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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
3 1924 055 488 71
Cornell University
Library
The original of tiiis book is in
tine Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
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ALLEN'S SYNONYMS,
AND
ANTONYMS
ALLEN'S
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
BY
F. STURGES ALLEN, A.B., LL.B.
Late General Editor of
"WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY"
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
(»v
(^5979r
Allbk'^ Synonyms and Antonyms
Copyright, igzi, by Harper & Brothers
Copyright in Great Britain
The property right of Harper & Brothers in thia work is acknowledged
in the United States of America and in the countries subscribing to
and adhering to the Berne Convention creating an Interna-
tional Union for the protection of Literary and Artistic
works, as Revised, and the property right in this work is
reserved underall Conventions and Treatiesinforce.
Alt rights reserved, including the right of translation into the Scandinavian
languages and into other languages
Printed in the United States of America
To My Friend
JAMES BROOKS COMINS, M.D.
In appreciation of the watchful care which re-
stored me to health, in the year 1914, mak-
ing possible the carrying on and com-
pletion of the work, on this book.
NOTES OF EXPLANATION
affected. — ^When a person deliberately uses a diction which is not natural
and is not chosen simply in order best to convey his meaning, his use
of words is affected. This is ordinarily due to prudery, excessive niceness
or fastidiousness, undue desire for show, or a desire to support some
pretense, as of sympathy, refinement, etc. There are in English
various words which are typically so used in some senses, and they
are followed in this book by the word "affected," as where delectation is
used for delight, peregrinator for pilgrim, confect for make, emporium
for market, limb for leg, avapnt for away, etc.
Common forms of affectation are the excessive use of euphemisms
(see EUPHEMISTIC, below) and intensives.
archaic. — ^Words that belong to the past but have now fallen into disuse
in ordinary language, but are for some reason retained in particular
uses, as in poetry or for their flavor of archaism, are followed by the
term archaic. Archaic uses may survive with particular individuals,
as when the word positive is pronounced with the i before the v long
(as in pine), or the word oblige is pronounced with the i sounded as ee.
Among the very many words archaically used in English are: ghastful
for alarming, anhungered for hungry, bestow for apply, host for army,
facete for facetious, hostel for inn, inform for deformed, etc.
A word may become obsolete or archaic in general use, but be
retained in professional use or in some stock phrase, as let in "without
let or hindrance," hearse or herse for bier in certain ecclesiastical usage.
Archaic uses often shade almost insensibly into those that are poetic,
learned, or rare.
bookish.— -Some words are literary in that they are little used out of
books, but still lack any special Hterary associations aside from the
fact that they are rather more formal than ordinary words or that they
"smell of the shop." Terms decidedly of this character are often
termed bookish (and are so marked in this book), as horrific for horrible
or frightful, tintinnabulum for bell, verve for ardor, horrific for fearful.
The use of such words* often smacks of preciosity or stiltedness. Of
course here, as in all matters of usage, there is no definite line of dis-
tinction setting off bookish words as a group from those usually felt
to be literary, learned, technical, or pedantic. Cf. tech., below.
colloq. — Those words are designated as colloq. (that is, colloquial) which
are usually and properly common in ordinary speech or conversation,
vLi
NOTES OF EXPLANATION
but lack the dignity of association which is necessary to make them
appropriate for formal or elevated discourse.
The use of these words in ordinary conversation is not suggestive
of vulgarity, but when used in formal or elevated discourse they lend
an air of flippancy or illiteracy that is offensive to good taste. Words
which have not become recognized as in good usage even to the extent
of being colloquial are designated as slang (which see, below). The
appropriate use of colloquial words lends a charm and easiness to
informal conversation without which it is hkely to appear affected,
stilted, or pedantic.
A few examples of coUoquiahsms are: milksop for coward, flit for
depart, cabby for cah driver, swing for liberty, ado for juss.
contextual. — k.s used in this book the word contextual is used for brevity
in place of "a contextual sense or usage." Very many words depend
more or less upon their context or the circumstances of their use for a
part of the sense or meaning which they are intended to convey. Thus,
when the question is asked, "Have you done your arithmetic?", we
must know the facts with reference to which the question was asked
in order to know what done implies, as learned, memorized, or worked
the examples of. This dependence of a word upon its context or the
circumstances of its use exists, to a greater or less degree, in all cases
where a word of more general meaning is used in place of a word of a
narrower, or specific, meaning. Thus, whenever we use do in this way, .
we must in each case look beyond the word itself to know the particular
implication which it is intended to have.
An almost unlimited number of contextual synonyms might in this
way be given in any dictionary of synonyms, as for example animal
under horse, cow, child, man, woman, insect, etc.; emotion under passion,
frenzy, love, hatred, joy, happiness, etc. ; move under rush, go, dart, run,
walk, creep, glide, etc.
I have attempted to avoid uselessly cluttering the pages of the book
with an excess of such synonyms, but have added general words as
synonyms where it was felt that they would be of service to the user
of the book. ^
Examples of the use of contextual occur on most of the pages, as after
ecclesiastic under mank, girl under hu^sy, product under offspring, murk
under brand, etc.
euphemistic.— One often has occasion to express what is in itself un-
pleasant or is conventionally tabooed in direct expression, by using
terms that have less offensive suggestions than would be involved in
those precisely or bluntly indicating one's meaning.
The use of euphemisms is a notable feature of primitive races or
customs, as where the Greeks designated the avenging Errinnyes by
the name Eumenides (a name which arose as a euphemism, and literally
means, "the gracious ones"), or where we use intoxicated for drunk or
viii
NOTES OF EXPLANATION
bowels or intestines for guts (a word once in polite usage and still proper
in some connections). Other words wholly or often used euphemistic-
ally are infidelity for aduUery, intimacy for illicit amour, departure
for death, innocent for simpleton. So any word of pleasant connotation
may be used in place of a word of unpleasant suggestion whenever the
intended sense will be conveyed.
fig. — ^When the use of a word in the sense for which it is given involves a
consciousness that it is more or less transferred or figiu:ative in use,
the word is followed by^gr. {iov figurative). This has resulted in many
words being marked fig. which are not figurative in any sense that
would imply that their use belongs to what is rhetorically called
figurative, flowery, or ornate discourse; but merely that the sense
though established in English usage is not one in which the con-
sciousness of transferred or figurative use is yet entirely forgotten,
and without the fi^. there might be a momentary difficulty in sensing
the connection. This is the case with blaspheme for abuse, whip for
abuse, or cosmic for consistent, voice for speaker, day for time.
Proper names conventionally used as synonyms are also designated
as fig., where the consciousness of the figure still exists, as where
Boanerges is used for speaker, Castalia or Hippocrene for spring, Cyclo-
pean for massive.
formal. — I have designated by formal those words which are charac-
teristic of formal or precise discourse, as where insular is used for
island (as an adjective), protasis for beginning, chamber for bedroom.
Here again it is difficult to draw the line between those sufficiently
formal to be so designated and those which are not, and I have omitted
the designation when there seemed to be any question about its
correctness.
intensive. — ^When the intensive force of a word is a noticeable element of
its meaning the designation intensive is added after the word. In
many cases a prefix is added to a word so as to form a new word, but
in an intensified degree. The commonest prefixes so used are be- and
en- or em-, as in bedeck, becloud, bespatter, embolden, empoison, enchain;
but en- and em- are now httle used in new combinations, and be- usually
has a suggestion of excess, often with a note of contempt or disgust,
as in bedeck, begem, becalm, bespatter, bedraggle. The intensive force
is plainly felt in some of the older words, now obsolete or archaic, as
in beshrew (thee), bethink (thee), and in many modern forms, such as
bedew, enfeeble, empoison, enchase, encamaliee, etc. In many cases
the intensive force of the prefix em- or en- is lost and the compound
word has become the ordinary term, as embitter (rather than bitter),
encircle (rather than circle), emboss (rather than boss). The em-
phatic form is in some cases so far restricted to poetic use as to justify
the denomination poetic.
learned. — Many words are common enough in learned discourse, written
ix
NOTES OF EXPLANATION
or spoken, but are nevertheless quite out of place in ordinary general
literature or conversation. Technical terms (here marked as tech.)
are essentially of the learned class; but many other words which
cannot properly be classed as technical and yet are not generally
known to those of ordinary education, are in this work followed by
the word " learned." It would be ridiculous to designate as learned all
words not understood or which are not at all, or but imperfectly,
understood by those with only a grammar-school or even a high-
school education, for of these words, many will be more or less familiar
to one person and strange to another, who in turn may know well
words unfamiliar or unknown to the first. Words of this class are
lugubrious, dolorous, matutinal, venial, fallacious, inimical, and these
are left unmarked, though at times it is difficult to draw the line
between them and those marked affected, learned, or literary.
Those words designated as learned, therefore, are only those about
which there seems to be no question and concerning the nature of
which a warning should be given to the user of this dictionary. Among
them are: indite for compose, mordadous for biting, decollate for behead,
autochthonous for native. Learned words are often, like technical
terms, more exact in their meanings than more common words.
literary. — Many words are chiefly restricted in use to literary expression
notable for its elevation in form or taste or to formal addresses couched
in such language, and these are designated as literary. Such words
carry a suggestion of studied elegance of expression or of learning that
would lend to their use in colloquial or technical discourse an appear-
ance of pedantry, stiltedness, or affectation.
Many or most of these words have once belonged to ordinary dic-
tion, but have by a long restricted use been set aside for this more
studied or elegant discourse, as burgeon ior bud,distrait ior absent-minded.
The setting apart of words in this way is a process continually going
on in English. Further common examples of "literary" words are
froward for perverse, fruition for enjoyment, imbrue for stain, impugn for
attack, Thespian for dramatic, array for dress, decease for die, fuliginous
for smoky, infelicitous for unhappy. Cf. fohmal, above.
obs. — The abbreviation obs. (for obsolete) is put after such_ words as have
fallen into disuse but have seemed notable enough to warrant their
inclusion among the synonyms. Since Chaucer's time many thousands
of English words have become obsolete, and the presence of even a
large part of them would mar a book of English synonyms of to-day.
The art of printing has now, as it were, stereotyped our Enghsh vocabu-
lary, so that in these days words comparatively seldom become ob-
solete. Indeed, there is at present rather a tendency, consciously or
unconsciously, to retain or revive words already partly or wholly
fallen into disuse, as is seen in the large number of words marked
nrchaic.
X
NOTES OF EXPLANATION
Therefore, where there has seemed to be some literary or other
sufficient reason for including in the book an obsolete word, I have not
hesitated to do so, as in case of pleat for braid, pleasant for buffoon,
wick for village.
obsolescent. — ^Where a word has begun to fall into disuse, but stiU has
use enough so that it would be inappropriate to designate it as rare
or obsolete, I have added the designation obsolescent. As already said,
words do not now so often become obsolete, the influence of the printing-
press being to keep in use the vocabulary which we already have.
Words that are simply falling into disuse and so are obsolescent (as
incommodious for inconvenient, quiz for hoax) are to be distinguished
from archaic words which are consciously retained in use or revived for
the sake of the flavor of archaism associated with them. Cf. archaic,
above.
rare. — The term rare after a word denotes that the word is rarely used
in general literature. Rare words consist mostly of those which now
and then appear in literature but have never become common. Thus,
fledgy for feathery, affright for fear, desipient for foolish were first used
many years ago, but they have never become established in general
use. Some words now rare were once common; where the fact of their
former frequent occurrence is of notable interest these are usually
designated as now rare. Rare words ordinarily are of a more or less
learned or pedantic character, and hence their use is often affected to
produce a humorous or ironical effect.
rhetorical. — 'The word rhetorical is used to designate words which are
characteristically used in language that is artificially or extravagantly
elegant, or that specially seeks to convey an extreme or exaggerated
effect, as where mighty is used for big, or mellijiuous for melodious, or
vyroth for angry.
slang. — •When a word as a whole, or in the given sense, has a certain
arbitrary use, but is considered as generally below the level of educated
speech, it is designated as slang.
Slang generally consists of new words or new uses of old words;
but this is not necessarily so. Mere newness does not make a word
or sense slang, for many of the new words and senses of words in all
departments of life, especially in the arts and sciences, are not slang
in this sense, though they might come under the very broad sense
of slang as equivalent to jargon, or technical terminology (cf. tech.,
below). Generally speaking, the use of slang is not only inconsistent
with a refined or elegant diction, but also with that seriousness and
dignity which is felt to be essential to the general course of conduct and
speech.
Occasionally, terms which arise as slang, such as hoax, jitney, and
6ms, are accepted into good usage, but the great bulk of slang words
(such as newlywed for benedict, dope for medicine, claret for blood,
JO.
NOTES OF EXPLANATION
buster for blusterer or a big thing) remain slang as long as they
are used.
spec. — The word specific (abbreviated in the text to spec.) denotes that
a word is a synonym of the title word only in having a specific, or
particular and restricted, sense which is included among those for
which the title word may be used. Specific senses are at the opposite
extreme from words which have such a general meaning that they are
denominated contextual (which see, above).
It is noteworthy that the more exact a person becomes in his designa-
tion or description, the more specific are the words which he uses.
Such words when correctly used conduce to accuracy, but they corre-
spondingly narrow, often belittle, the meaning.
The designation spec, therefore, often serves as a useful or needed
warning that a word given as a synonym is so much restricted in its
meaning that it is not to be used as a general equivalent of the other;
in many other cases this is obvious without the spec, which is then given
merely for the sake of uniformity. For examples consult entries on
almost any page at random, as depart, horse, perceive, shrine, child,
offspring.
tech. — The abbreviation tech. (for technical) is added after words such
as pomiform for apple-shaped, ramus for branch, squama for scale,
sternum for breastbone, which are chiefly found in, and characteristic of,
technical usage. Many, perhaps most, of such words are occasionally
to be found outside of technical literature, but their use then nearly
always gives an impression of learning or pedantry. Many technical
terms are the mere jargon, or slang (in the broad sense), of a trade
or profession, and such terms are not ordinarily included in this
book.
It is to be noted that technical, as well as learned, terms are ordinarily
more specific and exact in meaning than popular words, and are also
barren of much or all of the connotations which lend to the commoner
words their richness of meaning.
J®" Various characterizations of words other than those given above are
used in this book, such as British, U.S., hist, (for historical), antiq. (for
antiquarian or antiquities), stilted, etc. Such designations have mean-
ings readily inferred from their ordinary significations, and there is
nothing in their relation to general usage or to each other to call for
explanation of them here. Thus, the designation British is equivalent
to "only or distinctively in British usage"; U. S., to "only or
distinctively in use in the United States"; hist.; to "used in historical
reference or discourse"; antiq., to "used by antiquarians or in
reference to antiquities"; stilted, to "characteristically used in stilted
discourse."
xu
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK
*• •. adjective. interj interjeotion.
ay adjective. math mathematics.
adv... adverb. med medicine.
A'"Afr Afnca. metal metallurgy.
Am America. metaph metaphysics.
aoat anatomy. meteorol meteorology.
antiq antiqmtiea. min mineralogy.
arch... architecture. mythol mythology.
archaeol, archceology. n noun.
"'rol astrology. New Eng. !.!!!'.'.'.'.! New England.
MtfOD astronomy. obs obsolete.
B'b Bibhcal. obsolesc obsolescent.
™ol biology. p participle.
bot "O^oy- philos philosophy.
B"* British. physiol physiology.
l>an Canada. nl.' plural.
«[• confer (L., compare). Port Portuguese.
chem chemistry. p.p participle past.
oolloq colloquial. p. pr participle present.
con] conjunction. prep preposition.
dial dialect, dialectal. pron pronoun.
dim diminutive, psychol psychology.
cool ecclesiastical. R. C. Ch Roman Catholic Church.
eoon economics. Scot Scottish, Scotland.
elec electrical. sing singular.
Engl English. So South.
esp especially. Sp Spanish.
etc et cetera (L., and so forth), spec specific.
ethnol ethnology. tech technical.
exclam exclamation. theol theology.
fem feminine. U. S UnitedStates.
fig figurative, figuratively. v verb.
Oor German. var variant (spelling).
her heraldry. v. i verb intransitive.
mat histonoal, history. v. t verb transitive.
infin infinitive. sodl zoology.
CROSS REFERENCES
Every cross reference from a word is to some other synonymous word,
under which it is given either merely as a synonym or by way of a recip-
rocal reference at the end. This latter is often done where there are
two groups of S3Tionyms of overlapping signification.
The matter in smaller type at the foot of the page consists entirely
of cross references, the words in the italic type in each case having, under
the main vocabulary entrance, a list of synonyms including the word
referred from. Thus, "obloquy: abuse, discredit" means: "see in the
main Vocabulary the words abuse and discredit, where the word obloquy
will be found as one of the several synonyms of the other words."
DIVIDING NUMBERS
Under many of the vocabulary entries the synonyms are divided
into numbered groups, so as to keep together the synonyms for any one
sense, because the synonyms of a word in one sense usually differ in
whole or in part from the synonjnns of the word in a different sense.
Where the distinction between the senses is not obvious, I have intro-
duced a brief hint or definition so as to make this plain, as under abridg-
ment, arrangement, ask, v. t., assembly, base, n., beak. Frequently the
difference in meaning between the senses is made clear or more obvious by
the following antonyms, as under absolute, ask, v. t., branch, body, benefit.
xiii
ALLEN'S SYNONYMS,
AND
ANTONYMS
ALLEN'S SYNONYMS
AND
ANTONYMS
ABILITY
abandon, v. t. leave, quit, desert, remit,
renounce, forsake, desolate {rare), forgo
(rare or archaic), drop, discard, surrender;
spec, evacuate, forswear, maroon, consign,
bolt; see relinquish, forgo, abdicate,
SUBJECT, STOP.
Anionyms: see keep, continue, accom-
pany, APPROPRIATE.
abandoned, a. 1. corrupt, reprobate, un-
principled, depraved, hardened, irreclaim-
able, mcorrigible, irreformable, irredeem-
able, lost; spec, shameless; see dissipated.
Antonyms: see conscientious.
2. forlorn, lorn (literary) , destitute (rare),
castaway, outcast, derelict, deserted, de-
sert (archaic).
S. See uninhabited.
abase, v. t. 1. With "himself^' "(hem/-
selves," etc., as object: degrade, lower, de-
base, demean (not in good usage), sink
(rare), stoop (rare), bemean.
2. humble, humiliate, reduce, disgrace,
prostrate, lower, mortify (rare or spec);
spec, depose, disrate, disrank, disgrade,
discrown, uncrown, disbench, disbishop,
disbar, dispurple, unchurch, discepter.
Antonyms: see advance, elevate, dio-
NIFT.
abasement, n. Spec, degradation, debas-
ing, humiliation, disgrace, etc.
abash, v. t. disconcert, confound, confuse,
discountenance, dash, embarrass, awe;
spec, shame, overawe; see intimidate.
AnUmyms: see cheer, encourage.
abashed, a. disconcerted, confounded,
confused, ashamed, etc.
abate, v. t. & i. 1. destroy, abolish, reduce.
AnUmyms: see build, preserve.
2. reduce, decrease, curtail, diminish, re-
mit, lower, depress, lessen, abridge, slack-
en, mitigate, relax, slack: spec, qualify,
intermit, drop, fall (v. i.), sink, subside
(v. i.), flatten, wane (v. i.), allay.
Anionyms: see increase, intensify.
abbreviate, v. t. I. See shorten. _
2. Referring to vxrrds: shorten, clip, re-
duce, contract, prune.
abdicate, y. t. abandon, relinquish, re-
sign, demit; — all four corUexlital.
abdomen, n. belly (now becoming milgar,
exc. as referring to aninuds), paunch (jdya-
logistic, exc. of an animal), pod (vulgar),
corporation (chiefly spec.; coUoq. or mdf
gar), guts (pi.; cant or vulgar); spec.
epigastrium.
abdominal, a. ventral, visceral, hemal
(tech.), alvine (rare); s'pec. cceliac, uterine,
abdominous (rare), big-bellied.
abduct, V. t. transport (contextual), kid-
nap, rape (esp. in p. p. & p. a. "rapt";
archaic), ravish (lUerary; often vrith
"aivay"), spirit (chiefly teith "aumy");
spec, crimp, shanghai.
abhor, v. t. dislike (contextual}, detest,
hate, contemn, despise, abominate,
loathe, nauseate (rare).
Antonyms: see like, love, admire.
abhorrence, n. dislike (contextual), de-
testation, despisal, hate, abomination,
hatred, antipathy, nausea, disgust, loath-
ing, aversion, horror.
Antonyms: see likino, love, admira-
tion, affection.
ability, n. 1. Referring to the ability to
do a particular thing: competency, capac-
ity, power, efficiency, sufficiency.
K^* Cross references: eee Note.
abaft: backward.
abattoir: slaugfUerhoiKe.
abbey: eonverU.
abduoe: tinihdraw.
aberrant: abnormal, wandering,
unusual.
abet: aid, indie.
abide: stay, dwell, tarry, con-
tinue, stick, inhere.
abide, v. i.: endure, await,
abiding: lasting, eortstant.
XW See Kotes of Bzplanation.
1
ABJECT
Antonyms: see inability.
2. In a general sense: capability (often
in 'pl., as in "of great capabilities"), power,
caliber, strength, energy; spec, gauge,
parts (pl.; archaic or literary), mas^ilhxess.
Antonyms: see inability.
3. Referring to a concrete quality: talent,
faculty, hang (colloq.), ^t, art, trick,
knack; spec, hand; see skill, endow-
ment.
Antonyms: see disability.
abject, a. servile, slavish, sneaking, grov-
eling, wormy (Jig.), cringing, hangdog
(colhq.), reptile {rare), underfoot {rare);
see obsequious.
Antonyms: see assitming, assuked, im-
pudent, self-assertive.
abjure, v. t. 1. recall {contextual), for-
swear, unswear {rare).
Antonyms: see maintain, state.
2. See disclaim.
able, a. 1. qualified, competent, capa-
ble, effective {chiefly spec), sufficient.
Antonyms: see incapable.
2. clever, gifted, talented; spec, accom-
phshed, notable {archaic or rare).
8. powerful, competent, strong, mighty
(r/ietoricoZ), masterly; see skilful,
learned.
Antonyms: see weak.
abnormal, a. exceptional {contextual),
irregular, erratic, anomalous, anomalistic
{rare or tech.), aberrant, eccentric, heter-
ocUte {rare or gram.), anormal {rare);
spec, amorphous, bastard, unnatural;
see monstrous.
Antonyms: see normal, ordinary.
abode, n. 1. residence, habitation {for-
mal or stilted), inhabitance (o6s.), hab-
itance {bbs.), dwelling, house, quarters
{pl.; chiefly spec), seat {archaic or poetic),
home, domicile {chiefly legal), tenement
{chiefly spec), place {contextv^), rest
{rare), hole (in contempt), habitat {chiefly
hot. and zool.), fireside (fig.), nest C^.),
harbor {archaic or literary), cunabula {lA-
erary); spec, place, camp {temporary),
homestead, headquarters, residency, hos-
tel, hospice, hospitium, hall, court, palace,
hibernaculum or {rare) hibernacle, man-
sion, college, curatage, vicarage, novitiate,
Magdalen or Magdalene, legation, hos-
telry, wigwam, heritage, hermitary (rare),
coUectorate, burrow, barracks (pl.); see
QUARTBES, HOUSE.
2. See STAY.
abolish, V. t. 1. annul, cancel, nullify,
cass (ohs. or Scot), quash, disannul (eire-
phaticfor "annul"), rescind, remove, abro-
gate; spec, (chiefly in reference to laws)
antiquate, overrule, overturn; see re-
voke. INVALIDATE.
Antonyms: see establish, confirm,
ENACT.
2. overthrow, overturn, subvert, eradi-
cate, remove, extirpate, suppress, exter-
minate, extinguish, destroy; spec, reform;
see ABATE, NULLIFY, ANNIHILATE.
Antonyms: see establish, conclude.
abominable, a. 1. odious, detestable, ex-
ecrable, hateful, damnable, accursed,
heathenish (colloq.) , nefarious, impious,
hideous, horrible, horrid (now rare or liter-
ary), horrific (rare), nefandous (rare),
nefand (obs.), nameless, imutterable, un-
speakable.
Antonyms: see estimable, attractive.
2. disgusting, foul, loathsome, loathful,
loathly (Hilary), loathy (archaic), beastly,
vUe, nefandous (archaic), revolting, shock-
ing, putid (rore), nameless.
Antonyms: see pleasant, attractive,
beautiful.
abominate, v. t. abhor, detest, dislike
(contextual), execrate, hate.
Antonyms: see love, like, admire.
abort, V. t. bear (contextual), cast (referring
to beasts only), slink (chiefly dial., referring
to beasts only).
abortion, n. 1. miscarriage, cast (refer-
ring to beasts only), slink or slinking (refer-
ring to beasts only).
2. misconception, freak, monstrosity,
come-to-naught (rare).
3. See FAILURE.
abound, v. i. I. exuberate (rare); spec.
superaboimd.
2. overflow, flow, swim, teem; spec, lux-
uriate, revel; see swarm.
abounding, a. replete, plenteous (archa-
ic), flowing, fuU, fertile, fruitful, rife (rare),
flush, teeming, swimming, fat, rich; see
SWARMING.
Antonyms: see infrequent, deficient,
RARE.
about, adv. & prep. 1. aroimd, round,
circa (Latin).
2. nearly, approximately, proximately,
almost, nigh, weU-nigh, circa (Latin).
3. round, circuitously; spec, alternately,
successively.
4. helter-skelter, zigzag.
5. concerning, anent (Scot.), touching,
of, regarding, on, after, respecting, quoad
(Latin), re (Latin).
about, a. As used predicatively after "is,"
"was," etc: 1. afoot, stimng, going,
moving, doing (coUoq.).
2. near, ready, nigh (archaic).
above, adv. & prep. 1. over, upon, on.
2. adv. See aloft.
3. beyond, exceeding, surpassing, over;
spec, super- (o prefix), hyper- (o prefix).
Antonyms: see below.
t^° See Notes of Explanation.
2
ABSORBENT
abrade, V. t. rub {contextual), wear; spec.
fret, grind, grate* see scbafe.
abrasion, n. rubbing or rub (contexhiol),
wearing or wear; spec, fret, graze; see
SCRAPE.
abrasive, a. abradent, scrapy; spec, fret-
ting, graty {coUoq.).
abrasive, n. abradent, abrader {rare);
spec, carborundum, emery, sand, pumice,
snagreen, putty, bort, rouge.
Antonyms: see lttbhicant.
abreast, a. beside, alike (contextual),
alongside; spec, aligned, {parallel, even.
abridge, v. t. 1. abbreviate, compress,
brief, reduce, contract (chiefly spec), con-
dense, compact, epitomize, sum (chiefly
with up"); spec, razee, abstract, dock;
see SUMMARIZE.
Anionyms: see enlarge, extend.
2. ;See shorten, deprive, abate.
abridgment, n. 1. Referring to the act: con-
densation, epitomization, compression,
reduction, abbreviation, contraction;
spec, elision; see summabization.
Antonyms: see enlabqement, exten-
sion.
2. Referring to the result: spec, condensa-
tion, epitome, abstract, summary, sum,
compendium, compend (rare), brief, brevi-
ary or breviale (obs. or rare), digest, precis
(tech.; French), comprisal (rare), synopsis,
bulletin; see summary.
abrupt, a. 1. steep, sudden, sharp, quick,
angi^ar.
Antonyms: see gradual.
2. offhand, sudden, hasty, unpremedi-
tated, precipitate, tout-de-suite (French),
jDut-of-nand, jerky.
Antonyms: see deliberate.
absence, n. 1. awayness (rare); spec, non-
attendance, nonappearance, cut (coUoq.).
Antonyms: see presence, attendance.
2. See absent-mindedness.
3. deficiency, privation (logic; a loose
v^e), want; spec, destitution.
absent, a. 1. away, abroad (chiefly spec),
elsewhere, otherwhere (rare); spec flown,
distant, gone, exiled, banished, oversea,
nonattendant.
Antonyms: see present.
2. deficient, missing, wanting, privative
(logic; a loose use); spec, indigent (rare),
withdrawn, gone.
S. far-away, dreamy, abstracted, ab-
sorbed, distant, inattentive, vacant, pre-
occupied, distrait (literary; chiefly as
French masc), lost, absent-minded, rapt
(rhetoricai or literary); spec, musing,
breathless. I
Antonyms: see attentivb.
absent-mindedness, n. abstraction, ab-
sence, absorption, preoccupation, va-
cancy, inattention.
Antonyms: see attention.
absolute, a. 1. pure, perfect, consum-
mate, complete, total, entire, round,
blank, unqualified, dead, clear, positive,
utter, downright, sheer, thorough, thor-
oughgoing, stark, essential, mere (rare),
regular (coUoq.), teetotal (coUoq.), unal-
loyed, flat (chiefly coUoq.); see thorough.
Antonyms: see partial, imperfect.
2. unrestricted, unqualified, unbounded,
independent, arbitrary, mireserved, un-
controlled, full, plenary, plenipotentiary
(chiefly spec), plenipotent, plenary; spec.
categorematic; see autocratic.
Antonyms: see restricted.
S. unreserved, unequivocal, imqualified,
positive, independent, unconditional, un-
conditioned, peremptory.
Anionyms: see conditional.
4. See actual, selp-existent.
absolutely, adv. purely, utterly, entirely,
consummately, flat, flatly, dead, down-
right, plumb (chiefly U. S.; slang), plum
(chiefly U. S.; slang), roundly, teetotally
(coUoq.), thoroughly, outright, altogether;
spec out.
absolution, n. 1. forgiveness, freeing,
justification (chiefly ecd.), clearance,
shrift (ecd.), assoiunent (rare), discharge
(contextual).
Antonyms: see betaliation, punish-
ment.
2. iSee acquittal.
absolve, v. t. free, for^ve, clear, assoil
(ecd.), wash (fig.), shrive (ecd.), justify
(chiefly ecd.), discharge (contextual).
Antonyms: see punish.
absorb, v. t. 1. drink (chiefly used with
"in" or "up"), imbibe, sop, occlude
(tech.), soak, suck (chiefly with "up"), re-
sorb (rare); spec, reabsorb, ingulf or en-
gulf, blot, sink.
Anionyms: see exude, reflect, emit,
diffuse.
2. Referring to ideas, etc.: incorporate,
imbibe, drink (fi^.), take (conieiAwal);
spec merge.
3. occupy, engross, preoccupy, immerse,
sink, merge, bury, enwrap (literary), de-
vour, hold (contextual), keep (contextual),
absorbed, a. engaged, preoccupied, oc-
cupied, deep, suii, buried, rapt (literary),
wrapt; see absent.
absorbent, a. absorptive, bibulous.
J^" Cross references: see Note.
aboTeboard: ovenly.
BboTa-mentloned: aforesaid.
abroad ; widespread, aatrajt.free,
absent, wrong. \vaL\date.
abrogates e^olish, revoke, tn-
abscond: depart.
absent, o. t.: withdraw.
absolutism: autocracy.
VW See Notes of Explanation.
3
ABSORBING
spongy, spongous {rosre), sorbent {rare),
thirsty {rare or jig.), sorbefacient {rare).
absorbing, a. engrossing.
absorption, n. 1. imbibition, occlusion
{teck?); spec, resorption {rare), reabsorp-
tion, soalang, etc.
ArUonyms: see beflbction, basiation,
EMISSION.
2. incorporation, imbibition {rare); spec.
merger.
8. engagement, engrossment, preoccupa-
tion, prepossession.
abstain, v. i. forbear, refrain, withhold,
stay, desist, patience (rare).
Antonyms: see indulge.
abstainer, n. teetotaler, hydropot {rare),
reohabite {fig.); spec, teetotum {humor-
ous).
abstemious, a. ascetic, austere, sober,
frugal, abstinent, temperate, abstaining;
spec, teetotal, temperance {colloq.).
Antonyms: see selp-gratifyinq, dkink-
INQ, GLUTTONOUS.
abstinence, n. abstaining, abstention,
withholdment {rare), nephelism {rare),
temperance, refrainment {rare), forbear-
ance {rare).
abstract, a. 1. ideal, metaphysical, trans-
cendental, imaginary (rare), visionary
{rare); see academic.
2. iSee abstruse.
abstract, n. abridgment, conspectus, sy-
nopsis, syllabus {chiefly law and spec.);
spec, docket, brief, note, headnote; see
SUMMARY.
ArUonyms: see enlargement, exten-
sion, ■WHOLE.
abstract, v. t. 1. withdraw, deduct, elimi-
nate, remove, subtract, separate {con-
textiial); spec, embezzle, steal {figurative
or slang).
2. See REMOVE, summarize, abbidge.
Antonyms: see add.
abstraction, n. withdrawal, deduction, etc.
abstruse, a. profound, recondite, abstract,
deep, high, dark, acroamatic {rare), difiS-
cult {contextual), esoteric {fig.), subtle;
spec, far-fetched.
Antonyms: see evident, clear.
absurd, a. irrational, preposterous, un-
reasonable, false {contextual), fallacious,
sophistic, illogical, incongruous, incoher-
ent, incredible, nonsensical; spec, silly,
ludicrous, ridiculous, paradoxical, seu-
contradictory.
Antonyms: see logical, reasonable,
TRUE, consistent.
abundance, n. 1. plenty, plenitude (J/Ur
erary), copiousness, profusion, profuse-
ness, plenteousness {chiefly poetic), ampli-
tude, affluence, fullness, repletion, free-
ness, luxuriance, opulence, wealth, rich-
ness, prodigality, generosity, foison
{archaic), cheap {archaic), routh {Scot.;)
spec, flood, exuberance, super-abundance,
flow, heaviness, lavishness.
Antonyms: see deficiency, infbb-
QUBNCT.
abundant, a. abounding, copious, gener-
ous, luxuriant, plentiful, plenteous {rare
or literary), opulent, ample, Uberal, pro-
fuse, rich, flush {chiefly spec), plenty
{chiefly colloq.), fat {rare), free, efifuse
{rare), bounteous, bountiful, affluent
{rare or literary), numerous {rare); spec.
generous, lavish, flowing, exuberant,
prodigal, thick, superabundant, profli-
gate, rife, teeming, heavy, unstmted,
big.
Antonyms: see deficient, infrequent,
MEAGER, SCANTY.
abundantly, adv. aboundingly, copiously,
generously, galore {chiefly colloq.), etc.
abuse, n. 1. misuse, misusage, ill-use, mis-
employment {rare or spec.), abusing, mis-
handling, outrage, despite {archaic), per-
version; see iuxtbeatment.
2. reviling, revflement, viliflcation, vitu-
peration, malediction, insultation {rare),
blasphemy {fi^.), scurrility, Ubel, oppro-
brium, obloquy, contumely, rating, rib-
aldry, tongue-lashing; spec. Billingsgate,
blackguardism; see defamation, dispar-
agement.
Antonyms: see pbaise, eulogy, flat-
tery.
abuse, v. t. 1. misuse, misemploy {rare or
spec), mishandle, pervert, outrage; spec.
haze; see ill-treat.
Antonyms: see cherish.
2. revile, berate (obs. or rare in Eng-
land), vilify, vituperate, scurrilize, blas-
Sheme C^.), slang {coUoq.), whip {Jig.),
ay, lash, conviciate {obs. or rare), mis-
caU {rare or dial.), bullyrag {coUoq.), flyte
{archaic or literary), tongue-la^; spec.
blackguard, curse; see insult, dispar-
age, defame. ,
Antonyms: see praise, ennoble, flat-
ter.
abusive, a. viliflcatory, vituperative, in-
solent, blasphemous C^.), despiteful {lit-
erary), insulting, scurrilous, opprobrious,
scandalous, scurrUe {archaic), outrageous,
foul-mouthed {contextual), dyslogistic {lit-
erary or learned; used of names, senses,
etc.), contumelious, Thersitical (jfig.). rib-
ald, ribaldrous {archaic); spec, disparag-
ing, sarcastic, Fescennine Qig.); see de-
famatory.
IS" Cross references: see Note. | abstinent: abstemioua.
I abusing, n.: abuse.
(^ See Notes of Explanation.
4
ACCOMPLISHED
Antonyms: see praising, laudatory,
FLATTEKINQ.
abut, V. i. join, butt (of seams, etc.); see
BORDEB.
abyss, n. deep (poetic or rhetorical), giAi,
abysm, swallow (rare), profound, pro-
fundity, chasm, pit, sink (chiefly spec.),
void.
Antonyms: see height.
aoademio, a. 1. collegiate, scholarly, scho-
lastic, clerkly (archaic).
2. conventional, formal, cut-and-dried
(coUoq.), budge (archaic).
S. theoretical, speculative; see abstract.
accede, v. i. agree, assent, consent, ac-
quiesce (with 'Hn"), concede, yield, sub-
scribe, accord (loith "with").
Antonyms: see disagree.
accent, v. t. accentuate, stress, emphasize,
ictus (tech.); spec, circumflect (rare).
Antonyms: see slur.
accent, n. 1. stress, emphasis, accentua-
tion, ictus (tech.); spec, circumflex, prime,
secondary.
2. See EMPHASIS, MODULATION, TONE.
accept, V. t. 1. JSee receive, honor, be-
lieve.
2. recognize, embrace, adopt, take, re-
ceive (referring to laws, etc.).
Antonyms: see reject, decline.
acceptable, a. pleasant, welcome, allow-
able, agreeable, gratifying, grateful, com-
fortable, gracious (archaic), canny (Scot.);
spec, answerable, popular, liked, refresh-
ing; see PLEASANT, TIMELY.
Antonyms: see unacceptable.
acceptance, n. recognition, embracement,
reception (referring to laws, etc.), etc.; tak-
ing; spec, vogue.
Antonyms: see declination, refusal,
REJECTION.
accepted, a. approved; spec, popular, con-
ventional, orthodox.
accessible, o. approachable, come-at-able
(colloq.), get-at-able (collog.); spec, open,
patent (rare), ready, compassable, con-
venient, available.
Antonyms: see inaccessible.
accession, n. 1. See coming, addition.
2. agreement, accordance, assent, assen-
tation (literary), consent, acquiescence,
concession, subscription, acceptance (mth
"of"), suffrage (chiefly spec).
Antonyms: see disagreement.
accessory, a. 1. contributing, contribu-
tory, auxiliary^ supplementary, supple-
mental, adjective, extra, additional, ad-
junct, suppletory (learned), suppletive
(rare); accessary (the less usiuU form);
spec, mcident (law), appurtenant.
2. adventitious, adscititious (rare), ap-
pendant, dependent, supervenient, ac-
companying, bye (rare or spec), collat-
eral, accessary (the less usiudform).
Antonyms: see necessary.
3. abetting, privy, conniving, connivent,
confederate, participant, assistant, acces-
sary (the less usual form).
accessory, n. 1. adjunct, dependant, ad-
jective, belonging, accompaniment^ ap-
purtenance, appurtenant, concomitant,
mcident (law), accessary (the less usiud
form); spec, property; see accident.
2. privy; spec, assistant, participant,
conniver; see accomplice.
accident, n. 1. See chance, misfor-
tune, quality, accessory.
2. accessory, nonessential, external, in-
cident, collateral, unessential.
Antonyms: see essential.
accidental, a. 1. fortuitous, accessory,
nonessential, contingent, casual, subsicu-
ary, external, incident, collateral; spec.
stray.
Antonyms: see consequential, inten-
tional.
2. accessory, incidental, external, adven-
titious, nonessential, unessential, collat-
eral, subsidiary.
Antonyms: see necessary, fundamen-
tal, inherent.
3. See occasional.
acclimatize, v. t. acclimate, season, nat-
uralize.
accompaniment, n. attendance, escort,
convoy (chiefly spec), etc.
accompany, v. t. attend, escort, company
(archaic), convoy (chiefly spec), follow;
spec, cavalier, esquire (rare), companion,
chaperon.
Antonyms: see abandon.
accompanying, a. attendant, accessory,
concomitant, comitant (rare).
accomplice, n. Spec, abettor, acces-
sory; see associate.
accomplish, v. t. complete, fulfill, per-
form, effect, achieve, do, attain, execute,
compass, effectuate, work, manage, con-
trive, dispatch, consummate, negotiate
(spec, or colloq.), win, expedite (literary);
see finish.
accomplished, a. 1. completed, com-
plete, fulfilled, performed, done, con-
summate, etc.
Antonyms: see crude.
2. Referring to a person, his learning, etc.:
IS^ Cross references: see Note.
abysm; abyss.
accelerate: quicken, hasten.
accentuate: accent, emphasize.
access; attack.
accessary; accessory.
acclaim: praise. shmA.
acclivity: slope.
accommodate: adapt, con-
form, arrange, furnish, oblige,
hold.
accommodating: obliging.
t^° See Notes ot Explanation.
5
ACCOMPLISHMENT
finished, proficient, cultivated, polished
(chiefly spec), beseen {archaic, as in "well
heseen ); spec, learned, versed, read, ex-
quisite.
Antonyms: see boorish, rustic.
accomplishment, n. 1. fulfillment, doing,
completion, execution, consummation,
performance, work, achievement, manage-
ment, deed, feat (referring to an act),
negotiation (spec, or colloq.); spec, dis-
patch, triumph.
S. (usually in pi.) refinement, embellish-
ment, acquirement, attainment, acquisi-
tion; spec, graces (pi.), proficiency, poUsh
(used in a generic sense; as, "a man with-
otU polish").
accordingly, adv. agreeably, correspond-
ingly, conformably, consistently, so, there-
fore.
accoucheur, n. obstetrician (chiefly spec),
man-midwife. "Accoucheur" is French.
accoucheuse, n. midwife, obstetrician
(chiefly spec), howdie (Scot.). "Accovr-
ckeuse" is French.
account, n. 1. See computation, con-
sideration, IMPORTANCE.
2. reckoning, tally, score (chiefly spec).
3. statement, report, description, narra^
tion, narrative, relation, recounting, re-
countal (rare), rehearsal, recital, recita-
tion, detailment, record, history (chiefly
spec), story, tale, rede (archaic or poetic);
spec, chronicle, travels (pi.), summary,
detail; see anecdote, narrative.
4. score, tick (coUoq.), battels (pi.; Univ.
of Oxford), shot (archaic), reckoning.
account, v. i. Spec, report, return; see
settle.
accountable, a. responsible, answerable,
liable, amenable; spec, good, solid.
Antonyms: see unaccountable.
accountant, n. clerk (contextv/d), book-
keeper; spec, actuary (life insurance), au-
ditor, cashier, teller, controller, sirkar
(Anglo-Indian) .
accouterments, n. pi. equipment, gear
(archaic); spec harness, clothing, dress,
trappings (pi.).
accredited, a. credentialed, authorized,
sanctioned, acknowledged.
accretion, n. 1. See growth, addition,
gain.
2. concretion, adhesion.
accrue, v. i. arise, come, grow, inure or
enure, redound (said of beneflts, advan-
tages, etc.); spec, vest, mature, attach, fall
(chiefly with "due").
accrued, a. due, owing; spec, overdue,
matured, vested.
accumulate, v. t. & i. cumulate, mass,
amass, gather (asp. with "together"), pile
(chiefly with "up"), heap (chiefly with
"up"), agglomerate, aggregate, collect,
congest, roll (chiefly with "up"), acervate
(rare), coacervate (rare); spec, scrape
(mth "up"), garner, store.
Antonyms: see scatter.
accumulation, n. amassment, cumula-
tion, agglomeration, conglomeration, con-
glomerate, aggregation, heap, aggregate,
collection, gathering, acervation (rare),
coacervation (rare); spec, congeries, hud-
dle, drift, litter; see store, stock.
accuracy, n. exactness, precision, pro-
priety, fidelity, justness, truth, etc.
accurate, a. exact, precise, correct, just,
faithful, true, close, critical, strict, nice,
proper, exquisite; see true.
Antonyms: see inaccurate, inexact.
accursed, a. anathematized, cursed (often
a vulgar oath), execrated, devoted,
damned (chiefly a vulgar oath), doomed
(archaic), blasted (chiefly a vulgar oath).
Antonyms: see blessed.
accusation, n. indictment, charge, im-
peachment, arraignment, denunciation,
taxing, delation (chiefly by an informer),
impeach (rare); spec, complaint, attack,
crimination, recrimination.
Antonyms: see acquittal.
accuse, v. t. charge, indict, impeach, ar-
raign, denounce, task, tax, attaint (ar-
chaic), delate (now bookish or tech.); spec.
article, recriminate, criminate, incrimi-
nate, countercharge, report, attack.
Antonyms: see acquit.
accuser, n. Spec plaintiff, prosecutor,
complainant, hbellant, informer, inform-
ant, delator.
accustom, v. t. habituate, use, familiarize
(rare), addict, wont, inure, hackney (itsed
with "in" ; chiefly in a bad sense); spec.
train, naturalize; see train.
Antonyms: see disaccustom.
accustomed, a. 1. wont, wonted; spec.
natural; see addicted.
2. See customary.
acknowledge, v. t. 1. allow, grant, admit,
agnize (archaic), avouch (rare), avow,
confess, recognize, yield, concede, testify
(chiefly Biblical); see answer.
Antonyms: see contradict, dent.
2. own, confess, recognize, admit, avow
(obs. or rare); spec father, mother.
t^" Cross references: see Note.
accord, v. t.: give. [monize.
accord, v. i.: agree, accede, har-
acoord, n.: agreement, corres-
pondence, harmony.
accordant: consistent, agreeable.
accost: address, greet.
aeoouche: deliver.
accouohement: lying-in.
account, v. t.: consider.
aceouter: equip.
accredit: confirm, believe.
accroacli, v. i.: encroach.
accroach, n. t.: usurp.
ache: pain.
achieve: accomplish, get.
acid: sour, rough, acrid, acri'
monious.
lE^^ See Notes of Explanation.
6
ACTION
S. profess, declare, avow.
4. Meaning "to receipt for": receipt.
5. See NOTICE.
acknowledEment, n. 1. confession, rec-
ognition, admission, allowance, grant, con-
cession, etc.
Antonyms: see denial.
2. profession, declaration, avowal.
acquaintance, n. Spec, friend, intimate,
associate, familiar.
Antonyms: see stranger.
acquainted, a. 1. R^erring to things: see
AWAKE.
2. Referring to persons: spec, fanuliar
(which see). "Acqvuinted" implies no
more than mere personal intercourse and
has no general synonym. Cf. know, v. t.
acquired, a. Spec, learned, adopted, cul-
tivated, affected.
Antonyms: see innate.
acquisition, n. 1. Referring to the act or
action: gain, acquirement, acquist (lit-
erary); spec, purchase, usucaption, con-
quest; see getting.
Antonyms: see loss.
2. Referring to the thing: acquirement
(thiefly spec), acquest (literary); spec.
spoils (pi?), purchase, trade, bargain, buy
(coUoq.); see gain, accomplishment.
acquisitive, a. qusestuary (rare); spec.
greedy.
acquit, V. 1. 1. See discharge, pat, behave.
2. exculpate, exonerate, clear, discharge,
absolve, purge, assoil (obs.), quit (obs. or
rare).
Antonyms: see convict, accuse, blame.
acquittal, n. 1. See acquittance.
2. exculpation, acquittance (rare), clear-
ance, clearing, discharge, purgation (rare),
absolution (now rare or literary); spec.
compurgation, acquitment (rare).
Antonyms: see accusation, conviction.
acquittance, n. 1. See discharge, pay-
ment, acquittal.
2. Referring to the document: release, ac-
quittal (rare, exc. legal); spec, discharge.
acrid, a. 1. pungent, biting, acid, corrosive,
virulent, sharp, caustic, rough (contextual),
mordicant (rare), acrimonious (archaic),
vitriolic (spec, or fig.), hot (coUoq.).
Antonyms: see bland.
2. See acrimonious.
acridity, n. 1. pungency, roughness (con^
textual), bitingness, acidity, corrosiveness,
virulence, causticity.
2. iSee ACBIMONT.
acrimonious, a. 1. See acrid.
2. tart, corrosive, acid, bitter, acrid,
sharp, cutting, caustic, pungent, virulent,
rancorous, atrabilious (rare), vitriolic,
sour, biting; see sarcastic.
Anionyms: see smooth, agreeable,
good-natured.
acrimony, n. acidity, heat, acridity, viru-
lence, pungency, rancor, etc.; spec, sar-
casm, asperity.
acrobat, n. Spec, tumbler, vaulter, equil-
ibrist, rope-walker, contortionist, funam-
bulist.
across, prep, on, over, athwart, over-
thwart (rare), thwart (archaic or poetic),
cross (rurw chiefly dial, or poetic).
act, n. 1. Referring to an act considered
as a whole urithout involving the idea of the
time occupied or of its going on: deed, per-
formance, action; see action, 1, deed.
Antonyms: see negligence.
2. Referring to the proceeding or course of
acting: see action.
a. action, move, step, turn, deal, move-
ment (rare), play, proceeding.
act, V. i. 1. perform, work, operate, func-
tion, functionate, go, serve, make; spec. do,
energize, preside, officiate ; see work, tell.
2. Referring to the theater, shows, etc.: per-
form, play; spec, theatrize (rare), theatri-
calize (rare), mum, mime, mince, gaff
(slang, Eng.).
3. move, proceed, deal, stir.
4. See BEHAVE, dissemble.
act, V. 1. 1. perform, take (a part), represent,
impersonate, enact (rare or rhetorical), play,
assume, support, sustain, render, do (as
a part, an act, etc.); spec, counterfeit,
theatricalize (rare); see personate.
2. <See pretend.
acting, n. performance, representation,
rendition (U. S.), enaction (rare); spec.
histrionism, dramaturgy, mummery, per-
sonation, etc.
action, n. 1. act (rare), doing (chiefly in
pi.), acting, performance, movement,
working, operation; spec, effect, motion,
play (of the feelings, passions, etc.), oper-
ance (rare), touch, process, procedure,
business (theatrical), function, reaction,
response, conation. If considered as a
whole loithout reference to the element of
time these terms are sometimes used as
synonyms of "act." See act, 1.
Antonyms: see inactivity, rest.
2. measure, step, course, procedure, pro-
vision, proceedmg, d-marche (French);
spec, counterstep, precaution; see stroke.
3. See behavior, transaction, activ-
ity, bustle.
4. influence, operation, working, touch;
see agency.
■ Cross references: see Note.
heiffhl, top.
acquaint: iri/orm.
acquiesce: accede.
acquire: get, gain, receive, learn.
acquirement: acquisition, ao-
complishmcnt, getting.
across: crosswise.
act: work, tell.
13^ See Notes of Explanation.
7
ACTIVATE
6. proceeding (legaT), suit, case, cause,
process; spec, plea {hist, or Scot.), remanet,
interpleader, replevin, assumpsit, trespass,
libel, counterclaim, prosecution, etc.
active, a. 1. acting, operative, operant
(rare); spec, exertive, conative.
Antonyms: see inactive.
2. energetic, vigorous, assiduous, busy,
industnous, hustling (coUoq., U. (S.), vi-
vacious (chiefly spec), animated, bustling
(colloq., U. 5.), rustling (collog., U. S.),
brisk, hummiag (slang), deedful (rare),
pragmatic (rare), deedy (dial.), deliver
(archaic); spec, strong, sedulous, light,
rapid; see nimbIiE, lively, kestlbss.
Antonyms: see sluggish, idle, indo-
lent, LAZY.
3. See ALERT, ambitious.
activity, n. t. energy (chiefly tech.), vigor,
vivacity (chiefly spec), briskness, actual-
ity (obs., exc. metaphysics), hustle (U. S.;
simg or colloq.), rustle (tj. S.; slang or
colloq.), operation (rare), operancy (rare);
spec, nimbleness.
Antonyms: see indolence.
2. See alertness, ambition.
3. coil (literary), bustle, hustle (U. S.;
slang or colioq.), rustle (U. S.; slang or
coUoq.), stir, action, turmoil, movement;
see excitement, bustle.
Antonyms: see calm, peace.
actor, n. 1. Spec, agent, doer, performer.
Antonyms: see subject.
2. player, performer, personator, Thes-
pian (literary), actress (Jem,.), histrion
(rare), impersonator (chiefly spec.), dram-
atis personae (Latin; pi.); spec, tragedian,
tragedienne (fern.; French), comedian,
comedienne (fern.; cant), pantomimist,
farceur (French), caricaturist, burlesquer,
star, diva (fem.), ingenue (fern.; French),
Pierrot (masc; French), Pierrette (fem.;
French), punchineUo (Italian), buSo
(Italian), comique (French), pantomime
(hist.), mummer, mime, protagonist, tri-
tagonist. Cf. puppet.
actual, a. real, true, very, factual, posi-
tive, concrete, veritable, absolute, indeed
(postpositive), tangible, practical, sub-
stantial, substantive, effective (as opposed
to "potential"); spec, sober, right, hypo-
static, hypostatical.
Antonyms: see unreal, visionary, im-
aginary, SUPPOSED, fabulous, FICTI-
TIOUS, apparent.
actuality, n. 1. reality, realism, realness,
verity, truth, trueness, substantiality,
sooth (archaic), substance, tangibiUty, ef-
fect (chiefly in "in effect"), fact.
2. In a concrete sense: positive, eternities
(pi.), reaUty, truth, verity, etc.
Antonyms: see illusion, fiction,
DREAM, DAY-DREAM.
actualize, v. t. realize, substantialize, ver-
ify (rare), substantiate, reify (rare),
hypostatize (tech.), eventuate (rare); see
MATERIALIZE, PERSONIFY.
actually, ado. really, truly, veritably, ver-
ily, indeed.
actuate, v. t. excite, impel, move, activate
(tech.); see stimulate, incite.
adapt, V. t. prepare (contextual), accom-
modate, fit, conform, suit; spec, coordi-
nate, match, square, arrange, adjust,
shape, frame, turn, contemper (archaic),
attemper, harmonize, naturaUze, prepare,
assimilate; see qualify.
adaptable, a. pliable, phant, tractable,
accommodative, conformable, apphcable,
adaptive, flexible; spec, convenient, ver-
satile, facultative Qnol.).
Antonyms: see intractable, obstinate,
unyielding.
adaptation, n. preparation (cordextval),
arrangement, accommodation, qualificar
tion, design, etc.
add, V. t. 1. join, unite, put (with "with,"
"on," "to"), adjoin (rare), superadd; spec.
tack, tag (with "on"), adject (rare), affix,
attach, postfix, interline, interpolate, en-
graft (vnih "on"), annex, append, subjoin;
see attach.
Antonyms: see abstract, deduct.
2. compute (corttextual), sum (chiefly
spec), total, foot (vnth "up"), cast (tech.);
spec, superadd.
addict, V. t. apply, devote, give: see apply.
addicted, a. accustomed (contextiujl) ,
given, devoted.
addiction, n. apphcation, devotion.
addition, n. t. adjection (rare), joining,
uniting; spec, attachment, annexation,
subjunction, interlineation, superaddi-
tion, etc.
2. computation (conlextual), summation
(chiefly spec), totaling, footing (with
"up").
Antonyms: see deduction.
3. increase; spec raise, enlargement,
adjunct, accretion, accession, affix, ac-
cess, increment, appendage, appendix,
annex, aimexation, attachment, sub-
script, codicil, interlineation, interpola-
tion, contribution, supplement, equation,
rider, tag, imitation, extension, prolonga-
tion, continuation; see prefix, suffix,
postscript. '
additional, a. extra, further, new, fresh,
f^' Cross references; see Note.
activate: animate.
actuary: mathematician.
acumen: discernment.
acute: pointed, sharp, intense,
discerning, sensitive, high.
adage: saying.
adamantine: hard, unyielding,
unfeeling.
fW See Notes of Explanation.
8
ADOPT
more, else {poslposilive), remanent {rare),
supervenient(rore); spec, other, ulterior,
supplementary; see accessory, spabe.
address, v. t. 1. See direct, apply.
2. accost (in speech; archaic), speak,
bespeak (archaic); spec, apostrophize, pe-
tition, salute, memoriaUze, whisper (ar-
chaic), pray, stump (coUoq.); see greet.
address, n. 1. speech, talk (a word sugges-
tive of informality or brevity), parley (rare),
compellation (archaic); spec, invocation,
valedictory, salutatory, appeal, petition,
memorial, prayer, lecture, lecturette,
(rare), harangue, eulogy, oration, argu-
ment, sermon, salutation, apostrophe;
see GREETING, SERMON.
2. See SKILL, TACT.
adduce, v. t. instance, cite, bring (a charge,
argument, etc.); see present.
adequacy, n. sufficiency.
adequate, a. equal (vrith "to"), commen-
surate (with "to" or "with"), commensur-
able (ivith "with"), sufficient (with "to" or
"for"), satisfactory (chiefly spec), enough,
enow (archaic), ample, competent, due,
good, copious; spec, proportionate.
Antonyms: see inadequate, deficient.
adherent, n. follower, satellite (literary),
dangler; spec, hobbler (obs. or hist.), re-
tainer, sectary, supporter; see disciple,
partizan.
adjacency, n. 1. adjoining, contiguity,
contiguousness, juxtaposition; spec, abut-
ment.
2. See NEARNESS.
adjacent, a. contiguous, conterminous,
bordering, adjoining, touching; spec.
abutting; see near.
Antonyms: see apart, distant, sepa-
rate.
adjoin, v. t. 1. touch, abut (chiefly spec);
spec, border, neighbor, side (rare).
2. iSee add.
adjourn, v. i. rise.
adjourn, v. t. 1. suspend, continue (chiefly
Scot.); spec, prorogue. Cf. dissolve.
2. See DEFER.
adjudge, v. t. judge (rare), award, as-
sign, give.
adjunct, a. added, annexed, connected,
auxiUary; see accessory.
adjuration, n. conjuration, obtestation,
appeal (contextuai).
adjust, V. t. 1. See arrange, adapt,
HARMONIZE.
2. arrange, dispose, regulate, fix, trim,
set, coapt (rare)^ rig (chiefly spec); spec.
register, orient, orientate, size, shape,
level, collimate, square, justify, true,
modulate (the voice, tones, light, etc.), comb,
couch (a lance, etc.), tune, readjust, har-
monize, rectify, systematize, gait, coordi-
nate; see tune, size, set, proportion.
Antonyms: see disarrange.
adjustment, n. arrangement, disposition,
trim, etc.; spec, compromise. Cf. adjust.
administer, v. t. 1. give, dispense, dispen-
sate (rare); spec, exhibit, distribute.
2. In law: settle, dispose (rare); spec.
distribute.
8. See DELIVER, MANAGE, CONTRIBUTE.
admirable, a. good, estimable; spec, ador-
able; see EXCELLENT, FINE, ESTIMABLE,
PLEASANT.
Antonyms: see contemptible.
admiration, n. 1. wonder (archaic or liter-
ary).
2. approval, approbation (with "of"), es-
teem (unth "for"), pleasure (with "in"),
reverence (with "for"), adoration (wiih
"of").
Antonyms: see abhorrence, condem-
nation.
admire, V. 1. 1. wonder (archaic or literary).
2. approve, approbate, esteem, love (col-
loq.); spec, idolize, latrize (rare), revere,
adore, idolatrize.
Anionyms: see condemn, abhor, abom-
inate.
admission, n. 1. admittance, reception,
receipt (rare), adhibition (rare).
Antonyms: see expulsion.
2. institution, investiture (tech.), initia/-
tion, inauguration, in vesture (rare), ves-
ture (rare); spec, collation, incardination.
3. See entrance, acknowledgment.
admit, v. t. 1. receive, adhibit (rare), in-
tromit (rare).
2. install, induct, invest, vest, institute,
inaugurate, initiate, enter; spec, matricu-
late, incardinate.
Antonyms: see expel.
3. See acknowledge.
admixture, n. 1. See mixture.
2. mixture, infusion, leaven, tincture,
tinge, cast, alloy, spice, sprinkling, season-
ing, soupgon (French), flavor; see dash.
admonitory, a. monitory, commonitory
(rare); see warning, reproving.
adopt, V. t. 1. arrogate (Roman law), affili-
ate (rare or fig.); spec father, mother,
naturalize.
>^" Cross references: see Note.
adept, a.: akUfvl, tactful.
adept, n.; moBter.
adhere: stick.
adhesive: sticky.
adieu: good-by.
adjoin: touch, border.
adjoining: adjacent.
adjudicate, v. t.:
adjudicate, v. i.; judge.
adjudication: award, decree,
judgment.
adjunct: addition, accessory.
adjure: bid, ask,
admeasure: apportion.
admonish : warn, advise, reprove.
ado: trouble,
adolescence: youth.
1^° See Notes ol Explanation.
9
ADOPTION
3. embrace, espouse, father (fig.), take
(a person's side or part); spec, borrow,
follow; see choose, copy.
Antonyms: see reject.
adoption, n. 1. arrogation (Roman law),
afiiiiation {rare or fig.), etc.
2. embrace (rare), embracement, espousal.
adult, n. Spec, major, Nestor Cfe.).
Antonyms: see infant.
adulterate, v. t. falsify (contextual), sophis-
ticate, blend, dose (rare or tech.), debase,
doctor (coUoq.), cook (colloq.); spec, vitiate
(with "with"), weaken, simpson (slang),
dash, interpolate, sand, load, fill, dilate,
thin, drug, lace.
Antonyms: see pukift.
adulterated, a. impure, sophisticated, etc.
adulterer, n. fornicator (tech.) .
adultery, n. fornication (tech.), infidehty
(a euphemism).
advance, v. i. 1. progress, proceed, make,
press, push, march, head (against force),
incede (rare); spec, inch, creep, drive,
gain.
Antonyms: see recede, retreat, re-
tire.
2. rise, appreciate (U. S.; not in good
usage), enhance; spec. boom.
Antonyms: see pall, depreciate.
3. See progress.
advance, v. t. 1. forward, further, promote,
push, shove (colloq. or slang), speed.
Antonyms: see abase, retire.
2. raise, prefer, adduce, suggest, present,
venture, propound; see propose, oprER.
Antonyms: see suppress, repress.
3. raise, appreciate (U. S.; not in good
usage), enhance, boost (slang); spec.
boom, bull.
Antonyms: see depreciate.
4. furnish (beforehand); spec, imprest.
6. raise, elevate, exalt, promote, aggran-
dize (rare), prefer (rare or archaic); spec.
make, dignify, ennoble.
Antonyms: see abase.
advance, n. 1. forwarding, furtherance,
promotion, preference; see aid.
2. progression, advancement (rare),
march, procession (rare), progress, ac-
cess (rare), push, headway, profection
(obs. or astrol.).
Antonyms: see recession, retreat.
3. Spec, imprest.
4. suggestion, preferment, preference,
venturing; see proposal, ofpbr.
6. rise, appreciation (U. S.; not in good
usage), raise, boost (colloq. or slang), en-
hancement; spec, boom, spurt.
Antonyms: see pall, depreciation.
advanced, a. 1. ripe (as "a ripe age").
2. See PREcociotTS, forward.
advancing, a. rising; spec, booming.
advantage, n. 1. superiority, precedence,
better (used idiomatically), odds (pi. and
sing.), forehand, prize (rare), leverage
(rare), purchase (mech. or fi^.); spec,
spare.
Antonyms: see disadvantage.
2. See GOOD, BENEFIT.
advantageous, a. superior, favorable,
profitable, gainful, good, clever (colloq.),
expedient, expediential (rare), behoveful
(archaic), right (contextual), wise (con-
textual), advisable; see beneficial.
Antonyms: see disadvantageous, un-
wise, INADVISABLE.
adventurer, n. Spec, free lance, condot-
tiere (Italian), landloper or landlouper
(literary).
advertize, v. t. 1. notify, notice, announce,
proclaim, pubhsh; spec, avow, blaze,
blazon, noise, trumpet; see proclaim.
Antonyms: see hide.
2. Spec, circularize, bill, placard, post,
poster, cry, quack, push.
advertizement, n. Spec, notice, bill,
placard, poster.
advice, n. 1. counsel, rede (archaic), opin-
ion, recommendation, advisement (ar-
chaic), admonition; spec, misadvice, mis-
counsel, dehortation; see exhortation.
2. See notice, information.
advise, v. t. 1. counsel, rede (archaic or
poetic), recommend, monish (rare), ad-
monish (literary), guide (contextual); spec.
disadvise, misadvise, miscounsel, dehort
(rare), exhort.
2. See INFORM.
adviser, n. 1. counselor, guide (contextual),
admonisher; spec, referendary, compra^
dor (Oriental), assessor.
2. See INFORMANT.
advocacy, n. support; see defense.
advocate, v. t. support, favor, plead; see
DEFEND.
advocate, n. 1. supporter, favorer, plead-
er; spec, intercessor, interpleader, patron
(Roman antiq.).
Antonyms: see opponent.
2. See lawyer, Christ.
fW^ Cross references: see Note.
adorable: estimable, fine,
adore: worship, admire, love.
adorn: ornament.
Adrift : afloat.
adroit: skillful, ready.
adulate: flatter.
adult: grown.
advene: come.
advent: arrival, coming.
adventitious: accessory, acci-
dental.
adventure, v. i.: venture.
adventurous: venturesome.
rash, dangerous, reckless.
adversary: enemy, opponent.
adverse; opposed, opposing,
unfavorable. .
adversity: misfortune, reverse.
advert: turn {mentally), refer.
advertence: refer erice.
advise: consult.
advised: delOierate.
advisement: advice.
tS" See Notes of Explanation.
10
AFTERMATH
aXrate, v. t. aerify; epec. ventilate, inflate.
aeronaut, n. aerostat, navigator (context-
tud).
aSronautios, n. aerostatics, aerostation,
navigation (contextual); spec. a€rodonet-
ics.
sesthetic, a. tasteful, tasty (colloq. and in-
elegant); see eleqant.
aflable, a. sociable, conversable, debonair
(literary), talkable (rare); spec, accost-
able (rare), approachable, soft-spoken,
communicative, free, unreserved.
Antonyms: see abroqant, iij>tem-
PEBBD, SURLY, HATJGHTT, HATEFUL.
affair, n. business (chiefly contemptiums),
proceeding, go (colloq. or vulgar), circum-
stance, matter (often in pi.), thmg (often
in pi.), concern; spec, finances (pi.),
fight, battle, duel; see transaction, con-
cern, THING.
afleot, V. t. touch, reach, take (with
"disease," "blow," "fancy," etc., as the sub-
ject), seize (with "idea" or the like as the
svhiecl), hit (colloq.); spec, possess, at-
tack, infect, smite, hurt, trouble, move,
grip, concern, interest, pierce, perturb,
impress, penetrate, strike, nip (rare); see
INFLUENCE, TAINT, THRILL, AGITATE, EX-
CITE, IMPRESS.
affectation, n. artificiality, frill (slang),
mannerism; spec, modishness, profes-
sion, conventionality, mincingness, etc.
Cf. AFFECTED.
affected, a. 1. touched, reached, etc.; spec.
infected, tainted, attacked, seized, dis-
tempered, concerned, diseased, etc.
Antonyms: see unaffected, intact.
2. See pretended.
8. artificial, nonnatural, unnatural (rare),
mannered (rare),\ spec, modish, stagy
(colloq ), conventional, missish, namby-
pambjr, got-up (collog.)^ smirking, minc-
ing, minikin (rare), mmmg-piming (rare),
mealy; see pretentious.
Antonyms: see artless, sincere, nat-
ural, SIMPLE, UNAFFECTED, FRANK.
affecting, a. moving, touching, impres-
sive; spec, piercing, pathetic, pathetical
(rare), heart-rending, nerve-racking, piti-
.able, tender, feeling, pungent.
affection, n. 1. See feeling, ailment,
TROUBLE.
2. regard, fondness, liking, bosom (fig.),
attachment (contextual), charity (Chris-
tian religion; archaic), storge (tech.; rare);
spec, dotage, idolization, latrization (rare),
familism; see love.
Antonyms: see dislike, hatred, ab-
horrence, ILL-WILL, indifference.
8. In a medical sense: spec, infection, con-
tagion.
affectionate, a. fond (often spec.), loving,
warm, tender, soft (often spec., and then
colloq. or contemptumts); spec, doting,
spoony (colloq. or slang), fatherly, moth-
erly, sisterly, brotherly.
Antonyms: see indifferent, apa-
thetic, COLD, disagreeable, HATEFUL,
SHARP, STERN.
affiliate, v. t. 1. See join.
2. filiate: spec, father, mother (jvith "on"
or "upon,").
afflrmative, o. predicative, declarative,
declaratory; spec, insistent, insistive
(rare).
afflict, V. t. Spec, strike, beset, smite,
ply; spec, persecute; see trouble, op-
press.
affliction, n. Spec, trial, disability, dis-
ease, misfortune, visitation.
afford, V. t. 1. In the sense of "to have re-
sources or means that are adequate": carry,
manage, bear, go (colloq.), give; — not good
synonyms, but the nearest there are.
2. See FURNISH, YIELD.
afloat, a. 1. fioating.
Antonyms: see aground.
2. overflowed, submerged, flooded,
swamped, swimming; spec, anchorless,
awash.
S. launched, started, afoot, astir, going.
4. adrift.
aforesaid, a. forenamed, forementioned,
said, mentioned, beforesaid, named,
abovesaid, above-mentioned, afore-men-
tioned (rare or archaic). "Aforesaid" is
now chiefly formal or legal.
afraid, a. 1. apprehensive (rare), afeard
(archaic), fearful (obsolete), alarmed, af-
frighted, terrified, frightsome (rare), tim-
orous (rare), funky (slang); spec, panic,
aghast, scary (colloq/).
Antonyms: see bold, reckless.
2. iSee timid, apprehensive.
after, prep. 1. past, beyond, by.
Antonyms: see before.
2. following.
3. In the sense of "according to": to, by.
4. See ABOUT, FOR.
aftermath, n. aftergrowth, rowen (chiefly
^^ Cross references: see Note.
aerial: aimoapheHc, airy, lofty.
aerie: nest.
afolform: gaaeoua.
affiance, v, t: betroth.
affiance, n.; betrothal.
affianced: betrothed.
afflne: t dative.
affinity: rdation. liking, at-
traction.
affirm: swear, state.
affirmable: predicable.
affirmance: statement.
affix, V. t.: add. attach.
affix, n.: addition, prefix, suffix.
afflictive: troublesome.
affluence: abundance, wealth,
affluent, a.: abundant, rich.
affluent, n.: tributary.
affront: insvZt, offend.
afoot: prejjaring, afioai.
afresli: again.
aft: astern.
after, a.: hind, sfubeequent.
tS° See Notes of Explanation!
11
AFTERPIECE
dial. & U.S.), eddish, rowet (dial.); spec.
fog, aftercrop.
afterpiece, n. postlude (music).
aftertaste, n. tang.
afterwards, adv. subsequently, thereupon
(formal), thereon (formal), thereaiter
(formal), so, eft (obs. or archaic), eftsoon
or eftsoons (archaic), later, then.
Antonyms: see before, now.
again, adv. afresh, anew, anon (chiefly lit-
erary), freshly, newly; spec, encore.
age, n. 1. oldness, ancientness, ancientry
(literary), anility (bookish), caducity
(rare), antiquity (chiefly spec), senility
(chiefly spec), eld (archaic and poetic),
ser,ectitude (rare); spec, date, immemori-
alness (rare), epact.
Antonyms: see childhood, rNTANCT,
YOUTH.
2. period, aeon (often tech.), eon, lifetime
(fig.), years (pi.); spec 01am (Hebrew
chronology), kalpa (Hindu cosmology).
Antonyms: see moment.
agency, n. 1. action (contextual), operation
(contexttia[), mediation,' intermediation,
ministry (rare or spec), instrumentality;
spec, hand, working, procurement, pro-
curation.
2. Spec, medium, vehicle, contagion; see
AGENT, MEANS.
3. Spec, factorship, commission, proxy,
mediumship, factorage, delegacy.
agent, n. 1. actor (rare), doer, operator
(contextual), worker (contextual); spec.
reagent, medium, mediary.
Antonyms: see subject.
2. attorney (chiefly tech. or spec), servant
(law), representative, hand (fig.); spec
factor, agency, steward, instrument, in-
strumentality, broker, emissary, almoner,
dummy, intermediary, go-between, en-
voy, lobbyist, minister, proxy, commis-
sary, procurator, consignee, syndic, ne-
gotiant, coagent, comprador (Oriental);
see REPRESENTATIVE.
Antonyms: see principaIi.
8. (See MEANS.
aggravate, v. t. 1. intensify, heighten,
worsen, exacerbate.
Antonyms: see expiate, mitigate, mod-
erate, REDRESS.
2. iSee IRRITATE.
aggregate, n. amount, total, footing, foot,
sum; spec, summation.
aggressive, a. offensive, attacking, push-
fv3 (colloq.); spec, invasive, incursive.
aging, a. senescent (tech.), oldening (rare);
spec, consenescent (rare).
agitate, v. t. 1. In a physical sense: dis>
turb, affect (corUextvM), disquiet, per-
turb, trouble, excite, convulse, toss,
shake, exercise, discompose, turmoil
(rare), tempest (rare), commove or com-
mote (rare); spec, semove (rare), flurry,
betoss (intensive), heave.
Antonyms: see calm, pacift.
2. disturb, trouble, disquiet, perturb,
convulse, demoraUze, solicit (a Latinism;
rare), commove or commote (rare), tem-
pest (rare), turmoil (rare); spec, flutter,
fret, rufile, ripple, undulate, curl, buzz,
flurry, heave, chum; see shake.
Antonyms: see STILL, deaden.
3. See DISCUSS.
agitated, o. 1. In a physical sense: dis-
turbed, shaken, troublous, troubled, un-
quiet; spec, ebullient, boiling, ripply, fret-
ful, ruffled; see rough.
Antonyms: see calm, stagnant, quiet.
2. disturbed, distraught (emphatic; chief-
ly literary), uneasy, tumultuary (emphat-
ic), tumultuous (emphatic), shaken, un-
quiet.
Antonyms: see calm, peaceful, quiet.
agitating, a. disturbing, disquieting, per-
turbing, affecting, etc. Cf. agitate.
Antonyms: see calmative.
agitation, n. 1. Referring to the action on
the mind: disturbance, commotion, de-
moralization, perturbation, excitement,
perturbancy (rare); spec incendiarism,
upheaval, demagogism, ebullition.
2. Referring to the state of mind: turmoil,
tumult, discomposure, unquiet, unquiet-
ness; spec, heat, trepidation, tremble,
twitter (dial. Eng., or colloq., U. S.), twit-
teration (slang), ferment, perturbation,
perturbancy (rare). The words under
sense 1 may also be used in this connection.
Antonyms: see calm.
3. Referring to the physical action: dis-
turbance, commotion, troubUng, toss,
tossing, jactation (chiefly med.), pertur-
bation (rare); spec, upheaval, convulsion,
undulation; see shaking, flitrrt, ruf-
fle, uproar, fret, boiling, excitement.
4. Referring to the physical condition or
manifestation: spec flurry, ruffle, tumult,
curl, fret, ebuUience, ebullition, flutter,
whitecap, cat's-paw; see ripple, shake.
Most of the words uridefr 3 may also be used
in this sense.
Antonyms: see calm.
5. See DISCUSSION, disturbance.
agitator, n. Spec, demagogue.
( ago, adv. back, since.
f^^ Cross references: see Note.
agape: open, wondering.
aged: old.
agglomerate: accumvlaie.
agglutinate: stick.
aggrandize: enlarge, elevate.
aggregate, o. t.: unite, collect,
constitute.
aggression: attack.
aghast: afraid.
agile: nimble.
agog: eager.
T^ See Notes of Explanation.
12
AID
acree, v. i. 1. accord (vnth "to" or "with"),
harmonize, consist (,vnth "with"), answer
(with "to"), correspond {with "with" or
"to"), suit, match, cohere, comport, con-
sort, coincide, jump, tally, hitch (colloq.),
chime, concord {rare), jibe {U. S.; coir-
hq.), gee {colloq.), conform (vnth "with"
or "to").
Antonyms: see disagree, conflict, dif-
fer.
2. accord, harmonize, concur, consent
{archaic), cotton {colloq. or Eng.), assort
{rare).
Antonyms: see object, quarrel.
«. covenant, stipulate, meet, engage,
close, arrange; see promise, contract.
4. See ACCEDE.
agreeable, a. 1. suitable, accordant, ac-
cordable, concordant, harmonious, con-
sonant, fit, answerable, congruous, con-
sentaneous {archaic); see consistent,
CORRESPONDENT.
Antonyms: see inconsistent, unsuit-
able, CONTRADICTORY, INHARMONIOUS.
2. pleasant, suave, nice (o term lacking in
dignity)^ lovely {colloq. or emphatic), gra^
cious, lief {archaic), likable, genial, con-
genial; see affable, good-humobbd,
COMPLAISANT, SMOOTH.
Antonyms: see disagreeable, ill-tem-
pered, ARROGANT, HAUGHTY, HATEFUL,
SURLY, ACRIMONIOUS.
8. See PLEASANT, ACCEPTABLE.
agreeably, adv. 1. well.
2. See ACCORDINGLY.
agreed, a. concerted, stipulated, con-
tracted, covenanted, consented, arranged.
agreeing, a. 1. accordant {obs. or rare),
agreeable {obs. or rare), congruent, con-
sentient, consent! ve {rare), consensual,
consentaneous, concentual {fig.). "Agree-
ing" is not much used as an adjective; the
other terms are rare or literary.
Antonyms: see dissentient, discor-
dant, CONFLICTORY, INHARMONIOUS, DIS-
PUTATIOUS.
2. Referring to sound: assonant, conso-
nant.
agreement, n. 1. accord, accordance, con-
cord, consistence, consistency, coinci-
dence, harmony, chime, correspondence,
concert {literary), concinnity {literary),
consonance, unison, match, consort
{rare), conformity, concentus {rare), line,
keeping, consonancy, congruence, con-
gruity, coherence, conformation; see con-
sistency.
Antonyms: see inconsistency, dis-
agreement, conflict, difference.
2. Referring to the mind: concert, meet-
ing (in "meeting of the minds"; legal), con-
currence, consension {rare), consensus,
consentience {rare), unanimity, under-
standing, concentus {bookish), consent,
{archaic), concent C^.), rapport {French).
Antonyms: see objection, disagree-
ment, QUARREL.
S. Referring to the resvU of the act: en-
gagement, transaction, pact, covenant
{chiefly spec), convention, paction {chiefly
spec.), compact, arrangement, league
{chiefly spec?), bargain, deal, cheap (ar-
chaic); spec, interim, concordat, cartel or
{German) Kartel, sponsion, affiance; see
PROMISE, contract.
4. Of sounds: assonance, consonance.
5. See ACCESSION.
agricultural, a. rural, preedial {literary
or tech.), georgic {literary), georgical {litr-
erary), geofomc {rare).
agriculture, n. husbandry, farming, geo-
fonics {rare; usually pedantic), agronomy
{tech.).
agriculturist, n. husbandman, farmer
{the usual word), agronomist {tech.).
aground, a. grounded, aland {archaic);
spec, ashore, stranded, struck.
Antonyms: see afloat.
ahead, adv. before, on, forward, forth,
forthright {archaic).
Antonyms: see backward.
aid, V. t. I. help, assist, bestead {literary),
comfort {obs. or legal); spec, avail, abet
{in wrongdoing), reUeve, sustain, uphold,
patronize {rare or spec), succor, befriend,
favor, serve, subserve, coassist {rare),
strengthen, speed {archaic), hand; see
SUPPORT.
Antonyms: see hinder, defeat, oppose.
2. further, promote, advance, strengthen,
support, second, foster, nourish, favor,
facilitate, bolster {vnth "up"), boost {col-
loq. or slang; U. S.); spec, prosper, sub-
sidize, encourage, patronize.
Antonyms: see hinder, defeat, blight,
PREVENT, oppose.
aid, n. 1. cooperation {stilted or spec), as-
sistance, help, aidance {rare), comfort
{obs. or legal); spec, abettal or abetment
{in wrongdoing), sustenance {rare or liter-
ary), support, succor, strengthening, ser-
vice, boot {archaic), suppeditation (rare),
sustainment {rare), relief; see support.
Antonyms: see hindrance, defeat, op-
position.
2. furtherance, fosterage, nourishment,
advancement, support, favor, sustain-
ment {rare), promotion, boost {colloq. or
US' Cross references; see Note.
agonize, v. t.: pain.
agonize, v. i.: suffer, struggle.
agony; pain, ecstasy.
agrarian: rural.
sdbead: forward.
XS" See Notes of Explanation.
13
AIDER
v. S.), maintenance, conduce-
ment (rare); spec, patronage.
Antonyms: see obstacle, hindrance,
DEFEAT, PREVENTION, OPPOSITION.
8. See AIDER.
aider, n. 1. helper, associate, assistant,
coadjutor (rare or spec), coadjutant
{rare), helpmate or (the original, but now
the hss usual, form) helpmeet; spec, co-
worker, cooperator, ally, henchman, tool,
stool, decoy, acolyte, second, etc.
2. promoter, fm-therer, favorer, etc. Cf.
AID, V. t.
ail, V. t. 1. Referring to the body: affect,
trouble, distress.
2. Referring to the mind: see trouble.
ailing, a. invalid, indisposed, unwell, ill
(chiefly predicative), sick (chiefly U. S. or
literary); spec, sickness, sickly, sickish,
sicklied (rare), bad (contextual), poorly,
peaked, unhealthy, morbid, puling (col-
loq.), pathological (tech.), pathologic
(rare), down (colloq.), unsound, complain-
ing, infirm, cacochymic (dbs.), maladive
(rare), valetudinarian (rare), valetudi-
nary (rare), invalidish (rare); see dis-
eased.
Antonyms: see well, HEAi/nrr, vigor-
ous, HEARTY.
ailment, n. disorder, ail (rare), complaint,
indisposition, trouble, affection, ill (chiefly
in pi.), illness, sickness, infirmity, weak-
ness; spec, decline; see disease.
aim., V. t. 1. direct, train, level, point, pre-
sent; spec, fire, shoot, sight.
2. Referring to a missile: direct, drive,
peg (colloq.); spec, shoot, throw.
aim, V. i. 1. point, drive; — all also used fig.
2. See INTEND.
aim, n. 1. object, mark, target, shot, visie
(Scot.); spec, butt, bull's-eye, white.
2. marksmanship.
3. See OBJECT.
aimed, a. directed (contextual), pointed;
spec, direct, point-blank, straight.
Antonyms: see aimless.
aimless, a. 1. chance, random, blind,
blindfold (fig.), undirected; spec, harum-
scarum.
Antonyms: see aimed.
2. See PURPOSELESS.
air, n. 1. atmosphere, heaven, aerosphere
(rare); spec, miasma.
2. Spec, manner, action, bearing, atti-
tude, way, domineer (colloq.), bridle,
flirt.
8. Chiefly in pi.: affectation (contextual).
frill (chiefly in pi.; colloq., U. S.); spec.
show, mannerism, style; see pretense.
4. See wind, melody.
airy, o. 1. See atmospheric, gaseous, un-
substantial, light, exposed, windy.
2. light, thin, delicate, tenuous, aerial,
ethereal, etherial, aeriform (rare), celes-
tiarC.^.).
Antonyms: see clumsy, heavy.
3. See exposed.
alar, a. Referring to the wings: alate,
winglike, wing-shaped, winged, alated.
alarm, n. 1. See fear.
2. signal (contextual), alarum; spec, toc-
sin.
alarming, a. frightful, scary (colloq.), ter-
rific (now rare, exc. as an expletive), dread-
ful, dread (rather literary or formal), ter-
rifying, terrible, startling, ghastful (ar-
chaic); see horrible.
Antonyms: see reassuring.
alarmist, n. scaremonger, pessimist, dis-
quietist (rare); spec, terrorist.
alas, inter j. alack, ohone (Scot. & Irish),
ah, woe.
Antonyms: see euhoe.
alcoholic, a. spirituous, hard, ardent,
strong (contextual).
alert, a. 1. See nimble.
2. Referring to mental quality: active,
quick, live (chiefly U. S.), lively, nimble
(rare or contextual), awake; see ready,
watchful.
Antonyms: see sluggish, stupefied.
alertness, n. 1. nimbleness (cf. nimble).
2. activity, liveliness, quickness, nimble-
ness (rare or contextual); spec, watchful-
ness.
alienate, v. t. 1. See transfer.
2. separate, estrange, wean, disunite, dis-
affect; spec, disacquaint.
aligbt, V. i. 1. descend, Hght, perch, settle,
drop, pitch, fall, land; spec, ground; see
lodge.
Antonyms: see rise.
2. See dismount.
3. Spec, detrain.
align, V. t. range, line (with "up"); spec.
coUimate (tech.).
alike, a. 1. same, like, identical, selfsame
(emphatic), twin (of two); spec, oonsub-
stantial, duplicate; see equal.
Antonyms: see different, distinct.
2. See similar.
alikeness, n. 1. sameness, likeness, identi-
ty, etc.
2. See similarity.
f^' Cross references; see Note.
air, V. i.: ventilate, ex-press, dis-
play.
aisle: body, alley,
akin: related.
alack: alas.
alacritous; ready.
alamode: stylish.
alarm, v. t.: frighten.
alarmed: afraid.
alarum: alarm.
alcove: recess.
alias, a.: otherwise.
alias, n.: name.
alien: foreign.
fW See Notes of Explanation.
14
AMALGAMATE
all, a. whole, any (in sentences of universal
exdusion, as in "there is no hope of any
relief," ' I cannot give you any encourage-
ment"), every (distributive), each (implying
separation in consideration or treatment);
— not truly synonyms of "aU" rurr of each
other, but often analogous in use.
Antonyms: see few, many.
all, n. whole, entirety, everything, every-
body; — specific or partial synonyms only.
See WHOLE.
Antonyms: see part, none.
alley, n. Spec, frescade (rare), mall, lane,
aisle (an inaccurate use), bjfway.
alley, n. taw.
all-healing, a. panacean (learned).
allied, a. t. See united, related.
2. In scientific usage: kindred, related,
congeneric, cognate, akin.
Anionym^: see unrelated.
allowance, n. 1. See permission, ac-
knowledgment.
2. Spec, fee, aid, share, subvention, com-
mission, pension, livery (historical), viati-
cum, pin money, quarterage, pittance; see
SUBSIDY, PEE, COMMISSION.
8. Ration (chiefly mil. or formal), feed
(colloq.); spec, dietary.
4. Ins'ports: odds (pi. & sing.), law (tech.);
spec, bisque.
alloy, n. 1. See mixture, admixture.
3. garble (rare); spec, amalgam, spelter
(rare), brass, bronze, latten, temper,
pinchbeck, billon.
alloy, V. t. 1. adulterate, mix, temper;
spec, amalgamate.
Antonyms: see purify.
2. See moderate, mix.
alluvium, n. deposit (coniextiud), wash
(conlexlual) ; spec, geest, drift, gravel,
sand, waste, till, delta, warp.
ally, n. 1. associate, confederate.
Antonyms: see enemy, opponent.
2. In scientific classification: congener.
alms, n. dole, charity; spec, pittance,
maundy (Eng.).
aloft, adx. 1. above (coniexlual), on high;
spec, heaven-high, overhead.
2. See UP.
alone, a. soUtary, only (rare), single
(now rare), sole (archaic), isolated, sep-
arate, lone (poetic or archaic), lonely (em-
Ehatic), lonesome (rare), solus (masc;
atin), sola (fem.; Latin); spec, unac-
companied, unattended, forsaken, de-
serted, abandoned, detached, compan-
ionless, desolate.
alone, adv. 1. soUtary, only (rare), separ
rately, solely, singularly (rare).
2. See ONLY, merely.
aloof, a. apart, distant, off, away.
aloud, adv. 1. out, audibly.
Antonyms: see silently.
2. See loudly.
alphabet, n. Christcross-row (hist, or ar-
chaic), letters (pi); spec, ogham or ogam,
glossic, glossotype, palseotype, futhorc.
also, adv. besides, moreover, more, like-
wise, too, further or (less usual) farther,
yet, similarly, withal (archaic), forby (ar-
chaic), furthermore or (less usual) far-
thermore, therewithal (archaic), eke (ar-
chaic), thereto (archaic).
altar, n. shrine, sanctuary; spec, super-
altar, chantry, marae, thymele. Com-
munion table. Lord's table, Holy table,
table (for short).
alter, v. t. modify, change; spec, interpo-
late; see PALSIEY, CHANGE.
Antonyms: see continue, maintain, fix.
alternate, v. t. interchange, vary, rotate;
see reciprocate.
alternation, n. interchange, interchange-
ableness, variation, rotation; see recipro-
cation.
alternative, n. choice, side, horn (of a
dilemma; rhetoric and logic), disjunction
(logic).
although, conj. notwithstanding, though,
howbeit, albeit, maugre (archaic), despite
(literary or learned).
always, adv. 1. ever (archaic or literary).
XS" Cross references; see Note.
aliment, n..- food.
aliment, v. t: feed.
aUmentary: nutritious.
alimentation; nutrition, feed-
ing, [sensitive.
alive: living, lively, swarming,
allay: appease, abate, mitigate,
moderate, calm.
fUlegation: statement.
allese: state.
allegiance: constancy.
allegorical: metaphorical.
all-embracing: comprehensive.
alleviate: mitigate.
alleTiation: mitigation.
alleviatlve: mitigatory,
alliance: union, confederacy,
relation, amour.
allied; united, related.
allocate: place, apportion, ar-
range.
allocation: placing, apportion-
ment, arrangement.
allot: apportion, appropriate.
allotment: apportionment, ap-
propriation, share.
allow; acknowledge, concede, ap-
portion, permit, grant.
fdlowable: acceptable, permis-
sible.
all-powerlul: omnipotent.
allude; refer.
allure: attract.
allurement: attraction.
alluring: attractive.
allusion: reference.
allusive: referential.
ally, t>. t.: unite, league.
almighty; omnipotent.
almost: about.
almshouse; poorhouse.
along, adv.: lengthwise, for-
ward.
along, prep.: by.
alongside: abreast.
aloof: apart.
already: before.
alterable; cttangeable.
alterative: changing.
altercate: dispute.
altercation: dispute.
alternately; about.
altitude; height.
altogether; absolutely.
amalgam; aZloy, mixture.
amalgamate: aUoy, mix.
V^ See Notes ot Explanation.
15
AMANUENSIS
perpetually, eternally, evermore (archaic
or literary), everlastingly, forever.
Antonyms: see never.
2. See CONSTANTLY.
amanuensis, n. scrivener, scribe, writer; —
(all three contextual); spec, khoja.
amateur, n. Spec, dilettante, Corinthian
(fig.).
anxateurish, a. nonprofessional; spec.
Corinthian (fi^.).
Antonyms: see professional.
amatory, a. erotic, amorous, lovesome
(archaic); spec, gallant (rare), tender,
languorous, languishing, Anacreontic
(rare), Sapphic (rare), siUy (rare orcolloq.),
spoony (colloq. or slang); spec, toysome,
erotomaniac, nymphomaniac.
Antonyms: see man-hating, woman-
hating, APATHETIC.
ambiguous, a. uncertain, doubtful, equivo-
cal, dilogical (rare), double, questionable,
mistakable; spec, left-handed, oracular.
Antonyms: see definite, TrNQUBSTiON-
ABLE.
ambition, n. 1. See desire.
2. energy, activity, push (colloq.), emula-
tion, aspiration.
ambitious, a. 1. See desirous.
2. energetic, active, pushing (colloq.),
pushful (coUoq.); spec. Icarian (fig.).
Antonyms: see lazy, unambitious.
3. Referring to a person, his imagination,
etc.: spec, bold, audacious, aspiring, soar-
ing.
4. Referring to what shows ambition: spec.
bold, audacious; see pretentious, showy.
Anionyms: see simple.
amble, n. Spec, jog-trot, dog-trot, niggle;
see pace.
ambush, n. trap (contextual), ambuscade,
ambushment, bhnd, bushment (obs.).
ambush, v. t. trap (contextual), waylay,
ambuscade, forelay (obs. or dial.), wait
(archaic).
ambush, v. i. wait (archaic), lurk (rare).
amend, v. t. 1. improve, reform, mend
(rare or dial.), rectify (rare); see cobrect,
REDRESS.
Antonyms: see spoil, impair.
2. See REFORM.
amendable, o. improvable, corrigible, re-
formable; see corrigible.
amendment, n. 1. improvement, reform,
reformation; spec, progress; see correc-
tion, redress.
2. See reformation.
amidst, prep. 1. Referring to position in
or near the middle: amid (poetic or formal),
mid or often (as an aphetic form) 'mid
(poetic), midst or often (as an aphetic
form), 'midst (archaic).
2. See among.
ammunition, n. supplies (pi.; contextual),
munition (often in pi.); spec, missiles
(pi.), archery, powder, shot (pi.), bullets
(pi.), shell (pi.), etc.
among, prep, amongst (less ysual than
among, esp. in the primary local sense),
amidst, in.
amount, n. 1. See SUM, AGGREGATE,
quantity.
2. deal, lot (colloq.); spec, quantity.
amount, v. i. total.
amour, n. 1. See love.
2. love affair, loves (pi.), intrigue (corir-
textual), gallantry, alliance (contextual),
amourette (dim.); spec, intimacy (euphe-
mistic) ; see courtship.
amputate, v. t. sever (contextual); spec.
prune.
amulet, n. periapt (rare), charm, talis-
man; spec, phylactery.
amusing, a. diverting, light, funny, odd
(colloq.), good, dehcious; see laughable.
Antonyms: see dull, sad, serious,
SOBER.
analogous, a. parallel, correlative, corre-
sponding, similar, cognate, equivalent,
correspondent.
Antonyms: see opposite, contrasting.
analogue, n. parallel, correlative, corre-
late (rare), parallelism, equivalent.
Antonyms: see opposite, contrast.
analogy, n. parity (rather literary or learn-
ed), correlation, equivalence, parallelism,
proportion (rare), similarity, correspond-
ence.
Antonyms: see contrast, opposition.
analysis, n. 1. separation, resolution, dis-
section, division, anatomy (fig.), reduc-
tion; spec, partition, pilpul; see decom-
position, disintegration.
2. In grammar: parsing, construction;
spec, scansion.
analytical, a. divisive, resolvent, separa-
tive.
Antonyms: see composittvb.
analyze, v. t. 1. separate, resolve, dissect,
anatomize (fig.); spec, partition; see de-
compose, disintegrate.
^^ Cross references: see Note.
amass: accumulate.
amaze: surprise.
amazement: surprise.
amazing: surprising.
ambit: circuit, bound.
ambrosial: divine, fragrant.
ameliorate: improve, mitigate.
amenable: accountable.
amends : compensation.
amenity: pleasantness.
amerce: fine.
amiable: lovable, kindly.
amicable: friendly,
amiss: wrong.
amity: peace.
amnesty: /or^et/uZness, pardon.
amorous: amatory.
amorphous: formless.
ample: abundant, adequate.
amplify: enlarge
amplitude: aburtdance, size,
amuse: divert.
amusement: diversion.
fW See Notes of Explanation.
16
ANNEXED
Antonyms: see compose.
2. In grammar: parse, construe; spec.
scan.
anarchical, a. lawless, ungovemed.
Antonyms: see law-abiding.
anarchistic, a. red {colloq.), lawless; spec.
nihilistic, dynamitic.
anarchy, n. misrule, lawlessness; spec.
nihilism, dynamitism.
Antonyms: see government.
anatomize, v. t. dissect; spec, hominisect,
vivisect.
anatomy, n. 1. dissection; spec, homini-
section, caUisection, sentisection, vivisec-
tion, phytotomy, topography, zootomy.
2. jSee SKELETON, ANALYSIS.
ancestor, n. predecessor {contextual), an-
cestry (o collective), forebear (orig. Scot.;
now literary), stock (o collective), fore-
elder {rare), forerunner; spec, root {fig.),
patriarch, progenitor, forefather, father,
ancestress, grandam {literary; fig.), pro-
genitress, progenitrix, foremother {rare).
Antonyms: see descendant, offspring.
ancestral, a. forefatherly; spec, patrimon-
ial, hereitary.
ancestry, n. lineage, progeniture.
anchor, t. Spec, kedge, bower, sheet
anchor, killick {chiefly Eng.), grapnel.
2. iSee HOLD.
anchorage, n. riding, berth {contextual);
spec, harborage, roadstead, road.
ancient, a. jid {contextual), early {con^
textual), primitive, high, pristine (usually
in a good sense), vetus {Latin); spec, pre-
historic; see ANTIQUATED, OBSOLETE.
Antonyms: see new, modern, recent.
ancillary, a. auxiliary, subordinate.
andiron, n. fire-dog or {for short) dog.
anecdote, n. account {contextual), inci-
dent {contextual); spec, haggada.
angel, n. 1. spirit {contextual), celestial
{contextual); spec, cherub, seraph, virtue,
archangel, principality, power, throne,
dominion, Ariel, BeUal, Gabriel.
2. See MINISTER, DEMON, GENIUS.
angelic, a. 1. celestial {contextual), se-
raphic {chiefly spec), cherubic {chiefly
spec).
2. iSee HEAVENLY.
anger, n. ill-temper {contextual), displeas-
ure {contextual), choler {literary), ire {lit-
erary), wrath, indignation, indignance
{rare), indignancy {rare), spleen, dudgeon
(archaic), madness {colloq.), vexation,
gaJI, bile, heat, mad (slang; colloq., U. S.,
or died.), dander (colloq., U. S., or dial.),
despite (archaic), corruption (colloq. or
dial.), irritation (contextual); spec, fury,
frenzy, rage, passion, furiousness, exas-
peration, furiosity (rare).
Antonyms: see pleasure.
anger, v. t. exasperate madden, provoke,
incense, inflame, excite (contextiml); spec
chafe, enrage, infuriate, huff (coUoq.).
Antonyms: see please.
angle, n. 1. corner, bend (primarily spec),
point; spec, cant, nook, elevation, de-
pression, shoulder, elbow, knee, crotch,
cusp, buU's-nose.
2. See POINT, FISHHOOK, ASPECT.
angry, a. displeased, wrathful, wrathy
(colloq.), incensed, irate or ireful (literary),
wroth {rhetorical), dark {fig.), hot (colloq.),
heated, black (fig.), mad (colloq.), riley
(colloq., U. S.), huffy {colloq.), exasper-
ated, wood (archaic); spec furious, in-
furiated, infuriate {literary), passionate,
impassionate {rare), rabid, raging, in-
dignant, fevered, fiery, high, rough.
Antonyms: see pleased, apathetic, un-
IMP ASSIGNED.
angular, a. cornered, sharp, edgy, ab-
rupt, cranky (esp. dial.; Eng.), angulous
(rare).
Antonyms: see straight, curved.
animal, n. 1. organism {contextual); spec.
invertebrate, vertebrate, brute, beast,
zoon (tech.), vermin, creature {in U. S.
esp. of cattle), fauna (o collective), flesh (a
collective). "Animal," except in technical
usage, is generally distinguished from
"man" and also is chiefly used of verte-
brates.
2. Spec beasthness, brutality, bestiality,
brutishness, blood (fig.).
animal, a. 1. Spec, bestial, brutal, brut-
ish, zooid (tech.), zoic (tech.), holozoic
(tech.).
Antonyms: see spiritual, human, veg-
etable, MINERAL.
2. See SENSUAL, unreasoning.
animate, v. t. 1. energize, inspire, quicken
(archaic), vivify, vitalize, enliven {rare),
actuate (contextiml), inform (literary or
spec), imbue, activate {tech.), spirit
(rare); spec, pervade, revive, raise, spir-
itualize.
Antonyms: see kill, paralyze.
2. See enliven, incite, encourage.
ankle, n. tarsus (tech.).
anneal, v. t. temper, toughen; spec. bake.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
anathema: curse.
anchoret: religious, hermit.
anchorless: afloat.
anclentness: age.
snent: abrnU.
anew: ogam.
anguish: pain.
animadTersion: comment, cen-
sure.
animadvert: comment.
anlmalize: brutalize.
animated: living, active.
animosity: iZl-'wiU.
annex; add, attach.
annexation: addition, attach-
ment.
annexed: adjunct.
fS" See Notes ot Explanation.
17
ANNIHILATE
annihilate, v. t. abolish (contextual), de-
stroy, obliterate, dissolve, nullify (rare),
efface (contexlvm), uncreate, blot {cori/-
textual), unmake (rare), extinguish, an-
nul (rare), discreate {rare), nothing (rare);
see EXTIRPATE.
Antonyms: see create, preserve.
anniversary, n. mind day (obs.); spec.
centenary, centennial, triennial quadren-
nial, quinquennial, sextennial, septennial,
octennial, decennial, birthday, birthnight,
jubilee, year day (obs.).
annotate, v. t. gloze, gloss, commentate
(rare); spec, marginahze (rare), margin,
interUneate.
annotation, n. 1. Referring to the act:
glozing, glossing, commentation (rare).
2. Referring to the result: comment (con-
textvm), note (contextual), gloss, schoUum
(tech.), gloze; spec, margin (rare), mar-
ginaUa (pi.), interUneary, postil (hist.).
annotator, n. commentator, glossist, glos-
sator, glosser, glossographer (rare), scho-
hast (tech.).
announce, v. t. advertize, intimate, de-
clare, tell, herald, bruit (literary), notify,
signify, signal, annunciate, enunciate (for-
mal), enounce (rare); spec, sound, usher,
call, denounce, presage, advertize, bill,
post, cry, bulletin; see proclaim.
Antonyms: see hide.
announcement, n. intimation, annunci-
ation, notification, declaration, notice,
advertizement, enunciation (formal); spec.
indiction, banns (pi.), bulletin, obituary,
obit (archaic), proclamation.
annoy, v. t. distress (contextual), disturb
(contextual), vex, touch, plague, tor-
ment, harass, irk (archaic), curry (fig.),
pester, exulcerate (archaic), fret, molest
(archaic), displeasure (rare); spec, nag,
rag (colloq. or slang), ruffle, pinprick, ear-
wig, bore; see irritate, trouble, tease.
Antonyms: see please, elate, pac-
ify, CALM.
annoyance, n. 1. distress (contextual),
disturbance (contextuul), harassment, ex-
ulceration (rare), molestation (archaic);
see irritation.
S. Referring to what annoys: vexation,
plague, thorn, torment, pest, pester, nui-
sance, gall, bore ; see irritation, trouble.
Antonyms: see comport.
3. Referring to the state of mind: vexa-
tion, displeasure, disquiet, ruffle; see ir-
ritation.
annoying, a. displeasing (contextu/d), vex-
atious, plaguesome (colloq.), plaguey (col-
loq.), thorny, painful, worrisome, irksome.
Antonyms: see calmative, sedative.
annual, a. yearly.
annular, o. ring-shaped, round (context-
ual), annulated, annulate, cricoid (tech.;
chiefly spec.).
anoint, v. t. anele (archaic), oint (archaic),
inunct (chiefly spec; rare), smear (now
only contemptuous); spec, oil, grease,
chrism, balsam, salve.
anonymous, a. nameless, unnamed, un-
known (a loose contextual use).
another, o. Spec, second, other (archaic
or rare), different.
answer, v. i. 1. Referring to making de-
fense against a charge, as in law: defend,
plead (law); spec, reply, rejoin, rebut,
surrejoin, surrebut.
2. reply, respond, retort, return (context-
ual), rejoin, rephcate (rare); spec, sub-
join, recriminate.
3. react, respond; spec, counteract.
4. See AGREE, SERVE.
answer, v. t. 1. As in law: defend.
2. reply, respond, retort, rejoin, say (cotir
textual), replicate (rare).
Antonyms: see question.
3. acknowledge; spec, receipt.
4. solve.
5. See SATISFY, settle.
answer, n. 1. As used in law: defense,
plea; spec, rebutter, reply, rejoinder,
rephcation, surrejoinder, surrebutter.
2. reply, response, retort; spec, coun-
terblast, countercharge, contraremon-
strance, repartee, antiphony, subjoinder,
oracle, anthem.
Antonyms: see question.
3. acknowledgment; spec, receipt.
4. solution.
5. reaction, response.
answering, a. responsive, replying, re-
sponsory (obs.).
antedate, v. 1. 1. precede (in time), predate.
Antonyms: see postdate.
2. mistime (contextual), anachronize
(rare).
antediluvian, a. prediluvian, antedilu-
vial, predUuvial.
anteprandial, a. preprandial; — both rare.
anteroom, n. vestibule; spec, hall, lobby,,
antechamber.
anthem, n. respond (rare), responsory;
spec, offertory.
tW Cross references: see Note.
anomalous:
abnormal.
antagonize: oppose.
anon: soon.
again.
antecede: precede, hiousness,
antecedence: precedence, pr«-
annul: abolish, invalidate.
answerable:
accountable, ac'
annulus: ring.
ceptable.
antecedent: preceding, previa
annunciate : announce.
antagonism
: opposition.
ous.
annunciation: announcement.
antagonist:
opponent, compett-
antecessor: predecessor.
annunciatory: prodamatory.
tor.
anterior: previous, fore.
iW See Notes of Explanation.
18
APPALL
anthologyf n. posy (rare), florilegium
(rare).
anticipate, v. t. 1. preconceive, foresee
(fig.), precognosce (rare); spec, hope,
reckon (itsed with "that" and a dependent
clause), suspect, forefeel (rare), forebode,
intuit (rare or tech.); see expect, fore-
taste.
2. forestall, forerun, devance (rare), fore-
come (rare), prevent (rare).
anticipation, n. I. presentiment, fore-
sight, preconception, preassurance (rare);
spec, lorefeeling (rare), reckoning, fore-
boding, hope, prolepsis, intuition; see
expectation.
2. forestalment, prevenience (rare), pre-
vention (rare); spec, prevenance.
anticipatory, a. 1. anticipant, anticipa-
tive, precognoscent (rare), presentient
(rare); spec, proleptic (rare); see expect-
ant, HOPEFUL.
2. anticipant, prevenient (learned), pre-
venting (rare).
antlcllmaz, n. bathos (learned), come-
down (colloq.).
antidote, n. remedy (contextual), alexi-
pharmic (learned), Theriac (archaic; fig.),
mithridate (obs. or hist.), counterpoison,
obvietam (obs. or hist.); spec, counter-
charm, countervenom, bezoar (archaic).
Antonyms: see poison.
antiquarian, n. antiquary; spec, archae-
ologist, archseologer (rare), palseologist.
antlquarlanlsm, n. Spec, palseology,
archaeology.
antlquate, V. t. age, outdate, unmodern-
ize (rare).
antiquity, n. 1. age (contextiud) , old (ar-
chaic or poetic), oldness, ancientness.
2. Referring to the people of antiquity: eld
(archaic or poetic); spec, foreworld (rare).
Antonyms: see modeknness, newness,
EECBNCT.
8. See RELIC.
antlers, n. pi. head, attire; — both collec-
tives, and hunting terms.
anvil, n. stithj; (rare); spec, teest.
anxiety, n. distress (contextual), trouble
(contextual), care, disquiet, concern, con-
cernment, uneasiness, suspense, solici-
tude; see APPREHENSION.
anxious, a. distressed (contextiud), trou-
bled (contextual), careful (rare), uneasy,
concerned, soUcitous; see timid, appre-
hensive. -
Antonyms: see careless, bold, calm,
confident.
anybody, n. any one.
anyhow, adv. anyways, anyway, anywise.
anything, n. aught (literary), ought (the
less ustial spelling).
apart, a. 1. separate, aloof, away, aside;
spec, distant, foreign.
2. See unrelated.
apart, adv. 1. separately, aside, away,
aloof, asunder.
Antonyms: see together, adjacent,
touching.
2. independently.
apathetic, a. dull, phlegmatic, calm (con-
textual), cold, sluggish, cold-blooded, in-
ert (literary or learned), impassive, indif-
ferent, insensible, nerveless, torpid, tor-
pent (rare); spec, languid, languishing,
languorous, listless, letlmrgic, inexcitable,
lackadaisical.
Antonyms: see eager, excited, ardent,
angry, impetuous, compassionate,
emotional, emphatic, energetic, sus-
ceptible, SPIRITED, amatory, AFFEC-
TIONATE, HATEFUL, etc.
apathy, n. dullness, sluggishness, inert-
ness (literary or learned); spec, languor,
torpor, lethargy, lassitude, calm (context-
vm), etc.
apiece, adv. individually, each, severally.
apostasy, n. 1. recreancy, tergiversation
(rare), abandonment, perversion, seces-
sion, lapse, relapse. Cf. backslide.
Antonyms: see constancy.
2. See desertion.
apostate, n. 1. renegade, recreant, turn-
coat, pervert or (colloq.) vert, transfuge
(rare), tergiversator (rare); spec, back-
sUder.
2. See deserter.
apostate, a. recreant.
apostatize, v. i. 1. renegade, secede, re-
tS' Cross references: see Note.
antic, a.; grotesque, frisky, buf-
foonish.
antlo, n.: buffoon, caper.
anticipant: arUicipaiory, ex-
pectant,
antifebrile: febrifuge.
antipathy: aversion, abhor-
rence, incompatibility.
antipodal: opposite.
antipodes: underworld.
antipyretic: febrifuge.
antiquated: old, old-fashioned,
abaoJele, chronic.
antique: old, old-fashion^.
antithesis: contrast.
antithetic: contrasting.
antitype: foreshadow.
antler: horn.
anyway, anyways
apace: rapidly.
apache: desperado.
apartment: room, suite,
ape, n.; simian, imitator.
ape, V. t,: imitate.
apelike: simian.
aperient : cathartic.
aperture: opening.
apex: top, cusp, height.
aphorism: saying.
apiary: beehive.
apish: simian, imitative.
aplomb, a.: vertical.
aplomb, 71.; assurance, verti-
cality.
apocalypse: revelation, dis-
closure.
apocalyptic: revelatory.
apologetic: justificatory, ex-
cusatory.
apologist: justifier, excuser.
apologue: fable,
apology: jitstification, excuse,
substitute.
apophthegm: saying.
apostrophe: address.
apotheosize: deify.
appall: frighten, dismay.
iS' See Notes of Explanation.
19
APPANAGE
lapse, lapse, fall, vert {coUoq., Eng.); see
BACKSLIDE.
2. See DESERT.
appanage, n. adjunct, appurtenance, pro-
prium {tech.), property {contextual); spec.
perquisite, prerogative.
apparatus, n. 1. rigging, machine, ma-
chinery, mechanism, gear, plant, enginery
{often fig.); spec, tackle.
2. See INSTRUMENT, EQUIPMENT.
apparent, a. I. See evident.
2. seeming, ostensible, ostensive {rare),
semblable {rare or literary), evident (rare);
spec, phenomenal, external, sensible; see
PROFESSED.
Antonyms: see hidden, actual.
apparently, adv. seemingly, etc., methinks
{archaic and usually poetic). Cf. appar-
ent, 2.
apparition, n. 1. See appearance.
2. specter, appearance, phantasm, phan-
tom, image, show, shadow, umbrage {lit-
erary), idol {literary or learned), phasm
{rare), shape {now rare or contextual),
phantast {rare), phantasma {rare), eido-
lon {learned); spec, double, wraith, fetch,
double - ganger, bogy, boodie {Scot.),
epiphany, Christophany, blue-devils {col-
loq?), illusion; see ghost, semblance.
apparitional, a. phantom, phantasmic
{rare), phantasmal.
appeal, v. i. 1. turn; spec, refer; cf. ap-
peal, n., 2.
2. apply, ask, pray, sue, entreat {rare),
cry 0^.), plead, go {contextual; esp. with
"up"), petition.
appeal, n. 1. As used in law: counter-
plea {rare); spec, recusation, plaidoyer.
2. appUcation, turning, reference, address
{rare), prayer; spec, memorial.
3. appUcation, request, asking, call, cry,
prayer, entreaty, plea, suit; spec, oath,
captation.
4. See ATTRACTION.
appear, v. i. 1. show {now colloq.), emerge,
issue, peer {archaic), spring {chiefly spec),
offer, develop, come {contextual); spec.
figure, rise, sparkle, coappear, compear
(law), issue, loom, glimpse {archaic).
Antonyms: see disappear, vanish.
2. See SEEM.
appearance, n. 1. appearing, manifesta^
tion, show {colloq.), rise, apparition
(learned); spec, shadow, reapparition,
avatar, glimpse, outcrop, gleam.
Antonyms: see disappearance.
2. species {tech.), phase, guise, aspect, fig-
ure, look, favor {archaic), face, form,
shape, surface, shadow, phantasm, ghost,
complexion, cast, color, show {now rhetor-
ical or poetic, exc. as referring to an illasory
or deceiving appearance), portraiture
{rare), visage {rare); spec, perspective,
smoke, facies {natural hist); see aspect.
3. phenomenon; spec, meteor {esp. tech.).
A. semblance; spec, likeness.
5. jSee apparition.
appease, v. t. 1. See satisfy, pacift.
2. slake, quench, assuage, allay, mitigate,
lay {archaic); see satisfy.
appeasement, n. 1. See satisfaction.
2. slaking, assuagement, etc. Cf. ap-
pease, 2.
appendage, n. 1. attachment, pendicle
{chiefly Scot.), codicil {Jig. or spec); spec.
chatelaine, chatelaine {French), fob, pen-
dant, tang, crook.
2. See process.
appendix, n. attachment, addition, codi-
cil {fig. or spec); spec, excursus.
appetite, n. 1. belly {fig.), hunger, desire,
craving, maw {fig. or spec); spec, malacia
{tech.); see thirst.
Antonyms: see disgust, surfeit.
2. See desire.
applaud, V. t. Spec acclaim, clap, cheer,
encore, chirrup {Eng.; slang), claque
{cant or slang); see praise.
Antonyms: see condemn, censure.
applaud, V. i. Spec, acclaim, clap, cheer,
huzza, stomp.
applause, n. 1. See praise.
2. Referring to what is done hy way of
praise: spec plaudit {chiefiy in pi.), hand-
clap, clap, hozanna, huzzas {pi.).
Antonyms: see condemnation, censure.
apple, n. pome {poetic).
apple- shaped, a. pomiform {tech.).
applicable, a. 1. See ADAPTABliE.
2. suitable, usable, adaptable, devotable;
spec, appropriate, appropriable.
application, n. 1. apposition, touching.
2. constancy {contextual), assiduity, de-
votion, apphance, seduhty {rare), sedu-
lousness, intentness, diligence, industry,
attention.
Antonyms: see changeableness, indo-
lence.
3. resort, recourse, recurrence.
4. See ASKING, APPEAL, APPKOPRIATION.
5. Spec, poultice, plaster, epithem, stupe,
lotion, foment, wash, ointment, cerate.
|^= Cross references: see Note.
appellative: name.
appertain: belong, relate.
apparel, n.: clothing.
append: attach.
appetency: desire, inclination.
apparel, v. t.: clothe.
appendant: accessory, result-
appetize: relish.
apparency: evidency.
ing.
appetizing: palatable.
appeasable: padfiable, satisfi-
apperceire: perceive.
appliance: applicaiion, in-
ahle.
apperception: perception, in-
strument.
appellation: naming, name.
telligence.
applicant: asker.
iS" See Notes of Explanation.
20
APPROPRIATE
apply, V. t. 1. put {with "to," "on," or
"upon"), use {ivith "to," "on," or
"upon"), lay {with "to," "on," or "upon"),
bestow {archaic); spec, misapply.
2. direct, concentrate, give, devote, ad-
dress, bend, buckle, put, keep, ply {rare or
dial.); see addict.
8. See APPROPRIATE, RELATE.
apply« "• i. i- bear {toith "on" or "upon"),
hold, subsist.
S. address {rare), turn, run, resort, go
{contextual); see appeal.
appoint, V. t. 1. ordain, prescribe, fix, or-
der, frame, establish, determine, preap-
point, decree, direct, set, destine, fore-
ordain^ dispose; spec, redetermine.
2. designate, assign, constitute, set, fix,
limit, settle, cast; spec, commission,
place, name, detail, depute, deputize
{V. S.), delegate, prick, nominate, des-
tine, attach, determine, predetermine,
locate; see apportion, appropriate.
Antonyms: see forbid.
8. See EQUIP.
appointed, a. fixed, ordained, determined,
set, etc.
appointment, n. 1. ordinance, ordina-
tion, ordainment, establishment, disposi-
tion, determination, prescription, decree,
direction, settlement, foreordination, pre-
determination.
S. designation, constitution, settlement,
limitation; spec, commission, deputation,
indiction, destination, determination,
etc.; see apportionment, appropria-
tion.
8. engagement, assignation, tryst {liter-
ary), meeting, date {colloq.).
4. See equip.
apportion, v. t. portion {less usual than "ap-
portion"), assign, appoint, allow, allocate,
allot, admeasure, measure {archaic or fig.),
award, mete {rare), give {contextual), dis-
tribute, deal {chiefly spec); spec, award,
limit {U. S. & Canada), dole, admeasure
{rare).
apportionment, n. assignment, appoint-
ment, allowance, allotment, etc. Cf. ap-
portion.
appreciative, a. sensible, sensitive.
Antonyms: see unappreciative.
apprehension, n. fear {vnth "lest" or
"that"), anxiety {toith "lest"), solicitude
{with "lest"), scruple {rare).
apprehensive, a. fearful {with "of," "lest,"
or "thai"), anxious {with "for fear thai"),
solicitous {wiih "lest"), afraid {with
"that"). "Apprehensive" is used vnth
"of," "lest," or "that."
Antonyms: see hopeful.
apprehensiveness, n. fearfulness, anxi-
ety, soUcitude, fear.
approacli, v. i. 1. near^ advance {context-
ual), approximate, mgh {rare), advene
{rare), accede (rare), appropinquate
{rare); spec, borrow, verge, draw, board,
converge, come.
Antonyms: see depart.
2. approximate {as in quality, form, etc.),
near (rare); spec, resemble.
8. come {contextual); — referring to what
draws near in time.
approach, v. t. near, approximate {ar-
chaic), appropinquate {rare), anear (ar-
chaic).
Antonyms: see avoid, leave.
approach, n. 1. nearing, approximation,
advance (contextual); spec, convergence.
Antonyms: see avoidance, divergence.
2. coming.
3. In pi.: advances (pi.).
4. access; spec, entrance.
approaching, a. 1. nearing, advancing;
spec, convergent, connivent (tech.), com-
ing.
2. See COMING (in time).
appropriate, ». 1. 1. take, spheterize (rare);
spec, misappropriate, condemn, arrogate,
convert, embezzle, foreclose, secrete,
pocket, usurp; see convert, steal, con-
nSCATE.
Antonyms: see abandon, relinquish,
forgo.
2. assign, appoint, allot, apply, devote,
dedicate (spec, or archaic), design; spec.
reserve, misapply, misappropriate.
8. See ASCRIBE.
appropriate, a. 1. See peculiar.
a. becoming, suitable, fit, fitting, meet,
condign (of punishment), felicitous (ac^
tion, remark, etc.), convenient (archaic),
convenable (obs.), feat (archaic), compe-
tent (archaic), likely, proper, appropriate,
apposite, pat (chiefly spec), apt, good,
right, sortable (archaic), idoneous (rare),
concinnous (rare), congruous; spec, happy,
decent, graceful, applicable; see timely.
Antonyms: see unsuitable, untimely.
ISf^ Cross references: see Note.
apposite: apprtypriate, relative.
apposition: applicaU(m, re-
lalion.
appraisal: valuation.
appraise: value.
appraisement: valuation.
appreciable: perceptible.
appreciate: value, feel, advance.
appreciation: valuation, feel-
ing, advance, understanding.
appreciative: sensitive.
apprehend: arrest, capture,
perceive, understand, expect,
fear.
apprehensible: understand-
able, perceptible.
apprehension: arrest, capture.
intelligence, perception, expecta-
tion, fear. \gent.
apprehensive: afraid, inteUi-
apprise: notify, inform.
approachable: accessible, af-
fable.
approbate: approve, admire.
approbation: approval, ad-
miration.
t9° See Notes at Explanation.
21
APPROPRIATELY
appropriately, adx. becomingly, suitably,
etc., apropos. C/. appropriate, a., 2.
appropriateness, n. becomiagness, suit-
ability, fitness, felicity, etc.
appropriation, n. taking, application;
spec, confiscation, arrogation, allotment,
secretion, etc. Cf. appropriate, v. t.
approval, n. approbation, support, sanc-
tion, imprimatur (spec, or fig^, indorse-
ment, countenance, acceptance; spec, fa-
vor, fancy, auspices, visi (French); see
admiratign, praise, liking.
approve, v. t. approbate (rare; chiefly
Eng.), sanction, support, countenance,
sustain, pass, indorse, second; spec, en-
courage, preconize (rare), favor, vis6; see
LIKE, praise, admire.
Antonyms: see condemn, reprove, cen-
sure.
approximate, a. rough, round, close, near;
— referring to approximations, numbers, etc.
appurtenance, n. accessory, belonging,
appurtenant; spec, paraphernalia (pi.),
incident (law), reqmsite, property (thea^
ters), props (pi.; theaters); see accessory,
APPANAGE.
aquiline, a. Referring to the nose: hawk-
nosed (rare or opprobrious), beaked,
hooked, Roman.
Antonyms: see pug-nosed, snub.
arable, o. plowable, tillable.
arable, n. infield (Brit.), earthland (rare),
plowland.
arbitrary, a. 1. See absolute, capri-
cious, tyrannical, autocratic.
2. High-handed, willful, high (colloq.).
arbor, n. bower; spec, pergola, pandal
(Anglo-Indian).
arboreal, a. arboral, arboreous, arborous,
dendral (rare).
arcade, n. passage (contextual); spec, clois-
ter, loggia (Italian).
arch, n. cove (the ordinary hollow arch),
fornix (Latin); spec, ogive, skewback,
conch, concha, vault, invert, concamera-
tion (rare), span.
arch, V. t. 1. cove, vault (chiefly spec), em-
bow (literary), concamerate (rare); spec.
hog, hump, hunch.
a. span, overvault (rare), overarch.
archer, n. sagittary (rare), bowman, bow-
yer (rare); spec. Sagittarius.
architect, n. builder (contextual), maker
(rare), constructor (contextual), master
builder (tech.); spec, ecclesiologist.
architecture, TO. structure, building, con-
struction; spec, ecclesiology.
ardent, a. 1. /See BURNING, HOT, ALCOHOLIC.
2. eager, impetuous, hot, warm, fiery,
burning, fierce, fervent, glowing, feverish,
fervid, perfervid (emphatic for "fervid";
rare), zealous, passionate, enthusiastic or
enthusiastical (both archaic).
Antonyms: see apathetic, indifferent.
ardor, TO. eagerness, impetuosity, ardency,
fervor, fever, feverishness, heat, glow,
warmth, fire, 61an (French), fieriness, ve-
hemence, zeal, flame, spirit, soul, verve
(literary or bookish), ferventness, fervid-
ity (rare), perfervor (rare), enthusiasm
(archaic).
Antonyms: see apathy, indifeerbnce.
area, TO. 1. Referring to an extent of land:
extent, space, expanse, tract, circuit, com-
pass, field, sphere, range, scope, ground
(contextual), size, stretch; spec, sheet, ter-
rain, terrane; see PIECE.
2. extent, expanse, space, room {,now
chiefly spec).
arena, to. 1. Spec circus, amphitheater,
cirque, ring, lists (pi.), cockpit
2. ^ee sphere.
argument, re. 1. reason (contextual); spec.
silencer, fallacy, sophism, sockdologer
(slang, U. S.), settler (colloq.), dilemma;
see reason.
2. See discussion, dispute.
aright, adv Spec rightly, correctly, just-
ly, properly.
arise, v. i. 1. See rise.
2. originate, spring, issue, rise, proceed,
emerge, come, grow, flow, accrue, begin;
see OCCUR, result.
Antonyms: see die.
arising, TO. 1. See rise
2. origination, spring, rise, beginning,
birth, etc. Cf. arise, v. i., 2.
aristocracy, to. 1. Referring to a form or
principle of government: optimacy (rare) ,
patriciate (rare).
Antonyms: see democracy.
2. See NOBILITY.
3. As a collective: quahty (chiefly archaic
or dial.).
IS" Cross references: see Note.
aqueduct: channel.
archetypal: original.
approximate: approach.
aqueous: watery.
archetype: original, pattern.
approximately: about.
arbiter: judge, master.
archipelago: sea.
approximation: approach.
arbitrate: decide, judge.
ardency: ardor.
appulse: impact.
arbitration: decision, judgment.
arduous: difficult, labori<ms.
appurtenance: property.
arbitrator: judge.
argent: silvery.
appurtenant, a.: accessory.
arbor: axle.
argillaceous: clayey.
appurtenant, n.: accessory.
arborescent: branching.
argosy: ship.
aprlorl: deductive.
arc: curve, band.
argot: jargon, dialect.
apropos: timely, appropriately.
Arcadian: rural.
arguable: questionable.
apt: ready, appropriate, die-
arch, a.: chief.
argue: discuss, dispute, mean.
posed.
archaic: old-fashioned.
arid: dry, uninteresting.
iS" See Notes of Explanation.
22
ARSIS
aristocrat, n. patrician {learned), op-
timate (learned); see noble.
aristocratic, a. 1. See noble.
2. patrician {rare). [common.
Antonyms: see democbatic, plbbelajst,
arm, n. 1. wing {colloq. or humorous, exc.
spec.); spec, brachium, humerus, forearm.
9. branch; spec, inlet, estuary, fiord or
fjord; see BRANCH.
8. projection; spec, transept, jib, davit,
fluke, crane; see boom.
4. See POWER, WEAPON, SLEEVE.
arm, v. t. t. equip; spec, panoply, heel,
lead (ISd), forearm.
2. <S>ee ARMOR.
armed, a. equipped (rare); spec, pano-
plied, forearmed.
Antonyms: see trNARMBD.
armhole, n. 1. See armpit.
2. armseye (tech.), scye (rare).
armor, n. Spec, panoply, mail, bard.
armor, v. t. 1. Referring to man or horse:
arm, mail; spec, panoply, helm (archaic
or poetic).
2. Referring to a vessel, aeroplane, etc.:
protect (contextital) , plate, mail (rare).
armored, a. mailed, mail-clad; spec, pano-
plied, loricate, iron-clad.
armpit, n. armhole, axilla (tech.).
arms, n. t. armament, armor (obs. or rare);
see WEAPON.
2. In heraldry: coat of arms or (for short)
coat, bearings (pi.; often in sing/), blazon,
ensign, blazonment, blazom-y.
army, n. 1. host (archaic or poetic), array
(archaic), force, forces (pi.), troops (pi.),
legion or (pi.) legions (orig. spec), men-
of-war (pi.; now rare or hist.), battalion
(archaic); spec, fyrd (hist.), division, corps.
2. See mtjltititdb, organization.
arrange, v. t. 1. dispose, distribute, allo-
cate (learned), lay; spec, adjust, classify,
range, rank, trim, organize, systematize,
marshal, collocate, form, array, group,
defilade, brigade, dress, pitch, echelon,
space, size, compose, recompose, order,
tidy (colloq.), drape, seriate (rare); see
ORGANIZE, pack, ADJUST.
Antonyms: see disarrange, confuse.
2. In music: spec, orchestrate, score, in-
strument.
5. settle, accommodate, reconcile, com-
pose, compound, compromise (obs. or ar-
chaic); spec, adjust, arbitrate, mediate.
4. See AGREE, stipulate, adapt, plan.
arrangement, n. 1. disposiire, disposition,
allocation (learned), ordinance (now only
in literature or art); spec, systematization,
ordination, malarrangement, trim, group-
age, organization, demade, categorization,
cnronography, collocation, codification;
see ORGANIZATION, ADJUSTMENT.
Antonyms: see disorder.
2. Referring to the result: disposure, dis-
position, form, shape, etc. (mth most of the
terms under 1., above), lay; spec, make-up,
orderUness, array, schematism, cosmos.
8. In mu^: spec, orchestration, instru-
mentation, score.
4. settlement, accommodation, reconcili-
ation, composite; spec, exchange, stipu-
lation.
5. Referring to the result: settlement;
spec, mise (Eng.; hist.), bundobust (Artr
glo-Indian); see agreement.
6. See adaptation, plan, thing.
arranger, n. Spec, disposer, distributer,
classifier, marshal, etc. Cf. arrange.
arrest, v. t. 1. See stop, restrain.
2. seize, apprehend, bond (slang), nick
(coUoq. or slang), grab (colloq.), pinch
(slang), collar (slang).
arrest, n. 1. See stoppage, restraint,
imprisonment.
2. seizure, apprehension, arrestment
(chiefly Scot.), arrestation (a Gallicism,).
arrival, n. coming, access (rare), advent,
subvention (rare; chiefly spec).
arrive, v. i. come, attain (with "to"),
accede (rare), subvene (rare; chiefly spec),
reach (with "to"). "Anive" takes ''at" for
its preposition.
arrogance, n. presumption, assumption,
pride, overweening, haughtiness, etc. Cf.
arrogant.
arrogant, a. presumptuous, overbearing,
assuming, assumptive (rare), magisterial
(bookish or learned), fastuous (rare), high-
minded, high, overweening, uppish (col-
loq.), topping; see self-important, im-
pudent, haughty, rough.
Antonyms: see agreeable, affable,
HUMBLE, submissive, BASHFUL, ABJECT,
condescending, obsequious.
arrow, n. missile (contextual), shaft; spec.
bolt, flight, sumpit, vire (hist.), quarrel.
arrow-bieaded, a. sagittate, sagittated; —
both tech.
arsenal, n. armory.
arsis, n. thesis (the original sense of "thesis"
being the same as the present common
sense of "arsis," and vice versa).
fS' Cross references: see Note.
armada: fieet.
armament: arrru, equipmeni.
armorial: heraldic.
armory; arsenal.
aroint, inierj.: away.
aroma: smell.
aromatic: odoroita.
around: about
arouse: wake, rouse, excite.
arraign: accuse,
arrant: outrageous.
arras: tapestry,
array, n,: arrangement, army.
body, group, clothing.
array, v, t,: arrange, clothe.
arrear: debt.
arrive, v. t,: reach.
arrogate: appropriate, assume,
ascribe.
arrowy: rapid.
tW See Notes o< Explanation.
23
ART
art, n. 1. craft, skill {archaic); spec, trade,
handicraft, cacotechny (rare), discipline,
mystery.
2. See SKILL, INGENIOUSNESS, LEABNING,
ABILITY.
S. craft, craftiness, wiliness, deceitful-
ness, artfulness, strategy, cuiming, insidi-
ousness (rare), finesse, design, artifice, in-
genuity, policy, slyness, subtlety or subtle-
ness (both now rare), pawkiness (Scot, or
dial.), foxiness (chiefly colloq.), foxery
(rare); see trickiness; — mostly with spe-
cific implications.
Antonyms: spec, artlessness, frankness
(see ABTLESS, frank).
artful, a. 1. See skillful, ingeniotts.
2. crafty, sly, wily, deceitful, cuiming,
mercurial (fig.), cautelous (archaic), subtle
(now rare), subtile (obsolescent), stealthy,
politic, insidious (rare), versute (rare), foxy
(chiefly colloq.); crooked,fly (slang), paw^sy
(Scot, or dial.; chiefly humorous); see
tricky; — mostly with specific implications.
Antonyms: see artless, frank.
article, n. 1. piece; spec, contribution,
critique, review, essay, feuilleton
(French), appreciation, notice, paper,
skit, study, sketch, apology.
2. thing (contextual), commodity; spec.
export, import; see goods.
8. See CLAUSE, item, thing.
artifice, n. 1. See art, ingeniottsness.
2. device, trick, subterfuge, shuffle, fi-
nesse, ingenuity (rare), maneuver, prac-
tice, design, contrivance, fetch, trickery
(rare), strategy (rare), stratagem, feint;
spec, counterplot; see trick, pretense.
artificer, n. craftsman; spec, artizan, ar-
tist, Daedalus (fig.).
artificial, a. factitious, made, false, made-
up, manufactured (spec, or fi^.), painted
(spec, or fig.); spec, labored, unnatural, the-
atrical, constrained, cultivated; see pre-
tended, counterfeit, conventional.
Antonyms: see natural, genuine, un-
constrained.
artillery, n. ordnance, enginery (archaic);
spec, archery, broadside, battery, onagers
(pi.), trebuckets (pi.); see cannonry.
artilleryman, n. gunner; see cannoneer.
artist, n. artiste (French); spec, dilettante,
pasteUist, painter, sculptor, etcher, car-
toonist, colorist, water-colorist, landscap-
ist, impressionist, cubist, futurist, rapin
(French), pianist, violinist, organist, etc.
The term artist," exc. as shown by the con-
text, refers to one skilled in painting, sculpt-
ure, etc.
artistic, n. artful (archaic), daedal Cfe.);
spec, painterly.
Antonyms: see inartistic.
artless, a. 1. <See uncultured.
2. simple, innocent, inartificial, na,ive or
(less u,sual) naif, natural, guileless, ingen-
uous, straightforward, plain, unsophisti-
cated; spec, nu-al, rude, homely, home-
spun, homebred; see frank.
Antonyms: see artful, calculating,
AFFECTED, PRETENDED, TRICKY, HYPO-
CRITICAL.
artlessness, n. naivetd (French), simplic-
ity, unsophistication, ingenuousness, in-
artificiahty (rare), simpleness, etc. Cf.
ARTLESS.
as, adv. & conj. 1. like (generally considered
vulgar or slovenly).
2. See BECAUSE.
ascend, v. i. 1. See rise, climb, slope.
2. Referring to going back in time: mount.
ascend, v. t. climb, mount, rise; spec, re-
ascend, clamber, top.
Antonyms: see descend.
ascendancy, n. control, ascendance (rare),
ascendant.
ascent, n. 1. Spec, rise (which see),
climbing (cf. climb).
2. slope, rise, gradient (tech.; Eng.); see
HILL.
ascetic, a. austere, abstemious, mortified
(rare); see abstemious.
Antonyms: see self-gratifying, glut-
tonous, SENSUOUS, CONVIVIAL.
ascetic, n. Spec, fakir, stylite, yogi (ffire-
du philos.); see hermit.
Antonyms: see bon-ytvant, glutton,
drinker.
asceticism, n. austerity, abstemiousness;
spec, yoga or yogism.
Antonyms: see self-gratification.
ascribe, v. t. 1. See attribute, accredit.
2. attribute, assign, arrogate (literary),
appropriate.
ascription, n. 1, See attribution.
2. attribution, arrogation (literary), ap-
propriation.
asesual, a. neuter (biol.), sexless.
ash, a. cinerary (literary or tech.), ashen.
ashy, a. ashen, cinereous (literary or tech.),
cineraceous (rare), cineritious (literary or
tech.), fa villous (rare).
aside, n. bye; spec, byplay, by-end, by-
matter; see BY-WORK.
K^" Cross references: see Note.
artery; channel.
articulate: joint, pronounce.
artiste; artist
ascendance: ascendancy.
ascendant, a.: rising, controlling.
ascendant, n.: horoscope, as-
cendancy.
ascending: rising, sloping.
ascension; rise.
ascepticize; sterilize.
ascertain: discover, learn.
ascertainable: discoverable.
ashamed: abashed.
ashen: ash, ashy.
ashore: aground.
aside: apart.
asinine: stupid.
IM' See Notes of Explanation.
24
ASSOCIATE
ask, V. t. 1. With the person as the object:
request; spec, beg, crave {literary or for-
mal), pray {archaic, exc. in certain phras-
es), entreat, beseech, petition, implore,
supplicate, dun, importune, move, plead,
adjure, conjvure, obsecrate {rare), sue, so-
licit, earwig, knee {rare), coax.
Antonyms: see forbid, compel.
2. With the thing asked for as the object:
rec[uest; spec, beg, entreat, implore, sup-
plicate, demand, petition, clamor, can-
vass, require, seek {archaic), exact, solicit,
call, invoke, cry.
Antonyms: see reject.
8. See SUMMON, question, demand, in-
vite.
ask, V. i. 1. Spec, beg, beseech, plead, ap-
peal, postulate {rare), petition, sue, clam-
or, importune, entreat {rare).
2. (See QUESTION.
asker, n. Spec, requester, applicant,
craver, supplicant, entreater, claimant,
suppliant, orator (law), etc. Cf. ask, v. t.
askew, a. crooked {contextual), distorted,
awry, atwist {rare), skew, skewed; spec.
loxic.
asking, a. 1. interrogative, interrogational,
interrogatory, implorative, postulatory
{rare).
2. Spec, requesting, begging, etc., suppli-
catory, soUcitant {rare), supplicant, sup-
pliant, precative, implorative, postulatory
{rare), precatory {chiefly legal or tech.),
petitory {rare), petionary {rare). Cf. ask.
asking, n. 1. Spec, begging, question, re-
quest, petition, impetration, imploration
(rare), application, postulation {rare),
prayer, canvass, solicitation, importunity,
dun, entreatment {archaic), entreaty, ob-
secration, beseechment, obtestation {lit-
erary or learned), imploring, imploration,
instancy {rare), solicitation, suit {literary),
petition, suppliance, supplication, roga^
tion, comprecation; see appeal.
2. Referring to what is asked: see he-
quest.
aspect, n. 1. See appearance, side,
TACING.
2. appearance, light, angle {chiefly col-
loq.), complexion, phase, face, view, look.
aspirant, n. aspirer, seeker; spec, candi-
date, suitor, competitor.
aspirate, n. spiritus, breathing, aspiration.
aspirated, a. rough {contextual), spirated,
aspirate {rare).
assail, v. t. 1. See attack.
2. pelt, ply, storm, bestorm {rare); spec.
din, hoot.
Antonyms: see defend, shelter.
assailable, a. pregnable.
assassin, n. Spec, thug, sicarian {rare).
assassinate, v. t. murder {contextual), re-
move; spec, morganize {U. S.).
assay, n. trial, test, examination; spec, an-
alysis, cupel, cupellation, docimasy.
assembly, n. 1. See qathering, com-
pany.
2. Referring to the m^rre formally organized
gatherings of persons, spec: synod, salon,
chapter, plenum, court, moot, conven-
tion, convocation, congregation, legisla-
ture, congress, senate, house, diet, cham-
ber, camera {rare or hist.), cabinet, coun-
cil, parliament, meeting, chapter, cama/-
rilla {Spanish), comitia {Roman hist.),
muster; see convention, council, con-
gregation.
assess, V. t. 1. charge, levy.
2. See tax, value.
assessable, a. leviable.
assimilate, v. t. 1. See CONFORM, liken.
2. adapt, absorb; spec, digest; — all often
u^edfi^. of ideas.
Antonyms: see excrete.
associate, n. companion, fellow, consoci-
ate {rare); spec, sister, brother, conjunct
{rare), chum {colloq.), familiar, comrade,
intimate, covey {slang or vulgar), comes
{astron.), crony, yokefellow, housemate,
gossip, cummer {Scot.), ally, confederate,
accomplice, shipmate, clansman, condis-
ciple (literary), privy, compeer, confrere
{obs. or rare), confrere {French), classmate,
messmate, convictor, cohabitant, capitu-
lary, neighbor, association, partner, co-
partner, consort, spouse, mate, comate
{rare), coadjutor; see ally, sister, col-
league, attendant.
associate, v. t. 1. join, unite, Unk, conjoin,
attach {mth "to"), combine, ally {chiefly
spec), mingle; spec pool, syndicate, bri-
gade, regiment, consort, couple, league.
2. Referring to mental association: con-
nect, join, unite, Unk, sort {rare or liter-
ary), consort {rare or literary), couple,
mingle.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
askance: obliquely.
aslant: sloping.
asleep: sleeping, numb.
aslope: sloping,
asperity: roughness, acrimony.
asperse: sprinkle, disparage.
aspersion; sprinkling, dispar~
agement.
asphyxiate: suffocate.
asphyxiation: suffocation.
aspiration: aspirate, desire,
ambition.
aspire: desire, rise.
asquint, adv.: obliquely.
asquint, a.: squint-eyed.
ass: donkey, blockhead,
assault: attack.
assent, v, i,: accede.
assent, n.: accession.
assert: maintain, state.
assets: property.
asseverate: state.
assiduous: diligent, constant,
active, persistent.
assign: appoint, refer, appor-
tion, appropriate, adjudge, as-
cribe, attribute, transfer.
assist: aid, contribute.
assist: seme.
assistance: aid, contribution.
assistant, a.: accessory, helpful.
assistant, n.: aider.
fS" See Notes ol Explanation.
25
ASSOCIATE
associate, v. i. 1. unite, combine, join, con-
join, consoeiate (rare), mingle; spec, mis-
sort (rare), mingle, mix, neighbor, herd;
hobnob.
2. companion (rare), consort (literary or
formal), fellow (rare), assort (rore), fellow-
ship, accompany (rare), train (slang), con-
soeiate (rare), sort (dial, or archaic), for-
gather; spec, sororize (rare), fraternize,
mingle, mix, neighbor, clique, crony
(rare), herd, haunt (rare, exc. of ani-
mals), missort (rare), hobnob; see con-
VEBSE.
association, n. 1. joining, union, connec-
tion, conjunction (rore), linking, conabi-
nation, alliance (rare, exc. spec), mingling;
see UNION.
2. company, companionship, fellowship,
consociation (rare), consort (literary),
consortion (rare); spec, comradeship,
comradery (rare), camaraderie (French),
confraternization (rare), fraternization,
complicity.
3. body; spec, company, society, band,
troop, crew, gang, clan, concern, conso-
ciation, pool, trust, combine, hong (Chi-
nese), hoey (Chinese), Burschenschaft
(German), bond (Dutch), league, craft,
trade, profession, brigade, union, mys-
tery, college, Athenseum, guild, board,
fellowship, academy, order, sodality,
brotherhood, sisterhood, institute, con-
gregation, communion, connection, somaj
(India), fratry (obs. or hist.), choir, chan-
try, ku-klux, chapter, camorra, organizar
tion, corps, hunt, clique, carbonarii (pi.;
Italian); see convent, party, company,
PARTNERSHIP, CORPORATION, FIRM, CLUB,
UNION, SISTERHOOD.
assume, v. t. 1. take (as a partner into asso-
ciation); spec, reassume, arrogate.
2. postulate, suppose, fiction (rare), feign,
presume, presuppose, say (used in the im^
perative), hypothesize, hypothetize (rare),
posit, pose (rare), beg (chiefly in "to beg
the question").
Antonyms: see deny.
8. affect, take (a character), invest (one-
self with), endue (literary), strike (an atti-
tude); spec, reassume; see act.
Antonyms: see doff.
4. take (as in "to take the shape of").
5. iSee undertake, don.
assume, v. i. presume, venture.
assumed, a. supposed, hypothetical, hy-
pothetic, supposititious, suppositional,
suppositive, fictional, fictionary (rare),
presupposed, presumptive, paper (col-
loq.); spec, given.
assuming, a. presuming, nervy (slang),
presumptuous, immodest (rare), assump-
tive, hoity-toity (usually implying pett^
lance or ilhtemper), superior, forward,
lofty; see arrogant.
Antonyms: see abject, modest, unpre-
tentious.
assumption, n. 1. taking; spec, reassump-
tion.
2. supposition, supposal (rare), sappo-
sure (rare), postuTation, presui)position,
presupposal (rare), presumption, hy-
pothesis (tech. or learned).
Antonyms: see denial.
8. Referring to the thing assumed: postu-
late (logic, etc.), hypothesis (tech. or
learned), suppose (rare), fiction; spec.
make-believe, datum, premiss, condition,
principle. The terms under sense 2 are
also used concretely.
4. affectation, investiture, enduement
(literary), striking, etc.
5. presumption, superiority, loftiness,
nerve (slang), cheek (slang), forwardness;
see arrogance.
assumptive, a. 1. See assuming, arro-
gant.
2. suppository, postulative, presupposi-
tory.
assurance, n. 1. warrant, certification;
spec, reassurance.
2. confidence (contextual), seU-assurance,
sufficiency, self-confidence, self-rehance,
self-possession, aplomb (Frerec/i), self-
trust, self-security (rare), self-sufficiency,
plerophory (rare); spec, overconfidence,
overtrust (rare), bumptiousness, cool-
ness, cocksurene.ss, nerve (slang), cheek
(slang); see boldness, presumption, im-
pudence.
Antonyms: see timidity, doubt, dis-
trust, BASHFULNESS, EMBARRASSMENT.
3. jSee GUARANTEE, INSURANCE.
assure, v. t. 1. warrant, tell (contextual),
certify, resolve (a reflexive); spec, reassure;
see convince.
Antonyms: see disconcert, embarrass,
intimidate.
2. See INSURE.
assured, a. confident (contextvMl) , self-as-
sured, self-confident, seH-reliant, immod-
est (rore), self-assertive, seU-possessed;
spec, bumptious, cool, overconfident,
flush (rore), Icarian (fig.), independent,
cra,nk (dial.), nervy (slang), cheeky (slang) ,
presumptuous ; see bold, impudent, self-
assertive, DECIDED.
Antonyms: see abject, doubtful, tim-
id, distrustful, bashful, hesitating.
C^ Cross references: see Note.
assort, V. t.: classify, class.
assort, V. i.: associate.
assorted : classified.
assortment: dassificalion, col-
lection, variety.
assuage : miiigate, appease, satisfy.
assuaslve: mitigatory.
assuredly; truly.
^(S" See Notes of Explanation.
26
ATTEND
assuring, a. Spec, reassuring, comfort-
able, encouraging, emboldening.
Antonyms: see depressing, horrible.
astern, adv. 1. aft, abaft (as in "the gale
was abaft").
2. See BACKWARD.
astir, a. active, moving; spec, agog; see
AFLOAT.
astray, a. 1. lost, wandering.
2. abroad, out, wide, oflE (coUoq.).
astringent, a. constrictive, styptic; spec.
puokery, haemostatic, rough, bmding (col-
loq.).
astrologer, n. Chaldean (fig.), astrologian
(rare), cock (fi^.; poetic).
astronomy, n. Spec, astrology, astrom-
ancy, meteoroscopy, uranology, uranog-
raphy, astrophysics, astrochemistry, as-
trophotography.
asylum, n. 1. iSee refttoe.
2. home (contextual), college (chiefly
Eng.); spec, madhouse, sanitarium, beth-
lehem (rare), bedlam (archaic).
at, prep. 1. Referring to place: in, to
(U. S. or dial. Eng.).
2. Referring to time: in, to, by.
atheistic, a. godless.
athlete, n. Spec, boxer, fighter, pancra-
tiast, acrobat.
Antonyms: see weakling.
athletic, a. 1. palsestral (rare); spec.
agonistic, gymnastic, acrobatic.
2. See STRONG.
athletics, n. Spec, gymnastics, agonis-
tics, acrobatism.
atmospheric, a. airy, aerial, elemental
(referring to atmospheric forces), meteoric
(tech.).
atomize, v. t. comminute, spray, reduce
(contextual); spec. nebuUze.
atomizer, n. sprayer; spec, odorator,
nebulizer.
atone, v. i. pay (with "for").
attach, «. t. 1. take, seize, nail (obs. or
sUmg); spec, garnishee.
2. join (contextual), add (contextual),
unite (contextual), connect, fasten, fix, af-
fix, annex, tie (chiefly spec), wed (fig.), bind
(chiefly spec.) , confix (rare); spec, append,
chain, tag, tack, tie, tail, hook, hinge, screw,
pin, engraft, subjoin, barnacle (rare).
Antonyms: see separate, detach.
3. see join, add, associate, appoint,
attribittb.
attachable, a. Spec, fastenable, annex-
able, connectable, appendable, etc. Cf.
attach.
attachment, n. 1. joining (contextual),
union (contextual), connection, annexa-
tion, affixture (rare); spec, confixation
(rare), sub junction (rare), appending,
binding.
2. Spec, fixture, aflfix, annex, postfix, ap-
pendicle, appendix, insertion, fixtures
(pi.; chiefly U. S.); see appendage.
3. See joining, addition, affection,
LOVE.
attack, V. t. 1. assault, assail, engage, en-
counter, attempt (archaic), aggress (rare;
V. i. only), tackle (colloq.), storm (chiefly
spec); spec charge, ply, beset (literary),
strike, bait, torpedo, mob, grenade, rush,
flank, surprise, fusillade, storm, raid.
Antonyms: see defend, protect, shel-
ter.
2. In a nonphysical sense: assail, impugn
(literary); see dispute, oppose, accuse.
Antonyms: see defend.
3. See censure, affect, begin.
attack, n. 1. assault, assaihnent, aggres-*
sion, encounter, set, onset, offense, oppug-
nation (rare); spec, charge, onslaught,
stroke, musketade, battery, camisade or
camisado (archaic or mil.), descent, bom-
bardment, connonade, raid, sally, sur-
prise, escalade, surprisal, shock, storm.
Antonyms: see protection, defense.
2. In a nonphysical sense: assault, im-
pugent (rare), crusade; see accusation.
3. access (tech. or literary), onset, seizure;
spec epidemic; see fit.
4. See beginning.
attempt, v. t. try, essay, assay (archaic),
offer, make, undertake, endeavor (ar-
chaic), enterprise (archaic); spec venture.
attempt, n. trial, try (coUoq/), endeavor,
venture, slap (colloq. or slang), offer (rare),
whack (slang), shy (slang), essay (archaic
or literary), set, assay (archaic), under-
taking.
attend, vi t. 1. tend (now rare, archaic, or
U. S., exc spec), serve, mind, nurse,
keep; spec, guard, stroke, watch, feed,
valet, midwife, wash.
Antonyms: see disregard, ignore.
2. In the sense of "to be present at": spec.
frequent, haunt.
3. See accompany, serve, follow.
1^^ Cross references: see Note.
astonish: surprise.
astound: surprise.
astraddle: bestriding.
astrlct: constrict.
astride: bestridirig.
astrlnge: constrict.
astute: discerning, shrewd,
subtle.
asunder: apart.
athwart; across,
atmosphere: air.
atomy: particle, pygmy.
atomy : skeleton.
atonic: weak, unaccented.
atrabilious: acrimonious.
atrocious: wicked, cruel, out-
rageous.
atrocity: wickedness, cruelty,
outrage, monstrosity.
attach, V. i.: stick, belong, accrue.
attain, v. t.: reach, get, accom-
plish.
attain, v. i.: reach, arrive, come.
attainment: a.ecom.plish7nent.
attaint, v. t.: contaminate, suXly.
attaint, n.: coniamiruition.
t3° See Notes of Explanation.
27
ATTEND
attend, v. i. 1. See listen, sebve.
a. wait, hang [with "upon"); spec, dangle.
3. In the sense of "to give attention": tend,
look {viith "after"); spec, minister (usu-
ally with "to"), care (chiefly with "for"),
serve.
attendance, n. 1. tendance, attention,
minding, keeping.
2. waiting {with "upon"), hanging {with
"upon"), tendance {rare); spec, service.
3. iSee ACCOMPANIMENT, SERVICE, RETI-
NUE, COMPANION.
attendant, a. 1. ministerial, attending;
spec, serving.
S. See ACCOMPANYING, SUBSEQUENT.
attendant, n. compamon, associate; spec.
shadow, satellite {chiefly derogatory), peo-
ple {pi.), barnacle {fig.), famulus {Latin),
chamberlain, escort, acolyte, page, but-
tons {colloq.), peon {India), orderly,
femme de chambre {French), courtier,
courier, outrider, sergeant, henchman,
gillie {Scot.), valet, minder, keeper, body-
guard, caddie, cad {Eng.); see handmaid,
NUBSE, PAGE.
attention, n. t. consideration, observ-
ance, regard, heed, respect, notice, ad-
vertence, thought, intentness, concentra-
tion, ear {as in "to give ear," "to have the
ear of"), observancy {archaic); see appli-
cation, CARE.
Antonyms: see disregard, inatten-
tion, ABSENT-MINDEDNESS.
2. See civility, service.
attentive, a. 1. considerate, observant,
heedful, studious, advertent {rare), re-
gardful, attent {archaic), awake {with
"to"), watchful, intent (with "on"), in-
centive {archaic), bent {rare, exc. in "herd
in"), thoughtful, concentrated, mindful,
careful, regardant {rare); spec, searching,
resolved, studious (unth "of").
Antonyms: see absent, inattentive,
unobservant.
2. See polite.
attentiveness, n. t. consideration, regard,
heed, intentness, etc. Cf. attentive.
2. See politeness, civility.
attenuate, v. t. 1. extenuate {rare), spin
{loith "out"); spec, draw, finedraw, rope.
2. See THIN, weaken.
attenuated, u. thin; spec, drawn-out,
spun-out, finespun, subtle; see slender.
attenuation, n. 1. extenuation {rare);
spec, drawing, finedrawing.
2. Spec, thinning (see thin, v.), thinness
(see thin, a.), subtlety; see slenderness,
WEAKENING, WEAKNESS.
attic, 71. garret, loft, cockloft (archaic; of-
ten spec/), soler (obs. or rare), sky parlor
(humorous or colloq.).
attitude, n. 1. Referring to the body or
bodily appearance: see posture, air.
2. Referring to the mind: posture, posi-
tion, set; spec, feeling, twist, prejudice.
attorney, n. 1. See agent.
2. In the sense of "attorney ai law": spec.
soUcitor, curator, procurator, proctor,
barrister, counselor, advocate.
attract, v. t. 1. See draw, catch.
2. draw, magnetize (fi^.), take, pull; spec.
drag, allure, entice, seduce (esp. to evil),
soUcit, invite, tempt, attempt (archaic),
lure, bait, trap, bonnet, decoy (often fig.),
button (slang), charm.
Antonyms: see repel, disgust.
attraction, n. 1. Spec, affinity, gravita-
tion, gravity; see drawing.
2. Referring to the act or action or quality:
draw (rare), magnetism (fig.), pull; spec.
affinity, allurement, appeal, seduction
(esp. to evil), charm, enticement, inveigle-
ment, temptation, soMcitation, glamour.
3. Referring to the thing that attracts: cyno-
sure (chiefly literary or learned), bait, de-
coy, magnet, lure, charm. Most of the
terms under 2 are similarly used.
attractive, a. 1. See drawing.
2. drawing, alluring, seductive (esp. to
evil), catchy (colloq.), seducing (esp. to
evil), magnetic, allective (rare); spec, en-
ticing, decoying, prepossessing, tempting,
taking, catchy, pleasing, psychagogic
(rare), winning, winsome, temptations
(rare), charming, meretricious; see pleas-
ant.
Antonyms: see repellent, abominable,
disgusting.
attractiveness, n. 1. See attraction.
2. charm, grace, winsomeness, pleasing-
ness.
attributable, a. referable, referrible, as-
cribable, imputable, due, chargeable, ow-
ing; spec, traceable.
attribute, v. t. t. refer, ascribe, assign, im-
pute, lay, attach, accredit, count, give,
place, put; spec, mother, father.
Antonyms: see refuse.
2. See ascribe.
attribution, n. reference, ascription, as-
signment, etc. Cf. attribute, v.
auction, a. sale (contextual); spec, subhas-
tation, cant (chiefly Irish), survey (dial.
Eng.).
audible, a. sensible (contextual), auricular
(rare), hearable (rare).
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
attest: testify, authenticate, evi-
dence.
Attic, a.: classic, refined.
attire, v. t.: clothe.
attire, n.: clothing.
attitudinize: pose.
attune: harmonize.
atwist: askew.
auburn: brovm.
audacious: bold
audibly: aloud.
B^° See Notes of Explanation.
28
AUTONOMOUS
audience, n. 1. Referring to the act, fact,
or action: hearing, ear; spec, durbar
(East India), court.
2. Referring to those that hear: auditory
{rare); spec, congregation, theater,
church, gallery gods (,pl.; coUoq.), gallery,
orchestra, pit; see hearer.
auditoTium, n. auditory (rare); spec, pit,
parterre, parquet, cockpit, orchestra.
auricular, a. aural, heard (rare), auditory
(referring to the function of the ear), otic
(rare).
auspicious, a. 1. See ominous, prosper-
ous.
2. favorable, propitious, promising
promiseful, prosperous, white (literary),
lucky, fortunate, bright, hopeful, rosy,
flattering, Favonian (rare), felicitous
(chiefly spec); spec, brilliant, fair.
Antonyms: see inauspicious, ill-
omened.
austere, a. strict (contextual), severe, rig-
id, stern, hard, difficult (rare), rigorous,
Catonian (rare), astringent (rare); spec.
rugged; see ascetic, abstemious.
Antonyms: see gentle, selp-gratify-
•ING.
austerity, n. strictness, severity, rigidity,
rigor, rigorism, etc. Cf. austere.
autlientioate, v. t. 1. Spec, canonize.
2. attest, certify, seal (chiefly spec.),
avouch; spec, coattest, consign (rare),
countersign, certificate, test, validate.
autlior, n. 1. originator, creator, creatress
or creatrix (fem.), breeder (chiefly spec, or
fip.), doer, maker; spec, constructor, de-
viser, producer, inventor, begetter, father,
mother; see creator.
Antonyms: see creature.
2. authoress (fem.), composer; spec.
writer, scribe, poet, literatist (rare), quill-
driver (contemptuous), penner, penman,
scribbler, inditer, contributor, coauthor,
pastoralist, magazinist, magaziner, leg-
endary, mythologist, penny-a-liner, libret-
tist, GoUard (hist.), Utterateur, pam-
phleteer (chiefly derogatory), paragraphist,
paragrapher, compiler, essayist, encyclo-
pedist, bluestocking (colloq.), penwoman,
pot-boiler (colloq.), hack, prosaist, paro-
dist, ecloguist, proser, romancer, lexi-
co^apher, textualist, critic, reviewer,
editor. "Author" is now generally used
instead of "authoress."
autlioritative, a. t. potestative (rare),
magisterial (rare), magistral (rare); spec.
ofiicial, standard, valid, canonical, ortho-
dox, cathedral.
2. commanding, imperative, dictatorial,
imperial (rare or allusive), jussive (rare),
peremptory, lordly, imperious; spec, mas-
terful; see DOMINEERING.
Antonyms: see submissive, obedient.
authority, n. I. power, command, domin-
ion, jurisdiction (chiefly spec), authoriza-
tion, warrant (chiefly spec), competency,
faculty (chiefly ecd.); spec, supremacy,
canonicity, canonicalness, agency, pleni-
potence, validity.
2. See magistrate, influence.
3. precedent; spec, decision, dictum, tes-
timony.
autliorization, n. permission, license,
sanction, warrant, etc
autliorize, v. t. permit, Ucense, sanction,
warrant, empower, enable; spec, commis-
sion, legalize, legitimate, fiat (rare), fac-
ulty (chiefly ecd.).
Antonyms: see forbid.
authorship, n. composition (which see);
spec, pencraft (rare).
autocracy, n. monarchy, despotism, abso-
lutism, tyranny (chiefly with reference to
ancient rulers); spec, czarism, tsarism,
kaiserism, Csesarism.
autocrat, n. monarch, despot (after an-
cient Greek v^age), tyrant (chiefly with ref-
erence to ancient rulers), dictator (chiefly
hist, and spec); spec, czar or tsar (hist.),
czarina or tsarina (hist.). Kaiser (hist.),
emperor, Csesar (hist.).
autocratic, o. 1. arbitrary, despotic (after
ancient Greek usage), absolute, tyrannous
or tyrant (chiefly in reference to ancient
rulers).
Antonyms: see democratic, yielding.
2. See ARBITRARY.
autograph, n. Spec, holograph, sign-
manual; see SIGNATURE.
autographic, a. 1. autograph, manual
(signature); spec, holographic, holograph.
2. self-recording, ipsographio (rare).
automatic, a. 1. self-acting, self-regulat-
ing, self-moving; spec, mechanical, spon-
taneous; see AUTOMOBILE, a.
2. See involuntary.
automobile, a. automatic (contextual),
self-moving, locomobile, locomotive
(chiefly spec), automotive.
automobile, n. locomobile, locomotive
(chiefly spec), machine (coUoq.), motor
(colloq.); spec, autocar, motor-car, elec-
t^' Cross references; see Note.
auditory: auricular.
auditory: audience, auditorium.
auglit: anything, cipher.
augment: increase.
augmentation: increaee.
augur, n.: diviner.
augur, V. i.: predict, signify.
augury: divination, sign.
august: imperial, imposing.
aura: emanation, exhalation,
sensation.
aureate: golden, gilded.
aureola: crown, halo.
auspicate: begin.
auspice: divination, sign (in
pi.), patronage.
authentic: reliable, genuine.
authorized: accredited.
automaton: machine.
autonomous: self-governing.
(9° See Notes of Explanation.
29
AUTUMN
trie, steamer, runabout, limousine, tour-
ing car, roadster, townoar, coup6, coupe-
let, sedan, convertible, truck, torpedo,
tractor, motorcycle, motocycle, cycle car.
autumn, n. harvest {ohs. or dial.), fall
{chiefiy U.S.).
auxiliary, n. secondary, subsidiary, suo-
centuriate {rare), parergal (rare); see ac-
cessory, ADJUNCT, ANCILLARY.
available, a. Spec, ready, handy, con-
venient, present, free, disposable, use-
able; see ACCESSIBLE.
avalanche, n. slide, lauwine (rare); spec.
landslide (chiefly U. S.), landslip (chiefly
Eng.), snowslide, snowshp, glissade,
(boulement (French).
avenger, n. Spec, revenger, Ate, Eu-
menides (i)l.), Erinnyes (pi.), Alecto,
Megaera, Tisiphone.
average, a. mean, medial (chiefly math.),
normal; spec, standard; see ordinary,
FAIR.
average, n. mean, normal, run, rule.
average, v. i. run, go; spec, equate.
aversion, n. dishke, repugnance, repul-
sion, antipathy, dyspathy (rare); spec.
nausea, horror (with "of"), loathing, Rus-
sophobia, negrophobia, anthrophobia,
gynsecophobia, Anglophobia, Germano-
phobia, etc.; see abhorrence, opposi-
tion.
Antonyms: see liking, love, longing.
avert, v. t. turn (chiefly with "from" or
"away"), divert, forfend (archaic), pre-
vent (rare); spec, parry.
Antonyms: see incur.
aviary, n. Spec, cage, birdhouse, dovecote.
aviation, n. aeronautics, flying; spec, glid-
ing, soaring, climbing, aeroplaning, hy-
droplaning, planing (colloq.), volplaning.
aviator, n. aeronaut, airman, flyer, air-
woman, aviatress or aviatrix, birdman
(colloq,), birdwoman (colloq.); spec, pilot,
glider, observer, spotter (military cant),
bomber, scout.
nvoid, V. t. 1. shun, elude, evade, escape,
balk, bevsrare, miss (contextual), clear, flee,
dodge, blink, run (contextiial) , help (vnth
a clause introduced by "but"), blench
(rare), evite (rare), eschew (rare or obs.,
exc. spec); spec, boycott, double, slip.
Antonyms: see face, meet, approach,
incur, undertake, court.
2. See INVALIDATE.
avoidance, n. elusion, evasion, eschewal,
shunning, eschewment (rare), escape
(rare or obs., exc. spec), evitation (rare).
await, V. t. tarry, wait, expect (obs.), abide,
bide; spec, watch.
awake, a. 1. waking; spec, open-eyed.
Antonyms: see unconscious.
2. See conscious, alert, attbntivb.
awake, v. i. waken, awaken, rouse.
award, n. 1. See decision.
2. assignment, adjudication, adjudge-
ment (rare); see apportionment.
aware, a. 1. cognizant, conscious, sensible,
ware (archaic), intelligent (now rare).
Antonyms: see unconscious.
2. conversant (learned or formal; with
"with"), informed (with "of"), acquainted
(with "with"); spec, familiar (vnth "with").
"Aware" is used with "of."
awareness, n. Spec, cognizance, acquaint-
ance, consciousness, conversance, etc.
away, o. & adv. 1. See apart, absent.
2. off, hence.
away, interj. begone, aroint (obs. or ar-
chaic), hence, off (chiefly with "with"),
avaunt (a word denoting aversion; now
literary or affected), go; spec, scat, shoo,
boo.
awe, n. abashment, fear, reverence, dread.
Antonyms: see contempt.
awful, a. fearful, dread, awesome, dreadful.
awkward, a. 1. ungainly, uncouth, clovni-
ish, gauche (French), wooden, rustic,
grotesque, inept, inapt (rare), gawky (col-
loq.), maladroit (literary or learned), un-
graceful; spec stiff, bungling, slouchy; see
CLUMSY.
Antonyms: see graceful, skillful.
2. tactless, clumsy, indelicate, uneasy
(rare), boorish.
Antonyms: see skillful, tactful, dip-
lomatic.
S. See EMBARRASSING, DIFFICULT.
awkwardness, n. maladresse (French),
gaucherie (French), rusticity, gawkiness
(colloq.), ineptitude, ineptness, inaptness
(rare), inaptitude (rare), ungaiminess, un-
couthness, clownishness; see clumsiness.
axial, a. pivotal.
axiomatic, u,. self-evident, apodeictic
(learned), necessary; spec, gnomic, gnom-
ical.
axis, n. Spec, spindle, shaft, arbor; see
AXLE.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
avail, n.; benefit.
avail, v.: benefit, aid, serve.
avails : -proceeda.
avarido is; greedy.
avaunt: away.
ave, V. i.: hail.
ave, 71.; greeting.
avenge: vindicate, retribute.
avenging: retribtiiive.
avenue: way, road.
aver: prove, state.
averse: opposed, unwilling.
avid: greedy,
avocation: business, diversion.
avoach: autherUicaie, state, con-
firm.
avow: state, acknowledge.
avowal: acknowledgement, state-
ment.
awake, v. t.: wake, rouse, excite,
awaken: wake, rouse, excite.
award: apportion, adjudge.
awash: floating, afloat.
awesome: awfid, fearful.
awry: askew. \tion.
axiom: rule, saying, proposi-
ti' See Notes of Explanation.
30
BAGGT
axle, n. axis (rare), shaft; spec, axletree,
arbor, spindle; see pivot.
az-shaped, a. dolabriform (tech.), securi-
form (rare).
azure, a. blue [contexliud) , cerulean {liter-
ary), celestic (literary or tech.), cerule (po-
etic), cerulescent (rare), skyey (coUoq. or
undignified; rare).
babble, v. i. 1. Referring to inarticulate or
meaningless sounds, as of a baby, idiot, etc.;
chatter, clatter, cackle, prate, blather or
blither (dial.), prattle, patter (coUoq.),
gabble (colloq.; chiefly derogatory), chip-
per (rare), claver (Scot.), deblaterate
(rare and humorous or contemptuous),
clack (chiefly derogatory), twaddle (rare),
gibber (chiefly spec), jargon, jargonize
(rare); spec, drivel, rave.
2. See CHATTEK (referring to senseless or
trivial talk), muhmtjk (as brooks, leaves,
etc.), TATTLE.
babble, v. t. 1. chatter, clatter, prattle,
prate, blather or blither (dial.), gabble
(colloq.; chiefly derogatory).
3. See TELL, TATTLE.
babble, n. 1. chatter, clatter, prattle, prat-
ing (rare), blatter or blether or blather
(dial.), bibble-babble, babblement, blat-
eration or deblateration (rore and hv^
morous or contemptuous), patter, gabble
(colloq.; chiefly derogatory), jargon, prat-
tlement (rare), cackle, clack, claver
(Scot.), clatter, clitter-clatter (rare), prit-
tle-prattle; spec, drivel.
2. See CHATTER, TATTLE, MUBMUR.
babyish, a. infantine, infantile, childish,
dolly or doUish.
Baoohana.1, n. 1. Bacchant (masc. or
fern.), Bacchante (fern.). Bacchanalian,
Bacchee (pi.; fern.); spec. Thyiad (fern.),
msanad (Jem.).
2. See REVELER.
bacchic, a. 1. Bacchanalian, Dionjrsiac,
Dionysian, Dionysic.
2. See BEVELING.
baok, n. posterior, back side (now used only
of the buttocks when used as one word),
rear, arrear (archaic), backing, dorsum
(tech.); spec, behind (vulgar), breech, butt,
cascabel, gorge, rearward (of an army; ar-
chaic); see BUTTOCKS, BBVEBSE.
Antonyms: see front.
backbone, n. 1. spine, spinal column,
rachis (tech.), spina (Latin; tech.), chine
(tech. or archaic), ridgebone (rare).
2. See CONSTANCY, DETERMINATION.
background, n. rear, distance; spec.
groundwork, setting, distemper.
Antonyms: see foreground.
backslide, v. i. sUde (contextv/d; rare),
lapse, fail, revert, weaken, tergiversate
(rare); spec, refall (rare); see apostatize,
RELAPSE, desert.
backward, adv. back, arear, hindward,
rearward, astern (naut. or fig.), abaft (now
only navt.), halt (archaic; now only naiU.).
Antonyms: see forward.
backward, a. 1. rearward, hindward,
back, reverse.
Antonyms: see forward, ahead.
2. retrogressive, retrograde, regressive,
recessive; see degenerative, rever-
sionary.
Antonyms: see progressive, precocious.
3. retrospective.
bad, a. 1. In the very general sense of "not
good": poor, wretched, execrable (a hy-
perbolism), sad (often jocular), miserable,
horrid (coUoq.; a weak hyperbole).
Antonyms: see good, excellent, fair,
fine.
2. See wicked, harmful, unpleasant,
UNSUITABLE, FAULTY, IMPERFECT, INFE-
RIOR, INVALID (pron. In-varid), ailing,
DANGEROUS, SEVERE.
badge, n. mark (contextual), emblem, to-
ken, symbol, sign, ensign (chiefly spec.),
insignia (pi.; chiefly spec); spec, marker,
recognizance (archaic), colors (pi.), re-
galia (pi.), mon (Japanese), crest, favor,
laticlave, decoration, cockade, chevron,
brassard, weeper, angusticlave, rosette,
cordon, ribbon, button, medal, collar, etc.
bag, n. container (cant; contextual), pouch,
case, poke (dial, or tech., exc. in "pig in a
poke"), receptacle (contextual), pocket
(obs. or spec); spec, capsule, mail, packet,
satchel, sabretache, sachet, sack, sac,
sacklet, reticule, scrip (archaic), purse,
ditty-bag, gunny, bunt, cod, knapsack,
portmanteau, haversack, dUly-bag (orig.
Australian).
2. See SAC.
bag, V. t. pouch, sack.
bag, V. i. pouch, pocket (rore), belly, bulge
(contextual), swell (contextual).
baggage, n. 1. encumbrances (pi.), lug-
gage (chiefly British), viaticals (pi.; rare;
chiefly mil!), impedimenta (pi.; chiefly
mil.), truck (colloq.), traps (pi.; colloq.),
plunder (slang or cant), things (pi.; coUoq.;
contextual), trap (coUoq.), dunnage (sailor's
slang).
2. See WANTON, GIRL.
tS' Cross references: see Note.
B
baa: bleat.
bachelor; celibate.
back, v.t.: support, mount, drive.
backbite: censure, defame.
backing; back, support.
badger: harass, tease.
badinage: pleasantry.
baffle: defeat.
baggy: bat-shaped, flaccid.
{^ See Notes ot Explanation.
31
BAG-SHAPED
bag- shaped, a. baggy, pouchy; tech. sac-
cate, utricular, utriculate, utriculose.
bailifl, n. 1. Spec, bailie (Scot.), pursui-
vant (Eng.), catchpoll (literary; archaic),
beagle (fig.), bumbailiff (contemptuous),
constable, granger (Eng.), hundreder
(Eng.).
bake, v. t. cook (contextual; chiefly spec);
spec, burn, roast, fire, kiln.
bake, n. cook (contextual; chiefly spec);
spec, roast, bum.
balance, n. I. scales (pi.).
2. poise, equihbrium, libration (rare),
equipoise, equilibrity (rare), equiponder-
ance (learned), equiponderancy (rare);
spec, isostasy, stability. Often usedfi^. o/
other than physical forces.
3. See COUNTERPOISE, COMPENSATION,
COMPABISON.
4. Referring to character: poise, compos-
ure, equipoise, evenness; see sanity.
balance, v. t. 1. poise, equilibrate (tech. or
learned), equUibrize (rare); spec, equate,
trim (naut^. Often used fig. of things or
forces other than physical ones.
Antonyms: see overturn, upset.
2. See counterpoise, compensate, com-
pare, WAVER.
3. Of accounts: equate (rare), square.
balance, v. i. poise, equilibrate (rare),
librate (said of a bird).
balanced, a. 1. equilibrious, poised; spec.
stable.
2. Referring to accounts, total, etc.: even,
square.
bald, a. 1. bare (contextual), hairless,
peeled (ohs. or rare), depilous (rare), pelon
(as a dog; French); glabrous (tech.); spec.
beardless, whiskerless.
Antonyms: see hairy, bearded.
2. See bare, mere, unadorned, evi-
dent.
balk, V. i. refuse (rare), jib; spec. shy.
balky, a. restiff (obs. or rare), restive.
ball, n. 1. globe, sphere, orb (chiefly liter-
ary and spec), round (chiefly contextual);
spec, globule, pellet, sphericle (rare),
spherule, puck, gutty (slang), grub, bowl,
clew, bullet, croquette, bottom (obs.), cop,
marble, jinglet, pigskin (colloq.), earthkin,
terella, mound, pompon; see drop.
2. Spec masquerade, fandango (now
rare, exc as to foreign countries), masque,
ball, V. t. globe (a reflexive), orb (a reflex-
ive), conglobe, conglobate, englobe, en-
sphere; spec, clew; — all literary or rare,
exc "ball."
ball, V. i. orb (rare).
ballad, n. song, singsong (chiefly spec.);
spec, cantilena (Italian), derry (rare).
band, n. 1. Chiefly in plural: bond; spec.
shackle, chain, fetter, trammel, bilbo,
manacle, gyve, handcuff, cuffs (colloq.; pi.),
binding; — all implying restraint of per-
sonal liberty.
2. bond, tie, bind, shackle (rare or ohs.),
binder, binding, vinculum (tech.); spec.
bandage, couple, strap, chain, rope, bil-
let, clasp, ligature, ligament, hoop, fillet,
girdle, girth, tourniquet, belt, loop, bal-
dric, bandsaw, bandoleer, thong, regula,
sliver, reglet, tendon, commissure, breech-
ing, holdback, collar, collet, ferrule, head-
band, fanon, fascia, parrel or parral,
becket, cincture, cuff, curb, garter, gar-
land, noseband, cavesson, waistband; see
string, strap, ribbon.
3. stripe, strip, bar, belt, zone, arc, line;
spec, fascia, vitta, frieze, orle; see streak.
4. association, organization; spec, bri-
gade (of workers), cohort, union, chorus
(of singers), chouan (French).
5. Spec, brass, woodwind, strings (pi.),
orchestra, Kapelle (Ger.).
band, v. t. streak, stripe, belt, line; see
streak.
banded, a. striped, barred, listed; spec.
ring-streaked, fasciated, belted.
Antonyms: see uniform.
bandy, v. t. 1. See beat.
2. toss (words, names, etc.), shuttlecock
(rare), exchange (contextual).
bank, n. 1. Spec mound, dike, shelf, ridge,
terrace, brae (Scot.), embankment, escarp-
ment, terreplein, escarp, glacis, digue
(French), remblai (French); see bar.
2. brim (archaic); spec, riverside, levee
(U. S.), rivage (poetic), ripe (rare); see
SHARE.
bank, v. t. 1. Spec, embank, dike, terrace,
escarp, mound, rampart.
2. See CAROM.
bankrupt, v. i. break, smash (slang), bust
(slang, U. S.).
banner, n. flag (contextual); spec penon,
oriflamme, gonfalon, gonfanon.
bantam, n. 1. See dwarf.
V^^ Cross references: see Note.
bail, n.: bar.
ball, V. t: dip.
bairn: child.
bait: worry, feed, attract.
balderdash: nonsense.
bale, V. t: dip.
bale, n.: evil, harm, sorrow.
baleful: harmful, sorrowful,
malevolent.
balk: avoid, shirk, defeat.
balm: mitigatory.
balmy: fragrant, calmative,
mitigatory, mild.
baluster: post.
balustrade: railing.
ban, V. t.: curse, forbid.
banal: commonplace.
bandit: desperado.
bandy-legged: bow-legged.
bane: harm, pest, evil.
baneful: harmful, deadly.
bang, V. t.: strike, clap.
bang, n.: blow, dap.
banish: expel.
banishment: expulsion,
banister: railing.
bank, v. i.: rely.
bankrupt: insolvent.
banquet: feast.
tS° See Notes of Explanation.
32
BASE
2. Referring to a self-important fellow:
cockalorum, whippersnapper, skipjack (ar-
chaic), puppy (colloq.); spec, braggart,
jackanapes, upstart.
banter, v. t. & i. rally, badinage, joke,
roast (colloq. or slang), persiflate (rare),
josh (slang), jig (dial, or slang), chaff
(colloq.), quiz, jolly (colloq.), kid (slang).
baptize, v. t. christen- spec, dip (colloq.;
contextiMl), immerse (contextual), sprinkle
(coUoq.; contextual), rebaptize.
bar, n. 1. Spec, rod, stick, rail, bail, cross-
bar, batten, boom, tongue, came, concelli
(pi.), crow, fiferail, handspike, slicebar,
slice, bull, rave, crosshead, hound, fid;
see STAKE, ROD.
2. ridge; spec, sandbar, overslaugh (local,
U. S.), spit, swash.
8. See BAKHIEK, BAND, COURT, COtrNTBR.
4. bank, barrier, ridge; — (all three context-
ual); spec, sandbar, shelf, barrage.
5. prevention, hindrance, impediment,
check, stop, conclusion (law); spec, fore-
closure, estoppel.
bar, V. t. 1. See stop, prevent.
2. prevent, hinder, stop, check, preclude;
spec, foreclose, exclude, oust, estop.
barbarism, n. Referring to words or lan-
guage: misuse (contextual), solecism, cata-
chresis (tech.); spec, malapropism, Goth-
icism, Gothism, vandalism. Gallicism,
Latinism, Grecism, etc.
Antonyms: see culture.
barbarize, v. t. savage.
barbarous, a. 1. Spec. Gothic, vandalic,
heathenish, Hunnish.
2. See CRUEL, UNCIVILIZED, heathenish,
CACOPHONOUS.
bare, a. 1. naked, nude, exposed, bald; spec.
stripped, denudate, uncovered, depilated,
unhaired, barked, skinned, peeled, nap-
less, threadbare, blank, gaunt, desolate,
callow, breechless, plain, rampick (archaic
or dial.), galled; see bald, raw, naked.
Antonyms: see covered, clothed,
HAIRY, LEAFT.
2. See MERE, unadorned, uncovered,
NARROW, MEAGER.
bare, v. 1. 1. denude, denudate, divest; spec.
unsheathe, bark, skin, shave, disease (ar-
chaic) , expose, disclose, uncover, strip, peel,
depilate.
Antonyms: see cover.
2. See EXPOSE, disclose.
barefoot, a. unshod, discalceate (chiefly
said of nuns, friars, etc.), discalced (ecd.).
bareheaded, a. Spec, uncovered, ton-
sured.
bargain, v. i. 1. Spec, haggle, higgle,
stickle, treat, negotiate, dicker (U. S.),
chop (obs. orrare), chaffer, cheap (archaic);
see barter.
2. See CONTRACT.
bark, n. rind (chiefly tech. or literary), skin,
peel- spec, cortex, hber, cork, tan, dita,
cambium, hat.
bark, v. t. skin, peel, denude, debark (rare),
decorticate.
bark, n. cry (contextual), yap (coUoq.), yelp
(colloq. or spec), latration (literary); spec.
bay, quest.
bark, v. i. speak, cry (contextiud), latrate
(very rare), yap (colloq.), yelp (colloq. or
spec); spec quest, bay.
barking, a. latrant (literary).
barracks, n. pi. lodgings (pi.), quarters
(pi.); spec, bullpen (cant).
barren, o. 1. sterile, fruitless (rare as refer-
ring to animals), unproductive, unfruit-
ful, infertile, dead (chiefly of soU or land),
infecund (rare); spec, childless (context-
ual), heartless, naked, neuter, acarpous,
infructuose (rare), desert, unfructuous
(rare), farrow.
Antonyms: see pruitpul, luxuriant.
2. unproductive, dead, jejune (literary),
otiose (literary), fruitless; see ineffect-
ual.
Antonyms: see productive, effective,
INGENIOUS.
barricade, n. fence, obstruction, barrier,
bar; — all four contextual.
barrier, n. obstruction (contexttud), fence
(chiefly spec), bar (primarily spec); spec.
hedge, chain, boom, rope, bank, entangle-
ment, wall, stockade, fencing (coUectiue),
gate, barrage, barrage (French; mil.),
traverse (rare); see barricade.
barter, v. t. & i. bargain, exchange, trade,
swap or swop (colloq., U. S.; or dial.),
truck, chop (rare or obs.).
base, a. 1. See low, lowly, illegitimate,
inferior (in quality), plebeian.
2. Ignoble, infamous, vile, mean, low,
cheap, miscreant (lit^ary), turpitudinous
(rare), illiberal (literary), vulgar (rare or
archaic), sordid; spec, abject, groveling,
menial, villain (rare), villein (hist.), slavish,
beggarly, servile, soulless, baseborn; see
contemptible.
Antonyms: see noble.
base, n. 1. See bottom, support, founda-
t3^ Cross references: see Note.
banter: pleasantry.
barbarian, a.: foreign^ uncivil-
ized.
barbarian, n.: foreigner, sav-
age, boor.
barbaric: foreign, uncivilized.
barbarity: cruelty.
bard: poet, singer.
bard: armor.
bargain: agreement, contract.
bark: vessel, boat.
barmy : yeasty, flighty.
baroque: extravagant, irregular.
barrage: bar, obstacle.
barricade: obstruct.
barroom: saloon.
basal: foundational, fundamental.
f^ See Notes of Explanation.
33
BASE
TION, BEAKING, STEM (pMlol.), RECEPTA-
CLE, BASS.
2. In the sense of "chief ingredient":
ground, basis, basement {tech.; chiefly
spec.).
8. In botany, zoology, etc.: foot, fundus
(Jtech.), bottom; spec, butt; see stalk.
base, V. t. 1. rest (contextual), found,
ground (<yrig. spec.), put (contextual), bot-
tom; spec. bund.
2. In a secondary sense: found, ground,
rest, predicate {U. S.).
baseness, n. ignominy, meanness, infamy,
turpitude, etc. Cf. base, a., Z.
bashful, o. shy, retiring, diffident, shrink-
ing, timid, strange, shamefaced, shame-
fast (archaic), coy, reserved, chary (rare),
boggle (dial, or colloq.), modest; spec.
sheepish, blushful. "Coy" (which see) does
not imply anything as to the disposition,
but refers merely to the outward acts.
Antonyms: see assured, bold, impudent,
SHAMELESS, AKROGANT, CONCEITED.
bashfulness, n. shyness, diffidence, coy-
ness, reserve, timidity, etc.
Antonyms: see assurance, conceit.
basis, n. 1. See base, bottom, reason,
ground.
2. foundation, ground, groundwork, f unda^
mental, principle, premise comer stone
(fig.), keystone (fig.).
basket, n. skep (local, Eng.); spec, scuttle,
seedlip, tap, tapnet, crate, calanthus
(archcBol.), frail, bass, bassinet, canister
(a Laiinism or Grecism), pannier, corbeil,
buck, moll, creel, gabion, nacelle, flasket,
flat, prickle, pad, corf, canaster, hanaper
(historical), hamper.
bass, a. low, deep, heavy, base (obsoles-
cent), basso (Italian), grave (rare); spec.
barytone.
Antonyms: see shrill.
bass, n. base (obsolescent); spec, thorough-
base, drone, barytone, bourdon.
bastard, n. by-blow or bye-blow (archaic),
love child, whoreson (law or archaic), il-
legitimate (formal or legal), misfortune
(Scot. & dial. Eng.), come-by-chance (col-
loq.); spec, nephew (euphemistic), niece
(euphemistic).
bath, n. 1. immersion, dipping; spec, tub-
bing, pedilavium, douche (French), dip
(coUoqT); see wash.
2. suffusion, circumfusion, embathing
(literary).
3. wash, lotion; spec. dip. _ _
4. lavatory, laver (literary or rhetorical);
spec, tub, demibath, hammam or hum-
mum (Turkish), sudatory, sudatorium
(Latin), therm (archaic), thermae (pi.;
Latin), sitz bath, vaporarium (Latin), '
caldarium (Latin).
bathe, v. t. 1. immerse, dip, bath (always
literal), embathe (literary); spec, tub,
embrocate, foment; see wash.
2. suffuse, circumfuse, embathe (literary).
3. bask, beek (Scot).
battleship, n. Spec, predreadnought,
dreadnought, superdreadnought, Uner.
bawd, n. pimp, procurer, whoremaster
(law), pander, procuress, panderess (rare);
spec, bawdstrot (obs.), broker (obs.), ca/-
det, maquereau (French), mackerel (ar-
chaic) .
bawdry, n. 1. pandering, pimping, pro-
curation, panderism; spec, proxenetism.
2. See OBSCENITY.
be, V. i. 1. exist, consist (archaic), stand,
lie, subsist, remain, go (as in "as things
go"); spec, coexist, postexist (rare), pre-
exist (rare), occur, lurk, rank.
2. See CONTINUE, occur, CONSTITUTE.
beadle, n. constable, bluecoat or bluebot-
tle (nickname); spec, bedell or poker
(Univ. slang, Eng.).
beak, n. 1. Referring to a bird: biU, nib,
neb.
2. Referring to an insect: snout, rostrum
(tech.), nose; spec, proboscis.
3. Referring to a vessel's prow: rostrum,
beakhead.
4. projection (contextual); spec, nozzle,
nose, horn, umbo (tech.).
beam, n. I. timber, raft (archaic or spec.),
balk; spec, batten, scantling, truss, tie,
trevis (Scot.), chevron (rare), girder, raft-
er, joist; see pole.
2. See WIDTH, QUILL, rat.
beanlike, a. fabaceous (tech.).
bean- shaped, a. fabiform (tech.).
bear, v. t. 1. See support, keep (in mind),
ENTERTAIN, ENDURE, SUFFER, TRANSPORT,
BEHAVE, PRESS, SHOW, CARRY, CAUSE,
YIELD.
2. produce, have (a child, young, etc.),
throw (cant; only of animals), drop
K^^ Cross references: see Note.
bashaw: magnate.
basic: fundamental.
bastard: illegitimate, false, ir-
regular, unauttiorized.
baBtlnado: cudgel.
batch: quantity.
bate, V. i.: flap.
bathos: antiaimax.
bating:
baton: staff.
battalion: division.
batten: thrive, fatten.
batter, v. t.: beat, bruise, indent.
batter, n.: slope.
batter, n.: paste.
battle, V. i.: fight, contend.
battle, n.: fight, contest.
bauble: gewgaw, scepter.
bawl, V. i,: cry, shout.
bawl, V. t.: shout.
bawl, n.: cry, shout, outcry.
bay, n.: compartment, window,
bay, V. i.: bark.
bayonet, v. t: stab.
bayou: inlet,
bays, pi.: vxreath, garland,
crown,
bazaar: market, fair,
beach: ground.
beacon: signal, waJtchtower.
beam, v. i.: shine.
beaming: shining.
t?° See Notes of Explanation.
34
BECOMING
{chiefly of animals, esp. sheep), teem (068.
or archaic), cast (,esp. prematurely; chiefly
of animals); spec, spawn (contemptuous),
cnild {obs.), farrow, abort.
bear, v. i. 1. travail (of women only), teem
(archaic), labor (of women only; archaic),
parturiate (rare); spec, litter, yean, ean
{06s.). cub, pig, pup, farrow, calve, favm,
kitten, foal, wnelp, twin, spawn (con^
temptuous).
2. See RELATE, APPLY.
bear, n. 1. Bruin (used as a proper name);
spec, grizzly, cub, whelp.
2. As applied to a person: rudesby (ar-
chaic), crab (rare), cur (contemptuous;
contextual).
3. See sPEcuLATon.
beard, n. 1. Spec, whiskers (pi.), Charley
or Charlie (colloq. or slang), goatee, im-
perial, Vandyke, Bumsides (pi). Gallo-
ways (pi.).
2. awn, arista (tech.).
bearded, a. 1. hairy (contextual), whisk-
ered, barbate (rare).
Antonyms: see bald.
2. Spec, awned, barbate, barbed, pogo-
niate (tech.), glochidiate (tech.).
beardless, a. smooth-faced; spec, shaven,
unfledged (fig.).
bearing, n. 1. See endtjiiance, position,
RELATION, TRANSPORTATION, BEHAVIOR,
CARRIAGE.
2. base, support, rest: spec, journal,
plate, step, coak, cock, brass, babbit,
tread, trunnion, seating, gudgeon, yoke,
saddle, tassel or torse, templet, lintel,
headstock, taUstock; see bushino.
3. In heraldry: charge, devise; spec, well,
rest, goutte (French), trestle, trivet, trav-
erse, trefoil, tressure, weare, gore, wedge,
ferrule, virule, woolpack, flasque, fusil,
yard; see arms.
beast, n. 1. See animal.
2. As a term of contemptvmbs opprobrium:
spec, brute, dog, cur, hog, swme, hound.
beastlike, a. theriomorphic (rare), bes-
tial, beastly (rare), brutish, brutal (rare),
theroid (rare), ferine (rare), feral (learned).
beastly, a. 1. See beastlike.
2. coarse (contextual), abominable (con-
textual), vile; spec, swinish, hoggish, pig-
gish boarish, filthy, gluttonous, greedy;
see indecent.
Antonyms: see refined, gentlemanly,
LADYLIKE, CHASTE.
beat, V. t. 1. pound, clapperclaw (archaic or
dud.), contund (humorous or affected), be-
labor (intensive), thump (colloq.), thwack,
whack, pommel or pummel, welt (colloq.
or slang) , fan (slang) , lam (coUoq. or vulgar) ;
spec, mill, bepommel or bepummel (inten-
sive), drub, tattoo, whale, hammer, bandy,
mallet (archaic), malleate (rare), scutch,
flail, flog, lap, beetle, drum, full, batter;
see RAM, THRASH.
Antonyms: see cherish, caress.
2. Referring to making a foam or the like
of: whip, mill, churn (Jig. or spec.), switch.
3. Referring to games, contests, etc.: de-
feat (esp. in a game); spec, gammon,
whitewash (colloq.) , skunk (vulgar slang),
blank, goose-egg (slang), distance, lurch.
4. See nonplus, surpass, defeat.
beat, n. 1. See blow, pulsation, circott,
TACK, flap, sponger.
2. defeat; spec, whitewash (colloq.),
skunk (vulgar slang), blank, etc.
3. In newspaper cant: scoop.
beatification, n. feUcitation (rare), mac-
arization (rare).
beatified, a. blessed.
beatify, v. t. heaven (rare), bless, felicitate
(rare), imparadise (rare), macarize (rare);
see please, gladden.
Antonyms: see curse.
beatitude, n. blessing; spec, macarism
(rare).
Antonyms: see curse.
beautiful, a. lovely, lovesome (archaic),
beauteous (literary and chiefly poetic),
bright, lustrous (fig.), splendent; spec.
pretty, dainty, sweet.
Antonyms: see ugly, abominable.
beautify, v. t. become (contextual), adorn,
grace; spec, prettify; see ornament.
Antonyms: see deface.
beauty, n. 1. lovehness, loveUhead (rare),
formosity (archaic), pulchritude (rare),
lustre; spec, glory, prettiness (beauty
without dignity).
Antonyms: see ugliness, deformity.
2. belle, fair lady, fair one; spec, bellibone
(obs.).
Antonyms: see hag.
because, conj. since, inasmuch as, as,
forwhy (archaic), long or along (archaic
or died.), forasmuch as (archaic or formal) .
becloud, v. t. cloud, darken, obscure; spec.
fog.
become, v. t. 1. befit, fit, suit, beseem.
Antonyms: see misbecome.
2. See grace, beautify.
become, v. i. grow, turn, go, fall, drop,
wax (archaic or literary), come, get; —
mostly idiomates.
becoming, a. 1. befitting, fitting, fit, suit-
able, worthy, good, well-becommg, seem-
ly, meet, gaimy (rare), graceful (chiefly
1^* Cross r^erences: see Note.
bearish: roagh.
beatific: glad.
beau: dandy, lover.
beaver: visor.
becalm: calm, detain.
beck: brook.
beck: bow, gesture.
beckon: gesture.
13° See Notes of Explanation.
35
BECOMINGNESS
spec), beseemly (rare), decorous; see ap-
propriate, PROPER.
Antonyms: see unbecoming, unsuit-
able, IMPROPER.
2. beautifying, feat {archaic or dial.).
becomingness, n. fitness, suitability,
comeliness, grace {chiefly spec); spec, ap-
propriateness, propriety.
bed, n. I. couch, lair {rare, exc of beasts),
doss {slang or cant), berth {chiefly spec),
bunk {colioq. or spec), roost {slang); spec
litter, crib, cot, cradle, trundle, truckle,
mattress, pallet, hammock, shakedown.
2. See BEDSTEAD, LAYER, BOTTOM, PIECE.
bed, V. t. 1. lodge, lair {rare, exc. of beasts),
bunk {colioq. or spec); spec, cradle, litter.
2. See REST.
bedcover, n. Spec, quilt, bedquilt, cov-
erlet, coverlid {rare), counterpane, com-
forter {colioq., U. S.), bedspread {U. S.),
spread {U. S.), comfortable {U. S.), pall
{archaic), rezai {Anglo-Indian), palam-
pore, duvet {French).
bedding, n. Spec, bedclothes, litter, lit-
tering, lairage {rare), brancard.
bedroom, n. bedchamber or chamber
{formal or pretentions), bower {archaic),
cubicle (esp. one of a series in an Eng.
school dormitory), cubiculum {jocose); spec
ruelle {French).
bedstead, n. Spec cot, charpoy {Anglo-
Indian), bed {colioq. or cant).
bedtick, n. tick, case, cover {contextual).
beet, n. The animal: bovine, neat {rare);
spec bull, cow, freemartin, ox, steer,
heifer, muley or muUey, bullock, bossy,
roan, taurine {rare), buffalo, bison, au-
rochs, carabao, gayal, gaur, zebu, za-
mouse, yak, musk-ox, urus, anoa, sapiu-
tan, Kerry, Durham, Jersey, etc
beehive, n. hive, apiary
besprinkle: epot. [uoZ.
bestial: animal, beaatlike, sens-
bestir: TQuae, excite.
bestraddle: straddle.
bestride: mount, straddle, ride.
bet: wager,
betide: happen, befaU,
betimes: early, immediately,
betoken: signify, indicate,
better, v, t,: improve, surpass,
bevy: flock, company,
bewail: mourn,
beware: avoid.
bewilder: confute, stupefy,
bezel: edge.
bias, n,: slant, tenency, prejuf
dice, partiality, inclination.
bias, V, t,: prejudice, incline
biased: partial, prejudiced.
bibulous: drinking, absorbent.
bicker: quarrel, dispute, murmur.
bid: offer, invitation.
biddable: obedient,
bidding, a,: commanding.
bide: await, withstand, endure.
bifurcate: forked.
IS" See Notes of Explanation.
39
BIG THING
ehaic), tall (.slang, U. S.), great; spec.
stout, thick; see massive, lakge, im-
mense.
Antonyms: see small, slender.
2. See IMPORTANT, pretentious, swol-
len.
big thing (of any kind), bouncer (col-
hq.), whopper (colloq.), strapper (colloq.),
swinger (colloq.).
Antonyms: see particle.
bill, V. t. Spec, invoice.
billow, n. wave (coniextiud), undulation
(learned or tech.; contextual), swell, surge.
billow, V. i. wave (contextual), swell, undu-
late (contextual).
billowy, a. wavy (contextual), undulating
(learned or tech.; contextual), roUing,
surging, swelling.
bin, n. box (contextual); spec, pocket,
kench (U. S.), bunker, hold, crib, hutch.
bind, V. t. 1. hold (contextual), truss, con-
fine (cmdextwd) ; spec, tie, vinculate
(rare), wattle, bend, lash (chiefly naut.),
Ugature, ligate, enchain, fillet, ferrule,
ferrel, pinion, truss, garter, fetter, enfet-
ter (rare), frap, fasciate (rare), braid,
band, chain, enchain (rare or literary),
bond, cord, rope, wire, reeve, sheaf,
thong, withe, hoop, gyve, pin, bandage,
lace, enlace (rare), entangle, interlace
(chiefly fl^.), muzzle, swathe.
Anionyms: see loose.
2. stick, jam, jamb (rare); spec, squeeze.
3. Spec, braid, tape.
4. obligate, hold, oblige (chiefly law), en-
gage, restrict (chiefly law), astrict (rare);
spec, bond, mortgage, pledge, sacrament,
indenture, pin (with "to"), indebt (rare),
swear, hypothecate.
Antonyms: see free.
5. <See attach, border, restrain, fast-
en, constipate.
bind, V. i. stick, jam, jamb (rare), hold
(contextual); spec, squeeze.
binding, a. 1. See astringent.
2. obligatory, obUgative (rare), obliging
(rare), imperative, imperious (rare); spec.
mandatory, incumbent.
Antonyms: see invalid.
binding, n. 1. holding, confining, confine-
ment, tying, religation (rare), hgation
(rare or learned); spec, bandaging, liga^
ture, deligation (rare).
2. See BAND.
3. obligation, committal, obligement
(rare), engagement. "Binding" is rare.
4. See ATTACHMENT, RESTRAINT.
bird, n. fowl (rare, exc. spec, or as a col-
lective); spec, fledgling or fledgeling,
squeaker, chirper, dicky (colloq.), dicky-
bird or dickey-bird (colloq.), cockyofly
bird (nursery or pet name), cageling,
nestling, nestler (rare).
birdhouse, n. aviary; spec, columbarium,
columbary, dovecote.
birdlike, a. volucrine (rare), avian (tech.);
spec, omithomorphic (rare), ornithoid
(rare).
birtb, n. 1. nativity (literary or ecd.), nas-
cency (rare or fl^.), natality (rare); spec.
cast, heterogenesis, litter.
Antonyms: see death.
2. See offspring, product, descent,
arising.
birthmark, n. naevus (chiefly spec.; tech.);
spec, strawberry, tumor, mole.
biscuit, n. Spec, cracker (U. S.), hard-
tack, ship biscuit, cracknel, rusk, pretzel
(U. S.). ^ ^
bisect, V. i. halve, hemisect (rare), middle
(naut.).
bishop, n. prelate, pontifex (rare), pontiff
(historical or spec), primate, presiil (rare);
spec, metropolitan, patriarch, pope, ex-
arch, diocesan, archbishop, chorepisco-
pus (hist.), suffragan, episcopacy (a col-
lective; with "the").
bishopric, n. 1. See diocese.
2. bishophood, bishopry, lawn (fl^.),
primacy, prelateship, prelacy, prelature,
episcopacy, episcopate; spec, exarchate.
bitch, n. dog (contextuM), slut, lady
(cant or euphemistic); spec, brach,
brachet.
bite, V. t. 1. fang (rare); spec, nibble, nip,
gnaw, gnash, scrunch, champ, chop, sav-
age, snap, tooth (rare), worry. Most of
these synonyms are also used absolutely or
intransitively.
2. See CUT, WOUND, corrode, pain,
hold, sting, etc.
bite, n. Spec, nibble, crunch, scrunch,
nip, champ, snap, gnash.
biting, a. 1. mordant (rare), mordacious
(learned).
2. See ACRID, stimulating, acrimoni-
ous, sarcastic.
bitter, a. 1. Spec, gaily, bitterish.
2. See acrimonious, severe, painful,
sorrowful.
bitter, v. t. embitter (emphatic), sour.
Antonyms: see sweeten.
^F" Cross references: see Note.
big-bellied: corpulent.
bight: bay, loop.
bigot: fanatic.
bigoted: narrow.
bigotry: fanaticism.
bigwig: personage.
bilateral: two-sided.
bilge: protuberance.
bilk, V. t.: defeat, deceive, cheat,
bilk, n.: trick.
bill: caress.
billet, n.: stick.
billet, 71..' letter, position.
billet, fi. t.: lodge.
billon: alloy.
binder: band.
birthplace: source.
birthright: hereditaTnent.
biserial: two-rowed.
bit: morsel, particle.
tS° See Notes of Explanation.
40
BLEND
black, a. 1. dark, jet, pitchy, jetty, pioeous
(rare), coaly, nigrous {rare), Cimmerian
(fig.; literary), sooty, atramentous (rare),
swart (chiefly spec), inky, sable, atrst-
mentaceous (literary).
Antonyms: see white.
2. See DEPRESSING, MALEVOLENT, WICK-
ED, OUTRAGEOUS, THREATENING.
blackball, n. pill (slang), pip (coUoq. or
slang).
blacken, v. t. 1. black, nigrify (rare); spec.
soot, ink, besoot (intensive), besmutch
(iritensive), besmut (intensive), cork, be-
grime (intensive), charcoal, blackwash,
ebonize.
Antonyms: see whiten.
2. See stain, bully.
blackened, a. blacked; spec, inked,
corked, smutty, etc.
bladder, n. Spec, vesica, vesicle, cyst,
sac, gall, sound.
bladdery, a. bladderform (rare); also, (all
tech. or learned), vesiculose, vesiculous,
cystic, vesicular, vesiculiform.
blade, n. 1. flat; spec, spoon, vane, wash,
Umb, web, languet, spear, brand (poetic
or archaic), snare, colter or coulter.
2. See cutter, feather.
8. spark, bawcock (archaic), blood, dash-
er (colloq.), galliard (archaic); spec.
Johnny (colloq.), rake, jeunesse dorde
(French), buck, roysterer.
blamable, a. culpable (with ''of"), fault-
ful (rare), blameworthy, delinquent,
faulty, censurable; spec, vituperable
(rare); see guilty, sinful, reprehen-
sible.
Antonyms: see blameless, sinless, in-
nocent.
blame, n. 1. fault, culpabihty, blame-
worthiness, censurableness; see guilt,
SINFULNESS, REPREHENSIBIHTY.
2. censure, reflection, criticism, dispraise,
mispraise (rare); see reproof, censure.
blame, v. t. censure, criticize, inculpate
(rare), dispraise (rare), mispraise (rare);
see REPROVE, CENSURE.
Antonyms: see acquit, excuse.
blameless, a. faultless, unblamable (rare),
innocent, incensurable (rare), irreproach-
able, irreprovable (rare), inculpable (rare),
irreprehensible (rare), unimpeachable;
see sinless, innocent, guiltless.
Antonyms: see blamable, sinful, guii/-
TY, REPREHENSIBLE.
blaming, n. censure, criticism, inculpation;
see reproof, censure, accusation.
bland, a. 1. smooth, inirritant (rare), vel-
vety, velvet.
Antonyms: see acrid, corrosive, harsh,
pungent.
2. See smooth, plausible.
blank, a. 1. See absolute, empty,
bare, confused, unadorned.
2. thoughtless, vacuous, vacant, inex-
pressive, unexpressive, dull, expression-
less.
Antonyms: see expressive, thought-
ful, PLEASED, etc.
blanket, n. cover, wrap, whittle (obs. or
dial.); spec, maokinaw, shroud.
blaze, n. 1. See flame, flash, out-
burst.
2. Referring to a marking on an animal:
spec, spot (contextiud), star, snip, cloud.
blazon, v. t. 1. In heraldry: emblazon.
2. See describe, depict, show.
blazonry, n. 1. See arms, show, depic-
tion, display.
2. blazoning, emblazonry, blazonment.
bleach, v. t. whiten (contextual), blanch,
decolorize (chiefly tech.).
blear, a. 1. Referring to the person: blear-
eyed, bleared, bleary, dim-eyed, dim-
sighted, sand-blind (archaic).
Antonyms: see bright-eyed.
2. Referring to the eyes: bleary, bleared,
cloudy, blurred, dimmed, lackluster, dull.
blear, v. t. & i. dull, blur, cloud, dim.
bleat, V. i. & n. cry (contextual), baa, blat,
blate.
bleed, v. t. 1. blood (archaic); spec, phle-
botomize, venesect, cup, leech, deplete.
bleed, v. i. Spec, shed, flow, ooze, drop.
bleeding, n. bloodletting; spec, phlebot-
omy, venesection.
blend, v. t. mix (contextual), mingle (con-
textual); spec, fuse, amalgamate, interfuse,
intergrade, gradate; see adulterate.
Antonyms: see separate.
fW Cross references: see Note.
blTOuao: camp.
bizarre: fantastic, odd, un-
familiar, extravagant.
blab: tattle.
blab, blabber: tattler.
blackguard, n.: rascal.
blackguard, v. t.: abuse.
black-hearted: wicked, ma-
levolent.
blackleg: cheat.
blackmail: extortion.
blameworthy: blamable.
blanch: whiten, bleach, pale.
blandish: cajole.
blank, v. t.: defeat.
blare: trumpet, sound,
blaspheme: curse, abuse.
blasphemous: impious, ir-
reverent, abusive.
blast, 71.; wind, charge, ex-
plosion.
blast, V. t: blow, blight, ruin.
blasted: accursed.
blat, V. i.: bleat, chatter.
blat, V. t.: blurt, tattle.
blatant: boisterous, clamorous.
blate: bleat, chatter.
blaze, V. i.: flame, shine.
blaze, V. t,: advertize.
blazing: flaming, flashing.
blazon: arms, description, de^
piction.
bleak: exposed, cold, gloomy.
blear, n.: blur.
bleary: blear.
bleb: vesicle, bubble.
blemish, v t.: damage, impair,
sully.
blemish, n.: fault, impairment.
blench: shirk.
blend, v. i.: unite, harmonize.
VW See Notes of Explanation.
41
BLENDING
blending, a. confluent (learned).
bless, V. t. 1. See consecrate, beatify,
CONGRATULATE, PRAISE.
2. In the sense of "to invoke the divine good
mil or protection upon": sain {archiaic).
Antonyms: see ctmsE.
blessed, a. 1. blest (a variant).
Antonyms: see accursed.
2. See GLAD, HALLOWED.
blessing, n. 1. benediction, benison {ar-
chaic or poetic), benedicite (Latin); spec.
grace (at table).
Antonyms: see cursing.
2. See good.
blight, V. t. blast, nip, strike; spec, blow,
infect, wither, rust, mildew, sear, brand,
bxirn, bunt, choke.
Antonyms: see aid, cherish, strength-
en.
blighted, a. blasted, nipped, stricken;
spec, rusty, blown, etc.
blind, a. 1. sightless, visionless, dark, un-
seeing, unperceiving, ray less; spec, eye-
less (often fig.), moon-eyed, moon-blind,
blindfold, blindfolded, stockblind, stone-
blind.
2. unperceiving, undisceming, uncompre-
hending, unseeing, blindfold (fig.), dark,
senseless, insapient (rare), benighted (lit-
erary); see disregardpul.
Antonyms: see discerning, prophetic.
5. closed (at the end), csecal (tech.)
4. Referring to walls, etc., that have no
opening through: blank.
6. See unintelligible, hidden, illegi-
ble, chance.
blind, V. t. 1. blear, darken, purblind,
quench (the eye; literary); spec, squint,
blink, exoculate (rare), excecate (rare),.
gouge, seel, hoodwink; see dazzle.
2. darken (the mind), benight, hoodwink
(fig.), deaden.
blindly, adv. Spec, darkly, unseeingly,
gropingly, unperceivingly, etc.
blindness, n. Spec, sightlessness, dark-
ness, senselessness, benightedness (liter-
ary), etc.
Antonyms: see sight, insight.
blister, n. vesication (tech.), vesicle (tech.
or learned); spec, blain (rare), buUation.
bloat, V. t. inflate, swell, puff (chiefly with
"up"), distend.
Antonyms: see contract, deflate,
SHRINK.
block, n. 1. mass (contextual); spec, clog
(chiefly Scot.), clump, scotch, brick, bri-
quette, briquet, square, die, cube, pad.
loaf, mold, nub, set, stock (rare), dado;
see PIECE.
2. Referring to buildings: insula (Roman
antiq.), island (rare); spec, square.
3. See BLOCKING, PATTERN, BLOCKHEAD,
QUANTITY, DIVISION, STOP.
block, V. t. 1. obstruct, jam (rare), jamb,
choke, blockade (fig. or spec); spec, ram,
scotch.
2. See STOP, DEFEAT, SHAPE, OUTLINE,
PROP.
blockhead, n. simpleton, dunce, stupid,
ass (contemptuous), dolt, dullard, block,
stick (colloq.), chump (colloq. or slang),
numskull, stock (rare), dunderhead,
blunderbuss, blunderhead, clod, clodpate,
clodpoU, cod's-head (slang), buzzard
(rare), chucklehead (chiefly dial.), coof
(Scot.), pigsconce (contemptuous; rare),
oxhead (colloq.), loggerhead, lunkhead
(slang, U. S), woodenhead (colloq.),
hardhead (colloq.), booby (colloq.), doddy-
poU (obs. or rare), cuddy (chiefly Scot.),
idiot (slang or contemptuous), dummy
(colloq.), driveler (contemptuous), idiot
(contemptuous), imbecile (contemptuous),
mome (archaic), foozle (colloq.), saphead
(slang, contemptuous), jolthead (rare),
dotterel (Jig.), wiseacre (ironical or sar-
Antonyms: see scholar, wiseacre.
blocking, n. obstruction, block, jamming,
choking, choke, blockade (fig. or spec).
blond, blonde, a. fair, Ught; spec, albino.
Antonyms: see brunet.
blood, n. 1. claret (slang), drops (pi.; by el-
lipsis); spec, gore, cruor, grume, ichor
(Oreek myth.).
2. See SAP, FAMILY, relation, ill tem-
per, BLADE.
blood, V. t. 1. See bleed.
2. bloody, engore (rare), bebleed (ar-
chaic; intensive).
bloodless, a. 1. anaemic (chiefly med.), ex-
sanguine (rare), exsanguious (rare), ex-
sanguinous (rare).
2. <See peaceable, unfeeling.
bloodshed, n. bloodletting; spec, slaugh-
ter.
bloodshot, a. red (contextual); spec, in-
flamed.
bloodthirsty, a. cannibal, bloody, tiger-
ish, sanguinary (bookish), sanguineous
(rare).
Antonyms: see gentle.
bloody, a. 1. red (contextual), sanguinary
(unusual in the literal sense), sanguineous
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
blindfold: blind.
blink, V. i.: wink, flicker, shine.
blink, V. t.: avoid, ignore, shirk.
blink, n.: wink, moment, flash,
flicker.
bliss: gladness, good.
blissful: glad.
blithe: glad, cheerful, g(vy.
blithesome: glad, cheerful,
cheering, gay.
blizzard: storm, wind.
bloat, a,: inflated, swollen.
bloat, n.: drunkard.
blockade, «. t.: block, besiege.
blockade, n.: siege.
bloodletting:: bleeding, bloodshed.
bloodsucker: extortioner.
t^' See Notes of Explanation.
42
BOARISH
(xon'ii), hsematio {tech.), sanguine {poetic
or rnetarical), ensanguined {literary);
spec, crimson {coriiexiiud), purple {corif
textual), gory, sanguinolent {chiefiymed.),
reeking.
8. See HOMICIDAL.
bloom, n. t. See flower {referring to a
single blossom), flush, efflorescence,
POWDER, PRIME.
2. Referring to the state: flower, blossom,
anthesis {tech.), efflorescence {tech.), flo-
rescence {tech. or learned), blowth {rare).
8. Flowers collectively: efflorescence
{tech.), bloomage {rare), blossom {rare).
blotch, n. 1. spot, area (learned; context-
val), patch; spec, stigma.
2. See VESICLE.
blouse, n. Spec, smock, smock frock,
camorra {Italian), camise, garibaldi,
tunic.
blow, n. 1. stroke, impact, clip {coUoq.),
buffet {chiefly spec), coup (French), smite
{chiefly rhetorical); spec, smite, bang, bat,
beat, bounce, ding (dial.), thump {col-
log.), douse {rare), crack, clout {dial, or
vulgar), clour {Scot, or dial. Eng.), douser
{dial, or slang), punch, plug {slang),
smash {colloq.), dad {chiefly dial. & Scot.),
push {chiefly dial.), lick {slang or vulgar),
welt {colloq. or slang), whack {colloq.),
thwack, slam, crack, wipe {slang), drub,
dump, dash, dab, dazzler {slang), double-
thonger (colloq.), cut, clash, clap, bang,
floorer (slang or cant), dunt (chiefly Scot!),
stinger {colloq.), swiiie (colloq.), counter,
sidewinder (U. S.), kick, bastinado,
punch, left-hander, right-hander, slash,
rap, wallop (slang), plunk (slang), sock-
dologer (slang, U. S.), slug (colloq.), whop
{colloq.), whang (dial, or colloq.), tunk
{colloq. or died.), bump, stamp, facer
(coUoq.), smack (colloq.), thumper (rare),
fisticuffs (pi.); see cuff, slap.
Antonyms: see caress.
2. See DISASTER.
blow, V. i. 1. Spec, bluster, flaw, whiff,
whiffle, fan, breeze (rare), storm, puff,
fuff (rare or Scot.), blast (rare or obs.).
2. See EXHALE, BOAST.
3. pant, puff, fuff {rare or Scot.).
4. Spec, toot, tootle.
blow, V. t. 1. wind (pron. wind); spec.
blast, puff, bugle, toot, tootle; see
TRUMPET.
2. See INFLATE, BLIGHT.
blow, n. 1. blowing, bluster; spec, perfla-
tion (rare or tech.), whiff, puff.
2. See WIND.
blunder, V. i. 1. err, slip, bungle, boggle
(coUoq.), foozle (slang or often cant and
spec); spec, solecize, muff.
2. stumble, slip, flounder.
blunder, n. 1. error (amtesiuaC), slip,
bungle, boggle (coUoq.); spec, muff, bull,
solecism.
2. stumble, slip, floimder.
blunt, a. 1. dull; spec, pointless, round,
turned, dullish.
Antonyms: see sharp, pointed.
2. See DULL (mentally), insensible.
8. bluS, burly (archaic), abrupt, plump,
direct, outspoken, plain-spoken, flat,
brusque, round, crisp; aee rough.
Antonyms: see gentle, smooth, smooth-
spoken.
blunt, V. t. 1. dull; spec, imedge (rare),
turn, round, rebate (rare).
Antonyms: see sharpen.
2. See DULL (mentally).
blur, n. 1. See smear, stain, sully.
2. Referring to vision: blear (rore), cloud,
dimness, indistinctness.
blurt, V. t. utter {contextudC) , plump, blat
(coUoq.), bolt {rare).
blush, V. i. redden, rouge (rare), ruddy
{rare), flush.
Antonyms: see pale.
blushing, a. rubescent (Uamed), erubes-
cent (rare), flushed, ruddy, rosy.
Antonyms: see pale.
bluster, v. i. 1. See blow.
2. bounce (rare), hector, roister, swagger,
buUy, ruffle, gasconade (literary), vapor
{literary), sweU, bravado; see rage.
Antonyms: see cringe, coax.
bluster, n. 1. See BLOW, wind.
2. bravado, swagger; spec, jingo, jingo-
ism, chauvinism (learned), vaporing or
vapor (JMerary).
blusterer, n. swaggerer, bully, bouncer {col-
loq.), roister m (now more usual) roisterer,
buster (slang), swasher, swash (rare), etc
board, v. t. 1. approach (a ship).
2. enter (a train).
3. entrain (put aboard a train).
board, n. Spec deal, plank, panel, slab,
clapboard, gangboard.
boarding house, pension (French; chiefly
referrin,g to a boarding house in continental
Europe).
1^" Cross references: see Note.
bloom: fiower, thrive, flush.
bloomy: flowery, thriving.
blossom, n.: fiower, bloom.
blossom, V. t.: fiower.
blot, n.: spot, stain, sully.
blot, V. t: spot, cancel, svlly,
stain, hide, dry.
blotch: spot, stain.
blowy: toindy.
blowzy: red, slovenly.
blubber: cry.
bluestocking, n.: pedant, pre-
cisian.
bluestocking, a.: precious, pe-
dantic.
bluS, V. t.: deceive.
bluS, n.: pretense.
blunder, v, t.: botch, misman-
age.
blur: smear, sully, blear.
blurred: blear.
board, n.: tack.
bearish: swinish, beastly, cruel.
US' See Notes of Explanation.
43
BOAST
boast, V. i. brag, vaunt, vapor (literary),
bounce (rare), blow (dial, or collo^.),
cackle (cant or slang), bluster, flourish,
swash, gasconade (literary), crack (ar-
chaic); spec, rodomontade (literary).
boaster, n. bragger, brag, braggart, lex-
iphanes (rare; literary), braggadocio,
vaunter, vaporer (literary), bouncer,
cracker, fanfaron (French), mouther (conn
temptuous), gasconader (rare), Gascon
(literary), swashbuckler, hector, killcow
(pbs. or dial.), puff (archaic), puckfist
(contemptuoits) , Rodomont (literary; fig.),
Thraso (literary; fig.); spec. Scaramouch
(literary; fi^.), Tartarin (literary; fig.).
boastful, a. bragging, braggart, vaunt-
ing, lexiphanic (rare; literary), bouncing
(rare), tongue-vaHant (rare), rodomon-
tade (rare). Thrasonical (literary; fig.),
Thrasonic (literary; fig.), mouthy (col-
hq.), flaunty (rare), self -glorious (rare),
vaunty (Scot.), windy (coUoq. or slang),
vainglorious; see bombastic.
Antonyms: see modest.
boasting, n. bragging, braggery (rare),
braggadocio, braggartism, cockahoop,
(mre), vaimting, vaporing (literary) , yaunt-
ery (rare), vaporosity (rare), jactitation
(rare), vainglory, fanfaronade (literary),
rodomontade (literary), gasconade (liter-
ary), gloriation (rare), blow (colloq.); see
BOMBAST.
boat, n. 1. vessel (contextual), bark (po-
etic); spec, sandal, sampan, shallop,
skimming dish (colloq.), skiff, randan,
umiak or oomiak, sharpy, rocker (chiefly
U. S.), rum-tum, punt, sculler, torpid
(slang, Eng.), sink (U. S.), flat, flatboat,
pontoon or ponton, tow, dinghy, praam,
?innace, cutter, drover, currach (Scot, or
rish), dahabeeyah, canoe, gondola, gig,
E air-oar, cot (Irish), caique (French),
arge, coracle, bateau (chiefly Canada and
Louisiana), scout, Bucentaur, yawl.
2. sauce boat, gravy boat.
boatman, n. boatsman, boater; spec, row-
er, sculler, barcarole (Italian), waterman,
wherryman, dandi (Anglo-Indian), keel-
man (dial. Eng. tSk Scot.), lighterman,
gondolier, hoveler (Eng.).
boat-sbaped, a. navicular (literary or
tech.), naviform (rare), cymbiform (tech.),
scaphoid (tech.).
bodily, a. physical (contextual), somatic
(tech.), corporeal, corporal, carnal, flesh-
ly, earthly; spec, unspiritual, personal.
Antonyms: see ethereal, spibitual,
GHOSTLY.
bodily, adv. 1. corporally, carnally, cor-
poreally.
2. en masse (French), bodacioiisly (dial..
Southern U. S.).
body, n. 1. corpus (now hum^roibs or gro-
tesque), form, case (rare), clod (fig.), bulk
(disparaging), csxcass (contemptuous), hulk
(contemptuous; chiefiy spec).
Antonyms: see mind, soitl, ghost.
2. carcass (now contemptuous when used
of a human corpse), form (contextual), ca-
daver (chiefly spec, and tech.), lich (ar-
chaic), corpse (a human body), corse
(chiefl,y poetic or archaic), carrion (obs. or
archaic), remains (pi.; euphemistic); spec.
kill, mummy, carnage (a collective with
"the").
Antonyms: see soul, ghost.
3. trunk, soma (tech.), corporation (hui-
morous or slang), torse or torso (sculp-
ture); spec, waist, bust.
4. Spec, (in the sense of "the main part")
nave, aisle, cell or cella, hull, centrum,
enceinte (French), buck (dial., exc, U. S.,
in "buckboard"), purview, nacelle, limou-
sine, sedan.
Antonyms: see border, edgBj branch,
RIM, VESTIBULE.
5. mass, form, figure, consistence (rare);
spec, bulk, hulk, corpuscle, corpuscule,
aggregation, mobile (rare), atom, atomy,
pygmy, mite, particle, piece, fragment,
etc.
6. corps, force, troop (chiefly spec), ar-
ray, army (fig. or spec); spec, detach-
ment, squad, committee, regiment, bat-
talion, etc.
7. See BULK, gathering, force, person,
trunk, substance, strength, quantity,
material, principle, association.
bogy, n. bogey, demon (contextual), spec-
ter, hobgobhn, scarecrow (fig.), bugar
boo, boggard or boggart (rare), gobhn,
boggle, bogle, bug (obs. or dial.); spec.
rawhead, bloodybones; see bugbear.
boil, V. t. seethe (archaic or literary or
a cookery term), scald; spec, wallop (dial.
or tech.), cree (dial.), parboil, decoct
(tech.), coddle, stew, poach, elixate (tech.).
Antonyms: see freeze.
boil, V. i. I. bubble, seethe (archaic or liter-
ary or a cookery term), ebulliate (rare).
Antonyms: see freeze.
2. See RAGE.
1^^ Cross references: see Note.
boat, V. i.: sail.
bob, n.: plummet, jerk, how,
bunch.
bob, V. t.: jerk, dock, refrain.
bob, V. i.: bow.
bobble: jiggle.
bode: forebode, signify.
boding, a.: significant.
bodyguard: escort, retinue.
bog: marsh.
bogey: bogy.
boggle, v. i.: shy, object, bungle.
boggle, n.: shy.
boggle, 71.: bogy.
boggy ; marshy.
bogle: bogy.
bogus: pretended.
tS° See Notes of Explanation.
44
BOOKWORM
boll, n. seethe (rare); spec, wallop (dial, or
tech.).
boiled, a. sodden (now rare).
boiler, n. Spec, caldron, copper.
boiling, n. agitation (contextiial), bub-
bling, ebullition (learned or tech.), ebul-
lience (rare), coction (literary or affected),
gurgitation (rare); spec, elixation (rare),
decoction.
boisterous, n. noisy (contextual), riotous,
roaring, robustious (rare), rumbustious
(colloq.), clamorous, wild (contextiud) , up-
roarious, rampant, rampageous, tumult-
uous, noisy, turbulent, vociferous, bla-
tant; see EOUQH, CLAMOROUS.
Antonyms: see calm, motionless, si-
lent.
bold, a. 1. assured (formdl or literary),
stout, stout-hearted, daring, forward, au-
dacious, fearless, dreadless (rare), intrep-
id (formal), confident, undaunted, daunt-
less, hardy, unapprehensive (rare), nervy
(colloq. or slang), dour (Scot.), unfearfiil
(rare), free, cool, impavid (rare); see
BBAVE, RECKLESS, IMPUDENT, INDECENT,
VENTURESOME.
Antonyms: see timid, afraid, fear-
ful, ANXIOUS, COWARDLY, BASHFUL,
MODEST.
2. See STEEP, BLUFF, PROJBCTINa.
boldness, n. stoutness, nerve (collog.),
hardihood, audacity, daring, intrepidity,
assurance, face, etc.
Antonyms: see timidity, fear, anxiety,
etc.
bombast, n. boasting, extravagance, rant,
stuff (contextual), turgescence (rare), tur-
gidity or turgidness [formal or literary),
tumidity (rare), rodomontade (literary),
mouthing (contemptuous), tympany
(rare), loftiness (contextual), magniloquy
(rare), sonorousness (contextvM), mag-
niloquence (less common than "grandilo-
quence"), grandiosity, grandiloquence,
grandiloquism (rare), inflation, heroics
Xfjl.; sarcastic), fustian (contemptvmis),
highfalutin or highfaluting (colloq.), flatu-
lence (rare), swellingness (rare), swoUen-
ness (rare), bombastry, lexiphanticism
(rare), pomposity, gas (slang), Johnson-
ese (fig?); spec, spread-eagleism (U. S.),
euphmsm, rant.
bombastic, a. boastful, sounding, stilted,
tumid (liierary or formal), turgid (literary
or formal), grandiloquent, grandiloquous
(rare), turgent (rare), pompous, plethoric |
(literary), flatulent (rare), puffed, mag-
niloquent (less usital than "grandilo-
quent"), mouthing (contemptuous), oro-
tund (contemptucus; learned), grandiose,
grand (contextual), lofty, mouthy (corir-
temptuous), inflated, fustian (contemptu-
ous), magnisonant (rare), lexiphanic
(rare), hyperboUcal, heroic, extravagant,
high-flown (esp. of language), highfalutin
or highfaluting (colloq.) , high-sounding,
magnific (chiefly derisive), tall (coUoq?),
toplofty (coUoq., U. S.), Herodian (fig.;
rare), Johnsonese or Johnsonian (fig.),
Ossianic (fig.), sonorous (contextvjal),
swollen, pyrotechnic (learned), sounding.
Antonyms: see modest.
bond, n. 1. union (contextu/d) ; spec, coup-
ler, coupUng, couple, link, bonder, tie;
see band, shackle.
2. nexus (learned or tech.), tie, Unk,
cord, union, attachment, yoke, connec-
tion.
3. See contract, surety.
bondage, n. serfdom, serfage or serfhood;
spec, helotry or helotism (Greek hist.),
peonage (Spanish American); see slav-
ery.
Antonyms: see freedom.
bondman, n. bondsman (masc), bond-
maid (fern.), bondwoman (fern.), serf;
spec, villein (hist.), carl (obs. or hist.),
vassal, helot (Greek hist.), peon (Spanish
American); see slave.
Antonyms: see freeman.
bonnet, n. cap; spec, tam-o'-shanter,
toque, sunbonnet, poke bonnet, poke.
bonus, n. gift; spec, premium, honorari-
um; see TIP.
bon Tlvant. bonne vivante (French; fern.),
high liver; spec, epicure.
Antonyms: see ascetic.
bony, a. osteoid (rare), ossean (rare), os-
seous (tech.).
book, n. 1. volume, tome (liierary or tech.);
spec, booklet, packet, incunable (rare),
incunabulum (rare), chapbook, folio,
quarto, octavo, duodecimo, sixteenmo,
twelvemo, etc., legend (obs. or eccL), mis-
cellany, brochure, livret (dim.; French),
pamphlet, journal, blotter, ledger, codex,
treatise, handbook compendium, canto.
2. [Capl\ Bible; — used with "the".
3. set (contextual), packet.
bookworm, n. student (contextuxd), dig,
sap, grind, bucker; — the last four slang or
colloq.
t^' Cross references: aee Note.
bolster, n.; cushion, support.
bolster, v. t.: cushion.
bolt, 71. ; arrow, lightning, pin, roll.
bolt, V. i.: rush, run.
bolt, V. t.: svjollow, desert.
bolt, V. i.: sift.
boznb: shell.
bombard; cannonade, pelt.
bombardier: gunner.
bonbon: sweetmeat.
bond, a.: servile.
bonfire; fire.
bon mot: witticism.
bonny: good-looking, cheerful.
booby: blockhead.
book, V. t.: list.
booliisb: learned, pedantic.
1^° See Notes of Explanation.
45
BOOM
boom, n. arm, beam {contextual), spar;
spec, jib, crane; see spak.
booT, n. 1. See rustic.
2. vulgarian {rare), lout, clown, clod-
hopper (contemptuous; colloq.), lubber,
churl, carl {archaic or Scot.), carter {fig.),
loon, barbarian {literary), clout {archaic),
lobby (chiefly dial.), ctiuS (o6s. or rare);
spec. Grobian {fi^.; literary).
Autonyms: see gentleman.
boorish, a. I. See RirsTic.
2. viilgar, ill-mannered, clownish, loutish,
clodhoppmg {contemptuous; colloq.), in-
urban {rare), cloddish, uplandish {rare),
churlish, ill-bred, low-bred, barbarian
{literary), coarse, woolen {rare), iUiberal
(literary), carlish {literary), lubberly, rude,
uncultured; spec, ungentlemanly; see
AWKWARD.
Antonyms: see accomplished, repined,
POLITE.
border, n. 1. bound, bordure {archaic),
verge, threshold {spec, orfi^.), shirt, fringe,
hem; spec. curb.
Antonyms: see interior, body.
2. edge; spec, hem, edging, forel, sel-
vedge, dado, orphrey, orfray, purfle,
mat.
8. frontier, coast {archaic), borderland,
march {hist, in pi. and with "the"; or
archaic), rand {ohs., dial., or spec.); spec.
outskirt {rare), outskirts {pi.), wayside;
see BOUNDARY.
Antonyms: see interigh, inland.
border, v. t. 1. skirt, verge {rare), rim,
fringe, line {contextual), bound, neighbor.
2. edge; spec, purl, cotise, purfle, bind,
dado.
border, v. i. adjoin {contextual), neighbor,
bound, touch {contextual); see abut.
bore, V. t. 1. pierce {contextual), eat {con-
textual); spec, gimlet, driU.
2. See WEARY.
bore, n. wave {contextual), eager {a less
usual name).
borrow, V. t. 1. get {contextual) .
Antonyms: see lend.
2. See ADOPT.
bosh, interj. fudge, nonsense.
bosom, n. breast, bust {esp. of a woman).
bosom, a. gremial {now only in "gremial
botch, V. t. bungle, blvmder, muddle,
clamper {chiefly Scot.); spec, cobble, tin-
ker, butcher {slang), murder {slang); see
MISMANAGE, REPAIR.
botchy, a. bungling.
bottle, n. container {cant); spec, vinai-
grette, vial or {more often tech.) phial,
split, siphon, bolthead, demijohn, dead-
man {slang or colloq.), matrass, marine
{slang), magnum, Jeroboam {literary and
humorous), carafe or carafE, carboy, cruet,
cruse {archaic), costrel, goatskin, tickler
{colloq.), flagon, flask, fiacon, gourd, cor-
net, canteen.
bottle-shaped, a. utriform {rare).
bottom, n. 1. foot, base, basis {archaic),
doup {Scot.), root, sole; spec, keel, culet,
cullet, bilge, heel, sump.
Antonyms: see top, peak.
2. bed {of a body of water); spec, coulee
(17. S.), channel, basin.
3. intervale, interval, haugh {Scot, or
dial.); spec, swale {dial.).
4. See depth, support, buttocks, seat,
ENDURANCE, DKEGS.
bottomless, a. baseless, fathomless,
plumbless {rare).
boudoir, n. cabinet {archaic), bower {liter-
ary).
bought, a. boughten {chiefly colloq., U. S.,
or poetic), purchased.
bouncer, n. whaler, whacker, whopper,
whapper, bumper, buster, smasher, sock-
dologer {U. S.); — all slang or colloq.
Antonyms: see dwahp.
bound, a. 1. fastened, confined, tied.
2. obliged, obligated; spec, committed,
liege, indentured.
3. See CERTAIN.
bound, 21. i. 1. See JUMP.
2. bounce, rebound, dap (rare), resile
{rare); spec, ricochet.
bound, n. 1. See boundary, border.
2. In the pi. {bounds): territory, area,
place, compass, limit, range, reach, pale
'{chiefly spec), confine {chiefly in pi.; obs.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
booth: stall.
bosk: thicket.
boom, V
i.: hum, resound.
bootless: useless.
bosky: bushy.
progress,
thrive, advance.
booty: plunder, prize.
bosom, V. t.: embrace.
boom, V.
U: advance.
booze, 71.; carouse, liquor.
boss, n.: employer, controller.
boom, n.
: hum, resonance, ad-
booze, V. i.: drink, carouse.
overseer.
vance.
borderland: border.
boss, V. t: direct.
boon, n.:
good, gift.
bordure: border.
boss, n.: stud.
boon, a.:
kind, companionable.
bore, 0. t.: annoy, tire.
boss, V. t.: emboss, stud.
boose, n.
: carouse, liquor.
, bore, n.: hole, tube, caliber,
bossy : studded .
boose, V.
i.: drink, carouse.
annoyance.
bossy: domineering.
boost, n.
lift, push, advance.
boreal: northern.
bother: trouble, tease.
boost, V.
t: lift, pushf raise.
boredom: ennui.
bothersome: troublesome.
advance.
borough: town.
bough: branch.
boot, V. t
: shoe.
borrel: ignorant.
boulder: rock.
boot, n..*
benefit, remedy.
borrowed: imitated.
boulevard: road, walk^
boot, V. t
: benefit.
bosh: nonsense.
bounce, v. i.: bound.
t^' See Notes of Ei^lanation.
46
BRAID
or rare); spec, perambdation, division,
purlieu; see sphere, scope.
bound, V. t. 1. limit, confine, demarcate
{literary or tech.), circumscribe, delimit
(chiefly literary), terminate; see confine.
2. See BORDER,
boundary, n. 1. bounder (archaic), boimd-
ure (obs. or rare); spec, demarcation,
monument, landmark, term, Hermes,
Henna, herm, cairn, line.
2. limit, boimd (chiefly in pi.), outline, pre-
cinct, confine, verge, buttal (obs. or tech.),
butt (obs. or rare), bourne (literary), mete
(chiefly in pi. and legal), mere (archaic),
march (historical or archaic), mark (his-
torical or archaic), rubicon (fig.), term
(rare), periphery, circuit, circumference,
compass, fine (contextiuil), dool (Scot. &
dial. Eng.), bounder (archaic); see border.
boundary, a. limitary, terminal (rare),
limital (rare), bounding, border.
boundless, a. 1. unlimited, infinite, term-
less, limitless, incomprehensible (rare),
immeasurable, unbounded, illimitable;
ipec. shoreless.
Antonyms: see limitbd, narrow.
2. See ENDLESS, INEXHAUSTIBLE.
bouquet, n. 1. nosegay, boughpot (ar-
chaic); spec, posy (archaic or cMoq.), but-
tonhole (cotloq.; Eng.), boutonni4re
(French), buttonhole (colloq.)._
2. See SMELL.
bow (pron. bo), n. 1. See curve.
2. Fiddlestick (now familiar or corttemptur
ous).
bow, V. i. 1. (pron. bou) See curve, stoop,
YIELD.
2. (pron. bou) Spec, incline, curtsy, curt-
sey, bob, beck (chiefly Scot.), nod, duck,
scrape, cap, salaam, dip (coUoq.), kotow,
stoop, knee, genuflect (rare), cong4
(French), congee, lout (archaic or dial.); —
referring to a gesture of courtesy, respect, or
deference.
S. (pron. bo) bend, curve.
bow (pron. bou), v. t. incline, bend; spec.
prostrate, nod, stoop.
bow (pron. bou), v. i. 1. See stoop, over-
come, SUBDUE.
2. Spec, incline, bend, stoop, lout (ar-
chaic or dial.; rare); — referring to a ges-
ture of courtesy, respect, or deference.
bow, n. 1. (pron. bou) Spec, obeisance,
curtsy, curtsey, bob, reverence, leg (ar-
chaic or jocular), beck (chiefly Scot.), nod,
nid-nod (coUoq.), scrajpe, salaam, pros-
tration, obedience (archaic or dial.), cong£
(French), congee, duck, inclination, dip.
2. (pron. bou) prow, stem, head, prore
(poetic), entrance (tech.), forepart; spec.
foreship (rare), beakhead (rare), fore-
foot, forepeak, forehold, foresheets (pi.),
hawse, lufi, forecastle, gripe.
bowl, n. 1. Spec, mazer (obs. or historical),
crater (Greek antiq.), tazza, jorum, Jero-
boam (humorous), bowie (Scot.), cogie
(Scot.), cap (Scot.), porringer, brimmer.
2. See hollow.
bowl, V. i. 1. See roll.
2. glide, tool, roll; — referring to a manner
of progress, as of a carriage.
bow-legged, a. bandy-legged.
bowl-shaped, a. crateriform (tech.).
bowstring, n. string, cord, nerve (poetic).
bos, V. i. fight (contextual), spar.
box, n. 1. case, container (com.), recepta-
cle; spec, canister, chest, cabinet, casKet,
cassette (French), cassolette, canteen, cof-
fin, pyx, cofferdam, caisson, carton, car-
touche, buist (obs. or Scot), caddy,
drawer, kist (Scot. & dial. Eng.), shrine
(archaic), trunk, ease.
2. Referring to the theater box: compart-
ment (contextual); spec, loge (French).
3. See SEAT, shelter.
brace, n. bracer (rare), support (context-
ual), strengthener (contextual); spec.
clasp, buckle, band, clamp, stay, strut,
bolt, rope, chain, bracket, truss, girder,
tie, rod, rider, rib, crib, prop, shore, but-
tress, reinforce, reinforcement.
brace, v. t. 1. support, strengthen, stiffen;
spec, gird, prop, strut, tie, truss, buttress,
chain, bracket, rib, stay, reinforce, bone,
shore, etc.
2. See stimulate, strengthen.
bracket, n. 1. brace (contextual); spec.
corbel, console, shoulder, cheek, modil-
hon, gusset, cantilever.
2. See SHELF.
braid, n. plait, pleat (obs.), brede (archaic),
plaiting (a collective); spec, soutache
(French), galloon, cue, leghorn (a collec-
tive), Venetians (pi.), lace.
IS" Cross references: see Note.
bound, a.: going.
bounteous: generous, abun-
dani.
bountiful: generous, abundant.
bounty: generosity, gift, re-
ward, subsidy.
bouin: go<d.
bourne: goal.
bourse: exchange.
bouse, n..* carouse, liquor.
bouse, V. t.: drink, carouse.
bout: round, course, contest,
carouse.
bovine: beef. [sion, interior.
bowel: intestine; in pi.; compos-
bower: bedroom, boudoir, arbor.
bowery: shady.
bowl, V. t: roll, serve.
bowlder: rock.
box: slap.
boxer: fighter.
boy: child, youth, servant.
boycott, V. t: avoid.
boycott, n.: conspiracy.
boyish: childish.
bracing: stimulating.
brackish: salt.
brag, n.: boaster.
bra£, V. i.: boast,
braggadocio: boosting, boaster.
braggart, n.: boaster.
braggart, a.: boastful.
brae?er: boaster.
bragging, a.: boastful.
bragging, n.; boastirig.
fS" See Notes of Explanation.
47
BRAID
braid, v. t. 1. intertwine (contextual), plat,
plait, pleat (o6s.), brede (o6s. or archaic).
S. See BIND.
brain, n. 1. headpiece (fig.), encephalon
(tech.); spec, cerebrum, cerebellum, hind-
brain, little brain.
2. In pi.: see mind.
brake, n. check (rare), stop; spec, clog,
convoy, block, chock, cow, drag, skid.
brakeman, n. brakesman, guard (Eng.).
" Braheman" is the usual form.
branch, n. 1. shoot, offshoot, stick (cotj-
textual), ramus (tech.), rame (rare); spec.
limb, bough, twig, spray, sprig, spire,
start, caulome, bush, phylloclade (tech.),
offset, sucker, ramulus, ramulet, fork,
rootlet; see shoot.
Antonyms: see trtjnk.
2. division (contextual), ramification, di-
varication (learned), embranchment
(rare), fork, arm, offshoot, offset, throw-
off (rare); spec, stem, loop, spur, bifurca-
tion, billabong (Australia), anabranch
(Australia); see asm.
Antonyms: see body.
3. Referring to a horn: fork; spec, snag,
tine, prong, speller, tray, broach, start,
bez-antler, pricker.
4. member (contextual) ; spec, lodge, tent,
court, filiation, chapter, post, corps,
language.
branch, a. rameous (rare), ramal (tech.).
branch, v. t. & i. 1. divide, ramify, divari-
cate (learned), offset, outbranch (poetic),
digitate (rare); spec, dichotomize, bush.
2. See DIVERGE.
branching, a. arborescent, ramifying;
spec, dichotomous, spraying; see branchy.
branchy, a. ramose (tech.), ramous (tech.),
branching; spec, ramulose, ramellose,
twiggy, sprayey, spriggy.
brand, n. 1. See sword, blight.
2. character (contextual), stigma (learned),
print, stamp; spec, crop, bum (context-
ual).
3. mark, chop (in China), cachet
(French); spec, label, stamp, tally.
4. Referring to goods: quality, make,
class, grade, chop (in China), stamp.
brand, v. t. 1. stigmatize (learned or liter-
ary), print, stamp, mark (contextual);
spec, burn (the original sense of "brand"),
pitch, tiver (dial. Eng.) .
2. In commerce: mark; spec, label, tally,
brave, a. t. bold, courageous, stalwart,
daring, game (slang or colloq.), gamy (col-
loq. or slang), dauntless, spirited, lion-
hearted (rhetorical), valiant, valorous, gal-
lant, doughty (literary), dour (Scot.),
stout, resolute, preux (French), gaUiard
(archaic), prow (archaic), yeomanly (lit-
erary); spec, manful, intrepid, manly,
chivalrous, womanly.
Antonyms: see cowardly, ttnchival-
R0U8.
2. See excellent, showy.
bravery, n. boldness, courage, daring, val-
or, spirit, etc.; cf. brave. ■
Antonyms: see cowardice.
bravo, interj. excellent! good! fine!
brawling, n. 1. See murmuring.
2. disputation, quarreUng; cf. quarrel.
bray, n. & v. i. cry (contextvjal) , hee-haw
(onomatopoetic; colloq.).
braze, v. t. 1. brass, brazen.
2. See solder.
brazen, a. 1. brass; spec, brassy, brassish.
2. See shameless, harsh, metallic.
brazen, v. t. cheek (slang), face; — chiefly
with "out."
brazier, n. firepan; spec, brasero (Spanish),
hearth, mangal (rare), scaldino (Italian).
breach, n. 1. See break, surf, violation,
WOUND.
2. opening, break, rent, ruptiire, disrup-
tion, ruption (rare or spec); spec, chasm,
fret, spHt, gap.
3. Referring to personal relations: division,
rupture, ruption, split, break, schism.
breach, v. t. break, rupture, disrupt; spec.
gap.
bread, n. tommy (slang, Eng.), bread-
stuff; spec, biscuit, eulogia (hist.), pone
(Southern U. S.), manchet (archaic), muf-
fin, roll, rusk, pumpernickel, toast, simnel
(chiefly historical), showbread, brewis
(dial.), bun, crug (slang, Eng.), host,
element.
break, v. t. 1. Spec, disrupt (rare or fig.),
rupture, snap, rive, burst, smash, rend,
fragmentize (rare), stave, chip, bray,
brake, craze, fritter, crash (rare), crumb,
comminute, crack, crumple, fracture,
fault, tear, cabbie, buck, rag, sphnter,
nick, demohsh; see shatter, scrape,
BURST.
(^= Cross references: see Note.
brainpan: skull.
brainsick: deranged.
brainwork; thinking.
brainy: intelligent.
brake: fern, thicket, brushwood,
bramble: brier.
brambly: briery.
brandish: swagger.
brash, a.: hasty, impetuous, brittle.
brash, n.: rubbish, wood.
brass, a.: brazen.
brassy: brazen.
brat: child.
bravado, n.: bluster, defiance.
bravado, v. i.: bluster.
brave, V. {.; defy, face, challenge,
embolden.
brave, n.: bully, desperado, war-
rior.
bravo: desperado.
brawl: fight, quarrel, murmur.
brawn: flesh, strength.
brawny: muscular, strong,
bray, n. (..* grind.
brayer: pestle.
breachy: unruly.
breadth: width; also, of. »pa^
dous, roomy, liberal, compre-
hensive.
IS" See Notes of Explanation.
48
BREVITY
Antonyms: see join, trNiTB, cement,
SOLDEB.
8. See BREACH, D18ABRANGB, INTERRUPT,
EXCEED, RUIN, DISCHARGE, BANKRUPT,
COMMUNICATE, SUBDUE, TAME, VIOLATE,
DEGRADE.
break, v. i. t. part (contextual); spec, dis-
rupt {rare or fig.), crash (rare), burst,
crack, splinter, rend, outburst (rare); see
BHATTER, BURST.
2. Referring to a wave: comb, wash,
crest, topple (colloq.).
8. Referring to a fish: rise, leap, prime(rare).
4. Referring to the voice: change, mature.
6. See FAIL, DAWN, BURST, START, CHANGE.
break, n. 1. breach; spec, disruption (rare
or fi^.), break-up, rupture, crush, crash,
smash, snap, burst, debacle, rent, abrar
sion, chip; see burst.
8. incontinuity (rare); spec, opening, gap,
rent, nick, chasm, hiatus, blank, interval,
lacuna, void, intermission, aperture, rift,
fissure, drop, crack; see scrape.
8. Referring to the waves: spec, wash,
combing, breaking.
4. See INTERRUPTION, BREACH, START,
CHANGE, TRANSITION, RISE.
breakable, a. frangible (learned or book-
ish); see BRITTLE.
breaker, n. I. Spec, crusher, smasher,
brayer, cracker, etc.
2. wave (cMntextual), comber, white horse,
surge (a collective).
breakfast, n. dejeuner (French), dejune
(Scot.; archaic).
breaking, n. 1. breakage; spec, disruption
(rare or fi^.), rupture (rare), ruption
(rare), fracture (chiefly spec), fraction,
infraction (rare), fragmentation (rare),
crumblement (rare), irruption (learned or
bookish), inbreak (rare), incrash (rare),
rending, inburst (rare).
breakwater, n. Spec, mole, framework,
groyne, jetty, pier (coUoq., U. S.).
breast, n. 1. mamma (of a female; tech.),
mamrmlla (of a male; tech.), bubby (dial,
or vulgar).
2. See BOSOM, courage.
8. brisket.
breastbone, n. sternum (tech.).
breastplate, n. pectoral (rare), poitrel
(archaic), plastron (hist.); spec, cuirass.
breast-shaped, a. mammillary, mammi-
form; spec, mastoid; — all three tech.
breath, n. 1. air (contextu^).
2. respiration, spiration (rare); spec.
snore, pant, puff, yawn, wheeze; see in-
halation, EXHALATION, SIGH.
8. See EXHALATION, WIND, REST, EXER-
CISE, MOISTURE, TRIPLE.
breathe, v. i. 1. respire; spec, pant, puff,
pump, snore, wheeze; see inhale, ex-
hale, SIGH.
2. See STOP.
breathe, v. t. 1. respire; see inhale, ex-
hale.
2. See BEST, exhale, utter.
breathing, n. 1. respiration, spiration
(rare); spec, eupnoea, dyspnoea, apnoea;
see INHALATION, EXHALATION.
2. See REST, UTTERANCE, ASPIRATE.
breathless, a. 1. blown, pumped (slang or
colloq.), exhausted (contextual), all in
(slofig, Ll. S.).
2. See LIFELESS.
bred, a. reared, raised (now chiefly U. S.,
and considered improper or colloq. as ap-
plied to persons); spec, educated.
breeches, n. pi. 1. knickerbockers (U. S.),
breeks (Scot.), small clothes, smalls (col-
loq.), hose (obs. or hist.; chiefly spec.);
spec, buckskins, gaUigaskins, corduroys;
— all pi.
2. See TROUSERS.
breechless, a. trouserless, sansculottic
(hist.), unbreeched, pantless (vulgar).
breed, v. t. I. Referring to the female: grow,
create, produce, cherish, form, develop;
spec, hatch.
2. Spec, inbreed, cross, interbreed, inter-
cross, crossbreed, fancy.
3. produce, grow, engender, brew, gen-
erate (rare); — as in "to breed trouble.
Antonyms: see extinguish.
4. raise (stock, etc.).
5. See CAUSE, rear.
breed, v. i. 1. In the sense of "to bear
young": generate (rare), reproduce,
propagate.
2. In the seiwe of "to be bom'': originate
(rare).
breed, n. stock, brood (chiefly contemptu-
ous as used of men); see family, race.
breeding, n. 1. stirpiculture (rare).
2. nurture, education (rare); spec, gen-
tility, gentilesse (archaic); see polite-
ness.'
breeding place. 1. Spec, loonery, hen-
nery, hawkery, gullery, heronry, hatch-
ery, beavery, hoggery, piggery, rookery.
2. Fig.: hotbed.
brevity, n. 1. See shortness.
2. Referring to time: briefness, shortness,
littleness, momentariness, swiftness, tran-
siency, transience.
Antonyms: see length.
US' Cross references: see Note.
breakage: breaking.
breakdown: collapse.
breakneck: dangerous.
break-up: decomposUion,
break.
breast, v. t.: oppose.
breathing, a.; limng.
breeder: avthor.
breeze: vyind, disturbance.
breezy: windy, lively.
breve: summary.
tW See Notes 6l Explanation:
49
BREW
S. Referring to speech or writing: short-
ness, curtness, breviloquence (affected or
humorous), brachylogy (rare), pauciloquy
(rare); see conciseness.
Antonyms: see pbouxitt.
bribe, v. t. corrupt (contextual), hire (corir
textual), buy, suborn (tech.); spec, oil
(slang), anoint (rare; in "to anoint the
hand"), palm (slang), subsidize, tip,
grease (stonfl), square (colloq.).
bribe, n. douceur (French), gratification
(euphemistic); spec, sop, graft, grease,
baksheesh, tip.
bribery, n. corruption (contextual), subor-
nation (tech.); spec, subsidizing.
bric-a-brac, n. knicknacks (pi.); spec.
scrimshaw.
brick, n. Spec, clinker, clink, grizzle,
lump, cutcha (Anglo-Indian), quarl,
header, binder, briquette or briquet.
bricky, a. lateritious (referring esp. to color;
chiefly tech.).
bride, n. wife, Beatrice (fig.).
bridegroom, n. husband, groom, bene-
dict, Benedick.
bridesman, n. best man, groomsman.
bridge, n. 1. span; spec, drawbridge, via/-
duct, bateau, bridge, bascule bridge,
Bifrost (mythol.).
2. See PLATPOHM.
bridge, v. t. & i. span, overbridge (rare).
bridgeliead, n. tlte-du-pont (French).
bridle, n. 1. headgear; spec, snaffle, branks
(used in punishing a scold; pi.),
2. See RESTRAINT.
bridle, v. i. bristle.
brief, a. 1. See short.
2. Referring to time: short (rum obs. or
archaic, exc. in certain phrases), transient,
little, short-li^fed, swift, momentary; see
EPHEMERAL.
Antonyms: see long, endless, eternal,
LENGTHY.
8. Referring to speech: breviloquent
(rare), curt, curtal (archaic); see concise.
Antonyms: see prolix.
brier, n. briar (a variant), bramble; spec.
blackberry, raspberry, loganberry.
brier, n. briar (a variant), heath, brier-
wood.
briery, a. briary (o variant), brambly.
bright, a. 1. Spec, brilliant, effulgent, re-
fulgent, glaring, lucid (rare), splendid,
splendent, resplendent, radiant (rare),
gay, vivid, splendorous, splendrous, gor-
geous, strong (contextual), garish, bright-
some, li^t, lightsome, transplendent
(rare), Orient or Oriental (esp. of gems,
etc.); see lustrous, luminous, shining,
FLASHING, GLOWING, DAZZLING, FLAMING.
Antonyms: see dark, dim.
2. Referring to colors: spec, flaming,
flamboyant, fresh, lively, flashy, gay; see
showy. Most of the terms given under
sense 1 are also used as synonyms in refer-
ence to colors.
Antonyms: see dull.
S. Referring to a career, course of conduct,
etc.: spec, brilliant, dazzling, illustrious,
meteoric, purple (literary), distinguished,
famous.
Antonyms: see obscure.
4. See cheerful, clear, intelligent,
auspicious, discerning.
brighten, v. 1. 1. illuminate, beshine (rare),
illume (literary or fig.), enlighten (chiefly
poetic or rhetoriad), embrighten (rare),
irradiate (literary).
2. Referring to colors: raise, hven (colloq.),
lighten.
3. See shine, enliven, cheer.
bright-eyed, a. shining-eyed, clear-eyed.
Antonyms: see blear, dim-eyed.
brightness, n. 1. Spec, brilliance, efful-
gence, refulgence, glare, lucidity (rare),
splendor or splendour, splendidness, re-
splendence, splendrousness (rare), gai-
ety, strength (contextual), splendence
(rare), gorgeousness, glister (chiefly liter-
ary), sparkle, transplendency (rare), Ori-
ency (esp. of gems), glitter; see luster,
luminosity, shine, dazzle.
Antonyms: see darkness, dimness, ob-
scurity.
2. Referring to colors: spec, flamboyance,
freshness, flashiness, gayness, gaiety,
showiness. Most of the terms under sense
1 are also used of colors.
Antonyms: see dullness.
3. Referring to a career, performance, etc.:
spec, brilliance, illustriousness, 6clat
(French), distinction, fame.
Antonyms: see obscurity.
4. See INTELLIGENCE, DISCERNMENT.
brindled, a. party-colored, brinded, brin-
dle; spec, tabby.
bring, v. t. I. fetch, conduct (a Latinism),
deduce (rare), have (archaic); spec, land,
retrieve, draw, get, reduce (rare).
Antonyms: see send, remove.
2. Referring to price, amount, etc.: fetch,
command, reaUze, encash (rare); spec. net.
I^= Cross references: see Note.
brew: concoct, devise.
brewing: concoction.
briar: brier.
bridal: mwriage.
bridle, v. t.: restrain.
brief, 71.: letter, writ, abstract,
summary.
brief, V. t.: abridge. [tion.
brigade, n.: division, organiza-
brlgade, v, i,: organize.
brigand: desperado.
brighten: dear, improve.
brim: edge.
brimful: full.
brimmer: bumper.
brine: pickle.
brink: edge.
t?* See Notes of Explanation.
50
BRUNT
8. reduce, throw, work; spec, reason (esp.
wUh "into" "out of," etc.), conjure, pray,
laugh, ridicule, lull, etc.
4. reflect (as censure, doubt, etc.), throw,
cast.
5. See INDUCE, PRESENT, INTRODTJCE, IN-
FLICT.
brisk, a. 1. See active, rapid, strong,
SHARP.
2. smart, perky.
brisket, n. Dreast.
bristle, n. Spec, (tech.) seta, setula, set-
ule, vibrissa.
bristle, V. i. 1. Referring to hair or brisUes:
erect (learned or tech.), stand, stare
(archaic).
2. See bridle.
bristling, a. horrid (chiefly poetic), shag-
gy, rough, horrent (chiefly poetic).
bristly, a. setaceous, strigose, strigate,
setulose, hispid, setose, scrubby (rare or
spec.), horrent (chiefly poetic), hairy (con-
textval); — ail exc. "bristly," "scrubby,"
hairy, and "horrent," chiefly tech.
Antonyms: see smooth.
brittle, a. weak (contextual), breakable
(contextual), fragile, frail (contextual),
brickie (dial.), Ijruckle (dial.), brash
(chiefly U. S. and spec); spec, dehcate
(contextual), short, crisp, shattery (rare),
shivery, cold-short, hot-snort ; seecRUMBLY.
Anionyma: see strong, flexible, un-
breakable.
broad, a. 1. See wide, spacious, roomy,
evident, comprehensive, unre-
strained, GENERAL, LIBERAL.
2. full (daylight).
8. pronounced (brogue, accent, etc.), Doric
(spec, or fig.; of a dialect, etc.).
broadside, adv. flatways, flatwise, side-
wise, sideways.
brogue, n. 1. shoe, brogan,
2. See MODULATION.
broU, V. t. 1. cook (contextual), grill, car-
bonado (obs. or literary); spec, frizzle,
devil, spitchcock.
2. See heat.
broken, a. 1. Spec, disrupt (rare or fig.),
burst, fractured, shattered, gapped, rup-
tured, torn, rent.
Antonyms: see intact, whole.
2. Referring to one's health: shaken; spec.
run-down.
8. See intermittent, rough, violated.
broker, a. 1. See pawnbroker, go-be-
tween.
2. agent, middleman; spec, jobber.
brokerage, n. brokage (obs., rare, or spec);
spec, pawnbrokerage, agency (contextual).
brooch, n. clasp, ouch, fibula (antiq.).
brood, n. t. hatch; spec, clutch, covey,
cletch or clatch (dial.), nide (chiefly Eng.).
2. See OFFSPRING, RACE, BREED.
brook, n. stream, rivulet, rindle (rare or
dial.), rill, beck (Eng.; literary or dial.),
burn (di(d. or Scot.), runnel, runlet, nm,
streamlet, burnie (Scot.), bourn or bourne
(chiefly local Eng. or literary), bum (dial,
and Scot.); spec, gill (dial., Eng.), rillet.
broom, n. brush (contextual), besom (now
chiefly dial, or literary); spec, wisp, pope's-
head, brush, whisk, whisker, wing.
broom -shaped, a. scopiform, fascicular;
— both chiefly tech.
broth, n. broo or bree (Scot.), liquor; spec.
brewis (dial.), cuUis (now rare), kale; see
SOUP.
brothel, n. bagnio (literary), bordel (obs.
or archaic), bawdyhouse. house of ill re-
pute (the vMud legal term).
brother, n. I. Spec, cadet (younger
brother).
2. See ASSOCIATE, friar.
brotherly, a. 1. fraternal.
2. See AFFECTIONATE.
brown, a. Spec, lurid, foxy, hazel, cheli-
donian, bay, bayard (archaic), brownish,
browny, brunneous (rare), ferruginous,
auburn, adust (rare), bronze, mahogany,
maroon, russet, snuff-colored, smoky, rus-
setish, russety, tan, sorrel, puce, tawny,
fallow, tabac, musteline, fawn.
brown, n. Spec, bistre, mummy, feuille-
morte (French), 6cru (French).
brown, v. t. embrown (emphatic); spec, tan,
russet, scorch, toast.
bruise, V. t. 1. injure (contextual), contuse
(tech. or literary), batter, contund (rare),
pound (rare); spec, suggilate (obs. or rare).
2. See INDENT^ CRUSH.
bruise, n. 1. injury (contextual), contusion
(tech. or literary), batter (rare), pound
(rare); spec, suggilation (rare or tech.),
ecchymosis, mouse (slang).
2. See INDENTATION.
bruising, a. contusive (bookish or tech.).
brunet, a. dark, brunette (less ustuil than
"brunet"; chiefly fern.); spec, (tech.) mel-
anochroid, melanous, melanistic.
Antonyms: see blond.
brunet, n. brunette (fern.); spec, (tech.)
melanochroi (pi.), melanoi (pi.).
1^" Cross references: see Note.
bilny: salt.
British: English.
broach, n.: epit, horn.
broach, v. t.: transfix, open, be-
gin, spiU, introduce, draw, ream.
broadcast: scattered.
broaden: widen, generalize,
liberalize, enlarge.
brokage: brokerage.
brood, v.: incubate, consider,
brook: eiidure.
brotherhood: association, fra-
ternity, fellowship.
browbeat: bully.
brownie: fairy.
browse, n.; fodder.
browse, v. t.: graze.
bruit: report.
brummagem: gaudy.
brunt: shock.
fW See Notes ot Eiplanation.
51
BRUSH
brush, n. 1. Spec, pen, pencil, rigger, sable,
pope's-head, fitch, card, air brush.
2. See BKOOM, TUFT, TAIL.
brush, V. i. 1. Spec, whisk; see sweep.
2. See GRAZE.
brushlike, a. scopiform {tech.), muscari-
form (tech.), brushy (rare).
brushwood, n. 1. scrub, brush, bush : spec.
chaparral (17. S.), frith (Eng.), brake,
underbrush, rice (Eng.).
2. brush; — referring to small branches cut
up.
brutalize, v. t. Chiefly fig. in sense: ani-
maUze (rare), imbrute (literary), brutify,
bestialize; spec, dehumanize (rare), dis-
humanize (rare), sensualize, harden.
Antonyms: see repine, spiritualize.
bubble, n. 1. globule (contextual), bell
(chiefly Scot, or tech.), blob (dial, or coU
loq.), blobber (obs. or dial.); spec. buUule,
bead, bleb, bladder.
2. Referring to the sound: gurgle.
8. See SHOW, fallacy, trifle.
bubble, V. i. 1. bell (dial., Scot., or tech.),
effervesce (literary or tech.; often spec),
intumesce (tech.; often spec), rise (con-
textual), ebullate or ebuUiate (rare); spec.
bead, sparkle, gurgle, yaw; see boil.
2. gurgle.
bubbling, a. effervescent (literary or tech.;
often spec), effervescive (literary or tech.;
often spec), ebuUient (tech.; often spec),
intumescent (tech.; often spec), fretting
(rare); spec, sparkling; see boiling.
bubbling, n. effervescence or (rare) effer-
vescency (literary or tech.; often spec), in-
tumescence (tech.; often spec), ebul-
lience (rare), ebullition (literary or tech.),
fret (rare).
bubbly, a. bubblish; spec, bladdery, bleb-
by, beady.
bucket, n. Spec, tub, scoop, kibble, float,
piston, pail, blackjack.
buckle, n. 1. clasp, fibula (antiq.); spec.
broach.
2. See BEND, twist.
buckler, n. 1. shield, rondache (French);
spec rounder.
8. See protector.
bud, n. 1. sprout, shoot, gemma (tech.),
burgeon (poetic), tendron (rare); spec.
button, gemmule, gemina, knop (archaic),
eye, bulbU, bulbet, cabbage, chit.
2. gemma (biol.); spec, (zool.) medusa,
medusoid, hydra.
bud, V. i. 1. sprout germinate, burgeon
(literary); spec, button.
2. gemmate (biol.).
3. disbud; spec. chit.
buffl, n. orange, yeUow; spec Isabella,
Isabel.
bufler, n. bumper; spec, fender, dolly,
cushion.
bufler, V. t. cushion.
buflet, n. 1. cupboard, sideboard.
2. See eating house, footstool.
bufloon, n. clown (chiefly spec), merry-
andrew, fool, Jack-pudding (archaic),
pleasant (obs ), grotesque (rare), antic,
pickle-herring (rare), merryman (rare),
"droU, harlequin, zany (orig. spec; rare or
literary); spec punch, punchineUo, Scara-
mouch, pantaloon, jester, jackpudding,
pierrot. Harlequin, mimic, mummer,
mime, mimer, archimime, Goliard (his-
torical), gracioso (Spanish).
bufloon, V. i. droU (literary or rare), harle-
quinade (rare), merry-andrew or merry-
andrewize (rare).
bufloonery, n. farce, clownery (chiefly
spec), foolery, harlequinade, drollery
(literary or rare), merry-andrewism (rare),
buffoonism, zanyism (orig. spec; rare);
spec mimicry, mummery. Harlequinade.
Antonyms: see dignity.
bufloonlsh, a. clownish, buffoon, antic.
Antonyms: see dignified.
bugbear, n. bug (obs. or archaic), bugaboo,
scarecrow (fig. or spec), boggard or bog-
gart (rare); spec, fetish, mumbo-jumbo;
see BOGY.
buggy, a. Spec, cimicine.
build, V. t. 1. erect, raise, rear, edify (rare),
fabricate (rare or spec), construct, big or
bigg (Scot); spec, mason, substruct,
superstruct, reconstruct.
Antonyms: see abate, destroy.
2. See FRAME, BASE, ESTABLISH, CON-
STRUCT, COMPOSE.
build, n. 1. See structure.
2. Referring to a person: physique, set,
set-up (colloq.).
builder, n. architect (chiefly spec), erect-
or; spec, jerry-builder, carpenter, mason.
building, n. 1. Referring to the operation:
erection, fabric (now ecd.), edification
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
brush, n.: contest, fight.
brush, n,: brushwoodt thicket.
brushy: rough.
brusque: blunt, rough.
brutal: aniTnal, cruel, rough,
coarse, sensual.
brute, a.: unreasoning, soulless,
insensible, sensual, rough, un-
conscimia.
brute, n.: animal, beast, fiend,
sensualist.
brutish: animal, beastlike, un-
reasoning, coarse, sensual, cruel,
rough.
buccaneer: desperado, pirate.
buck, 71.; deer, dandy.
buck, V. i.: jump.
buck, V. t,: unhorse.
bucket, V. t.: draw, drench, drive.
bucket, V. i.: ride.
budge, V. i.: move, yield.
budge, a.: stiff, pedantic.
buff: polish,
buflet, V. t.: strike, fight.
buflet, V. i.: fight.
bug: insect.
bugaboo: hugbear.
bugle: horn.
build, V. i.: rely.
f^' See Notes of Explanation.
52
BURDEN
(rare), architecture, construction, fabri-
cation (rare or spec.).
2. Referring to wliat is built: edifice (usio-
ally spec.), erection (formal), fabric, struc-
ture, construction; spec, substructure,
superstructure, superstruction (rare), li-
brary, hall, rotunda, palace, chamber,
camera, store, mansion, coe (local; min-
ing) pavilion, cottage, hovel, factory,
earage, shelter, court, etc.; see house.
Building" is commonly used only of an
inclosed structure.
built, a. built-up, framed; spec, fabricated.
bulb, n. 1. buQ (cantextiuu); spec, bulbil,
chive, clove.
2. Spec, tuber, corm.
bulb-shaped, a. bulbiform, bulbous, bulb-
ed.
bulging-eyed, a. goggle-eyed.
bulk, n. stall.
bulk, n. 1. See size, quantity, body.
2. generaUty, body, mass, heft (coUoq.,
U. S.), most (with "the"), staple, gross
(obs. or archaic); spec, majority, many.
Antonyms: see minohitt.
bulk, V. i. 1. swell, expand, loom; see
SWELL.
2. See WEIGH.
bull, n. bovine (contextual); spec, michy
(slang, Australia), bullock.
bullfighter, n. toreador (Spanish; esp. a
mounted bullfighter); spec, banderillero
(Spanish), picador.
bull's-eye, n. aim (contextual), center;
spec, prick (obs.), blank, white, carton
(cant).
bull- shaped, a. tauriform (tech. or
bully, n. 1. intimidator, bounce (rare;
colloq.), bouncer (rare; collog.), hector,
hectorer, brave (archaic), tiger (slang),
bulldozer (colloq.).
Antonyms: see fawner.
2. See BLUSTERER.
bully, V. t. intimidate, overbear, bounce
(rare; colloq.), hector, huff, browbeat,
overbear, bulldoze, bullyrag; spec, blufi,
outbully, haze (U. S.).
Antonyms: see coax, cajole.
bully, V. i. 1. intimidate, hector, bounce
(colloq.), huff (colloq.), domineer (con-
textum), bulldoze.
Antonyms: see cringe, coax.
2. See BLUSTER.
btdwark, n. 1. wall (contextual); spec.
rampart, parapet, breakwater.
2. See SHELTER.
bumper, n. 1. brinmier; spec, cupful,
glassful, bowlful.
2. See BUFFER, BOUNCER.
bunch, n. 1. See protxtberance.
2. cluster, bob (dial, or spec); spec, bun-
dle, fascicle, fasciculus, h^d (of bananas),
wisp, whisk; «ee tuft.
3. See quantity, group.
bunchy, a. 1. bundled, fasciculate (tech.),
fasciculated (tech.), clustery.
Antonyms: see scattered.
2. See protuberant.
buncombe, n. 1. makebelieve (contextual),
claptrap (contem,ptuous), talk (colloq.) .
bundle, n. 1. package, pack, packet, par-
cel, truss (rare or spec); spec, roll, fadge
or fodge (tech. or dial.), fardel (archaic),
brail, faggot, dossier (French), dufter
(A?!^to-7naian), fascine, sheaf, swag (Aus-
tralia), book, peter (thieves' cant), bolt,
bavin (obs. or dial., Eng.), bottle (now
local Eng.), hand, bung (Eng.); see bunch.
2. See group, quantity.
bundle, v. t. I. pack, packet, truss (ar-
chaic or spec), parcel; spec, faggot,
hamper (rare), crate, cask, sack, pug, bag,
bale.
2. See hasten.
bungle, V. t. & i. blunder (rare), boggle
(coUoq.), butcher (coUoq.), tinker, foozle
(slang or often cant and spec); spec, muff;
see BOTCH.
bunt, n. Referring to part of a flag or sail:
bag, belly, swell.
buoy, n. float (contextual); spec dan,
dolphin, nun, buoy, nut buoy, can buoy,
spar buoy, bell buoy, etc
buoyant, a. I. floaty (colloq.).
2. Referring to the mind: resilient, elastic,
corky (colloq.); see hopeful.
Antonyms: see hopeless, depressed.
burden, n. 1. burthen (rww chiefly ar-
chaic), load, weight, incubus (literary;
chiefly spec), cumber (literary), incum-
brance or encumbrance, incumbency
(rare; literary), tax (esp. excessive); spec.
surcharge; see load.
1^^ Cross references: see Note.
bulge, V. i.: protuberate, bag.
bulge, n.: protuberance.
bulging: protuberant.
bulkhead: partitiont wall.
bulky: big.
bull, n.: blunder.
bull, V. t.: raise.
bulldoze: intimidate, bully.
bullet: ball, missile.
bulletin: statement, publication.
bullyrag: bully, tease.
bulwark: protect.
bummer: loafer.
bump, V. t.: knock.
bump, 71.: protuberance.
bumper: big.
bumpkin, n.: rustic.
bumptious: self-assertive.
bumpy : protuberant.
bunch, V. t: gather.
bunch, V. i.: protuberate, gather.
bunco, V. t.; cheat.
bundle, v. i.; hasten.
bung: stopper, vent.
bungle, n.: blunder.
bungling: botchy, awkward.
bunk, n.: bed.
bunk, V. i.: lodge.
bunker: bin, hazard.
bunko, D. t.: cheat.
bunt, n.: blight.
bunt, V. & n.: push, butt.
buoy: float.
bur: hvU.
burden, n.: refrain.
fS" See Notes of Explanation.
53
BURDEN
2. In a legal sense: onus, obligation,
charge, weight, incumbency, cumbrance
{rar^; spec. responsibiUty, tax.
3. Referring to what is mentally burden-
some: incubus, weight, load, cumber (lit-
erary), cumbrance {rare).
4. See CHABGE, CAPACITT.
burden, v. t. 1. load, weight, cumber, en-
cumber, charge (now chiefly fig. or navi.),
lade (archaic), tax (esp. to burden oppres-
sively), saddle (orig. spec); see over->
bukden; — all used also fi^.
Antonyms: see lighten.
2. See OPPRESS, charge.
burdensome, a. 1. heavy, onerous (formal
or learned), oppressive, weighty, cumber-
some; — all used also fig.
Antonyms: see light.
2. See OPPRESSIVE, TROtTBLESOME.
bureau, n. 1. See office.
2. chest (of drawers); spec, tallboy, low-
boy; see secretary.
burgher, n. citizen, freeman.
burglar, n. housebreaker, cracksman
(slang); spec, robber.
burglarize, v. t. burgle (humorous or colloq.).
burglary, n. housebreaking, effraction
(rare); spec, robbery.
burial, n. t. interment, inhumation, en-
tombment (orig. spec), deposition (chiefly
ecd.), sepulture (formal or literary), sepe-
Ution (rare), tumulation (rare); spec, vi-
visepulture (rare).
Antonyms: see disinterment.
2. See FUNERAL.
burial, a. I. mortuary, sepulchral, sepul-
tural (rare), tombic (rare).
2. See FUNERAL.
burlesque, a. Spec. Hudibrastic (fl^.; liter-
ary), burlesque-heroic, mock-heroic, buf-
fo, macaronic, parodic (rare); see comic.
burlesque, n. 1. Referring to a literary
composition: parody, travesty; spec.
caricature, paratragcedia, mock-heroic,
extravaganza, burletta.
Antonyms: see tragedy.
2. See caricature.
burlesque, v. t. parody, travesty; spec.
caricature, buffoon, buffoonize.
burn, V. t. 1. consume (by fire), combust
(obs. or jocular), oxidize-CcAem. or contexts
ual); spec carbonize, char, scorch, sear,
deflagrate, cremate, cinder (rare), incin-
erate, kiln, incense, coal (rare), parch,
brand, singe, conflagrate (rare), chark
(rare), coke, broil, flame; see roast.
2. To injure by heat: spec, blister, sear,
scald, cauterize.
3. bake.
burn, V. i. 1. consume (contextual), oxidize
(chem. or contextual); spec, flame, flash,
glow, deflagrate, flicker, smoke, smother,
rage (contextual), conflagrate (rare), flare,
fizzle, smolder.
2. See DESIRE, SHINE.
burning, a. 1. ardent (literary), live, liv-
ing; spec, glowing, aflame (predicative),
flaming, conflagrant (literary or learned),
flamed (rare), red, raging (contextual) r
ustorious (rare).
Antonyms: see lifeless.
2. See ARDENT.
3. consuming, comburent (rare); spec,
caustic.
burning, n. consumption (with "of"; corv
textual), combustion, fire; spec, fiaming,
flashing, ustion (rare), eremacausis (rare).
burnt, a. Spec, charred, incinerated, tor-
rid, parched, etc., samel or sammen.
burr, n. ring (contextual); spec, rove, washer.
burrow, V. i. dig, work; spec, earth, mole,
gopher, mine.
burrow, n. 1. cuniculus (tech.), excavation
(contextual); spec, mine, earth, wormcast.
2. See lair.
burst, V. t. break, bust (dial, or vulgar), dis-
rupt (bookish or literary; chiefly fig.), rend,
rupture; spec, shatter; see explode.
burst, V. i. 1. break, bust (dial, or vulgar),
disrupt (bookish or literary; chiefly fig.),
rend, rupture; spec, inburst; see explode.
2. break, outburst, outbreak; spec, gush,
outblaze (often fig.), effervesce, sally, flash,
explode, outflame; see start.
burst, n. 1. break, rupture, disruption
(bookish or literary; chiefly fig.), bust (dial,
or vulgar); spec, eruption; see explosion.
2. breaking, outburst, outbreak; spec, ex-
plosion, implosion, outblaze, gush, sally,
flash, effervescence, spurt.
3. See effort, run.
bursting, a. disruptive, rending; spec,
eruptive, erumpent (rare); see explosive.
bury, V. t. 1. inter, inhume, inhumate, sep-
ulcher (rare or spec), ensepulcher (rare),
sepulture (formal or literary); spec, en-
tomb, inearth (chiefly poetic), earth (po-
etic or rhetorical), urn, inurn, tumulate
(rare), tomb (rare), grave (archaic), mold
(rare), immure, hearse.
Antonyms: see disinter.
2. Spec, cache.
3. See cover, submerge, ignore, for-
get, absorb.
bury, n. Spec, camp (dial.), pie, pit,
clamp, cache.
bush, n. 1. shrub, scrog (chiefly Scot.), tod
I (archaic or dial.), cop (dial.); spec, bushlet.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
bureaucrat: officer.
burgeon, n.: bud.
burgeon, d. i.: germinate.
burgh; tovm.
burial place: grave, cemetery.
burn, n.: brook.
buinigli: polish.
burr: hvll.
[9° See Notes of Explanation.
54
BYWORD
2. See BRUSHWOOD.
bushing, n. bearing (contextual), coak,
bush, bouche, thimble.
bushlike, a. dumose (rare), dumetose
(rare).
bushy, a. brushy, dumose (rare), dume-
tose (rare), scroggy (chiefly Scot.), bosky,
busky, thick (contextual); spec, shrubby,
scrubby.
2. See ROUGH.
business, n. 1. See task, work, relation,
OFFICE, TRAFFIC, INDUSTRY, ERRAND,
DUTY, CONCERN, AFFAIR.
2. occupation, employment, vocation,
avocation (common in good writers in this
sense, but as so used avoided by many as
unfortunately destroying the useful distinc-
tion between "vocation'' and "avocation"),
pursuit, calling, profession (chiefly spec),
mystery (archaic), trade (chiefly spec.),
faculty (archaic or hist.), shop (chiefly in
"to talk shop"; colloq.), craft (chiefly spec.)
Antonyms: see diversion.
business, a. commercial, industrial.
buskin, n. 1. shoe (contextual), half-boot
(contextual), cothurnus.
2. See TRAGEDY.
bustle, v. i. 1. fluster, flutter, flurry, hustle
(colloq.), rustle (colloq., U. S.), clutter, stir.
Antonyms: see glide, sit, idle, dawdle.
2. See RUSTLE.
bustle, B. action (contextual), fluster,
flurry, flutter, stir, to-do, commotion,
fuss, tumult, rustle (colloq., U. S.), hus-
tle (colloq.).
Antonyms: see leisure, deliberation,
IDLENESS.
bustling, a. rushing, hurried, tumultuous,
humming, rustling (colloq., U. S.).
Antonyms: see leisurely, idle, de-
liberate.
busybody, n. meddler, quidnunc (literary;
cordemptuous), pry (rare), Paul Pry (fig.),
numquid (rare), pragmatist (rare), prag-
matic (rare); spec, snoop; see gossip.
but, prep., adv., & conj. 1. See except.
2. however, howbeit (archaic), yet, still,
moreover, nevertheless, natheless or nath-
less (archaic), howsomever (dial, or vul-
gar), howsoever (archaic), notwithstand-
ing (emphatic).
butcher, v. t. 1. slaughter.
2. See murder, spoil, bungle, mangle.
butcherly, a. 1. carnificial (learned or af-
fected).
2. See CRUEL.
butt, n. 1. See stock, aim, object.
2. laughing-stock, byword, make-game
(rare), target, sport, mockery, mock,
laughter (rare), joke.
8. push, bunt, thrust, buck (coUoq. or
dial.).
butterless, a. dry (toast).
buttery, a. butterish (rare), butyraceous
(tech.), butyrous (rare and tech.).
buttocks, n. rump (esp. of animals), pos-
teriors (pi.), butt (coUoq. and vulgar, exc.
spec), behind (coUoq. or vulgar), funda-
ment (chiefly tech.), nates (pi.; tech.),
breech, bottom (colloq.), seat, tail (dial, or
vulgar), stern (colloq?), doup (Scot.), po-
dex (tech.), back (contextiial); spec.
cushions (pi.).
buttony, a. knoblike, bossy, buttonlike,
umbonal (tech.), umbonate (tech.), um-
bonio (rare).
buttress, n. support (contextual), brace
(contextual); spec, flying-buttress, arc-
boutant (French), counterpart.
buttress, v. t. support, prop, brace; — aU
three contextrud.
buy, «;. t. purchase, chap (dial.), coff (ar-
chaic, Scot.), take (contextual; chiefly
spec); spec, preempt, ransom, repurchase,
redeem, rebuy, discount; see bribe.
Antonyms: see sell, hike, grant.
buy, n. purchase, cheap (obs.), bargain
(now spec).
buying, n. purchase, emption (chiefly law);
spec, preemption, redemption, coemption.
Antonyms: see sale.
by, prep. & adv. 1. near, beside, besides
(less usual than "beside"), to.
2. along, over, through, per (Latin); spec.
past.
8. See AT, after.
4. beside (in comparison).
5. per (Latin), with, of, forby (archaic);
spec thereby, therewith, thereof, hereby,
herewith, etc.
by-bidder, n. straw bidder, Peter Fxink
(U. S.).
bye, n. 1. See aside.
2. In games: spec, run, goal, hole.
bystander, n. Spec, spectator, witness.
byway, n. sideway (rare); spec, bypath,
byroad, sidepath, lane.
byword, n. 1. See sating, talk, nick-
name.
2. proverb (word of reproach) .
ISr Cross references: see Note.
busklned: tragic.
busky: btishy. [dleaome.
busy, a.: active^ occupied, med-
busy, V. L: occupy.
butoher, n.; slaughterer.
butchery: alaughler, slaughter-
house.
butlery: pantry.
butt: corsk.
buttery: pantry. [danl.
buttons: servant, page, atten~
buyable: purchasable.
buxom: plump.
buzz, V. i.: hum, ring.
buzz, n.; hum, humming.
buzzard: hawk.
bygone: past.
byname: name.
bypath: byway.
byplay: aside.
by-product: product.
byroad: byway.
by-talk: gossip.
{^^ See Notes of Explanation.
55
CABINET
cabinet, n. 1. room; spec, boudoir.
2. case, slip {obs.); spec. 6tag6re (French),
vargueno (Spanish); see chest.
8. See coiTNCiL.
cache, v. t. bury, hide, store.
cackle, v. i. 1. Spec, clack, check, gabble,
gaggle, keckle.
2. See LAUGH, BABBLE, CHATTER.
cacophonous, a. ill-sounding; spec, harsh,
raucous. "Cacophonous" is rare, learned,
or pedantic.
cad, n. 1. see attendajtt.
2. In the sense of "a vulgar fellow": cock-
tail (slang, Eng.), snob (chiefly English).
cadet, n. son (contextual), chevalier (hist.);
spec, duniwassal (Scot.).
caesura, n. In rhetoric: break, pause,
lengthening; spec, comma.
cage, n. aviary (contextual); spec. mew.
cajole, V. t. flatter, palaver (rare; chiefly
with "eaer"), wheedle, tweedle (rare), carny
or Carney (dial, or colloq. Eng.), joUy (col-
loq.), cog (ohs. or archaic), inveigle,
blandish.
Antonyms: see bully, intimidate,
COMPEL.
cajole, V. i. flatter, palaver, carny or
Carney (dial, or colloq. Eng.).
cajolery, n. flattery, cajolement (rare),
wheedling, blandishment, palaver, jolly-
ing (colloq.).
Antonyms: see compulsion.
cake, n. mass (contextual); spec, brick,
block, floe (of ice).
cake, V. i. bake, harden; spec, plaster,
crust, encrust.
calamitous, n. distressing, troublesome,
miserable, unhappy, disastrous, catas-
trophic, sad.
calamity, n. 1. trouble, distress, mis-
fortune, misery, unhappiness, aflliction.
Antonyms: see happiness, pleasure.
2. Referring to an instance of what is
calamitous: trouble, misfortune, misery,
distress, disaster, catastrophe, blow,
scourge, curse; spec, fatality.
Antonyms: see good.
calculating, a. calculative, scheming,
politic, designing.
Antonyms: see artless.
calculous, d. gritty, stony.
calculus, n. concretion; spec, cystolith,
dacryolith, gravel, sand, gastrolith,
crab's-eye, stone, bezoar.
calendar, n. I. almanac, rubric (rare),
calends (pi.; rare); spec, clog (hist.), fasti
(pi.), menology, kalendar (eccl. var).
2. list; spec, docket.
calendar, v. t. press (contextual); spec.
water.
calf, n. Referring to part of the leg; — no
syns. The adjective is sural (tech.).
calf, n. 1. bovine (contextual), offspring
(contextual); spec, maverick (U. S.), dogie
(Western U. S.), slink. The adjective for
calf is vittine (tech.).
2. See clown.
caliber, n. 1. diameter, bore.
2. See ability, importance, quality.
calibrate, V. t. measure, graduate; spec.
rectify.
call, V. t. 1. See name, utter, summon,
proclaim, hail, elicit, invoke, con-
sider, encore, evoke, convoke, rouse.
2. In a legal sense: summon (as from a
lower court), evoke (rare), evocate (rare).
call, V. i. cry (contextual); spec, coo, hoot,
shout, yell, toot, neigh, whisper, speak,
cooee or cooey (Australia).
call, n. 1. Spec. taUy-ho, fanfare, ho, re-
cheat (archaic), coo, coop, cooee or cooey
(Australia), cluck, whistle, roU call, note,
yell, shout, whisper, trumpet, taps, re-
veille, etc.; see hail, cry.
2. Spec, summons, convocation, appeal,
demand, duty, need, invitation, visit.
3. Spec, buzzer, bell, horn, annunciator.
callous, a. 1. hard, hardened, indurated;
— all three contextual.
2. See INSENSIBLE.
callous, V. t. harden, indurate.
calm, a. 1. In a physical sense: undis-
turbed, tranquil, reposeful, smooth, se-
rene, imperturbed (rare), unperturbed
(rare), halcyon (days, etc.; poetic or ele-
vated), still, quiet, placid, peaceful, pa^
cific (rare, exc. in "Pacific Ocean"), un-
ruffled, calmy (archaic and poetic), un-
troubled.
Antonyms: see boisterous, rough,
agitated, stormy, clamorous.
2. In u, mental sense: undisturbed, un-
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
cabal, V. L: intrigue.
cabal, n.: intrigue, set.
cabala: mysticism.
caballst: mystic.
cable: rope, conductor, message.
cablegram: message.
caboose: cookroom, car.
caobet: brand, ieal.
- oacopbonous: harsh,discordant.
cadaverous: pale.
cadence: rhythm, fall,modulation.
cadent: rhythmical.
caduceus: staff.
Csesax: autocrat.
cafe: eating house.
cage, V. t.: confine.
cairn: heap.
caisson: box.
caitiff, a.: contemptible, mean.
caltifl, n.: wretch.
calasb: hood.
calcify: petrify.
calculate: compute, discover,
think, expect, intend.
calculate, v. i.: rely.
caliginous: dark.
caliper, v. t.: measure,
calipers: compasses.
oalistbenics: gymnastics.
called: named.
calligraphy: handwriting.
callow: featherless, inexperi-
enced, immature.
fS" See Notes of Explanation.
56
CANTANKEROUS
ruffled, quiet, tranquil, phlegmatic, sober,
cool, philosophical, composed, reposeful,
pacific (rare), placid, impassive, unpas-
sionate, equanimous (rare), marble (fig.),
marbly (jfiff.), imperturbable, unperturbed,
imperturbed, sedate, serene, recollected
(rare), untroubled, douce (Scot), repose-
ful, canny (Scot.); see self-controlled,
PEACEFUL, XJNIMPASSIONBD, TJNEXCITABLE.
Antonyms: see uneasy, agitated, ex-
cited, RAGING, ECSTATIC, IKASCIBLE,
ANXIOUS, CONFUSED, etC.
calm, n. 1. In a physical sense: tranquillity,
quiet, quietness, rest, smoothness, repose,
serenity, serene (rare), serenitude (rare),
calmness, stillness, placidity, peace,
peaoefulness; spec, doldrums (pi.).
Antonyms: see activity, outcey, noise,
agitation, etc.
2. In a mental sense: composure, repose,
equanimity (formal), temper (chiefly in
"to lose one's temper," "to keep one's
temper," or the like), tranquillity, quiet,
calmness, composure, serenity, serenitude
(rare), serene (rare), impassiveness, so-
briety, sedateness, soberness, placidity,
rei)osedness (rare), poise, quietude (rare),
quietism (rare), imperturbation (rare);
spec, countenance, indisturbance (rare);
see self-control.
Antonyms: see activity, agitation,
commotion, excitement, ecstasy, dis-
turbance, etc.
oalm, V. t. 1. See still.
2. smooth, settle, still, soothe, sedate
(rare), quiet, tranquilize, compose, pacify,
(rare), hush, serene (rare), allay, ease
(mentally), salve (the conscience); spec, dis-
fever (rare), becalm, lull, lullaby; see cool.
Antonyms: see rouse, annoy, agitate,
excite, enliven, disturb, irritate.
calmative, a. calming, quieting, soothing,
tranquilizing, etc., quietive (rare); spec.
dulcet, balmy, lulling. "Calmative" is less
usual and more formal than "calming."
Antonyms: see annoying, agitating,
disturbing, exciting, irritating.
calming, n. subsidence.
camp, n. encampment, cantonment (mil.),
leaguer (rare or hist.); spec, bivouac,
roundabout (rare), douar or dowar
(Oriental), laager (So. Africa).
camp, V. i. encamp; spec, bivouac, tent,
laager (So. Africa), maroon (So. U. S.),
outspan (So. Africa).
Antonyms: see decamp.
camp, a. castrensian (rare).
campaign, v. i. Spec, crusade, electioneer.
can, n. Spec, cup, tin (Eng.), glass.
cancel, v. t. 1. deface (contextual), damask
(obs. or tech., Eng.); spec, obliterate,
blot, cross, overscore (rare); see delete.
2. See ABOLISH, revoke, counteract.
cancellate, a. reticular, reticulate, reticu-
lated, cancellous; — all tech. or learned.
candidacy, n. candidateshiu, candidature.
candidate, n. Spec, (ecd), confirmand,
probationer, licentiate, competent.
candidate, v. i. sit; spec. run.
candle, n. Spec, taper (obsolesc), planet
(cant), paschal, bougie (French), cierge
(French), dip, pastil.
candlestick, n. ceroferary (rare), candel-
abrum (antiq. or eccl.), chandelier (chiefly
spec); spec, sconce, tricerion, dicerion,
paschal, torchere (French), standard,
girondole.
canine, a. doggy (rare; a weak term),
canicular (rare or phrasal); spec, houndy,
currish, houndish, doggish.
canine, n. 1. iSee DOG.
2. tooth (contextual), cuspid, laniary (rare).
cannibal, n. man-eater, anthropophagite
(rare), anthropophagist (rare), anthro-
pophagi (pi.); spec, ogre, ogress.
cannibal, a. anthropophagous (learned),
anthropophagic (rare), anthropophagian
(rare; humorously stilted)^ hominivorous
(rare); spec, ogreish, ogrish, Thyestean,
(fi^.), necrophagous.
cannonade, v. t. cannon (rare); spec.
bomb, bombard, shell.
cannonading, n. cannonry; spec, bom-
barding, drumfire.
cannoneer, n. artilleryman, gunner; spec.
mitrailleur (French).
cannonry, n. I. See cannonading.
2. artillery, guns (pi.), cannon (o collec-
tive).
canonize, v. t. saint, besaint (contemplv/-
ov£).
canopy, n. cover (contextual); spec, tester,
tilt, parasol, dome, heaven, hood, maj-
esty (hist.), pavilion, cope, ciel (French),
howdah, coverture (rare).
cant, n. 1. pretense, hyj50crisy; spec, and
contemptuous snivel, whine.
2. See jargon.
cant, V. i. Spec, snivel, whine; — hoth con-
temptuous.
K^" Cross references: see Note.
calumniate: defame.
calumny: defamation.
campaign, n.: movement.
campanula! : bell-shaped
cansJ: channel.
canard: report.^
candent: glowing.
candid: frank.
canker, v, t: corrupt.
cankerous: ulcerous, consum-
ing.
cannon, v. i.: carom, cannonade.
canny: shrewd, calm.
canon: valley.
canon: rule, standard.
canonical: orthodox.
cant, V. i.: snivel, whine.
cant, n.: slope, bevel, inclina-
tion.
cant, V. t.; incline.
cant, V. i.: slope.
cantankerous: ill-tempered,
perverse.
(^^ See Notes of Explanation.
57
CANTER
canter, n. tittup (chiefly dial, or humor-
ous); see GAIT.
canter, v. i. go (contextual), drive (con-
textual), tittup (chiefly dial, or humorous).
canvas, n. 1. fabric (contextual), cloth (corir
textual); spec, scrim, tarpaulin, poldavy,
burlap.
2. iSee PAINTING, SAIL, TENT.
canvass, v. t. 1. See examine, discuss,
PEDDLE.
S. solicit, campaign, electioneer.
canvass, v. i. solicit.
cap, n. 1. hat (contextual); spec, glengarry,
fool's-cap, chaco, coif, busby, caul (hist.),
coxcomb, biretta or beret or berret, big-
gin (Scot.), calotte, calpac (Turkish), tam-
o'-shanter, tuque, fez, pileus (antiq.),
tarboosh, kepi, mortarboard, zucchetto
(Italian), Phrygian cap (the cap of liberty) .
2. See TOP.
capable, a. 1. See able.
2. susceptible, admitting.
capacity, n. 1. See ability, qualifica-
tion.
2. Referring to capacity to bear or hold:
content, burden (naut.), retention (rare).
caparison, v. t. trap, accouter (contextual).
caparisoned, a. barbed or barded (said of
a horse).
cape, n. Spec, pelerine, bertha, Vandyke,
talma, tippet, capa (Italian), fichu
(French).
caper, n. 1. jump (contexluaV) , leap (con-
textual), prance, skip, gambol, capriccio
(Italian), caracole, gambade or gambado,
romp, frisk.
2. play, jump, antic, jape, prank, dido
(slang or colloq., U. S.), conceit, trick,
escapade; see frolic.
caper, v. i. 1. jump (contextual), leap (con-
textual), gambol, frisk, prance (colloq.),
gambado (literary), prank (rare), slap,
skit (rare), caracol; see frolic.
2. See PRANCE.
capital, a. 1. metropoUtan.
2. See FATAL, CHIEF, IMPORTANT, FINE.
3. Referring to letters: great (chiefly spec);
spec, initial.
capital, n. 1. metropolis, seat.
2. Spec, stock, principal.
capitol, n. statehouse (U. S.).
caprice, n. t. whha, freak, notion, conceit,
fantasy, phantasy, fancy; humor, quip,
quirk, vagary, crotchet, fantasticaUty
(rare), whimsicality (rare) ,Swhimsy, crank.
turn, maggot (now rare), kink, frisk
(rare).
Antonyms: see opinion, conviction.
2. See CAPBICIOUSNBSS.
capricious, a. whimsical, freakish, freaky,
humorsome, fanciful, fantastical, fickle,
crotchety, variable, arbitrary, changeable,
erratic, fantastic, fantasted (rare), whim-
sy (rare), whimmy (colloq.), vagarious
(rari), wayward, notional, puckish (fig. or
spec), moony (colloq.).
Antonyms: see constant.
capriciousness, n. caprice, fantasticality,
fantasy, phantasy, fantasticalness, whim-
sicality, whimsicalness, humor, notion-
ality.
Antonyms: see constancy.
captain, n. I. See chief, commander.
2. In nautical usage: master, commander
(often spec), skipper (chiefly spec); spec.
nakhoda (East Indian), reis or rais (Ara^
hie), ressaldar (India), rittmaster (rare),
patron (rare), patroon (rare), serang
(Anglo-Indian), coaster.
captious, a. 1. catchy (colloq.), entan-
gling, sophistic, fallacious.
2. iSee CAVILING, faultfinding.
captivate, v. t. captive (archaic), enthrall,
enslave, fascinate, catch (chiefly colloq.),
charm, enchant, bewitch, fetch (now
colloq.), infatuate; spec, sirenize; see
PLEASE.
Antonyms: see repel.
captivated, a. infatuated, fascinated,
charmed, etc., captive.
captivating, a. pleasant (contextual), in-
fatuating, enchanting, charming, be-
witching, witching.
Antonyms: see repellent.
captivation, n. 1. captivity (rare or archaic),
enthrallment, enslavement, fascination,
charm, glamour, enchantment, witchery,
bewitchment, bewitching, servitude.
2. See SLAVERY.
capture, v. t. 1. seize (contextual), take,
get (chiefly colloq. or contextual), appre-
hend (learned), captivate (archaic), cap-
tive (archaic), catch; spec, grab (coUoqT),
arrest, coUar (colloq.), prize, reduce (a
place), recapture, retake, incaptivate
(rare), jump (checkers), castle (chess), bag
(hunting).
Antonyms: see free.
2. take (as a fort); spec, rush, force.
Antonyms: see surrender.
K^" Cross references: see Note.
cantilever: bracket.
cantle: piece, slice. ,
canton, v. t.: divide.
canton, n.: district.
cantonment,?!, :camp, quarters.
cantrip: frolic.
canvasser: solieitor.
cap, 0. t.: cover, overlie, crown,
surpass, top.
capacious: roomy.
caparison; trapping.
cape: headland.
capillary : filamentous.
capital, n.: top.
capitalist: financier.
capitulate: surrender.
capitulation: surrender, sum-
mary.
capsize, v.: overturn.
captive, n.: prisoner.
captivity: confinement, cap-
iivation.
captor : capturer.
US' See Notes of Explanation.
58
CARGO
capture, n. 1. seizure, taking, catching,
apprehension {learned); spec, arrest, re-
duction, prize.
Antonyms: see freeing.
2. In a concrete sense: prize, bag.
capturer, n. captor, taker, apprehender
(learned), etc.
cap, n. 1. See vehicle.
a. Referring to railroad cars: spec, car-
riage, pullman, trolley, tram (JEng.),
tramcar (Eng.), smoker (U. S.), empty,
gondola, box, van (Eng.). sleeper,
coach, flat, goods wagon (Eng.), caboose,
cab.
3. Referring to a haUoon: spec, nacelle,
basket, gondola.
4. In an elevator: spec. cage.
caravan, n. 1. company (contextual), cafila
*r kafila (Oriental).
a. See VAN.
carbonaceous, a. Spec, coaly, charry,
plumbaginous.
carbonize, v. t. burn (contextual); spec.
char, coke.
card, n. 1. Spec, ticket, carte-de-visite
(French), carte, rose.
a. Referring to playing cards: pasteboard
(colloq. or cant), Devil's picture books
(obs. or rare; pi.); spec, court card, dis-
card, tarot (French).
care, n. 1. cark (archaic), solicitude, con-
cern, concernment, carefulness, reck (po-
etic), distress; see trouble, anxiety.
Antonyms: see carelessness, happi-
ness.
a. charge, guardianship, ward (literary or
formal), custody, keep, keeping, safe-
keeping, protection, trust (rare), guard-
ship (rare); spec, commendam; see over-
sight.
8. heed, thought, heedfulness, vigilance,
attention, caution, gingerliness, concern,
consideration, precaution, guardedness,
wariness, regard, reck (poetic), particu-
larity, niceness, notice, pains (pi.), pains-
taking; see PRUDENCE.
Antonyms: see carelessness, negli-
gence, IMPRUDENCE, RECKLESSNESS,
rashness.
4. Referring to that which causes care:
responsibility, anxiety, concern; see
TROUBLE.
care, v. i. 1. In the sense of "to concern
oneself": cark (archaic), reck (poetic).
2. heed, notice, consider, think (con-
textual); see ATTEND.
careful, a. 1. carking (archaic), solicitous,
solicitudinous (rare), concerned; spec.
meticulous; see anxious, troubled.
"Careful" is now archaic in this sense.
a. heedful, attentive, considerate, con-
scientious, regardful, mindful, respective
(rare), thoughtful, close (chiefly spec.),
nice, diligent, painstaking, painful, curi-
ous (arcmic), near (chiefly spec.), search-
ing, particular, precise.
Antonyms: see neglectful, unobserv-
ant.
8. cautious, precautious (rare), cautelous
(archaic), prudent, circumspect, gingerly,
leery (slang), vigilant, watchful, wary,
chary (chiefly spec), guarded, safe, shy,
guardful (rare), canny (Scot.; archaic),
circumspective (rare); spec, noncommit-
tal.
Antonyms: see careless, imprudent,
NEGLIGENT, UNRESTRAINED, RECKLESS,
RASH, VENTURESOME.
careless, a. 1. unanxious, unconcerned,
untroubled, unapprehensive, easy, free,
blithe or blithesome (nearly equal to "hap-
py" in sense; literary), easy (rare), secure
(literary), cavalier, supine (chiefly spec),
inconsiderate, incurious (archaic), worri-
less (rare), poco-curante (Italian), in-
souciant (French), nonchalant; see im-
prudent, INDIFFERENT.
Antonyms: see anxious.
2. heedless, inattentive, inconsiderate,
disregardful, harebrained, regardless,
thoughtless, unthinking, unmindful, im-
provident (chiefly spec), imprudent, neg-
lectful, negligent, uncareful (rare), mind-
less, incogitant (rare), unheedful, un-
wary, slovenly, unguarded, cursory, cas-
ual, unheedy (rare), incurious (archaic),
unobservant, inobservant, incautious, un-
careful (rare), unattentive (rare); spec.
offhand, rash, slack; see reckless.
Antonyms: see watchful, careful,
CONSCIENTIOUS, PRUDENT, VIGILANT.
carelessness, n. unconcern, ease, security,
nonchalance, etc. Cf. careless.
Antonyms: see care, consideration.
caress, v. t. fondle, cherish (archaic), daut
(Scot.), coddle (chiefly vrith a suggestion of
excess), coax (archaic), pet; spec, touch,
stroke, lap, pat, kiss, bill, hug, dandle,
dander (dial. Eng.), cuddle, overfondle;
see KISS.
Antonyms: see beat, abuse, ill-treat.
caress, n. fondle (rare); spec, touch,
stroke, pat, kiss, hug, dandle.
Antonyms: see blow.
caressing, n. fondling, dalliance (literary),
cherishment (rare), cherishing (rare).
X^ Cross references: see Note.
oaraoole: turn, caper.
carcass: body.
cardboard: pasteboard.
cardiac: stimulating.
cardinal, a.: chief.
cardinal, n..- prince.
careen: incline.
career, n,; race, course.
career, v. i.: rush.
careworn: weary.
cargo: load.
fS" See Notes at Explanation.
59
CARICATURE
caricature, n. 1. See btjhlbsqub.
2. misrepresentation (contextiuil), mis-
description [chiefly spec), burlesque, trav-
esty, parody; spec, cartoon.
carnival, n. merrymaking, festival, revel-
ry; spec. Mardigras.
carnivorous, a. flesh-eating, sarcophagous
{rare), zoophagous (rare); spec, equivor-
ous (rare), ichthyophagous, omophagous,
necrophagous, predaceous, cannibal.
carol, n. song, lay; spec. noel.
carom, 71. shot (contextual), cannon {chiefly
Eng.), carambole {rare).
carom, v. i. rebound, cannon {chiefly
Eng.); spec, glance.
carom, v. t. Spec. bank.
carouse, n. carousal, orgy, debauch, rack-
et (slang), jamboree (slang, U. S.), spree
(colloq.), bat (slang), bout, bust or buster
(slang), rouse (archaic), fuddle (slang or
colloq.), rantan (slang; rare), wassail (ar-
chaic), toot (slang, U.S.), bouse or boose or
(coUoq.) , booze, drunk (slang) , soak (slang) ,
tear (slang; U. S.), saturnalia (pi.; some-
times iised OS a sing.), bacchanalia (pi.).
carouse, v. i. rant (rare), debauch, bum
(vulgar slang), drink (contextual), spree
(colloq.), bouse (rare), or boose or (coUoq.)
booze.
carriage, n. 1. See transportation, be-
havior, VEHICLE.
2. bearing, mien, air, poise, port, port-
ance (archaic), behavior, conduct, de-
meanor, presence, front, gest (archaic),
personage; spec, gait, walk, run, step,
tournure (French), elevation, lift.
carriage house, remise (rare), hangar
(French; chiefly spec), coach house.
carrion, n. flesh (contextual); see offal.
carry, v. 1. 1. <See transport, extend, pro-
long, SUPPORT, BEHAVE, CONDUCT, AF-
FORD.
2. Referring to news, messages, informa-
tion, etc.: communicate, transmit, bear,
take, bring, convey.
3. hold (as the head, oneself, etc.), bear
(oneself); spec port (mil.).
4. keep (as in stock), hold, have.
carry, v. i. Referring to a gun, etc.: reach,
shoot.
carry, n. Spec, portage.
cartilaginous, a. gristly, chondric (rare).
carve, v. i. 1. See cut, chisel, engrave,
SCULPTURE.
2. Referring to carving at the tMe: cut;
spec (all obs. or rare) mince, lift, flush,
display, disfigure, unjoint.
case, n. I. Spec, (in grammar) genitive,
accusative, nominative, dative, ablative,
objective, vocative.
2. See example, state, patient, action,
CHARACTER.
case, n. 1. receptacle (contextual), holder
(contextual), container (contextTjud; cant),
casing; spec box, chest, cabinet, drawer,
bag, vahse, sheath, scabbard, cartouche,
canister, shell, cellaret, burse, chasse
(French), shrine, pyx, 6tui (French), quiv-
er, holster, housewife, hackle, hutch, cof-
fer, crate, cartridge, portfolio; see cab-
inet, CASKET.
2. covering, cover; spec sheath, skin, hull,
cocoon, shell, carpet, etc.
case, V. t. cover (contextual), incase; STpee.
bag, sheathe, crate; see box.
casb, n. money; spec coin, chink (slang),
brass (slang), silver, gold, rowdy (slang),
dust (slang), paper.
cash, V. t. encash (rare); spec, realize.
cask, n. receptacle (contextual), barrel,
container (contextual; cant), stand (chiefly
obs. and spec); spec cade, caroteel, butt,
keg, tierce, hogshead, firkin, castrel,
puncheon, pipe, tun, kilderkin.
casket, n. receptacle (contextual), box
(contextual), case, pyx or pyxis (rare or
spec); spec, reliquary, rehquaire (French),
coffin.
cast, V. t. 1. See THROW, project, vomit,
overturn, abort, REJECT, REMOVE,
SHED, PUT, ADD, APPOINT, PREDICT.
2. run, found; spec recast.
castellan, n. governor (contextual), keeper
(contextual), chastelain.
caster, n. 1. roller (contextual), trundle,
truckle (rare), wheel (contextual).
2. See BOTTLE.
casting, n. founding, cast; spec, run,
molding.
castrate, v. t. geld (chiefly tech. referring
to the rmHe); spec, cut, spay (the female),
emasculate (chiefly fig.), evirate (referring
to the male; rare), steer (a male calf; rare),
unman (a man), capon or caponize (a
cock), eunuchize (rare), twitch (a beas().
castrated, a. gelt, gelded.
casually, adv. happy-go-lucky, haphazard,
hitty-missy (rare or dial.).
tW Cross references; see Note.
caricature, v. t.: burlesgue.
carina: ridge.
carious: decomposed.
cark, n.: care.
cark, n. t: trouble.
carnage: slaughter.
carnal: bodily, worldly, sensual.
carol, V,: amg.
carousal: carouae, toumameni.
carp, V. i.: cavil.
carping, a.: faultfinding,
carte: card.
carton: pasteboard, box, huU's-
eye, shot.
cartoon, n.: design, caricature.
cartoon, v. t.: burlesque.
cartouche: box, tablet, scroll.
carving: engraving, sculpture.
cascade: waterfall.
casement: sash, window,
cashier, v. t,: discharge.
casing: cover, case, covering.
cast, n.: exuvium.
castaway: abandoned.
castigate: punish, reprove.
castigatory: punitive.
^SW See Notes of Explanation.
60
CAUTIOUS
casualty, n. 1. See chance.
2. In pi.; mil.: losses.
cat, n. feline {tech. or learned), Baudrons
(Scottish; a proper name, like "Reynard"
for the fox), pusa {chiefly a call name),
pussy {chiefly a pet name), miauler {faruA-
fyl), grimalkin {chiefly spec), gib {famil-
iar; chiefly spec.); spec, mouser, rumpy
{coUoq.), tortoiseshell, tomcat {male),
tommy {male; coUoq.), tabby, kit, kitten,
bobcat, kitty {a pet name), kitling {diai.),
catling, maltese. Angora.
catalogue, n. list; spec, didascaly, index,
sanctilogy, beadroU.
catalogue, v. t. Spec, list, index.
catastrophe, n. 1. cataclysm, convxilsion;
spec, debacle, d€b&cle {French), upheaval,
paroxysm.
2. ending, d6no<iment {French).
Antonyms: see beginning.
S. See CALAMITT.
catastrophic, a. 1. convulsionarv, cata-
clysmal, cataclysmic, paroxysmal {rare).
a. See calamitous. _
catch, V. t. 1. take, seize, nab {slang or coU
loq.); spec, nick {slang), entoil {archaic),
land, net, mesh, dredge, hme, gill, ginnle,
hook, illaqueate {rare), grin {archaic),
noose, guddle, entangle, enmesh, snap,
snare or {emphatic) ensnare, trawl, trap
or {emphatic) entrap, drag; see seize,
CAPTUKE, TKAP.
Antonyms: see free, throw.
2. attract {the attention, fancy, etc.), en-
gage, take, arrest, smite {rhetorical.), hit
{cMloq.); see captivate.
S. Referring to a cold, disease, etc.: con-
tract, take, get.
4. Referring to chastisement, reproof, etc.:
receive, get.
5. get {as a train), make, nick {slang,
Eng.).
6. trip {in a favtt), nick {slang., Eng.).
7. See OVERTAKE, DISCOVER, RECEIVE,
FASTEN, UNDERSTAND, PERCEIVE, HEAR,
PHOTOGRAPH.
catch, V. i. 1. seize, hold; spec, hitch.
2. See KINDLE, GASP.
catch, n. 1. seize, seizure, hold; spec, grasp,
grab, snatch, etc.
Antonyms: see miss.
2. Spec, trigger, trap, detent, click, dog,
latch, barb, buckle, snap, fence, pallet,
pawl.
3. Thing or amount caught: spec, take, net,
fare, trip, trap, draft, haul, shot, field, fly.
4. See ROUND.
catching, a. inoculable, contagious, com-
municable, taking {chiefly U. S.), infec-
tious; spec, pestilential, pestiferous,
noxious.
cathartic, a. laxative, physic, purgative,
purging, aperient, evacuatory, eccoproc-
tic {mUd; rare), eccritic {rare), deobstru-
ent {tech.), alviducous {rare), deoppilent
{rare or obs.), lapactic {rare).
Antonyms: see constipating.
cathartic, n. laxative, physic, purgative,
purge, aperient, dejector {rare), eccoproc-
tic {rare), evacuant.
cathedra, n. seat, chair, throne, see {ar-
chaic).
cathedral, n. duomo {Italian); spec, sec-
ondary.
catholic, a. 1. See general, liberal.
2. [cap.] Short for "Roman Catholic":
Roman, Romish {chiefly in derogation),
Popish {used only in derogation).
Catholicize, v. t. Romanize.
cattle, a. 1. In a general sense: see stock.
2. Referring to bovines: beeves {pi.), neat
{archaic; a collective); spec, {pi.) red-polls,
shorthorns, Lancashires, Jerseys, Hol-
steins, etc.
cattle raising: boviculture {affected).
causable, a. inducible, producible
causal, a. 1. Spec, creational.
2. See CAUSATIVE.
causative, a. inductive, inducive {rare),
productive, causal {rare), creative {chiefly
spec), generative.
cause, V. t. produce, effect, effectuate
{rare), gar {Scot.), make, have, do {obs.),
germinate (Jig. or spec), keep {rare; eguiv.
to "keep up"), inchoate {rare), provoke,
originate, let (archaic or phrasal), create,
generate, occasion, breed, bring, raise,
work; spec, necessitate, bear, will, induce,
superinduce; see excite, form.
Antonyms: see prevent.
cause, n. 1. principle (tech. or literary),
origin, producer (rare), wherefore (col-
loq?), inducement, occasion; see motive,
REASON.
Antonyms: see resui/t.
2. See action, side.
caustic, a. 1. burning, escharotic (tech.);
spec, catheretic.
2. In mathematics: spec, catacaustic, dia-
caustic.
3. See acrid, acrimonious.
caustic, n. 1. escharotic (tech.), cauter,
cautery; spec, catheretic, moxa.
2. Spec catacaustic, diacaustic.
t^" Cross references: see Note.
casuistry: prevarication.
cataclyBm: catastrophe, up-
heaval.
cataplasm: poultice.
cataract: waterfall, deluge.
catchy: t^raciive, deceptive.^
catechize, v. f.: teach, Question.
categorical: dogmatic.
cater: provide.
causeless: groundless,
caution, n..* warning, care.
caution, v. t.: warn.
cautionary: warning,
cautious: careful.
t^° See Notes of Explanation.
61
CAVALIER
cavalry, n. soldiery (contexltud), horse;
spec, uhlan; in the British Army: Yeo-
manry, Life Guards, Horse Guards,
Dragoon Guards, Dragoons, Hussars,
Lancers.
cavalTyman, n. soldier (contextital) , horse-
man, troop, plxmger (mil. slang); sj>ec.
horse guard, heavy, roughrider, reiter
Qiist.), dragoon, silladar (Anglo-Indian),
cuirassier, hussar, matross (hist., U. S.),
cossack.
cave, n. recess, cavern, den (chiefly spec);
spec, grotto, grot (poetic), nymphaeum,
Lupercal (rare; antiq.).
cave-dweller, n. caveman, troglodyte
(tech.).
cave- dwelling, a. cavemicolous (rare),
troglodyte (tech.), speluncous (rare).
cavil, n. criticism (contextual), carping;
spec, wrangle.
cavil, V. i. except (contextual), carp, nibble,
haggle (chiefly spec), higgle (chiefly spec),
stickle; spec, quarrel, wrangle.
caviling, a. critical (contextual), captious,
hairsplitting, carping, exceptive (rare),
exceptions (rare); spec hypercritical.
cavity, n. hole, hollow; spec, hold (of a
ship), sinus (tech.), ventri cuius, vacuole,
bug, well, diverticulum (tech.), pocket,
fossa or fosse, pit, depression, fossette,
druse, lacuna (tech.), crypt, cistern,
atrium, cup; see chamber.
Antonyms: see pkojection, protuber-
ance.
ceiling, n. ceil (rare and poetic), roof,
plafond (French); spec, cupola.
celebrate, v. t. 1. See observe, praise.
2. proclaim, extol, emblazon, emblaze
(rare), commemorate, sing, sound, re-
sound, laud, trumpet, royalize (rare), re-
nown (rare); spec, historicize, fame (rare),
sonnet (rare), hymn, concelebrate (rare),
tune, lionize, rime or rhyme, berime or
berhyme (emphatic; often contemptuous).
Antonyms: see depreciate.
celebrate, v. i. jubilate, jubilize (rare);
spec triumph.
celebration, n. 1. See observance,
praise, communion.
2. proclamation, emblazonment, com-
memoration, laudation, etc Cf. cele-
brate, V. t.
3. Spec, festivity, festival, triumph, ova-
tion, Eucaemia (Oxford Univ.), anniver-
sary, biennial, triennial, etc., birthday.
celebrity, n. 1. See fame.
2. notable, name, light, luminary, lion,
lioness.
celibacy, n. singleness, celibate (archaic);
spec, virginity.
celibate, a. single, unmarried; spec, virgin.
celibate, n. Spec, bachelor, maid or
maiden (obs. or legal, exc. as of women),
spinster, old maid (Jem.; colloq, or con-
temptuous).
Antonyms: see benedict, husband,
WIPE.
cell, n. 1. Spec utricle, vacuole, theca,
spore, amoeba, corpuscle, plastid, locule,
loculus, loculament, locellus, eye, cellule,
hsematid, hsemad, macrocyte.
2. room (contextual); spec serdab, vault,
reclusory (rare), concameration (rare),
box (slang).
8. See COMPARTMENT.
celled, a. collate, cellated, cellulate; — all
these tech.
cell-like, a. cytoid (tech.).
cellular, a. Spec, loculose (tech.), locula-
mentose (tech.; rare), loculamentous
(tech.; rare), favose (tech.), comby (rare),
honey-combed, faveolate (tech.).
cement, n. Spec glue, lute, hme, putty,
tar, mortar, paste, solder. "Cement" is
chiefly spec.
cement, v. i. conglutinate (rare), glue
(primarily spec), stick; spec, solder, iSne,
paste, ferruminate (archaic), mortar, be-
lute (rare), lute, putty, grout, plaster.
Antonyms: see break.
cemetery, n. burial place, graveyard, gol-
gotha (literary), necropolis (rhetorical);
spec, polyandrium, catacomb, churchyard
(archaic or hist.).
censer, n. thurible, incensory; spec, casso-
lette, incense boat, navicula, nef (French).
censorious, a. critical (contextual), culpar
tory (rare), condemnatory, reproljative,
disapprobatory (rare), reprehensive, rep-
rehensing (rare), reprehensory (rare);
spec, vitriolic, cynic; see faultfinding.
Antonyms: see approving, praising.
censure, n. 1. blame, coridemnation,
reproach (rare), reprehension, reprobation
(rare), objurgation (rare), reproof, hit
(colloq.), knock (slanp), criticism, stric-
ture, nip, animadversion (literary); spec.
attack, diatribe, backbite, dyslogy (a
nonce word); see blame, blaming, re-
proof.
Antonyms: see applause, approval,
praise, compliment.
B^° Cross references: see Note.
cavalier, n.: horseman, knight,
gentleman, escort, lover.
■ cavalier, a.: careless, proud.
cavalierly: proud.
cave'ln: collapse.
cavern: cave.
cease: stop.
ceaseless: constant, endless.
cede, V, t.: relinquish, transfer.
ceil: line.
celebrated: famous.
celerity: rapidity.
celestial, a.: heavenly, divine,
Chinese.
celestial, n.: angel.
censurable: blamable, repre-
hensible.
fS" See Notes of Explanation.
62
CHANCE
2. Referring to direct criticism of a person:
see KEPRoop.
censure, v. 1. 1. condemn, reproach, repre-
hend, reprobate, reprove ixare), hit (col-
loq.), knock {slang), tax (rare), fault
{rare), scarify {fy.), perstringe {rare),
criticize; spec, backbite, attack; see
BLAME.
Antonyms: see applaud, approve,
PRAISE, COMPLIMENT.
2. Referring to direct censure of a person:
see REPROVE.
census, n. lustrum {Roman antiq.; rare).
cent, n. copper {colloq.), penny (o loose
usage).
centenary, a. secular; spec, centennial,
hundredal.
center, n. I. In a physical sense: middle,
omphalos (rare; fig. or spec), hub (fig.),
navel {fig.); spec, nucleus, pivot, radiant.
metropolis, coom (Scot.) bull's-eye.
Antonyms: see circumference, edge,
VERGE, RIM.
2. In a nonphysieal sense: focus, hub,
heart, core, navel, pivot, hinge, kernel,
nucleus. '
center, v. t. 1. centralize, concenter {rare
or spec); spec, focus.
2. See UNITE.
central, a. middle; spec, focal, nuclear,
pivotal.
century, n. I. centennium {rare), cen-
tenary (rare).
2. See HUNDRED.
ceramics, n. pottery.
cereal, n. 1. Referring to the plant: grain,
corn {chiefly spec, the particular sense
varying with the locality); spec, oat, pea,
bean.
2. See GRAIN.
cerebrate, v. i. mentalize {rare).
cerebration, n. mentalism, mentation.
ceremony, n. 1. Referring to the action or
procedure: performance, observance, rite,
function {chiefly spec), ofBce. practise;
spec sacrament, mummery (contemptur-
ous), ordinance {eccl.), tenebrae {pi.).
2. Referring to the form: see form.
certain, a. 1. See fixed, definite, un-
avoidable, UNQUESTIONABLE, CONFI-
DENT.
2. In. a sense implying unfailing correct-
ness: sure, assured (rare), infallible.
Antonyms: see uncertain, doubtful,
HESITATING.
sure,
8. With "to" and the infinitive:
boimd, destined.
certainty, n. 1. Spec fixity, definiteness,
unquestionableness, etc.
2. In a sense implying unfailing correct-
ness: sureness, assurance {rare), surety,
certitude; spec. infaUibiUty.
Antonyms: see uncertainty, doubt.
S. Meaning a thing that is unquestionable
or inevitable: surety, cinch {slang). "Sure
thing" is chiefly slang.
Antonyms: see chance.
certificate, n. Spec, policy, scrip, deben-
ture.
chafed, a. rubbed, galled, fretted, eaten,
foxed {dial.), worn.
cliafly, a. paleaceous, paleate; — hath tech.
chain, n. 1. catena {rare or tech.); spec
painter, fob.
2. See ROW, string, series, mountain.
chair, n. Spec, tumbrel, rocker, round-
about {U. S.), throne, Cromwell chair,
curule chair, faldstool, exedra; see
cathedra.
chairman, n. president, presider; sriec
toastmaster, moderator, speaker, proloc-
utor, croupier.
chalky, a. cretaceous {literary or tech.),
cretous {rare).
challenge, v. t. 1. dare, defy, stump
{colloq.. 17. S.), deraign {hist, or obs.),
brave (rare).
2. See question.
challenge, n. 1. dare, defy (colloq.), de-
fiance, stump (colloq., U. S.).
2. See objection.
chamber, n. 1. See room, bedroom, com-
partment, assembly.
2. Referring to a room for official business
or public assembly: camera {rare, tech., or
spec); spec, bourse, exchange, curia, hall.
3. cavity, camera (rare or tech.); spec.
coffer, cofferdam, kistvaen, casemate, lock,
vault, cist, cell; see grave.
chambered, a. concamerated, camerate;
spec, septate, locular; — aU tech., exc
chambered.
chambermaid, n. femme de chambre
(French) .
champagne, n. simkin (Anglo-Indian).
champion, n. 1. protector, defender; spec.
knight, knight-errant, paladin (fig.).
2. See SUPPORTER, victor.
chance, n. 1. Referring to a way of happen^
ing of events or to a fortuitous state of af-
tS^ Cross references: see Note.
ceremonl^, a,; formal.
ceremonial, n,: form.
ceremonious: formal.
certify: assure, authenticale.
certitude: confidence^ certainty.
cerulean: asure.
cessation: ato'Pt intermiaaion.
cession: transfer, reKnguisA-
ment.
chafe, V. t.: rvh.
chafe, V. i.: rub. fret.
ohafl, n,: pleasantry, refuse.
ohafl, V. t: banter.
chain, V. t.: bind, fasten.
chalice: cup.
challenge, v. i.: object.
challenging;: defiant.
champaign: plain, country.
champion, v. t.; protect, sup-
port.
championship: protection,
support.
chance, v. i.: happen.
iW See Notes of Explanation.
63
CHANCE
fairs: outcome, fortune, cast {qhsolescent) ,
hazard {rare), casualty (obsolescent), per-
adventure (Jiterary), venture {archaic);
spec, toss-up {colloq.), gamble.
Antonyms: see certainty, necessity.
2. Referring to a particular happening:
occurrence, accident, casualty, contin-
gency, contingence, fortuity, fortune,
hap {rare), peradventure (literary); spec.
draw, chance-medley; see misporttjne.
Antonyms: see necessity.
3. Referring to chance generically, a sense
often personified: accident, hazard, hap-
hazard, contingency {rare), contingence
{rare), hap; spec, luck; see fortune.
Antonyms: see necessity.
4. See opportunity, contingency.
chance, a. accidental, contingent, casual,
chanceable {archaic), chanceful {archaic),
stray {fig.), blind, blindfold (fig.), hap-
hazard, errabund {rare), harum-scarum
{colloq.); see purposeless, aimless.
Antonyms: see consequential, inten-
tional.
chancel, n. sanctuary, bema {eccl.; antiq.).
chandelier, n. I. candlestick.
2. pendant {contextual); spec, gaselier,
electrolier, corona, pendant {rare), crown.
change, n. 1. See exchange, removal,
substitution.
2. variation, alteration, transition, mu-
tation, variance, turning, turn {chiefly
colloq.), transmutation, passage, passing,
pass, movement {chiefly spec), shift
(chiefly spec), go (colloq. or slang), revo-
lution (rare), novation (rare); spec, start,
bob, break, graduation, risk, vicissitude;
see transformation, qualification,
conversion.
Antonyms: see constancy, continua-
tion.
3. Referring to garments: shift (now U. S.
or dial. Eng.).
change, v. t. 1. exchange (often spec),
commute; spec, shift (one's garments); see
exchange, move, remove.
2. alter, vary, qualify, variate (rare),
modify, transform, mutate (chiefly spec),
convert, turn; spec, provect, transmute,
moderate, diminish, increase, intensify,
qualify, transform, shade, convert.
Antonyms: see fix.
change, v. i. alter, vary, variate (rare),
shift (chiefly spec), pass, resolve (literary
or spec), go (colloq. or spec), mutate
(chiefly spec), turn (chiefly spec); spec.
shape (as in "things are shaping his way;"
colloq.), glide, sink, jump, break, range,
graduate, grade.
Antonyms: see continue.
changeable, a. 1. movable, variable, mo-
bile, versatile (rare or spec), mutable;
see exchangeable, movable.
Antonyms: see immovable, fixed.
2. Alterable, varying, variant, variable,
mutable, modifiable, inconstant, fickle
(fiO'),' spec changeful, vicissitudinous,
vicissitudinary, chatoyant, shot.
Antonyms: see constant, fixed.
3. fickle, inconstant, variable, light-
headed or hght, moody (obsolescent), hare-
brained, flighty, mutable, shifty (chiefly
spec), skittish (fig.), volatile (literary),
feathery (fig.; rare), versatile (rare), mer-
curial (literary), unstable, changeful.
Antonyms: see constant, o:^BTINATB,
fixed.
changeableness, n. 1. movableness, vari-
ableness, etc
2. alterableness, variableness, incon-
stance, etc.
Antonyms: see application.
changeling, n. t. Proteus (fig.); spec.
waverer, turncoat; renegade.
2. oof.
3. See idiot.
changing, a. 1, changeful, fluxile (rare),
various (rare or archaic), mobile, dynamic
or dynamical (tech.).
2. alterative, modifying, modificatory.
channel, n. 1. conduit, canal, course, duct,
carrier (contextiud) ; spec, trough (now
U.S.), gutter, groove, furrow, cloaca, cal-
oriduct (rare), sewer, main, rabbet, artery,
aorta, vein, runway, airway, cesspipe,
pipe, lateral, aqueduct, drain, flute, shoot,
intake, leader, canahculus, couhsse
(French), culHs, flume, riffle, wadi, ditch,
dike, downcomer, dale, lumen, meatus,
launder, main, neck, katabothron (rare),
marigot (French), lead, run, runnel,
runner, sulcation (rare), donga (So.
Af.), gullet (local Eng.), guUy, funnel, cul-
vert, sluice, raceway or race (chiefly U. S.)
2. Referring to the deep part of a water-
way: thalweg (German; tech?), thread,
runway (rare), ditch (contemptuous); spec.
tideway, gut, sound, strait, swash, race-
way or race (chiefly U. S.), neck, lead,
fairway.
3. Referring to a long depression: spec.
furrow, groove, sulcation (rare), trough,
fluting, dig, scratch, score, gouge, cut,
gutter.
Antonyms: see ridge.
channel, v. t. Spec, gutter, canal (rare),
gully, ravine, chamfer, ditch, canaUze,
sweat (obs. or Scot.).
channeled, a. Spec, guttered, guttery,
ditched.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
changeful . changeable, changing, \ moving.
Notes ot Explanation.
64
CHATTER
chant, n. Spec, hymn, song, canticle,
requiem (chiefly poetic), intonation.
chaos, n. 1. abyss, void; spec. Ginnunga-
gap.
2. See CONFUSION.
chapel, n. Spec, galilee, vestry, cubiculum,
crypt, chantry, oratory, pool, Bethesda.
chaperon, n. gouvernante (French); spec.
duenna.
chaperon, v. t. matronize (rare).
chapter, n. 1. division (contextual); spec.
sura (in the Koran), capitular.
2. See ASSEMBLY, BRANCH.
char, V. t. burn, scorch, carbonize (tech.),
sear.
char, n. burn, scorch, scar; spec, charcoal,
snuff.
character, n. t. See figure, mark, na-
ture, QUALITY, HANDWRITING, TYPE,
STYLE, PERSONALITY, PERSONAGE, REPU-
TATION.
2. symbol, emblem (fl^. or contextual),
figure (spec, or contextual); spec, letter,
type, hieroglyph, hieroglyphic, polyphone,
ideograph, pictograph, descender, hook.
8. personage, eccentric, crank (coUoq.),
original, erratic (rare), vagarian (rare),
case (colloq. or slang, U. S.), oddity
(colloq.). "Character" is somewhat collo-
quial in this sense.
characteristic, n. feature, trait, peculi-
arity, physiognomic (rare); spec, diagnos-
tic (esp. me£); see quality, distinction.
charge, n. 1. See price, expense, tax,
ACCUSATION, COMPLAINT, BIDDING, CARE,
BURDEN, ATTACK.
2. liability, burden, encumbrance, tax
(orig. spec.), expense; spec, assessment,
rate; see mortgage.
3. rate, tax (colloq. or slang, U. S.); spec.
average, demurrage, tarijff, terminals
(pi.), dockage, storage, etc.; see price.
4. debit (tech.), chalk (spec, or fig.), score
(spec), due.
5. Referring to firearms, a furnace, etc.:
load; spec, round, blast, feed (fig-).
charge, v. t. 1. See pill, bid, assess, ac-
cuse, ATTACK, PREPARE, LOAD.
2. burden, commission, intrust, tax, en-
charge (rare).
3. Referring to a person: tax (colloq.,
U.S.).
4. Referring to the amount: debit (tech.).
score (rare); spec, peg, size (Eng. uni-
versities).
5. Referring to what is charged with a
liaMlily: burden, incumber; see mort-
gage.
charitable, .a. 1. See benevolent.
2. eleemosynary (literary, tech., or euphe-
mistic).
3. Uberal, considerate; spec, fair-minded,
large-hearted.
charity, n. 1. See love, kindness, benev-
olence, alms.
2. Spec, foundation, bequest, hospital,
college (chiefly Eng.).
charm, n. 1. See bewitchbry, bewitch-
ment, ATTRACTION, ATTRACTIVENESS,
CAPTIVATION.
2. Spec, tahsman, fetish or fetich, medi-
cine (anthropology), saphie (North Africa),
obi or obeah (negro), greegree (Africa),
amulet.
Antonyms: see hoodoo.
charmer, n. 1. See magician.
2. Referring to a charming person, esp. a
woman: witch (colloq.).
chase, n. 1. In the generic sense: pursuit,
hunting, course, hunt, cynegetics (rare);
spec, venery.
2. See HUNT, game, pursuit.
chase, v. i. pursue; spec, run; — with
"after."
chaste, a. 1. pure, clean, white (fig.), in-
nocent, honest (rare or archaic), virtuous.
Antonyms: see unchaste, lewd, im-
moral, COARSE, BEASTLY, INDECENT, COR-
RUPT, LASCIVIOUS, LICENTIOUS.
2. See PURE, PROPER.
chastity, n. 1. purity, pureness, innocence,
honor, virtue, virtuousness.
2. See PURITY.
chattel, n. chose (tech.), movable, things
(pi.; chiefly spec.); spec, distress (migTj;
see GOODS.
chatter, n. 1. babble (rare), jargon, jangle,
patter (colloq.), gabble (contemptuovs),
clatter (contemptuous), patter (colloq.),
twaddle or twattle (now dial, or colloq.),
claver (contemptuous, Scot.), clack (con-
temptuous), mag (colloq.), cackle (con^
temptxMus or spec), gibber, gibberish,
jabber, jibber (rare), prattle, prate (rare),
prating, prittle-prattle (rare); spec. talk.
2. jSee babble, rattle.
t^" Cross references: see Note.
chant, V. t.: sing, intone.
chanticleer: cock.
ohaotio: formlees, confused.
chap: person.
chaptallen: depressed.
chsplet: crown.
chapped: cracked.
chaps: jaw, chops.
charge, v. i.: rush.
charg§: diplomatic agent.
chargeable: attributable.
charger: platter, horse.
charlatan: quack.
charm, v. t.; bewitch, captivate,
attract.
charming: captivating, pleas-
ant, attractive.
charnel house: ossuary.
chart, n.: table.
chart, t>. t.: tahulaie.
charter, n,: deed, privilege.
charter, v. t.: hire.
chary: careful, prudent.
chase, v. t.: hunt, pursue.
chasm: abyss, deft, break, void.
chasten: purify, punish.restrain.
chastise: punish.
chat, V. i.: converse.
chat, n.: conversation.
ts" See Notes ot Explanation.
65
CHATTER
chatter, v. i. 1. babble, jargon, jargonize
{rare), jabble {rare), patter {coUoq.), gab-
ble {contempttums), prattle, jabber, prate,
Mat or blate {vulgar or contemptuous);
spec. talk.
S. See BATTLE.
chatter, v. i. 1. patter, prate, rattle {fig.).
2. See RATTLE.
cheap, a. 1. inexpensive; spec, easy {coU
log.); see economical.
Aritonyms: see costlt.
2. See LOW-PRICED.
8. vulgar, meretricious; spec, popular;
see BASE, PALTRY, GAUDY.
cheat, V. i. sharp, shark {rare), swindle.
cheat, V. t. 1. defraud, swindle, beguile,
cozen {now literary), victimize {context-
ual), bilk {colloq.), gouge {colloq.), fob or
fub {rare), daddle {colloq.), bob {obs.;
slang), bucket {slang), rogue {rare),
shave, rook {colloq. or slang)^ gudgeon
{colloq.), mump {colloq.; obs.), lurch {ar-
chaic), ramp {sUmg), Jew {used opprobri-
ously by nan- Jews; vulgar), cozen {now lit-
erary), cony-catch {obs.); spec, cog, fleece,
thimblerig, bunco, chouse {colloq. or slang) .
2. See DECEIVE.
cheat, n. 1. swindle, beguilement {esp. the
action), do {slang), cross {cant or slang),
fraud.
2. defrauder, swindler, sharper, sharker
{rare), cozener {now literary), trickster,
sharp, Jew {used opprobriously by some
non-Jews; vulgar), blacklee {colloq.),
crook {colloq.), cony-catcher (obs.), snide
{slang), Greek {chiefly spec), hawk {fi^.),
bilk {rare; colloq. or slang), kite {rare),
shaver {rare), rascal, lurch {rare), rogue,
rook (Jjjr.); spec, blackleg {colloq.), chouse
{colloq. or slang).
8. See DECEIVER, deception.
cheating, n. defrauding, swindlery {rare).
check, V. t. 1. See stop, restrain, re-
press, SUPPRESS, REJECT, BAR, STXTNT,
CHOKE, INTERRUPT.
2. mark; spec, tick, prick, tally.
8. repulse, squelch, rebuff; spec. snub.
4. countercheck; spec, block, scotch, cog,
snub, brake, drag, anchor, damp, rein.
5. withhold, forbear, spare, refrain {rare);
spec, cease.
check, n. 1. See stop, stoppage, repres-
sion, REVERSE, BAR, RESTRAINT, INTER-
RUPTION.
2. Referring to that which checks: counter-
check; spec, drag, drogue, block, snub,
chock, clog, stop, stopper, damp, damper,
blanket, rein, bridle, inhibition, brake,
let {esp. in "without let or hindrance").
8. repulse, rebuff, setback {U. S.), back-
set, thwart {rare); spec. snub.
4. mark; spec, tick, prick, tally, dash.
5. Referring to thai by which a thing is
controlled, measured, etc.: spec, standard,
control.
checkered, a. cheeky, chequ^ or chequS
{heraldry).
cheek, n. 1. jowl {rare or dial.); spec, gills
{pi.; slang).
2. See impudence.
cheer, v. t. 1. encourage, inspirit, cherish
{rare), comfort, strengthen, solace, con-
sole, hearten, enliven, brighten, encheer
{rare), recreate {rare), rehearten {rare),
hven {colloq.), warm; spec, chirrup.
Antonyms: see abash, discourage,
SADDEN, grieve, DEPRESS.
2. See APPLAUD.
cheer, v. i. shout {contextual), jolly {Eng.);
spec, hurrah, hurray, hurra, huzza.
cheer, n. 1. encouragement, comfort, sol-
ace, consolation, consolement {rare), en-
livenment, recreation {rare).
2. shout (contextual), jolly {Eng.); spec.
tiger, huzza, hurrah, hurray, hurra.
cheerful, a. 1. light, light-hearted, bright,
•chipper {slang or colloq., U. S.), chirrupy
{colloq.), Uvely, merry, jocund {literary),
debonair {literary), Ughtsome, chirpy {col-
loq.), hilarious, joUy, gladsome, heartsome
{chiefly Scot), canty {dial.), sunny, sun-
shiny {colloq.), buxom {archaic), lusty
{archaic), riant {rare), cheery, genial,
blithe, bUthesome, bonny {obs. or rare),
brisk {chiefly dial.); spec, smiling.
Antonyms: see depressed, sullen,
GLOOMY.
2. See cheering.
cheerfulness, n. geniality, hilarity, sun-
shine, gladsomeness, etc.
Antonyms: see depression, discour-
agement.
cheering, a. cheerful, genial, enlivening,
inspiriting, strengthening, consolatory,
gladsome, Isetificant {rare), heartsome
{chiefly Scot.), chirping {rare), cheery,
blithesome, comfortable, cordial {rare),
solacefiil {rare).
Antonyms: see depressing, gloomt.
cheering, n. solacement, enlivenment,
heartening, etc.
cheerless, a. dull, dismal, gloomy, dreary,
dark, joyless.
cheerlessness, n. dullness, dismalness,
gloom.
cheesy, a. caseous {chiefly tech.).
chemical, a. Spec, alchemical, analjrtical,
synthetical.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
chatty: conversational, communicative.
checker: plaid,
checkmate: defeat.
cheep: chirp.
cheery: cheerful, cheering.
S^° See Notes of Explanation.
CHILLT
chemise, n. shift, smock, slip; avec.
gmmpe.
oje'lsli. "• '• *■ PJ'oteot, foster, nurse, cod-
dle, bosom (.rare), brood; spec, enshrine,
cosset, pet; see foster.
Antonyms: see abuse, beat, blight,
ILIi-TREAT.
a. See CARESS, love, preserve, enter-
tain.
chest, n. 1. case, box, coffer {chiefly spec.),
hutch {archaic or spec); spec, cist or cyst
{antiq.), clothespress, cabinet, commode,
chiffonier, coffin, locker, tallboy, highboy,
wangun {cant), bureau; see trunk.
8. thorax {tech.); spec, breast.
chestnut, o. castaneous {tech.).
chevron, ra. 1. Spec, zigzag, dancette.
2. See BADGE.
ohew, V. t. & i. 1. masticate {formal), chaw
{now vulgar or implying vulgarity), man-
ducate {rare); spec, crunch, crump,
munch, mumble, champ, ruminate, gnaw.
2. See REND.
chewing, o. masticatory, manducatory
{rare); — both formal.
chicane, v. i. pettifog {in law).
chicanery, n. deceit {contextual), trickery,
sophistry; chicane; spec, prevarication,
pettifoggmg, pettifoggery .
chick, n. offspring {contextual), squab
{chiefly spec); see chicken.
chicken, n. fowl {contextual), poult {rare),
biddy {colloq.); spec, broiler, fry, peeper,
chick.
chicken-breasted, a. gibbous {rare or
tech.), pigeon-breasted.
chief, a. 1. first, arch {chiefly literary or
used in combination), principal, foremost,
master, head, high {contextual), preemi-
nent, top, supereminent {rare), premier.
2. 7n importance, interest, etc.: main,
principal, first, capital {literary or for-
mal), premier, cardinal, pivotal, great
(ttsed with "the"), central, top, primary,
supreme, prime, grand, leading, palmary
{rare), palmarian {rare).
Antonyms: see inferior, secondary,
SMALL.
S. In proportion: prevailing, main.
chief, n. 1. head; spec, chieftain, head-
man, headsman {rare), primate {rare),
cob {dial.), cock {colloq.), ruler, leader,
dux {chiefly Scot, or spec), captain, capi-
tano {Italian), cacique {West Indies),
condottiere {Italian), clicker, cid, general
imil. or ecd.), foreman, elder, goodman
Scot, or archaic), protopope {eccl.), jarl,
caboceer {Africa), hierarch {ecd.), pro-
vincial {eccl.), ringleader, reis or rais
{Arabia), sheik {Arabia), sagamore,
sachem, raja or rajah, principal, prince,
cardinal {B. C. Ch.). primate {eccl.),
poligar, prytanis {fig.), president, pre-
mier, phylarch, matriarch {chiefly jocu-
lar), malik {Hindu), abuna {eccl.), metran
{ecd.), lumberdar {India), judge {Bib.),
kehaya {Turkish); see overseer, supe-
rior, commander.
Antonyms: see subordinate.
2. principal, don {literary or cant).
8. In heraldry: spec soustenu {French).
chiefly, adv. principally, mainly, most,
mostly, capitally, cardinally, etc.
chieftancy, n. chiefship, headship, su-
premacy, masterdom.
child, n. 1. See offspring.
2. offspring {contextual), kid {slang or col-
loq.), bairn {Scot.), cub (jocose or contempt-
uous), whelp {contemptuous), papoose
{Amer. Ind.), dandiprat {obs., juvenile, or
archaic), dab {contemptttous), joey {Aus-
tralia; colloq.), imp (chiefly spec), mop-
pet {archaic; a term of endearment), bud
(a term of endearment), brat {contemptu-
ous), innocent (as being pure), cherub {pi.
cherubs; spec, or sarcastic), lambkin (a
term of endearment); spec boy, girl,
changeling, nestling {Jig.), elf, tot, elfin
{literary; rare), chit {colloq.), trot {colhq.),
urchin; see son, daughter.
Antonyms: see parent, father, mother.
childbirth, n. parturition {tech.), parturi-
ence {tech.; rare), travail {archaic), labor,
pains {pi.), puerpery {rare); spec deliv-
ery, eutocia, dystocia.
childhood, n. infancy {chiefly legal, exc.
spec), youth, puerility {rare); spec, minor-
ity, pupilage, nonage.
Antonyms: see age, maturity.
childish, a. childlilce, childly {rare), ju-
venile, puerile {usually in a bad sense),
youthful, brattish {contemptucms), kiddish
{slang or colloq.) ; spec boyish, boylike, girl-
ish, girl-like, girly {colloq.); see babyish.
These terms when applied to older persons
are used as equivalent to: "foolish, weak,
silly, trifling, trusting, unsuspecting," etc.
"Childish" is seldom used except of older
persons, and usually in a derogatory sense:
childlike" usually implies approval.
Antonyms: see manly, womanly, wom-
anish, OLD.
children, n. pi. 1. offspring {contextual).
2. childhood {rare); spec infantry {joeur
lar), infancy; see youth.
chilly, a. cold, cool, chill.
^y Cross references: see Note,
cherished: dear.
cherub: angel, child.
cherup: chirp.
chevalier: horseman, knight,
lover.
chide: scold, reprove.
childlike: childish.
chill, n.: cold, depression.
chill, a.: cold, chilly.
chill, V. t.: cool, restrain, freeze.
cliiUin^: depressing, repellent.
t^" See Notes of Explanation.
67
CHIME
chime, v. i. & t. 1. ring (.archaic or spec),
play [contextual).
2. See AGREE, HABMONIZE.
chimney, n. 1. Spec, flue, shoot, stack,
pipe.
2. See CLEFT.
chimney cornei. fireside, inglenook (lit-
erary).
chin, n. mentum (tech.); spec. jowl.
china, n. earthenware (rare), chinaware,
porcelaine; spec, crackle, belleek, ma-
jolica, etc.
Chinese, a. Celestial (humorous), Sinic
(rare), Sinaean or Sinaic (rare); spec.
Serian or Seric.
chip, n. Spec, flake, spall, turnings (pi.),
cuttings (pi-), parings (pi.), flint; see
PIECE, SPLINTER.
chirp, n. & v. i. cry (contextual), twitter,
cheep, cherup, chipper, peep, pipe, pip,
chirk (dial, or U. S.), chirrup or chirup;
spec. pule.
chirping, a. cheepy.
chisel, V. t. cut (contextual), carve (con-
textual); spec, boast (masonry), gouge.
chisel- shaped, a. scalpriform (tech.).
choice, n. 1. Referring to the act: prefer-
ence, preferment (rare), selection, elec-
tion (chiefly spec), option, choose (rare;
humorous or illiterate), optation {rare),
pick, delectus (rare, exc. spec); spec co-
optation, cooption.
Antonyms: see rejection.
2. Referring to the thing chosen: prefer-
ence, selection, option, pick, favorite;
spec cull (cant), delectus; see alterna-
tive, BEST.
8. Power of choosing: option, pick; spec.
discretion.
choice, a. 1. select, picked, recherche
(French), exquLsite.
2. See FINE, excellent.
choke, V. t. & i. 1. suffocate (contextual),
strangle, strangulate (chiefly med.), throt-
tle; spec, bowstring, garrotte, grin (ar-
chaic), gag.
2. <See REPRESS, OBSTRUCT, DEADEN, EX-
TINGUISH.
3. repress (contextual), check, swallow,
gulp (used chiefly with "doum"). "Choke"
is used chiefly with "doum."
choose, V. t. select, elect, take, opt (rare),
pick, optate (rare), list (only as a v. i.;
archaic); spec, coopt (learned or tech.),
cooptate, cull, draw, prefer, prick, garble;
see ADOPT.
Antonyms: see reject.
choosing, a. optative, selective; spec, ec-
lectic, elective.
chop, n. 1. See jaw.
2. In pi. (chops): chaps (pi.; a variant),
choke (dial.); spec, flews (pi.).
chop, V. t. & i. cut (contextual), hew, hack;
spec mince, hackle, lop, haggle.
chop, n. 1. cut (contextual), shce (con-
textual), hew, hack; spec. lop.
2. bobble, lop, overfall, rip; spec tiderip,
ripple.
chopping, a. wavy (contextual), rough
(contextual), hobbling, cockling, bobbly,
loppy; spec ripply.
chosen, a. select, elect (chiefly spec),
picked, predilective (rare); spec, conscript,
preferential, predestined, preferred.
chosen, n. Spec, elect, 61ite (French) .
Christ, n. Saver (rare). Savior or Saviour,
Jesus, Redeemer, Messiah, Messias, Im-
manuel. Mediator, Intercessor, Advocate,
Judge, Word, Son, Son of Man, Son of
God, Lamb, Lamb of God; — mostly used
with "the" or "our."
christen, v. t. 1. See BAPTIZE, name.
2. In the sense of "to use for the first time":
auspicate (learned or literary), handsel;
spec, wet (slang), blood. "Christen" is
colloq.
Christendom, n. The Church, Christian-
ity, Zion (fi^.).
Christian, n. Nazarene (used esp. by Jews
and Mohammedans), saint (Bib.), giaour
(used by Turks), gentile (used in India);
spec, professor (chiefly Scot. & U. S.),
novice, probationer. Gnostic, Baptist,
Methodist, etc.
Antonyms: see heathen, heretic.
Christmas, n. Yuletide (literary or local),
Yule (literary or local).
chronic, a. inveterate, confirmed, seated,
settled, rooted, continuing (contextual);
spec, inborn, inbred.
chronological, a. datal (rare), -temporal
(contextual) .
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
diime, 71.; bell, melody, harmony,
agreement, rhythm.
chimera: fan.cy.
chimerical; /anc</uZ, visiortary.
chinlc: cleft, crack.
chink, n.: jingle, coin.
chizih, V. i.; gasp.
chipper: chirp.
dLlrm: noise.
chlrography; handwriting.
chirrup: chirp,
chit: bud, offspring, child.
chitchat: conversation.
chivalrous: knightly, generous.
choler: anger.
chopf alien:
choral: hymn.
chord, n.: string.
chord, V. i.: harmonize.
chore: task.
chorus: refrain.
chose: chattel.
Christianity: Christendom.
chronicle, n.; account.
chronicle, v. t.: record, narrate.
chronicler: historian.
chubby: plump.
chuck, n. t& v.: cluck.
chuck, V. t.: throw, stroke.
chuck, n.: throw, stroke, clutch,
chuckle; laugh.
chuckle; blockhead.
chum, n.: roommate, intimate.
chum, V. i.: cohabit.
chummy: intimate.
chump: blockhead.
chunk: piece, lump.
It^° See Notes ot Explanation.
68
CIRCUMVOLUTION
church, n. 1. temple, house, house of God,
Lord's house, fane {archaic or poetic),
ecclesia (hist.), kirk {Scot. & north of Eng.;
chiefly spec); spec. Ebenezer, cathedral,
chapel, Caaba, Kaaba, Bethel, meeting-
house, basilica, synagogue, tabernacle,
duomo {Italian), mosque, kmek, minster,
mensal {hist.), martyry, conventicle,
samaj {India), delubrum, dom {German).
2. See CONGREGATION, CHRISTENDOM.
chute, n. shoot, hopper; spec. sUde.
cigar, n. weed {slang).
clmeter- shaped, a. acinaciform {rare).
cinder, n. Spec, coal, breeze; «ee blag.
cinder, v. t. Spec, scorify.
cindery, a. coaly; spec, slaggy.
cipher, 71. 1. nought, naught (a less vsual
form), 0, nothing, zero, aught {rare and
a mistake for "naught"), ought (o mistake
for "nought").
2. cryptogram, cryptology.
8. See NUMERAL, MONOGRAM.
cipher, V. t. 1. encipher {more formal than
"cipher").
2. See COMPUTE.
circle, n. 1. disk, radius, round, rondelle
{rare or tech. and spec), rondure or roun-
dure (rare), rondel (archaic), orb {rhet. and
chiefly spec), roundel {chiefly spec.) ; sp^.
carton, discus, roundle {tech.), roundlet
(dim.), circlet (dim.).
2. ring, round, roundabout {rare), gyra-
tion {tech.), gyre {chiefly poetic), orb {rare
or obs.), roundel {chiefly dial.), O (^.);
spec, cycle, corona, halo, hoop, meridian,
epicycle, ecliptic, cordon, equator, colure,
horizon, circlet, roundle, roundlet, spiral;
see RING.
8. See CIRCUIT, set.
circle, V. i. wheel, ring, gyrate; see re-
volve, CIRCUIT.
circuit, n. 1. See circumference, boun-
dary, AREA, SPHERE, JURISDICTION.
2. course, round, circling, circle, turn,
revolution {rare), ambit, compass, orbit,
tour, circuition {rare), troll {archaic), cir-
culation {rare), perambulation {literary
and fig.), circumambience {nonce use);
spec, lap, journey {contextual), trip, bout;
see REVOLUTION.
8. Referring to the way: course, round,
compass, ambit, circuition {rare); spec
eyre {obs. or hist.), tour, turn, giro
{Italian), iter {tech.), beat, detour, round-
about, lap, ring, cycle; see winding.
circuit, V. t. round, circle, encircle, girdJf
(&.), surround {rare); spec, circumam-'
bmate {rare), circumnavigate, perambu'
late, tour.
circuit, V. i. course, round, circulate, cir-
cle; spec, tour, detour; see revolve,-
WIND.
circular, a. 1. round, rounded, orbicular
{elevated or tech.), orbed {literary), orby
{rare), rotund {rare or tech.), orbiculate
{rare), encircular {rare); spec, discoid,
rotate {rare), disciform, discoidal {rare),
cycloid.
2. round, ringy {rare), ringlike, orby
{rare), compass {rare or tech.); spec, ro-
tary, gjrant, gyrate, orbital, roundabout.
3. Of a letter; esp. eccl.: cyclic, encyclical.
circularly, adv. roundabout, roundwise,
roimd, roundly {rare).
circulate, v. i. 1. See CIRCUIT, revolve.
2. Referring to money, goods, etc.: pass, go,
run, move.
3. Referring to rumors, etc.: run, go; spec
evulgate {rare).
circulate, v. t. 1. See diffuse, report.
2. Referring to money, etc.: pass.
circulating, a. current {referring to
money).
circulatory, a. circulative, diffusive.
circumlerence, n. periphery {learned or
tech.), circuit, compass, round, perimeter
{geom.), perimetry {rare); spec, girth, girt,
perambulation {literary and fig.); see
BOUNDARY.
Antonyms: see center, middle.
circumlocution, n. periphrasis {learned),
periphrase {rare), roundabout {rare), in-
direction, ambage {rare), circuition (rore),
circumambages {pi.; rare), circumbendi-
bus {jocular).
circumlocutory, o. periphrastic, round-
about, indirect, ambagious {rare), cir-
cuitous.
circumscribe, v. t. 1. inclose, surround;
spec, bound.
2. See bound, restrict, describe.
circumstance, n. 1. See occurrence,
STATE, formality, AFFAIR.
2. fact, matter; see particular.
circumstanced, a. conditioned, fixed {coU
loq.), situated.
circumstantial, a. minute, detailed, full,
detaily {colloq.; rare); spec fussy; see
particular.
Antonyms: see general, indefinite.
1^" Cross references: see Note.
ohnrohman: ecclesiastic, minister.
ehnrllsli: rustic, boorish, surly,
rough, ill-tempered, stingy.
olnch: girth, hold.
olrole, V. t.: circuit.
olrolet: circle, ring, croton.
droUng: circuit.
circuitous: devious, indirect,
circumlocutory.
oirouitously: about.
circularize: advertize.
circumjacent: surrounding.
ciroumfusion: -pouring.
circuznnaTigate: circuit.
oiroumscriptiTe: restri(dive.
circumspect: prudent, careful.
circumstantiate: evidence,
narrate.
clrcumTent: surround, over-
reach.
circumvention: overreaching.
circumTolution: rotation, rev-
olution, coil, winding.
iS^ See Notes ol Explanation.
69
CIRCUS
circus, n. hippodrome {rhetorical; often
used as a name for a circus building).
cistern, n. reservoir, tank; — both context-
ual.
citify, V. t. metropolitanize (rare). "Citify"
is chiefly used in the p. p. "citified."
citizen, n. cit (contemptv/ms) ; spec, bur-
gess, burgher, comburgess, cleruch, eph-
ebe, cosmopolite, communer, freeman,
civilian, denizen; see townsman.
Antonyms: see foreigner.
city, n. town, burg (colloq., U. S.); spec.
metropolis, metropolitan.
civilian, n. mohair (soldiers' slang); spec.
gownsman, scorpion (slang).
civility, n. 1. See politeness.
2. Referring to the act: attention, courtesy,
devoir (literary or learned); spec, bow,
greeting, attentiveness.
civilization, n. civility (archaic); spec.
reclamation (the act only), enlightenment,
cultivation, kultur (Ger.); see refine-
ment.
civilize, v. t. Spec, reclaim, debarbaize,
enlighten, cultivate (chiefly in p. a. "eul-
iivated"); see refine.
civilized, a. civil (archaic); spec, enlight-
ened.
Antonyms: see uncivilized.
claim, V. t. 1. demand, challenge (obso-
lescent), vindicate (rare); spec, counter-
claim.
Antonyms: see disclaim.
2. See demand, need.
claim, n. demand, pretense, pretension;
spec, plea, counterclaim, condiction (Bo-
man law), location (U. S.), revendication,
plea.
2. demand, hen; spec. hold.
Antonyms: see disclaimer.
3. See RIGHT.
claimant, n. demandant (now rare); spec.
pleader, pretender.
clairvoyance, n. second sight, clear sight
(rare).
clairvoyant, a. clear-sighted (rare).
clairvoyant, n. seer.
clamorous, n. noisy (contextual), vocifer-
ous, clamant (literary or learned), obstrep-
erouSj uproarious, blatant, vociferant,
strepitous (rare); see boisterous.
Antonyms: see calm, silent.
damp, n. clam, cramp, grip, vise (chiefly
spec.); spec, crampiron, horse, dog, yoke,
clip,
clan, n. 1. Spec, tribe, sept, phratry (Greek
aniiq. and North Am. Indian), phyle
(Greek antiq.), race (o loose usage).
2. See SET.
dang, V. i. clam; see ring.
clang, 'n. 1. clangor, clam; see ring, reso-
nance.
2. See timbre.
clap, V. i. 1. strike, slap, bang, clack, slam,
slat, click,
2. See applaud, put, impose, set.
dap, n. 1. stroke (contextual), blow, slap,
slam, bang, clack, slat.
2. noise (contextual); spec, slam, bang,
clack, explosion, peal.
3. See APPLAUSE.
dapper, n. 1. Spec, tongue, clack, bones
(pl.).
2. See tongue.
clapping, a. clackety, clickety, slapping,
slamming, slatting, etc.
clasp, V. t. 1. seize, embrace, enclasp (rare
or emphatic), infold or enfold, clip; spec.
twine, clutch, interlock, entwine, fold, in-
arm, hug, hook, clutch, twine; see em-
brace.
» Antonyms: see free.
2. fasten; spec, buckle, brace, hook, in-
fibulate (rare).
3. See HOLD.
clasp, n. 1. seizure; spec, embrace, fold,
hug, clutch; see embrace.
2. fastening, catch; spec, morse, ouch
(archaic), fibula, buckle, fermail, hasp.
3. See HOLD.
class, n. 1. division (contextual), category
(tech. or learned), predicament (spec, or
learned), denomination, division, sort,
species, group, order, rank, range (rare);
spec, estate, order, family, genus, species,
breed, race (chiefly poetic), tribe (chiefly
colloq. and derogatory), grade, rate, hier-
archy, phylum (tech!), quality.
2. See KIND, SET, RANK (in pl.), nobility,
brand.
3. Spec, form, division, seminar, Phila-
thea, Baraca, classis.
class, V. t. place (contextual), rank, rate,
number, assort (rare), reckon; posthabit
(rare).
classic, a. Attic (literary or learned) .
XW^ Cross references: see Note.'
oist: chamber, tomb.
citation: summona, quotation,
mention.
cite: aummons, quote, mention.
ciTlo: -puhlic.
civil: vublic, polite.
clabber: card.
dacli: clatter, clap, noise, bdl>.
hie, ratUe.
clam: clamp.
clam: clang.
clamant: clamorous, urgent. '
clamber: scramble.
clammy: sticky.
clamor, n.: outcry, noise.
clamor, v. i.: cry, shout, din,
ask.
clamor, v. t: shout.
clamp: step.
clangorous: resonant.
clanlc: ring.
clannisli: exclusive.
claptrap : trickery, nonsense,
buncombe.
clarifloation: clearing.
clarify: dear.
darissimo: personage.
clarity: clearness.
dasll, V. i.: collide, conflict, dis-
agree, dash.
dasli, n.: collision, noise, con-
flict, disagreement.
tS^l
I Notes of Explanation.
70
CLEARING
classical, a. Spec, humanistic, canonical
or canonic, correct.
cl&ssiflcatlon, n. asaortment.
classified, a. assorted.
Antonyms: see conpused.
classify, V. t. group, categorize (tech.), as-
sort, sort (literary), order; spec, grade,
distribute, arrange, tribe (rare), impost
{U. S. customs), graduate, match, size,
pigeonhole, range, brack (local), garble
(rare, exc. of coins, nuts, etc/).
Antonyms: see confuse, mix.
clatter, n. &. v. i. 1. Spec, clack, clitter,
clutter, hurtle; see rattle, babble.
clause, n. 1. article, particle (rare); spec.
paragraph, covenant, proviso, condition,
stipmation, reddendo (Scots law), redden-
duta.
2. See PART.
claw, n. griff (rare), ungula (tech.), talon
(chiefly spec), hook (slang); spec, single
(archaic), clutch (chiefly in pi.), chela,
pounce, pincers (pi.), manus, nipper; see
NAIL.
claw, V. t. scratch, dig (colloq. or spec),
clapperclaw (archaic or dial.).
clay, n. argil (tech.), cloam (dial. Eng.);
spec, clun^, kaolin, metal, cledge (local
Eng.), wacke, slip, till, bole, gamt (dial.
Eng.).
clayey, a. argillaceous (tech.).
clean, a. 1. unsoiled, pure (literary orfl^.),
unsullied (literary); spec, immaculate, un-
stained, incontaminate (rare), undefiled,
imsmirched, dirtless, spotless, dustless,
white, unblemished.
Antonyms: see dirty, filthy, soiled,
FOUL, SMEARY, CtC
2. <See PUKE, SKILLFUL, SHAPELY, CLEAN-
LY, CHASTE.
Clean, adv. 1. So as to be clean: cleanly.
2. Spec, absolutely, completely, skillfully.
dean, v. t. 1. cleanse, mundify (rare),
clenge (Scot. & dial.), defecate (rare;
chiefly spec), purge (chiefly spec); spec.
purify, wash, deterge, scald, dust, mop,
rinse, bream, careen, dress, comb, gill,
dredge, pick, grave, scavenge, pure (cant),
swingle, scour, blow, scrub, elutriate,
wipe, defecate, willow, clarify, ripple; see
DRESS, WASH, FAN.
Antonyms: see dirty, soil, smear, foul.
2. jSee CLEAR.
deanins, a. cleansing, mundatory (rare),
purgative ; spec, purificatory, wash, wash-
mg, detersive^ depurative, detergent,
scouring, purgmg.
cleaning, n. cleansing; spec purge, purga-
tion, scouring.
cleanly, a. clean, neat.
dear, a. 1. transparent, limpid (chiefly
spec), lucid, pellucid, liquid, pellucent
(rare), crystal, crystalline; spec, un-
clouded, serene; see transparent.
Antonyms: see turbid, dreoqy.
2. Referring to weather: fair, bright, fine,
serene (rare or literary); spec sunny, sun-
shiny, perfect, unclouded, cloudless.
Antonyms: see foul, cloudy, rainy,
SNOWY, foggy, hazy.
3. Referring to tones: liquid, pure; spec.
meUifluous or mellifluent (rhetorical), crys-
tal, musical^ singing, euphonious, fluty,
silvery, ringing, sharp.
Antonyms: see hoarse, dull.
4. Referring to weights or amounts: net,
neat (rare).
5. Referring to the skin, etc.: spec, bright,
fresh, healthy, transparent, peachy, fair,
blooming.
Antonyms: see sallow.
6. Intelligible (contextiuil), plain, lucid,
pellucid (literary), luminous (rhetorical),
luculent (rare), perspicuous, sharp-cut,
unambiguous, naked (rare); spec, vivid,
disjoin ct.
Antonyms: see unintelligible, ob-
scure, OBTUSE, hidden.
7. See definite, evident, confident,
SMOOTH (in sound), absolute, unob-
structed, FREE, PURE.
dear, !'. t. 1. clarify, fine, refine; spec, set-
tle, defecate, render.
Antonyms: see muddy.
2. See FREE, disentangle, acquit, ab-
solve, avoid, purify, remove, jump.
8. make, net, clean up (coUoq.), profit,
realize, get (contextual).
Antonyms: see lose.
4. free, rid, sweep, scour.
5. free (from obstructions, rubbish, weeds,
or what not), sweep (spec or fig.), scour
(spec, or fig.), clean; spec, open, room
(rare), drive, serene (rare), deobstruct
(rare), deoppilate (rare), blow, uncloud,
evacuate.
Antonyms: see obstruct.
6. Spec, (referring to land) deforest, stub,
grub, denshire (Eng.), bumbeat (Eng.),
assart (Eng.).
7. See evacuate.
dear, v. i. Referring to the face, the sky,
etc.: uncloud (rare), brighten; spec.
gladden.
Antonyms: see cloud.
clearance, n. 1. freeing, riddance, clearing.
2. See acquittal, absolution, license,
clearing.
clearing, n. 1. clear (chiefly in "in the
clear"), open (chiefly in "in the open").
t^* Cross references: see Note.
I cleanness: purity.
I cleanse: dean, purify.
I^° See Notes ot Explanation.
71
CLEARNESS
opening, clearance (Jiterary); spec, assart.
S. See ACQtriTTAL.
8. clearance; spec, clarification, riddance,
evacuation, scouring, deforestation, etc.
clearness, n. 1. Spec, clarity, limpidness,
limpidity.
2. serene (rare), serenity (literary or rare);
spec, cloudlessness.
oleavable, o. fissile {chiefly tech.); spec.
scissile, flaggy, laminable, flaky, platy.
cleavage, n. 1. fissility, cleavableness ; spec.
laminableness, lamination, delamination.
2. See SPLITTING.
cleave, v. t. & i. divide, split, shear, dis-
sever {rare); spec, plow, delaminate, lam-
inate, fissure, rift, flake, rive, furrow; see
SPLIT.
cleft, a. split; spec, riven, reft, rent, multi-
fid, fissured, cracked, fractured, broken,
cut, rimose.
cleft, n. split, gap; spec, fissure, rift, reft
{rare), scissure {rare), interstice, chasm,
crack, crevice, chimney, chink, clof
{Scot.), rent, flaw, sUt, dike {local, Eng.),
fault; see crevasse.
ciencb, v. t. 1. See clinch, seize, grasp,
STRENGTHEN.
2. grip; spec, close {the fist), clutch {the
fist), set {the teeth). ,
clenched, a. closed; spec, clubbed, set.
clericalism, n. sacerdotalism, ministeri-
alism.
dericality, n. clericate {rare), clergy {obs.,
exc. in "benefit of clergy"), clergymanship,
clerkhood {archaic); spec, priesthood,
chaplainship, chaplaincy.
clerk, n. 1. See minister, salesman.
2. Spec, recorder, registrar, scribe, scriv-
ener, protonotary, conicopoly {Anglo-
Indian); see ACCOUNTANT, SECRETARY.
clever, a. 1. smart (now chiefly U. S.), cute
(colloq.), good, pretty {archaic or colloq.),
solert (obs.); see able, intelligent,
READY, INGENIOUS, SKILLFUL.
Antonyms: see dull, stupid, unintel-
ligent, UNSKILLFUL.
2. See OBLIGING.
dick, n. noise, tick, tap; spec, clap, snap.
dic^, V. i. & t. soimd, tick, tap; spec, clap,
snap.
clientele, n. 1. dependants {pi.), clientry
(o collective).
2. constituency {colloq.), following, clien-
try (rare), clientelage {rare), clientage; —
all collectives.
difl, n. precipice, crag, steep, heugh or
heuch {Scot.), linn {chiefly Scot), scaur
{chiefly Scot.), scar {rare or Eng.); spec.
paMsade {usiudly in pi.), perpendicular,
krantz or kranz {South Africa).
climate, n. clime {literary and chiefly
poetic).
climax, n. 1. In rhetoric: graduation {con-
textv/il).
2. See HEIGHT, CROWN.
climb, V. i. 1. ascend, scale, mount; spec.
clamber, ramp {of vines, etc.; dial, or
rare), swarm {colloq.), run {of plants; eon-
textiud), scramble, scrabble.
2. See ASCEND.
climb, V. t. ascend, scale, mount; spec.
clamber, swarm {colloq.), shin {colloq.),
escalade, scramble.
climb, n. ascent, mount; spec, clamber.
climbing, a. scansorial {tech.).
clincb, V. t. 1. fasten {contextual), clench,
turn {contextiud), clink {dial. Eng. &
Scot.); spec, rivet.
2. See SEIZE, GRASP, STRENGTHEN.
clip, V. t. 1. cut {contextual), snip, shear,
retrench {rare), curtail {rare); spec.
prune, dock, pare, beshear (rore), shear,
poll, nip; see trim.
2. See ABBREVIATE.
dip, n. 1. cut {contextiud), snip, shear;
spec, nip; see trim.
2. See SHEARS, BLOW, GAIT.
cloak, n. 1. robe {contextual), pall {ar-
chaic); spec, mantle, manteau {hist.),
mantua {hist.), surcoat {hist.), cope, mant-
let {hist.), domino, mask, burnouse, car-
dinal, capa {Spanish), capote, capuchin,
chlamys, cardinal, prince, manto {Italian
or Spanish), manta {Spanish), cowl, In-
verness, Joseph {hist.), jelab {Moroccan),
poncho {Spanish), pluvial {hist, or eccl.),
paUium, paletot, palla {Roman antiq.),
talma, scapular or scapulary, roquelaure
{hist.), sagum, poncho.
2. See PRETEXT.
cloak, V. t. I. clothe {contextual), mantle.
2. jSee HIDE.
clog, n. 1. check, weight, drag, trammel;
spec, log, block.
2. See HINDRANCE.
cloggy, o. heavy, trammeling.
ty Cross references: sec Note.
climacteric, a.: critical.
clipping: guotation.
clear-sighted: discerning.
climacteric, n.: crisis.
clique: set.
cleave,!).!.; stick.
clime: dimaie.
cliquish: exclusive.
clement: merciful, mild.
clinch, V. i.: close.
clock: timepiece, ornament, beetle.
clergy: ministry. ^
clincher: settler.
dockmaker: horologist.
cling: stick, hold.
clockwork: machinery.
clerical: ministerial.
clinging: sticky.
clod: lump, earth, blockhead.
clew: haU, guide, earner.
clinli: ring.
cloddish: rustic, stupid.
ollcli: catch.
clinker: slag.
clodhopper: rustic, boor, shoe.
client: dependent, principal.
clip, V. i.: clasp, hold
surround.
clog, !). (.; check, shackle, ham-
olifly: precipitous.
clip, 71.; damp.
per, obstruct.
|S° See Notes of Explanation.
72
CLOUDING
close, a. 1. See closed, nabrow, acctt-
RATB, PAKTICULAB, THICK, COMPACT, AP-
PROXIMATE, CONFINED, HIDDEN, RETI-
CENT, STINGY, NEAR, SHORT, INTIMATE,
STOCKY, SBABCHINQ.
2. oppressive, stale, heavy, stuffy, fusty,
stiflmg; spec, musty, sultry, sweltry.
Antonyms: see fresh.
8. tight, snug.
dose, (;. t. 1. shut, stop, estop (archaic),
cork (spec, or fig.); spec, button, lock, oc-
clude, seal, douse, lute, stopper, plug.
Antonyms: see open, unfold.
2. See INCLOSE, shut, obstruct, end,
CLENCH.
close, V. i. 1. embrace, clinch, grapple, grip.
2. See AGREE.
close, n. inclosure; spec, precinct, curtilage.
closed, a. close; spec, shut; see clenched,
BLIND.
Antonyms: see open.
closet, n. 1. room (.contextual), cabinet,
cuddy.
2. Spec, recess, cupboard, cabinet, buffet,
wardrobe, garderobe (hist.), cuddy,
Ascham.
closure, n. 1. closing, shut (rare); spec.
blockade, occlusion.
2. Referring to debate: cloture, clftture
(French), stoppage (rare).
clot, n. mass, lump, clout, clump; spec.
gout (now chiefly in allusion to Shake-
speare's use), gob (now vulgar), thrombus,
orassamentum, grume, coagulum.
cloth, n. 1. fabric (contextual); spec, mun-
go, shoddy, dab (chiefly dial.), pall (ar-
chaic), corporal, corporas.
2. With "the": see ministry.
8. In pi. "clothes": see clothing.
clothe, V. t. 1. dress, apparel (rather formal
or rhetorical), attire (dignified), tire (obs.
or archaic), array (dignified), costume,
robe (chiefly spec), accouter (obs. or spec),
habilitate (rare), vest (chiefly fig.), garb
(chiefly spec), beclothe (rare), invest
(literary), deck, endue (literary), dizen or
bedizen (now usually contemptuous; chiefly
spec), vesture (rare), encase or incase
(chiefly humorous), rig (colloq. or slang),
Jight (archaic or dial.; used esp. in ro-
mances), bedight (archaic and poetic), en-
robe (literary), garment (rare), guise (ar-
chaic), tog (chiefly mth "out"; slang);
spec, jacket, deck, beclout (rare), breech,
cassock, fur, gown, coat, scarf, shroud
(fig.), uniform, frock, tartan, enclothe,
empurple (rare), crape, coif, swathe, re-
clothe, reinvest (rare); see cloak.
Antonyms: see strip, undress.
2. See invest, disguise.
clothed, a. clad (now chiefly literary), en-
clad (rare), vested (heraldry or fig.).
Antonyms: see naked, babe.
clothier, n. costumer, outfitter (chiefly
cant); spec, hosier, haberdasher, furnisher,
hatter, etc.
clothing, re. 1. Referring to the act: invest-
ment (chiefly lUerary), investiture (literary
or tech.).
2. dress, clothes (pi.), garments (pi.), ap
parel (dignified), habiliment (chiefly in pi.;
learned or literary), array (dignified), at-
tire (rather formal; often spec), garb, rai-
ment (rhetorical or poetic), costume, robes
(pi.; formal or spec), vesture (literary or
fig.), vestments (pi.; chiefly tech.), claes
(Scot.), investiture (literary), investment
(literary), costumery (rare), garmenture
(rare), rigging (colloq.), wear (colloq.),
toggery (slang), togs (pi.; slang), duds
(pi.; slang), gear (archaic or literary),
things (pi.; colloq.), nulls (pi.; fig.);
spec, robmg, gala (obs., exc. with "in"),
rags (pi.), tatters (pi.), coating, livery,
duck, buff (mil.), overwear (rare, U. S.),
overclothes (pi.), underclothes (■pi.),
slops (pi.; colloq.), wardrobe, washmg;
see COSTUME.
cloud, n. 1. meteor (tech.), nebula (rare or
spec), thickness (rare, exc. of the state of
fact); spec, cirrus, cumulus, stratus, nim-
bus, cirro-cumulus, rack, colt's-tail, film,
messenger, woolpack, mist, fog, fogginess,
scud, haze, haziness, mare's-tail, whiff,
goat's-hair; see fog.
2. thickening (contextual); spec, nebula,
smoke, fog, nubecula, puff, scud, mist,
fog, film, steam; see blub, haze.
8. See MULTITUDE, IMPEBFECTION, FAULT,
SPOT, STAIN, SCABF.
cloud, V. t. I. overcloud, overcast, over-
shadow, becloud (an intensive), adum-
brate (rare), obnubilate (rare), obnebu-
late (rare); spec, shade, shadow, befog,
fog, mist.
Antonyms: see clear.
2. Referring to the brow: darken, shade.
3. See DULL, BLEAR, SULLY, WATER.
cloud, V. i. 1. thicken.
Antonyms: see clear.
2. See SULLY.
cloud-bringing, a. nubiferous (rare).
cloudburst, n. rainfall (contextual), deluge.
clouded, a. 1. See cloudy.
2. cloudy; spec. moir6 (French), watered,
mottled.
3. See DARKENED, HIDDEN.
clouding, re. 1. obnubilation (rare); spec.
moiri (French), water.
2. See OBSCURATION.
fS' Cross references: see Note.
cloister: convent, arcade.
dosing: closure.
clot, V. t: coagulate.
clothe, V. i.: dresa.
clothes: clothing.
XW See Notes ot Explanation.
75
CLOUDY
cloudy, a. i. nubilous (Jearned or tech.),
clouded, nebulous (chiefly spec), thick;
spec, overcast, foggy, misty, fogged, dull,
black, filmy, hazy, bliirred, overcast,
murky, lovirering or louering, lowery or
loury, lurid, subnuvolar (rare); see foggy.
Antonyms: see clear.
2. Spec, muddy, nebulous, smoky, foggy,
misty, steamy; see hazy, tuebid.
3. See CLOUDED, dakk, hidden, dull,
DEPRESSING BLEARED.
down, n. 1. See rustic, boor, simpleton,
BUFFOON.
2. Meaning a "clumsy fellow": spec.
slouch {simg or colloq.), swab {naut.
slang), hobnail (fig.), lubber (primarily
naut.), chuckle (slang), duffer (slang),
muff (slang), lout (colloq.), bumpkin,
booby (colloq.), nincompoop (slang),
gawky (colloq?), gawk (colloq.), caJf (col-
loq.), hawbuck (slang, Eng.).
Antonyms: see expert.
club, n. 1. stick (contextual), cudgel,
truncheon (archaic, exc. spec), bat,
bludgeon, bourdon (archaic); spec waddy,
mace, mere or meri, nuUarnuUa, leeangle,
keerie, baton, batoon (archaic), knob-
kerrie, lathee (Anglo-Indian), knobstick,
biUy, shillalah, staff, hickory, crab or
crabstick.
2. In games: spec, hockey, hurley, driver,
niblick, brassy, cleek, midiron, loftie,
mashie, putter, iron, shinny, hurl (rare).
3. In cards: spec, basto.
4. association (contextu/d); spec combina-
tion, Turnverein (German), Sangerbund
(German), tabagie (French), Rota (Eng.
hist.), hetsery (ancient Greek hist.); see
SOBOBITY, FRATERNITY.
dub, V. t. strike (contextual), beat (con^
textual), cudgel, truncheon (rare), blud-
geon; spec, bastinado, paddle.
dubfoot, n. 1. Referring to the foot: splay-
foot, poltfoot (archaic).
2. Referring to the deformity: taUpes
(tech.), clubfootedness, splayfoot, polt-
foot (archaic); spec varus.
dub-shaped, a. clavate, claviform; — both
tech.
duck, n. 6k v. call (contextual), cry (con-
textual); spec chuck.
clump, n. I. See lump.
2. group, cluster, bunch; spec thicket,
grove, plump (archaic), tuft, etc.
clumpy, a. 1. clustery.
2. (See LUMPY.
clumsy, a. 1. Referring to a person: awk-
ward, Unhandy, ungraceful, heavy, lum-
berly, lumbering, lumbersome, lumbrous
(rare), graceless (rare), wooden, left-
handed, lubberly (naui. or fig.), lubber-
Uke (naid. or fig.), booby^ boobyish, in-
elegant; spec, elephantme, unskillful,
draggy, inapt, lumpish, bungling.
Antonyms: see skillful, GRACSiTJL.
2. Referring to a thing: spec, unwieldy,
cumbrous, heavy, unhandy, bungling,
botched, rough, crude, lumberly, lumber-
ing, lumbersome.
Antonyms: see airt.
clustered, a. Spec, conglomerate, glomer-
ate (tech.).
dutch, n. 1. nest; spec sitting.
2. See BROOD.
dutch, V. t. 1. hold (contextual), grip,
grasp, engrasp (rare), clasp, clench, gripe
(rare); see embrace, grapple, squeeze.
2. See SEIZE, CLENCH, GRASP.
clutch, n. 1. Referring to the act: hold (con-
textual), grip, grasp, clench, clasp; see
EMBRACE, GRAPPLE.
Antonyms: see release.
2. Referring to the thing thai holds: hold
(contextual), grip; spec, grab, grabber,
claw, clasper, grasper, grapple, clamp,
crampon, grappler, comealong (cant),
grapnel, lewis, lewisson, gland, fist
(chiefly jocular), finger, nipper, nip, grip-
per, gripe, dog, clip, pincers, forceps, chuck.
Antonyms: see release.
3. See SEIZURE (in pi.), grasp, control.
coach, n. 1. vehicle (contextual), rattler
(slang); spec, rattletrap (slang), tally-ho,
drag, four-in-hand.
2. teacher (contextual), crammer (cant
or slang), grinder (cant or slang), coacher
(cant), tutor. "Coach" is cant.
coach, V. t. teach (contextual), cram (cant
or slang), tutor. "Coach" is cant.
coagulate, v. i. & t. thicken (contextual),
clot, run (dial.; u.sed as a v. i. only), set,
curdle, clod (obs. or rare), cruddle (chiefly
dial), clabber (U. S.); spec. soUdify, lop-
per, caseate; see jelly.
Antonyms: see liquefy.
coagulated, a. clotted, loppered, curdled.
coagulum, n. mass, coagulation, curd
(chiefly spec); see clot.
coal, n. U Referring to the substance: spec,
charcoal, cannel coal, anthracite, cinder
f^^ Cross references: see Note.
cloiigli: ravine.
clout, n.: raff, blow.
clout, V. t: repair, strike.
clout, n.: lump, clot, rustic,
boor.
clownish: rustic, awhward,
boorish.
cloy: surfeit.
dump: gather.
cluster: bunch, clump.
cluster: gather.
clustery: bunchy, clumvy.
dutch, V. i.: grasp, hold.
clutter, V. t.; collect, confuse.
clutter, V. i.: collect, bustle.
clutter, n.: collection, confu-
sion, noise, bustle.
coachman: driver.
coadjutor: aider.
coalesce: unite.
coalition: union, combination,
confederacy.
coaly; carbonaceous, black, dark.
fS" See Notes of Explanation.
74
COHORT
slack, lignite, jet, cobbles (pZ.; Eng.), duff,
dross, culm, coke, carbocoal.
a. Referring to a lump or piece of coed: gleed
iarchaic; chiefiyapec.); spec, ember, cinder.
ooarse, a. 1. large (conteT^ual), crass
{chiefly literary), gross (literary or tech.),
heavy {chiefly spec), thick; spec, rank,
reedy, gruff {tech. or Scot.), homespun,
earthy.
Antonyms: see delicate, small, slen-
der.
2. low, vulgar, common, unrefined, crude,
gross, unideal {rare), crass {literary), in-
elegant, unpolished, rough, plebeian {spec,
or Uterary), woolen (rare), indeUcate; spec.
rude, ribald, earthy {rare), rustic, clown-
ish, brutal, brutish, swinish, scurrilous;
see BOOKISH, beastly, lewd, indecent.
Antonyms: see refined, spiritual, m-
TELLECTTJAL, CHASTE.
8. See ROUGH.
ooarsen, v. t. 1. enlarge (contextual), thick-
en {contextual).
2. See ROUGHEN, SENSUALIZE.
coat, n. 1. Spec, jacket, sack, jemmy
{Eng.; rare), overcoat, greatcoat {chiefly
Eng.), jacket, paletot {French), oiler
(U. S.; colloq.), cutaway, cassock, secret
(antiq.), frock, habergeon, buff, tunic.
2. cover, coating; spec, set, scumble,
wash, intonaco (Italian), glaze, priming,
fur, buff; see smear, crust.
3. pelage (tech. or learned), pUage (rare),
fell (rare or literary); spec, fleece.
4. See arms, skin.
coat, V. t. 1. See clothe.
2. cover, overlay; spec, lute, fur, gum,
bark, prime, plaster, render, roughcast,
wash, silver, glaze, film; see crust, smear.
ooax, V. t. oi i. Spec, persuade, entice,
cajole, urge, honey (rare o/r dbs.). There
is no general synonym of "coax."
Antonyms: see bluster, bully, compel,
initimidate.
coaxing, a. Spec, bland, gentle, winning,
persuasive.
coaxing, n. suasion (rare).
Antonyms: see compulsion.
cobbler, n. repairer (contextual); spec, (re-
ferring to shoes) clobberer (dial. Eng.),
sutor (learned), clouter.
cobwebllke, a. arachnoid {fech.); spec.
cortinate (tech.).
cock, n. 1. chanticleer (poetic and usually
used as a proper name), rooster (chiefly
U. S. and dial. Eng.); spec, capon, cocka-
lorum (dim.; colloq.), cockerel, singer,
heeler.
2. spout; spec, faucet, tap, valve, plug.
3. See WEATHERVANE, CHIEF, HEAP.
cockade, n. device; spec, black cockade
(Hanover), white cockade (Stuart), ro-
sette, knot.
cocoon, n. case (contextual), covering (con-
textual); spec. pod.
code, n. 1. codex (rare); spec, system, for-
mulary, law, rule, religion.
2. See digest.
codily, V. t. systematize, digest.
coexistent, a. contemporaneous, concomi-
tant; see CONTEMPORANEOUS.
coextensive, a. equal, coequal; spec, co-
terminous; see CONTEMPORANEOUS.
coSerdam, n. chamber (contextual), box,
batardeau (French), coffer, caisson.
coffin, n. box (contextual), casket (U. S.),
hearse (archaic), cist (archceol.), kist
(Scot.); spec, sarcophagus, shell.
cogency, n. strength, power, force, weight,
etc.
cogent, a. strong, powerful, good, forcible,
forceful, constraining, robustious (rare),
pregnant (archaic or literary), weighty,
trenchant (literary or rhetorical); spec, con-
vincing, urgent.
Antonyms: see unconvincing.
cogwheel, n. wheel, gearwheel, gear; spec.
lantern, wormwheel.
cohabit, v. i. Spec, chum (colloq.) . "Co-
habit" is chiefly spec.
coheir, n. heir, coparcener, parcener.
cohere, v.i.l. stick, adhere, consist (archaic) .
2. jSee AGREE.
coherent, a. 1. sticking, adherent, con-
sistent (rare).
2. See CONSISTENT.
cohesion, n. sticking, adherence, adhesion,
coherence, cohesiveness, consistence (rare) .
J^'iCross references: see Note.
coast, n.: shore.
coast, V. «'.; aaitt elidet glide.
coast, V. t.: sail,
coastal: littoral.
coatlns: coat, crust.
coat of arms: arms,
cobble, 71.: stone.
cobble, V. t.: pave.
cobble, V, t.: repair,
cobweb: network, filarneni,
cook, n.: turn, inclination.
cook, V, t,: turn, incline.
cockcrow: daybreak.
cooker: indulge.
oookerel: 'cock.
oook-eye: cross-eye.
oocksoomb: crest, dandy.
oooksure: confident,
cooky: self,4mportant,
coddle: parboH, caress, cherish,
indulge,
codex: code, manuscript, book,
codger: fellow.
coenobite: religious,
coequal: equal, coordinate, co-
extensive,
coerce: compel,
coercible: compellable,
coercive: compulsory,
coeval: contemporaneous.
coffer: chest, cofferdam, treasury.
cogitable: thinkable.
cogitate, v, i.: think, consider.
cogitate, V, t,: consider, devise,
cogitative: thinking,
cognate: related, analogous,
cognition: knovnng, knowl-
edge, intelligence.
cognizable: knowable,Jurisdio-
iional.
cognizance, n.: perception,
awareness, intelligence, notice,
jurisdiction, badge,
cognizant: aware, conscious.
cognomen: name.
cohesive: sticky.
cohort: division, band.
^S" See Notes ol Explanation,
75
COIFFURE
coil, n. 1. Meaning a "series of rings":
spec, inductorium, hank.
2. wind, turn, ring, convolution, round,
curl, fold, loop, circumvolution, volute
{chiefly spec), volume (rare), twine, twist,
lap; spec, bight, fake, bolster, baluster,
roll; see spmAL.
coil, V. t. & i. wind, loop, upcoil (rare),
twist, fold, lap, convolute (rare or learned),
curl, twine, clue (used with "up"; rare);
spec, roll, spire, spiral (rare), wreath, en-
roll (rare), belay, fake.
Antonyms: see xjnwind.
coin, n. 1. Referring to money: piece,
chiiiker (slang); spec, copper (colloq.),
dump, doit, cart wheel (slang), coach
wheel (slang, Eng.), mite, nickel (colloq.,
U. S.), dime, shilling, etc.
2. Referring to coins collectively: money,
specie; spec, silver, brass (dial, or colloq.),
chink (slang), gold, tin (slang), change.
coin, V. t. 1. mint, strike, stamp, money
(rare); spec, contorniate, counterfeit.
2. See INVENT.
coincide, v. i. 1. concur.
2. See AGREE.
coincidence, n. 1. conciirrence, concomi-
tance, concourse (obs. or rare), conjunc-
tion, juncture, conjuncture (rare), syn-
drome (rare or obs.).
2. See CONTEMPORANEOUSNESS, AGREE-
MENT.
coincident, a. concurrent, concomitant.
coiner, n. minter, moneyer (hist.); spec.
counterfeiter.
coin-shaped, a. nummular, nununulated,
nummiform; — all tech. or learned.
cold, a. 1. cmll; spec, cool, coolishj crisp,
heatless (rare), chiUy, coldish, frigid, icy,
frozen, glacial (rare), frosty, rimy, chilling,
freezing, frore (now poetic only), gelid (lit-
erary), arctic, polar, bleak, nipping,
sharp, raw, wintry.
Antonyms: see hot, warm, heated.
2. Of a creature or person: spec, chilly,
chiU, chilled, frozen, frostbitten.
3. unfeeUng, frigid; spec, unemotional,
unsympathetic, heartless, unresponsive,
indiiEferent, unimpassioned, stony; see
APATHETIC, REPELLENT, CRUEL.
Antonyms: see affectionate, compas-
sionate, KINDLY, FOND.
cold, n. 1. dull, coldness; spec, cool, coolth
(rare or dial.), frost, chilliness, geMdity
{rare or literary), frigidity, iciness, cool-
ness, geUdness (rare), frore (now only po-
etic), sharpness.
Antonyms: see heat, warmth.
2. Referring to the sensation: chill, cold-
ness, chiUiness.
3. catarrh; spec, coryza, gravedo (rare),
cough.
colic, n. bellyache (now chiefly vulgar),
gripes (pi.). muUigrubs (pi.; jocular), tor-
mina (tech.).
collapse, n. 1. Spec, cave-in (coUoq.),
breakdown, downfall.
2. See FAILURE, fall, exhaustion.
collar, n. 1. neckband, neckpiece; spec.
carcanet, bertha, brecham (Scot.), collar-
ette, fall, ruff, gorget, tucker, Vandyke,
dicky (New Eng.), torque or tore, fraise,
piccadUl (obs.).
2. /See RING.
collarbone, n. clavicle (tech.), jugulum
(tech. and rare) .
collared, a. torquate, ringed.
collation, n. 1. See comparison, meal.
2. Spec, harmony, diatessaron.
colleague, n. associate (contextual), con-
frere (French); spec, duumvir, triumvir,
centum vir.
collect, V. 1. 1. See gather.
2. gather, aggregate, concentrate, con-
center (rare); spec, scramble (esp. with
"up," "together," etc.), constellate (rare),
congest, djedge, rake (esp. ivith "together,"
"up," etc.), muster, bundle, compile, skim,
scrape (esp. unth "up," "together," etc.),
round (with "up"), collate, re-collect; see
accumulate.
Antonyms: see separate, scatter, dis-
tribute.
3. See INFER, COMPOSE.
collect, V. i. 1. See gather.
2. gather, mass; spec, concentrate, con-
glomerate, cluster, concenter, congest,
clutter, bunch, bundle; see lump.
collection, n. 1. See gathering, meet-
ing.
2. Referring to the act or action: gathering;
spec, massing, recollection, conglomera-
tion, concentration, compilation, concre-
tion, collation, philately, combination;
see accumulation.
Antonyms: see scattering, distribu-
tion.
3. gathering, aggregation, aggregate, as-
semblage; spec, clump, cluster, parcel, as-
sortment, lot, budget, mass, congeries,
coUuvies (literary), heap, pack (deroga-
tory), museum, number, conglomerate,
conglomeration, conglutination (rare),
combination (literary), codex (Latin),
code, chapter, crowd, drove, huddle,
jumble, bunch, concentration, body, cor-
K^^ Cross references: see Note.
coiffure: head-dress.
coign: comer.
coil, n.: noise, confusion.
ooke, n.: coal.
coke, V. t: carbonize.
collaborate: codverate.
collapse, V. i.: fail. fall.
collater^, a.: parallel, accessory,
accidental, subor-
dinate, related, codrdinate.
collate: collect, compare, ex-
amine, [accident.
collateral, n.; _' '
collected: calm.
tS^See Notes of Explanation,
76
COMBINE
pus, round-up (17. S. & Australia), sylloge
(rare), cumulation, harvest, file, list, con-
fluency, chrestomathy, quest, compila-
tion, clutter, concresence; see accumula-
tion, SET, CONCRETION.
4. See INPERENCE, SELF-CONTROL.
collective, a. 1. aggregate, collected; spec.
concentrative, congregative.
Antonyms: see individual, separate,
SCATTERED.
2. See COMMON.
collector, n. Referring to a collector of
taxes: tax-gatherer, toll-gatherer (rare or
obs.), pubhcan (chiefly Scriptural), toller
(obs. or rare), exacter (archaic), tollman
(rare); spec, scavenger (hist.), gabeller
(hist.), exciseman, procurator, proctor.
collide, V. i. 1. strike (usually with "to-
gether"), meet (contextual), clash, hurtle,
mtershock (rare), interfere, knock, shock,
smash, impinge; spec, cannon, crash.
2. See CONFLICT.
collision, n. 1. striking, impact (chiefly
tech.), impingement, meeting (contextual),
clash, hurtle, concussion, shock, smash
IcoUoq.); spec, smash-up (coUoq.), crash,
jostle, dash.
2. See CONFLICT.
colloquial, a. conversational; spec, in-
formal.
Antonyms: see literart, pedantic,
FORMAL.
colloquial, n. conversationalism ; spec, in-
formality, familiarism.
colonial, a. provincial (obs. or hist.).
colonist, n. settler, planter (hist.), trans-
migration (rare); spec, emigrant, immi-
grant, pilgrim.
colonization, n. settling, settlement,
plantation (rare).
colonize, v. t. 1. settle, foimd, people,
plant.
2. Referring to the sending of people to
colonize: transport (chiefly speco, settle;
spec, exile, banish.
colonnade, n. portico (chiefly spec); spec.
gallery,, choultry (Anglo-Indian), peri-
style, amphiprostyle, prostyle, octastyle,
enneastyle, decastyle, dodecastyle, arceo-
style, proaulion (archoeol.).
colony, n. settlement, plantation (rare).
color, n. 1. hue (poetic or rhetorical), tinc-
ture (chiefly spec); spec discoloration,
lear, dye, undertone, yellow, blue, orange,
green, violet, purple, indigo, lavender,
pink, mauve, magenta, cerise, scarlet.
crimson, taupe, azure, vermilion, oUve,
brown, gray, dun, etc; see tint.
2. See pigment, appearance, pretext,
complexion, flush, badge, flag, sa-
lute.
color, V. t. 1. encolor (rare), hue (poetic or
rhetorical), paint (spec or fig.), dye (chiefly
spec), stain (chiefly spec), tone (chiefly
spec.); spec, discolor, tinge, tinct, tint,
bloom, complexion (rare), sip, distemper,
wash, crayon.
2. See misrepresent.
coloration, n. colorature; sfpec. pigmenta-
tion, tonality, chromatism (tech.).
color-blindness, n. daltonism.
colored, a. 1. hued (poetic or rhetorical),
painted (orig. spec), tinted, etc.
2. Spec, black, red, brown, negro, mulatto.
coloring, a. tingent (rare); spec, tinctorial,
dyeing, painting, staining.
colorless, a. achromatic (tech.), white,
hueless (rare), tintless (chiefly spec); spec.
black.
colt, n. offspring (contextual), horse (con^
textual), foal, youngster (cant), patro
(Sp.); spec, filly (female).
column, n. pillar; spec, atlantes (pi.), at-
las (sing.), cippus, telamon, caryatid; see
OBELISK, PILLAR.
comb, n. 1. Spec card, ripple, 6bauchoir
(French), heclde, hackle, hatchel, gill
(cant).
2. See crest.
combative, o. contentious, pugnacious,
mihtant, beUigerent; see quarrelsome.
Antonyms: see peaceful, pacific.
combination, n. 1. See union, mixture,
cooperation, conspiracy.
2. In commerce, politics, etc^ referring to
the action: union ; spec, syndication, pool-
ing, coalition, fusion, merger.
3. aggregate, union; spec (card games)
tenace, pair, full house, run, flush, etc.;
see composite, series, group.
4. association (which see), ring, set, union,
company, party; spec, conjunction, com-
bine (colloq., U. ST), syndicate, cartel or
(German) Kartel, camariUa, Camorra,
cabinet, trust, ring (chiefly U. S.), cabal,
faction, clique, coalition, consolidation,
fusion, merger, duumvirate, triumvirate,
jimto, junta (rare), cave (slang).
combinatory, a. combinational, coadunar
tive (rare).
combine, v. t. & i. 1. See UNITE, Mix,
associate.
ISi* Cross references: see Note.
colloquy: conversation.
comb, V. i.: break.
oollectlTlsm: socialism.
collude: conspire.
combat, n.: fights contest, con-
coUeen: girl.
collusive: conspiratory.
tention.
collegiate: academic.
colossal: gigantic
combat, v.: fight, contend.
oollimate: cdign.
colossus: giant.
combatant, a.: fighting.
ooUocate: place.
colloid: gefatinoua.
coma: stupor, sleep.
combatant, n.: fighter.
comatose: stupefied.
comber: breaker.
tS" See Notes of Explanation.
77
COMBUSTIBLE
2. In commerce, politics, etc.: unite; spec.
syndicate, consolidate, merge, pool, fuse.
combustible, a. Spec, burnable, tindery,
ioflammable.
Antonyms: see incombustible.
come, V. i. 1. approach, hither {rare), at-
tain (rare or archaic), advene {literary);
spec, immigrate.
Antonyms: see depakt.
2. See ARRIVE, ARISE, APPEAR, RESULT,
EMANATE, HAPPEN, FOLLOW, BECOME,
DESCEND, DERIVE, ACCRUE, IMMIGRATE,
RESULT, REACH, YIELD.
3. fall; — as a disease, calamity, etc.
comfort, n. 1. See aid, cheer.
2. comfortableness, ease, self -ease {rare),
luxury; spec, peace, satisfyingness {rare),
restfmness, coziness, content, enjoyment;
see REST, RELIEF, CONVENIENCE.
Antonyms: see discomfort, distress,
PAIN.
3. Of things that give ease: easement
(rare), lujoiry; spec, solace, rest, satisfac-
tion, rehef, convenience.
Antonyms: see trouble, annoyance.
comfort, V. t. 1. See cheer.
2. ease, recomfort {archaic); spec, rest,
satisfy, quiet; see relieve.
Antonyms: see harass, discomfort,
DISTRESS, PAIN, WORRY.
comfortable, a. 1. cheering, pleasant,
self-satisfied.
2. easy, easeful, well, luxurious; spec.
cozy, satisfactory, satisfying, assuring,
roomy, snug, convenient, restful.
Antonyms: see uncomfortable, dis-
tressing, ANNOYING.
comforter, n. 1. spec, cheerer, solacer, aider,
helper; spec. Holy Spirit. Cf. aid, cheer.
2. See bedcover.
comic, o. comical; spec, burlesque, far-
cical; see FUNNY, LAUGHABLE.
Antonyms: see tragic.
coming, a. 1. Coming in space: nearing;
see approaching.
2. Coming in time: ensuing, nearing, ap-
proaching, imminent, forthcoming; see
FUTURE.
coming, n. 1. See arrival.
2. As to time: approach, appropinquation
{fig.; archaic), advent; spec, advance.
3. As to space: accession {now rare); see
APPROACH.
Antonyms: see departure.
command, n. 1. See bidding, authority,
control, direction, view, force.
2. Referring to the faculty: control, au-
thoritativeness.
commander, n. controller {rare), chief,
leader, captain (chiefly spec); spec, com-
mandant, chiHarch, centurion, tagus,
heretoga, hetman, drungar, nipparch,
kiUadar, lochage or lochagus, sirdar, pro-
consul, decurion, enomotarch, commen-
dador, shogun, taxiarch, commodore.
commander-in-chief, n. generalissimo
(rare or spec), generalissima (fem.); spec.
tartan.
commanding, a. bidding (rare), magis-
terial (bookish or learned), imperative,
mandative, mandatory, jussive (rare),
peremptory, preceptive.
commemorative, a. memorial, recorda-
tive (rare), memorative (rare), celebrative
(rare).
commensal, n. Spec companion, (coniext-
val), messmate, guest, inquiUne (tech.;
rare), trenchmate. "Commensal" is rare.
comment, v. i. & t. remark, observe, com-
mentate (rare), animadvert (literary;
chiefly spec), descant (literary), opine
(stilted or humorous); spec discourse,
touch, gloss (rare), interpose, interject.
comment, n. remark, observation, reflec-
tion, note, animadversion (rare or literary;
chiefly spec), commentary (chiefly spec),
descant (literary), discourse; spec, scholi-
asm, whisper, nothing, interjection, gos-
sip, exegesis, gloss; see annotation,
criticism, explanation.
commercial, a. mercantile, mercurial (lit-
erary), mercatorial (rare); spec, shoppy.
commercial traveler, drummer, bagman,
traveler (contextual), rider (obs.).
comminute, 0. t. reduce, fritter (rare),
fine (rare); spec, grind, grate, bray, tritu-
rate, pulverize, crush, crumb, crumble,
harrow, buck (mining), mince, hash.
Antonyms: see unite.
commission, n. 1. warrant, certificate
(contextual); spec, brevet.
2. See agency.
3. authorization (contextual); spec, errand,
mission, message, duty, charge; see order.
4. allowance, pay, fee; spec, dastoori or
dustoori (East India), rake-off (slang).
V^^ Cross references: see Note.
combustion: burning.
come-down: fall.
comedy: drama.
comely: good-looking. [er.
come-oilter: dissenter, reform-
comflt: sweetmeat.
comfortless: disconsolate.
comical: laughable.
oomlty: politeness.
3ommandant: commander.
commandment: bidding.
commemorate: celebrate.
commence: begin,
commencement: beginning.
commend: praise, commit.
commendable: praiseworthy.
commendation: praise, com-
mitment, respect.
commensurable: adequate.
commensurate: adequate, pro-
portionate.
commensuration: proportimi.
commentary: comment.
commerce, n.: traffic, intercourse.
commerce, v. i.: traffic.
comminate: threaten.
commingle: mix.
comminuted : fine.
commiserate: compassionate.
commiseration: compassion.
commissary: agent.
commissioner: representative.
tW See Notes of Explanation.
78
COMMUNICATION
6. In a had or evil sense: doing {often with
"of"), perpetration, commitment (rare),
committal (obs.).
commit, v. t. t. deliver, consign, intrust or
entrust, trust, confide, commend, recom-
mend, refer (rare); spec, resign, transfer,
recommit, leave.
Antonyms: see withdraw.
9. See BEFER, DELEGATE, COMPROMISE.
8. consign (as to memory, wriiing, etc.),
reduce.
4. send, consign, remit (rare), remand;
spec, condemn, relegate; see condemn,
IMPRISON.
Antonyms: see free.
6. In a bad or evil sense: do, perpetrate;
spec, sin (a sin), cut (as in "to cut up
pranks").
commitment, n. 1. delivery, consign-
ment, consignation, committal, intrusts
ment, confiding, commendation; spec.
resignation, transfer.
8. See reference, deleqation, bind-
ing, sending, imprisonment.
3. warrant (for imprisonment), mittimus,
condemnation, relegation.
i. Referring to the document: warrant,
mittimus.
5. consignment (as to memory, writing,
etc.), reduction, committal.
commodity, n. thing (contextual); spec.
ware, drug (as in "a drug on the market").
common, a. 1. general, universal, mutual
(properly only of two); spec, commutual,
reciprocal, jomt, collective.
2. popular, exoteric (learned), vulgar (ob-
solescent); see public.
Antonyms: see individttal.
8. usual, ordinary, standard, regular, pre-
vailing, vulgar (obsolescent); spec, fre-
quent, familiar; see habitual.
Antonyms: see unusual, extraordi-
nary, UNFAMILIAR, ESPECIAL, EXTREME.
4. inferior, ordinary, trivial (rare or ar-
chaic), vulgar; spec, popular, low, base,
unrefined, commonplace, illiterate; see
PLEBEIAN, COARSE.
Antonyms: see aristocratic, exclu-
sive.
5. In grammar: epicene (a loose and im-
proper use).
commonplace, n. 1. banality, triviality
(now rare), prosaism, twaddle, prosai-
cism, prose, cabbage (fig. or slang); spec.
platitude (rare or spec), fadaise (French),
truism.
Antonyms: see oddity.
2. topic; spec, quotation; see sating.
commonplace, a. everyday, common, or-
dinary, hackneyed, threadbare, stale,
tame, trite, trivial (now rare), banal, ple-
beian (literary), Philistine (literary), prose,
prosy, prosaic; spec, exoteric, platitudi-
nous, pedestrian, dull, monotonous, sober.
Antonyms: see odd, unusual, originat..
commonplace, v. i. platitudinize (rare or
learned), twaddle.
common-sense, n. understanding (con-
textual), mother wit, sense, horse sense
(coUoq.), gumption (coUoq., U. S.), spvey
orsavy (slang).
Antonyms: see nonsense.
commotion, n. 1. See agitation.
2. disturbance (contextual), stir, breeze
(colloq.), fuss, ferment, welter, turmoU,
hurly-burly (now undignified), disorder,
pother, ado, tempest C^.); see bustle.
Antonyms: see calm.
3. Spec, sea (as in "there was a sea on"),
rip, bobble, chop.
communicable, a. 1. impartible, convey-
able; spec, teachable, transferable; see
catching.
S. See communicative.
communicant, n. Eccl.: communicator,
communionist, communer (esp. U. S.),
partaker; spec, kneeler.
communicate, v. t. 1. impart, convey,
give, carry, confide | spec, deliver, tele-
phone, teU, say, write, narrate, express,
send, telegraph, cable, signal, wigwag,
heliograph, sing, break, shout, transmit,
etc.; see carry.
2. In reference to disease, emotions, etc.:
impart, convey, give, transmit.
8. Ecd.: house! (hist.).
communicate, v. i. I. Eccl.: partake, com-
mune (esp. U. S.), receive.
2. Referring to persons: converse (now
chiefly spec), intercommunicate, inter-
commune (rare); spec, intermessage (rare),
correspond, deal, cable, talk, write, etc.;
see CONVERSE.
3. Referring to places joined by passage-
ways, etc.: connect, intercommunicate.
communication, n. 1. impartation, im-
partment (rare), conveyance, giving; spec.
transmittal, transmission, sending, tell-
ing, saying, writing, narration.
2. intelligence (rare); spec message, tele-
gram, cable (colloq.), wire (colloq.), cable-
gram, confidence, secret, news, informa-
tion; see LETTER, message.
3. See INTERCOURSE, passage.
"I
t^' Cross references: see Note.
committal: commitment, refer-
ence, delegation, binding, com-
miaaion.
committee: truatee, body.
commix: mix.
commodious: roomy, convenient.
commodity: convenience, thing,
goods,
commonalty:
common wealth: community,
state.
communallsm: socialism.
commune, n.: people.
commune, v. i.; converse.
V^ See Notes of Explanation.
79
COMMUNICATIVE
4. Referring to the relation of places joined
by passageways, etc.: connection, inter-
communi cation.
5. Referring to diseases, ideas, etc.: im-
partation, giving, conveyance, transmis-
sion; spec, infection, contagion.
communicatiTe, a. communicatory, com-
municable, transmittive (rare); spec.
chatty.
Antonyms: see reticent.
communion, n. 1. See commttnity, sym-
pathy, INTEBCOtmSE, ASSOCIATION.
2. Ecd.: liturgy, celebration, concelebra/-
tion, Eucharist, Sacrament, Lord's Sup-
per, Eulogia (hist.), Mass.
community, n. 1. communion, sohdarity
(literary); spec, sharing, partnership,
society.
2. group, body, society, commonvrealth;
spec, body politic (tech.), state, neighbor-
hood, preceptory, phalanstery.
compact, o. 1. See composed, concise.
2. dense, consistent, soUd, close, crass
(obsolescent), massive (chiefly spec, and
tech.), gross (literary and fig.); spec, heavy,
saggy, woofy (rare), packed, snug, tight,
thick.
Antonyms: see porous, scattered.
3. Referring to things or their arrange-
ment, as rooms, a house, etc.: close, tight,
snug, neat; spec, packed.
compactness, n. 1. density, body, con-
sistence, consistency, denseness (rare),
solidity, closeness, consohdation, thick-
ness, compactedness, heaviness, conja-
cency (rare), snugness, etc.
2. neatness.
companion, n. associate (contextual),
shadow (fig. or spec), company; spec.
match, compeer (rare), commensal, es-
cort, chaperon, accomplice, symbiont,
attendant, mate; see spouse, comrade.
companionable, a. livable, boon (rare or
archaic); spec, clubable; see sociable,
CONVIVIAL.
companionship, n. association, fellow-
ship, intercourse, company, mateship
(rare), society; spec, sjrmbiosis.
companion way, n. stairs, passageway; — •
both contextual.
company, n. 1. See companionship,
COMPANION, association, GUEST, FIRM,
GANG.
2. assembly, association, party (colloq. or
spec), crowd (colloq., U. S. and British
colonies), boodle (contemptuous), sack (col-
log.), lot (contemptuous), consort (obs. or
archaic), fellowship (archaic or rare, exc
spec), number (contextual), rout (now
chiefly poetic); spec, bevy, flock, covey,
kennel, gang, set, mob, herd, brood, crew,
horde, troop, troupe, platoon, squad, co-
hort, gaggle (derisive), circle, suite, con-
course, vexiUum, turma, team, Hanse,
watch, table, caravan, faction, taxis, vex-
iUation (rare), mess, cavalcade, claque,
command, posse.
comparative, a. relative (contextual), col-
lative (tech.); spec contrastive.
compare, v. t. 1. collate, parallel, balance,
paralleUze (rare), counterpoise, paragon
(archaic or poetic), measure, confront,
confer (obs., exc. as imperative, and usvn
ally in abbr. "cf."); spec, equal (rare),
equate (rare); see contrast, liken.
2. In grammar: inflect.
compare, v. i. match; spec vie.
comparison, n. 1. See likening.
2. collation, confrontation, parallelism,
dissimile (rare), simile, contrast, equating,
balance, compare (u>ith "past" or "be-
yond").
3. parable (archaic), similitude, parabole
(rare), balance, simile, paraUehzation
(rare); spec, dissimile.
compartment, n. division, chamber, par-
tition; spec, pane, pigeonhole, ceU, coup6
(French), locker, coffer, bay, severy, em-
bayment (rare), well; see panel.
compass, n. I. See boundary, circum-
ference, AREA, BOUND, CIRCUIT.
2. sweep, scope; see reach.
3. extent, range; in music- range, scope,
sweep, gamut, register (of the voice),
diapason.
4. Naut.: needle (fig.), pyxis (rare), box
(fig.; colloq.); spec. dial.
compassion, n. 1. sympathy, kindness,
bowels (pi.; obsolescent or literary), com-
miseration, pity, rue (archaic), ruth (liter-
ary or archaic), heart, tenderness, pite-
ousness (archaic), pitifulness, mercy,
pathos.
Antonyms: see cruelty, malevolence,
HATE.
2. See sympathy.
compassionate, a. sympathetic, kind,
tender, pitiful, commiserative, ruthful
(archaic), piteous (archaic), compassive
(rare).
Antonyms: see unfeeling, uncompas-
SIONATE, apathetic, MALEVOLENT, HATE-
FUL, CRUEL, COLD, RELENTLESS.
compassionate, v. t. pity, commiserate,
bepity (intensive).
Antonyms: see congratulate.
t^ Cross references: aee Note.
communism: socialism.
commutable: exch
commute: exchange.
coxnmutual: common.
compact, n.: agreement, con-
federacy. \pose, abridge.
compact, V. t.: consolidate, com-
companionleBs: alone.
compass: curved.
compatible: consistent.
compatriot: countryman.
tS" See Notes of Explanation.
80
COMPLETION
compel, V. t. 1. force, oblige, necessitate,
coerce, make (mth the infin. wUhout "to"),
coact {rare), coarct {rare), drive, enforce
{archaic or literary), constrain, impel,
move, gar {Scot.), distress {rare), com-
pulse {obsolescent); spec, conjure, concuss
{.chiefly Scot.), drum, distrain, hunger
{rare), reduce.
Antonyms: see coax, cajole, ask.
2. See DEMAND.
compellable, a. enforceable, coercible,
constrainable.
Antonyms: see unyielding.
compelled, a. forced, obliged, constrained,
beholden {archaic), vain {now literary).
compensate, v. t. 1. offset, counterbal-
ance, balance, redress {rare), counter-
poise, countervail; spec, recoup, redeem.
2. pay {contextim), requite, repay, rec-
ompense, guerdon {poetic or rhetorical),
reward, remunerate; spec, restitute {rare),
indemnify, recoup; see retribute.
compensation, n. 1. offset, set-off, bal-
ance, counterbalance, countervaiUng,
counterpoise; spec, recoupment, redemp-
tion.
Antonyms: see lobs.
2. pay {contextiud), payment {contextual),
recompense, repayment, requital; spec.
amends, indemnity, indemnification, sat-
isfaction, reward, reparation, justice,
solatium, honorarium, recoupment, res-
titution; see RETRIBUTION.
compensatory, a. paying {contextual),
compensative, reparative, amendatory,
indemnificatory, etc.
compete, v. i. contend, strive; spec. race.
competition, n. contest, contention, ri-
valship, rivalry, rivalism {rare), rivality
{rare), concurrence {now used as French);
spec, trial, handicap; see race, emula-
tion.
Antonyms: see coSperatign.
competitor, n. contestant, rival, antag-
onist, concurrent {now chiefly used as
French); spec, field {competitors collec-
tively; fig. or spec); spec, entrant; see
racer.
compilation, n. composition {contextiml),
recueil {French); spec, customary or cus-
tumal, anthology.
compile, v. t. compose, quilt {rare;fi^.).
complain, v. i. murmur, grunt, grumble,
gruntle {rare), grutch {archaic), lament,
repine {chiefly spec), plain {archaic);
spec, moan, groan, growl, grouse {colloq.),
scold, mutter, whine.
Antonyms: see rejoice.
complaining, n. faultfinding, complain-
tive {rare), murmuring; spec, grumbling,
growling, grousing (coltog.).
complaining, a. 1. iSee ailing.
2. grumbly {colloq.), querimonious {liter-
ary); spec, querulous, peevish.
complaint, n. 1. See ailment.
2. murmuring, grumbling, etc., murmur,
lament, lamentation, plaint {literary),
querimony {rare), plain (archaic), repining
(chiefly spec); spec, growl, gnmt, whine.
3. accusation, charge, plaint {liierary or
law); spec, information, grievance.
complaisant, a. complacent {obsolesc),
agreeable {contextual), pKant, soft,
smooth, yielding, supple, facile {literary),
subservient, buxom {archaic), easy^ yreak,
doughfaced {colloq.), courtly, yielding;
spec, gracious, condescending, exorable,
submissive; see obliging, obedient.
Antonyms: see perverse, obstinate,
disputatious, unyielding, unaccommo-
dating, disobedient, controversial.
complement, n. 1. See completion, crown.
2. total, tale; spec, cadre {French; mil.).
complete, a. 1. full, entire, perfect, inte-
grate {rare), integral {rare), round
{chiefly spec); spec intact, self-contained,
dead, orbed {rare), orbicular; see whole,
ABSOLUTE, THOROUGH.
Antonyms: see incomplete, partial,
initial, conditional, imperfect.
2. See FINISHED, accomplished.
complete, v. t. I. consummate, totalize,
complement {rare), round {used chiefly
with "out"), integrate; spec, mature,
crown, cap, perfect, peifectionate {rare).
Antonyms: see begin.
2. See FINISH, accomplish.
completed, a. perfected, consummate;
spec, mature, ripe.
completely, adv. 1. fully, entirely, right
{archaic or dial.), quite;' spec, integrafly,
perfectly, consummately, roundly, cap-S,-
pie {French), out, altogether.
2. See ABSOLUTELY, WHOLLY, THOR-
OUGHLY.
completion, n. 1. consummation, perfec-
tion, complement {rare), int^ation;
spec, maturement {rare).
Antonyms: see beginning.
2. Referring to the stale: consummation,
etc. {as in sense 1, above), fuU, integrity;
spec infinity, maturity.
3. Referring to the completing thing: com-
plement, completely {rare); spec, cope-
stone, coronation {rare or literary), crown,
finish, correlate.
^^ Cross references: see Note.
compeer, n.; equal.
compendiousr concise.
oompendium; abridgement.
compete: contend.
oompetence: fortune.
competency: ability, qualifi-
cation.
competent: adequate, qualified,
able.
complacent: aelf-salisfied.
complement, v. t.: complete.
t^' See Notes of Explanation.
81
COMPLETIVE
Antonyms: see beginning.
4. See FINISHING, ACCOMPLISHMENT.
completive, a. completory (rare), perfec-
tive, consummative, complementary.
complex, o. 1. See composite.
2. complicated, complicate, intricate,
perplexed, involute (rare), involved; spec.
entangled, knotty, mazy, inextricable, de-
complex, dsedal, Daedalian, Gordian,
crabbed.
Antonyms: see simple.
cqmplex, n. 1. See composite.
2. complexus (rare), complication, corn-
pages (rare), complexity, complejcus; spec.
network, web, tangle, snarl, intangle-
ment, node, maze, labyrinth.
complexion, n. 1. Of the skin: hue (now
almost equiv. to "color"), color, blee
(archaic).
2. See APPEABANCE, ASPECT.
complexioned, a. complected (dial, or col-
loq., U. S.), hued.
complexity, n. 1. complexness (rare), per-
plexity, complicatedness, complication,
complicacy, complicity (rare), involution,
intncateness, intricacy, involvedness; spec.
confusion, inextricabUity, intricableness,
maziness.
2. See complex.
compliant, a. conformable, compilable
(now rare), spec, resigned; see complai-
sant, OBEDIENT.
Antonyms: see disobedient.
complicate, v. t. perplex, intricate (rare),
involve, complex, compound; spec, em-
barrass, entangle, intertangle (rare), inter-
lace, decompound.
Antonyms: see bimplipt.
complicity, n. association, privity, guilt.
Antonyms: see innocence.
compliment, n. 1. praise (contextual),
honor (contextual); spec, encomium, eu-
logy, tribute, panegyric, flattery, com-
mendation, ovation.
Antonyms: see disparagement, cen-
sure, REPROOF, condemnation.
2. In pi.: see respect.
compliment, v. t. 1. praise (contextual),
honor (contextual); spec, commend, con-
gratulate, eulogize, flatter, favor.
Antonyms: see disparage, censure,
REPROVE, CONDEMN.
2. See PRESENT, BESTOW.
comply, V. i. conform (tised with "to"),
yield; see obey.
component, a. constituent, constitutive,
compositional (rare), ingredient, integral
(chiefly spec), integrant (chiefly spec);
spec, partial, elemental.
component, n. part, constituent, ingre-
dient, principle, element, material; spec.
interimxture.
compose, V. t. 1. make (contextual), consti-
tute, form, compound, compact, bmld
(chiefly spec); spec, synthesize, construct,
weave, fabricate, mix.
Antonyms: see analyze, disintegrate.
2. produce, make, do, indite (learned),
frame, build, gignate (rare and jocular),
prepare; spec, write, draw, redact, twist,
address, compile, recompose, collate, con-
flate (rare), sonnetize (rare), dash (used
with "off"), scribble, hexametrize, score,
precompose, fable; see compile, extem-
porize.
3. In printing: set.
4. See arrange.
5. calm (contextual), coUect, recover, rec-
ollect (pron. rek-o-lekt'), recall.
compose, v. i. Spec, write, sonnetize, son-
net, sonneteer, pamphletize, elegize, epi-
taph, epigrammatize, epUogize or epilo-
guize (rare), prose, poetize.
composed, a. 1. constituted, formed, com-
pact or compacted (archaic), compagi-
nated (rare).
2. cahn (contextual), collected, seK-pos-
sessed, cool; see peaceful.
Antonyms: see excited, uneasy.
composer, n. 1. maker, doer, poet (rare or
archaic), constructor, constructer (rare),
framer, former, builder.
2. author (which see); spec melodist,
melodramatist, symphonist, hymnist,
hymnodist, harmonist.
S. In music: author.
composite, o. compound, complex (ar-
chaic), concrete (literary or spec), decom-
posite (tech.), comphcate (archaic); spec.
decompound, colonial, polyzoic, polyge-
nous, conflate (literary criticism).
Antonyms: see simple.
composite, n. compound, composition,
complexus (tech.), compo (cant or colloq.;
chiefly Eng.), complex (archaic), confec-
tion (rare or spec), combination, compost
(literary); spec, breccia, conglomerate,
compositum, motley, conserve.
composition, n. 1. preparation (context-
ual), constitution, make-up, making,
formation, confection (rare), compaction
(rare), synthesis (learned), framing, com-
pounding, building; spec, dispensation;
see structure, mixture.
Antonyms: see analysis.
2. Referring to the distinctive character:
constitution, make, make-up.
3. See composite, compromise.
K^^ Cross references: see Note.
complex, V. t.: complicate.
complexus: complex, composite.
complication: complexity.
complimentary: laudatory.
complot, n.; conspiracy.
complot, V. i.: am&pire.
comport, V. t.: behave,
comport, V. i.:
JS" See Notes ot Explanation.
82
CONCEIT
4. production, authorship, writing, indit-
ing or inditement {learned); spec, in-
vention, imagination, coiiflation; see
COMPILATION.
6. In music: spec, instrumentation, hym-
nology, hymnody, songcraft.
6. Referring to literary productions: pro-
duction, preparation, piece, opus; spec.
work, opuscule, screed, brochure, paper,
discourse, disquisitionj effusion, disserta^
tion, tract, disputation, essay, thesis,
theme, treatise, tractate, study, fiction,
poem, novel, sequence, prose, exercise,
elucubration (rare), lucubration (often kur-
morons), conflation {archaic), pastoral,
scribble, thing {contemptv/ms), morceau
{French), Balaam, extravaganza, niminy-
piminy, dithyramb, descant, diatribe.
7. Referring to musical productions: pro-
duction, opus; spec, compilation, drama,
oratorio, concertino, concerto, aria, fugue,
study, sonata, sonatina, nocturne, inter-
mezzo, madrigal, duet, quartet, sextet,
morceau {French), melologue {rare), med-
ley, melopoeia.
8. In art: spec. reUef, relievo, alto-re-
Uevo, basso-rehevo, statue, painting,
etching, etc.
9. typesetting, typography.
compositive, a. constitutive, synthetical;
spec, retextive {hgic; rare).
Antonyms: see analytical.
compositor, n. composer, typesetter; spec.
typothetse {pi.).
composure, n. calm (contextual), collec-
tion, recollection, self-possession; see
BALANCE, PEACE.
compotation, n. drinking (contextual),
symposium; spec, carouse.
comprehensive, a. 1. See inclttsive, un-
derstanding.
2. large, wide, extensive, broad, general,
sweepmg, expansive; spec, all-embracing.
Antonyms: see narrow.
compromise, n. 1. arrangement (context-
ual), composition.
2. See arrangement, concession.
compromise, v. t. 1. arrange (contextual),
compound.
a. See endanger.
8. prejudice, commit.
comptroller, n. controller; spec, steward,
auditor.
compulsion, n. forcing, obUgation, neces-
sitation, coercion, coaction (rare), coarc-
tation (rare), constraint, impulsion (rare),
force (chiefly spec), reduction, enjforce-
ment; spec, necessity, concession (chiefly
Scot), distraint.
Antonyms: see coaxing, cajolery.
compulsory, o. 1. compellent (rare), ob-
ligatory, necessitative, coercive, impera-
tive, coercionary (rare), coaotive (rare),
constraining, impelling, moving, imperi-
ous; spec, violent.
2. forced, enforced, obUgatory.
Antonyms: see optional.
computable, a. calculable, countable,
numerable, reckonable, etc.
computation, n. 1. calculation, reckon-
ing, account (now only in a few phrases, as
"money of account"), computus (hist.);
spec, estimation, counting, recount, tell-
ing (archaic), numbering, numeration,
enumeration, denumeration (rare), divi-
sion, multiplication, subtraction, calcu-
lus, indigitation (rare), supputation
(rare), ciphering, rhabdology, day tale or
daytal or datal (local Eng.), expansion,
capitation, logistics; see addition.
2. Referring to the result arrived at: result,
account, calculation, reckoning; spec.
score, sum, quotient, multiple, estimate.
computative, a. calculative; spec, enu-
merative, numerative.
compute, V. i. dk i. calculate, reckon: spec.
count, recount, figure, tell (archaic), nu-
merate, enumerate, cast, number, con-
numerate (rare), divide, multiply, sub-
tract, cipher (coUoq., U. S.), estmiate,
tally; see add.
comrade, n. associate, companion, fellow,
frater (Latin); spec, contubernal, mess-
mate, roommate, crony (intimate), coach-
fellow, playmate, playfellow, chum (col-
loq.); see intimate.
concede, v. 1. 1. See ACKNOWLEDGE, grant,
RELINQUISH.
2. allow, grant, yield.
conceit, n. 1. conception.
2. judgment, opinion.
8. conceitedness, self-esteem, self-com-
placency, self-conceit, self-exaltation, in-
flation, self -pleasing (rare), self-glorifi-
cation, self-sufficiency, sufficiency, self-
satisfaction, self - admiration, megalo-
mania, egotism, vanity, egoism (rare),
overweening, overweeningness, outrecui-
GSr Cross references: see Note.
compost: fertilizer.
compote: preaerve,
compound, n.: incLoaure.
compound, a.: composite.
compound, n.: composite, de-
rivative.
compound, v. t.: compose,
complicate, arrange, pay.
comprehend: understand, in-
clude, imply. [able.
comprehensible: understand-
comprehenslon: understand-
ing, intelligence, inclusion.
compress, v. t.: squeeze, con-
dense, crowd, consolidate, con-
strict, abridge.
comprise: include.
compunction: regret.
compunctious: regretful.
concatenate: connect.
concatenation: connection,
series.
concave: hollow, hole.
conceal: hide.
concealed: hidden, secret.
concealment: hiding, secrecy.
X^ See Notes of Explanation.
S3
CONCEITED
dance {French; rare), priggery, priggish-
ness, assurance, puppyism.
Antonyms: see bashfulness, modestt,
HmiBLENESS.
4. See IMAGINATION.
6. notion, caprice, quip, quirk, fancy, de-
vice {archaic), crochet, maggot, crank,
trick; see caprice.
conceited, a. self-complacent, self-satis-
fied, self-pleased, self-conceited, egotis-
tical {rare), egotistic, vain, overweening,
priggish, self-opinionated, self-opinioned,
self-sufiicient, inflated, blown {literary),
conceity {coUoq., chiefly Scot.).
Antonyms: see bashful, modest.
conceive, v. t. 1. form {in the womb).
2. form {in the mind), frame, ideate {rare),
brain {rare).
3. See IMAGINB, DEVISE, THINK, UNDEB-
STAND.
concentrate, v. t. 1. concenter {rare),
strengthen; spec, reconcentrate; see dis-
till, INTENSIFY, CONDENSE, UNITE, FOCUS.
Antonyms: see separate, scatter, dis-
perse, DIFFUSE.
5. Referring to the mind, attention, ideas,
etc.: focus {fig.), consolidate {fig.), recol-
lect; spec, rally, localize; see apply.
concentrated, a. Spec, condensed, intent
(of a person), fixed, intensified, etc.
Antonyms: see diffuse.
conception, n. 1. conceiving; spec, super-
fetation or superfoetation.
2. Spec, embryo, fetus or foetus.
S. See IMAGINATION, THINKING, UNDER-
STANDING, IDEA, PLAN.
conceptual, a. conceptive, concipient
{rare).
concert, n. 1. See coopehation, conspir-
acy, AGREEMENT.
2. entertainment, consort (obs. or hist.);
spec, aubade {French), madrigal, serenade,
recital.
concession, n. 1. See accession,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT, RELINQUISHMENT,
GRANT.
2. allowance, granting, grant, yielding;
spec, compromise.
conciliate, v. 1. 1. win {favor, a person, etc.),
square (a person; colloq.); spec, curry
{favor).
2. reconcile {as theories, differences).
3. See PACIFY.
concise, a. brief {contextual), terse, con-
densed, short {contextual), pithy, com-
pact, sententious, compressed, succinct,
summary; spec, laconic, holophrastic,
curt, epigrammatic, compendious.
Antonyms: see prolix, wordy, ver-
bose, DISCURSIVE.
conciseness, a. brevity, shortness {con^
textual), concision {rare), syntomy (rare),
shortness {contextual), terseness, comma-
tism {learned), succinctness, compactness;
spec, laconism, etc.
conclude, v. t. 1. See end, infer, decide.
2. effect, make, drive, close; spec, com-
pound.
Antonyms: see abolish, prevent.
conclusion, n. 1. See end, event, infer-
ence, decision.
2. effecting, making, closing, effectuation.
concoct, V. t. devise {contextiud) , prepare,
invent, brew, plan; see plan.
concoction, n. 1. devising, preparation
{contextu/il) , planning, invention, brewing.
2. device, preparation, invention; spec.
he, mixture, dose, scheme, plot.
concomitant, a. accompanying, concur-
rent; spec, simultaneous, coincident, coex-
istent, accessory; see contemporaneous.
concourse, n. 1. As to persons or animals:
confluence, conflux, concurrence, con-
gress {rare); see gathering.
2. See confluence, junction.
concrete, a. 1. iSee composite, actual,
particular, solid.
2. In reference to numbers: material {theol.
and philos.), denominate {rare).
concrete, n. 1. composite, compound, con-
cretion.
2. Spec, conglomerate, beton, tabby,
ferroconcrete, asphalt.
concretion, n. 1. See solidification,
accretion.
2. The thing formed: collection {context-
ual), concrement {rare), concrescence
(rare), concrete '{obsolesc); spec, calculus,
knot, congelation, accretion, crystalliza-
tion, geode, dacryolite, dacryohth.
concubinage, n. cohabitation; spec.
hetffirism, hetairism'.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
conoeitedness: conceit.
conceivable: thinkable, im-
aginable.
concent: harmony.
concentric: parallel.
concept: idea.
concern, n.: affairi thing, in-
terest, importance, care, rela-
tion, firm.
concern, v. t.: affect.
concerned: affected, careful,
anxious.
concernment: interest, im-
portance, care.
concerning: about.
concert, v. t.: plan, Joperate.
concert, «. i.: conspire, co-
conclude: end, finish, eventuate.
conclusive: final, decisive, con-
vincing.
concord, n.: agreement, peace,
harmony.
concord, v. i.: agree,
concordant: agreeable, harmo-
nious.
concordat: agreement.
concrete: solidify.
concupiscent: desirtms, lasciv-
ious, [erate.
concur: coincide, agree, codp-
concurrence: coincidence, con-
course, confluence, agreement,
codperation, correspondence,
junction.
concurrent: coincident, con'
fluent, concomitant, coopera-
tive, joint, correspondent.
concuss: shock, shake.
(9° See Notes of Explanation.
84
CONFESS
condemn, v. t. 1. disapprove {contextual),
discommend {rare), reprobate, disallow
(archaic), disfavor, reprehend, discounte-
nance, denounce, deprecate; spec, anath-
ematize, damn [archaic; very strong, or
vulgar), hoot, hiss; see censure .
Antonyms: see condemn, applaud, ap-
prove, PRAISE, COMPLIMENT.
2. sentence, doom, judge {obs.), adjudge;
spec, damn (archaic), lag (cant).
3. consign, commit (contextual), devote,
doom.
4. See CONVICT, CONFISCATE, APPRO-
PRIATE.
condemnable, a. 1. disapprovable, dis-
allowable, damnable (archaic, very strong,
or vulgar); see blamable, reprehensible.
2. convictable, adjudgeable.
5. consignable, conmiittable, devotable.
condemnation, n. 1. disapprobation, dis-
commendation (rare), reprehension, dis-
approval, frown, reprobation, deprecia-
tion, damnation (very strong or vulgar);
see censure.
Antonyms: see justification, applause,
APPROVAL, praise, ADMIRATION, COM-
PLIMENT.
2. conviction, convictment (rare), sen-
tence, doom, judgment (rare).
8. consignment, commitment (context-
ual), committal, doom (rare).
condemnatory, a. I. disapprobatory,
damnatory, reprobative, reprehensive,
deprecatory; see censorious.
Antonyms: see approving, laudatory,
PRAISINQ.
2. convictive.
S. consignatory, devotive, doomful.
condensation, n. 1. thickening, concen-
tration, coercion (tech., and chiefly spec);
spec, liquefaction (of a gas), distillation,
inspissation, solidification.
2. abridgment, abbreviation, compres-
sion, concentration.
Antonyms: see development, enlarge-
ment.
condense, v. t & i. 1. thidken, concentrate,
densify (rare), coarct (rare); spec, in-
spissate, liquefy; see distill, solidify.
Anionyms: see dilute, evaporate,
VAPOR.
2. abridge (contextual), abbreviate, com-
press, concentrate; spec, epitomize.
Antonyms: see develop, enlarge.
condescend, v. i. stoop, deign, descend,
vouchsafe.
condescending, a. gracious (of very ex-
cdted persons).
Antonyms: see arrogant.
condescension, n. I. Referring to an
action or to an act: stoop.
2. condescendence, graciousness, grace;
spec, complaisance.
condition, n. 1. provision, proviso, pre-
requisite, postulate, precondition; spec.
assumption, contingency, terms (pL), de-
feasance, stipulation.
2. See QtrALiFiCATioN, state, rank,
limitation.
conditional, a. subject, conditioned, pro-
visional, provisory, provisionary, pre-
requisite; spec, contingent, dependent.
Antonyms: see absolute, complete.
conduct, v. t. 1. See guide, escort, man-
age, hold, behave, transport, trans-
mit.
2. In the sense of "to carry on as an enter-
prise": run, operate, carry (often with
"along," "on," etc.); spec, push, drive,
wage.
conductor, n. 1. See leader, guide, es-
cort, manager.
2. guard (on a train; Eng.); spec, tripper.
S. transmitter, conveyor; spec, cable,
lead, bus, buster.
cone-shaped, a. conical, conic, coniform
(rare).
confection, v. t. prepare, form, mix.
confederacy, n. 1. association, league, al-
liance, compact (the agreement only),
union, coalition, confederation, federa-
tionj spec. Bund (German), pentapolis,
Dreibund (German), Zollverein (German).
2. conspiracy.
confederate, a. leagued, allied, confeder-
ated, federated, federal.
confer, v. i. 1. See converse, consult.
2. talk, parley, palaver, powwow (fig. or
spec).
conference, n. 1. See conversation,
consultation.
2. talk, parley, palaver, powwow (Jig. or
spec).
confess, v. t. 1. See acknowledge.
2. disclose (contextual), tell, reveal, un-
bosom, disbosom (rare); spec, unburden.
fSr Cross references : see Note.
condeioendenoe: condeacen-
aion.
condign: appropriate.
condiment: flavoring.
eondition, v. t: stipulate, limit.
conditioned: circumstanced.
condole: sympathize.
condolence: sympathy.
condonation; excuse.
condone: excuse.
conduce: tend, contribute.
conducement: contribution.
conducive: contributory.
conduct, n.: management, di-
rection, procedure, behavior,
pursuit, doing.
conduction: transmission.
conduit: channel.
confab: conversation.
confabulate: converse.
confabulation: conversation.
confect: preserve.
confection: preparation, com-
position, sweetmeat, preservation.
confectionery: factory, sweet-
meat.
confederate: dUy, conspirator.
confederation: confederacy.
confer: bestow.
US' See Notes of Explanation.
85
CONFESSION
Antonyms: see hide, dent.
8. shrive, shrift {rare).
cc^ifession, n. 1. See acknowledgment.
2. shrift {chiefly spec).
3. Referring to a body o/ believers in one
faith: communion.
confessional, n. stall.
confidant, n. confidante (fem.), confidente
{French; fern.), confident {French; masc),
intimate, privado {obs.).
confidence, n. 1. See assubance.
2. assurance, certitude, self-confidence,
positiveness, clearness, cocksureness,
surety {rare); spec, insistency, certainty.
3. communication, privacy, secret.
confident, a. 1. See assttred, bold.
2. assured, sure, certain, positive, clear,
cocksure, secure {literary); spec, insistent.
Antonyms: see anxious, timid.
confidential, a. 1. private, secret, fiducial,
fiduciary, trust.
2. See intimate, trusted.
conflnable, a. restrainable, imprisonable.
confine, v. t. 1. imprison, prison {poetic
or rhet.), mew {literary), incarcer-
ate {learned), carcerate {rare), restrain,
immure; spec, mure {orig. spec.), pew
{fig. or spec), circumscribe {rare), kennel
(fi^. or spec), embound {rare), restrict,
pen {fig. or spec), restringe {rare), close,
inclose {obs., exc. spec), jail, pinch,
shop {cant), baU, cauldron {rare), box,
house, closet, chamber {archaic), cabin
{rare), crib {rare), pound, impound, cub
{chiefly dial.), pin, embar {rare), impark
(rare), shackle, dam, dungeon, jug {slang),
lock (ttsed chiefly with "up," "into," etc.),
endungeon {rare), bastille or bastile,
cloister, coop, penfold, gate {Eng. univ.),
yard, impale {rare), enchain, incave, en-
cage, embank, intern, constrain, enjail
{rare), labyrinth, cage; see detain.
Antonyms: see free.
2. fasten {contextual)^ hold, secure, de-
tain, restrain; spec, tie, jess, braid, brail,
bind, button, chain, constrict, enchain,
rope, etc.; see bind.
Antonyms: see loose.
3. bound, hmit, restrict, circumscribe,
astrict {rare), restringe {rare), pinch
{rare), narrow, cram; see restrict.
Many of the words given under sense 1 may
be used figuratively in this sense.
confined, a. 1. incarcerate {archaic), re-
strained, pent, imprisoned, mewed, etc;
see BOUND.
Antonyms: see free.
2. restricted, limited, narrow, close,
cramp; see narrow.
Antonyms: see unlimited, uninclosed,
WIDE.
3. bedrid, bedridden.
confinement, n. 1. imprisonment, incar-
ceration {learned), carceration {rare), im-
murement {orig. spec), prisonment (rare),
restraint, constraint, durance {chiefly liter-
ary and in the phrase "in durance vUe"),
ward {obsolescent); spec, duress, claustra-
tion, captivity, chains, inclosure. Umbo,
prison, detainment {rare), custody.
Antonyms: see freedom.
2. fastening {contextual), holding {con-
textual), securing {contextual), detention;
spec, chains, restraint.
3. limitation, limiting, restriction, cir-
cumscription, narrowness {as of oppor-
tunity), limit, crampedness, crampness
{rare); see restriction.
4. childbed.
confining, o. limitative, limiting, restrict
tive, circumscriptive, binding, limitary.
confirm, v. t. 1. establish, fix, strengthen;
spec, bishop; see strengthen.
Antonyms: see abolish, weaken.
2. ratify, sanction, validate, roborate
{rare), corroborate {now rare), avouch,
vouch {rare or tech.), approbate or ap-
prove {chiefly Scots law); spec, homolo-
gate {chiefly Scots law), countersign, in-
dorse, seal, reconfirm {rare).
Antonyms: see invalidate, dispute.
3. establish, verify, corroborate, accredit,
support, substantiate, sustain, clinch
{colloq.); see PROVii.
Antonyms: see disprove, discredit,
confute.
confirmable, a. verifiable; see provable,
confirmation, n. seal, support, sanction,
verification.
confirmatory, a. 1. ratificatory, sanction-
ative, corroborant {rare), roborative
{rare), corroborative (obsolescent); spec.
signatory, obsignatory (rare).
2. corroboratory, corroborative, corrobo-
rant, supportive.
confiscate, v. t. take (contextual), seize,,
appropriate, forfeit (rare or hist.); spec.
condemn, sequestrate, sequester.
conflagrant, a. See burning.
conflict, n. 1. See contention, fight.
2. confliction (rare), encounter, ren-
counter {rare), collision, clash; see in-
terference, disagreement.
Antonyms: see agreement.
conflict, V. i. 1. See fight.
2. clash, encounter, rencounter (rare),
collide; spec interfere; see disagree.
Antonyms: see agree, conform.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
confide, v. L: ctmimit, tell.
confide, v. i.: trust.
confiding, n.: commiirrLent.
confiding, a..* trustful, believ-
ing.
conflguratton: form, construction.
confine, n.: boundary.
oonflagratlon: fire.
fS' See Notes ot Explanation.
86
CONGRATULATE
confliotory, a. conflicting, conflictive
(rare), collisive (rare), clashing j spec.
discordant, interfering, disagreeing.
Antonyms: see agreeing.
confluence, n. 1. Meaning "a flowing to-
gether": junction, conflux, concourse,
concurrence.
Antonyms: see divergence.
2. See CONCOURSE.
confluent, o. joining, meeting, commin-
gling, concurrent.
Anionyms: see divergent.
conform, v. t. adjust, accommodate,
shape, assimilate, liken (rare); spec.
serve; see adapt, harmonize.
oonfoTm, V. i. t. agree (contextual; used
wiih "with"), harmonize, shape; spec, as-
similate (used viith "to").
Antonyms: see conplict.
2. See COMPLY, CORRESPOND.
conformable, a. Spec, agreeable, adapt-
able, consistent, correspondent, compliant.
confront, v. t. See face, oppose, compare.
2. contrapose (rare), counterpose (rare).
confuse, v. t. 1. See abash.
2. perplex (contextual), confound, dis-
tract, disconcert, flurry, addle, flutter,
fluster, flustrate, bewilder, flabbergast
(coUoq.), wilder (rare), muddle, bemud-
dle (intensive), fuddle, befuddle (inten-
sive), mist (fig.), bemlst (intensive), mess
(colloq.), clutter (dial.), muss (coUoq.,
U. /So, fuss (colloq., U. S.), dizzy, mix
(colloq.), bumbase (rare), maze (rare), en-
tangle, bemaze (rare), bemuse (rare),
blank (archaic or rare), dazzle, muddify
(rare), muddy (fl^.), gravel, bedevil (rare),
befog, fog (rare), demoralize (colhq. or
specT); spec, rattle, dumfound, dum-
founder; see stupefy, disconcert, dis-
comfit.
8. disorder (contextual), mix, jumble, rav-
el (rare), embroil, embrangle (rare), en-
tangle, mingle, muddle, commingle; spec.
blend, confound, mess, derange; see dis-
arrange.
Antonyms: see arrange, classify, dis-
tinguish, elucidate.
confused, a. 1. abashed; see abash.
2. flabbergasted (colloq.), bemazed (irv-
tensive), puzzleheaded, faggy, misty,
flustery (rare), flustered, turbid, mixed
(colloq.), distracted, distract (archaic),
muddy C^.), addle (literary), muddle-
headed; spec, blank, dim, capernoitit
(Scot.), thunderstruck, thunderstricken;
see stupefied.
Antonyms: see calm, methodical, self-
controlled.
S. mixed, jumbled, jumbly, topsy-turvy,
higgledy-piggledy (contemptuous), promis-
cuous, messy (colloq.), macaronic (liter-
ary); spec, chaotic, troublous, indiscrim-
inate, mussy (U. S.).
Antonyms: see orderly, classified.
confusedly, adv. helter-skelter, higgledy-
piggledy, jumbly, hurry-scurry.
confusing, a. perplexing, distracting,
flustering, etc.
confusion, n. 1. See abashment, dis-
comfiture, stupefaction.
2. Referring to the state of mind: perplexity
(contextual), distraction, disconcerted-
ness, flurry, blankness, flutter, fluttera-
tion, muss (U. S.), fluster, flustration,
bewilderment, wUderment (rare), puzzle,
muddle, fuddle (chiefly spec), disconcer-
tion (rare), disconcertment (rare), fluster,
flusterment (rare), dazzle (rare), dazzle-
ment (rare), puzzlement (rare), mist,
muddiness (fig.), muddlement (rare);
spec, dumfounderment, entanglement,
dumfoundedness, demoralization; see
stupefaction, disarrangement.
Antonyms: see calm, self-control.
S. Referring to the physical condition: dis-
order (contextual), ravelment (rare), jum-
ble, chaos, muss (U. S.), higgledy-pig-
gledy (contemptuous) I jumblement (rare),
babel (rare; fig.), coil (archaic), imbroil-
ment, imbrogUo (chiefly spec), hugger-
mugger (colloq.), moil (archaic), muddle,
fuddle, clutter (dial, or colloq.); spec, tan-
gle, tanglement, entanglement, promis-
cuity; see disarrangement.
Antonyms: see arrangement, method,
system, order.
confute, V. t. confound (archaic), convince
(archaic), convict (archaic), redargue
(Scot.), overthrow, overturn, overcome,
refute; spec, disprove, silence.
Antonyms: see confirm, prove.
congeal, v. t. & i. soUdify (contextual), fix,
set, freeze (chiefly spec); spec, pectize
(rare), gelatinize, jelly, coagulate, ice
(rare); see crystallize.
Antonyms: see soften, liquify.
congealed, a. solidified, set, frozen (chiefly
spec); spec, pectous.
congenital, a. connate (chiefly spec), con-
nascent (rare), innate (chiefly spec), con-
natural.
congratulate, v. t. fehcitate, gratulate
(archaic), macarize (rare), hug (oneself).
f^^ Cross references: see Note.
oonflux; confittence, concourse.
conlorxn, a.: consistent^ cone-
spondent.
oonlrdre: colleague.
congener: ally,
congeneric: allied.
congenial: agreeable.
congeries: collection, accumulation,
congest; accumulate, collect, coTigest.
conglomerate, n.: mass, ac-
cumulation, collection.
conglomerate, v.: coUect,
conglomeration: accumula-
tion, collection.
fS" See Notes of Explanation.
87
CONGRATULATORY
plume (oneself), pride (oneself), flatter
{oneself); see compliment.
Antonyms: see compassionate.
congratulatory, a. gratulatory (rare).
congregate, o. met (contextual) , assembled.
congregate, V. i. assemble, gather, collect;
spec, throng, flock, swarm, crowd, herd
(Jig. of men), shoal; see meet, crowd.'
Antonyms: see separate, scatter.
congregation, n. 1. assemblage, assembly,
gathering, collection; see meeting.
2. church; spec, parish (U. S.), propa-
ganda (R. C. Ch.).
conical, conic, a. cone-shaped, coniform
(rare).
conjectural, o. suppositional, suppositi-
tious (learned), hypothetical (learned),
theoretical (chiefly tech.); see supposed.
Antonyms: see unquestionable.
conjure, v. i. 1. juggle (rare), charm (rare),
incant (obs. or rare).
2. See JUGGLE.
connect, v. t. Spec, concatenate, link, in-
terhnk, interconnect, associate, relate,
hyphen, hyphenate, hyphenize; see join,
unite, attach, associate, RELATE.
Antonyms: see detach, disconnect.
connect, v. i. Spec, lock, interlock, inter-
digitate (rare), interosculate; see com-
municate.
connection, n. 1. Spec, attachrnent, junc-
tion, union, concatenation, interoscula-
tion, linking; see association, relation,
intercourse, communication.
Antonyms: see detachment.
2. See relation, bond, denomination.
connivance, n. winking; cf. collusion, co-
operation, consent.
connive, v. i. wink; nearly related are:
collude, cooperate, consent.
connivent, a. Nearly related are: collusive,
cooperative; see accessory.
connoisseur, n. expert-, virtuoso (masc;
Italian), virtuosa (Jem.; Italian); spec.
critic, judge, epicure, lapidary.
conquer, v. i. prevail, overcome, over-
throw, win; spec, triumph.
conquerable, a. vincible (rare), vanquish-
able, overcomable (rare).
Antonyms: see unconquerable.
conquering, a. victorious.
conqueror, n. defeater, conqueress (Jem.),
victor, victress (fern.), victrix (fern.;
Latin), winner, subjugator, subduer, dis-
comfiter, master; spec, humbler, reducer,
prostrator.
conquest, n. 1. See acquisition, over-
coming.
2. victory, •ma. (colloq.), winning, mas-
tery; spec, triumph; see defeat.
conscientious, a. upright, religious, faith-
ful, strict, scrupulous, exact, particular;
spec.caref ul, honorable, incorruptible, just.
Antonyms: see abandoned, deceitful,
dishonest, careless, unprincipled.
conscious, a. I. sensible, cognizant, per-
cipient (tech. or learned), awake (Jig.), sen-
tient; see AWARE.
Antonyms: see unconscious.
2. self-conscious; spec, guilty.
Antonyms: see innocent.
3. See intentional.
consciousness, n. sensibility, sense, mind,
sentience (rare or literary), perception,
sensation, etc.
conscribe, v. t. enlist (contextiuil), draft,
impress.
conscription, n. enlistment (contextvaT) ,
drafting, impressment.
consecrate, v. t. 1. To pronounce words of
consecration over: bless (archaic), seal
(rare), sacrament (rare); spec, dedicate,
taboo, sanctify, devote.
Antonyms: see curse.
2. To make consecrate (in fact): hallow,
sanctify, sacrament (rare; fig.), bless
(archaic) ,
Antonyms: see desecrate.
consecration, n. 1. blessing (archaic),
sacring; spec, sanctification, dedication,
devotion.
2. hallowing, sanctification, devotion.
consecrative, a. hallowing, consecratory,
sanctifying.
consequence, n. 1. See RESULT, INFER-
ENCE, importance, SELF-IMPORTANCE.
2. succession (contextual), sequence, con-
secution, sequent.
K^' Cross references: see Note.
congress: meeting, intercourse.
oongmence: agreement, con-
sistency.
congruent: agreeing, consist-
ent.
congTuity: agreement, consist-
ency.
congruous: agreeing, consist-
ent.
conjoin: join, unite.
conjoint: joint, united.
conjugal: matrimonial.
conjugate, a.: joined, united,
married, related.
conjugate, v. t.: inflect.
conjugate, v. i.: unite.
conjunct: joined, united.
conjunctlTe, a.: joining, unit-
ing, joint.
conjuration: magic, invoca-
tion.
conjure, v. t: ask, invoke,
bring, effect.
conjurer: magician, juggler.
conjury: magic, jugglery.
connate: congenital, related,
united,
connected: joined, united, ad-
junct, constant, related.
connotation: meaning.
connote: mean.
connubial: matrimonial.
conquer, v. t.: defeat, overcome.
consanguineous: related.
consanguinity: relation.
conscript: drafted.
consecrated: holy.
consecution: succession, con^
sequence.
consecutive: successive.
consensual: agreeing.
consensus: agreement.
consentaneous: agreeing, con-
sistent, unanimous.
consentlence: agreement.
consentient: agreeing, unani-
mous.
tS' See Notes of Explanation.
88
CONSONANT
consequential, a. 1. necessary, conse-
quent, sequential; see inferable.
Antonyms: see accidental, chance.
2. In reference to results: indirect, second-
ary; spec, eventual {rare).
9. See SELF-IMPORTANT.
oonservative, a. 1. preservative. Cf. pre-
serve.
2. unpro^essive (a derogatory term); spec.
misoneistic (rare), Tory {Eng.), blue (JEng.
politics).
conservative, n. In politics: mossback
(slang; chiefly U. S.), hunker {local, U. S.),
Tory {Eng.).
consider, v. t. I. deliberate, cogitate, pon-
der, ponderate {rare), brood, contemplate,
meditate, ruminate, chew {colloq. or fig.),
study, speculate {obs. or rare), turn, re-
volve, roll {rare), forethink {rare), per-
pend {archaic), treat; spec, weigh, muse,
design {rare), digest, envisage {VUerary),
precontrive {rare), premeditate {rare),
preconsider {rare); see reconsider, en-
tertain.
2. regard, heed, mark, notice, mind, scan;
spec, entertain, review, consult, esteem.
Antonyms: see disregard, ignore.
8. think, opine {rare), opinionate {rare),
regard, believe, view, trow {archaic),
judge, hold, deem, count, account, reckon,
take, call, esteem, make; spec, rate, es-
timate, value, repute, gauge, misesteem;
see infer.
4. respect, regard.
Antonyms: see insult, ignore.
consider, v. i. t. think, reflect, dehberate,
meditate, brood, mull {colloq., U. S.),
study {coUog.), ponder, pore, cogitate
{learned), muse (chiefly spec), rummate,
speculate.
2. See CARE.
considerable, a. large, sizable {chiefly
spec), substantial, substantive, good,
round, important, goodish, goodly, gey
{Scot.), tolerable, pretty, fair, respectable;
spec, material, noteworthy, coinfortable,
decent {chiefly coUoq.), handsome, tidy
{coUoq.).
Antonyms: see small.
consideration, n. 1. thinking, thought,
forethought, deUberation, cogitation
(learned), pondering, ponderation (rare),
think (dial, or colloq.), speculation (rare),
contemplation, meditation, study, pon-
derment (rare), reflection, rumination;
spec, premeditation, preconsideration
(rare), precogitation (rare), predeUbera-
tion (rare), muse, musing, counsel, view,
introversion, envisagement (literary); see
RECONSIDERATION.
Antonyms: see thoughtlessness.
2. care, regard, heed, mindfulness, re-
spect (rare); spec, afterthought, review,
retrospect, retrospection.
Antonyms: see carelessness, disre-
gard, IMPUDENCE.
3. importance, respect, esteem.
4. account, opinion, judgment, esteem,
estimation, reckoning, regard, view; spec.
misestimation, misestimate.
5. <See REASON, COMPENSATION, ATTEN-
TIVENESS, ATTENTION.
consign, v. t. 1. See DELIVER, COMMIT.
2. send, remit, remand, resign; spec con-
demn, devote; see abandon.
consignation, n. 1. iSee delivery, com-
mitment.
2. sending, consignment, remission (rare),
remand, resignation; spec, condemnation,
devotion, abandonment.
consigner, n. consignor, deUverer; spec.
vendor, shipper, freighter, bailor, prin-
cipal.
consignment, n. 1. See deliyert, com-
mitment, consignation.
2. goods (contextual), shipment.
consist, V. i. 1. subsist, he.
2. See INHERE, agree.
consistency, n. agreement (contextiud) ,
congruence, congruency, congruity, co-
herency, coherence, conformability, con-
formity, correspondence, compatibility,
harmony, accordancy, consonance, con-
sonancy; spec self -consistency, conse-
quence (logic), reconcilability.
consistent, a. 1. See compact, firm.
2. agreeable (contextual), accordant, co-
herent, consentaneous (rare), congruous,
congruent, conformable, conform (ar-
chaic), correspondent, compatible, con-
sonant, harmonious; spec, self-consistent,
consequent (logic), symmetrical, recon-
cilable, cosmic (fl^.), concordial (rare).
Antonyms: see inconsistent, absurd.
consolidate, v. t. 1. compact, firm, com-
press, settle, knit, soUdify; see con-
centrate.
2. See join, unite, combine, unify.
consonant, n. articulation; spec, letter,
sound, explosive, explodent, sonant, surd.
13^ Cross references: see Note.
consequent: resultino, infer-
able, amaequential.
conseiluentialness: 8elf-im~
portance.
consequently: therefore.
oonserranoy : preservation.
oonservation: preservation.
conservator: custodian, guar-
dian.
oonserTe, v. t: preserve.
conserve, n..* snueetmeat.
oonslderate: careful, obliging,
charitable, attentive, kindly.
conslderative: thoughtful.
considered: deliberate.
consistence: firmnees, compactness.
consistory: court.
consolation: cheer.
consolatory: cheering.
console, v. t.: cheer.
console, n.: bracket.
consonant: agreeable, agreeing,
consistent, harmonious.
t^' See Notes of Explanation.
89
CONSORT
whisper, breath, subvocal, subtonic, con-
tinuant, stop, check, mute, liquid, semi-
liquid, cerebral, fricative, trill, sibilant,
glottal, lingual, labial, dental, labioden-
tal, interdental, nasal, guttural, palatal,
velar, alveolar.
conspicuous, a. notable {contextual),
prominent, peat {contextxuil), signal,
striking, noticeable, marked, staring,
eminent, glaring {esp. oj what is baa);
spec, notorious, gaudy, rampageous,
brilliant, celebrated, distinguished, re-
markable.
Antonyms: see obscukb, unnoticeable.
conspiracy, n. confederacy, concert, com-
bination, plot (contextual), plan (context-
ual), cooperation (contextual), complot
(literary), conspiration (rare), covin (ob-
solescent; law), synomosy (literally, a
sworn conspiracy; rare), practice (archaic),
machination (literary; contextual); spec.
intrigue (contextual), boycott, collusion,
cabal.
Antonyms: see disagreement, conten-
tion.
conspirator, n. conspiratress (fern.), con-
federate, complotter (rare); spec. coUuder,
Cataline (fig!), caballer, coconspirator,
intrigant (masc; French), intrigante
(fern.; French).
conspiratory, a. collusive, covinous (chief-
ly legal).
conspire, v. i. combine (contextual), con-
federate (rare), concert, plot (contextual),
complot (literary), machinate (literary;
contextual), consult (archaic), practice
(archaic), collogue (dial.); spec, cabal, in-
trigue, coUude, plan (contextual), trinket
(o6s. or rare), cooperate (contextual).
Antonyms: see disagree, contend.
constancy, n. Spec, faith, faithfulness,
endurance, truth, devotion, honor, per-
petuity, continuousness, trustiness, con-
tinuity, uniformity, stabihty, persistence,
permanence, eternity, etc. Cf. constant.
Antonyms: see change, apostact, vac-
illation.
constant, a. 1. steadfast, fast, firm, un-
wavering, continued, stanch, unalterable,
unswerving, abiding, enduring, fixed, set-
tled, unmoved, tenacious, diligent, assid-
uous, sedulous, unshaken, steady, staid
(rare), stable, rocky (rare); spec, persever-
ing, persistent, pertinacious, Sisyphean
(fi^.); see determined.
Antonyms: see changeable, CAPRiciotrs.
2. true, loyal, leal (literary or Scot.), faith-
ful, feal (archaic), tried, devoted, trusty,
trustworthy; see reliable.
Antonyms: see treacherous, incon-
stant, treasonable, unfaithful, un-
reliable.
3. In a sense implying absence of change or
variation: invariable, invariant (rare, exc.
math.), unchanging, fixed, uniform,
steady, stable, in varied (rare), unvaried,
unwavering, undeviating, regular, per-
sistent.
Antonyms: see changeable, vacillat-
ing, CAPRICIOUS, unstable.
4. in a sense implying continuation in
time: continual, continued, persistent,
sustained, enduring; spec, permanent,
abiding, perpetual, eternal, unremitting,
everlasting, regular, endless, momentary
(rare), momently (rare), hourly.
Antonyms: see transient.
5. In a sense implying unbroken continu-
ance: continuous, continual, unbroken,
regular, even, uniform, uninterrupted,
steady, sustained, unremitting, unre-
mitted, unintermitted, incessant, inces-
sable (rare), ceaseless, unceasing, con-
nected, perennial, pauseless, running,
endless.
Antonyms: see intermittent.
constantly, adv. steadfastly, firmly, un-
changingly, uniformly, continually, per-
petually, always, regularly, evenly, etc.
Cf. constant, a.
constipate, v. t. bind (colloq.), confine
(rare), astrict (rare), astringe (rare).
Antonyms: see physic.
constipated,, a. bound (colloq.), costive
(tech.).
Antonyms: see loose.
constipating, a. binding (colloq.), costive
(tech.)
Antonyms: see cathartic.
constituency, n. principal; spec, elec-
torate.
constituent, a. 1. See component.
2. Spec, elective, appointive, electoral.
constituent, n. 1. See component.
2. principal; spec, elector, voter.
constitute, v. i. form, be, make, spell;
spec, aggregate (colloq.), total; — with a
cognate object, as in "fifty-two cards ccm-
stitute a pack."
constitution, n. 1. See appointment, es-
tablishment, structure, texture,
composition.
2. nature (contextual), make-up, make;
spec, temperament, physique; see dispo-
sition.
3. decree (contextual), law, edict; spec.
fundamental law, organic law.
constitutional, a. 1. natural, organic,
hectic (obs.); spec, temperamental, dia/-
thetic.
tW Cross references: see Note.
consort, n.: spouse, mate, ship.
consort, v. i.: associate, agree.
oonsortship: associaiion.
conspectus: outline.
consternation; fear.
constitute, v. t.: appoint, es-
tablish, create, compose, make.
constituted: being.
t^^ See Notes ot Explanation.
90
CONTAMINATION
t. See ESSENTIAl,.
8. In law: organic, politic {rare); see law-
rui,.
oonstraint, n. 1. See compulsion, con-
striction.
2. Referring to a compelling force: pres-
sure, press, force, stress, duress (chiefly
spec.), distress, pinch, cramp (rare).
8. restraint, repression, reserve; see em-
barrassment, STIFFNESS, self-control.
Antonyms: see base, familiarity.
constrict, t>. t. squeeze (contextual), com-
press (contextual), bind, contract, cramp,
astriot (rare), astringe (rare), constringe,
constrain (literary); spec, strangulate,
choke; see confine, narrow.
Antonyms: see free, enlarge, distend,
inflate.
oonstrictlon, n. 1. compression, squeez-
ing, contraction, constraint (literary),
narrowing, astriction (rare), contingency
(rare).
Antonyms: see inflation.
2. contraction, stricture; spec, intake,
neck, choke; spec, narrowing.
constiuot, V. t. 1. In reference to physical
things: make, build, form, frame, confect
(rare), configurate (rare), configure (rare),
compose, join, fabricate; spec, erect,
draw, forge, contour.
Antonyms: see destroy, abate, de-
molish.
2. In reference to ideas, plans, etc.: create
(contextual), build, fabricate, contrive,
weave, frame.
Antonyms: see destroy, abolish.
construction, n. 1. The act: making,
building, formation, fabrication, com-
position; spec, malconstruction, manu-
facture.
2. The thing: form, building, structure,
fabrication, figure (chiefly spec), contriv-
ance, conformation (chiefly spec), con-
figuration (chiefly spec), frame; spec.
formation, drawing, erection.
3. As to immaterial things or qualities:
composition, contexture, structure, con-
formation, configuration; spec, frame-up.
4. See explanation, meaning.
constructive, a. tectonic (literary), con-
stitutive.
consult, V. i. talk (contextual), advise, con-
fer, counsel, commune (obs. or rare), pow-
wow (chiefly U. S.), oolloque (colloq.),
confabulate (rare).
consult, V. 1. 1. advise with, confer with;^
no single-word synonyms.
2. See consider.
consultant, n. conferrer, counselor, ad-
viser, consulter.
consultation, n. talk (contextiuil), con-
ference, counsel, advice (obs.), colloquy,
parley (chiefly spec), pourparler (French),
powwow (spec or chiefly U. S.), palaver
(chiefly spec); spec, indaba, interview.
consultative, a. advisory, consultory
(rare).
consume, v. 1. 1. destroy, eat, canker (fig.);
see WASTE, BURN, decompose, corrode.
Antonyms: see renew.
2. Meaning "to use up": devour, swallow
(fig.; chiefly with "up"); spec, absorb, take,
eat, drink, use (contextitm), wear, kUl, oat-
wear (rare), dissolve; see expend, erode.
Antonyms: see renew.
consumer, n. 1. destroyer.
2. user (contextual), devourer, cormorant
(Jig.), eater, barathrum (flg.).
consuming, a. destroying, cankerous
(fig.); spec, depascent (rare), erodent.
consumption, re. 1. destruction; see burn-
ing, decay, corrosion.
2. Meaning "a using up": use (context-
tioZ), devourment; spec absorption, dis-
solution, eating, drinking; see expendi-
ture, WEAR.
consumptive, n. lunger (slang or coUoq.),
hectic (rare or tech.), pulmonic (rare).
contact, n. 1. touch (contextual), touching,
tangency (tech.), contingence (rare), tac-
tion (rare).
2. In elec: meaning "a touching piece":
spec, contactor, brush, terminal.
container, n. Spec, wrapper, package,
bottle, box, bag, case, cask, empty, bar-
rel, cash, etc.; see receptacle.
contaminate, v. t. 1. corrupt (contextual),
infect, taint, attaint (rare), pollute, soil,
inquinate (rare), defile, sully, foul, befoul
(intensive), file (dial, or obs.), vitiate,
poison, empoison (intensive; literary), en-
venom (intensive; literary) ; spec, debauch,
degrade, deprave, stain, dirty.
Antonyms: see purify, elevate.
2. See FOUL, vitiate.
contaminated, a. corrupt, corrupted, pol-
luted, pollute (rare), maculate or macu-
lated (rare), cankered (literary), etc.
contamination, n. 1. The act: corruption
attaint (rare), tainture (rare), infection
(S^ Cross references: see Note.
oonatitutlTe: component, crea'
tive. [strict.
constrain: compel, confine, re-
oonstralned: stiff, forced.
constraining: compulsory.
oonstringe: constrict.
construe, v. t: explain, trans-
late, understand, interpret.
construe, n.; translation.
consuetude: custom, kabit.
consul: magistrate, diplomatic
agent,
consummate, a.: absolute, per-
fect, accomplished, completed,
burning.
consummate, v. t: complete,
perfect, accomplish.
oonsumzuation: completion,
perfection, end, accomplish-
ment, death, height.
contagious: catching, infectious.
contain: include, hold, restrain
{oneself) .
t^^ See Notes of Explanation.
91
CONTAMINATIVE
maculation (rare), defilement, tainting,
stain, soil, (rare), filing (dial, or o6s.),
sullying, pollution, inquination (rare),
vitiation, fouling; spec, debauchment,
degradation, depravation, stain.
2. That which corrupts: corruption, taint,
stain, infection, pollution, poison, foul-
ness, impurity; spec, depravity, filth, ob-
scurity, filthmess, immorality, abomina-
tion.
3. Spec, fouling, vitiation, infection.
contaminative, a. corruptive, tainting,
infectious (rare), poisonous, depraving,
defiling, polluting, mfective, etc.
Antonyms: see elevating.
contemn, v. t. 1. Referring to the mental at-
titude: see DESPISE, ABHOB.
2. scorn, flout; see ridicule. This sense
refers to the act, which may not agree with
the inward or mental attitude.
Antonyms: see honor.
contemporaneous, a. coexistent (eon-
textual), contemporary, monochronous
(rare); spec, coetaneous (rare), coeval,
concomitant, coinstantaneous, coinci-
dent, simultaneous, coterminous, syn-
chronous, collateral, synchronical (rare),
synchronal; see coexistent.
contemporaneousness, n. coexistence
(contextual), contemporariness, etc.
contempt, n. 1. disdain, scorn, despisal,
contumely (literary), despite (archaic),
disesteem (rare)/ misprison (literary), mis-
prise (rare), misprisal (rare); spec, pity
(fig.), superciliousness, despite (literary).
Antonyms: see respect, awe, polite-
ness.
2. See discredit.
contemptible, a. despicable, mean, un-
venerable (rare), base, vile, low, abject,
pitiful, pitiable, sorry, wretched, igno-
minious, caitiff (literary), scald (archaic),
scurvy, dirty (vulgar or very contemptu-
ous); see PALTRY.
Antonyms: see admirable, estimable,
PRAISEWORTHY.
contemptuous, a. disdainful, ludibrious
(rare), scornful, contumelious (literary),
despiteful (archaic), pitying (Jig.), super-
cilious, insolent, sneering, cynic, cavalier
(kamed), cavalierly (rare).
Antonyms: see respectpuIi, polite.
contend, v. i. t. contest (rare), engage,
fight (fig.), battle (fig. or spec), struggle,
strive, conflict (rare); spec, fight, buffet,
tussle, combat, vie, rival, cope, wrestle
(cant), war, spar, scramble, jostle (fi^.),
tut; see fight, quarrel, dispute.
Antonyms: see agree, conspire, co-
operate.
2. compete, contest (rare)/ rival (archaic),
strive, vie, struggle, rivahze (rare).
contention, n. 1. Referring to the action:
contest, fight (fig. or spec), coUuctation
(rare), conflict; spec, combat, strife, strug-
gle, wrestUng (cant), scramble; see fight,
dispute, quarrel, litigation.
Antonyms: see agreement, conspiracy,
cooperation.
2. See competition.
contentious, a. strifeful (rare), gladia-
torial (fig.), litigious (rare, exc spec);
spec, stormy; see quarrelsome, dispu-
tatious, COMBATIVE.
contents, n. pi. content (ohs.), lining (fig.);
spec furniture (rare), fiUing, subject-
matter.
contest, n. 1. contention, struggle, en-
gagement, encounter, strife, combat (Jig.
or spec), fight (fi^. or spec), battle (Jig. or
spec), concurrence (a Gallicism), ren-
counter (literary); spec, bout, scrap (coU
log. or slang), tussle (colloq.), tilt (often
Jig.), set-to (slang), brush, skirmish,
scrimmage (colloq.), scrummage (rare;
colloq.), bully, tenson (French), duel,
pool, grapple, match, pentathlon, dec-
athlon, draw, rubber, passage, rough-
and-tumble (colloq.), scuffle, tournament,
handicap, wrestle; see fight.
Antonyms: see cooperation.
2. See contention, competition.
contestant, n. contender; spec rival,
tilter, juster; see fighter, disputant.
contingency, n. 1. possibility, chance.
2. See condition.
contingent, a. 1. possible.
2. See conditional.
continuance, n. 1. continuation, dura-
tion, abidance (rare), currency, course,
lasting, persistence, endurance, perdura-
tion (rare), last (rare), run, stay, during
(rare); spec, pendency, standing.
Antonyms: see stop, stoppage.
2. persistence, persistency, perseverance,
continuation (rare).
t^f' Cross references; see Note.
oontemplate, v. t: consider,
intend, respect, see.
oontemplation: considera-
tion, intention, sight.
contemplative: thoughtful,
meditative. [neous.
contemporary: contempora-
contender: contestant, fighter,
disputant.
content, n.: contents, meaning,
capacity, substance.
content, a.; satisfied, happy.
content, n.: satisfaction, hap-
piness.
content, v. L: satisfy, gladden,
pacify.
contentment: satisfaction,
happiness.
contest, V. i.: contend.
context: text.
contexture: texture.
contiguity: adjacency, expan-
sion.
contiguous: adjacent.
continence: self-control.
continent, a.: self-controlled.
continent, n.; receptacle, main-
land.
continual: constant.
\W See Notes o( Explanation.
92
CONTRAST
S. See CONTrNtTATION, PEOLONQATION,
EXTENSION, STAT.
continuation, n. 1. continuance, mainte-
nance, sustenance, support; spec, pur-
suance, perpetuation; see renewal, ex-
tension, PROLONGATION.
Antonyms: see change, stoppage.
2. Spec, supplement, sequel.
8. See CONTINUANCE.
continue, v. i. 1. See extend.
2. be {contextual), last, endure, persist,
remain, subsist, abide, stand, run, rest,
gerdure {rare), dure {archaic), stay; spec.
old, drag {esp. mth "on," "along," etc.),
linger {esp. with "on"), stick {coUoq.),
dwell, keep, live, perennate {rare).
Antonyms: see change, stop.
8. persevere, persist, proceed, pursue,
insist {archaic), carry on {chiefly Eng.),
keep {chiefly spec); spec, flow, plug
{colloq. or slang).
Antonyms: see stop, hesitate, desist,
vacillate.
continue, v. t. 1. See extend, prolong,
keep, maintain, sustain.
2. Spec, perpetuate, spin, perennate
{rare); see renew.
Antonyms: see alter.
8. pursue, carry, run.
Antonyms: see abandon, intermit, stop.
continued, a. 1. sustained, protracted,
continuous, prolonged; spec, sostenuto
{Italian).
2. See constant.
continuing, a. enduring, durable, during
{rare), lasting, persevering, persistent;
spec, chronic.
continuity, 1. See constancy.
2. Spec, continuum, contiguity, unbro-
kenness.
continuous, a. 1. See constant.
2. unbroken.
contort, V. t. twist, writhe, wreathe; see
distort.
contraband, a, forbidden.
Antonyms: see innocent.
contract, v. i. 1. agree {contextual), bar-
gain, covenant {spec, or rhetorical), stip-
ulate, engage.
2. shrink, shrivel {spec, or fl^.); spec.
pucker, pinch; see narrow.
Antonyms: see swell, dilate.
3. See diminish.
contract, v. t. 1. stipulate, bargain, prom-
ise, covenant {spec, or rhetorical); spec.
undertake, indenture; see betroth.
2. See incur, effect, make, catch,
FORM.
8. reduce, diminish, shorten; spec, syn-
copate, shrink, pucker, pinch; see con-
strict, NARROW, diminish, ABBREVIATE,
abridge.
Antonyms: see stretch, bloat, en-
large, distend, inflate.
contract, n. agreement {contextual), prom-
ise {contextual), bargain, pact {chiefly
spec), cheap {archaic), covenant, stipula-
tion {chiefly spec), convention {chiefly
international law), obligement {dvU law);
spec, undertaking, condition, suretyship,
lease, bond, barter, exchange, coup or
cowp {Scot.), option, debenture, inden-
ture, cowie {Anglo-Indian), trade (17. S.);
see betrothal.
contracted, a. shrunken, diminished;
spec, shriveled, puckered, pinched, con-
stricted, corky, clung, cramp.
contraction, n. 1. agreement, stipulation
{chiefly spec), bargaining, covenanting;
spec, undertaking.
2. shrink, shrinking, shrinkage, shrivel-
ing {spec or fi^.), reduction, diminution,
abbreviation, abridgment; spec, pucker,
cramp, pinching, syncope, syncopation,
systole, narrovring; see constriction.
Antonyms: see dilation.
8. See shrink, abridgment.
contractor, n. undertaker {chiefly spec),
bargainer or bargainor, covenanter or
covenantor {spec or rhet.), stipulation
{chiefly spec); spec sweater, padrone
{Italian), lumper.
contradict, v. t. 1. gainsay {literary or
formal), contravene {rare), deny, belie,
counter, controvert, dispute, negative,
traverse {chiefly law), denegate {rare),
disallow {rare); spec coimterargue {rare),
contrapose {logic).
Antonyms: see acknowledge.
2. See oppose.
contradiction, n. 1. gainsay {rare), coun-
tering, gainsaying {literary or formal), de-
nial, controversion, dispute, negation,
traverse {law), denegation {rare), disal-
lowance {rare); spec, contraposition,
antinomy.
2. See opposition, inconsistency.
contradictory, a. contradictive, negatory,
contrary.
Antonyms: see agreeable.
contrast, v. t. compare, oppose, antithe-
size {rare).
contrast, n. comparison {contextual), dif-
ference, opposition, antithesis; spec, foil;
see OPPOSITE.
Antonyms: see analogue, analogy.
J^^ Cross references: see Note.
continuous: continued, constant.
continuum: continuity.
contortionist: ffymnast.
contour: outline.
contrapose, V. ^.' confront.
oontrarious: perverse, opposing.
contrary, a.: opposite, oppos-
ing, coTiiradictory, perverse, in-
consistent, unfavorable.
contrary, n.: reverse.
contrast, v. t,: compare.
See Notes of Explanation.
93
CONTRASTING
contrasting, a. different, contrastive, an-
tithetic, oontrasty {colloq.), contrastful.
Antonyms: see analogous.
contravene, v. t. oppose, thwart, counter;
see VIOLATE, DEFEAT.
contribute, v. t. 1. give {contextual); spec.
subscribe.
8. help, aid, assist, subserve (rare), ad-
minister (literary), minister (literary),
conduce, go (an idiomatic use).
contribute, v. i. tend, conduce, serve, re-
dound, go; spec, minister.
contributing, a. Spec, contributory, ac-
cessory.
contribution, n. 1. gift (contextual); spec.
subscription; see stjesidt.
2. conducement (rare), help, subservience
(rare), administration (literary), minis-
tration (literary).
Antonyms: see hindrance, preven-
tion.
3. help, aid, assistance; spec, instru-
mentality.
Antonyms: see hindrance.
4. tax, tribute, scot, gavel (o6s. or hist.);
spec, quarterage.
6. See ARTICLE.
contributor, n. t. giver (contextual); spec.
subscriber.
2. author (cordextiujl); spec, correspond-
ent, editor.
3. conducer, helper, aider, ministrant
(literary).
contributory, a. contributing, helpful,
conducive, contributary (rare), contribu-
tive, subservient, serviceable, instru-
mental, dispositive (literary), ministrant
(literary); see accessory.
Antonyms: see hindering, preventive.
contrivance, n. See devising, invention,
artifice, plan, formation, constrtto-
tion, ingeniousness.
2. thing (contextual), device, contraption
(colloq.), fangle (rare), fanglement (rare),
fake (slang), fakement (slang), jiggumbob
(colloq.; humorous); spec, invention, con-
struction, machine, gimcrack (colloq.),
whigmaleerie (Scot.).
contrive, v. t. 1. See devise, construct,
invent, plan.
2. effect, manage, do (contextual); see
accomplish.
contrive, v. i. plan, plot, shift; spec, con-
spire.
control, V. t. command, dominate, sway,
govern, rule, regulate, order, rein (fig.),
predominate (rare); spec, ride, direct,
carry, hold, grip, gripe, obsess, caucus
(Eng.), officer, prevail, master, prepon-
derate; see restrain, rule, direct,
MANAGE.
control, V. i. prevail, reign.
control, n. 1. controlment (archaic), com-
mand, mastery, mastership, domination,
power, dominion, paramountcy (literary
or spec), regulation, regiment (rare), dis-
position, disposal, reign (jig.), governance
(archaic), government (chiefly spec), reins
(pi.; fl^.), sovereignty, prepotence or pre-
potency (rare), predomination (rare),
curb, restraint, predominance (rare),
prevalence (rare), prepollence or pre-
pollenoy (rare), preponderance, prepon-
derancy, preponderation (rare); _ spec
empire, clutches (pi.; fi^.), hand, jussion
(rare), grip, gripe; see rule, ascendancy,
restraint, direction, MANAGEMENT,
COMMAND (the faculty), self-control.
Antonyms: see uncontrol.
2. See DOMAIN.
controller, n. 1. control (rare), dominator,
rector (rare), swayer, governor, ruler,
manager, regulator; spec, commander,
arbitrator, master, mistress, disposer, di-
rector, boss (chiefly spec; cant or slang),
regent (rare); see ruler.
2. See accountant, comptroller.
controlling, a. commanding, governing,
predominant, uppermost, sovereign, mas-
ter, prepollent (rare), prepotent (learned),
paramount, dominant, dominative, as-
cendant, preeminent, preponderant, reg-
nant (spec or fi{i.), regent (rare), gu-
bernative (rare or learned), regulative,
governmental; spec, hegemonic (rare),
prevalent; see ruling.
controversial, a. 1. disputatious, eristic
(literary), polemic or polemical (learned
or tech^; see forensic.
2. See questionable, complaisant.
controversialist, n. disputant, disputer,
polemic (learned or tech.), arguer, eristic
(literary;, rare), polemist (rare), polemicist
(rare).
convaElesce, v. i. recover (contextual), re-
cuperate (contextual).
convene, v. i. gather, assemble, collect,
congregate (rare), muster (chiefly spec);
spec, reconvene; see meet.
Antonyms: see separate, scatter,
stray.
convene, v. t. gather, assemble, collect.
[^=" Cross references: see Note.
controvertible : questionable.
contumely: abvse, impudence.
contretemps: misfortune.
contumacious: disobedient.
contempt.
contrite: regretful.
obstinate.
contuse: bruise.
contrition: regret.
contumacy: disohediencey 6b'
contusion: bruise.
controversy, n..* dispute, quar-
stinacy.
conundrum: riddle, question.
rel.
contumelious: abusive^ iirtr
convalesce; recover.
controvert: dispute, contradict.
pudent, contemptuous.
convection: transfer.
K^^ See Notes of Explanation.
94
CONVICT
muster {chiefly spec.); spec, reconvene;
see CONVOKE.
Antonyms: see sbpakatb, scatter, dis-
solve.
convenience, n. 1. Spec, adaptability,
accessibility, handiness, availability, ser-
viceableness; see instrument.
2. advantage, commodity (archaic), ac-
commodation; spec, easement, ease, com-
modiousness (archaic), comfort.
Antonyms: see inconvenience.
convenient, a. 1. See adaptable, acces-
sible, AVAILABLE, SERVICEABLE.
2. advantageous, commodious (archaic),
comfortable, easy.
Antonyms: see inconvenient.
convent, n. association (contextual), clois-
ter (ctej?y literary or tech.), monastery
(chiefly spec), convent (chiefly spec),
cenoby (rare); spec, abbey, priory, nun-
nery, fratry (obs. or hist.), math (Hindu),
friary, friars (pi.), commandery.
convention, n. 1. assembly, gathering,
congregation, congress (chiefly spec); see
meeting, assembly.
Antonyms: see scattering.
2. See convocation, gathering, agree-
ment, contract, custom, convention-
ality, rule.
S. custom, usage, formality, convention-
alism, conventionality (chiefly spec), con-
venance (French); see formality; — used
with "a" or in the pi.
conventional, a. customary, agreed, stip-
ulated, accepted, cut-and-dried (colloq^,
artificial, right, orthodox (chiefly spec),
correct, positive, approved; spec, stifi,
contractual, academic; see formal.
Antonyms: see unconventional, home-
like.
conventionality, n. 1. conventionalism,
convention. Tightness, correctness, ortho-
doxy (chiefly spec), positiveness; spec
stiffness; see formality.
2. See convention, custom.
converge, V. t.&i. Spec, center (contextual) .
Antonyms: see scatter.
conversation^ n. discourse (literary or
dial.), confabulation (literary or stilted),
talk, converse (learned), speech, confab
(colloq.), colloquy (esp. spec), tell (dial.),
collocution (rare), interlocution (rare);
spec palaver, chat, chatter, chit-chat,
gossiping, gossipry, indignation (rare),
parley, comerence, interlocutory, coze
(rare), word (mth "a"), episode; see
dialogue.
conversational, a. confabulatory (literary
or stilted), confabular (rare), colloquial
(chiefly spec), interlocutory (rare); spec.
chatty, dialogic, cosy (Eng.).
conversationalist, n. conversationist (less
common than "conversationalist"), talker,
converser, confabulator (rare); spec.
dialogist.
converse, v. i. 1. deal (rare or archaic, exc
spec), commerce (obsolescent), commune
(archaic or spec), common (obs.), inter-
course (rare), traffic; spec, associate.
"Converse" is now chiefly spec; but is
broader than "commune."
2. speak, discourse (literary or dial.), con-
fabulate (literary or stilted), talk, confab
(colloq.), collogue (colloq. or humorous),
coUoque (rare); spec, chat, gossip, confer,
coze (literary; rare), dialogue, dialogize
(rare), parley.
converser, n. 1. confabulator (rare); spec.
interlocutor, dialogist, interlocutress
(Jem.), interlocutrix [fern.).
2. See CONVERSATIONALIST.
conversion, n. 1. change (contextual), re-
duction, resolution; see transformation.
2. regeneration; spec, proselytization,
proselyting, Protestantization.
3. appropriation (contextual); spec, em-
bezzlement; see THEFT.
4. See EXCHANGE.
convert, v. t. I. change, turn, regenerate;
spec, disciple (rare or archaic), proselyte,
proselytize, Protestantize
2. change, resolve, reduce, turn; see
TRANSFORM
Antonyms: see fix.
3. appropriate (contextual); see steal,
EMBEZZLE.
convert, n. neophyte (chiefly spec), con-
vertite (archaic; often spec); spec, vert
(colloq.), catechumen, marrano (hist.),
proselyte, proselytess (Jem.; rare).
convertible, a. conversible (rare), ex-
changeable; spec, interchangeable, liq-
uid, equivalent.
Antonyms: see fixed.
convex, a. protuberant, swelling; spec.
embowed (literary), gibbous or gibbose,
hog-backed.
Antonyms: see hollow.
convict, a. condemned; — not a good syrv-
onym.
convict, V. t. 1. condemn (nat a good syn-
onym), convince (archaic).
Antonyms: see absolve, acquit.
2. convince (of sin, etc.; rare).
fW Cross references: see Note.
oonTenlenoe: oblige.
Gonventlole: meeting, church.
oonventual; ecclesiastic, monk,
nun.
conversable: sociable.
oonversant: aware.
oonverse, n.: iniercourse, con^
versation.
converse, a. dk n.: opposite.
convey; transport, transfer,
transmit, communicate, carry.
conveyance: transportation,
transfer, transmission, commu-
nication, vehicle.
t^° See Notes of Explanation.
95
CONVICT
convict, n. criminal (contextual); spec.
felon, expiree, emancipist {Australia),
bushranger, Derwenter (Australia), lag-
ger (cant), termer (cant), trusty (cant),
lifer (cant).
coiiviction, n. i. condemnation; — not a
good synonym.
Antonyms: see acquittal.
2. Referring to the act of convincing: con-
vincement, convictment (rare), satisfac-
tion (rare).
3. Referring to the state or belief: belief
(contextual), convincement (rare), con-
victment (rare), satisfactioii (rare), per-
suasion; spec, possession, obsession.
Antonyms: see changeableness, ca-
price, CAPRICIOUSNESS, TTNCEBTAINTT.
convince, v. t. assure (contextual), sat-
isfy, persuade; spec, possess, obsess.
convincing, a. satisfactory, satisfying,
conclusive, persuasive (now archaic or
rare); see cogent.
Antonyms: see unconvincing.
convivial, o. sociable (contextual), com-
panionable (contextual), festive, gay,
jolly, jovial, good (contextual).
Antonyms: see apathetic, ascetic.
convocation, n. 1. gathering, assembling,
convention, call (contextual), calling (used
esp. with "together"), summons.
2. See ASSEMBLY.
convoke, v. t. convene, assemble, summon,
call (esp. with "together"), convocate (ar-
chaic); spec, resummon, reconvene.
Antonyms: see dissolve.
convolution, n. twist, volume or volute
(literary or technical); see coil, curl.
cook, V. t. 1. prepare (contextual), do
(chiefly in the p. p.); spec, overdo, boil, fry,
bake, roast, braise, barbecue, buccan, grid-
dle, pan, jug, coddle, devil, frizzle, steam;
see ROAST, BROIL, BTEVr, PARBOIL, FRY.
2. See DEVISE, FALSIFY, FAKE, RUIN.
cook, n. 1. cooky (colloq.), doctor (chiefly
naut.; slang or cant); spec, magirologist
(rare), magirist (rare).
2. Spec, boil, fry, fricassee, broil, etc.
cookery, n. cuisine (tech. or learned); spec.
magirology (rare), magiric (rare), gas-
trology.
cooking, n. preparation (contextual), coc-
tion (literary or affected).
cookroom, n. Spec, (naut.) cab, galley,
caboose; see kitchen.
cookshop, n. trattoria (Italian).
cool, V. t. 1. chill, colden (rare), refrigerate
(chiefly spec), frigorify (rare), infrigidate
(rare); spec, ice, freeze, quench, defer-
vesce.
Antonyms: see heat, warm.
2. calm; spec, freeze, quench, ice (fig.);
spec, disfever (rare). "Cool" is chiefly
used with "off" or "down."
3. See DEPRESS.
cool, V. i. 1. refrigerate, colden (rare); spec.
shiver, freeze, defervesce (rare).
cooling, a. refrigerative, refrigerating, re-
frigeratory, refrigerant, frigorific (chiefly
tech.); spec, freezing, defervescent (rare).
Antonyms: see heating.
cooperate, v. i. combine, concur, concert,
CO work (rare), coact (rare); spec, collab-
orate, colleague (rare), conspire, concur;
see connive.
Antonyms: see contend.
cooperation, n. combination, concurrence
(contextvM) , concert, concourse (rare), co-
working (rare), coaction (rare), synergy
(rare); spec, collaboration, conspiracy; see
connivance, aid.
Antonyms: see competition, conten-
tion, CONTEST.
cooperative, o. cooperant (rare), coactive
(rare), concurrent; spec, coefficient, sj'na^
delphic (rare), conspiratory; see helpful,
CONNIVENT.
coordinate, a. equal, coequal, collateral
(rare or spec).
coordinative, a. 1. Spec equalizing, para-
tactic, organizing.
copper, a. cupreous (rare), cuprous (chiefly
tech.); spec, cupric.
copper-colored, a. cupreous (tech. or
learned).
coppice, a. underwood, copse, hay (dial.
Eng.).
copulate, V. i. unite (contextujil) , couple
(chiefly spec). "Copulate" is chiefly used
in zoology.
copy, n. 1. reproduction, representation;
spec, transcript, counterscript, duplicate,
counterpart, facsimile, transfer, offprint,
rewriting, electrotype, ectype, replica,
reflex.
Antonyms: see original.
2. See imitation, pattern.
3. matter; spec flimsy (slang), manu-
script, typescript or typescript.
fW Cross references: see Note.
oonTinoement : conviction.
oonvocate: convoke.
convolute: curled.
convoy, v, t.: accompany,
convoy, n.: accomvo.niment.escorl.
oonvulse; agitate, shake.
convulsion, n.: agitation,
spasm, fit, catastrophe.
convulsive: spasmodic.
coo, V. i.: cry, woo.
coo, n.: cry.
cool, a.: cold, chilly, calm, delih-
erale, composed, indifferent, un-
emotional, bold, impudent, un-
exaggerated, self-controlled.
coolish: cold.
coolness: cold, assurance, self-
control, boldness, deliberation.
coop : pen.
coordinate: equalize, adapt,
organize.
copartner: associate, partner.
cope, V. i.: contend.
cope, n.: vault.
copious: adequate, abundant,
diffuse, prolix.
(9° See Notes ol Explanation.
96
CORRESPOND
copy, V. t. 1. reproduce; spec, transcribe,
take, duplicate, electrotype, rewrite,
transfer, trace, pounce, offprint, etch,
engross, rewrite; see manifold.
Antonyms: see originate.
8. adopt, borrow, foUow; spec, echo (Jig.);
see IMITATE, RESEMBLE.
copjrlst, n. 1. reproducer (rare); spec.
transcriber, writer, scrivener, duplicator,
typist (chiefly cant), typewriter (now
being replaced by "typist").
2. See IMITATOR.
cord, n. Spec, braid, funicle, cordon, gimp
or guimp, twist; see string, hope, band,
BOND, RIB, BOWSTRING.
cordage, n. cording; spec, roping, rope-
work, tackle, service, sennit, sinnet.
cordial, a. 1. See stimulating.
2. sincere, hearty, heartfelt, heartwhole,
heartful (rare), warmth, ardent, vigorous,
earnest.
Antonyms: see distant.
8. See friendly.
cordiality, n. good will, sincerity, heart-
iness, heartfumess (rare), empressment
(French), warmth, ardency, vigor, depth,
earnestness.
Antonyms: see distance.
cordlike, a. restiform (tech. or learned).
core, n. 1. carpel (tech.).
2. center, interior, inside; spec, draw-
back, mandrel, mandril.
8. See PITH, substance.
corky, a. suberic, subereous (rare), su-
berose; — all three tech. or learned.
corner, n. 1. Spec, angle, predicament.
2. angle, coign (chiefly in "coign of
vantage"), coin (obs. or archaic), quoin
(chiefly spec), cantle (chiefly spec.), nook
(chiefly spec); spec, horn, crook, dog's-
ear, shot, clew.
corner stone, coin or (usually) quoin
(both obsolescent), headstone (archaic).
cornerwise, adv. diagonally, cater (dial.);
spec, bendwise.
coronet, n. 1. crown; spec, tiara.
2. See WREATH.
8. cushion (o/o Worse's /ooi).
corporal, n. pall (archaic), mortcloth
(Scot.).
corporation, n. 1. association, company.
incorporation, society; spec, city, bor-
ough.
2. Referring to the abdomen: potbelly
(vulgar); see abdomen.
corpselike, a. cadaverous (lit. or tech.),
deathlike; spec, ghastly.
corpulent, a. fat, big-belUed (now chiefly
vulgar), belUed (vulgar).
correct, a. 1. right, rightful (rare), regular,
true, perfect, strict; spec, faultless,
straight (fig.), pure, grammatical; see
LOGICAL, ACCURATE, PROPER, TRUE, EX-
ACT, CONVENTIONAL.
Antonyms: see incorrect, illogical,
INACCURATE, IMPROPER, UNTRUE, IN-
EXACT, unconventional, untimely.
2. Referring to artistic style, taste, etc.:
pure, Attic; spec, classical, academical,
faultless, neat.
correct, v. t. 1. rectify, right, repair, rem-
edy, righten (rare), amend, mend, emend
(rare); spec, emendate, castigate (a text),
reform; see redress.
Antonyms: see falsify.
2. See PUNISH, REPROVE, counteract.
correction, n. rectification, repair, rem-
edy, amend, reparation, etc.
correotiye, a. 1. correctory (rare), correc-
tional, amendatory (rare), rectincatory;
spec, emendatory, reformative.
2. See PUNITIVE.
8. counteractive, neutralizing.
correctness, n. 1. rightness^ right, truth,
strictness, trueness, perfection, rectitude;
spec, accuracy, propriety, logicality, ex-
actness, conventionality, faultlessness,
grammaticalness.
2. As to artistic taste, style, etc.: purity,
pureness, purism (rare, exc as concrete);
spec, faultlessness, sumpsimus (literary).
correlate, n. correlative; spec, reciprocal,
complement, counterpart, correspondent.
correspond, v. i. 1. agree, concur (used
with "with"), conform (used esp. with
"to"), answer (used with "to"), smt (used
with "vjith"), square (used with "to"),
quadrate (rare), tally (used with "with"),
respond (rare), match (used unth "with");
spec, harmonize, homologiz'e (chiefly
tech.), correlate; see reciprocate.
Antonyms: see disagree.
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
coquet, n.: fiirt.
coquetry: jlirtation.
coquette: fiirt
ooquettlsh: fliriaiioua.
oord, D. t.: string.
cordial, n.: stimulant, liqueur.
cordon: line, guard.
cork, n.; bark, float, stopper.
cork, V. t.: stopple, blacken.
corker: settler.
corn, n.: grain.
com, 9, ^; granulate, feed.
corneous: horny.
corner, v. t.: perplex, monopo-
lize.
cornered: angular.
corollary: inference, result.
corona: circle, crown, chandelier.
coronal: crown.
coronary : crown.
coronate: crown.
coronet, v. t.: crown.
corporal: bodily.
corporate: united, material.
corporeal: bodily, material.
corps: body.
corpse: body.
corpus: body.
corpuscle: particle, cell.
correctional: corrective.
corpuscule: particle.
correlate, v. t.: relate.
correlate, v. i.: correspond,
reciprocate.
correlation: relation, analogy,
reciprocation.
correlative: related, reciprocal,
analogous.
|^° See Notes of Explanation.
97
CORRESPONDENCE
2. communicate (contextiuil), write {col-
loq.).
correspondence, n. 1. agreement, con-
formity, conformableness, accord, re-
spondence (rare), respondency (rare),
tally, concurrence; spec, correlation, pro-
portion, equivalence, parallelism, homol-
ogy (chiefly tech.), uniformity; see con-
SISTENCT, RECIPROCITY.
2. communication (contein«iQ, intercourse
(contextual), communion (rare), rapport
(French).
a. Collectively: letters (pi.), writing, writ-
ings (pi).
correspondent, a. agreeable, responsive
(rare), conformable, conform (obsolescent),
concurrent, corresponsive (rare), corre-
sponding; spec, uniform, proportional, rat-
able, correlative, complemental, relative,
equivalent, homologous (chiefly tech.); see
CONSISTENT, RECIPROCAL, ANALOGOUS.
Antonyms: see incongruous, absurd,
INOONSISTENT.
correspondent, n. 1. Spec, correlate,
homologue (chiefly tech.).
2. communicator (contextual; rare),
writer.
3. See CONTRIBUTOR.
corrigible, a. amendable, rectifiable; spec.
emendable.
corrode, v. t. consume, gnaw, bite, canker
(rare), rust, cancer.
(fi^.),ea,t (esp.ioith "away"); spec, etch
corrosion, n. consumption, gnawing; spec.
etching, rust.
corrosive, a. 1. corroding, consimiing,
gnawing, eating, mordant; spec, caustic,
cankerous, burning.
Antonyms: see bland.
2. See acrid, acrimonious.
corrugate, v. t. furrow, wrinkle; spec.
pucker.
Antonyms: smooth.
corrugated, a. wrinkled, furrowed.
corrupt, a. 1. See decomposed, adul-
terated.
2. corrupted, wicked, demoralized, im-
moral, impure, dissolute, depraved, vi-
cious, rotten (vulgar or strongly denuncia-
tive), putrid (a very strong term), rantipole
(rare), Neronian (jig.); see graceless, de-
bauched, contaminated, abandoned, li-
centious, dissipated, dishonest, sin-
ful.
Antonyms: see uncorrupted, inno-
cent, pure, sinless, chaste.
corrupt, V. t. demoralize, vitiate, deprave,
deffle, canker, degrade, debase, debauch;
see bribe, contaminate, pervert.
Antonyms: see puript, reform.
corruption, n. 1. The ad: demoralization,
vitiation, depravation, debauchery, deg-
radation.
2. The state or quality: wickedness, con-
tamination, perversion, defilement, poison
(fig.), immoraUty, impurity, corruptness,
rust (fi^.), demoraUzation, vice, vitiation,
depravity, depravation (rare), depraved-
ness (rare), depravement (rare), vicious-
ness, filth, vitiosity, rottenness, putridity,
jjutref action (rare), debauchery, degrada^
tion; see contamination, dishonesty,
DISSIPATION, BRIBERY.
Antonyms: see purity.
corruptive, a. demoralizing, depravatory,
vitiatory (fare), perversive, debauching,
degrading; spec, contaminative.
Antonyms: see purificatory, reforma-
tive.
corset, n. bodice (obs.), stays (pi.).
cortical, a. corticate, corticose; — all tech.
corybant, n. devotee (contextual), priest
(contextual), orgiast.
cosmetic, n. Spec, powder, paint, paste,
rouge, cream, make-up (a collective; theat-
rical cant), whitewash.
cosmic, a. 1. universal; spec, pancosmic
(rare), extraterrestrial (rare).
2. (See VAST, grand.
cost, n. I. charge (obsolescent), price.
2. See expense, expenditure, loss.
cost, V. t. require; — only approximate; there
are no dose synonyms.
costly, a. 1. expensive, high-priced, high,
chargeful (obs.), dear, precious (very
costly); spec, valuable. Orient, Oriental,
noble, golden (fig.), overcostly, overdear,
dispenmous (rare).
Antonyms: see cheap.
2. Pyrrhic (fig.; esp. in "Pyrrhic victory").
8. Spec, rich, sumptuous, gorgeous.
costume, n. clothing, clothes (pJ.), dress,
garb, outfit (colloq.), guise, rig (colloq.),
rigout (colloq.); spec, bloomers (pi; fig.),
uniform.
costumer, n. clothier, outfitter (chiefly
cant); spec, haberdasher.
cot, n. 1. See cottage, shed.
^=" Cross references: see Note.
Gorrespondlng: correspondent,
analogous, reciprocal.
corridor: gallery, hall.
corroborate: confirm.
corrupt, V. i.r decompose.
corrupted: corrupt, contami-
nated.
corruptness: corruptiort.
corsage: waist.
corsair: pirate.
corse: body.
cortSge: retinue.
coruscate: flash.
corvine: crowlike.
oorybantlc: orgiastic.
oorypbee: dancer.
cosmogony: creation,
cosmopolitan: viorZd-witfe.
cosset: cherish, foster, indulge.
costate: ribbed.
costive: constipated.
costless: free.
costume, v. t.: clothe.
cosy: sheltering, comfortable,
sheltered; — a variant of cozy.
cot: bed.
cote: shed.
coterie: set.
cotburnus: buskin.
tW See Notes of Explanation.
98
COUNTRYMAN
2. cover, sheath, stall; spec, fingerstall,
thumbstall.
cottage, n. house, room (poetic or archaic);
spec, bower, chalet, casino, lodge, cot
{poetic or literary).
cottager, n. cotter, cottar, cottier.
couch, n. 1. See bed, litter.
2. Spec, lounge, dormouse, settee, divan,
pulvma {French), chaise-longue (French),
pouf (French), vis-i-vis (French), daven-
port; see SOFA.
couch, V. 1. 1. lower (as a spear; contextiud);
spec, level.
2. See LOWEB, REST, EMBROIDER, EX-
PRESS.
cough, V. i. & t. Spec, expectorate
(tech. or learned), hem, hack.
cough, n. tussis (med.); spec, hem, hack,
expectoration (learned or tech.).
cough, a. Tech.: bechic, tussal, tussiciilar,
tussive. "Cough" is the noun used at-
tributively.
council, n. assembly (contextual); spec.
congregation, senate, synod, junta (Span^
ish and Italian), divan (Oriental), cabmet,
duma, ministry, diet, convocation, hust-
ing (hist.), decurion (Roman or Italian
hist.), rada, soviet.
councilor, n. Spec, senator, minister,
decurion (Roman and Italian hist.), elder,
Nestor (fig.).
count, n. nobleman; spec, earl (finjf.), land-
grave, graf (Ger.), palatine,palgrave(Aisi.).
count, V. t. 1. compute (contextual), enu-
merate, tell (chiefly spec), score (Jig. or
spec), notch (spec, or fig.).
2. See NAME, iNCnn)E, make, attri-
BtlTE, CONSIDER.
count, V. i. t. compute, number; spec.
muster.
2. See RELT, tell, matter.
counter, n. 1. computer.
2. Spec, chip, dib, fish, dump, lot.
counter, n. table (rare or contextual),
board (rare); spec. bar.
counteract, v. t. destroy (contextual), op-
pose; spec, nullify, cancel, neutralize, cor-
rect, frustrate, hinder, impede; see coun-
terpoise.
counterbalance, v. t. compensate (con^
textual), balance, equate.
countercharge, v. i. & t. answer, recrimi-
nate.
counterclaim, n. set-oS; spec, recoup-
ment.
counterfeit, a. false, sham, flash (cant);
spec, forged, make-believe; see pre-
tended, artificial.
counterfeit, v. t. 1. imitate, forge; spec.
personate, copy, fake; see pretend, act.
2. See RESEMBLE.
counterfeit, n. imitation, forgery (chiefly
spec), sham; spec, duffer (slang), doublet,
Brummagem, pinchbeck, dummy.
counterfeiter, n. imitator (contextual);
spec, forger, coiner, pretender, dissembler,
impostor.
countermine, v. t. & i. counterwork.
counterpart, n. t. copy, duplicate, double.
2. hkeness, similitude; spec, picture,
image, like, match, parallel, pendant,
twin.
3. Spec, opposite, obverse, correlate,
twin, tally, reciprocal, complement, sup-
plement, parallel; see reverse.
counterpoise, n. 1. balance, counterbal-
ance, counterweight, equipoise; spec.
makeweight, offset.
2. See compensation.
counterpoise, v. t. 1. counteract, balance,
counterbalance, equiponderate (literary
and fljg.), equilibrate (chiefly fig.), equili-
brize (rare), equipoise (rare), counteract
(chiefly in reference to immaierial things);
spec, offset.
2. See compensate.
countersign, v. t. sign (contextual); spec.
indorse, attest.
countersign, n. signal, sign; spec, pass-
word, shibboleth (hist, or fig.), watch-
word.
counting, n. computation (contextiud),
account.
countless, a. innumerable, innumerous
(rare), myriad (chiefly poetic), infinite
(archaic or rare), numberless, uncount-
able, uncounted, unnumbered; qf. in-
calculable.
countrify, v. t. rurahze, rusticate.
country, n. 1. land, region.
2. See STATE, people.
3. Spec, countryside, champaign (liter-
ary), field (archaic), plain,- waste, wild,
heath, fields (pi.), forest, meadows (pi.),
valley, mountain, uplands (pi.), lowlands
(pf.), etc.
country house, garden house (Eng.);
spec, countryseat, seat, villa.
countryman, n. 1. compatriot (learned or
literary), landsman (rare).
tW Cross references: see Note.
cotter: key.
cotter, cottar: cottager, peasant.
cottier: cottager, peasant.
couch, D. t'.; lie, lurk,
counsel, n.: consultation, con-
sideration, advice, lawyer.
counsel, v. i.: consult.
counsel, v. t.: advise.
counselor: adviser, lawyer.
countable: computable.
countenance, n.: face, ap-
proval.
countenance, v. t: approve.
counter, a.: opposing, opposed.
counter, n,: stem.
connter,v.^.* oppose, contradict.
counter, n.: parry.
countermand, v. t.: revoke.
counterpane: bedcover.
counterrall: compensate.
counterwork: countermirte.
countrified: rustic.
country, a.; rustic,rural.
1^° See Notes of Explanation.
99
COUNTY
2. See H0STIC, PEASANT.
county, n. shire {not an exact synonym,
though the district is usually conterminous;
Brit.); spec, landgraviate (Ger.), palati-
nate.
coup-de-gT3.ce, n. death-blow, finisher
(coUoq.). "Couf>-de-grdce" is French.
couple, V. t. 1. join, tie, link, yoke {chiefly
spec, or fig.), shackle {fi^. or spec); spec.
double; see leash.
Antonyms: see uncouple.
2. See JOIN, UNITE, ASSOCIATE.
coupling, n. tie, link, couple, shackle
{chiefly fig. or spec); spec turnbuckle,
union.
courage, n. boldness, bravery, valor,
spirit, breast {literary), pluck, pluckiness,
sand {slang, U. S.), grit {slang, U. S.),
heart, fortitude, mettle, nerve, spunk
{coUoq.), stout-heartedness, high-hearted-
ness {literary), stoutness, prowess, cour-
ageousness, daring, derring-do {pseudo-
archaic), hardihood; spec heroism,
dauntlessness, firmness, resolution, man-
hood, poWaliance, Dutch courage.
Antonyms: see cowardice.
courageous, a. bold, brave, valorous, val-
iant, nervy {slang), game {colloq.), high-
hearted {literary), fortitudinous {rare), un-
f earful, undismayed, heart-whole (rare),
stout, stanch or staunch, stalwart, mettle-
some, plucky, spunky {colloq.), hardy
{literary), lion-hearted {fig.), gingerous
or gingery {rare); spec, heroic, resolute
chivalrous,[firm; see brave.
Antonyms: see cowardly.
courier, n. runner, messenger, express,
post rider or post {chiefly hist, and spec),
poster {rare); spec, postman {hist.), estar
fette {French), kavass {Turkey).
course, n. 1. motion {contextual), currency
{rare), passage, career {liierary); see
PROGRESS.
2. way, track, route, line, tack {Jig. or
spec), path, road; spec, thread, lane, or-
bit, meander, circuit, circle, ambit, ran-
dom {rare), traverse, march^ stadium,
diaulos, walk, trajectory, traject {rare),
itinerary, racecourse.
3. progress, happening, sequence, cur-
rent, run, tenor; spec, drift, trend, con-
duct, process, lapse; see routine.
4. see action, series, continuance,
channel, chase.
5. Referring to action, work, etc.: round,
bout, turn, run, spell; spec, heat, pull.
6. curriculum {chiefly spec), cursus {tech.),
coUege {rare or local).
7. set {of dishes at table), service {archaic);
spec, dessert.
court, n. 1. inclosure; spec, curtilage
{chiefly legal and tech.), peristyle, court-
yard, quadrangle, cortile {Italian), par-
vis, patio {Italian).
2. tribunal, bench {chiefly tech.). judica/-
tory {chiefly Scot.), bar {fig.), curia
{chiefly spec), judicature {rare), jurisdic-
tion {flg?); spec, dicastery, shiremote or
shiremoot {hist.), busting {Eng.), ex-
chequer {Eng.), haUmote {hist.), rota,
divan {Turkish), court-martial, leet,
Marshalsea {Eng.), sanhedrin, mallum
{hist.), consistory, brotherhood {Eng.),
Inquisition, conservancy, presbytery.
3. attention, addresses {pi.); spec, homage.
4. See HOUSE, retinue, assembly.
court, a. curial, aulic {rare or spec).
"Court" is the noun used attributively.
court, V. t. 1. cultivate, haunt.
2. woo, spark {colloq.), sue, gallant {rare),
gaUantize {rare).
3. invite, soUcit; see seek.
Antonyms: see avoid.
court, V. i. woo, spark {coUoq.), philander
{chiefly spec), spoon {slang), bill {chiefly
in "bill and coo"), sue.
courtly, a. 1. aulic {rare).
2. See POLITE, dignified, repined.
courtship, n. amour, wooing, courting,
love-making, suit, love {chiefly in "make
love"), service {rare or archaic).
cousin, n. relative {contextual), coz {for
"cousin"; chiefly used in fond or famUiar
address), cousiness {fern.; rare); spec.
catercousin, cousin {German).
cover, V. t. 1. encover {rare), overcover
{rare); spec, overwhelm, drown (fig.), pro-
tect, invest, clothe, cloak, overspread, veil,
envelop, sheathe, roof, deck, skun, jacket,
shadow, bury, mantle, leather, keckle,
hoodwink {fig.; rare), case, cap, over-
build, overlay, pave, bury, cope, crumb,
cushion, copper, coif, clapboard {U. S.),
canopy, carpet, drape, tent, lay, mulch,
shoe, jacket, overcanopy {rare), shingle,
lag, infilm {rare), flake, face, front, lori-
cate {rare), net, muffle, dome, house or
housel, mat, fledge, gravel, crape, drift,
cowl, helmet, curtain, armor, lead, lath;
see TOP, overspread.
Antonyms: see bare, uncover, strip.
2. See HIDE, disguise, incubate, shel-
ter, include.
3. Tech. or cant: serve, line; spec, top, tup,
horse.
cover, n. 1. covering; covert {rare or liter
t^^ Cross references: see Note.
coup: master-stroke.
couple, n.: leash, pair, two.
couple, V. i.: unite.
couple, V. i.: associate.
course, v. t.: pursue, drive,
courteous: polite.
courtesan: harlot.
cove, n.: recess, inlet, retreat.
cove, 0. (.; arch. [tract.
covenant, n.: agreement, con-
covenant, v. i.: contract.
t^° See Notes of Explanation.
100
CRANIUM
u'T/); fig- or spec, coverlet (fig.), coverlid
{fig.), drape, casing, case, coat, vesture,
curtain, cot, lid, cap, helmet, ferrule, fer-
rel, jacket, face, facing, blanket, table-
cloth, board, bhnd, boot, tick, bedtick,
tilt, canopy, shoe, down (rare), dome,
capping, slcin, screen, envelope, house or
ho\ising, frontal, lorication (rare), robe,
vesture, tarpaulin, volva, baldachin,
baldaquin, husk, screen, muffle, mulch,
panoply, pall, mantle, cloak, film, leather-
mg, overcast, coating, overlay, veil,
sheathing, mantling, blanket, shed, shel-
ter, cot. The word "covering" is generic or
less individual than "cover" and often ap-
plies to an inseparable layer or envelope to
which cover would seldom apply.
2. Referring to a book: binding, case, lid
(chiefly U. S. and dial. Eng.).
8. blind, cloak; see pretext, disguise.
covered, o. covert (now rare); spec, cased,
blanketed, cuculate, hooded, crusted,
crustate, crustaoeous, obtected, etc.
Antonyms: see bare.
covering, n. cover, coverture (literary);
fig. or spec, casing, casement (rare),
weather-boarding, clapboarding, coat-
ing, sheathing, tegument, headgear, en-
velope, crust, panoply; see cot, skin.
Many words under cover" are used also
in a generic sense (in which they do not
take the article "a" or "an") as specific
synonyms of "covering."
cow, n. bovine (contextual); spec, heifer,
humlie or humblie (Scot.), dairy (a collec-
tive; chiefly Eng.).
coward, n. recreant (rare), caitiff (liter-
ary), nithing or niddering (archaic or
hist.), wheyface (colloq. or contemptuous).
Scaramouch (fig.), milksop (colloq. or
contemptitous), hare (fig.), chicken (fig.);
spec, dastard, craven, poltroon, cur (con^
tempiuous).
cowardice, n. recreancy (rare), faint-heart-
edness; spec, dastardliness, dastardice,
iobs.), poltroonery.
Antonyms: see boldness, bravery,
COURAGE.
cowardly, a. recreant (rare), faint-hearted,
niddering (archaic); spec, dastardly, pusil-
lanimous, craven, dastard, poltroonish
(rare), white-livered, unmanly, unwoman-
ly. Cf. timid.
cowherd, n. herder, neatherd (archaic);
spec, oxherd, cowboy.
cowhouse, n. byre (Eng. or literary), cow-
shed, shippon or shippen (Scot. & dial.
Eng.).
coy, a. bashful (contextual), reserved,
chary; see distant.
crabbed, a. 1. See ill-tempered, irasci-
ble, difficult, complex.
2. irregular, cramped, cramp.
Antonyms: see smooth.
crab-shaped, a. cancriform (tech.).
crack, v. i. 1. snap; spec, pistol (rare), pop,
explode; see crackle.
2. break (contextual), fracture (contextual);
spec, chap, flaw, split, chink, craze, fissure.
crack, re. 1. breaJi (contextual), fracture
(contextual); spec, crevice, crackle, craze,
chink, flaw, star, cleft, spring, brack,
spUt, chop, fissure, cranny, rift, rent, chap.
2. See BLOW, SHOT, moment, expert.
3. snap; spec, pop, explosion; see
CRACKLE.
cracked, a. broken, fractured; spec.
crazed, crazy, crackled, crannied, starred,
chapped, split, chappy.
cracker, re. 1. snapper; spec, popper, fire-
cracker, cosaque (French).
2. See boaster, biscuit.
3. poor white, tacky (Southern U. S.).
crackle, v. i. break (contextual), crack
(contextual), crepitate (literary or tech.),
decrepitate (literary or tech.).
crackle, n. break (contextual), crack (conn
textual), crepitation (literary or tech.),
crackling, decrepitation (literary or tech.).
crackling, a. crepitant (tech. or literary).
crackling, n. 1. See crackle.
2. Chiefly in pi.: greaves or graves (pi.;
Eng.), scraps (pi.).
cradle, n. 1. bed (contextual), cunabula
(pi.; rare).
2. See SOURCE.
crane, re. 1. derrick; spec, jenny, davit.
2. See BOOM.
cranelike, n. gruiform (tech.).
cranium, n. 1. See skull.
2. brainpan, pericranium (affected or hu-
morous).
f^' Cross references: see Note.
covert, a.: covered, secret, shel-
tered, hidden, aeclitded.
covert, n.: thicket, shelter, pro-
tection, feather.
covertness: secrecy.
coverture: covering, hiding,
protection.
covet: desire,
covetous: desirous, greedy.
covetousness: desire, greed.
covey: brood, flock, company.
covin: deception.
covinous: deceitful.
cow, V. t.: intimidate.
cow, V. i.: shrink.
cowboy: cowherd.
cower: stoop, cringe.
cowhide: leather, whip.
cowl: hood, tub.
coworb: cooperate.
coxcomb: cap, dandy, jacka-
napes.
coxswain: steersman. ,
cozen: deceive, cheat.
cozy: sheltering, comforting,
sheltered.
craft: art, skill, trade.
craftiness: art.
craftsman: artificer.
crafty: artful.
crag: cliff.
craggy: precipitous.
cram, v. t.: crowd, stuff, press,
surfeit, teach, study.
cram, v. i.: gormandize.
cramp, 71.: clamp.restrain, spasm.
cramp, a.: narrow, crabbed.
cramp, v. t.: constrict, restrain,
fasten.
cramped: stiff, crabbed.
crane, v. t.: stretch.
(9^ See Notes of Explanation.
101
CRANK
crank, n. 1. See handle, conceit, ca-
price.
2. erratic (rare), vagarian (colloq. or rare);
spec, monomaniac. "Crank" is more or
kss colloquial.
crape, n. cr^pe (French); spec, mourning
(which nee), weeds (slang).
crash, v. i. 1. break, shatter, smash, shiver.
2. See COLLIDE.
crash, n. 1. See noise, pailube.
2. collision, shock, smash.
crayon, n. pencil, pastel, chalk.
creak, v. i. spec, squeak, grind, scroop,
grate, rasp, screak, crank (rare), screech,
stridulate.
creak, n. spec, squeak, grind, grinding,
scroop, stridor, creaking, rasp, grating,
grate (rare), scream, screak, screech.
creaking, o. creaky; spec, squeaking,
strident, stridulous, scrooping, grinding,
screaky, squeaky, raspy, rasping.
cream, n. 1. head (as risen on milk; Brit.),
crfime (French), scum (rare); spec, froth.
2. Spec, emulsion, crfeme (French), cos-
metic, cordial.
S. See BEST.
creamy, o. creamlike; spec. luscious, soft.
create, v. t. X. make, form, fashion, origi-
nate, constitute, produce, raise, rear; spec.
concreate (rare), co-create (rare), erect,
procreate; see design, invent, imagine,
cause, recreate.
Antonyms: see annihilate, ntjllipy,
TJNMAKE, ABOLISH, EXTINGUISH.
2. See ESTABLISH, CONSTRUCT.
creation, n. 1. formation, production,
origination, constitution, domg (rare),
facture (rare); spec, erection, cosmogony,
procreation, concreation; see invention,
DESIGN, IMAGINATION, CAUSATION.
2. Referring to the thing created: creature
(now literary), formation, facture (rare),
production, origination; spec, cosmos;
see INVENTION, DESIGN, IMAGINATION.
Antonyms: see creator.
3. See establishment.
creative, o. 1. creant (rare), formative,
originative, productive, constituent, con-
stitutive, poetic (rare); spec, plastic, pro-
creative, generative, demiurgic; see caus-
ative, IMAGINATIVE, INVENTIVE.
Antonyms: see annihilativb, nulli-
PACATORT.
2. See CONSTITUTIVE.
creator, n. author (contextual), maker,
fashioner, poet (rare), originator, pro-
ducer; spec. Demiurge (jjhitos.), Brahma,
inventor, designer, imaginer.
Antonyms: see creature, creation.
creature, n. 1. creation, being, thing (cort-
textiud); spec, breather (literary), animal,
creation (collective); see person.
Antonyms: see creator, author.
2. minion; spec, dependent, tool.
credential, n. Spec, testimonial, introduc-
tion, passport, certificate, exequatur.
"Credential" is used chiefly in the pi.
credible, a. believable, hkely, swallowable
(rare; colloq.), trustvs^orthy ; spec, probable.
Antonyms: see incredible.
credit, n. 1. Spec, credibility; see belief,
reputation, honor.
2. trust, tick (colloq.), score (archaic or
dial.); spec, chalk.
Antonyms: see cash.
3. Spec, payment, set-off.
credit, v. t. 1. See believe, honor.
2. accredit.
3. trust.
creditable, a. honorable; see reputable.
creed, n. belief, symbol (theol.); spec.
tenet, doctrine, persuasion, credo (chiefly
tech.), views (pi.).
creep, v. i. 1. crawl; spec, forficulate
(nonce word), formicate (rare or med.),
worm, swarm, grovel.
2. Referring to plants: run, trail, advance
(contextual).
3. Meaning "to go stealthily": steal.
4. Referring to the sensation: crawl; spec.
formicate (rare), forficulate (nonce word),
swarm.
creeper, n. 1. crawler; spec, reptile.
2. Spec, runner, flageUum (tech.).
3. crampon, crampet.
creeping, a. 1. crawling, reptant (rare), re-
pent (rare), reptile (chiefly spec); spec.
formicant (med.), serpent (rare).
2. Referring to a plant: running.
creepy, a. crawly.
crenate, a. scalloped, notched, indented;
spec, knurled.
K^^ Cross references: see Note.
crank, v. U: bend, turn.
crank, a.: rickety, unstable.
crankle: bend.
cranky: irascible, odd, rickety,
winding, zigzag.
crannied; cracked.
cranny: crack.
crape, v. t.: pucker.
crapulence: excess.
crapulent: dissipated.
crapulous: dissipated.
crass: coarse, crude, dense, stupid.
crate, n.: basket, case.
crater: bowl, mouth,
craunck: crunch.
cravat: neckcloth.
crave: ask, desire, need.
craven, a.: cowardly.
craven, n.: coward, quitter.
craving : desire.
craw: crop, stomach.
crawl, V. i.; creep, cringe,
sert.
crawling:: creeping.
crawly: creepy,
ciaze, t. t.: derange.
craze, n.; derangement.fad, crack,
crazy: cracked, rickety, de^
ranged, frantic, unwise.
crease, n.: wrinkle, pucker,
credence: belief.
credent: believing.
credulity: believingness.
credulous: believing.
cremate: bum.
crenel: embattle.
crepitant: .crackling.
crepitate: crackle.
crepuscle: twilight.
crepuscular: twilight.
1:^=8
) Notes ot Explanation.
102
CRONT
crescent, n. 1. meniscus {math.), lunule
(tech.), lune (chiefly tech.), half-moon (a
loose usage), semilune (a loose usage),
demilune (chiefly spec), limette, lunula,
lunulet.
2. Islam (fi^.).
orescent - shaped, a. convexo-concave
(contextual; tech.), crescent, crescentic,
crescentiform (/ormaZ), semilunar (/ormaJ),
semilunary (a hose usage), meniscal
(rare or tech.), sigmoid (tech.), horned,
lunulate, moony (rare), limular, lunar,
lunary, lunate.
crest, n. 1. crown; spec, tuft, comb, cop-
plecrown (dbs. or dial.), topknot, horn,
plumicom (rare), cockscomb.
2. See DECORATION, PLUME, HELMET,
RIDQE.
S. The top of a wave: spec, comb, curl.
crested, a. Spec, muffed, tufted, copple-
crowned (obs. or dial.).
crevasse, n. cleft (contextual); spec.
schrund (Ger.), chimney.
crib, n. See manqeb, bedstead, frame.
2. Spec, translation, key, cab, horse, pony,
"trot; — all biU "transuUion" and key"
slang.
crier, n. Spec, croaker, crower, bellman,
muezzin, herald, proclaimer.
crime, n. offense (contextual), felony,
arson, robbery, murder, rape, burglary,
theft, manslaughter, perjury, treason,
embezzlement; see wrong, transgres-
sion, SIN.
criminal, a. 1. unlawful, criminous (rare);
spec, felonious, burglarious, murderous,
treasonous.
Antonyms: see lawful.
2. guilty (contextual), criminous (chiefly
spec), crimeful (rare).
Antonyms: see innocent.
8. wicked (contextual), wrong, crimeful
(rare), villainous.
criminal, n. offender (contextual), male-
factor (literary); spec, felon, burglar,
murderer, thief, robber, perjurer, incendi-
ary, traitor, embezzler, defaulter, gallow-
bird.
crimson, n. red (contextual), cramoisy (ar-
chaic); spec, magenta.
cringe, i). i. cower, stoop, crouch (fig. or
spec), spaniel (fl.g.; rare), crinkle (obs. or
dial.), fawn, truckle; spec, crawl, grovel,
sneak; see shrink.
Antonyms: seeBLUSTES,BULLT,swAaGEB.
cringe, n. crouch, stoop; see shrink.
Antonyms: see swagger.
cringing, a. abject, servile, spaniel (fig.),
fawning; see obsequious.
cripple, n. lameter or lamiter (Scot.); spec.
paralytic.
cripple, V. t. disable (contextiud), lame;
spec, paralyze, maim.
crippled, a. lame, lamish (rare); spec.
paralyzed, maimed.
crisis, n. 1. turn, turning-point, hinge
(fii).), climacteric (learned), rub (fig?),
pinch (fig.).
2. See JUNCTURE.
crisscross, v. t. cross, gridiron.
critic, n. judge; spec connoisseur, dia-
tribist (rare), reviewer, verbalist, verba-
rian (rare), censurer, zoilist (fig.).
critical, a. U critic (rare); spec dissective,
exacting, hypercritical, supercritical; see
caviling.
2. Spec, judicious, accurate.
8. decisive; spec, climacteric, climacter-
ical, exigent, dangerous, etc.
criticism, n. 1. jud^ent (contextual),
critique; spec, dissection, comment, epi-
crisis (tech.), appreciation, review, re-
viewal (rare), animadversion, hyper-
criticism, nip, zoihsm (fig.), diatribe;
see CENSURE, CAVIL, REPROOF.
2. critique; spec, dialectic, dialectics.
criticize, v. t. judge, do (contextual); spec.
dissect, review, flay, hypercriticize; see
CENSURE, BLAME, REPROVE.
croak, v. i. & t. 1. cry (contextual), quark
(rare).
2. forbode (contextual).
ts° "Croak" is not a synonym of "com-
plain"; "croak" refers to the future; "com-
plain" to the past or to what is fixed upon.
croaking, n. 1. crying (contextual), coaxa^
tion (rare).
2. foreboding (contextual).
crock, n. Spec, dish, jar, pot, pitcher, pig
(Scot.), plate, etc.
crocket, n. ornament, crotchet.
crocodilian, n. reptile (contextual); spec.
gavial, alligator, crocodile, cayman.
Croesus, n. Dives (fig.); spec, nabob, mill-
t^' Cross references: see Note.
crescent, a.: waxing, crescent-
shaped.
crest, V. ^: crown, top.
orest, V. i.: break.
crestfallen: depressed.
oretaoeous: chalky.
crevice: cleft.
crew: force, company, gang.
crib: steal, plagiarize.
crlok: spasm.
cricket: stool.
criminate: accuse, involve.
crimp, V. tj gash, impress,
wrinkle.
crimp, n.: flute, wrinkle.
crimpy: wrinkly, curly.
crinlde, v. i.: wrinkle, ripple.
crinkle, v. t.: wrinkle, curl.
crinkle, n.: twist, wrinkle, rip-
ple.
crinkly: ripply, wrinkly.
crisp, a.: curly, brittle, blunt,
sharp, definite, lively, cold, stiff.
crisp, V. t.: curl, ripple, harden,
wave.
crisscross, n.: cross.
crisscross, v. t.: cross.
crisscross, adv.: crosswise.
crisscross, a.: cross.
criterion: standard.
critique: criticism.
crock, n.; soot, smut
crockery: earthenware.
crone: woman.
crony: comrade.
tW See Notes of Explanation.
103
CROOK
ionaire, billionaire; — applied to a very rich
man {what constitutes great riches varying
with the time and place)., 'Croesus" is fig.
crook, n. 1. See cubve, bend, sinuositt.
5. hook, cammock (Scot.; chiefly spec);
spec, staff; see crosibk.
8. evildoer {contextual); spec, malefactor,
cheat, swindler.
crooked, o. 1. cranky (rare), crank (Scot.);
see BENT, CtTKVBD, ANGULAB, SINTTOUS,
WINDING, ASKEW, ZIGZAG, TWISTED.
Antonyms: see straight.
2. See DISHONEST, indirect, devious,
deceitful, tricky, ARTFUL, INTRIGUING.
crop, n. 1. craw, ingluvies (tech.); spec, geb-
bie (Scot), gorge.
2. See HANDLE, WHIP, HARVEST.
cropper, n. fall (contextual), plumper.
crosier, n. crozier, crook, pastoral.
cross, n. 1. gibbet, crucifix (an erroneous
v^e), crux (tech.); spec, christcross or
crisscross (archaic), crosslet, rood (ar-
chaic), tau.
2. mark (contextual), signature (context-
tud), christcross (rare), crisscross.
8. See TRIAL, TROUBLE, CROSSING, CROSS-
WAT, CROSSBREEDING, HYBRID.
cross, V. t. & i. 1. Meaning "to make the
sign of the cross on or over": sign (archaic),
sain (archaic), bless (archaic).
2. intersect, decussate (literary or tech.),
intercross (rare), cut (fi^.; contextual),
transit (rare); spec, crisscross, gridiron.
8. traverse, thwart (rare), cut (chiefly
spec, and used with "over"); spec, be-
stride, overstride, overstep, stride.
Antonyms: see adjoin, parallel.
4. traverse, overpass (rare), pass, trans-
verse (rare), transpass (rare), thwart (ar-
chaic), overthwart (rare); spec, swim,
overswim (rare), raft, overstep, repass,
recross, leap, jump, etc.
6. interbreed, mix, crossbreed, inter-
cross (rare), hybridize; spec, cross-fertil-
ize. "Interbreed" and "cross" or "cross-
breed" are often distinguished.
6. See cancel, oppose.
cross, a. 1. transverse, thwart (archaic or
rare), traverse (rare), overthwart (rare).
2. See opposiNa, ill-tempered, recip-
rocal.
crossbreeding, n. cross, crossing, inter-
breeding, hybridization; see cross-fer-
tilization.
crossed, a. 1. crutched (ecd.).
2. See hybrid.
cross-eye, n. strabismus (tech.), cock-eye.
cross-fertilization, n. crossbreeding, al-
logamy (tech.).
crossing, n. 1. cross, overpassing, travers-
ingj traverse (archaic).
2. intersection, decussation (literary or
tech.); spec, lease (weaving).
3. See opposition, crossway.
4. Spec, miscegenation; see crossbreed-
ing.
crossroad, n. crossway, cross (rare), con-
course (a collective; literary).
cross-shaped, a. decussate (chiefly bot.),
crucial (chiefly anat.), cruciform, cruciate,
cruciferous (bot.).
crosstie, n. tie, sleeper (chiefly British).
crossway, n. cross; spec, crossing, cross-
walk; see crossroad.
crosswires, n. pi. reticule, reticle; — both
tech.
crosswise, adv. across, traverse (rare),
thwartwise (rare or archaic), transversely,
transverse (rare); spec, crisscross, thwart-
ship, askew, awry, sidewise, sideways.
Antonyms: see lengthwise.
crouch, V. i. bend (contextual), squat,
drop; spec, cower, stoop; see cringe.
crouch, n. bend (contextual), squat,
droop; see cringe, stoop.
crow, n. 1. crake (dial. Eng.); spec, black-
neb (Scot!), scaldcrow (local), chough
(Cornish), jay (Cornish), hoodie or hoody
(Scot.), corbie (Scot.), grayback, gor-
crow, daw, jackdaw.
2. cry (contextual), song (contextual; liter-
ary or tech.), cock-a^doodle-doo (colloq.).
crow, V. i. t. cry (coniextv/d), sing (context-
ual; literary or tech.), chanticleer (rare).
2. See exult.
crow, a. corvine (literary or tech.).
crowbar, n. gravelook (obs. or dial. Eng.),
crow; spec, pinch, pinchbar, jemmy,
betty.
crowd, n. 1. gathering, concourse (liter-
ary), horde, press, drove (disparaging),
mass, mob (chiefly disparaging), host,
herd (disparaging), swarm, ruck (dis-
paraging), rout, pack, cram, jam, crush,
hjiddle, throng.
2. See MULTITUDE, populace, pressure.
crowd, V. t. 1. See hasten, push.
2. Referring to persons brought uncomfort-
ably close together: gather, huddle, over-
crowd, crush, press, scrouge (colloq.) ,
cram, wedge, shoulder (chiefly spec.),
serry (rare), hustle, pack.
3. Referring to things put together very or
too closely: spec, pack, jam, swarm, hud-
^^ Cross references: see Note.
crook, v.t.& i. : bend, curve, zigzag.
crop, v. t: top.
croasbar: whippletree.
crossbred: hybrid.
crossbreed: crosa.
cross-examination: question.
cross-fertilize: cross.
cross-grained: perverse.
Crosshatch; engrave.
crossness: ill-temper.
cross -question: question.
crossrufl: seesaw.
crotch: fork, angle.
crotched: forked.
crotchet: hook, note, caprice, fad.
crotchety: capricious, fanciful.
croup: rump.
t^° See Notes ol Explanation.
104
CRUST
die, cram, overcrowd, tuck, ram, com-
press; wedge.
4. Referring to the place in which things or
persons are brought or placed too close to-
gether: spec, pack, jam, cram, wedge, over-
crowd, overcharge, throng, gorge, congest.
crowd, V. i. 1. See hasten.
2. gather, collect, congregate, huddle;
spec, throng, mob, press, crush, herd,
serry (literary), swarm, cram, wedge,
huddle, nestle, jug, shoal; see sisraGGLE.
Antonyms: see scatteb, straggle.
crowded, o. 1. full, packed, jammed, etc.
2. thick, serried (literary), thronged, etc.
Antonyms: see thin.
crowding, n. 1. press, throng; spec, hud-
dlement.
2. See PRESStTRE.
crowllke, a. corvine, corvoid (chiefly spec.) ;
— both tech.
crown, n. 1, chaplet, coronal, corona
(Latin), ring (contextual), crownal (obs. or
archaic), circlet, diadem (now chiefly po-
litical or rhetorical); spec, crownlet, coro-
net, aureola, aureole, bays (pi. used with
"the"), festoon, laurel, wreath.
2. head-dress; spec, pschent (Egyptian).
8. top, crest; spec, copplecrown, top-
knot, cockscomb.
4. top, climax, complement.
5. top (contextual), sinciput, poll, vertex.
6. See sovereignty, soverkign, height,
pbrpbction, reward, crest.
crown, a. coronary. Crown" is the noun
used attributively.
oiown, V. t. 1. coronate (rare), diadem
(rare, exc. in p. p. diademed); spec, coro-
net, laurel; see wreathe.
2. top; spec, culminate (rare), cap, head,
pinnacle (rare), crest.
crowned, a. incoronate (rare), diademed;
spec, garlanded, wreathed, laureled,
laureate.
crowning, n. coronation (the formal word
for the ceremony).
crownlike, a. Spec, garlandish, garlandy.
crucifixion, n. 1. Spec. Calvary.
2. See repression.
crucify, v. t. 1. execute (contextual), hang
(obs.).
2. See REPRESS.
crude, a. 1. raw, unfinished, unprepared;
spec, rough, imwrought, unmanufactured,
half-baked, unbaked, green, undiluted,
unfulled, unburnt, unrefined, undressed,
unmalted, undigested, untamed, rawish,
uncut, etc.
2. raw, unfinished, crass, imperfect; spec.
plain, rude, tasteless, rough, gross, artless,
incondite (rare), harsh, inartistic, half-
baked, immature, ineloquent, sketchy,
rough, bold, bare, etc.; see clumsy.
Antonyms: see accomplished, nice,
subtle, refined, skillful, elegant.
3. See unripe, rough, coarse.
cruel, a. 1. cold-blooded, cold, unfeeling,
hard-hearted, hard, harsh, unkind (a
euphemism), heartless, fell (rhetorical or
poetic), severe, felon (poetic); spec, dev-
ilish, atrocious, savage, barbarous, Drar
conian, swinish, boarish, brutal, butch-
erly, brute, inhuman, brutish, sanguinary,
tigerish, wolfish, fiendish, iron, merciless,
ruthless, pitiless, ferocious, truculent, in-
compassionate.
Antonyms: see gentle, compassionate,
KINDLY, KIND, MERCIFUL.
2. Figuratively: spec, severe, sharp, hard,
unfavorable, etc.
cruelty, n. cold-bloodedness, coldness,
harshness, unkindness (euphemistic), fell-
ness (poetic or rhetorical); spec, deviltry,
devilry, atrocity, truculence, barbarity,
savagery, etc.
ArUonyms: see compassion, gentle-
ness, mercy.
cruise, v. i. range; see voyage, sail.
cruise, v. t. navigate, range.
cruiser, n. man-of-war; spec, corvette,
battle cruiser.
crumbly, a. breakable (contextual), friable,
crump (Scot. & dial. Eng.), soft (context-
ual), crummable (rare); spec, rotten,
short, brittle, pulverizable (contextual),
slack, moldery (rare), brashy.
Antonyms: see strong.
crunch, v. t. chew (contextual), cranch or
craunch (obsolescerU), grind, crush, press,
scrunch.
crupper, n. 1. Referring to part of a harness
or saddle: loop (contextiud), dock.
2. See RUMP.
crush, V. t. 1. bruise (rare), press (context-
ual), pash (archaic); spec, mash, smash,
squash, grind, jam, cranch or craunch
(obsolescent), crunch, scrunch.
2. See PRESS, OVERCOME, OPPRESS,
crowd, DESTROY.
crush, n. 1. pressure (contextual), pash (ar-
chaic); spec, mash, grind, crunch, squash.
2. See PRESSURE.
crust, n. 1. coat (contextual), skin (con^
textiud), incrustation, cake, coating
(chiefly spec), crustation (rare), ' rind
^f Cross references: see Note.
oruolal: decisive.
crucifix; crosa.
cruciform; crosa-aha'ped.
cruet: bottle.
cruise: sail, voyage.
crumb, v. t.: comminute.
crumble: disintegrate.
crump: chew.
crumple; wrinkle.
crunching: pressure.
crusade, n.: war. movement.
crusade, v. i.: war, campaign.
cruse: bottle, jug, jar.
crusliing: pressure.
fS' See Notes of Explanation.
105
CRUST
(fihiefly spec.), encrustment; spec, shell,
efflorescence, druse, pie crust, case, scurf
{rare), sinter, scale.
S. See SCAB.
crust, V. i. cake; spec, effloresce, over-
crust.
crust, V. t. incrust or encrust, cake, in-
crustate {rare); spec, bark, enamel.
cry, i>. i. 1. Referring to persons: spec.
shout, exclaim, clamor, call, blare, bray
(spec, or humorous), chuckle, cluck, coo,
croak, orool, croon, croup, crow, chirp,
chirrup, holla, hollo, holloa, hoop, hoot,
howl, lulliloo, peep, pule, screak, screech,
shrill, squall, squeak, squeal, whimper,
yang (rare), whoop, yell, yoop (rare); see
BHOUT, SCBBAM, BELLOW, KOAB.
Antonyms: see laugh, smile.
2. Referring to animals: spec, call, note,
baa, bay, bell, howl, sing, blare, blat,
bleat, boo, bow-wow, bray, cackle, cauk
(dial.), caterwaul, caw, cawk, cheep,
chirm, chirp, chirr, clutter, cluck, clock
(rare), coo, crake, croak, cronk (dial.),
cuckoo, drum, gabble, gaggle, hee-haw
(coUoq.), honk (t7.S.& Can^, hoot, juck,
juke, ju^, keckle, low, mew, miaow,
mewl, nuaul, moo, neigh, open, peep,
pew, potrack (rare), purr, quack, scape,
screak, scream, screech, shriek, shrill,
squeak, squawk, trumpet, twitter, weet,
wepe (o nonce word), whimper, yelp, yowl;
see BARK, BELLOW, CHIRP, CROW, BOAB.
8. lament, weep; spec, squall, wail, whim-
per, sob, bawl, snivel, blubber.
Antonyms: see rejoice, laugh.
4. See appeal, mourn.
cry, V. t. 1. utter (contextual); spec, shout,
exclaim, proclaim.
5. See HAWK.
cry, n. 1. Referring to persons: utterance
(contextual); spec, shout, exclamation,
scream, clamor, call, blare, boo, boohoo,
bray (obs. or humorous), cackle, chirm,
chirk, chirrup, chuckle, check, coo,
croak, crool, croup, crow, gabble, hoUo,
holloa, hoot, hosanna, howl, luUiloo, lure,
peep, quaver, roar, screak, screech,
shriek, shrilling, snivel, sob, squall,
squawk, squeal, wail, whimper, whoop,
yang (rare), yoop (rare), yeU; see bellow,
SHOUT, SCREAM.
2. Referring to animals: spec, note,, call,
baa, bark, bay, bell, blare, blat, bleat,
boation (rare), boo, boom, bow-wow, bray,
buUer (Scot.), bumble (cant, dial.), cackle,
caterwaul, caw, cawk, cheep, chirm,
chirp, chirr, clock (rare), chuckle, cluck,
coo, crake, croak, cronk (dial.), gabble,
gaggle, gobble, gobblement (rare), growl,
hee-haw (coiiog.), honk (U. S. & Can.),
hoot, howl, juck or juke, jug, keckle, low,
mew, mewl, miaow, maul, moo, neigh,
pheai (rare), purr, quack, scape, screak,
scream, screech, shriek, shriU, song,
squall, squawk, squeak, squeal, trumpet,
twitter, waU, weet, weke, whimper,
whoop, yelp, yowl; see chirp, bellow,
ROAR, CROW.
3. See APPEAL, WATCHWORD.
4. weep (rare); spec, boohoo, wail, whim-
per, squall, sob, bawl.
Antonyms: see laugh.
crystal, a. 1. crystalline (esp. as opposed
to "amorphous"), crystalloid (tech. and
esp. as opposed to "colloid"), crystalli-
form (tech.); spec, drusiform, glacial.
2. See CLEAR.
crystal, v. i. crystallize.
crystal-gaze, v. i. scry. "Crystal-gaze" is
rare, exc. in the form "crystal-gazing."
crystal-gazer, n. seer (contextual), scryer.
crystallize, v. i. solidify (contextual), con-
geal (contextual), crystal (rare and liter-
ary); spec, candy, shoot.
cub, n. offspring (contextual), whelp.
cube, n. 1. solid (contextual), die (chiefly
architectural), hexahedron (geom.).
2. product (contextual), power (contextual).
cuckold, n. cornute (archaic), cornuto (ar-
chaic); spec, wittol.
cuckold, V. t. horn (obs.), cornute (ar-
chaic).
cuckolded, a. horned, cornuted (archaic),
forked (obs. or archaic).
cudgel, n. & v. club; spec, bastinado,
crab, bludgeon, baton, batoon (archaic).
cue, n. 1. queue, pigtail or (for short) tail
(colloq. or humorous); spec, braid, plait,
roll, etc.
2. See FILE.
cufl, n. blow (contextual).
cufl, V. t. strike (contextual), slap, box, buf-
fet, handicuff (colloq.).
cul-de-sac, n. pocket, impasse (French),
no-thoroughfare. "Cul-de-sac" is French.
culminate, v. i. top (colloq.) .
cult, n. 1. cultus; spec, worship.
2. See devotion, rite, homage.
cultivate, v. t. 1. farm, tiU (now chiefly
spec), work, culture (rare), labor (rare);
spec, garden, hoe, rake.
2. Referring to working on plants: grow,
husband (rare); spec, hoe, earth.
K^F" Cross references: see Note.
crutch: staff, fork.
crypt: vault.
cryptic: hidden.
cuddle, V. t.: embrace.
cuddle, V. i.: snuggle.
cuddy: donkey, closet.
cue: suggestion, part, humor.
cuisine: kitchen, cookery.
culet: facet.
cull, V. t.: choose.
cully: dupe.
culm: stalk.
culmination: top, height.
culprit: transgressor.
tS'l
Notes of Explanation.
106
CURMUDGEON
t. See CIVILIZE, refine, puesue, coxtbt,
FOSTER.
cultivation, n. 1. fannmg, tillage (now
chiefly spec), husbandry, culture, tilth
(rare or literary).
2. Referring to work on plants: growth,
culture.
8. See CIVILIZATION, refinement, PtJR-
StrlT, FOSTERAGE.
culture, n. I. See cultivation.
2. Spec, education, development, en-
lightenment, civilization, humanism, hu-
manity (archaic), literature (rare); see
REFINEMENT.
Antonyms: see barbarism.
cuneitorm, n. writing (contextiuil), print
(contextiiaV); spec, sphenogram.
cunning, a. 1. See skillful, artful,
PRETTY.
2. interesting (contextual) ^ cute (colloq.).
cup, n. 1. Spec, chalice (poetic, elevated,
or eccl.), mazer (obs. or hist.), goblet (ar-
chaic, exc. spec), noggin, mug, pannikin,
porringer, jorum (coUoq.), stein (German),
cannikin, cyathus, tazza (Italian), cylix,
calix, can, bumper, chark (Russian),
beaker, rhyton, standard, taster, bucket,
gourd, goddard (obs. or dial.).
2. See share.
cupbearer, n. Ganymede (hist, or fi^.),
Hebe (hist, or fig.).
cupboard, n. closet; spec, buffet, locker,
press.
oupid, n. love, Eros (Greek). "Cupid" is
the Latin god.
<iup-shaped, a. calciform (rare), poculi-
form (tech.), cupped, cuppy (rare); spec.
cupular, cupulate, cotyliform, cotyloid,
oalathiform, cyathiform.
curable, a healable, remediable, mendable
(obs. or dial.), recoverable, medicable.
Antonyms: see incurable.
curate, n. minister (contextual), rector,
vicar.
curative, a. beneficial, restorative, cura-
tory, healing, remedial, medical (rare),
consolidant (rare), salutary, sanative
(rare), sanatative, sanatory; spec, medic-
able (rare), medicinal, incarnative (rare),
recuperative, recuperatory, vulnerary.
curb, n. 1. See control, restraint,
market.
2. inolosure; spec, collar, puteal.
curd, n. coagulum; spec clabber, bonny-
clabber.
curdle, v. t. & i. coagulate.
cure, n. 1. See ministry, remedy, re-
covery.
2. preservation (rare or affected); spec en-
silage, corning, smoking, jerking, etc
cure, V. t. 1. heal, remedy (rare), recover,
sanitate (rare), sanitize (rare), restore,
mend (archaic), leech (archaic); spec.
cicatrize, incam (rare).
Antonyms: see disease.
2. preserve; spec, ripen, ensilate, ensile
or ensilage, kipper, season, jerk, dry,
smoke, pickle.
curiosity, n. 1. curiousness, inquiringness,
inquisitiveness (chiefly used in a bad
sense); spec, pryingness, prying, question-
ing, interrogation.
Antonyms: see indifference.
2. article (contextual), curio, bric-Srbrac
(a collective).
curious, a. 1. See nice, odd, elaborate.
2. inquiring, inquisitive (chiefly used in a
bad sense); spec, seeking, inquisitorial, in-
quisitional, zetetic, interrogative, prying,
questioning, scrutinizing, mousing, per-
contatorial (rare), supercurious.
Antonyms: see indifferent.
curl, n. 1. roll (contextiml), convolution
(tech. or learned), volute (tech. or learned);
see TWIST, coil, spiral.
2. Referring to the hair: buckle (archaic),
ringlet, feak (rare); spec, cannon, curlicue,
frizz, frounce, frizzle, kink, lovelock, kin-
kle, favorite, toupee.
curl, V. t. 1. roU (contextual); see twist,
coil, spiral.
2. Referring to the hair: spec, kink, frizz,
frounce, frizzle, crinkle, crimp, crisp,
Phrygianize (nonce word).
3. Referring to the state: buckle; spec.
crispation (rare), orispature (rare).
4. See chest.
curl, V. i. roll (contextual); see wave, ripple.
curled, a. rolled (contextual), convolute
(learned or tech.)^ volute (learned or tech.);
spec, coiled, cychcal, involute; see curly.
curly, a. Spec, curled, kinky, frizzly,
frizzy, crimpy, kinkled, spiry (rare),
fuzzy, crisp, wreathy.
curly-haired, a. Referring to a dog: spec.
feathery.
f^' Cross referettces: see Note.
cumulus: heap, doud.
curator: custodian.
cultivated: artificial, refined.
cuneiform : wedge-shaped.
curatory: curative.
cultured: refined.
cunning:, n.: skill, art.
curb, V. t.: restrain, subdue.
cultus: cult.
cupidity: greed.
curd: coagulum.
culvert: drain.
cupidous: greedy.
curdle: coagulate.
cumber, v. t.: hamper, burden.
cupped: cup-shaped.
cure, n.: minister.
cumber, n.: burden.
cuppy: cup-shaped, pitted.
curfew: ringing.
cumbersome: hindering, bur-
cupreous: copper, copper-col-
curio: curiosity.
densome, unwieldy.
ored.
curiousness: curiosity.
cumbrous: unwieldy, clumsy.
cur: dog, coward, wretch.
curlicue: curl.
cumulate: accumulate.
curacy: ministry.
curmudgeon: niggard.
tW See Notes of Explanation.
107
CURKENt
current, a. 1. See prevalent, passing,
PRESENT.
2. Referring to money, etc.: circulative
(rare), circulating.
8. accepted, received, abroad, afloat;
spec, general, rife.
4. Unerring to expense, etc.: occurrent
(rare), incidental.
current, n. t. See course.
2. stream; spec, tide, race, rip, draught,
underset, undertow, roost (local; British) .
curry, v. t. 1. comb (contextual), curry-
comb, groom.
2. Figuratively: spec, tickle, scrape, beat,
blight, plague; see thrash.
curse, V. t. 1. maledict (rare), devote, exe-
crate (learned) , anathematize (learned and,
properly, formal), bless (euphem,istic or
ironical), damn (now chiefly used vulgarly),
ban (archaic), blank (euphemistic), cuss
(vvlgar or colloq., and euphemistic; U. S.),
shrew or beshrew (archaic), pest (rare);
spec, hoodoo.
Antonyms: see bless, beatify, conse-
crate.
2. See ABUSE, blaspheme, annoy,
TROUBLE.
curse, V. i. blaspheme, profane (rare), pest
(rare), anathematize (learned and, prop-
erly, formal), execrate (learned), fulminate
(fig. or tech.).
curse, n. I. malediction, execration (learn-
ed), imprecation, anathema (properly, for-
mal), ban (archaic), blessing (euphemistic
or ironical), malison (archaic); spec, ma-
ranatha, excommunciation, hoodoo, damn
or damme (obs. or archaic; orig. a vulgar
ejaculation). "Curse" is the vernacular
word.
Antonyms: see blessing, beatitude.
2. Spec, trouble, calamity, pest.
cursed, a. 1. damnable (now chiefly vulgar
and profane), execrable (now weakened in
force), infernal (colloq. and euphemistic),
confounded (now euphemistic); see ac-
cursed.
2. See hateful.
cursing, n. malediction, execration.
Antonyms: see blessing, prayer.
cursing, a. execratory, execrative.
cursory, a. passing, transient, running;
spec, hasty, hurried; see careless, super-
ficial, discursive.
curt, a. 1. See short, brief.
2. brief (contextual), short, snappish,
snappy; spec, tart, brusque.
Antonyms: see gracious.
curtain, n. screen, ridel or riddel (archaic).
veil (chiefly fig.); spec, drop, purdah (East
India), portiire (French), arras, lambre-
quin (U. S.), valance, shade.
curtain, v. t. screen (contextual), veil
(chiefly fig.); spec, shade.
curtsy, curtsey, n. civility (contextual),
bow; see leg.
curvature, n. 1. Referring to the action or
act: bend, curve, bending, curving, curva-
tion; spec, camber (chiefly tech.), round-
ing, procurvation, incurvation, recurva^
tion, recurvature, convexity, convexness
(rare), concavity, winding, concaveness
(rare), retroflexion, sheer.
2. See CURVE.
curve, n. 1. Referring to the state or the
form produced: bend, curvature, inflection
(literary), compass (tech.), bent (rare);
spec, how, crook, round (archaic), round-
about, arc, flex, arch, bight, sinus, de-
curvation, recurvation, retroflex, recurva-
ture, sweep, epicycloid, conchoid, cate-
nary, curl, sheer, eUipse, evolute, cycloid,
extrados (architecture), logistic, polhode,
ogee, epitrochoid, herpoLhode, gadroon,
twist, incurvation, wind, circle, wave, con-
vexity, convex (rare), concavity, concave
(rare), geanticUnal, geosyncUnal, oxbow,
coil, sinuosity, turn, spiral.
2. iSee CURVATURE.
3. Referring to a curved thing: spec, bend,
bow, cambrel (obs. or dial., crook.
curve, V. t. & i. bend, turn, inflect, round,
crook; spec, bow, embow, twist, arch, arc,
decurve, camber, incurve, incurvate, re-
curve, recurvate, reflect, wind, hook,
spire, coil.
Antonyms: see straighten.
curved, a. bent (primarily spec.), bowed,
curvate (rare), crooked, curvilinear; spec.
roundish, rounded, spherical, arched, in-
bent, reflex, incurved, campylotropous,
embowed (literary), retorted (rare), con-
cave, convex, bulging, sweepy, arcuate,
crumpled, camerated, compass, circinate,
circinal, crescent, falcate, falcated, rotun-
date, elliptic, circular, oval, tortile (rare),
recurved, recurvate; see sinuous, wind-
ing.
Antonyms: see angular, straight.
curvet, n. jump (contextual), leap (context-
ual), courijette (French), vault.
cushion, n. 1. pillow; spec, pad, woolsack,
bolster, panel, mat, wad, compress, buck-
ram, pillion, bass, hassock, quilt.
2. See BUFFER.
cushion, v. t. 1. Spec, pad, protect, bol-
ster, cover, seat, wad, quilt.
tW Cross references: see Note.
curriculum: course.
currish: canine, irascible,
mean.
currycomb: curry.
cursive: running.
curtail: shorten^ abate, dimin-
ish, clip, deprive.
curtate: short, shortened.
curtilage: court.
curtsy, curtsey, v. i.: bow.
curvilinear: curved.
VW^ See Notes of Explanation.
108
CZAR
2. rest, pillow.
cushioned, a. Spec, padded, gamboised,
quilted.
cushion-shaped, a. pulvinate (tech.).
ousk, n. toTsk.
cusp, n. point (contextual), apex, peak,
cuspis (tech.); spec. horn.
custodian, n. guardian, guardianess (fern.;
rare), keeper, custodier (Scots law), custos
(Latin); spec, conservator, curator, cura-
trix (fern.), warden, concierge (French),
janitor, janitress, tutor, sacrist, sacristan.
custom, n. 1. practice, use (now rare),
praxis (rare), usage (properly spec), con-
suetude, wont (now chiefly literary), fash-
ion (chiefly spec.), dustoor (East India);
spec, rite, localism, way, manner, proce-
dure, prescription, institution; see con-
vention, HABIT.
2. See CONVENTIONAl,ITY, TAX.
8. patronage, support.
customary, o. accustomed, wonted, usual,
consuetudinary (rare), ordinary (contextr-
ual), regular; spec, everyday, natural,
traditional, traditionary, nomic, pre-
scriptive; see CONVENTIONAL, HABITUAL.
Antonyms : see unaccustomed, un-
conventional, OBSOLETE, occasional,
ODD.
customer, n. t. buyer, purchaser, patron.
2. See FELLOW.
customhouse, n. douane (French), do-
gana (Italian).
cut, V. t. & i. 1. incise (learned, except in
p. a. "incised"), incide (rare), separate
(contextual); spec, carve, cleave, truncate,
lance, scarify, bite, dissect, shear, poll,
shave, skive, scissor, snip, saw, bite,
scythe, slice, slit, slash, Knife, mince,
chop, barb, poU, chisel, sculpture, chip,
mow, reap, gouge, hack, hash, nick, hew,
facet, saber or sabre, score, scotch, flitch,
gash, crimp, crease, hog, shred, lop, dock,
carbonado, roach, clip, crop, trim, cas-
trate, whittle, pare.
2. See SEPARATE, PENETRATE, CROSS,
shorten, switch, diminish, reduce, DE-
PART (v. i.).
3. Referring to the sensibUUies: hurt, bite,
sting, pain, wound.
4. ignore, rump (rare; slang); see slight.
cut, n. 1. Referring to an act: cutting
(rare), incision (learned), incisure (rare);
spec, gash, nick, discission (rare), bite,
crop, scotch, shave, shear, clip, snip,
carve, slit.
2. Referring to the place or form made hy
cutting: spec, cutting, gash, slash, nick, in-
cision (learned), scotch, notch, channel,
furrow, passage, groove, jad, facet.
3. Referring to a piece or part cut og or out:
spec, cutting, cUpping, shaving, peel,
scrap, mowing, crop, fall, snip, paring,
sUce.
4. Referring to a piece of meat or food cut
off: spec, joint, sparerib, flitch, clod, col-
lop, chop, sUce, steak, crop, round, shoul-
der, neck, brisket, rump, etc.
5. See ENGRAVING, STYLE, SWITCH, PAS-
SAGE, SARCASM, TAUNT, SLIGHT, ABSENCE.
cut, a. Spec, gashy, shorn, tonsured,
slashed, carved, carven (rhetorical),
hacked, cleft, etc.
cuttable, a. sectile (JLeamed or tech.), sec-
able (rare); spec, cleavable.
cutter, n. Spec, cleaver, diamond, 6cra-
seur (French), colter or coulter, cropper,
carver, cUpper, chopper, microtome,
mower, hewer, hook, blade, shear, sickle,
scythe, knife, etc.
cutting, a. 1. sharp, incisive (learned), in-
cisory (rare), sectorial (learned); spec.
edgy.
2. Referring to language, etc.: sharp; bi1>
ing, stinging, wounding; see acrimonious,
SARCASTIC.
cutting, n. 1. Referring to the action: cut
(rare), incision (learned), section (chiefly
tech.), scission (rare); spec, tonsure, exci-
sion, concision, shaving, cUpping, etc.
2. See CUT.
cycle, n. 1. See circle, round.
2. period; spec, saros, age.
3. wheel (colloq.), machine (coUoq.), bike
(slang); spec, bicycle, tricycle, quad-
ricycle, tandem, pneumatic, quartet,
qmntet, quintuplet, hydrocycle, motor-
cycle.
cyclic, a. 1. circular; — chiefly of poems,
periods of time, etc.
2. See recurrent.
cylinder, n. Spec, rundle, cannon, drum,
cage, barrel, fly, roll; see roller.
cylindrical, a. cylindraceous (rare), cylin-
dric (rare), cylindriform (rare), round
(contextual; spec), cylindroid.
cynic, n. 1. See philosopher.
2. misanthrope, pessimist (contextual).
cynical, a. 1. See surly.
2. Spec. Biogenic.
3. misanthropic; spec, sneering, satirical,
censorious.
f^' Cross references: see Note.
cuspid; camne.
cuspidate, cuspidated: point*
ed, ornamented.
cuspidor; spittoon.
custody; care, imprisonment.
customable: tax(Ojle.
cut-and-drled:
conventional.
cutaneous: skin.
cute: cunning, shrewd, clever.
cuticle: skin.
cutlass: sword.
cutty: short.
cycloid: circular.
Cyclopean: gigantic^ massive.
cyciorama; show.
cynosure: attraction.
cyst: chest, sac.
cystic: vesicular.
czai: monarch.
f^^ See Notes of Explanation.
109
DAB
D
dab, V. t. 1. strike (contextual), tap; spec.
peck, slap, pat.
2. See SPOT.
dab, n. 1. stroke (contextual), tap; spec.
peck, slap, pat.
2. See LTJMP; spot, little.
dabble, v. t. wet (con/exiuai), spatter.
dabble, v. i. 1. puddle, muddle, potter,
mess; spec, splash, paddle, patter, plouter
(chiefly Scot.).
2. potter, trifle, smatter; see, potter.
dabbler, n. 1. mudlark (collcq.).
2. dabster, potterer, smatterer; spec.
sciolist (learned). Cf. bungle.
Antonyms: see expert.
dagger, n. 1. weapon (contextual), point
(now rare), tickler (slang), skene (archaic
or hist.), parazonium (Greek antiq.),
prog (rare); spec, poniard (literary), bod-
kin (archaic), ataghan, creese, crease,
kris, kuttar, misericord, dirk, stiletto,
stylet, poignado or poinado (archaic),
left-hander, khanjar, dudgeon (archaic).
2. In printing: obelisk; spec, diesis (double
dagger).
dally, a. diurnal, quotidian (rare).
Antonyms: see noctornal.
dainty, a. 1. See palatable, PARTlctTLAR,
FASTIDIOUS, NICE.
2. beautiful, pretty, elegant, delicate, neat,
trim, tricksy (rare), exquisite (aer^doinii/).
Antonyms: see tjglt, clumsy, coarse.
3. nice; spec, squeamish, fastidious, ex-
quisite.
dais, n. tribune (contextual), platform (con,-
textual), hautpas (French); spec, estrade
(rare), half-pace, footpace.
dxm, n. obstruction (contextual), barrier
(contextual), weir; spec, barrage.
dam, V. t. obstruct (contextual), bay; spec.
pond (Eng.).
dance, n. 1. measure (poetic), saltation
(esp. characterized by leaping steps; rare);
spec, valse, courante, courant, country-
dance, waltz, strathspey (Scot.), sun
dance, seguidilla (Spanish), tango,
turkey-trot, bunny-hug, onestep, two-
step, boston, german, saraband, saltarello
(Italian), schottische, shuffle, roundelay,
round, tarantella, rigadoon, Romaika, roly-
poly, ridotto (Italian), juba (U. S.), tam-
bourin, pas, passepied, grandfather, mor-
ris, minuet, hay, pavan (hist.), danse Mac-
abre (French), dance of death, gavotte,
hobble, hoedown (U. S.), break-down,
hornpipe, gallaird (hist.), gallopade, galop,
bolero, contre-dance, cotulion or cotillon,
corroboree, Cracovienne (French), brawl,
cachucha, canary, cancan, caper, carmar
gnole, polka, reel, kantikoy, quadrUle,
fling, jig, lavolta (te<.),farandole (French),
fandango (Spanish), chemise (cant).
2. party (contextual), assembly (context-
ual); spec, ball, hop (slang or colloq.),
promenade, nautch (India).
danoe, v. i. & t. foot (chiefly with "it";
rare); spec, step, trip (it), tread (con-
textual), waltz, tripudiate (rare), rigadon,
minuet, jig, pirouette, polonaise, pous-
sette, polk, reel, quadrille, leap.
2. play, bob, jiggle, jig, jigger, bobble;
spec, caper, jump, dandle.
dancer, n. Terpsichore (fig.), figurant
(masc; French), figurante (fern.; French),
danseuse (fern.; French); spec, flinger,
kicker, coryphee, matachin.
dancing, n. footing (contextual), orchestics
(the art; rare) , Terpsichore (as an art; fig.) .
dancing, a. 1. saltatorial, saltatory; — both
learned.
2. See jiGGLT.
dancing girl. Spec, bayadere (India),
geisha (Japanese).
dandy, n. 1. fop, coxcomb or (less u^sual)
cockscomb, exquisite, fopling, popinjay
(archaic), petit-maltre (French), beau,
beau-gargon (French), jackanapes (ar-
chaic), man miUiner (contemptu/ms; ar-
chaic), jack-aKiandy (archaic), prick-me-
dainty (archaic), buck (archaic), mus-
cadin (French), bawcock (obs.), toff
(slang, Eng.), skipjack (archaic), dudine
(female dude; colloq.), swell (colloq.), dude
(one excessively aandifi£d); spec, majo
(Spanish), incroyable (French), hautton
(French), fashionables (pi.).
Antonyms: see sloven, ragamtjtpin.
2. See PINE one.
dandy, a. foppish, smart (archaic or
obs.), exquisite, dudish (implying excess),
coxcombical, jackanapish (rare), buckish
(archaic), dandified, lardy-dardy (slang).
Antonyms: see shabby, slovenly.
dandyism, n. foppery, foppishness, ex-
KT' Cross references: see Note.
damnatory: ruinous, condem-
D
damage, n.: detriment, loss.
natory.
harm, injury, impairment.
dabster: dabbler, expert.
damage, v. t.: harm, injure,
damp, a.: moist.
dado: border.
impair.
damp, D. t: moisten,, restrain.
daft: foolish, deranged.
damaged: spoiled.
deaden.
dagsle: draggle, soil, wet.
damaging: harmful, injurious.
dampen: moisten, restrain.
dainty: delicacy, sweetmeat.
dale: valley.
damnable: condemnable, abom-
damsel: girl.
dalliance: trifling, idling, careas'
inable, cursed.
ing.
damnation: ruin, condemnation.
[[^^ See Notes of Explanation.
110
DARKNESS
quisitism (implmng excess), exquLsiteness
(implying excess), macaronism (rare), dud-
ism {implying excess), coxcombery, jacka^
napery (rare), jack-a-dandyism (archaic),
peacockery (disparaging or contemptiums).
clanger, n. hazard, risk, peril, jeopardy;
spec, venture, rock (something dangerous;
fig-)-
Antonyms: see safett.
dangerous, a. bad (contextiud) , risky, haz-
ardous, perilous, ieopardous (rare or obs.),
chancy (collnq.), dangersome (rore),riskfui
(rare), parlous (archaic); spec, critical,
ticklish (colloq.), nice^ kittle (Scot, or
literary), delicate, senous, ugly, nasty,
adventurous, breakneck, thorny.
Antonyms: see safe.
dangle, v. t. hang, pendulate (rare);
spec, swing, jiggle.
dapple, a. spotted, variegated; spec.
dapple-gray.
dapple, V. t. spot, variegate.
dare, v. t. 1. See challenge, pace, defy.
2. undertake, venture; — not dose syn-
onyms.
dare-devil, n. devil (colloq.), madcap.
dark, a. 1. Spec, obscure, tenebrous (lUr
erary), gloomy, rayless, dingy, dim, dim-
mish, murk (archaic or poetic), murky,
blind, caliginous (literary), obfuscous
(rare), Cimmerian (alluding to the Cim-
merians, fabled to live in perpetual dark-
ness), dun, dunny, dunnish, cloudy (often
fig.), umbrageous (literary), fuliginous,
sooty, grimy, somber, atramentous (liter-
ary), swarthy, swart, tawny, drumly
(chiefly Scot, or literary), gloomy, muddy,
murksome (rare), nightly, crepuscular
(often fig.), nonluminescent (formed), non-
luminous (formal), dead, crepusouline
(rare), dirty, torchless, shadowy, unsunned
(rare), sunless, rayless, cloudy, darkful,
darkish, darksome (vaguer and weaker
than "dark"; chiefly poetic), deadly,
grimed, umbery (rare), fuscous (chiefly
not. hist.), duskv, opaque, swarthy, fus-
cescent (rare), black, coaly, carbonaceous
(rare), dull, ebony, pitchy, inky, inkish
(rare) , lightless, nigrescent (rare) , funereal,
unillumined; see dim, shady, black, dull.
Antonyms: see bright, MOONLiafiT,
luminescent, shining, faib.
2. Referring to the understanding: see
mysterious, abstruse.
8. Referring to the complexion: swarthy,
tawny, dusky, swart (stronger than tawny);
spec, grimy, ebony.
Arvtonyms: see fair, pale.
4. S 
