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THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES
AND ORGANIZATION

THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH
Washington, D. C.

_The Institute for Government Research is an association of
citizens for codperating with public officials in the scientific
study of government with a view to promoting efficiency and
economy in its operations and advancing the science of ad-
ministration. It aims to bring into existence such informa-
tion and materials as will aid in the formation of public opin-
ion and will assist officials, particularly those of the national
government, in their efforts to put the public administration
upon a more efficient basis.

To this end, it seeks by the thoroughgoing study and exam-
ination of the best administrative practice, public and private,
American and foreign, to formulate those principles which lie
at the basis of all sound administration, and to determine their
proper adaptation to the specific needs of our public adminis-
tration.

The accomplishment of specific reforms the Institute recog-
nizes to be the task of those who are charged with the respon-
sibility of legislation and administration; but it seeks to assist,
by scientific study and research, in laying a solid foundation of
information and experience upon which such reforms may be
successfully built.

While some of the Institute’s studies find application only in
the form of practical codperation with the administrative of-
ficers directly concerned, many are of interest to other admin-
istrators and of general educational value. The results of
such studies the Institute purposes to publish in such form as
will insure for them the widest possible utilization.

Officers
Robert S. Brookings, Frank J. Goodnow,
Chairman Vice-Chairman
James F. Curtis, Frederick Strauss,
Secretary Treasurer
Trustees
Edwin A. Alderman Edwin F. Gay Charles D. Norton
Robert S. Brookings Frank J. Goodnow Martin A. Ryerson
James F. Curtis Jerome D. Greene Frederick Strauss

R. Fulton Cutting Arthur T. Hadley Silas H. Strawn
Frederic A. Delano Herbert C. Hoover William H. Taft
Henry S. Dennison David F. Houston Ray Lyman Wilbur
George Eastman A. Lawrence Lowell Robert S. Woodward
Raymond B. Fosdick Samuel Mather
Felix Frankfurter Richard B. Mellon

Director

W. F. Willoughby
Editor
F. W. Powell

INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH

SERVICE MONOGRAPHS
OF THE
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

No. 11

THE
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES
AND ORGANIZATION

BY
JENKS CAMERON

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
NEW YORK LONDON
1922

COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY
THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERMENT RESEARCH

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIOA

PUBLICATIONS OF THE
INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH

STUDIES IN ADMINISTRATION
The System of Financial Administration of Great Britain
By W. F. Willoughby, W. W. Willoughby, and S. M. Lindsay
The Budget
By René Stourm
T. Plazinski, Translator; W. F. McCaleb, Editor
The Canadian Budgetary System
By H.-G, Villard and W. W. Willoughby
The Problem of a National Budget
By W. F. Willoughby
The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States
By W. F. Willoughby
Teacher’s Pension Systems in the United States
By Paul Studensky
Organized Efforts for the Improvement of Methods of Ad-
ministration in the United States
By Gustavus A. Weber
The Federal Service: A Study of the System of Personal
Administration of the United States Government
By Lewis Mayers
The System of Financial Administration of the United
States (In Preparation)

PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION

Principles Governing the Retirement of Public Employees
By Lewis Meriam

Principles of Government Purchasing
By Arthur G. Thomas

Principles of Government Accounting and Reporting
By Francis Oakey, C. P. A.

Principles of Personnel Administration
By. Arthur W. Procter

SERVICE MONOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT
The Geological Survey
The Reclamation Service
The Bureau of Mines ace
The Alaskan Engineering Commission
The Tariff Commission ‘ ;
The Federal Board for Vocational Education
The Federal Trade Commission |
The Steamboat-Inspection Service
The National Park’ Service
The Public Health Service
The Weather Bureau : aa
The Employee’s Compensation Commission

FOREWORD

The first essential to efficient administration of any enter-
prise is full knowledge of its present make-up and operation.
Without full and complete information before them, as to
existing organization, personnel, plant, and methods of oper-
ation and control, neither legislators nor administrators can
properly perform their functions.

The greater the work, the more varied the activities en-
gaged in, and the more complex the organization employed,
and more imperative becomes the necessity that this informa-
tion shall be available—and available in such a form that it
can readily be utilized.

Of all undertakings, none in the United States, and few, if
any, in the world, approach in magnitude, complexity, and
importance that of the national government of the United
States. As President Taft expressed it in his message to Con-
gress of January 17, 1912, in referring to the inquiry being
made under his direction into the efficiency and economy of the
methods of prosecuting public business, the activities of the
national government “are almost as varied as those of the en-
tire business world. The operations of the government affect
the interest of every person living within the jurisdiction of
the United States. Its organization embraces stations and
centers of work located in every city and in many local sub-
divisions of the country. Its gross expenditures amount to
billions annually. Including the personnel of the military and
naval establishments, more than half a million persons are re-
quired to do the work imposed by law upon the executive
branch of the government.

“This vast organization has never been studied in detail as
one piece of administrative mechanism. Never have the
foundations been laid for a thorough consideration of the re-
lations of all its parts. No comprehensive effort has been
made to list its multifarious activities or to group them in such
a way as to present a clear picture of what the government is
doing. Never has a complete description been given of the

agencies through which these activities are performed. At
wu

viii FOREWORD

no time has the attempt been made to study all of these activ-
ities and agencies with a view to the assignment of each activ-
ity to the agency best fitted for its performance, to the avoid-
ance of duplication of plant and work, to the integration of all
administrative agencies of the government, so far as may be
practicable, into a unified organization for the most effective
and economical dispatch of public business.”

To lay the basis for such a comprehensive study of the or-
ganization and operations of the national government as Pres-
ident Taft outlined, the Institute for Government Research
has undertaken the preparation of a series of monographs, of
which the present study is one, giving a detailed description of
each of the fifty or more distinct services of the government.
These studies are being vigorously prosecuted, and it is hoped
that all services of the government will be covered in a com-
paratively brief space of time. Thereafter, revisions of the
monographs will be made from time to time as need arises, to
the end that they may, as far as practicable, represent current
conditions.

These monographs are all prepared according to a uniform
plan. They give: first, the history of the establishment and
development of the service; second, its functions, described
not in general terms, but by detailing its specific activities;
third, its organization for the handling of these activities;
fourth, the character of its plant; fifth, a compilation of, or
reference to, the laws and regulations governing its operations ;
sixth, financial statements showing its appropriations, expen-
ditures and other data for a period of years; and finally, a full
bibliography of the sources of information, official and private,
bearing on the service and its operations. :

In the preparation of these monographs the Institute has
kept steadily in mind the aim to produce documents that will
be of direct value and assistance in the administration of public
affairs. To executive officials they offer valuable tools of ad-
ministration. Through them, such officers can, with a min-
imum of effort, inform themselves regarding the details, not
only of their own services, but of others with whose facilities,
activities, and methods it is desirable that they should be fa-
miliar. Under present conditions services frequently engage
in activities in ignorance of the fact that the work projected
has already been dome, or is in process of execution by other
services. Many cases exist where one service could make ef-
fective use of the organization, plant or results of other serv-

FOREWORD ix

ices had they knowledge that such facilities were in existence.
With the constant shifting of directing personnel that takes
place in the administrative branch of the national government,
the existence of means by which incoming officials may thus
readily secure information regarding their own and other serv-
ices is a matter of great importance.

To members of Congress the monographs should prove of
no less value. At present these officials are called upon to
legislate and appropriate money for services concerning whose
needs and real problems they can secure but imperfect infor-
mation. That the possession by each member of a set of
monographs, such as is here projected, prepared according to
a uniform plan, will be a great aid to intelligent legislation
and appropriation of funds can hardly be questioned.

To the public, finally, these monographs will give that
knowledge of the organization and operations of their gov-
ernment which must be had if an enlightened public opinion
is to be brought to bear upon the conduct of governmental
affairs.

These studies are wholly descriptive in character. No at-
tempt is made in them to subject the conditions described to
criticism, nor to indicate features in respect to which changes
might with advantage be made. Upon administrators them-
selves falls responsibility for making or proposing changes
which will result in the improvement of methods of adminis-
tration. The primary aim of outside agencies should be to
emphasize this responsibility and facilitate its fulfillment.

While the monographs thus make no direct recommenda-
tions for improvement, they cannot fail greatly to stimulate
efforts in that direction. Prepared as they are according to a
uniform plan, and setting forth as they do the activities, plant,
organization, personnel and laws governing the several serv-
ices of the government, they will automatically, as it were,
reveal, for example, the extent to which work in the same field
is being performed by different services, and thus furnish the
information that is essential to a consideration of the great
question of the better distribution and codrdination of activi-
ties among the several departments, establishments, and bu-
reaus, and the elimination of duplications of plant, organiza-
tion and work. Through them it will also be possible to sub-
ject any particular feature of the administrative work of the
government to exhaustive study, to determine, for example,
what facilities, in the way of laboratories and other plant and

x FOREWORD

equipment, exist for the prosecution of any line of work and
where those facilities are located; or what work is being done
in any field of administration or research, such as the promo-
tion, protection and regulation of the maritime interests of the
country, the planning and execution of works of an engineer-
ing character, or the collection, compilation and publication of
statistical data, or what differences of practice prevail in re-
spect to organization, classification, appointment, and promo-
tion of personnel.

To recapitulate, the monographs will serve the double pur-
pose of furnishing an essential tool for efficient legislation, ad-
ministration and popular control, and of laying the basis for
critical and constructive work on the part of those upon whom
responsibility for such work primarily rests.

Whenever possible the language of official statements or re-
ports has been employed, and it has not been practicable in all
cases to make specific indication of the language so quoted.

CONTENTS

OHAPTER PAGE
Foreworp
I. History I
The National Park System a Development of the a ca
Park Idea” . . ee i <p ee
Distinction Between Parks and Monuments as aes ae. “ag ede
The Parks and Monuments Prior to 1916. . 8
The Movement for the Establishment of the National Park
Service .. so «6 OF
The National Park Service Since 1916 to ee te lan: Ge? STZ
The Several Parks . . . iy ae SS SP a we OBE
Yellowstone Srecnt, HP ha Be Se He RA AP hoe OBE
Yosemite. eos we Se ow ee ee 88
Sequoia and General Grant . be oe ae! a ap ay fat oe 5A
Mount Rainier. . . 2. 2. . ee ee ee 885
Crater Laké. «. «4 «© © @ 6 # e me om w = 2 36
Wind Cave . 5 8 6 © «© *% & © # « « » « 36
Platt? ies HS Ga. aD. Ha. CRE? ES ts EC omy CR BO
Sallys Hall. se ge ee ee es wo BF
Mesa Verde. . © «© © © #6 % © «© @ @ «© w
Glacier. eo ites ot, Wake. don (Gre ee ode ow cs a CSO
Rocky RGRNELEE “ac. 4s. as co. as Ge, Ga
Hawaii i ae se ty ok ee ae, tet ter ee ee See dal 89
Lassen. eh we eh. Geectn cabo hy. eet cap owe BG
Mount McKinley ont Re ae Be a Om me ee GO
Grand Canyon. . . . . + + + © «© + «© + 40
Tafayette: 4. oe a HK A el a ee
Zion . . ys Spon po sey cee BG “RE He Sa Oe Sy me gd
Hot Springs ‘ eo “aye Gah a Sle nee er ce, ee 2
The National Monuments . 43
Parks and Monuments Not ‘Administered by the National
Park Service. : . 44
Growth of Popular Interest in the Park System oe. 44
II. ActivitiEs 50
Conservation of Physical Features . . . . . . « 50
Natural Wonders . . Gt Sth Seo din hes > ood ek
Ruins and Historical Structures . 2 2. we. 51
Forests and Plants . .- . - «+ + + + + + 52
Lakes and Streams - - - - + + + + + + + 83
Conservation of Wild Life. . . . - - - «© + + 53
Improvement . . . - © © e+ © © e+ © ee + 55
Maintenance . . - - ee te te te ee
Protection Service - - - + + © © »+ - © + + 53
Publicity 5. as 58

xii CONTENTS

OHAPTEE PAGE
III. OrGanization 60
Administration . . . . 0.0. + ee e « + + 60
Field Service. . 2. 2 1. ee ee ee ee SF
Editorial Section. . . . 1. 1. ee ee eee 662
Law Section . . . 2... ee ee ee ee «62
Publications Section. . x4 4 63

Individual Park Organization—The Yellowstone... 63

APPENDIX

1. Outline of Organization . . . . . . .. . .. &
2. Classification of Activities. . . . . . . . «. «© . 76
3: Publications: . «w+ @ we w w we = «) a 38
Be AWS? se. Ge ie. GP aS eS i eo ve a ce BO
5. Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6. Statistics of Visitors . . . . . . 2. . « « « « 137
7. Bibliography ao. vies. OE, Soe RP BP GE GP See Ge) Gh A

Tndex sy se sh Gi BRS WS Be AS ey ee: > ae a: ce Se EO

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:
ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND
ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER I
HISTORY

The National Park Service is a bureau of the Department
of the Interior, being the ninth bureau to be established in
that department. It is engaged in the supervision, manage-
ment, and control of those national parks and monuments which
are under that department’s jurisdiction. It was created by
the act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 535), but did not be-
gin to function until after the approval of the deficiency ap-
propriation act of April 17, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 20) which pro-
vided funds for its establishment.

The National Park System a Development of the “National
Park Idea.” Though the National Park Service is of recent
origin the system of national parks of which it is an out-
growth dates back half a century to the creation, in 1872,
of the Yellowstone National Park, the first true national park
established in the United States. Inasmuch as the creation
of the Yellowstone was the result of a conception of the con-
servation of natural wonders which has come to be known as
the “National Park Idea,” it will be proper at this point to
discuss briefly, first the events leading up to the inception of
the idea; and, second, its subsequent development.

The existence of the natural wonders which occur in such

profusion in the upper Yellowstone country had been known
; ‘

2 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

early in the last century to a few wandering hunters and trap-
pers who visited the region in search of beaver. John Colter,
a hunter who had accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expe-
dition to the Pacific, visited the park region in 1807, and was
probably the first white man to see the curiosities it contained.
Lewis and Clark themselves, in 1806, skirted the region, and
just missed becoming its discoverers by about fifty miles.

During the heyday of the fur trade a few other trappers
found their way into the neighborhood, and in the era of
gold-hunting which went on over the entire mountain country
after 1849, some prospectors also visited it.

Practically all of these men, from Colter down, brought
back accounts, some truthful, some exazgerated, of the won-
ders they had seen in the shape of geysers, hot springs, etc.
These accounts, however, were almost universally disbelieved,
Colter’s being hailed with especial derision, and the thermal
region he described coming to be known popularly as “Col-
ter’s Hell.”

The persistency of these hunters’ tales, however, and their
essential agreement resulted eventually in the arousing of
curiosity. In Montana especially there developed a desire
to settle definitely the truth or falsity of the rumors of amaz-
ing phenomena around the upper reaches of the Yellowstone.
This resulted, in 1869, in the first expedition which had for
its definite object the exploration of the much-talked-of area.

This expedition, consisting of David E. Folsom, C. W.
Cook, and William Peterson, spent a month in the park region
in September-October, 1869, during which time they investi-
gated a considerable number of the principal phenomena which
it contains. Mr. Folsom afterwards wrote an excellent nar-
rative of the party’s exploration which was first published in
the “Western Monthly” of Chicago, and subsequently (1894)
published in pamphlet form by Hon. N. P. Langford, the
first superintendent of the Yellowstone Park, who added an
interesting preface.

In the following year, Mr. Langford was a member of the

HISTORY 3

second exploring expedition to enter the region, the Wash-
burn-Doane expedition, so-called from its being led by General
Henry D. Washburn, Surveyor-General of Montana, and
Lieutenant G. C. Doane of the United States Army, who com-
manded a military escort detailed by the War Department.
This expedition spent about a month in the region, but ex-
plored it somewhat more thoroughly than the Folsom party
had done.

The published reports of these two expeditions aroused in-
tense interest throughout the entire country, and had much
to do with the sending out of a government expedition in
1871 under the joint auspices of the Geological Survey and
the Engineer Corps of the Army, well equipped for the mak-
ing of precise scientific observations. This expedition made
a large collection of accurate data concerning the entire region
and took a great many photographs. From the standpoint
of exact information obtained it was the most important of
the three expeditions.

For a less ponderable but far more momentous reason,
when viewed in the light of its effect upon subsequent events,
the Washburn-Doane expedition, nevertheless, must be given
first place among these pioneer explorations of the Yellowstone
region. It was on this expedition that expression was first
given to the thought which has been responsible for the crea-
tion and development of the Country’s system of national
parks. At a camp fire of this expedition, on September 19,
1870, the members were discussing the wonders they had seen
and the certainity of the remarkable area becoming a mecca
for tourists. This led to the suggestion by several that it
would be a “profitable speculation” to take up land surround-
ing the principal phenomena and exploit them as commercial
enterprises. Objection to this point of view was expressed
by Cornelius Hedges, a member of the party, to the effect
that the recently discovered wonderland should never be al-
lowed to pass into private ownership, but should be set aside
for the use and enjoyment of all the people. The other

4 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

members of the party at once fell in with this higher concep-
tion of the matter, and all agreed to unite in an endeavor to
make it an accomplished fact. This was the beginning of
the “National Park Idea.”

“. So widespread was the popular interest resulting from the
publication of articles by various members of the several ex-
peditions; and so vigorously was the project for the erection
of the Yellowstone Country into a public park pushed by sev-
eral leading members of the Washburn-Doane expedition and
by Dr. F. V. Hayden of the Geological Survey, one of the
leaders of the Government expedition of 1871, that in less
than two years after Mr. Hedges made his novel proposition
the Act of Dedication creating the Yellowstone National Park,
received the signature of President Grant (Act of March 1,
1872: 17 Stat. Li, 32.) ~

The text of this measure will be found in the appendix. At-
tention will be called at this point to its three outstanding
features:

The setting aside of the Yellowstone region “as a public
park or pleasuring-ground” ;

A provision making mandatory “the preservation, from in-
jury or spoliation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural
curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention
in their natural condition” ;

‘A provision making mandatory the protection of the fish and
game in the park area against “wanton destruction” or “cap-
ture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise or profit.”

The law also provides that the Secretary of the Interior
shall have exclusive control of the park, and it charges him
with the making of rules and regulations necessary for the
carrying out of its provisions.

The national park system began with the passage of this
law, the large significance of which is well expressed by Gen-
eral Hiram M. Chittenden:

It was, a notable act, not only on account of the transcend-

HISTORY 5

ent importance of the territory it was designed to protect,
but because it was a marked innovation in the traditional
policy of governments. From time immemorial privileged
classes have been protected by law, in the withdrawal, for
their exclusive enjoyment, of immense tracts fori forests,
parks and game preserves. But never before was a region
of such vast, extent as the Yellowstone Park set apart for
the use of all the people without distinction of rank or wealth.?

It is proper, at this point, to make a slight digression in
order to make clear a somewhat anomalous situation that has
long existed with regard to the qyestion—if it be a question—
as to what park of the present national park system was the
first to be established. The Yellowstone has been referred to
above as the first true national park. As has just been pointed
out, its establishment was the direct result of the birth
of the national park idea. Nevertheless there is another park
of the system, the Hot Springs National Park, which was set
aside almost forty years to a day before the creation of the
Yellowstone (Act of April 20, 1832; 4 Stat. L., 505) and
which is frequently referred to as the first national park.

To refer to it thus is incorrect, although it might be proper
to call it the oldest member of the national park system.
The confusion has arisen through the fact that at the time
of the creation of the Yellowstone the Hot Springs Reserva-
tion in Arkansas was being administered by the Secretary of
the Interior, not as a national park, because up until that time
such a thing as a national park in the sense we understand it
to-day was not dreamed of, but merely as a portion of the
public domain which for certain reasons had been withdrawn
from settlement or sale. Those reasons pertained to the me-
dicinal springs which the area contained. Their curative prop-
erties becoming widely known throughout the country, a fear
arose that they might pass into private ownership and be pri-
vately exploited. To prevent this was the purpose of the
Act of 1832. This law merely states that the area containing

1 Chittenden, The Yellowstone Nationa] Park, p. 79.

6 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

the springs “shall be reserved for the future disposal of the
United States,” and makes no mention of the preservation
of natural curiosities in their original state, the protection
of wild life, the public pleasure-ground feature, or of any
of the elements of the national park idea; and as a matter of
fact Congress had no such idea in mind when it set the Hot
Springs area aside. Reservation to prevent private exploita-
tion was its only thought.

It may be argued that this was precisely the thought back
of the setting aside of the Yellowstone. But there was this
difference: Hot Springs represented mere reservation, Yel-
Jowstone represented reservation plus development toward a
particular end,—the working out of the national park idea.

After the Yellowstone was established the two areas were
administered together in the office of the Secretary of the
Interior. As other parks were established from time to time—
fourteen ? were created betweef the founding of the Yellow-
stone and the establishment of the National Park Service in
April, 1917—they were grouped for administrative pur-
poses with Yellowstone and Hot Springs, and they came to be
spoken of collectively as the National Parks and the Hot
Springs Reservation. They continued to be so referred to
even after the creation of the National Park Service in 1916,
Hot Springs being called a reservation until the passage of the
sundry civil appropriation act for 1921, in which a clause was
inserted providing that it should thenceforth be known as “Hot
Springs National Park” (Act of March 4, 1921; 41 Stat. L.,
1407). As a matter of fact, the real status of Hot Springs,
until the time at least of the creation of the Yellowstone, was
less that of one of the national parks than of one of the national
monuments, of which there are at present twenty-four in the
national park system, twenty of which had been created prior
to the organization of the National Park Service. Detailed
reference to the monuments is made below.

? Including one park, Casa Grande, which was later given monu-
ment status.

HISTORY 7

To summarize, the Yellowstone was the first national park,
and the system of parks and monuments—including Hot
Springs—of which it was the beginning was the direct result
of the conception of the National Park Idea.

Distinction between Parks and Monuments. The act of
June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 225), entitled “An act for the
preservation of American antiquities,” gave the President
discretionary power to set aside by proclamation any lands
owned or controlled by the United States containing “historic
landmarks, historic or prehistoric structures, and other ob-
jects of historic or scientific interest” as “national monuments.”
Provision was made also for the punishment by fine or im-
prisonment of persons injuring the monuments, and juris-
diction over the monuments was given to the Secretary of the
Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, or the Secretary of
War, depending upon which department had jurisdiction over
the areas in which the monuments were severally located.
Section 4 of the act provides that the-secretaries of the
three departments—Interior, Agriculture, and War—shall
make uniform rules and regulations for the purpose of carry-
ing out its provisions. Secretaries Hitchcock, Wilson, and
Taft promptly complied by promulgating—Dec. 28, 1906—an
appropriate set of rules which are still in effect without change.
The passage of this act was the culmination of an organ-
ized movement by a group of archeologists, scientists, and
others, to put such safeguards about the unique archeological
treasures which the country possesses in the ancient pueblos
and cliff dwellings of the Southwest as would prevent their
spoliation and ultimate destruction. Their protection by the
creation of additional park areas had been found impractic-
able because a special congressional enactment was necessary
in each case, and because Congress was unwilling to create a
great number of parks, many of which would be, necessarily,
of very limited area. The original idea had been to protect
ancient ruins only, but the act was broadened so as to include

8 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

within its scope other objects of historic or scientific value,
natural as well as artificial. The first monument created, as
a matter-of-fact, was the Devils Tower, in Wyoming, a
natural formation.

Some confusion has arisen as to the difference between
parks and monuments. It has been asked, for example, why,
of two reserved areas, the basic reasons for the reservation in
each case being the preservation of a natural wonder, one
should be a park and the other a monument.

The simplest way to answer this question is to say what has
been said above in speaking of the setting-aside of Hot
Springs. The object of a monument is the preservation from
destruction or spoliation of some object of historic, scientific,
or other interest. The object of a park is that and something
more; namely, the development of the area reserved for its
more complete and perfect enjoyment by the people. It might
be said that a monument is park raw material, because many
of the existing monuments, in all probability, will receive park
status when their development as parks is practicable. Sev-
eral of the present parks of the system originally had monu-
ment status, notably Grand Canyon, Lafayette, and Zion Parks.

The Parks and Monuments Prior to 1916. From the set-
ting-aside of the Yellowstone Park in 1872 until 1890 no new
parks were added to the park system. Sequoia, Yosemite,
and General Grant parks were added in 1890, and by the
time the National Park Service was created in August, 1916,
the system totalled sixteen parks and eighteen monuments.
This includes the Hot Springs Reservation, and one park, Casa
Grande, which was given monument status in 1918.

The history of the parks and monuments during this period
is almost altogether a history of individual rather than group
development. New parks and monuments were created from
time to time and became, thereupon, so many new individual
problems rather than parts of a general problem. No note-
worthy legislation of a general nature applying to the park

HISTORY 9

system in common was enacted during this period except the
act for the preservation of American antiquities. There
was, Moreover, no such thing within the Department of the
Interior as a section or division charged with the administra-
tion of the park system to the exclusion of everything else.
The Patents and Miscellaneous Division, in the office of the
Secretary, already occupied with an abundance of other duties,
gave such attention to the parks as time could be found for.
It cannot be said that such a thing as a park system existed,
if the word system be used in the sense of a disciplined, codr-
dinated unit. Every park was in a very real sense a law unto
itself, and the parks were more of a conglomeration at this
time than a system. When the Secretary’s office was reor-
ganized in 1907, the miscellaneous duties of this division were
given to the Miscellaneous Section in the Secretary’s office, and
the former chief of division was placed in charge of the section
as Assistant Attorney. The work of this section embraced, be-
sides the management of the parks and monuments, the ad-
ministration of Alaska and Hawaii, the care of several elee-
mosynary institutions, etc.

A series of national park conferences held in 1911, 1912,
and 1915 at the Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Berkeley, Cali-
fornia, respectively, and participated in by all the park super-
intendents and many of the department officers concerned in
park administration, had much to do with bringing about an
improved system of park control in the department. *

The first step in this direction was made in 1913, when
Secretary Lane placed the Assistant to the Secretary in gen-
eral charge of park administration. This was followed, June
5, 1914, by the appointment of a General Superintendent and
Landscape Engineer of the national parks, to reside at San
Francisco and have general supervision over all the park super-

intendents. Thereafter a still further advance was made when
he.
3A fourth conference, held in Washington, January 2-6, 1917, was
in the nature of a celebration of the success of the movement for
a national park service.

10 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

the urgent deficiency appropriation act of February 28, 1916
(39 Stat. L., 23) conferred authority upon the Secretary to
employ a General Superintendent in the District of Columbia
and in the field, the salary of the new officer and other neces-
sary expenses of administration to be taken from the appro-
priations and revenues of the several parks on a pro rata basis.
Under this authority the office of the General Superintendent
was moved to Washington. In the sundry civil appropriation
act of July 1, 1916, (39 Stat. L., 309) authorization was
given for the employment of a General Superintendent, to-
gether with such clerical or other assistants, not exceeding
four persons, as the Secretary might determine.

In December 1913, a piece of legislation was enacted which,
while it directly affected but one park, the Yosemite, was of
indirect effect upon the entire system by reason of the pre-
cedent which it established. This was the law (Act of Dec-
ember 19, 1913; 38 Stat. L., 242) giving to the City of San
Francisco the right to use certain lands in the Yosemite Park,
specifically the Hetch Hetchy Valley, for the construction of
a reservoir to supply the city with water and to generate
electric power.

This legislation was only enacted after a struggle extend-
ing over the better part of a decade. It was fought by many
civic organizations of standing and was strongly opposed by
naturalists of note like John Muir and by many citizens, who
believed that that part of the national park idea which called
for the preservation of the parks in their original state should
be rigidly lived up to.

The city, on the other hand, claimed that the water to be
obtained from the project was essential to the city’s life in the
years to come, and that it was impracticable to obtain it from
any other source. Its point of view finally triumphed. As
to whether this triumph was a rightful one; and as to whether
it will be a precedent for commercial raiding of the parks,
or an example constituting a warning against that danger are
questions for the future to answer.

HISTORY II

The Movement for the Establishment of the National
Park Service. A number of years before Secretary Lane in-
troduced the reforms in park administration which have been
described in the preceding section, a feeling had been growing
up among friends of the parks that they should be admin-
istered by a special bureau devoting its time to park affairs
and nothing else. Secretary Lane’s innovations were hailed
as strides in the right direction, but it was felt that they did
not go far enough.

Secretary Ballinger had recommended the creation of a
“bureau of national parks and resorts under the supervision
of a competent commissioner” in his annual report for 1910.
The American Civic Association, a society which has always
been active in any movement for park betterment, took up the
cause of a park bureau at about the same time. It is not too
much to say that the untiring zeal of this organization in keep-
ing up interest in the project, both in and out of Congress, by
meetings, publications, and influence brought to bear through
the most powerful press organs, had more to do with the final
successful issue of the movement than any other one factor.
Sentiment in general was in favor of the creation of the bu-
reau, but it was not organized and was largely passive. But
for the life the American Civic Association put into the
movement it is to be doubted if Congress could have been
induced to create a new bureau to do work that had been
getting done somehow for so long a time without it.

Another important factor in this movement was the series
of national park conferences already referred to. At these
meetings of practical park men, with a practical understanding
of park problems, the park bureau project found many cham-
pions.

What may be termed the “Canadian Argument” was much
used by proponents of the bureau idea throughout the move-
ment. It was pointed out that Canada had already established
a bureau of parks which was functioning with brilliant suc-
cess. Secretaries Fisher and Lane were both in favor of the

12 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

creation of the bureau and recommended it in their reports.
President Taft thought well enough of it to address a special
message to Congress on the subject. This was afterwards in-
corporated in a bulletin of the American Ciyic Association and
given wide publicity. President Taft said in part:

I earnestly recommend the establishment of a bureau of
national parks. Such legislation is essential to the proper
management of those wondrous manifestations of nature.
Every consideration of patriotism and the love of nature
and of beauty and of art requires us to expend money enough
to bring all these natural wonders within easy reach of our
people. The first step in that direction is the establishment
of a responsible bureau which shall take upon itself the
burden of supervising the parks and of making recommenda-
tions as to the best methods of improving their accessibility and
usefulness.

The work of the Division of Publications in the Secretary’s
office was also of material assistance in the bureau campaign.
Its annual circulars on each park were widely distributed, and
as a knowledge of what the country possessed in the parks
became disseminated, sentiment in favor of their more effi-
cient management was crystallized. The issuance by the divi-
sion in 1916, of an elaborate illustrated brochure entitled The
National Parks Portfolio, in an edition of 275,000 copies,
aroused popular interest in the parks, and copies of the publica-
tion were eagerly sought. The result of this well-directed
campaign was the introduction of a number of bills in Congress
providing for the creation of a national park service. Hear-
ings were held before the Public Lands committees in 1912,

1914, and 1916, and on August 25, 1916, the National Park
Service Act became a law (39 Stat. L., 535).

The National Park Service Since 1916. The text of the
National Park Service law will be found in the appendix.
The law as originally enacted is in force to-day except for two
slight amendments. The first of these is a mere proviso

in the act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1175), creating

HISTORY 13

the Grand Canyon National Park, to the effect that the pro-
vision of the original law with regard to the granting of priv-
ileges, leases, and permits shall, in the case of the Grand
Canyon Park, be so construed that such privileges, leases,
etc., “shall be let at public auction to the best and most re-
sponsible bidder.” The second amendment is part of the
act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731), accepting, on the part
of the National Government, the cession by the State of Cali-
fornia, of jurisdiction over Sequoia, Yosemite, and General
Grant Parks. A clause of that act makes a change in the pen-
alties provided in the original act for violation of rules and
regulations established by the Secretary of the Interior.

Since the creation of the service in August, 1916, four new
parks and five new monuments have been added to the sys-
tem, which now totals nineteen parks and twenty-four mont-
ments, with a total area of 12,674 square miles. A table of all
the parks, together with a map, will be found near the end of
this section. A table of the monuments is given with the sec-
tion on the national monuments.

One of these new monuments, Casa Grande, originally had
the status of a park, as has been mentioned above. The reason
for making the change cannot be better explained than by
quoting from the report of the Director of the National Park
Service for 1918, as follows:

When the National Park Service was organized we had 17
national parks and 21 national monuments. We now have 16
national parks and 24 national monuments. The explanation
is that one of the national parks of 1916, Casa Grande ruin,
has been withdrawn from that classification and been made
a national monument, and two other national monuments have
been created. . . . The Casa Grande ruin had been reserved #
and became loosely classed with Hot Springs and Yellowstone
as a national park, notwithstanding that it possessed none

4By an Executive Order of June 22, 1892, authorized by a clause
in the sundry civil act of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat. L., 961) which also
appropriated $2000 for the restoration of the ruin. A proclamation
by President Taft, Dec. 10, 1909 (36 Stat. L., 2504), correcting
Casa Grande’s boundaries refers to it as a “reservation.”

14 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

of the accepted qualities of parkhood. . . . President Wil-
son’s proclamation of August 3, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 1818),
declaring it a national monument, does little more than con-
firm one of several opinions.

Projects are now on foot looking to the creation of several
additional parks. Prominent among these proposed parks
are the region including the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, a
large area in the sand dune region of Indiana bordering on
Lake Michigan, and the region in Utah surrounding Bryce Can-
yon. It is also proposed to enlarge the Yellowstone by taking
in a large territory south of the park—the famous country of
the Three Tetons and Jackson’s Hole—and Sequoia by an-
nexing the contiguous area, which contains the canyons of the
King and Kern rivers and about seventy miles of the crest
of the Sierra Nevada. This region is notable for scenic gran-
deur and for the location within its confines of Mount Whit-
ney, the highest peak in the continental United States. It
is also the only known habitat of a unique and peculiarly
“game” species of trout recently named after the late Presi-
dent Roosevelt. This project is regarded by the National
Park Service as the most meritorious of all the projects for
park enlargement so far put forward.

By Executive Orders of July 8, 1918 (No. 2905) and Jan-
uary 28, 1921 (No. 3394), the area of the proposed addition to
the Yellowstone was set aside and reserved from settlement un-
der authority of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 847), as
amended by the act of ‘August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 497).
This prevents the acquisition of any private interests in the
tract reserved—except mining claims. The total area with-
drawn covers 844,800 acres, of which only slightly over 5000
acres are patented or in process of being patented.

The National Park Service Act constitutes the organic law of
the park system. The policy of the National Park Service
operating under it was set forth on May 13, 1918, by the

late Secretary Lane in a letter to Director Mather, in which he
said;

HISTORY 15

The National Park Service has been established as a bureau
of this Department just one year. During this period our
efforts have been chiefly directed toward the building of an
effective organization while engaged in the performance of
duties relating to the administration, protection, and improve-
ment of the national parks and monuments, as required by
law. This constructive ‘work is now completed. The new
Service is fully organized; its personnel has been carefully
chosen; it has been conveniently and comfortably situated
in the new Interior Department Building; ‘and it has been
splendidly equipped for the quick and effective transaction of
its business.

For the information of the public, an outline of the ad-
ministrative policy to which the new Service will adhere
may now be announced. This policy is based on three broad
principles: First, that the national parks must be maintained
in absolutely unimpaired form for the use of future genera-
tions as well as those of our own time; second, that they are
set apart for the use, observation, health, and pleasure of the
people; and third, that the national interest must dictate all
decisions affecting public or private enterprise in the parks.

Every activity of the Service is subordinate to the duties
imposed upon it to faithfully preserve the parks for posterity
in essentially their natural state. The commercial use of
these reservations, except as specially authorized by law, or
such as may be incidental to the accommodation and enter-
tainment of visitors, will not be permitted under any cir-
cumstances.

In all of the national parks except Yellowstone you may
permit the grazing of cattle in isolated regions not, fre-
quented by visitors, and where no injury to the natural fea-
tures of the parks may result from such use. The grazing of
sheep, however, must not be permitted in any national park.

In leasing lands for the operation of hotels, camps, trans-
portation facilities, or other public service under strict Gov-
ernment control, concessioners should be confined to tracts
no larger than absolutely necessary for the purposes of their
business enterprises.

You should not permit the leasing of park lands for sum-
mer homes. It is conceivable, and even exceedingly . prob-
able, that within a few years under a policy of permitting the
establishment of summer homes in national parks, these res-

16 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

ervations might become so generally settled as to exclude
the public from convenient access to their streams, lakes, and
other natural features, and thus destroy the very basis upon
which this national playground system is being constructed.

You should not permit the cutting of trees except where
timber is needed in the construction of buildings or other
improvements within the park and can be removed without
injury to the forests or disfigurement of the landscape, where
the thinning of forests or cutting of vistas will improve the
scenic features of the parks, or where their destruction is
necessary to eliminate insect infestations or diseases common
to forests and shrubs.

‘In the construction of roads, trails, buildings, and other
improvements, particular attention must be devoted always
to the harmonizing of these improvements with the landscape.
This is a most important item in our program of develop-
ment and requires the employment of trained engineers who
either possess a knowledge of landscape architecture or have
a proper appreciation of the esthetic value of park lands.
All improvements will be carried out in accordance with a
preconceived plan developed with special reference to the
preservation of the landscape, and comprehensive plans for
future development of the national parks on an adequate
scale will be prepared as funds are available for this purpose.

Whenever the Federal Government has exclusive jurisdic-
tion over national parks, it is clear that more effective meas-
ures for the protection of the parks can be taken. The Fed-
eral Government has exclusive jurisdiction over the national
parks in the States of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Mon-
tana, Washington, and Oregon, and also in the territories
of Hawaii and Alaska. We should urge the cession of ex-
clusive jurisdiction over the parks in the other States, and par-
ticularly in California 5 and Colorado.

There are many private holdings in the national parks, and
many of these seriously hamper the administration of these
reservations. All of them should be eliminated as far as it
is practicable to accomplish this purpose in the course of
time, either through Congressional appropriation or by ac-
ceptance of donations of these lands. Isolated tracts in im-
portant scenic areas should be given first consideration, of
course, in the purchase of private property.

5 See act of June 2, 1920, p. 104 infra.

HISTORY 17

p . d at—~best
satisfies the individual taste. Automobiles and Tmotorcytles
permi in all of the national parks; in fact, the

ae will be kept_accessible by any means practicable.

(All outdoor sports which may be maintained consistently
with the observation of the safeguards thrown around the
national parks by law will be heartily endorsed and aided
wherever possible. Mountain climbing, horse-back riding,
walking, motoring, swimming, boating, and fishing will ever
be the favorite sports. Winter sports will be developed in the
parks that are accessible throughout the year. Hunting
will not be permitted in any national park. ® °
2 The educational, as_well as the recreational, use of the
national parks should be encouraged in every practicable way.
University and high school classes in science will find special
facilities for their vacation period studies. Museums con-
taining specimens of wild flowers, shrubs, and trees, and
mounted animals, birds, and fish native to the parks, and other
exhibits of this character, will be established as authorized.

"3 Low-priced camps operated by concessioners should be
maintained, as well as comfortable and even luxurious hotels
wherever the volume of travel warrants the establishment of
these classes of accommodations. In each reservation, as
funds are available, a system of free camp sites will be cleared,
and these grounds will be equipped with adequate water and
sanitation facilities.

«% -As_concessions in the national parks represent in most in-
stances a large investment, and as the obligation to render
service satisfactory to the Department at carefully regulated
rates is imposed, these enterprises must be given a large
measure of protection, and generally speaking competitive busi-
ness should not be authorized where a concession is meeting
our requirements, which, of course, will as nearly as possible
coincide with the needs of the traveling public.

Y All concessions should yield revenue to the Federal Govern-
ment, but the development of the revenues of the parks should
not impose a burden upon the visitor.

c, Automobile fees in the parks should be reduced as the vol-

ume of Wrotor travel increases.
For assistance in the solution of administrative problems in

6 But see p. 53, infra.

18 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

the parks relating both to their protection and use, the scien-
tific bureaus of the Government offer facilities of the highest
worth and authority. In the protection of the public health,
for instance, the destruction of insect pests in the forests, the
care of wild animals, and the propagation and distribution of
fish, you should utilize their hearty codperation to the utmost.

You should utilize to the fullest extent the opportunity af-
forded by the atitoad daca nieeaeon appointing a com-
mittee of western railroads to info the traveling public
how to comfortably reach the national parks; you should dil-
igently extend and use the splendid codperation developed dur-
ing the last three years among chambers of commerce, tourist
bureaus, and automobile highway associations fag the purpose
of spreading information about our national parks and facili-
tating their use and enjoyment; you should keep informed of
park movements and park progress, municipal, county, and
State, both at home and abroad, for the purpose of adapting,
whenever practicable, the world’s best thought to the needs of
the national parks. You should encourage all movements
looking to outdoor living. In particular you should maintain
close working relationship with the Dominion Parks Branch of
the Canadian Department of the Interior, and assist in the
solution of park problems of an international character.

The Department is often requested for reports on pending
legislation proposing the establishment ‘of new national parks
or the addition of lands to existing parks. Complete data on
such parks projects should be obtained by the National Park
Service and submitted to the Department in tentative form of
report to Congress.

In studying new park projects, you should_seek to find scen-
ery of supreme and distinctive quality or some natural feature

so extraordinary or umique as to be of national interest and im-
portance. You should seek distinguished examples of typical
forms of world architecture; such, for instance, as the Grand
Canyon, as exemplifying the highest accomplishment of stream
erosion, and the high, rugged portion of Mount Desert Island
as exemplifying the oldest rock forms in America and the lux-
uriance of deciduous forests.

The national park system as now constituted should not be
lowered in standard, dignity, and prestige by the inclusion of
areas which express in less than the highest terms the partic-
ular class or kind of exhibit which they represent. :

HISTORY 19

It is not necessary that.a national park should have a large
area. The element of size is of no importance as long as the
park is susceptible of effective administration and control.

You should study existing national parks with the idea of
improving them by the addition of adjacent areas which will
complete their scenic purposes or facilitate administration.
The addition of the Teton Mountains to the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, for instance, will supply Yellowstone’s greatest
need, which is an uplift of glacier-bearing peaks; and the ad-
dition to the Sequoia National Park of the Sierra summits and
slopes to the north and east, as contemplated by pending legis-
lation, will create a reservation unique in the world, because
of its combination of gigantic trees, extraordinary canyons,
and mountain masses.

In considering projects involving the establishment of new
national parks or the extension of existing park areas by de-
limination of national forests, you should observe what effect
such delimination would have on the administration of adjacent
forest lands, and wherever practicable you should engage in an
investigation of such park projects jointly with officers of the
Forest Service, in order that questions of national park and
national forest policy as they affect the lands involved may be
thoroughly understood.

The fundamental purpose of the park system is stated in the
National Park Service Act to be the conservation of the
scenery and natural and historic objects and wild life of the
parks in such manner as will leave them unimparied for the
enjoyment of future generations. This thought was empha-
sized by Secretary Lane in his statement of policy quoted
above. It is the gist of the national park idea.

Particular attention is drawn to this matter here because
in the few years since the Service has been established events
have occurred which indicate that it will be the center about
which will be refought, on a much larger scale, the struggle
which occurred over the Hetch Hetchy, referred to in the pre-
ceding section. Proponents of power, irrigation, and water
supply projects want to get in the parks, claiming that local
needs along these lines should outweigh other considerations.

20 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

In his most recent report Director Mather draws attention
to the fact that no less than five extensive irrigation power
projects proposing to utilize the waters of Yellowstone lakes
and rivers by impounding them within the park itself have been
vigorously furthered by Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in-
terests since 1919, and that one of them had got before Con-
gress and secured a favorable vote in the Senate. It is the opin-
ion of the Director, after careful investigations, that any one of
these projects, if completed, would seriously mar the beauty
of the park.

A. still more serious menace to the National Park Idea was
contained in the Federal Water Power Act, signed by Presi-
dent Wilson on June 10, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 1063). This act,
when submitted to the National Park Service in tentative
form, safeguarded the parks and monuments from commer-
cial invasion for water power or irrigation purposes; but as
finally passed by Congress it contained a provision specifically
opening up all the parks and monuments for water power devel-
opment. Upon protest being made, the bill was signed with
the understanding that amendatory legislation would be pre-
sented and passed at the next session of Congress excluding
the parks and monuments from the scope of the act. This
action was taken, and an act repealing so much of the Federal
Water Power Act as authorized the use of existing parks and
monuments for power projects was signed on March 3, 1921
(41 Stat. L., 1353). The parks were further safeguarded
from the operation of the act by the inclusion of a clause in
the sundry civil act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L.,, 1380),
providing that no part of the appropriation for the Federal
Power Commission should be used for any expense connected
with the leasing of water power facilities in any national park
or monument.

Between the passage of the Water Power Act and its amend-
ment several applications were made to the Federal Power
Commission for licenses for water power rights in the Sequoia,
Yosemite, and Grand Canyon parks. The commission, how-

HISTORY 21

ever, at the solicitation of the Secretary of the Interior, agreed
not to consider applications for licenses within the parks until
Congress had an opportunity to enact the promised amen-
datory legislation.

The successors of the late Secretary Lane have taken a like
stand with regard to park exploitation. One of the last ut-
terances of Judge John Barton Payne before relinquishing the
Secretaryship of the Interior was the following:

In my view the greatest assets, stated with reasonable lim-
itations, of the country are such national monuments and parks
as the Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon and other national
parks which the Congress from time to time has set aside. If
those parks may be encroached upon for a commercial pur-
pose, sooner or later they will be destroyed, in my view. It
ought not to be a question of utility. Congress presumably
considered that when it set a park aside. No one feels more
keenly than I the wisdom of conserving water for reclamation
and power purposes, but that should not be done at the cost of
any of our national parks or monuments. And where the
question is one even for debate, every doubt should be resolved
in favor of the integrity of the national parks.

The water never remains in the park, and in the final analy-
sis it is a question of expense, because without exception, so
far as I know, there is always opportunity of using the water
after it leaves the park.

Now, on the Yellowstone project, I gave a hearing to gentle-
men when I was in the Yellowstone last July, and we had a
perfectly frank dicussion of the subject, and it finally came to
the proposition that the project could not afford the cost un-
less the free lands in the park could be used for that purpose;
that to buy the land for a storage reservoir, and pay the dam-
ages incident thereto, would make a burden on the reclamation
project which it could ill afford to bear. I said that that
should not be a question for debate. If the project cannot
afford to bear the expense of acquiring new lands and pay
the damages, then the project should be abandoned, if the con-
verse of the proposition was the possible injury and destruc-
tion of a national park.

The Yellowstone is worth more to this country, it is worth
more to Montana and Idaho and Wyoming than any utilitar-

22 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

ian use to which it may be applied. It is not only an asset for
those adjacent states but for the whole country, and will attract
people to that section always, and Congress and the people in
the country should do everything in their power to preserve
it in the best possible state as a national asset.

And what I feel about Yellowstone is my view about all
these parks.

Secretary Fall on June 1, 1921, wrote as follows to the
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Irrigation and Re-
clamation :

I am in receipt of your request for report upon S. 274 and
275, proposing to authorize the State of Montana, or irriga-
tion districts authorized by the State, to build a dam across
Yellowstone River at a point not more than three miles below
the outlet of Lake Yellowstone, for the regulation of the waters
of the Lake for irrigation purposes. This construction would
be within the limits of the Yellowstone National Park.

I can not favor the enactment of the measure. I do not
believe it would be advisable for Congress to permit private
interests to develop irrigation or power sites within the limits
of existing national parks. These parks were created by Con-
gress for the preservation of the scenery, forests, and other ob-
jects of beauty and interest in their natural condition, and they
are created and maintained for general and national purposes
as contradistinguished from local development.

If cases be found where it is necessary and advisable in the
public interest to develop power and irrigation possibilities in
national parks, and it can be done without interference with
the purposes of their creation, I am of the opinion that it
should only be permitted to be done, whether through the use
of private or public funds, on specific authorization by Con-

gress, the works to be constructed and controlled by the Fed-
eral Government.

Local feeling on this question is illustrated by the action
taken by the Idaho legislature at its 1921 session. For many
years the park officers both in Washington and at the several
parks, have urged state legislation creating large game pre-

* Idaho Senate Bill 173, approved March 1, 1921.

HISTORY 23

serves immediately adjoining several of the parks, which from
their size and location, are especially important wild-life re-
fuges. This applied with especial force to the Yellowstone.
The desirability of such legislation is apparent. Certain
protected animals, especially the elk and buffalo herds of the
Yellowstone, are prone to wander at certain seasons beyond
the park boundaries, seeking fresh grazing grounds, and fre-
quently they have been met by hunters and indiscriminately
slaughtered. Serious depletion of the park’s herds has resulted.

At the last session of the Idaho legislature a game preserve
was created approximately seven miles wide, and running
from nearly opposite the southwest corner of the park north-
ward to the Continental Divide and the Idaho-Montana line.
The act, however, contains the proviso that the preserve shall
not be closed to hunting and actually made a sanctuary until
the National Government certifies that the southwest corner of
the park is made available for irrigation reservoirs, or until the
boundaries of the park are so revised as to eliminate the south-
west corner and thus make it available for irrigation projects.

The other states bordering on the Yellowstone, Wyoming,
and Montana, also passed game preserve legislation at their
1921 legislative sessions. In both states new fish and game
commissions were created with broad powers, including the
authority to establish game preserves in any parts of their re-
spective states, whenever, in their judgment, such action is
advisable. The Montana law, however, is practically nulli-
fied by the provision that the commission cannot establish a
game preserve unless the same is petitioned for by 75 per
cent of the actual property owners of the district proposed to
be set aside as a preserve.

A large game preserve was created by the State of Colorado
in 1919, enclosing the Rocky Mountain Park on three sides,
the fourth being closed by the Continental Divide.

The State of Washington has passed a law somewhat sim-
ilar to the Montana and Wyoming laws. Under its provisions
county game commissioners can set aside as game preserves

24 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

any state, school, or granted lands, certain designated waters,
private lands (with the consent of the owners), and national
forest areas (with the consent of the Chief Forester of the
United States).

An important bit of park legislation was enacted June 5,
1920 (41 Stat. L., 917) in the shape of a general authoriza-
tion to the Secretary of the Interior to accept for the National
Government, in his discretion, gifts of patented lands or other
lands, buildings or other properties within the various national
parks and monuments, and moneys which may be donated
for the purposes of the national park and monument system.
This provision supersedes several clauses in the sundry civil
act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 152), authorizing accep-
tances by the Secretary of gifts in Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Mesa
Verde, Rocky Mountain, and Crater Lake, as well as gifts of
lands etc., including the upper slopes of Grandfather Moun-
tain, near the Boone National Forest in Western North Car-
olina, a region which after having been under consideration for
park purposes for several years has been rejected as unsuitable
after a careful examination by the National'Park Service.

Under this authorization a number of gifts: have been made
to the nation within the past year, the latest being a square
mile of forest land in the Sequoia Park, the last redwood
stand there which had been privately owned. This was se-
cured and handed over to the Nationa! Park Service at a cost
of $55,000 through the instrumentality of the National Geo-
graphic Society.

Another important event having to do with privately-owned
land within park boundaries was the termination, in the Gov-
ernment’s favor, of long-drawn-out litigation over some min-
ing claims in the Grand Canyon. The decision of the United
States Supreme Court in this case * established the proposition
that the Government can, in the public interest, examine min-
ing claims in the national parks and monuments with a view
to determining their validity, and, in the event of their prov-

* Cameron et al vs, United States; 252 U. S., 450

HISTORY 25

ing to be non-mineral, declare them invalid, thus preventing the
“holding of lands within a park on the pretext that they are
mineral-bearing.

By act approved June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731), Congress
accepted the cession by the State of California of exclusive
jurisdiction of the territory within Yosemite, Sequoia, and
General Grant Parks. The state act was passed April 15,
1919. This was an important step toward complete national
jurisdiction in all the national parks, which consummation will
alone create a satisfactory situation throughout the park sys-
tem with regard to the enforcement of the regulations. In the
parks over which the laws of the state in which they are lo-
cated obtain, great difficulties in administration are at times
encountered, owing to the fact that the department has no
jurisdiction to punish offenses in violation of the regulations
relating thereto, and particularly in the matter of preventing
depredations on the game. Exclusive national jurisdiction
now exists in nine parks Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia,
General Grant, Platt, Glacier, Mount Rainier, Crater Lake,
and Hot Springs. Penalties for the violation of the laws
and regulations have been prescribed for all these parks, and
commissioners appointed for the trial of offenders in each
one of them except Platt.

The period since the creation of the National Park Service
is also notable for the assumption by the Department of the
Interior of complete control of all activities connected with
the park system. This was brought about by the final re-
linquishment by the War Department of police duties which
it had performed for a considerable period in the California
parks and in the Yellowstone, and by the withdrawal of the
Corps of Engineers from all connection with park road and
trail construction. The last detachment of soldiers to gar-
rison Fort Yellowstone was withdrawn from the park on
October 31, 1918, and the Corps of Engineers was relieved of
further duty in connection with the road work on July Ist of
the same year. On July roth of the following year the en-

26 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

gineers were withdrawn from Crater Lake, and the control of
the park service was at last complete throughout the entire
system. These changes were effected by transference of ap-
propriations in the sundry civil acts of 1918 and 1919 (40
Stat. L., 634, and 41 Stat. L., 163). This finally ended what
had always been an anomalous situation, involving a duplica-
tion and even a triplication of control. For example, in the
Yellowstone the Superintendent reported to the National Park
Service and had no control over the commandant of the troops
engaged in patrol work or the engineer officer in charge of
road construction. The commandant reported to the Western
Military Department at San Francisco, and the engineer officer
to the Chief of Engineers of the Army. It was thus neces-
sary to maintain at the park three distinct offices, three office
forces, and separate warehouses for equipment and sup-
plies.

A word is in order here as to how this cumbersome system
grew up. The organic acts creating the Yellowstone Park
and the three parks in California (17 Stat. L., 32; 26 Stat.
L., 478, 650) gave the Secretary of the Interior power to
make rules and regulations, but no means of enforcing them.
Considerable disorder and license resulted, and Congress met
the situation by including in the act of March 3, 1883 (22
Stat. L., 626) a clause authorizing the Secretary of the In-
terior to call upon the Secretary of War for details of troops
for protection of the Yellowstone. A similar clause was in-
corporated in the act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618) with
regard to the Sequoia, General Grant, and Yosemite parks in
California. The same act (31 Stat. L., 625) in making ap-
propriations for the Yellowstone Park under the War De-
partment provided that thereafter road extensions and im-
provements in the park should be made under, and in har-
mony with, a plan to be approved by the Chief of Engineers.
Engineer troops and officers came to be employed in some of
the other parks, notably Crater Lake and Mount Rainier,
simply by the making of appropriations for road construction

HISTORY 27

work under the War Department instead of the Interior De-
partment.

This system was probably unavoidable in the early days
of the parks, and probably saved the Yellowstone from injury.
But as time went on it became more and more apparent that
a system of civilian control was to be preferred. Then, too,
it was most unjust to the Army. Vast appropriations charged
to the War Department were really expended for the benefit
of the Department of the Interior. Secretary Garrison on
May 1, 1914, called this to the attention of Secretary Lane in
a letter reviewing the matter, and suggested that the
time had come for the Department of the Interior to take over
the complete handling of the parks.

The military forces were withdrawn from the Yellowstone
in October, 1916, and a special ranger force created to take
over the work. A year later, however, Congress concluded
that the park should be guarded by soldiers, and by making
Interior Department funds non-available for protective pur-
poses through legislation in the act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat.
L., 151) made necessary the recall of the cavalry to the park.
The troops were withdrawn definitely from the California
parks in 1913. With the final withdrawal from the Yellow-
stone in 1918 all military control ceased, and all the parks
are now protected by civilian rangers. The system of ranger
control is described in the chapter on Organization.

Other events of importance in recent park history have been
an inspection trip of a number of members of the House Com-
mittee on Appropriations to six of the leading northern
parks in the summer of 1920, and the formal establishment
and designation of a great connected highway between the
major parks of the Far West to be known as the National
Park-to-Park Highway.

Mention of this highway leads naturally to mention of
the automobile, the basic motive for the creation of the road
being the desire for the establishment of a trunk line for motor
vehicles that will take the auto tourists to every one of the

28 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

greater parks of the Far West. The proposal has the approval
of the American Automobile Association and the support of
the National Park Service.

There was much argument, pro and con, before the automo-
bile was permitted to enter the parks in the early years of
Secretary Lane’s incumbency: Those opposed to its admis-
sion held that to do so would be a violation of the National
Park Idea in that it would be an essential ignoring of that
part of the “Idea” which contemplated the retention of the
parks in their original condition. It was argued on the other
hand, that the admission of the auto would render the parks
more accessible to the people and thus make of them to a
much fuller extent “public parks and pleasuring-grounds.”
There seems to be no question that a great and ever-increas-
ing number of people are visiting the parks in this manner, as
an examination of the statistics in the appendix will disclose.
Moreover, the automobile has been a most important revenue-
producer. Director Mather stated at the sundry civil hearings
of December 16, 1920, that about 60 per cent of the revenue
collected in the parks during the fiscal year ending June 30,
1920, came from this source.

In the construction of this highway it is proposed that the
eleven states concerned build those sections passing through
well-settled portions of their respective territories, and that
the National Government assist in constructing those sections
traversing thinly populated regions.

The sundry civil act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 153)
provided that after July 1, 1918, all revenues from national
parks except those from Hot Springs should be covered into
the Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts. Previous
to that time the revenues had been expended in the parks in
which earned. The relation of these revenues to the amounts
granted by Congress forms an interesting study. The total
appropriations for 1920 totalled $907,070.76 and the revenues
for the same period totalled $316,877.96, or approximately
35 per cent of the cost of maintenance. The total appropria-

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29

HISTORY

NATIONAL PARKS, ADMINISTERED BY THE NATI

[NumBgEr, 19; TOTAL AREA,

ONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
10,859 SQUARE MILES; CHRONOLOGICALLY IN ORDER OF CREATION]

Area Private «os
Name : When Statute Refer- Area Visitors
om Location established ence L, sae (acres, i 1920
r é f re
Hot Springs........+.!Middle Arkansas ...... {i ab ce ee 21 Stat bs. 1% 911.63 None 2 162,850
....]Wyoming, Montana, and 41 Stat. L., 1407
‘sean iaasisoblgibins dahovcs-sengrtecrte Mar. 1, 2872] 17 Stat La'3% 33,.] 13.348 | aynga.720 None 79.777
Sequoia (sé-kwoi’4)...|Middle eastern California Sept. 25, 1890 ee L., 478, 5 161,597 2,04 3155
26 Stat.
Yosemite (y6-sém’-i-té)].......... do ..........] Oct. 1, 1890 33 ek 1,125 719,622.4 10,000 68,906
34 Stat.
General Grant.......[..-0.00+-. dO essay a do .....] 26 Stat. 4 2,536 160 19,661
Mount Rainier (ra-]West central Washing- 2, 1899] 30 Stat. 324 207,360 18.2 56,491
NOL) ccsamtane-cesimovsyel, COM, Saw otenas % cenamens
Crater Lake Southern Oregon ....... 22, 1902] 32 Stat. 249 159,360 2,458.11 20,135
sa[ South Dakota « canes «sas 9, 1903] 32 ee Las 7684 17 10,899.22 None 27,023
32 tat.
...JSouthern Oklahoma .... a Tabs 655 : 1% 848.22 None 2 38,000
" 33 Stat. L.,
..}North Dakota . ‘ 27, 1904] 33 Stat 1% 780 None 9,341
323,
34 Stat.
pice Verde (ma’sa-|Southwestern Colorado .. ae oe a Stat. L., 82, 83 77 48,966.4 993 2,890
MEPIE) swe x caw 4 vat J ie waves
Glacier (gla’sher) ....{Northwestern Montana .. 11, 1910] 36 Stat. L 1,534 981,681 16,508.1 22,449
Rocky Mountain .-|North middle Colorado .. o aoe - otal. 397% 254,327 2 20,693 2 240,966
Hawaii para’) «....{ Hawaiian Islands . I, 1916} 39 Stat. 118 75,295 2 41,000 (3)
Lassen Volcanic (las’-}Northern California 9, 1916] 39 Stat. 124 79,501.58 2,955 2 2,000
OS) 454 weesss Kaw
ee McKinley .....]South central Alaska ... Feb. 26, 1917] 39 Stat. 2,200 1,498,000 Neue (3)
Jan. 12, 1908 —_.
Grand Canyon4 .,..|North central Arizona .. oe 26, 1919 is ee 958 613,120 732.16 67,315
Lafayette5 ..........,|Maine coast ............ at Ps tong a ea 8 $,000 | None 2 66,500
July 31, 1909/) 36 Stat.
Zioné ............+.,.;Southwestern Utah .....]4 Mar, 18, 1918] }4o Stat. 120 _75,800 9,817.72 3,692
Nov. 19, 1919!) 41 Stat. iabaciace

1In Wyoming, 3,114 square

2 Estimated.
3 No record kept.

miles; in Montana,

4 Formerly Grand Canyon National Monument.

5 Formerly Sieur de Monts National Monum

6 Formerly Zion National Monument.

ent; donated to the United States.

198 square miles; in Idaho, 36 squere miles,

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

30

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amen

HISTORY 31

tions for 1921 were $1,058,969.16, with a corresponding rev-
enue of $396,928.27.

The sources of park revenue are four in number: taxes on
concessions; public utilities, such as water, telephone, or
power systems; natural resources, i.e., sales of dead timber,
stone, hides of predatory animals, etc.; and automobile and
motorcycle permits. The system of taxing concessions varies
in the different parks.

Tables of statistics showing appropriations for the several
parks and monuments are given in the Appendix.

The Several Parks. In the pages that follow individual
sketches of the parks in the national system are given in some
detail.

Yellowstone. The creation of the Yellowstone National
Park and the legislation authorizing the same have already
been referred to. For more than a decade after its creation
little was done for its protection or development. The ap-
propriations were not large, and the lack of support made it
impossible for the early superintendents to accomplish much
that was genuinely constructive. The first superintendent was
the Hon. N. P. Langford, who, as mentioned above, had been
a member of fhe Washburn-Doane expedition. He received
no salary, and his hands were so securely tied by lack of funds
and lack of means for enforcement of the regulations that he
was practically powerless. He was nevertheless severely criti-
cised for his administration.

Civilian administration during these early years proving
unsatisfactory, the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. L., 626)
made some radical changes. It provided for a civilian superin-
tendent and ten assistants, but the protection of the park was
entrusted to a detail of troops which the Secretary of the In-
terior was authorized to request of the Secretary of War,
and the development of roads and bridges was entrusted to
the Corps of Engineers of the Army.

The act of August 4, 1886 (24 Stat. L., 240), by making no

32 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

provision for a superintendent or assistant, threw the entire
administration and protection of the parks into the hands of
the military, there being nothing for the Secretary of the In-
terior to do but call on the Secretary of War for a detail of
troops. This practice was thereupon continued from year to.
year, and the commanding officer of Fort Yellowstone was des-
ignated as acting superintendent reporting to the Secretary of
the Interior. The soldiers, thereafter, were used not merely
for purposes of protection but for general administrative pur-
poses, serving practically as rangers.

After 1888, up to and including 1901, the park appropria-
tions were made directly through the War Department, but
expenditures from the park revenues were made by the Secre-
tary of the Interior. After the act of March 2, 1895 (28
Stat. L., 945), under which the War Department appropria-
tions covered protection as well as improvement, expenditures
from the revenues could be made for managerial purposes only.
Beginning with the act of March 3, 1g01 (31 Stat. L., 1169),
small appropriations were again made through the Interior
Department for administration and protection, out of which
clerical help was furnished to the acting superintendent and a
few scouts and other additional employees paid.

But the great landmark in Yellowstone legislation, second
only to the organic act, was the act of May 7, 1894 (28 Stat.
L., 73) which put teeth into the earlier law and enabled the
park authorities to enforce the regulations and give the park
and its wild life a protection never enjoyed before. The pas-
sage of this act was brought about by the capture of a poacher
who slaughtered several buffaloes, well knowing that if caught,
removal from the park would be the extent of his punishment.
This resulted in immediate action by Congress, which passed
a law that provided, among other things, for the appointment
of a resident United States Commissioner with power to try
for misdemeanors, and to issue process and commit in the case
of felonies; for summary arrest in case of open violation of
_ the regulations ; for the erection of a jail; and for the appoint-

HISTORY 33

ment of a resident deputy United States marshal. This
act was amended and made more practicable by the act of June
28, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 238), which, by modifying the punish-
ments prescribed, made it possible to treat violations as mis-
demeanors and thus do away with the necessity of formal in-
dictment.

A fact not generally known is that the entire Yellowstone
area is not under National jurisdiction. The act of July to,
1890 (26 Stat. L., 222), admitting Wyoming into the Union
retained national jurisdiction over the park area. This law
does not apply to the strips of the park located in Montana
and Idaho. These strips, however, are of very slight extent,
being only a few miles wide. The greater part of the park,
fully 95 per cent of the total area, is in Wyoming. _ The situa-
tion, however, is one which contains many possibilities for con-
flict, especially in regard to game protection, attention to which
was called by the Chief Forester in his 1916 report. In the
Yellowstone region, comprising the park and adjacent national
forests, the game in the park, i.e., in the Wyoming portion
of it, is under national jurisdiction, while the game in the
forests and in the Idaho and Montana park strips is under
state jurisdiction, there being three states with differing laws
to reckon with.

That provision of the organic act creating the National
Park Service which gives the Secretary of the Interior author-
ity to permit grazing at his discretion in the parks and monu-
ments does not apply to the Yellowstone. No grazing is per-
mitted there.

As has been stated above, the military were finally with-
drawn from the Yellowstone in 1918, and entire control since
that time has been in the hands of the National Park Service.

Yosemite. Yosemite’s history as a park dates back to be-
fore the days of the Yellowstone, the valley proper and the
Mariposa Big Tree Grove having been granted to the State
of California for use as a state park by the act of June 30,
1864 (13 Stat. L., 325). The whole of this park area was

34 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

surrounded by, but not included in, the area set apart by the
act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650) for a national park
under the Secretary of the Interior.

The act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 478) directed the
Secretary of the Interior to ascertain what part of the area
set aside by the act of 1890 was not necessary for park pur-
poses and could be returned to the public domain. In the fol-
lowing year, accordingly, certain lands were excluded from
the area originally set aside, and the remaining reservation
was named the Yosemite National Park (act of February 7,
1905; 33 Stat. L., 702). It was provided, however, that
revenues accruing from the lands excluded should go to the
park. With the formal acceptance by the United States
(Joint resolution of June 11, 1906; 34 Stat. L., 831) of the
recession by California of the lands given for a state park
in 1864 (California Session Law, March 3, 1905) the crea-
tion of the Yosemite as a national park was complete, the
lands receded being included in the national park created in
1890.

Beginning with the season of 1891 troops were detailed to
guard the park, and this system continued except for short
intervals until 1914, when they were withdrawn by agreement.
The act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618) directed the Sec-
retary of War to make troop details on request of the Secre-
tary of the Interior. As in the case of the Yellowstone, the
commander of the troops was acting superintendent. The
troops did not remain in the park during the winter, however,
and no permanent post was established.

The act of December 19, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 242) granted
the city and county of San Francisco the right to create a
reservoir in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in the Yosemite Park
for the purpose of supplying the city with water.

The act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731) accepted, on the
part of the United States, exclusive jurisdiction in the Yosem-
ite, Sequoia, and General Grant Parks.

Sequoia and General Grant. The acts of September 25,

HISTORY 35

and October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 478 and 650) set aside,
with the usual conditions as to control by the Secretary of the
Interior, the making by him of rules and regulations, and the
granting of leases, etc., two park areas in California which
received the names, respectively of Sequoia and General Grant.
The history of these two parks between 1891 and 1914 cor-
responds exactly to that of the Yosemite during the same pe-
riod.

By the act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 308) there was ap-
propriated the sum of $50,000, which was added to $20,000
contributed by the National Geographic Society, and the whole
used to purchase some private holdings in Sequoia Park, which
included parts of the Giant Forest. Since then other gifts
by the National Geographic Society and certain citizens, to-
talling over $80,000, have resulted in over a thousand acres
of privately owned land in this park being returned to public
possession.

As these parks are only a short distance apart, and as the
General Grant Park is very small, being only four square miles
in extent, they are administered together under one superin-
tendent.

Mount Rainier. This park, which includes within its bound-
aries the mountain after which it was named and the adjacent
territory, was created by the act of March 2, 1899 (30 Stat.
L., 993) which differs from the ordinary park-creating act
in that it.provides for the extension of the mineral land laws
to the territory set aside. This provision was nullified, how-
ever, by the act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 365) which
prohibited the location of further claims.

A concession for transportation was allowed in 1902, and
the park placed under the supervision of the Forest Supervisor
of the State of Washington. Protection has been provided
by means of civilian rangers from the first opening of the park,
although much of the original road construction was per-
formed by army engineers.

Cession by the State of Washington of exclusive jurisdic-

36 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

tion was accepted by the act of June 30, 1916 (39 Stat. L.,
243).

oe Lake. Crater Lake National Park, comprising about
250 square miles in Southwestern Oregon, surrounding the
lake of the same name, was created by the act of May 22, 1902
(32 Stat. L., 202). This act corresponds in general to the
other park acts, but makes no provision for use of park
revenues in the development of the park, as do the acts creating
the parks heretofore noticed. Administration and protection
have always been performed by civilians, but until 1919 road
building was in charge of Army engineers.

Cession of exclusive jurisdiction by Oregon was accepted
by the United States by the act of August 21, 1916 (39 Stat.
L., 512).

Wind Cave. This park, which includes some 10,000 acres
in Southwestern South Dakota, was created by the act of Jan-
uary 9, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 765). By the act of August 12,
1912 (37 Stat. L., 293) part of the park area was constituted
a game preserve, and the Secretary of Agriculture was author-
ized to purchase necessary adjoining lands and enclose and
protect the preserve. Several tracts of privately owned land
which were inside the park boundaries at the time the park
was created have since been acquired by the National Govern-
ment.

The game preserve is in charge of the Bureau of Biological
Survey and includes some 4000 acres, well fenced, on which
are maintained herds of buffalo, elk, antelope, and deer.

An Executive Order of July 14, 1920, temporarily with-
drew 2%4 sections of public land adjoining the park to con-
serve a water supply for the animal herds.

Platt. This park, known as Sulphur Springs Reservation
until the name was changed by joint resolution of June 20,
1906 (34 Stat. L., 837), was created by the act of july 1,
1892 (32 Stat. L., 641, 655). This act confirmed an agree-
ment made with the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians, and by
its provisions a tract of land, to be designated by the Secretary

HISTORY 37

of the Interior, was relinquished to the United States. By act
of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 220), additions were made to
the park, which now comprises approximately 850 acres just
outside the town of Sulphur, Oklahoma. The park contains
several unique mineral springs and is of considerable natural
beauty. It also has a well-fenced game preserve containing
several buffaloes and elk. The Enabling Act of June 16; 1906
(34 Stat. L., 267) and the Oklahoma Constitution adopted
July 16, 1907 provided for the retention of National jurisdic-
tion over the park area.

Sullys Hill. In the Presidential Proclamation of June 2,
1904 (33 Stat. L., 2368), under the act of April 24, 1904
(33 Stat. L., 319), throwing open the Devils Lake Indian
‘Reservation to settlement, there is incorporated a clause ex-
cepting some 780 acres on the south shore of Devils Lake
“for public use as a park to be known as Sullys Hill Park.”
No provision was made for administration, and except for one
small appropriation—$500—to determine its mineral or non-
mineral qualities, no appropriations have been made for the
park through the Department of the Interior. It has become
an important game preserve of the Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey, however, and has received fairly liberal appropriations
for that purpose. Its park uses are mostly in the nature of a
local picnic ground.

Mesa Verde. Mesa Verde Park, notable for its prehistoric
ruins, was created by the act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. L.,
616) which, though similar in general form to the average
park-creating law, contains a provision authorizing the Secre-
tary of the Interior to grant permits for excavation. In 1909
an attempt was made to amend this act so that the leases and
permits granted by the Secretary of the Interior in the park
should be restricted to coal mining for local use in Montezuma
county, Colorado, the revenue derived therefrom to be covered
into the Treasury without right on the part of the Secretary
to use it for park development. This act was vetoed by
President Taft on April 28, 1910. The park’s area was en-

38 THE NATIONAL PARK. SERVICE

larged by the act of June 30, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 82).

Considerable archzological research has been done in the
park by the Smithsonian Institution, and the establishment of
a school of archzology has been proposed. There is a museum
in the park for the display of pottery and other relics of the
region.

Glacier. Glacier Park comprises about 1500 square miles
in northwestern Montana adjoining the Canadian boundary,
and contains within its borders probably the finest Alpirte
scenery to be found in the United States outside of Alaska.
It was created by the act of May 11, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 354).
It directly adjoins the Waterton Lakes Park of the Canadian
park system, on the north.

Appropriations for this park have been regular and fairly
liberal from the date of its foundation, and it has been de-
veloped into one of the most important and popular parks of
the entire system. Much credit for the development and ad-
vertising of the park is due the Great Northern Railway, which
has expended between two and three million dollars in the
creation of a system of hotels and chalets.

All park activities have been in civilian hands from the first,
the military arm never having been called upon for either pro-
tection or road construction.

Acceptance from Montana of exclusive jurisdiction was
effected by the act of August 22, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 699), and,
as in the case of all the other parks, save Platt, in which juris-
diction has been ceded, penalties for violations of the laws and
regulations were prescribed, and provision made for a United
States Commissioner with jurisdiction over offenses committed
within the park.

The act of July 3, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 342) provided that cer-
tain homesteaders who had entered upon lands in the park
area before the park was created should be protected in their
rights, but that in the event of the non-perfecting of the en-
tries the lands covered thereby should revert to the park.

By the act of March 3, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 1122) the Secre-

HISTORY 39

tary of the Interior was authorized to exchange for private
lands held within the park, matured timber of an equal value
located either on Government land in the park or in the ad-
jacent national forest in Montana.

Rocky Mountain. Rocky Mountain Park was created by
the act of June 26, 1915 (38 Stat. L., 798), the law being sim-
ilar to the standard park-creating law save for an inhibition
upon appropriations of more than $10,000 in any one year ex-
cept by special Congressional authorization. This proviso
was repealed by the act of March 1, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1271).
The park’s boundaries were enlarged by the act of February
14, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 916), giving it a total area of about
400 square miles. It is located in north central Colorado.

Hawaii. Hawaii Park is unique for several reasons, one
being that it was created on the initiative of Congress by the
act of August 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 432), the act varying from
the standard park law only in that it provided that no appro-
priation should be made until proper conveyance had been
made to the United States of rights of way over private lands
to secure access to the park. By the act of February 27,
1920 (41 Stat. L., 452) the Governor of Hawaii was author-
ized to acquire, at Hawaii’s expense, all private lands lying in
the park boundaries and all necessary rights of way, etc., there-
over. Provision was therefore made by an appropriation of
$10,000 in the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407) for
the necessary administration and protection, which can be ef-
fected with a superintendent, clerk, and two rangers. It is the
expectation of the National Park Service that this park
will speedily become very popular and a good producer of
revenue.

Lassen. This park, located in northeastern California,
comprises the territory surrounding Mount Lassen, the only
active volcano within the limits of the continental United
States. It was created by the act of August 9, 1916 (39 Stat.
L., 442) which contains an inhibition on appropriations of
more than $5,000 without express authorization. Two appro-

40 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

priations have been made, one of $2,500 by the act of June
5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918) ; the other, of $3,000 by the act of
March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), arrangements for the ex-
penditure of which sum in the construction of roads and trails
have been made with the Forest Service. Forest Service
employees of the neighboring Lassen National Forest are giv-
ing the park what protection they can. A movement insti-
tuted in 1919 to have the park abolished and restored to the
forest reserve proved abortive.

Mount McKinley. Mount McKinley Park was created by
the act of February 26, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 938). The act
does not differ from the other park acts save in that it specif-
ically continues in force the mineral land laws as regards the
park area and limits appropriations to $10,000 per annum. No
appropriations were made nor anything done to protect the
park until March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), when $8,000
was appropriated for its protection. A ranger with one assis-
tant was sent into the park in the Spring of 1921, and a start
has thus been made toward protection of the great game herds,
which in recent years have been seriously harried by poachers.
It is believed that this territory will become as great a game
preserve as the Yellowstone.

Grand Canyon. The act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat.
L., 1175) created the Grand Canyon National Park out of a
portion of Grand Canyon National Monument in northern
Arizona, which had in turn been created by the Presidential
Proclamation of June 11, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 2175). The act
creating the park is, in general, of the usual form, but con-
tains two unusual provisions: one authorizing the Secretary
of the Interior to conduct negotiations with the authorities
of Coconino county, ‘Arizona, with a view to the purchase of
the Bright Angel Trail, a toll road in the park owned and main-
tained by the county; the other providing that all concessions,
leases, privileges, etc., granted in the park shall be sold at
public auction to the highest bidder. It also provides that
prospecting is to be allowed in the park at the Secretary’s

HISTORY 4I

discretion when not calculated to interfere with the park’s
primary purpose.

Since the park’s establishment, appropriations have been
made as follows : July 19, 1919 (41 Stat. L., 204), $40,000;
June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918) $60,000; and March 4, 1921
(41 Stat. L., 1407), $100,000. A clause in the 1920 and
1921 acts provides that no parts of the respective appropria-
tions are to be used for the improvement of any toll road or
toll trail, a provision undoubtedly aimed at the Bright Angel
Trail. All three appropriations are for “administration, pro-
tection, maintenance and improvement” and the first one is for
“development” as well. The second, in addition to the ob-
jects mentioned, is also for “acquisition of road and trail
rights.”

Negotiations held so far with Coconino County have come to
nothing. The county charges one dollar per person for the
use of the trail, and claims that its value based on its earning
power is $100,000. The National Park Service, on the other
hand, has ascertained that a new trail can be built for $30,000.

Lafayette. This park, comprising some 5000 acres in Mt.
Desert Island, off the Maine coast, is notable in being the first
park to be established on the Atlantic seaboard. It was first
set aside as the Sieur de Monts National Monument by the
Proclamation of July 8, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 1785), and later
obtained park status by the act of February 26, 1919 (40
Stat. L., 1178), the act being very brief and merely stating
that the park was created and was to be administered by the
National Park Service. The acts of July 19, 1919 and June
s, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 204 and 918) carried appropriations for
Lafayette Park of $10,000 and $20,000, respectively, both
for “administration, maintenance, protection and improve-
ment.”

Zion. The area included in Zion Park in southwestern Utah
was originally set apart as Mukuntuweap National Monument
by Proclamation of July 31, 1909 (36 Stat. L., 2498). The
Proclamation of March 18, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 1760) enlarged

42 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

this monument and changed its name to Zion ‘National Mon-
ument, which, in the following year, by act of November 19,
1919 (41 Stat. L., 356) became Zion National Park. The act
provided that the park should be administered by the National
Park Service and maintained by an allotment of funds from
the appropriations for the monuments until an independent
appropriation should be made. Two appropriations have been
made by the acts of June 5, 1920 and March 4, 1921 (41 Stat.
L., 919 and 1408), in the respective amounts of $7,500 and
$10,000 for “administration, protection, maintenance and im-
provement.”

Hot Springs. Hot Springs Park is unique not only as the
“Great American Spa” but as being at once the oldest and
the youngest member of the park system. It was reserved
many years before any other member of the park system,
April 20, 1832 (4 Stat. L., 505), but did not finally receive
the name of park until March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407).
Because of its nature its history has been different from that
of every other member of the system. It is a health resort
rather than a “pleasure ground.” It is only fair to add, how-
ever, that the development of Hot Springs in recent years, its
equable climate, and the beauty of the surrounding region com-
bine to make it a far from unattractive place to visit.

The act of June 11, 1870 (16 Stat. L., 149) authorized suit
in the Court of Claims by any one claiming title to any land
in the reservation, and for a receiver to take charge of the
lands in case of decision in favor of the United States. Final
decision was so rendered by the Supreme Court in October,
1875.1 By the act of March 3, 1677 (io Stat, LL. 377) a
commission was created to lay off the reservation into lots and
streets, to set apart Hot Springs Mountain as a permanent res-
ervation and to condemn the buildings thereon, to determine
upon the rights of claimants to take lots at appraised values,
and to sell the lots not so taken. Hot Springs Mountain was
placed in charge of a superintendent to be appointed by the

+“Hot Springs Cases,” 2 Otto, 608.

HISTORY 43

Secretary of the Interior. Proceeds from the sale of lots and
receipts from water rents were to be devoted to the reservation.
The act of December 16, 1878 (20 Stat. L., 258) authorized
the Secretary of the Interior to execute leases on the perman-
ent reservation, and directed the superintendent, out of the
rentals, to provide free baths for the indigent. The act of
June 16, 1880 (21 Stat. L., 288) added the other undivided
mountainous districts to the permanent reservation, and ceded
the streets and thoroughfares not in the permanent reservation
to the town of Hot Springs, a municipal corporation of the
State of Arkansas.

The Government Free Bath House was authorized in 1878,
and has been enlarged from time to time. In 1920 construc-
tion of a new free bath house was begun. Besides the free
bath house, there are nineteen pay bath houses in Hot Springs
receiving hot water from the park, the rates charged for baths
being fixed in each instance by the Secretary of the Interior.
Under governmental authority a free clinic was organized in
April 1916 in connection with the free bath house.

The act of June 30, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 121) appropriated
$100,000 for an Army and Navy Hospital to be erected on
the reservation and to be subject to such rules, regulations,
and restrictions as might be provided by the President of the
United States.

Acceptance was made by act of April 20, 1904 (30 Stat.
L., 187) of cession by the State of Arkansas of exclusive juris-
diction over a portion of the permanent reservation on the
Hot Springs Mountain. This act was amended by the acts of
March 2, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1218) and March 3, 1911 (36
Stat. L., 1086) so as to make more definite the provision re-
garding a United States Commissioner.

The National Monuments. Individual sketches of the na-
tional monuments would be superfluous. They received no
appropriations prior to 1917. Since then, appropriations
general and specia] have totalled $75,500. They were placed

44 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

in charge of officers of the Department of the Interior in the
vicinity—General Land Office employees, etc. In a few cases
custodians have been employed at nominal salaries, and in the
case of Muir Woods custodian service has been paid out of the
appropriation for protecting public lands. Many of the monu-
ments—for example, The Devils Tower in eastern Wyoming—
will need no custodians, being practically injury proof. In
the case of monuments like the Southwestern Ruins and the
Petrified Forest, which are vulnerable to the vandal and de-
spoiler, it is the policy to provide protection. A ranger has
recently been placed in the Petrified Forest.

The principal facts relating to the individual monuments
are set forth on pages 45 and 46:

Parks and Monuments not Administered by the National
Park Service. Although this monograph is concerned pri-
marily with the National Park Service and the parks and
monuments under its jurisdiction, brief mention should be
made of a number of national parks and monuments under
other control. A complete list of them is contained in the
tables on pages 47 and 48:

In addition to the parks listed in these tables, there was for-
merly another national park under the War Department. A
portion of Mackinac Island, Michigan, possessed that status
from 1875 to 1895, when it was turned over to Michigan for
use as a state park.

Of the monuments in these tables, those under the Agricul-
ture Department are all located within the bounds of forest re-
serves, that being the determining factor which placed them
under the Agriculture Department instead of the Interior De-
partment at the time of their creation. A monument may be
transferred from the Agriculture Department to the Interior
Department at any time by simply revoking the forest reserva-
tion covering its area. The military monuments, by the same
token, are located on military reservations.

Growth of Popular Interest in the Park System. In 1908

45

HISTORY

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THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

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HISTORY 49

visitors to the parks numbered 69,018, as against 919,504 in
1920. Twelve of the national monuments were visited by
54,227 persons ir} 1919; by 138,951 the following year.
These figures illustrate very graphically the steady increase in
popular interest in the nation’s playgrounds. A number of
factors have contributed to this. A combination of the “See
America First” movement and conditions of European travel
brought about by the World War has caused more people to
consider native resorts, in the planning of their vacations.
The development of good roads and the automobile have
played a part, as well as the great increase in recent years in
the outdoor cult. Finally, the parks are better advertised
than they used to be, not only by the Government but by pri-
vate agencies which have discovered that advertising the parks
in connection with their own business is not only good adver-
tising from the standpoint of attractiveness but from that of
increased returns as well. In addition to this, articles about
the parks and their wonders have of late enjoyed a tremen-
dous vogue in the popular magazines. The result of all this
has been that hundreds of people are familiar with the parks
to-day as compared with scores a few years ago. There is
every reason to believe that this interest now solidly estab-
lished will increase rather than diminish, that the parks will
be visited by increasing throngs year by year; and that the
visitors will be not alone from America but from other parts
of the world as well, as a knowledge of what these priceless
reservations contain becomes more widespread.

CHAPTER II
ACTIVITIES

In the preceding chapter the functions of the National
Park Service—the supervision, management, and control of
the various parks and monuments—have been pointed out; and
some indication has necessarily been given of the activities
of the Service in the performance of those functions. In
considering the activities in detail it will simplify matters to go
back for a moment to what may be termed the first principles
of the Service, and note once more that the ‘National Park
Idea,’ as expressed in the organic laws of the Service, the
Yellowstone and the National Park Service acts, emphasizes
two things: the retention of the parks, their scenery, natural
wonders, forests, waters, etc., in their original state; and,
the public enjoyment of the things and places thus conserved.
The work of the National Park Service consists in the further-
ance of these two objects, and all of its activities are con-
cerned with either the conservation of the parks and monu-
ments or the promotion of their use and enjoyment by the
people. In discussing the Service’s activities, therefore, at-
tention will be given, first to conservational ‘activities, and,
then, to promotive activities.

Conservation of Physical Features. Conservational activ-
ities of the National Park Service are concerned with two
kinds of conservation. First, there is the preservation in
their natural states of the actual, physical parks themselves,
their formations, their forests, and their waters. Then there
is the protection of the wild life in the parks to the end that it
may be preserved from extermination and given a chance to
increase freely and develop in natural surroundings.
50

ACTIVITIES By

Natural Wonders. The formations about the Yellowstone
geysers and hot springs and rock and other formations in all
the parks and monuments possess special attractions for the
initial-cutting vandal and the souvenir-hunter. During the
tourist season an important part of the work of the rangers
consists in preventing depredations of this sort. Warning
signs and printed regulations are also used. At the more im-
portant monuments, custodians are on duty, with a ranger or
two in some instances to assist them in the summer months.

Ruins and Historic Structures. Before coming under Gov-
ernment protection many of the prehistoric cliff dwellings of
the Southwest were being seriously injured by depredations
of pottery and relic hunters and persons who, from sheer
wantonness, injured and defaced the ruins. The ravages of
time and the elements were also making inroads, and an
unchecked deterioration was setting in. Most of these ruins
and structures are located in monuments, though one import-
ant park, Mesa Verde, is chiefly notable because of the ruins
it contains. The Service not only protects these places with
resident custodians, printed warnings, and where possible,
ranger patrol, but, as far as its funds will permit, performs
considerable work of restoration. The Tumacacori Mission,
for instance, a fine example of the Early Spanish mission
architecture, is gradually being restored to its original con-
dition. A rather novel expedient was adopted in the matter
of the protection of Inscription Rock, in the El Morro Monu-
ment. This rock, which bears engraved upon its face many
inscriptions of historic value, placed there by the early Span-
ish explorers, was becoming a target for the initial-carver,
until a thick plantation of the spiny southwestern cactus and
kindred plants was established around its base, creating an
effectual chevaux de frise which renders the rock inaccessible
without in any way interfering with its legitimate examina-
tion. An attempt is also being made, with the codperation
of the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce,
to cover the face of the rock with some transparent substance

52 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

that will withstand the wear and tear of the elements.

The Service, with the codperation of the Smithsonian In-
stitution, also regulates the excavating and study of the ruins
by legitimately interested persons and institutions. It also
is gradually performing considerable work in excavation of
the ruins along its own lines.

Forests and Plants. Protection of the forests and of the
plant life of the parks constitutes one of the largest problems
of the National Park Service, and a large part of the work
of the ranger forces, especially during the dry months, which
coincide with the tourist season and consequently with the
season of camp fires, is directed toward this end. Fire is the
greatest menace. It is guarded against by a strict supervi-
sion of camp fires, constant patrolling, frequently along strate-
gically constructed fire trails, and observation from elevated
stations connected by telephone with headquarters and with
ranger stations. Close codperation is maintained with the
Forest Service in this connection, national forests adjoining
most of the larger parks. The Service has long urged the
appropriation of a large fund for use in fire emergencies,
$100,000 being suggested to the Appropriations Committee
by the Director at the 1920 hearings. In the act of March
4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1406) $25,000 was appropriated for that
purpose, with the proviso that it be not used precautionarily
and only after the expenditure has actually been incurred.

Live stock is a lesser menace to the forest and plant life, but
the ranger forces exercise a strict supervision over the grazing
of such herds as are permitted to enter any of the parks. All
grazing is forbidden in the Yellowstone. Cattle, but not
sheep, are allowed to graze in the other parks upon special
permit from the Secretary of the Interior. Once in the parks
they are kept by the ranger forces in certain designated areas.

Constant watchfulness is also maintained by the ranger and
scientific forces to detect trees which have become infected with
insect parasites, thus constituting a menace to the surrounding
timber. The general policy is to remove no timber, but some-

ACTIVITIES 53

times protection against the spread of parasitic infection ren-
ders such a course imperative. When this is done it must be
in accordance with plans of the Landscape Engineer of the
Service. Timber removed for use in the parks or because of
maturity is removed under the same restrictions. Codperation
with the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agri-
culture is maintained in connection with protection against
insect parasites.

Little difficulty is experienced in connection with wood steal-
ing by campers and others. The practice, as well as the taking
of wild flowers, is prohibited, and the regulation is enforced
by the rangers.

Lakes and Streams. ‘About the only direct activity of the
Service in lake and stream conservation consists in the guard-
ing against pollution of the waters. Water power in the
parks is not utilized by private individuals, although the Serv-
ice, in a number of instances, notably in the Yosemite, has
erected power plants for the creation of light and power for its
own use, and the use of some of its concessionaires. In codp-
eration with the Geological Survey some stream gaging is done,
readings being taken by the park rangers.

Conservation of Wild Life. Hunting is not allowed in
any of the parks,’ and rigid restrictions are placed about the
possession of fire-arms. The park rangers are continually on
the lookout for poachers. Predatory animals, such as wolves,
coyotes, and mountain lions are also hunted by the rangers,
and efforts looking to their extermination are constantly going
on. Many are trapped and sent away to zoos and menageries.
Hard winters are the greatest menace to the game herds, how-
ever, especially in the Yellowstone, the country’s greatest
game preserve. In severe winters feeding of the elk, buffalo,
and antelope becomes necessary. Hay is grown and cured

1Mount McKinley is an exception to the general rule. There,
miners and prospectors are allowed to kill game to supply them-
selves with food. See Section 8 of act of February 26, 1917; 39
Stat. L., 938.

54 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

in the Yellowstone for winter feeding, the work being done
on contract. Efforts are also made to keep the animals free
from disease, codperation being had with the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry of the Agricultural Department for this purpose.
An expert of this bureau vaccinates the tame buffalo herd of
the Yellowstone each year. Close codperation in the matter
of game protection is maintained with the Bureau of Biologi-
cal Survey, which maintains game preserves in Wind Cave and
Sullys Hill parks, as well as in the Jacksons Hole country
south of the Yellowstone. By virtue of an appropriation in
the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), the Service’s
_ activities in game,protection have been extended to Mt. Mc-
Kinley Park in Alaska. A minor activity of the Service in
connection with wild life conservation is the distribution each
year, particularly from the Yellowstone, of surplus animals
from the elk, buffalo, and antelope herds. These animals are
distributed either to other parks and monuments or to states
and municipalities for placing in the local parks and zodlogical
gardens.

All of the parks are bird refuges, and birds are protected
from hunters and predatory animals while in the parks just
as are the game herds. Many migratory birds find the parks
safe stopping places each year on their passages back and forth
between their breeding places in the north and their winter
homes in the south. :

Fishing with hook and line is permitted in the parks under
regulations enforced by the park authorities, which regula-
tions may be suspended by the Superintendent at any time
and fishing absolutely prohibited in certain waters if in his
judgment such action is advisable. The daily catch is lim-
ited, and a limit is also placed on the smallness of the fish
to be taken. Codperation is maintained with the Bureau of
Fisheries, which maintains three hatcheries in Yellowstone
Park and one in Glacier. There is also a state fish hatchery
in Rocky Mountain Park; and a state hatchery which Cali-
fornia has hitherto maintained in the Yosemite may be taken

ACTIVITIES 55

over by the Bureau of Fisheries. During the 1920 season
2,000,000 trout and grayling fry from the Yellowstone hatch-
eries were planted in the park waters. The Glacier hatchery
planted 1,500,000 in Glacier Park.

Improvement. The Civil Engineering Section of the Serv-
ice is charged with the planning of all road and trail extensions
in the parks, as well as with the formulation of plans for all
general engineering projects. Under the general supervision
and control of this department the work of extending the
roads and trails in the several parks is constantly going for-
ward, depending upon the funds available for construction
purposes.

The construction of bridges and culverts is also handled
by this section, as are the preparation, and the equipment with
conveniences, of camping and automobile parking sites. Other
important activities of this section are the preparation of
standard designs for such things as log bridges, timber and
corrugated metal culverts of various sizes, and concrete arch
culverts of standard widths. Standard specifications are also
prepared for the purchasing of all sorts of construction equip-
ment and miscellaneous supplies and tools. Drawings are
prepared for standard ranger cabins and administrative build-
ings; plans and estimates of proposed work in different parks
are reviewed, and engineering studies are made of the prob-
lems confronting the several parks in improvement matters.

In the prosecution of all its improvement activities the Serv-
ice endeavors, through its Section of Landscape Engineering,
to make each improvement undertaken blend harmoniously into
a carefully considered scheme, in order to secure a maximum
of beauty and convenience with a minimum of interference
with natural conditions. This scheme is had in mind in the
planning of vista cuttings, the removal of dead and down
timber, the location of trails, roads, and bridges, and the lo-
cation and construction of buildings for the administrative
and codperative units of the parks. It is an invariable rule

56 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

that no structure of importance, whether for the Service or the
public operators, can be erected until the approval of the Land-
scape Engineer has been secured, both as to location and de-
sign. The Landscape Engineering Section also devotes con-
siderable attention to the removal of snags and dead timber
from lakes and streams.

In a number of the parks the Service has established light
and power plants, to supply both its own needs and those of
the concessionaires, to whom light and power are sold at fixed
rates. The most important of these plants was completed in
the Yosemite in 1917 at a cost of $150,000. Water supply
systems are also maintained by the Service at the principal
parks, the water being piped to the free camping sites as well
as to the buildings of the Service and the hotels of the public
operators. :

Sewer systems and sanitary control schemes are also main-
tained by the Service with the codperation of the United States
Public Health Service, which details experts to study the prob-
lems involved and to make recommendations.

The activities mentioned above are all direct activities. A
large amount of improvement work has also been done in the
parks indirectly, through the medium of public operators or
concessionaires. The system of hotels established in Glacier
Park by the Great Northern Railway has already been men-
tioned. The Yosemite National Park Company, composed of
citizens of Los Angeles and San Francisco, is performing
a similar work in the Yosemite. A Seattle-Tacoma syndi-
cate is spending large sums in the creation of a hotel system
in the Mt. Rainier Park. The policy of the Service with re-
gard to concessions is to grant a monoply of all principal serv-
ice requirements, such as hotel service and transportation, to
one responsible concern, retaining the right to supervise the
rates charged. It has been found that the elimination of com-
petition has given the public a better grade of service.

Rate supervision extends also to the regulation of charges
for gasoline, groceries, oil, etc. The superintendents fre-

ACTIVITIES 57

quently check up the prices charged, and it is the belief of the
Service that rates are reasonable, considering the distance of
the parks from the regular centers of distribution.

In the Yosemite a system of parcel post delivery of grocer-
ies, etc., in the trucks of the Post Office Department, has been
started, deliveries being made to campers every day. The plan

has worked well, and it is proposed to extend it to other parks
at an early date.

Maintenance. Service activities along the lines of mainten-
ance involve such operations as the resurfacing of roads, the
repairing of bridges and culverts, the painting and general
repair of buildings, the keeping clean of trails, the overhaul-
ing and repair of equipment—in short, the maintaining of that
constant vigilance against deterioration without which no en-
terprise can hope to remain “fit.” A large part of the annual
appropriations for the parks are on account of maintenance.

Protection Service. There is little disorder in the parks to-
day, particularly in those in which national jurisdiction is
complete. Persons rendering themselves obnoxious are
warned, and removed from the park in which they happen to
be if the warning does not suffice. If the offense is more
serious they are arrested and brought before the United States
Commissioner for trial or commitment. Every effort is made
by the ranger forces to protect the law-abiding tourist from the
carelessness or wantonness of the law-breaking element. For
a camp fire left burning or garbage undisposed of, a party is
liable to be brought back a distance of several miles to per-
form the unfulfilled duty. Traffic regulations are also en-
forced by the rangers in order to lessen the liability of ac-
cident by collision or otherwise. Sanitary regulations are
enforced as a precaution against disease. Protection of
tourists against exploitation through overcharging has already
been mentioned.

An important indirect protective activity is the furnishing
of medical service and hospital facilities to park vistors, park

58 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

employees and their families, and concessionaires and their
employees. There is no standardized plan with regard to the
supplying of this service; but in general it may be said that.
the park surgeons are themselves concessionaires, giving a stip-
ulated service in return for agreed-upon privileges. Thus,
in the Yellowstone and Grand Canyon an arrangement has
been made in codperation with the U. S. Public Health Serv-
ice, which pays the surgeon a fixed salary as its local repre-
sentative. In addition the surgeon is allowed to practice in the
park and to charge for his services according to a scale of
prices fixed by the National Park Service. In the Yosemite,
a surgeon is employed on a contract which calls for the supply-
ing, by the surgeon, of medical services within certain pre-
scribed limits to employees, concessionaires, etc. In return
the surgeon is allowed to sell his services to tourists at a fixed
rate, and, in addition, is paid a lump sum by the Service, the
agreed amount being provided by deducting from the monthly

ACTIVITIES 59

ments, thus complementing its activity of bringing the people
to the parks by means of its informative literature. The
Service’s supply of such material is about worn out, and no
provision is being made for its renewal. Further applications,
therefore, are not being encouraged. Funds were provided
originally through private donation.

CHAPTER III
ORGANIZATION

The organization of the National Park Service comprises
five principal sections as follows:
(a) Administration
(b) The Field Service
(c) The Editorial Section
(d) The Law Section
(e) The Publications Section
With the exception of the Field Service the above sections
of the central organization are located in Washington, in the
Interior Department Building, on the block bounded by E
and F, 18th and roth Streets, N.W.

Administration. The Director is responsible under the Na-
tional Park Service act for the supervision, management, and
control of the parks and monuments, subject to the general
direction of the Secretary of the Interior. The office of the
Director, therefore, is the apex of the Service’s administra-
tion, exercising a general supervision over it and deciding all
questions of policy arising which cannot be delegated and which
are not of sufficient importance to be submitted to the Secre-
tary of the Interior.

Two other offices are connected with the work of the admin-
istration,—the office of the Assistant Director and the office
of the Chief Clerk.

The functions of the Assistant Director in matters of ad-
ministration are twofold: to relieve the Director of matters
of general administrative detail; and to act in the Director’s
stead during his absences in the field.

60

ORGANIZATION 61

Direct responsibility for routine matters of administration
is centered in the office of the Chief Clerk. This office con-
tains the followng units: Accounts, Stenographic, Person-
nel, Files, Messenger Service.

The Accounts Unit has charge of bookkeeping, property
accountability, etc.; primarily with respect to the Service as
a whole; secondarily as regards supervision of the accounts
of the several parks and monuments.

The Personnel Unit deals with appointments, records of em-
ployees, etc. The duties of the other units are sufficiently de-
scribed by their titles.

Field Service. The Field Service includes all of the
National Park Service not permanently employed in the na-
tional capital. From this has developed the frequently .em-
ployed arrangement of classifying the Park Service into two
principal branches—the Service in the District of Columbia,
and the Field Service. The latter comprises all those park
superintendents, monument custodians, engineers, rangers and
subordinate employees whose work lies away from Washing-
ton and directly in and with the parks and monuments them-
selves. In other words, they constitute the line of the Na-
tional Park Service; the Washington organization, the staff.
The organization of the Field Service in general is gone into
in some detail in the paragraph below entitled “Individual Park
Organization,” and additional comment upon it is unnecessary,
save in one particular. This has to do with the Civil Engi-
neering and Landscape Engineering Sections, commonly re-
ferred to collectively as the Field Service At Large.

This most important part of the Field Service is referred
to as “At Large” partly because its work lies everywhere
throughout the system, not being confined to any park or sec-
tion of the country; partly, and primarily, because of the
method of its creation. No direct appropriations have ever
been made for its personnel, and the fund for salaries is ob-
tained by deducting a percentage from the various park appro-

62 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

priations for improvement and maintenance. This system
was adopted in 1914 by the late Secretary Lane after securing
a favorable opinion as te its legality from the Comptroller of
the Treasury.

Under the general supervision of the Director and Assist-
ant Director the Field Service At Large is engaged in the va-
rious engineering activities carried on in the parks and monu-
ments, which activities have been sufficiently described in the
preceding chapter. As a general rule both the Civil and the
Landscape Engineers make their headquarters in the parks
wherein, for the time being, they are actively engaged. It
sometimes happens, however, that one of them may be super-
vising projects in several parks at the same time; in which
case a temporary headquarters may be established at some
central point, equally convenient to all the places where work
is going on. Thus, when one of them has work going on
simultaneously in the California Parks, Crater Lake, Rainier
and Yellowstone, he establishes an office in Portland, Oregon,
and from there directs the work, going out to the several op-
erations from time to time.

Editorial Section. The preparation of all Service publica-
tions, such as the annual reports, books of rules and regula-
tions of the various parks and monuments, special bulletins,
etc., is entrusted to the Editorial Section, subject to the
general direction of the Director and Assistant Director.
In addition to preparing the text of all publications, this sec-
tion also prepares, through its drafting force, all maps, graphic
charts, etc., to accompany publications and all blue prints,
charts, etc., required by the Director for the general use of the
Service. The section also edits all park publications, such as
scientific monographs, etc., prepared elsewhere.

Law Section. The work of the Law Section of the Service
covers a wide range. All legal questions arising within the
organization are referred to it, as are similar questions pro-

+H. doc. 515 64 Cong., 1 sess., pp. 18-19.

ORGANIZATION 63

pounded to the Service by the park superintendents and field
men. It prepares leases and contracts in connection with the
working of the concessionaire system in the parks and passes
upon similar documents submitted to the department. All
of the title work in connection with lands presented to or pur-
chased by the Government for park uses is likewise done by the
Law Section. Besides the work mentioned above there -are
contracts for the construction of buildings and bridges to be
drawn and let, all legal correspondence of a general nature to
be handled, and advice to be given concessionaires as to what
they can legally do in varying situations and states of fact. In
addition this section keeps informed regarding all legislation
affecting the parks and advises the Director in regard thereto.

Publications Section. As soon as a Service publication
has been prepared for the printer the responsibility of
the Editorial Section in connection with it ceases, and it passes
into the jurisdiction of the Publications Section. This sec-
tion has full charge of the distribution of the Service publica-
tions, answering all inquiries in regard thereto, keeping the
mailing lists of the Service up to date, and, in general, per-
forming all work pertaining to the Service’s publications
not of a preparatory or editorial nature.

Individual Park Organization—the Yellowstone. No

ent and an assistant superintendent into ten sections which
may be described as the sections of Administration, Informa-
tion, Protection, Transportation, Light and Power, Communi-
cation, Sanitation, Painting, Machinery, and Engineering.
This ‘characterization is necessarily rough and does hot tn
every case fully describe the work of the unit.

64 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Administration. “The general office management detail is
about evenly divided between the Assistant Superintendent,
who is in general charge, and the Chief Clerk. The former
handles monthly and special reports, the collecting and record-
ing of revenue, appointments, leaves of absence, and em-
ployees’ compensation; he also has general supervision of the
officers’ mess and the headquarters labor mess, the telephone
and telegraph office, the park files and records, the upkeep of
offices and grounds, and the force of night watchmen and
janitors. ;

The Chief Clerk has direct charge of the disbursement of
funds, the recording of allotments, the purchase of supplies,
the preparation of vouchers, cost accounting, and the prepara-
tion of inventories, pay rolls, and financial statements for the
Superintendent. He also has charge of the collection and dis-
tribution of all park mail and receives all time reports and
reports regarding material or supplies used and applied to
specific work.

Information. The Park Naturalist is in charge of this sec-
tion, and his duties, in addition to supervising the information
service and museum, include the gathering of park specimens
and data, the editing of park publications, the scientific in-
spection of forests for tree parasites and diseases, the super-
vision of wood cutting, the designation of trees to be cut for
building purposes, the care of the park library and photo-
graphic files, and the handling of special assignments, J

Protection. The Chief Ranger is the protector in chief of
the park, and is charged with its general policing, all fire
prevention and control, the protection of wild life, the destruc-
tion of predatory animals, the winter feeding of animals, the
operation of buffalo and hay ranches, the control of grazing
of milch cows and horses of concessionaires, the planting of
fish, the keeping of records for the Weather Bureau, and
the gaging of streams for the Geological Survey. He also
has full control of all automobile traffic, including the regis-
tration of cars and the collection of fees.

ORGANIZATION 65

Transportation. The Steward and Master of Transporta-
tion is in charge of this unit, which has the custody and
control of all motor equipment, except passenger cars assigned
to park officers by the Superintendent; and all horses, horse
equipment, forage, and supplies. { All automobile and motor
truck drivers and freighting teamsters are under this unit.
Other duties with which it is charged include the care of all
park property, except equipment, stationery, and supplies in the
Superintendent’s office; the operation and maintenance of the
commissary and storehouse, and the control of the distribu-
tion in the park of all equipment and supplies.

Light and Power. This section, in charge of the Chief
Electrician, maintains and operates power houses and power
lines, looks after the lighting of buildings, and has control of
all electrical equipment except telephone equipment and sup-
plies.

Communication. The telephone and telegraph systems of
the park are maintained and operated by this section under the
supervision of the Chief Lineman. The Chief Lineman also
inspects and reports upon the telephone and telegraph lines of
public utilities and has custody of all telephone and telegraph
equipment.

Sanitation. The Master Plumber is charged with all work
in connection with sanitation and water supply. This in-
cludes the inspection of all sewer and water systems of hotels,
camps and stores as well as the provision of sanitary and
water supply systems for public automobile camps. The sec-
tion is also charged with the custody and maintenance of
fire-fighting equipment, sprinkling tank fixtures, and all
plumbing and store supplies.

Painting. All painting of buildings, signs, automobiles,
and equipment is done by this section under the Master
Painter. The section also inspects the paint work of con-
cessionaires and has custody of all park paint and glazing

stores.
Machinery. The Master Mechanic, at the head of this sec-

66 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

tion, has charge of all shops and machinery therein, and cus-
tody of all shop parts and supplies. General blacksmithing
and horseshoeing and the upkeep and repair of automobiles,
motorcycles, road machines, and fire-fighting equipment are
in charge of this unit.

Engineering. The Park Engineer has charge of the con-
struction, improvement, maintenance, and repair of all roads,
bridges, and trails, and of all buildings, fences, formation
walks, steps, and platforms except the fences of the buffalo
and other ranches. He inspects contract work and the build-
ing operations of concessionaires. He gives technical advice
to other park departments and makes technical investigations
of park shops. He also has the custody and is charged with
the upkeep of the park’s files of plans, maps, charts and
engineering data, and the surveying, drawing, and other en-
gineering instruments.

APPENDIX 1

OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION
ExprLanatory Note

The Outlines of Organization have for their purpose to
make known in detail the organization and personnel possessed
by the several services of the national government to which
they relate. They have been prepared in accordance with the
plan followed by the President’s Commission on Economy
and Efficiency in the preparation of its outlines of the organi-
zation of the United States Government.1. They differ from
those outlines, however, in that whereas the Commission’s
report showed only organization units, the presentation
herein has been carried far enough to show the personnel
embraced in each organization unit.

These outlines are of value not merely as an effective means
of making known the organization of the several services.
If kept revised to date by the services, they constitute ex-
ceedingly important tools of administration. They permit
the directing personnel to see at a glance the organization and
personnel at their disposition. They establish definitely the
line of administrative authority and enable each employee to
know his place in the system. They furnish the essential basis
for making plans for determining costs by organization divi-
sion and subdivision. They afford the data for a considera-
tion of the problem of classifying and standardizing personnel
and compensation. Collectively, they make it possible to de-
termine the number and location of organization divisions of
any particular kind, as, for example, laboratories, libraries,

1 House Doc. 458, 62d. Congress, 2nd Session, 1912, 2 vols.
67

68 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

blue-print rooms, or any other kind of plant possessed by the
national government, to what services they are attached and
where they are located, or to determine what services are main-
taining stations at any city or point in the United States.
The Institute hopes that upon the completion of the present
series, it will be able to prepare a complete classified state-
ment of the technical and other facilities at the disposal of
the government. The present monographs will then furnish
the details regarding the organization, equipment, and work
of the institutions so listed and classified.

OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

ae July 29, 1921
Organization Units; Number Annual
Classes of Employees Salary Rate +

1. Washington Office
1. Office of the Director
Director I $4,500
Clerk I 1,800
2. Office of the Assistant Director
1. Office Proper of the Assistant

Director

Assistant Director I 2,500

Clerk I 1,800
2. Legal Section:

Law Clerk I 2,000
3. Editorial Section:

Editor I 2,000

Draftsman I 1,800
4. Publication Section:

Clerk I 1,400

3. Office of the Chief Clerk
1. Office Proper of the Chief Clerk

Chief Clerk I 2,000
Clerk I 1,200
I 1,020
I goo
Messenger I 600
2. Personnel Section:
Clerk I 1,600
3. Accounts Section:
Accountant I 1,800
Clerk I 1,600
4. Files Section:
Clerk I 1,600

1 Net, or without the temporary “bonus” or additional compensation of
60 per cent on classes below $400, of $240 on classes of $400 to $2500,
and of an amount necessary to make the total compensation $2740 on
classes of $2500 to $2740. This is subject to minor exceptions in special

cases.
69

70 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

2. Field Service
Chief Civil Enginee~
Landscape Engineer
Assistant Landscape Engineer
Assistant Engineer

Office Engineer
General Foreman
Clerk-Stenographer ;

3. Parks and Monumerts,
1. General Grant National Park,
Kaweah, Calif,

Acting Superintendent
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger i

‘2... Glacier National Park, Belton,

Montana

Superintendent
Clerk and Assistant Superintendent
Assistant Engineer
Clerk
Stenographer and Typist
Clerk-Stenographer
General and Mill Foreman
Teamster
Carpenter and Park Ranger
Chief Park Ranger
First Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger

¢. Grand Canyon National Park, Grand
Canyon, Ariz.
Superintendent
General Construction Foreman
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
Stenographer and Typist
Park Ranger

Stenographer and Typist

8 Quarters furnished.
> Temporary
© When actually employed.

i]

a ee ee)

HRN PAN HHH HHH eR aM wae

HR OM H RH

goo

4,000

2,400 ®

2,000 8

2,100

(per month) 200°
(per month) 175%
(per month) 175%
(per month) 150
, 1,920
1,400

1,400 ©

1,500
(per month) 85>
(per month) 85°

3,000 ®

2,000 ®

2,400 ®

1,400 ®

1,200

(per month) 100%
1,400

1,080

(per month) 105°
1,500 *

1,440

1,300

1,200

(per month) 100>
(per month) 1002
(per diem) 1

3,000

1,800

1,500

1,200

1,600 ®

(per month) 100
1,200 >

1,020 ®

OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION

4. Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas

Superintendent

Chief Clerk and Assistant to
Superintendent

Clerk-Stenographer

Consulting Engineer

Policeman

Foreman

Manager Free Bath house
Head Male Attendant
Attendant

Laborer

5. Lafayette National Park, Bar Harbor,

Maine
Superintendent
Clerk-Typist
Stenographer and Typist
Ornithologist
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
Botanist

6. Mesa Verde National Park, Mancos,

Colorado
Superintendent
Park Ranger

7. Rocky Mountain National Park,
Estes Park, Colorado
Superintendent
Clerk-Stenographer
Clerk
Park Ranger

8. Sullys Hill National Park, Ft.
Totten, N. D.
Acting Superintendent ?
g. Platt National Park, Sulphur,
Oklahoma
Superintendent
Clerk
Laborer

a Quarters furnished.
b Temporary

La

Seu p yp tHe

4
wWOhA

I

HN HH RA

be

i

HORN HHH

See oe

(per month)

(per month)

2,400
1,320
75

3,000
1,500
1,200
1,200
960
80>
1,200 »

1,500
1,200 ®
780
720

480

2 Supervised by the principal of the Indian School at Fort Totten,

N. Dak., who serves without salary.

72

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Park Ranger

10. Crater Lake National Park, Medford,

Oregon
Superintendent
Clerk-Typist
Park Ranger

11. Yosemite National Park, Yosemite,

Calif.
Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
Park Supervisor
Assistant Park Supervisor
Engineer
Clerk
Storekeeper and Property Clerk
Stenographer and Typist
Clerk-Stenographer and Typist
Clerk
Clerk-Stenographer
Stenographer and Typist
Forester
Master Mechanic
Power Station Operator

Assistant Mechanic
General Blacksmith
General Painter
General Plumber
Chief Electrician
Electrician

Line Foreman
General Carpenter
Carpenter

Head Teamster
Skilled Laborer
Telephone Operator

Telegraph Operator
Naturalist

Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger

8 Quarters furnished.

Temporary

© When actually employed.

I 660
I 2,000
I 1,320
6 (per month) go?

3,600

2,220 ®

2,040 #¢

1,680 ©

2,400 ®

1,500 ®

1,200

1,200 ®

1,200 ®

1,080 ¢

1,080

(per month) 75
1,800

1,800 ¢

1,200

1,200 ©

I (per month) 1008
1,360
1,200
1,200
1,320 ©
1,800
1,320
1,200 ©
1,320
1,200 ¢
1,200
1,140

ee Bee ee on ie ae

720°

(per diem) 2.40>
(per month) 100»
1,500

1,800

1,200

1,350

1,200

1,200 >

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2 720
2(per month) 60°
I
2
3
1
I
I
I
I
4
2 (per month) 100*

APPENDICES 73

I (per month) go>
7 (per month) 75°”
I (per month) 75°

; ; I 1,200 ©
12. Wind Cave National Park, Hot

Springs, S. D.
Superintendent I 1,800 *
Park Ranger 1,080

I
; 2 (per month) 100°
13. Zion National Park, Springdale,

Utah
Chief Park Ranger and Acting
Superintendent I 1,300
Park Ranger I 960
; I (per month) 75°
14. Mount Rainier National Park, Ashford,
Washington
Superintendent I 3,000
Clerk I 1,500
Warehouse Clerk I (per month) go?»
Clerk-Telephone Operator 2 (per month) 70°?
Stenographer I (per month) 9go®
Chief Park Ranger I 1,500
Park Ranger I 1,200
1 (per month) 90
Ir (per month) go>

15. Sequoia National Park, Kaweah,

Calif.
Superintendent I 2,400 ®
Clerk I 1,400 ®
Assistant Chief Park Ranger I 1,500
I 1,350
Chief Park Ranger I 1,500
Park Ranger I 1,100 ©
I 480
I (per month) 852
2 goo °
3 (per month 75°
I (per ae 85 be

1 (per month) 75°°
16. Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone,

Wyoming
Superintendent I 4,000
Assistant Superintendent I 2,500
Assistant Engineer I 2,400 ®
Surveyor 1 (per month) 150
8 I,200 #°¢
5 1,200 ¢

a Quarters furnished.
b Temporary
© When actually employed.

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Purchasing Clerk
Clerk
Stenographer and Typist

Stenographer
Park Naturalist

Steward and Master of Transportation

Master Mechanic
Auto Mechanic
Carpenter
Electrician
Assistant Electrician
Chief Lineman
Watchman
Blacksmith
Master Painter
Master Plumber
Foreman

Telegraph Operator
Telephone Switchboard Operator

Chief Buffalo Keeper
Assistant Chief Buffalo Keeper

Buffalo Herder

Handyman

Laborer

Chief Ranger

First Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Assistant Chief Park Ranger

Park Ranger

17. Casa Grande National Monument,

Blackwater, Ariz.
Custodian

8Quarters furnished.
> Temporary.
© When actually employed.

I 2,100
I 1,440
I 1,320
1 (per month) 110
I 1,320 4
I 1,200 *
I (per month) 100%
I 1,500 &
I 1,680 #
I 1,680 4
2(per month) 120%
2 1,320 ®
I 1,200 #
I 1,200
I 1,500
I (per month) go*#>

I 1,320 4
I 1,500 8
I 1,500 8
2 1,800 8
2 1,680 #
I 1,560
I 1,320 ®
I 1,200
2 (per hour) .35>¢
I
I
I
I
I
I
3
I
I
I
I
4
6
8
5
3
I
2

12 (per month) 100°
26 (per month) 808

I 1,320

OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 75

18. Montezuma Castle National Monument,
Camp Verde, Ariz.

Custodian I 12
19. Navajo National Monument, Kayenta,
Ariz.
Custodian I 12

20. Papago Saguaro National Monument,
Tempe, Ariz.
Custodian I 12
21. Petrified Forest National Monument,
Adamana, Ariz.
Custodian I 12
22. Tumacacori National Monument,
Blackwater, Ariz.

Custodian I 12
23. Muir Woods National Monument, Calif.
Custodian I 12

24. Colorado National Monument, Grand
Junction, Colo.

Custodian I 12
25. Sitka National Monument, Alaska
Custodian I 12

26. Scotts Bluff National Monument,
Gering, Nebraska
Custodian I 12
27. Capulin Mountain National Monument,
Folsom, N. Mex.
Custodian I 12
28. El Morro National Monument, Ramah,
N. Mex.
Custodian I 12
29. Verendrye National Monument, Sanish,
N. Dak.
Custodian I 12
30. Devils Tower National Monument,
Hulett, Wyoming
Custodian I 12

8 Quarters turnished.

¢ Temporary. :

Note.—No showing is made above for Lassen, Hawaii, or Mt. McKinley
National Parks, the reason being that lack of appropriations has until
recently: made it impracticable for the Service to employ a regular
staff for the guardianship of these areas. Under the 1922 appropriations,
however, it will be possible to take this step in the cases of Hawaii
and Mt. McKinley. The former will be looked after by a superintendent,
a clerical assistant, and two rangers. A ranger and an assistant will
take care of Mt. McKinley. Lassen, as heretofore, will be guarded by
the forest rangers from the neighboring Lassen National Forest.

APPENDIX 2

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES
ExpLANATORY NOTE

The classifications of activities have for their purpose to
list and classify in all practicable detail the specific activities
engaged in by the several services of the national government.
Such statements are of value from a number of standpoints.
They furnish, in the first place, the most effective showing
that can be made in brief compass of the character of work
performed by the service to which they relate. Secondly,
they lay the basis for a system of accounting and reporting that
will permit the showing of total expenditures classified accord-
ing to activities. Finally, taken collectively, they make pos-
sible the preparation of a general or consolidated statement of
the activities of the government as a whole. Such a statement
will reveal in detail, not only what the government is doing,
but the services in which the work is being performed. For
example, one class of activities that would probably appear in
such a classification is that of “scientific research.” A sub-
head under this class would be “chemical research.” Under
this head would appear the specific lines of investigation under
way and the services in which they were being prosecuted.
It is hardly necessary to point out the value of such infor-
mation in planning for future work and in considering the
problem of the better distribution and codrdination of the
work of the government. The Institute contemplates attempt-
ing such a general listing and classification of the activities of
the government upon the completion of the present series.

76

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES

Conservation

1. Natural Wonders

2. Prehistoric Structures

3. Historic Ruins and Structures
4. Forests and Plant Life

5. Lakes and Streams

6. Scenic Effects

7. Animals

8. Birds

9. Fish

Construction and Maintenance
1. Roads,

2. Trails

3. Bridges

4. Vistas

5. Camping Grounds

6. Administrative Buildings
Protection

1. Sanitation

2. Policing

3. Accident Prevention
Compilation of Statistics
1. Stream Flow

2. Weather Records

3. Use of Parks

4. Animal Increase
Scientific Research

1. Tree Inspection

2. Specimen Collecting
3. Animal and Bird Study
4. Archeology

77

APPENDIX 3
PUBLICATIONS

The National Park Service publishes, (1) historic and scien-
tific pamphlets; (2) rules and regulations; (3) maps and man-
uals; (4) panoramic views; (5) reports and proceedings. A
complete list of these publications, together with all necessary
information as to how they may be procured, may be found
in the annual report of the Director.

Historic and Scientific Pamphlets. These publications, of
which there are twenty-six in all published, range in size from
twelve to 260 pages. Three of them are free. The others
cost from five cents to one dollar, depending upon the size
and elaborateness of the publication.

Rules and Regulations. These booklets, attractively pre-
pared, with illustrations and maps, have been published for
fourteen of the parks, including all of the most important
ones. For three of the remaining parks they have been got
out in mimeographed form without illustration. Besides the
rules and regulations, they contain a great deal of valuable
information regarding hotels, points of interest, etc. These
publications are all free.

Maps and Manuals. Besides a general map showing all
the parks and monuments administered by the Service, auto-
mobile road and trail maps are published for the eight most
important parks. A handy manual for motorists, in small
pamphlet form, is also published containing the most impor-
tant features of the Rules and Regulations and special in-
formation and advice for motorists. The maps and manuals
are free.

Panoramic Views, These have been prepared for seven
78

PUBLICATIONS 79

of the parks and are sold at twenty-five cents a copy. They
are based on accurate surveys and average in size about
18 x 20 inches, the scale being from one to three miles to the
inch. They are printed in four colors.

Reports and Proceedings. The annual report of the Di-
rector does not differ essentially from that of the ordinary
executive. It isa complete summary of the work of the Serv-
ice during the fiscal year. It is free. At present the reports
for 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921 are available for distribution.
The Proceedings of the four ‘National Park Conferences are
on sale at from fifteen cents to twenty-five cents a volume.

APPENDIX 4

LAWS
(A) InpEx to Laws

jministration, etc.

Of monuments, appropriations for 41
Of parks, appropriations for 41
nerican Antiquities
2unishment for destruction of 34
1imals
May be destroyed when 39
ypropriations :
Administration, protection, maintenance, and im-
provement of parks 41
Administration, protection, maintenance, preser-
vation, and improvement of monuments 41
Blackfeet Reservation Road, repairs to 41
Bridges and Culverts, Yellowstone 41
Buffalo in Yellowstone, care of 41
Community Centers, Yellowstone 41
El] Portal Road, construction of 41
Federal Power Commission, limitations on use of 41
Fighting Forest Fires 41
Fire Lookout Station, Yellowstone 41
Forest fires—not to be used precautionarily 41
Forest fires—to be allotted by Secretary of the
Interior 41

Motor-driven vehicles—maintenance, etc., of
National Park Service in the District of Colum-
bia

41

41
Ranger Stations, Yellowstone and Rainier 41
Replacement of Burned Buildings 41
Rest House, Yellowstone 4I

Rights of Way in Grand Canyon—acquisition of 41
Roads in Glacier ; 41
Roads in Yellowstone

I
Roads in Yosemite of
Salaries of Officers 39

40

n

co

ey
Pe ia

.

<

ng
f o peo
PROP CrSrer

<3 F< ose se se ee

<os

osesev es ee

n
3
Peeper Pe

20

41 Stat. L., 1406

1 This index refers to the general laws—Special acts affecting individual

rks are referred to in the general index to this volume.

LAWS 81
Shelter Cabin, Rainier 41 Stat. L., 1406
Snow Removal in Yellowstone, limitation on ex-
penditure for 1 Stat. L., 1406
Toll Roads in Grand Canyon, expenditures for
forbidden 41 Stat. L., 1406
Arrest
Authority of Officer to 33 Stat. L., 700
Without Process—when permissible 3 Stat. L., 700
Blackfeet Indian Reservation, appropriation for
road repair in 41 Stat. L., 1406
Bridges and Culverts
In Yellowstone, appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Buffaloes
In Yellowstone, appropriation for care of 41 Stat. L., 1406
Buildings
Replacement of burned 41 Stat. L., 1406
Limitation on cost of 37 Stat. L., 460
Limitation on cost increased 40 Stat. L., 677
Codperation ;
With Secretary of Agriculture 39 Stat. L., 535
Creation
National Park Service established 39 Stat. L., 535
Community Centers
In Yellowstone, appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Donations
Of lands, etc..—Secretary of the Interior may
accept 41 Stat. L., 917
Forest Fires
Appropriation for lookout stations in Yellowstone 41 Stat. L., 1406
Appropriations for, not to be used precautionarily 41 Stat. L., 1406
Appropriations for, to be allotted by Secretary of
the Interior 41 Stat. L., 1406
Penalties for setting, etc., provided 35 Stat. L., 1098
Secretary of the Interior to submit report on 41 Stat. L., 1406
Federal Power Commission
May not license power development in parks 41 Stat. L., 1353
Limitation on use of appropriation 41 Stat. L., 1380
Laws
Codification of penal 35 Stat. L., 1098
Violations of relating to parks, arrests for 33 Stat. L., 700
Live Stock
May not be grazed in Yellowstone 39 Stat. L., 535
Miners and Homesteaders
Wood rights on public lands reserved 35 Stat. L., 1098
Monuments a
Contiguous to national forests, supervision of 39 Stat. L. 535
Creation of 34 Stat. L., 225
Excavation, etc., on, permits for 4 Stat. L., 225
Secretaries of Agriculture, Interior, and War to
make rules to govern 34 Stat. L., 225

82 _ THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Motor Vehicles

Limitations on expenditures for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Natural Curiosities
Free access to not to be interfered with 39 Stat. L., 535
Personnel
Authority of, to arrest 33 Stat. L., 700
Duties of—in general 39 Stat. L., 535
Director
How appointed 39 Stat. L., 535
Duties of 39 Stat. L., 535
Salary of 39 Stat. L., 535

4o Stat. L., 20
41 Stat. L., 1406

Assistant Director
How appointed 39 Stat. L., 535
Salary of 39 Stat. L., 535
4o Stat. L., 20
41 Stat. L., 1406

Accountant—salary of 41 Stat. L., 1406
Chief Clerk

How appointed 39 Stat. L., 535

Salary of 39 Stat. L., 535

4o Stat. L., 20

41 Stat. L., 1406

Clerks—salaries of 4o Stat. L., 20

41 Stat. L., 1406

Draftsman—salary of 39 Stat. L., 535

qo Stat. L., 20
: 41 Stat. L., 1406
Editor—salary of 41 Stat. L., 1406
Employees appointed by Secretary of the In- 39 Stat. L., 535

terior
Experts, etc.—limitation on employment of 39 Stat. L., 535
Law Clerk—salary of 41 Stat. L., 1406
Messenger
ow appointed 39 Stat. L.,
Salary of 39 Stat. L., =e

40 Stat. L., 20

1 Stat. L.,
Superintendent of National Parks 4 L., 1406

Authorization for employment of 39 Stat. L., 309
Appropriation for salary of 39 Stat. L., ; 23
Plant Life 40 Stat. L., 20
May be destroyed, when . 39 Stat. L. 535
President of the United States may reserve monu- ,
ments by proclamation 34 Stat. L., 225
Privileges 7
In Grand Canyon to highest bidder 40 Stat. L., rr

Limitations upon granting of

sacri of the Interior may grant discretion-
arily

39 Stat. L., ne
39 Stat. L., 335

Ranger Stations
Appropriations for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Receipts and Expenditures
Secretary of the Interior to submit statement of 36 Stat. L., 1421
Rest House
Appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Revenues
To be covered into Treasur o Stat. L., 1
Rights of Way ‘ tp ee Gees
Act relating to through parks, etc., not to be
affected 39 Stat. L., 535
Acquisition of for roads and trails in Grand Can-
yon 41 Stat. L., 1406
Roads ,
In Glacier—appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
In Yellowstone—appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
In Yosemite—appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Rules and Regulations
Arrest for violation of 33 Stat. L., 700
Punishment for violation of _ 39 Stat. L., 535
Secretaries of Agriculture, Interior, and War to
make 34 Stat. L., 225
Secretary of Agriculture
May permit excavation, etc., of antiquities 34 Stat. L., 225
Shall codperate in making rules and regulations
for monuments 34 Stat. L., 225
Shall codperate with National Park Service, when39 Stat. L., 535
Secretary of the Interior
May accept donations for park purposes 41 Stat. L., 917
May accept relinquishments of monument tracts34 Stat. L., 225
May destroy animals and plant life, when 39 Stat. L., 535
May grant grazing permits 39 Stat. L., 535
May grant privileges, leases, and permits 39 Stat. L., 535
May permit excavation, etc., of antiquities 34 Stat. L., 225
May sell timber, when 39 Stat. L., 535
Shall allot forest fire funds 41 Stat. L., 1406
Shall codperate in making rules and regulations
for monuments 34 Stat. L., 225
Shall direct expenditures of Yellowstone appro-
priation 41 Stat. L., 1406
Shall make rules and regulations 39 Stat. L., 535
Shall submit estimates 4o Stat. L., 153
Shall submit reports on forest fires 41 Stat. L., 1406
Secretary of War ss
May permit excavations, etc., of antiquities 34 Stat. L., 225
Shall codperate in making rules and regulations
for monuments 34 Stat. L., 225
Shelter Cabins
Appropriation for 41 Stat. L., 1406
Snow
In Yellowstone—removal of 41 Stat. L., 1406

84 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Toll Roads

Expenditures on forbidden 41 Stat. L., 1406
United States Commissioners

Shall issue process, when 33 Stat. L., 700

Water Power ;
Development of in parks and monuments forbid-

den 41 Stat. L., 1353
Yellowstone
Grazing forbidden in 39 Stat. L., 535

(B) Compitation Or Laws

General

1905—Act of February 6, 1905 (33 Stat. L., 700)—An Act
For the protection of the public forest reserves and
national parks of the United States.

That all persons employed in the forest-reserve and national-
park service of the United States shall have authority to make arrests
for the violation of the laws and regulations relating to the forest
reserves and national parks, and any person so arrested shall be
taken before the nearest United States Commissioner, within whose
jurisdiction the reservation or national park is located, for trial; and
upon sworn information by any competent person any United States
Commissioner in the proper jurisdiction shall issue process for the
arrest of any person charged with the violation of said laws and
regulations; but nothing herein contained shall be construed as pre-
venting the arrest by any officer of the United States, without pro-
cess, of any person taken in the act of violating said laws and
regulations.

1906—Act of June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 225)—An Act For
the preservation of American antiquities.

[Sec. 1]. That any person who shall appropriate, excavate, in-
jure, or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or
any object of antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled by the
Government of the United States, without the permission of the
Secretary of the department of the Government having jurisdiction
over the lands on which said antiquities are situated, shall, upon
conviction, be fined in a sum of not more than $500 or be imprisoned
for a period of not more than ninety days, or shall suffer both fine
and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 2. That the President of the United States is hereby author-
ized, in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation historic
landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of
historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned
or controlled by the Government of the United States to be national
monuments, and may reserve as a part thereof parcels of land, the

LAWS 85

limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area
compatible with the proper care and management of the objects
to be protected: Provided, That when such objects are situated upon
a tract covered by a bona fide unperfected claim or held in private
ownership, the tract, or so much thereof as may be necessary for
the proper care and management of the object, may be relinquished
to the Government, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby
authorized to accept the relinquishment of such tracts in behalf of
the Government of the United States.

Sec. 3. That permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation
of archeological sites, and the gathering of objects of antiquity upon
the lands under their respective jurisdictions may be granted by the
Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War to institutions
which they may deem properly qualified to conduct such examination,
excavation, or gathering, subject to such rules and regulations as
they may prescribe: Provided, That the examinations, excavations,
and gatherings are undertaken for the benefit of reputable museums,
universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educational
institutions, with a view to increasing the knowledge of such ob-
jects, and that the gatherings shall be made for permanent preserva-
tion in public museums.

Sec. 4. That the Secretaries of the departments aforesaid shall
make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations
for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act.1

1909—Act of March 4, 1909 (35 Stat. L., 1088, 1098)—An
Act To codify, revise, and amend the penal laws of
the United States.

Sections 49-53 inclusive, and 56, 57, and 60, provide penalties for
timber depredations on public lands, reservations or Indian lands,
reserving the usual wood rights of mining men and homesteaders;
also for boxing trees for turpentine on public lands, or setting fires,
failing to extinguish fires, breaking fences, driving cattle, and injur-
ing survey marks and telegraph lines thereon.

1911—Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 1363, 1421)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twelve, and for other

purposes.

* * KK

Hereafter the Secretary of the Interior shall submit in the annual

1 Under authority of the foregoing act the various proclamations have
been made establishing the national monuments. A list of these proc-
lamations will be found under the section entitled “The National Monu-
ments,” Chapter I, supra.

86 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Book of Estimates, following the estimates for each of the national
parks, a classified statement of the receipts and expenditures for
the complete fiscal year next preceding the fiscal year for which esti-
mates of appropriations are submitted.

1912—Act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 417, 460)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and thirteen, and for other

purposes.

** Ke *

No expenditure for construction of administration or other build-
ings cost in case of any building exceeding one thousand dollars
shall hereafter be made in any national park except under express
authority of Congress: Provided, That this shall not apply to build-
ings now in the process of actual construction.

1916—Act of February 28, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 14, 23)—An
Act Making appropriations to supply further urgent
deficiencies in appropriations for the fiscal year end-
ing June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and sixteen,
and prior years, and for other purposes.

* * * *

There is appropriated, for the remainder of the fiscal year nine-
teen hundred and sixteen, from the several appropriations for pro-
tection, improvement, and management, and so forth, of the various
national parks, including the Hot Springs Reservation, as well as
from the revenues from privileges, and so forth, in the national
parks and the Hot Springs Reservation, such sum or sums as the
Secretary of the Interior in his judgment may deem necessary, to
be expended in employment of the superintendent of national parks
in the District of Columbia and in the field, and other necessary ex-
penses in connection with the administration of the national parks
and the Hot Springs Reservation; a detailed statement of such ex-
penditures to be submitted to Congress.

1916—Act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 262, 309)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for

other purposes.
** *k *

LAWS 87

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to employ in the Dis-
trict of Columbia and elsewhere, and pay, during the fiscal year
nineteen hundred and seventeen, out of the several appropriations for
protection, improvement and management of the various national
parks including the Hot Springs Reservation and out of the revenues
from rentals and privileges derived therefrom, a superintendent of
national parks and to assist him such clerical or other services, not
exceeding four persons, as the Secretary shall determine, and also
to pay from said funds all necessary expenses of subsistence and
travel of said superintendent when absent on duty outside of the
District of Columbia. A detailed statement of all expenditures here-
under shall be made to Congress at its next session.

1916—Act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 535)—-An Act
To establish a National Park Service and for other
purposes (as amended by act of June 2, 1920; 41
Stat. L., 732—An Act To Accept the cession by
the State of California of exclusive jurisdiction of
the lands embraced within the Yosemite National
Park, Sequoia National Park, and General Grant
National Park, respectively and for other purposes)

[Sec. 1]. That there is hereby created in the Department of the
Interior a service to be called the National Park Service, which shall
be under the charge of a director, who shall be appointed by the
Secretary and who shall receive a salary of $4,500 per annum. There
shall also be appointed by the Secretary the following assistants and
other employees at the salaries designated: One assistant director,
at $2,500 per annum; one chief clerk, at $2,000 per annum; one
draftsman, at $1,800 per annum; one messenger, at $600 per annum;
and, in addition thereto, such other employees as the Secretary of
the Interior shall deem necessary: Provided, That not more than
$8,100 annually shall be expended for salaries of experts, assistants,
and employees within the District of Columbia not herein specifically
enumerated unless previously authorized by law. The service thus
established shall promote and regulate the use of the Federal areas
known as national parks, monuments, and reservations hereinafter
specified by such means and measures as conform to the fundamental
purposes of the said parks, monuments, and reservations, which pur-
pose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects
and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the
same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unim-
paired for the enjoyment of future generations. _

Sec. 2. That the director shall, under the direction of the Secre-
tary of the Interior, have the supervision, management, and control
of the several national parks and national monuments which are
now under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior, and of
the Hot Springs Reservation in the State of Arkansas, and of such

88 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

other national parks and reservations of like character as may be
hereafter created by Congress: Provided, That in the supervision,
management, and control of national monuments contiguous to
national forests the Secretary of Agriculture may codperate with
said National Park Service to such extent as may be requested by
the Secretary of the Interior. ;

‘Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall make and publish
such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for
the use and management of the parks, monuments, and reservations
under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, and any viola-
tions of any of the rules and regulations authorized by this act shall
be punished by a fine of not more than $500, or imprisonment for
not exceeding six months, or both, and be adjudged to pay all cost
of the proceedings.1 He may also, upon terms and conditions to be
fixed by him, sell or dispose of timber in those cases where in his
judgment the cutting of such timber is required in order to control
the attacks of insects or diseases or otherwise conserve the scenery
or the natural or historic objects in any such park, monument, or
reservation We may also provide in his discretion for the destruc-
tion of such animals and of such plant life as may be detrimental
to the use of any of said parks, monuments, or reservations. He
may also grant privileges, leases, and permits for the use of land
for the accommodation of visitors in the various parks, monuments, or
other reservations herein provided for, but for periods not exceed-
ing twenty years;? and no natural curiosities, wonders, or objects
of interest shall be leased, rented, or granted to any one on such
terms as to interfere with free access to them by the public; Pro-
vided, however, That the Secretary of the Interior may, under such
rules and regulations and on such terms as he may prescribe, grant
the privilege to graze live stock within any national park, monument,
or reservation herein referred to when in his judgment such use is
not detrimental to the primary purpose for which such park, monu-
ment, or reservation was created, except that this provision shall
not apply to the Yellowstone National Park.

Sec. 4. That nothing in this Act contained shall affect or modify
the provisions of the act approved February fifteenth, nineteen
hundred and one, entitled “An Act relating to rights of way through
certain parks, reservations, and other public lands.”

1917—Act of April 17, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 2, 20)—An Act
Making appropriations to supply deficiencies in ap-
propriations for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth,
nineteen hundred and seventeen and prior fiscal years,

and for other purposes.
kkk
For employees from April fifteenth to June thirtieth, nineteen

1As amended.

? This clause does not fully apply to Grand Canyon P. rk, i
in Act of February 26, 1919; 4o Stat. L, 1177. al i aa

hundred and seventeen, inclusive, at annual rates of compensation
as follows: Director, $4,500; assistant director, $2,500; chief clerk,
$2,000; draftsman, $1,800; clerks—one of class three, two of class
two, two at $900 each; messenger, $600; in all, for park service in
the District of Columbia, $3,666.67, or so much thereof as may be
necessary, to be in lieu of salaries, during such period, of the
Superintendent of National Parks and four other persons authorized
to be employed in the District of Columbia during the fiscal year
nineteen hundred and seventeen by the sundry civil appropriation
act approved July first, nineteen hundred and sixteen.

1917—Act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 105, 153)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for
other purposes.

* * * *

From and after July first, nineteen hundred and eighteen, all
revenues of the national parks, except Hot Springs Reservation,
Arkansas, shall be covered into the Treasury to the credit of mis-
cellaneous receipts; and the Secretary of the Interior is directed to
submit, for the fiscal year nineteen hundred and nineteen and an-
nually thereafter, estimates of the amounts required for the care,
maintenance, and development of the said parks.

1918—Act of July 1, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 634, 677)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, and for
other purposes.

KKK *

The limitation of cost upon the construction of any administration
or other building in any national park without express authority of
Congress, contained in the sundry civil appropriation Act approved
August twenty-fourth, nineteen hundred and twelve, is increased
from $1,000 to $1,500.

1920—Act of June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 874, 917)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses cf
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, and for

other purposes.
x KK *

90 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Hereafter the Secretary of the Interior in his administration of
the National Park Service is authorized, in his discretion, to accept
patented lands, rights of way over patented lands or other lands,
buildings, or other property within the various national parks and
national monuments, and moneys which may be donated for the
purposes of the national park and monument system.

1921—Act of March 3, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1353)—An Act
To amend an act entitled “An Act To create a Fed-
eral Power Commission; to provide for the improv-
ment of navigation; the development of water power;
the use of the public lands in relation thereto; and
to repeal section 18 of the River and Harbor Ap-
propriation Act, approved August 8, 1917, and for
other purposes,” approved June 10, 1920.

That hereafter no permit, license, lease, or authorization for dams,
conduits, reservoirs, power houses, transmission lines, or other
works for storage or carriage of water, or for the development,
transmission, or utilization of power, within the limits as now con-
stituted of any national park or national monument shall be granted
or made without specific authority of Congress, and so much of the
act of Congress approved June 10, 1920, entitled “An Act to create
a Federal Power Commission; to provide for the improvement of
navigation; the development of water power; the use of the public
lands in relation thereto; and to repeal section 18 of the River and
Harbor Appropriation Act, approved August 8, 1917, and for other
purposes,” approved June 10, 1920, as authorizes licensing such
uses of existing national parks and national monuments by the Fed-
eral Power Commission is hereby repealed.

1921—Act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1367, 1380,
1406)—An Act Making appropriations for sundry

civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1922, and for other purposes.

* * *K *
That no portion of this appropriation [For . . . the Federal Power
Commission . . . $100,000] shall be available for any expense con-

nected with the leasing of any water-power facilities in any national
park and national monument.

* kK *

_National Park Service: Director, $4,500; assistant director, $2,500;
chief clerk, $2,000; law clerk $2,000; editor, $2,000; draftsman,
$1,800; accountant, $1,800; clerks—two of class four, three of class
three (one transferred from Secretary’s office), one of class two, one

LAWS gr

of class one, one $1,020, two at $900 each; messenger, $600; in all,
for park service in the District of Columbia, $31,020.

_ Fighting forest fires in national parks: For fighting forest fires
in national parks, or other areas administered by the National Park
Service, or fires that endanger such areas, and for replacing build-
ings or other physical improvements that have been destroyed by
forest fires within such areas, $25,000: Provided, That these funds
shall not be used for any precautionary fire protection or patrol work
prior to actual occurrence of the fire: And provided further, That
the allotment of these funds to the various national parks, or areas
administered by the National Park Service, for fire fighting purposes,
shall be made by the Secretary of the Interior, and then only after
the obligation for the expenditure has been incurred, and the Secre-
tary of the Interior shall submit with his annual estimate of ex-
penditures a report showing the location, size, and description of
each forest fire, together with the number of men, their classifica-
tion and rate of pay and actual time employed, and a statement of
expenditures showing the cost for labor, supplies, special services,
ane cue expenses covered by the expenditures made from these
unds.

Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: For administration, protec-
tion, maintenance, and improvement, including not exceeding $600
for the maintenance, operation, and repair of a motor-driven pas-
senger-carrying vehicle for the use of the superintendent and em-
ployees in connection with general park work, $25,300.

General Grant National Park, California: For adminstration, pro-
tection, maintenance, and improvement, $6,000.

Glacier National Park, Montana: For administration, protection,
maintenance, and improvement, including necessary repairs to the
roads from Glacier Park Station through the Blackfeet Indian
Reservation to various points in the boundary line of the Glacier
National Park and to the International Boundary, including not
exceeding $2,400 for the maintenance, repair, and operation of
motor-driven and horse-drawn passenger-carrying vehicles for the
use of the superintendent and employees in connection with general
park work, and not exceeding $100,000 for the partial construction
of a trans-mountain road connecting the east and west sides of the
park, $195,000, of which amount $25,000 shall be immediately avail-
able.

Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: For administration, pro-
tection, maintenance, improvement, and the acquisition of lands for
road and trail rights of way within the park, including not ex-
ceeding $2,000 for the purchase, maintenance, operation, and re-
pair of motor-driven passenger-carrying vehicles for the use of
the superintendent and employees in connection with general
park work, $100,000: Provided, That no expenditure shall be made
in the maintenance or improvement of any toll road or toll
await National Park: For administration, protection, mainten-
ance, and improvement, including not exceeding $1,800 for the
purchase, maintenance, operation, and repair of a motor-driven pas-

92 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

senger-carrying vehicle for use of the superintendent and park em-
ployees in connection with general park work, $10,000.

* KK

Lafayette National Park, Maine: for administration, maintenance,
protection, and improvement, including not exceeding $600 for main-
tenance, operation, and repair of a motor-driven passenger-carry-
ing vehicle for use in administration of the park, $25,000.

Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: For protection and
improvement, $3,000.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado: For administration, pro-
tection, maintenance, and improvement, including not exceeding $800
for maintenance, operation, and repair of horse-drawn and motor-
driven passenger-carrying vehicles for use of the superintendent and
employees, $16,400.

Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska: For protection and im-
provement, $8,000.

Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: For administration,
protection, maintenance, and improvement, including not exceeding
$1,800 for the purchase, maintenance, operation, and repair of motor-
driven passenger-carrying vehicles for use of the superintendent and
park employees in connection with general park work, not exceed-
ing $2,500 for a ranger station at Paradise Valley; not exceed-
ing $2,500 for a shelter cabin at Camp Muir; $150,000, of which
amount $25,000 shall be immediately available.

National Monuments: For the administration,. protection, main-
tenance, preservation, and improvement of the national monuments,
e be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior,

12,500.

Platt National Park, Oklahoma: For administration, protection,
maintenance, and improvement, $7,500.

Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: For administration,

protection, maintenance, and improvement, including not exceeding
$1,500 for the purchase, maintenance, operation, and repair of
motor-driven passenger-carrying vehicles for use of the super-
intendent and employees in connection with general park work,
$65,000.
_ Sequoia National Park, California: For administration, protec-
cion, maintenance, and improvement, including not exceeding $2,000
to be available immediately, for the purchase, maintenance, opera-
tion, and repair of a motor-driven passenger-carrying vehicle for
the use of the superintendent and employees in connection with
general park work, $86,000.

Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota: For administration, pro-
tection, maintenance, and improvement, $7,500.

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: For administration, pro-
tection, maintenance, and improvement, including not to exceed
$8,400 for maintenance of the road in the forest reserve leading
out of the park from the east boundary, not to exceed $11,000 for
purchase and installation of new bridges and culverts for said east
forest road, not to exceed $7,500 for maintenance of the road in
the forest reserve leading out of the park from the south boundary,
not to exceed $16,000 for two combined ranger stations and com-

APPENDICES 93

munity centers for campers at Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone
Lake, and Grand Canyon, not to exceed $2,500 for fire lookout.and
rest house on Mount Washburn, not to exceed $7,600 for the pur-
chase, operation, maintenance, and repair of motor-propelled pas-
senger-carrying vehicles, and including feed for buffalo and other
animals and salaries of buffalo keepers, $350,000, of which amount
$25,000 shall be immediately available, to be expended by and under
the direction of the Secretary of the Interior: Provided, That not
exceeding $2,000 may be expended for the removal of snow from
any of the roads for the purpose of opening them in advance of
the tourist season.

Yosemite _ National Park, California: For administration, pro-
tection, maintenance, and improvement, including not exceeding
$3,000 for purchase, maintenance, operation, and repair of horse-
drawn and motor-driven passenger-carrying vehicles for use of
the superintendent and employees in connection with general park
work, and not exceeding $15,000 for the completion of grading in
width not exceeding twenty feet the El Portal-Yosemite road,
$300,000.

Zion National Park, Utah: for administration, protection, main-
tenance, and improvement, $10,000.

Yellowstone

1872—Act of March 1, 1872 (17 Stat. L., 32)—An Act To
set aside a certain tract of land lying near the head-
waters of the Yellowstone River as a public park.

[Sec. 1]. The tract of land in the Territories of Montana and
Wyoming, lying near the head-waters of the Yellowstone River and
described as follows, to wit, commencing at the junction of
Gardiner’s River, with the Yellowstone River, and running east
to the meridian passing ten miles to the eastward of the most eastern
point of Yellowstone Lake; thence south along said meridian to
the parallel of latitude passing ten miles south of the most southern
point of Yellowstone Lake; thence west along said parallel to the
meridian passing fifteen miles west of the most western point of
Madison Lake; thence north along said meridian to the latitude of
the junction of the Yellowstone and Gardiner’s Rivers; thence east
to the place of beginning, is reserved and withdrawn from settle-
ment, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and
dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring-ground for
the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who locate,
or settle upon, or occupy any part of the land thus set apart as a pub-
lic park, except as provided in the following section, shall be con-
sidered trespassers and removed therefrom. .

Sec. 2. Such public park shall be under the exclusive control
of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon
as practicable, to make and publish such regulations as he may
deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the same.

94 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Such regulations shall provide for the preservation, from injury
or spoliation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities,
or wonders, within the park, and their retention in their natural
condition. The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases for
building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small par-
cels of ground, at such places in the park as may require the
erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors; all of the
proceeds of such leases, and all other revenues that may be derived
from any source connected with the park, to be expended under
his direction in the management of the same, and the construction
of roads and bridle paths therein. He shall provide against the
wanton destruction of the fish and game found within the park, and
against their capture or destruction for the purposes of merchan-
dise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the
same to be removed therefrom, and generally is authorized to take
all such measures as may be necessary or proper to fully carry out
the objects and purposes of this section.

1883—Act of March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. L., 626)—An Act
Making appropriation for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-four, and for
other purposes.

Provides for a superintendent and ten assistants to be appointed
by the Secretary of the Interior and prescribes their duties; for
the construction of roads and bridges under the direction of an
engineer officer of the War Department; for the detailing of troops
for protection by the Secretary of War at the request of the Secre-
tary of the Interior; and for the leasing, by the Secretary, under
definite restrictions, of small tracts for hotel purposes, etc.

1890—Act of July 10, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 222)—An Act To
provide for the admission of the State of Wyoming
into the union, and for other purposes,

Provides that nothing contained in the act shall be construed as
terminating complete federal control and jurisdiction over the park.

1894—Act of May 7, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 73)—An Act To
protect the birds and animals in Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, and to punish crimes in said park
and for other purposes.

The act provides for the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal
government in the park and that all laws applicable to places under

LAWS 95

exclusive federal jurisdiction shall be in effect there. It consti-
tutes the park a part of the federal district of Wyoming and pro-
vides for the appointment of a Commissioner to reside in the park
and try cases therein, and of deputy marshals for the service of
process, etc. It also provides for the erection of a building to con-
tain a jail and courtroom. It forbids hunting and fishing, or the
killing of any animal except to preserve human life or prevent
injury; authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to make rules and
regulations for the protection of the game, etc., and prescribes
penalties for violation of the act and rules made under it.

1894—Act of August 3, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 222)—An Act
Concerning leases in the Yellowstone National Park.

Secretary of the Interior given discretionary authority to make
leases in the Park under certain definite restrictions safeguarding
the natural wonders from being made the subjects of exclusive
privilege. So much of the act of March 3, 1883 as conflicts with
the present act is repealed.

1899—Act of March 1, 1899 (30 Stat. L., 918)—An Act To
provide compensation for a bridge and for buildings
and other improvements constructed by certain per-
sons upon public lands afterwards set apart and re-
served as the Yellowstone National Park.

1900—Act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 588, 625)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and one, and for other
purposes.

That road extensions and improvements shall hereafter be made
in said park under and in harmony with a general plan of roads
and improvements to be approved by the Chief of Engineers of the
Army. ,

1902—Act of May 27, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 236)—An Act for
the allowance of certain claims for stores and sup-
plies reported by the Court of Claims under the
provisions of the act approved March 3, 1883, and
commonly known as the Bowman Act, and for
other purposes.

96 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Provides for the payment to the State of Wyoming of amounts
paid out by the State for the policing of the park during 1884, 1885
and 1886.

1903—Act of March 3, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 1130)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and four, and for other
purposes.

Conditions prescribed under which private parties or corpora-
tions doing business in Yellowstone Park may obtain electric light
and power from the government plant.

1906—Act of June 4, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 207)—An Act To
amend an act approved August 3, 1894, entitled
“An Act concerning leases in the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park.”

Increases the amount of land which may be leased to any one
person or company from a possible twenty acres to a possible 200
acres; and permits the mortgaging by any lessee of his rights, prop-
erties and franchises, including his contract with the Secretary

of the Interior provided the approval of the Secretary be first
secured.

1907—Act of March 2, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1219)—An Act
To amend an act entitled “An Act to amend an act ap~
proved August 3, 1894, entitled ‘An Act concerning
leases in the Yellowstone ‘National Park,’” ap-
proved June 4, 1906.

Increases leasing period from ten to twenty years.

t911—Act of March 3, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 1087, 1094,
1130)—An Act To codify, revise and amend the
laws relating to the judiciary.

Sections 26 and 115 provide for jurisdiction of the federal court
for the district of Wyoming over the park; define the district; and
provide for terms of court and appointment of deputy marshals.

1916—Act of June 28, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 238)—An Act To

LAWS 97

amend “An Act to protect the birds and animals
in Yellowstone National Park and to punish crimes
in said park and for other purposes” approved May
7, eighteen hundred and ninety-four.

Under the old act the penalties for violations of the act or regu-
lations made under it were a fine of not more than $1,000 or im-
Prisonment not exceeding two years, or both, together with all costs,
thus classifying all offenses as felonies and necessitating trial of
all offenders by indictment in the regular way.

The amendment changed these to $500 or six months, or both,
plus costs; thus obviating the necessity for commitments for trial
and enabling the park authorities to dispose of cases as they arose
by immediate trial before the park commissioner.

1917—Executive Order of April 16, 1917 (No. 2599).

Temporarily withdraws certain lands in Montana north of the
park in aid of legislation to secure the lands as a game preserve.

1918—Act of July 1, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 634, 678)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, and for
other purposes.

Hereafter road extensions and improvements shall be made in
said park under and in harmony with the general plan of roads
and improvements to be approved by the Secretary of the Interior.

1919—Act of January 25, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1152)—An Act
To authorize the sale of certain lands at or near
Yellowstone, Mont., for hotel and other purposes.

Authorizes the sale of eighty-eight acres of land in Madison
National Forest to Oregon Short Line Railroad at not less than
$25 per acre for use for hotel purposes, provided any hotel
erected on tract sold be operated under rules prescribed for opera-
tion of hotels in Yellowstone Park.

1919—Executive Order of February 28, 1919 (No. 3053)..
Withdraws temporarily the Teton-Jackson’s Hole Area south of

the Yellowstone in aid of legislation looking to the creation of
the proposed greater Yellowstone.

98 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

1921—Executive Order of Jan. 28, 1921 (No. 3394).

“Under authority of the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910
(36 Stat. L., 847) as amended by the act of August 24, 1912 (37
Stat. L., 497) the following described lands in the State of Wy-
oming are hereby temporarily withdrawn, subject to the conditions,
provisions and limitations of said acts for the purpose of classify-
ing said lands, and pending enactment of appropriate legislation for
their proper disposition.”

This order covers the same “Greater Yellowstone” area covered
by Executive Order No. 3053, supra; but because it is not made
dependent upon any specific legislation its effect is to withdraw
the territory indefinitely.

Yosemite

1864—Act of June 30, 1864 (13 Stat. L., 325)—-An Act
Authorizing a grant to the State of California of the
“Yo-Semite Valley” and of the land embracing the
“Mariposa Big Tree Grove.”

[Sec. 1]. That there... is hereby granted to the State of
California the “cleft” or “gorge” ...known as the Yo-Semite
Valley .. . with the stipulation, nevertheless, ... that the prem-

ises shall be held for public use, resort and recreation. .. .

Sec. 2. That there shall likewise be, and there is hereby, granted
to the said State of California the tracts embracing what is known
as the “Mariposa Big Tree Grove” ... with the like stipulation
as expressed in the first section of this act....

1890—Act of October 1, 1890 (36 Stat. L., 650)—An Act
To set apart certain tracts of land in the State of
California as forest reservations.

[Sec. 1]. That the tracts of land} in the State of California

. are hereby ... set apart as reserved forest lands... . Pro-
vided, however, That nothing in this act shall be construed as in
anywise affecting the grant of lands made to the State of Califor-
nia by virtue of the act entitled “an act authorizing a grant to the
state of California of the ‘Yo-Semite Valley’ and of the land em-
bracing the ‘Mariposa Big Tree Grove.’” .

Sec. 2. That said reservation shall be under the exclusive con-
trol of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be... to
make ... rules and regulations . . . proper for the care and man-
agement of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the
preservation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities or

1The lands included in this grant completely surrounded the “cleft”
or “gorge” referred to in the Act of June 30, 1864. ss

Lgws 99

wonders within said reservation, and their retention in their natural
condition. . . . He shall provide ‘against the wanton destruction of
the fish and game . . . and against their capture or destruction for
purposes of merchandise or profit... .

1892—Act of July 19, 1892 (27 Stat. L., 235)—An Act
Granting to the county of Mariposa, in the State of
California, the right of way for a free wagon road
or turnpike across the Yosemite National Park, in
said State.

Land to revert to the United States if road be abandoned or cease
to be free of toll.

1900—Act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 588, 618)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and one, and for other
purposes.

Authorizes Secretary of War upon request of Secretary of the
Interior to detail troops to protect the Sequoia, Yosemite, and
General Grant Parks.

1901—Act of February 15, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 790)—An Act
Relating to rights of way through certain parks,
reservations, and other public lands.*

Secretary of the Interior authorized to permit and regulate use
of rights of way over public lands, forests, and other reservations
of the United States, and the Yosemite, Sequoia, and General
Grant National Parks for power, telephone, telegraph, irrigation and
water supply lines and systems. Grants to be subject to certain
provisions and to be revocable at discretion of Secretary.

1904—Act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 457, 487)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and five, and for other

purposes.

1 Regulations relating to grants hereunder and under 28 Stat. L., 635,
and Sec. 1 of 30 Stat, L., 404 were promulgated by Department of the

Interior July 8, 1901.

100 THE NATIONAL ek SERVICE

Directs Secretary of the Interior to ascertain what portions of
Yosemite are not necessary for park purposes and to select location
for a road. ~

1905—Act of February 7, 1905 (33 Stat. L., 702)—An Act
To exclude from the Yosemite National Park, Cal-
ifornia, certain lands therein described, and to at-
tach and include the said lands in the Sierra Forest

Reserve.
That the tracts of land in the State of California ... are
hereby . . . set apart as reserved forest lands. . . . Provided that the

Secretary of the Interior may require the payment of such price
as he may deem proper for privileges on the land herein segregated
from the Yosemite National Park; ... and the moneys received
from the privileges accorded ... shall be paid into the Treasury
... to be expended, under the direction of the Secretary, in the
management, improvement and protection of the forest lands herein
set aside ... which shall hereafter be known as the “Yosemite
National Park.”

1905—Act of March 3, 1905, of the California Legislature.

Receded the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove to
the United States; recession to take effect from and after accept-
ance by the United States.

1905—Act of March 3, 1905 (33 Stat. L., 1286)—Joint
Resolution Accepting the recession by the State of
California of the Yosemite Valley Grant and the
Mariposa Big Tree Grove in the Yosemite National
Park.

Despite the wording of the above title, the bill as passed merely
carried an appropriation for the management, etc., of the Yosemite
National Park and said nothing about acceptance of a recession.

1906—Joint Resolution of June 11, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 831) —
Joint Resolution accepting the recession by the State of
California of the Yosemite Valley Grant and the
Mariposa Big Tree Grove, and including the same,
together with fractional sections 5 and 6, township

5 south, range 22 east, Mount Diablo meridian, Cal-

ifornia, within the metes and bounds of the Yosemite

LAWS ae

National Park, and changing the boundaries thereof.

[Sec. r]. That the recession . . . is hereby ratified and accepted,
and the tracts ... are set apart as reserved forest lands... and
shall hereafter form a part of the Yosemite National Park... .
* eK OX

Sec. 3. That all revenues ... shall be paid into the Treasury
... to be expended .. . in the management, protection, and im-
provement of the Yosemite National Park.

1910—Act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 703, 745)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eleven, and for other

purposes.

$12,000 appropriated to enable Secretary of the Interior to ex-
amine data to be submitted by San Francisco in support of a re-
quest for a water supply from within Yosemite Park and to collect
data independently.

1911—Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 1363, 1420)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twelve, and for other
purposes.

Reappropriates any tunexpended balance of appropriation made
under Act of June 25, 1910, to enable Secretary to continue the
work during fiscal year ending 1912.

1912—Act of April 9, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 80)—An Act To
authorize the Secretary of the Interior to secure for
the United States title to patented lands in the Yosem-
ite National Park, and for other purposes.

Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to exchange matured
timber in the park for patented lands in park boundaries, prescribes
determination of values of lands and timber, and makes regulations
for timber cutting and removal. The sale outright of matured tim-

ber is also permitted.

1912—Act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 417, 460)—An

102 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and thirteen, and for
other purposes.

Reappropriates any unexpended balance of reappropriation made
under act of March 4, 1911 to carry work down to June 30, 1913.

1913—Act of June 23, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 41, 49)—An Act
Making appropriation for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen.

Authorizes grant of lease by Secretary of Interior for construc-
tion, etc., of an hotel and other buildings in accordance with pro-
visions of the act of June 4, 1906, as amended by the act of March
2, 1907. Repeals any part of Sec. 2 of the act of October 1, 1890
concerning the Yosemite in conflict with grant.

1913—Act of December 19, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 242)—An
Act Granting to the City and County of San Fran-
cisco certain rights of way in, over and through cer-
tain public lands, the Yosemite National Park, and
Stanislaus National Forest, and certain lands in the
Yosemite National Park, the Stanislaus National
Forest, and the public lands in the State of Califor-
nia, and for other purposes.

Grants all necessary rights of way in, over and through the
Yosemite National Park; together with such lands in the Hetch
Hetchy Valley and Lake Eleanor Basin within the Yosemite
National Park as Secretary of the Interior may deem to be neces-
sary for reservoirs, such lands as he may deem necessary for power
houses, etc., and the right to remove stone, gravel, etc., from the

park necessary in the construction of water power and electric
plants, etc.

1914—Act of April 16, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 345)—An Act To
amend section one of an act of Congress approved
April ninth, nineteen hundred and twelve (thirty-
seventh statutes, page eighty) entitled “An Act To

LAWS 03

authorize the Secretary of the Interior to secure for
the United States title to patented lands in the Yosem-
ite National Park, and for other purposes.”

Empowers the Secretaries of the Interior and of Agriculture
to obtain for the United States title to patented lands within the
park by exchanging therefor timber or timber and lands within
the park and within the adjoining Sierra and Stanislaus National
Forests; also to obtain title in similar manner to patented lands
not exceeding 640 acres, in said forests, which lands when so ac-
quired shall become part of the Yosemite National Park and be
subject to provisions of act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650).

1914—Act of May 13, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 376)—An Act To
consolidate certain forest lands in the Sierra National
Forest and Yosemite National Park, California.

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to exchange lands
lying in the Sierra National Forest for privately owned lands lying
in the Forest and in the Park; lands thus acquired lying in the
Forest to go to the Forest and those lying in the Park to go to the
Park.

1914—Act of July 23, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 554)—An Act To
amend an act approved October 1, 1890, entitled
“An Act to set apart certain tracts of land in the
State of California as forest reservations.”

For hotel purposes, etc., the Secretary of the Interior is author-
ized to grant leases for not to exceed twenty years on tracts not
to exceed twenty acres in extent, not more than ten such tracts to
be leased to any one person or corporation. Provision is also
made for appraisement at termination of lease and for mortgag-
ing of lessee’s rights if desired.

1916—Act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 262, 308)—An Act
Making appropriation for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for

other purposes.

Authorization to Secretary of the Interior to accept patented lands
and rights of way over same or over other lands in Yosemite Park

donated for park purposes.

104 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
1918—Executive Order of July 8, 1918 (No. 2906).

Withdraws temporarily the area adjacent to Yosemite Park in
aid of pending legislation proposing the creation of a greater park
to be called Roosevelt Park.

1920—Act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731)—An Act To
accept the cession by the State of California of ex-
clusive jurisdiction of the lands embraced within the
Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park,
and General Grant National Park, respectively, and
for other purposes.

Accepts cession of California’s Legislature (Act of April 15,
1919). Taxing and process rights reserved to State. Assigns
Yosemite to northern California federal judicial district; Sequoia
and General Grant to southern. Provides that offenses not pro-
hibited by federal laws be punished by state laws. Prohibits hunt-
ing, fishing, spoliation and vandalism and provides penalties. Regu-
lations to be prescribed by Secretary of Interior. Provides for
commissioners, defines their powers and outlines procedure. This
act is noteworthy in that it amends the National Park Service Act
(39 Stat. L., 535) by changing, in Section 3 of said act, the punish-
ment for violations of rules and regulations.

1921—Executive Order of Jan. 28, 1921 (No. 3395).

See Executive Order No. 3394, under the Yellowstone Park, supra.
No. 3395 makes what amounts to an indefinite withdrawal of the
greater Yosemite or Roosevelt area (See Executive Order No.
2906) in the same terms employed in No. 3394.

Sequota

1890—Act of September 25, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 478)—An
Act To set apart a certain tract of land in the State
of California as a public park.

[Sec. 1]. That the tract! of land in the State of California
...is hereby ... set apart as a public park, or pleasure ground,
for the benefit and enjoyment of the people. . . .

Sec. 2. That said public park shall be under the exclusive con-
trol of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be...
to make rules and regulations ... for the care and management
of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation

1This act covers part of Sequoia: the remainder is reserved by Section
3 of the Act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650).

LAWS a8

from injury of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities or
wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural con-
dition. . . . He shall provide against the wanton destruction of fish

and game and against their capture or destruction for purposes of
merchandise or profit... .

1890—Act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650)—An Act
To set apart certain tracts of land in the State of
California as forest reservations.

See this same act under Yosemite, to which park the first two
sections thereof relate. The third section sets aside as part of
Sequoia Park the following: Twps. 15 and 16 S., Rs 29 and 30 E.,
Mount Diablo base and meridian, and all of Twp. 17 S., R. 30 E,
with the exception of Sects. 31 to 34 inclusive, the lands forming
the remainder of the park being reserved by the act of September
25, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 478) supra, which see.

1900—Act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618)—An Act Mak-
ing appropriation for sundry civil expenses of the
Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth,
nineteen hundred and one, and for other purposes.

See same act under Yosemite.

1901—Act of February 15, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 790)—An Act
Relating to rights of way through certain parks,
reservations and other public lands.

See same act under Yosemite.

1914—Act of August 1, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 609, 649)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fifteen, and for
other purposes.

Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to accept rights of way
over patented lands within Sequoia Park.

1916—Act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 262, 308)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June

106 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for
other purposes.

Authorization to accept gifts of patented lands or rights of way
over same or over other lands in Sequoia Park given to Secre-
tary of the Interior.
1920—Act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731)—An Act To

accept the cession by the State of California of ex-
clusive jurisdiction of the lands embraced within the
Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park and
General Grant National Park, respectively, and for
other purposes.

See same act under Yosemite.

General Grant

1890—Act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650)—An Act To
set apart certain tracts of land in the State of Cal-
ifornia as forest reservations.

See this same act under Yosemite, to which park the first two
sections of the act relate. The third section sets aside a portion
of Sequoia Park and the following tracts for General Grant Park:
Sects. 5 and 6, Twp. 14 S., R. 28 E., and Sects. 31 and 32, Twp.
13 S., R. 28 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian. The reserva-
tion is made under the same limitations, restrictions and provisions
that apply to Sequoia and Yosemite.

1900—Act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 588, 618)—An Act
Making appropriation for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and one, and for other
purposes.

See same act under Yosemite.

1901—Act of February 15, tg90r (31 Stat. L., 790)—An Act
Relating to rights of way through certain parks,
reservations and other public lands.

See same act under Yosemite,

LAWS 107

1920—Act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731)—An Act To
accept the cession by the State of California of ex-
clusive jurisdiction of the lands embraced within the
Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park,
and General Grant National Park, respectively, and

for other purposes.
See same act under Yosemite.

Mount Raimer

1899—Act of March 2, 1899 (30 Stat. L., 993)—An Act To
set aside a portion of certain lands in the State of
Washington now known as the “Pacific Forest Re-

serve,” as a public park, to be known as the “Mount
‘Rainier National Park.”

[Sec. 1]. That all those certain tracts .. . in the State of Wash-
ington ... are hereby .. . set aside as a public park to be known
and designated as the “Mount Rainier National Park.”

Sec. 2. That said public park shall be under the exclusive con-
trol of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to make
and publish, as soon as practicable, such rules and regulations as he
may deem necessary or proper for the care and management of
the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from
injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosi-
ties, or wonders within said park and their retention in their
natural condition. ... He shall provide against the wanton de-
struction of the fish and game found within said park, and against
their capture or destruction for purposes of merchandise or profit.
ee KOK

Src. 5. That the mineral land laws of the United States are
hereby extended to the lands lying within the said reserve and said
park. +

The act also provides for the granting of leases, etc., by the
Secretary of the Interior, and stipulates that all revenue derived
from the park shall be expended on its improvement. It also
authorizes the Secretary to grant rights of way at his discretion.

Settlers in the park and railroads owning lands therein are given
lieu land selection privileges.

1908—Act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 365)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June

1 Further location prohibited by Act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 365),

108 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nine, and for other
purposes.

Prohibits location of further mining claims in Mt. Rainier Park,
but provides that claims theretofore acquired in good faith under
mineral laws shall not be affected.

1916—Act of June 30, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 243)—An Act To
accept the cession by the State of Washington of ex-
clusive jurisdiction over the lands embraced within
the Mount Rainier National Park, and for other
purposes.

Accepts, cession in usual terms (Act of Washington Legislature
March 16, 1901) reserving process and taxing rights to State.
Placed in western Washington federal judicial district. Washing-
ton laws to control where there is no federal prohibition of an
offense. Prohibition of hunting, fishing, spoliation and vandalism,
and penalties prescribed. Secretary of the Interior to make Regu-
lations. Commissioner provided for and: powers defined. Proced-
ure outlined.

1917—Act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 105, 152)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for
other purposes.

Authorizes acceptance by Secretary of the Interior of patented
lands or rights of way over same in Mount Rainier Park donated for
park purposes. Similar authorization in same act covering Rocky
Mountain, Mesa Verde, and Crater Lake Parks.

Crater Lake

1902—Act of May 22, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 202)—An Act
Reserving from the public lands in the State of
Oregon, as a public park for the benefit of the people
of the United States, and for the protection and
preservation of the game, fish, timber, and all other
natural objects therein, a tract of land herein de-
scribed, and so forth.

LAWS 168

: [Src. 1]. That the tract of land... in the State of Oregon, and
including Crater Lake is hereby .. . set apart forever as a public
park or pleasure ground for the benefit of the people of the United
States, to be known as “Crater Lake National Park.”

Sec. 2. That the reservation established by this act shall be
under the control and custody of the Secretary of the Interior, whose
duty it shall be to establish rules and regulations and cause ade-
quate measures to be taken for the preservation of the natural ob-
jects within said park, and also for the protection of the timber
from wanton depredation, the preservation of all kinds of game and
fish, the punishment of trespassers, the removal of unlawful oc-
‘ccupants and intruders, and the prevention and extinguishment of
forest fires.

The act further forbids all residence and settlement and the en-
gaging in business or speculative enterprises; with the proviso that
the park shall be open to “scientists, excursionists and pleasure
seekers,” and to the locating and working of mining claims; and
with the further proviso that restaurant and hotel keepers may
operate in the park at the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior.
The act also prescribes penalties for its violation or the violation of
rules made under it.

1916—Act of August 21, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 521)—An Act
To accept the cession by the State of Oregon of ex-
clusive jurisdiction over the lands embraced within

the Crater Lake National Park, and for other pur-
poses.

Accepts cession of sole jurisdiction to the United States (reserv-
ing process and taxing rights to State). Places park in the Oregon
federal judicial district. Prohibits hunting, fishing, spoliation and
vandalism and provides penalties for violations of regulations. Pro-
vides for appointment of a United States Commissioner, defines his
powers, and outlines procedure.
1917—Act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 105, 152)—An Act

Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for

other purposes.
See same act under Mount Rainier.
Wind Cave

1903—Act of January 9, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 765)—An Act
To set apart certain lands in the State of South

ie Ke) THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Dakota as a public park to be known as the “Wind
Cave National Park.”

* * K *

Sec. 2. That said park shall be known as the “Wind Cave Na-
tional Park” and shall be under the exclusive control of the Secre-
tary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to prescribe such rules
and regulations and establish such service as he may deem necessary
for the care and management of the same.

The act also authorizes the granting of leases by the Secretary,
prescribes punishment for offenses, provides for the protection of
preéxisting land rights and stipulates that all funds derived from
rentals, etc., shall be used in the care of the park.

1912—Act of August 10, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 269, 293)—An
Act Making appropriations for the Department of

Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth,
nineteen hundred and thirteen, and for other pur-

poses.
*Oe KOK

For the establishment of a national game preserve .. . within
the ... Wind Cave National Park ... etc.; $26,000.

1920—Executive Order of July 14, 1920 (No. 3308).

Makes temporary withdrawal under authority of the Act of June
25, I910, as amended by the Act of August 24, 1912, in order to pro-
tect water supply of Wind Cave Park and the bison range therein.

Platt

1902—Act of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 641, 655)—An Act
To ratify and confirm an agreement with the Choc-
taw and Chickasaw tribes of Indians, and for other
purposes.

By a clause in the agreement the two tribes ceded to the United
States the tract near the village of Sulphur, in the Chickasaw Nation
containing the mineral springs, the whole aggregating in area about
640 acres. The act charges the Secretary of the Interior with the

making of rules for the regulation and control of the use of the
waters.

1904—Act of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 189, 220)—An
Act Making appropriations for the current and con-

LAWS ne

tingent expenses of the Indian Department and for
fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian
tribes for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nine-
teen hundred and five, and for other purposes.

Authorization to Secretary of the Interior to add to the original
Platt reservation Act of July 1, 1902, some two hundred acres lying
adjacent thereto; and to place a representative on the land to enforce
rules and regulations for the control and use thereof and of the waters
of the springs and creeks.

1906—Act of June 16, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 267)—An Act To
enable the people of Oklahoma and of the Indian
Territory to form a Constitution and State gov-
ernment, etc.

Retains (Sects. 3, 7 and 13), national jurisdiction over the Sulphur
Springs Reservation reserving to the state thereafter to be created
the right of process.

1906—Joint Resolution of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 837)—
Joint Resolution directing that the Sulphur Springs
Reservation be named and hereafter called the “Platt
National Park.”

Secretary of the Interior authorized to ‘make the change in name
in honor of Orville Hitchcock Platt, for many years a member of
the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs.

Sullys Hill

1904—Act of April 27, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 323)—An Act To
modify and amend an agreement with the Indians
of the Devil’s Lake Reservation, in North Dakota,
to accept and ratify the same as amended, and mak-
ing appropriation and provision to carry the same
into effect.

The President is also authorized to reserve a tract embracing
Sullys Hill, in the northeastern portion of the abandoned military
reservation, about nine hundred and sixty acres, as a public
park.

i12 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

1904—Presidential Proclamation of June 2, 1904. No. 32
(33 Stat. L., 2370).

The proclamation, in pursuance of the authority granted in the
Act of April 27, 1904, throws open the Devils Lake Indian Reserva-
tion to settlement, reserving certain lands for various purposes,
among them the following:

“Lots 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Sect. 10, the NW%, the W% of the SW%,

and lots 5 and 6 of Sect. 15, lots 1 and 2 of Sect. 9, the E% of the

NEM, the SE% of the SEY and lots 3, 4 and 5 of Sect. 16, T 152

N., R 65 W., of the fifth principal meridian, which are hereby re-

served for public use as a park to be known as Sullys Hill Park.”

1914—Act of June 30, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 415, 434)—An
Act Making appropriations for the Department of
Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth,
nineteen hundred and fifteen.

Authorizes establishment of a game preserve in Sullys Hill Park.

Mesa Verde

1906—Act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 616)—An Act
Creating the Mesa Verde National Park.

[Sec. 1]. That there is hereby . . . set aside as a public reserva-
tion all those certain tracts ... in the State of Colorado... .

Sec. 2. That said public park shall be known as the Mesa Verde
National Park, and shall be under the exclusive control of the Secre-
tary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to prescribe such rules
and regulations and establish such service as he may deem necessary
for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall
provide specifically for the preservation from injury or spoilation of
the ruins and other works and relics of prehistoric or primitive man
within said park.

The act further provides that the Secretary may permit excavat-
ing, etc., by properly qualified persons for the benefit of some reput-
able museum or educational institution with a view to promoting
archeological science.

The act also provides for the punishment of persons destroying or
molesting the ruins; and stipulates that all ruins situated within five
miles of the park boundaries, unless on land regularly alienated, shall
be under the jurisdiction of the superintendent. This last provision
was repealed by the act of June 30, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 84).

1910—Act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 774, 796)—An
Act Making appropriations to supply deficiencies in

appropriations for the fiscal year 1910, and for other
purposes.

Permits the Secretary of the Interior to grant leases, etc., in Mesa
Verde Park, provided land including ruins be not leased and public
not denied free access thereto.

1913—Act of June 30, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 77, 82)—An Act
Making appropriations for the current and contin-
gent expenses of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for ful-
filling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes
and for other purposes, for the fiscal year ending
June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen.

An agreement of May 10, 1911 made at Navajo Springs agency,
Colorado, with a portion of the Ute Indian tribe amended and con-
firmed. It provided for an exchange of Indian lands for certain lands
within the park—the Indian lands to become park lands and the
park lands to become part of the Indians’ reservation. So much of
the Act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 617) as extends jurisdiction of
Secretary of Interior five miles from park borders repealed.

1917—Act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 105, 152)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for
other purposes.

See same act under Mount Rainier.
Glacier

1910—Act of May 11, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 354)—An Act To
establish ‘The Glacier National Park” in the Rocky
Mountains South of the International Boundary
Line, in the State of Montana, and for other pur-

poses.
[Sec. 1]. That the tract of land in the State of Montana... is
hereby ... set apart as a public park or pleasure ground for...

the people of the United States under the name of “The Glacier
National Park.”

114 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Sec. 2. That said park shall be under the executive control of the
Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as prac-
ticable, to make and publish such rules and regulations not incon-
sistent with the laws of the United States as he may deem neces-
sary or proper for the care, protection, management, and improve-
ment of the same, which regulations shall provide for the preserva-
tion of the park in a state of nature so far as is consistent with the
purposes of this act, and for the care and protection of the fish and
game within the boundaries thereof.

Further, the act safeguards preéxisting land rights; permits the
acquisition of rights of way and the utilization of park areas by the
United States Reclamation Service; authorizes the Secretary to make
leases and sell matured timber; and denies to railroads or other cor-
porations owning land within the park the right to use such owner-
ship as a basis for indemnity selection in any State or Territory.

1911—Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 1363, 1421)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twelve, and for other

purposes.

_ Permits expenditure of park revenues for park administration and
improvement.

1912—Act of February 10, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 64)—An Act
To authorize the sale of land within or near the town
of Midvale, Montana, for hotel purposes.

Authorizes sale of not to exceed 160 acres at not less than $25
per acre, any hotel erected thereon to be operated under rules pre-
scribed by Secretary of Interior for operation of hotels in Glacier
Park. Withdrawal of not to exceed five acres in town of Midvale for
or a administrative purposes of Glacier National Park also author-
ized.

1914—Act of August 1, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 609, 649)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fifteen, and for other
purposes.

_ Authorization for acceptance of rights of way over patented lands
in Glacier Park. This authorization is repeated in 38 Stat. L., 863,

the Suny Civil Act of March 3, 1915 for fiscal year ending June
30, 1916.

LAWS 118

1914—Act of August 22, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 699)—An Act
To accept the cession by the State of Montana of
exclusive jurisdiction over the lands embraced within
the Glacier National Park, and for other purposes.

The act accepts jurisdiction, reserving to the State rights of pro-
cess and taxation, and placing the park in the federal district for
Montana. It makes prohibitions regarding hunting, fishing, spolia-
tion, etc., and prescribes penalties. Provision is made for the appoint-
ment of a Commissioner, and his powers, etc., are outlined.

1915—Act of February 27, 1915 (38 Stat. L., 814)—An Act
To authorize the Great Northern Railway Company
to revise the location of its right of way, and for
other purposes.

Grant_made subject to limitations contained in act of March 3,
1875 (18 Stat. L., 482) as amended by act of March 3, 1899 (30 Stat.
L., 1233).

1916—Act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 262, 308)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for
other purposes.

Authorization to Secretary of Interior to accept patented lands or

rights over same located in Glacier Park that may be donated for
park purposes.

1916—Act of July 3, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 342)—An Act For
the relief of certain homestead entrymen for land
within the limits of the Glacier National Park.

Entries of certain homesteaders excepted from force of act creating
park, with proviso for reversion to park in case of non-perfection.

1917—Act of March 2, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 916)—An Act To
authorize the sale of certain lands at or near Belton,
Montana, for hotel purposes.

Sale of portion of a half of a quarter section at not less than $25

116 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

per acre to Glacier Park Hotel Co. authorized, provided any hotel
erected on land sold be operated under rules prescribed for hotels
within Glacier Park.

1917—Act of March 3, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 1122)—An Act
To authorize an exchange of lands with owners of
private holdings within the Glacier National Park.

Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to exchange for privately
held lands within the park boundaries matured timber of an equal
value on park lands, that can be removed without injury to the park;
or, with the assent of the Secretary of Agriculture, timber from
the adjoining national forest.

1917—Act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 105, 151)—-An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for
other purposes.

Authorizes acceptance by the Secretary of the Interior of donations
for park purposes of “buildings, money and other property which
may be useful in the betterment of the administration and affairs
of the Glacier National Park under his supervision.”

Rocky Mountain

1915—Act of January 26, 1915 (38 Stat. L., 798)—An Act
To establish the Rocky Mountain National Park in
the State of Colorado, and for other purposes.

[Sec. 1]. That the tract of land in the State of Colorado. . . is
hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or dis-
posal under the laws of the United States, and said tract is dedicated
and set apart as a public park for the benefit and enjoyment of the
people of the United States, under the name of the Rocky Mountain
National Park: Provided, That the United States Reclamation Service
may enter upon and utilize for flowage or other purposes any area
within said park which may be necessary for the development and
maintenance of a Government reclamation project.

*OK OK

Sec. 4. That the said park shall be under the executive control
of the Secretary of the Interior, and it shall be the duty of the said
executive authority, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such
reasonable rules and regulations, not inconsistent with the laws of

LAWS i

the United States, as the said authority may deem necessary or
proper for the care, protection, management, and improvement of
the same, the said regulations being primarily aimed at the freest
use of the said park for recreation purposes by the public and the
preservation of the natural conditions and scenic beauties thereof.
The said authority may, in his discretion, execute leases to parcels
of ground not exceeding twenty acres in extent in any one place
to any person or company for not to exceed twenty years whenever
such ground is necessary for the erection of establishments for the
accommodation of visitors, may grant such other necessary privileges
and concessions as he deems wise for the accommodation of visitors,
and may likewise arrange for the removal of such mature or dead
or down timber as he may deem necessary and advisable for the
protection and improvement of the park. The regulations govern-
ing the park shall include provisions for the use of automobiles
therein: Provided, That no appropriation for the maintenance, super-
vision or improvement of said park in excess of $10,000 annually shall
be made unless the same shall have first been expressly authorized
by law.

The act also provided for the non-impairment of theretofore exist-
ing land entries; and the granting of rights of way for transporta-
tion lines across the park by the Secretary of the Interior at his
discretion. It also provides that privately held lands within the park
shall not be affected by the law, and that when not inconsistent with
primary purposes of the park the law regarding irrigational rights
of way the act of Feb. 15, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 790) shall be applicable
to the park.

1917—Act of February 14, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 916)—An Act
To add certain lands to Rocky Mountain National
Park, Colorado.

1917—Act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 105, 152)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and for
other purposes.

See same act under Mount Rainier.

1919—Act of March 1, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1270)—An Act
To repeal the last proviso of Section 4 of an Act to
establish the Rocky Mountain National Park, in the
State of Colorado, and for other purposes, approved
January twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred and fifteen.

1 Proviso repealed by Act of March 1, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1271).

118 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Removes $10,000 limitation on appropriations.

Hawaii

1916—Act of August 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 432)—An Ac
To establish a national park in the Territory o
Hawaii.

Sets aside tracts on islands of Hawaii and Maui as a “public park c
pleasure ground,” etc., “to be known as Hawaii National Park.” Pre
vides for administration under the Secretary of the Interior, gran
ing of leases, disposition of revenues, etc. Limits appropriatior
to $10,000 unless express authorization be had, also provides that n
appropriation shall be made until such perpetual easements and right
of way over privately owned lands in the park shall be transferre
to the United States as shall make the park reasonably accessible.

1920—Act of February 20, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 452)—An Ac
To authorize the governor of the Territory o
Hawaii to acquire privately owned lands and right
of way within the boundaries of the Hawaii Nation
Park.

Acquisition to be at the expense of Territory of Hawaii, by ex
change or otherwise; and provisions of Section 73 of the act o
April 30, 1900, as amended by the act of May 27, 1910, regardin
exchange of public lands, not to apply.

Lassen Volcanic

1916—Act of August 9, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 442)—An Ac
To establish the Lassen Volcanic National Park ii
the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the State of Cal
ifornia, and for other purposes.

[Src. 1]..., That all those certain tracts... of land... ar
set aside as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the people of th
United States. ...

Sec. 2. That said park shall be under the exclusive control of th
Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as prac
ticable, to make and publish such rules and regulations not incon
sistent with the laws of the United States as he may deem necessar
or proper for the care, protection, management, and improvemen
of the same. Such regulations being primarily aimed at the frees

LAWS 119

use of said park for recreation purposes by the public and for the
preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits,
and natural curiosities or wonders within said park and their retention
in their natural condition as far as practicable and for the preserva-
tion of the park in a state of nature so far as is consistent with the
purposes of this Act. He shall provide against the wanton destruction
of the fish and game found within said park and against their capture
or destruction for purposes of merchandise or profit, and generally
shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessary
to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this Act....

The act also provides against appropriations of more than $5,000
annually unless expressly authorized. It also authorizes the Secre-
tary of the Interior to grant leases for the accommodation of visitors
and to exact charges for same and to sell dead, matured, and down
timber. Trespassing is forbidden. Provisos are inserted safeguard-
ing privately owned lands and valid preéxisting entries. Reclama-
tion Service use is permitted and provision is made for the acquisition
of rights of way by railways, for automobile roads, etc. Lands in
the park not to be used as a basis for claims of indemnity selection
by corporations.

Mount McKunley

1917—Act of February 26, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 938)—An Act
To establish the Mount McKinley National Park in
the Territory of Alaska.

Sec. 1... . and said tract is dedicated and set apart as a public
park for the benefit and enjoyment of the people, under the name of
the Mount McKinley National Park.

* * OK *

Src. 5. That the said park shall be under the executive control
of the Secretary of the Interior, and it shall be the duty of the said
executive authority, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such
rules and regulations not inconsistent with the laws of the United
States as the said authority may deem necessary or proper for the
care, protection, management, and improvement of the same, the said
regulations being primarily aimed at the freest use of the said park
for recreation purposes by the public and for the preservation of
animals, birds, and fish and for the preservation of the natural curiosi-
ties and scenic beauties thereof.

* * * *

Sec. 8. That any person found guilty of violating any of the pro-
visions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall
be subjected to a fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment not ex-
ceeding six months, or both, and be adjudged to pay all costs of
the proceedings. : . : hee

The act also provides against the impairment of preéxisting land en-

120 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

tries, states that the mineral land laws shall remain in force as regards
the park; permits locations of rights of way under the act of February
15, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 790); establishes park as a game refuge, with
the proviso that killing for actual food necessities is permitted; pro-
vides for the execution of leases of not to exceed twenty acres for
not to exceed twenty years; and limits maintenance appropriations to
$10,000 annually unless previously authorized by law.

Grand Canyon

1919—Act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1175)—An Act
To establish the Grand Canyon National Park in the
State of Arizona.

* * OK *

Sec. 2. That the administration, protection, and promotion of said
Grand Canyon National Park shall be exercised, under the direction
of the Secretary of the Interior, by the National Park Service, sub-
ject to the provisions of the act of August twenty-fifth, nineteen
hundred and sixteen, entitled “An Act to establish a National Park
Service, and for other purposes”: Provided, That all concessions for
hotels, camps, transportation, and other privileges of every kind and
nature for the accommodation or entertainment of visitors shall be
let at public bidding to the best and most responsible bidder.?

** OK

Sec. 4. That nothing herein contained shall affect any valid ex-
isting claim, location, or entry under the land laws of the United
States, whether for homestead, mineral, right of way, or any other
purposes whatsoever, or shall affect the rights of any such claimant,
locator, or entryman to the full use and enjoyment of his land and
nothing herein contained shall affect, diminish, or impair the right
and authority of the county of Coconino, in the State of Arizona, to
levy and collect tolls for the passage of live stock over and upon the
Bright Angel Toll Road and Trail, and the Secretary of the Interior
is hereby authorized to negotiate with the said County of Coconino
for the purchase of said Bright Angel Toll Road and Trail and all
rights therein, and report to Congress at as early a date as possible
the terms upon which the property can be procured.
kK OK OK

Sec. 6. That whenever consistent with the primary purposes of
said park, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized, under general
regulations to be prescribed by him, to permit the prospecting, de-
velopment, and utilization of the mineral resources of said park upon
such terms and for specified periods, or otherwise, as he may deem
to be for the best interests of the United States.

Sec. 7. That, whenever consistent with the primary purposes of
said park, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized ‘to permit the

1 See Sect. 3 of Act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 535) the National
Park Service Act.

LAWS sce

utilization of areas therein which may be necessary for the develop-
ment and maintenance of a Government reclamation project.

The act also provides for the granting of rights of way for rail-
roads across the park at the discretion of the Secretary of the In-
terior; the continuation of the existing rights of the Havasupai In-
dians ; the revoking of the executive order creating the Grand Canyon
National Monument ; and the exclusion of all parts of the park from
the Grand Canyon Game Preserve.

Lafayette

1919—Act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1178)—An Act
To establish the Lafayette National Park in the
State of Maine.

Declares Sieur de Monts National Monument to be a national park
under name of Lafayette National Park and provides for its adminis-
tration by the National Park Service. Also authorizes the Secretary
of the Interior to accept donations for the extension or improvement
of the park.

Zion

t919—Act of November 19, 1919 (41 Stat. L., 356)—An
Act To establish the Zion National Park in the State
of Utah.

. [Sec. 1]. That the Zion National Monument, in the county of
Washington, State of Utah, established and designated as a national
monument under the act of June 8, 1906, entitled “An Act for the
preservation of American antiquities,” by presidential proclamations
of July 31, 1909, and March 18, 1918, is hereby declared to be a
national park and dedicated as such for the benefit and enjoyment of
the people under the name of the Zion National Park, under which
name the aforesaid national park shall be maintained by allotment of
funds heretofore or hereafter appropriated for the national monu-
ments, until such time as an independent appropriation is made there-
for by Congress. ; z '

Sec. 2. That the administration, protection, and promotion of
said Zion National Park shall be exercised under the direction of
the Secretary of the Interior by the National Park Service, subject
to the provision of the Act of August 25, 1916, entitled “An Act to
establish a National Park Service and for other purposes,” and acts
additional thereto or amendatory thereof.

Hot Springs
1832—Act of April 20, 1832 (4 Stat. L., 505)—An Act

122 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

authorizing the governor of the Territory of Ar-
kansas to lease the salt springs, in said territory, and
for other purposes.

Src. 3. That the hot springs, in said territory, together with four
sections of land including said springs, as near the center thereof as
may be, shall be reserved for the future disposal of the United States,
and shall not be entered, located, or appropriated, for any purpose
whatever.

1870—Act of June 11, 1870 (16 Stat. L., 149)—An Act In
relation to the Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas.

Provides for the prosecution in the Court of Claims of suits against
the United States by persons claiming title to land in the Hot Springs
Reservation.

1877—Act of March 3, 1877 (19 Stat. L., 377)—An Act In
relation to the Hot Springs Reservation in the State
of Arkansas.

Provides for the appointment of three Commissioners to dispose of
—by sale after appraisement—all of Hot Springs Reservation ex-
cept an area including all the hot springs; said area to be reserved
from sale and to remain in charge of a superintendent to be appointed
by the Secretary of the Interior. :

The act also grants a right of way to the Hot Springs Railroad
Company, and sets aside not to exceed five acres—from the land to be

sold—for the use of Garland County, Arkansas, as a site for a public
building.

1878—Act of December 16, 1878 (20 Stat. L., 258)—An Act
To correct an error of enrollment in bill making ap-
propriations for sundry civil expenses of the Gov-
‘ernment for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth 1879,

and for other purposes.

Revives and continues in force act of March 3, 1877, provides for
the appointment of three commissioners, and prescribes rules for the
leasing of hot water privileges.

1880—Act of June 16, 1880 (21 Stat. L., 288)—An Act

LAWS .123

For the establishment of titles in Hot Springs, and

for other purposes.
* OK KK

Sec. 3. That those divisions of the Hot Springs Reservation,
known as the mountainous districts, not divided by streets on the
maps made by the commissioners, but known and defined on the map
and in the report of the Commissioners as North Mountain, West
Mountain, and Sugar Loaf Mountain, be, and the same are hereby
forever reserved from sale, and dedicated to public use as parks, to
be known, with Hot Springs Mountain, as the permanent reservation.

1881—Act of March 3, 1881 (26 Stat. L., 842)—An Act
To regulate the granting of leases at Hot Springs,
Arkansas, and for other purposes.

Grants full powers to the Secretary of the Interior in connection
with the leasing of hot water rights, sale of lots, etc.

1882—Act of June 30, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 121)—An Act
Making appropriations for the support of the Army
for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hun-
dred and eighty-three, and for other purposes.

Provides for the erection of an Army and Navy Hospital on the
reservation at Hot Springs.

1882—Act of July 8, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 155)—An Act To
authorize the sale of certain lots in the city of Hot
Springs, Arkansas, to the Women’s Christian Na-
tional Library Association.

1887—Joint Resolution of March 3, 1887 (24 Stat. L.,
647)—Joint Resolution To authorize the use of hot
water off the Government Reservation at Hot
Springs, Arkansas.

Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to continue to supply hot
water to bath houses located off the permanent reservation.

1888—Joint Resolution of March 26, 1888 (25 Stat. L.,
619)—Joint Resolution To enable the Secretary of

124 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

the Interior to utilize the hot water now running to
waste on the permanent reservation at Hot Springs,
Arkansas, and for other purposes. :

1888—Act of October 19, 1888 (25 Stat. L., 609)—An Act
Granting the right of way for the construction of a
railroad through the Hot Springs Reservation, State
of Arkansas.

Leave granted the Mountain View Railway Co., of Hot Springs, to
build line of railway across reservation. Conditions prescribed.
Reservation by government of right to amend, add to, alter or re-
peal.

1892—Act of June 22, 1892 (27 Stat. L., 58)—-An Act To
include lot numbered 53 in block 89, at Hot Springs,
Arkansas, in the public reservation at that place.

1892—Act of July 14, 1892 (27 Stat. L., 174)—An Act To
grant lot numbered’ one in block numbered 72 of the
Hot Springs Reservation to the school district of
the city of Hot Springs for school purposes.

1892—Act of August 5, 1892 (27 Stat. L., 373)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and for
other purposes.

Provision made for improvement of reservation and to make same
available as a reservoir to retain flood waters of Hot Springs Creek.

1893—Act of December 21, 1893 (28 Stat. L., 21)—An Act
Granting the right of way for the construction of a
railroad and other improvements over and on the
West Mountain of the Hot Springs Reservation,
Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Grants right of way to George W. Baxter et al as well as hotel
privilege and use of five acres on reservation for a park. Rental

LAWS 125

of two per cent on gross earnings per annum to be paid to Secretary
of Interior, who has supervision over rates to be charged. Right
to alter, amend, etc., reserved by Congress.

1894—Act of June 21, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 95)--An Act
Granting the use of certain lands in the Hot Springs

Reservation, in the State of Arkansas, to the Barry
Hospital.

Use only granted. Fee retained by the Government and right to
resume possession.

1894—Act of August 7, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 263)—An Act
Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to grant
leases for sites on the Hot Springs Reservation,
Arkansas, for cold water reservoirs.

Lease to Hot Springs Water Co., or any other person or corpora-
tion authorized for not to exceed twenty years. Renewal for like
period allowed.
1894—Act of August 9, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 274)—An Act To

authorize sale of lot eight, block ninety-three, city
of Hot Springs, by school directors thereof, and use
of proceeds for school purposes.

1894—Act of August 11, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 1004)—An Act
For the relief of Henry James residing in the orig-
inal Hot Springs Reservation, in the State of Ar-
kansas.

Right granted to purchase improved lot.

1896—Act of February 15, 1896 (29 Stat. L., 7)—An Act
To extend the time for the completion of the incline
railway on West Mountain, Hot Springs Reserva-
tion.

Three years extension of time granted. Act of December 21, 1893
continued in full force and effect.

1898—Act of March 19, 1898 (30 Stat. L., 329)—An Act Re-

126 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

lating to leases on the Hot Springs Reservation, and
for other purposes.

Secretary of the Interior granted discretionary power for granting
of leases and privileges.

1898—Act of May 9, 1898 (30 Stat. L., 403)—An Act
Authorizing the Supreme Lodge of the Knights of
Pythias to erect and maintain a sanitarium and bath-
house on the Government reservation, at the city of
Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Rights granted to continue for not to exceed ninety-nine years sub-
ject to certain conditions, non-fulfillment of which cause forfeiture to
the Government.

1900—Act of February 10, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 28)—An Act
To amend section 4 of the Act of Congress ap-
proved June 16, 1880, granting to the city of Hot
Springs, Arkansas, certain lands as a city park, and
for other purposes.

Original grant made more liberal provided municipality relin-
quishes title to a lot desired by Government for administrative pur-
poses.

tg00—Act of March 26, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 51)—An Act To!
extend the time for the completion of the incline
railway on West Mountain, Hot Springs Reserva-
tion.

A further extension of three years granted.

1901—Act of March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 1133, 1188)—An
Act Making appropriations for sundry civil ex-
penses of the Government for the fiscal year ending
June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and two, and for
other purposes.

Payment of certain claims for value of condemned ho

: c un CI uses on reser-
vation after investigation made authorized.

LAWS 127

1903—Act of January 30, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 788)—An Act
To extend the time for the completion on the incline

railway on West Mountain, Hot Springs, Reserva-
tion.

Extension of one year granted.

1904—Act of April 12, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 173)—An Act
To amend an act approved December 16, 1878, and
to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to grant
additional water rights to hotels and bathhouses
at Hot Springs, Arkansas, and for other purposes.

Restriction to specified number of tubs as provided by previous
act done away with and authority given Secretary of the Interior
to grant privileges for as many tubs as he deems proper and hot

water will justify.

1904—Act of April 20, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 187)—An Act
Conferring jurisdiction upon United States Com-
missioners over offenses committed in a portion of
the permanent Hot Springs Mountain Reservation,
Arkansas.

Acceptance of jurisdiction conferred by Arkansas legislature by the
act‘of February 21, 1903, reserving taxing and process rights to
State. The act further places the reservation within the federal
district for Eastern Arkansas; prescribes punishments for offenses,
including the illegal prescribing and using of the waters; defines the
powers of United States commissioners ; and provides rules regarding
issue of process by commissioners, etc.
1906—Act of May 23, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 198)—An Act To

change the line of the reservation at Hot Springs,

Arkansas, and of Reserve Avenue.

1907—Act of March 2, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1218)—An Act
To amend an Act entitled “An Act conferring juris-
diction upon United States commissioners over of-
fenses committed in a portion of the permanent Hot
Springs Mountain Reservation, Arkansas,” approved
April 20, 1904.

128 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Clarifies the phraseology of the act of April 20, 1904.

1908—Act of April 30, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 98)—An Act To
confer title in fee and to authorize the disposition
of certain lots now situate on Hot Springs Reserva-
tion, in the State of Arkansas, and for other pur-
poses.

Grants certain lots on Hot Springs Reservation to school district
of Hot Springs and repeals all laws or parts of laws in conflict there-

with.

1910—Act of March 12, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 235)—An Act
Granting unto the Hot Springs Street Railway Com-
pany, its successors and assigns, the right to main-
tain and operate its electric railway along the North-
ern border of that portion of the Hot Springs Res-
ervation, in the State of Arkansas, known as the
Whittington Lake Reserve Park.

Grants right of way during existence of franchise granted by city
of Hot Springs, and reserves right to alter, amend, or repeal.

1910—Act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 844)—An Act
Granting to the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas, land
for street purposes.

1911—Act of Feb. 15, 1911 (36 Stat. L., g9066)—An Act Au-
thorizing the Hot Springs Lodge, numbered sixty-
two, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, under the
jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Arkansas, to oc-
cupy and construct buildings for the use of the or-
ganization on lots numbered 1 and 2, in block num-
bered 114, in the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas.

_ Lots granted for the erection of a Masonic home, to be completed
in five years. Lots to revert to Government if home not built in

five years or if any other use ever made of premises than one
originally contemplated.

1g911—Act of March 2, 1911 (36 Stat. L., rors)—An Act

LAWS 9

Limiting the privileges of the Government free bath-
house on the public reservation at Hot Springs, Ar-
kansas, to persons who are without and unable to
obtain the means to pay for baths.
Requires an oath as to indigency and provides penalty for false

swearing.

1911—Act of March 3, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 1086)—An Act
To amend section one of the act approved March 2,
1907, being an act to amend an Act entitled “An
Act Conferring jurisdiction upon United States Com-
missioners over offenses committed on a portion of
the permanent Hot Springs Mountain Reservation,
Arkansas.”

Amends Sec. 1 of the Act of March 2, 1907 to read as follows:
That any United States Commissioner duly appointed by the United
States district court for the eastern district of Arkansas, and residing
in said district, shall have power and jurisdiction to hear and act
upon all complaints made of any and all violations of said Act of
Congress approved April twentieth, nineteen hundred and four.
1912—Act of June 3, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 121)—An Act Au-
thorizing the Leo 'N. Levi Memorial Hospital As-
sociation to occupy and construct buildings for the
use of the corporation in lots numbered 3 and 4,
block numbered 114, in the city of Hot Springs,

Arkansas.

Similar to Masonic grant, supra.

1912—Act of August 21, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 322)—An Act
Authorizing the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas, to
occupy and construct buildings for the use of the
fire department of said city on lot numbered 3, block
numbered 115, in the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Similar to Masonic grant, supra.

1912—Act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 457)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses

130 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

of the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and thirteen, and for
other purposes.

Authorizes and directs Secretary of the Interior to make a sur-
vey of the sewer system of the city of Hot Springs abutting the
Hot Springs Reservation, Arkansas.

Authorizes Secretary of Interior to lease Arlington Hotel property
in Hot Springs for not to exceed twenty years, and makes provision
as to valuation of improvements made by lessee under expiring lease.

1916—Act of July 8, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 351)—An Act Au-
thorizing the Secretary of the Interior to furnish
hot water from the hot springs on the Hot Springs
Reservation for drinking and bathing purposes free
of cost to the Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital Asso-
ciation.
Authorization made subject to proviso that hospital accept and
treat emergency patients free of charge.

1920—Act of June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, and for
other purposes.

Unexpended balance of appropriation for fiscal year 1919 reappro-
priated and made available for fiscal year 1921; and Secretary of the
Interior authorized to expend same for buildings and to accept sites
which may be donated for same in city of Hot Springs. The Secre-
tary also authorized to charge physicians, masseurs and bath at-
tendants prescribing or using waters from the reservation fees for
the exercise of those privileges.

1921—Act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407)—An Act
Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the Government for the fiscal year ending June
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, and for
other purposes.

é

* * * *

Hereafter the Hot Springs Reservation shall be known as the Hot
Springs National Park.

APPENDIX 5

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Explanatory Note

Statements showing appropriations, receipts, expenditures
and other financial data for a series of years constitute the
most effective single means of exhibiting the growth and
development of a service. Due to the fact that Congress
has adopted no uniform plan of appropriation for the several
services and the latter employ no uniform plan in respect
to the recording and reporting of their receipts and expendi-
tures, it is impossible to present data of this character accord-
ing to any standard scheme of presentation. In the case of
some services the administrative reports contain tables show-
ing financial conditions and operations of the service in con-
siderable detail; in others financial data are almost wholly
lacking. Careful study has in all cases been made of such
data as are available, and the effort has been made to present
the results in such a form as will exhibit the financial opera-
tions of the services in the most effective way that circum-
stances permit.

Under the organic act establishing most of the parks the
Department of the Interior had authority to expend the rev-
enues of these patks in the discretion of the Secretary or his
duly authorized representative. Since 1918 the revenues of
all the parks, with the exception of Hot Springs have been
covered into the Treasury, and no expenditures of these
amounts have been made without the authorization of Con-
gress. Up to and including 1918 the appropriations to the
parks were made under the Department of the Interior and

131

132 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

the War Department. Since that date all appropriations have
been made under the Department of the Interior with the ex-
ception of Sullys Hill Park which receives appropriations
under the Department of Agriculture. In addition the Na-
tional Park Service benefits from the appropriation to the De-
partment of the Interior for “contingent expenses” of the de-
partment.

In the table immediately following the “appropriations to
the national parks” include only the regular appropriations
made by Congress, but do not include the revenues of the
parks. No account is taken of certified claims which are gen-
erally small. In the statement showing expenditures the items
are figured on the accrual basis, with the exception of 1920
which is figured on the cash basis, and include the amounts
spent out of the revenues and out of the regular appropriations
of the parks. ‘The item “‘additional compensation’ includes
the bonus received by the National Park Service in Washing-
ton and in the field.

133

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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AQIAYAS MUVd TWNOILVN

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

134

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135

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THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

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APPENDIX 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
Exptanatory Note

The bibliographies appended to the several monographs aim
to list only those works which deal directly with the services
to which they relate, their history, activities, organization,
methods of business, problems, etc. They are intended pri-
marily to meet the needs of those persons who desire to make
a further study of the services from an administrative stand-
point. They thus do not include the titles of publications
of the services themselves, except in so far as they treat of
the services, their work and problems. Nor do they include
books or articles dealing merely with technical features other
than administrative of the work of the services. In a few
cases explanatory notes have been appended where it was
thought they would aid in making known the character or
value of the publication to which they relate.

After the completion of the series, the bibliographies
may be assembled and separately published as a bibliography
of the Administrative Branch of the National Govern-
ment.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

U. S. Dept. of the interior. Government publications on
. national parks [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916—
A two-page list of goverment publications has been

1 Compiled by M. Alice Metre.
14

142 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

issued (1916) for each of the following national parks:
Crater Lake, Glacier, Mesa Verde, Mount Rainier, Rocky
Mountain, Sequoia and General Grant, Yellowstone and the
Yosemite. These lists are issued primarily for distribution
to tourists in the parks.
List of national park publications. [Washing-
ton, Govt. print. off., 1912] 27 p. incl. map.

Bibliography of each park is in 3 sections: government
publications; books ; magazine articles.
Magazine articles on national parks, reservations
and monuments. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911]

I5 p.

National park publications. (Jn its Progress in
the development of the national parks . . . Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1916. p. 36-9)

National park service. Bibliography of books and mag-
azine articles on national park subjects. (Jn its Report,
1917, p. 231-49; 1918, p. 249-60; 1919, p. 335-47)
National park publications. (Jn its Report, 1920.
PP. 394-99)

Superintendent of documents. Geography and explor-
ations, natural wonders, scenery and national parks: list
of publications relating to above subjects for sale by Sup-
eriptendent of documents. Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1921. 19 p. (Price list 35, 6th ed.)

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

Uniform rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretaries
of the interior, agriculture, and war to carry out the pro-
visions of the “Act for the preservation of American an-
tiquities,” approved June 8, 1906. [ Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1906] 3 p.

U. S. Biological survey. National reservation for the pro-
tection of wild life. By T. S. Palmer. [Washington,
Govt. print off., 1912] 32 p. (Jts Circular no. 87)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 143

“Of the 16 national parks, 10 may properly be considered
game refuges.”

Bibliography : National game preserves and other refuges ;
National bird reservations, pp. 21-9.
Report of the chief of the Bureau of biological
survey, 1906—Washington, Govt. print. off., 1907.

[Contains annual review of the progress of game protection in
the national parks and elsewhere]

Bureau of fisheries. Report of the commissioner. . .
Washington, Govt. print. off., 1873
The Bureau of fisheries codperates in stocking the streams
and lakes in the national parks. Fish hatcheries are main-
tained in some of them.
Congress. House. Committee on appropriations. Sun-
dry civil appropriation bill, 1922. Hearings . . . Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1920.
“National park service,” pp. 1928-2058.
Committee on military affairs. Mammoth
Cave national park. Hearing ...on H. R. 1666, estab-
lishing the Mammoth Cave national park [Feb. 1, 1912]
Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 26 p.
Committee on public lands. (Hearings and re-
ports, arranged chronologically]
Hearings. . . . January 11, 1905, for pres-
ervation of prehistoric ruins on the public lands. Creation
of the Pajarito cliff dwellers national park in New Mexico
and the Mesa Verde national park in Colorado, also full
text of each bill as reported by the Committee, the same
being S. 5603, H. R. 7269 and 5986. . . . Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1905. 39 p.
Prehistoric ruins on public lands. Report
to accompany S. 5603 [for preservation of historic and pre-
historic ruins, monuments, archaeological objects and other
antiquities] Jan. 19, 1905. Washington, Govt. print. off.,

144 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

1905. 10 p. (58th Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 3704)
Serial 4761

To authorize Secretary of the interior to make temporary
withdrawal of land containing such ruins . . . and to have
care and custody of same. Bibliography: p. 8-10.
Preservation of American antiquities. Re-
port to accompany H. R. 11016. Mar. 12, 1906. [Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1906] 8 p. (s9th Cong., Ist
sess. House. Rept. 2224) Serial 4906

[Contains a list of ruins grouped in various districts, which were
thought of sufficient historic and scientific interest and scenic
beauty to warrant their organization into permanent national
parks]

... Glacier national park... Report
[To accompany S. 5648] [Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1909] 6 p. (60th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 2100)

Serial 5384.
San Francisco and Hetch Hetchy reservoir,
hearings Jan. g—[21] 1909, on H. J. R. 223 [to allow city
and county of San Francisco to exchange lands for reservoir
sites in Lake Eleanor and Hetch Hetchy valleys in Yosem-
ite national park, etc.] Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1909. 426 p.

... Glacier national park, Mont... .
Report. [To accompany S. 2777] . . . [Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1910] 6p. (61st Cong., 2d sess. House.
Rept. 767) Serial 5592.
. . . Glacier national park, Mont. . . . Re-
port. [To accompany H. R. 1679] [Washington, Govt.
print. off.,1912] 11p. (62d Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept.

812) Serial 6132.
Establishment of a National park service.
Hearing . . . on H. R. 22995, a bill to establish a national

park service, and for other purposes, Wednesday, April
24, 1912. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 34 p.
Tioga road in Yosemite national park.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 145

Hearings before the subcommittee... . March 18, 1912,
on H. R. 21718 and 21719. Statements by Hon. John B.

Curtin... and Mr. Aldis B. Browne . . . Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1912. 19 p.

Western boundary of Yosemite national
park. Hearings... March 20, 1912 on H. R. 21954.
Statement of Hon. John B. Curtin, of Sonora, Cal. Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 13 p.

Yosemite national park. Hearing on 21535
... March 20, 1912. [Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1912] 6p.

National park service. Hearing ... on
H. R. 104, a bill to establish a National park service and for
other purposes. April 29, 1914. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1914. 81 p.

Rocky Mountain national park. MHear-
ing . . . on S. 6309, a bill to establish the Rocky Mountain
national park in the State of Colorado, and for other pur-
poses. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915. 75 p.

.. . Rocky Mountain national park, Col-

orado ... Report. [To accompany S. 6309] [Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1915] 48 p. (63d Cong., 3d
sess. House. Rept. 1275) Serial 6766

. .. Lassen volcanic national park...
Report. [To accompany H.R. 348] [Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1916] 24 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. House.
Rept. 749) Serial 6905

National park in the territory of Hawaii.
Hearing .. . on H. R. 9525... Feb. 3, 1916. Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 30 p.

National park service. Hearing .. . on

H. R. 434 and H. R. 8668, bills to establish a national park
service and for other purposes, April 5 and 6, 1916. Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 186 p.

... National park service. . . . Report
[To accompany H. R. 15522] [Washington, Govt. print.

146 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

off. 1916] 7p. (64th Cong., 1st sess. House. Rept. 700)

Serial 6904
Mt. Baker national park, Washington. .Re-
port to accompany H. R. 9805. [Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1917] 8 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept.
1372) Serial 7110
Mt. McKinley national park, Alaska. Re-
port to accompany S. 5716. [Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1917] 2 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 1273).

Serial 7116
Sawtooth national park, Idaho. Report to
accompany H. R. 6799. Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1917. 11 p. plates. (64th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept.
1350) Serial 7110
Grand Canyon national park. Report to
accompany S. 390, Oct. 18, 1918. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1918. 10 p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept
832) Serial 7308

Change name of Sequoia national park to
Roosevelt national park. Report to accompany S. 2021.
[Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 6, 7 p. (65th
Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 1063) Serial 7455

Lafayette national park. Report to accom-
pany S. 4957. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 5 p.
(66th Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 932) Serial 7454
Zion national park. Report to accompany
S. 425. [Washington, Govt. print. off 1919] 3 p.
(66th Cong., 1st sess. House. Rept. 262) Serial 7593

National redwood park. Report to accom-
pany H. Res. 159. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920]
2p. (66th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 871)

Serial 7656
Senate. Committee on public lands. . . . Pres-
ervation of historic and prehistoric ruins, etc. Hear-
ings before the subcommittee of the Committee on public
lands . . . consisting of Senators Fulton (chairman),

BIBLIOGRAPHY 147

Bard, and Newlands, on the bill (S. 4127) . . . and the
bill (S. 5603) . . . April 28, 1904—Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1904. 30 p. (58th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Doc.
no. 314) Serial 4592

. . . To establish Glacier national park in
Montana . . . Report. [To accompany S. 5648] [Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1908] 5 p. plates, fold. map.
(60th Cong., 1st sess. Senate. Rept. 580)

Serial 5219

Hetch Hetchy reservoir site, Hearing [Feb.
10, 12, 1909] on S. J. R. 123, to allow city and county of
San Francisco to exchange lands for reservoir sites in Lake
Eleanor and Hetch Hetchy valleys in Yosemite national
park [etc.] Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909. 160 p.

. . . Glacier national park in Montana .

Report. [To accompany S. 2777] ... [Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1910] 5 p. 10 pl. fold, map. (61st
Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 106) Serial 5582

Bureau of national parks. Hearing...
on S. 3463, a bill to establish a bureau cf national parks
and for other purposes. April 17, 1912. . . . Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1912. 9 p.

[Statement of Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the Interior]

Bureau of national parks. Report. To
accompany S. 3463. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912]
6p. (62d Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 676)

Serial 6121
. . . Lassen volcanic national park... .

Report. [To accompany H. R. 348] [Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1916] 23 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. Senate.
Rept. 536) Serial 6899
Appended is House report no. 749, 64th Cong., Ist sess.
Report to accompany H. R. 348.

... National park service. . . . Report.

148 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

[To accompany H. R. 15522] [Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1916] 4 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. Senate. Rept.
662) Serial 6899

Grand Canyon national park, Arizona. Re-
port to accompany S. 8250. [Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1917] 3 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept.

1082) Serial 7106
Grand Canyon national park. Report to ac-
company S. 390. . . . [Washington, Govt. print off., 1918]

3 p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 321)
Serial 7304

Lafayette national park. Report to accom-
pany S. 4957. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1918] 1 p.
(65th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 576) Serial 7304

Mount Desert national park, Me. Report
to accompany S. 4569. [Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1918] 2p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 503)

Serial 7304

Sequoia national park. Report to accom-
pany S. 2021. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 4
p. (65th Cong., 3d sess. Senate. Rept. 647)

Serial 7452

Zion national park, Utah. Report to ac-
company S. 425. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919]
2p. (66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate. Rept. 22)

Serial 7590
Acceptance of cession of jurisdiction of
Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant national parks, Calif.
Report to accompany H. R. 12044. Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1920. 1 p. (66th Cong., 2d sess. Senate.
Rept. 590) Serial 7649
Roosevelt national park. Report to accom-
pany S. 1391. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920. 4 p.
(66th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 452) Serial 7649

Dept. of the interior. [Publications relating to national
parks in general]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

149
--— Annual reports of the Department of the inte-
rior . . . [with accompanying documents] Washington,

Govt. print. off., [etc.] 1849-19—plates, ports, maps (part
fold.) fold. plans, fold. tables.

Up to 1915 these reports included the annual reports of the
superintendents of the various parks. In 1915 the report
of the General superintendent and landscape engineer pre-
ceded the reports of the superintendents. In 1916, ex-
cerpts from reports of supervisors of national parks were
printed with the first annual report of the Superintendent
of national parks.

Annual report of the Superintendent of national
parks to the Secretary of the interior for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1916. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916.
89 p.

[The Superintendent of national parks was the successor of the
General superintendent and landscape engineer of national parks]

Improvement and management of national parks.
Letter from the Secretary of the treasury, transmitting a
copy of a communication from the Secretary of the interior
relating to the administration of the appropriations for the
improvement and management of national parks, and sub-
mitting an item of legislation relating thereto. [Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1916] 22 p. incl. tables. (64th
Cong., Ist sess. House. Doc. 515) Serial 7098

National park conference, 1st, Yellowstone national park,

Sept. 11-12, 1911. Proceedings of the first National park
conference . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 209
p.
[This conference was called by Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the
interior, and was made up of departmental officials, superin-
tendents of parks, representatives of railroads, and others. Ways
were sought of improving and popularizing the great playgrounds
of America. As a result of the conference numerous illustrated
pamphlets were published] ; _

National park conference, 2d, Yosemite national park, Oct.

14-16, 1912. Proceedings of the second National park

150 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

conference . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1913. 144
p.

[Consists mainly of a discussion regarding the advisability of ad-
mitting automobiles to the national parks]

National park conference, 3d, Berkeley, Cal., Mar. 11-13, 1915.
Proceedings of the third National park conference. .. .
Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915. 166 p.

Discussion of national park problems by officers of the gov-
ernment and others.

National park conference, 4th, Washington, D. C., Jan. 2-6,
1917. Proceedings of the fourth National park confer-
ence. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. .100 (?)
p.

National park pictures collected and exhibited by
the Department of the interior. [Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1911] 15 p.

“This collection of pictures has been assembled for free
exhibition at public libraries and other institutions.” cf.
p. I.

National park service in the District of Columbia
. . communication from the Secretary of the interior sub-
mitting an estimate of appropriations for the administration
in the District of Columbia of the National park service
created by the act of Congress, approved Aug. 25, 1916.
Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 2 p. (64th Cong.,
Ist sess. House. Doc. no. 1349) Serial 7102
National parks portfolio. Department of the in-
terior. [New York, C. Scribner’s sons, 1916] 9 p.
nine illustrated pamphlets with 4 pages of introductory text,
in portfolio, describing the various national parks.

— Procedure in matters relating to the national parks
and the Hot Springs reservation. [Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1911] 3 p.

Progress in the development of the national parks,

by Stephen T. Mather, assistant to the Secretary of the in-

BIBLIOGRAPHY 151

terior. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 39 p. incl.
illus. (map) tables.

Regulations governing rangers in the national
park. Washington, Govt. print. off., 191 5. 3 ?—p.

Report of the general superintendent and land-
scape engineer of national parks to the Secretary of the in-
terior . . . 1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915.
31 p.

— Report of the Secretary of the interior . . . Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1849——

Prior to 1907, these reports included information concern-
ing minor parks and national monuments, and summaries
of reports on the several parks. Beginning in 1907, only
a general review of Park affairs has been included.

Rules, regulations and instructions for the infor-
mation and guidance of officers and enlisted men of the
United States army, and of the scouts doing duty in the
Yellowstone national park . . . Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1907. 35 p.

Use of automobiles in national parks. Letter
from the acting secretary of the interior, transmitting in-
formation in response to Senate resolution of March 9,
1912. [Washington, 1912] 7 p.

{Publications relating to individual parks]
General information regarding Casa Grande ruin,
Arizona . . . [Washington, Govt, print. off., 1913] 31
p. incl. plans.

“This circular is an abstract of a detailed report by J. W.
Fewkes, published in the Twenty-eighth annual report of
the Bureau of American ethnology.” cf. p. [1]

Proceedings before the secretary of the interior.
In re applications of A. H. Ward and the Mariposa electrical
power company of California for right of way under the
regulations prescribed under the act of February 15, 1901
(31 Stats., 790), over government lands in the Yosemite

152 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

national park. Jn re James D. Phelan, applicant, for rights

of way in Hetch Hetchy Valley and Lake Eleanor in

the Yosemite national park. Petition for review by the city
and county of San Francisco. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1903. 71 p. fold. diagr.

Report on Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin;

the Muir woods, petrified forest, and other national monu-

ments, including list of bird reserves. 1915. Washington,

Govt. print. off., 1915. 65 p.

Report on Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill.

Platt, and Mesa Verde national parks and Casa Grande

ruin. 1907. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 12 p.

Report on Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill,

and Platt national parks, Casa Grande ruin and Minnesota

national forest reserve. 1908. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1909. 20 p. 2 pl.

Rules and regulations for the government of all
bath houses receiving hot water from the United States
reservation at Hot Springs, Ark. . . . December 14, 1909.
[ Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909] 4 p.

—— Engineer dept. Reports of the Chief of engineers, U.
S. army . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1Ig—

[These contain reports of officers in charge of road work in parks]

Forest service. Annual report of the Forester. Wash-

ington, Govt. print. off., 1888 ——

Information concerning codperation in park service.

National forests and national parks. United
States, Alaska, and Porto Rico. [map, with insets] 1907.
17.5 X 28.5, 5x 6.8, 2.1 x 4.7 in.

—— General land office. Report of the Commissioner,
1848- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1849-

[Includes information concerning surveys and disposition of public
lands out of which national parks and monuments are reserved]

Geological survey. Folios of the geologic atlas of the
United States.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 163

Folios have been published of the Yellowstone national park,
Lassen peak, and others.

Water analyses from the laboratory of the United
States Geological survey .. . Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1914. 40 p. (Water supply paper 364)

Published also as House document 1082, 63d Congress,
2d session.

[Gives analyses of waters of mineral springs in various parts
of the country, including Yellowstone national park]

Judge-advocate-general’s dept. (Army) United States
military reservations, national cemeteries, and military
parks. Title, jurisdiction, etc.... Rev. ed.: 1916.
Washington, Govt. print. off. 1916. 544 p. (War dept.
doc. no. 496)

Laws, statutes, etc. [Laws and regulations] An act
to establish a National park service, and for other purposes.
Approved Aug. 25, 1916. (Stat. L. ch. 408, p. 535)
Laws and regulations relating to the Crater Lake
national park, Oregon . . . Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1908. 13 Pp.

Laws, regulations, and general information re-
lating to Glacier national park, Montana. 1910. Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., I91I. 10 p. map.

Laws and regulations relating to the Hot Springs
reservation, Hot Springs, Ark. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1908. 44 p.

Laws and regulations relating to the Mesa Verde

national park, Colorado . . . Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1908. 16 p.

Laws and regulations relating to the Mount Rainier
national park, Washington. . . Washington, Govt. print.

off., 1908. 22 p.
—— Laws and regulations relating to the Platt national
park, Oklahoma . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908.

15 p.

154 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Laws and regulations relating to the Sequoia and
General Grant national parks, California . . . Washington,
Govt. print. off., 1908. 14 p.

Laws and regulations relating to the Wind Cave
national park, South Dakota . . . Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1908. 14 p.

Laws and regulations relating to the Yellowstone

national park, Wyoming . . . Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1908. 22 p.

Laws and regulations relating to the Yosemite na-
tional park, California. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off.,
1908. 23 p.

National park service. Report of the director of the

National park service to the Secretary of the interior, 1917-

Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917—

General information regarding Casa Grande na-

tional monument, Arizona. Washington, Govt. print. off.,
I9I9. 31 p.

General information regarding Crater Lake na-

tional park, season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print.

off., 1912-19. 8 v.

Continued by Rules and regulations, Crater Lake national

park, 1920-

General information regarding Glacier national

park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print.

off., 1912-19. 8v.

Continued by Rules and regulations Glacier national park,

1920-

General information regarding the Hot Springs
of Arkansas. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919 14 p.
Continued by Rules and regulations governing Hot Springs
reservation, I919Q—

General information regarding Mesa Verde na-

tional park, season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1912-19. 8 v.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 155

Continued by Rules and regulations Mesa Verde national
park, 1920-

General information regarding Mount Rainier na-
tional park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1912-19. 8 v.

Continued by Rules and regulations Mount Rainier national
park, 1920-

General information regarding Sequoia and Gen-
eral Grant national parks. Season of 1912-1919. Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8 v.

Continued by Rules and regulations Sequoia and General
Grant national parks, 1920-

General information regarding Wind Cave na-
tional park. Season of 1915-1919. Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1915-19. 5 v.

Continued by Rules and regulations, Wind Cave national
park, 1920-

General information regarding Yellowstone na-
tional park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1912-19. 8 v.

Continued by Rules and regulations Yellowstone national
park, 1920-

General information regarding Yosemite national
park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print.
off., 1912-19. 8v.

Continued by Rules and regulations Yosemite national park,
1920—

General information regarding Rocky Mountain
national park. Season of 1916-1919. Washington, Govt.
print. off., 1916-19. 4 v.

Continued by Rules and regulations, Rocky Mountain na-
.tional park, 1920—

General information regarding the national monu-
ments, set aside under the act of Congress approved
June 8, 1906. Washington, Govt. print. off. 1917.
80 p.

156 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

The national parks portfolio. [3d ed.] Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1921. 266 p.

Report on the proposed Sand Dunes national park,
Indiana. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. 113 p.

[Appendices include hearings on the project held at Chicago, Oct.
30, 1916, miscellaneous letters, resolutions and other documents]

Report on Platt and Wind Cave national parks,
Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin, Muir Woods, Petrified
Forest, and other national monuments, including list of bird
reserves. IQII—... Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912—-
Rules and regulations, Grand Canyon national
park, 1920- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920-

Rules and regulations, Lafayette national park,
1921— Washington, Govt. print. off., 1921-

Statement of appropriations 1879-1918, inclusive,
for national parks and national monuments under the juris-
diction of the Secretary of the interior. Comp... by
Mae A. Schnurr. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. 20 p.
Office of public roads. Report of the director. Wash-
ington, Govt. print. off., 1897—

[Information regarding road surveys in national parks]

—— Superintendent of Crater Lake national park. Report.
1903-1906, 1910-1915. Washington, Govt. print off.,
1903-1915. 10 v.

Reports for 1907-1909 are included in the Report[s] on
Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill, Platt and Mesa Verde
national parks . . . 1907-1909.

[During 1916 the administration of the national parks was assigned
to the Superintendent of national parks, who in his report to the
Secretary of the Interior for 1916, included excerpts from the re-
ports of officers in charge of national parks. In April, 1917, the
United States national park service was organized and since 1917
full reports of officers in charge of national parks will be found
in the reports of the national park service]

—— Superintendent of Glacier national park. Report...
IgII-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911-15. 5 v.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 169

—— Superintendent of Hot Springs reservation. Report
; . 1877-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1877-1915.
26 v.

—— Superintendent of Mesa Verde national park. Report.
1908-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908-15. 8 v.

Superintendent of Mount Rainier national park. Re-

port. I909/10-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910-

15. Ov.

Superintendent of national parks. Annual report.
See U. S. Dept. of the interior, Annual report of the
Superintendent of national parks . . . 1916.

—— Superintendent of Platt national park. Report. 1913-
1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., IQ14-15-3 v.

Earlier reports concerning this park were made by the Dept. of
the interior. (Before 1906 the park was called Sulphur Springs
reservation )

Superintendent of Sequoia and Gen. Grant national
parks. Report... 1892-1915. Washington Govt. print.
off., 1892-15.
Superintendent of Wind Cave national park. Report.
1913/14- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1914-15.
Superintendent of Yellowstone national park. Report.
. . 1872-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1873-15.
39 V.

For reports of 1873-1874 see Annual report of Secretary of the
interior. Apparently no reports were printed in 1875 and 1884.

—— Superintendent of Yosemite national park. Report
. 1891-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1899-15.
23 V.

—— Wear dept. New roads in Yellowstone national park.
Letter from the acting Secretary of war, transmitting infor-
mation, in response to Senate resolution of April 2, 1912,
relative to the cost of constructing new roads in the Yellow-
stone national park. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off.,

1912. 27 p.

158 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

—— Regulations for the national military parks and
the statutes under which they were organized and are ad-
ministered. 1914. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1914.
41 p.

Stationing of troops of the regular army in na-
tional parks. Letter transmitting copy of a letter from ex-
secretary Garrison in regard to stationing troops of the
regular army in national parks. June 4, 1917. Washing-
ton, Govt. print off., 1917. 5 p. (65th Cong., Ist sess.
House. Doc. 174) Serial 7300
Yosemite park commission. Report of Yosemite park
commission. Letter from the Secretary of the interior,
transmitting the report of the Yosemite park commission
appointed to ascertain what portions of said park are not
necessary for park purposes, and also at what place a sub-
stantial road can be built from the boundary of said park
to the Yosemite Valley grant, together with maps, etc. . . .

[ Washington, Govt. print. off., 1904] 51 p. plates, fold.
maps, fold. tab. (58th Cong., 3d sess. Senate. Doc. 34)
Serial 4764

Yard, Robert S. Glimpses of our national parks 3d ed... .
Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920. 72 p. illus. (incl. map)

UnorFiciAL Pusrications: Books AND PAMPHLETS

Allen, Edward F. ed. A guide to the national parks of
America . . . Rev. ed. New York, McBride, Nast & Com-
pany, 1918. 338 p.

American civic association. Dept. of national and state parks.
National parks: President Taft on a national parks bureau,
address to the American civic association. National parks
—the need of the future, address by Ambassador Bryce.
The need for a bureau of national parks, addresses by Hon.
Walter L. Fisher . . . Are national parks worth while?
Address by Mr. J. Horace McFarland . . . Washington,
D. C., Dept. of national and state parks, American civic
association [1912] 30 [2] p. (American civic association.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 159

[Pamphlets] series II, no. 6, Dec. 1912)
Includes addresses on the subject delivered at the 1911 and
1912 conventions of the American civic association.
Branson, Isaac R. Yosemite against corporation greed; shall
half of Yosemite national park be destroyed by San Fran-
cisco? A thesis against it, by I. R. Branson. Ex-Secre-
tary of the interior Garfield’s decision review . . . Aurora,
Neb., I. R. Branson, 1909. [30] p.
Bryce, James Bryce, viscount. National parks—the need of
the future. (In his University and historical addresses).
New York, 1913. p. 391-406.

[Praises the national park system, advises against the use of

automobiles in national parks, and recommends creation of ad-
ditional parks]

Chittenden, Hiram M. The Yellowstone national park, his-
torical and descriptive. New enl. ed. Cincinnati, Stewart,
IQI5. 350 p.

[Contains chapters on discovery and later explorations, the na-
tional park idea, administrative history of the park, etc.]

Gauss, H. C. National parks. (In his American govern-
ment. New York, 1908. p. 693-705)

Gleason, H. W. National parks and monuments. Address
... Jan. 3, 1917. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917.
Il p.

Hall, Ansel F. ed. Handbook of Yosemite national park.
New York, Putnam, 1921. 347 p.

Mills, Enos A. Your national parks . . . with’ information
to tourists, by Laurence F. Schmeckebier. Boston, Hough-
ton Mifflin company, 1917. 531 p.

Muir, John. Our national parks. New and enl. ed., fully
illustrated. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin com-
pany, 1909. 382 p.

Palmer, T. S. National monuments as wild-life sanctuaries.
Address . . . Jan. 4, 1917. Washington, Govt. print. off.,

1917. 20p.

160 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Senn, Nicholas. Our national recreation parks .. . With
fifty illustrations. Chicago, W. B. Conkey company, 1904.
3p. 1, 11-147 p.

Yard, Robert S. The book of the national parks. New
York, Scribner, 1913. 420 p.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Beauty of use: water power resources essential to Pacific
states limited by proposed enlargement of national parks.
Electrical world, Dec. 18, 1920, v. 76: 1201-3.

Bryce, James Bryce, viscount. National parks—the need of
the future. Outlook, Dec. 14, 1912, v. 102: 811-5.

[Commends the management of some of our national parks, and
recommends creation of additional parks]

Chamberlain, A. Scenery as a national asset. Outlook, May
28, I9Q10, v.95: 157-69.

[Urges that the government use the national parks as a money-
producing asset as Switzerland does]

Claudy, C. H. Our national parks, playgrounds for the
people unsurpassed in the world. Scientific American sup-
plement, Nov. 11, 1916, v. 82: 312-13.

[Reports the passage of the National parks service bill and em-
phasizes the need for such a service in caring for our parks. In-
cludes tabular statements concerning the national parks and monu-
ments, administered by the Interior, Agricultural and War de-

partments]

Controversy over use of water of national parks. Engineer-
ing news, May 5, 1921, v. 86: 777-8.

Curtis, W. E. Our national parks and reservations. Ameri-
can academy of political and social science. Annals, March,
IQIO, V. 35: 231-40.

[Reserves described are of national forests, national parks, national
game preserves, national monuments and small game preserves. ]

BIBLIOGRAPHY . 161

Cutler, J. E. Nation’s playgrounds. Suburban life, June,
1913, v. 16: 445-6.

[Descriptive article concerning the national parks]

Dean, W. H. Advertising America. Outing, Aug., 1916,
v. 68: 461-9.

[“Uncle Sam telling his people about their national parks in
language they can understand.” Account of the work of Stephen
be Mather, assistant secretary of the interior, in giving publicity
to America’s great playgrounds. Description of the descriptive
booklets and portofolios of the national parks]

—— Our national parks— a seven reel feature [photographs
by Herford T. Cowling] Sunset, June, 1916, v. 36: 19-23,
69-70.

[How the photographs and moving picture films are secured by
Mr. Cowling for use in the “See America first” campaign, in-
augurated by Stephen T. Mather, assistant secretary of the in-

terior]

De Boer, S. R. Landscape architecture in our national forests
and parks. American forestry, Nov. 1919, v. 25: 1459-
64.

Debt to the people [need of larger appropriations for National
park service] Saturday evening post, Jan. 31, 1920, v.
192: 28-29.

Eldridge, M. O. Touring Yellowstone park on government
highways. World to-day, Nov. 1910, v. 19: 1263-72.
There are 416 miles of government roads in the Yellowstone Park
and adjacent national forests; and 150 miles of horseback trails
for use of tourists and for troops and scouts who patrol the park.
How the roads are located and constructed.

Fall, Albert B. Value of our national parks. American
forestry, June, 1921, v. 27: 359-70.

Graves, H. S. Crisis in national recreation. American for-
estry, July, 1920, v. 26: 391-400.

Grinnell, J. and Storer, T. R. Animal life as an asset of na-
tional parks. Science, Sept. 15, 1916, n. s. v. 44: 375-80.

162 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Johnson, R. U. Dismembering your national park. Outlook,
Jan. 30, 1900, v. 91: 252-3.
[Protest against giving water privileges within the Yosemite to
San Francisco]

Koch, F. J. Protecting national parks against poachers.
Overland monthly, Feb. 1915, n. s. v. 65: 117-22.

[Descriptive of the work of Uncle Sam’s poacher-catchers in
the Yellowstone Park, a garrison of 400 men for service in sum-
mer and winter]

Lazenby, Mary E. Luring the people to their playgrounds;
what the government is doing to introduce the glories of
the national park system to its owners. The Nation’s busi-
ness, June, IQI7, v. 5: 37-0.

[The work of the National park service, and its superintendents,
list of publications of the service, and prices of those for sale.]

Lane, Franklin K. National parks as an asset. American
forestry, Jan., 1916, v. 22: 22-3.

Lewis, H. H. Managing a national park. Outlook, Aug. 29,
1903, V. 74: 1036-40.

[Tells how the Yellowstone park is administered by the govern-
ment]

Lockwood, J. A. Uncle Sam’s troopers in National parks of

California. Overland monthly, April, 1889, 2d ser., v. 33:
356-68.

[Objects in sending troops to the national parks are to preserve
the timber and vegetation, and protect game and fish]

Mather, S. T. Do you want to lose your parks? A message
from the United States government to the American people.
Independent, Nov. 13, 1920, v. 104: 220-21.

National parks on a business basis. American Review

of reviews, April, 1915, v. 51: 429-31.

[An instructive letter from the new Director’ of national parks
regarding their management for the public welfare]

BIBLIOGRAPHY 163

Mills, Enos A. Exploiting our national parks. New republic,
Nov. 10, 1920, v. 24: 272.

Muir, J. Endangering valleys: the Hetch Hetchy valley.
Century, Jan., 1909, v. 77: 464-9.
[Editor believes that an unfortunate precedent has been estab-
lished in the diversion of a large part of the Yosemite national
park from the use of the whole public to the service of a city]

National park amendments to water power bill introduced in
Congress. Electrical world, Dec. 11, 1920, v. 76: 1181.

National park improvements. Nation (N. Y.) Feb. 1, 1919,
v. 108: 157.

National park service. Independent, May 29, 1916, v. 86:
S21.

National park service. Outlook, Feb. 3, 1912, v. 100: 246.
[Favors establishment of a National park service.]

National parks: a conference. Outlook, Sept. 30, 1911, v. 99:
255-6.

[Report of National park conference in the Yellowstone, at which
the necessity for creation of a Federal park bureau was conceded]

National parks of the United States. Bulletin of the Pan-
American union, Sept., 1916, v. 43: 372-86.

[Description of the parks, well illustrated]

National parks versus National forests. American forestry,
Jan. 1917, v. 23: 48-49.

New national parks and their administration. American for-
estry, June, 1916, v. 22: 366.

Nolen, John. Parks and recreation facilities of the United
States. American academy of political and social science.
Annals, March, 1910, v. 35: 218-20.

[Calls attention to the need for a better balanced system of
national parks—for creation of parks in the East and other sections
of the country as well as in the West]

Our national parks in great danger [provision in water-power

164 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

bill... to grant water-power concessions in national
parks] Bird lore, Jan-Feb., 1921, v. 23: 64-65.

Our new national parks. World’s work, July, 1920, v. 40:
281-88.

Preparedness and the national park. Country life, June, 1916,
v. 30: 48-9.

[A plea for the creation of a national park service to aid in
meeting needs of tourists who will visit our national parks while
the “War of the nations’ makes European travel impossible]

Protecting the tourists in the national parks. Outlook, June,
28, 1916, v. 113: 450-I.

[Reference to hold-ups in Yellowstone park and need of guarding
tourists more efficiently. The government forbids tourists in
national parks from carrying firearms for self protection]

Report on the national parks situation [as affected by the
Water power act] editorial. Bird lore, March, 1921, v. 23:
III-13.

Rhoda, Jean. Uncle Sam in the Yosemite. Overland, June,
1913, n. s. v. 61: 590-4.

{During the months from May to November, two troops of U. S.
cavalry protect the Yosemite from fires, and enforce restrictions
regarding hunting and fishing, etc.]

Saving the Yosemite park. Outlook, Jan. 30, 1909, v. 91:
234-6.

[Protest against using the Hetch Hetchy valley by San Francisco]

Schmeckebier, L. F. National parks from the scientific and
educational side. Popular science monthly, June, 1912, v.
80: 530-47.

[Attention is called to publications and maps issued by the scien-
tific bureaus of the government and various learned societies re-
garding the parks. The contemplated issue by the Department of
the interior of short publications describing the phenomena in the
various parks and forces that have produced them. An instruc-
tive, well illustrated article, in which a bureau of national parks
is recommended]

BIBLIOGRAPHY 165

Our national parks. National geographic magazine,
June, 1912, v. 23: 531-79.

[A beautifully illustrated article on the different national parks]

Smith, G. O. Nation’s playgrounds. American review of
reviews, July, 1909, v. 40: 44-8.
The Director of the Geological survey urges creation of additional
mountain parks, which John Muir has termed “fountains of life.”
Taylor, G. R. Washington at work: the nation’s playgrounds.
(illus.) Survey, Jan. 1, 1916, v. 35: 390-3.
[Some account of the national parks, their administration under
the Department of the Interior and a plea for the creation of a
national parks bureau]

Trench, J. D. W. The forest and the army. Garden and
forests, Feb. 22, 1893, v. 6: 95.

[If the care of the forests in the national parks and reservations
is to be assigned to a portion of the Army, the author believes
the War department should include a study of forest conditions
in its larger scope of instruction]

United States will capitalize its scenery. Engineering record,
Nov. 6, 1915, v. 72: 568-70.
(“Newly adopted policy of opening up our national parks in the
West should bring the country $50,000,000 annually.’

Vestal, A. G. Recreation engineering in our national forests.
Illustrated world, Sept., 1921, v. 36: 77-78.

Wanted, a national park service. Outlook, Mar. 1, 1916, v.
112: 491.

Waugh, Frank A. Landscape architecture in the forests.
American forestry, March, 1921, v. 27: 142-6.

—— A national park policy. Scientific monthly, April, 1918,
v. 6: 305-18.

Technical problems in national park development.
Scientific monthly, June, 1918, v. 6: 560-67.

Yard, R. S. Director of the nation’s playgrounds, what a

166 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

practical enthusiast is doing to make our national parks
known to the people. Sunset, Sept., 1916, v. 37:27.

[The work of Stephen T. Mather, Secretary Lane’s Assistant in
executive charge of national parks]

National parks peril. Nation (N. Y.) Aug. 21, 1920,
v. III: 208-9.

INDEX

Accounts, 61.

Act for Preservation of Ameri-
can Antiquities, movement for
enactment of, 7; scope of,
broadened, 7-8; gist of, 17; text
of, 84.

Activities of Service subordinate
to park preservation, 15; as-
sumption of complete control
over, 25-26; descriptive sketch
of, 50-59 classification of, 76-

77:
Act of Dedication of Yellow-
stone, outstanding features, 4.
Administration, an anomaly in,
26; Park Service, 60 Yellow-

stone, 64.

American Automobile Associa-
tion, 28.

American Civic Association,

work of, 11; bulletin, 12.

Animal industry, Bureau of, co-
Operation with, 54.

Antelope, in Wind Cave Park,
36.

Appropriations, for general su-
perintendent, etc., 10; trans-
ferance of, 26; War Depart-
ment, for parks, 26-27, 32;
committee on, visits parks, 27;
Interior Dept., for Yellowstone,
32; Agricultural Dept., for
Sullys Hill, 37; for Hawaii,
limitation on, 39; for Rocky
Mountain, do, 39; limitation on
expenditure of, in Grand Can-
yon, 41; for monuments, 43;
for fire-fighting emergencies,
52; for maintenance, 57; in-
direct, for Service at Large,

61-62; for 1922, text of act,
90-93.

Archeology, proposed school of,
in Mesa Verde, 38.

Army, U. S., use of in parks,
25-27, 31-32, 34.

Army and Navy Hospital, Hot
Springs, 43.

Assistant Director, 60.

Automobile, fees, 17; revenues
from, 28; controversy, 28.

Ballinger, Secretary, favors
creation of park bureau, 11.
Biological Survey, Bureau of,
management of game preserves

by, 36, 37, 54.

Birds, protection of, 54.

Boone National Forest, 24.

Bright Angel Trail, 40-41.

Bryce Canyon, Utah, proposed
park in, 14.

Buffalo, Yellowstone, 23, 32;
Wind Cave, 36; Platt, 37; win-
ter feeding of, 53; vaccination
of, 54.

California, cession of park juris-
diction by, 13; use of army in
parks of, 26-27; recession of
Yosemite by, 34.

Camps, concessioners’, 17; free
sites for, equipment of with
sanitary facilities, etc., 17,
55-56.

“Canadian Argument,” the, 11.

Canadian Park Service, 18, 38.

Casa Grande, change in status of,
6 n., 13-14.

Chickasaw Indians, 36.

167

168

Chief Clerk, 60-61.

Chief of Engineers, U. S. A,
park road construction directed
by, 26.

Chittenden, General Hiram M.,
quoted, 4-5.

Choctaw Indians, 36.

Civil Engineering Section, work
of, 55, 61.

Cliff Dwellings, 7, 51.

Coconino County, Arizona, toll
negotiations with, 40-41.

Colorado, creation of game pre-
serve in, 23.

Colter, John, discovers Yellow-
stone, 2.

Communication Section, Yellow-
stone, 65.

Concessions, must produce reve-

nue, 17; highest bidder ob-
tains, in Grand Canyon, 40;
general policy regarding, 56.
Congress, civilian control opposed
by, 27; Hawaii Park created by,

Conservation of wild life, 53-55.

Cooperation, necessity for em-
phasized, 18.

Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.,
Yellowstone exploration of, 3;
withdrawal from parks of, 25-
26; in Yellowstone, 31; in
Crater Lake, 36.

Crater Lake National Park, his-
tory, 36; laws, 108-109.

Devils Lake, 37.

Devils Tower, distinction of, as
first monument, 8; invulner-
ability of, 44.

Director, functions of, 60.

Division of Publications, telling
work of, 12.

Doane, Lieutenant G. C. See
Washburn-Doane expedition.

Editorial Section, 62.

INDEX

Education facilities, furtherance
of, in parks, 17.

Elk, various park herds of, 23,
36, 37: Olympic variety of,
48; winter feeding of, in Yel-
lowstone, 53.

Engineering Section,
stone, 66.

Entomology, Bureau of, codpera-
tion with, 53.

Yellow-

Fall, Secretary, letter of, 22.

Federal Power Commission, re-
striction on appropriation for,
20; refusal of, to grant licenses
in parks, 20-21. .

Federal Water Power Act, parks
menaced by original, 20; par-
tial repeal of, 20.

Fisher, Secretary, advocates park
bureau, 11.

Fisheries, Bureau of, codperation
with, 54-55.

Fishing, regulation of, 54.

Field Service, 61.

Field Service at Large, 61-62.

Forester, Chief, 24, 33.

Forests, protection of, 52-53.

Forest Service, codperation with,
19, 40, 52.

Folsom, David E., 2.

Fort Yellowstone, 25, 32.

Game preserves, need for, 22-23;
recent legislation on 23-24, 36;
in Platt, Wind Cave, and
Sully’s Hill Parks, 36-37;
Mount McKinley, 40; Yellow-
stone, 53; Jacksons Hole, 54.

Garrison, Secretary, letter of,
27.

General Grant National Park, his-
tory, 34-35; laws, 106-107.
See also Sequoia.

General Superintendent
Landscape Engineer, 9-10.

Geological Survey, Yellowstone

and

INDEX

explorations of, 3; codperation
with, 53, 58, 64.
Gifts to parks, general authoriza-
tion for acceptance of, 24.
Glacier National Park, home-
steaders’ rights in, 38; history,
38-39; laws, 113-116.
Government Free Bath House,

as

Grand Canyon National Monu-
ment, 40.

Grand Canyon National Park,
leases in, 12-13; history, 40;
laws, 120-121.

Grand Canyon Park Act, unusual
provisions of, 40.

Grandfather Mountain, 24.

Grant, President, Act of Dedica-
tion signed by, 4.

Grazing, regulation of, 15, 33,
52.

“Great American Spa,” the, 42.

Great Northern Railway, activi-
ties of, in Glacier Park. 38,
56.

Hawaii National Park, history,
39; laws, 118.

Hayden, Dr. F. V., urges crea-
tion of Yellowstone, 4.

Hedges, Cornelius, originator of
“National Park Idea,” 3.

Hetch Hetchy Valley, 10, 19, 34.

Hitchcock, Secretary, 7.

Homesteaders, rights of, in parks,
38.

Hospital facilities, 57-58.

“Hot Springs Cases,” 42 n.

Hot Springs Mountain, 42-43.

Hot Springs National Park, crea-
tion, 6; unique nature of, 42;
history, 42-43; laws, 122-130.

Hot Springs Reservation, setting
aside of, 5; confusion regard-
ing status of, 5-6; exception re-
garding revenues, 28.

Hunting, prohibition of, 17, 53;

169

Mount McKinley an exception,
53 n.

Idaho, curious Jaw enacted in,
22-23.
Information
stone, 64.
Inscription Rock, protection of,

SI.
Irrigation and power projects,
park land hunger of, 21-23.
Irrigation and Reclamation,
Senate committee on, 22.

Section, Yellow-

Jacksons Hole, 14, 54.

Jurisdiction, federal, desirability
of, 16; present extent of, 25;
acquisition of, in California,
25, 34; all of Yellowstone not
under, 33; acquisition of in
Oregon and Washington, 36; in
Oklahoma, 37; in Montana, 38;
in Arkansas, 43; makes for

order, 57.

Lafayette National Park, history,
41; laws, 121.

Landscape, improvements must
harmonize with, 16.

Landscape Engineer, 53, 56.

Landscape Engineering Section,
55-50, 61.

Lane, Secretary, 9, II, 27, 62.

Langford Hon. N. P., 2-3, 31.

Lassen Volcanic National Park,
history, 39-40; laws, 118-119.

Law Section, 62-63.

Lewis and Clarke, skirting of
Yellowstone region by, 2.

Light and Power Section, Yel-
lowstone, 65.

Machinery Section, Yellowstone,
65-66.

Mackinac Island, former park on,
44.

Maintenance, 57.

170

Mammoth Cave, proposed park to
include, 14.

Mariposa Grove, 33.

Medical Service, 57-58.

Mesa Verde National Park, per-
mits to excavate in, 37; his-
tory, 37-38; ruins in, 51; laws,
112-113.

Mining claims, acquisition of in
Greater Yellowstone area per-
missible, 14; Supreme Court
decision regarding, 24-25;
further location forbidden in
Mount Rainier, 35; discretion-
ary allowance of in Grand Can-
yon, 40; no restrictions on in

Mount McKinley, 4o.
Montezuma County, Colorado,
37:

Motion pictures, 58-59.

Motor vehicles, 17.

Mount Desert Island, 41.

Mount Lassen, 39.

Mount McKinley National Park,
history, 40; laws, 119-120.

Mount Rainier National Park, U.
S. Engineers in, 26, 35; his-
tory, 35-36; hotel system in,
56; laws, 107-108.

Mount Whitney, Greater Sequoia
area includes, 14.

Muir, John, opposes Hetch
Hetchy project, 10.

Muir Woods, 44.

Mukuntuweap National Monu-
ment, 41.

Museums, establishment of

directed, 17; Mesa Verde, 38.

National Geographic
gifts of, 24, 35.

National Monuments, power of
President to create, 7; distinc-
tion between parks and, 8;
factor determining administra-
tion of, 44; under Dept. of
Interior, 43-46; under War De-

Society,

INDEX

partment, 47; under Dept. of
Agriculture, 48.

National park, the first, 5-7.

National park conferences, 9, II.

“National Park Idea,” the, origin
of, 2-3; gist, 19; menaced, 19-
20; versus the automobile, 28;
determines Service’s activities,
50.

National Park Service Act,
amendments to, 12-13; text of,
87-88.

National park system, beginning
of, 1, 4; oldest member of, 5;
result of the “National Park
Idea,” 7; prior to 1916,

- 8-9.

National Park-to-Park-Highway,
27-28.

National parks, projects for ad-
ditional, 14, 18-19, 24; list of,
29-30; individual sketches of,
31-43; growth of interest in,

National parks portfolio, 12.
Oklahoma, constitutional provi-

sion of regarding federal juris-

diction, 37.

Painting Section, Yellowstone,
65.

Patents and Miscellaneous, Divi-
sion, 9.

Payne, Secretary, opposition of,
to park exploitation, 21-22.

Personnel, 61.

Petrified Forest, 44.

Platt National Park, history, 36-
37; laws, IIO-III.

Poaching, 32, 40, 53.

Post Office Department, parcel
post deliveries by, in Yosemite,
57:

President of the United States,
the, discretionary power of, to
create monuments, 7; rules for

INDEX

Hot Springs hospital to be
made by, 43.

Private holdings, objections to,
16; elimination of, in Sequoia,
24, 35; in Wind Cave, 36; ex-
change of timber authorized
for, in Glacier, 39.

Privileges, leasing of, 15.

“Profitable Speculation,” a, 3.

Prospecting, Secretary may
allow, in Grand Canyon, 40.

Protection service, general, 57;
Yellowstone, 64.

Publications, 62, 78-79.

Publications Section, 63.

Publicity, 58, 78-79.

Public Health Service, 56, 58.

Public lands committees, hear-
ings before, 12.

Railroad Administration, 18.

Rangers, civilian force of
created, 27; soldiers used as,
32; in Mount Rainier, 35.

Recreation, encouragement of, in
parks, 17.

Revenues, expenditures from, 10;
must not impose burden, 17;
sources of, 31; comparison of,
with appropriations, 28; change
in disposition of, 28; provision
regarding in Yosemite, 34.

Roads and trails, work on, by U.
S. Engineer Corps, 25-26;
maintenance of, 57.

Rocky Mountain National Park,
history, 39; laws, 116-118.

Roosevelt, President, 14.

San Francisco, water supply for,

10.

Sand Dunes, Lake Michigan, pro-
posed park including, 14.

Sanitation, 57, 65.

Scientific bureaus, codperation
with, enjoined, 17-18.

Secretary of Agriculture, co-

171

operation of, in making monu-
ment rules and regulations, 7.

Secretary of the Interior, to con-
trol Yellowstone, 4; Hot
Springs administered by, 5-6;
monument regulations made by,
7; office of, reorganized, 9; al-
luded to, 13, 26, 32.

Secretary of War, monument
rules and regulations to be
made by, 7; alluded to, 26, 32.

Sequoia National Park, proposed
enlargement of, 14, 19; elimi-
nation of private holdings in,
24, 35; history, 34-35; laws,
104-106.

Sieur de Monts National Monu-
ment, 41.

Smithsonian Institution, archzo-
logical researches of, in Mesa
Verde, 38; codperation with,
52.

Standards, Bureau of codpera-
tion with, 51.

Sullys Hill National Park, his-
tory, 37; laws, II1-112.

Sulphur, Oklahoma, 37.

Sulphur Springs Reservation,
36.
Taft, President, urges estab-

lishment of parks bureau, 12;
on Casa Grande, 13 n.; vetoes
Mesa Verde amendment, 37.

Taft, Secretary, 7.

Three Tetons, the, 14, 19.

Timber, restrictions on cutting
of, 16, 53; exchanges of,
authorized, 39.

Toll roads, 41.

Transportation Section, Yellow-
stone,, 65.

Tumacacori Mission, restoration
of, 51.

United States Commissioners, 25,
32, 38, 43; 57.

172
United States Marshals, 33.
Vandals, 44, 51.

War Department, Washburn-
Doane escort furnished by, 3;
relinquishment of park protec-
tion by, 25-26.

Washburn, General Henry D.
See Washburn-Doane Expedi-
tion.

Washburn-Doane Expedition, 3,
4, 31.

Water power, utilization of, in
parks, 53, 56.

Waterton Lakes Park, 38.

Weather Bureau, codperation
with, 64.

“Western Monthly,” the, 2.

Wilson, President, 13-14.

Wilson, Secretary, 7.

Wind Cave National Park, his-
tory, 36; laws, 109-110.

Yellowstone National Park, crea-
tion of, 1; first superintendent
of, 2; Act of Dedication of,
4; distinction of, as first na-
tional park, 4; proposed en-

INDEX

largement of, 14, 19; proposed
construction of reservoir in,
21-22; army activities in, 25-
26; appropriations for, under
War Dept., 26; withdrawal of
troops from, 27, 33; civilian
administration of, 31, army ad-
ministration of, 32; history, 31-
33; landmark in legislation for,
32; grazing forbidden in, 33;
organization, 63; laws, 93-98.
Yellowstone Region, early ac-
counts of derided, 1-2; first ex-
pedition to, 2; Washburn-
Doane Exploration of, 3;
Geological Survey—Engineer
Corps exploration of, 3; pro-
ject for erection of into park,

Yosemite National Park, con-
struction of reservoir in, 10;
history, 33-34; army activities
in, 34; laws, 98-104.

Yosemite National Park Com-
pany, 56.

Zion National Monument, 42.
Zion National Park, history, 41-
42; laws, 121.