w. tripa, belly, guts.

Tripod, Gr. rpiirovq, TpitroSos, three-
footed.

To Trise. See Trice.

* Trist. — Tryste. An appointed time
or place. ON. treysta, treystast til, to
rely upon ; Sc. traist, treist, to trust, to
pledge faith.

Thocht thow be greit like Gowmalcmome,

Traist^t'Ci. I sal yow meit the mome.

Lyndsay.

Syne thai/TOM^ in the-field throw tretyof trew.
Gaw. and Gol.

Trite, -trite. — Triturate. Lat. tero,
tritum, to rub, grind down, pound, thresh,
wear away ; trittts, worn, much used,
broken, ground ; tritare, to thresh or
pound. Cmtrite, broken down.

Triumpli. Lat. triun^ms.

Trivet. Fr. trdpied, Lat. tripes, tre-
pedis, a three-footed stand.

Trivial. Lat. trivialis, common, from
trivium, a place where three roads meet,
a place of common resort.

To TroU, — Trowl. i. To roll or
trundle. Ta trowl the bowl is to push it
round. As roll answers to It. rotolare,
so /ro// answers to trottolare, to turn and
twirl, to roll and tumble down, whence
trottolo, a top. — Fl. So ON. tritill, N.
trill, a pulley, a top.

TROLLOP

' Ultimately from the figure of a broken
sound, from whence the expression is
transferred to a broken, reciprocating, or
rolling movement. Brescian trotold, to
make the noise of boiling water, to bubble
up ; Sc. trattle, to prattle, chatter, patter ;
E. dial, trattles, trottles, truttles, the pel-
let-shaped dung of sheep or rabbits, which
falls pattering down. Swiss trohlen, to
thunder, to roll ; abetrohlen, to come
tumbling down ; trohli, a roller ; trohlen,
to bowl, roll ; Pl.D. trilFn, N. trulla,
E. dial, trull, to trundle, roll ; Pl.D. triil,
anything of a rounded form ; appel-triil,
an apple-dumpling. W. trolio, to trundle,
roll ; trol, a cylinder. As trill, to roll,
was found related to two parallel forms
shown in ON. tritill, a top, and E. trickle,
so troll or trull is related to It. trottola,
a top, and E. truckle.

2. To troll or trowl a song is probably
to roll it out with rise and fall of voice,
but it may possibly be the equivalent of
G. trallen, trallern, trdllern, Swiss tral-
len, tralallen, trallallen, to sing a tune,
to sound notes without words ; from a re-
presentation of the notes by the syllables
tra-la-la. 'Sie leiern und tralallen'
' Mit singen und traldren' ' Wenn er
ein lustiges liedchen trallert.'

Trollop. A slattern.— Hal. Banff
trollop, to hang in a wet state ; ' The
bairn cam in wee 'ts frockie a' trollopin'
aboot its leggies : ' to do any work in a
slovenly manner, to walk in an unbecom-
ing dirty manner. Trollop, a large piece
of rag, especially wet rag, a tall ill-
made person of dirty habits. From the
sound of dabbling in the wet. A parallel
form is drabble, to draggle in the mire
(BanfiQ ; a person of dirty habits, a small
quantity of liquid. Draplyd, drablyd,
paludosus ; drobly, feculentus, turbji-
lentus. — Pr. Pm. Gael, dniablas, muddy
liquor ; druabag, a small drop, weak
drink ; dregs, tippling. For the connec-
tion between trollop and drabble, draple,
cora^. wallop and wabble, G. schwalpen
and schmappeln.

' Troop. Sp. tropa, Fr. troupe. It.
truppa, a body of men. Prov. trop, Sp.
tropel, Fr. troupeau, a herd of cattle. W.
torp, a round mass or lump ; torpell, a
small mass, a clod, a dumpling.
• Trope. — Tropic. Gr. rpsTroi, to turn ;
TpoTToc, a turn, a changed or figurative ex-
pression ; Tpoirii, a turning ; the solstice
or place where the sun seems to change
his course, whence tropic, the latitude of
the solstices.
Trophy. Gr. rpbircuov, Lat. tropaujn,

TROUBLE

6gs

a monument of the enemy's defeat ;
rpoTT^, a turning or putting to flight.

Trot. Diez would derive It. trottare,
Fr. trotter, to trot, from Lat. tolutare,
contracted to tlutare, with change from
/to r as in Fr. chapitre from capitulum.
There is however no need to resort to
this contraction. Trott / is used in G.
synonymous with trapp / to represent the
sound of the footfall. — Sanders. We have
then Sw. tratta, to trip, to trot ; ODu.
tratten, to step, to tread ; trat, a step —
Kil. ; >G. treten, to step; tritt, a step.
Bret, trota, to trot, to walk much; tro-
tella, to run here and there.

Troth. See Truth.

Trouble. Immediately from Fr.
troubler, OFr. tourbler. It. torbolare, tur-
bolare, and next from Lat. turbare, to dis-
turb. Alban. tourbouloig, troubouloig, I
muddy, confuse, disturb.

The radical signification seems to be
to stun or confuse by a loud noise, to put
into confusion, to thicken or make liquors
unclear. Gr. Bopv^og, noise, uproar,
tumult ; Sopu^'soi, to disturb with noise or
tumult, to trouble. Castrais treba {tapa-
ger), to make a racket at night like ghosts,
to rout or toss about in bed ; treboula, to
trouble water. Central Fr. trebou, terbou,
a tempest ; iribou, triboul, a whirlwind,
storm, great noise, confusion, agitation,
disquiet. Limousin trebla, to disturb by
noise ; se trebla, to become confused, to
lose one's head. Bret, trabel, a rattle,
clatter ; Prov. trebalh, chatter ; trebalhar,
to agitate, disturb, trouble, torment ; Fr.
tribdller, to make a noise or disturbance.
' Le bruit et la triballe des gens de nopce
vous romproient tout le testament.' —
Rabelais iii. 30. In liv. v. ch. i the same
author speaks of the ' trinballement des
paesles, chauderons, cymbales,' the clink-
ing of pots, kettles, cymbals. Trinque-
baller les cloches, to jangle bells or ring
them untunably — Cot. ; tringtieballer, to
run about or carry about from place to
place. — Hdcart. Norm, trimballer, to
jangle bells, to carry about from place to
place. — Decorde. OFr. triballer, and in
vulgar language trainballer, to agitate,
stir ; triboU, tribouil, agitation, disorder,
trouble, afSiction.— Roquef. Tribouller,
to shog or jog like a cart in an uneven
way, and hence to jumble, disorder ; tri-
boule-menage, an unskilful husband, one
that mars his own business. — Cot. Wal.
triboli,X.o chime bells. — Remade. Champ.
triballer, to shake ; tribouiller, to agitate,
stir ; tribouler, to vex.

696

TROUGH

Trough. It. truogo, truogolo, Walach.
troc, OHG. trog, Norm, treu, tros.

* To Trounce. The passage in Judges
4. 15, 'the Lord discomfited Sisera and
his chariots and all his host with the edge
of the sword,' is rendered ^ trounced' m
the Bible of 1551. From OFr. tronce, a
piece of wood, and thence troncer, troncir,
tronquer, briser, rompre, mettre en pieces.
— Roquef. Troncir, to cut or break off,
or in two, or into pieces. — Cot. Sp.
tronzar, to shatter, to break to pieces.

Trover. An action for the possession
of goods founded on the pretence that
the defendant has found them and appro-
priated them. OFr. trover, to find. See
Contrive.

To Trow. See True.

Trowel. Fr. truelle, Lat. trulla,
truella, a ladle, trowel.

Trowsers. — Trouse. Commonly men-
tioned in the earlier passages as an Irish
dress. 'Their breeches like the Irish
trooze have hose and stockings sewed to-
gether.'— Sir T. Herbert. 'The leather
quilted jack serves under his shirt of mail,
and to cover his trouse on horseback.' —
Spencer on Ireland. Gael, triubhas, Ir.
triuinhas, trius, breeches and stockings
in one piece. It seems to have been a
strip of cloth wrapped round the legs and
thighs.

Truant. Sp. truhan, Fr. truand, a
beggar, vagabond, rogue. In Limousin
it is used in the sense of idle. Cornish
iru, W. truan, poor, miserable, wretched ;
Gael, truagh, wretched, miserable ; tru-
aghan, a wretched creature.

Truce. It. tregua, Fr. trive, formerly
used in the plural, trives : troves brisdes,
the breach of a granted protection. — Cot.
Unes trues. — Froiss. i. 50.

Tant qu'il avint, ne sai coment,
Que les trues furent rompues
Et les guerres sont revenues.

Fabliaux et Contes, 3. 64.

Hence OE. trews. — Capgrave, 185. The
origin is ON. tryggr, secure, trusty ;
tryggd, troth, security, assurance, agree-
ment, peace. It was commonly used in
the plural, tryggdir, whence the plural
form of Fr. trives, and E. trews, truce.
Goth, tryggva, covenant. -See True.

-trude. -trus-. La.t.Jrudo, trusum,
to thrust, push forward : as in Intrude,
Extnmon, Protrude.

Truck. I. Traffic by exchange of
goods. Sp. trocar, Fr. troquer, to chop,
swap, truck, barter.

The radical meaning of the word is a
knock or blow. Fr. true, a blow or thwack,

TRUDGE

a smack with the lips. — Cot. Limousin
truca, to strike or knock ; truco, a bruise ;
true, knack ; 0 lou true d'oco, he has the
knack of it. Piedm. trucks, Milan, true-
car, Brescian, trae&, to knock. Truce or
trcech is then, metaphorically, a piece of
business ; fare un buon trueeo, as we say
in E. to do a good stroke of business. —
Diz. Parmeg. The sense of exchange is
explained by Piedm. baratd or canbii
truch-a-truch, to barter or exchange
thing for thing. Fr. troc pour troc, ex-
change of one thing for another. It is to
be observed that the familiar synonyms
swap and chop both radically signify a
stroke, a quick turn.

From the sense of knocking also comes
the game of trucks or billiards, It. trueeo,
Piedm. truck, in which the balls are
struck by a mace. F^ un truck, to make
a stroke.

Truck. 2. — Truckle. Devon, truckle,
to roll, whence truckle, a pulley, a roller
under a heavy weight. — Hal. A truck is
a small solid wheel for ordnance, also the
round disk at the top of a mast. It.
troco, a top.

A truckle-bed is a bed that is rolled in
under another, and drawn out when
wanted for use; and such beds being
occupied by attendants or inferiors, to
truckle was metaphorically used in the
sense of knocking under to one, acting in
a servile manner. One of the conditions
prescribed to a humble chaplain and
tutor in a squire's family, according to
Hall, was

First that he lie upon the truckle-led

While his young master lieth o'er his head.

Nares.

It was also called a trundle-bed.

The connection of the idea of rolling
with a rattling or broken sound has been
repeatedly indicated, as under Roll, Troll,
Trickle. Thus true as a root signifying
roll may be connected with such forms as
Sp. traquear, traquetear,X.o crack, crackle,
shake, move to and fro ; Alban. trok,
trokelin, I knock.

To Trudge. The sense of contempt-
uous displeasure or rejection is often ex-
pressed by a blurt of the mouth or offens-
ive pop with the lips, and when the sound
so made is imported into speech it is
represented by the syllables Prut, Ptrot,
Ptrupt, Tprot, Trut, Trots, which were
used as interjections of contempt and
defiance. Examples of many of these
are given under Proud. We may add
Ptrot, skornefuUe word, or t7~ut, Vath,
Ka.ca.,ptrupt or fye ! Vath, interjectio de-

TRUE

risionis vel increpacionis, Tworil—'Pr.
Pm. p. 415.

A foule herlote hem slowe, trat ! for his renown.
R. Bninne, p. 317.

The interjection takes the form of trutz,
trotz, tratz, in G. Ja trutz.' wer tar
kiissen mich ; Trut ! who dares kiss me.
— Schmeller.

The derivation of the interjection from
the sound of a blurt with the lips is
shown by It. truscare, to blurt or pop
with the mouth ; truscio di labbra, a
blurting or popping with one's lips or
tongue, to encourage a horse — Fl. ; Fr.
true, the popping or sound of the lips
whereby we encourage a horse — Cot. ; ON.
prutta (Haldorsen), trutta (Jonsson), to
make a noise with the mouth in driving
cattle; S'w. prutta, to make an offensive
sound with the mouth.

Now the expression of contemptuous
displeasure, when uttered by a superior
in answer to the application of an inferior,
has the effect of driving the latter from
his presence, and thus the interjection
may be interpreted off ! begone ! Thus
the Gael, interjection iruis (pronounced
truisK], trus, is explained a word bywhich
dogs are silenced or driven away. — Mac-
leod. Trus u mack! trus ort ! {much,
out ; ort, upon thee), begone, get away.
— Shaw. It. truccare, to scud, to pack
away nimbly.— Fl. Trucca via! be off
with you. In OE. trus ! was used in the
sense of begone.

Lyere— was nowher welcome, for his manye tales
Over al yhonted, and yhote, irusse I

P. P. 1. 1319.

Thin help quoth Beryn, lewd fole thou art more

than masid,
Dress thee to the shippisward with thy crown

yrasid,
For I might never spare thee bet, trus I and be

agoo. — Chaucer, Beryn, 2269.

In the same way Gascoigne uses trudge !
which would correspond exactly to G.
trotz !

This tale once told none other speech prevails
^xApack and trudge ! all leysure was to long.

The primary sense of trudge is thus to
hurry away from the presence of the
speaker, then to go steadily along as if
under compulsion. ' And let them trudge
hence apace till they come to their may-
ster of myschef.'— Bale in R. The same
train of thought may be observed in on.
putt! T)3..pyt! Norman/^/./ (Decorde),
psha ! tut ! interjection of contempt and
rejection ; from whence must be explain-
ed the American put ! begone ! (Biglow
Papers, 2nd Series, xxxvii.) ; to put, to

TRUMP

697

start, decamp, be off. ' I see I'm not
wanted here, so I'U^a/.' — Bartlett.

True.— Truth.— Tro-w.— Troth. The
primitive form known to us seems to be
Goth, triggws, on. ^;3'^^, reliable, faith-
ful, sure, true. on. triir, sure, trusty.
Hve triitt mun flat ? is that sure, can one
trust to it.?' TVv^rt, Da. troe, Goth, trauan,
G. trauen, to believe, to trow, to confide
in ; Goth, traueins, trust, confidence,
boldness ; as. treowa, truwa, trust, faith,
a pledge, a covenant ; treowian, truwian,
to trust, confide, trow, justify; treowth,
trywth, on. tryggd, troth, truth, treaty,
league, covenant.

Trull. A sorry wench, a vile strumpet.
— B. Trolly, a dirty indolent sloven. —
Mrs Baker. G.trolle, a coarse, sluttish
woman. — K. The radical meaning of
this abusive term is very doubtful. Per-
haps it may be explained by Rouchi
troute, a sow, and also a strumpet, a
coarse slut, from troulier, to wallow in
the mud ; Lang, troulia, to tread grapes,
to tramp in wet and mud. Central Fr.
trouiller, to dirty ; trouille, trouillon, a
slut. . Banff troll, trull, to work or walk
in a slovenly manner ; a person of sloven-
ly habits.

To Trump. To trump, to lie, to boast.
— Hal. To trump up a story is to get up
a fraudulent story. The origin seems to
be a contemptuous blurt with the mouth,
represented by the syllable trump. The
E. trump is used for various disagreeable
noises. It. trombare, trombettare, to make
a rattling noise, to snort, break wind, to
bray or trump as an ass ; strombare,
strombettare, to blurt with one's mouth ;
strombazzare, to hout, shout, to hiss or
flurt at in scorn or reproach. — Fl. Tron- .
fare, to snort, to huff, snuff, or chafe with
anger, also to trump. — Fl. From the
figure of a contemptuous blurt seems
to arise the use of trump in the sense of
playing a trick upon, deceiving, cheating.

Fortune,
When she is pleased to trick or iromf mankind.

B. Jonson.

Authors have been trumped upoti us
interpolated and corrupted. — Leslie in
Todd. Fr. tromper, OSp. trompar, to
cheat, to deceive.

Trump. I.— Trumpet. The syllable
trub or trump, represents a loud, harsh
sound, in Let. tr^bH, to snore, to sound a
horn, Lith. truba, a herdsman's horn,
Russ., Boh. truba. It. tromba, Fr. trompe,
trompette, a trumpet, ON., OHG. trumba, a
drum.

2. A trump at cards. Fr. triomphe,

698

TRUMPERY

Ptg. tritnfo, Sp. iriunfo, G. trump/, Du.
iroef. Latimer uses triumph and trump
indifferently.

The question arises whether trump is
a corruption of triomphe, as commonly
supposed, or whether triomphe may not
be an accommodation from G. trumpf.
The G. trumpfen, is used in the sense of
giving one a sharp reprimand or set-down,
which indeed may be from the figure of
trumping his card ; but, on the other
hand, it may be the older sense of the
word. A trump is a card which gives a
sudden set-down to the party who was
winning the trick, and the word might ac-
quire that sense from the figure of a con-
temptuous blurt or offensive noise with the
lips. See To Trump.

* Trumpery. "Worthless matters, trifles.
Hesse, trumi, trombel, trumpet, a trifle.
' Die sache ist um einen trumpet gekauft
worden.' G. trumm, end, piece, fragment;
triimmer (pi.), ruins, rubbish. Sc. trump,
a trifle, a thing of little value Qam.) ;
trumps, a depreciatory term for goods,
odds and ends.

Grant that our navy thys fyre may eschape,
And from distructioun delyver and out scrape
The sobir trump-is, and meyne graith of Troyanis.
D. V. ISO. 55.

♦ Truncheon. A short staff. Fr.
tron^on, a piece cut or broken off as of a
lance, a sword, &c. It. torso, a stock,
stump, trunk, stalk of cabbage. Sp. trozo.
Cat. tros, Prov. tros, OFr. tros, trons,
iron, a stump, end, fragment ; Piedm.
trbs, OFr. tron de chou, cabbage-stalk ;
tr.ox de pomme, core of an apple. Prov.
trosar, Sp. tronsar, to break to pieces.

The foregoing seem to be modified
forms of Lat. truncus, a stump, stem,
stock, and to be related to Bav. trumm,
a stump, end, piece, as G. strunk, to
strumpfj a stump, or as E. trunk (of an
elephant), to Fr. trompe. See Trunk.

Trundle, Fr. trondeler, rondeler, to
turn, wind, wheel. — Cot. AS. trendel, an
orb or circle. Sw. Da. trind, round.
Banff trintle, to trickle. The foregoing
are nasalised versions of forms like It.
trottolare, on. tritla, trita, to twirl, turn
round (whence It. trottola, ON. tritill, a
top), E. trittle, to bowl or roll ; Banff
tratle, to trickle. The notion of move-
ment to and fro is often represented by
the repetition of measured sounds, and the
notion of reciprocating movement insensi-
bly passes into that of rolling or turning
round. Thus from bom ! bom ! repre-
senting a ringing sound, we have G. bom-
meln, baumeln, to swing to and fro, as E.

TRUSS

dangle {ram ding! dang/ or It. dondo-
lare, to dangle or swing, from don-don re-
presenting the sound of bells. In the,
south of France we find drin-drin, drin-
dran for the sound of bells, and driti-
doula, trandoula, to sway to and fro, to
swing ; drindoul, drindol, trantoul, a
swing (Cousini^) ; trantoula, Lang, tran-
talia, Lim. trontoula. Cat. trontdllar, to
stagger, shake, waggle ; exactly corre-
sponding to E. trundle, to roll.

Trunk. Lat. truncus, Fr, tronc, the
stock, stem, or body of a tree without the
boughs, the body of a man without the
limbs ; also the poor man's box in
churches. — Cot.

By the foresayde place or shryne where the.
holy martyrs bodyes lay he ordeyned a cheste or
trunke pf clene sylver, to the intente that all
such juellys and ryche gyftes as were offryd to
the holy seyntis should therein be kepte to the
use of the mynstres of the same place, — Fabyan,
Chron, in R.

A chest would seem to be called a trunk
as resembling the trunk or chest of" a
man's body. In the same way G. rumpf,
the trunk of the body, is applied to a
hollow vessel of different kinds.

We find two series of forms, with a
final labial and guttural respectively,
signifying a stump or projecting end. On
the one hand we have E. stub, stump, Du.
strobbe, a shrub, G. strumpf, rumpf, a
stump or trunk; and on the other. It. zoao,
E. stock, Du. struik, a stump, stalk, bush,
and with the nasal, stronk, G. strunk,
Lat. truncus, a stump, stalk. The radical
image is something sticking or striking
out, from forms like E. shack, concussion,
Du. suckelen, strobbelen, struikeleri, to
stumble or dash the foot against, together
with the numerous forms cited under
Truck, signifying knock.

Lat. trunco, to cut short (whence E.
truncate), is from the notion of reducing
to a trunk or stump, and not Vice versS..

Trunnion. Knobs of a gun's metal
which bear her upon the cheeks of the
carriage. — B. From Yx.trognon,troignon,
the stalk of a cabbage with the leaves
pulled off, core of a fruit with the flesh
gone, trunk of a branchless tree ; and that
from It. troncone, as moignon, mugnon,
E, munnion (muUion), from moncone, a
stump.

Truss. Fr. trousser, to pluck up, tuck
up, pack up ; trousseau, a bundle ; trous-
sis, a tuck, Sc. iurse, to pack up in a
bale or bundle, to carry off hastily, to take
oneself off. To turss forth, to bring forth
what has been kept in store.

TRUST

This jowell he gert turss in till Ingland.
Wallace.

OFr. terser, to packiip, to make a bundle.
Prov. torser, torsser, to twist ; estorser, to
extort, to pluck away from ; OSp. trossa,
Lombard torza, torsa, Sp. torca, truss of
hay or straw. — Diaz. Fr. torcfie, torchon,
a wisp of straw. W. torchi, to twist, to
wreathe, to turn up ; torcha dy lewis,
truss up thy sleeves.

Trust. N. traust, fast, steady, solid,
hard, strong ; on. trausir, solid, strong,
reliable, true ; traust, reliance, assistance,
support ; treysta, to make fast, secure, to
try the strength of, to rely upon, rest upon.
Goth, trausti, a covenant. See True.

To Try. Tryynge, eleccio, preeleccio,
examinatio. — Pr. Pm. Fr. trier, to pick,
to select, to sift out the truth. Explained
by Diez from Lat. terere, tritum, to tread
put or thresh corn, from the figure of sift-
ing out the grain from the straw. It.
tritare, tritolare, to break very small ;
met; to ponder or consider ; tritamento,
the threshing of corn. — Fl. Piedm. tri^,
to stamp, grind, wear down ; trii, beaten,
ground down. Tria via, a Tieaten path.
— Gl. Paris, in Diez. Cat. triar el arroz,
to pick or clean rice. 'Dieu triara lo
gra de la palha al jorn de jutjamen.' ' Sap
triar los nescis dels senats : ' he can dis-
tinguish the foolish from the wise. — Rayn.

Tub. Du. tobbe, Pl.D. tubbe, dubbe, G.
zuber, zober, OHG. zuibar, zuuipar, ex-
plained by Schmeller as a vessel to be
borne in two hands, as OHG. ainbar, ein-
par, G, eimer, a pail or bucket, a vessel to
be carried in one hand. From OHG. beran,
to bear or carry.

Tube.— Tubular. Lat. tuba, a trumpet.

Tuber.— Tubercle. Lat. tuber,&i\m%'a%,
a swelling on a man's body ; whence
dim. tubermlum.

Tuck, A sword. W. twc, a chip, a
cut ; ttuca, a knife ; twcio, to clip, to trim.

To Tuck. To turn or gather up— B. :
to turn in the bedclothes. G. zucken,
to draw in, to twitch, to shrug. Den de-
gen — , to draw the sword ; den kopf — , to
shrink in order to ward off a blow ; das
mcken, a convulsion ; Pl.D. tukken, tukk-
schuldern, to shrug the shoulders. Dat
oge tukket mi, my eye palpitates. G. zug,
a draught, pull, stroke, from Ziehen, pr.
go^, AS. teon, getogen, to draw.

Tucking-mill. A fulling-mill for
thickening cloth, w. tew, Ir. tiugh, thick ;
W. tewychu, Gael, tiughaich, to thicken ;
Ir. tiugh-mtiillean, a tucking-mill.

Tuft. Fr. touffe, touffet, a group or
, bunch of hair, trees, &c. Pl.D. topp, top.

TUNNEL 699

summit, also as G, zopf, a tuft of hair,
w. twb, a round lump ; twff, a tuft. Fr.
toupeau, toupet, a tuft or tassel of silk,
&c., forelock of a horse, on. toppr, sum-
mit, top, also tuft of hair, forelock. See
Top.

To Tug. Commonly derived from
AS, teon, getogen, to pull, on. tog, G. zug,
a pull or draught. But it is more likely,
analogous to the verb to lug (from Sc.
lug, anything hanging, as the ear or locks
of hair), to seize by something hanging.
Thus we have Swiss tschogg, a hanging
lock, tschoggen, to pull by the hair ; Lap.
tuogge, a tangled lock. Fin. tukka, fore-
lock, hanging lock, tukkata, to pull by
the hair ; G. zopf, a tuft or lock of hair,
zopfen, zupfen, to lug, pull, twitch ;
schopf, a tuft of hair, Austr. schopfen,
schufeln, to pull by the hair ; Pol. czub,,
hair of the head, czubii, to puU one by
the hair ; — sie, to fall together by the ears ;
Lett, tschuppis, bunch of hair, tschup-
pindt, to pull by the hair, scuffle.

Tuition, -tuition. — Tutor. Lat.'
tueor, tuitus sum, to look, and thence to
guard, protect, defend. Hence tutor, for
tuitor, a defender, guardian, teacher ;
tutus, looked after, guarded, safe. Intui-
tion, a looking upon.

To Tumble. Fr. tomber. It. tomare,
tombolare, on. tumba, to fall. as. tum-
bian, to dance.

Hyt telleth that Eroud swore
To her that tumblede on the flore.

Manuel des Pecch^s, 2823.
In the original,

A une pucelle qui devant lui tumta.
The origin is a representation of the noise
made by a heavy body faUing, or by strik-,
ing the ground with the feet in dancing.
Brescian tonf, noise made in falling, or
the fall itself ; tonfete, noise of repeated',
blows ; Parmesan tonfar, to knock ; far
tonf tonfolare, to make the sound of a
fall ; Fr. tombir, to make a noise with
stamping or trampling. W. twmpian, to
stamp, thump, strike upon ; twmpio, to
drop, to fall. Norm, faire top, to fall, to
let a thing fall.

Tumid. — Tumour. Lat. tumeo, to
swell, be puffed up.

Tumult. Lat tumultus. Probably
turn is the radical syllable representing
loud noise, as in tom-tom, a drum.

Tun. Prov. tona, Fr. tonne, ON., OHG.
timna, Lat. tijia, a cask.

Tune. Fr. ton, Lat. tonus, a sound.

Tunnel, i. A funnel or tundish for
pouring liquors into a cask, and thence
the pipe of a chimney. It will be observed

700

TUP

thsit funnel also is used in both senses.
The smoke ascends from the wide open
fireplace through the pipe of the chimney,
as water, which is poured into the broad
mouth of a tunnel or funnel, runs away
through the narrow pipe which forms the
other end of the implement.

One thing I much noted in the HauUe of Bol-
ton, how chimenys were conveyed by tunnels
made on the syde of the wauls betwixt the lights
in the haull, and by this means and by no lovers
is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder
strangly convayed — Leland, Itin. viii.

To tun up, to put liquor into a tun ; to
tunnel, to fill vessels with liquor. — B.
Doubtless Fr. tonnder was formerly used
in the latter sense. Tunnellers on ship-
board are men who fill casks with water.

2. Fr. tonnelle, a trellised walk, a vault-
ed roof, a net for partridges, tonnelet, a
hoop petticoat (Gattel), as well as E. tun-
nel, a net for partridges, a vaulted under-
gi-ound passage, must be explained from
the resemblance of the object to a tun or
cask, inasfar as it consists of a hooped
structure : a hooped net, hooped petti-
coat, hooped or ribbed roof.

Tup. OFr. toup, a. ram. — Bibeles-
worth. Perhaps from the tendency of
the animal to butt or strike with the head.
It. toppa-toppa represents the sound of
repeated blows ; toppare, to countershock,
to stumble upon by chance. — F).

Turban. Fr. turban, It. turbante.
Commonly referred to Pers. dulbend. As
the name is not known either in Turkish
or Arabic, may it not be from Fr. turbin,
a whelk ? to which from its conical shape
and spiral folds the object bears a striking
resemblance.

-turb. — Turbid. — Turbulent. Lat.
turbo, to trouble, disturb, embroil ; turbi-
dus, troubled, muddy, thick ; turba, trou-
ble, bustle, debate, a crowd or throng.
See Trouble.

Turbot. Du. bot, blunt ; bot, botvisch,
flat fish, plaice ; tar-bot, turbot. Hali-
but is another kind of flat fish.

Turf. ON. torf. It. torba, Fr. tour be.
w. torp, a lump ; torpell, a clod, a dump-
ling.

Turgid. Lat. turgeo, to swell.

Turkey. It is singular that a bird
which came from America should have
been considered as a Turkey fowl, but the
same is the case with maize, which was
called Turkey com or Turkey wheat, Fr.
bled de Turquie.

In Fr. it is poule d'Inde, fowl of the
Indies, as the Western Colonies of Spain
were called.

TUSSOCK

Turmoil. Skinner suggests Fr. tre-
mouille, a mill-hopper, an object pro-
verbial for the constant racket it keeps up.
Central Fr. triboul, tribou, great noise,
confusion, agitation, inquietude ; tribouler,
tribouiller, to agitate, stir, trouble. OFr.
trimar, disturbance, noise.

Turn. Fr. tour, a turn ; tourner, to
turn. w. twm, a turn. Lat. tornare, to
turn wood.

Turnip. The first element of the name
probably indicates the round form of the
root. Lat. napus, Fr. navet, a turnip.

Turquoise. A Turkish stone. Pals-
grave translates Turkes bow, arc Tur-
quois.

Turret. Fr. tourette, tourelle, a small
tower.

Turtle. I. It. tortora, tortSla, torto-
rella, Sp. tdrtola, Lat. turtur, Albanian
tourra, a turtle dove, the bird that cries
tur! tur! Du. korren, to coo, to cry
kor!

2. A sea-tortoise.

-tus-. -tuse. Lat. tundo, tusum, to
beat, pound, bray in a mortar. Contusus,
beaten, bruised ; obtusus,thoroughly beat-
en, blunted, dulled, blunt, dull.

Tusli ! — Tut ! Tus/i ! like pish '■
pshaw! and other interjections of con-
tempt, probably represents the act of
spitting from disgust. It was formerly
written /Wj/% .' 'There is a cholerikeor
disdaineful interjection used in the Irish
language called boogh ! which is as much
in EngUsh as twish!' — HoUinshed, De-
scrip, of Ireland. The Galla twu ! re-
presents the sound of spitting. Fris.
twoy ! Da. twi! interjection when one
spits with disgust. — Outzen.

Tut! is a parallel form with Fr. tnit\
(representing a contemptuous or angry
blurt with the Ups), tush, tut, fy man;
trtit avant! a fig's end no such matter. —
Cot. Tutty, ill-tempered, sullen.— Hal.

Tusk. — Tush. AS. tusc, tux, tuxla, a
grinder ; tuxel, the jaw. Fris. tbs, tosch,
task, tooth. Gael, tosg, tusk.

Tussock. A rough tuft of grass or
sedge, w. dds, a heap, a mow ; Gael.
dos, a bush, cluster, tuft, bunch of hair,
tassel. Manx doss, a bunch, cluster,
a bow of riband. Fr. tas, a heap ; tas-
ser, to heap, to make into trusses or
bundles ; tasse, a tuft of grass ; tasse de
foin, a truss of hay. Bav. doschen, dus-
chen, with the dim. doschl, anything bushy,
a nosegay, a tassel ; dosten, a bunch, bush ;
Swab, doschet, doschicht, thick, bushy.
Da. dusk, a tuft or tassel. Tuske of haire,

TUSTLE

monceau de cheveulx.— Palsgr. Sw. dial.
tuss, a wisp of hay. See Tassel.

Tustle. Another form of touzle, toozle,
to pull about roughly. — Hal. G. zausen,
to tear and draw by violence ; sich zausen,
to tumble one another about, to fight ;
P1.D. sik herumtuseln, to fight more in
jest than earnest. — Schiitze.

Tut ! Lith. tat ! interj. of contempt.
See Tush.

Twang. — To Twank. Twang repre-
sents the resonance of a tense string,
whence to twang a bow is to draw a bow
and let the string spring back. To twan-
gle is a contemptuous term for playing on
a stringed instrument. A twang is a dis-
agreeable resonance in a voice from speak-
ing through the nose, and metaphorically,
a strong disagreeable flavour in what is
eaten or drunk.

As twang, ending with the guttural
liquid ng, represents a resonant sound, so
twank, in which the sound is cut off by
the guttural check k, represents an abrupt
sound. Thus to twaiik is to let fall the
carpenter's line, which makes a sharp
slap on the board ; to give a sharp slap
with the palm of the hand on the breech,
&c. — Forby.

Twattle. Betwattled, perplexed, con-
fused, stupefied. The radical element
twat corresponds to G. zotte, signifying
a bush of hair, whence zotteln to entan-
gle ; ' den verzottelten bart,' ' die verzot-
telte mahne.' — Sanders. The word per-
plexed derives its meaning from a similar
metaphor. Pl.D. betunteld, betoteld, con-
fused, tipsy. See Sanders in v. zote.

To Twattle. — Twaddle. To prate,
chatter, talk foolishly. ' Insipid twittle-
twattles, frothy jests and jingling witti-
cisms.'—L'Estrange in Todd.

We have repeatedly observed the ap-
plication of words representing the dash-
ing of water to the sense of chatter or ex-
cessive talk ; as G. waschen, to wash, and
also to prattle ; Bav. trdtschen, trdtscheln,
N. strupla, to tramp in wet, also to chat-
ter ; E. slattery, sladdery, wet and dirty,
Da. sladder, tittle-tattle ; G. schwabbeln,
to splash, to chatter ; Swiss schwalpen,
to splash. Da. dial, svalpe, to tattle ; Bav.
schwadern, schwatteln, to splash, dabble,
also to chatter, tattle.

There is little doubt that twattle, twad-
dle, are formed in like manner. Swiss
watteln, to dabble in the wet ; wdtschgen,
zwatschgen, to sound like water in the
shoes. ON. thwatta (n. twcetta), to jab-
ber, prate, talk nonsense.
To Tweak. See Twitch.

TWIRE

701

Tweezers. An implement consisting
of two pointed branches, for taking hold
of small objects. From' the numeral two.
Swiss zwiser, zivieser, a forked twig ;
Swab, zwisele, a forked stem; a double
stem springing from one root. Pl.D. twill,
twiile, a forked branch, any forked object.

Twelve. Goth, tvalif, tvalib. See
Eleven.

Twenty, g. zwanzig, Goth, tvaitigjus,
ON. tuttugu, twenty; tugr, tigr, a set of
ten things.

Twig. Pl.D. twiig, G. zweig, twig,
from zwei, two, as signifying the extreme
divisions of the branches. Da. tvege, a
two-pronged fork, a forked branch j tveget,
forked. From the figure of division in a
moral sense is mhg. zweiec, zweig, at
odds, in disagreement. In the same way
Du. twist, discord, dissension ; OE. twist,
a twig.

To Twig. In familiar language, to
understand, Gael, tuig, understand, dis-
cern ; /az^g-j^, understanding, reason, sense.
Can it be that the sense of discernment
or understanding, like that of twig, a
shoot, arises from the figure of separation
in (as. twegen) twain?

Twill, G. zwillich, Lat. bilix, from bis
and licium, a thread ; a web in which the
threads are divided in sets of two, as G.
drillich, drill, a web in which they are
divided in a threefold way. Pl.D. twillen,
to make double, to divide in two branches.

Twin. G. zwilling, OHG. zwinilinc,
E. dial, twindilling, twinling, twindle,
twin ; twin, to divide into two parts.—
Hal. Goth, tveihnai, two and two to-
gether. Lith. dwyni, twins.

Twine, on. tvinna. Da. twinde, to
twine, radically, to double. ' I twyne
threde, I double it with the spyndelle. Je
retors. Twyned threde is stronger than
syngell.' — Palsgr.

Twinge. A nasalised form of twitch.

To Twink. — Twinkle. The idea of a
sparkling light is commonly expressed by
the figure of a crackling, twittering, or
tinkling sound. So Du. tintelen, to tin-
kle (Kil.), to twinkle as stars, to sparkle.
E. twinkle also is prpvincially used in the
sense of tinkle. — Hal. To twink, to
twitter.

As a swallow in the air doth sing,
With no continued song, but pausing still,
Twinks out her scattered notes in accents shnll.
Chapman, Odyss. xxi.

Twink, a chaffinch, from his twittering
song.— Hal. Swiss zwyggen, to twitter ;
zwinggen, zwinken, to wink, twinkle.
To Twire. To peep, glance, twinkle.

702

TWIRL

I saw the wench that twii-ed and twinkled at
thee.— B. & F.

Formed on the same plan with twinkle,
from the representation of a twittering
sound. It is used by Chaucer for the
twittering of the bird which ' seeketh on
morning only the wood, and iwireth —
"with her swete voise : ' duki voce susur-
rat. — Boeth. iii. met. 2.

Fr. tirelire represents the singing of
the lark ; Du. tireliren. It. turluruUare,
to chirp and warble like birds. — Fl. E.
tooraloora, as the burden of a song, re-'
presents the acGompaniment of music.
Then, passing to the sense of sight, and
expressing the idea of peeping from the
figure of winking at a sparkling light,
Du. turen, Bav. zwiren, to spy. mhg.
zwiren, to wink, to glance, was prover-
bially used as synonymous with zwinken.
Ich zwiere swi man zwinket wider mich :
I twire at him who twinks at me. Zwin-
ken soU gSn zwieren g4n : a twink shall
go in return for a twire, tit for tat.

To Twirl. We have seen that the
primary sense of twire was a twittering
sound. The word representing sound is
then applied to movement of analogous
nature, as in E. twitter, to tremble ; Swiss
zwitschern, zwitzern, properly to twitter,
then to flicker. Moreover, terms signify-
ing a vibrating or reciprocating move-
ment are commonly applied also to the
idea of whirling or turning round, as in
Lat. vibrati crines, curled hair. Thus
from whir representing a rapid vibratory
sound are formed G. wirbel, Sw. hvirfwel,
E. whirl, what turns rapidly round, Du.
wervel, what is shot to and fro, the bolt
of a door, or what turns round, as a
whirlwind, whirlpool ; and from the same
imitative syllable strengthened by a den-
tal initial are formed Pl.D. zwirken, to
chirp, twitter j Fris. twierren, to whirl ;
iwierre, twierrewijn, a whirlwind (Ep-
kema) ; Du. dwarling, dwarlwind, a
whirlwind; MHG. twirel, twirl, what
turns rapidly round; twdren, to turn
round, to bore ; Syt'iss zwirlen, zwirrlen,
to twirl ; Bav. zweren, to stir ; zwirel,
zwirl, a stirrer; zwireln, zwirbeln, to
stir, turn round, twirl.

Twist. Used in many senses, all ulti-
mately referable to the numeral two.
Thus Du. twisten, like twijnen, to twine, is
to double or unite two threads, duplicare,
retorquere fila. — Kil. Da. dial, twiste
garn, to double thread. On the other
hand, twist signifies separation or division
in two parts, in Du. twist, G. zwist, dis-
cord, quarrel; of which the analysis is

TVtMtJS'

made deal- by the fuller synonym zwie--
spalt, division in two. Chaucer uses ^a/z'rf.
for the twig of a tree, and it is provincially
used for the fork of the body, the part
where the body forks in two. Bav. zwiset,
the fork of the body or of a tree. ' Im
schnee stehen bis an die zwisel:' to
stand in stiow up to the twist, mhgj
zweien signifies either to unite two things
together, or to separate in two. Gezweiter
bruoder, a half-brother ; zweien, hostility,
discord.

To Twit. The Goth, idveitjan, as,
edwitan, atwitan, to reproach, reprove,
took the form of atwyte in OE.

This louerd — set his wif forth, fot-hot,
And hire misdedes hire atwote.

Seven Sages, 1687.

ON. vita, to reprove, blame, punish, fine j
viti, punishment, penalty.

To Twitch. — Tweak, G. zwicken, to
pluck, pinch, nip; zuiken, to make a
quick, sudden movement, to whip out a
sword ; P1.D. tukken, to twitch, to pluck;
dat oge tukket mi, my eye winks ; tokken,
to pluck, to pull. E. dial, twick, a sudden
jerk

1 1 wcruld seem that the root twik, twitch,
like the nasalised /zcz«^, originally repre-
sented a sharp short sound, and then,
with the usual transference from the sig-
nification of sound to that of movement,
was applied to a sharp light movement,

G. quieken, quietschen, to squeak; E.
quitch, to flinch (Hal.) ; Bav. quickezetij
zwickezen, to squeak, twitter; P1.D.
zwikkern, to run about like a mouse ; ut
un in zwikkern, to slip out and in ; zwik-
lok, a loophole, a way of escape. See
Twinkle, Twitter.

Twitter. In the first instance a sharp,
broken sound, like the notes of a little
bird ; then a tremulous movement. ' To
be all in a twitter.' So we have G. zwit-
schern, to twitter ; Swiss zwitschern,
zwitzern, to flicker ; Bav. zwitzern, to
gnash the teeth, to tremble, wink, twinkle ;
Swiss zwitzizwatz, a person of inconstant
disposition. E. twitterlight, uncertain
light, twilight.

Two. — Twain. AS. twa, twegen, G.
zwey, zwo, zwecn. Da. to, tvende, Gr. hue,
Russ. dwa, Sanscr. dvau.

Tyke. on. tik, a bitch.

Tjrpe. — Typical. Gr. tubtui, to strike ;
7W7rot, a blow, a stamp, print, mark, thence
a mould or pattern.

Typhus. Gr. riii^of, smoke, mist, and
met. the clouding of the intellect, stupor
from fever.

TYRANT

Tyrant. Lat. tyrannus, Gr. Tvpavvog.
Tyro. Lat. fyro, a newly-made soldier.

1^ The-wrs, manners. Written tke^ys
in the Manuel des Pecchds.

That time were here many ikedys,
Many usages in many iedys. — v. 10564.

UMPIRE

703

This may indicate an origin in AS. theod,
ON. thjoit, Fris. djoe, people ; Let. tauta,
people, race, kind. lUyrian csud^ dis-
position of a man ; O Slav, schtoud, rpdiroc,
mos. The G. art signifies race, kind,
nature, quality, manner, manners. — Pott,
Wttrz. Wtb. 799.

u

Wbiquity. Lat. tdigue, everywhere.

trdder. ohg. utar,0. enter, as.jugr,
jufr, Da. yver, Gr. o89ap, Lat. «ber.

TJgh ! An interjection representing
the sound made by an utterance during
the moment of shudder, and consequently
expressing any affection accompanied by
shudder: cold, horror, repugnance. G.
hu! exclamationof shudder, horror, fright,
cold. Hu/ ich erschrak. Hu/ yneVizit.
Huh,WiiA derTeufel grimmigl — Sanders.
. TJgly. From the interj. vgh / arose
Du. huggeren, to shiver (K.) ; on. ugga,
to fear, to doubt ; uggr, fright, anxiety ;
OE. ug, houge, to shudder at, feel horror,
dread, fear. To hug, or Tug, abominari,
detestari, fastidire, horrere. — Cath. Ang.
Uggely, horridus, horribilis. — Pr. Pm.

For tha paynes er swa fel and hard—

That ilk man may ugge, bathe yhunge and aide

That hares tham be reherced and talde.

Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 66ig.

From ON. ugga are formed uggligr,
frightful, alarming, and uggsamr, fearful,
timid ; and OE. uglike or ugly had
formerly the sense of horrible. Speaking
of Hell, the Prick of Conscience says that

— swylk filthe and stynk es in that vgly hole
That nan erthely man mught it thole. — 1. 6683.
' An uglike snake.'

Morris, Story of Genesis, 2805.

In modern speech the meaning is softened
down to signify what is displeasing to the
eye, but we still use frightful for the ex-
cess of ugliness, and the tendency of the
quahty in the extreme to produce a shud-
der is recognised in such a passage as,
' Ugh / the odious ugly fellow.' — Countess
of St Alban's.

trioer. Lat. ulcus, ulceris.

TUlage. Among gaugers, what a cask
Wants of being full. — B. Properly the
quantity required to fill it up. Fr. eullage,
remplissage ; eullier, to fill up to the
bunghole. — Roquef. Olier, ouiller, to fill
to the brim, to swill with drink. — Onofrio
■ Gloss. Lyonnais. In the S. of Fr. when

the flask is nearly full they add a little oil
to prevent evaporation, so that to oil the
flask is equivalent to filling it to the brim.
In Provence oliar signifies to anoint with
oil, and also to fill up a cask.

■Ulterior. — ^Ultimate. Lat. ultra, be-
yond, ulterior, further, ultimus, furthest
or last. Perhaps the root of the prep.-
ultra may be preserved in w. ol, footstep,
trace, and thence the hinder part, behind,
after, hindmost. Troi yn ol, to turn back ;
olaf the furthest back, hindmost, last.
When I speak to a person facing me,
what is ultra or beyond him is behind
him, towards his footsteps. Compare E.
last with AS. last, footstep.

■Umbrage. Fr. ombrage, a shade, a
shadow, also jealousy, suspicion, an ink-
ling of, whence donner ombrage d, to dis-
content, make jealous of, or put buzzes
into the head of ; ombrageux, suspicious,
giddy, skittish, starting at every feather. —
Cot. It. ombrare, to give a shadow, by
met. to startle for fear, as if it were at a
shadow. — Fl. A shadow is taken as a
slight intimation of what is in the back-
ground. The metaphor is widely spread.
Mod.Gr. iTKia?w, to shade, to frighten ;'
uKiaZotim, to be afraid ; W. ysgod, shadow ;
ysgodigau, to start as a horse, to be
affrighted.

■Umpire. A third person chosen to
decide a controversy left to arbitration,
in case the arbitrators should disagree. —
B. This is one of the cases like apron,
awger, where the formation of the word
is obscured by the loss of an initial n. It
was formerly written nompeir, from OFr.
nompair (non par), uneven, odd. In
Piers Plowman, when it had been agreed
to appoint arbitrators to appraise a bar-
gain.

Two risen rapelich and rounede togeders
And preysed the penyworthes apart by hem

selve —
Thei couthe not by here conscience accord for

treuthe,

704

UNCLE

Till Robyn the ropere aryse thei bysouhte,
And nempned hym a nompeyr that no dispute
were.

Nowmpere or owmpere, arbiter, se-
quester.— Pr. Pm.

Uncle. Fr. doncle, oncle, Lat. avun-
culus.

Uncouth. Strange, awkward. Un-
cowth, extraneus, exoticus. — Pr. Pm.
AS. cuth, G. kund, known ; AS. cunnan,
Du. konnen, to know. So. couth, couthy,
agreeable in conversation, loving, kind,
comfortable, pleasant. E. dial, unhid, un-
kard, lonely, dreary, awkward, strange,
inconvenient, ugly. — Hal.

Unction. — Unguent. Lat. unguo or
ungo, unctum, to anoint, besmear.

Under. Goth, undar, G. unter, under,
tmten, below, Sanscr. antar, Lat. inter,
among, within.

Undulation, -und-. -ound. Lat.
tinda, a wave, water in motion ; undo,
-as, to boil, to surge ; abundo, to over-
flow, to be in excessive quantity ; inundo,
to flow upon, to inundate ; redundo, to
flow back upon, to overflow, abound ; un-
dulatus, wavy, like watered silks. Lith,
wandA, -dens; Lett. ■Adens, water. See
Water.

Uni-. Lat. unus, one.

Unison. Lat. tmus, one, and sonus,
sound.

Unit. — Unite. — Union. Lat. unio,
unitum, to make one ; unitas, oneness,
unity, an unit in arithmetic.

Universal. Lat. universus, all with-
out exception ; unus and verso, to turn
over.

Up.— Over. ON. upp, PI.D. up, uff,
op; G. auf, iiber, over, on, upon ; Lat.
super, upon ; sub, under. Gr. v-nkp, upon,
vTTo, under. Goth, jup, up ; uf, under ;
u/ar, over.

To Upbraid. AS. upgebredan, expro-
brare, to cry out upon. See To Bray.

Upholsterer. A corruption of up-
holder. The original meaning seems to
be one who furbishes up old goods. Up-
holstar, fripier. — Palsgr. Caxlon in the
Booke for Travellers gives ' Vpholdsters,
vieswariers [yiesware, fripperie ; vies-
warier, fripier, raccomodeur, vendeur de
vieux habits et d'autres vieilles choses. —
Roquef]. Everard the upholster can
well stoppe (estoupper) a mantel hooled
full agayn, carde agayn, skowre agayn a
goune and all olde things.' — Pr. Pm. note,
Upholdere, that sellythe smal thynges,
velaber. — Pr. Pm. An upholder then
was pretty much what we now call a
broker, and we can easily understand how

USE

the name came to signify a dealer in
furniture, and then a maker of furniture.

Uproar. Du. oproer, a tumult, sedi-
tion ; G. aufruhr, disturbance, commo-
tion ; rilkren, AS. hreran, on. hrara, to
move, agitate, stir.

Upaidedown. For up -so -down, up
what was down. Upsedown, up so down,
eversus, subversus. — Pr. Pm.
Thare is na state of thare style that standis con-
tent-
All wald have up tkat is down,

Welterit the went. — D. V. 239. 20.

Urcheon. C/rir^<7««,h&isson. Irchen,
a lytell beest full of prickes, herison. —
Palsgr, Rouchi hirchon, hurchon, Lat.
ericius, a hedgehog.

Doubtless the Fr. hirissan is from he-
risser, to set up his bristles, to make his
hair to stare ; se hSrisser,h.is hair to stare ;
also to shiver or earne through fear. — Cot.
It. riccio, crisped, curled, frizzled, hairy,
rough ; and as a noun, certain prickly or
shaggy things, the prickly husk of a chest-
nut, a hedgehog or porcupine; arricciare,
to curl, frizzle ; also for a man's hair to
bristle and stand on end through sudden
fear. — Fl. Sp. erizar, to set on end, to
bristle ; erizo, hedgehog, husk of chest-
nut ; rlzo, frizzled, curled, cut velvet.

It is common to derive the foregoing
forms from Lat. ericius, leaving the latter
unexplained. It is more likely that the
derivation runs in the opposite direction.
The hair standing on end is an incident
of the shuddering or shivering produced
by cold or horror. Thus Fr. se hirisser,
and It. arricciarsi]dva. on to gricciare, to
shiver, to chill, and chatter with one's
teeth, and with Gr. fpiaaia, to shudder,
shiver, bristle, stand on end ; 0pi5oKo/nc,
with bristling hair. See Caprice, Frizzle.

Possibly however the name urcheon or
hurchon may not really be taken from
Fr. hirisson, but from the habit of the
animal of polling itself into a ball. Fris.
horcken, to shrug for cold. — Kil. PI.D.
hurken, to crouch down. To hurk over
the fire. — Mrs Baker. To hurch, to cud-
dle.—Hal.

Ure. See Enure.

Urge. — Urgent. Lat. urgeo.

Urine. Lat. urina, from Gr. oiifm, to
make water.

Urn. Lat. urna.

Use. Use, as employed in legal instru-
ments in the sense of profit, benefit, is
not to be confounded with use, from Lat.
usus. The word in the former sense is
from Lat. opus, need, and was formerly
written oeps, oes.

USE

Cestenos plaist, ceste voluns
Que a ton ois la saississons.

Chron. des dues de Norm.%. 3185.

A mon ops je chante e a mon ops flau-
jol : according to my pleasure I sing and
flute.— Rayn. E 1 'um asist una chafere
al oh la dame— Livre des Rois : they set
a chair for the use of the lady. Item jeo
devys k ma femme tout mon hostylment,
vessel d'argent, masers, &c., a tener a son
propre opes. — Will of Sir W. de Mow-
bray, Testam. Eborac.

Au diner le donez de oefs

E les atyret a soun oues.

Bibelesworth, 150.

Use. — tJsage. — XTsual, — tTtensil.

VAN

70S

Lat. utor, usus sum, to enjoy, have the
benefit of, be conversant with.

Usher. It. usciere, Lat. ostiarius, Fr.
huissier,2. door-keeper, from uscio, ostium,
huts, a door.

Usquebaugh. Gael, uisge - beatha,
literally water of life, Fr. eau de vie.

Usury. Lat. usura, use, occupation ;
interest given for the use of money.

Utility. Lat. utilis, useful ; utor, I
use.

Utter. AS. ut, out ; uter, outer, utter,
extreme. Wurfath on tha utteran thys-
tro : ejicite in extremas tenebras. To
titter is to send out.

V

Vacant. — Vacate. — Vacuum . Lat.
•vacare, to be empty, vacuus, empty.

Vaccinate, Lat. vacca, a cow.
, Vacillate. Lat, vacillo (the equiva-
lent of E, waggle), to totter, waver.

-vade, -vas-. Lat. 'vado, vasum, to
go. As in Invade, Evasion.

Vagabond. — ^Vagrant.— Vague. Lat.
vagor, to rove or wander ; vagus, moving
up and down, wandering, inconstant.
. Vagary, Fegary, a whim, freak, toy.
•!-Forby. Sc. figmaleery, whigmaleery,
yrhim, fancy, crotchets. — Gl. Burns. Fr.
lafaridondon is the burden of a song,
representing the notes of the musical
accompaniment. G. larifari, syllables
without sense ; nonsense ! fiddlededee !
fiddle-faddle ! ' Larifari mit feindlichen
truppen' — fiddlededee with your hostile
troops. From nonsensical words to sense-
less thoughts, unreasonable fancies, is an
easy step. Comp. fad, a whim, from
fiddle-faddle.

-vaiL -val-. Lat. valeo, to be well,
to be strong ; as in Avail-, Prevalent, &c.

Vain. — ^Vanity. — Vanish. Fr. vain,
Xat. vanus, empty, ineffectual ; -vaaesco,
<o vanish or come to nought.

Valance. It. valenza, valenzana, say
or serge for bed-curtains or valences ;
valenzane da letto, valences for a bed. —
Fl.

. Supposed to be from the stuff having
been made at Valencia or Valence.
Chaucer speaks of a.' kerchief of Valence.'

Vale. — ^Valley. Lat. vallis, Fr. val.

Valet. — ^Vassal. As Lat. puer, a boy,
received the subsidiary sense of servant.

so w. gwas signifies a youth, a young
man, a servant, ■wh&ncsgwasawl, serving.
Yromgmas arose Mid. Lat. vassus, a man,
a retainer, a vassal; and vassal is used
in the Livre des Rois for vir (pp. 119,
204), for pugnator (p. 174). — Diez. We
may remember that the performance of
homage or recognition of vassalage was
made in the words, devenio vester homo.
We then pass to the dim. OFr. vaslet,
variety a boy, whence Fr. valet, E. varlet,
valet, a servant. Bel-acueil, in the R. R.,
is introduced as 'ung varlet bel et ad-
venant,' which Chaucer translates 'a lusty
bachilere.' The Liber Albus uses the
term in the sense of a minor : ' de vallet-
tis et puellis qui sunt in custodii regis, in
cujus custodia sjnt, et quantum valeant
terras illorum.'— I. 117. In Walloon a
man still says that his wife is brought to
bed ao petit valet, of a little boy, —
Remade,

Valetudinarian. Lat, valetudo,\i^?iX\h,
good or bad ; valetudinarius, subject to
sickness or often sick.

Valiant,— VaUd. — Valour, —Value.
Lat. valeo, Fr. valoir, to be sound, to be
of worth ; OFr. valur, valor, value,
worth, and thence courage, as the quality
most prized in a man ; vaillant, worthy,
courageous.

Valve. Lat. valvce, folding doors.

Vamp. The upper leather of a shoe.
Vampey of a hose, avant pied. — Palsgr.
To vamp up, properly to put a new upper
leather, to furbish up.

Van. I. The front of an army; Fr.
avant, before, from Lat. ab ante.
45

7o6

VANE

2. A carriage for furniture, &c., cur-
tailed from caravan, a conveyance for a
wildbeast or other show, a carriage that
serves the purpose of a dwelling-place.

Vane. A weathercock, properly a
streamer. AS. f ana, Du. vaene, Q.fahne,
a flag or standard ; OHG. fano, a cloth, a
flag, GaXki. fana, cloth, a cloth or napkin.
Lat. pannus, cloth.

Vanish. See Vain.

Vapid. Lat. vappa, palled wine ;
■uapidus, flat, dull, musty, ill-tasted.

Vapour. Lat. vapor, exhalation,
steam. lA'Caikwapas, breath, exhalation,
smell.

Various.— Variety. — To Vary. Lat.
varitis, of different colours, of different
natures ; vario, to vary, alter, change.

Varlet. See Valet.

Varnish. It. vemice, Fr. vertiis, Sp.
berniz. Menage derives Fr. vernir, to
varnish, from a Lat. vitrinire, to glaze.
The Prov. has veirin, from viireus. It
seems to me more probable that it is from
Gr. l3tpoviKti, PipvtKi), amber, applied by
Agapias to sandarach, a gum rosin similar
in appearance to amber, of which varnish
was made ; ^ipviKmX,Hv, to varnish. — Du-
cange, Gl. Gr. ModGr. /Stpvim, varnish.

Vase. — Vessel. — Vascular. Lat. vas,
Fr. vase, a hollow implement for holding
liquids. From the dim. vasculum. is
formed Fr. vascel, vaissel, vaisseau, a
vessel. Vascular, composed of vessels or
containing vessels.

Vast. -vast-. Lat. vastus, huge, wide,
uninhabited, waste ; vasto, to devastate,
lay waste.

Vat. AS. fat, Du. vat, G. fass, gefass,
Lat. vas, a tub, vessel, implement for hold-
ing liquids. G. fassen, Du. vatten, to
hold, to contain. Compare rummer, a
large glass, from Da. rumme, to contain ;
can, a vessel, from w. cannu, to contain.

Vault. It. volta, a turn, a turning
round or about, a round walk, a going
round, an arched vault or roof — Fl. ; vol-
gere, Lat. volvere, to turn.

To Vault. Fr. volte, a round or turn,
and thence the bounding turn which cun-
ning riders teach their horses ; also a
tumbler's gambol or turn ; volter, to
vault or tumble, to bound or curvet ; also
to turn or make turn. It. volgere, volsi,
volto, to turn ; voltare, to turn.

To Vaunt. It. vantare, Fr. vanter,
from vanitare, used by Augustine in the
sense of boast. — Diez. From vanus is
formed Prov. van, empty, vain ; vanar,
vantar, to boast ; vanaire, boaster ; van-
ansa, boast. ' En Bertrand si s'vanava

VENISON

qu'el cuiava tan valer:' Sir B. boasted
that he i^as of so great worth. Sp. vam-
dad, vanity, ostentation, vain parade;
hacer vanidad, to boast of anything.

Veal. — Velliun. It. vitello, OFr.
vedel, viel, Fr. vea^^, from Lat. vitulus, a
calf Thence Mid.Lat. vitulonium, Fr.
velin, E. vellum., fine calfskin dressed like
parchment for writing on.

Vedette. A sentinel on horseback
detached to give notice of the enemy's
designs. — B. Fr. vedette, a sentry or
court of guard placed without a fort or
camp, and generally any high place from
which one may see afar off'. — Cot. It.
vedetta, a watch-tower, a sentinel's stand-
ing-place, a peeping-hole. — Fl. Vedere
to see, to view.

To Veer. Fr. virer, to veer, turn
round, wheel or whirl about. — Cot It.
virare, to turn. Rouchi virler, to roll.
In all probability from the same root with
E. whirl, whether it directly descends
from IjaX.. gyrare or not.

Vegetable. — ^Vegetate. Lat. vegeo,
to grow ; vegetiis, quick, lively, strong ;
vegetabilis, that which grows, as herbs
and trees.

Vehement. Lat. vehemetts.

Vehicle. Lat. veho, to carry ; vehicu-
lum, anything serving to carry.

Vein. Fr. veine, Lat. vena.

Vellum. See Veal.

Velvet. It. velluto, veluto, fleecy,
nappy, shaggy, and thence the stuff vel-
vet. From vello, Lat. vellus, a fleece.
It is written velouette by Chaucer, velle-
wet in John Russel's book of Nurture,
914. — Babees Book.

Venal. — Vend. Lat. veneo {venum
eo), go to sale, be sold. Vendo {venum
do), give to sale, sell.

-vene. -vent. Lat. venio, ventum, to
come ; intervenio, to come between, to
come in one's way. To contravene,\.o%o
against, to disobey. To circumvent, to
come round one, to get the better of him.

Venerable — Venerate. Lat. veneror,
to worship.

Vengeance, -venge. — ^Vindicate. —
Vindictive. Lat. vindex, an asserter
of rights, one who gives effect to the
law, a punisher, avenger ; vindico, to
avouch, maintain, carry into execution,
punish ; vindicta, vengeance, defence,
maintenance. Prov. vengar, venjar. It.'
vengiare, Fr. venger. Scheler compares
Fr. manger, from Lat. manducare, viand-
'care.

Venial. Lat. venia, allowance, pardon.

Venison. Fr. venaison, Lat. venatio,

''1

VENOM

he chase, or the produce of it ; venor,
atus sum,to hunt.

Venom. Fr. vetiin, OFr. venim, Lat.
venenum, poison.

Vent. Air, wind, or passage out of a
vessel. — B. Fr. vent, Lat. ventus, wind.

Ventilate. Lat. ventus, the wind ;
ventilo, to winnow, to expose to the air.

Ventral. Lat venter, -tris, the belly.

Venture. See Adventure.

Venue. In Law, the neighbourhood
in which a wrong is committed and in
which it should be tried. Mid.Lat. vicine-
tum, visnetum, Norm, vesini, visnet, OFr.
visnage, neighbourhood. — Roquef. Et
sciendum est quod hi sex viri eligentur de
visneto quo talis accusatus manserit. —
Lib. Albus, 58.

Veracious. — Verity. — Verify. Lat.
verus, true ; Veritas, truth ; verax, dis-
posed to truth, veracious.

Verandah. Ptg. varanda, a balcony,
terrace, probably an Indian word from
Sanscr. varanda, a portico.

Verb. Lat. verbum, corresponding to
E. word as Lat. barba to E. beard.

Verdant. — Verderor. Lat. viridis,
Fr. vert, green ; viridans, Fr. verdoyant,
verdant, green. The verderors were the
officers of a forest who had care of the
underwood, the green hue (Fr. vert) as it
was called in the statutes.

Verdict. Lat. vere dictum, truly said.

Verdigris. — ^Verditer. Fr. verderis,
verd-de-gris, verdigrease. — Cot. Cor-
rupted from Lat viride aris, green of
brass.

Verditer, Fr. verd-de-te7-re (G. erdgriin,
earth-green), a kind of green mineral
chalk.— Cot

Verge. — Verger. Fr. verge (Lat
virgd), a rod or twig, the wand borne by
an officer as sign of his authority, whence
verger, a wand-bearer, a petty officer in
courts and churches.

The verge of the court was the limits
within which the authority of the officers
of the court extended. Sp. vara, rod,
wand, mace, carried as an emblem of au-
thority; and met. the jurisdiction of
which it is an emblem. The Mod.Gr.
Tojroijt, a stick, mace, sceptre, or sign of
authority, is used in the same metaphor-
ical way for authority or command.

Fr. verge is also a plain hoop ring or
wedding ring, and thence the verge or
balance-wheel in a watch, distinguished
from the others by the absence.of cogs.

To Verge, -verge. Lat. vergo, ver-
sum, to pour out, to decline or bow to, to
lie towards. Verge in the sense of bound

VESTRY

707

or limit is that to which we verge or tend.

Verjuice. The juice of sour and unripe
grapes, crabs, &c. — B. Fr. verjus, vert
jus, juice of green fruit.

Vermicelli. It vermicelli, paste
made in the form of worms or thin
strings ; Lat. vermis, a worm.

Vermilion. It w^-wzz'f/w, Mid.Lat. ver-
miculus, scarlet, red, from the worm of
the gall-nut from which red was dyed.
The Turkish name of the gall-nut, kermes
(from whence kirmizi, crimson), is said
to be from Sanscrit krimi, a worm.

Vermin. Fr. vermine, any kind of
disgusting or hurtful creatures of small
size. Lat. vermis, worm.

Vernacular. Lat. verna, a slave born
in the house ; vernaculus, that is born in
one's house, that belongs to one's native
country.

Vernal. Lat. vernalis, belonging to
{vei^ the Spring.

Verse, -verse, -vert. Lat. verto,
versum, to turn, gives rise to numerous
compounds, as Avert, Convert, Diverse,
Perverse, &c., and other derivatives.
Versus, -As, a turning at a land's end,
hence a row, a verse, a line. The fre-
quentative form is verso, to turn about,
to turn over and over, whence Versatile,
apt to turn about ; Converse, Sec.

Vertebra. Lsit. vertebra, il joint that
turns ; verto, to turn.

Vertex. — ^Vertical. Lat. vertex, a
whirlpool, the crown of the head where
the hair turns round like a whirlpool, and
thence the top of anything. Vertical,
directly above the head. See Verse.

Very. — Verily. Formerly verray,
from Fr. vrai. The valow verray, the
true value, full value. — R. Brunne, 163.
Verray pilgryn. — Ibid., 189.

' Lord Jhesu,' he said, ' also verrayly
As my luf is on the laid.' — lb. 102.

And this is euerlastynge lyf that thei
knowe thee verrei God alone.^ — Wiclif,
Jon. 17. Very God of very God. —
Athanasian Creed.

Vesicle. Lat. vesicula, dim. of vesica,
a bladder.

VesseL See Vase.

Vest. -vest. Lat vestis, a garment
Hence Invest, to clothe ; Devest, to un-
clothe.

Vestibule. Lat vestibulum, a porch
or entry to a house.

Vestige. Lat. vestigium, the print of
a foot, a trace.

Vestry. The apartment where the
garments for the service of a church are
45 *

7o8

VETCH

kept. Lat. vestiarium, a wardrobe, from
vestis, a garment.

Vetch. Lat. vicia, It. veccia.

Veteran. Lat. vstus, -eris, old ; vete-
ranus, one that has served long in a place,
an old soldier.

Veterinary. Lat. veterina bestia, a
beast of burden, a draught animal.

Vex. Lat. ve3.o (a freq. of "ueho, vexi,
to carry), to toss about, to disquiet, afflict,
harass.

Viands. Provisions. Fr. viande, meat,
formerly provisions in general, from Lat.
vivenda. 'Et nous requiesmes que on
nous donnast la viande:' and vi^e asked'
that one might give us something to eat.
' Les viandes qu'ils nous donnferent, ce
furent begues de fourmages qui estoient
roties au soleil — et oefs durs cuis de
quatres jours ou de cinq : ' the viands
which they gave us were cheesecakes
roasted in the sun, and hard eggs four or
five days old. — Joinville.

Vibrate. Lat. vibro, to quiver, to
glitter, to frizzle or ruffle.

Vicar. — Vicissitude. See Vice-.

Vice-. Lat. vids, a turn, and thence
office, duty, place, room, stead. Vice,
instead of ; vicarius, one who fills the
place of another, a deputy ; vicissim, by
turns, one after the other ; vicissitude, a
succeeding in turns.

Vice. A movable arm capable of being
screwed up to a solid support for the pur-
pose of holding fast an object on which
one is at work. Also the nuel or spindle
of a winding staircase. From Fr. vis, a
screw, a winding stair.

The implement takes its name from
comparison to the tendril of a vine. It.
vite, a vine, also a winding screw ; vite-
femina, a female screw ; vitare, vidare,
to screw with a vice. — Fl.

Vicious. — Vitiate. Lat. vitium, a
fault, vice; vitiare,to corrupt.
. Vicinity. Lat. vicus, a village, a
street ; vicinus, one who inhabits the
same village, a neighbour.

-vict. -vince. Lat. vinco, victum, to
conquer, overcome ; convince, to vanquish
in . argument, to baffle, refute, convince ;
evinco, to recover by law. To evince is
to establish in a convincing manner, to
make manifest, to display.

Victim. Lat. viciima, a beast killed in
sacrifice.

, Victory. Lat. victoria j' vinco, vic-
tum, to. conquer.

Victiials. Lat. victus, food, support
of life, from vivo, victum, to live.
. To Vie. To emulate, to compete with.

VILLAIN

To vye who might sleepe best.— Chaucer. ■'

It is a metaphor taken from the language
of gamesters, with whpm It.' invitarCy
Prov. envidar, enviar, Fr. envief-, was to
invite or propose to throw for certain
stakes, and renvier, to revie, for the
adversary to' propose certain stakes in
return.

Quum facio invitum, facias quoque, Balde, revi-
tum. — Merl. Cocc. in Rayn.

' II y renvioit de sa reste : ' he set his'
whole rest, he adventured all his estate
upon it. — Cot. Invitare, to invite to do
anything, to vie at play ; invito, an in-
viting, a vie or vying at play. — Fl. Invi-
tare is explained by La Crusca, to name
the stakes or amount for which one pro-
poses to play. OFr. envier was used in
the original sense of inviting as well as'
in the secondary one of vying at play.
' Entre ces ki furent al convivie enviez ; '
among those who were invited to the feast. '
— L. des Rois.

From the verb was formed the adverb-
ial expression d Venvi, OE. a-vie, as if for
a wager, a qui mieux mieux. ' They that
write of these toads strive a-vie who
shall write most wonders of them.' — Hol-
land, Pliny.

View. • Lat. videre, to see, became in :
It. vedere, veduto; in Fr. veder, veer,:
veier, veoir, voir s whence It. veduta, Fr.
veue, vue, sight or view.

Vigil. — ^Vigilant. Lat. vigil, wake-'
ful, waking, watchful ; vigilans, watch-
ing, awake ; vigilia, a watch by night,
the eve before a feast.

Probably from the same root with E.-
wake. I

Vignette. Fr. vignette, from vigne,
Lat. vineaj 'the first vignettes repre-
sented vine-leaves and clusters of grapes.'
— Scheler.

Vigour. Lat. vigors vigeo, to he
strong.

Vile. Lat. vilis, of little worth.

Villa. — ^Village. Lat. villa, a coun-
try- or farm-house, a farm.

Villain. Mid.Lat. villani were the
inhabitants of villce, hamlets or country
estates, peasants, or rustics, and the name
was specifically applied to the serfs or
peasants who were bound to till their
lord's estate, and were sold with the land.
' Ipse quoque terram et villanos et omnes
consuetudines de ipsis villanis in vico
Silvatico concessit.' — Orderic. Vital, in
Due. The supreme contempt in which
the peasants were held under the feudal
system led to the bad sense of the word

VINDICATE

in modern language. Fr. vilain, a churl,
boor, clown, and a knave, rascal, filthy
fellow ; as an adj. Vile, base, sordid, bad.
—Cot.
To Vindicate. — "Vindictive. See

Vengeance.

Vine. — Vinous. — Vintage. Lat.
vinum, wine ; vinea, the tree from whose
fruit it is made, a vine ; vindemia, Prov.
vendenha, Fr. vendange, the vintage or
gathering of the wine harvest.

Vinegar. Fr. x<in aigre, sour wine.

Vinewed. Mouldy. See Fenewed.

VioL — Violin. Mid-Lat viiuia,vtdu/a,
Prov. viu/a, It. viola, violone, vioUno,
Kma.fidula (Otfried), O.fiedel, Du. vedele,
vele (Kil.), a fiddle or stringed instru-
ment. Diez derives vitula, as the instru-
ment of merry-making, from Lat. vitulari,
properly to leap like a calf, then to be
joyous or merry. But see Fiddle.

Violate.— Violent. Lat. vis, force ;
violo, -as, to use force with, to wrong.

Violet. Fr. violette, Lat. viola.

Viper. Lat. vipera, for vivipera (from
vivus axi&pario, to bring forth), because
supposed to produce its young alive, and
not, as other snakes, in the shape of eggs.

Virgin. Lat. virgo, -inis.

Virtue. Lat. virtus, -utis (from vir,
a man), the especial character of a man
as opposed to woman, courage, strength,
power, merit, worth.

■ Virulent. Lat. virus, a strong dis-
agreeabig smell, venom, poison; viru-
lentus, venomous, poisonous.

Visage. — ^Vision. — Visible. — Visor.
Lat. video, visum, to see ; visio, a seeing,
a vision ; visus, a sight, look, view. From
visus are OFr. vis, and thence Fr. visage,
the face, countenance ; visiire, the viser
or Siglit of a helmet (Cot.) ; It. visiera, a
pair of spectacles or anything to see
through. — Fl. The word was variously
)vritten in E. visor, visar, visard, and
was applied^ to a mask or cover for the
face. It. visaruola, a mask.
' Viscid. — Viscous. Lat. visciis, bird-
lime, glue ; viscidus, sticky.

Visit. From Lat. video, visum, to
see, are formed the frequentatives visa
and visito, to go to see, to visit.

Vital. — ^ Vivid. — ' Vivacious. Lat.
mvo, victum, to live ; vita, life. Probably
from the same ultimate source with e.
quick, whick, living.
, Vitreous. Lat. vitrum, glass.

VitrioL Said to be named from its
vitreous or glassy substance.

Vituperate. Lat. vituperare, to blame,
find fault with.

VOLITION

709

Vivacious. — Vivid. See Vital.
Vixen. YarmsAy fixen, of which Ver-
stegan says : 'this is the name of the she-
fox, otherwise and more anciently foxin.
It is in reproach applied to a woman
whose nature and condition is thereby
compared to a she-fox.' — Restitution of
decayed Intelligence in N. & Q., Nov. 14,
1863. G.fiichsin, a she-fox.
Vizard. See Visage.
Vocal. — Vocabulary. — Vocation,
-voke. Lat. voco, -as, to call ; vox,
-as, a voice, sound, word ; vocabulwn, a
word. To convoke, to call together ; re-
voke, to call back, &c. Voctferor (voci
and/ero), to raise the voice, to shout.

Vogue. Fr. vogue, course of a ship;
and fig. course, sway : avoir la vogue,
etre en vogue, Sp. estar en boga, to be cur-
rent or fashionable, to have sway. It,
vogare, Sp. bogar, to row or pull at an
oar ; Fr. voguer, to sail forth. Am rems
et am vela s'en van a mays vogar : with
oars and sails they sail away. — Rayn.
From OHG. wagSn, mhg. wagen, to be in
motion, to move ; in wago wesan, etre en
vogue. — Diez. Sach uf den Unden wagen
ein schif : saw a ship move on the waves.
— Miiller. Darna anno 1527, 28, wage-
den se it mit smaksegel in Scotland, Nor-
wegen, &c. — Hamburgische Chroniken.
— they sailed with a smacksail to Scot-
and, &c.

Voice. Fr. voix, It. voce, Lat. vox,
vocis. See Vocal.

Void. It. viioto, vote, empty, hollow,
concave ; Fr. vuide, void, empty, waste,
vast, wide. — Cot. Prov. voig, vuei, empty;
voidar, voyar, vuiar, to empty ; Rouchi
wite, empty ; wider, to empty, void, quit.
Diez' derivation of Fr. vitide^ vide,
from Lat. viduus, seems far less probable_
than the view which regards it as an"
equivalent of G. weit, E. wide. OHG.
wU, amplus, latus, largus, procerus, vas-
tus, vacuus. Dero uuitun uuuasti, vastee-
solitudini, to the wide waste. Unit weg;.
spatiosa via. Diu uuita luft, aeria latitude.;
The ideas of emptiness and space are
closely connected. .Space is room to
move in, and it implies the absence of
what would fill it up. Thus waste, empty,
is radically identical with vast, spacious,-
and in the same way void, empty, is iden-
tical with wide, spacious.

Volatile. Lat. volo, -as, to fly ; vola-
tilis, that flies, flitting, passing swiftly.

Volcano. It. volcano, from Lat. Vul-
canus, the God of fire.

Volition. — Voluntary. Lat. volo, yzs,
to be willing, to ^'-Cd; voluntas, the will.

7IO

VOLLEY

. Volley. Lat. volo. It. volare, to fly ;
volata, Fr. volie, a flight, a number of
things flying at one time.
_ Volume. — Voluble, -volve. -volu-
tion. Lat. volvo, volutum, to roll, turn
over, whence volubilis, rolling, turning
about ; ■volumen, a roll of writing, a
volume, a bundle of anything wrapt up
together.

Voluptuous. Lat. voluntas, sensual
pleasure.

Vomit. Lat. vomo, voviitum.

Voracious. — Devour. Lat. voro, to
eat greedily ; vorax, inclined to eat
greedily, ravenous.

Vote. — Votary. — Devote. Lat. voveo,
•voium, to wish for, then to promise some-
thing for the sake of obtaining the object
of desire, to devote or consecrate ; voium,
a wish, a vow or promise made to the
Deity. A vote is the expression of our
choice or wish for a particular alternative.

To Vouch. — Vouoh.safe. Lat. vocare,
OFr. "voucher, in Law, was when the per-
son whose possession was attacked called
upon a third person to stand in his shoes
and defend his right. Then in a second-
ary sense, to ■vouch for one is to answer
to the call, to give your own guarantee
for the matter in dispute.

To vouchsafe, vocare salvum, is to
warrant safe, to give sanction to, to as-
sure, and thence to deign, to condescend.

Of raerchandie the sevent penie to have

WABBLE

Unto his tresorie the Barons vouched sane.
R. Brunne, 283.
Again, when K. Edward sent messengers
to France to renounce his fealty for Gas-
cony, K. Philip sent answer,
Homage up to yeld, lordschip to forsake,
So Edward it willed, on that wise we it take,
As ye haf mad present, the kyng vouches it saue,

— the king gives his sanction to the con-
dition.
Paroles ke sunt dites, de teres resigner,
Des homages rendre, de seygnour refuser,
Le reis PheUpp resceyt en meme la maner.
R, Brunne, 260.

Vow. Fr. v<xu, Lat. votum. See Vote.

Vowel. Fr. voyelle. It. vocak, Lat,
vocalh, of or pertaining to the voice.

Voyage. Fr. voyage. It, viaggio,
Prov. viatge, Walach. viadi, a. journey,
from Lat. viaticum, journey money, used
by Venantius Fortunatus in the modem
sense. — Diez. The Lat. via became Fr.
voie, way, whence envayer, renvoyer,
fourvoyer, &c.

Vulgar. — Divulge.— Vulgate, Lat.
vulgus, the common people ; vulgo, -as,
to publish or spread abroad, to divulge,
whence Vulgate, the version of the Scrip-
tures in common use.

Vulnerary. Lat. vulnus, a wound,
vulnerarius, of a wound.

-vulse. Lat. vello, vulsum, to pluck,
pull, tug ; convello, to pluck up, tear away,
wrench, shatter. Revulsion, a tearing
away, tearing back from.

w

To "Wabble. — Waddle. — Waggle.
These words all signify to sway to and
fro, and are probably taken in the first
instance from the rolling of water. To
wobble, to bubble up, to reel, totter, roll
about. — Hal. Potwobbler, one who boils
a pot. — Grose. To wallop, which differs
only in the transposition of the labial and
liquid, is used primarily of the motion of
boiUng water, and then of any rolling
movement : to wallop about, to roll about.
— Hal. Bav. wabeln, to tattle, points in the
same direction, the sense of loquacious-
ness being constantly expressed by the
figure of splashing water. In the same
dialect waiben, waibeln, to stagger, totter.
Du, wapperen, to waver, dangle, flap,
t.z.'^.wappeltet, to rock as a boat ; Esthon.
Tuabbisema, Fin. wapista, to shake, waver,
tremble.

With the addition of an initial sibilant
G, schwabbeln, schwappeln, schwappem^
schwappen, to splash, dash like water, to
wabble, waggle; schwabbeln, quabbeln,
Swiss wabbeln, Pl.D. wabbeln, quabbeln,
to shake like jelly or boggy ground.

In favour of a like origin of the form
waddle may be cited OHG. wadalon, wa-
danon, fluctuare, vagari ; Swab, watsch-
nass, thoroughly wet, compared with G,
watscheln, to waddle ; Fr. gadiller, to
paddle in the wet, to jog or Stir up and
down ; vadrouille, a swabber, for sop-
ping up the wet ; and (with the sibilant
initial) Du. swadderen, turbare aquas,
fluctuare — K., Bav, schwadern, schivat-
ieln, to splash, Sc. swatter, squatter, to
move quickly in any fluid, including the
idea of undulatory motion, to move
quickly in an awkward manner. — Jam.

WAD

■y^ad.— Wadding. A -wad is a bundle
pr quantity of anything, a wisp of straw.
—Hal. It is then applied to a bunch of
clouts, tow or the like, used by gunners
as a stopple and rammed down to keep
the powder close. To wad a garment is
to line it with flocks of cotton compacted
together, and wadding is material pre-
pared for that purpose. G. watte, Fr.
ouate, wadding for lining.

Wad in Cumberland is the name given
to black lead, a mineral found in detach-
ed lumps, and not, like other ores, in
veins. Waddock, a large piece. — Hal.

The sense of a mass or separate por-
tion, expressed by wad, as weU as by
swad or squad, is probably taken from
the figure of splashing in the wet, when
separate portions of mire are dashed off
on all sides. Compare squad, (in Lin-
coln) sloppy dirt, (in Somerset) a group
or company. — Hal. Swiss schwetti, a
slop, so much as is spilt at once ; then a
heap, as of apples. The syllable wad is
applied to the agitation of liquids in N.
vada, vadda, vassa, to dabble in water,
to chatter, tattle ; vade ned, to spill, or
slop. And it has been argued under
Wabble that the radical meaning of wad-
dle was of a similar nature. See also
next Article.

To Wade. The root is common to
the Latin and Teutonic stocks, signifying
originally to splash, then to walk through
water of some depth. Lat. vadus, wet ;
•uadere, to wade ; vadum, a shallow place,
a ford. It. guado, a ford, a washpool or
plash of water ; Fr. gui, a ford ; gueer,
to wade ; gu^er un cheval, to wash a
horse in a river ; guder du linge, to rinse
linen. — Cot. G. im kothe waten, to walk
in mud or dirt; Bav. wetten, Swiss
schweeten, to swim or wash a horse in a
river ; Swab, wette, Bav., Swiss schwetti,
a horsewash, a plash or puddle; Du.
wed, a horsepond, a ford ; wadde, a ford,
a shallow ; waden, to wade. N. vada,
vadda, vassa, to wade in water, mud, or
snow, to dabble, dirty, to chatter, tattle;
(of a fish) to swim on the surface of water.
Vad' ihop, to stir up ; vade ned, to spill,
slop.

The imitative force of the word is
entirely lost in wade, and can only be
made out by comparing it with fuller
forms, as P1.D. quatsken, to sound like
water in the shoes, to dabble ; It. guaz-
zare, to dabble, plash, or trample in the
water, to shake water in any vessel, to
rinse ; guazza, a plash or puddle of water;
Illyrian gacati, gaziti, Magyar gdzolni.

WAG

711

to wade ; g&z, a ford, a shallow ; or Swiss
schwadem, to move with a noise like
liquids in a vase, to splasli ; Bav. schwat-
teln, to splash or spill over.

W'afer. Fr. gauffre, Du. waefel, G.
waffel, Swiss waffle, a thin cake made by
baking it between the round flat cheeks
of a peculiar pair of tongs made for that
purpose. Said to be from G. wabe, a
honeycomb, which the crisscross marks
on the surface of the wafer are supposed
to resemble. It is much more probable
that it is named from the wide-mouthed
tongs by which it is made. G. waffel,
Swiss waffle, signify the wide chops of a
dog or any large mouth, as well as a
wafer.

Reinhold indeed in the Henneb. Idiot-
icon treats this last as the obvious deriv-
ation that must occur to every one, but
rejects it on the vague supposition that
the word is too ancient and too widely
spread for such a derivation.

To Waft.— Waffi— Whiflf. Sc. waff,
waif, to blow.

Ane active bow apoun her schulder bare,
As sche had bene ane wild huntreis,
With wind waffing her haris lowsit of trace.
D. V. 23. 2.

Closely allied to Sc: wauch, wauckt, E.
quaff, to drink in hearty draughts, or
with a strong draught of breath. Other
related forms are G. hauchen, to breathe,
to blow; E. huff, whiff, all imitative of
the sound.

The addition of the final t in E. waft
probably indicates the formation of a
substantive, and thence again of a second-
ary verb, as in Da. vift, a puff or breath
of wind; vifte, Sw. wefta, to waft, fan,
winnow, wave. Wefta pd elden, to blow
the fire ; weft-offer, a wave-offering. To
waft over, then, would be to convey over
by a breath of wind. So we have sniff,
snift, and Sc. wauch, waucht, above
mentioned.

* Wag. A joker, one who plays tricks.
Probably a curtailment of waghalter, one
who is like to wag in a halter, a gallows-
bird. ' I can tell you I am a mad wag-
halter.^ — Marston. ' Let them beware
of wagging in the galowes.' — Andrew
Boorde, p. 84. A similar formation is
seen in rake for rakehell, the scrapings
of hell.

To Wag. — Waggle. We signify vi-
bratory unsteady movement by the ad-
verbial wiggle-waggle. Du. wiggelen, to
shake ; waggelen, to stagger, totter. N.
vigga, to rock, to sway from side to side ;
wagga, to rock, and thence, a cradle.

712

WAGE

Bav. wagen, wegen, to shake, move, to
stir. Dem die zend wagen: he whose
teeth are loose. Die Juden wegten ir
haubet : the Jews wagged their heads.
Pl.D. wegen, wogen, to stir ; Sc. waggle,
wuggle, a quaking bog ; G. wackeln, to
wag, totter, joggle, shake, and with the
nasal, wanken, Westerwald wankelen, to
reel, waver, jog, rock. Lat. vacillare, to
totter.

It has been argued under Wabble that
the primitive application of all these
forms was to the agitation of water, the
sound of which they were intended to re-
present. Thus we have E. dial, swiggle,
to shake liquor violently, to move about in
water, to rinse — Moor ; G. schwdnken, to
move a fluid body to and fro, to rinse.
OHG. wAg, abyss, waters, sea ; G. wage,
Fr. vague, billow, wave.

To Wage. — Wages. — Wager. The
Lat. vas, vadis, a surety, corresponds to
Goth, vadi, OHG. luetti, OFris. wed, Sc.
wad, wed, a pledge, security, engagement,
whether these were actually borrowed
from the Lat. or not. Hence arose Mid.
Lat. vadium, guadium, It. gaggio, Fr.
gage, a pledge or surety, a stake at play.
Fr. gages, wages, is money paid to a
person as a pledge for his services. From
vadium sprang the verb vadiare, Fr.
gager, to give pledges, to lay down stakes.
A wager is an occasion on which oppo-
site alternatives are supported by two
parties, and stakes are laid down to abide
the issue of the event. The chronicle
speaking of the emperor Frederic II.,
A.D. 1250, says, ' Veneno extinctus sepul-
tus est — tam occult^ quod multi per
annos 40 vadiebant (wagered) eum vivere.'
—Due.

When a person under the Gothic Laws
proceeded against another at law, his first
step was to give a pledge that his cause
was just, and that he would abide the de-
cision of the court. This requisition was
satisfied when the appeal to law took the
shape of a challenge to judicial combat,
by the challenger flinging down his glove
in court, and the person challenged taking
it up. The proceeding was signified by
the term vadiare duellum, or wager of
battle, and the same verb was extended
to the analogous proceedings used on a
solemn declaration of war, vadiare bel-
lumj although there might here be no-
thing in the nature of a pledge. In
modern times we use the word wage for
the carrying on of war, and not merely
the commencement, and the connection
with the idea of pledges iswhoUyobscured.

WAINSCOT

Waggon. — ^Wain. as. wagen, wcegn,
OHG. wagan, ON. vagn, Bohem. w&^
Pol, woz, waggon, chariot, car. Sanscr.
vahana, vaha, bearing, conveying, any
vehicle, as a horse, a car ; vah, carry,
draw, bear, move; Lat. vehere, Bohem.
wezti, to carry. Lith. wezii, weszti, to
draw, convey, carry.

Waif. — To Waive. Mid.Lat. way-
vium, OFr. gayve, a waif, was anything
wandering at large, without an owner.
' Choses gayves sont qui ne sont appro-
prides k nul usage de home, et qui sont
trouv&s, que nul ne reclame siennes.'-^
Consuetudo Norm, in Due. ' Wayvium,
quod nuUus advocat.' — Fleta. ' There is
ane other mouable escheit of any waif
beist within the territorie of any lord, the
quhilk suld be cryed upon the market
dayes,.&c.' — Jam. From wai/" is fomvsd
Mid.Lat. waiviare, OFr. guesver, to
waive, to make a waif of or treat as a
waif, to renounce the right of ownership ;
guesver VMretage, to renounce the in-
heritance.

The origin of the word is seen in Sc.
waff, waif, to blow, to move to and fro^
to fluctuate ; waffie, wauingeour, a vaga-
bond; to wawer, waver, to wander —
Jam.; K dial, wave, to wander or stray
— Hal. ; ON. vdfa, vofa, to move to and
fro, to waver.

In like manner Lat. vagari, Fr. vaguer,
to wander up and down, are connected
with the root wag, signifying motion to
and fro.

To Wail. To cry wae! as Fr. miaU'
ler, to cry iniau ! It. guai a me ! woe is
me ! guaire, guaiare, guaiolare, to wail,
to lament. Bret, gwela, w. wylo, to weep,
lament. Fin. woi ! vox querentis, vae !
ah ! woikata, woikailla (Sw. %mja sig), to
cry woi ! to lament, wail ; woiwoius,via.il-
ing. See Woe. Let. wai! Magy. Ja/I
oh ! alas ! Let. waideht, fAiigy. jajgatni,
to groan, lament, wail.

Wain. See Waggon.

Wainscot. Pl.D. wagenschot, the best
oak wood without knots. — Brem. Wtb.
Du. waegheschot, oak boards, wood for
cabinet work, from the light-coloured wavy
lines {waeghe, wave) by which the grain
of the wood is marked. — Kil. The second
element of the word is Du. schoi, schut,
beschot, a. closure or partition of boards ;
schutten, to prevent, hinder, keep off;
schutten den wind, to keep out the wind ;
schutberd, thin board fit for partitions.
The shutters of a window are for keeping
out the weather.

Another Du. name for wainscot is

WAIST'

^andschot, from wand, wall, which leads
us to suspect that the supposed reference
to the wavy lines of wainscot may be an
afterthought, and that the first element
in Du. waegheschot, waeghenschot, may
really be the Fris. waegh, wach, wage,
AS. wag, ivah, wall.

Waist.— ■Waistcoat. Yromyf. gwasgu,
to squeeze or press, is formed gwasg, the
waist, the place where the body is squeezed
in. Gwasgod, gwasgbais, a waistcoat.
Gael, fiisg, Manx faast, to wring, press,
squeeze.

To Wait. — Watch. From ON. waka,
to wake, was formed vakta, to observe,
watch, guard, tend. The corresponding
forms are OHG. wahtin, to watch or keep
awake, to keep guard ; G. wache, watch,
look out, guard ; wacht, the guard ; Du.
waecke, wachte, watching, guard, and E.
watch. NFris. wachtjen, exspectare. —
Epkema. The stock was imported into
the Romance languages, producing It.
guatare, to watch, to spy, OFr. waiter,
gaiter^ guaiter, Fr. guetter, to observe, to
watch ; Wal. waiti, awaiti, to look, ob-
serve, spy ; Lang, gach, gdcha, gaict,
gaito, a watch or sentinel. Rouchi wUe
unpo,- just look.

From Northern Fr. descended E. waii,
to look, observe, be on the look out for,
expect, remain until something happens,
remain quiet, or observe, attend.
Beiyn cleped a maryner and bad him sty on loft
And weyie aftir our four shippis, aftir us doith
dryve. — Eeryn, 856.

— yet ferthermore he ridis
And waytid on his right bond a Mancepilis
plase. — lb. 903.

Wayie, waker : vigil. Wayte, a spye :
explorator. Waytyn or aspyyn : observe.
Waytynge or aspyynge with evyl me-
nynge : observatio. — Pr. Pm.

A like development of meaning may be
observed in G. warten, to wait, to stay, to
attend upon, which is radically identical
with It. guardare, to look.

The first of the foregoing quotations
from Pr. Pm. explains the Waits or nightly
musicians of Christmastide. ' Assint etiam
excubiae vigiles [veyies] corhibus suis stre-
pitum et clangorem et sonitum facientes.'
— Neccham in Nat. Antiq.

To Waive. See Waif.

Wake. The streak of smooth water
left in the track of a ship ; Fr. ouaiche.
It is remarkable that Fin. wako, Esthon.
ivaggo, signifies afurrow, the most obvious
figure from which the wake of a vessel
could be named. To plough the sea is a
familiar metaphor.

WALE

m

Mine own good Bat, before thou hoise up sail
To make a furrow in the foaming seas . — Gascoyne.

Fr. sillon, a furrow ; sillage, sillon de
mer, the wake of a vessel. Seillonn^, fur-
rowed, cloven asunder as the sea by a
ship. — Cot. Fin. wannas, ploughshare;
wenheen wannas (share of boat), front of
keel, cut-water.

The radical idea seems to be the open-
ing of the ground by the ploughshare,
from the root vag, vak, which is common
to the Finnic and Scandinavian languages;.
Magy. vdgni, to cut ; eret vdgni {eret,
vein), to open a vein ; vdgds, a cut ; kerek
vdgds {kerek, wheel), a wheel-rut. ON.
vaka, aperio, incido, transfodio ; at vaka
blod, to let blood ; at vaka is, to cut a
hole in the ice ; vok, incisura in glacie
facta, vel ejusmodi apertura in aliis ; vauk,
incisura seu fenestra. — Gudmund. In
Norfolk when the ' broads ' are mostly
frozen over the spaces of open water are
called wakes.

* To Wake. on. vaka, Goth, wakan^
AS. wacian, G. wachen, to wake. OHG.
wachal, AS. wacol, Lat. vigil, waking.
The original sense is probably to have
the eyes open, to look ; Swiss Rom.
vouaiti, vouaiki, to look.

Wakes. The annual festival of a vil-
lage, kept originally on the day of dedi-
cation of the parish church. The E.
churchwake, as far as the festival itself is
concerned, corresponds exactly too. kirch-
weihe, OHG. kirichwihi, from Goth, wei^
han, Sw. wiga, to consecrate, but it is
not easy to see how the latter word could
have passed into wake. It is commonly
explained from the vigil or watch that was
kept on the evening preceding a saint's
day. But wake is sometimes used in the
sense of feasting or reveling, and it is
probably in this sense that it is to be un-
derstood in the case of the parish wakes.
In some parts of England it is called the
village revel.

Wale. I. Outward timbers in a ship's
side, on which men set their feet when
they clamber up. Gunwale, a wale which
goes about the uttermost strake or seam of
the uppermost deckin the ship's waist.— B.

2. Wale or wheal (Fris. wale, walke
— Outzen), the raised streak on the skin
left by a stripe. AS. walan, vibices. —
Som. Wall of a strype, enfleure.— Palsgr.

The radical meaning in both cases
seems to be shown in Goth, valus, ON.
vdlr, Sw. wal, a rod, stick; drapwal,
slagwal, the part of a flail with which thie
corn is struck ; OFris. walubera, a pil-
grim or. staff-bearer; •\iK\.. gwalen, Fr.

714

WALK

gaule, a rod, staff, the staff of a flail. For
the apphcation to the swelHng raised by
a stripe^ compare ON. vondr, a wand or
rod, also a streak or stripe, a long narrow
mark.

To Walk. I. To go at a foot's pace,
to go on foot.

2. To full cloth, to work it in a mill
■with soap and water, so as to convert it
into felt ; as. wealcere, a fuller of cloth.
Bret, gwalc'hi, to wash. The radical
image seems to be the rolling movement
of boiling water. AS. weallan, to boil,
bubble up, roll. G. wallen, to boil, wal-
lop, bubble up, move in a waving or un-
dulatory manner; poetically, to wander,
range, ramble, to go, to travel on foot. —
Kiittn.

Then with a derivative g or k, OHG.
lualagdn, walgon, fluctuare, volvi, ambu-
lare ; biwalegon, volutare. — Graff. G.
walge, wassersrvalge, rolling water, wave ;
•walgen, walgern, to roll ; den teig aus-
walgen, to roll dough. Sw. valka ndgot
imellan hdndema, to roll something be-
tween the hands ; valka ler, to temper
clay, to work it up with water; valka
klesde, to full cloth. ON. valka, to roll in
the hands, as. wealcan, to roll, turn,
tumble ; wealcynde ea, rolling water ;
wealcere, a fuller. Bav. walken, walchen,
to move to and fro, to hover in the air, to
full cloth.

The sense of going on foot is a further
development of the idea of rolling or wan-
dering about. OHG. walgotun, volveban-
tur ; uualgota, ambulavit (in vi4 regum
Israel).^Graff.

Wall. AS. weall, wall, a wall ; Du.
wal, rampart, bank, shore. G. wall, a
rampart, town-wall, a bank or dike. Lat.
vallum, the palisade or fortification of a
camp ; vallus, a stake.

Wallet. Walette, a sack or poke. —
Pr. Pm. It. valigia (dim. valigiettd), a
male, cloak bag, budget, seems to be a
modification of bolgia, bolgetta, a budget,
leather bucket. — Fl. And probably Fr.
■malle, malette, a little male, a budget or
scrip (Cot.), may be another offshoot from
the same stock. — See Budget.

Wall-eye. An eye of a whitish colour,
from the skin becoming opaque. Cassius,
AS. wealken-eye. — Dief. Sup. Cooper in his
Thesaurus, A. D. 1573, xe.xA^r% glauciolus,
a horse with a waicle eye. — -R. Fris.
waeckel, an ulcer. — Kil. on. vagi i auga,
glaucoma, albugo, nubes in oculo. — Gudm.
Sw. wagel i Sgat, a stye in the eyelid. —
Nordforss. Sw. wagel is a perch for

WAMBLE

fowls ; Isl. vagi, a prop or support for a
cross beam.

To Wallop. To move to and fro, as
the surface of water in a vessel, to boil.
Swiss valple, vacillare.— Idioticon Ber-
nense. Wallop bears the same relation
to wabble that Swiss swalpen does to G.
schwappeln, to splash or dash to and fro
like water, or OE. walmynge to wame-
lynge of the stomach.— Pr. Pm. Pot-
wabbler ^-oA pot-walloper are both in use
for one who boils a pot. Both forms re-
present the sound of liquid in agitation,
only the place of the labial and liquid is
trans'posed in the two. A similar trans-
position of the mute and liquid is seen in
sputter and spurt, squitter and squirt j
in Da. valtre and vralte, to waddle.

The use of wallop in low language, in
the sense of beating one, seems to be
taken from comparing the motion of the
arm to the action of water dashing to and
fro. Norm, vloper, to thresh (rosser). —
H^richer.

To Wallow. AS. wealwian, to roll ;
bewealwian, to wallow, to roll oneself in.
Du. wallen, wellen,to boil, bubble, fluctu-
ate, also to roll, wallow. — K. Goth, valv-
jan, Lat. volvere, to roll. Swiss walen,
wallen, to roll ; sich umewalen, to roU on
the ground. The figure of boiling water
is often used to e;!cpress confused multi-
farious movement. Lith. woloti, to roll,
Gr. eiMu, OHG. wellan, to roll ; willit,
volvit (se in lutosa aqua). OHG. wala-
gon, fluctuare, volvi, ambulare ; piuuala-
goten, volutatum (in suo sanguine). See
Walk.

Wallo-wish. Nauseating. — B. Wal-
low, flat, insipid. — Hal. Du. walghen,
to nauseate, loathe ; walghinge, nausea,
inclination to vomit. Ik walg daran, it
turns my stomach. From the sensation
of a rolling in the stomach, caused by in-
cipient sickness. G. walgen, walgeln,
walgern, to roll. — Sanders. In like man-
ner the Da. has vamle, to nauseate,
loathe, corresponding to G. wammeln, to
move about, K. wamble, wabble, to move
up and down.

Walnut. Du. walnot, walschenot, AS.
walhnot, a foreign nut. Wealh, a foreign-
er. Swiss walen, waalen, to speak an
unknown language; welsch, wdlsch, a
foreign language. G. wdlsch, Italian; ein
Walscher hann, a Turkeycock ; die
Wdlsche bohne, French beans ; walschen,
to talk gibberish.

To Wamble. To move or stir, as the
bowels do with wind, to rise up as seeth-

WAN

ing water does, to wriggle like an arrow
in the air.— B. Wamlyng of the stomake,
esmouvement. — Palsgr. G. wammeln,
wummeln, wammezen, wimmeln, to stir,
crawl, swarm. Wamble differs from wab-
ile only in the insertion of the nasal.

Wan. — To Wane. Goth, vans, want-
ing; vanana gataujan, to nullify, make
void ; vanains, diminution. AS. wana,
deficiency, wanting. An thing the is
wana, one thing is wanting to thee. Anes
wana twentig, twenty wanting one, nine-
teen. Wanian, gewanian, awanian, to
decrease, waste, decay, wane. Thu wa-
nodest hine, minuisti eum. Tha wcstera
wanodon, aquae minuebantur. ON. vanr,
wanting ; vana, to weaken, diminish, to
castrate a horse.

The Celtic languages have preserved
the word in the least abstract meaning,
w. gwan, weak, faint, poor ; Bret, gwan,
feeble, sickly, vain, empty ; Gael, fann,
faint, feeble, infirm. Lat. vanus, empty,
futile. We have then AS. wan, wanna, E.
wan, pale, livid, dusky, properly feeble or
weak in colour, what is wanting in bright-
ness.

Wan in composition is used as a nega-
tive particle ; OE. wanhope, Du. wanhope,
wantroost, despair; wanweten, to be
ignorant or mad ; wanmaete, deficient
measure,&c. on. wam^z, without strength;
vankunnandi, unknowing ; vanmdttr,
vanmegin, want of might, weakness. The
W. gwan is used in the same way ; gwan-
fydd, weak faith, distrust ; gwanffydio,
to despair ; gwangred, a faint belief ;
gwangredu, to distrust.

Wand. ON. vondr, a shoot of a tree, a
rod.

To Wander. There is no essential
difference between G. wandern, to wander
or go about without settled aim, and wan-
deln, to walk, travel, go about one's busi-
ness, the terminal elements r and / being
used indifferently in the formation of fre-
quentative verbs. The primary sense
seems to be to fluctuate, roll, move to
and fro, as shown in ohg. uuantaUn,
volvere, vertere, mutare, mercari. — Schm.
UuantalSt, volutat, ventilat ; uuanda-
lontero, fluctuantium ; giuuantaldn, ver-
tere (vestes).— Graff. And wantalSn is
only a nasalised form of wadaldn, venti-
lare, vagari, whence wadalari, vagabun-
dus. — Graff. Thus wander -tio^A. be re-
lated to waddle nearly as wamble to
wabble.
To Wane. See Wan.
Want. A derivative from the root wan,
signifying deficiency, negation. ON. vanta

WARBLE

715

(impers.), to be wanting, deficient in ;
vantan, v'dntun, want, deprivation.

The verb to want, used in familiar lan-
guage to express the desire of the speaker
for something, might well be explained as
signifying that he feels the want of it.
But it is singular that the word is found
in w. and Bret, with the positive signifi-
cation of desire, and in those languages
has no apparent connection with gwan,
the Celtic representative of the Teutonic
wan. W. chwant, Bret, c'hoant, desire,
longing, appetite, lust ; chwant bwydd,
desire of food, hunger ; chwanta, to covet,
to lust after.

Wanton. Properly uneducated, ill
brought up, then unrestrained, indulging
the natural appetites, from the negative
particle wan and the participle togen,
getogen (OE. towen, itowen), of the as.
verb teon, G. Ziehen, to draw or lead.
Ho was itogen among mankunne,
And hire wisdome brohte thenne.
— she was bred among mankind, and
gained her wisdom from thence. — Owl
and Nightingale. 'Vor the nome one
mahte hurten alle wel itowene earen :'
for the name alone might hurt all well-
bred ears.- — Ancren Riwle, 204. Full-
itowen, fully educated. — Ibid. 416. ' Of
idele .wordes, of untowtme thoughts.' —
Ibid. 342. Untowe bird, avis indiscipli-
nata. — Ibid. 16. Wantowe (wantown,
wanton), insolens, dissolutus. — Pr. Pm.
' Seeing evermore his (Gods) ghird to
chastisen us in his hand ghif we waxen
wantowen or idil.' — Serm. on Miracle
Plays, in Nat. Antiq., 2. 44.

In like manner we have in G. wolge-
zogen, well-bred (Nibel. Lied. 1731) ; and
ungezogen, ill-bred, ill-mannered, rude,
saucy. — Kiittn.

War. Fr. guerre. It. guerra, war;
gara, strife, contention, }2.vn-a^ ; Du.
werre, contention, strife, war ; werren, to
disturb, contend, strive, war. — Kil. ohg.
werran, to disturb, confuse ; gawer, sedi-
tio. MHG. werren, to disturb, confuse,
trouble, contend. ' Wirret sich ein man
mit eime andern, daz si sich slin :' if one
man strives with another so that they
come to blows. ' Daz sich di wjrren rait
einander mit worten, mit stozerie.' G.
wirren, to jumble, entangle, embroil, con-
found; wirrwarr, embranglement, dis-
order, confusion. In like manner Fin.
hasa, strepitus conviventium, rixantium,
&c. ; hassata, strepo, inquietfe me gero,
altercor, rixor.

To Warble. To chirp or sing as birds
do, to sing in a quavering or trilling way,

■716

WARD"

to purl or gurgle as a brook. — B. The
radical image is probably to be found in
the bubbling or gurgling of water, and
the word is a parallel form with gargle,
gurgle, or It. gorgare, gorgolare, to gar-
gle, to rattle in the throat, to warble or
quaver in singing, also to wharl, or speak
in the throat as the Florentines do ; sgor-
gare, sgorgolare, to gurgle, to warble ;
sgargagliare, to gargle, rattle in the
throat, prattle ; borbogliare, to make a
confused noise (Fl.) ; Sp. barbullar, to
talk loud and fast; Lang, barbalia, to
chatter, tattle ; OFr. verbeler, to speak
quick and indistinctly. — Roquef. ' I war-
bell with the voyce as connyng singers do :
Je verbie.' — Palsgr.

The transference from the region of
sound to that of movement gives Sc
warble, warple, wrabil, to crawl about,
to wriggle, to move to and fro. To war-
ble in J to warble or wurble oneself out,
to get out of confinement by a continua-
tion of twisting motions. To wraple, to
entangle.

Ward. The sense of keeping is com-
monly expressed by the figure of looking
after. Wal. ward^, to guard, keep, ob-
serve, defend. It. guardare, Fr. regarder,
to look ; garder, to keep. Robert of
Gloucester, p. 486, says that when K.
Richard went to the crusade he 'bitoc
the bisshop of Ely this lond in ech ende
to wardi : ' and shortly after he speaks of
' the bisshop of Ely that this londe adde
to loke.' See Guard.

A ward is a person under age, com-
mitted to the ward or care of a guardian.
The ward of a lock is what guards the
lock against opening with a false key.
The ward of a town, prison, hospital, is
so much as is committed to the care of
one alderman or keeper.

A warden, Yx.gardien, is one who has
ward or guard of a thing. A warden-
pear, Fr. poire de garde, a keeping pear.

Ware. — Aware. — Wary. on. var,
having notice of, aware, also cautious,
wary. At verda var vid,\.o be aware of,
to observe. Vara, to warn ; vara sig,
varaz, to beware, to take heed. Da. vare,
guard, care ; tage sig vare, to take heed
of; tage vare paa, to watch, have an eye
upon. G. gewahr, aware; Du. waeren,
waerden, to observe, take care, beware of,
keep, guard— Kil. ; waememen (G. wahr-
nehmen), to take notice, perceive ; waer-
schouwen, to give notice, to warn. Bav.
waren, to look, take care. War waz du
tuest : mind what you are about. Fr,
fare ! look out ! take care ! beware ! OE,

WARN

gaure, gare, to gaze. The radical meanJ
ing is doubtless to look, observe, take
notice of.

The same root is found in all the Fin-
nish languages with no appearance of
being borrowed. Lap. liiaret, to keep,,
guard ; wahrok, provident, wary ; wahro-
tet, to warn ; Esthon. warrima, to take
heed ; Fin. wara, foresight, caution^
warning ; warata, to beware, to warn ;
waru, cautious, provident, timid. Magy!
vdrni, to expect, watch, wait.

Wares, on. vara, varnadr, Sw. wara,
(pi. waror). Da. vare, Du. waere, wares,
goods, merchandise. The radical mean-
ing seems to be simply provisionment,
stores, from the root signifying look, men-
tioned in the last article. The develop-,
ment of the signification is especially clear
in Finnish. Warata, to be provident,
cautious, to provide, to furnish with what
is necessary, in such senses as, to arm
my hand with a sword, to fill a purse
with money. Warasta, provisions, stores ;
wara, goods, means, wealth ; wara-huo-
net {huonet, house), a storehouse, a bam ;
takawara {taka, behind, after), stores,
provided for the future ; waramakso
{makso, payment, expense), a provision.
for expenses ; wara mies, a supplemental
man, a xm.n provided to supply the place
of another. Sw. matwaror, eatables, pro-
vision of meat, to which we give the name
of provisions, hot IJox^k ; fiskwaror,
salted fish, provision of fish. Esthon.-
warrima, to keep, preserve ; warra, pro-
vision, furniture, goods, possessions ; '
warrandus, goods, provision, treasure.

Wariangfle. The shrike or butcher- '
bird, so called from hanging up its prey,
on the thorn of a tree, like meat in a
butcher's shop. G. wargangcl, wurgen-,
gel (Dief. Sup. in curruca), the shrike,,
from wiirgen, to throttle, to butcher, and
angel, a thorn.

Warm. on. varvir, G. warm, OLat.
formus, Gr. efp//oc, Hind. ^^»rw«, Pers.
germ, hot ; Sanscr. gharma, heat.

To Warn. To give notice, to cause
one to take notice, from the root -ware,-
signifying look or take notice. From the
same root in a somewhat different appli-
cation are Yx. garnir,guarnir, wamir,
to provide, prepare, fortify, secure, pre-,
serve ; garnison, gamesture, provision,
furniture, stores (Roquef.) ; from which
last is OE. warnestore, to furnish, store,
fortify. ' Et que Egypte soit gamie (pre-
served) de la famine des sept ans que
sont k venir.'

The notion of preserving or defending

■WARP

naturally passes into that of. warding or
keeping off, thrusting away, forbidding,
refusing. Thus Fr. defendre acquires the
sense of forbidding, and to luarn one off
is. to forbid his entrance. / warm, I
defende one or commande him not to do
a thynge. — Palsgr. AS. wyrnan, to warn,
refuse, forbid, deny, hinder, on. varna,
to forbid, refuse.

And swa the lana embandowned he
That nane duist warne (refuse) to do his will.
Bruce, iv. 392.

The G. uses the simpler form without
the derivative n; wekren, to bar, hinder,
prohibit, forbid. Einem den zugang
wehren, to forbid one entrance, to warn
him off.

Warp. ON. varp, Du. werp, werp-
draed, werpgaeren, werpte, G. werft, the
long threads laid out parallel to each
other between which the woof is shot in
leaving. Du. werp, worp, a cast.

To Warp. i. Goth, wairpan, as.
weorpan, on. verpa, G. nuerfen, to cast ;
then in a special sense, to take a certain
turn, to bend. A cast in the eye is when
one eye is turned out of the true direc-
tion. . Das holz wirft sich : the wood
casts or warps. — Kiittn. ON. werpask,
N. varpa seg. Da. kaste sig, to contract,
io warp.

2. To warp a ship, to hale her to a
plate by means of a rope laid out for
that purpose and fastened to an anchor.
■^B. Da. varpe, to warp a ship ; varp-
toug, a tow-line or warp.

The word probably comes in the first
instance from the language of fishermen.
ON. varpa in a special sense is to cast or
lay out a net, whence varpa. Da. varpe-
garn, a drag-net. N. varp, a cast with a
net, a laying out of the net ; varpa, to
fish with a net, and thence, apparently
from comparison with the hauling in of a
drag-net, to warp a ship.

Warrant. — Warren. It has been
shown under Ware and Ward, as before
under Guard, that the figure of looking
out, looking after, was used to express
the sense of taking care of, guarding, pre-
serving against, making safe. OHG. gewar,
safe, secure (as Lat. tutus, from tueor, to
Jook). Giuuara vesti, munitum prsesi-
dium. Daz siben ziug gewaerrer sint
dann zwen : that seven witnesses are
safer, more reliable, than two. Giwar,
security, safety, safe refuge. Jederman
flohe an sein gewar da er denn meinte
sicher zu seyn : every one fled to his re-
fuge where he considered himself safe. —

WARRANT

717

Schmeller. Hence OFr. garir^ to seek
safety, to take refuge.

Mais ne saveit queu part aler,
N'osout des grantz foresz eisseir,
Kar il ne saveit ou garir.
Benoit, Chron. des Dues de Norm. 2. 399.

—he dare not quit the great forests, for he
did not know where to find shelter, ohg.
gewarheit, tutela ; also security, pledge,
secure residence. — Schm. G. gewdhr,
assurance, security, surety. Dem kaufer
die gewdhr leisten, to give security or
safe possession to the purchaser. Ge-
wdhrsmann, Pl.D. waarsman, warend,
warent, one who warrants or gives secur-
ity, who answers for the safe possession
of a property. Waren, wAr machen, to
assure, make good, certify, prove by oath,
witnesses, &c. OE. warant, protector,
defensor. — Pr. Pm. So in OFr. garieur,
garent, guarent, one who makes safe,
certifies, answers for ; gariment, garison,
surety, guarantee.

Another derivative from the same source
is OFr. garene, warene, a place where
animals are kept, a henyard, pigeon-house,
fishpond, rabbit warren. — Roquef. A
preserve for game expresses the same idea
in modern language.

The derivation of warrant and warren,
from the root ware, signifying caution,
and thence defence, security, safety, may
be-further illustrated by the formation of
words having the same meaning from
Lat. cavere, cautum, to beware, to guard
against. Thus in Mid.Lat. we find cau-
tus, safe, undisturbed ; cautis, cautum, a
security or written engagement for the
performance of a condition ; cautare, in-
cautare, to protect, secure, warrant.

' Et omnia pecora vestra per omne reg-
num meum sint secura et cauta tanquam
mea propria, et libera et ubique habeant
pascua.' — Charta Alphons. Reg. Castellae
A.D. 12 1 3. '■Cauto vero [I guarantee]
supradictos homines et omnia quae ha-
bent vel habebunt, quod nullus de cetero
pro aliqua voce vel calumniis, excepto
pro pretio debito audeat pignorare, vel
de suo aliquid prendere, molestare vel
calumniare. Hujus autem liberationis et
incautationis inchartationem facio Deo
et Stae Agathas.'— Charta Ferrandi Reg,
Cast. A.D. 1224. From the foregomg
application of cautus, in "the sense of pro-
tected, secure from intrusion, is Sp. coto, .
an inclosure of pasture grounds, a land-
mark, and Port, couto, an inclosure, park,
warren, rabbit-burrow, form of a hare,
asylum, refuge.

7i8

WART

"Wart. Du. werte, wratte — Kil., G.
warze.

"Was. — Were. Goth, visan, prt. vas,
•vesun, to remain, continue, stay, to be ;
fauravisan, to be to the fore ; vists, na-
ture. ON. vera (anciently vesa, visa —
Jonsson), prt. var, vas, vdrum, Sw. vara,
AS. nvesan, to remain, continue, be.
Sanscr. vas, to dwell, to live, to wear
clothes.

It is well known that the verb to be is
an abstraction unknown to the language
of gesture and the rudest uncivilised lan-
guages. ' In American and Polynesian
languages,' says Farrar, Chapters on
Lang. 54, ' there are forms for I am well,
I am here, &c., but not for I am. More
than this, savage nations [when they learn
Enghsh] cannot even adopt the verb to
be. A negro says, " Your hat no lib that
place you put him in." ' I have known a
child, when learning to speak, say. Where
it live? where is it ? Sw. blifwa, to abide,
remain, continue, is the common word for
to become, to be. We must therefore re-
gard the sense of continuance expressed
by the verb visan, vera, &c., as prior to
that of abstract being, and we cannot se-
parate the verb of which tvas and Tuere
are menibers from G. wahren, to last, and
E. wear. See Wear. The primary sig-
nification is probably to look, to see, from
whence all the others naturally flow. To
look, to guard, preserve, defend, cover,.or
to guard, to keep, to endure, to remain,
to be. The G. warten, to expect or wait,
is identical with It. guar dare, to look,
and it has been shown that the primary
sense of e. wait is to look out, while we
have argued in favour of a similar origin
for bide, abide.

To Wash. AS. waescan, wacsan, g.
waschen, Sw. waska. A parallel form
with swash, slosh, representing the sound
of dashing water. 'A great swash of
water, magnus aquarum torrens.'— Coles
in Hal. Swash, refuse, hogwash, soft,
quashy. — Hal. ' Drenched with the
swassing waves.' — Taylor. Piedm.
svass^, to splash, rinse, wash. Svassd
un caval, to bathe a horse ; svassese la
boca, to rinse or wash out one's mouth.
Bav. schwatteln, to splash ; schwetti,
a horsewash.

In G. schwatzen, waschen, to tattle, the
expression is transferred from the sound
of dashing water to that of clacking
tongues. N. vada, vadda, vassa, to dabble,
splash, wade, also to chatter, tattle.

Was^. AS. wasp, waps, ohg. wafsa,
we/sa, Lat. vespis, wasp. Lith. wapsd, a

WATTLE-

gadily. There can be little doubt that it
comes from a word signifying to sting.
So Gael, speach, bite, strike smartly, and
speach (Gr. a^r,%), a wasp or any venom-
ous little creature, or its sting or bite.
Lap. pusiet, to sting as a serpent. Fin."
ptiskia, to strike with the horns ; puski-
ainen, a wasp.

Wassaa. A custom still used in some

places on Twelfth night of going about

with a great bowl of ale, drinking of

healths. — B. Hence wassailers,xzve&!txi.

From the AS. salutation on pledging one

to drink, was hal,h& of health, which the

person accepting the pledge answered in

the terms drinc hal, I drink your health.

E pur une feyze esternuer

Tantot quident mal trouer,

Si uesheil ne diez aprez :

— and for a single sneeze they expect to
be taken ill unless you say uesheil, God
bless you. — Manuel des Pecch^s, iioo.

Waste. The proper meaning of the
word is the same as that of the equiva-
lent Pol. pusty, empty, void, unoccupied,
desert. Thus the waste water of a mill is
what runs away without contributing to
drive the wheel ; to waste your money is
to spend it in vain, without obtaining an
adequate return. In waste was formerly
used in the sense of in vain. ' Take my
councell yet or ye go, for fear ye walk in
waste.' — Gammer Gurton, II. 4.

It. guastare and Fr. gaster, gdter, sig-
nify to spoil or render unfit for occupation
or employment. Mid.Lat. gastum, bar-
ren land, fallow. OHG. wSsti, wuosti, de-
sert, solitary ; wuostinna, Du. woesiijne,
AS. westen, Mid.Lat. vastina, 7r.gastine,
a desert, uncultivated land. G. wiisi,
waste, desert, uninhabited ; das wiiste
gerinne, the waste water in a mill. The
term is then applied to the absence of
cultivation in a moral sense. Ein wiister
mensch, a rude, rough, brutal, ill-bred
man. In the same way Lat. vastus,
waste, desert, desolate ; also awkward,
unmannerly,illbred,uncouthly large, vast.
Watch. See Wait.
Water. — Wet. Goth, vato, pi. vatna,
ON. vatn, Lith. wandii. Let. uhdens, OHG.
wazar, G. wasser, Gr. SJwp, iiJaroj, water;
ON. vdtr, Sw. wat, Da. vaad, Lat. udus,
wet.

It is difficult to suppose that these
forms are not from the same root with
wade, to splash through water.
This whit waseled in the fen almost to the ancles.
P. P. (Skeat), 1. 43='-
Wattle. From OHG. wadalSn, MHG.
wadelen, wedelen, to waver, move to and

WAVE

fro (see Waddle), G. wadel, wedel are
used to signify whatever wavers, dangles,
or moves to and fro, as a fan, the tail of
an animal, a plume of feathers, the wav-
ing branches of a tree, on the same prin-
ciple, in the latter instance, that the name
of waivers is given in the E. of England
to small waving twigs. — Hal. Bav. wadel,
fir-branches, twigs, branchwood ; wadeln,
to cut brushwood.— Schm. ' Da rauscht
in den tannewedeln : it sounds in the fir-
branches.'— Deutsch. Mundart. 2. 167.
Swiss wedele, a bundle of twigs. Hence
must be explained E. wattle, provincially
a hurdle (Hal.), a frame of interwoven
twigs or rods ; to wattle, to interweave
with rods.

From the same sense of waving to and
fro are the wattles or waddles of a cock,
the loose pieces of flesh which dangle be-
neath his chin. So Du. quabbe, a dew-
lap, from G. quabbeln, wabbeln, to shake
like jelly, mhg. wadel, an apron, what
hangs before for concealment. Machten
in wadel von veigenbaum : made them
aprons of fig-leaves.

Wave. In OE. written wawej Goth.
vegs (pi. v^gos), AS. wag, G. woge. Da.
vove, N. vaag, Fr. vague, billow, wave.
Sw. wag is both a balance and a wave,
the name being given to both for the
same reason, viz. from the up and down
movement of each. OHG. wegan, to
move, vibrate, nod, weigh ; -wagSn,
moveri ; wdg, gurges, vorago, lacus,
aquor. In manigero wazzero wage : in
diluvio aquarum multarum. — Notker.
The radical forms waggle and wabble are
closely connected, and their derivatives
frequently intermingle.

To Waver. — ^Wave. Sc. waff, waif,
wawe, to fluctuate ; to wavel, to move
backwards and forwards ; to waver,
wawer, to fluctuate, wander.

And in that myrk nycht wawerand will.

Wyntown.

ON. vdfa, vofa, to wave to and fro ; vdfa
yfir (as G. schweien), to hang over ; vdfra,

to totter, to roam or wander about. G.

quabbeln, wabbeln, to shake like jelly ; G.

dial, wabben, wabbeln, wabern, waffeln,

wafflen, to waver, totter, move to and fro.
—Deutsch. Mundart. 2. Bav. waibeln,
waiben, to waver, totter, flutter, twirl.

Waiben wie ein rohr, to shake like a reed ;
waiben wie ein top/, to whirl like a top.
Du. wapperen, to waver, vacillate, swing.
E. quaver, to shake with the voice, to
tremble ; to quave, to move to and fro ;
an earthquave, a quavemire. Fin.
'wapista, to quaver, sound tremulous, to

WEALD

719

shake or tremble ; wapina, a tremulous
sound, a trembling. See Wabble.

Wax, AS. weax, on. vax, a. wachs,
Pol. vosk, Russ. voska, Esthon. wahha,
Magy. viasz, wax. Fin. waha, a rock;
then by a strong metaphor, waha weden,
the rock of water, foam ; waha meden,
the rock of honey, wax ; wahainen, rocky,
foamy, waxen or waxy. Fin. waaksi,
wahto, or waahti also signify foam.

To Wax. AS. weaxan, Goth, wahsjan,
ON. vaxa, Sanscr. vah, Q2i.A.fas, to grow,
increase.

Way. Goth, vigs, ON. vegr, Sanscr.
vaha, Lat. via, Fr. voie.

To Wayment. To lament. The in-
terjection of suffering is in Lettish wai !
(corresponding to G. wehe / e. woe /), and
with the personal pronoun, waiman !
equivalent to Gr. 01/101 .'' woe is me ! From
the compound interjection are formed
waimanaht ! to cry wai7nan ! (as Gr.
Si/iiliZiiv, to cry oifioi !), to lament ; wai-
manas, lamentation ; which seem to ex-
plain the formation of E. wayment.

Wayward. Perhaps a corruption of
wrayward, as G. wasen compared with
Du. wrase, a sod. Crabbyd, awke or
wrawe {wraywarde — W.), bilosus, can-
cerinus ; wraw, froward, ongoodly, per-
versus, bilosus, protervus. — Pr. Pm.

Weak. What yields to pressure. AS.
wdc, weak, pliant ; Da. veg, pliant ; svag,
weak ; Sw. svig, supple, agile ; G. weich,
Du. weeck, weyck, Sw. wek, soft, yielding
to the touch, tender, effeminate ; G.
schwach, weak. Bret, gwak, soft, tender,
delicate. G. weichen, as. wican. Da.
vige, Sw. wika, swiga, to -yield, give
place to.

The radical image is seen in on. vik,
a slight movement, a nick or recess,
whence vikja, to set in motion, to turn ;
also to give place ; vikna, to give place,
to yield, to be moved or softened. The
as. swican has the same radical mean-
ing, the sense of deceiving being derived
from that of a short quick turn or move-
ment. Compare Sw. wika of, to turn
aside, to quit, wika undan, to go off,
escape, quit, with AS. him from swicon,
went from him ; thone death beswican, to
escape death.

Weal.— Wealth, as. wel, well ; wela,
abundance, wealth, prosperity; in pi.
riches ; wela, welig, rich. OHG. welzda,
welitha, wealth. In the same way we
have Fr. bien, well, and as a substantive,
biens, goods, substance, wealth.

Weald, as. weald, G. wald, wood
forest. The weald of Kent is the broad

720

WEAN

woody valley between the bare chalky
clowns which occupy so large a portion of
the county.

To Wean. g. gewohnen, to accustom ;
entwbhnen, to break the custom, to use one
to do without, to wean. Da. vanne, to
accustom ; afvanne, vcenne fra, to wean.
Du. wennen, to accustom, to wean. See
Won.

Weapon. Goth, vepna, arms ; ohg.
wdfan, G. wqffe, ON. vapn, AS. wcEpn,
weapon ; Du. wapen, arms, tools. — Kil.

To Wear. i. To last, endure or hold
out, as, this cloth wears well, i. e. lasts
long. — B. ON. vera, G. wdhren, and Sw.
luara are used in the same sense. Me-
dan det warar : while this lasts. Tyg
som warar lange : stuff that lasts long,
that wears well. Den klddningen har
■warat twa somrar : that coat has lasted,
has worn two summers. OHG. weren,
manere, subsistere, durare ; durah weren,
permanere ; werig, wirig, perpetuus, per-
manens ; unwerig, caducus. — Graff. To
wear out is to endure to the end of its
existence, to come to an end, correspond-
ing to G. verwesen, to moulder away, to
decay. To wear off, to go off by lasting,
to go gradually off. When we look to
the verb to last we see that the idea of
continuance or endurance springs from
the sense of performing or fulfilling its pro-
per end. To last is the equivalent of G.
leisten, to comply with one's duty, to per-
form what one is required, to fulfil. —
Kiittn. ' Thei ben false and traiterous
and lasten nogt that thei bihoten.' — Sir
Jno. Mandeville. The same sequence is
shown in E. wear, to endure, compared
with OHG. weren, gawerin, gawerSn,
facere, preestare, servare, to keep, fulfil,
perform. Uuereton iro gedingung, ser-
vaverunt pactum ; uueret sermones dei,
he observes the commandments of God ;
legem uueren, to keep the law. — Graff.
The word keep itself is used in both senses,
to observe or fulfil, and also to last. To
keep quiet is to remain quiet, and the
word is provincially used for reside or
dwell. A Cambridge student would ask.
Where do you keep ? But words signify-
ing keep, guard, take care of, almost
always derive their significance from the
figure of looking, as Lat. servare signifies
in the first instance to look, then to keep
or guard, while the derivative observe sig-
nifies to perform or fulfil.

The sense of a sharp look out is pre-
dominant in E. ware, beware, while G.
bewahren signifies to keep or fulfil. ' Das
gerechte volk, das den Glauben bewah-

WEAR

ret :' the righteous people which keepeth
the faith. — Isaiah 26. 2. Die gebothe
Gottes bewahren : to keep or fulfil the
commandments of God. Thus we finally
trace the pedigree of wear to the root
war, which through a wide range of lan-
guage signifies look or take notice, as
shown under Ware, Ward, Warn, &c.

The G. wahr (Lat. verus, W. gwir), true,
is probably to be explained as what keeps
or fulfils the purpose for which it was de-
signed. The true way is that which leads
to the end we are desirous of attaining.
A true man is one who fulfils his pro-
fessions. A true saying is one which
comes out in accordance with fact, when
put to the proof. Thus verity may be
regarded as the capacity of a thing for
wear. ohg. uuar, Veritas, fides ; ze uuare,
cert^ ; gawdri, probitas ; ungawdr, im-
probus ; war it, kewarit, piuuarit, probat.
—Graff.

2. To wear clothes. The expression of
a garment wearing well, or being worn
out, seems so closely connected with that
of wearing clothes, that we are at first
inclined to identify the verb in the two
cases and to explain the sense of wearing
clothes as remaining or being in them, in
accordance with on. at vera f skyrtu, I
brdkum : to be in a shirt, in breeches, to
wear them ; or as we say, he was in his
shirt sleeves, in his best clothes. Sanscr.
vas, to dwell, to wear clothes.

But further examination tends to show
that although the ultimate origin is pro-
bably the same in wear, to last, and wear,
to bear clothes, yet the two senses are
not immediately connected. The line of
thought seems to be, to look out, take
heed, beware, guard against, protect,
cover, clothe. Sich vor der kalte, der
hitze bewahren, to guard against cold or
heat ; verwahren, to preserve, on. verja,
AS. werjan, to defend, protect, cover.
Hrcegle hine mid to werianne : clothing
to cover himself withal. OHG. warjan,
werjan, defendere, prohibere, tegere, ves-
tire. — Graff.

Mit uuati er thih io uuerie

Joh emmizigen nerie :

Amictu ipse te defendet, et perpetuo alet.

Otfr. II. 22. 47.

Then elliptically, to wear clothes, to cover
(oneself with) clothes. AS. he moste
wapen tverian, he must wear weapons,
must guard (himself with) weapons. OHG.
gauueridont Christan, induerunt Chris-
tum ; peinuueri, periscelides, leg-clothing.

3. To wear ship, to turn the ship before
the wind ; properly to veer ship : Fr,

WEAR

virer vent arriire. It. virare in poppa. —
Roding.

Wear. — Weir. From G. tuehren, Du.
iveren, to ward off, prevent, forbid, defend
(see Wear, 2.), are G. wehr, Du. weer,
sepiraentum, defensio, munitio, agger ; g.
wehr, a dam, dyke, causey. Den strom
durch ein wehr aiifhalten : to stop the
current by a dyke or wear. Wehr dam,
a wear or weir on a river. Muhl-wehr, a
mill-dam ; seewehr, a mole or pier ; fisch-
viehr, a fish-pond; Pl.D. ware, a dam
across a stream to set nets in for catch-
ing eels, &c. ; a crib to defend the banks
of a river or a sea-dyke. AS. war, wer,
sepimentum, retinaculum ; a dam for
fish, fish-pond. Wayre, where water is
holde, gort. — Palsgr.

In the sense of a fish-pond the word
may be confounded with OE. wayowre,
stondinge water, piscina (Pr. Pm.) ; Suf-
folk waver, Du. wouwer, vyver, G. wei-
her, OHG. wiwari, MHG. wiiuer, wier, a
pond for fish, from Lat. vivariuin.

Weary, as. werig, v-'eary ; o. itidhren,
to endure ; langwierig, lingering, tedious;
Da. vare, to endure ; langvarig, pro-
tracted, lingering. The extremity of K/^ari-
ness is when we are quite worn out with
labour.

Weasand. as. wcFsendj OFris. was-
ende, the windpipe ; Bav. waisel, wazel,
wasting, Suffolk wezzen,the gullet, throat.
Probably from ON. hvtFsa, Da. hvase,
to wheeze, to make a sound in breathing ;
E. dial, quezzen, to choke. The same
relation holds good between on. querk,
the throat, and E. wherk, to breathe with
difficulty, to make a noise in breathing ;
wherhen. Da. kvcerke, to choke.
Weasel, c. wiesel.
Weather. Du. weder, G. wetter, ON.
vedr, weather, wind, storm. Pol. wiatr,
wind ; wiai, G. wehen, to blow. Bohem.
wjtr, gen. wltru, wind ; wati, wjti, to
blow.

To Weave. — Web. Sanscr. vap,
weave ; on. vefa. Da. vceve, Du. weven,
G. weben, to weave ; gewebe., Du. webbe,
ON. vefr, what is woven, a web. G. weben
is also to move to and fro, to stir. Leben
und weben, to have life and motion. Bav.
ivabern, to be in movement, to wander to
and fro ; wabem, wabeln, to bustle about;
waiben, waibeln, to stagger, totter. The
radical image is the reciprocating motion
of the shuttle in weaving. See Wave,
Waver, Wabble.

Wed. Goth, vadi, OHG. wetti, as.
wedd, a pledge, what binds us to perform

WEDGE

721

a certain condition, from Goth, vidan or
vithan, to \A-a.6i,gavidan, to bind together,
to join ; OHG. wetan, gewetan, zisam.ana-
giwetan, to bind together. Goth, gaviss,
a fastening or joint ; disviss, a loosing.

To Wed. Properly to engage or pledge
oneself, to betroth ; then passing on to
signify the marriage which is the conclu-
sion of the engagement. Goth, vadi, a
wed or pledge ; gavadjon, AS. weddian,
to engage, to promise. Him weddedon
feoh to syllenne : they engaged to give
him money. Gifkwa or dales weddige: if
any one undertakes an ordeal. Weddige
se bridguma : let the bridegroom promise.
Then in the special sense of marriage
engagement. Weddian heora magan to
wife : to betroth their relation, to promise
her in marriage. Weddian was after-
wards, as in E., used for marriage, but the
proper term for the latter was cewnian,
and the two are contrasted together in
Sax. Chron., p. 314. 37. — Cockayne, in
Gloss, to St Marherite. Flem. wedden,
spondere, polliceri, fidejubere. — Kil.

In like manner from Lat. spondere, to
engage, are formed sponsus, sponsa, an
engaged person, a bridegroom or bride,
and thence Fr. dpoux, spouse, a husband
or wife. The comparison of the corre-
sponding forms in Welsh would lead to a
different view of the immediate origin of
the expression, although we are ultimate-
ly brought to the same point in both
cases. W- gwedd is a yoke or pair, a
team of horses ; gweddawg, yoked, cou-
pled, wedded ; newydd weddawg, newly
married ; dyweddio, to yoke or couple
together, to join in marriage, to espouse ;
dyweddi, espousal, betrothal. The point
of connection between the two lines of
thought is that w. gwedd zs well as Goth.
vadi, a wed or pledge, seems to be de-
rived from the root shown in Goth, vidaji,
gayidan, to bind together. OHG. kiwe-
tan, conjunctus ; zesamanagiwatan, so-
ciarunt ; kiwet, a yoke or pair of oxen ;
MHG. gewete, companion ; Swiss, Bav.
an-, ein-wetten, to yoke together. Goth.
Thatei nu Guth gavath : what God hath
joined together — let not man put asunder.
— Mark 10. 9.

By a curious coincidence we have also
Esthon. weddama, to lead ; Lith. wedu,
westi, to lead, to lead a bride home, to
marry, to be compared with Lat.ducere ux-
orem. Wedes, wedded, married ; wedlys,
the bridegroom ; wesele, a wedding ; Let.
weddama meita, a marriageable daughter.
Wedge. Du. wegghe, wigghe, G. week,
a wedge, oblong mass.
46

722

WEDNESDAY

"Wednesday, as. wodensdceg, Wo-
den's day.

Weed. Du. wieden, to cleanse, espe-
cially of noxious herbs, to weed. Thence
•wiede, a weed, the noxious herbs that are
pulled up and cast out from among the
cultivated crops. Fr. vuider, to void,
purge, cleanse. See Void.

Weeds, as. wad, clothing, garment.
Wist and wceda, food and garments.
OHG. iii&t, gawAti, clothing, garment ;
karuwdt, mourning ; linwdt, linen
clothes ; G. wand, gewand, cloth, woven
materials ; leinwand, linen. Fin. waatet,
cloth, clothes, garment.

Week. AS. weoce, on. vika, G. woche.

To Ween. Goth, vens, expectation,
hope ; venjan, to expect ; gavenjan, to
suppose, to think ; ON. vdn, von, vceni,
expectation, hope ; vdna, vdna, to hope.
Du. waen, opinion; waenen, to think, to
ween. — Kil. G. wdhnen, to imagine,
suppose, think. Sc. will of wane, at a
loss for counsel.

To Weep. Goth, vopjan, to call, to
cry ; OHG. w^^ofan, MHG. wuofen, wafen,
to make an outcry, to lament, weep ;
wuof, wuoft, AS. wop, hveop, outcry,
lamentation. ON 6p, outcry. From AS.
wop is formed wepan, properly to lament,
to wail, then to weep or shed tears, as
from ON. 6p comes apa, to shout, to cry.

The syllable whoop is used to represent
a shrill sound in whooping cough, and as
a verb signifies to shout. War whoop,
ON. herdp, the battle-cry, shout of attack.

Lith. vapiii, Russ. vopif, to make an
outcry, to weep ; vopP, lamentation, cry.

In Gr. tiif', oiroQ, the sense of shouting
is softened down to the signification of
the ordinary voice or a separate utterance,
a word ; and by a similar change in the
radical vowel to that shown in ON. dp,
CBpa, E. whoop, weep, we have ittia (pre-
served in the aorist avov), to say ; tjrof, a
word. The same train of thought is seen
in Lat. vox, vocis (equivalent to Gr. o^,
iirdf), the voice, from voco, to call, where
the guttural c takes the place of the p in
the other languages. Sanscr. vach, speak.

Weevil. The worm that breeds in
corn. AS. wibba, a worm ; wibil, wifel,
G. wiebel, Du. wevel, a weevil ; Lith.
wabalas, a beetle.

The name is taken from the multi-
farious movement of a swarm of small
animals. G. weben, to stir about, to
swarm with ; webeln, to wag, stir, bustle.
- — Kiittn. Bav. wibeln, wubeln, wibbeln,
wiiiunelH, to move about, to swarm ;
wibelig, stirring, sprawling, crawling.

WEIRD

'AUes wibbelt, kribbelt, sich beweget.'
' Das wibende, wabende wasser.' — San-
ders. Pl.D. wibelsteerten, to wag the
tail.

The. Latin name of the insect, curculio,
seems to have been fomied on exactly the
same principle. . It may be explained
from It. gorgogliare, to gurgle, to boil,
and then (from a comparison of the per-
petual movement of swarming insects to
the agitation of boiling water), ' to breed
or become vermine, wormlets, or such
creepers or weevils as breed in pulse or
corn.' — Fl. See Wabble. Russ. wriyati,
to boil, also to swarm, to crawl. Grisons
buglir, to boil, to swarm.

To Weigh.— Weight. The act of
weighing takes its name from the wag-
giilg movement of the beam, one scale
going up as the other goes down. Bav.
wagan, wagen, to rock, shake, move ;
wagen, a cradle ; wdg, a balance ;
gewAg, a lever ; wegen, to prise a thing
up ; G. wiegen, to rock, to move to and
fro ; also (as wagen) to weigh ; bewegen,
to move ; wage, a balance. Du. wagge-
len, waegelen, to waggle, vacillate ;
waegen, to sway up and down, to vacil-
late; to move ; waege, a balance. — Kil.
ON. vagga, to rock ; vega, to hft ; vdg, a
balance ; vagi, weight ; vagr, heavy.
AS. wegan, to lift, to weigh. In the ex-
pression of weighing anchor the word is
still used in the sense of lifting up. Boh.
waha, a balance, the swipe of a well.
Russ. waga, a balance ; wajif, to have
weight, to weigh.

The same connection between the
terms for weighing and for wagging up
and down is seen in Let. swert (wippen,
wagen), to seesaw, to weigh ; swirris,
swipe of a well ; swars, weight ; swarra
tilts, a drawbridge ; swarrtgs, weighty,
heavy. Lith. swirti, swyroti, to waver,
sway, swing ; swerti, to weigh ; swarus
(showing the origin of G. schwer), heavy ;
swartis, scales, balance ; swirtis, scale,
beam of balance, swipe of well. Du.
swieren, vibrare, vagari, gyrare.

Weird. AS. wyrd, gewyrd, fate, for-
tune, destiny, from Goth, vairthan, AS.
%veorthan, G. werden, to come to pass, to
become, to be.

To weird -wTus then elliptically used in
the sense of destine, appoint as one's fate,
or announce as one's fate, predict.

And what the doom sae dire, that thou
Dost -weird to mine or me ?

Jam. Pop. Ballads.

Altho' his mither in her weirds
Foretald his death at Troy —

WELD

Hence Shakespeare in Macbeth calls the
witches the weird-sisters, and latterly
weird has come to be used in our liter-
ature in the sense of something belong-
ing to the world of witches, supernatural,
unearthly. In the same way the analogous
conception expressed by Yx.fterie, magic,
and Y,. fairy, takes that designation from
\ji.\..fatum.

To Weld. Sw. wdlla, G. wellen, to
join two pieces of iron at a heat just short
of melting. From G. wallen, Du. wellen,
AS. weallan, to boil ; weallende fyr, fer-
vens ignis. In Scotland coals are said to
wall when they cake together in burning.
The process of welding iron is named, in
many languages, from the word for boil-
ing. lUyrian variti, to boil, to weld iron ;
Let. wdrtt, to boil ; sawdrit, to weld ;
Magy. forrni, to boil ; forrasteni, to
solder, to weld ; Turk, kaynamak, to
boil, to weld ; Grisons buglir, to boil, to
solder metals.

To Welk. — ^Welewe. g. welken, Du.
welcken, verwelcken, to fade, wither, de-
cay, dry. Properly to lose colour.

For which full pale and welkid is my face.

Pardoner's T.
The which was whilome grene gras,
Is welewid hay, as time now is.

Gower in Hal.
Vi.gwelw, pale. AS. fealo,fealwe, fallow,
yellow ; fealwian, to grow yellow ; weal-
wian, to dry up. Esthon. walg, white ;
ivalkia, whitish. Fin. walkia, white ;
jvalawa, whitish ; walastaa, to become
pale or whitish ; halewa, pale ; halistua,
to become whitish, to fade.

■Welkin, as. woken, G. walke, cloud ;
wolken himmel, the clouds of heaven, the
welkin, sky.

Perhaps wolke may be from the woolly
(G. wolle, wool) aspect of the clouds,
analogous to Fin. liemen, wool, lieminka,
down, wool, and thence a thin cloud ;
liemettdd, to cover with wool, to become
clouded over. The fleecy clouds is an
habitual metaphor, which we also find in
VirgiL

Tenuia nee lana per caelum velkra ferri.

Well. Goth, vaila, well, better ; OHG.
wala, wola, welo, G. wohl, well. w.
gwell, better. Lap. waljo, good ; waljo
■dlma, a thorough good man ; waljet, on.
velja, to take what is good, to choose.

To WelL— Well. as. weallan, on.
vella, Du. wellen, G. wallen, to boil,
bubble up, spring, as. wylle, ODu. welle,
walle, a spring, a well, spring water. G.
quellen, to spring ; quelle, a spring of
water.

WERE

723

Welt. w. gwald, a hem ; gwald esgid,
the welt of a shoe. ' The welt of a gar-
ment, ord, bord, bordure d'un vestement.'
— Cot. Gael, bait, baltan, border, belt,
welt of a shoe.

To Welter, as. wceltan, Pl.D. wdl-
tem, weltern, woltern, Sw. walta, wdltra,
G. wdlzen, to roll, wallow, welter ; sich in
seinejn blute wdlzen, to wallow or welter
in one's blood. Fr. vautrer, to wallow
like a sow in the mire. Lat. volutare, to
roll. See Wallow.

Wem. AS. wcem, worn, a spot, stain,
blemish, crime, sin, evil. (JN. vomm,
shame, dishonour, vice. Fin. wamma, a
fault, blemish, wound, swelling, boil ;
wammata, to hurt, to wound.

Wen. AS. wenn, a swelling, a wart.
Perhaps a corruption of wem.

Wench. A depreciatory or familiar
term for a young woman. The parallel
form in Germany is mensch, minsch,
ininsk, answering to Goth, mannisk, ohg.
mennisc, a derivative from mann. Swab.
mensch, a girl, a mistress, a woman of the
lower orders; vermenschern, to wench.
Westerw. mensch, a prostitute ; Pl.D.
minsk, contemptuously, a woman ; sich
beminsken, to take a wife. The inter-
change of w and m is doubtless unusual,
but wir in some parts of Germany be-
comes mer, mir.

On the other hand wennik is used in
G. as a depreciatory term for a woman ;
schdl-wennik, a slattern, untidy wench.
Wennik, wennk, a woman's garment. —
Brem. Wtb.

To Wend.— Went. To go. AS. wen-
dan, to turn, turn his steps, go. Of
Ledene on Englisc wende: turns from
Latin into English. Wende hine thanon :
turned him thence. Wendan hider and
thider: to go to and fro. In the same
way, to return is to go back, and in oe.
to bow, i. e. to bend, meaning to bend his
steps, was much used in the sense of go.
See Bow. on. venda, G. wenden, to turn.
Venda vegi sinum : to turn his course.
Bav. winden, to turn, to go in a certain
direction. ' Thie liuti wuntun heim : '
the people went home. — Otfr.

Were.— Weregild. In the Old Ger-
man laws the death of a man was gener-
ally compounded for by the payment of a
sum of money to the relations of the mur-
dered man. This was called his were or
weregild, ohg. werigelt, OFris. wergeld,
werield, AS. wera, wer, weregeld. Gildan
were, to pay were. To eacan tham riht
were : in addition to his right weiegild.
OSax. were, weregheld, luitio, pretium
46 *

7H

WEREWOLF

redemptionis. — Kil. The word is com-
monly explained from AS. wer, Lat. vir,
man, in accordance with ON. manjigjold,
mannbot, Da. mandebod, composition or
fine paid for the death of a man. And
doubtless the term was early understood
in this sense : ' weergelt, dat is jnanne-
gelt.' — Richthofen. It is remarkable
however that in all the Finnic languages
were signifies blood, which would give a
muih more lively expression of the idea.
Lap. warr, Esthon. werre, Fin. weri,
Magy. vir, blood ; vdrdij, Esthon. werre-
hiiid {hind^^rice, cost, value), G. blutgelt,
the price of blood, money paid in satis-
faction of blood. Turk, kan, blood ; kan-
pahassi, money paid to the heir of a slain
man by the homicide.

Schmeller's explanation is less pro-
bable, from weren, geweren, to pay or
discharge an obligation. Abraham says
to Isaac, ' Du must das opfer seyn, wir
miissen den Herren geweren' Wemng,
w.rschaft, payment, satisfaction.

Werewolf. The temporary trans-
formation of men into wolves was a very
general superstition, giving rise to Gr.
XwavepwTTos, wolfman. The correspond-
ing term in AS. was werwolf, from wer,
Goth, "uair, Lat. vir, man. Hence Mid.
Lat. gerulphus, OFr. garwal, garol,
garou. ' Vidimus enim frequenter in
AngliS. per lunationes homines in lupos
mutari ; quod hominum genus Gerulphos
Galli nominant, Angli vero Werewulf
dicunt. Were enim Anglicd virum sonat ;
wiilf, lupum.' — Gervas. Tileber. in Due.

Bisclaveret ad nun en Bretan,
Garwall I'apelent 11 Norman.

The intrinsic meaning of the word being
now obscured to a French ear, the term
for wolf was again prefixed in an intel-
ligible form : loup-garou, a werewolf.

West. It is remarkable that both East
and West admit of explanation from the
Finnish languages. Esthon. wessi, water ;
wessi kaar (the wet quarter), the West ;
wessi ttcul (the wet wind), the N. W. wind.

Wet. See Water.

Whale. AS. hwal, G. wallfisch. Gr.
^oiKr], tpiiXaiva, Lat. balcena.

Whang. A blow or bang, to beat, to
throw or bang down with violence. — Mrs'
Baker. From the notion of flinging vio-
lently down comes the sense of something
large, a large separate piece, a whacking
piece, a thumper. Whang, anything
large, a thong — Hal. ; whang, quhayng,
a thick slice, a whang of cheese. — Jam.
A quhank, a great slice of cheese. — Gl.

WHELK

Grose. A strap is a slice or separate
portion of leather.

It is probable that as. thwang has the
same origin, as we find thwack answer-
ing to whack, as thwang to whang. So
also we have the synonyms whart and
thwart, whittle and thwittle.

Wharf. The G. werfen, to cast {auf-
wetfen, to cast up), is doubtless the origin
of Pl.D. warf, a mound of earth on which
houses are placed for protection against
inundation, or a raised place by the
waterside were ships are built and re-
paired ; also a wharf or shore secured
with timber. — Brem. Wtb. Du. werf, a
raised place on which a house is built ;
scheepswerf, timmerwerf Sw. skepphvarf,
a dockyard, shipyard. — Bomhoff. Hol-
stein warf, worf warve, werft, a raised
mound on which a house stands. —
Schiitze. E.Fris. warf, werf, raised
ground on which a house, church, or
windmill is placed. — Wiarda.

Wheal. See Wale.

Wheat. as. hvete, Goth, hvaitei.
The name is conjectured to be derived
from Goth, hveits, white.

Wheatear. A bird with a white rump,
formerly called whittail, from whence
wheatear appears to be corrupted. Fr.
blanculet, a whittail, or bird of her big-
ness that is very fat and good eating. —
Cot.

To Wheedle. To persuade by coax-
ing or flattery. From G. wedeln, to wag
the tail. In Fab. et Contes, III. 58, the
dog says

Te vois aprfes et si coucte
Por avoir aucune chosete.

Coueter, to wag the tail.

Da. logre, to wag the tail, to flatter,
wheedle ; ON. fladra, to wag the tail,
blanditiis fallere, to wheedle.

Wheel, as. hweol, on. hjdl, kvel,
anything circular, a wheel, w. chwyl, a
turn, a course ; chwylfa, an orbit. Du.
wiel, a wheel, a whirlpool, the whorl of a
spindle ; wielbrood, a twist, bread twisted
in a spiral form. Lane, wheel, wheelpit,
a whirlpool.

To Wheeze, as. hweosan, to breathe
with difficulty, to breathe audibly. ON.
hvcesa. Da. hvase, to wheeze, to hiss.
Yorksh.w//ff£r/<',towheeze. Bret, c'houeza,
to breathe, blow, puff, swell.

Whelk. I. as. weoluc, weak, a welk,
wilk, shellfish.

2. A whelk is also a blow, a fall, and
thence a mark, stripe, pimple. Whether,
a thump or blow ; whelking, very large.
—Hal. A modification of the word

WHELM

whack, representing the sound of a blow.
Whacking, thumping, bouncing, strap-
ping, are analogous expressions, convey-
ing the sense of magnitude.

To Whelm. — Wh.elve. To whelm or
whemble, to cover a thing by turning some
vessel over it. ' Whelm that dish over
them currants.' — Mrs Baker. To whawm,
to overwhelm. — Hal.

To wabble, and with the nasal, wamble,
is to move to and fro, up and down, to
roll about ; So. whamnile, to turn round.

Wi' her tail in her teeth she ■mliammeled it roun
Till a braid star drapt frae the lift aboon.

Du. wemelen, to palpitate, whirl, turn
round. — Kil. Sc. womel, whiimmil,
NE. whemmle, to turn upside down.

And schyll Triton with his wyndy home
Over whemlyi ail the flowand ocean.

Bellenden in Jam.

The change from whemmle to whelm is
an instance of an inversion that is very fre-
quent in imitative forms. Thus we have
G. schwappeln, parallel with Swiss schwal-
pen, to splash ; and E. wabble is synon-
ymous with wallop ; potwobbler and pot-
walloper are used indifferently.

Again the same kind of inversion leads
from our original wabble to OHG. walbon,
to roll, to turn round ; whence varwalb-
nussi, subversion, turning upside down ;
sinwelbe, spherical, round ; AS. hwealf,
convex ; Da. hucelve, to arch, vault, turn
bottom upwards ; Sw. hwdlfwa, to roll,
turn, change, vault ; ON. hvelfa, hvalfa,
to turn over, to vault. In Staffordshire
to wharve is to turn a vessel upside
down in order to cover something. To
whave, to cover or hang over. — Hal.

Whelp. ON. hvelpr, OHG. hvelf, MHG.
welf, the young of dogs, lions, bears, &c.
W elf en, to bear young.

Weckerlein ist alif das bett gesprungen.
Hat darauf gewalft seine jungen ,

Hans Sachs in Schm,

Perhaps the noun may be from the verb,
and not vice versa. G. werfen, to cast, is
used in the special sense of casting
young. Die hiindinn hat geworfen, sie
hat sechs junge geworfen : the bitch
has whelped. — Kiittn. To warp in
the S. of England is to cast a foal ; in
N.E. to warp eggs, to lay eggs. The
same interchange of r and / is seen in the
parallel forms of AS. hwearfian and hweal-
fian, to turn.

Wherkened. Choked. To wherk, to
breathe with difficulty, properly to make
a noise in breathing. ON. kverk, throat ;
Da. kvcBrke, to choke.

WHILE

725

Wherret. i. A box on the ear ; some-
thing to make the ear whirr.

2. To wherret, to harass, to tease. Per-
haps like whartle, whartwhartle, to
cross, to tease (Hal.), a development of
E. dial, whari, thwart, cross. Over-
whart, overth wart, across. — Forby. Wart,
to overturn, to plow land across. — Hal.

To Whet. ON. hvass, hvatr, OberD.
wass, wets, sharp ; ON. hveija, G. wetzen,
Du, wetten, to whet, to sharpen. OHG.
wasso sehan, to look sharp ; wassida,
sharpness, edge.

Whether. Goth, hvathar, AS. hwcBther,
which of two, from hva, which, who.

* Whey. AS. hwceg, Du. wey. The
Netherlandish forms waddik, wadeke,
waltke, wakke, w&ke, waje, G. dial.
wassich, wessig, point to a derivation
from Goth, vaio, water, as signifying
the watery part of milk.

Which. Goth, hvileiks, what-like ; as
suchixma sveleiks,^o-\)k.e.. OFris. hwelik,
hulk, hwek, hitk, hoek, which.

Whiff. A breath of air, a word like
puff, huff,fuff, formed in imitation of the
sound of blowing, w. chwnff, a quick
gust ; chwiffio, to puff, whiff, hiss ; chwyth,
a puff, blast, breath. See Waft.

To Whiffle. Properly to blow in
whiffs, to blow unsteadily, to veer about,
to trifle. ' Two days before this storm
began the wind whiffled about to the
south, and back again to the east, and
blew very faintly.' — Dampier in R. 'Ver-
satile whifflings and dodgings.' — Barrow.

Du. weyfelen fluctuare, inconstantem
esse, omni vento versari ; weyfeler homo
inconstans, versatilis, levis. — K. NE.
whiffle-whaffle, nonsense. — Hal.

* Whifler. An officer who heads a
procession and clears the way for it.

Which like a mighty -whifflerioiQ. the King
Seems to prepare his way. — Hen. V.

The whifflers in the civic processions
at Norwich carry swords which they
brandish as if for clearing the way. The
name may thus be derived from waving
or brandishmg.

Whig. I. A drink prepared from fer-
mented whey. w. chwig, fermented, sour ;
whey fermented with sweet herbs. — ■
Spurrell.

2. A bun. Bav. wegg, wegk, week, a
wedge, a wedge of butter or of dough, a.
roll. Du. wegghe, wigghe, a wedge,
thence a mass, an oblong cake of bread
or of butter. — Kil.

While. Goth, hveila, hour, time ;
hveilan, to rest, to cease; gahvcilans,

726

WHILOM

repose, rest. on. hvila, to rest ; hvila,
w. gwely, a bed. OFris. Aw/rt, to remain,
delay. AS. on dcBges hwile, in a day's
space; tha hwile, the while, so long as.
Du. wiile, a moment, space of time,
leisure, vacant time. Lett, walla, leisure,
space of time, respite, permission. Wal'
las deena, a vacant day ; wallas sirgs,
an unoccupied or resting horse ; man
nawa wallas, I have no time. Lith.
walanda, a while, an hour, time.

It would seem from the foregoing that
the sense of a space of time springs from
the notion of repose or rest, but a differ-
ent origin is suggested by w. chwyl, a
turn, a course, an event, a while, and as
an adverb, while, as long as. Chwylfa,
an orbit ; chwylo, to turn, revolve, run a
course. Boh. chwile, time, leisure ; Pol.
chwila, a moment, time.

Whilom. AS. hwilon, hwilum, some
time, for a time. D«. wijlen, wijlent, G.
weiland, formerly, sometime.

Whim. 1.— Whims. — Wim.— Wim-
ble. Whim, wim, a drum or capstan
drawn by horses for winding ore out of a
mine ; whims, a windlas ; wimble, an
auger. A windlas or capstan and an
auger are all implements that produce
their effect by turning round. Bav. wim-
inen, wimmeln, wamszelm, wimszelH,
wumszeln, to stir, to be in multifarious
movement. Du. wemelen, to palpitate
vibrate, be in quick and light movement,
to drive round, turn round, thence to
bore with an auger ; weme, a wimble or
auger. Parallel forms are Fr. gimbelet,
Langued. jhimbelet, a gimlet ; jhimbla,
to twist.

The syllables whip, quip, swip re-
present a smart stroke, a light quick turn
or movement. Thus we have Da. vippe,
to seesaw, rock, tilt up ; Du. wippen, to
skip, to twinkle, totter, kick suddenly up ;
wip, a swing, a lift, a trice, the swipe of
a well ; E. whip, to strike with a rod, to
do anything with a quick and nimble
movement, to draw up by means of a
pulley ; w. chwip, a quick turn ; chwi-
pyn, a sudden turn, an instant ; chwipio,
to whip, to move briskly. Then with a
nasalisation of the root, G. wimpern, Du.
wimpoogen, to wink or blink the eyes ; G.
augenwimper, the eyelid ; w. chwimp,
chtsrimpyn, a quick turn. The final mute
is then lost, leaving an ot as the represent-
ative of the original /.■ Thus we arrive
at ON. hvim, a quick movement ; at hvima
augunom, to move the eyes about ; Da.
vihisc to skip to and fro f w. chwim,
motion, impulse; chwimio, chwimlo, to

WHINGE

move round quickly; Du. -wemelen, to
palpitate, twinkle, whirl, turn. — Kil.

Whim. 2. — Whimsey. H^,4z;«, a mag-
goty fancy or conceit, a freakish humour.
— B. Properly an impulse proceeding
from some internal buzzing or stirring in
the brain that absorbs the attention of the
agent and renders him deaf to rational
inducements. G. wiminen, wimmeln, to
stir ; OSw. hwimla, to wriggle, stir, or
crawl ; thet hwimlar i hufwudei, my
head is dizzy, I have a buzzing in my
brain ; hwimska, foUy. Da. dial, hvimle,
to have a swimming in the head ; kvim-
vielhovedet, hvims, giddy, dizzy. Swiss
wimseln, to be in a state of multitudin-
ous movement ; wimselsinnig, crack-
brained, whimsical. Da. vimse, to skip
to and fro. ON. hvim, a light movement.

' Gad, my head begins to whim it about — why
dost thou not speak ? thou art both as drunk and
as mute as a fish.' — Congreve in R.

But I forget my business. I thank ye, Monsieursj
I have a thousand wkim^eys in my brain now.
B & F. in R.

To Whimper, g. witnmeni, Bav.
wimszeln, to cry in a subdued way. E.
dial, wipping, the chirping of birds, weep-
ing, crying. — Hal. Fin. wipuli, crying,
weeping.

A high-pitched cry is represented by
the syllables cheep, peep, weep. The lap-
wing is called weep from its plaintive cry.
Sc. wheep, to squeak, to give a sharp
whistle ; to wheeple, to whistle in an in-
efficient manner. Da. dial, hveppe, hvup-
pe, wuppe, to yelp ; hvippe, to chirp.

Whin. Properly waste growth, weeds,
but now appropriated to gorse or furze.
Whinnes or hethe, bruyfere. — Palsgr.
Bret, c'houenna, to hoe, to weed. w.
chwyno, to weed ; chwyn, weeds.

To Whine. Goth, quainon, on. kveina,
kveinka, to weep, lament ; Bav. quenern,
quenken, quenkeln, to whimper ; Da.
hvine, to whistle as the wind ; G. weinen,
Du. weenen, to weep, to cry ; Sc. hune, to
emit a querulous sound, as children in ill
humour. W. cwyno, to complain, bewail.
Fin. winistd, to whistle as the wind ;
winkua, to whimper ; Esthon. wingjtma,
wingma, to whimper, whine, creak.

To Whinge. — Whiniard. Whinge,
to whine, to sob. — Hal. A whinging
blow, a sounding blow. Hence a whin-
ger, a weapon, something large and
strong. ' I have heard it in Suffolk,' says
Moor, ' as well in the sense given [a
weapon] as of other large strong things, a
girl particularly — and swinger, also.' To
swinge, to beat ; swinging, great, tre-

WHINNY

tnendous, as a swinging lie, a swinging
frost. Switiger, anything large and
heavy.

From whinger in the sense of a sword,
when the radical sense was forgotten,
were probably developed both hanger
and whiniard.

Whiimy.— Wliiimer. To neigh. Lat.
hinnire.

To Whip. A light, quick movement
is widely represented by the syllables
whip, wip, swip, as a heavier blow by
the force of the broad vowel in whap,
swap. To whip is to do anything by a
rapid swing of the arm or any quick,
short movement, and the term is thence
applied to reciprocating or circular move-
ment. Du. wippen, to dangle, swing, skip,
do anything in a hurry, seesaw ; to
twinkle, to flog — Kil. ; wip, a trice, a
moment ; wippe, a whip, the swipe of a
well ; wipsteert, a wagtail ; wipplank, a
seesaw ; wipbrug, a draw-bridge ; Sw.
wippkdrra, a tumbrel ; Da. vippe, to
seesaw, bob, rock, wag. Pl.D. wippen,
Ivuppen, to move up and down ; wuppe,
any contrivance for letting up and down,
a crane, a tumbrel ; wuppeln, wiippem,
wippern, to set a swinging ; wips / quick !
ON. hvipp, a quick movement. Da. dial.
hvibber, quick ; hvibbre, to turn to and
fro, to whip a child. Fin. wipperh, quick;
•wippota, to whirl round ; wipu, a crane,
w. chwip, a quick flirt or turn ; quick,
instantly ; chwipio, to whip, to move
briskly ; chwipyn, an instant Gael.
cuip, a whip or lash, a trick.

Then with an initial sibilant, ON. svipa,
to whip, move quickly, do anything
rapidly ; to waver ; svipall, unsteady,
movable ; svipan, svipr, a rapid move-
ment, an instant ; svipta, to whip out or
in, to snatch ; Da. dial. svippe„to move
hastily ; svip, an instant, a moment ; E.
dial, swipper, nimble, quick ; swippo,
supple ; swipe, the handle of a pump, the
lever by which a bucket is let up and

down into a well.

To Whir.— Whur.— Whirl.— Whorl.
The syllables whirr, whur, hurr, swir,
are used to represent a humming noise,
as of a wheel in rapid movement, the ris-
ing of partridges or pheasants in the air,
the snarling of a dog, &c. Then from
representing the sound the word is used
to signify the motion by which the sound
is produced ; whirling, turning rapidly
round. The final / only indicates con-
tinuance or action without altering the
sense.
We may cite OE. hurron or bombon

"WHISK

727

as bees : bombizo. — Pr. Pm. I hurle,
I make a noise as the wind doth : Je bruis.
— Palsgr. Sw. ;^?<rra, to whirl ; surra, to
hum, buzz, whizz ; sivirra, to whistle ;
Da. hurre, surre, to buzz, hum ; svire, to
whirl ; Da. dial. hvirrelsyg,%\d,&y, dizzy;
hvirreltrind, completely round ; hvirrel-
wind, a whirlwind. Fris. harre, herre,
horre, to turn about ; Da. dial, hverre, to
turn, to change ; Pl.D. hverresteen, a
grindstone. E. dial, swir, to whirl about;
swirl, a whirling motion. Fr. virer, to
turn round ; Rouchi virler, to roll.
Esthon. wirroma, Pol. wirowa{, to whirl ;
wir, a whirlpool, eddy. w. chwyrnu, to
whizz, to snore, to snarl, to move with
rapidity ; chwyrnell, a whirl, a whirligig.

As the representative syllable is strength-
ened by a final n in w. chwyrn, it 'takes
a final labial in Sw. hwirjla, to beat a roll
on the drum, to whirl ; hwirfwel, a roll
on the drum, a whirlwind, whirlpool ; Du.
werwel, worwel, G. wirbel, vertex, vortex,
gyrus, turbo, repagulum (Kil.), what turns
to and fro, or turns round ; wervelen, to
whirl. In Lat. vertere, to turn, the root
takes a final /.

Whisk.— Whisp. The syllable whisk
or whisp, like G. watsch ! witsch /
wutsch ! wisch ! husch J ritsch / (San-
ders), represents the sound of a light or
fine body moving rapidly through the air.
Witsch ! fiel es mtr aus den handen :
Wutsch ! waren sie fort. Hence witschen,
wischen, and E. whisk, to do anything
with a light quick movement. Wischen,
davon wischen, to slip, to whisk away ;
wischen, to whisk or wipe ; wisch, a
bunch of something for whisking or wip-
ing. Sw. wiska, to whisk, wipe, dust, to
wag the tail ; wiska, a duster, a whisk, a
wisp of straw. Fin. huiska, a whisk,
duster ; huiskata, to run to and fro ;
huiskuttaa, to vibrate, to shake as a dog
his tail, to sprinkle water.

The equivalence of the sounds whisk
and whisp in representing sounds made
by the motion of the air is shown by E.
whisper, compared with ON. hviskra, Sw.
hwiska, to whisper. The radical syllable
represents the sound of switching through
the air in Du. wispelen, kwispelen, to
swish or switch, to scourge with rods, to
wag the tail, to rub with a brush ; kwispel,
a switch, a tuft, a tassel ; Sw. wispa, to
whip, to whip cream ; wispaktig, incon-
stant ; Swiss wispebi, to move to and fro,
to be in constant motion. G. wipps /
interj. representing quick movement.
' Wipps ! hat er 's weg.' Wipsen, to
whisk, slip away.

728 WHISKERS

A whisp or wisp of straw is then a
parallel form with whisk, and signifies a
handful of straw for whisking or wiping.

Whiskers. Bushy tufts of hair on the
cheeks of a man. See Whisk.

Whiskey. Gael, uisge, water ; uisge-
beatha (pronounced ushga-bhda), usque-
baugh, whiskey.

Whisper. The sound made by a light
movement of the air is represented by
various forms in which the sibilant is
the principal element; G. flispern,fispeln,
lispeln, pispern, zispern, to whisper.
' Wis, wis, wis I wispelt immer hin und
machetkein wort.' — Schm. Bav. wispeln,
wisperii, to hiss, whistle, whisper; wis-
■perle, a light breath of air.

Whist. The interjection commanding
silence was written st 1 by the Romans.
In It. it is zitto tj and pissi pissij is used
for the same purpose; Fr. chut! G. st!
hist I bsi ! pst ! bsch ! ps !

The original intention of the utterance
is to represent a slight sound, such as that
of something stirring, or the breathing or
whispering of some one approaching.
Something stirs ! Listen ! Be still. It.
nonfare un zitto, not to make the slight-
est noise ; non sentirse un zittOj not to
hear a leaf stir. Pissi-pissi ! hst ! hsht !
still ! also a low whispering ; pissipissare,
to psh, to husht, also to buzz or whisper
very low. That Fr. chut! represents a
similar sound is shown by the verb chu-
chotter, to whisper, to mutter. Sc. whish,
whush, a rushing or whizzing sound ; to
whish, to hush. AS. hwcsstran, E. dial.
whisier, to whisper. The game of whist
is so called from the silent attention
which it requires.

Whistle. The sound made by the
rushing of air is represented by the sylla-
bles whis, whisp, whisk, whist, &c. AS.
hweosan, on. hvcEsa, Bret, c'houeza, to
wheeze, breathe audibly, to blow, to hiss.
Sw. hwissla, to hiss, to whistle. See
Whist, Whisper.

Whit. A small part. — B. as. wiht,
•wuht, uht, a creature, animal, thing ;
Goth, vaiht, a thing ; nivaiht, OHG. nio-
wiht, nought, nothing ; OHG. iowiht,
MHG. ieht, iht, ought ; OHG. wihtir, ani-
mals.

The use of whit in the sense of an atom
or least bit is in accordance with several
other instances where words in the first
instance representing a slight sound are
applied to a slight movement, and then
to a small bodily object. Thus from G.
muck, signifying in the first instance a
sound barely audible, is formed tnticken,

WHITSUNDAY

to mutter, to utter a slight sound, also to
stir, to make the least mo^ment. The
representative syllable takes the form of
mick or kick in Du. noch micken noch
kicketi, not to utter a sound. Thence
passing to the idea of movement it forms
Du. micken, to wink; Lat. micare, to
vibrate, twinkle, glitter. The analogy is
then carried a step further, and the sense
of a slight movement is made a stepping-
stone to the signification of a material
atom, a small bodily object. Hence Lat.
and It. inica, Sp. miga, Fr. mie, a crum,
a little bit, and It. cica, Fr. chic, a little
bit, Sp. chico, small.

The use of the syllables mot or tot to
represent the least sound is exemplified
in E. mutter, to utter low broken sounds,
and in the It. expression non fare ne
motto ne totto, not to utter a syllable.
Hence Fr. mot, a word, a particle of
speech, and (passing to the sense of bodily
substance) E. m.ote, an atom or particle of
body ; Du. mot, dust, fragments ; It.
motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth.

In like manner from e. dial, whitter, to
murmur, grumble, complain (Mrs Baker),
whitterwhatter, to whisper (Hal.), Sc.
whitter, quitter, to warble, chatter, and
thence to vibrate or quiver as the tongue
of an adder, we pass to whitters, frag-
ments— Hal., to whitter, to fritter away.
— Jam. Sup. Sw. dial, quittra, a little
bit, a small fragment of stone. Again, we
have twitter, to chirp, to giggle — Mrs
Baker; twittle, twattle, twit cum iwat,
chatter, idle talk— Hal. ; twit, the short
intermittent chirp of a bird — Mrs Baker;
to twitter, to tremble, to shiver ; twitters,
shivers, fragments.

White. Goth, hveits, ON. hvitr, G.
weiss, Sanscr. qvita.

Whitlow. The true form of the word
is probably preserved in NE. whickflaw,
a flaw or sore about the quick of the nail.
Whick, quick, alive ; whit, quick. — Hal.
The intermediate form whitjlaw is found
in Holland and Wiseman. 'They cure
whitflawes, risings and partings of the
flesh and skin about the naile roots.' —
Holland, Pliny in R. ' Paronychia— is a
small swelling about the nails and ends
of the fingers— ; by the vulgar people
amongst us it is generally called a w.^;'/-
_;?(r7c.'— Wiseman. It is however called
blanc-dogt at Lille, Fr. doigt blanc, from
the white colour of the swelling.— Patois
de Flandre Fr.

Whitsunday. Dominica in albis, so
called from the admission of the catechu-
mens clothed in white robes to the sacra-

WHITTLE

ment of baptism on the eve of this festi-
val.—Bailey. , .^

To Whittle.— White.— Tliwite. NE.
to white or thwite, to cut away by bits.
' He has thwitten a mill-post to a pud-
ding-prick.'—Ray. 'I thwyte a stycke,
or I cutte lytell peces from a thynge.'—
Palsgr. AS. sponas thweotan, to cut chips.

To whittle is the frequentative form of
the foregoing, and is used in the same
sense. ' The Pierce administration, which
came into power with a majority of eighty,
has now been whittled down to ten.'—
Bartlett. To whittle sticks, to cut sticks
for amusement. A saddle which pinches
the shoulder whittles the skin; a shoe
working against a stocking whittles a hole
in it. — Mrs Baker. Whittle, thwittle, a
knife. The radical meaning of the word
is to reduce a thing to whits or bits, to
fritter it away. Sc. whitter, to lessen by
taking away small portions. — Jam. Sup.
The double form of whittle and thwittle
is explained by the fact that both whitters
and twitters are provincially used in the
sense of fragments. — Hal. See Whit.

Whittle. A blanket, or large shawl,
named, like the word blanket itself, from
being made of white or undyed wool.

Whizz. A word like fizz or hiss,
formed from the sound it is intended to
represent.

Who. Goth, hvas, hvo, hva, who,
what ; hvadre, whither ; hvar, where ;
hvaiva, how ; hvan, when. Sanscr. kas,
who ; Lat. quis, qui, who ; w. pwy, who,
what ; pa, what, how.

Whole. Entire, unbroken, sound, in
good health. See Hale.

To Whoop. Fr. hotiper, to whoop
unto or call afar off. A representation of
a clear, high-pitched cry, such as is heard
in the whooping or hooping cough. From
a cry of this nature we have Goth, vop-
jan, to call, to cry out ; AS. wop, cry, la-
mentation ; lUyrian vap, call ; vapiti, to
cry out ; Russ. vopl, cry j voplif, to cry,
make an outcry, lament ; vopif, to call
out, to cry. The initial w is lost in ON.
op, cry ; apa, to shout, showing the origin
of Gr. o<//, voice, and £irw, to say. The
change from a labial to a guttural final,
according to the usual genius of the lan-
guage, gives Lat. voco, to call, and vox,
voice.

Whore. AS. htire, commonly explain-
ed from AS. hyran, Du. hueren, to hire,
in accordance witli Lat. meretrix, from
mereor, to earn.

But a more lively figure w^ould be
afforded by comparison with animal life.

WICKET

729

as the names of the dog, bitch, vixen or
she-fox, hog, pig, mule, ass, are used to
indicate varieties of humaR character.
In like manner the name of whore may
perhaps be taken from the habits of do-
mestic fowls, where one male frequents a
number of females. Pol. kur, a cock ;
kura, a hen ; kurwa, a prostitute ; kur-
estwo, fornication.

Whort. — Whortleberry, as. heort-
berg (hart-berry), the bilberry. In the
South of E. they are called hurts.

Why. AS. hwi, the instrumental case
of hwa, what. For hwi, for what [reason] .
In the same ws.y/or thi signified for that
reason, on that account.

Agayne hym thai ware all irows :
Forthi thai set thame hym to ta
Intil Perth, or than hym sla. — ^Wyntown.

Nochtforthi, nevertheless.

Wick. The analogy of ON. kveikr,
wick, kveikja, to kindle, quicken, set light
to, would seem to justify the explanation
of wick as the part of the candle which
quickens into life. e. dial. w^/C/^, alive.
Lith. wykis, life.

But the word has a more general mean-
ing, seeming radically to signify a tuft or
bunch of some fibrous material. Du.
wiecke, a wick, a tent for a wound ; G.
wicke, lint, scraped linen to put into a
wound ; wicklein, a tent. Bav. wicke,
the hair of the head ; wickel, a handful,
bunch of flax, so much as is wound (ge-
wickelt) on the distaff at once ; wickel,
familiarly, a wig. Ain wikhel oder zach-
en, a wick. Swab, wicken, wick. G.
wickeln, to wrap up. In like manner Fr.
mlche signifies as well a wick as a lock
of hair. Pol., Bohem. knot, a wick, a
match, a tent for a wound, may probably
be explained as a knot of fibrous material.
Wicked. The origin of this word,
which has no equivalent in the cognate
languages, seems preserved in Esthon.
wigga, wikka, spot, fault, injury; Fin.
wika, a bodily defect, then a moral fault.
Wikainen, faulty, guilty ; wiatoin, inno-
cent. Lap. wikke, fault, cause ; wikka-
lats, guilty ; wikketebme, innocent. Ah
le wikka, there is no fault in him.

Wicker. From Da. ■veg, provincially
vog, pliant, are formed v'oge, cogger,
vegre, a pliant rod, a withy, whence voge-
kurv, ve^rekurv, a wicker basket ; vcEger,
vcegger^ z. ^\\\cm. Da. w^^, to bend ;
vegne etsom, to clinch a nail. Sw. wika,
to pleat, to fold. See Weak.

Wicket. Du. wiket, winket, Fr.
guichet, a little door within a gate, for the
convenience of easier opening. Wykett

730

WIDE

or lytylle wyndowe, fenestra, fenestrella.
— Pr. Pm. Doubtless from the notion of
rapid moveiftent to and fro. The wicket
at the game of cricket is a narrow frame
of rods stuck in the ground, which is
constantly being bowled over and set up
again.

A short quick movement is represent-
ed by the syllables wik, whick, quick.
ON. hvika, to totter, waver ; hvikeygctr,
having an unsteady glance ; hvikull, un-
steady, flighty; vik, a start, a slight
movement ; Du. wicken, vibrare — Kil. ;
wikken, to weigh in the hand, i. e. to
move up and down. Wink, a vibration
of the eyelid, is a nasalised form of the
same root.

Wide. AS. iiiid, G. weit, ON. widr,
broad, ample, spacious ; Fr. vuide, empty.
See Void.

Widow. AS. wuduwa, a widower ;
•wtiduwe, Goth, viduvo, G. wiftwe, Lat.
vidua, a widow.

Sanscr. vidhavd, a widow, is explained
from vi, without, and dhava, a husband.
So sadhavA, a woman whose husband is
living.

On the other hand, from W. gwedd, a
yoke or pair, we have dyweddio, to yoke
together, to espouse ; gweddawg, coupled,
yoked, wedded ; gweddiv, fit to be con-
nected, marriageable, single, solitary ;
eidion gweddw, an ox without a fellow ;
^WflJ^WiJifflf'ze', a single man ; dyn weddw,
a single person ; dynes weddw, a single
woman ; gwr gweddw, a widower ;
gwraig weddw, a widow.

Wield. Goth, valdan, AS. wealdan,
ON. valda, Da. volde, Lith. valdyti, W-
lyrian vladati, Russ. vladjef, to rule, dis-
pose of.

Wife. — Woman. AS., ON. wif, ohg.
wib, wip, G. weib, woman, wife. The
two sexes were distinguished in AS. as
wcEpned-man, weaponed, and wifman.
Wcepned-beam, wcepned-cild, a male
child ; wifcild, a female child. God hig
geworhte, wcepned and wimman : God
created them male and female. — Mark lo.
6. Gebletsode metod alwihta wif and
weepned : the lord of all things blessed
female and male.— Casdm. lo. 131. As
the sword and the distaff were taken on
the continent as the type of the two sexes,
it was supposed that the weapon was
here used in the same sense, while wife
was explained from weaving taken as
the characteristic function of the female.
But in AS. wcepned the weapon is certain-
ly metaphorical. Veretrum, wepen-gecynd.
-—iElfr. Veretrum, tears; calamus, tears.

WILD

thcBt wepen. — AS. Vocab. in Nat. Antiq.
It was to be expected that the distinctive
names of man and woman should be
taken in the first instance from their phy-
sical construction. The woman would be
viewed as the child-bearing, and the
word wife would be satisfactorily ex-
plained if it could be identified with
womb, Goth, vamba, Sc. wame, the belly,
womb, bowels. Now Lap. waimo, is the
heart (originally perhaps the belly in
general, as W. calon, the heart, womb —
Richards) ; wuolle-wai^no {witolle,\ovitr),
the groin, genitals (in male or female),
while Fin. waiina is a woman, wife.
Sanscr. v&ma, an udder, a woman. Bret.
gwamm, wife.

From AS. wifman it was an easy cor-
ruption to wimman, wimman, woman.
The king hire wende to
As wapmon scolde to luimmon do.

Layamon II . 376.

Wig. Commonly supposed to be a
contraction from periwig. It is more
probable however that periwig is an
accommodation of Fr. perruque, under
the ixifluence of the word wig already
existing in the language. Bav. wickel, a
bunch of flax or tow, and fig. a wig ;
wicke, the hair of the head. Wikk, floc-
cus — Schottel, cited in Hess. Idioticon.
G. wickeln, to twist, to wrap ; wickelzopf,
a tress or lock of hair. See Wick.

Wight. I. — Wighty.^Wigger. Act-
ive, swift, strong. Wyte {wyghi) or de-
liver, agilis, velox. — Pr. Pm.

Y schalle gyf the two grehowndys
As wyghte as anyroo. — MS. in Hal.

Sw. wig, wiger, nimble, active, quick.
Wig at swara, ready to answer. Wara
wiger i tnun, to be supple of mouth,
ready of speech. Wigt, nimbly. Da. dial.
vbgger, a pliable rod. G. wacker, brisk,
agile, stirring, vigorous.

Wight. 2. A creature, a man. Du.
wicht, a child. G. bosewicht, a wicked
man. See Whit.

Wild.— Will. ON. villr, wandering at
large ; villa, error ; villa, to mislead ;
villask, to lose one's way, to miss ; vil-
lurad, bewildering counsel ; villutru,
false belief. Da. vild, wild, savage ; vilde,
to mislead ; fare vild, to go astray ; tale
vildt, to talk wildly. Sc. will, confused,
bewildered, at a loss ; to go will, to go
astray ; I'm •mill what to do, 1 am at a
loss. Will af rede, at a loss for counsel ;
will af wane, at a loss what to look to,
what course to take (from ON. vdn, von,
expectation, hope), and not, as Jamieson
explains it,at a loss for a habitation. Will,

WILE

desert, trackless. OE. wylgate or wrong
gate, deviacio. — Pr. Pm. w. gwill, one
that strays about, a vagabond ; gwill mer,
a pirate. Lap. willet, to wander. Russ.
wild', to turn, whirl, turn aside, turn
hither and thither, not keep the straight
course.

A rational origin may be found in Sw.
wilier-waller, confusion, disorder, im-
broglio, tumult, medley, probably from
the figure of boiling water; willa, per-
plexity, confusion, distraction of mind,
illusion, error ; gd i willa, not to know
what one is about, to wander about. G.
wallen, to wallop, bubble up, boil, be in
violent motion. Let. willu, wilt, to de-
ceive ; wiltus, fraud, treachery, deceit.
Wile. OE. wigele, wihele, trick.
Ygeme wes mid childe by Uther kinge
Al thurh Merlines wigeL — Layamon II. 384.

His wigeles and his wrenches.' — An-
cren Riwle. AS. wiglian, to juggle,
divine, soothsay ; wigelere, a conjurer,
soothsayer, wizard. Russ. ^/%"/z, juggling,
sleight of hand ; figlar', a juggler, con-
jurer ; Pol. figiel, trick, prank, frolic ;
figlowad, to frolic, to play tricks. The
radical signification seems to be to de-
ceive the eyes by sleight of hand, to
dazzle by rapid movement. Movementto
and fro is represented by the expressions
wiggle-waggle, widdle-waddle. Pl.D.
wigelwageln, to waver to and fro. ' —
and wigeleth as vordrunken mon that
haveth imunt to vallen.' — Ancr. Riwle. To
diddle is explained by Jam. to shake, to
jog, and to diddle one out of a thing is to
trick him out of it. To widdle,to -wriggle,
to move to and fro, then to diddle or
wile.

Its Antichrist his pipes and fiddles,
And other tools wherwith he widdles
Poor caitiffs into dark confusions.

Cleland in Jam.

w. chwid, a quick turn ; chwido, to
make a quick move, to juggle ; chwidog, a
conjurer. In like manner Bav. gigkeln,
to quiver, to move rapidly to and fro,
shows the origin of P1.D. gigeln, begigeln,
Du. beguichelen, begoochelen, beghiilen, to
delude, beguile, bewitch. Lith. wyhcs,
deceit, guile ; willu, wilti, to deceive ;
willoti, to entice, beguile, deceive ; Let.
wilt, to deceive ; wiltus, trick, cunning,
deceit.

Will. Goth, viljan, ohg. willan, G.
wollen, ON. vilja, Gr. /SouXo^ai, Lat. volo,
velle, to have will, to be desirous of Lith.
weliti, to have rather, to wish ; OSIav.
voliti, to will, Russ. volja, will, wish,
consent.

WINCE

731

Willow. AS. welig, wilig, Pl.D. wilge,
wichel, a willow.

Wimble, i. An auger. See Whim i.
2. Active, agile.

He was so wimble and so wight
From bough to bough he leaped Hght.
Sheph. Calendar.

From the same expression of rapid move-
ment to and fro or round about, as in the
former sense of the word.

Wimple. Wympyl, peplum. — Pr. Pm.
Fr. guimpe, guimple, a wrapper with
which the nuns covered their chin and
neck. Du. wimpel, velum, velamen ;
wimpelen, involvere, implicare, velare,
velo operire.^Kil. Wimpel is also a
streamer, a pennant.

The radical syllable wip, representing
a short rapid movement, is used to sig-
nify reciprocating action, in Du. wippen.
to swing, wag, seesaw. In the technical
expression of whipping a cord with a
thinner string or with thread, it signifies
winding about or wrapping round, in ac-
cordance with the connection between the
ideas of reciprocating and circular move-
ment explained under Winch. And so in
the nasalised form of the root the sense of
reciprocating movement is expressed by
Du. wimp-oogen, G. wimpern, to wink
the eyes, and by wimpel, a streamer, while
that of circular movement is found in
Kilian's wimpelen, to wrap round, in E.
wimple, a wrapper, and in wimble, an
auger. • See Whim.

To Win. Du winnen, to gain, get,
conquer, earn, to cultivate, till the ground,
to procreate children. ON. vinna, to
labour, get, earn. AS. winnan, to struggle,
contend, toil, get by labour, gain.

To Wince. —Wincli. i. To kick.
' I wynche, as a horse doth : je regimbe.'
— Palsgr.

2. Winch, a crank, a water-wheel. ' I
wynche or wynde up with a wyndlasse :
je guinde.' — Palsgr.

The syllables wick, quick, whick, or
with the nasal, wink, quink, which pro-
bably in the first instance represent a
sharp short cry, are used to signify a start
or short sudden movement. Du. quicken,
vibrare, librare, agitare, movere, mobili-
tare ; quincken, micare, motitare. — Kil.
ON. vik, a start, a slight movement aside ;
uikja, to set in motion, to turn aside, turn
round ; hvika, to totter. Sw. wicka,
hwicka, hwinka, motitare, vacillare. —
Ihre. Du. wicken, vihrare — Kil.; winken,
to nod, to wink ; to make a slight move-
ment with the bead or eyelid. Vf. giving,
a sudden motion, as a wince or wink of

732

WIND

the eye ; gwingo, to spurn, fling, kick,
struggle, wriggle ; gwingdin, the wagtail.
Bret, gwinka, to kick ; Fr. gtienchir,
guincher, to start, shrink, winch or wrench
aside, to wriggle. — Cot. Swiss winggen,
to sprawl with hands and feet ; wingsen,
winxen, wingsten, to kick.

As a body in turning round, when
viewed from one instant to another, is seen
moving in opposite directions, words sig-
nifying vibratory or reciprocating move-
ment are frequently diverted to the sense
of circular motion.

Thus Lat. vibrare has the sense of
twist or turn round, in vibrati crines,
curled hair. From Du. wikken, to move,
we pass to wikkelen, to wrap up, enfold.
Wemeten is explained by Kilian to pal-
pitate, be in light and frequent motion,
and also to whirl or turn round. And in
the same way in the case of winch, the
notion of turning on an axis is developed
from that of a short rapid movement.

To Wind. Goth, vindan, ON. vinda,
to wind, wrap round, twist ; vindr,
crooked, wry ; venda, to turn, to twist.
Sw. winda med ogonen, to squint ; wind,
oblique, askew. Russ. winf, a screw ;
wintif, to screw. Lith. wynoti, to wrap .

This appears to be one of the cases
mentioned under Winch, in which the
idea of turning round springs from that
of moving to and fro. We use the inter-
jectional expression widdle-waddle to
signify a wavering movement to and fro.
To waddle, to sway to and fro in walking,
and provincially, to roll up and down in
a disorderly way, to fold up, to entwine.
— Hal. OHG. wadalon, to waver, wander,
fluctuate ; wadalunga, ventilationem. —
Graff. MHG. wadelen, to flutter, sway to
and fro, fluctuate. Sc.widdil, to waddle,
wriggle, writhe, winch. W. gwid, a quick
whirl or twirl ; chwid, a quick turn ;
chwido, to quirk, to juggle, to make a
quick move; Sc. quhid, whid, whud, to
whisk, to move nimbly.

Then with the nasalisation of the vowel,
OHG. wantalSn, ventilare, volvere, volu-
tare, fluctuare, mutare ; It. ventaglio, a
fan ; G. wandeln, to go to and fro, to
change ; wandelmuth, inconstant mind,
to be compared with mhg. wadel, vari-
able, inconstant. 'Sin herze was als6
•wadel.' Sc. windle-strae, a dry stem of
grass wavering to and fro.
Branchis brattling and blaiknyt schew the brayis,
With hirstis harsk of waggand wyndilstraes.

D. V. 202. 29.

Windle bears the same relation to waddle
that wimple does to wabble. 6_hg. wtjit-

WINE

wanto, ventilabrum ; wintSn, ventilare ;
winda, winta, flabrum, ventilabrum.—
Schm. Bav. windel, swathings ; AS.
windel (what is twined), a basket; It.
guindolare, to wind silk; guindola, a
reel ; ghindare, to draw up; ^ret. gwinta,
to tilt up, to hoist ; porsgwint, Sw. wind-
bro, a drawbridge.

Wind. Goth, vinds, on. vindr, w.
gwynt, Lat. ventus, wind ; ventilare, to
swing or brandish in the air, to move to
and fro, to fan. We need not suppose
that ventilare is derived from ventus: on
the contrary it appears to me that venti-
lare corresponds to ohg. wantaldn, men-
tioned in the last article, which exhibits
the idea in an earlier stage of develop-
ment, signifying to sway to and fro. The
name of the wind could not be taken
from a more striking characteristic than
its proverbial inconstancy and mobility.
A reduplicative form like E. pitapat, pin-
tledepantledy, or OHG. ivintwanto, venti-
labrum (Schm. 4. no), is always a sign
of the feeling of direct representation.
Winniwunt, aura ; winton, ventilare ;
winta, winda, flabrum, ventilabrum. So
from the unnasalised root wadalSn, fluc-
tuare, ventilare, seem to be formed OHG.
giwaida, ventus ; giwado, afflatu, flatu
aursE ; giwada, spiritum ; Bav. gewdden,
schneegewdden, a snowdrift.

Windlas. Probably not a coniiption
from Du. windas, Fr. guindas, a winding
axle, as often supposed, as the termination
lace or lass is found in a similar sense in
stricklace, an implement for striking.
Radius, a strike or stricklace which they
use in measuring of corn. — Littleton Lat.
Diet. A windlace was also a compas or
winding course.

Amonge theis be appoynted a fewe horsemen
to raunge somwhat abrode for the greater ap-
pearance, bidding them fetch a windlasse a great
waye about, and to malce al toward one place. —
GoLding, Csesar in R.

Window. ON. vindauga. Da. vindue,
a window, literally wind-eye, an opening
to admit the air ; ON . auga, eye.

Windrow. Hay or grass raked up
into rows, in order to be dried by the
wind before cocking up. Sc. winraw,
hay or peats put together in long thin
heaps for the purpose of being more
easily dried. Probably the latter half of
the word is an accommodation. Du.
winddrooge, wind-dried, vento aliquan-
tulum siccatus. Pl.D. windrog, wind-
dr'dg (of linen), half-dried.

V/ine. Gr. aivoq, Lat. vinum, Goth.
vein.

WING

Wing. ON. vangr, Sw. winge, Fris.
winge, swinge (Outzen), G. schwingen,
schwmg federn, wing. Doubtless from
the vibratory action which is its charac-
teristic function. W. gwingo, to kick,
spring, fling, struggle; ON. vingsa, to
swing, to dangle ; Sw. sweenga, to wave,
brandish, swing. In the same way from
Fris. ■wjweckJe,to svi\ng,'wjueck,'wjuwcke,
a wing ; wjuwckjen, to fly. — Epkema.
Du. wicken, vibrare (Kil.), wiek, wiecke,
a wing.

■Wink. The sound of a high-pitched
note is represented by the syllables peep,
gueek, tweet, and the like, the effect of
which is not altered by the introduction
of a nasal. We may cite W. g-wich, a
squeak or shrill noise ; G. quieken, quiets-
chen, to squeak, creak ; E. dial, quinch,
to make a noise — Hal. ; Du. qumken,
quinckelen, to warble ; E. dial, whink, a
sharp cry. The syllable representing a
sharp note is then applied to signify a
sharp short movement, a start, jerk.
Thus we have Du. quicken, to vibrate,
stir, move, weigh ; quiiiken, to vibrate,
twinkle ; quikstaart, a wagtail ; E. dial.
quinch, to stir, twitch, jerk ; whick, quick,
lively ; E. quick, rapid, agile, living ; ON.
hvika, to waver, shiver ; vik, a start or
flinch ; Du. wicken, to vibrate, to weigh
in the hands ; w. gwing, a sudden mo-
tion, as a wince or wink of the eye, a
motion, turn, or shake made with a
spring ; gwingdin {tin, tail), the wagtail ;
Fr. guenchir, to flinch or start aside ;
Du. wicket, or wincket, a wicket or little
movable door ; Sw. winka, to make a
sign with the hand, head, or eye.

To Winnow, as. windwian, Bav.
winden, Lat. vannare, to winnow ; OHG.
wintSn, ventilare ; wintwanto, ventila-
brum ; Bav. windel, It. ventaglio, a fan.
See Wind.

Winter. Goth, vintrus, ON. vetr,
winter. Perhaps connected with Pol.
wiatr. Boh. wjtr, wind ; G. wetter, storm,
tempest, weather.

To Wipe. To sweep over a surface
for the purpose of cleansing. Pl.D. wiep,
a wisp of straw ; afenwiep, a straw
besom to sweep out an oven. Wipe is a
modification of the root wip, whip signi-
fying a short quick movement, as sweep
is of the root swip, of the same significa-
tion with wip. Du. sweepen, to whip, to
flog ; ON. svipr, a short movement,
twinkling of an eye, instant. The same
train of thought is seen in G. wischen, to
whisk or move with a quick and transi-
tory motion ; hinweg wischen, to whip

WISE

733

off, to whisk away. Wischen is then to
wipe, to rub ; strohwisch, a wisp of
straw, a handful of straw for rubbing
down a horse. ' Wische,' says the West-
erwald Idioticon, 'expresses a quick
movement connected with a whizzing or
swishing sound.' Q. witsch! on a sudden,
in a giffy. PhV-wiisf wips ! quick.
Wits / ware he weg : pop ! he was ofT.
Wipp-wapp, a seesaw.

Wire. ON. vir, virr, Pl.D. wire, wier-
draad, wire. ON. at draga i virinn, to
wiredraw, tff protract, to be niggardly ;
viravirki, filigree. Da. dial, vire, some-
thing twisted together, a twisted wire.

From Sw. wira, to twist ; Da. virre,
Du. wieren, to whirl, turn, twist.

Wise. I. G. nveise, way, method,
fashion, way or manner of proceeding,
course. — Kiittn. Yr. guise, manner, fash-
ion, custom, usage ; W. gwis, mode, "cus-
tom ; Bret, giz, kiz, manner, fashion,
usage. Esthon., Fin. ■zc/zzj/, wise, manner.

The original meaning of the word
would seem to be way, track, footsteps ;
of which sense traces are to be found in
Bret, tnondwar h^ giz, to go on his foot-
steps or on his traces, to turn back ;
kiza, to return. It will be observed that
we use way in the same sense as wise.
In no way, in no wise.

From the sense of track or way also
may be explained OHG. wtsgan, to show,
guide, teach ; G. weisen, to point out, to
show. Jemanden zurecht weisen, to
show one the right way. Swiss wisen, to
guide, to govern ; ON. visi, a leader,
governor. It may be however that these
forms are to be explained from the sense
of making to see. Etwas weis werden,
to be apprised of a thing, to get know-
ledge of^it. Einem etwas weis machen,
to make one believe a thing. Goth.
vitan, to look, observe, perceive.

Wise. 2. — Wit. Goth, vitan, pret.
vissa, AS. witan, pret. wiste, wisse, G.
wissen, ON. vita, to know. Goth, unvits,
unweis, unwise, foolish ; unviss, un-
certain ; hintarveis, cunning ; unfaur-
veis, unforeseen. E. wit, wot, to know.

E. wits, the senses, faculties of percep-
tion ; ON. vitr, knowing, vitugr, viskr
(for vitskr), AS. vita, wise, counsellor.

w. gwydd, a state of recognition or
knowledge, presence ; dos o 'in gwydd!
go from my presence, get out of my sight ;
Pwyddfa, a place of presence ; gwyddiad,
i knowing ; gwyddwg, knowledge, per-
ception ; Gael, fios, intelhgeiice, know-
ledge, notice ; thoir fios, to give notice,
equivalent to G. weis machen. \ He lact

734

WISH

most completely known is what takes
place before our eyes ; according to the
proverb, Seeing is believing. Hence the
connection between words signifying
knowledge and seeing. Lat. videre,
visum, to see ; Gr. li&ia, Uia, see, per-
ceive, know ; Boh. vidjeti, to see ; vjed-
ejti, to know ; Sanscr. vid, know.

Wish. ON. osk, wish, desire ; askja,
yskja, AS. wiscan, to wish ; G. wunsch,
wish ; wunschen, Da. onske. Boh. wins-
sowati, to wish; Pol. winszowai, to con-
gratulate, wish joy.

■Witch. AS. wicce, Fris. wikke, a witch.
Pl.D. wikken, to soothsay, divine. Sik
wikken. laten, to have one's fortune told.
Wikker, ivikkerske, a male or female
soothsayer.

-The radical sense is shown in T>v..'wik-
ken, to weigh in the hand, and thence to
consider, conjecture, predict. ' 'Tis eene
zaak die gy wel behoort te wikken eer gy
ze aanvaard :' it is a thing you ought
well to consider before you answer. —
Halma. Dit ongeluk is my^^TCz^^.' this
misfortune was foretold me.

Hesse, wicken, to shake to and fro ;
wickelen, to enchant ; wickeler, a sooth-
sayer (ariolus).

To Wite. To reproach. AS. witan,
to perceive, to know, then to ascribe to,
impute, blame ; are witan, to honour.
Goth, vitan, to look ; idveit, blame. OHG.
wtzan, to impute, reproach, blame, mhg.
wizzen, to reproach, find fault, punish.
' Was hist du mir gewizzen daz du min
kint erslagen hist : ' what fault hast thou
found in me that thou hast slain my child?
Comp. Lat. anhnadvertere, to perceive,
and thence to punish. Da. kjende, mark,
sign ; tage kjende paa, to take note of ;
kjende, to know, to pass sentence on. So
also Fr. savoir bon gre, G. dank wissen,
to take a thing kindly, to impute it to him
as an obligation.

With. AS. with, ON. vid. Da. ved,
against, opposite, towards, near. AS.
wither, ON. vidr, against, opposite ; G.
wider, against ; wieder, again.

Perhaps the radical idea may be look-
ing at, facing, in face. w. gwydd, pre-
sence ; yngwydd, before or .in presence.

Withe. — Withy. on. vidir. Da.
vidie, vie, AS, withig, G. weide, wiede, an
osier willow ; ON. viSia, Sc. widdie,
woodie, Bav. wid, widen, widlein {wV,
win, widl, wt'l), a band of twisted twigs ;
OHG. wid, retorta. The Craven Gloss,
explains widdy, twigs of willows or hazles
■dried partially in the fire and then twisted

WITNESS

into vireaths for many agricultural pur-
poses.

Lap. wedde, a tough twig of root for
making baskets ; weddet, to bind. Goth.
gavidan, to bind together ; OHG. wettan,
wetian, giwetan, to join, to bind.

The final d of the root is lost in Lat.
viere, to weave or plait, and thence vimen,
a pliant twig or osier. Lith. vyju, vyti,
to twist, wind ; wytis, a withe, a hoop for
a cask ; Lett, wiju, wiht, to twine, plait,
pleach i wihtes, a hopbine ; wihtols, a
willow; Pol. wis, to wind, twine, twist,
vireathe ; wid, an osier twig ; witwa, wit-
wina, osier, wicker.

The ultimate origin is probably the re-
presentation of a whizzing sound, applied'
to rapid movement through the air, rush-
ing, whirling, twisting, turning in and
out. E. dial, whither, to whizz — Hal.;
AS. hweotheran, to murmur ; Sc. quhid-
der, quhethir, to whizz, to rush ; on.
hvidra, to rush; E. dial, whidder, to
quake, to shiver ; Sc. widdill, to wriggle,
writhe, winch ; E. twiddle, to twist or
move to and fro between the fingers ;
quhid, whid, a quick movement ; in a
whid, in a moment ; w. gwid, a quick
turn or whirl ; chwid, a quick turn ;
chwido, to quirk, to juggle, to make a
quick movement ; chwidro, to move gid-
dily. See Wattle, Wind.

To Wither. NFris. waddern, G. wit-
tern, to dry by exposure to sun and air,
to weather. Now the consequence of
drying a thing like hay is to make it
shrivel up and wither.

But a different line of descent seems
indicated by w. gwidd, what is dried or
withered ; gwiddon, small particles of
what is dried or rotted, mites ; gwiddoni,
to dry up, wither, rot ; gwiddan, a witch
or hag ; Pol. wiedna6, to fade, to wither ;
wiedina, a hag ; It. giiizzo, vizzo, faded,
withered.

* Withers. G. rist, widerrist, the
shoulders of a horse, the joint by which
he exerts his force against (G. wider) the
draught of the carriage. In the N. of E.
withers are the barbs of an arrowhead or
jags which prevent the shank of a gate-
crook or the like from being drawn out of
the wood in which it is fixed, as. withe-
rian, to resist, oppose. — Atkinson.

Witness. From as. witan, to per-
ceive, have experience of, know, we have
gewita, a witness, one who has actual ex-
perience of a fact ; witnesse, gewitnys,
OHQ. gewiznesse, ON. vitni, experience,
and thence testimony, evidence ; vitna,
Da. vidne, to give evidence, to depose ;

WITTERING

ON. vitneskja, intelligence, notice, warn-
ing. See Wit.

Wittering. A hint or notice of a
thing. ON. vita, to wit, to have notice or
knowledge of ; vitr, having knowledge or
understanding, wise ; vitra, to give notice
of, to reveal, display ; N . vitr, warning or
sign of an event ; vitra, vittre, to give
warning or notice of, to let one know;
vitring, warning, information, knowledge.

"Wittol. — Witwall. — Wodewale.
The name of witwall or woodwale was
loosely given to various birds of a yellow
or greenish yellow colour, as the green
woodpecker, yellowhammer, oriole, &c.
Du. Tiieedewael, geelgorse, galgulus, gal-
bula, chlorion, icterus, avis lurida, vulgo
oriolus et widewallus ; avis lutei coloris.
Germ, wittewal, widdewael, Ang. widde-
wol. — Kil. The synonym geelgorse is ex-
plained by Kil. emberiza flava, galgulus,
curruca, the last of which was used as a
term for a cuckold. Curruca est avis, vel
ille qui cum credat nutrire filios suos nu-
trit alienos. — Dief. Supp. Curruca,
adulterse raaritus. — Kil. in v. Hanne. The
origin of this designation is undoubtedly
from the fact that the bird known under
the name of curruca is one of those in the
nest of which the cuckoo drops its egg.
Now although with us the nest of the
hedge-sparrow is most usually selected
for that purpose, yet the yellowhammer
and the greenfinch are mentioned by
Bewicke as foster-nurses of the cuckoo's
egg. A slovenly pronunciation converted
witwal into wittal or wittol. ' Godano,
a wittal or woodwale.' — Fl. Wittal, like
Mid.Lat. curruca, was then used in the
sense of a cuckold, especially one who
winked at his wife's offence. Wj-ttal,
becco contento. — Torriano. When the
use of the word as the name of a bird
became obsolete, it was supposed to be
derived from as. witol, wittol, sciens,
sapiens, as intimating that the husband
was witting of his own disgrace. Nor
was it only in English that the name of
the bird, in whose nest the cuckoo was
supposed to lay, became a term of re-
proach. The Fr. oriole or oriot is ren-
dered by Cot. a heigkaw or witwall, the
first of which is obviously identical with
Picard huyau (verdon), a yellowhammer
or greenfinch, and huyau, like wittal, was
used in the sense of cuckold.

Ici git Nicolas Thuyau

Qui de trois femmes fut huyau. — H^cart.

I have little doubt that the G. hahiirei,
which is quite unexplained, will be found

WO

73S

to be a local name of the hedge-sparrow
or some such bird.

The yellow colour of the bird is indi-
cated by the first half of the name, Du.
weede, glastum, isatis, luteum. — Kil. It.
guado, woad to dye blue with : some use it
for dyer's weed, some possibly call it wad,
any greening weed to dye yellow with. —
Fl. Fr. gaude, the stalk of a plant where-
with dyers make their clothes yellow ;
dyer's weed, greening weed.— Cot.

Wizard. A conjurer or diviner is
called among the vulgar the wise or the
cunning man, and in like manner from
Qzs\..Jios (radically identical with E. wise),
knowledge, is fiosach, skilful ; fiosachd,
sorcery, divination, fortune-telling. Russ.
vjedat', to know ; vjedan', a soothsayer.

Wizen. Shrivelled, dried up. ON.
visinn. Da. wissen, Sw. wisten, wissnad,
dried up, withered ; wistna, wissna, to
fade, lose freshness.

The word is to be explained from on.
vera (anciently vesa or visa — Jonsson),
to endure, remain, be, as signifying what
has past its time, what has been too long
kept, in accordance with Fr. passer, to go
by, also to fade, decay, or wither. G.
wesen, existence ; verwesen (properly to
pass away, to wear away), to moulder
away, to decay ; verwesen, verweset,
rotten, decayed. Sanscr. vas, to dwell,
continue ; what has continued too long,
stale. Goth, visan, to be, to dwell.
' Inuh thamma garda visaith ' -• in ilia do-
mo manete. — Luc. lo. 7. From the pri-
mary form visan or visa is formed ON.
vist, residence, continuance in a place ;
heimvist, duration of life, continuance in
the world ; Sw. hemwist, dwelling-place ;
wistande, residence, sojourn ; wistas, to
sojourn or reside ; wisten, faded, with-
ered.

Wo. — Woe. The deep-drawn breath of
severe pain is represented by an interjec-
tion which is written in Gr. ouai, oi, Lat.
vcB, vah, hei, heu, lUyrian vai, Let. wai,
MsL^y.jaj, 'W. gwae, It. guai, on. vei, G.
weh, wehe, AS. wa.

The interjection was frequently joined
with the personal pronoun, as in Lat. hei
mihi ! Gr. oi\i.oil Let. waiman ! Illyr.,
vaime ! OE. wuvime 1 ' Wumme ! lefdi
quath he tha : wa is me mine lifes ! ' —
Cockayne, St iViarherite, 47. b. 21.

Again, the same principle which leads
us to imitate the cry of a cow or a sheep,
when we wish to make our hearer think
of those animals, or, in other words, the
principle which leads us to signify a cow
or a sheep by a representation of their

736

WO !

cry, leads also to an imitation of the
groan of pain when we wish to make our
hearer think of a person in pain, which
is the first step towards the conception of
pain in the abstract. Hence the almost
universal use of the interjection repre-
senting a groan, with or without gram-
matical additions, in the sense of pain,
suffering, whether bodily or mental, sor-
row, grief. Thus we have Let. wail
alas ; wnida, pain, sorrow. lUyrian vat,
Magy. jaj, w. gwae, AS. iva, are used not
only as interjections but also in the sense
of pain, sorrow, misfortune, woe. G.
kopfweh, zahnweh, headache, toothache ;
•wehe thun, to cause pain ; wehmuth,
pain, sorrow, anguish.

Wo ! Well ! An interjection used to
make horses stop, whence wo, stop,
check ; ' there is no wo in him,' ' he
knows no wo' In the same way hoi
was used as an interjection to make one
stop, as well in Fr. as in E., and after-
wards in the sense of stop or limit : OJit
of all ho, there is no ho with him, he is
not to be restrained. — Nares. ' Some
be interjections betokening warnyng to
cease. Ho I as, Ho I de par le diable
ho I and, Hola I, c'est assez.' — Palsgr.

Why woh ! or ho ! should be used for
the foregoing purpose may perhaps be
explained by Fin. woh! used to repre-
sent the sound of panting. Woh ! woh I
vox moleste anhelantis ; wohhata, woh-
kaella, vocem woh edo, inde moleste an-
helo. The sense of coming to rest can-
not better be signified than by imitating
the panting of one who is out of breath
from violent exertion. Fin. hohoa, to
blow ; hohotella, hohdella, hoikata, to
pant ; huowata, to groan, sigh, pant, take
breath, rest from labour.

Woad. OHG. weit, o. waido, It. guado,
Fr. gtiesde.

"Wold. A down or champian ground,
hilly and void of wood. — B. The proper
meaning seems to be the grassy surface
of the ground, on. vijllr, ground, earth,
field ; O Da. void, field ; now, mound,
rampart, dike ; Sw. wall, rampart, dike,
.field, grassy surface of the ground, pas-
ture ; walla sig, to become covered with
turf ; walla, gd i wall, to lead cattle to
pasture ; wigwall, field of battle ; kirkia-
wall, churchyard. WE. veiling, getting
turf up for burning.— Hal. ' The green
K'^//? .•' greensward. — Sir Gawaine. Sc.
fail, turf; Gael./rf/, a wall, hedge, sod.

Wolf. Goth, vulfs, ON. ulfr, Lat.
lupus. Then with a final k instead of p,

WOOL

Lith. wilkas, Slav, wilk, wulk, Serv. vtik,
Gr. \vKaq.

Woman. See Wife.

Womb. Goth, vamba, AS. wamb, ON.
vbmb, belly, womb.

The name seems applicable in the first
instance to any hanging or swagging
part of the body, as a dewlap, the belly,
the udder, from MHG. wappen, G. schwap-
pen, to wag or swag ; Du. wapperen,
pendere — Kil. ; E. wabble, wamble. Thus
we have MHG. wappe, wamme, palear ;
Bav. wamben, wampen, wampl, the belly
of beasts, and contemptuously, of man ;
G. wampe, wamme, dewlap, double-chin,
paunch ; wampig, gorbellied ; moswam-
pen, a quag or quaking moss ; OHG. mi-
lichwdppel, milichwdmpel (Schm.), mhg.
Jtiilchwempel, the udder ; wembel, ON.
vembill, the belly. Sanscr. vdma, an
udder.

In like manner from Swab, watscheln,
to waddle, swag ; watschel, a person with
a hanging belly.

Wonder, on. undra, as. wundriaii,
OHG. wunteron, G. wundern.

To Won. — Wont. as. wunian, Du.
wonen, G. wohnen, to dwell, persist, con-
tinue. ON. vani. Da. vane, custom, use ;
ON. vanr. Da. van, vant, used or accus-
tomed to, wonned to, wont.

To Woo . To seek a wife. as. wogan,
to woo, to marry. From woff, wife, the
NFris. forms wowwen, to lie with a
woman, to cohabit (beiliegen, beiwohnen).
— Bendsen, Nord Fr. Spr. 3^.

The word even in E. seems formerly to
have been used in the coarser sense.

Wytte is trecherie,
Love is lecherie,
Play is vilenie,
And holyday is gloterie.
Old man is skomed,
Yonge woman is wowed.

Epigram, Reliq. Antiq. p. 58.

Wood. ON. vidr, Sw. ved, as. wudu,
OHG. witu, Bav. witt, wit, wood. W.
gwydd, trees, shrubs, what is made of
wood ; in composition, of the woods,
wild.

Woof. The weft or cross threads in
weaving, ohg. weban, pret. wab, to
weave. ON. vefa, vdf or 6f, to weave,
twine.

Wool. Goth, wulla, ON. ull, Fris.
wille. Fin. willa, Russ. wolna, w. gwlan,
Gael, olana, wool. Lith. wilna. Let.
willa, wilna, lUyr. vuna, Lat. villus, a
lock i vellus, a fleece ; Gr. oJXoj, woolly ;
Esthon. wil, wool ; willane, wildne,
woollen, woolly.

WOOL

To Wool or Woold. In nautical lan-
guage, to wind a rope round a mast or
spar in a place where it has been fished
or scarfed, to wrap a yard round in order
to prevent it chafing. East E. woulders,
bandages. — Moor. Du. woelen, to move
to and fro, to toss or tumble in bed,
flutter, struggle, to windj wrap. — Bomhoff.
' De mast kreeg een krak en raost gewoeld
worden : ' the mast got a crack and must
be wooUed or woolded. NFris. wollin,
Swiss willen, to wrap round. Our word
is probably a contracted form from the
type widdle-waddle, signifying motion to
and fro, from whence in so many cases
we pass to the sense of twisting, winding.
To waddle is to sway to and fro in walk-
ing ; G. wadeln, wedeln, to wag, waver ;
Silesian wudeln, verwudeln, to crumple,
tumble, as a tablecloth. — Deutsch. Mun-
dart. vi. 191. Hanover wudeln, to boil,
to swarm ; Bav. wiideln, wiiteln. {wu^ln,
wou'ln), to move to and fro, to stir, to
swarm. Northampton wooddled, muffled,
wrapped up about the head and neck.
The rudiment of the lost d remains in the
h of G. wiihlen, to move in a confused
manner, to root in the ground.

"Word. Goth, vaurd (G. wort), word ;
andavaurd, answer ; gavaurdi, speech,
conversation. Lith. wardas, name ; Lett.
wdrds, name, word.

Work. — Wright. Goth, vaurkjan,
vaurhta, to work, make, do ; hand-
uvaurhts, handmade ; vaurstv, work ;
■vaurstva, a worker. AS. weorc, work,
labour, grief, pain ; wyrcan, pret. worhte,
to work (pret. wrought) ; OHG. wurcho,
wurhto, a labourer ; as. wyrhta, E.
Wright, an artificer ; Gr. ipyov, work.

World. AS. werold, worold, weorold,
Du. wereld, Fris. warl, wrdl, wrdld,
wrdd. Da. verden, G. welt, world. ON.
verbid, the universe, world, worldly hfe,
properly the age or life of man, from old,
age, lifetime, course of time ; and ver,
Goth, vair, as. wer, Lat. vir, man. In
the same way Lat. sceculum, age, genera-
tion, period, was used for the world, a
worldly life.

Worm. AS. wyrm, G. wtirm, Lat.
vermis, worm ; Goth, vaurms, serpent ;
ON. ormr, serpent, worm. Sanscr. krmi, a
worm ; Lith. kirtnis, kirminis, kirmele,
worm, caterpillar ; kirmiti, to breed
worms ; Let. zirmis, maggot, worm. The
origin, like that of weevil, lies in the idea
of swarming, being in multifarious move-
ment, crawling. Pl.D. kribbeln, krubbeln,
kremelen, krimmeln, kriimmeln, to be in
multifarious movement, to swarm, boil.

WORT

737

' Idt was daar so vull, dat idt kretneled
un wemelde : ' it was so full that it
swarmed. Up kribbeln (Hanover krim-
meln) laten : to let the water boil up.
Du. wremelen, to creep ; Da. vrimle, to
swarm ; vrimmel, a swarm.

In accordance with the derivation it
was written wrim in early English —

Of fis, of fugel, oiwrim-^ of der.
Story of Genesis (Early E. Text Soc), 299.
Thorfore hem cam wrimkin [creep-kind,

worm-kind] among
That hem wel biterlike stong. — lb. 3895.

Wormwood. AS. wormwyrt, worm-
wort, from being good against worms.

To Worry. Du. worghen, to strangle,
choke ; worghpeyren, chokepears. G.
wUrgen, to choke, thence to kill, to
slaughter.

The word is derived from a representa-
tion of the gurgling sound made in the
throat by a choking person. Fris. wrigia,
to rattle in the throat. ' Werther emmant
dulget in sin hals thet he wrigiande
gunge : ' whoso wounds any one in the
throat so that he goes rattling. Pl.D.
worghalsen, Hanover quurkhalsen, to
choke ; E. dial, querk, to grunt, to moan,
wherk, to breathe with difficulty ; querken,
wherken, to choke.

Worse. — Worst. Goth, vairs, on.
verri, OFris. virra, verra, OHG. wirs,
wirsiro, worse.

Diefenbach suggests an origin from
the idea of turning aside, twisting, as in
the case of LiLt.perversus, depraved, bad,
and of E. wrong. Lith. wertu, werczu,
wersti, to bend, turn ; wirsti, to fall
down, to change ; Let virttt, to turn, to
change.

Worsted. So named from a village
near Norwich where worsted stuffs were
made.

Wort. I. AS. wyrt, ON. virtr, Pl.D.
wort, G. wiirze, the decoction of barley
of which beer is made.

2. OHG. wurz, herba, gramen, olus ;
ON. urt, jurt, a plant ; Goth, vaurts, a
root ; aurtigards, ON. jurtagardr, mhg.
wurzgarte, a kitchen garden. Chaucer
calls a cabbage bed a bed of worts.

Both senses of the word may be ex-
plained from the notion of boiling. Lith.
werru or werdu, wirti, to boil ; alu
wirti, to brew ale ; wirtas, boiled, cook-
ed. Russ. varit', Pol. warzyd, to boil, to
brew ; W. berwi, to boil ; berwedd, a
boiling ; berweddu, to make a decoction,
to brew.

The sense of potherbs, vegetables, may
be explained from the same source, as
47

738

WORTH

signifying what may be boiled for food.
Thus from Pol. warzyd, to boil, is formed
warzywa, potherbs ; ogrod warzywny, a
kitchen garden. Illyr. variii, to boil, to
brew beer ; varivo, vegetable, any garden
produce that can be boiled for food. So
also Magy. fozni, to boil ; fozelek, vege-
tables.

The ultimate origin of this Slavonic
root expressing boiling is doubtless to be
found in the sound of boiling. Pol.
gwarzyd, to buzz, hum, chatter ; warczyd,
to snarl, growl ; wrzei, to boil ; wrzawa,
uproar, din, hubbub. Lith. alaus wir-
rimas, brewing of ale ; jurA wirrimas,
the roaring of the sea.

Worth.. — Worsliip. as. weorth, price,
value, honour, dignity. ' Geseald to mi-
clum wvrthe :' sold for a great price.
Gildan wurth : to pay the price. To
wurthe, in honorem. Weorthscipe,
worthiness, dignity, honour, glory, wor-
ship. Biscoplic wurthscipe, episcopal
dignity. IVeorthscipes wyrthe : worthy
of honour. Goth, vairths, worth, price,
worthy ; vairthon, to value. OHG. werd,
worthy, estimable ; werdSn, to value, to
worship, venerate. on. verd, virdi,
worth, price, money ; verdr, worth, of
value ; virding, valuation, honour, re-
spect, w. gwerth, price, sale, value;
gwerthu, to sell Bret, gwerz, sale, com-
merce, retribution, fee. Lith. wertas,
worth, worthy, just. lUyrian vredan,
worth, of value ; vrediti, to be worth ;
vredno, worthy, fitting. Fin. werta,
worth, equivalent, comparable with in
value, size, quantity. Riksin werta
jywia : a rix-doUar's worth of corn. Sen
•werta, so much ; minka werta, how
much. Kouran werta rahaa (koura,
the open hand), a handful of money. Ei
sen wertaa ole : nemo ei asqualis est ;
wertainen, par, aequalis. On sen wer-
tainen, est ei par. Werratoin, unequal,
incomparable, excellent. Wertaan, wer-
rata; wertailen, werrailla, to compare
one thing with another, yild koiraa
hewoiseen wertaa : do not compare a
dog with a horse. Wertaus, comparison,
parable, allegory. Esthon. wadrt, worth ;
se waart ollema, to be of such a value.

Wound. AS. wund, ON. und, a wound ;
Goth, vunds, wounded.

Wrack. Crash, ruin. It. fracasso,
any manner of rumbling noise, as it were
the falling of houses, trees, thunder-claps,
any ruinous destruction, wrack, havoc,
hurlyburly, breaking to pieces ; fracas-
sare,fraccare, to ruin, wrack, havoc, make
a rumbling and ruinous noise. — Fl. Fr.

WREAK

fracas, violent breaches, wracks, destruc-
tion, havoc, hurlyburly. — Cot. See Rack.

Wrack.— Sea wrack. See Wreak..

To Wrangle. Da. rangle, to rattle,
gingle ; ON. hrang, hraung, noise, dis-
turbance, altercation ; hraungl, noise.
N. rangla, to wrangle, dispute. Hesse
wrangeln, brangeln, to struggle with, to
pull one another about. See Brangle.

To Wrap.— Whap.— Hap. NFris.
wrappe, to wrap ; ON. at reifa barn, to
swathe an infant. OE. wrappynge or
hyllynge, coopercio, involucio ; wappyn
or wyndyn abowte yn clothys, involve ;
wappynge, happynge or hyllynge, cooper-
tura, coopericio. — Pr. Pm. Goth, bivaib-
jan, to wrap round. Expressions for the
idea of turning or winding round are
commonly applied in the first instance to
motion to and fro. Thus we have
waddle, to sway to and fro, and in Devon,
to fold up, to entwine — Hal. ; wooddled,
muffled up, wrapped up — Mrs Baker ;
swaddle, swathe, to wrap round. In the
same way E. wabble, to roll about, MHG.
waberen, to move to and fro, Du. wap-
peren, to dangle, are connected with
Goth, bivaibjan, and E. luap above-
mentioned ; while Sc. wrabil, warble,
warple, to twist or crawl about, to wriggle,
Pl.D. wribbeln, to twist between one's
fingers (Danneil), lead to Hereford wrob-
ble, to wrap up. In like relation we have
Da. dial, vrappe, to waddle like a duck,
to struggle along, compared with E. wrap.

Wrath.. AS. wrath, wrath, sharp,
bitter, fierce, angry. Wrathre thonne
wermod: bitterer than wormwood ;
wrathe ongeald, dearly pay. Du. wreed,
sharp of taste, rough, hard, sour, unfeel-
ing, violent. Wreede wijn, rough, harsh
wine. En wreede dood, a violent death.
Pl.D. wreed, bitter, austere, fierce. ON.
reida, to incense one ; reiSi, Sw. wrede,
wrath ; Da. vred, angry. We speak of
bitter feelings, of being embittered against
a person with whom we are angr)'.

The word seems to be taken from the
writhing or twisting of the mouth under
the influence of a harsh astringent taste,
as Du. wrang, sharp, sour, astringent,
harsh, from wringen, to twist. Sw.
wridapa miinnen, to make a wry mouth.

To Wreak. Goth, vrikan, to pursue ;
gavrikan, to punish, to revenge ; AS.
wrecan, to give effect to, to exert, and
eUipticaUy, to revenge, punish. Torn
wrecan, to wreak his anger. He gewrecan
thohte, he thought to punish.

The primitive meaning is to drive, in a
physical sense. OSw. wrdka, to drive,

WREATH

as to drive sheep. Wrdka frdn sig, to
cast away from him ; wrdka husfru bort,
to put away his wife. Wrdka, in an in-
transitive sense, to drive or wander about.
Even in OE. wreke is used in the physical
sense. In the directions for keeping the
Passover in the Story of Genesis and
Exodus, 3148, the Jews are charged to
— eten it bred, and non bon breken,
And nogt thor of ut huse wreken.
— and cast nought thereof out of the
house.

ON. reka, to cast, to drive, to pursue ;
to drive a nail, drive before the wind,
drive into exile ; reka aptr, to repudiate,
reject ; reka rettar sins, to pursue his
rights ; reka harma sinna, to wreak his
wrongs. Reki, a driver ; rekatre, re-
kavidr, driftwood. From this last must
probably be explained E. wrack, wreke
(Hal.), seawrack, Fr. vrac, varech, what
is driven up by the sea, seaweed cast on
the shore, seaweed.

Wreath. See Writhe.

Wreck. Shipwreck, properly ship-
wrack, Lat. naufragium, is the breach or
destruction of a ship upon the rocks.
Du. wracke, shipwreck, fragments of
wreck. — Kil. See Wrack.

Wreokling. — Writling. WreckUng,
an unhealthy feeble child. — Brocket.
Ruckling, the least of a brood ; wretch-
ock, the least of a brood of fowls. — Hal.
Wraglands [wraglings], misgrown trees
that will never prove timber. — B. The
least pig of a brood is also often called a
writling.

' Besides it causith it to seem scortched
and full of knots, yea and to grow like a
dwarf or wreckling.' — Holland, Pliny, in
R. Da. dial, vraag, vrcegling, Fris.
wrdk, wrdker, an ill-formed, undergrown
person^ wrigge, a monster; wijlde
wrigge (Sw. raggen, OE. ragman), the
devil. — Epkema. Pl.D. wrak, a poor
contemptible creature, either in body or
mind ; wruuk, a short, knotty block of
wood, an iU-grown, dwarfish creature or
plant.

The radical meaning may possibly be
explained from Pl.D. wraken, wroken, to
reject, pronounce bad of its kind ; wrak,
refuse, faulty. But the more likely origin
of the metaphor seems to be from what is
shrivelled or wrinkled, as E. shrimp,
something . small of its kind, from G.
schrUmpfen, to shrink. So ruckling or
wreckling may be explained from ruckle,
to rumple ; wrockled, wrinkled — Hal. ;
ON. hrbkkva, to pucker, curl ; Fris.
wracken, wrecken, wricken, wrickje, to

WRESTLE

739

twist. — Outzen. The form writling may
be explained from E. dial, writhled,
withered, properly wrinkled, shrivelled.
Fris. wriiten, to turn, twist, wrap. — Kil.
Cotgrave explains Fr. grugeons, 'the
smallest or most writhen fruit on a tree,
writlings.' They are provincially called
crinchlings or crinklings in English, from
crinkle, to shrink, to rumple. From the
same root, crink, a very small child, a
crumpling apple. — Hal. On the same
principle Da. dial, vremp, a. small boy,
may be explained from Du. wrempen, to
twist the mouth, E. wrimple, wrinkle.

Wren. as. wrenna, Gael, dreadhan,
Ir. drean.

Wrench. A sudden twist, a sprain ;
to wrench, to force by twisting. ' I
wrenche with the bodye, I tourne my
bodye asyde : Je me guinche. I wrenche
my foot, I put it out of joynt.' — Palsgr.
OE. wrench, wrenck, a. trick, properly a
sharp turn. Du. rancken, rencken, to
bend, turn aside ; rancke, bending, trick,
deceit — Kil. ; ranken, to twine.

A nasalised form of the same root with
wriggle. Pl.D. wrikken, wrikkeln, to
move to and fro, to shake, joggle ; Du.
verwrikken, to sprain the foot ; G. riick-
en, to shove, move ; verrUcken, to dislo-
cate, displace, put out of order. Fris.
wriga, wrigian, to twist. — Japycx in
Outzen. Du. wreycken w't de handen, to
wrench out of one's hands. — Kil. See
Wring, Wriggle.

To Wrest. — ^Wrist. To wrest, to
twist, turn aside, to force away by twist-
ing. Fris. wridde, wrisse, to writhe,
twist — Outzen ; Da. vride, to wring,
wrest, writhe ; vriste, to wrest, wrench.

OFris. wriust,riust, wirst,hond'wriust,
NFris. wraast, G. dial, riest, riester, wrist,
the joint on which the hand turns ; OFris.
fotwriust. Da. vrist, ancle, the joint on
which the foot turns. See Writhe.

To Wrestle, as. wrcestUan, wraxlian,
Fris. wraegsiljen, wrakseljen, wragselc,
wrassele, Du. wrastelen, wratselen,
worstelen, Devon wraxle, Somerset a/raj-
sly, to wrestle, to contend by tugging
and twisting each other about. The .first
of the foregoing forms is connected with
AS. wrastan, to twist, and E. writh^,
wrest, while the second belongs to tlje
same radical form with Pl.D. wrag-
geln, wrackeln, wriggelH, to work a thing
loose by pulling to and fro, to keep in
constant movement ; wrikken, wrikkeln,
to move to and fro, shake, joggle ;
wrukkeln, to waggle, totter ; Fris. wreka,
wretsa, to use force to, to wrench. ' lef
47*'

740

WRETCH

emmen dysse sylen op breck, ief dora op
wretst : ' if any one breaks up this sluice
or wrenches up the door.^Richthofen.
OE. rug; to tug, to shake ; E. dial, ruckle,
to struggle. — Hal. See Wriggle.

Wretch. — "Wretclied. as. wracca,
wrecca, an exile, and thence a wretch, a
miserable man. Wineleas wracca, a
friendless exile. Swithe earme wreccan,
very miserable exiles. The same train of
thought is seen in G. ^/i?«^, a foreign land,
exile, and thence misery, wretchedness.
See Wreak.

To Wriggle. Pl.D. wraggeln, wrig-
geln, wrackeln (Danneil), wi-ikken, wrik-
keln, rikkrakken (Brem. Wtb.), to work a
thing loose by wriggling or shaking to
and fro ; •wrikken, to scull a boat. ' Dm
bistj&n wriggel-wraggel^ you are never
still. — ^Danneil. E. dial, to wraggle on,
to struggle with difficulties. The table
, wrigsj the child's alius wrigging about.
— Mrs Baker. OE. roggyn or mevyn,
agito. — Pr. Pm. E. dial, to roggle, rogge,
to shake ; to ruggle about, to stir about.
Sc. rug, a rough hasty pull. Bav. rogel,
roglich, loose, shaking. Der zahn wird
rogel,the tooth is loose; rigeln, to stir, to
shake ; rigelsam, stirring, active. G.
regen, to move, to stir. N. rugga. Da.
rokke, to rock or vacillate.

The idea of broken movement is com-
monly expressed by the representation of
sound of analogous character. The origin
of the foregoing expressions may accord-
ingly be sought in forms like E. dial.
ruggle, a child's rattle ; racket, impor-
tunate, broken noise ; ruckle, rticket, to
rattle; Sw. rockla, N. rukla, G. rocheln,
to rattle in the throat.

In like manner E. rattle indicates the
origin of forms like Swiss rotteln, rodeln,
to waggle, shake, stir ; roden, to stir ;
rottlich, loose, shaking. And see Wrim-
ple.

Wright. An artificer, as. wyrcean,
tvorkte, to work ; wyrhta, a maker, work-
er. Ealra gesceafta wyrhta, the Creator
of all things. Se wyrhta ys wyrthe hys
metys, the labourer is worthy of his hire.

Wrimple. ' Rider, to wrinkle or to
wrimple ; rides, crumples, wrimples,
folds, plaits.' — Cot. Du. wrempen,
wrimpen (Kil.), G. rUmpfen, to wry the
mouth ; Bav. rimpfen, to twist as a worm,
to shrink or crumple. Cumberland
wramp, a sprain ; Da. dial, iiritnp, a
little boy (a shrimp) ; as. hrympelle, Du.
rimpe, rimpel, rompel (Kil), a wrinkle,
fold ; E. rimple, rumple, to wrinkle, tum-
ble, throw into irregular folds.

WRITE

It is a common train of thought to
apply a root representing rattling or rum-
bling sound to signify jolting or ToUing
movement, and thence a rugged or
wrinkled surface. Thus we refer the
present word to forms like Du. rabbeln,
G. rappeln, to rattle ; rumpeln, rummeln,
Du. rammeln, to rumble, rattle. See
Rumple.

To Wring. To press or squeeze hard,
to pinch or gripe, to put to pain. — B.
AS. win wringan, to press wine ; E. cheese-
wring, a cheese-press. The proper sense
is to twist. Pl.D. sik wringen as een
wurm, to twist like a worm ; wringen-im
live, pains in the bowels. Da. vringel,
twisting ; vringle, to twist, tangle ;
vrcenge, to twist. G. ringen, to wring,
wriggle, wrest, twist, wrestle. Sich wie
ein wurm ringen, to wriggle like a worm.
A nasalised form corresponding to wrig,
wriggle, as G. wankeln to E. waggle, or
as wamble to wabble, &c.

Wrinile. Du. wronck, wronckel, a
twisting, a wreath, a wrinkle ; wroncke-
len, wrinckelen, to twist, curl, wrinkle ;
kronckelen, to curl, twist, crook, bend ;
kronckel-wronckel, sinuous, twisting, cur-
ly-whirly.

Formed in the manner explained under
Wrimple, from a somewhat different re-
presentation of a rattling or clattering
sound. Da. rangle, to rattle ; E. wrangle,
to jangle or keep making an importunate
noise ; ON. hrSngl, noise, rumbling ;
hrang, wrangling, altercation ; hringla,
to tinkle. Then passing from sound to
movement. Da. dial, vrangle, vringle,
vrcengle, to go unevenly, to move in a
halting or hobbling way ; vringlet,
crooked, twisted, crabbed in disposition.
Sw. runka, to vacillate, jog, shake ; rynke,
a pleat, pucker, fold, wrinkle.

The same relation between a broken
sound and a rugged or wrinkled surface
is shown in E. dial, rackle, rucket, to rat-
tle ; ruggle, a child's rattle ; N. rukla, G.
rocheln, to rattle in the throat, and ON.
hrucka, a pleat, wrinkle ; hruckottr, rug-
ged, wrinkled ; E. dial, wrockled, wrin-
kled.

To Write. OIA. writa,\.o ■wcAn ; rista.
Da. riste, ridse, to score, cut, scratch.
Hann ristr mikla ristu, he scratched a
deep score ; risfa runir, stafi, to carve
runes, letters. Sw. rita, ritsa, to draw,
trace, design ; rista, to score, engrave.
Pl.D. riten, to draw, to make strokes, to
tear, to split.

That Lat. scribere also takes its mean-
ing from the notion of scratching is

WRITHE

shown by Gael, sgriobh, write ; sgriob,
scrape; scratch, draw lines ; sgriobair, a
graving tool. So also Let. rakt, to en-
grave, to carve ; rakstiht, to write, to
draw ; Lith. raszyU, to write ; reszti, to
cut, score, tear.

The ultimate origin is a representation
of the sound made in scratching or tear-
ing. Pl.D. riiscA ! ratsch ! imitation of
the sound a thing makes in tearing. —
Danneil.

To Writhe. — Wry. Da. vride, vrie,
Sw. ivrida, to wring or twist ; wrida ur
led, to dislocate a joint. Da. vridig, pli-
able ; Ditm. wrtddel (Brem. Wtb.), a
wreath of clouts ; Da. vrilde, vrid, vrile,
a wisp of hay, so much as is twisted up
together ; vreden, half sour, turned, of
wine or beer. Du. wreed, sour, harsh,
rough.

The train of thought is probably, as in
so many other cases, to rattle, to move to
and fro, then to turn round, to twist. Sw.
rodeln, rotteln, to be loose and shaky, to
stir liquids ; roden, to stir, to move ; Bav.
rodeln, rudeln, to shake, stir, roll j radeti,
reden, to riddle or sieve ; reiden, to turn,
twist, plait ; ridel, a wreath, tress, plait,
wisp ; E. dial, rudder, riddle, a sieve, an
implement worked by shaking to and fro.
Bret, rodella, to roll, to curl. Du.wrad-
del, a dewlap, from its swaying to and fro.
Fris. wridde, wrisse, to rub or turn to
and fro, to twist, to crook.

It is remarkable that the groups of
words expressing ideas connected with
vacillating or rolling movement, clustered
round the forms wabble, waddle, waggle,
are mostly accompanied by parallel forms
in which an r is inserted after the initial

YARD

741

w. Thus in the first class are E. wrap
and wrobble, as well as wap, to envelop or
cover up ; Pl.D. wribbeln, to rub between
the fingers, to twiddle, parallel with G.
wibbeln, wiebeln, to be in multifarious
movement, to crawl ; Da. vrimle, with G.
wimmeln, to swarm ; Du. wrijven, G. rei-
ben, to rub, with e. wipe.

In the second class are Du. wraddel, a
dewlap, the dangling skin under the throat
of an ox, parallel with E. waddles or
wattles, the dangling flesh under the
throat of a cock, and probably with G.
wade, the calf or fleshy part of the leg ;
E. writkey'Da.. vride, parallel with Goth.
Tjidan, vithan, to bind, Sc. widdle, to
move in and out, E. widdy-waddy [mov-
ing to and fro], trifling, insignificant —
Hal. ; Da. vridig, pliant, parallel with E.
withy, a pliant rod.

In the third class we have V\X)'wrigel-
wragel as well as wigel-wagel, express-
ing vacillation ; E. wriggle, parallel with
wiggle, to reel or staggers-Hal. ; wrench
and winch, to twist, to turn aside.

Wrong. What is wrung or turned
aside from the right or straight way to the
desired end. Moral right and wrong are
the right or wrong means to satisfy the
conscience. Da. vrcenge, to twist ; vrang,
wrong ; ON. rangr, wry, crooked, unjust.

In like manner Fr. droit [directus),
straight, right ; tort (from tordre, to
twist), wrong, w. cavt, crooked, wrong,
false.

Wry. A degraded form of writhe.
The Da. vride, to writhe, is pronounced
vrie (Bosworth), and the participle vre-
den (of ale), sourish, turned, vreien. — Mol-
bech.

Yacht. Du. jaght-schip, jaghte, a light
ship, fit to give chase with, from jaght,
chase -jjaghten, to chase, to hurry,ha.sten ;
jaghtigh, venaticus, valde celer, festinus ;
jaghen, to hunt, and met. to hasten. —
Kil.

Yard. i. as. geard, gyrd, G.gerte,'a
rod, wand, switch, a pole or perch, a
measuring rod ; bindgerte, an osier or
withy ; Bav. gdrt, gdrten, a twig, rod ;
etterg&rten, rods for hedging ; birkene
gartn, a birch rod ; gert, a rod or pole, a
measure for land. Du. gaerde, gheerde,
virga, flagrum, scipio, stimulus.— Kil.

Lith. karte, kartis, a pole, rod ; apwyn
karte, a hop-pole. Boh. zerd, Pol. zerdz,
Russ. iSerd', pole.

2. In the next place, probably from rods
or wattlework affording the readiest means
of making fences, ON. gardr, gerdi, a
fence, hedge, anything inclosed within a
fence, a house, yard, court, garden ; ger-
da, girSa, to inclose, to fence. Dan.
gjei'de, a fence ; gaard, a house, a farm.
AS. geard, an inclosure ; ne. garth, a
yard, small field or inclosure, orchard,
garden. Bav. holzgarten, the woodyard ;
hopfengarten, hop-garden ; weingarten,

742

YARE

vineyard. Bret, garz, a hedge, a garden ;
w. gardd, a yard, garden. lUyr. graditi,
to fence, wall, build ; gradina, a hedge,
garden.

Tare. Ready, quick, expeditious. — B.
AS. gearo, gearw, ready, prepared; G.
gar, ready, complete, altogether. Der
Jisch ist gar, the fish is done enough, is
cooked. Das leder gar machen, to pre-
pare leather, to tan.

Yarn. ON., G. garn, Du. garen,
gaeren, yarn, thread.

Yawl. Gsiel-geola, a ship's boat ; Sw.
j'uUe, Da. j'oUe, a yawl, jolly boat ; jolU,
to row.

To Yawl. To cry, to howl.— Hal. G.
dial, julen, jolen, jaueln, Swiss jaulen,
jauren,jauseln, to lament, wail, whimper ;
ON. gdla, to howl. lUyr. jao ! alas ; jao-
kati, to cry jao !, to lament. Lat. heu I
eu ! alas ; ejulare, to cry eu, eheu, to
lament.

To Yawn. as. geonian, gynian, OHG.
ginSn, geindn,- ON. gina, Gr. xdivm, to
gape, yawn.

Yea. — ^Yes. AS. gea, and (in ccJmpbsi-
tion with se) gese, yea, yes, as ne, nese,
nay, no. Goth., G., Du. ja, yes. Illyr.
je, is. The meaning of yea would seem
to be, it is so.

To Yean, Ean. as. eanian, parturire,
eniti ; eanigend, foetans ; eanod, enixus. —
Lye. Geeane, (of sheep) in lamb ; geeane
eowa, foetas oves. — Gen. 33. 13.

Plausibly explained as a corruption of
eacnian, geeacnian, to increase, conceive,
bring forth. But it does not appear that
eanian, geeanian, is ever used of any
other animals besides sheep, and a far
more probable origin may be found in W.
oen, Gael, uan, Manx eayn, a lamb ; eay-
ney, to yean, to lamb.

Year. Goth./^r, G.jahr, ON. dr.

To Yearn, Earn. Properly to shiver
with desire or other emotion, as a dog
may be seen to do when he is intently
watching his master eating, and yearns
for a morsel of the coveted food. ' Fris-
soner, to tremble, shiver, earn through
cold or fear.' — Cot. Torriano explains to
earn (within), sviscerarsi, tremar di freddo,
raccapricciarsi (to shiver with cold, the
hair to stand on end) ; to yearn, arricci-
arsi ; a yearning (through sudden fear),
arricciamento. ON. giarn, desirous ;
girna, to desire. ' A child is said to girn
when it becomes peevish from earnest
desire of any object.' — Jam. Sophocles
has I0pi5' ?p(i)j-t, I shivered with love.
Alban. Aaxrapif, I shiver, tremble, earn-
estly desire.

YES

Yeast. The froth in the working of
new beer. — B. Swiss jast, G.- gdscht,
froth of beer, yeast. Swiss jdsen, G.
gdschen, to froth or foam, to lather. Beer
gascht when it ferments or frets, but still
more when it is poured into a glass and
raises a hissing froth. — Kiittn. From the
hissing noise of fermentation yeast is
called sizzing in the S. of E. — Ray. And
the word yeast probably arises from an
imitation of the same sound. ON. jastr,
the rustling of leaves, sound of trees in a
storm (Haldorsen), yeast, scum on sour
milk Qonsson) ; gjosa, to spirt, gush forth
with a whizzing noise ; AS. gist, a blast of
wind, yeast ; yst, a tempest, storm. Micel
yst windes, a great storm of wind. — Mark
4. 37. Ystig, stormy, may be compared
with Shakespear's 'yesty waves.'

Yelk.— Yolk. as. geolca, gioleca, ihc
yellow of an egg. Bohem. zluty, yellow ;
zlautek, yolk; ilautenice, jaundice, the
yellow disease ; Pol. iolty, yellow ; zoltek,
yolk.

Yell. as. gyllan, giellan, on. gella,
gjalla, to yell, shriek, ring, resound ; Du.
ghillen, to creak, squeak, scream ; ghil-
linge van de sage, the creaking of a saw.
— Kil. G. gellen, to tingle ; Sw. gdlla, to
resound.

Yellow. AS. gelew, geoluwe, G. gelb,
ON. gulr, Lat.galius, gilkus, gilvus, hel-
vus, fulvus, flavus. It. giallo, Sp. j'alde,
Ptg. jalde, jalne, Fr. jaune, Pol. zolty.
Boh. zluty, yellow.

There can be little doubt that the word
is connected with Gold, Gall, Yelk or
Yolk. Boh. zlato, Pol. zloto, gold ; Boh.
zlud, Gr. xoKi], gall, bile. Lat. fel, gall,
may be compared with flavtis, fulvus.
Russ. zelf, yellow ; zelcK, gall, bile ; zel-
tok, yelk of an egg.

To Yelp. ON. gjalfr, noise, yelping
of dogs, dashing of waves ; gjalpa, to
roar like the waves, to dash ; Fr. glapir,
to bark like a dog, yelp, yawl, brawl. —
Cot.

Yeoman. Rightly explained by Spel-
man from Goth, gavi, OHG. gewi, gouwi,
G. gau, gai, ge, Fris. goo, gae, district,
country, place, village, whence OHG. gou-
lih, gawisc, rural, rustic. The priroJy
meaning of the word would thi^ be a
countryman. Fris. gaentan, gaemon,
villager, village inhabitants ; ^aekercke,
village church ; gaelioed, gaefolc, parish-
ioners, village people. — Richthofen. The
word then is quite unconnected with the
gam of G. braiitigam, or with AS. guina, a
man.
Yes. See Yea.

YESTERDAY

Yesterday, as. gyrstandceg, gestran-
dcEg, geosterlic, yesterday; Du. gister,
gisteren, G. gestem, yesterday ; Lat. heri,
hesternusj Gr. xWc, x^^oE) Sanscr. hyas,
hyastana.

Yet. AS. gyt, W. etto, yet, still, again.
Gr. m, yet.

■Yew. Pl.D. ibe, ive, G. eibe, Fr. if, w.
yw, Sw. id.

To Yield. AS. gyldan, geldan, to re-
store, repay, pay, give back, give up. Sw.
galda, to compensate, pay, satisfy ; gdld,
debt. ON. gjalda, to pay ; gjald, gjold,
payment, satisfaction. Goth, gildan, to
recompense, requite. See Guilt.

Yoke. Goth, juk, on. ok, G. joch,
Lith. juKgas, the yoke or implement by
which a pair of oxen are joined together
for the purpose of drawing a plough or
waggon.

The name is taken from the verb sig-
nifying to join. Thus Sanscr. yuj, join ;
yuga, a. yoke, a pair ; Gr. l^tiywtiv, to
join ; Kvyov, l^tvyog, a yoke i Lat. jungere,
to join, jugum, Fr.Joug, a yoke.'

Yon. — ^Yonder, as. geond, thither,
beyond, yonder. Hider and geond, hither
and thither. Geond feowertig daga, after
forty days. Geond drige stowa, through
dry places. Goth, jains, that ; jainar,
there ; jaind, jaindvairths, jaindre,
thither ; jainthro, from thence ; ON. enn,
inn, hinn, that one, the ; Du. ginds, gin-
der, yon, yonder.

Yore. Heretofore,'anciently. — B. as.
gear a, gearwe, gere, formerly, for a long
time ; geara nu, jamdudum ; gearage-
■wuned, long used, inveterate ; geardaga,
ancient days, days of yore. Geara was
also used in the sense of thoroughly, per-
fectly. Hi wiston geare (Luk. 20. 6),
they be persuaded. Gearwe cuthe, I well
knew. In the latter sense, at least, it is
impossible to doubt that the word is
identical with G. gar, OHG. garo, garawo,
thoroughly, altogether, complete. Caro
ni wizzanto, penitus ignorantes. Now
the G. adverb is from OHG. garo, garaw,
AS. gearo, gearu, yare, ready, while the
idea of readiness passes easily into that
of complete, accomplished, passed, long
gone by. Es sind noch nicht gar vier
wochen : it is not full four weeks, four
weeks are not yet completely gone since,
&c. Gar selten, quite seldom. The notion
of readiness is in like manner used to
signify time completely passed, in the
adverb already. Where it is said in the

YULE

743

Acts that 'sailing was now dangerous
because the fast was now already past,'
it means that the fast was some time
past. And precisely as now is joined in
the fot-egoing passage with already, the
AS. geo, now, was joined with geara j geo
cBr, geo geara, geo hwilum, now already,
long ago.

Young.— Youth. Goth, juggs, com-
parative, juhiza, young ; yunda, youth ;
AS. geong, G. Jung, young ; geogothe, G.
jugend, youth. Sanscr. yuvan, Lat.
juvenis, Lith. jaunas, w. teuancg, young.

Yule. The name of the Christmas
festival among the Scandinavians and
connected races ; ON. jdl, Fin. joulu,
Ksthon. joujo: In English the name is
nearly confined to Scotland and the
Northern counties, where the language
was chiefly open to Scandinavian in-
fluences. The Oti.jdl signified not merely
the Christmas festival ' but a feast in
general. Hugins jdl, skolkynis jdl, the
crow's, wolfs feast ; battle, slaughter. It
is however doubtful whether the name of
the principal feast of the year has been
generalised, or whether the word once
signifying feast in general has besn in
course of time restricted to the Midwinter
festival. On the supposition that the
primary signification is a feast it has
been connected with w. gwyll, Bret.
gouil, a feast. Bede seems to regard the
name of Yule as equivalent to G. sonnen-
wende (sunturn), the winter solstice, when
the sun turns from the shortening to the
lengthening of the day. In the as. calen-
dar the months of December and January,
on either side of the solstice, were called
(zrre-geola and cEftera-geola, the former
and the latter Yule, and of these Bede
says, ' Menses Giuli a conversione solis
in auctum diei, quia unus eorum prae-
cedit, alius subsequitur, nomina accepe-
runt.' — De temporum ratione, c. 13. The
author of the Menologium Anglosaxoni-
cum takes a similar view, 'Duo sunt
menses qui uno nomine gaudent ; alter
Geola prior, alter posterior est. Eorum
enim alter prsecedit solem priusquam
convertat ^e ad longitudinem diei, alter
subsequitur.'

The connection between the AS. geohol
and the sense of turning is not apparent
to us, but it has been explained from w.
chwyl, a turn; AS. hwiol, ON. hjul, a
wheel.

744

ZANY

ZYMOTIC

Zany. Zane, the name of John in
some parts of Lombardy, but commonly
taken for a silly John, or foolish clown in
a play, as a Jack-pudding at the dancing
of the ropes. — Fl.

Zeal. — Zealot. Gr. ViKoq, emulation,
eager pursuit of, or ardour after, a, thing,
whence ?))X<Dr)}e. v..

Zenith.. Said to be a corruption of
Arab, semt, quarter, region ; semt-ar-ras^
Turk, semt-i-resst, the head region, the
zenith ; semt-i-kadem, the foot region, the
nadir. The word nadir signifies what is
opposite (viz. to the zenith), from Arab.
nazar, look. A circle from the zenith to
the horizon was' in Arab, called alsemt,
the zenith circle, whence our Azimuth. —
Diet. Etym.

Zephyr. Gr. Zs^upof, the west wind.

Zero. There is little doubt that this
word must have come to us with the
Arabic notation, of which it is the cha-
racteristic feature. In Arabic however
it is marked by a dot or dash, and not by
a circle. It is in vain to attempt to
identify it with cypher, as is often done.
Possibly it may be the Arabic zar' (or if
we mark the ain by an o, zaro), a seed,
as we speak of \hspips or dots by which
the numbers are marked on dice.

Zest. Fr. zesi, the inner skin of a
walnut, which is taken as a type of a
worthless trifle. II ne vaut pas un zest,
he is not worth a rush. Possibly the
second may be the primary meaning of
the word. Zest is also used to express
the sound made by a jerk, yark, stripe,
thwack, &c. — Cot. In E. it signified a
piece of lemon-peel put in to flavour
drink, and thence was used for relish,
flavour. Lat. ciccum, the soft skin sur-
rounding the pips of a pomegranate ;
met. a trifle.

Zigzag. G. zickzack, Fr. zigzag, Pol.
^yg^tg- Commonly called an onomato-

poeia, and rightly so if by that name is
meant an attempt directly to represent
the thing signified by means of the voice.
But we need not suppose that it is an
imitation of the sound made by any zigzag
action, as it may be a case of mere
analogy between the effort of utterance
and the kind of effort in zigzag action.
It is pecuUar to the mutes b, d, g,
p, t, k, that the breath is completely
stopped in their utterance, whence they
are called by Max Miiller, checks. Hence
a short syllable ending in one of these
consonants is frequently used to represent
a sharp movement abruptly checked.
Thus we have dig, dag, jig, jag, jog, Fr.
sag-oter, to jog ; sac-cade, a rough and
sudden jerk or check — Sadler, Fr. Diet.
choc, a shock ; Pl.D. stik, a syllable by
which is expressed a jog or jolt in riding
or driving, and which (says the Brem.
Wtb.) expresses by the sound the thing
itself. Of a ride on a jolting horse it is
said, dat geit jummer suksuk! that goes
suk ! suk ! Sukkeln, suksen, to go jolt-
ing along. In zig! zag! each syllable
represents a sharp movement abruptly
checked, while the change of vowel from
i to a indicates the change in the direc-
tion of the movement. Of course no one
pretends that the mere utterance would
be sufficient to convey so much meaning
to a person who heard it for the first
time, but the utterance would in the first
instance be accompanied and explained
by a zigzag movement of the hand.

Zodiac. Gr. JuJiaicoc, the epithet of
the circle inscribed with the twelve signs,
or constellations so called.

Zone. Gr. X,iivi\, a girdle.

Zoo-. ?(i)o-, from Sui}, life.

Zymotic. Gr. ?K(i(ijriJc<!s, having the
property of promoting fermentation, or of
leavening ; ?u/*)j, leaven.

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