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ANNU
24
LIBRARY ANNEX
DATE DUE
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Sai Withee —
~
HANDBOOK OF
FLOWER POLLINATION
BASED UPON
HERMANN MULLER’S WORK
‘THE FERTILISATION OF
FLOWERS BY INSECTS’
BY
DR. PAUL KNUTH
FORMERLY PROFESSOR IN THE OBER-REALSCHULE IN KIEL, AND CORRESPONDING
MEMBER OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY DODONAEA IN GHENT
TRANSLATED BY
J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS, M.A.
TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
VOLUME III
(II. BAND, II. TEIL OF THE GERMAN EDITION)
OBSERVATIONS ON FLOWER POLLINATION MADE IN
EUROPE AND THE ARCTIC REGIONS
ON SPECIES BELONGING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS
GOODENOVIEAE TO CYCADEAE
WITH 208 FIGURES IN THE TEXT, AND A SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
WITH THE NAMES OF THE PLANTS VISITED
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS ©
1909
Co
QK39S26
KT
v.3
1FO6 x
Aoa.lHoH4
HENR ROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK
TORONTO AND MELBOURNE
CONTENTS
ANGIOSPERMAE
Crass I.
NaTuRAL ORDER
LVII.
LXXXIII,
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
LXXXVI.
LXXXVIIL.
LXXXVIIL.
. Cytinaceae Brogn.
. Aristolochiaceae Juss.
. Laurineae Vent.
. Proteaceae Juss.
. Thymelaeaceae Juss. .
. Elaeagnaceae &. Br. .
. Loranthaceae Don
. Santalaceae R. Br.
. Euphorbiaceae Juss.
Goodenovieae R. Br. .
. Campanulaceae Juss. .
. Vacciniaceae Lindl.
. Ericaceae Zznd).
. Epacrideae R.Br...
. Diapensiaceae Lindl. .
. Plumbagineae /uss.
. Primulaceae Vent.
. Oleaceae Lindl. . ‘
. Apocynaceae R. Br. .
. Asclepiadeae R.Br. .
. Gentianeae Juss.
. Polemoniaceae Lznd.
. Hydrophyllaceae DC,
. Boragineae Desv.
. Convolvulaceae Juss. .
. Solanaceae Juss. :
. Scrophularineae R. Br.
. Orobanchaceae ich. .
. Lentibulariaceae Rich,
. Gesneriaceae Lindl.
. Bignoniaceae R. Br. .
. Acanthaceae R. Br.
. Selagineae DC. .
. Verbenaceae Juss.
. Labiatae Juss. ;
Plantaginaceae Juss. .
Nyctagineae Juss.
Illecebraceae R. Br. :
Amarantaceae Juss.
Chenopodiaceae Vent.
Polygonaceae /uss.
DICOTYLEDONES
iv CONTENTS
NaTuRAL ORDER PAGE
XCVIII. Urticaceae Endl. ‘ : : ‘ : ; : . . 371
XCIX. Platanaceae Lest. . : ; 3 : : : : - 374
C. Juglandaceae DC... : : : ; : : : - 375
CI. Myricaceae Rich, : : , . : ‘ ’ : » 375
CII. Cupuliferae Rich. ‘ ‘ ; . : ‘ ; : - 376
CITI. Salicineae Rich. : : : : : : ; - 379
CIV. Empetraceae Vuit. . : : : ; : ; 3 . 389
CV. Ceratophyllaceae Gray ‘ 5 . . : ; 5 . 390
Crass II. MonocotTyLEDoNES
CVI. Hydrocharideae DC. . ; ; : : ‘ : : - 392
CVII. Orchideae Juss. . F : : ; ; : i : - 393
CVIII. Scitamineae R.Br... : _ é : ‘ . 422
CIX. Haemodoraceae Benth. ef Hook, ; : : é é . 423
CX. Irideae Juss. : : : : : ‘ . + 423
CXI. Amaryllideae R.Br. . : : : ; : : : . 430
CXII. Taccaceae Benth. et Hook. . ; : : : : E - 436
CXIII. Dioscoreaceae R. Br. ; : : F 5 j : - 437
CXIV. Liliaceae DC. . : : 5 ; : : - 437
CXV. Pontederiaceae Benth. a Hook. : 4 ; : ; : - 475
CXVI. Commelinaceae Benth. et Hook. . : ; 5 : ; - 476
CXVII. Juncaceae Baril. ‘ j ; \ : ‘ : 2 . 476
CXVIII. Palmae Bart. . : F F ; : ; ; : . 486
CXIX. Typhaceae Juss. : ; : . : ‘ : : . 487
CXX. Aroideae Juss. . : : : ; ; ‘i ; : . 488
CXXI. Lemnaceae Link : : He og 3 F : : - 498
CXXII. Alismaceae Juss. : . : ‘ . . : - 9. 501
CXXIIT. Naiadaceae Link : : ; ; : ; ; , » 505
CXXIV. Cyperaceae Juss. : ; : ’ : : ; : - 509
CXXV. Gramineae /uss.. : ; é , 3 e ‘ ? - 515
GYMNOSPERMAE
CXXVI. Gnetaceae End. : : ; : : ‘ F B - 535
CXXVII. Coniferae Juss. . : : : ; ; F : » 535
CXXVIII. Cycadeae C. Rich... : : : ° ‘ ‘ : . 541
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT AND OTHER
VISITORS
mentioned in vols. ii and iii; arranged alphabetically, with the names of the
plants visited
I, Arachnida. 6 5 : : F 5 P ‘ F - 542
II. Coleoptera . 2 . cet é ; ‘ : ; - 542
Ill. Diptera. : ‘ : ; 2 ; ; : ; «853
IV. Hymenoptera . : : ; ‘ : : 5 : - 579
V. Lepidoptera ; ; F : ; : ; ; : . 633
VI. Hemiptera : ; : ; F : ‘ . 7d - 642
VII. Neuroptera R P ; ‘ : ; : : : - 643
VII. Orthoptera : , d : : : : : ; - 644
IX. Gastropoda : “ : 3 7 : : : : . 644
OBSERVATIONS ON FLOWER POLLINATION
IN
EUROPE AND THE ARCTIC REGIONS
ANGIOSPERMAE
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONES
LVI. ORDER GOODENOVIEAE RB. Br.
LireraTurE.—Fritz Miiller, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvi, 1868, p. 115; Delpino,
‘Ult. Oss.,’ pp. 91-8; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 634-6 ;
Bentham, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., x, 1869, pp. 203-6.
The style terminates in a collecting-cup which takes up the pollen as it passes
through the anther-cylinder. It is closed, except for a small opening usually covered
by hairs, and therefore able to curve down in the entrance of the generally horizontal
flower. Insect visitors strike against the hairs of the collecting-cup, thus causing
some pollen to fall upon them. Later on the stigma grows out of the cup and takes
up the position previously occupied by the pollen.
505. Leschenaultia R. Br.
1687. L. tubiflora R. Br.—Darwin states that this species is self-sterile.
LVI. ORDER CAMPANULACEAE JUSS.
1. Tripe Lopeigae.
506. Lobelia Plum.
Litzrature.—Hildebrand, ‘ D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ pp. 64-5. Flowers
actinomorphous, and twisted round so as to bring the bifid lip to the upper and the
trifid lip to the lower side: corolla-tube split longitudinally. Markedly protandrous.
The pollen is dehisced into the anther-cylinder before the flower opens, and lies close
to the capitate stigma, which pushes it out as the style elongates. It is either removed
by insects or falls away. The few grains which adhere to the stigma are unable to
effect automatic self-pollination, as during further development the edge of the stigma
rolls back so as to keep them completely away from the receptive surface. Fertiliza-
tion cannot therefore take place except by transfer of pollen from a younger flower
to the stigma of an older one. (The above description is given by Hildebrand for
DAVIS. III B
°
2 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Siphocampylus, but Farrer says that Lobelia agrees with this in all essential respects.)
(Cf Fig. 211.) Some of the species are described as self-sterile, e.g. L. fulgens
(Gaertner), L. ramosa (Darwin), and L. cardinalis (Forke).
1688. L. Erinus L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 102-11; Hildebrand, op. cit.;
T. H. Farrer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, Ser. 4, ii, 1868, pp. 255-63; Knuth,
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Hildebrand says that in this species the end of the style
is often unable to break through the firmly closed anther-cylinder, inside which the
stigmatic lobes then expand, and are self-pollinated. Normally, however, the pollen
is swept out of the anther-cylinder during the first stage of anthesis by means of
a stylar brush. During the second stage the end of the style emerges from the
anther-cylinder and unfolds its two tolerably large stigmatic lobes, which are beset
with papillae (cf Fig. 211).
1. 2. 3.
Fic. 211. Lobelia Evinus, L. (from nature). (1) Flower in the first (male) stage, seen from the front :
a, the pollen-covered anthers in the entrance of the flower. (2) Ditto, in the second (female) stage, after
removal of the corolla: @, anther-cylinder, from which the receptive stigma (s) protrudes; 7, nectary.
(3) Ditto, in the first stage, after removal of the corolla: 2, nectary; s, the still immature stigma,
covered with sweeping-hairs.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (in his garden at Kiel)—A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syrphus corollae /.
9; 2. S.sp.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 4. Andrena sp.;
5. Apis mellifica Z. %; 6. Bombus terrester Z. 9; 7. Halictus minutus Schr. 9.
C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 8. Vanessa urticae £.; 9g. Pieris sp. All skg.
Delpino, small bees (sp. of Halictus). Ducke (Austrian Silesia), the beautiful para-
sitic bee Crocisa scutellaris F’. 9.
1689. L. syphilitica L. (Urban, Jahrb. bot. Gart., Berlin, i. 1881, pp. 260-77 ;
Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ p. 16.)—Urban says that the flower
mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of L. Erinus.
Vistrors.—Delpino says that humble-bees are the most frequent (Bombus
italicus Z.—and B. terrester Z.).
16g0. L. Dortmanna L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p- 442.)—This species bears few-flowered racemes. The corolla is whitish, and its
CAMPANULACEAE 3
tube is 7-8 mm. long and 13-2 mm. broad. MacLeod states that the flower
mechanism agrees essentially with that of L. Erinus.
Visttors.—In spite of repeated watching by the Einfelder See (at Neumiinster)
I failed to observe any.
1691. L. fulgens Willd.—
Vistrors.—Delpino (loc. cit.) believes that pollination is effected by humming-
birds.
1692. L. laxiflora H. B. et K. (=Siphocampylus bicolor G. Don). (Hilde-
brand, ‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 64.)—The flower mechanism of this
species is as described under Lobelia.
VisiTors.—Delpino believes that pollination is effected by humming-birds.
507. Isotoma Lindl.
Some of the species have been described as self-sterile.
1693. I. axillaris Lindl. (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvii, 1869, p. 476.)
—Hildebrand states that the flower mechanism resembles that of Lobelia, but the
two lower anthers possess appendages against which visitors strike, causing the pollen
to be scattered.
508. Heterotoma Zucc.
The flower mechanism resembles that of Lobelia (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
xxviii, 1870, p. 639), but the lobes of the corolla are bent down and produced into
a spur, and the filaments are only united together just below the anthers.
509. Monopsis Salisb.
The species of this African genus are homogamous. Urban says that the
flowers possess a saucer-shaped stylar brush, by which the pollen is swept out of
the anther-cylinder (Jahrb. bot. Gart., Berlin, i, 1881).
2. Tripe CyYPHIEAE.
In this tribe there is a brush on the dilated stigma, which extends to the anthers.
These lie close together and shed their pollen to make up a large mass. Insect
visitors force the anthers apart, and thus bring their ventral surface into contact with
the stigma and the pollen (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss,’ pp. roo-2; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxviii, 1870).
3. Tripe CamMPANULAE.
LireraTure.—Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 68 ; S. Schénland, ‘ Cam-
panulaceae’ in Engler and Prantl, ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 5, p. 44.
The species so far examined are markedly protandrous. Those of the genus
Campanula bear bee flowers (Hb), while the flowers of species belonging to the
genera Phyteuma and Jasione are aggregated into capitulate inflorescences, and
therefore belong to class S.
The flower mechanism has been very thoroughly described by O. Kirchner, who
ends his account with the following general considerations (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk.,
Stuttgart, liii, 1897, pp. 193-228).—
B2
4 ANGIOSPERMA E— DICOTYLEDONES
‘It is very interesting to observe how the various kinds of adaptation which are
associated in the largest order of flowering plants, the Compositae, making their
blossoms “the most successful of all flowers,” are individually illustrated in the
various genera of Campanulaceae. Like all of the latter the Compositae are
markedly protandrous, and the two orders agree in the way in which the pollen
is deposited on the outside of the style to be carried away by insects, as also in
the bending back of the stigmatic branches to the pollen-bearing region of the style
so as to make automatic self-pollination possible. The aggregation of numerous
small flowers into a head surrounded by an involucre is exemplified by Phyteuma
and Jasione, which also agree with the Cympositae in the general accessibility of
their nectar, and the free projection of the reproductive organs from the flowers.
The union of anthers into a tube surrounding the style is indicated in Jasione, and
completely effected in Symphandra. The tubular character of the lower part of the
corolla, which in so many Compositae facilitates the ascent of nectar is exemplified
by Trachelium, and the annular nectary surrounding the base of the style is found in
Adenophora.’
510. Campanula L.
As Sprengel emphasized long since (‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 1rog-12), species with
flowers of the most various size agree in exhibiting marked protandry, and Hermann
Miiller adds that bees are particularly common visitors (‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 366-7).
Fic. 212. Campanula pusilla, Haenke (after Herm. Miller). 4. Longitudinal section of a young
bud. B. Reproductive organs of a bud ready to open. C. Ditto, of a flower in the first (male) stage.
D. Ditto, of one in the second (female) stage. a, anthers; co, corolla; 77, filaments; gr, style; gd, stylar
brush, gvé’, ditto, after the hairs have shrivelled; 2, nectary; ov, ovary; fo, pollen; S, sepals ;
sd, expanded bases of filaments, fringed with hairs and serving as nectar-covers ; s¢, stigmas.
The flowers are mostly blue in colour, and Herman Miiller states that the
nectar is secreted by a yellow fleshy disk situated on the ovary and surrounding the
style. It is covered by the triangular lower parts of the filaments, and further
protection is afforded by interlocking hairs that close the spaces between these five
valves. The three short stylar branches are at first apposed to form a cylinder
thickly clothed with long erect hairs, and so closely surrounded by the anthers in the
CAMPANULACEAE 5
bud that these make up a continuous tube. As the anthers dehisce introrsely, the
whole of the pollen is taken up by the stylar brush, which is then carried out of
the anther-cylinder by the elongation of the style. The flower now opens, and the
shrivelled stamens become retracted into its base, so that bees creeping into the
corolla must come into contact with the pollen and gradually brush it away with
their hairy coats. In the second stage of anthesis the stylar branches diverge and
display their stigmatic inner surfaces, which now take up the position previously
occupied by the pollen.
Crossing by means of insect visitors is ensured by this marked protandry, but in
the absence of visitors automatic self-pollination is rendered possible by the bending
back of the stylar branches.
Kerner points out that the bell-shaped corolla serves as a refuge to not a few
insects. Some of the exotic species bear cleistogamous flowers, e. g. the East Indian
forms C. canescens Wal/. and C. colorata Wall. (H. von Mohl, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
xxi, 1863, p. 315); and C. dimorphanta Schweinf, native to Nubia and Upper
Egypt.
O. Kirchner demonstrates (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 200)
that there is a large amount of variation within the limits of the genus, in spite of the
marked agreement between the various species as regards the mechanism,’ size,
colour, and shape, as well as position and the way of aggregation into inflorescences.
He groups the species which have so far been investigated in the following way (op.
cil., pp. 214-15).—
A. Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed: entrance to the flower open.
I. Entrance of the flower directed upwards.
1. Corolla wheel-shaped or basin-shaped, deeply incised.
a. Flowers solitary: C. cenisia ZL.
b. Flowers in racemes: C. garganica Zenore, C. Elatines Z., C. elatinoides
Mforett?.
2. Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular.
a. Style projecting from the corolla: flowers crowded.
(a) Flowers blue: C. Cervicaria Z., C. glomerata LZ.
(b) Flowers bright-yellow: C. thyrsoides Z., C. petraea Z.
b. Style not projecting from the corolla.
(a) One-flowered.
Corolla bell-shaped: C. Morettiana Reichd., C. Allionii V2il., C.
uniflora Z.
Corolla funnel-shaped: C. Aucheri A. DC, C. ciliata Svev., C. spa-
thulata Lhrend,
(b) Few-flowered.
Flowers solitary in the axils.
Corolla funnel-shaped: C. libanotica 4. DC.
Corolla bell-shaped: C. drabaefolia Szbth. ef Sm., C. cashmiriana
Royle.
Flowers in racemes.
Flowers large: C. Rainerii Perpeni., C. carpatica Jacg.
Flowers small: C. Waldsteiniana Roem. e¢ Schult., C. pauciflora Desf.
6 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
(c) Numerous flowers arranged in racemes.
Corolla funnel-shaped: C. Rapunculus Z., C. patula Z., C. pyrami-
dalis Z.
Corolla bell-shaped: C. tomentosa Ven/., C. laciniata Z., C. Trache-
lium Z., C. Grossekii Heuff., C. punctata Lam., C. latifolia Z.,
C. lactiflora Bred.
Corolla tubular: C. Celsii A. DC.
(d) Inflorescence a spike: C. spicata Z., C. multiflora Waldst. ef K7t.
(e) Inflorescence a capitulum: C. lingulata Waddst. et Kivi.
II. Entrance of the flower directed downwards.
1. Style straight.
a. One-flowered: C. pulla Z., C. excisa Schleich.
b. Flowers in racemes.
(a) Corolla bell-shaped and three stylar branches, corolla medium-sized :
C. rotundifolia Z., C. Scheuchzeri V2l/., C. pusilla Haenke, C. caes-
pitosa Scop., C. carnica Schiede.
Five stylar branches, corolla large: C. Medium Z.
(b) Corolla infundibulo-campanulate: C. sibirica Z., C. bononiensis L..,
C. rapunculoides Z.
(c) Corolla narrow funnel-shaped : C. Jaubertiana Zzmd.
2. Style bent: C. americana Z.
B. Corolla-lobes inclined together so as to close the entrance of the flower:
C. Zoysii Wulf.
1694. C. rotundifolia L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 109-12 ; Herm. Miller,
‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 368, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 403 ; MacLeod, ‘ Bevruchtung der Bloemen,’
p- 287; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 652; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nodfr. Ins.,’
pp. 100, 163, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Notizen.’\—The flowers of this species are mostly dull
sky-blue in colour, though in some localities, e.g. the North Frisian Islands, they
may vary from dark to whitish blue. They are pendulous and vary greatly in size.
The white bases of the filaments act as nectar-guides. Autogamy can be effected
by rolling back of the stylar branches should insect-visits fail. Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with spinose tubercles,
and about 31 pw in diameter.
The arctic variety arc/ica Lange usually bears a few large flowers on a stem
10-22 cm. high. The corolla is 21 mm. long and 34 mm. broad, and bright-blue in
colour, though this may be replaced by white (var. a/d:flora).
Vistrors.—The most prominent of these is the bee Melitta haemorrhoidalis /.
which visits the flowers of the species throughout its entire range. Other very
constant bee-guests in many parts of Europe are Eriades campanularum A. and
Halictoides dentiventris Vy/.
Knuth observed the following.—
In the North Frisian Islands and at Kiel (‘ Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 163,
‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 237).—A. Coleoptera. 1. Miarus
campanulae Z., numerous in the bases of the flowers. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae.
2. Anthomyia sp.; 3. Sarcophaga carnaria Z. (4) Syrphidae: 4. Eristalis arbus-
torum Z., po-dvg. C. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 5. Andrena shawella A. 9; 6.
CAMPANULACEAE 7
Apis mellifica Z.; 7. Bombus derhamellus A. ¥; 8. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 9. B. sp.;
10. Halictus flavipes F. 9; 11. Melitta haemorrhoidalis F. $6. D. Lepidoptera.
Sphingidae: 12. Zygaena filipendulae Z.; (Rtigen), the bee Melitta haemorrhoidalis
F. 8 and 9; (Thuringia), 2 humble-bees—Bombus hypnorum Z. é, and B. soroénsis
f,, var. proteus Gerst. ¥.
Alfken observed the following bees at Bremen.—
Apidae: 1. Andrena gwynana X. 9, 2nd gen.; 2. A. morawitzi Zs. 4, 2nd gen.;
3. A. propinqua Schenck 9, 2nd gen.; 4. Bombus agrorum F&. 6; 5. B. derhamellus
K.8; 6. B. lapidarius Z. 9; 7. B. lucorum Z. ¥ and é; 8. A. proteus Gers/. 9 and
¥, skg. and po-cltg., $ skg.; 9. Dufourea vulgaris Schenck 9 skg. and po-cltg. 6 skg.;
10. Eriades campanularum &. 9 and 6; 11. E. nigricorius Wy/. 9 and; 12. Hali-
ctoides dentiventris Vy/.; 13. H. inermis My/.8; 14. Megachile maritima X. 9;
15. M. willughbiella A. 9; 16. Melitta haemorrhoidalis /. 9 and 6; 17. Psithyrus
rupestris /. 6, skg.; 18. Stelis phaeoptera X. 9, skg.
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Sauerland (S.), Thuringia (T.) and Westphalia (W.),
and Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau, record the following (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisa-
tion,’ p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ p. 77).—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Gymnetron campanulae Z. (H. M.) ;
2. Otiorhynchus ovatus Z.(H. M.). (6) Staphylinidae: 3. Anthobium (H. M.). B.
Diptera. (a) Bombylidae: 4. Systoechus sulphureus J/rkan, skg. (H.M., S.).
(4) Emprdae: 5. Rhamphomyia plumipes Fallen, freq. (H. M.). (c) Syrphidae: 6.
Melithreptus taeniatus J/g. (H. M., Bavarian Oberpfalz). C. Hymenoptera. (a)
Apidae: 7. Andrena coitana K. é (H. M., W. and Bavarian Oberpfalz); 8. A. gwy-
nana X.é(H. M., W., Budd.); 9. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. (H. M., W.); 10. Bombus
lapidarius Z. ¥, in large numbers, po-cltg. and skg. (H. M., Bavarian Oberpfalz) ; 11.
B. pratorum Z. ¥, skg. (H. M., W.); 12. Chelostoma campanularum Z., freq., skg.
and po-cltg. (H. M., W.); 13. C. nigrocorne Wy. 9 and 6, do. (H. M., W.); 14.
Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #”. 9 and 3, skg. and po-clig. (H. M., W.); 15. Halictoides
dentiventris Vy/. and 9 (H. M., W.); 16. Halictus albipes /. 9, skg. (Budd.); 17.
H. smeathmanellus A. é (H.M., W.); 18. Nomada furva Pz. (=N. minuta 7. 8)
(H.M., T.). D. Lepidoptera. 19. Ino statices Z. (H. M., S.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Wiistnei (Alsen), 2 bees—Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #., and Osmia claviventris
Thoms. (=O. interrupta Schenck). Sickmann (Osnabriick), the fossorial wasp Ammo-
phila viatica Z. Dah/b., not rare. Friese (Mecklenburg), 8 bees—1. Andrena gwy-
nana &., 2nd gen.; 2. A. nigriceps K., very rare; 3. A. shawella #., not infrequent ;
4. Eriades campanularum ., do.; 5. E. nigricornis My/., freq.; 6. Halictoides
dentiventris Vy/., do.; 7. H. inermis Vy/., do.; 8. Melitta haemorrhoidalis /, do.
Schmiedeknecht and Friese (Thuringia), the bee Andrena curvungula Zhoms. Schenck
(Nassau), 2 bees—Halictoides dentiventris MVy/., and Melitta haemorrhoidalis /.
Loew (Riesengebirge) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 52), 2 bees—Bombus pratorum Z. ¥, po-cltg.,
and Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #. 9, skg. MacLeod (Flanders), 2 humble-bees and
a small Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 441, vi, 1894, Pp. 374):
(Pyrenees), a humble-bee, 2 Muscids, and 2 Empids (op. cit., ili, 1891, pp. 371-2).
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 9 bees (including Cilissa melanura /Vy/.) and 3 Lepidoptera
(‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 403). Morawitz (Tyrol) the bee Andrena alpina JZor. (also
recorded by Schletterer and von Dalla Torre). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), the bee
Andrena albicrus &. Saunders and Smith (England), 2 bees—Eriades campanularum
., and Melitta haemorrhoidalis /. Willis (in the neighbourhood of the south coast
of Scotland) (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I)—A. Coleoptera. Mitetulidae :
1. Meligethes sp., freq., skg. B. Diptera. A/uscidae: 2. Anthomyia radicum Z.,
freq., sky. C. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 3. Bombus terrester Z., do. D. Lepi-
8 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
doptera. Rhopalocera: 4. Vanessa urticae Z., skg. E. Thysanoptera. 5.
Thrips, freq.,skg. Scott-Elliott (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees, a short-tongued bee,
3 Muscids, several Dolichopodids, a Lepidopterid, and the beetle Meligethes (‘ Flora
of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 110), Lindman (Dovrefjeld), on the var. arcftca (with a corolla-
tube up to 30 mm. long), a humble-bee, a beetle, a micro-Lepidopterid, and several
flies.
1695. C. groenlandica Berl.—Kolderup and Rosenvinge consider that this
reputed species is a variety of C. rotundifolia, belonging to the same series as arciica
(Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Gronlandsexped.,’ pp. 62-3).
1696. C. caespitosa Scop. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., lili, 1897,
p. 210.)—The flowers of this species are arranged in racemes or panicles. The
corolla is bell-shaped and elongated (14-16 mm. long), broadest in the middle, and
somewhat contracted under the lobes. It is bright-violet in colour with a reddish
tinge, and marked internally with a distinct network of veins.
1697. C. pulla L. (Kirchner, op. cit.}—The large terminal flowers of this
species are pendulous on short peduncles. The tube of the dark-blue bell-shaped
corolla is 16 mm. long, while the lobes are 6 mm. in length, spreading, and tolerably
straight. The entrance of the flower is 12 mm. broad. The style is 12 mm. long,
and its branches do not recurve to form more than a semicircle, so that they do not
reach the region to which pollen adheres.
1698. C. excisa Schleich. (Kirchner, op. cit.)}—In this species the stem is
erect, and the nodding flowers project horizontally from its end. The corolla is much
smaller than that of C. pulla, and the curved shape of its incisions is characteristic.
1699. C. cenisia L. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 201.)—Kirchner gives the following
description of the flower mechanism of this species from the high Alps.—The flowers
are solitary at the ends of short procumbent branches, and are directed vertically or
obliquely upwards. The bright-blue corolla has a funnel-shaped tube 4 mm. long,
and spreading apically reflexed lobes 10 mm. in length. The diameter of the flower
above is 15-20 mm. The bright-blue style (10 mm. long) stands vertically in the
middle of the flower, and projects somewhat beyond its entrance. At a later stage
of anthesis its end divides into three (sometimes four) bright-yellow branches. The
little drops of nectar secreted on the top of the ovary are completely covered by the
broadened bluish-white bases of the filaments, which are fringed with woolly hairs.
Automatic self-pollination does not take place, for though the stylar branches curve
away from one another they do not become reflexed.
1700. C. pyramidalis L.—Kerner states that in the final stage of anthesis
the stylar branches of this species curl back 1-14 turns, so as to render automatic
self-pollination possible.
17o1. C, lingulata Waldst. et Kit. (=C. capitata Sims). (Kirchner, op. cit.,
p. 208.)—In this species the narrow funnel-shaped corolla is 35-40 mm. long, and
the style does not project from it. The aid of particularly long-tongued insects
appears to be necessary for pollination.
1702, C. Scheuchzeri Vill—The corolla of this species is 23-30 mm. long.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
CAMPANULACEAE 9
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 7 humble-bees, 2 other bees, and 3 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 403-4). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), a Muscid (Pyrellia cadaverina
L., resting on the outside of the corolla), and a bee (Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and
po-cltg.).
1703. C. pusilla Haenke. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 210.)—Kirchner says that the
diverging stylar branches never become recurved, so that automatic self-pollination
can only take place by the fall of pollen upon the edges of the stigmas, and as the
flowers are pendulous this may sometimes happen.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 flies, 4 humble-bees, 4 other bees, and
2 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 403).
1704. C. bononiensis L. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896 ;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage.’)—-Warnstorf says that in this species the yellowish anthers
generally shed their pollen on to the hairy style before the flower opens. Schulz
states that the 3 (rarely 4) short stylar branches diverge early and, as they remain
receptive and later on roll back spirally, often come into contact with the pollen
that still clings to the outside of the style. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains
as whitish in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with low spinose tubercles, up to 44 »
in diameter.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (Thuringia) (‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.’ III, p. 78).—
A. Coleoptera. (a2) Curculionidae: 1. Gymnetron campanulae Z., numerous.
(6) Nitidulidae: 2. Meligethes, numerous. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 3. Chelo-
stoma campanularum K. 9 and 4, freq.; 4. C. florisomne Z, 9 and 4, in large
numbers; 5. C. nigricorne Vy/. 9 and $; 6. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis /. 6; 7. Halictus
flavipes /. 9. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /” 9 and ¥
(also recorded by Schletterer).
1705. C. rapunculoides L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 362 ;
Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxix, 1896.)—Kerner states that the stylar
branches of the pendulous flowers of this species roll back into spirals of over two
turns. I have not been able to verify this in plants growing on the island of Fohr.
Warnstorf, on the other hand, says that the stylar branches hardly describe a single
turn when they roll back, so that in most cases the stigmas do not come into contact
with the pollen clinging to the hairs on the style, and autogamy is therefore usually
excluded. The pollen-grains are white in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with
spinose tubercles, on the average about 50 » in diameter.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia, and Buddeberg (Budd.) for
Nassau give the following list (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
It, p. 77).—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg., returning to the flowers
with pollen on its back (H. M., Budd.). B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 2. Andrena
aestiva Sm. 9 (Budd.); 3. A. gwynana K. é and 9 (H.M.); 4. Apis mellifica LZ.
¥, skg. (H. M.); 5. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 6. Chelo-
stoma campanularum KX. $ skg. (H. M., Budd.); 7. C. nigricorne My/. 8 and @,
numerous (H. M., Budd. 8); 8. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #. 9 and &é (H. M.); 9.
Halictus albipes /. 9 (H. M.); 10. H. leucozonius Schr. 9, skg. (H. M.); 11. H.
maculatus Sm. (H. M.); 12. H. sexnotatus A’. 9, freq., skg. and po-cltg. (Budd.) ;
13. Prosopis communis WVy/. 9 (Budd.); 14. P. hyalinata Sm. é and 9, numerous
(H. M.).
10 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miller (Alps), 2 humble-bee (‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 404). MacLeod
(Pyrenees), 3 long-tongued bees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 371)-
Schenck (Nassau), 2 bees—Halictoides dentiventris /Vy/., and Melitta haemorrhoi-
dalis F.
1706. C. Trachelium L. (=C. urticifolia Schmédf)—Kerner states that the
flowers of this species open at Innsbruck about 6-7 a.m., and close again about
6-7 p.m. He adds that the corolla is white in the neighbourhood of the Brenner,
but blue in the eastern Limestone Alps. The stylar branches curve back in a
crescentic manner, and effect autogamy by coming into contact with the pollen
adhering to the hairs of the corolla if crossing has not already been brought about
by insects. Warnstorf says that the branches roll back until they touch the pollen
remaining on the style. The pollen-grains are yellow in colour, spheroidal, beset
with spinose tubercles, about 47 » in diameter.
Visirors.— Herm. Miiller (H. M.) (‘ Fertilisation, p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.’ III,
p- 77) and Knuth (Kn.) (‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’) observed the following.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cryptophagidae: 1. Antherophagus sp. (H.M.). (2) Cur-
culiontdae: 2. Gymnetron campanulae Z. (H. M., Thuringia). (¢) Netdulidae: 3.
Meligethes, in very large numbers (H. M.). B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 4. Chryso-
chlamys ruficornis /, po-dvg. (H. M.); 5. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (Kn.); 6.
Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg. (H. M.). C. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 7. Andrena
coitana K. 9 and 8, the $ very common (H.M.); 8. A. fulvicrus A’. § (H. M.); 9. A.
gwynana XK. 9 and 4, freq. (H.M.); 10. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. (Kn., H. M.); 11.
Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, po-cltg. (Kn., H. M.); 12. Chelostoma campanularum L.
(H. M.); 13. C. nigricorne A¥y/. $, skg. (H. M.); 14. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis F. 9
and 4, skg. and po-cltg., 6 very common (Kn., H. M.); 15. Halictoides dentiventris
Nyl. 9 and 4, é very common (H. M.); 16. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, po-cltg. (H. M.);
17. Prosopis halinata Sm. 9 and é, numerous (H. M.); 18. Xylocopa violacea L. 9,
skg. (H. M., Wurzburg).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. —
Herm. Miiller (Alps), a humble-bee (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 404). Schletterer and
von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Halictus costulatus Archd. Wiistnei (Alsen), the
bee Cilissa haemorrhoidalis /. Sickmann (Osnabriick), the fossorial wasp Crabro
chrysostomus Zep. Krieger (Leipzig), 5 bees—1. Eriades nigricornis Vy/.; 2. Ha-
lictus morio #.; 3. H. smeathmanellus A.; 4. Melitta haemorrhoidalis /.; 5.
Trachusa serratulae Pz. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 3 bees—r1. Andrena alpina
Mor.; 2. A. gwynana X., 2nd gen.; 3. A. shawella A. Schenck (Nassau), the bee
Halictoides dentiventris Vy/.
1707. C. sibirica L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897,
p. 211.)}—The numerous flowers of this species are arranged in panicles. The calyx-
teeth are 7-8 mm. long, and perpendicular to the corolla, while the bracteoles which
alternate with them are reflexed. The violet corolla is 28-30 mm. in length, of
which 8-10 mm. are taken up by its lobes. The style is equal in length to the
corolla-tube, and its branches ultimately roll back into spirals of two turns, so that
automatic self-pollination can take place.
Visirors.—Kirchner observed a bee, of which the species was not determined.
1708. C. Erinus L. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 204.)—Kirchner investigated plants
of this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and gives the following description
of the flower mechanism.—
CAMPANULACEAE II
The flowers are small and situated at the origins of the branches. The foliose
calyx-teeth are as long as the corolla, which is cylindrical in shape with a widened
base, 6—7 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. _Its colour is bluish-white with a bright-blue
limb. The five (sometimes only four) corolla-lobes are 2 mm. in length and some-
what spreading, so that the flower is about 5 mm. broad above. As the style is 4mm.
long, its three branches spread out at the entrance of the flower. The dehiscence
of the bright-yellow anthers, and the secretion and protection of nectar are effected
as usual. In spite of the small size of the flowers automatic self-pollination does not
appear to take place,
Vistrors.—Kirchner observed the honey-bee.
170g. C. Rapunculus L. (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 653.)—The con-
spicuous panicle of this species bears numerous flowers with blue funnel-shaped
corollas 20-5 mm. long, and pointed lobes 7-9 mm. in length. Towards the end of
anthesis the stylar branches roll back into spirals of 1-1} turns, so that automatic
self-pollination can be effected should insect-visits fail.
Visitors.—Knuth observed the honey-bee and the humble-bee Bombus lapi-
darius Z. ¥, both creeping right into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg. Schenck (Nassau)
saw the dasygastrid bee Eriades campanularum X.
1710. C. persicifolia L.—Kerner says that the stylar branches of this species
roll back into spirals of 13-2 turns. Warnstorf, on the other hand, states that at
a late stage they simply diverge, but do not become reflexed, so that autogamy is
excluded. The pollen-grains are yellowish-white in colour, spheroidal, beset with
small spinose tubercles, 31-5 in diameter.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia and Thuringia, and Buddeberg
(Budd.) for Nassau, give the following list (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 369,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 78).—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Gymnetron campanulae Z., freq. (H. M.,
Thuringia). (4) Windulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., freq. (H. M., Thuringia). B. Hy-
menoptera. Afidae: 3. Chelostoma campanularum Z., é and 9, po-cltg. and skg.
(H.M., Thuringia); 4. C. nigricorne My. 6 and 9, skg. (H. M., Thuringia, Budd.) ;
5. Prosopis communis WVy/, 9 (Budd.); 6. P. confusa Wy/. § (Budd.); 7. P. hyalinata
Sm. 6 and 9 (H. M., Westphalia). C. Orthoptera. 8. Forticula auricularia Z.
(H. M., Westphalia). D. Thysanoptera. 9. Thripus, numerous (H. M., Thu-
ringia). :
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the bee Andrena gwynana X., 2nd gen. Alfken
(Bremen), the bee Eriades nigricornis /Vy/. 9, skg. Knuth (Riigen), 2 bees (Andrena
gwynana A. 9, summer gen., and Eriades nigricornis Vy/. 9). Loew (Silesia), 2 bees
in the bases of the flowers—Dasytes niger Z., nect-lkg., and Halictoides dentiventris
yl. (‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 34, 51). Schletterer (Tyrol), 2 bees—Colletes balteatus AVy/,,
and Megachile (Chalicodoma) pyrenaica Zep. 9. The latter is also recorded by von
Dalla Torre.
17u. C. thyrsoides L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 405-6.)—In this
species the corolla-lobes and style are covered with hairs 3-5 mm. long, apparently
as a protection against small creeping insects. Automatic self-pollination is un-
doubtedly excluded.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller observed 3 Hymenoptera, 3 Lepidoptera, and a fly.
12 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1712. C. Cervicaria L—Kerner states that the flowers of this species remain
in a vertical position.
1713. C. glomerata L.—The flowers of this species remain vertical, and
Kerner says that they open periodically.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Schenck (Weilburg), 5 bees (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 78), 5 bees—
1. Andrena curvungula Zzoms., visiting this species only and collecting an enormous
amount of pollen, loading itself more than any other Andrena; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥;
3. Ceratina coerulea X.; 4. Coelioxys quadridentata Z.; 5. Heriades campanularum
£.: (Nassau), 2 bees—Andrena curvungula 7/s., and Osmia papaveris Ltr.
Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 3 bees—z. Halictus quadricinctus /’. 9;
2. H. sexnotatus K. 9; 3. Osmia adunca Z/r. 9, very common. Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden), a hover-fly (Pipiza bimaculata JZg., po-dvg.) and a bee (Chelostoma
nigricorne JVy/. 6, skg., and creeping right into the flowers).
1714. C. barbata L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 404—5.)—There are
hairs 3-5 mm. long on the corolla-lobes of this species, which serve as a protection
against creeping animals. Hermann Miiller says that automatic self-pollination is
rendered possible by the bending back of the stylar branches, which become twisted
into spirals of 1-13 turns.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Herm. Miiller (Alps), a beetle, 2 flies, 11 Hymenoptera, and 4 Lepidoptera.
Ricca (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871) (Alps), humble-bees up to a height
of 2600 m. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus
soroénsis #. Loew (Altvatergebirge) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 52), a Curculionid beetle (Gym-
netron campanulae Z.) and 2 bees (Bombus lapidarius Z. 4, skg., and B. soroénsis F.
g and ¥, skg.).
1715. C. Medium L. (Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xviii, 1884, p. 145.)—
In this species Ludwig saw flies (especially Empis aestiva Loew) adhering to the style,
and supposes that the sticky nature of this is a protection against unbidden guests
of the kind.
VisiTors.—Delpino observed beetles (Cetonia sp.) (‘ Ult. oss.,’ I, 2, p. 30).
1716. C. spicata L. (Kirchner, ‘Beitrage, p. 59.)—The flowers of this
species are aggregated into long conspicuous spikes. Kirchner examined them at
Zermatt and found their mechanism to be the same as in related forms. The corolla
is bright-violet in colour, whitish at the base, and gradually widening into a funnel
30 mm. long, the direction of which is continued by its lobes (12 mm. in length).
Towards the end of anthesis the three stylar branches roll back into spirals of 2 turns,
so that, as Kerner pointed out, automatic self-pollination is possible should insect-
visits fail.
1717. C. uniflora L. (Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ pp. 52—-4.)—Warming
describes the flowers of this northern species as dark-blue in colour, and either
vertical or nodding. The style projects but little, and as the anthers dehisce and the
stigmas become receptive in the bud, the latter are pseudo-cleistogamously self-
CAMPANULACEAE 13
pollinated, and many of the pollen-grains germinate upon them. Later on the
flowers open in a normal manner, passing from cleistogamy to chasmogamy, a unique
occurrence so far as yet known.
Vanhoffen collected ripe fruits in Greenland (27. 7.’93) (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb.
von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 61-2). The species is very rare in Spitz-
bergen and has only once been observed in flower there (10. 8.’68) (Andersson &
Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Fil. Karlvaxtflora,’
p. 16).
1718. C. latifolia L.—In this species the corolla-tube is 35 mm. long.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the honey-bee, skg., creeping right into the flowers, and coming out
again covered with pollen. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 bees, creeping com-
pletely into the flowers—Apis mellifica Z. §, skg. and po-cltg., and Bombus pratorum
ZL. %: on the var. serotina, the bee Chelostoma nigricorne Vy/. 9, skg., and creeping
right into the flowers. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee (‘ Flora of Dum-
friesshire,’ p. 109).
1719. C. patula L—Kerner says that the stylar branches of this species roll
into spirals of more than 2 turns, and that the flowers hang down during inclement
weather. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, spheroidal, beset
with numerous spinose tubercles, 25-31 y in diameter.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
MacLeod (Belgium), a bee (Chelostoma sp.) and a butterfly (Pieris sp.) (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v. 1893, p. 441): (Pyrenees), 2 Muscids (op. cit., iii, 1891,
p- 371). Herm. Miiller (Westphalia, Thuringia, and the Bavaraian Oberpfalz),
7 bees—1. Andrena coitana X. 9 (Oberpfalz); 2. A. gwynana X. 9 and 4, skg. and
po-cltg.; 3. A. labialis A. 4, skg. (Jena); 4. Chelostoma nigricorne /Vy/. $ and 9,
skg. and po-cltg.; 5. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #. 6 and 9, do. (Oberpfalz); 6.
Halictoides dentiventris A’y/. 6 and 9, skg. (Lower Franconia); 7. Rophites quin-
quespinosus Sz. 3, do. (Oberpfalz). Alfken (Bremen), 2 bees—Eriades nigricornis
Nyl. 9 and 6, and E. truncorum Z. 9, skg. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia) and
Krieger (Leipzig), the bee Andrena curvungula Zhoms.; Schletterer and von Dalla
Torre (Tyrol), 2 bees—Hialictus levigatus A. 9 (=H. lugubris A.), and Osmia
leucomelaena A. 9 and 6.
1720. C, carpatica Jacq. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)
—The stylar branches of this species are extremely long. During the female stage
of anthesis they either simply diverge or curve slightly back, but never roll up, so
that autogamy is undoubtedly excluded. Darwin states that the species is self-
sterile. The pollen-grains are greyish-green in colour, beset with spinose tubercles,
on the average 37 » in diameter.
VistTors.—Loew observed the following bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.; 2. Chelostoma campanularum A. 9,
creeping right into the flowers and skg.; 3. C. nigricorne Vy/. 9, do., also po-cltg. ;
4. Megachile lagopoda ZL. 9, creeping into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg.; 5. Prosopis
communis /Vj/. 9.
14 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1721. C. Zoysii Wulf. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897,
pp. 213-14.)—Kirchner investigated this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden,
and says that the flowers are borne singly on the low upright stem or its branches.
They are directed obliquely downwards. The bright-blue corolla is 16-18 mm. long,
and its tube is of truncated conical shape, 12 mm. in length and 8-9 mm. broad at
the base, gradually tapering to 44 mm. The five corolla-lobes are bent inwards so
that their tips and edges touch, the opening of the flower being thus completely
closed. Between each pair of lobes the corolla is thrown into a triangular external
fold, so that the narrow part of the tube has a sort of five-sided pyramid surrounding
it, of which the base is 6-7 mm. broad and the height about 6 mm. The corolla-
lobes are beset with white hairs, which help to close the spaces between their edges,
though they can be easily separated, e.g. by the head of an insect searching for
nectar. The strong white style is 16 mm. long, and its base is surrounded by an
orange-red nectary. When mature its end is sharply bent almost at right angles, so
that it remains enclosed in the corolla. When the bud is some 10 mm. long the style is
about 8 mm., and is closely surrounded by the five stamens, which are of the same
length. The bright-yellow anthers dehisce introrsely, and their similarly-coloured
pollen thickly covers the hairs which invest the capitate thickening formed by the
apposition of the three short stylar branches. The. anthers then shrivel and are
retracted into the base of the flower, while the style elongates, and its end becomes
bent. Ultimately the stylar branches diverge, but automatic self-pollination does
not seem to take place.
Visrtors.—Kirchner only noticed Thrips.
1722. C. lactiflora Bieb.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bec Prosopis communis
iNy7. creeping into the flowers.
1723. C. Hostii Baumg.—
Visitors.—As No. 1722.
1724. C. rhomboidalis L.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Chelostoma nigri-
corne JVy/. 9, creeping right into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg.
51. Symphyandra A. DC.
Kirchner says (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, p. 215) that this
genus only differs from Campanula in the lateral union of the anthers to form a tube
through which the style grows, taking up pollen on its sweeping-hairs as it does so.
512. Specularia Heist.
Flowers protandrous with concealed nectar. Corolla wheel-shaped. Mechanism
as in Campanula. In the first stage of anthesis pollen is shed on the stylar hairs,
and the stigmas unfold during the second. Cleistogamous flowers are sometimes
present, and this is the case in all the American species.
1725. S. Speculum A. DC. (=Campanula Speculum Z.). (Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 116.)--Kerner says that the violet flowers of this species
CAMPANULACEAE 15
open about 7-8 a.m., and close again about 3-4 p.m. During closing the wheel-
shaped corolla is thrown into longitudinal folds, which take up some of the pollen,
transferring this to the open stigmas when closing next takes place. The anthers
dehisce as soon as the bud opens. During this first stage of anthesis insect visitors
use the pollen-covered style as an alighting-place, so that their ventral surfaces get
dusted. Should they now visit a flower in the second stage they will transfer this
pollen to the expanded stigmas on which they settle. Kerner says that before the
blossoms wither the stylar branches become so strongly recurved that their inner
papillose surfaces reach the end of the style and pollinate themselves automatically
with the grains that remain clinging to this. Autogamy can therefore be effected in
one of two ways, i.e. by the folded corolla when it shuts up, and by the reflexed
stylar branches. Kirchner found that nectar was but sparsely secreted by flowers in
the South Tyrol and the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, even when the weather was
sunny (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 196).
Cleistogamous flowers have been observed, as e.g. by Kirchner (op. cit.) in all
the plants growing in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, which had been grown from
seeds sent from the Paris Botanic Garden. They resemble the similar flowers of the
next species.
-
Vistrors.—Schletterer (Pola) observed 3 bees—1. Halictus quadrinotatus X.;
2. H. variipes Mor.; 3. H. vestitus AZor.
1726. S. perfoliata A. DC.—This species bears cleistogamous flowers, which
were known to Linnaeus, and were carefully described by H. von Mohl in 1863 (cf
Vol. I, pp. 53-4).
1727. S. hybrida A. DC. (Kirchner, op. cit., pp. 196-7.)—Kirchner ex-
amined plants of this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and found the
flower mechanism to be quite similar to that of S. Speculum, except that the flowers
are much smaller. The corolla projects vertically between the five long calyx-teeth,
and broadens into a funnel of which the base is 54 mm. in diameter. It is lilac in
colour, passing into bright greenish-yellow at the base, and its lobes (2} mm. long)
are marked with a darker median line. When the flower opens the five blue or
bright-yellow anthers dehisce, and deposit their bright-yellow pollen on the style they
surround closely. They now shrivel up to some extent and become retracted from
the style, the three stigmatic branches of which quickly diverge and curve downwards.
The flowers close in the evening in the same way as those of S. Speculum. Kirchner
observed some tetramerous flowers, and also some in which the diameter of the
corolla was only 3 mm., but the mechanism of these was the same as that of normal
ones.
513. Adenophora Fisch.
Kirchner (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lii, 1897, pp. 215-16) calls attention
to the epigynous nectar-secreting disk, the margin of which is swollen into a ring,
so that the base of the style is surrounded by a ‘nectar-collar ’ as in Compositae.
1728. A. communis Fisch. (=A. lilifolia Zeded.). (Kirchner, op. cit.)}—Kirchner
has investigated plants of this species cultivated in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden,
where the flowers are bright-blue or bluish-white in colour, smell like narcissus, and
16 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
are arranged in a loose raceme, of which the individual blossoms are pendulous
and borne on long pedicels directed obliquely upwards. The lobes of the calyx
are reflexed, small, green, and possess a few glandular teeth. The corolla is bell-
shaped, resembling that of Campanula rotundifolia, with a maximum diameter of
about 12 mm.: its tube is 10 mm. and its five triangular recurved lobes 6 mm. in
length. The filaments are white in colour and covered with woolly hairs: the edges
of their broadened bases are close together and connected by the interlocking of
their hairs. The anthers are bright-yellow. The base of the style is surrounded by
a white ‘nectar-collar’ 2 mm. high and 13 mm. deep, the cavity of which is filled
with nectar, droplets of this being also secreted by its outer surface. The style
ultimately attains the length of 24 mm., and projects far out of the corolla. Its basal
end is white and its terminal portion blue in colour, and there is a gradual increase
in thickness from the former to the latter. The three white stigmatic branches curve
away from one another. The protandrous mechanism agrees with that of Campanula.
Shortly before the flower opens the anthers shed their pollen upon the stylar hairs,
and the stamens then become retracted. The stylar branches ultimately bend back
so far that their tips touch the style.
1729. A. verticillata Fisch.; 1730. A. stylosa Fisch.; 1731. A. peri-
plocaefolia A.DC.; 1732. A. marsupiiflora Fisch. (=A. coronata A. DC.; and
1733- A. Lamarkii Fisch.—These species have not been investigated in detail, but
Kirchner (op. cit.) states that their flower mechanism essentially agrees with that
of A. communis. They present differences in the way of branching and number
of flowers of the inflorescences, as well as in the size and shape of the corolla. This
may be bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, while in the case of A. verticillata it is tubulo-
campanulate and only 9 mm. long. In several species (e.g. A. verticillata, A. stylosa,
A. periplocaefolia, and A. marsupiiflora) the style projects from the corolla as in
A. communis, but in the rest it is of the same length as the corolla or sometimes
shorter. The nectar-collar is particularly long in A. marsupiiflora, being a cylinder
7 mm. long with a toothed and hairy margin. In A. Lamarkii and A. stylosa it is of
the same length as in A. communis, and in other species shorter.
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 hover-flies on A. stylosa
(Melanostoma mellina Z., outside the flowers, and Platycheirus scutatus, po-dvg.).
514. Trachelium Tour.
Protandrous Lepidopterid flowers. Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 71-4) and Hilde-
brand (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 624) describe the species of this genus as
markedly protandrous. In the first stage of anthesis the pollen clings to the hairy
thickened end of the style, which has grown up between the anthers in the bud and
taken it up. As the hairs wither the pollen is easily removed by insect visitors. In
the last stage of anthesis the papillose stigma is developed.
1734. T. caeruleum L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897,
pp. 217-18; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ I, 2, pp. 22 et seq.)—Kirchner and Delpino give
the following account of the flower mechanism.—
Although! the flowers are small compared to those of Campanula they are vertical
and associated together in a flat-topped cyme of considerable size, the conspicuous-
CAMPANULACEAE 17
ness of which is enhanced by their blue colour. The delicate narrow epigynous
corolla (4-6 mm. long) has a funnel-shaped limb and a relatively long and very
narrow tube. Before the flower opens the throat of the corolla is completely filled by
the five anthers, which are borne on slender filaments. The end of the style is
capitate, and beset with erect, mostly unicellular, hairs swollen at their bases. At
this stage it is below the whorl of anthers. The style now quickly elongates, and
presses strongly against the dehiscing anthers, the resistance of which being too great
for it to overcome often causes it to be thrown into a curve. Still further elongation
throws the style into a state of increased tension, which is finally relieved by the
opening of the corolla. The end of the style now suddenly forces its way through
the anthers, carrying off the pollen on its hairs, and protrudes for a considerable
distance from the entrance of the flower. At first the pollen adheres so closely to the
sweeping-hairs that it cannot be removed by stroking with the fingers, but very soon
these hairs begin to contract at their bases so that the pollen can be easily detached.
This is usually effected by insect visitors, and proliferation of the stigmatic tissue at
the end of the style now begins, causing this to split and develop into an obscurely
3-lobed stigma, which ultimately develops into three very short white stigmatic
branches. As by this time all the pollen of the flower has been removed, crossing by
insect visitors is the only possible means of fertilization, for automatic self-pollination
is out of the question. The individual flowers of an inflorescence are in different
stages of anthesis, though the stage in which pollen is present lasts for a much
shorter time than that during which the stigmas are receptive. The semi-transparent
corolla-tube is half full of nectar, which is sucked by insect visitors. The interesting
specializations in which Trachelium differs from Campanula and similar genera are
the following.—
Sweeping away of the pollen from the dehisced anthers by means of sweeping-
hairs on the end of the style. Successive protrusion of pollen and stigma outside the
flower. Reduction in size and narrowing of the corolla, with nectar concealed in
a tube only accessible to butterflies, the proboscis of which is at the same time guided
to it. Aggregation of very numerous small flowers into a flat-topped inflorescence,
enabling many of them to be visited and pollinated in a short time. These adapta-
tions obviously make crossing by insects so certain that the species can well afford
to dispense with the possibility of automatic self-pollination.
Visttors.—Delpino observed butterflies (various sp. of Pieris, skg.), and a small
bee (Halictus sp., po-cltg.).
515. Wahlenbergia Schrad.
This agrees with Campanula, but Schénland says that the pollen-grains on the
style are held fast by the secretion of a sticky fluid.
1735- W. hederacea Reichb. (Willis and Burkill, ‘Fls. and Insects in Gt.
Britain,’ Part I, p. 263.)—Willis and Burkill have investigated this species in Central
Wales, and describe the corolla of the erect tubulo-campanulate flower as about
1o mm. long, with an opening 3-4 mm. wide. It is odourless, and pale-blue in
colour, traversed by darker veins. The stamens do not possess the broad base and
slender distai region seen in the species of Campanula, but the filaments gradually
DAVIS. HI Cc
18 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
broaden from apex to base, the latter being hairy. The flower mechanism is like
that of Campanula, but only the anthers wither after the pollen has been shed on the
style, the filaments persisting as nectar-covers. Crossing is secured by insect-visits,
but automatic self-pollination is possible should these fail, for the stigmatic branches
ultimately bend so far back that they touch the pollen clinging to their own style.
VisiTors.—Willis and Burkill observed 2 Muscids, of which one was sufficiently
large to remove pollen from the style: also Thrips, and a bug which crept into the
flowers.
1736. W. tenuifolia A. DC. (=Hedraeanthus tenuifolius A.DC.). (Kirchner,
Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 217.)—Kirchner has examined plants
of this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and says that their protandrous
mechanism agrees essentially with that of Campanula. The bright blue flowers are
arranged in large terminal heads. The style is as long as the corolla, and its end
divides into two stigmatic branches which become recurved, though not sufficiently
to touch the style with their tips, so that automatic self-pollination is apparently
excluded.
-
Visitors.—Kirchner observed the honey-bee.
516. Phyteuma L.
LireraTure.—Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 113-15; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 406-9.
Flowers protandrous, and belonging to class 8.
In this genus (and Jasione, g.v.) the end of the style is at first covered with
closely set erect hairs, as in Campanula, and these receive the pollen which is
dehisced in the bud. As in Compositae this is swept out of a tube by the elongating
style, but in this case the tube is not made up of the anthers but of the long strap-
shaped corolla-lobes, which are at first closely apposed. After dehiscence the stamens
contract into a crumpled mass. The lower free parts of the corolla-lobes bend
somewhat outwards, so that their upper parts can be drawn down. As meanwhile
the style elongates, the pollen is not merely pushed up by the stylar brush, but
entirely swept out of the tube which surrounds it.
When the growing tip of the style has reached the upper end of the tube made
up by the ends of the corolla-lobes, the three until now closely apposed stylar
branches begin to separate, and rupture the tube (already split below), so that this
glides down the style. The branches then quickly diverge until their papillose inner
surfaces occupy the place where the pollen masses were heaped up during the first
stage of anthesis. As the insect visitors (bees and humble-bees) creep over the
inflorescences from below upwards, they not only, like all other visitors, regularly
cross the older flowers with the pollen of the younger, but also, owing to the fact
that anthesis progresses from below upwards, constantly effect crossing between
different stocks.
Should insect-visits be prevented by unfavourable weather, Kerner says that the
stylar branches roll back until they touch the pollen still clinging to the stylar hairs,
thus effecting automatic self-pollination.
CAMPANULACEAE 19
Conspicuousness is greatly enhanced by aggregation of the usually blue or violet
flowers into rounded, ovoid; or elongated heads, and the frequency of insect-visits
is generally proportional to the size of the heads.
Kirchner (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, pp. 219-20) has empha-
sized the fact that the above description, abstracted from Hermann Miiller, only
applies to species belonging to the section Hedranthum G. Don, in which the flowers
are sessile and the corolla-lobes gradually become separate from base to tip in the
course of anthesis. The flowers of the section Synotoma G. Don are also social.
FIG. 213. Phyteuma, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Young flower-bud of Phyteuma Micheli, after
removal of the corolla and one stamen. B. Flower in the first (male) stage. C. Ditto, in the second
(female) stage (x 7). a, anthers; ca, calyx; co, corolla; £4, stylar brush (sweeping-hairs) ; 77, filaments;
P, corolla-lobes; o, pollen; s, teeth of calyx; sd, nectar-covers; s/, stigmas.
In the sub-genera Podanthum Borzss., Petromarula Veni, and Cylindrocarpa Regel,
the inflorescences are panicles or racemes, so that their flowers differ very essentially
in form and mechanism from those which are more closely associated. This is the
case, for instance, with the next species.
1737. P. canescens Waldst. et Kit. (Kirchner, op. cit, pp. 219-20.)—This
species belongs to the section Podanthum. Kirchner has investigated it in the
Hohenheim Botanic Garden. The flowers are arranged in a long loose raceme,
and their mechanism is closely related to that of Campanula. The calyx-teeth are
green in colour, subulate, and 5 mm. in length. The five (sometimes four) petals
are 10-15 mm. long, and 2-24 mm. broad, and scarcely united at their bases. They
diverge almost in the same plane to form a star about 20 mm. in diameter, and are
violet in colour with a whitish base, and traversed by a darker median streak. The
Ce2
20 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
five grey anthers are 6 mm. long and borne on bluish-white filaments, 3 mm. long
and broadened at their bases. They dehisce when the bud is fully mature and
deposit their grey pollen on the hairs covering the style. In the open flower the
stamens have shrivelled, and the pollen-laden style (10-12 mm. long) projects, its
branches being at first apposed. Later on, when most of the pollen has been
removed, the three stylar branches diverge, and ultimately roll back until they touch
the style, coming into contact with any grains that may be left, so that automatic
self-pollination is possible. Nectar is secreted in the base of the flower round the
insertion of the style.
VistTors.—Delpino observed numerous Hymenoptera, and Loew (Berlin Botanic
Garden) saw a hover-fly (Syrphus balteatus Deg.) and Apis, skg.
1738. P. limoniifolium Sibth. et Sm., and 1739. P. campanuloides Bieb.
(Kirchner, op. cit.}—These species resemble P. canescens in their inflorescences,
flowers, and no doubt their mechanism, but the blossoms of P. limoniifolium are
smaller.
The following species belong to the sub-genus Hedranthum (flower class S).
1739. P. Michelii All. (=P. betonicaefolium V7i/.). Kirchner, Jahreshefte
Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, p. 233.—In this species there are about 100 flowers
in a head. Kirchner noticed (at Locarno) that at the end of anthesis the three stylar
branches roll back into circles, but do not usually reach the style, upon which indeed
no pollen as a rule remains. Automatic self-pollination can therefore only take place
very rarely, and insect-visits are so numerous that it is almost always unnecessary.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Switzerland), a beetle, 8 flies, 17 bees, and 42 Lepidoptera
(‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 411). Loew (Switzerland), 2 bees (Bombus rajellus A. ¥, skg.,
and Megachile analis (Vy. 9, po-cltg.) and an undetermined Noctuid (‘ Beitrage,’
p. 59). MacLeod (Pyrenees), 2 humble-bees, a hover-fly, and a Muscid (‘Pyreneénbl.,’
P- 371):
1740. P. spicatum L.—In this species the head is made up of about roo
flowers, yellowish-white in colour with a green tip, and smelling faintly of vanilla.
Kerner says that automatic self-pollination ultimately becomes possible by rolling back
of the stylar branches.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (on the Inselsberge in Thuringia, 16. 7.’94), 4 bees, skg.—1. Apis mellifica
£. %; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9 and é; 4. B. pratorum Z. $
(‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’). Herm. Miiller (Teutoburger Wald), an Elaterid beetle
(Agriotes palliduus J//.?), a Nitidulid beetle (Meligethes aeneus /), a Staphylinid
beetle (Anthobium sorbi Gy//., exceedingly numerous), and a bee (Apis mellifica Z. ¥,
skg.) (‘ Weit. Beob.’ III, p. 78). Alfken (Bremen), 2 humble-bees—Bombus proteus
Gerst., and B. agrorum /.
1741. P. nigrum F. W. Schmidt. (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 651.) —The
heads of this species contain about 4o flowers of dark-blue colour. Kirchner says
the pollen is dark-red.
CAMPANULACEAE 21
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Westphalia), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (‘Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen’). Buddeberg (Nassau), a hover-fly (Rhingia rostrata Z., skg.) and 5 bees
—1. Andrena convexiuscula K. 9, skg.; 2. A. hirtipes Schenck 9, skg.; 3. Halictus
malachurus X. 9, in large numbers, skg. and po-cltg.; 4. H. tetrazonius A/g. (=H.
quadricinctus KX.) 9, skg.; 5. H. longulus Sm. 9, skg. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
III, pp. 78-9).
1742. P. orbiculare L. (Kirchner, op. cit., Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart,
hii, 1897, p. 223.)—Kirchner states that the heads contain from 15 to 30 flowers,
and that though insect-visits are very numerous, the stylar branches roll back into
spirals of 1} turns, so as to render automatic self-pollination possible.
VisiTors.—T he following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Loew (Switzerland), a bee (Halictus sp.), a butterfly (Polyommatus virgaureae
L.), a Noctuid (Agrotis ocellina S.-V.), and 2 hawk-moths (Ino geryon Hé., var.
chrysocephala (Wick., and Zygaena exulans Hehhw. et Rein.). MacLeod (Pyrenees),
4 humble-bees, a fossorial wasp, and a Muscid.
1743. P. hemisphaericum L.—Kirchner says that in this species the head
contains 8-16 flowers, or sometimes a smaller number. Kerner states that automatic
self-pollination is rendered possible by the rolling back of the stylar branches.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps), a fly, 9 bees, and 21 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 409-10). von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble,bee Bombus mastrucatus
Gerst.
1744. P. humile Schleich.—Kerner says that in this species autogamy takes
place in the usual way.
Visirors.— Herm. Miiller saw 6 Lepidoptera in Switzerland (‘ Alpenblumen,’
p. 410).
1745. P. pauciflorum L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, iii,
1897, p. 224.)—Kirchner states that the heads of this species contain 5-6 (more
rarely 8) small flowers. He also remarks that the three (sometimes four) stylar
branches but rarely roll back at the end of anthesis sufficiently far to bring their tips
into contact with the pollen on the style. It appears therefore that in spite of the
small size of the flowers and the unfavourable habitat in which they grow, automatic
self-pollination but rarely takes place.
Visttors.—Ricca observed humble-bees even at a height of 2900 m. (Atti Soc.
ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, 1870).
1746. P. Scheuchzeri All.—Kirchner says that the heads of this species
contain 15-30 flowers. Autogamy takes place, according to Kerner, in the same way
as in P. hemisphaericum.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Switzerland), 3 Hymenoptera (including 2 humble-bees) and
a Lepidopterid (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 411). Friese (Tyrol), 2 Alpine bees—Dufourea
alpina Mor., freq.; and Halictoides paradoxus Mor., rare (also recorded by Morawitz,
and Schletterer and von Dalla Torre). von Dalla Torre (Alps), the bee Bombus
alpinus /., up to a height of 2500 m.
22 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1747. P. Halleri All.—The heads of this species contain 40 flowers on an
average. Autogamy may take place as in P. Michelii.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed 5 flies, 3 bees, and 4 Lepidoptera in the Alps
(‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 413).
1748. P. comosum L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., lili, 1897, pp.
224-5.)—This species belongs to the sub-genus Synotoma G. Don, characterized by
umbellate inflorescences and the permanent union of the tips of the corolla-lobes.
Kirchner investigated the flower mechanism in the South Tyrol, and describes it as
follows.—
The corolla remains a closed tube throughout anthesis until the flowers wither.
They are odourless, borne on pedicels 2 mm. long, and 8-20 of them are arranged
in a hemispherical head-like umbel. The number, however, may vary from 3 to 25.
The inferior ovary is 5 mm. long and the subulate epigynous calyx-teeth are 4 mm. in
length. The corolla is 16 mm. long, ventricose, and 5 mm. broad below, tapering
above, and ending in a cylindrical tube 8 mm. in length. The last part is produced
into five small teeth, and is of a dark-violet colour, while the lower portion of the
corolla is bright-blue. The dark-violet style projects for 16 mm. from the opening
of the corolla, which it almost completely fills. It divides at the end into two
(sometimes three) branches 5 mm. long, and it is covered with pollen for its entire
length. At the beginning of anthesis the stylar branches are apposed; they then
curve outwards, and finally roll up into spirals of 13 turns, so as to render automatic
self-pollination possible. The five stamens possess bluish-white filaments 6 mm. long,
and dark anthers of the same length which dehisce introrsely before the expansion of
the corolla and deposit their pollen on the hairs covering the style. This elongates
and makes the pollen available to insects, and the stylar branches diverge afterwards,
After dehiscence the anthers maintain their erect position within the corolla. Nectar
is secreted in the base of the flower by a dark-violet ring surrounding the base of
the bluish-white style. It can only be reached from the mouth of the corolla by
a very long and thin proboscis, such as that of butterflies, which Kirchner feels sure
are the pollinating agents, though he did not succeed in observing their visits.
Kirchner adduces the fact that two species such as P. comosum and P. canescens
belong to the same genus, although they differ so markedly in form and mechanism,
as a particularly striking example of the danger of concluding that two species are
pollinated in the same way merely because they are closely related.
517. Jasione L.
Flowers social and protandrous. Their mechanism agrees essentially with that
of Phyteuma, but approaches more nearly that of Compositae in the fact that the
investment of the pollen-covered style is made up of the basally united anthers and
not of the cohering corolla-lobes. Beyer states that the smaller insects only dust
the sides of their bodies with pollen. Larger ones simultaneously touch and pollinate
several of the small crowded flowers.
1749. J. montana L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 115-18; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 369-73, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ IJ, p. 79; Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d,
CAMPANULACEAE 23
Ins. Norderney’; de Vries, Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875;
MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 371; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ PP. 99,
100, 163, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 237, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob.
a. d. Ins. Riigen’; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 649, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., liii,
1897, pp. 226—7.)—Sprengel long ago described the flower mechanism of this species
in a careful and accurate manner. A head contains 100-200 blue flowers, the
corollas of which are divided almost to their bases into five narrow linear lobes,
so that the nectar secreted on
the top of the ovary is acces-
sible to insects of the most various
kind. In the second stage of
anthesis the stylar hairs and the
pollen attached to them have dis-
appeared, while the style projecting
beyond the corolla-lobes unfolds
its bifid stigma. Automatic self-
pollination is therefore excluded.
Visirors.— Knuth — observed
the following in Schleswig-Holstein
(S.-H.) and Riigen (R.).—
A. Coleoptera. Ceramby-
cidae: 1. Strangalia melanura Z.,
po-dvg. (R.). B. Diptera. (a)
Muscidae: 2. Aricia incana Weed.
(S.-H.); 3. Nemoraea consobrina
Ag. (S.-H.); 4. Onesia sepulcralis
L. (S.-H.); 5. Scatophaga sterco-
raria Z. (S.-H.); 6. Spilogaster
carbonella Ze. (S.-H.); 7. 5S.
communis &.-D. (S.-H.). (4) Syr-
phidae: 8. Eristalis arbustorum Z.
(S.-H.); 9. E. sp. (S8.-H.); 10.
E. tenax ZL. (S.-H.); 11. Helo-
philus pendulus Z. (S.-H.); 12.
Syritta pipiens Z. (S.-H.); 13.
FIG. 214. :
(1) Reproductive organs of a young bud: the undehisced
Jasione montana, L. (after Herm. Miiller).
Syrphus sp. (S.-H.); 14. Volucella
bombylans Z., var. plumata JZ.
(S.-H. and R.). All skg. C.
Hymenoptera. Apidae: 15.
Apis mellifica Z. (S.-H.); 16.
Bombus terrester Z. (S.-H.); 17.
Halictus malachurus A. 9(R.). All
anthers have been pressed apart to show the stylar brush which
they surround. (2) Ditto of an older bud: the anthers have
shed their pollen on the stylar brush, and contracted into
narrow lobes which cohere at their bases into a ring sur-
rounding the style. (3) Flower in the first (male) stage,
(4) Ditto in the second (female) stage, after removal of the
calyx and corolla. a, undehisced anthers; a’, dehisced ditto; 7,
sweeping-hairs; /7, filaments; gv, style; ov, ovary; #, corolla;
fo, pollen; s, calyx; s/, stigma.
skg.and po-cltg. D. Lepidoptera.
(a) Rhopalocera: 18. Argynnis paphia Z. (R.); 19. Epinephele janira Z. (S.-H.
and R.); 20. Lycaena semiargus Z. (S.-H.); 21. Pararge maera Z. (S.-H.);
22. Polyommatus phlaeas LZ. (S.-H.); 23. Vanessa urticae Z. (S.-H.). (4) Sphingidae :
24. Zygaena filipendula Z. (S.-H.); 25. Z. sp.(R.). All skg.
Alfken observed the following. —
In Bremen.—A. Diptera. Syrpiidae: 1. Chrysotoxum festivum Z. B. Hy-
menoptera. (a) Apidae: 2. Anthidium strigatum Z/r. 6; 3. Andrena denticulata
24 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
KK. gand é; 4. A. flavipes Pz., 2nd gen.; 5. A.gwynana X. 9, do.; 6. A. marginata
F.9; 7. A.nigriceps K. 9 and é; 8. A. propinqua Schenck 9; 9. A. shawella K.
g and é; 10. A. tarsata My/. 9 and 8; 11. A. tibialis A. 9 and 4, 2nd gen.;
12. Bombus agrorum /. 6; 13. B. hortorum Z. ¥, skg.; 14. B. lapidarius Z. ¥;
15. B. lucorum Z.¥; 16. B. proteus Gers/. ¥; 17. Coelioxys acuminata (Vy/.
g and 4, skg.; 18. C. mandibularis JVy/. 9, skg.; 19. Colletes marginatus LZ. 9;
20. Dasypoda argentata Pz.9; 21. D. plumipes Pz. 9 and 4, only skg.; 22. Dufourea
halictula VWy2. 9; 23. D. vulgaris Schenck 9 and é; 24. Epeolus variegatus Z. 9 and 6;
25. Eriades campanularum A. 9; 26. E. nigricornis /Vy/. 9; 27. Halictoides inermis
Nyl. 9 and $; 28. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9 and $; 29. H. flavipes F. 9; 30.
H. leucozonius Schr. 9; 31. H. levis A. 8; 32. H. punctulatus A. 9 and 6;
33. H. rubicundus Chr. 9 and $; 34. H. tumulorum Z. 9; 35. H. zonulus Sm. 9;
36. Megachile centuncularis Z. 6; 37. Nomada brevicornis Adocs. 8; 38. N.
flavoguttata A. 9, 2nd gen.; 39. N. fuscicornis Wy/.9; 40. N. jacobaeae Pz. 9 and $ ;
41. N. obtusifrons yl. 9 and é; 42. N. similis A/or. 9 and 6; 43. N. solidaginis Pz.
g and 6, skg.; 44. N. roberjeotiana Pz. 9 and $; 45. Podalirius bimaculatus Pz.
gandé; 46. P. furcatus Pz. 9; 47. P. vulpinus Pz. 9; 48. Prosopis communis /Vy/.
gandé; 49. P.confusa Wy. 9 and$; 50. P. genalis Zs. 9 and; 51. P. pictipes yi.
g and 6; 52. Psithyrus quadricolor Zep. d. (4) Sphegzdae: 53. Ammophila cam-
pestris Zir. 8; 54. Crabro subterraneus /. 9 and 6. In Juist—A. Diptera.
Syrphidae: 1, Eristalis tenax Z., very common. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
2. Bombus Japidarius Z. § and 4, very common, skg.; 3. B. muscorum F.C. Lepi-
doptera. (a) Lycaenidae: 4. Polyommatus phlaeas Z. (6) Satyridae: 5. Satyrus
semele Z. (c) Nocturdae: 6. Plusia gamma L.
Verhoeff records the following for Norderney.—
A. Diptera. (a) Musczdae: 1. Echinomyia tessellata #. 9; 2. Lucilia latifrons
Schin. 9 and 6, very common. (4) Syrphidae: 3. Helophilus trivittatus /. 9;
4. Melithreptus scriptus Z. 9; 5. M. strigatus Staeg. $; 6. Platycheirus sp.;
7. Syrphus corollae /. 4, freq.; 8. Syritta pipiens Z. 6 B. Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae: 9. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥ and 6, very common; tro. Coelioxys sp.;
11. Prosopis communis /Vy/. 9. (4) Sphegidae: 12. Ammophila lutaria #. (=A.
affinis K.) 9, skg. (Cf Verhoeff, Nova Acta Leop., Halle, Ixi, 1894, p. 160.)
C. Lepidoptera. (a) Nymphalidae: 13. Argynnis latonia Z. (6) Salyridae:
14. Pararge megaera Z., one.
Loew noticed the following in Silesia (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 32).—
A. Coleoptera. Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura maculicornis Deg., nect-lkg.
B. Diptera. Conopidae: 2. Physocephala nigra Deg. 9, skg. C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 3. Polyommatus hipponoé E£sg., skg.; also (op. cit, p. 25),—
A. Coleoptera. 1. Cryptocephalus sericeus Z., nect-lkg. B. Hymenoptera.
(a) Apidae: 2. Megachile argentata /. 5, skg.; 3. Saropoda rotundata Panz. 9, skg.
and po-cltg. (4) Spheg¢dae: 4. Ammophila sabulosa Z., skg.; 5. Bembex rostrata
L., 9 and 4, skg.
Burkill and Willis record the following for Central Wales (‘Fls. and Insects in
Gt. Britain,’ Part I).—
A.Coleoptera. (Vitidulidae: 1. Meligethes viridescens /, po-dvg. B. Diptera.
(a) Muscidae: 2. Anthomyia radicum Z., freq., po-dvg.; 3. A. sp., do.; 4. Lucilia
cornicina #.; 5. Oscinis sp.; 6. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., skg. (6) Syrphidae:
7. Eristalis tenax Z., skg.; 8. Helophilus pendulus Z.; 9. Melanostoma scalare F.,
skg.; 10. Platycheirus manicatus JZg. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 11. Bombus
agrorum /., skg.; 12. B. terrester Z., do. (6) Formicidae: 13. Formica fusca Z.,
skg. D. Lepidoptera. hopalocera: 14. Pieri rapae Z.; 15. Polyommatus
phlaeas Z.
CAMPANULACEAE 25
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia (W.), Thuringia (T.), and the Bavarian
Oberpfalz (O.), and Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau, give the following list—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura livida Z., in large numbers,
nect-lkg. (H. M.); 2. Strangalia melanura Z., freq., skg. (H. M., T.). (8) Chryso-
melidae: 3. Cryptocephalus sericeus Z. (H. M.). (c) Ocdemertdac: 4. Oedemera
virescens Z. (H. M.). B. Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 5. Exoprosopa capucina /.,
not infrequent, skg. (H. M.). (6) Conopidae: 6. Myopa fasciata AZg., skg. (H. M.);
7. Physocephala rufipes /., numerous, skg. (H. M.); 8. P. vittata /, skg. (H. M.);
g. Sicus ferrugineus Z., do. (H. M.); 10. Zodion notatum JZe., do. (H. M.).
(c) Empidae: 11. Empis livida Z., very common, skg. (H. M.). (d) AMuserdae:
12, Anthomyia sp., po-dvg. (H.M.); 13. Echinomyia ferox Pz., skg. (H. M.);
14. E. tessellata #, very common, skg. (H. M.); 15. Ocyptera brassicaria J”, do.
(H. M.); 16. O. cylindrica ¥., do. (H. M.); 17. Oliviera lateralis Pz., do. (H. M.).
(c) Syrphidae: 18. Eristalis aeneus Scop. skg. (H. M.); 19. E. arbustorum Z., do.
(H. M.); 20. E. tenax Z., do. (H.M.); 21. Eumerus sabulonum /a//., do. (H. M.);
22. Helophilus pendulus Z., do. (H.M.); 23. Melanostoma mellina Z., do. (H. M.);
24. Melithreptus dispar Zw., po-dvg. (H. M.); 25. M. menthastri Z., skg. (H. M.);
26. M. scriptus Z., do. (H. M.); 27. Paragus tibialis Fad/., po-dvg. (H. M.);
28. Pipizella sp. (H. M.); 29. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (H. M.); 30. Syritta pipiens
L., do. (H. M.); 31. Syrphus pyrastri Z., do. (H. M.); 32. S. ribesii AZg., do.
(Budd.); 33. Volucella bombylans Z., skg. (H. M.); these Syrphids partly po-dvg.
(/) Yabanidae: 34. Tabanus rusticus /., skg. (H. M., O.). C. Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae: 35. Andrena argentata Sm. $ (H. M.); 36. A. coitana A. & and 9
(H. M.); 37. A. dorsata K. 9 and 4, freq.; 38. A. fulvago Chr. 9 (H. M.);
39. A. fulvicrus X. 9 (H. M.); 40. A. hattorfiana #. 3, once (H. M.); 41. A.
helvola Z. 9 (H. M.); 42. A. pilipes # 6 (H. M.); 43. A. fulvescens X. 4, skg.
(H. M.); 44. Anthidium strigatum Zér. 6 (H. M.); 45. Bombus hortorum Z.
9 and ¥, skg. (H. M.); 46. B. sylvarum Z. ¥, do. (H. M.); 47. Ceratina cucurbitina
feosst F. 8, do. (Budd.); 48. C. cyanea A. 9 and 4, in large numbers, skg. and
po-cltg. (H. M.); 49. Chelostoma campanularum X. 9 (H. M.); 50. Cilissa leporina
Pz. 9 (H. M.); 51. Coelioxys conoidea Z//. (=C. punctata Zep.) 9(H.M.); 52. C.
quadridentata Z. 9 and é, skg. (H. M.); 53. C. simplex MVy/. 9 and 4, do. (H. M.);
54. Colletes marginatus Z. § (H.M.); 55. Dasypoda hirtipes /. 6, in large numbers
(H. M.); 56. Diphysis serratulae Pz. 9 (H. M.); 57. Epeolus variegatus Z. 9 and 4,
in large numbers (H. M.); 58. Halictus albipes /. 9 (H. M.); 59. H. cylindricus £
g and 6 (H.M.); 60. H. fasciatus Vy/. 9 (H. M.); 61. H. flavipes #. 8 (H. M.);
62. H. leucozonius Schr. 9 (H. M.); 63. H. lucidulus Schenck 9 (H. M.);
64. H. maculatus Sm. 9, skg. (Budd.); 65. H. malachurus X. 9, do. (Budd.),
66. H. villosulus X. 9 (H. M.); 67. Megachile argentata #3 and 9, freq., po-cltg.
and skg. (H.M.); 68. M. maritima X. (H.M.); 69. Nomada fabriciana Z.(H. M.);
70. N. fuscicornis WVy/. 9, skg. (H.M.); 71. N. jacobaeae Pz. (H.M.); 72. N. lineola
Pz. (H.M.); 73. N. nigrita Schenck 6 (H.M.); 74. N. roberjeotiana Pz. 9 and é
(H. M.); 75. N. ruficornis Z. 9 and 6 (H. M.); 76. N. rhenana Afor., skg. (H. M.);
77. N. varia Pz. 9 and 6 (H.M.); 78. Prosopis communis My/. 9 and , freq.
(H. M.); 79. P. dilatata A. é (H.M.); 80. P. hyalinata Sm. 9, freq. (H. M.);
81. P. pictipes Wyl. 9, rare (H. M.); 82. P. variegata F. 9 and 4, very common
(H. M., O. and W.); 83. Psithyrus rupestris Z. 9, skg. (H. M.); 84. Rhophites
halictula WVy/. 9, skg. (H. M.); 85. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and é, very numerous,
' skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 86. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9 (=S. rufescens Mourcr.),
skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 8. Stelis aterrima Pz. 8 (H. M.). (6) Chryszdidae:
88. Hedychrum lucidulum /, skg. (H. M.). (c) Zvamdae: 89. Foenus sp., skg.
(H.M.). (d@) Sphegidae: all skg.: 90. Ammophila sabulosa Z. 4, in large numbers
(H. M.); g1. Cerceris arenaria Z., 9 and 4, freq. (H. M.); 92. C. labiata / 9, skg.
(H. M., O. and W.); 93. C. nasuta AV. 4, skg. (H. M.); 94. Ceropales maculatus /”,
26 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
in large numbers (H. M.); 95. Crabro alatus Pz. 9 and 6, very common (H. M.);
g6. C. patellatus Pz. 9, not infrequent (H.M.); 97. C. pterotus Pz. 9 and 4,
do. (H. M.); 98. C. vexillatus Pz. 9 (Budd.); 99. Lindenius albilabris #. (H. M.);
100. Mellinus sabulosus /., in large numbers (H. M.); 101. Miscus campestris Z/r.
9 (H. M.); 102. Oxybelus bellicosus O72. (H. M.); 103. O. mandibularis Dahid.
(H. M.); 104. O. uniglumis Z., freq. (H. M.); 105. Philanthus triangulum /.
(H. M.); 106. Pompilus rufipes Z. 8 (H. M.); 107. P. viaticus Z. & (H. M.};
108. Psammophila affinis A. 6 and 9, very numerous (H. M.); 109. Tachytes
pectinipes Z. (H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: all skg.: 110. Coeno-
nympha pamphilus Z. (H.M.); 311. Epinephele janira Z., freq. (H.M.); rr.
Hesperia thaumas W/m. (H. M.); 113. Lycaena aegon W. V. 8 (H. M.); 114. Pieris
napi Z. (H. M.); 115. Polyommatus dorilis AH/., repeatedly (H. M.); 116. P.
phlaeas Z., freq. (H. M.). (6) Sphingidae: 117. Ino statices Z., skg. (H. M.);
118. Zygaena lonicerae Lsf., do. (H. M.).
Herm. Miiller adds the following remarks to his list (‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 373).—
‘ Jastone montana stands in the front rank of our native plants in regard to the number
and variety of its insect-visitors; it is only matched by some Umbelliferae and
Compositae, which share with it the advantages of fully-exposed honey, and the
union of numerous flowers with freely-projecting reproductive stigmas and anthers
in a conspicuous inflorescence. In all such plants cross-fertilization is completely
ensured, and accordingly the possibility of self-fertilization has been lost.’
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Friese (Mecklenburg), the primitive bee Prosopis dilatata K., occasional; (Baden),
the parasitic bee Nomada obtusifrons /Vy/. 4. Sickmann (Osnabriick), 3 Sphegids—
1. Crabro subterraneus /., fairly freq.; 2. Oxybelus bipunctatus O/v., occasional ;
3. Salius minutus v. d. £. Gerstacker (Berlin), the leaf-cutting bee Megachile
argentata /., together with its parasite the small bee Coelioxys brevis Ev. (=C.
erythropyga Foers/.). Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the parasitic bee Nomada similis
Aor. 9. Krieger (Leipzig), the fossorial wasp Cerceris labiata #. Schenck (Nassau),
the delicate bee Halictus (Nomioides) pulchellus Schenck. Kohl (Tyrol), the fossorial
wasp Crabro peltarius Schr. 9 and 6. MacLeod (Flanders), Apis, 3 hover-flies, and
a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 374); and also 2 humble-bees,
8 other Hymenoptera, 8 hover-flies, 4 other Diptera, a beetle, and 7 Lepidoptera
(op. cit., v, 1893, pp. 438-9); (Pyrenees), a species of Halictus, a Lepidopterid,
a beetle, and a hover-fly (op. cit., ili, 1891, p. 370). H. de Vries (Netherlands),
2 humble-bees—Bombus pratorum Z. 4, and B. terrester Z. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch.,
Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), 2 bees—Andrena
nigriceps A., and Nomada obtusifrons Vy/. Willis (neighbourhood of the south
coast of Scotland), the butterfly Pieris napi Z., skg. (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’
Part I). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee, a short-tongued bee, 2 Muscids,
and 3 hover-flies (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 109).
1750. J. perennis Lam. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart,
p. 227; MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 370.) Kirchner investigated this species in the
Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and describes its mechanism as very similar to that of
J. montana, though the bright-blue heads are much larger, being about 30 mm. in
diameter. When the flower opens, the end of the style, laden with the reddish
pollen, projects as a club-shaped swelling, much as in J. montana. The style itself
may be of the same length as the erect corolla-lobes, or rather shorter. The latter
diverge somewhat irregularly from one another, so that the shrivelled whitish anthers
can be seen in the base of the flower. The blue style, at first about 6 mm. long,
CAMPANULACEAE 27
elongates to some 12 mm., and when all the pollen adhering to it has been removed
the whitish stigma expands. Automatic self-pollination is therefore excluded.
VisiTors.—Kirchner observed butterflies (Vanessa urticae Z., and Epinephele
janira Z.). MacLeod (Pyrenees) noticed a bee, a Lepidopterid, 2 flies, and a beetle.
LIX. ORDER VACCINIACEAE LINDL.
518. Vaccinium L.
Feebly protandrous bee flowers, or flowers with concealed nectar, which
Sprengel says is secreted by a swelling on the ovary. There are appendages
to the anthers, projecting laterally or vertically, and when insect visitors strike
against these the pollen is shaken out.
Hermann Miiller (‘ Fertilisation, p. 373) was at first inclined to doubt
Sprengel’s view as to the position of the nectary, for he did not find the
swelling on the ovary moist with nectar. He suggested that the swollen bases
of the filaments were secretory in function. The latter view was adopted by
Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II). Later
on, however, Hermann Miiller admitted the
correctness of Sprengel’s statement (‘Alpen-
blumen,’ p. 381), and Ricca has convinced him-
self that the swelling at the base of the style
really does secrete nectar (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat.,
Milano, xiv, 1871).
Kerner says that in the species of Vaccinium
automatic self-pollination is ultimately possible,
for the flowers, though erect at first, become
pendulous, so that pollen can fall on the
stigma.
1751 Me Myrtillus I (Sprengel, Entd. Fic. 215. Vaccentum, L. (after Herm.
Geh.,’ p. 230; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ Matter). (1) Flower of V. Myrtillus Z.,
PP- 373-5, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 381; Lindmann, ()°52 Sf'valiginosum Z., soon from the
‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Fjellvaxt. Blomn. 0. _ side after removal of half the corolla (x 7).
Befrukt.’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, ii, 1891, p. 374, Vv, 1893, pp. 447-8; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 395 ;
Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen..}—This species bears feebly protandrous bee
flowers. These are bright-green in colour, with a reddish tinge, and odourless ;
but in spite of their inconspicuousness they are very rich in nectar. Sprengel says
that this is secreted by a white annular swelling on the ovary, surrounding the
base of the style.
The pendulous corolla is strongly ventricose, and its mouth is so contracted
that only bees with a proboscis sufficiently long to reach the base of the flower
are able to act as pollinating agents. The capitate stigma projects a little from the
opening of the flower, and the head of an insect visitor therefore touches it before the
anthers, which are hidden within the bell. The latter lie above the stigma and
surround the style. They dehisce apically, and each of them possesses two long
28 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
diverging processes stretching as far as the corolla. When the proboscis of a bee is
inserted into the bell it strikes against one of these processes, causing the dry powdery
pollen to fall out of the opening of the corolla on to the visitor’s head. Should
insect-visits fail, the pollen ultimately falls of its own accord on the edge of the
stigma, effecting automatic self-pollination.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller saw the following bees in Westphalia.—
1. Andrena nigroaenea K. 6 (proboscis 34 mm. long), vainly trying to suck;
2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very freq. skg.; 3. Bombus agrorum /. 9, freq., skg.,
persistently visiting and holding on to the under-sides of the bells; 4. B. lapidarius LZ.
9, do., but not so freq.; 5. B. scrimshiranus X. 9, do.; 6. B. terrester LZ. 9, do.
Alfken and Héppner (H.) observed the following at Bremen,—
A. Diptera. (a) Aszidae: 1. Laphria flava Z. 4, skg. (H.). (4) Conopidae :
2. Conops vesicularis Z. 9 and 4, freq., skg. (H.); 3. Physocephala nigra Deg. 6, skg.
(H.); 4. P.rufipes #. (c) Syrphidae: 5. Eristalis alpinus Pz. 9, skg.(H.). (@) Muscidae:
6. Sarcophaga carnaria Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 7. Andrena albicans AZi2?.
9 (H.); 8. A. convexiuscula A. 8; 9. A. gwynana A. 9; 10. A. lapponica Zeét. 9 skg.
and po-cltg. 6 skg.; 11. A. nigroaenea XK. (H.); 12. A. parvula A. 9; 13. A. varians
A. 9 and é; 14. Apis mellifica Z.¥; 15. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and $; 16. B. der-
hamellus A. 9 and é; 17. B. hortorum Z. 9; 18. B. jonellus X. ¥ very common, skg.
and po-cltg. 8; 19. B. lapidarius Z.9 and ¥; 20. B. muscorum /.9; 21. B. pratorum
L. 9 and ¥, skg.; 22. B. proteus Gers’. 9; 23. B. terrester Z. 9 and ¥, skg. and po-
cltg.; 24. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9; 25. H. flavipes #. 9 (H.); 26. Nomada bifida
Ths. 9; 27. N. borealis Ze/#. 9 (H.), skg.; 28. N. lineola Pz. (H.), skg.; 29. N.
ruficornis Z. (=N. flava Pz. 9); 30. N. succincta Pz. 9 (H.), skg.; 31. Osmia rufa Z. ;
32. O. uncinata Gers¢ 3, skg.; 33. Psithyrus campestris Pz. 9, skg.; 34. P. vestalis
Fourcr. 9, skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Sachsenwalde), the honey-bee, and 3 humble-bees—r. Bombus agrorum
F.9; 2.B.lapidarius Z.9 ; 3. B. terrester Z. 9, freq.,skg. Loew (Silesia) (‘ Beitrage,’
P- 54), 3 bees—1. Bombus latreillellus A. 3, skg.; 2. B. pratorum Z. ¥, skg.; 3. B.
variabilis Schmzedekn. $, skg. | Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 4 bees—1. Andrena
lapponica Ze//.; 2. Bombus jonellus A. 9; 3. B. mastrucatus Gers/.9; 4. Osmia
corticalis Gers‘. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the Geometrid moth Halia brunneata Thundg.
Friese in Alsace (A.), Baden (B.), and Thuringia (T.), 4 bees—1. Andrena lapponica
Zett, not infreq. (B.); 2. Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. ¥ occasional (B.), 9 do. (A.);
3. Osmia corticalis Gers/.(T.); 4. O.vulpecula Gers/.(T.). Frey-Gessner (Switzerland),
the bee Osmia nigriventris Ze//. (=O. corticalis Gers/.). Schletterer and von Dalla
Torre (Tyrol), and Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/.
Morawitz (St. Petersburg), the bee Andrena fucata Sm. McLeod (Flanders), the humble-
bee Bombus agrorum /”. 9 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 448); (Pyrenees),
3 humble-bees (op. cit., iii, 1891, p. 374). Willis and Burkill (Central Wales),
2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /,, freq., skg., and B. terrester Z., do. (‘Fls. and
Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees (‘ Flora
of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 110). Schneider (Arctic Norway), 3 humble-bees—r1. Bombus
lapponicus /.; 2. B. pratorum Z.; 3. B. scrimshiranus A. (Tromso Mus. Aarsh.,
1894). Lindmann (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee.
1752. V. uliginosum L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 373-5, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ III, p. 67, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 381 ; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 100, 113; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.) Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 107, 526; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 399..—Hermann Miiller says that the flower mechanism of
this species agrees with that of the last, except as regards the following points.—
VACCINIACEAE 29
The flowers are borne on taller bushes, are more numerous, and coloured red on
the side next the sun, so that they are much more conspicuous than those of
V. Myrtillus. As the opening of the flower is 3 mm. broad, small insects can push
their heads and the front part of their bodies into the corolla. The stigma does not
project from the flower as in V. myrtillus, but is situated a little way inside the corolla,
so that the smaller bees (sp. of Andrena, Halictus, and Nomada) are obliged to touch
it before their heads are dusted with pollen. (Cf Fig. 215.)
V. Myrtillus, therefore, is adapted to the visits of a select number of the more
industrious long-tongued bees, and V. uliginosum to those of a much larger set of
insects, some with a long and others with a short proboscis. This has been confirmed
by direct observation, as Hermann Miller emphasizes.
Warming describes the flowers of the Arctic variety microphyllum Lange (Fig. 216)
as first feebly protandrous and then homogamous: they are rather smaller than in the
type form (Bot. Tids., Kjében-
havn, 1895, pp. 47-9). Both
cross- and self-pollination are
possible, and it is probable
that the latter may even take
place pseudo-cleistogamously
in the bud. Numerous fruits
are set, even when insect-
visits fail.
Lindman says that the
flowers of plants growing
on the Dovrefjeld possess a
strong aromatic odour, re-
i Fic. 216. Vaccinium uligtnosum, L., var. microphyllum, Lange
sembling that of pepper. The (after E. Warming). 4. Flower seen from the side. B. Do. from
5 ‘ below. C. Do. with part of corolla removed. D. Do. from below.
corolla varies in length from £. Do. in longitudinal section. and G. Stamens. 7. End of style
5 to 7 mm. Although the withstigma. (4-£ x4}; F, G, AH x12.)
anthers develop rather before
the stigma, their pollen is not ripe until the latter has become receptive. The stigma
and nectary are larger in the small flowers than in those of greater size.
Ekstam says that the flowers are feebly protandrous, indeed almost homogamous,
in the Swedish Highlands.
In Greenland this variety is a low small-leaved shrub in habit, often with its
branches running close to the ground, and with flowers usually only 3 mm. (rarely
6 mm.) long. Wormskjold says that it smells like woodruff, but Warming and
Vanhoffen were unable to confirm this. The latter botanist collected ripe fruits on
Stor6 as early as the beginning of July (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s
Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 59-62).
VisiTors.—Verhoeff observed the following in Norderney.—
A. Diptera. Afuscidae: 1. Lucilia caesar Z., a 9, skg. B. Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae: 2. Bombus hortorum Z., a 9, skg.; 3. B. lapidarius Z., 2 9, skg.; 4. B.
proteus Gersz., a 9, skg.; 5. B. terrester Z., a 9, skg.; 6. Psithyrus rupestris /”, a 9,
skg.; 7. P. vestalis Pourcr. 9, freq., skg. (6) Formicidae: 8. Formica fusca L. (= Rasse
fusca Forel) ¥, skg.
30 ANGOISPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Herm. Miiller saw 3 humble-bees in the Alps, and gives the following list for
Westphalia.—
A. Diptera. (a) Emprdae: 1. Empis opaca F., skg., extraordinarily numerous.
(6) Aluscidae: 2. Echinomyia fera Z., repeatedly, skg. (c) Syrphidae: 3. Eristalis
arbustorum Z., in very great numbers, skg.; 4. E. horticola Deg., one, skg.; 5. E.
intricarius Z., do.; 6. Rhingia rostrata Z., freq., skg. B. Hymenoptera. Aprdae:
7. Andrena atriceps A’. 6, skg.; 8. A. fulva Schr. 9, skg.; 9. A. gwynana A. 9, skg.;
10. A. nigroaenea KX. 9 and 6, skg.; 11. A. pilipes /”. , skg.; 12. Apis mellifica Z. 8,
freq., skg.; 13. Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg.; 14. B. confusus Schenck 9, skg.; 15. B.
horiorum Z. ¥, skg.; 16. B. sylvarum Z. 9, skg.; 17. B. pratorum Z. 9, skg.;
18. B. terrester Z. 9, in large numbers, skg.; 19. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9, skg. ;
20. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, skg.; 21. H. flavipes F. 9, skg.; 22. H. rubicundus
Chr. 9, skg.; 23. H. sexnotatus KX. 9, skg.; 24. H. sexstrigatus Schenck 9, skg.;
25. H. zonulus Sm. 9, one, skg.; 26. Nomada ferruginata A. 9, skg.; 27. N. ruficornis
L. 9, skg.; 28. N. sexcincta K. 6, skg.; 29. N. succincta Pz. 9, one, skg.; 30. Osmia
rufa Z. 9, skg.; 31. Psithyrus campestris Pz. 9, skg.; 32. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9, do.
C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 33. Lycaena argiolus Z., skg.; 34. Thecla rubi Z., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Knuth (North Frisian Islands), Apis, a humble-bee, and a hover-fly. Loew (on
the Albula, in the Alps), 2 humble-bees (Bombus alpinus Z. 9, and B. alticola Arché.
¥) and a hover-fly (Sericomyia lappona Z.). Frey (canton Graubiinden), the Tortricid
moth Phoxopteryx myrtillana Zr. Schneider (Arctic Norway), 3 humble-bees—
1. Bombus lapponicus #.; 2. B. pratorum Z.; 3. B. scrimshiranus A. (Tromse
Mus. Aarsh., 1894). Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee.
1753. V. Vitis-Idaea L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 380-1; Warming,
‘Bestévningsmaade,’ p. 7; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Ricca,
Atti Soc. ital, sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 3,
1871.)—This species is homogamous.
The flowers are white in colour, often
with a reddish tinge, widely open, and
oblique. Nectar is secreted as in the last
species, and the passage to it is covered
by the stamens, of which the filaments are
clothed with hairs externally and laterally.
The anthers closely surround the style,
are produced into tubes, and dehisce
apically, allowing some pollen to escape
when insect visitors strike against them.
The stigma matures at the same time as
Fic. 217. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, L. (after Herm. the anthers, and are first touched by
Miller). 4. Flower in longitudinal section (x 5). ee P
B. Stamen seen from the inner side (« 7). C Do. Visitors, which then press the latter apart
from theouter side. a, anther ; m,nectary ; 0v,ovary; and get dusted with pollen. Crossing
~, corolla; s, calyx: s#, stigma.
is therefore ensured by insect-visits.
Warnstorf describes the flowers as protogynous, with a style which may be only
as long as the stamens, equal in length to the corolla, or exserted. The flowers are
not infrequently male by suppression of the pistil. The white filaments are covered
with hairs externally as well as marginally, and such of these hairs as are situated in
the base of the flower serve as nectar-covers. The pollen-grains are white in colour,
VACCINIACEAE 31
irregularly tetrahedral or of indeterminate shape, tuberculate, up to 44 m in
diameter.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Usedom, where the plant covers large tracts), Apis and 3 humble-bees
(1. Bombus hortorum Z. 9; 2. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 3. B. terrester Z. ¥), all freq., skg.
A. Rése (Thuringia), two humble-bees—Bombus hortorum Z., and B. terrester Z.
Alfken (Bremen), 4 humble-bees—1. Bombus jonellus A. 9; 2. B. muscorum
fF. 9; 3. B. proteus Gers/.9; 4. B.terrester £.9. Friese (Thuringia), the bee Osmia
nigriventris Ze‘, Herm. Miiller (Alps), Apis and 3 humble-bees. Scott-Elliot
(Dumfriesshire), an Empid and a Muscid (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 111).
The arctic variety pu-
milum Hornem. (Green-
land, Labrador) has been
investigated by Warming,
who describes it as follows
(Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn,
1895; Pp. 44-6).—
The flowers vary in
size, sometimes being only
half as large as those of
the type form, though re-
latively broader. In these
small flowers the style only
bh h g h Fic. 218. Vaccintune Vitis-Idaea, L. (after E. Warming). A-G.
reaches to the mouth of Var. pumilum, from Greenland. A, B. Larger flowers. C.D:
cor where Smaller flowers. &£, 7. Astamenfrom 4. G. Nectary. H. Type-
the ° olla, bbs the form, from Stockholm. (4-D, A x 4.)
anthers are situated, so
that self-pollination can easily take place. But in the larger ones the style projects
from the corolla, as in the type form (Fig. 218). Fruits are only set in warm years.
Ekstam describes the flowers as feebly protandrous, odourless, and 4-8 mm. in
diameter.
1754. V. Oxycoccos L. (=Oxycoccos palustris Pers.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’
pp. 228-9; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 67-9; Warming, ‘ Best6vnings-
maade’; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl. Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 107; Warnstorf, Verh. bot.
Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Although Kerner gives an admirable account of the
flower mechanism of this species, he failed to observe that the visits of bees inevitably
effect crossing. The red wheel-shaped corolla is reflexed, and Sprengel says that the
anthesis of individual flowers lasts for eighteen days.
As in other species, the nectar is sheltered from rain by the pendulous position of
the flower, and Kerner says it is protected against unbidden guests by the stamens,
which closely surround the style. Hermann Miiller points out that the stamens are
also the means by which bees of suitable size are forced to effect crossing. They are
so greatly broadened as to form a tube round the style, their outer surface is rough
with short hairs, and their closely apposed edges are beset with longer curly hairs, so
closely interwoven that a nectar-seeking insect is unable to succeed in penetrating
between them. The anthers are borne on the inner sides of the filaments, and each
32 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
of them is produced into a pair of tubes as long as itself, open at the tip, and closely
embracing the style. In order to get at the nectar, bees must climb on to the flowers
from below, and thrust their proboscis between the tubular prolongation of the anthers,
from which pollen falls upon their heads. Since the stigma is the part projecting
furthest from the corolla, it is first touched by the pollen-covered heads of bee visitors,
so that crossing must necessarily take place. Lindman says that automatic self-
pollination is not assured in the var. pusz//a Rupr., owing to the great distance between
stigma and anthers, but Warming is of opinion that in Greenland it may take place in
the bud, for very numerous fruits are set there. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains
as white in colour, and up to 50 » in diameter.
VisiTors.—In spite of long and careful watching I have never been able to
observe any, nor was Herm. Miiller more successful. The latter adds that though
honey-bees quench their thirst with the water which permeates the masses of
Sphagnum in the immediate neighbourhood of the flowers, they do not trouble
about these. He also correlates the very long time for which anthesis lasts with
the sparsity of insect-visits. Scott-Elliot observed 2 Muscids, which were obviously
useless guests (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 111).
-
LX. ORDER ERICACEAE LINDL,
(including Rhodoraceae A7o/sch, and Pyrolaceae Lzndl.).
LitzratTurE.—Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 70; Drude, in Engler u.
Prantl., ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 1, p. 25.
Flowers usually in racemes, rarely (Andromeda) in umbels: nectar concealed in
the base of the corolla. The anthers generally possess two processes which reach the
corolla, are struck by insect visitors, and serve as levers for scattering the pollen,
which consists in many species of loosely connected tetrads.
1. Tripe ARBUTEAE.
519. Arctostaphylos Adans.
Homogamous or feebly protogynous humble-bee flowers, with nectar secreted by
a fleshy ring surrounding the ovary. Kerner states that automatic self-pollination
can ultimately take place as in Vaccinium.
1755. A. Uva-ursi Spreng. (=A. officinalis Wmm. e¢ Grad., and Arbutus
Uva-ursi Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 385-8.)—The pendulous flowers
of this species are arranged in short terminal racemes, and the corollas are almost
conical bells. ‘The nectar does not remain adhering to the nectary, but is sheltered
in ten pits which surround it at the base of the corolla. It is prevented from running
away by the dense hairy covering of the filaments and inner surface of the corolla.
It is also protected against unbidden guests by long erect hairs at the opening of the
corolla. The ten filaments are narrow at their bases, and then enlarge very quickly
to form a ring surrounding the ovary, afterwards narrowing again, but continuing
to remain apposed to the ovary for some distance. Their ends project beyond
ERICACEAE 33
the ovary, running parallel to the style, and each of them bears two inwardly directed
anther-lobes, which open by pores below, and are produced into tail-like appendages
extending to the corolla.
Only the most skilful insects, humble-bees and bees, are able to get at the nectar
quickly and easily, by hanging on to the flower from below and probing for it through
the small opening of the corolla. In doing this the proboscis is almost certain to
touch, and if previously dusted with pollen to pollinate the stigma, which lies a little
distance within the opening of the corolla and is covered with a thick sticky fluid. It
next strikes against one or more of the 20 tail-like anther-appendages, causing some
of the smooth pollen-grains
(loosely aggregated into te-
trads) to fall upon it. Cross-
ing is thus ensured by insect-
visits.
Kerner states that the
flowers are very feebly pro-
togynous. Towards the end
of anthesis, should insect-
visits fail, pollen falls upon
the stigma, which is at a
lower level than the anthers,
so that automatic self-pollina-
tion is possible as a last
resort.
In plants observed by
Lindman on the Dovrefjeld
the flowers were strongly
fragrant. The appendages
of the anthers are much
shorter in this locality than
in the Alps, but the edge of
the stigma is produced into
a rim, so that automatic Fic. 219. Arctostaphylos Uva-urst, Spreng. (after Herm. Miiller).
e ‘ ‘ A. Flower seen from the side (x 3). 8. Do. from below. C. Sketch
self- pollination can more of interior of bud shortly before opening (x 7). _D. Stamen (x 15).
: s £. Flower cut through transversely under the anthers, seen from
o ig
easily be effected. Werming below (x 7). ¥. Calyx, ovary, and nectary, seen from ‘below (* 7).
states (‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol., G. Ovary and nectary turned up, and seen from the side (x 7). ALA
_ flower perforated by Bombus mastrucatus. a, anthers; yg», style;
Pp. 18-21) that autogamy 1S x, nectary; ov, ovary; #, petals; s, sepals; sé, stigma.
also easily possible in Green-
land, and is effective. In that country the flowers are homogamous, while the
anthers dehisce and the stigma becomes receptive in the bud.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 humble-bees skg. legitimately and one perforating the
flowers, a Lepidopterid (as an unbidden guest), and Thrips (do.). Lindman,
2 humble-bees. MacLeod (Pyrenees), a humble-bee (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
iii, 1891, p. 374). H®6ppner (Bremen), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. 9, skg.
DAVIS, HY D
34 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1756. A. alpina Spreng. (=Arbutus alpina Z.). (Warming, ‘Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’
pp- 13-18.)—This species has so far been investigated in northern habitats, but not
in alpine ones. The pendulous ovoid flowers are 5-6 mm. long, and arranged in
short terminal racemes. Warming says that in Greenland they are either homogamous
or feebly protogynous. In that country the plant blossoms very early in the neigh-
bourhood of snow- and ice-fields, and sets fruit abundantly. There is a strong
autogamous tendency, for
the pollen falls very easily
on the large sticky stigma
which lies below the anthers,
and this is found to be
dusted with it soon after
the flower opens. The fall
of pollen is checked, how-
ever, by the narrow opening
of the corolla and the hairs
which line it. The appen-
dages of the anthers are less
well developed than in A.
Uva-ursi, and in specimens
from Greenland may be en-
lirely absent. (Cf Fig. 220.)
520. Arbutus L.
1757. A. Unedo L.
(Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp.
Fic. 220. Arctostaphylos alpina, Spreng. (after E. Warming).
A, 8. External view and longitudinal section of a flower; though 240-1.)—
only just opened, the pollen has fallen from the anthers(x 4). C. An
anther from the same flower; there are no appendages. 2. Longi- Visirors. — Schletterer
tudinal section through a flower with a tolerably short style (x 8).
£, F, G. Anthers and filaments in various positions and of different observed at Pola—r. The
ages(x 20). #7, /. Anthers from a bud (x 20). | A. Longitudinal beautiful humble-bee Bombus
section through a flower with a long style. |Z. Limb and opening
of a corolla, from below; the stigma can be seen within the latter argillaceus Scop., on fine
(limb about 24 mm. and aperture 1 mm. in diameter). ™M. Tetrad of : N b d
pollen-grains. days in ovember an
December; 2. Bombus ter-
rester Z., freq., in September, October, and November.—
‘Qn sunny days when there was no wind it was also occasionally seen in
January. I noticed it frequently during the Christmas season up to the end of
January on the late blossoms of the strawberry-tree.’
1758. A. Andrachne L. (Entleutner, Ost. bot. Zs., Wien, xxxix, 1889.)—
VisiTors.—In some of the flowers of this species at Meran, Entleutner noticed
smal] Muscids held fast by the tangled hairs, suffering the penalty of death for their
greediness. He also mentions that some insects had ‘bitten through the flower-urn
close to the calyx.’
ERICACEAE 35
2. Trine ANDROMEDEAE.
521. Andromeda L.
Flowers usually homogamous, with concealed nectar secreted at the base of
the ovary.
1759. A. Polifolia L. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, p. 270; Warming, * Arkt.
Vaxt. Biol.” pp. 19-21.)—In this species five or more delicate pendent flowers are
arranged in an almost umbellate inflorescence at the end of the stem. The bright-
red peduncles are about three times as long as the flowers, which are 3 mm. in
length and of about the same breadth. The bell-shaped corolla-tube is red in
colour, while the teeth are white with five reddish longitudinal streaks. Loew
describes the bell as pos-
sessing a pentagonal opening
about 14 mm. broad, formed
entirely by the short reflexed
corolla-lobes. The inside of
the corolla is clothed with
hairs, and the filaments are
also hairy. In this way the
nectar secreted by ten swell-
ings at the base of the ovary # \
is protected, and pollen is @ Na)
prevented from falling out of a.
the flower. FIG. 221. Andromeda Poltfolia, L.(after E.Warming). 4. Dia-
The stigma is receptive gram of a flower with its bract and bracteoles. B. The end of
2 a flowering branch; below are two foliage-leaves with small leaf-buds
when the flower opens, in their axils; above these a third foliage-leaf has been removed to
Sa: les iy ‘ show the further developed leaf-bud in its axil. Above this again are
is situated in the Opening two bracts respectively subtending a flower-bud (/) and a fully
of the corolla, and pro- developed flower; between these are closely apposed bracteoles (x 3).
: C. Longitudinal section through a mature flower. D. A flower seen
jects beyond the dark-brown from above (x 4). &. An anther (* 20). F. Pollen. G. Ovary
anthers, which Loew says with nectary and 2 stamens (x 8). H, I. End of the style, and
3 , stigma.
mature simultaneously in the
March of Brandenburg. In normal flowers the anther-pores are directed inwards,
and the appendages outwards. The nectar can be reached by a proboscis of
4-44 mm. long. Warming states that in the arctic plants he examined automatic
self-pollination could be effected, should insect-visits fail, by fall of pollen on to
the stigma, which completely fills the narrow opening of the corolla. Lindman,
whose observations were made on the Dovrefjeld, says that the stigma becomes
Teceptive in the bud, and he sometimes found pollen-grains on its edge, which
is beset with five small rounded projections. In other cases he noticed pollen
on the under-side of the stigma, suggesting insect-visits.
Visirors.—Alfken (Bremen) noticed 2 humble-bees (Bombus lapidarius Z. 9,
not freq., skg., and B. muscorum /. 9, freq., skg., persistently visiting this species,
but avoiding other nectar-yielding plants, e.g. Ajuga, growing close by) and a butter-
fly (Thecla rubi Z., very freq., skg.).
36 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
522. Cassiope D. Don.
Bell-shaped pendulous flowers, with nectar secreted by yellow nectaries at the
base of the ovary.
1760. C, tetragona D. Don. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1885,
pp. 25-9-)}—Warming thinks this arctic species possibly belongs to flower class Lm.
The yellowish-white flowers exhale an odour of hawthorn, especially towards evening.
The pollen is scattered by
the impact of the proboscis
of insect visitors against the
diverging appendages of
the anthers. Crossing by
insects is possible, but in
Greenland automatic _ self-
pollination generally takes
place while the flowers are
Fic. 222. Casstope tetragona, D. Don (after E. Warming). closed.
A. Diagram of a flower seen from the side (x 4). 8. A stamen. The species is abundant
C. Diagrammatic plan of the same. D. Longitudinal section of 5 2
a flower (x 4). £&. Stamens and stigma seen fri m below (» 10). on heaths In Spitzbergen,
and Ekstam says _ that
its pendulous flowers erect themselves when anthesis is over (‘Bliitenbiol. Beob.
a. Spitzbergen,’ p. 9). It blossoms in that island from the end of June to the
middle of September, and sets abundant fruits (Andersson and Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag
till Kanned. om Spetsbergens 0. Beeren Eil. Karlvixtflora,’ p. 18). Vanhoffen was
unable to perceive the odour of hawthorn described by Warming (Abromeit, ‘ Bot.
Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 49).
Visttors.—Ekstam observed numerous small insects in Spitzbergen.
1761. C. hypnoides D. Don (=Andromeda hypnoides Z.). (Warming, op. cit.,
pp. 29-31.)—Warming describes the flowers of this species as white with purple-red
corolla-lobes. They are more
widely open than those of the
last species, and Lindman says
that they possess a tolerably
strong odour. Warming found
the species to be homogamous
in Greenland, but on the Dovre-
fjeld Lindman observed that
the flowers were at first pro-
Fic. 223. Casstope hypnoides, D. Don (after E. Warming). togynous, afterwards becoming
A. Flower in longitudinal section, seen from the side (x 4). &. Do., o s 3
seen from below ( 4). C.Style(x 5). 2. A stamen, seen from homogamous. Autogamy result
the side. &.Ananthcer. &. A stamen, seen from the inner side. ing in the setting of numerous
fruits apparently takes place
before the flowers open, by fall of pollen upon the clearly defined stigma, which
is covered with a sticky resinous fluid. (C/ Fig. 223.)
Vanhoffen compares the species to a Polytrichum in habit, and he found it
in Greenland with numerous (? last year’s) fruits, collected together under the delicate
ERICACEAE 37
white flowers, the corolla-lobes of which are of a purple-red colour (op. cit., p. 49).
Nathorst found it in full bloom in Spitzbergen (1. 8.’68) (Andersson and Hesselman,
op. cit., p. 12).
3. Tripe ErRicEar.
523. Calluna Salisb.
Feebly protandrous, pinkish-red, rarely white flowers, aggregated into racemes ;
with concealed nectar, secreted in the base of the flower by eight little swellings
alternating with the filaments.
1762. C. vulgaris Salisb. (=Erica vulgaris Z.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’
p. 230; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 377-80, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 382, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ III, p. 67; Lindman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin. Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o.
Befrukt.’; Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Norderney’; de Vries, Ned. Kruidk.
Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii,
1891, v, 1893; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 101, 163, ‘ Weit. Beob.
ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a.d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 227, 238; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
Il, p. 139; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Floristik,’ p. 390; Warnstorf,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii,
1896.)—The attraction of insects
effecting cross-pollination is
brought about by the enlarged
red, rarely white calyx, the
aggregation of the flowers into
dense unilateral racemes, and
last, but not least, by the asso-
Eero Fic. 224. Calluna vulgarts, Saltsb. (after Herm. Miller).
ciation together of vast numbers (1) Older flower, seen almost directly from below. (2) Younger
of plants do., after removal of half the calyx and corolla, seen from the side.
Pp : (3) Astamen. a, sepals; 4, petals; c, appendages of the anthers;
Hermann Miiller describes 4, nectary; ¢, openings of the anthers; /, filaments; g, style.
the flowers as feebly protan-
drous, with small bells 2-3 mm. in length. The stamens and pistil are so bent up
in the almost horizontal blossoms that the nectar is conveniently accessible from
below. The larger insects (bees and humble-bees) hang on to the flowers, pulling
them down by their weight, and suck from below; the smaller ones, on the contrary,
push their head or proboscis into the flowers from the front in order to secure nectar,
and in doing so get dusted with pollen from above.
The anthers dehisce in the bud, and their rough appendages, beset with stiff
erect hairs, so block the outer part of the flower that a proboscis probing for nectar
is obliged to strike against them, when pollen is showered down. The four-lobed
stigma projects considerably beyond the tips of the anthers, and does not usually
become receptive until all the pollen is shed, though some of this may previously
adhere to it. Crossing is therefore ensured by insect-visits, and automatic self-
pollination is excluded.
Kerner states that the flowers are only at first adapted to insect-pollination,
becoming anemophilous later on. The secretion of nectar then ceases, the filaments
38 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
elongate, so that the anthers become exserted, and the pollen is carried by the wind
to the stigmas of younger flowers. (Cf Vol. I, p. 71.) Warnstorf describes the
pollen-masses as containing 3 or 4 grains of whitish colour, irregular, beset with rows
of tubercles, and 37-44 mw in diameter.
VisiTors.—Knuth observed the following in Schleswig-Holstein.—
A. Diptera. All skg. or po-dvg.: Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis tenax Z.; 2. Sy-
ritta pipiens Z.; 3. Syrphus balteatus Der.; 4. S. sp. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
all skg. 5. Apis mellifica Z.; 6. Bombus cognatus Sveph. ¥; 7. B. terrester L. ¥ ;
8. Psithyrus rupestris #3. C. Lepidoptera. Allskg. (a) Moctuddae: g. Plusia
gamma ZL. (6) Rhopalocera: 10. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 11. Polyommatus
phlaeas Z.
Herm. Miiller gives the following list—
A. Diptera, (a) A/usctdae: 1. Sarcophaga carnaria Z., skg. (4) Syrphidae :
2. Cheilosia longula Zeé/.; 3. C. scutellata Fal/., skg.; 4. Chrysotoxum octoma-
culatum Cur/, do.; 5. Melithreptus scriptus Z., do.; 6. Sericomyia borealis Fadl,
do. (Thuringia); 7. Syritta pipiens Z., do.; 8. Syrphus sps., do. B. Hymeno-
ptera. (a) Apidae: 9. Andrena dorsata K. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; ro. A. fulvicrus
A. 9, skg.; 11. A. fuscipes A. 9 and 6, do.; 12. A. lapidarius Z. ¥, do.; 13. A.
parvula A’ 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 14. A. simillima Sv. 9 and 6, do.; 15. Apis mellifica
L. %, extremely numerous, skg.; 16. Bombus terrester Z. 9, ¥ and 4, skg. (also in
the Alps); 17. Diphysis serratulae Pz. 9, skg.; 18. Halictus cylindricus F. 4, do. ;
1g. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9, do., with heather-pollen among its collecting-hairs ;
20. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9, skg. (4) Tespidae: 21. Vespa holsatica #. ¥, skg. C.
Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 22. Vesperia thaumas A/n. (=V. linea IV. V.), skg.
D. Thysanoptera. 23. Thrips, freq.
Alfken and Héppner (H.) observed the following at Bremen.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylidac: 1. Systoechus sulphureus ALzk. (6) sVuserdae :
2. Echinomyia grossa Z.; 3. E. tessellata . (c) Syrphidae: 4. Arctophila mussi-
tans #.; 5. Chrysotoxum festivum Z.; 6. Syrphus pyrastri Z.; 7. Volucella bom-
bylans Z. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 8. Andrena argentata Sm. 9; 9. A.
fuscipes A. 9 and 4; ro. A. nigriceps A. gand 6; 11. A. thoracica F. 9, skg., 2nd
gen.; 12. Apis mellifica Z., very common; 13. Bombus agrorum /. 4, 9 and ¥; 14.
B. arenicola Zs. ¥ and 4 (H.); 15. B. confusus Schenck §; 16. B. derhamellus A. 6 ;
17. B. distinguendus A/or. 9, skg.(H.); 18. B. hortorum LZ. (=B. nigricans Schmzedekn.)
small §, skg.; rg. B. jonellus A. , in great numbers, up to end of September, skg.,
g and ¥: 20. B. lapidarius Z. ¥ and 6; 21. B. lucorum Z. ¥; 22. B. muscorum Ff.
9, ¥ and 4; 23. B. proteus Gers/. 6; 24. B. terrester ZL. 6; 25. B. variabilis
Schmiedekn. 9, 9 and & (H.); 26. Colletes succinctus Z. 9 skg. and po-cltg.,
é skg.; 27. Dufourea vulgaris Schenck 9 skg. and po-cltg., 4 skg.; 28. Halictoides
inermis Ay/. 8; 29. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9 and 4; 30. H. leucozonius Schr. 6 ;
31. H. punctulatus A. 6; 32. H. rubicundus Cfr. 6; 33. H. sexnotatulus Wy/. $;
34. Nomada brevicornis Afocs. 5, skg.; 35. N. jacobaeae Pz. 9, skg.; 36. N. obtusi-
frons /Vj7. 9, skg.; 37. N. roberjeotiana Pz. 9, skg.; 38. N. solidaginis Pz. 9 and 4,
skg.; 39. Prosopis pictipes Wy/.&; 40. Psithyrus campestris Pz. 9 and é (H.); 41.
P. rupestris #. 3. (0) Sphegidae: 42. Cerceris arenaria Z. 9 and 6 skg.; 43.
Mellinus arvensis Z. 9 and 4. do. (c) Yenthredinidae: 44. Athalia lugens Ths. ;
45. A. rosae LZ.
Willis and Burkill record the following for Central Wales (‘ Fls. and Insects in
Gt. Britain,’ Part 1).—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Calliphora erythrocephala Afg,; 2. Onesia
cognata AZe.; 3. O. sepulcralis Mg.; 4. Lucilia cornicina #, freq.; 5. Pollenia
tudis #. (d) Syrphidae: 6. Eristalis tenax Z., freq., skg.; 7. Melanostoma scalare
ERICACEAE 39
f, skg.; 8. Platycheirus manicatus J/g.; 9. Sericomyia borealis Flor. B. Hy-
menoptera. (a) Afzdac: 10. Bombus agrorum F., skg.; 11. B. hortorum Z.,
do.; 12. B. lapidarius Z., do. ; 13. B. lapponicus #, do. ; 14. B. scrimshiranus X.,
do.; 15. B. terrester Z., freq., skg. (6) Formicidae: 16. Formica fusca Z., skg.
(c) Vespidae: 14. Vespa vulgaris Z., skg. C. Lepidoptera. All skg.: (a) Rho-
palocera: 18. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 19. Lycaena icarus Rof/.; 20. Polyom-
matus phlaeas Z.; 21. Vanessa urticae L. (4) Aficrolepidoptera: 22. Undetermined
species.
Willis saw the following in the neighbourhood of the south coast of Scotland
(‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part 1).—
A. Diptera. (a) A/uscrdae: 1. Anthomyia radicum Z., skg.; 2. A. sp., po-
dvg.; 3. Limnophora sp., do.; 4. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., freq., po-dvg.; 5.
Themira minor /al., freq., skg. (5) Syrphidae: 6. Platycheirus albimanus /”, freq.,
skg. and po-dvg.; 7. P. manicatus JZg., freq., skg.; 8. Sericomyia borealis //or.,
freq., po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: g. Apis mellifica Z., very common,
skg.; 10. Bombus agrorum #, freq., skg.; 11. B. pratorum Z., skg.; 12. B. scrim-
shiranus A., do.; 13. B. terrester Z., freq., skg. C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopa-
locera: 14. Polyommatus phlaeas Z., skg. (6) Zortrictdae: 15. Teras aspersana
Flub., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Sickmann (Osnabriick), the fossorial wasp Mellinus arvensis Z. (Hollingsholt-
hausen), the fossorial wasp M. sabulosus Z. Verhoeff (Norderney).—A. Diptera.
(a) Bibionidae: 1. Dilophus vulgaris AZg., freq. (4) Afuscrdae: 2. Calliphora erythro-
cephala Jfg., freq.; 3. Lucilia latifrons Schz., do. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
4. Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, ¥ and 9, freq., skg.; 5. B. terrester Z. ¥, not infrequent,
skg.; 6. Psithyrus rupestris #. 6, skg. Loew (Brandenburg), the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum F/”. ¥, skg. (‘Beitrage, p. 41). Krieger (Leipzig), 7 bees—r1. Andrena
fuscipes A. 9 and é; 2. Bombus hypnorum Z. ¥; 3. B. soroénsis & ¥ and $; 4. B.
terrester £. Y¥ and é; 5. B. variabilis Schmzedehn.d; 6. Nomada solidaginis Pz.;
7. Psithyrus vestalis Pourcr. 9 and 6. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 4 bees—r.
Andrena argentata Sm.; 2. A. pubescens A. (=A. fuscipes X.); 3. Bombus terrester
Z.&: 4. Nomada solidaginis Pz. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the moth Agrotis castanea
L£sp.. and remarks, ‘This moth confirms the often quoted axiom that Lepidoptera
appear to pay attention to their food-plant mostly at the time when it comes into
bloom.’ Friese, in Baden (B.), Hungary (H.), Fiume (F.), and Mecklenburg (M.),
4 bees—1. Andrena fuscipes A. (B., not infreq.; M., freq.); 2. Colletes succinctus
L.(F. and M., freq.; H., occasional); 3. Epeolus variegatus Z. (B. and M., occa-
sional); 4. Nomada jacobaeae Pz. (B., one 9), Schiner (Austria), the Muscid Siphona
geniculata M/g. Frey (Switzerland), 4 moths—1. Grapholitha mendiculana 7r.;
2. Pholopteryx unguicella Z.; 3. Gelechia ericetella Hd.; 4. Plemota bicostella C/.
Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 7 bees—1. Bombus alticola A7vchd.; 2. B.
confusus Schenck; 3. B. mastrucatus Gerst.; 4. B. sylvarum Z.; 5. B. variabilis
Schmiedekn.; 6. Colletes succinctus Z.; 7. Sphecodes ephippius Z. Ducke (Austrian
Silesia), the bee Andrena simillima Sm. Hoffer (Steiermark), the bee Andrena
argentata Sm., po-cltg. Gerstacker (Upper Bavaria), the alpine humble-bee Bombus
alticola Archd.$ and ¥. MacLeod (Flanders), Apis, 3 humble-bees, 3 other Hymeno-
ptera, g hover-flies, 5 other flies, and 7 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
v, 1893, pp. 449-50); (Pyrenees), only a hover-fly (Syritta sp.) (op. cit., iii, 1891,
p- 373). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 3 bees—r. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 2. Bombus
subterraneus ZL. ¥; 3. B. terrester Z., 6 and ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser.,
2. Deel, 1875). Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. Morawitz (St. Petersburg),
2 bees—1. Andrena argentata Sm.; 2. A. nigriceps A. Smith (England), the bee
Colletes succinctus Z. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), Apis, 4 humble-bees, several
flies and Lepidoptera (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 112).
40 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
524. Erica L.
The species of this genus belong to flower classes H, L, LH, C, and An.
1763. E. Tetralix L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 376-7, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
Ill, p. 67; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 450-1; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage’; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 161, ‘ Weit. Beob. ti. Bl. u.
Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ 238.}—This species belongs to the class of bee flowers.
The pendulous red flower bells, aggregated into capitulo-umbellate inflorescences,
make the plant very conspicuous. Hermann Miiller says that their mechanism
agrees with those of Vaccinium Myrtillus and V. uliginosum. The flower bell is
7 mm. long, and its central part 4 mm. broad.
3 yi The ovary is sessile in the bottom of the flower,
“ Wen and its base is surrounded by a blackish annular
nectary, the secretion of which accumulates where
| ip itis formed. The blackish sticky stigma occupies
ta li ; \\ the narrow (only 2 mm.) opening of the corolla,
y or even projects from it, so that an insect visitor
hanging on to the blossom and probing for nectar
must first touch this, effecting cross-pollination if
another flower has previously been visited. At
the same time the insect’s proboscis is moistened
with the sticky stigmatic fluid, and made ready
to receive a fresh supply of pollen. The down-
wardly directed anther-pores are situated some-
what above the stigma, and the pairs of long
pointed thorn-like anther-processes stretch as far
oe as the wall of the bell. Immediately after the
proboscis of a nectar-seeking insect has touched
Fic. 225. Erica Tetralix, L. (after ‘ , . -
Herm. Miller). A flower from'which the the stigma, it strikes against some of these pro-
Dy eet eee cesses, and some of the dry powdery pollen falls
same; d, stamens (partly displaced); ¢,the from the anther-pores upon the front part of its
downwardly directed openings of the an- : : .
thers; / appendages of the anthers, which head, adhering to the part previously made sticky
arejstruck against by the proboscis of in- = with stigmatic fluid. When the next flower is
sects probing the flower; g, nectary; 4,
ovary; 7, style; &, stigma. visited crossing must take place, the head of the
insect being at the same time sprinkled with
more pollen. Failing insect-visits, automatic self-pollination is effected by fall of
pollen on the edge of the stigma. I have not myself determined whether the
flowers become anemophilous towards the end of anthesis.
A proboscis 7 mm. long is required to obtain the nectar, and as that of the
honey-bee is only 6 mm. in length, this zealous visitor is unable to suck legitimately.
It therefore perforates the bell somewhere about the middle, and steals the nectar
through the aperture. Hermann Miiller, however, observed it sucking autumn
flowers in the normal fashion, and he thinks that these are perhaps a little smaller
than those developed in the warmer part of the year, so that the proboscis of the
honey-bee may be long enough to get at the nectar legitimately (cf my remark
below).
ERICACEAE 4I
Visirors.—Herm, Miiller gives the following list for Westphalia —
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., very common, skg.; 2. Volu-
cella bombylans Z., freq., skg.; 3. V. haemorrhoidalis Ze//., one, skg.; 4. V. plumata
L., repeatedly, skg. B. Hymenoptera. <Apzdae: 5. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, its pro-
boscis being only 6 mm. long, it is unable to suck legitimately, and therefore it bites
through the middle of the bell from outside and steals nectar through the hole ; once
skg. normally ; 6. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and 4, very freq., skg., hanging on the bell
from below and inserting its proboscis into the opening; 7. B. muscorum /. 4, 9
and §, do.; 8. B. rajellus A. ¥, do.; 9. B. sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥, do.; ro. B. terrester
L.9, do., small ¥ alternately perforate the bells and steal nectar, and suck legitimately ;
11. Nomada solidaginis Pz. 6, once, apparently vainly skg. C. Lepidoptera.
Noctuidae: 12. Plusia gamma Z., in enormous numbers, skg. D. Thysanoptera.
13. Thrips, freq.
Knuth observed the following in Schleswig-Holstein.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis sp.; 2. Helophilus pendulus Z.; 3. Vo-
lucella bombylans Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 4. Andrena pubescens K. 9;
5. Apis mellifica Z.; 6. Bombus agrorum /.; 7. B. cognatus S/ph.; 8. B. derha-
mellus X.; 9. B. distinguendus Afor.; 10. B. lapidarius Z.; 11. B. terrester Z.
C. Lepidoptera. (@) Noctudae: 12. Plusia gamma LZ. (4) Rhopalocera: 13.
Epinephele janira Z. (c) Sphingidae: 14. Zygaena filipendulae Z.
On July 26, 1897, Knuth observed many honey-bees, skg. legitimately near
Norddorf in the island of Amrum. Although their proboscis is only 6 mm. long,
while the bells were 7 mm. in length, they must have obtained plenty of nectar, for
they flew steadily from flower to flower, remaining several seconds on each. Some
of them now and then examined the bases of the flowers, obviously for the purpose
of biting a hole through which to steal nectar, but few actually did this, as for the
most part they went back to the mouth of the corolla and continued to suck normally.
Alfken records the following for Bremen.—
A. Diptera. Muscidae: 1. Echinomyia grossa £. B. Hymenoptera. (a)
Apidae: 2. Bombus derhamellus A. ¥; 3. B. distinguendus Jor. 9; 4. B. jonellus
ALY; 5. B. lucorum Z.¥; 6. B. muscorum /.¥; 7. B. terrester Z. ¥; 8. B. varia-
bilis Schmiedekn. $; 9. Halictus lineolatus Zep. (= H. canescens Schenck) 9; 10.
Megachile analis Vy/. 9 and 6; 11. M. circumcincta A. 9 and é; 12, Psithyrus
campestris Pz. 9. (6) Sphegidae: 13. Mellinus arvensis Z. 9 and 4, skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Wiistnei (Sylt), the bee Andrena nigriceps A. Smith (England), the bee Poda-
lirius bimaculatus Pz. Willis and Burkill (Central Wales), a butterfly (Coenonympha
pamphilus Z., skg.) and 3 humble-bees—1. Bombus agrorum /., skg.; 2. B. lapida-
tius L., skg.; 3- B. terrester Z., skg. (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I).
Willis (op. cit. ) (neighbourhood of south coast of Scotland), 3 bees—r1. Apis mellifica
L., freq., skg.; 2. Bombus agrorum /., very common, skg.; 3. B. hortorum Z.., freq.,
skg. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), Apis, 3 humble- bees, a ’ SHuscid, and a hover- -fly
(‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 113).
1764. E. cinerea L. (Ogle, Pop. Sci. Rev., London, ix, 1870, p. 170; Powell,
J. Bot., London, xxii, 1884, pp. 278-9; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage.’)—Ogle says that the
flower mechanism of this species entirely agrees with that of E. Tetralix. Powell
and Schulz both state that the bells are sometimes perforated by humble-bees.
Visttors.—Willis observed the following in the neighbourhood of the south
coast of Scotland (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I).—
42 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
A. Diptera. (a) Afuscidae: 1. Trichophticus cunctans Mg., po-dvg. (4)
Syrphidae: 2. Platycheirus albimanus /., skg. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 3.
Apis mellifica Z., very common, skg.; 4. Bombus agrorum /, do.; 5. B. lapidarius
L£., do.; 6. B. latreillellus A. (=B. distinguendus Jor.), skg.; 7. B. pratorum Z.,
freq., skg.; 8. B. terrester Z., do.; 9. Psithyrus campestris Pz., skg. C. Lepi-
doptera. Rhopalocera: 10. Epinephele janira Z., freq., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Willis (Central Wales) (op. cit.), 2 humble-bees (Bombus agrorum /., skg., and
B. terrester Z., do.) and 2 butterflies (Polyommatus phlaeas Z., skg., and Vanessa
urticae Z., do.). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), Apis, 7 humble-bees, a short-tongued
bee, and 2 hover-flies (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 112).
Fic. 226. Erica carnea, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. A next year's flower-bud (x 7). B. Do.,
after removal of two sepals. C. Do., after removal of the calyx and front part of the corolla, and
forcible bending back of three stamens (x 7). D. Pollen-tetrads from a bud (greatly enlarged).
£. A flower, seen from the side (x 7). F. Do., after removal of part of the calyx and corolla and some
of the stamens. G. Flower seen from below. #7. Reproductive organs and nectaries. 7. Anthers
seen from the side, from within, and from without (x 7). @, anthers; co, corolla; 7, nectarics; s, sepals;
st, stigma.
1765. E. scoparia L. (Malpighia, Genova, iv, 1890.)—Delpino describes this
species, native to South Europe, Dalmatia and France, as anemophilous.
1766. E. arborea L. (Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Capri,’ p. 11.)—
I have not seen fruits set by this species in Capri. In April the sticky stigmas still
projected from the flowers, though the anthers had all shed their pollen.
ERICACEAE 43
Vistrors.—Schletterer (Pola), 2 bees (Andrena carbonaria Z., numerous, and
A. morio Bru/l., freq.) and a wasp (Polistes gallica Z.).
1767. E. carnea L. (Herm. Miiler, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 332-5.)—Although
the flowers of this species possess a bell-shaped corolla with its opening directed
downward, Hermann Miiller says they are adapted to the visits of butterflies and not
to those of bees. That they belong to class Lb is shown by their beautiful red
colour, and the narrow mouth of the corolla, which is so completely filled up by the
stamens that only the thin proboscis of a Lepidopterid can make its way past or
between them.
By summer or autumn the next year’s flowers are developed as green buds, and
Linnaeus even described plants in this condition as a distinct species E. herbacea.
When the snow has melted, therefore, blossoming can at once take place. The
flowers are rendered conspicuous, not only by the bright-red calyx and corolla, but
also by the still more vividly coloured flower-stalks and the strongly exserted red
style. The dark-brown anthers, devoid of appendages, are also exserted, so that
insects flying to the flowers first touch the stigma, and then strike against the anthers,
which dust them with pollen tetrads. Automatic self-pollination is excluded, for the
stigmatic tip of the style is not capitate but truncate. Jerner says that as in Calluna =
the flowers are pollinated by the wind towards the end of anthesis.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.— :
Herm. Miiller (Alps), almost exclusively a butterfly (Vanessa cardui Z.), but
humble-bees very occasionally. A. Schulz (Tyrol) noticed the latter more frequently
(‘ Beitrage’). Friese (Innsbruck), the bee Osmia bicolor Schr. é and 9, skg.; (Fiume),
the bee Andrena extricata Sm. Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), the humble-bee Bombus
hortorum Z., skg.
525. Bruckenthalia Reichb.
Bell-shaped nectarless flowers ; entomophilous and anemophilous.
1768. B. spiculifolia Reichb. (=Erica Bruckenthalii Spreng.). (Loew, ‘ Blii-
tenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 269.)—This species is native to Greece, the Siebengebirge, and
Hungary. Loew investigated plants cultivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden, and
gives the following account.—
The small pink flowers possess rounded bells about 3 mm. long and 2 mm.
broad, which are arranged in small racemes 14 cm. in length. The style projects
for about 2 mm. from the throat of the corolla, which is completely filled by the
brown anthers. These are devoid of appendages, and borne on slender filaments, the
bases of which are connected into a narrow ring. The anther-pores are downwardly
directed, and the pollen is extremely powdery, while its grains are not united into
tetrads. The round red stigma becomes receptive before the anthers dehisce, and
its surface bears four secretory punctiform projections. It is protected against falling
pollen-grains by its position. Pollination seems to be largely effected by the wind,
as well as by insects.
44 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
4. TripeE RuHoDOREAE.
Homogamous or protogynous flowers, belong to the classes E, EC, and H.
526. Phyllodoce Salisb.
Ovoid, usually pendulous, blue or red bee flowers ; concealed nectar, secreted by
a yellow crenate ring at the base of the ovary.
1769. P. taxifolia Salisb. (=P. caerulea Bad., Erica caerulea MWiild., E.
arctica Wazfs and Bryanthus taxifolius 4. Gray). (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn,
xv, 1885, pp. 20-5.)—Warming describes this northern species as feebly protogynous
in Greenland. The length of the style is variable, and the stigma becomes sticky
in the bud. In short-styled flowers the stigma and anthers are at the same level,
so that automatic self-
pollination is inevitable.
The generally pendulous
position of the flowers,
and the narrow opening
of the corolla, suggest
adaptation to pollination
by bees, but these have
not so far been observed.
Lessel only saw a butter-
fly (Colias boothii A.-ScA.
Fic. 227. Phyllodoce taxtfolia, Salis. (after E. Warming). Drawn =C. hecla Ly). (%
from Greenland specimens (4, B, C, D. x 23). 4. A young flower, just Tig. OD 7.)
opened ; there are already some pollen-grains on the stigma. The hairs on Th Hani f
the flower and pedicel are omitted. B. Another flower, in which anthers € mechanism 0
and stigma are at the same level. Most of the stamens have been removed. the flowers examined by
C. A third young flower, in which the anther-pores and stigma are at the
same level, approximately between the upper and middle thirds of the Lindman on the Dovrefjeld
corolla. 2. Do., seen trom the mouth of the bell. Z. Pistil and nectary, : d tially with
seen e7 face. ¥. A stamen, seen from the ront. G. A pollen-tetrad. agree essentially
#f, Base of the pedicel, with bracteoles. that of Greenland speci-
mens, but a form was
observed with a style only 2 mm. long, so that the anthers projected beyond the
stigma, excluding the possibility of self-pollination.
Ekstam found the species to be protogynous-homogamous in the Swedish
Highlands.
The specimens collected by Vanhdéffen in Greenland mostly possessed homo-
stylous flowers, and fruits were set there at the end of July or the beginning of
August (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 48).
527. Ledum Rupp.
Flowers white or rose-red in colour, homogamous or feebly protogynous,
arranged in umbels ; nectar half-concealed, secreted at the base of the ovary.
1770. L. palustre L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1885, pp.
39-44; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 271; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
ERICACEAE 45
In this species the entire plant possesses a strong aromatic odour. The white or
rose-red petals are expanded to form a flat surface. Nectar is secreted by a ten-
lobed swelling at the base of the ovary, and is easily accessible, although it is
protected by hairs situated above the bases of the stamens. Warming describes the
species as feebly protogynous in Greenland and Norway, though automatic self-
pollination appears to be effected in the bud. The anthers are borne on long
filaments, and are strongly exserted at a later stage.
Unfortunately I did not carefully investigate the plants of this species I saw on
Wollin I., but have frequently watched for visitors there, and noticed a Muscid
(Sarcophaga carnaria Z.). I have, however, examined the mechanism of specimens
growing in the Kiel Botanic Garden, and this is as follows.—
The flowers are homogamous, but the stigmas are persistent, remaining receptive
after all the pollen has been shed. The diverging filaments are 6 mm. long, and the
stigma is placed about a mm. lower. Automatic self-pollination by the fall of pollen
is therefore possible in lateral flowers.
Abromeit gives the following description of the var. 8 decumbens Ait., for West
Greenland (‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 58-9).—The inflo-
rescences are covered with woolly white or brown hairs, and bear 12-15 white flowers,
which differ essentially from those of Rhododendron in the absence of a corolla-tube,
and have pedicels as much as 14 mm. long. The petals are about 5 mm. long and
3 mm. broad. The ten long filaments are broadened at their bases, and pollen falls
very easily from the small white anthers upon the glutinous stigma which is placed at
a lower level.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.— -
Warming (Jakobshavn) on the var. 8 decumdens, a butterfly (Argynnis chariclea
Schneid.). Knuth(WollinI.), the Muscid Sarcophaga carnaria Z.: (Kiel Botanic Garden),
the hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z., po-dvg., and only occasionally touching the stigma—
also in many flowers sticking to the style and ovary, 15-20 of these were often found
in the some 20 flowers of an umbel, adhering so closely that they could not be
separated without tearing; they would almost seem to have been digested by the
plant, for their shape ultimately became unrecognizable, and only blackish chitinous
masses remained.
1771. L. latifolium Jacq. (=L. groenlandicum Refz.). (Warming, Bot. Tids.,
Kjébenhavn, xv, 1885, pp. 39-44.)—This reputed species is perhaps only a variety
of L. palustre, and Warming says that its flower mechanism is the same, though
homogamy undoubtedly obtains. The anthers dehisce in the bud. Both self- and
cross-pollination are possible, and may be effected not only by insects, but also by
the wind, which is able to transfer pollen to the stigma of the same or adjacent flowers.
528. Azalea L.
Flowers protogynous, rose-red in colour, arranged in umbels containing only
a few blossoms; exposed nectar, secreted by a ring at the base of the ovary.
1772. A. procumbens L. (=Loiseleuria procumbens Desv.). (Ricca, Atti Soc.
ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871; Werner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed., 1, Il, p. 337;
46 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Lindman, * Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin. Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.’; Warming,
‘Bestévningsmaade, pp. 6-7, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1885; Herm. Miller,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 171-2, 377-8.)—In this species an insect, when inserting its
head or proboscis between the ovary and stamens in order to reach the nectar,
will touch the pollen-covered inner surfaces of the anthers with one side and the
stigma with the other side, and flying from flower to flower will effect crossing,
which is also favoured by the slight protogyny of the species. Automatic self-
pollination can also no doubt take place, during bad weather, in flowers which close
or have not vet opened. Kerner states that the stamens bend towards the stigma
and bring this about, also
that the plant may be
pseudo-cleistogamous in
bad weather. Lindman
on the Dovrefjeld also
noticed self-pollination by
bending of the stamens
towards the stigma. There,
as in Greenland, Finmark,
and Nordland, the flowers
are at first feebly proto-
gynous, and then homo-
gamous. Warming noticed
that in the three localities
mentioned the anthers are
situated nearer the stigma
than in alpine habitats,
and are frequently in
actual contact with it.
Automatic self-pollination
consequently predomi-
FIG. 228. Azalea procumbens, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. A flower
in the first (female) stage. &. Do., partly dissected. C. A flower inthe yates, and appears to
second (hermaphrodite) stage. D. Do., in the third (male) stage. a, an- ‘
thers; 7, nectaries; ov, ovary; f, petals; s, sepals. be effective. Ekstam de-
scribes the flowers as
homogamous in the Swedish Highlands. Jicca, on the other hand, in the Val
Camonica, found the flowers to be so strongly protogynous that the stigmas were
usually completely dried up before the anthers dehisced.
Greenland specimens collected by Vanhéffen and von Drygalski possessed
extremely small flowers only 5-6 mm. in diameter, and feebly protandrous (Abromeit,
‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 49).
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 flies, 2 humble-bees, and 5 Lepidoptera (‘Alpenblumen,’
p- 378); also 7 flies, 2 humble-bees, an ant, and 5 Lepidoptera (op. cit., p. 172).
Warming (Greenland), small flies. Wormskjold (Greenland), Lepidoptera.
ERICACEAE 47
529. Rhododendron L.
Protandrous humble-bee flowers, usually brightly coloured; nectar secreted by
an annular swelling at the base of the ovary. Kerner states that in many species the
pollen-tetrads are bound together by threads of viscin.
1773. R. ferrugineum L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii; Herm.
Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 378—9.)—In this species the abundant nectar collects in
the base of the almost horizontal corolla-tube, especially in a slight pouch on the
upper side of this. The erect hairs on the filaments serve as nectar-covers. In
FiG. 229. Rhododendron, L. (after Herm. Miller). .4. A just-opened flower of R. ferrugineum, L.
(natural size). &. A rather older flower of the same species. C. A young flower of R. Azrsutum, L.
(in the male stage), after removal of the perianth and some of the stamens(* 7). J). An older flower
of the same species (in the female stage), treated similarly (x 7). ,nectar; 7, nectary; sf, stigma.
order to get at the nectar-bees and humble-bees must creep over the stamens
and stigma into the base of the flower, and if this is in the first stage their under-side
is dusted with pollen, which will be transferred to the stigmas of flowers in the second
stage. As the longest stamens project beyond the stigma, automatic self-pollination
is possible if insect-visits fail.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), the honey-bee and 7 humble-bees, skg. legitimately and
effecting cross-pollination; also, as unbidden guests, a beetle, 4 flies, an ant, and
9 Lepidoptera. Ricca (Alps), humble-bees up to a height of 2,200 m. MacLeod
(Pyrenees), 3 humble-bees, Halictus, and a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii,
1891, p- 373):
1774. R. hirsutum L. (Herm. Miiller, op. cit.\—Hermann Miller says that
the flower mechanism of this species completely agrees with that of R. ferrugineum.
Hansgirg noticed the occurrence of pseudo-cleistogamy.
48 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), almost the same insects as for R. ferrugineum. Frey-
Gessner (Switzerland), 5 bees—1. Bombus alpinus Z. ¥; 2. B. mastrucatus Gers?. ;
3. B. mendax Gers’; 4. B. montanus Zep.; 5. Osmia nigriventris Ze‘. (=O.
criticalis Gers/.). Schletterer (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus pratorum L.
1775. R. lapponicum Wahlenb. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1885,
Pp. 35-9.)—Warming says that in the homogamous Hymenopterid flowers of this
species the stamens diverge so much laterally that the anthers are scarcely likely
to touch the stigma, so that self-pollination is rendered very difficult, and crossing
is usually necessary. He noticed many ripe fruits.
The flowers of the specimens collected by Vanhéffen (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb.
von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 49-51) in Greenland were situated in groups
of 2-4 at the ends of the branches, and surrounded in the bud by glandular scale-
leaves covered with a felt of woolly hairs. When the flowers open their stalks
are very short (5 mm.) and beset with numerous yellow glands, but subsequently
elongate to 10-14 mm. The calyx is purple-red in colour, also glandular, and
the edges of its teeth fringed with long hairs. The total length of the corolla is
8-8-5 mm., of which about half is taken up by the tube; it is dark purple-red
or sometimes bright pink in colour, and its throat is lined with small hairs.
There are five to nine stamens, equal in length to the pistil, and usually widely
separate from one another. The bases of the filaments are broadened and covered
with small hairs, and the brown-red anthers dehisce by means of two rounded
apertures. The style is 8-11 mm. long, and the dark purple-red stigma is extremely
glutinous. Nectar is secreted by a hypogynous ring.
1776. R. praecox.—This species is native to the Himalayas.
Visitors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) saw 2 bees, skg. (Apis mellifica Z. ¥,
and Bombus terrester Z. 9).
1777. R. Chamaecistus L. (=Rodothamnus Chamaecistus Rezchd.).—The
rose-red corolla of this species is not funnel-shaped as in the preceding ones, but
wheel-shaped. Kerner states that the protogynous flowers are inevitably cross-
pollinated in the first stage of anthesis. The filaments can be twisted round, and
are used as alighting-rods by insects, which transfer pollen to the stigmas of
blossoms in the first stage, while in those in the second-stage they rub off the
pollen-tetrads which are united together by threads of viscin. Ultimately the flower
sinks down till the stigma is brought into the line of fall of the pollen, rendering
automatic self-pollination possible.
1778. R. Vanhoeffeni Abrom.—Vanhoffen found only a single plant of this
species in Greenland, which was growing between thick clumps of Vaccinium
uliginosum and Betula nana. In some respects it appears to be closely related
to R. lapponicum, in others to Ledum palustre Z., var. B decumbens Ait., so that
it is possibly a hybrid between them. It is distinguished from R. lapponicum by
more numerous flowers in the inflorescence, longer pedicels, a smaller corolla less
deeply cleft and with a tube only 1-2-5 mm. long, as well as by a series of vegetative
ERICACEAE 49
characters. The pollen-grains are smaller, and their walls often shrivelled (Abromeit,
‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Gronlandsexped.,’ pp. 51-8). The stamens are usually
ten in number, and project a little beyond the style. Some of the brownish or
yellowish anthers appear to be reduced.
530. Rhodora L.
Flowers homogamous, with concealed nectar; the stigma is at first covered as
with a cap by the middle lobe of the upper lip.
1779. R. canadensis L. (=Rhododendron Rhodora J. /. Gme/.). (Hilde-
brand, Flora, Marburg, xxxix, 1881.)—Hildebrand gives the following account of this
species.—
The corolla possesses two lower lobes separate almost to the base, and a three-
lobed upper lip, the central division of which covers the opening of the flower like
a cap, holding fast the elongating style so that it is bent sharply downwards at its
centre. There are ten stamens, of which the upper ones are shorter with tips bent
downwards, while the longer lower stamens are bent upwards. The anthers are so
placed that their apical pores surround the opening of the flower, so that an insect
visitor must dust itself with the pollen by which these are covered. The continued
elongation of the style causes it to spring out of the cap at a later stage, and it now
projects beyond the anthers so that an insect visiting the flower must first touch it,
securing cross-pollination if already dusted in another flower. Autogamy is not
absolutely excluded, but as visitors have usually removed all the pollen before the
stigma emerges, it is generally impossible.
531. Kalmia L.
The anthers are situated in pouches of the corolla, and the elasticity of the
filaments causes them to spring out when insects visit the flower. Drude gives the
following description of the mechanism (in Engler and Prantl, ‘ D. nat. PAanzenfam.,’
IV, 1, p. 25).—
The anthers are enclosed in pits of the wheel-shaped corolla, the margins of
which prevent them springing out prematurely, though the filaments are strongly
bent inwards and in a state of elastic tension. In warm sunshine the elasticity of the
filaments increases, and they perhaps become shorter, so that the slightest touch
causes them to spring out and scatter a cloud of pollen from their dehisced anthers.
Drude’s observations were made in the Dresden Botanic Garden, where he never saw
the liberation effected by insects, which curiously did not appear to visit the bright red
flowers. In favourable weather it took place spontaneously, and was followed in due
course by the formation of seeds. The pollen reaches the stigmas of neighbouring
flowers much more easily than that of the one in which it is produced, but autogamy
is not excluded.
1780. K. glauca Ait. (=K. polifolia Wangen.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’
pp. 238-40; Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ p. 169; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii,
1870, p. 669; W. J. Beal, Amer. Nat., Boston (Mass.), i, 1868.)— Sprengel supposed
the flower mechanism of this species to be adapted to self-pollination. Delpino and
DAVES. 1 E
50 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Hildebrand think that insects are driven away by the explosion of the stamens, and
transfer the pollen to other flowers. W. J. Beal says that the flowers are self-sterile.
Visirors.—W. J. Beal observed the honey-bee, bringing about the explosion,
and effecting crossing.
5. TRriBpe Pyroeaer.
Flowers usually homogamous, with or without nectar.
532. Pyrola L.
Flowers generally white in colour; nectar abundantly secreted in their bases,
or absent. Pollen-grains in tetrads. Anthers dehisce by pores. Flowers arranged
in radia] racemes, or rarely solitary.
1781. P. minor L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, 1870; Warming,
Bot. Tids., Kjobenhavn, ii, 1877, pp. 122-4; Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 376-7;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 452.)—Ricca describes the nectarless
flowers of this species as protandrous, but Warming, MacLeod and myself found them
to be homogamous. The five stigmatic lobes abundantly secrete a sticky fluid, which
in the absence of nectar appears to be licked by insect visitors before they search for
Fic. 230. Pyrola rotundifolia L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower, seen immediately from the front
(x 34). &. Pistil, seen from the side. C. Stamens (x 7). .g7, style: ov, ovary; s, calyx; sf, stigma.
pollen, so that their visits effect crossing. The anthers are erect in the bud, but
afterwards turn over, so that their basal pores, of which the margins are orange-red,
are directed downwards. Automatic self-pollination regularly takes place, should
insect-visits fail, by fall of pollen on the reflexed margin of the stigma. Warming
observed flowers of different size and breadth:—in some the petals come together to
form a globular bell with narrow aperture, and the stamens are relatively long; in
others the corolla is more widely open, and the stamens are shorter. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-tetrads as four-sided, and 30-44 uw in diameter.
Visitors.—Very few. The following were recorded by the observers, and for
the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Westphalia), a beetle (Dasytes flavipes #.), constantly present in
large numbers, first visiting the stigma, then the stamens, and thus effecting crossing ;
ERICACEAE 51
also some small flower-beetles (Meligethes sp.) and 2 Muscids (Anthomyia sp., and
Opomyza germinationis /.). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee, a Muscid,
a micro-Lepidopterid, and a beetle (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 113).
1782. P. rotundifolia L. (Warming, op. cit., p. 124; Herm. Miiller, op. cit.,
p- 376; Lindman, ‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin. Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.’ ;
Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.’ pp. 102-3; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver.,
Wernigerode, xi, 1896, p. 7.)—The flowers of this species examined by me at Kiel
were white in colour with an open bell-shaped corolla, devoid of nectar, feebly
odorous, and homogamous (strongly protandrous according to Warnstorf. Their
mechanism is at first adapted to crossing, and subsequently, as a rule, to automatic
self-pollination. This change is brought about by a gradual alteration in the direction
of growth of the style, which is at first directed almost vertically downwards, sometimes
with a slight upward curve, so that the line of fall of the pollen is about 8 mm. in front
of the stigma. The end of the style subsequently bends upwards, bringing the stigma
vertically below the opening of the anthers, so that autogamy follows automatically by
the fall of pollen (Fig. 231). Lindman says that in plants growing on the Dovrefjeld
automatic self-pollination finally becomes
possible, for the anther-pores, at first
basal, are brought into a suitable position.
In this species again the stigma
secretes a large amount of sticky fluid,
from which five conical elevations pro-
ject, and the pores of the yellow
anthers are surrounded by an orange- Blix aie ypc ania: Bani nataed.
yellow band. Warnstorf states that the (1) Stamens and pistil in the first condition of the
i . : flower ; the stigma is not in the line of fall of the pollen.
pollen-tetrads are 37 win diameter. (2) Do., in the second stage of anthesis; the stigma
Visrrors.—These are very few in _ lies verteally below the tips of the anthers, from which
the pollen is distributed.
number. On the Meimersdorfer Moor
near Kiel, where this plant grows in association with Parnassia palustris, 1 observed
large numbers of insects visiting the latter (11 and 14.9.’92), but, though I watched
for a long time, was unable to see a single insect visiting the Pyrola, though it was
quite as conspicuous. On flowers taken into my study I noticed several house-flies,
touching the stigmas, anthers, and petals with their proboscis, but after a few vain
attempts to find nectar they quickly went away again. Alfken observed no visitors
in Norderney.
Warming has examined herbarium specimens of the var. arenarza Koch in
which the stigma and anthers are closer together than in the type-form, so that
automatic self-pollination would appear to be effected more easily.
VistTors.— Verhoeff observed none in Norderney.
1783. P. grandiflora Rad. (Kolderup Rosenvinge, Meddel. om Grénland, xv,
1896, p. 68; Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped., p. 48.)—
Rosenvinge states that there are transilions between this arctic species and P. rotundi-
folia, The Greenland specimens described by Abromeit possess an external annular
swelling at the base of the calyx which is absent in the latter, while the calyx-teeth
are shorter (usually less than half that of the petals), broader, and often dentate
at their ends.
52 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1784. P. media Sw. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II.)—Kerner says
that automatic self-pollination is brought about in the white flowers of this species by
a bending of the style, by which the stigma is brought into contact with pollen lying
in depressions of the petals.
1785. P. secunda L. (IXerner, op. cit., p. 274; Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat.,
Milano, xiv, 1871; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, pp. 7-8.)—Kerner
says that in this species nectar is secreted at the base of the corolla in the pendulous
flowers. The anther-pores face upwards, and the S-shaped filaments are kept in
place by the petals. When a nectar-seeking insect touches the stamens the anthers
tip over, so that the pollen falls upon and dusts it. This pollen is then transferred to
the stigma of the next flower visited.
Ricca describes the flowers as feebly protogynous, and Warnstorf also says they
are protogynous. During the first (female) stage of anthesis the thick glutinous
stigma projects about 2 mm. from the flower-bell, while the white pubescent anthers,
borne on S-shaped _fila-
ments, are first closed,
but afterwards dehisce on
the side turned inwards.
If the proboscis of an
insect is inserted into the
flower at this stage, the
anthers tip over and dis-
charge their mealy white
pollen on the head of
the visitor, to be trans-
ferred to the projecting
stigma of the next flower
visited. Should — insect-
visits fail, the filaments
straighten themselves, and
the anthers project from
Fic. 232. Pyrola unifiora, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower scen x
directly from below (< 3). B. Pistil of same, seen from the side (x 3). the flower, the OpeMing: of
C. Ananther(* 7). gv, style; ov, ovary; s¢, stigma. which is widened by the
pressing back of the petals.
The anthers now tip over of their own accord, and the pollen is able to fall on
the stigmas of lower flowers. The pollen-grains are smooth, ellipsoidal, about
25 pw long and 12 p broad.
1786. P. uniflora L. (=Moneses grandiflora S. F. Gray). (Ricca, Atti Soc.
ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 375-6 ; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 383; Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1895,
pp. 15-18 ; Lindman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin. Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.’)
—The large white nectarless flowers of this species are turned downwards, and as
they expand to a breadth of 20 mm. are tolerably conspicuous, though only one is
situated at the end of each peduncle. The lowest part of the flower is the most con-
venient alighting-platform, and this is constituted by the five sharp lobes of the
ERICACEAE 53
stigma, upon which are damp glistening spots (considered as nectar by Ricca), that
visitors lick, at the same time depositing any pollen adhering to their proboscis.
Finding no nectar they climb up the style, attracted by the orange-yellow horns
of the anthers, and busy themselves with the pollen, so that the proboscis is again
dusted. Crossing is therefore easily effected by insects, but Hermann Miller says
that the projecting position of the stigma usually prevents automatic self-pollination.
Kerner gives a different account. He says that at first the peduncle is bent in such
a way that the style projects vertically downwards, while the anther-pores face
upwards, autogamy being therefore impossible. Insect visitors first touch the stigma,
and then tip over the anthers, which sprinkle them with pollen. Later on the
peduncle becomes less bent, so that the flower is brought into a nodding position,
while the style is directed obliquely downwards and the stigma now lies directly
below the anthers. At
the same time the fila-
ments have bent round,
so that the anther-pores
face downwards, and pol-
len can easily fall from
them upon the stigma,
automatically effecting self-
pollination.
Warming says that
in plants growing in
Greenland the distance
between the stigma and
anthers is less than in
P. rotundifolia, so that
automatic § self-pollination ; ; ;
Fic. 233. Pyrola untfiora, L. (after E. Warming). 4. Flower seen
is more easily effected. from the side. B. Do. from the front (x 2). C. Flower-bud sheltered
4 . by a bract. D, &, F. Stamens of an older flower (x 8). G. Stigma
(of Fig. 233-) According seen fromabove. #7, J. Stamens of a bud, before they have turned round
to Lindman, the flowers (* 8). A\ Flower of 2. rotundifolia, L.(x 2).
on the Dovrefjeld have a
smaller diameter (13 mm.) than those of the Alps. Ekstam says that the diameter
varies from 12 to 20 mm. in the Swedish Highlands, while that of the faintly odorous
flowers of Nova Zemlia is ro-20 mm. The mechanism in the latter locality agrees
with the description given by Warming, and sometimes suggests that of P. rotundifolia.
No nectar is secreted.
533- Hypopitys Dill.
Homogamous flowers with concealed nectar, secreted, according to Kerner, by
the fleshy base of the corolla.
1787. H. multiflora Scop. (=Monotropa hypopitys Z.). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 530; Warnstorf, Verh, bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, 1896.)—The fiowers of
this species, which like the whole of the plant are pale-yellow in colour, are homo-
gamous and arranged in racemes. The terminal one is pentamerous, and the lateral
54 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
ones tetramerous. Kirchner states that the former has ten, while the latter have
eight small narrow nectaries at the base of the ovary, which project into gibbosities of
the petals that serve as nectar-receptacles. The erect dentated petals are about
15 mm. long, and closely apposed laterally, so as to contract the opening of the
flower to 4-5 mm. This is almost blocked up by the large capitate stigma, which
is 3-33 mm. broad. A proboscis at least 10 mm. long is required to reach the
nectar. There is a central pit in the stigma, surrounded by a wall of very sticky
papillae and the lower side of the stigma is surrounded by whitish hairs which help
to prevent self-pollination. The anthers are situated rather below the stigma at the
level of these hairs, and dehisce extrorsely. Insect visitors must first touch the stigma
with their heads, dusting it with pollen if they have previously visited another flower,
and at the same time making their head or proboscis sticky with stigmatic fluid, so
that the white pollen against which they at once brush will adhere to them. Crossing
is thus ensured, while automatic self-pollination would seem to be excluded. Warns-
torf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, spheroidal, smooth, and about
25 w in diameter.
Visitors.—I observed the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg. (length of
proboscis 10-15 mm.) on Wollin Island.
LAI. ORDER LPACRIDEAE RX. BR.
Delpino (‘Ult. oss.’) says that some of the species of the genus Epacris are
protogynous.
534. Richea R. Br.
1788. R. sprengelioides F. Muell. (= Cystanthe sprengelioides 2. Br.).
(Borzi, ‘Contrib. alla biol. veget.,’ I, Fasc. 1, Palermo, 1897.)—Borzi says that this
species is anemophilous.
LXAIL ORDER DIAPLNSIACEAE LINDL.
535. Diapensia 1.
1789. D. lapponica L. (Warming, ‘ Best6vningsmaade,’ pp. 34-6.)—This
species, native to high latitudes, is said by Warming to be feebly protogynous in
Greenland. The stigma and anthers are tolerably far apart, so that automatic self-
pollination is rendered difficult, but sometimes the anthers dehisce in the bud, so that
autogamy can take place when the flower opens. Nectar is abundantly secreted at
the base of the ovary, and is completely concealed.
Lindman states that the flowers are protogynous on the Dovrefjeld. The
stamens are at first curved inwards, but afterwards become erect, though autogamy is
excluded, for the flowers always remain erect, and the anthers project beyond the
stigma.
Vanhéffen noticed (27.6.°93) fruiting plants in Greenland (Abromeit, ‘ Bot.
Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Gronlandsexped.,’ p. 47).
Visitors—Ekstam observed flies in the Swedish Highlands.
PLUMBAGINEAE 55
LX. ORDER PLUMBAGINEAE JUSS.
Lirerature.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 122.
Flowers small but brightly coloured, and arranged in heads or corymbs. Nectar
secreted and concealed in the bases of the flowers, which therefore belong to class
C or S. Fritz Miiller states that many species of Plumbago and Statice are dimor-
phous (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvi, 1868, p. 113).
536. Armeria L.
1790. A. elongata Hoffm. (=A. vulgaris HW7Ud., Statice Armeria 7., and
S. elongata Moffm.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 174-5; Treviranus, Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxi, 1863; MacLeod, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxix, 1887; Knuth, op. cit.,
xlviii, 1891, ‘Vergl.
Beob.,’ ‘Bl. u. Insekt.
a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp.
122-3, ‘ Weit. Beob. i.
Bl. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 239,
‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d.
Halligen’: — Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. PL,’ Eng.
Ed. 1, IL, p. 358;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I,
PP: 80-90.) a The FIG. 234. Diapensta lapponzca, L. (after E. Warming). Drawn from
plants of this Species material collected in Greenland. A. A widely open flower, seen from above,
Sn ceive dives gece ees ee eee eee
gated in the North D, £. Pollen-grains. : F. A young flower with corolla only partly expanded ;
sot the anthers have dehisced and there are some pollen-grains upon the stigma,
Frisian Islands belong which is already receptive; anthers and stigma are so close together that
to a variety often autogamy is probably easy. G. A young flower partly dissected ; the anthers
have opened and the stigma is receptive. #7, Trifid style. (A, B,C x 2b;
reckoned as a distinct © * 38-)
species (A. maritima
Willd.). The flowers smell of cumarin, and the conical calyx, about 5 mm. in length,
possesses a membranous limb of bright-violet colour like the corolla, and strengthened
by five stiff teeth, the reddish tips of which enhance conspicuousness. The five
corolla-lobes alternate with these teeth, are 8 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, and only
connected at their bases. Each of them is traversed by a strong median vein of
darker colour, and two weaker lateral ones. These lobes are held together by the
calyx so as to constitute a funnel-shaped tube about 7 mm. deep. The stamens are
4-5 mm. long and opposed to the petals. Upon the top of the ovary there is
a green five-rayed nectary, from the middle of which spring five styles equalling
the stamens in length. The lower third of these is beset with erect white hairs,
which are particularly long and numerous above, making up a dense feltwork
serving as an effective protection to the nectar. The terminal third of the styles
is beset with papillae giving a velvety surface. MacLeod says there is a nectary
at the base of each petal.
In the island of Sylt the flowers are feebly protandrous, indeed almost homo-
gamous. The erect stamens dehisce as soon as the flowers open, so that insects
56 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
probing for nectar dust themselves with pollen. But as at the same time they touch
the stigmas, automatic self-pollination necessarily takes place. According to Mac-
Leod, however, the anthers have lost so much of their polien as to render this difficult.
Up to this time the outwardly bent styles alternate with the stamens, so that insect-
visits are still able to effect crossing. MacLeod states that the stamens and styles
ultimately become so intertangled that automatic self-pollination is inevitable. Insect
visitors dust their upper sides with pollen if they probe for nectar between the corolla
and stamens, but get covered all over with it should they creep into the base of the
flower between the stamens.
The description of the method of pollination given by Schulz for the main form
A. elongata does not entirely agree with the above account, possibly because it is
sometimes difficult to distinguish between younger and
older flowers. At first the styles bend outwards so as to
touch the anthers, and as the flowers are homogamous
autogamy is thus effected. The stamens first move
inwards and then outwards. ‘Towards the end of anthesis
the styles and stamens become closely intertangled, but
this does not lead to autogamy, for at this time there is
FIG. 235. Armeria,L. (from often no pollen left, besides which the tips of the styles
a photograph, x 4). <A flower, ‘ e
after corolla, stamens, and styles frequently project from the tangled mass. Kerner asserts,
bave fallen off, seen from above. however, that automatic self-pollination does take place
‘z, calyx-teeth; 2, five-radiate
nectary. at this stage, styles and stamens being thrown into
intertwining spirals.
Visrrors.—Knuth observed the following. —
North Frisian Is—A, Coleoptera. 1. Cantharis fusca Z. (with its head in
the flowers). B. Diptera. All skg. or po-dvg. (a) Aluscrdae: 2. Avicia lardaria
F.; 3. A. vagans Fall.; 4. Lucilia caesar Z.; 5. Sarcophaga carnaria L.; 6. S. sp. ;
7. Scatophaga stercoraria Z.; 8. Trypeta sp.; 9. 4 sps. of smaller Muscidae. (6)
Syrphidae: to. Eristalis intricarius Z.; 11. E. tenax Z.; 12. Helophilus pendulus Z.;
13. H. trivittatus #.; 14. Volucella bombylans Z. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
all skg. or po-clig.: 15. Apis mellifica Z.; 16. Bombus agrorum /.; 17. B. distin-
gucndus JZor.; 18. B. lapidarius Z.; 19. B. terrester Z.; 20. Dasypoda plumipes
Pz.; 21. Panurgus ater Pz.; 22. P. lobatus #. D. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera:
all skg.: 23. Argynnis aglaja Z.; 24. Epinephele janira Z.; 25. Lycaena semiargus
Rolt.; 26. Pieris sp.; 27. Satyrus semele Z. (4) Sphingidae: 28. Ino statices L.;
29. Zygaena filipendulae Z. Helgoland.—A. Diptera. (a) Afuscidae: 1. Lucilia
caesar L. (6) Syrphidac: 2. Eristalis sp.; 3. E. tenax Z.; 4. Syritta pipiens Z.
B. Lepidoptera. Noctuidae: 5. Plusia gamma Z. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
Vili, 1896, p. 41).
On May 6, 1897, I observed (Helgoland) the characteristic pollinator of this
species, i.e. Andrena carbonaria Z., skg. The proportions of the bee exactly corre-
spond to the dimensions of the flowers when the insect inserts its head. Also
(occasional), Pieris brassicae Z. 4, skg., Lucilia caesar Z., do., and Scatophaga sp., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Leege (Juist), the Noctuid moth Hydroecia nictitans Z. Verhoeff in Norderney
and Juist (J.).—A. Coleoptera. Scaradbacidae: 1. Phyllopertha horticola Z.,
po-dvg. (J.). B. Diptera. (a) rbionrdae: 2. Dilophus femoratus Jf. 9, skg.; 3.
D. vulgaris Mfg. 9 and 3, skg. (0) Emprdae: 4. Hilara quadrivittata AZg. 9 and 4,
very common, skg. (c) Afuscedae: 5. Aricia incana Wredem. 9 and , skg.; 6. Cyno-
PLUMBAGINEAE 57
myia mortuorum L. 6. (d) Syrphdae: 7. Eristalis intricarius Z.; 8. Platycheirus
sp. 4, skg. C. Hymenoptera. 9. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9, po-cltg. (J.). Hein-
sius (Holland), various flies (Ceratopogon sp. 9; Dilophus vulgaris Afg. 8; Hilara
chorica Fa//.(?); Rhamphomyia sp. 9), a short-tongued bee (Prosopis communis
Wyi. $), and a butterfly (Coenonympha pamphilus Z.) (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
iv, 1892, pp. 84-5). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee, an Empid, a Muscid,
a hover-fly, and several Dolichopodids (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire, p. 142).
1791. A. alpina Willd. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,? Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 3583
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 373.)—The flower mechanism
of this species agrees entirely with that of A. elongata. MacLeod says that crossing
and automatic self-pollination are successively ensured. According to Kerner, the
stamens of the homogamous flowers are so situated in the first stage of anthesis that
insects probing for the abundant nectar are obliged to rub against the pollen-covered
anthers, while the five styles with their stigmas are erect in the centre. Anthers and
stigmas then change places, the former turning towards the middle of the flower,
and the latter moving to its periphery. Should insect-visits fail, the styles ultimately
twist up spirally, move back to the centre, and become intertwined with the similarly
twisted stamens, so that the stigmas are brought into contact with any pollen that
may remain clinging to the latter.
537. Statice Tourn.
Flowers blue-violet in colour, and arranged in conspicuous corymbs ; the con-
cealed nectar secreted and stored up in the bases of the flowers. Sometimes hetero-
styly.
1792. S. Limonium L. (=S. Behen Dreyer, and S. scanica Fries). (Mac-
Leod, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxix, 1887; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 124-5, ‘Weit. Beob. ti. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 239, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’)—The plants of this species I examined in the North Frisian Islands were
protandrous. The lobes of the corolla, as in Armeria, are held together by the calyx
during the first stage of anthesis, and the pollen-covered anthers project r-2 mm.
from them. After these have withered, the styles, which are glabrous at the base,
elongate so that the receptive stigmas project from the entrance of the flower.
Crossing is therefore ensured by insect-visits, but should these fail, automatic self-
pollination is possible by means of the pollen which has fallen out of the anthers and
remains in the flowers. Geitonogamy appears to be brought about by the wind, for
masses of pollen are not infrequently seen on and near the flowers.
I observed only one type in the North Frisian Islands, but MacLeod describes
the following three varieties for the coast of Belgium (near Ter Neuzen and Nieuw-
port) :—
(a) macrostyla n. var.: style 7-8 mm. long ; stigmatic papillae occupying 2-24
mm. of the tip of the style, not prominent; stamens short; extine with polygonal
markings.
(b) brachysiyla n. var.: style 4-5 mm. long; stigmatic papillae occupying only
3-1 mm. of the end of the style, small but more prominent; stamens long; extine
without polygonal markings.
(c) zsostyla n, var.: stamens and style about the same length.
58 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Automatic self-pollination is almost unavoidable in (c); pollen can easily fall
from the anthers on the stigma in (b); autogamy sometimes takes place in (a) by
bending down of the style.
MacLeod also observed numerous flowers with sterile stamens, so that there
is a tendency to gynodioecism.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Amrum), only a few minute Muscids, and a bug (Lygus pratensis /)
obviously not adapted to the size and mechanism of the flowers, for a proboscis
5-6 mm. long is required to reach the nectar: (Sylt), the honey-bee, in enormous
numbers, skg., the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., do., and the hover-fly Meli-
threptus nitidicollis Ze//., do.: (Langeness in the Hallige), medium-sized Diptera.
Willis (neighbourhood of the south coast of Scotland), a beetle (Meligethes sp., po-
dvg.) and a humble-bee (Bombus hortorum Z., skg.) (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’
Part I). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee and the beetle Meligethes (‘ Flora
of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 142).
LAIV. ORDER PRIMULACEAE VENT.
Literature.—Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 373-4; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt.
a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 120, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 86.
The brightly coloured corolla serves to attract insects. Numerous gradations are
found between open nectarless flowers and such as are adapted by the way in which
nectar is concealed and their entire mechanism to a restricted circle of long-tongued
and industrious insects (bees, Lepidoptera). The flowers belong to the following
classes :—Po: Trientalis, Lysimachia, Anagallis, Centunculus, Samolus (with pseudo-
nectaries). C: Glaux (?), Hottonia, Androsace, Soldanella pusilla Baumg., var.
mnchinata Ab.: Soldanella pusilla Bawmg., var. pendula, S. alpina. HbLb: Primula
elatior A7Zz//, P. officinalis Jacg., P. vulgaris Huds. Lb: Primula integrifolia Z.,
P. farinosa Z., P. viscosa A//., P. longifolia 4//. (diurnal hawk-moth flowers). The
species of Hottonia and Primula are usually dimorphous.
538. Trientalis Rupp.
Open protogynous pollen flowers, sometimes, according to Schulz, varying
to homogamous. The thick fleshy ring which bears the stamens and surrounds the
ovary is, however, so juicy that Hermann Miiller suggests many visitors may bore it
to get the sap.
1793. T. europaea L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 65-6; Schulz,
‘Beitrage, I, p. 88.)—Hermann Miiller says that the white petals of this species
spread out into a flat star 12-15 mm. broad. The stamens are directed obliquely
upwards and outwards, and their anthers as a rule at first remain closed, while the
stigma is at the same level and receptive when the flower opens. The flowers
examined by Schulz in the Riesengebirge were either homogamous or very feebly
protogyvnous. ‘The anthers dehisce above and internally, so that an insect when
pushing its head into the base of the flower must touch the pollen with one side
PRIMULACEAE 59
of this and the stigma with the other. When several blossoms are visited successively
crossing must regularly be brought about.
In the course of anthesis the style elongates to some extent, so that the stigma,
at first on the same level as the anthers, ultimately projects beyond them. The flower
closes again when it withers, pressing the stamens against the style, so that some
pollen can now easily fall on the stigma, or this may come into contact with some of
the grains that have dropped on the petals.
The species is represented in the Arctic regions by a variety different in some
respects, 1.e. arctica Fisch.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller only observed the beetle Meligethes.
539. Lysimachia L.
Homogamous yellow pollen flowers.
1794. L. vulgaris L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation, pp. 389-90, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
III, p. 65; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 443-4; Warnstorf,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 120-1,
‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., pp. 229-30, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’ ;
Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 531-2.) —The golden-yellow flowers of this species
exist in three different oecological forms.—
(a) aprica Knuth: corolla-lobes about 12 mm. long and 6 mm. broad, golden-
yellow in colour with red bases, tips reflexed; filaments red towards their tips ;
style projecting a few millimetres beyond the two longest stamens, thus ensuring
crossing by insect visitors, and rendering automatic self-pollination difficult. Grows
in sunny stations on the mainland (but not in the North Frisian Islands).
(6) wmébrosa Knuth: corolla-lobes about ro mm. long and 6 mm. broad,
bright-yellow in colour, directed obliquely upwards, tips not reflexed; filaments
greenish-yellow; style as long as the two longer stamens, so that automatic self-
pollination is inevitable failing insect-visits. Grows in shady stations.
(c) zuéermedia Knuth: corolla-lobes 10 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, distant,
bright-yellow in colour, sometimes reddish at the base; filaments usually reddish;
style somewhat longer than the two longest stamens, so that automatic self-
pollination takes place more easily than in (a), and with greater difficulty than in (b).
Grows in stations of intermediate character, e.g. the sunny edges of ditches,
Approximates sometimes to one, sometimes to the other of the well-defined varieties
(a) and (b).
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour, ellipsoidal, coarsely
tuberculate, about 37 » long and 23 » broad.
Visitors.—The most important is the bee Macropis labiata Pz., the presence of
which in a district appears to be related to that of this species (Ducke also observed
at Trieste the rare species Macropis frivaldskyi AZocs.). In the North Frisian Islands,
which are otherwise rather poor in insects, I found considerable numbers of this bee
on the flowers, its hind-legs laden with enormous balls of pollen. In the East Frisian
Islands, on the other hand, where this plant is absent, the bee has not been observed,
although a pretty complete entomological survey has been made. The same bec has
60 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
been seen by me on the flowers in East Holstein, Mecklenburg, Riigen, and Thuringia ;
by MacLeod in Belgium, Buddeberg in Nassau, Herm. Miiller in Westphalia, Krieger
at Leipzig, Alfken at Bremen; Friese in Mecklenburg, Baden, Alsace, and Hungary,
also at Fiume and Trieste; Nylander in Finland, Morawitz at St. Petersburg, and
Delpino in Tuscany (‘ Ult. oss.,’ Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xvi, 1873). Herm.
Miiller adds that he found the bee in tolerable numbers on flowers growing in sunny
stations, the females (which he only saw on this species) industriously brushing off
the pollen and heaping it up in thick moistened balls on their hind-legs. How the
necessary moisture is obtained is doubtful, but probably the bee bores into the juicy
cellular tissues of the flowers. The blades of its maxillae, however, are blunt and
clothed with long hairs, so that the function they usually perform may perhaps be
carried out by the spines with which the short thick ligula is beset.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated—
Herm. Miiller—A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syritta pipiens Z., po-dvg. on var.
(b), effecting both self- and cross-pollination; 2. Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg.
B. Hymenoptera. (a) Aprdac: 3. Andrena denticulata A. 3, one, vainly searching
for nectar; 4. Halictus zonulus Sm. 8, one, do.; 5. Macropis labiata Pz., var. fulvipes
¥. 9 (Bavarian Oberpfalz). (2) Vespidae: 6. Odynerus parietum ZL. 9, one, po-cltg.
and vainly searching for nectar. Knuth (Riigen), the fossorial wasp Crabro palmarius
Schreb. Alfken (Bremen), the bees Halictus calceatus Scop., and H.morio/, Friese
for Fiume (F.) and Trieste (T.), 2 bees—1. Andrena korleviciana /rzese (F., T.),
not rare (Korlevié); 2. Macropis frivaldskyi AZocs. (Hungary), occasional (F'.), freq.
(Korlevic).
1795. L. nemorum L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 532: MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 4443; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
In the egg-yellow flowers of this species the diverging stamens are of equal length,
and remote from the stigma, which is situated at a somewhat lower level. Kerner
states, however, that automatic self-pollination takes place by contact of anthers and
stigma.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the po-dvg. hover-fly Syrphus balteatus Deg. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire),
a Muscid and several Dolichopodids (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 113).
1796. L. Nummularia L. (Darwin, ‘ Variation,’ I], p. 154; Kirchner, * Flora
v. Stuttgart,’ p. 532; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 4443
Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896 ; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
The large golden-yellow flowers of this species are marked internally with glandular
brown points. Their stamens are of unequal length. Although owing to the size of
the flowers crossing by insect visitors appears to take place pretty frequently, auto-
matic self-pollination can also be easily effected, as was pointed out by Darwin,
though this rarely results in the formation of seeds. Warming suggests that this is
because all the plants of a particular station have been derived from the same original
stock. Warnstorf states that the flowers are protogynous at Ruppin. At the time
when the pollen is ripe the anthers are usually at the same level as the stigma, so that
autogamy is inevitable. The pollen-grains are yellow in colour, very irregular
PRIMULACEAE 61
(ellipsoidal, or ovoid to tetrahedral), beset with a network of papillae, variable
in size (25-30 p» in diameter).
VisiTors.—I observed the honey-bee, po-cltg.
1797. L.thyrsifolia 1. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, ii, 1877; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 326; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii,
1896.)—The flowers of this species are protogynous. The ovary is covered with
small papillae, which Kerner says serve as food to visitors. Warnstorff states that
the receptive stigma projects from the flowers before they open. After they have
done so, the stamens become erect and are remote from the stigma, sometimes
attaining the same level and sometimes being a little shorter. The pollen-grains
are yellow in colour, ellipsoidal, finely tuberculate, up to 31 ». long and 19 p» broad.
Kerner states that geitonogamy takes place should insect-visits fail, for the filaments
elongate and bend in such a way as to transfer the pollen to the stigmas of adjacent
flowers.
Visrtors.—I saw the po-dvg. hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z.
1798. L. ciliata L. (=Steironema ciliatum Rafin.)—Kerner says that in this
species also there are little papillae on the ovary which are devoured by insect visitors.
540. Anagallis L.
Homogamous pollen flowers.
1799. A. arvensis L. (=A. phoenicea Svop.). (Delpino, ‘Alc. app.’; Herm.
Miller, ‘ Fertilisation, pp. 390-2; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Rd. 1, I, p. 217;
Fic. 236. Axnagallis arvensis, L.; and A. caerulea, Schreb.\after Herm. Miller). (1) Fully open
flower of A. arvensis. (2) Half-open flower of do. (3) Fully open flower of 4. caern/ea. (4) Do.,
seen from the side, after removal of part of the calyx and corolla. a@, anthers; /, petals; s, sepals;
st, stigma.
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 442-3; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 535; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 121.)—The red flowers of
this species expand in sunny weather from 9 (7) a.m. to 3 (2) p.m., to form a disk
10-12 mm. in diameter. The anthers of the five diverging stamens are covered
with pollen all round, and the style bends down between them in such a way that the
simultaneously mature stigma must first be touched by an insect visitor alighting on
the lower part of the corolla. Crossing will thus be effected if the visitor is already
dusted with pollen.
The corolla closes in the afternoon, bringing the stigma into contact with the
62 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
anthers of the three lowest stamens, so that automatic self-pollination regularly takes
place, and this is largely made use of by the plant, for scarcely any insect visitors
have so far been observed.
Kerner states that each flower opens and closes three times, after which it does
not open again. During the periodic closing of the corolla, the pollen which clings
to it is brought into contact with the stigma and autogamy consequently effected.
During unfavourable weather the flowers remain closed and self-pollination takes
place pseudo-cleistogamously. (Cf Fig. 236.)
It is possible that the delicate clavate hairs covering the filaments may be used
by visitors as food, in addition to the pollen.
Vistrors.—Smith (England) saw the bee Halictus morio /.
1800. A. caerulea Lam. (=A. arvensis Z., according to the /udev Kewensis).
(Herm. Miiller, loc. cit.)}—The flower mechanism of this species is exactly the same
as that of A. arvensis. It must, however, be regarded as a distinct species, for Clos
states that when crossed with the latter no seeds capable of germination are produced.
1801. A. tenella L.—The plants of this species observed by MacLeod on the
dunes of Flanders bore white or reddish pollen flowers, with red-violet longitudinal
streaks on the corolla-lobes. The corolla-tube is deeper than in the two last species,
and is quite filled up by the hairs covering the filaments. The stigma projects
2-3 mm. beyond the anthers, so that automatic self-pollination cannot take place.
541. Centunculus Dill.
Inconspicuous homogamous pollen flowers.
1802. C. minimus L. (Ascherson, Bot. Zig., Leipzig, xxix, 1871, p. 553:
Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 390; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 535;
Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 170, 213, 332; Knuth, ‘ BI. u. Insekt. a.
d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 121, * Weit. Beob. ii. BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 230.)—
In this species the very small white or reddish flowers are regularly self-pollinated,
for in unfavourable weather they remain closed and pseudo-cleistogamy obtains.
Crossing is now and then possible, however, for Kerner says that the flowers open
for a short time in bright sunshine between 10 and rr a.m.
In the island of Fohr I noticed numerous purely cleistogamous flowers.
542. Androsace L.
LireraturE.—Herm. Miiller, * Alpenblumen,’ pp. 357-8.
Homogamous (also protogynous according to Kerner) flowers, with concealed
nectar secreted in favourable weather only by the surface of the ovary and hidden in
the shallow (13-2 mm.) corolla-tube. This narrows above, leaving only a very small
aperture, so that although the nectar is not deeply concealed, it can only be found by
the more intelligent insects, an orange-coloured nectar-guide indicating its position.
When Lepidoptera, bees, or the more skilful flies insert their proboscis into the
narrow opening of the flower, one side of this touches the stigma and the other side
the anthers, so that crossing is ensured. Should insect-visits fail, self-pollination is
secured by the nearness of the anthers to the stigma in the homogamous flowers.
PRIMULACEAE 63
The narrowness of the corolla-tube protects the nectar from rain-drops, which are
unable to displace the air.
Kerner states that many species are heterostylous.
1803. A. septentrionalis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 358; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. PL,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
only 6 mm. in diameter.
pollination is ultimately ef-
fected by contact of the
anthers and stigma.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller
observed an Empid, aSyrphid,
and 3 Muscids.
1804. A.Chamaejasme
Willd. (Herm. Mliiller, ‘Al-
penblumen,’ pp. 358-9.)—In
this species the flowers are
7-8 mm. in diameter. The
nectar-guide is at first yellow
in colour, but becomes car-
mine-red after pollination has
been effected. Should insect-
Il, p. 341.)—The white flowers of this species are
(Cf Fig. 237.) Kerner says that automatic self-
Fic. 237. <dudrosace septentrionalis, L. (after Herm. Miller).
al, Flower seen directly from above. —_&. Do. in longitudinal section.
C. Pistil seen obliquely from above (% 7).
visits fail, the latter takes place automatically by the fall of pollen. (Cf Fig. 238.)
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed 15 flies, 4 Lepidoptera, and a bee.
Fic. 238. -4ndrosace Chamacjasme, Willd.(aiter Herm. Miller). | 4. Flower seen directly from
above. &. Do. in longitudinal section. C. Older pistil seen obliquely from above (x 7). D. Younger
pistil.
1805. A. obtusifolia All. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 360.)—The white
flowers of this species are more than 8 mm. in diameter. Autogamy is easily effected.
Visrrors.— Herm. Miller observed 10 flies and 3 Lepidoptera.
1806. A. alpina Lam. (=A. glacialis Hoppe). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’
p. 360.)—The white or rose-red flowers of this species are 5 mm. broad, and possess
nectar-guides. They are homogamous, and autogamy takes place should insect-
visits fail.
64 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1807. -A. bryoides DC. (=A. helvetica A//.); 1808. A. imbricata Lam.;
and 1809. A. alpina Lam. (=A. pubescens DC.). (Herm. Miiller, loc. cit.)—
These species are homogamous, and self-pollination takes place should insect-visits fail.
1810. A. lactea L. (Briquet, ‘Etudes de biol. flor. dans les Alpes occident.’)—
Briquet states that the flowers of this species are white with a yellow throat. The
limb of the corolla is 11-12 mm. in diameter, while the corolla-tube is 2 mm. broad
with an entrance of 4 mm. As the flowers are homogamous, and the five anthers
almost touch the capitate stigma and project beyond it, automatic self-pollination
regularly takes place, and this is also effected by Diptera and small Lepidoptera.
Briquet was unable to confirm the statement of Kerner that nectar is secreted on the
upper surface of the ovary. Kirchner, however, found little drops of nectar on the
flat upper side of the ovary, both in this species and also in A. villosa, while Kerner
made similar observations for the species of Androsace in general. The flowers of
A. lactea possess an agreeable odour.
1811. A. villosa L. (Briquet, op. cit.)—Briquet says that the flowers of this
species agree with those of A. lactea, except that the corolla is somewhat larger, and
its throat at first flesh-coloured and afterwards white. He observed no visitors.
In flowers examined by Kirchner the diameter was only 8-9 mm., and the throat of
the corolla golden-yellow at the beginning of anthesis, afterwards changing to a peach-
blossom red. MacLeod (‘Pyreneénbl., p. 372) describes the flowers as white or
rose in colour, with purple or yellowish nectar-guides, and a somewhat ventricose
corolla-tube 3-35 mm. long and constricted at the throat.
Visitors.—MacLeod observed 3 flies and a Lepidopterid.
1812. A. Vitaliana Lap. (=Douglasia Vitaliana).—Treviranus describes this
species as dimorphous (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863, p. 6).
543. Primula L.
Lirerature.—Charles Darwin, J. Linn. Soc. Bot., London, vi, 1862, pp. 77-96 ;
Treviranus, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863; Hildebrand, op. cit., xxii, 1864; Scott, J.
Linn. Soc. Bot., London, viii, 1865; Pax, ‘Primulaceae, in Engler and Prantl, ‘ D.
nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 1.
Flowers mostly homogamous and heterostylous-dimorphous, sometimes homo-
stylous; rarely protandrous and belonging to classes L or Hh (or Hb); sometimes
belonging to both Hh and L. Nectar is secreted by the base of the ovary, and sheltered
in the corolla-tube. The pollen-grains of the long stamens are larger than those of
the short ones, and the stigmatic papillae of the long styles are longer than those
of the short styles.
Darwin’s researches showed that ‘legitimate’ pollination, in which the stigma of
the long (or short) style receives pollen produced at the same level by the anthers
of the long (or short) stamens, results in 2 much higher degree of fertility than
‘illegitimate’ pollination. (Cf Vol. I, pp. 47-8.)
He also found Primula officinalis, P. sinensis, and P. Auricula very infertile
when insect-visits were prevented, but completely fertile when such visits were
permitted or artificial pollination effected. Legitimate unions were about 14 times
as fertile as illegitimate ones.
PRIMULACEAE 65
These results were confirmed by the investigations of Hildebrand, who further
proved that when flowers were artificially self-pollinated fertility was at a minimum.
By sowing separately the seeds resulting from the different kinds of union,
Hildebrand found that when both parents were long-styled the offspring were
predominatingly so, and similarly for short-styled stocks. Crosses between the
two kinds of stock resulted in off-
spring which were long- and _ short- Me a aa reas aa 4
: : WV Qi
styled in approximately equal pro- / }
portions. :
The researches of Darwin and | !
Hildebrand threw entirely new light ‘ i
on the significance of crossing and * Be aes a Mae v4
sexuality in general.
1813. P. elatior Hill. (Herm.
Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 384-5, ‘Al-
penblumen,’ p. 369, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ IIT,
pp. 64-5; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II,
pp- 145-6; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ pp. 533-4; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen- . ! \
biol. Bijdragen’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. =
Dodonaea, Ghent, Vy 1 893, pp. FIG. 239. Diagram of the Legitimate and Illegitimate
, ' Unions posstble in Primula (after Charles Darwin). The
444-6.)—This species bears hetero- legitimate unions are indicated by horizontal dotted lines,
stylous flowers belonging to class and the illegitimate ones by curved ditto.
HhL, which do not attain their full
size till towards the end of anthesis. The corolla is of pale-yellow colour with
a yolk-yellow throat, and its tube differs in length and shape in the long- and short-
styled forms.
(a) érachystyla: corolla-tube 15-17 mm. long, gradually narrowing to a little
distance (3-5 mm.) below the horizontally expanded limb, and then at a level of 12-13
mm. from its base enlarging again. The five anthers, borne on filaments with wider
bases, are situated in this enlarged region, and they extend to the opening of
the tube, where their tips converge. The pollen-grains are about twice as large
as in(b). The relatively thick style is about half the length of the corolla-tube; the
stigma is broader than deep, and beset with short papillae.
(b) macrostyla: corolla-tube 12-14 mm. long, widening somewhat in the
middle where the stamens are inserted, and then gradually narrowing again.
The pollen-grains are only about half as large as in (a). The style is tolerably thin
in its upper part, and so long that the spheroidal stigma is situated in the entrance of
the flower. The stigmatic papillae are about five times as long as those of (a).
The two kinds of flowers are about equally frequent, and borne on separate
stocks.
Humble-bees probing for nectar in the legitimate way touch the organs in the
entrance of the flower with their heads, and those in the middle of the corolla-tube
with their laciniae. The regions in question consequently get dusted with pollen,
which is transferred to stigmas situated at the same level in the other kinds of stock,
DAVIS. II F
66 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
so that ‘legitimate’ union is regularly effected. As the head of a humble-bee, about
5 mm. in length, can be entirely thrust into the corolla-tube of either sort of flower,
a proboscis 12 mm. long is able to probe the longest tubes, while one not less than
7, mm. can suck all the nectar from flowers with the shortest tubes.
Legitimate crossing is regularly effected, not only by humble-bees, but also by
the brimstone butterfly (Rhodocera rhamni Z.). The first observation regarding it
was made by A. Miilberger, of which Hermann Miiller says: ‘In my Black Forest
valley (Herrenalb) Primula elatior is the first, and for a long time the only hunting-
ground, where it can disport itself. It visits the long- and short-styled forms
apparently without discrimination. The flower and the butterfly are usually of
precisely the same yellow colour. In a short-styled flower it is generally easy to see
if it has or has not been visited by a butterfly. In the former case a small hole
formed by the proboscis is seen between the anthers which exactly fill the mouth of
the corolla-tube.’ Miiller has seen this butterfly as a visitor at Lippstadt and at Kiel
(21. 3.’96). I have noticed it flying industriously from flower to flower. The mark
left by the inserted proboscis is always easily detected. As an equally frequent
visitor I saw Bombus hortorum Z. 9. Both the insects visited with equal zeal the
three associated species (P. elatior, P. officinalis, P. vulgaris), so that they effected
hybridization as well as crossing.
Flowers which have been perforated by humble-bees (Bombus terrester Z.) just
above the calyx are not infrequently to be seen.
Visttors.— Vide supra. Herm. Miiller observed a humble-bee and a hover-fly
in the Alps, and gives the following list for Lippstadt.—
A. Coleoptera. S/aphylinidae: 1. Omalium florale Payh., freq., creeping about
in the flowers. B. Diptera. Bombyliidae: 2. Bombylius discolor AZg., freq., skg. ;
3. B. major Z., much rarer, not as a rule getting at the nectar. C. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 4. Andrena gwynana KX. 9, freq., po-cltg. on the short-styled flowers, but
leaving the long-styled ones at once ;_ 5. Anthophora pilipes /. 9 and 4, very numerous,
skg. legitimately and po-cltg.; 6. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, casually skg.; 7. Bombus
confusus Schenck 9, skg. legitimately; 8. B. hortorum Z. 9 and ¥, very numerous,
skg. legitimately, and po-cltg.; 9. B. lapidarius Z. 9, skg. legitimately; 10. B.
sylvarum ZL. 9, do.; 11. B. terrester Z., perforating the corolla-tubes and stealing
nectar; 12. Osmia rufa ZL. 4, casually skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. —
MacLeod (Belgium), 2 long-tongued bees, skg. legitimately (Anthophora pilipes /.,
and Bombus hortorum Z.), a short-tongued bee (Andrena gwynana A’ 9, po-cltg.), and
the honey-bee, skg. for a short time; also the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z.,
perforating the flowers. Alfken (Bremen), 6 becs—z. Andrena cineraria L. 9;
2. Bombus agrorum /.9; 3. B. hortorum Z.9; 4. B. pratorum Z.9; 5. Osmia
rufa Z.é; 6. Podalirius acervorum Z. 6.
1814. P. officinalis Jacq. (=P. veris, var. officimalzs). (Darwin, ‘Forms of
Flowers,’ p. 14; Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl..” p. 34; Herm.
Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, p. 385, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 65; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart, p. 534, ‘Beitrage,’ p. 51; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 141-2 ; Ljungstrom,
‘Eine Primula-Exkursion nach Méen’; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 392 ; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Weiss, New Phytol., London, iii, 1904, p. 168.)—This species
bears heterostylous flowers belonging toclass HhL. Their mechanism is the same as
PRIMULACEAE 67
that of P. elatior and they are yellow in colour, usually with an orange-red patch
in the throat that serves as a nectar-guide. Flowers devoid of this patch have,
however, been observed by Kirchner in Wurtemburg and Appel (as he tells me in
a letter) at Wiirzburg. Schulz has measured the flowers and finds that they do not
attain their full size till towards the end of anthesis. In long-styled flowers the style
usually elongates during this process of growth, but sometimes its development is
arrested, so that the anthers and stigma are ultimately at the same level. Breitenbach
and Schulz noticed such equal-styled (isostylous) flowers. ‘The latter states that the
short-styled form is somewhat smaller
than the long-styled one, and that its
‘style is always of approximately the
same length. Kirchner noticed large-
and small-flowered forms in Wurtem-
berg.
In the island of Méen E. Ljung-
str6m observed two forms in which
the calyx was markedly short or long,
respectively, as compared with the
corolla-tube, and he gave them the
varietal names of drevicalyx and
longicalyx. We also found variations
as regards the breadth of the limb
of the corolla, and distinguished "i624, PitealeeMaivatis Joc (fies Hadebrand)
between two forms, Jatloba and __ from the side.
angustiloba, respectively possessing
a broad and a narrow limb. In flowers with a short calyx the corolla was often
very large, elegantly saucer-shaped, and of a beautiful yellow colour. On the other
hand, a long calyx was not infrequently associated with a smaller and paler corolla.
The corolla-tube is fairly often perforated by humble-bees.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Herm. Miille.—A. Coleoptera. Mrtidulidac: 1. Meligethes, po-dvg. B.
Diptera. Bombyliidae: 2. Bombylius discolor Afg., skg. C. Hymenoptera.
3. Andrena gwynana 4. 9, in large numbers, po-cltg. on short-styled flowers, but
leaving long-styled ones after a brief visit; 4. Anthophora pilipes 7”. 9 and 4, freq.,
skg.; 5. Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg.; 6. Halictus albipes #. 9, as 3; 7. H.
cylindricus /. 9, do. Knuth, the butterfly Rhodocera rhamni Z., and the humble-bee
Bombus hortorum Z. (cf. P. elatior). Loew (Brandenburg), the humble-bee Bombus
hortorum Z., skg. (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 45); (Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee Anthophora
pilipes #, skg., on the var. colorata. MacLeod (Pyrenees), the humble-bee Bombus
rajellus X. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 372). F. E. Weiss (England),
2 humble-bees—Bombus muscorum /”, and B. terrester L.
1815. P. vulgaris Huds. (=P. acaulis A7//). (Darwin, ‘Forms of Flowers,’
PP- 34-5, 37, 266; Lange, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xiv, 1885, pp. 147-58; Correns,
Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, vii, 1889, pp. 265-72; Focke, Abh. natw. Ver., Bremen, ix,
1887, pp. 75-6; Cobelli, Abh. Zool. Bot. Ges., Wien, xliii, 1892, pp. 73-8; Ljungstrém,
“Eine Primula-Exkursion nach Méen’; Knuth, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, lv, 1893,
F 2
68 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
pp. 225-7; lxiii, 1895, pp. 97-8; F. E. Weiss, New Phytol., London,’ ii, 1903, p. 99,
iii, 1904, p. 168.)—This species bears heterostylous flowers belonging to class HhL.
Those examined by me in Schleswig-Holstein were of sulphur-yellow colour, with a
IN
Fic. 241. Primula vulgaris, Huds. (1) and (2) Short- and long-styled flowers, in longitudinal
section (X 2).
3 4 5 6
0 0 7 my
Relative size of the pollen-grains Relative size of the stigmatic papillae
(3) of the short-styled, and (4) of the long-styled flower. (5) of the long-styled, and (6) of the short-styled flower.
darker nectar-guide at the base of each corolla-lobe. Their diameter varied from 24
to 4.cm., but was usually about 3 cm. Similarly the length of the corolla-tube
was 14-24 cm., mostly, however, about 2 cm.
In the long-styled form the stigma is situated in the opening of the flower,
while the anthers are inserted into the corolla-tube about its middle. In the
short-styled form the opening of the corolla-tube, which widens somewhat like
a funnel, is, of course, occupied by the five anthers, while the style with its stigma
is about half as long as the tube. There are microscopic differences between
the two forms as regards the length of the anthers and the shape of the stigma.
In short-styled flowers the anthers are generally rather more than 2 mm. long,
in long-styled ones usually a little less) The stigma in the latter is spheroidal
as a rule with a diameter of 1-1 mm., but in short-styled flowers it is mostly
somewhat flattened, about 1-2 mm. broad and o-.g mm. deep. With the aid of
a lens the stigmatic papillae of the long-styled form are clearly visible, but those
of the short-styled one scarcely perceptible. The former are 0-07 mm. long and
o-o1 mm. broad, the latter o-.oz mm. long and about the same in breadth. The
pollen-grains are of an angular ovoid shape, those of the long-styled form 0-025 mm.
long and o-o2 mm. broad, and those of the short-styled one almost 0-04 mm. long
and 0-025 mm. broad.
As in the case of the last species, Ljungstrém observed four varieties in the
island of Moen, i.e. brevicalyx, longicalyx, latiloba, and angustiloba. He also
noticed a form (/acéea) with an almost milk-white corolla, and another (co/oraéa).
PRIMULACEAE 69
in which this was purple-violet, except for its star-shaped yellow centre and
sometimes whitish margin.
Visitors.—I saw at Kiel (25. 4.’95) several individuals of Bombus hortorum Z. 9,
flying busily from flower to flower, and sinking their proboscis into the corolla-tube,
so that in long-styled flowers the laciniae, and in short-styled ones the head became
dusted with pollen. This was then transferred to stigmas at corresponding levels,
and legitimate crossing regularly effected. These humble-bees, however, not only
visited this species, but also P. officinalis and P. elatior, which were growing near,
so that a great deal of hybridization as well as crossing must have been brought
about. In some cases the bee Anthophora pilipes /. 9 behaved in the same way
as Bombus hortorum, though it preferred the flowers of Pulmonaria officinalis,
which grew close by.
In the two last-named insects the proboscis is 18-21 mm. long, so that it
can easily reach the nectar concealed in the bases of the flowers of this and the
last two species. The average length of the corolla-tube is here 20 mm., but
in P. officinalis and P. elatior it is considerably shorter. As a bee when sucking
can completely thrust its head (about 5 mm. long) into the opening of the corolla-
tube, it follows that other species with shorter tongues are able to legitimately
pollinate P. officinalis and P. elatior. Hermann Miiller actually observed humble-bees
of the kind doing this.
The three species of Primula in question can also be pollinated by the brimstone
butterfly (Rhodocera rhamni Z.). Cobelli saw it on P. vulgaris, Miilberger and
Hermann Miiller on P. elatior, and myself on all three (26. 4.’96).
Cobelli also observed Bombylius medius Z. on P. vulgaris, and the other two
species of Primula are also visited by Bombyliids, though only those with a par-
ticularly long proboscis are able to get at the nectar.
On March 21, 1896, I saw Vanessa urticae Z. flying persistently from flower
to flower of this species (eighteen were successively visited). This butterfly sucked
very vigorously, and evidently succeeded in getting a part of the nectar. Though
useless to the short-styled flowers, it undoubtedly transferred their pollen to the
stigmas of long-styled ones. I also saw the honey-bee visit several flowers in
succession, and as it sucked with equal zeal it perhaps succeeded in reaching
the uppermost layer of nectar.
Wiistnei noticed the bee Anthophora acervorum JZ. in the island of Alsen, and
Cobelli saw small beetles, though these could only effect crossing by accident.
We may say of Primula vulgaris, P. elatior, and P. officinalis, that all three are
chiefly pollinated by long-tongued Hymenoptera and the brimstone butterfly, while
Bombyliids, Vanessa urticae, and the honey-bee are visitors of secondary importance.
I was able to observe directly the transfer of pollen by visitors for the short
distance of a few metres, but Focke has seen a hybrid between P. vulgaris and
P. officinalis, for the development of which it must have been carried a kilometre.
Gibson (‘Flora of St. Kilda’) states that in St. Kilda, the most westerly island
of Scotland (except the barren Rockall), where bees, wasps, and Lepidoptera are
absent, the primrose appears to be pollinated by flies, for fruits are now and then set.
Archer Briggs (Rep. Inst., Plymouth, iv, 1871-2) did not notice the larger
humble-bees in England, but only Anthophora acervorum Z., freq., smaller bees
70 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
(Andrena gwynana .), the brimstone butterfly (Rhodocera rhamni Z.), and a
Bombyliid (Bombylius medius Z., freq.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Burkill (Yorkshire coast) (‘Fertlsn. of Spring Fls.’)—A. Coleoptera. 1. An-
thobium (Eusphalerum) primulae Fawv. (=A. triviale Zr.), dvg. the anthers; 2.
Meligethes picipes Sturm., skg. B. Hymenoptera, Apdae: 3. Andrena gwynana
XK. 9, searching for nectar, but unable to reach it. C.Thysanoptera. 4. Thrips
sp., freq. Burkill elsewhere remarks that ‘the fertilization of this plant is yet
unexplained. None of the insects seen on it through many hours of watching
are sufficient for its fertilization. Darwin, only Thrips: he says ‘the primrose
is never visited (and I speak after many years’ observation) by the larger humble-
bees and rarely by the smaller kinds.’ Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), the humble-bee
Bombus hortorum Z. Miller-Christy (Essex), 2 bees (Apis mellifica Z., and
Anthophora acervorum Z.), humble-bees (Bombus sp.), a hover-fly (Syrphus sp.),
2 butterflies (Rhodocera rhamni Z., and Pieris rapi Z.), and a beetle (Meligethes
picipes S’urm.). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee -Anthophora pilipes &,
steadily skg. and po-cltg., and settling repeatedly. E. Bell (England) only noticed
4 visitors ‘after seeing and examining thousands and thousands, we might say
millions of the flowers’: he adds that ‘the primrose gives unimpeachable evidence
that self-fertilization of heterostyled plants is the natural and legitimate fertilization as
being fully productive’ (‘ The Primrose and Darwinism’). F. E. Weiss (Shropshire),
the Bombyliid Bombylius major Z., freq. (also in North Staffordshire), the humble-
bee Bombus terrester Z., and 3 bees—1. Andrena gwynana X., freq.; 2. Anthophora
pilipes #.; 3. Apis mellifica Z. Miss M. L. Armitt (Westmoreland, /es‘e Weiss),
Bombylius, effecting crossing. Weiss endeavours to reconcile conflicting views:
‘The fact that many observers have been unable to detect such insect visitors
I attributed to their observations having been made either in cold or dull weather,
or in exposed and windy situations. For even on sunny days I could not observe
the usual insect visitors on primroses in wind-swept localities, while, at the same
time, in sheltered positions some larger humble-bees might occasionally be met
with on the primroses, and Anthophora, Bombylius, and pollen-gathering Andrenae
fairly regularly.’ He finally concludes: ‘From the observations I have made on the
primrose, I feel convinced that it is both regularly visited and cross-pollinated by
insects under favourable climatic conditions, but that like most flowers adapted to the
visits of insects, it is provided with efficient means for self-pollination, and these are
important to a plant flowering at so early a period of the year when the visits of
insects may be precarious.”
Ljungstrém graphically represents the relationship between the three species of
Primula just considered by means of a scalene triangle, of which the angles represent
the species, and in which the shortest side is between P. vulgaris and P. elatior, and
the longest between P. vulgaris and P. officinalis.
P. elatior
P. vulgaris P. officinalis
This diagram also indicates the degree of fertility of the hybrids, for the (pollen)
sterility of these increases as the affinity of the stocks crossed becomes more remote.
Ljungstrém examined the pollen of various hybrids and obtained the following
results. —
P. vulgaris x P. officinalis: 26-5-33 % normal pollen-grains, 73-5-67 % shrivelled
and useless.
PRIMULACEAE q1
P. elatior x P. officinalis: 31-6 % good, 69-63 % shrivelled and useless.
P. elatior (average of flowers from Schonen): 33 % normal, 67 % shrivelled and
useless.
P. elatior x P. per-officinalis (from Schonen): 45% normal, the rest shrivelled
and useless.
P. vulgaris x P. elatior: 66-9 % normal.
P. vulgaris (per-acaulis) x P. elatior: 78 % normal.
These results appear to be confirmed by the number of seeds developed in the
different cases.
Fic. 242. Primula integrifolia, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4, B. Short- and long-styled plants
(natural size). C, D. Short- and long-styled flowers, partly dissected (natural size). £. Stigmatic
papillae of the short-styled, F, G, do. of the long-styled flowers. #7, J. Stigmas of the short- and long-
styled flowers (x 7). K, L. Moistened pollen-grains of short- and long-styled flowers.
1816. P. integrifolia L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 350-62.)—
This species bears dimorphous heterostylous butterfly flowers. The tube of the
purple-red corolla is 10-14 mm. long, and as a rule is of noticeably greater length
in the short-styled form, where also the limb of the corolla is broader. (Cf Fig. 242.)
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 7 Lepidoptera, a Bombyliid, and a beetle. Redtenbacher
(Austria), the Staphylinid beetle Anthobium robustum Heer.
1817. P. villosa Jacq. (?) (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 362-3.)—This
species bears dimorphous heterostylous butterfly flowers. According to Pax (Bot.
Jahrb., Leipzig, x, 1888, p. 227), the species described by Hermann Miiller as
72 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
P. villosa /acg. is apparently P. hirsuta AZ., for the former is only to be found
in Steiermark. Gremli (‘ Exkursionsflora fiir die Schweiz,’ 6. Aufl., 1889, p. 359)
says that P. hirsuta A//. is identical with P. viscosa V2//., but not with P. villosa
Koch, nor with P. villosa Jacg.
[P. villosa Jacg.=P. villosa
Wulf, according to the Jndex
Kewensts.|
The flowers are of a
dark violet-red colour, with
a tube 10-13 mm. long, but
hardly 13 mm. wide, so that
only Lepidoptera can get at
the nectar. (Cf Fig. 243.)
Visttors.—Herm. Miil-
Jer observed 3 butterflies;
also a beetle as an unbidden
Fic. 243. Primula villosa, Jacq. (?) (after Herm. Miller). 4,8. guest.
Short- and long-styled flowers, seen from the side (natural size). C,D. ‘
Do., seen from above. _£, F. Do. in longitudinal section. 1818. P. viscosa All.
(=P. latifolia Hoch, and P.
graveolens Heg.). (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 367-9.)—This species bears
dimorphous heterostylous butterfly flowers. The corolla-tube is so narrow, that
between it and the stigma the distance is scarcely 4 mm., and consequently the
Fic. 244. Primula viscosa, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4, B. Short- and long-styled flowers, partly
dissected (x 2). C, D. Stigmas of do. (x 7). E, F. Stigmatic papillae of do. G, H. Dry pollen-
grains of do. ¥, K. The same, moistened. L. Cross-section of a long-styled flower just above the
stigma (x 7).
nectar can only legitimately be sucked by the proboscis of a lepidopterous insect,
which must at the same time touch the anthers and stigma. The requisite length
of proboscis is 12-14 mm.’ (Cf Fig. 244.)
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller only observed useless (Rhingia campestris J/g.) and
injurious (Bombus mastrucatus Gers/., stealing nectar) guests.
PRIMULACEAE 73
1819. P. farinosa L. (Darwin, ‘ Forms of Flowers,’ pp. 45, 224, 273; Herm.
Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 363-7 ; MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 372.)—This species
bears dimorphous heterostylous butterfly or humble-bee flowers. It is of particular
interest because in the Alps, where Lepidoptera abound, it is adapted to butterflies,
while in North Pomerania, where Lepidoptera are relatively few and bees abundant,
it is adapted to the latter. Herm. Miiller gives the following differences between
flowers from the two regions.—(1) Alpine plants bear flowers which are usually
larger and more brightly coloured than in Pomerania. (2) In Pomeranian plants, on
the other hand, the corolla-lobes are on the average somewhat broader. (3) In
Pomeranian plants, as a rule, the
opening of the corolla and its tube
are markedly wider. (Cf Fig. 245.)
In Greenland, according to Abro-
meit (‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s
Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 39-40), the var.
mistassinica (Mchx.) Pax occupies a
middle position between P. farinosa,
var. fypica, and P. stricta Hornem. The
flowers are homostylous, an oeco-
logical peculiarity shared with Meny-
anthes trifoliata in the same country,
for the European type-forms of both
plants are heterostylous.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller ob-
served 42 Lepidoptera, 3 Bombyliids,
2 Syrphids, a humble-bee, and a wasp
in the Alps. MacLeod saw 2 Lepi- Fic. 245. Frimula fartnosa, L. (after Herm. Miller).
doptera, and a Bombyliid in the 4. A short-styled flower from the Alps, seen from above.
B. Do., partly dissected, and the limb of the corolla bent
Pyrenees. upwards. C.A long-styled flower, partly dissected (x 24).
YD. Average width of the entrance of long-styled flowers
1820. P. minima L. (Herm. from North Germany. E. Do. of short-styled flowers.
Miller,‘Alpenblomen,’p. 3693 Schule, £:Do,oUlengstyle Alvine towers | C. Do. of shor
‘Beitrage,’ II, pp. 148, 223; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 396.)—This species bears dimorphous heterostylous
butterfly flowers. The tube of the rose-red corolla is lined with hairs, and is
10-12 mm. long with a contracted opening, so that only the proboscis of a
lepidopterous insect can conveniently reach the base of the flower. Kerner says that
automatic self-pollination is possible in the short-styled flowers by fall of pollen.
VisiTors.—Schulz observed Lepidoptera.
1821, P. longiflora All. (Darwin, ‘Forms of Flowers, p. 50; Herm. Miiller,
‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 369; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 146-7, 223; Pax, Bot. Jahrb.,
Leipzig, x, 1888, p. 227; Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, p. 260; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,? Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 396-7.)—This species bears diurnal hawk-moth
flowers, described by Darwin as homostylous, and by Ricca and Pax as protandrous.
The corolla-tubes are 16-24 mm. long, so that only diurnal hawk-moths are able to
suck all the nectar from the longest of them.
14 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES |
Kerner, however, states that this species is heterostylous, and that the short-
styled stocks flower before the long- ie ones. Autogamy by the fall of pollen is
possible in the former.
VisiTors.—Schulz observed the diurnal hawk-moth Macroglossa stellatarum L.
(proboscis 25-8 mm. long).
1822. P. Allionii Loisel. (?) (Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’ II, pp. 148-9, 223.)—Pax
(Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, x, 1888, p. 230) says that the plant observed by Schulz at
San Martino Castrozza, and named as above, is probably P. tirolensis Schoéf, for
P. Allionii Zozse/. does not grow there. The flowers are heterostylous.
VisiTors.—Schulz observed Lepidoptera.
1823. P. Auricula L. (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 102 ; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II,
p- 148; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 396-7; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’)—The stocks of this species which bear long-styled flowers come into
bloom earlier than those bearing short-styled ones. In the former autogamy takes
place towards the end of anthesis, for the corolla falls off and the stigma is self-
pollinated by being drawn through the whorl of anthers.
Visitors.—I observed the brimstone butterfly (Rhodocera rhamni Z.), skg., and
Schulz also saw butterflies.
1824. P. glutinosa Wulf. (Kerner, op. cit.)—Autogamy is brought about in
the long-styled flowers as in the last species.
1825. P. scotica Hook. (=P. farinosa Z., according to the Jndex Kewensts).
—This species bears homostylous butterfly (?) flowers. The stigma and anthers are
usually at the same level and close together, both on the Dovrefjeld (Lindman) and
at Tromse (Warming). In rare cases the anthers are a little higher than the stigma.
Automatic self-pollination is therefore unavoidable, and this is effective, for the setting
of fruits has been observed, but only casual insect-visits (from Lepidoptera). Scott,
on the contrary, describes the species as self-sterile.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
1826. P. stricta Hornem. (Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ p. 7, ‘ Arkt. Vaxt..
Biol., pp. 21-5.)—This species bears lepidopterid flowers. Warming examined it in.
Greenland, where he says stigma and anthers are at the same level, so that as the
flowers are homogamous, automatic self-pollination is inevitable. In Norway the
plant is feebly protandrous, and the stigma is situated at a variable height a little
above the anthers. Short-styled flowers have not been noticed. Autogamy is thus
rendered more difficult. On the Dovrefjeld only one form has been observed, in
which the stigma is somewhat higher than the anthers. Scott describes the species
as heterostylous.
1827. P. sibirica Jacq. (Warming, ‘Arkt. Vaxt. Biol. pp. 25-7.) — This
species bears heterostylous or homostylous lepidopterid (?) flowers. Warming ob-
served markedly heterostylous blossoms by the Altenfjord, and a homostylous one by
the K&fjord, in which the stigma and anthers were at the same level, so that automatic
self-pollination was inevitable.
1828. P. egaliksensis Wormsk.—Warming describes this species as homo-
stylous.
PRIMULACEAE 5
1829. P. saccharata Mill.—
VisiTors.—Loew observed the bee Anthophora pilipes /. 4, skg., in the Berlin
Botanic Garden.
1830. P. sinensis Sabine. (Ljungstrém, Bot. Not., Lund, 1884, pp. 171-4.)—
Ljungstrém observed cleistogamous flowers on plants of this species cultivated under
glass. These possessed a bell-shaped calyx, and a short closed tubular corolla, with
faint indications of lobes, and of a pale yellowish green colour. The anthers were
very small, and also the pollen-grains, these being only 14 » long, while those of the
long- and short-styled chasmogamous flowers were respectively 32 » and 24 » in
length. One plant was long-styled, with the style bent in the middle and enclosed
in the corolla. In short-styled flowers the style was straight. Fruits and seeds were
not observed.
544. Hottonia Boerh.
Flowers heterostylous dimorphous, with concealed nectar, secreted at the base of
the ovary and stored up in the corolla-tube. Sometimes cleistogamy.
1831. H. palustris L. (Darwin, ‘Forms of Flowers,’ pp. 50, 52, 252, 254;
Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 103; John Scott, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, viii, 1865 ;
Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 386-9, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 65; Knuth, ‘ Bloe-
Fic. 246. Hottonza palustris, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Long-styled flower. (2) Stigmatic
papillae of do. (3) Short-styled flower. (4) Stigmatic papillae of do., enlarged to same scale as (2).
menbiol. Bijdragen’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 446-7.)—
Sprengel discovered heterostyly in this species, about which he makes the following
remarks (loc. cit.) :
‘Some plants only bear flowers with stamens inside the corolla-tube but the
style projecting from it, and others only flowers with the style shorter and the stamens
longer than the tube. I do not believe that this is accidental, but an arrangement of
Nature, though I am unable to explain its meaning.’
The corolla-tube of the white or reddish flowers is 4-5 mm. long, and the
shorter reproductive organs are placed in its opening, while the longer ones project
3-4 mm. from it. Insect visitors when probing for nectar touch the two kinds of
organ with different parts of their bodies, and thus regularly effect legitimate crossing.
76 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visitors which collect or devour pollen touch only the anthers and not the stigma in
the short-styled flowers, though this may cause pollen to fall down on the latter,
while when they push their heads into the long-styled flowers they touch the stigma
and may bring about illegitimate union.
John Scott and Hermann Miller repeated on this species the crossing experi-
ments carried out by Darwin on Primula, and they both came to the same conclusion
as he did, i.e. that legitimate unions are most fertile. Miiller further found that
autogamy and crosses between flowers on the same stock gave still worse results than
illegitimate unions, but that, on the contrary, illegitimate union between different
stocks of long-styled flowers resulted in fertility as high as that produced by legitimate
unions.
O. Appel tells me in a letter that he found a number of plants living in com-
paratively deep water in swampy ground near Schweinfurt which did not reach to the
surface, but nevertheless had set normal fruits. In this case it is clear that pollination
took place before the flowers opened, after which the petals expanded. These
flowers were smaller and paler than normal ones.
VistTors.—The following were observed by Herm. Miiller.—
A. Diptera. (a) Empidae: 1. Empis chioptera all. 9, skg.; 2. E. livida Z.,
freq.; 3. E. pennipes Z., freq., skg.; 4. E. rustica Fall, skg.; 5. E. vernalis JZ@.,
freq. (0) Afuscrdae: 6. Anthomyia sp., skg.; 7. Aricia incana Wzedem., skg.; 8.
Siphona geniculata Deg., skg. (c) Syrphidae: g. Eristalis arbustorum Z., not
infrequent, skg. and po-dvg.; 10. E. nemorum Z., do.; 11. Rhingia rostrata Z., freq.,
skg. B. Hymenoptera. Sphegidac: 12. Pompilus viaticus Z., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
MacLeod (Belgium), the honey-bee, an Eristalis, a butterfly (Pieris sp.), and
a beetle. Knuth, the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z., skg. and effecting legitimate
crossing ; (between Plén and Eutin), the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines JZ. 4, skg.,
and 4 hover-flies, skg., and po-dvg. in short-styled flowers—1. Eristalis intricarius Z. ;
2. E. tenax Z.; 3. Rhingia rostrata Z.; 4. Syrphus sp.
545. Cortusa L.
1832. C. Matthioli L—Kerner describes this species as protogynous. The
stigma matures in the bud, and projects from the pendulous flowers before they open.
According to Scott this plant is undoubtedly self-sterile, but Treviranus states (Bot.
Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863) that other species of the genus are autogamous, the style
bending back towards the anthers.
546. Dionysia.
According to Kuhn (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867), species of this genus are
dimorphous.
547. Gregoria.
1833. G. vitaliana L—Kuhn and Kirchner describe this species as hetero-
stylous.
PRIMULACEAE 77
548. Dodecatheon L.
Undoubtedly pollen flowers with pollen guides. Kerner states that the same
kind of autogamy takes place as in Soldanella (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 333.
Vide infra).
1834. D. Meadia L. (=D. frigidum Cham. et Schlecht, and D. integrifolium
Michx.). (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ I, pp. 17-19.)—The flower mechanism of
this North American species resembles that of Cyclamen (cf p. 79). As the flowers
wither they become erect and the anthers separate so that pollen can fall upon the
stigma, allogamy. being thus replaced by autogamy.
K. Brandegee (Zoé, San Diego (Cal.), i, 1890, pp. 17-20) says that D. Jeffreyi
Moore, described by Loew (op. cit., p. 463), is a variety of this species. In D. frigidum
Cham. et Schlechi. the filaments are so short that they are completely enclosed in the
throat of the corolla, from which they project for about 3 mm. in the main type.
This difference results in an important modification in the flower mechanism, for in
the former case visitors cannot cling to the staminal cone.
VisiTors.—Loew saw a small bee (Andrena fulva Schr.) alight on the staminal
cone and fly away again after a short time without obtaining any booty.
549. Soldanella L.
Bee-flowers, usually homogamous, rarely protogynous, sometimes with concealed
nectar (S. pusilla Baumg., var. inclinafa). This is secreted by a ring below the ovary,
and stored in the base of the
corolla-tube.
1835. S. alpina L.
(Kerner, ‘ Schutzmittel d. Bl.
p. 232, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng.
Ed. 1, II, p. 368; Ricca,
Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano,
xiv, 1871; Herm. Miiller,
‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 369-71 ;
Schulz, ‘Beitrige,’ II, pp.
149-50.)—This species bears
bee - flowers. The stigma
projects a little from the
violet corolla, so that it is
first touched by humble-bee
visitors, which consequently
effect crossing. Miiller de-
‘ h Fic. 247. Soldanella alpina, L. (after Herm. Miiller). 4. Pistil
scribes the flowers as homo- ana half the calyx, seen from the side (x 3}). 8. Partly dissected
‘ Kerner ‘flower (x 34). C. Flower cut through immediately below the nectar-
gamous, Ricca and Ker ‘ covers (as indicated by ad in B), seen from below (x 7). co, corolla;
as protogynous. Should in- Ay, filaments; gr, style; 7, nectary; s, sepal; sd, nectar-cover; sf,
sect-visits fail, Miiller says "°°"
that automatic self-pollination may be effected by the fall of pollen in the vertical
flowers, while Kerner states that it is brought about when the corolla drops off,
for the stigma is then drawn through the anthers. (Cf Fig. 247.)
78 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 4 humble-bees, 4 Lepidoptera, and a Syrphid. Kerner
(Alps), Apis and 4 humble-bees. MacLeod (Pyrenees), only a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 373).
Fic. 248. Soldanella pusilla, Baumg. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower seen immediately from below
(x 3). &. Do. in longitudinal section (x 3). | C. Part of the same further enlarged (x 7). DD. Flower
cut through immediately below the nectar-covers and seen from below (x 7). Z. Astamen of S. minima.
a, anthers; co, corolla; 7, filament; gr, style; ov, ovary; s, sepal; sd, nectar-cover.
1836. S. pusilla Baumg. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 371-3; Schulz,
‘Beitrage,’ II, pp. 150-1.)-—Hermann Miiller says that this homogamous species
occurs in the Alps in two
varieties which differ both
morphologically and oecolo-
gically. The variety pendula
bears bee-flowers, while in
the variety zzclznata (Fig. 249)
the nectar is accessible to less
intelligent short-tongued in-
sects. In the former the bell
is pendulous and relatively
long and narrow, while in
the latter it is wider and
directed obliquely down-
wards. In both varieties
automatic __ self- pollination
Fic. 249. Soldanella pusilla, Baumg., var. inclinata (after Herm. by fall of pollen 1S
Miller). 4. Entire plant, natural size. &. A flower, partly dissected possible.
from the side.
Visitors.—The follow-
ing were recorded by the observers stated.—
PRIMULACEAE 79
Herm. Miiller (on pendula), a humble-bee and a beetle ; (on znclinala) 3 Muscids
and a moth. Schulz, 20 bees (including Bombus alticola A’rchéd.) and various flies
and beetles.
1837. S. minima Hoppe. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 191.)—The conical
flowers of this species are 8-15 mm. long, and project almost at right angles
from the main axis, so that automatic self-pollination is rendered difficult in spite
of the homogamy.
Visitors.—Schulz saw 2 bees and 7 flies.
550. Cyclamen L.
Protandrous pollen flowers, from which visitors perhaps obtain sap by boring
the delicate tissue of the corolla-tube. The anthers make up a sprinkling arrange-
ment, as in Borago.
Their lobes dehisce by
terminal pores, and
are produced into stiff
appendages = against
which visitors strike.
Automatic self-pollina-
tion is ultimately ef-
fected by strong down-
ward inclination of the
peduncle, bringing the
stigma into the line
of fall of the pollen
(of Fig. 250).
According to Hil-
debrand (Ber. D. bot.
Ges., Berlin, xv, 1897,
pp. 292-8), the species
of Cyclamen are at
first entomophilous and
afterwards anemophi-
lous, as in the cases of
Calluna vulgaris, Erica
carnea, and Bartsia
alpina described by
Kerner (‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Fic. 250. Cyclamen latefolium, Stbth. et Sm. (from Kerner, after Ascher-
D - f th : f the fl he b f anth
son). A. Diagram of the parts of the flower at the beginning of anthesis.
Eng. Ed. I, U, pot 29). The direction in which the pollen falls is far removed fromthe stigma. &. Do.
The pollen-grains are at time of complete development. By further bending of the peduncle the line of
4 fall of the pollen is brought nearer the stigma. C. Do. at the end of anthesis.
at first covered by sticky The stigma is now in the line of fall of the pollen. a, peduncle; 4, cone of
fs anthers: ¢, line of fall of the pollen; d, ¢, direction of basal and terminal parts
oil, but later on cease of the peduncle (and of the style).
to be adhesive and
become pulverulent. Although the anthers usually dehisce in the bud autogamy
cannot take place, partly owing to the initial stickiness of the pollen and partly
80 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
because of the position of the stigma. In C. ibericum Goldze and C. Coum fil.
the dehisced pollen is held fast by a protective circlet above the stigma. Club-
shaped hairs at the base of the ovary appear to serve as food for insects.
1838. C.europaeum L. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 379.)—
On the first day of anthesis the peduncle of this species is bent almost at right
angles. The angle subsequently increases about 10° a day, so that towards the
end of anthesis the short downwardly bent terminal part of the peduncle and the
long upright basal part are nearly parallel. It follows that autogamy is at first
impossible, but crossing can be brought about by insect visitors, for the stigma
projects to some extent beyond the anthers. The bending of the peduncle at
last renders automatic self-pollination possible by bringing the stigma into the
line of fall of the pollen. Coulter observed cleistogamous flowers (Bot. Gaz.,
Chicago (III), viii, 1883, pp. 211-12).
1839. C. latifolium Sibth. et Sm. (=C. persicum J/7/7.). (Ascherson, Ber. D.
bot. Ges., Berlin, x, 1892, pp. 226-35.)—The flower mechanism of this species
agrees entirely with that of C. europaeum. Darwin describes the flowers as
self-sterile.
VisiTors.—Hildebrand observed numerous honey-bees in the Freiburg Botanic
Garden, po-cltg. and apparently skg.; also a small humble-bee, po-cltg., and
Xylocopa violacea Z., as a casual visitor.
1840. C. hederaefolium Ait.(=C. repandum S75sh.e¢ Sm.). (Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Beob, a. d. Ins. Capri,’ pp. 10-13.)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees
with that of C. europaeum. The reflexed corolla-lobes surround the opening of
the flower (5 mm. wide), from which the style with its small stigma projects
2-3 mm. The five stamens are enclosed in the almost hemispherical corolla-
tube, and converge to form a cone which closely surrounds the base of the
style.
Visitors.—Hildebrand observed Apis and Bombus sp., skg., in the Freiburg
Botanic Garden. This conspicuous species is common below Monte St. Michele
on the east coast of Capri, but I observed no visitors on its faintly fragrant flowers.
1841. C. ibericum Goldie.—
Vistrors.— Hildebrand observed Apis, po-cltg., in the Freiburg Botanic Garden.
1842. C. neapolitanum Tenore (Knuth, op. cit.).—The flower mechanism
of this species is the same as that of C. europaeum.
551. Samolus L.
1843. S. Valerandi L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p- 447; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 89; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I,
p- 341; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Plants of this species which I examined
in Schleswig-Holstein agreed as to their flower mechanism with others examined by
MacLeod in Belgium. The corolla-tube is only 13 mm. deep and encloses the
ovary, which bears a ring resembling a nectary in shape and position, but secreting
no nectar. The anthers are at the same level in the corolla-tube as the stigma,
which matures simultaneously. As they converge towards the latter and dehisce
PRIMULACEAE 81
introrsely automatic self-pollination is inevitable. This is effective, for the flowers
are completely fertile, although insect-visits are extremely rare. The throat of the
corolla bears five white appendages, which perhaps enhance conspicuousness.
VistTors.—I once observed a small hover-fly (Syritta pipiens Z.), po-dvg.
Owing to the small distance between anthers and stigma it could effect cross-
and self-pollination with equal facility.
552. Glaux L.
Verhoeff states that concealed nectar is secreted in very small quantities and
stored in the bases of the small flowers, which are of a pale rose colour !.
1844. G. maritima L. (Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 120;
Francke, ‘ Beitrage zur Kennt. d. Bestaubungseinricht. d. Pfi.,’ Halle, 1883.)—
I find this species to be homogamous in Schleswig-Holstein. The anthers and
stigma mature immediately after the small flowers have opened. As they are at
the same level, and the pollen-covered surfaces of the anthers are turned towards
the stigma, automatic self-pollination is inevitable. This is effective, for all the
flowers without exception set fruits, although insect-visits are extremely few.
Francke, however, describes the flowers as protandrous with anthers remote
from the stigma, so that autogamy is impossible. He says nothing about the
way in which pollination is effected.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Nordstrand, 31. 5.’93), a minute Muscid (Siphonella palposa Fa//.) with
its head deeply sunk in the flowers. Verhoeff (Norderney).—Diptera. (a) Empidae :
1. Hilara quadrivittata Mg., skg. (6) Muscidae: all skg.: 2. Anthomyia sp.; 3. Aricia
incana Wiedem.: 4. Cynomyia mortuorum Z. 24; 5. Lucilia caesar Z.; 6. Onesia
floralis R.-D. a 9.
LXV. ORDER OLEACEAE LINDL.
Flowers entomophilous, attracting insects by the corolla, an odour which is often
powerful, and aggregation into cymose inflorescences, Nectar secreted by the ovary,
and concealed in a more or less elongated corolla-tube. Some species are
anemophilous (Fraxinus excelsior).
553. Ligustrum L.
Flowers homogamous, in crowded cymes; with concealed nectar secreted
by the ovary.
1845. L. vulgare L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 393-4, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
UII, pp. 62-3; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 103, 163-4.)—Hermann
1 T was unable to detect free nectar in the flowers of plants from Kiel (June, 1892), Nordstrand
(May, 1893), and Sylt (July, 1898). But when treated with orthonitrophenylpropionic acid they
assumed a bright violet colour, especially in the central part of the perianth leaves where these
abut upon the ovary. Sugar-containing tissue must therefore be present there. (C/. the note on
Leucojum aestivum Z.)
DAVIS. Il G
82 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Miller describes the strongly odorous white flowers of this species as possessing
a corolla-tube scarcely 3 mm. long and expanding above into a four- or rarely
five-lobed limb. The bilobed stigma is situated in the entrance to the flower,
while the two or rarely three stamens project freely from it. The anthers
dehisce laterally, but so widely that their inner surfaces are entirely covered with
pollen. The position of the anthers as regards the stigma is variable. Sometimes
they diverge widely, so that an insect visitor usually touches an anther with one
side of its body and the stigma with the other, thus effecting crossing: sometimes
they bend over the stigma, so that insect-visits can easily bring about autogamy,
which can also readily take place automatically.
Fic. 251. Ligustrum vulgare, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Flower seen obliquely from above.
(2) A flower less widely open, seen directly from above. (3) and (4) Flowers seen from the side after
removal of half the corolla. (x 3}.)
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) in Westphalia and Thuringia (T.), and
Buddeberg (Budd.) in Nassau, observed the following.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Cerambyx cerdo Z. (should be Scop.),
often creeping in the flowers, but taking nothing from them (Budd.). (4) Cleridae:
2. Trichodes apiarius Z., burying its head among the flowers (Budd.). (c) Mittdulidae :
3. Cercus pedicularius Z., skg. (H. M.). (d@) Scarabaerdae: 4. Cetonia aurata Z.,
gnawing the flowers (H. M., T., Budd.). B. Diptera. (a) Empzdae: 5. Empis livida
L., freq., skg. (H.M.). (0) Syrphidae: 6. Eristalis arbustorum Z., skg. (H. M., T.);
7. E.nemorum Z., do. (H. M.). C. Hymenoptera. Agzdae: 8. Apis mellifica LZ.
¥, skg. (H. M., T.); 9. Heriades truncorum Z., do. (H. M.); 10. Nomada succincta
Pz. 9, do. (H.M., T.). D. Lepidoptera. All skg. (a) Pyralidae: 11. Scoparia
ambigualis 77. (Budd.). (4) Rhopalocera: 12. Coenonympha arcania LZ. (H.M., T.);
13. C. pamphilus Z.(H. M., T.); 14. Epinephele janira Z.(H. M., T.); 15. Melitaea
athalia £sp. (H. M., T.); 16. Thecla pruni Z. (H. M., T., Budd.). (c) Sphingidae :
17. Sesia asiliformis Rott. 9 (H. M., T.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Féhr), 6 hover-flies, 2 Lepidoptera, and 2 Muscids: (Rtigen), the
humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. ¥, skg. Réssler (Wiesbaden), 3 Lepidoptera—-
1. Limenitis camilla $.V.; 2. Doloploca punctulana S.V.; 3. Aedia funesta Esp.
Schletterer (Tyrol), the bee Andrena carbonaria Z. MacLeod (Flanders), small flies
and the beetle Meligethes (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 372). Loew
(Berlin Botanic Garden), a Syrphid (Eristalis nemorum Z.) and a bee (Apis mellifica
L. 9, skg.).
554- Phillyrea L.
Kerner states that the species of this genus are protogynous.
1846. P. latifolia L—
Visirors.—Schletterer observed the carpenter-bee Xylocopa violacza Z. at Pola.
OLEACEAE 83
555. Syringa L.
Flowers homogamous, rarely protandrous or protogynous ; aggregated into
large conspicuous inflorescences; with concealed nectar, secreted in the base of
the corolla-tube by the ovary.
1847. S. vulgaris L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.” pp. 47-8; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 392-3, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 62; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 537; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt.
a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 103, 164.)—The flowers of this species, and also those of the
two following ones, are bluish-lilac, rarely white in colour, fragrant, and aggregated
into large conspicuous inflorescences. They are usually homogamous, more rarely
protandrous or protogynous ac-
cording to Batalin (Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 54—-5).
The corolla-tube is 8-10 mm. long
and about 2 mm. in diameter.
Its lower part is filled for 2-4 mm.
by the nectar which the ovary
secretes abundantly. The anthers
are situated in the entrance of
the flower at a higher level than
the stigma, so that the proboscis
of an insect-visitor will first touch
the former and then the latter.
TEhlg does, not result, liowever, an”, pie oe Seis oleic 7 Chet tee, ae
self-pollination of the homogamous — seen from above. (3) Entrance of a flower immediately
4 after opening. (4) Do., rather later. a, anthers; 77, fila-
flowers, the reason being that pollen ments ; ov, ovary ; f, petals; fo, pollen; s, sepals; sé, stigma.
does not adhere to the proboscis
when it is pushed in, but only during withdrawal, after it has been moistened with
nectar. Insects which suck nectar will therefore regularly effect crossing, but those
which devour pollen always bring about autogamy. Should insect-visits fail, the
latter takes place automatically by fall of pollen upon the stigma. Kerner says that
during the early days of anthesis autogamy is rendered difficult because the anthers
are turned outwards, but when they shrivel later on it can easily take place.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour, more or less ellip-
soidal, longitudinally furrowed, closely beset with a network of tubercles, up to 50 p
long and 30 p broad. i
Visrtors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Westphalia.—
A. Diptera. (2) Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius major Z., skg. (6) Syrphidae:
2. Eristalis arbustorum Z., po-dvg.; 3. E. sepulcralis Z., po-dvg.; 4. Rhingia rostrata
L., extremely frequent, skg. and po-dvg.; 5. Syritta pipiens Z., po-dvg.; 6. Xylota
segnis Z., vainly trying to suck, and then po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae:
7. Anthophora pilipes F. 9 and 4, freq., skg.; 8. Apis mellifica Z. §, numerous, skg.
and po-dvg. ; it pauses in its flight, without settling, before different flowers, until one
in a suitable condition is found. 9. Bombus hortorum Z. 9 and ¥, very numerous, skg. ;
1o. B, lapidarius Z. ¥ and 9, numerous, skg.; 11. B. terrester Z. § and 9, skg.;
12. Eucera longicornis Z. , do.; 13. Halictus albipes #. 9, do.; 14. Osmia rufa Z.
G2
84 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
9, freq., skg. (6) Vespedae: 15. Odynerus sp., vainly searching for nectar and going
away at once. C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 16. Anthocharis cardamines Z. ;
17. Papilio machaon Z.; 18. P. podalirius Z.; 19. Pieris brassicae Z., freq.;
20. P. napi L., freq.; 21. P. rapae Z., freq.; 22. Vanessa io Z., skg.; 23. V. urticae
L., freq. (6) Sphengidae: 24. Macroglossa fuciformis Z., in large numbers, skg. ;
25. M. stellatarum Z., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (North Frisian Islands and Kiel), the honey-bee, 2 humble-bees, 3 butter-
flies (Pieris sp.), and 4 hover-flies. C. Schréder (Rendsburg), 3 species of hawk-moth,
freq. (1. Sphinx ligustri Z.; 2. Deilephila elpenor Z.; 3. D. porcellus Z.), and
numerous Noctuids: all skg. Alfken (Bremen).— A. Coleoptera. lateridae :
1. Corymbites pectinicornis Z. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 2. Apis mellifica
L.; 3. Bombus hortorum Z. 9; 4. B. sylvarum Z. 9; 5. B. terrester LZ. 9; 6. Po-
dalirius retusus Z.9; 7. Psithyrus barbutellus A.9; 8. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9. (6)
Tenthredinidae: 9. Trichiosoma betuleti K/g. (c) Vespidae: 10. Vespa germanica
F. 9. Schenck (Nassau), the parasitic bee Melecta armata Pz. Friese (Strasburg),
the carpenter-bee Xylocopa violacea Z. 9 and 4, freq.
1848. S. chinensis Willd. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 538.)—Kirchner
states that this species, like S. vulgaris, is homogamous or feebly protandrous or
protogynous, and that its flower mechanism is similar. It is never fertile in
Germany.
Visirors.—F. F. Kohl observed the true wasp Leionotus nigripes #.-Sch. in the
Tyrol.
1849. S. persica L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 62; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 538; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of this
species are gyhomonoecious. Hermann Miiller observed hermaphrodite and female
flowers in the same inflorescence. The former are more numerous and of greater
size, homogamous, with the stigma in the middle of the corolla-tube and the anthers
at its entrance. The anthers of the smaller female flowers are reduced, and generally
situated at the same level as the stigma, though sometimes they may be either higher
or lower than this, Some of these flowers possess only three corolla-lobes, and
others but a single stamen.
In addition to the large hermaphrodite flowers Kirchner noticed here and there
smaller ones with non-dehiscing anthers.
Vistrors.—Knuth observed the butterfly Pieris napi Z., skg.; Herm. Miller the
bee Osmia rufa Z. 9, do.; and Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the humble-bee
Bombus hortorum Z. 9, do.
556. Forsythia Vahl.
Flowers yellow, homogamous, appearing before the leaves; with concealed
nectar. Darwin (‘Forms of Flowers’) describes the species as heterostylous, but
Hildebrand states (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, lii, 1894) that our gardens contain only the
short-styled form of F. suspensa and the long-styled one of F. viridissima. The
seeds obtained from the former always grow up into the hybrid F. intermedia (=F.
suspensa x F, viridissima).
1850. F. viridissima Lindl. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 63.)—The
flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of Ligustrum. The
OLEACEAE 85
style usually projects beyond the stamens by about the length of the latter, so that
insect visitors must first touch the stigma and then the simultaneously mature anthers,
thus effecting cross-pollination. In some flowers, however, the style is so short that
the stigma is touched by the anthers, and self-pollination consequently takes place.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Lippstadt), 2 bees (Andrena fulva Chr. 9, skg., and Bombus
pratorum Z. 9) and the beetle Meligethes (penetrating deeply into the flowers).
Alfken (Bremen), the honey-bee, not infrequent.
1851. F. suspensa Vahl. (Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
VistTors.—I observed the honey-bee, skg.
557. Fraxinus Tourn.
Flowers polygamous. Petals two, four, or absent. Partly anemophilous, partly
entomophilous.
1852. F. excelsior L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 538-9; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 381; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 312; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 104.)
—The blossoms of this species are pollinated by the wind, and develop before the
leaves. Kirchner states that the female flowers possess stamens, but these soon drop
off, and their anthers neither dehisce nor contain mature pollen-grains. Many of
the hermaphrodite flowers are infertile.
Schulz describes this species as andromonoecious, gynodioecious, gynomonoe-
cious, and also trioecious. In nearly all cases hermaphrodite flowers are present, so
that in Central Germany the sexes are distributed in at least ten different ways.
Kerner asserts that this species is protogynous. The large fleshy stigma
matures 2-4 days before the anthers, which are borne on short thick filaments
and produce mealy pollen that is scattered by the wind.
1853. F. Ornus L.—The flowers of this species smell like hawthorn, and
Kerner states that some of them are pseudo-hermaphrodite.
Visirors.—Delpino saw the beetle Melolontha farinosa (no doubt = Hoplia
argentea Poda) in large numbers (‘Ult. oss.,’ Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xvi,
1873).
558. Jasminum L.
Treviranus states (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863) that autogamy takes place by
bending back of the style to the anthers. Kuhn says that some of the species are
dimorphous (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867).
1854. J. humile L. (=J. revolutum S7ms). (Pirotta, Rend. Ist. Lomb., Milano,
Ser. 2, xviii, 1885.)—Pirotta describes this species as heterostylous dimorphous.
Both forms are protandrous in the Rome Botanic Garden.
VistTors.—Small beetles and flies, together with bees and other Hymenoptera,
have been observed.
a
86 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1855. J. Sambae Ait.—This species is especially fragrant after sunset.
1856. J. noctiflorum Afzel_—
Vis1Tors.—These appear to be nocturnal Lepidoptera.
559. Nyctanthes L.
1857. N. Arbor-tristis L.—This species bears large fragrant flowers with
long corolla-tubes, and most of them are shed at sunrise.
VistTors.—These appear to be nocturnal Lepidoptera.
560. Monodora Dun.
1858. M. longiflora Eng., and 1859. M. pubens A. Gray.—The large
fragrant flowers of these species are of a bright-yellow colour and possess long
corolla-tubes. They open in the evening.
VistTors.—These are apparently nocturnal Lepidoptera.
561. Schrebera Roxb.
The flowers are particularly fragrant in the evening.
VisiTors.—Judging from the above these would appear to be nocturnal Lepi-
doptera. ,
LXVI. ORDER APOCFNACEAE R.BR.
Litrrature.—K. Schumann, ‘ Apocynaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat.
Pflanzenfam.’, IV, 2, pp. 115-17.
562. Vinca L.
Flowers herkogamous, with concealed nectar secreted at the base of the ovary.
1860. V. minor L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 135-7; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 394-6, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 62 ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 384-5; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 544; Baillon, Bull. soc.
linn., Paris, i, 1882, pp. 323-5; Darwin, Gard, Chron., London, 1861, pp. 552,
831; Crocker, Bull. R. Bot. Gard, Kew, 1861, Gard. Chron., London, 1861,
p. 669; F.A.P., op. cit, p. 736; Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante
autocarp.,’ pp. 15-17; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 274; Humphrey,
Bot. Gaz., Chicago (IIl.), x, 1885, p. 296.)—The flower mechanism of this species
was long since described by Sprengel, but he supposed it to be adapted for self-
pollination. Darwin and Delpino have both given correct independent accounts
of it—-Nectar is secreted by two yellow glands near the ovary, and stored up in the
corolla-tube (11 mm. long), the entrance of which is lined by hairs serving as a pro-
tection against rain. About the middle of this tube the style thickens conically and
terminates in a short cylindrical horizontal plate, the edge of which functions as
a stigma and is covered with a sticky secretion. The plate bears a tuft of hairs,
which takes up the pollen as it is shed from the anthers. The filaments spring from
the middle of the corolla-tube, are bent in a knee-like fashion, and beset with hairs
internally. The anthers are situated immediately above the stigmatic disk, and
APOCYNACEAE 87
dehisce introrsely. Their margins are hairy, so that the pollen can only fall upon
the terminal brush of the disk. Nectar-seeking insects can insert their heads for
several millimetres into the corolla tube, as far as the brush, so that a proboscis 8 mm.
long is able to reach the nectar.
matter, which takes up pollen on withdrawal, and can
therefore effect crossing in the next flower visited. Auto-
matic self-pollination is excluded.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius discolor
Mik., very common, skg. legitimately; 2. B. major Z.,
do. B. Hymenoptera. <Apzdae: 3. Anthophora
pilipes /. 9 and 4, very common, skg.; 4. Apis mellifica
L. %, tolerably freq., taking all the nectar from the
smaller flowers, and part of it from the larger ones;
5. Bombus agrorum /. 9, very common, skg.; 6. B.
hortorum Z., do.; 7. B. hypnorum Z. 9, one, skg.; 8.
B. lapidarius Z. 9, very common, skg.; 9. B. pratorum
L. 9, do. (H. M.; Borgstette, Tecklenburg); ro. B.
terrester Z. 9, skg.; 11. B. vestalis Pourcr. 9, one, skg. ;
12. Osmia fusca Chr. 9, persistently skg.; 13. O. rufa
L.%,skg. C. Thysanoptera. 14. Thrips, freq.
The following were recorded by the observers, and
for the localities stated.—
Sprengel, only Thrips. Knuth (Kiel churchyard,
26. 4.’96), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. 9,
occasional, skg., visiting several flowers in succession.
Alfken (Bremen), 2 bees—1. Osmia rufa Z. 9 and $;
2. Podalirius acervorum Z. 4.
When this is inserted it gets covered with viscid
Fic. 253. Vinca minor, L.
(after Herm. Miller). Flower
after removal of half the corolla.
a, ovary; 4, yellow nectaries;
c¢, style; d, place where a filament
diverges from the corolla, visible
externally as a depression; de,
filament with its inward knee-like
bend; ef introrse anther; g,
thickening of the style; 4, disk-
like process of the style, covered
all round with sticky secretion,
and with a stigmatic lower edge;
&, brush of hairs upon the stigmatic
disk, which takes up the pollen as
it is shed.
Schletterer (Pola), the bee Andrena deceptoria
Schmtedekn.
1861. V. major L. (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 136-7; Darwin, Gard. Chron.,
London, 1861, p. 552; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 396; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen’; Baillon, Bull. soc. linn., Paris, i, 1882.)—The flower mechanism of this
species agrees with that of V. minor. The corolla-tube is 15-16 mm. long, and
a proboscis of 1r mm. can secure all the nectar. The flowers are self-sterile.
Darwin was able to cause the production of good fruits by effecting artificial
pollination with a small brush. Baillon gives a detailed account of the flower
mechanism.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 9, skg., repeatedly. Herm. Miiller,
the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg. numerous flowers. Schletterer (Pola),
an Ichneumonid (Bassus laetatorius #.) and 6 bees—1. Bombus argillaceus Scop.,
skg.; 2. B. terrester Z.; 3. Eucera clypeata Zr.; 4. E. longicornis Z.; 5. Poda-
lirius acervorum Z.; 6. P. crinipes Sm.
1862. V. rosea L. (=Lochnera rosea Reichb.)—The flower mechanism of
this species is the same as that of V. minor.
1863. V. herbacea Waldst. et Kit.—The flower mechanism of this species
is the same as that of V. minor.
88 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
563. Trachelospermum L.
1864. T. jasminoides Lem.—Hildebrand states that the flower mechanism
of this species is the same as that of Vinca.
564. Tabernaemontana Plum.
1865. T. echinata Aubl.—Fritz Miiller says that this species is only fertile
with the pollen from other stocks (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 274).
565. Apocynum L.
Flowers homogamous, with concealed nectar, secreted and stored in their bases.
1866. A. androsaemifolium L. (Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, viii, 1881,
pp. 184—-5.)—Ludwig says that this species bears campanulate whitish flowers with
internal red streaks serving as nectar-guides, and five basal nectaries of which the
secretion possesses an unpleasant sweetish odour. The short filaments are beset
with hairs playing the part of nectar-covers. The five anthers make up a cone
surrounding the capitate end of the style. This is divided by a ring into upper and
lower parts, the latter serving as a stigma. The inner sides of the stamens, somewhat
above the centre of their length, are fused with this ring, so that a chamber is formed
into which the pollen falls without touching the stigma. The backs of the anthers
are thick angular woody plates, which prevent insects from gnawing away the upper part
of the stamens and style so as to make a more convenient way to the nectar. The
chinks between the anthers narrow above, and serve as clips to hold fast unbidden
guests. The actual pollinators (bees, and the larger hover-flies and Muscids) after
sucking nectar are obliged to withdraw their proboscis between the anthers, i.e.
through these clips, and it can only be freed by the exercise of considerable force.
During this withdrawal the proboscis passes over the stigma, and its sticky upper
edge through the pollen-chamber, from which it takes up some of the adhesive
granular pollen, to be transferred to the next flower visited. The smaller and weaker
insects, which are unable to penetrate the pollen-chamber and are therefore useless
guests, remain held fast by the clips to perish miserably. Among these Ludwig
observed numerous Muscids (Spilogaster carbonella Ze/., Scatophaga merdaria F.,
Anthomyia pluvialis Z.), sometimes small Hymenoptera, and occasionally Lepi-
doptera. The presence of numerous dead flies (and proboscides and limbs of these)
in the flowers shows that there must be a large number of these unskilled visitors.
Visttors.— Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Coccinellidae: 1. Coccinella quattuordecimpunctata L.,
resting in the flowers. (4) Mz/idulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., nect-lkg. in the bases of
the flowers. (c) Péintdae: 3. Anobium striatum QO/., in the bases of the flowers.
B. Diptera. (a) Muscrdae: 4. Anthomyia sp., caught by the proboscis in the
flowers; 5. Onesia floralis R. D., do. (4) Syrphidae: 6. Melanostoma mellina Z.,
caught by the proboscis in the flowers; 7. Platycheirus scutatus Ag., do.; 8. Syritta
pipiens, Z., do.
1867. A. cannabinum L. (= A. hypericifolium A7z/). (Ludwig, op. cit.)—
Ludwig describes this species as bearing much smaller, more inconspicuous, greenish
or yellowish-white flowers, devoid of nectar-guides, and possessing a still more
APOCYNACEAE 89
disagreeable odour. In other respects their mechanism agrees with that of A. andro-
saemifolium. In correlation with the duller colouring we find that the only visitors
are flies, among which large numbers of the smaller Syrphids and Muscids are im-
prisoned by the clips.
Ludwig (Kosmos, Stuttgart, viii, 1881) observed that 56 flowers caught and
killed 88 small Muscids and Syrphids between early morning and 3 p.m.
VistTors.— Vide supra.
1868. A. venetum L.—This species is doubtfully arachnophilous (cf Vince-
toxicum officinale, p. go).
566. Lyonsia R. Br.
According to Loew (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxviii, 1886), the flower mechanism
resembles that of Apocynum androsaemifolium. Schumann (op. cit.) noticed that
flies were killed by the flowers of species of this genus.
567. Nerium L.
Homogamous Lepidopterid flowers.
1869. N. odorum Ait. (Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, viii, 1881, pp. 185-8.)
—The large fragrant flowers of this species possess a large funnel-shaped corolla,
which becomes rotate above, and is provided with an incised corona. There are
nectar-guides in the form of dark-red streaks converging to the nectar-containing
base of the flower. As in Apocynum the corolla-tube encloses a cone of anthers
covered externally by woody plates, and fused internally with the dilated end of the
style to form a pollen-chamber, beneath which is the stigmatic surface. The anther-
plates are produced into points below, and covered with hairs dorsally. Each stamen
is drawn out into a long terminal appendage, which is filiform at its base and then
becomes broader and feather-like. These five appendages are twisted together into
a loose, woolly, whitish ball, 8-9 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, which (with the corona)
blocks the entrance of the flower in such a way that only long-tongued Lepidoptera
are able to penetrate to the nectar.
Within the flowers Lepidoptera have to overcome the same difficulties as those
presented by Apocynum to pollinating agents. Their proboscis can only reach
to the base of the flower (about 10 mm. deep) by being inserted into the narrow
glabrous fissures between the stamens, and has to be withdrawn between the anthers,
through a cleft which narrows above. In the latter operation the stigma is first
touched, and gets pollinated if another flower has previously been visited, after
which the proboscis is smeared with the viscid secretion of the upper edge of
the stigma, and takes up fresh clumps of pollen from the pollen-chamber. All
visitors do not possess the necessary strength and endurance for this, so that
here again unbidden guests are caught and killed. The observation of two cases
of the kind first called the attention of Ludwig to the mechanism of oleander flowers.
Visttors.—The larger Lepidoptera, especially the hawk-moth Sphinx nerii Z.
1870. N. Oleander L.; 1871. N. cupreum L.; 1872. N. Grangeanum ; and
1873. N. Ricciardianum.—Ludwig (op. cit.) says that these species possess the
same flower mechanism as N. odorum.
go ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
LXVII ORDER ASCLEPIADEAE R.BR.
In the sub-order Cynanchoideae the five filaments are broadened, generally
fused into a tube, and provided with external appendages which make up a corona ;
anthers usually with terminal membranous appendages; pollen aggregated into
pollinia, attached in pairs to the clip-glands of the large capitate stigma. The clips
grasp the legs of insect-visitors when the nectar-secreting spots are on the same radii
as the stamens (Asclepias), or the proboscis if these spots alternate with the stamens
(Vincetoxicum, Stapelia, Bucerosia, Araujia). The clips are thus drawn out of their
recesses by the legs or proboscis of visitors, and transferred to other flowers.
(Pinch-trap flowers.) The extremely specialized flower mechanisms are adapted
to insect visitors in a very perfect manner, so that a comparison may be made with
orchids, though in this case there is nothing like the same variety.
According to K. Schumann (‘ Asclepiadaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat.
Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 2), the flower mechanism of the sub-order Periplocoideae exhibits
an undoubted analogy to that of the Ophryoideae.
568. Vincetoxicum Rupp.
Yellowish-white pinch-trap flowers, arranged in axillary stalked umbels, and
pollinated by means of the proboscis of insect visitors.
1874. V. officinale Moench (=Asclepias Vincetoxicum Z., and Cynanchum
Vincetoxicum Pers.) (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 139-50; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’
pp. 224-8; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 604-5 ; Herm. Miiller,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 350-2; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 546.)—The flowers of
this species smell of honey. The ovaries are surrounded by a fleshy column
formed by fusion of the stamens, and covered by a fleshy disk, under which are
five entrances to the stigmas. The staminal column bears the five anthers at
its end, and also, externally, five appendages (cuculli) fused together to form
a domed corona. The anthers are closely apposed to the terminal knob of the
style, and each of them contains a pair of plate-like pollinia lodged in loculi
Opening on the side turned inwards. The connective is produced into a triangular
membranous appendage which is closely applied to the top of the stylar knob.
Each side of the anther is continued into a leaf-like wing, narrowing gradually
above and vertical to the column of filaments. The adjoining wings of every
two anthers bound between them a narrow slit that widens below. These slits
open internally into a stigmatic chamber, which is partly bounded by the stigmatic
surface on the under-side of the terminal expansion of the style. Lying in the
upper part of each slit, and visible externally, is a dark, bilaterally symmetrical
shining body (corpusculum), consisting of a hard, thin, horny plate. Its sides
are bent forwards for their whole length so that their edges lie close together,
and in the middle of its lower border there is a wedge-shaped slit. Two
pollinia, lying in the adjacent loculi of two different anthers, are attached by
bands to this ‘clip.’
If now a fly tries to suck the nectar contained in one of the coronal pits,
situated immediately below a clip, its extended proboscis, beset with erect bristles,
will be guided upwards in the slit between the adjacent anther-wings until it is
ASCLEPIADEAE QI
inevitably held fast in the clip. The visitor will then draw back its proboscis
with a jerk, pulling away the clip with the two connected pollinia, and carrying
them off. When first extracted from their loculi the pollinia are wide apart, but
the bands connecting them with the clip twist inwards as they dry, bringing the
pollinia so close together that they can easily be introduced into a slit. Should
the insect now visit another flower the pollinia are readily pushed into one of
the slits, guided by which they will slip into the stigmatic chamber, there to
effect crossing, for when the insect draws back its proboscis they are torn away
from the bands connecting them with the clip. At the same time a new clip
Fic. 254. Vincetoxtcum officinale, Moench (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower after removal of the
five petals (x 7). B. Do. with calyx also removed, seen directly from above (x 14). C. The dilated
end of the style, surrounded by the anthers. The pollinia lying hidden in the anthers, and the bands
connecting them with the clips, are indicated by dotted lines. _D. Inner side of a clip with attached
pollinia (x 80). £. Outer side of do. a, capitate end of the style; 4, membranous process of the
connective, lying upon a; ¢, outer side of loculus; @, wing-like lateral margin of anther, which, with
the corresponding wing of the adjacent anther, bounds the slit 2 that widens below; e¢, nectar pit; 7, clip,
to which two pollinia (Z) are attached by bands (g); z, nectar-secreting coronal appendages (cuculli).
with its pollinia will be attached to the proboscis. It is only to the proboscis
bristles of Muscids that the clips regularly get fixed. Other visitors (Empids,
Syrphids, wasps, &c.) lack these bristles, and it is exceptional for an insect of
the kind to carry off a clip on the end of its proboscis.
F. Heim (Bull. soc. linn., Paris, ii, 1893) says that this species is pollinated by
large Diptera, which usually do not succeed in getting nectar. Small flies are
also found in the flowers, and these remain sticking in the clips, thus preventing
the pollinia from being used for crossing. This is a case of insect-visits being
not merely useless, but harmful. Heim believes that spiders protect the flowers
against such unwelcome guests, and speaks of this as a case of ‘arachnophily.’
The same remark applies to Apocynum venetum JZ.
VisiTors.— Vide supra. The following were recorded by the observers and for
the localities stated —
Sprengel, flies with clips attached to their proboscis. Herm. Miiller (Alps),
12 Muscids, mostly with pollinia attached to their proboscis bristles: also, as
92 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
unbidden guests, an Empid, a hover-fly, 2 bees, a fossorial wasp, a true wasp,
2 Lepidoptera, and 4 beetles. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 4 short-tongued Hymenoptera,
3 beetles, and 3 Muscids: none of these bore pollinia (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
iii, 1891, p. 344).
Fic. 255. <Asclepias syriaca, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Flower after removal of sepals and
petals, seen from above (x 3$). (2) Do., from the side. (3) Do., after removal of the nectar-secreting
organs (cuculli) (« 7). (4) Do., after removal of a stamen. (5) The detached stamen, seen from
outside. (6) Inner side of do. (7) Nectar-secreting organ (cucullus) (x 3}). (8) Do., in longitudinal
section, to show the conical process apposed to an anther. (9) Freshly extracted pollinia, seen from the
outside (x 7). (10) Do., when the torsion of the bands is half complete. (11) Do., when the torsion is
complete. (12) Longitudinal section of flower, after removal of sepals, petals, and cuculli. @, cucullus;
4, conical process of do.; c, membranous process of connective; d, outer side of loculus containing
a pollinium; e, lateral wing of an anther, which with the corresponding wing of the adjacent anther
bounds a slit (/), into which first the foot of an insect and then a pollinium is introduced; g, clip of the
upper end of a slit, united by bands (/) to two pollinia (#), from the adjacent loculi of different anthers ;
&, empty loculus of anther; /, connective; 7, cylinder surrounding the ovary and bearing the cuculli and
stamens; 2, place of attachment of a cucullus ; 0, stigmatic chamber; , fleshy stigmatic disk; 9, ovary.
ASCLEPIADEAE 93
1875. V. medium Decne. (=V. latifolium C. Koch).—
Visitors.—Plateau saw the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z. in the Ghent
Botanic Garden.
1876. V. purpurascens C. Morr. et Decne.—
VisiTors.— Plateau saw the house-fly Musca domestica Z. in the Ghent
Botanic Garden.
569. Asclepias L.
Pinch-trap flowers. Pollination effected by the legs of insects.
1877. A. syriaca L. (=A. Cornuti Decze.), (Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz.
nelle piante autocarp.,’ pp. 6-15; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxiv, 1866, p. 376,
XXv, 1867, pp. 265, 273, 281; J. P. Mansel Weale, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, xiii,
1873, pp. 48-58 ; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 396-400, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 61;
T. H. Corry, Trans. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, Ser. 2, ii, 1884, pp. 173-207, Proc.
Phil. Soc., Cambridge, iv, 1883, pp. 5-6; Stadler, ‘ Beitrage.’)—Hildebrand has given
the most exhaustive account of the way in which this species is pollinated by insects,
while Hermann Miiller was the first to publish drawings of the flower mechanism
(Fig. 255), which agrees essentially with that of Vincetoxicum officinale.
Fic. 256. Asclepias syriaca, Decne.(from K.Schumann, after Payer). A. Flower seen from the side:
ca, calyx; co, corolla. B. Do., after removal of calyx and corolla, visited by a wasp, to the feet of which
some pollinia are attached. C. Longitudinal section of flower: a, corolla; ath, anthers; 7, ovary;
na, stigmatic disk; s¢, stamens.
But while the latter is a pinch-trap flower adapted to nectar-seeking flies, to
the proboscis bristles of which its minute clips become attached, Asclepias syriaca
bears flowers of a kind adapted to bees, the claws of which become entangled in
the clips and carry off the pollinia to be introduced into the stigmatic chambers
of other blossoms. As before, an odour of honey is exhaled. The petaloid
appendages (cuculli) of the anthers are in the form of five fleshy nectar-pockets,
which alternate with the clips. From the bottom of each of these arises a curved
horn-shaped process that bends inwards over the stigmatic disk.
An insect searching for nectar slips about on the smooth flowers which make
up the umbel until one of its feet gets a firm hold in the lower part of a slit. When
it wishes to go on, and draws up the leg, the claws are guided upwards in the slit so
that the clip becomes attached to the foot. During subsequent movements the
94 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
pollinia are introduced into one of the slits of another flower, and effect cross-
pollination, while at the same time another clip affixes itself.
The development of the pollinia was investigated by Corry. He also found
that flowers are infertile not only with their own pollen, but also with that derived
from plants raised vegetatively from the same stock. Pollination is fully effective
only when it takes place between flowers belonging to plants grown from the seeds
of different stocks. Stadler worked out the histological details of the secretion of
nectar, and found that this is produced not only within the petaloid cuculli, but also
by internal nectaries on the inner wall of the stigmatic chamber. The approximated
lower edges of the slits serve as nectar-covers for the latter.
VisiTors.—Sprengel observed a fly with clips attached to one of its legs. Herm.
Miiller (‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 399) gives the following list of insects observed by himself
(H. M.) in Thuringia, Buddeberg (Budd.) in Nassau, Hildebrand (H.) at Freiburg,
and Delpino (D.) at Florence, to which are added some others chiefly noticed by him
in his garden at Lippstadt (op. cit., p. 400, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 61). Those with
clips attached to their claws are indicated by an asterisk (*).—
A. Diptera. (a) Empidae: 1. Empis livida LZ., skg., drawing out the pollinia.
(4) Muscidae: 2. Lucilia sp., do.(H. M., Westphalia and T.); 3. Ocyptera brassicaria
F. (HL). (¢) Syrphidae: 4.* Eristalis arbustorum Z.(H.M.,T.); 5.* E. nemorum Z.
(H.M., T.); 6.* E. tenax Z. (H. M., T.); 7. Melithreptus scriptus Z., skg., without
putting its feet in the slits (H.M., T.); 8. M. taeniatus J/g., do. (H. M., T.).
B. Hymenoptera. (2) Apidae: 9.* Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (H. M., T.; D.); 10.
Bombus agrorum /. 3, freq., skg. and pollinating (H. M., Wiirzburg); 11.* B.
hypnorum JZ. § (Budd.); 12.* B. italicus Z.(D.); 13.* B. terrester Z. ¥ and 4 (Budd.) ;
14.* Coelioxys conoidea Z//. 9 and 4, freq., skg. and pollinating (H. M.); 15.* C. sp.
g and $ (Budd.); 16.* Halictus cylindricus #. $ (Budd.); 17.* H. quadricinctus F. 9
(Budd.); 18.* H. scabiosae Ross? 9 (Budd.); 19. Several small sps. of Halictus,
which never put their feet in the shits (H. M.); 20.* Stelis aterrima Pz. 9 (Budd.).
(4) Formictdae: 21. Different sps., caught in the slits (H. M., T.); 22. Myrmica
levinodis yi. §,do.(H.M.). (c) Sphegtdae: 23.* Ammophila sabulosa Z. 9 (Budd.) ;
24.* Scolia hirta Schr. (D.); 25.* S. flavifrons /. (D.); 26.* S. quadripunctata /. 9
(Budd.); 27.* Psammophila affinis X. 9 (Budd.). (d@) Vespidae: 28.* Polistes diadema
Lir. (H. M., T.); 29.* P. gallica Z. 9 (H. M., T.; Budd.). C. Lepidoptera.
Noctuidae: 30. Hypena proboscidalis Z., skg., but not drawing out the pollinia
(H. M.); 31. Plusia gamma Z., do., in the evening (H. M.). D. Neuroptera.
32. Panorpa communis Z., skg., and drawing out the pollinia (H. M.).
1878. A. fruticosa L. (=Gomphocarpus fruticosus R. Br.). (Sprengel,
‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 139-50.)—Sprengel gives a very thorough account of this species.
The flowers smell like honey, and their mechanism agrees with that of A. syriaca.
VisiTors.—Sprengel observed a number of flies and wasps in the castle garden
at Charlottenburg (22. 8.°89), with clips attached to their feet.
1879. A. curassavica L.—This species also was investigated by Sprengel.
Fritz Miiller says that in South America, its native country, it is chiefly visited
by butterflies, and Hermann Miiller depicts the foot of one of these to which 11 clips
and 8 pollinia are attached (Fig. 568).
1880. A. tenuifolia L.—
VisiTors.—Hildebrand saw this species pollinated by a cabbage white, Pieris
brassicae Z. (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxix, 1871, p. 746).
ASCLEPIADEAE 95
570. Stapelia L.
Pinch-trap flowers with a carrion odour, which attracts flies fond of putrefying
substances. These effect cross-pollination by means of their proboscis. Kuhn
observed cleistogamy.
1881. S. hirsuta L., and 1882. S. grandiflora Mass.—Both these species are
native to the Cape.
VistTors.—Delpino noticed two Muscids (Sarcophaga carnaria Z., and Calliphora
vomitoria Z.) as pollinators.
571. Gomphocarpus R.Br.
Flower mechanism similar to that of Stapelia. The clips attach themselves
to the claws of hymeno-
pterous visitors. (Delpino,
‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz.
nelle piante autocarp.,’ pp.
3-14; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxv, 1867, pp.
266-9.)
572. Araujia Brot.
ah te FIG. 257. Asclepias curassavica, L. (after Herm. Miller), 11 clips
. . era ) an ollinia (s¢) attached to a butterfly's foot.
188 A. sericife (4) and 8 polli hed to a butterfly’s f
Brot. (=A. albens G. Don,
and Physianthus albens /Zar/.). (Delpino, op. cit.; Hildebrand, op.cit.; A. Rogen-
hofer, SitzBer. ZoolBot. Ges., Wien, xl, 1890, pp. 67-8.)—-In this species the
pollinators are humble-bees, and the clips attach themselves to the proboscis.
A. Rogenhofer saw a moth (Plusia gamma Z.) hanging dead from the flower, while
strong humble-bees cannot be held fast, but tear away the clips.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
573- Boucerosia Wight et Arn.
Delpino (op. cit.) states that the flower mechanism resembles that of Araujia.
574. Hoya R.Br.
Delpino (op. cit.) states that the clips become attached to the legs of visitors.
1884. H. carnosa R. Br. (Delpino, ‘ Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante
autocarp.,’ p. 9; Darwin, ‘ Forms of Flowers,’ p. 331.)—Delpino saw numerous bees
visit this species at Florence, drawing out the pollinia upon their claws. From one
plant which was carefully examined four-fifths of the pollinia had been removed
from their loculi, and some with germinating pollen-grains were found upon the
stigmas. This plant, however, and some from other Italian gardens, remained
completely sterile. Delpino suggests as a reason that all the stocks had been
vegetatively propagated from one and the same original plant.
96 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Darwin mentions cleistogamous flowers devoid of pollen one of which produced
a capsule in which seeds were (? parthenogenetically) developed. These appeared
normal, but were incapable of germination.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
1885. H. globulosa Hook. f. (W.G. Smith, Gard. Chron., London, New Ser.,
xvii, 1882, p. 570.)—W. G. Smith observed flowers of this species in which flies had
been caught by the legs.
575. Stephanotis Thou.
The corolla-tube is long, so that only nocturnal Lepidoptera can effect pollination.
The clips attach themselves to the proboscis (Delpino, op. cit.).
576. Ceropegia L.
1886. C. elegans Wall. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 224-8; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg.,
xxviii, 1870, pp. 604-5.)—In this species the visitors are small flies (e.g. Gymnopa
opaca Rond.), which when they settle on the flower are held fast for a day by means
of stiff hairs. These then become limp and allow the flies to escape with clips
holding on to their proboscis. Pollination is now effected of fresh flowers which
may be visited.
Visttors.— Vide supra.
577. Periploca Tourn.
1887. P.graeca L. (Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.,’
pp. 14-15; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 273-)—The flower mechanism
of this species deviates from that of other Asclepiads. The five spoon-shaped bands
(retinacula) are sunk in the five angles of the stigmatic disk in the direction of the
long axis of the flower. The broadened part of each band lies under two loculi
belonging to adjacent anthers, and becomes covered with a sticky mass shortly
before the flower opens, taking up pollen when dehiscence takes place. When a fly
visits a flower its proboscis sticks to the adhesive matter present on the stalk of the
spoon, and this is carried off with the pollen to be transferred to the stigma of another
flower.
LXVIII. ORDER GENTIANEAE JUSS.
Flowers homogamous, protandrous, or protogynous ; usually possessing a large,
brightly coloured corolla. Some species are generally dimorphous (Menyanthes
trifoliata Z., Limnanthemum nymphoides Hoffm. ef Link, Erythraea Centaurium Pers.).
The species of the genera Erythraea and Chlora appear to secrete no nectar; in
other cases there is nectar, which is either accessible to all (Gentiana lutea Z.), or
else concealed, in many cases so deeply that only humble-bees or Lepidoptera can
reach it. The genera and species which have been investigated belong to the
following flower classes.—
Po (?): Erythraea, Chlora ;
E: Gentiana lutea Z. ;
C: Menyanthes, Limnanthemum, Swertia ;
GENTIANEAE 97
Hh: Gentiana punctata Z., G. acaulis Z. G. asclepiadea Z., G. ciliata Z.,
G. purpurea Z., G. Amarella Z.;
HhL: Gentiana tenella Ro/., G. nana Wulf, G. campestris Z., G. obtusifolia
Willd., G. aurea L.;
Lb: Gentiana nivalis Z.;
Lbdh-m (dh-m=diurnal hawk-moths): Gentiana verna Z., G. bavarica Z.
578. Menyanthes Tour.
Flowers mostly dimorphous, with concealed nectar secreted at the base of the
ovary.
1888. M. trifoliata L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” pp. 102-3; Warming,
‘Bestévningsmaade,’ pp. 13-15; Heinsius, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv,
1892, p. 71; MacLeod, op. cit., v, 1893, p. 383; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. PI.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 310-11; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896;
Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 104-5.)—The flesh-coloured flowers
of this species are arranged in racemes, and are remarkable on account of the
Fic. 258. Menyanthes trtfoltata, L. (from nature). (1) Short-styled flower, after removal of a petal
and a stamen (natural size). (2) Long-styled do. (natural size). (3) Stigmatic papillae of long style
(x 4). (4) Do. of short style (x 4). (5) Pollen-grain of a long stamen (x 70). (6) Do. of a short
stamen (X 70).
fringed limbs of the petals. These not only enhance conspicuousness, but protect
the nectar against rain and unbidden guests. Only the long-styled form was seen
and depicted by Sprengel. The plant is not heterostylous everywhere, for Warming
describes it as homostylous in West Greenland, between 61° and 69°N. lat. The
anthers and stigma are at the same level, or the latter a little higher. Automatic
self-pollination is therefore easily possible. (Cf Fig. 259.)
Warnstorf found the long-styled form at Ruppin, with stamens of the same
length, when the flowers opened, so that stigma and anthers were at the same level,
thus facilitating autogamy. The pollen is of a beautiful orange-yellow colour in
bulk: the individual grains are spheroidal to ovoid, and marked with closely
approximated, very delicate streaks, parallel to a large extent, and gradually dis-
appearing towards the poles. Curiously enough the cell-walls of the hairs on the
inner surface of the limbs of the petals exhibit similar, but feebler streaks. Heinsius
has measured the ovoid pollen-grains. Those of the long-styled form are on the
DAVIS. U1 H
98 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
average 26 w long and 50 » broad, while those of the short-styled form are 120 »
long and 63 » broad.
In the short-styled flowers I have examined at Kiel the stigma is situated in
the throat of the corolla, while in long-styled ones it projects several millimetres
from this. The anthers diverge in a swallow-tailed fashion, and their height is
of course inversely proportional to that of the stigma. Their pollen-covered
surfaces are directed inwards. Heinsius describes the extremely long stigmatic
papillae of the two forms as pretty much the same, but it seems to me that
there is a difference in size approximately proportional to that of the two kinds
of pollen-grain. He also states that though plants
of the same kind are associated in groups,
legitimate crossing is frequent as indicated by
the size of the pollen-grains adhering to the
stigmas.
Kerner and Warnstorf say that the flowers
are not only dimorphous, but also feebly pro-
togynous. According to the former, automatic
self-pollination can take place pseudo-cleisto-
gamously in the closed flowers.
Fic. 259. Menyanthes trifolzata, L. (after Vistrors.—Sprengel observed humble-bees,
Warming). An isostylous flower from Julians- di : : he fl At Kiel
haab, in Greenland, in longitudinal section corresponding in size to the owers. i le
(x 3). : I have only seen the beetle Meligethes, while
; : Warnstorf only noticed small beetles and flies
at Ruppin. MHeinsius saw the butterfly Pieris rapae Z., skg., in Holland. In
Dumfriesshire Apis and a humble-bee have been recorded (Scott-Elliot, ‘Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 119).
579. Limnanthemum S. P. Gmel.
Flowers dimorphous, with concealed nectar, secreted at five places between the
roots of the filaments.
1889. L. nymphoides Hoffmgg. et Link (=Menyanthes nymphoides Z., and
Villarsia nymphoides Ven/.). (Kuhn, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 67; Heinsius,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 72-6; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, p. 171.)—Kerner states that as the flowers of this species wither the petals become
pulpy, the cell-sap exuding to form a thin surface layer which is particularly attractive
to flies. These visitors effect cross-pollination. Heinsius describes the large, bright
yellow, stellate corolla as possessing fringe-like appendages on the boundary between
its tube and limb. These are directed obliquely upwards and extend to the ovary,
completely closing the entrance of the flower. The long style is of the same breadth
as the short one, but about half as long again. The proportion is 28 : 20, while the
relative length of the corresponding stamens is 20 : 27. The bluntly triangular
pollen-grains are about 24-37 » in diameter in the long-styled form, and 43-6 p
in the short-styled one.
The flower-buds are submerged, raising themselves above the surface before
they open. When anthesis is over, the peduncle bends again, and the fruit ripens
under water, Heinsius often found pollen-grains from the opposite form on the
stigma, a proof that legitimate union takes place.
x
GENTIANEAE 99
VisiTorS.—Heinsius observed the following.—
__ The bee Apis mellifica Z. ¥, touching the anthers of the short stamens and the
stigma of the short style with its thorax, and the corresponding parts of the long-
styled form with its abdomen, 2 humble-bees (apparently Bombus agrorum #., and
B. scrimshiranus .), 2 hover-flies (Platycheirus peltatus Ag. 4, and Helophilus
lunulatus Af. 9), and 2 Muscids (Anthomyia pratensis Mg. 4, and A. sp. 4).
1890. L. Humboldtianum. (Fritz Miiller, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvi, 1868,
p- 13.)—Fritz Miiller describes this species as dimorphous, like L. nymphoides.
580. Chlora L.
Flowers devoid of nectar; arranged in sub-corymbose cymes.
1891. C. perfoliata L. (=G. perfoliata Z.). (Vaucher, ‘ Hist. physiol. des pl.
d'Europe,’ III, p. 404.)—Vaucher says that the yellow flowers of this species close at
night. The corolla-tube is closely approximated to the ovary. The two bilobed,
thickened, papillose stigmas are self-pollinated.
581. Swertia L.
Flowers more or less protandrous; with nectar secreted by minute cups sur-
rounded by interwoven fringes, and situated in pairs at the bases of the petals, one
pair to each.
1892. S.perennis L. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, pp. 241, 341; Francke, ‘ Beitrage.’)—In the flowers of this species the corolla
varies from steel-blue through grey-white to bright yellow in colour, and the petals
are marked by numerous streaks. Schulz says that now and then the pistil or some
of the stamens may be reduced, but complete gynodioecism or androdioecism is rare.
The anthers of hermaphrodite flowers dehisce a longer or shorter time after the
maturation of the stigma. Francke and Schulz state that the stamens are bent back
so much that self-pollination is excluded. Kerner, however, observed that autogamy
finally takes place, for before all the pollen is shed the stamens first straighten and
then move towards and pollinate the stigma. But, on the other hand, Francke and
Schulz assert that such autogamy is exceptional, for as a rule no pollen remains on
the anthers by the time they reach the stigma.
Visitors.—Schulz observed small flies and beetles in the Riesengebirge.
1893. S. punctata Baumg.—This species is native to Hungary and the
Siebengebirge, and Kerner states that its flower mechanism is the same as that
of S. perennis.
582. Gentiana Tourn.
Flowers blue, rarely red or yellow in colour; nectar as a rule so deeply
concealed that only humble-bees or Lepidoptera can get at it, but exposed in
rare cases (cf pp. 96-7). Hermann Miiller divides the species into five groups,
according to the position and mode of secretion of the nectar (‘ Alpenblumen,”
PP- 329-49).—
1, Species with exposed, freely accessible nectar: Gentiana lutea Z.
H 2
AY
100 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2. Species with nectar secreted by the base of the ovary, and a bell-shaped
corolla adapted to humble-bees (humble-bee flowers; sub-genus Coelanthe) :
G. purpurea Z., G. pannonica Scop, *G. punctata Z., G. cruciata Z., *G. ascle-
piadea Z., G. Pneumonanthe Z., G. Froelichii Jaz., G. frigida Haenke, G. acaulis ZL.
3. Species with nectar secreted by the base of the ovary, and with the broad
disk-shaped stigma so closely surrounded by the long tubular corolla that only
long-tongued Lepidoptera can suck conveniently (Lepidopterid flowers; sub-genus
Cyclostigma): *G. bavarica Z., *G. verna Z., G. imbricata Froe/., G. pumila Jacg.,
G, utriculosa Z., *G. nivalis Z.
4. Flowers adapted to pollination by humble-bees, and with nectar secreted by
the lowest part of the corolla (humble-bee flowers; sub-genus Crossopetalum) ;
*G, ciliata.
5. Species adapted to pollination by humble-bees and Lepidoptera, and with
nectar secreted as in 4 (humble-bee and Lepidopterid flowers ; sub-genus Endotricha) ;
*G. campestris Z., G. germanica Willd., G.
Sts : Amarella Z., *G. obtusifolia Wel/d., *G.tenella
aN : Rotth., *G. nana Wulf.
The species in the above list to which
an asterisk (*) is prefixed have been de-
scribed in a masterly way by Hermann
Miller in his ‘Alpenblumen.’ I would
refer the student to his accounts, and in
what follows add some of Miiller’s earlier
observations, as well as those of other
investigators.
Kerner applies the term ‘revolver
flowers’ to the blossoms of many species
(e.g. G. acaulis Z., G. angustifolia Micha.
Mbnne OL Oblisctecatittrommte: and Ge Clustl Perr, ¢ Seng!) on account
flower. B. Bases of the pistil and two stamens. of their narrow tubular nectar-passages.
a, anther; 7, filament; , nectary; ov, ovary; #,
petal; s, sepal; sz, stigma. = : (of the note on Convolvulus.)
1894. G. lutea L. (Herm. Miller,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 329-30.)—The yellow homogamous flowers of this species
secrete exposed nectar, and automatic self-pollination is possible.
Visitors.— Herm. Miiller observed 3 beetles, 14 flies, 6 Hymenoptera, and
2 Lepidoptera.
1895. G. punctata L. (Herm. Miiller, op. cit., pp. 330-2.)—This species
bears protogynous humble-bee flowers, yellow in colour, with black punctations.
Automatic self-pollination is generally excluded. Kerner describes the flowers
as protandrous.
S
A.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed 2 beetles, 2 flies, 7 Hymenoptera (including
5 humble-bees), and 3 Lepidoptera. Crossing is effected by humble-bees only.
1896. G. purpurea L. (Kirchner, ‘Beitrige,’ pp. 47-9.)—Kirchner says
that the flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of G. punctata,
the blossoms being feebly protogynous humble-bee flowers. They are strongly
GENTIANEAE IOI
aromatic, directed obliquely or vertically upwards, externally bright or dark purple in
colour, and of whitish-yellow towards their bases both externally and internally.
Longitudinal green veins on the inner surface serve as nectar-guides. The club-
shaped corolla is thrown into internal longitudinal folds, and its length is 35 mm.,
of which ro mm. are taken up by the six lobes. The filaments are free down to the
place where the corolla narrows, but below this are fused with the longitudinal folds,
to constitute high ridges extending to the ovary and leaving five narrow tubular
nectar-passages. There are six green nectaries at the base of the ovary, between
the bases of the filaments. The anthers are completely fused together and dehisce
extrorsely. They surround the style, and the two stigmas project beyond them
and mature somewhat earlier. Although the stigmas roll up later on into spirals
of more than one turn, they do not come into contact with the anthers, and
automatic self-pollination does not therefore take place.
Vistrors.— The size and structure of the flowers would indicate humble-
bees as the pollinators, but Kirchner never saw them at Zermatt, though he
observed numerous flies, which flew about inside the blossoms, and occasionally
touched the anthers and stigmas.
1897. G. pannonica Scop.—Kerner describes this species as protandrous.
1898. G. cruciata L.—Kerner says that the protandrous flowers of this species
open 8-9 a.m. and close again 7-8 p.m.
Visitors. —Schulz observed flowers perforated by humble-bees in Central
Germany.
1899. G. asclepiadea L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 356-7;
Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ pp. 166-7; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870,
pp. 668-9.)—This species bears protandrous humble-bee flowers, in which
automatic self-pollination is generally excluded. Hermann Miiller did not observe
the true pollinators, but only Bombus mastrucatus perforating the flowers, and
stealing the nectar. He convinced himself that the opening of the flowers is
not dependent upon the action of light, but of warmth, for he picked a bunch
of closed flowers and placed them in a dark, but warm room, where they began
to open in 25 minutes. Kerner, on the contrary, believes that opening (which
takes place 8-9 a.m.) is brought about by the stimulus of light. According to
him self-pollination takes place when the corolla closes, in the same way as in
the next species.
Visitors.— Vide supra. Hoffer (Steiermark) observed 2 humble-bees—Bombus
gerstaeckeri Mor. ¥, po-cltg., and B. latreillellus X. 9, skg.
1900. G. Pneumonanthe L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., pp. 150-2 ; Warming,
‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’ p. 10; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 403-4; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 381-23; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 540; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 373; Knuth, ‘BI. u.
Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 105, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
p- 238.)—This species bears protandrous humble-bee flowers. The large deep-blue
corolla is marked externally with five green streaks, and is 30 mm. long with an
entrance 8-10 mm. broad. Nectar is secreted by the base of the ovary, and is
102 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
protected from rain by closure of the corolla during dull weather. This also takes
place at night. The inner side of the corolla possesses nectar-guides in the form of
small whitish circles with brownish centres, from which alternating blue and whitish
longitudinal streaks turn to the base of the flower. At about its middle the corolla-
tube suddenly contracts, and from this point downwards it, and the filaments fused
with it, closely surround the ovary. Humble-bees can creep half-way into the flowers,
dusting themselves in younger ones from the dehisced anthers which closely surround
the still immature stigmas. In older flowers the style has elongated and its stigmatic
branches have become bent back so that their papillose inner surfaces will be touched
by those parts of humble-bee visitors which have taken up pollen. The arrange-
ments, in fact, are
such that insects of
a size proportionate
to the interior of the
flower inevitably ef-
fect crossing. Kerner
states that automatic
self-pollination is pos-
sible in later stages
of anthesis, for when
the flower closes some
of the pollen still
clinging to the an-
thers is transferred to
the internally project-
ing folds of the corolla,
and is subsequently
raised to the level
of the stigma by
elongation of the
corolla-tube. Closure
will then effect auto-
FIG. 261. Gentiana acaulis, L. (from Herm. Miller’s ‘Alpenblumen'). gamy.
A. Entire plant. 4. Longitudinal section of flower. C. Cross-section
through base of do. (on the line ad). a, anthers; ca, calyx; co, corolla; Warnstorf de-
J, filaments; 2, nectary; ov, ovary; Ss, nectar-passages; s/, stigma x,
upper end of nectar-guides. scribes the pollen-
grains as_ yellowish
in colour, ellipsoidal, with a groove, delicately papillose, striated, on the average
50 » long and 25 p» broad.
Vistrors.—E. Moller sent me the following from Sylt, of which only Nos. 1, 2,
and 5 were able to get at the nectar (‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
p- 238).—
A. Hymenoptera. Apfzdae: 1. Bombus cognatus Sveph. 9 and 4, skg.; 2. B.
derhamellus K. 9, do.; 3. B. terrester Z., stealing nectar (up to beginning of October
1893); 4. Apis mellifica Z.¥, do.; 5. Psithyrus vestalis Hourcr. 6, skg. B. Diptera.
All only po-dvg. (a) Syrphidae: 6. Platycheirus scutatus J/g. 9; 7. P. manicatus
Mg. 9. (6) Muscidae: 8. Aricia incana Wied. 9; 9. Anthomyia sp.; ro. Pollenia
rudis /.
GENTIANEAE 103
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum F’. 9 (proboscis 12-15 mm.)
and B. muscorum /. 9 (proboscis 11-15 mm.), both freq., skg., Schulz (Halle),
numerous flowers perforated by humble-bees. Kerner, small beetles using the
flowers as a refuge. Alfken(Bremen), the bee Halictus flavipes /” 9, po-cltg. H. de
Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum £. ¥.
1901. G. acaulis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 332-6; Ricca, Atti
Soc. ital. sc. nat. Milano, xiv, 1871; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp.
163, 198, including G. excisa Pres/.)—This species bears protandrous odourless
humble-bee flowers (‘ revolver flowers’ of Kerner), in which self-pollination is usually
excluded. Kerner says that they become pendulous in unfavourable weather, so that
pollen which falls out of the anthers is guided to the stigma along the furrows
between the folds of the corolla, thus effecting automatic self-pollination. According
to Hermann Miller, opening and closing are not dependent upon increase and
decrease of light, but of heat. Kerner states that the flowers open about 7-8 a.m.,
shutting again about 6-7 p.m.
Fic. 262. Gentiana verna, L. (from Herm. Miller's‘ Alpenblumen'). 4. Flower seen directly from
above. B, C. Upper and lower parts of longitudinal section of flower. D. Similar section through
upper part of flower, with anthers at a higher level thanin 2, a, anthers; co, corolla; / ligules; 7, filaments ;
gr, style; 2, nectary; ov, ovary; sé/, stigma.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 8 bees (including 5 humble-bees), 3 Lepidoptera, a fly, and a
beetle, though only the humble-bees are effective pollinators. Ricca, humble-bees
effecting pollination. Herm. Miiller found 90% of the flowers perforated by
Bombus mastrucatus Gers¢. Kerner saw small beetles using the flowers as a refuge.
1902. G. angustifolia Michx., and 1903. G. Clusii Perr. et Song. (= G.
acaulis Z., according to the Judex Kewensis)—-These species both bear ‘ revolver
flowers ’ in which, according to Kerner, autogamy can take place as in G. acaulis.
104 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
1904. G. Froelichii Jan.—Kerner states that this species bears protandrous
humble-bee flowers.
1905. G. bavarica L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 341-2; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 181-2, 209, 219, 282, 311.)—This species bears
homogamous (according to Kerner protogynous) odourless Lepidopterid flowers,
with nectar concealed at a depth of 20-2 mm. Visitors can effect self- as well as
cross-pollination, but foreign pollen is prepotent. Kerner says that the flowers open
very quickly, and that only the edge of the stigma is papillose.
Vistrors.—The most frequent pollinator observed by Herm. Miiller was the
diurnal hawk-moth Macroglossa stellatarum Z. (proboscis 25-8 mm. long) visiting
hundreds of flowers in a few minutes.
1906. G. verna L. (Herm. Miller, op. cit., pp. 340-1; Kerner, op. cit. pp.
198, 209, 311; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ p. 168 ; MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.’)—This species
bears homogamous (according to Kerner protogynous) Lepidopterid flowers, with
nectar concealed at a depth of 23 mm. Their mechanism agrees with that of
G. bavarica. Kerner says that the flowers open very quickly.
Visttors.—The following
were recorded by the observers,
and for the localities stated.—
iii iyyyfy-—0 Herm. Miiller (Alps) and
Beil MacLeod (Pyrenees), the diur-
= Si = nal hawk-moth Macroglossa
= Sy = stellatarum Z., as the actual
2 es N= : :
gE SSSYAES ollinator. Hoffer (Steier-
A ES Pp
om of = mark), the humble-bee Bombus
Ai ih mastrucatus Gersé. 9.
| 1907. G. prostrata
C Haenke. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist.
PL, Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 391.)—
FIG. 263. Gentiana tenella, Rottb.(from Herm. Miller's ‘ Alpen- Kerner states that in the pro-
blamen’). 4. Flower partly dissected from the side. B. Part : :
of the corolla-tube, seen from inside. | C. Opening of corolla-tube, tandrous flowers of this species
from above. , nectary; 0, a nectar-passage. nectar is secreted at the base
of the ovary. In unfavourable
weather automatic self-pollination takes place pseudo-cleistogamously in the closed
flowers.
1908. G. utriculosa L.—Kemer states that the flowers of this species open
about 8-9 a.m. and close again about 3~4 p. m.
1g09. G. nivalis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 342-3; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 116, 220; Warming, ‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’ pp.
8-9; Lindman, ‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Fijellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.’)—This
species bears homogamous Lepidopterid flowers. Their conspicuousness is small,
and Hermann Miiller saw no lepidopterous visitors capable of getting at the nectar.
Automatic self-pollination is easily possible, for the anthers apply themselves to the
stigma. In this respect Warming and Lindman state that flowers from Greenland
and the Dovrefjeld agree with those from the Alps, and Warming even frequently
GENTIANEAE 105
observed the anthers and stigma bound together by pollen-tubes. Kerner states
that the flowers open and close several times in the course of an hour.
1g1o. G. tenella Rottb. (=G. glacialis 27/.). (Herm. Miiller, op. cit. p. 3453
Kirchner, ‘ Beitrige, p. 49; Warming, ‘Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’ p. 9.)— This species
bears feebly protogynous (according to Kirchner homogamous) humble-bee and
Lepidopterid flowers, in which automatic self-pollination regularly takes place towards
the end of anthesis. Kerner says that it may be effected pseudo-cleistogamously in
unfavourable weather, when the flowers remain closed. He adds that the fringes of
the valves projecting from the throat of the corolla-tube are beset with minute
prickles, which prevent insects from inserting their proboscis except into the nectar-
passages. Warming describes autogamy for plants from the Dovrefjeld.
igi. G. nana Wulf. (=G. tenella Rof/d., according to the Index Kewenszs).
(Herm. Miiller, op. cit., pp. 345-6; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 248.)
—This species bears homogamous humble-bee and Lepidopterid flowers, in which
automatic self-pollination regularly takes place towards the end of anthesis. Kerner
describes the fringed valves of the throat of the corolla-tube as corresponding to
those of G. tenella.
FIG. 264. Gentiana nana, Wulf. (from Herm. Miller's ‘Alpenblumen'). .4. Flower seen directly
trom above. 2. Do., partly dissected fromthe side. | C. Part of corolla, seen from within. a, anthers;
co, corolla; fi, filaments; 7, nectary; ov, ovary ; s/, stigma.
i912. G. aurea L. (=G. involucrata Ro/fd.). (Warming, ‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’
pp. 10-12.)—This species bears humble-bee and Lepidopterid flowers. Warming
describes it as protandrous in Finmark and at Tromse, though automatic self-
pollination takes place in the second stage of anthesis by contact of the anthers
(to which some pollen still clings) with the stigma.
1913. G. detorsa Rottb. (=G. serrata Gunner).—Aurivillius says that in
Greenland the flowers of this species are adapted to Lepidoptera, and perhaps also
to humble-bees.
1914. G. campestris L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 346-8 ; Schulz,
‘ Beitrige,’ II, pp. 107, 214; Lindman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om skandin. Fjellvaxt.
106 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Blomn. o. Befrukt.’; Warming, ‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’ p. 12; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 366, 391; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, 1896.)—
This species bears humble-bee Lepidopterid flowers. Hermann Miiller (canton
Graubiinden), Lindman (Norway), and Warming (Iceland) describe it as feebly
protogynous, afterwards becoming homogamous, while Schulz (Westphalia and
Thuringia) observed it to be strongly protandrous. In all cases automatic self-
pollination is possible in the later part of anthesis. Kerner says that this autogamy
is brought about by gradual elongation of the corolla, so that the anthers of the
epipetalous stamens are brought into contact with the stigma; and that during
unfavourable weather it may take place pseudo-cleistogamously in the closed flowers.
The flowers of plants from higher stations in Norway are of relatively large size,
and the stigma is not above the anthers but at the same level or even lower, so that
self-pollination is facilitated. It is otherwise in flowers from the Alps, for here the
stigma at first projects
beyond the anthers, and
it is only in late anthesis
that the stylar branches
bend back far enough,
according to Hermann
Miiller, to effect autogamy.
Schulz, on the other hand,
says that this takes place
very infrequently.
Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains as yellow-
ish in colour, ellipsoidal,
traversed by several longi-
tudinal furrows, densely
papillose, on the average
63 » long and 37.5 pu
Fic. 263. Gentiana campestris, L. (from Herm. Miller's ‘Alpen- broad
blumen’). 4. Flower partly dissected from the side. 2, C, F. Relations F
of stigmas and anthers at different stages. B. Stamen with dehiscing pe "
anther. J. Old pistil. £. Flower scen directly from above. @, anthers Visitors.—The fol
Ji, filaments; 7, nectaries; ov, ovary ; sé, stigma. lowing were recorded by
the observers stated.—
Lindman, humble-bees. Herm. Miiller, humble-bees and Lepidoptera, and also
perforations made by Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. Schulz (Central Germany), humble-
bees and Lepidoptera, and flowers perforated by the former.
1915. G. Amarella L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 404; Warming,
‘Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.” p. 12; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage.’)—This species bears homogamous
humble-bee flowers. The corolla-tube is 16-18 mm. long with an entrance 6 mm.
wide, into which a humble-bee can easily thrust its head, so that a proboscis 1o-12 mm.
in length suffices to reach the nectar. This is secreted in the base of the flower by
five fleshy green spots alternating with the filaments. There are long inwardly
directed hairs at the junction between the tube and limb of the corolla, serving as
a protection against unbidden guests (flies), and the nectar is sheltered from rain by
closure of the corolla in dull weather.
GENTIANEAE 107
The anthers dehisce when the flower opens, their pollen-covered surfaces being
directed upwards, so that if the head of a humble-bee is thrust into the corolla-tube
it must touch them. The two stigmas simultaneously diverge, and as they project
beyond the anthers cross-pollination is favoured, though autogamy is not excluded.
In plants from the Dovrefjeld and Nordland, according to Lindman and
Warming respectively, automatic self-pollination is easily possible, for the anthers
generally touch the stigma.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, ellipsoidal, densely
papillose, about 56 p» long and 44 » broad.
Visrrors.—Herm. Miiller observed a humble-bee (Bombus sylvarum Z., with
a proboscis of 12-14 mm.), skg.
1916. G. germanica Willd. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, 1870;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, pp. 302, 311.)—The
large flowers of this species attain an average length of 28-32 mm., and are violet in
colour, often with a whitish tube; rarely pure white, and still more rarely yellow.
They are heterostylous humble-
bee Lepidopterid flowers, de-
scribed by Schulz as feebly or
strongly protandrous, by Kerner
as protogynous. The nectaries
are situated as in G. Amarella.
Schulz states that the anthers
are at first directed inwards,
but gradually twist themselves
round till they face outwards.
In the homogamous or feebly
protandrous flowers automatic
self-pollination is possible, owing
to the stigma and anthers being
at the same level, but the out- : A
‘ ee Fic. 266. Gentiana ciléata, L. (from Herm. Miiller’s ‘ Alpen-
wardly directed position of the blumen'). 4. Exterior of flower, seen from the side, in first (male)
: . stage. B. Do., partly dissected. C. Pistilofsame. D. Flower
latter renders it difficult. The in second (female) stage, partly dissected from the side. a, anthers;
flowers are homogamous in the % Glaments; x, nectary; ov, ovary; sd, nectar-cover; s/, stigma.
Alps, but the stigma is at a higher
level than the anthers, so that autogamy is impossible.
Kerner describes the Alpine sub-species G. rhaetica Kerner as being hetero-
stylous and protogynous.
Visitors.— Ricca observed the honey-bee and humble-bees; Schulz noticed
flowers perforated by the latter.
1917. G. obtusifolia Willd. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 348; Schulz,
‘ Beitrige.’)—This species bears protandrous humble-bee Lepidopterid flowers, which
Schulz describes as gynomonoecious. As a rule the style projects beyond the anthers
down to the point where it bifurcates. There are, however, some flowers with
shorter styles, the branches of which roll back and take up the pollen still clinging to
the anthers, thus effecting automatic self-pollination.
108 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed 3 humble-bees (including Bombus mastru-
catus Gersi., and B, terrester Z., obtaining nectar by perforating the flowers), and
a Lepidopterid.
1918. G. ciliata L. (Herm. Miiller, op. cit., pp. 343-4; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’
pp. 166—7 ; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 668-9 ; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 163, 300, 311.)—This species bears
protandrous humble-bee flowers which smell like violets. Schulz states that they are
sometimes homogamous, and Kerner describes them as trimonoecious. The anthers
are at first directed inwards, but dehisce extrorsely in the first stage of anthesis and
cover their outer sides with pollen. They are usually empty when the stigmatic lobes
expand, and automatic self-pollination consequently only takes place occasionally.
Nectar is secreted by five elongated raised patches of a shining green colour at the
base of the corolla, and bees or Lepidoptera probing for this must regularly effect
cross-pollination.
VisiTors.—Schulz observed bees, more rarely Lepidoptera. Herm. Miiller and
Schulz noticed flowers perforated by humble-bees. Kerner says that the flowers serve
as a refuge to small beetles.
583. Erythraea Rich.
Flowers usually rose-red, rarely white in colour; homogamous, more rarely
feebly protandrous or protogynous; nectarless, but possessing succulent basal tissue
which insect visitors bore’. Heterostyly frequent.
1919. E. Centaurium Pers. (=Gentiana Centaurium Z.). (Sprengel, ‘ Entd.
Geh.,’ p. 152; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, p. 407, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 61;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 543, ‘Neue Beob., p. 63; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’
I, p. 71; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 213; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 382-3; A. Stephen Wilson, Rep. Brit. Ass., London,
1878, p. 568; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Knuth, ‘Bl. u.
Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 105-6, 164.)—The plants of this species examined
by me in the North Frisian Islands were homogamous. The stigmas are mature
when the flower opens, at which time the anthers dehisce successively, but
autogamy is at first prevented by bending of the style to one side, and the
stamens, as their anthers dehisce, to the opposite side. Later on the stamens
raise themselves to a height of 4 mm., and the somewhat shorter style also
becomes erect, so that the anthers with some pollen still adherent are brought
above the stigma, and automatic self-pollination results from the fall of pollen.
Autogamy may also in many cases take place immediately after the flowers
have opened, for not infrequently there is no lateral bending of style and stamens.
During bad weather, and when the flowers begin to fade, this kind of pollination
is inevitably brought about by convergence of the corolla-lobes. Wilson observed
1 When flowers of Erythraea Centaurium were treated (17.8.’98) with Fehling’s solution
and orthonitrophenylpropionic acid, only the former caused a small amount of copper oxide to
be precipitated in the base of the flower, while the latter gave no indigo reaction. Only a small
amount of sap can therefore be present.
GENTIANEAE TOO
heterostyly in England and associated dimorphism of the pollen-grains, but I was
not able to confirm this in the North Frisian Islands, nor could Schulz and
Kirchner do so in Central and South Germany. The two latter investigators,
however, found the style to vary in length in different stocks, and even, in rare
cases, on the same one. In long-styled forms the stigma may be at the level
of the anthers, though usually lower; in short-styled ones it is situated in the
opening of the corolla-tube. Schulz observed feeble protandry as well as
homogamy, and Townsend records protogyny for the variety E. capitata Wel/d.
The flowers close periodically, and Kerner states that anthesis lasts for five
days. Schulz and Kirchner call attention to variations in their size. Hermann
Miiller is of opinion that the spiral twisting of the anthers (resembling the screw-
like torsion of the styles in Dianthus Carthusianorum and its allies) is probably
an adaptation to the slender proboscis of butterflies, and that despite the absence
of nectar these insects bore for sap in the bases of the flowers with the sharp
processes on the tip of that organ. Warnstorf states that the flowers open between
6 and 7 a.m., closing again between 12 noon and 1 p.m. He describes the
pollen-grains as yellow in colour, ellipsoidal, opaque, densely tuberculate, up to
44 p long and 23 p» broad.
Vistrors.— Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Thuringia (T.) and
Westphalia.—
A. Diptera. Zmpidae: 1. Empis livida Z., skg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
2. Andrena aestiva Sm. 9, po-cltg.; 3. A. gwynana K. 9, do.; 4. Halictus morio
F. 9, do. C. Lepidoptera. All boring the tissue at the base of the flowers.
(a) Noctuidae: 5. Agrotis pronuba Z., in large numbers, persistently skg.; 6. Plusia
gamma Z., do. (4) Rhopalocera: all skg.: 7. Hesperia lineola O.; 8. Lycaena
damon S.-V.; 9. Melitaea athalia £sp.; 10. Pieris rapae ZL. (c) Sphingidae:
11. Macroglossa stellatarum Z., skg. (T.); 12. Zygaena carniolica Scop., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, the po-dvg. hover-fly Syrphus balteatus Deg. MacLeod (Flanders),
the hover-fly Eristalis arbustorum Z. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 383).
Handlirsch, the fossorial wasp Gorytes tumidus Pz. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), an
Empid, a hover-fly, and 2 Muscids (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 118).
1920. E. linariifolia Pers. (Knuth, ‘ Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p.106.)—
The flower mechanism of this species agrees with that of E. Centaurium, but the
style does not bend away from the stamens to the same degree.
1921. E. ramosissima Pers. (=E. pulchella Hornem.). (Knuth, loc. cit. ;
Schulz, ‘Beitrige;’ Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 366.)—The flower
mechanism agrees with that of E. linariifolia, and here again the divergence of the
stigma from the anthers is not so marked as in E. Centaurium, but the stamens
and style are almost always erect, so that, should insect-visits take place, cross-
and self-pollination are equally possible, while the latter may also take place
automatically. Schulz states that the short-styled form is particularly common
in Central Germany. Kerner says that autogamy is effected by elongation of
the corolla in the course of anthesis, the anthers being raised in this way to the
level of the stigma. He adds that anthesis lasts for six days, and that the flowers
open about ro—11 a.m., closing again 3-4 p.m.
IIo ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
584. Hockinia Gardn.
1922. H. montana Gardn. (Gilg, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, xiii, 1895.)—Gilg
describes the flowers of this species as pleomorphous. Knoblauch (op. cit., xiii,
1895) refers all Gilg’s forms to two only, so that it is only a case of dimorphism.
585. Halenia Borckh.
1923. H. Rothrockii A. Gray. (Gilg, op. cit.)—Gilg states that this species
bears cleistogamous flowers of two kinds, in addition to the chasmogamous ones.
1924. H. multiflora Benth., and 1925. H. parviflora G. Don (=Exadenus
viridiflorus Ben¢h.).—The relations are similar to those found in H. Rothrockii.
1926. H. elliptica D. Don; 1927. H. sibirica Borckh.; 1928. H. Perrottetii
Griseb.; 1929. H. deflexa Griseb.; 1930. H. Schiedeana Griseb.; 1931. H.
brevicornis G. Don; and 1932. H. Pavoniana G. Don. (=H. asclepiadea
Griseb.).—Gilg (op. cit.) found cleistogamous flowers in all these species.
LXIX. ORDER POLEMONIACEAE LINDL.
LiTERATURE.—A. Peter, ‘Polemoniaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat.
Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 3a, p. 43.
586. Polemonium L.
Flowers vary from class C to class Hb. Nectar secreted at the base of the
ovary. Occasional gynomonoecism.
1933. P. caeruleum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 109; Axell, ‘Om Anord.
for Fanerog. Vaxt. Be-
frukt.” p. 33; Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’
PP. 257-9, ‘ Weit. Beob.,”
III, pp. 8-9; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng.
Ed. 1, II, p.175; Knuth,
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdra-
gen.’)—TIn this species
Fic. 267. Polemonium caeriuleum, L. (from nature). 4. Flower in the about twenty blue or
first (male) stage, seen directly from the front. B. Do., in the second ‘
(hermaphrodite) stage, seen as before. a, anthers; s, stigmas. white flowers, 30 mm. or
more in diameter, are
borne in a terminal panicle, so that the plant is conspicuous from a distance.
In garden plants examined by me at Kiel streaks in the base of the flower serve
as nectar-guides, but these would not appear to be constant, for Hermann Miiller
only figures the whitish base of the corolla as serving this purpose in flowers
cultivated at Lippstadt.
Nectar is secreted at the base of the ovary by a green, fleshy, annular swelling
with a wavy edge. It is stored up in the corolla-tube (about 2 mm. deep), and
this is closed by woolly hairs, so that only the more intelligent guests, such as
POLEMONIACEAE IIr
bees, can easily find the way to the nectar. After settling on a flower, a visitor
clings to the exserted stamens and style. In the first stage of anthesis the
anthers are ripe, while in the second the three stigmas project beyond the stamens
and their papillose inner surfaces are first touched by insect visitors. It follows
that crossing always takes place, while automatic self-pollination appears to be
excluded. Kerner states, however, that later on the flower becomes pendulous
and the stigmas are brought into the line of fall of the pollen. While all the
flowers are hermaphrodite in the Alps, Hermann Miiller also found some purely
female ones in his garden at Lippstadt.
Ekstam describes the flowers in Nova Zemlia as dark blue in colour, smelling
faintly of honey, and 30-5 mm. in diameter. They are protogynous or protogynous-
homogamous, with a large amount of variation in the development of the reproductive
organs.
Fic. 268. Polemontum caeruleum, L.(atter Herm. Miller). A. Flower in the first (male) stage.
A’, Reproductive organs of do. (x 7). B. Flower in the second (hermaphrodite) stage. B'. Repro-
ductive organs of do. (x 7). 1-5, anthers.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) in Westphalia, and Buddeberg (Budd.) in
Nassau, observed the following.—
A. Coleoptera. TZélephoridae: 1. Dasytes flavipes #, freq. in the flowers
(H. M.). B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: all skg.: 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (H. M.);
3. Chelostoma campanularum . 6 (Budd.); 4. C. nigricorne My/, 6 (Budd.);
5. Coelioxys sp. 6 (H. M.); 6. Osmia rufa Z. 9, po-cltg. (Budd.), 27. 6.'73;
4. Megachile sp. 9 (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. Herm, Miiller (Alps), a beetle, 2 flies,
the honey-bee, and 6 humble-bees. Knuth (on garden plants), the honey-bee, freq.,
skg. and po-cltg., its baskets thickly covered with orange-coloured pollen. It climbs
up the style and stamens to the nectar, thus regularly effecting cross-pollination.
The same remarks apply to three humble-bees—1. Bombus hortorum Z. ¥; 2. B.
lapidarius Z. 9; 3. B. terrester Z. 9. Schneider (on garden plants in Arctic
112 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Norway), the humble-bees Bombus pratorum Z. ¥, and B. terrester Z. ¥ (Tromss,
Mus. Aarsheft., 1894).
1934. P. humile Willd. (=P. pulchellum Bunge). (Ekstam, ‘Bliitenbiol.
Beob. a. Spitzbergen,’ pp. 8-9, Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, xxii, 1897, p. 185; Andersson
and Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’
pp. 17-18.)—Ekstam says that in Nova Zemlia this species exhales a strong
and extremely unpleasant goat-like odour. The flowers are homogamous, and
the nectar secreted in their bases is protected by glandular hairs lining the
corolla-tube.
The plants observed in Spitzbergen by Andersson and Hesselman, also by
Ekstam, bear blue or sometimes white flowers, which either possess a sweet smell
suggesting that of Viola lutea, or a disagreeable musky one. At the opening
of the corolla-tube there is an orange-yellow nectar-guide with a violet margin.
There is a hypogynous annular nectary, the secretion of which is protected by
long hairs on the bases of the filaments. The pollen-grains are normally
developed, and rupture in a few minutes when placed in distilled water. The
pollen is protected against damp partly by the position of the flowers, and partly
by the facility with which the thin petals fall together during rain. Ekstam
found marked protogyny in some cases, though homogamy is the general rule.
The anthers are situated at a slightly higher level than the stigmas, so that
autogamy is easily possible. The plant flowers in Spitzbergen from the end of
June till the beginning of August, but in spite of this early anthesis fruits do not
always ripen.
VisiTors.—Ekstam observed medium-sized flies in Nova Zemlia, and also
a hybrid P. humile Wild. x P. caerulem Z., indicating insect-visits. In this
cross 90 % of the pollen-grains were abortive. No visitors were observed in
Spitzbergen.
587. Phlox L.
Protandrous Lepidopterid flowers.
1935. P. paniculata L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. ro5-6; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation, p. 407; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen,’ ‘Weit. Beob. ui. Bl. u.
Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 238.)—In this species nectar is secreted at the base
of the ovary, and stored in the corolla-tube, which is 18-22 mm. long and 3 mm.
broad at its centre. The dehisced anthers are situated in the entrance of the
corolla-tube when the flower opens, and the still apposed stigmas about its centre.
While the anthers are being robbed of their pollen, the style gradually elongates
till it reaches their level, when the stigmas diverge and expose their papillose
inner surfaces. Insect visitors will consequently transfer pollen from younger
flowers to the stigmas of older ones.
Visitors. —The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (gardens at Nieblum, Foéhr, 22. 7.’23), the diurnal hawk-moth visiting
numerous flowers in succession; (his own garden at Kiel), the same moth. The
form of the corolla-tube corresponds to that of the moth’s proboscis, being slightly
POLEMONIACEAE 113
bent. Sprengel, Lepidoptera. MacLeod, the moth Plusia gamma Z., skg. (Bot.
Centralbl., Cassel, xxix, 1887). Herm. Miiller, 2 Diptera—1. Conops flavipes Z.,
skg. (but scarcely reaching the nectar, its proboscis being only 4~5 mm. long);
2. Eristalis tenax Z., po-dvg. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol, two bees—
1. Anthidium strigatum Z/r. 9; 2. Halictus smeathmanellus A. 9. Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden), the Muscid Echinomyia fera Z., as an unbidden guest.
1936. P. reptans Michx., and 1937. P. subulata L.—
Vistrors.—Loew observed the honey-bee in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1938. P. setacea L. (=P. subulata /., according to the Judex Kewensis).
(Francke, Inaug. Dissert., Halle, 1883.)—Francke describes this species as pro-
tandrous. Self-pollination by the wind or by insects is possible.
588. Cobaea Cav.
1939. C. penduliflora Hook. f.—
Visirors.—A. Ernst states that this species is pollinated by hawk-moths
(Kosmos, Leipzig, vii, 1880, pp. 44-6).
1940. C. scandens Cav. (W. J. Behrens, Flora, Marburg, New Ser.,
XXxvili, 1880, pp. 403-10; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist.
Pl,” Eng. Ed. 1, Il, pp. 304, 384-5.)—The flowers of this species observed by
me in the Botanic Garden of the Kiel Ober-Realschule were greenish-white
in colour when they opened, and therefore not very conspicuous. At first the
anthers are not ripe nor the stigma mature. The lower corolla-lobes gradually
assume a faint purple colour, but the whole flower does not become purple until
the anthers dehisce. The breadth of the corolla seems to me much too considerable
to make it probable that humble-bees are the pollinators of this plant in its native
country, Mexico; and I think it far more likely that the larger humming-birds are
the visitors.
Kerner describes the flower mechanism somewhat as follows.—At first the
pollen-covered anthers are so disposed in the entrance of the flower that animals
trying to secure the concealed nectar must brush against and remove the pollen.
At this time the internal papillose surfaces of the three stigmas cannot be touched,
for they are closely apposed, and concealed beneath the anthers owing to the
shortness of the style. The filaments now elongate, so that the anthers are applied
to the lower margin of the entrance of the flower, while the style curves upwards,
and the stigmas diverge, taking up the position occupied by the anthers in the
first stage of anthesis. Should there be no visits from pollinating animals, autogamy
takes place as a last resort. The so far nodding flowers become pendulous, and the
style and stamens curve more strongly, so that anthers and stigmas are brought into
direct contact.
Visitors, — Vide supra. W. J. Behrens says that humble-bees are the polli-
nators.
1941. C. macrostemma Pav. (Herm. Ross, Flora, Marburg, lviii, 1898, pp.
125-34.)—Hermann Ross states that the flowers of this species open in the evening,
and appear to be adapted for pollination by hawk-moths. Should insect-visits fail,
DAVIS. UL {
114 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
the style describes rotatory movements, bringing the stigmas into contact with the
anthers, so that automatic self-pollination necessarily takes place, and this is
effective.
589. Collomia Nutt.
1942. C. grandiflora Doug]. (Ludwig, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxxv, 1877;
Scharlok, op. cit., xxxvi, 1878.)—Ludwig and Scharlok state that this species is
cleistogamous.
1943. C. linearis Nutt. (Comes, ‘ Ult. oss.’)— Comes describes this species
as self-fertile.
LXX. ORDER HF DROPHYLLACEAE DC.
(including HYDROLEACEAE ENDL.)
Lirerature.—A. Peter, ‘ Hydrophyllaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat.
Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 3 a, p. 57-
590. Phacelia Juss.
1944. P. tanacetifolia Benth. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvii
and xxxviii, 1896.)—The flowers of this species are feebly protandrous. The style
only bears stigmatic papillae on its extreme tip, and is at first curved inwards. The
anthers dehisce a little before it straightens itself. Willis says the flowers are capable
of automatic self-pollination (J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, xxx, 1895).
The pollen-grains are of a pale bluish colour, biscuit-shaped, smooth, with
several longitudinal streaks: they measure about 16-19 uw in breadth and 37-5 pw
in length.
VisiTors.—Warnstorf observed the honey-bee, and Herm. Miiller noticed the
following in his garden at Lippstadt (‘ Weit. Beob.,’ ITI, p. 9).—
A. Coleoptera. 1. Dasytes flavipes /, po-dvg.; 2. Meligethes sp., po-dvg.
Staphylinidae: 3. Tachyporus obtusus Z., its mouth-parts busy with the anthers.
B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 4. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. and po-dvg. C. Hymeno-
ptera. Apidae: 5. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, in very large numbers, skg.; 6. Bombus
hortorum ZL. 9 and 4, freq., skg.; 7. Halictus sexnotatus X. 9, do.; 8. Osmia rufa
L. 9, do.
1945. P. divaricata A. Gray.—Willis states (op. cit.) that the flowers of this
species are capable of automatic self-pollination.
1946. P. campanularia A. Gray ; 1947. P. Whitlavia A. Gray; and 1948.
P. Parryi Torr—Willis states (op. cit.) that these species bear large brightly
coloured flowers, adapted for cross-pollination.
591. Hydrophyllum L.
Flowers protandrous ; with completely concealed nectar, secreted by the base of
the ovary, and stored in a cavity of the petals.
1949. H. virginicum L. (Francke, Inaug. Dissert., Halle, 1883; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ I, pp. 21-4.)—The flowers of this species are almost exclu-
sively allogamous. Loew states that the nectar secreted in the base of the flower
HYDROPHYLLACEAE 15
rises into a series of prismatic tubes, each bounded by a pair of longitudinal folds and
the midrib of a petal.
Visitors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee and the
humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. ¥, vainly trying to suck. He regards as the true
pollinators insects that can probe the flowers without alighting, i.e. Bombyliids or
hawk-moths.
592. Nemophila Nutt.
1950. N. maculata Benth. (Willis, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., xxx, 1895.)—The
very conspicuous flowers of this species are protandrous.
Visitors.—In England, more particularly bees.
593. Hydrolea L.
1951. H. spinosa L. (Willis, op. cit.)—Willis states that the odourless blue
flowers of this species are adapted to self-pollination, and that this is effective.
594. Wigandia H. B. et K.
1952. W. caracasana H. B. et K. (Francke, Inaug. Dissert., Halle, 1883.}—
Francke states that this species is protogynous.
LXXI. ORDER BORAGINEAE DESV.
LiTERATURE.—Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 408-23, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp.
265-7; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 107, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’
pp. 76-7; Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886, p. 152; M. Giirke, ‘ Boragi-
naceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat. Pllanzenfam.,’ IV, 3 a, pp. 78-9.
A considerable but variable number of flowers are associated in cymes, often of
scorpioid character. They may be rotate, tubulo-campanulate, or infundibuliform,
and secrete nectar from the receptacle immediately below the ovary. It is stored in
the corolla-tube, the throat of which is often provided with scale-like appendages
promoting concealment. The native German species consequently belong to flower
class C, especially the sub-class H, for the visitors are almost exclusively bees.
Crossing by insect-visits is ensured or favoured by dimorphism in Pulmonaria; by
marked protandry in Echium and Borago; by exsertion of the stigma in Cerinthe,
Symphytum, and Anchusa; and in Lithospermum, Echinospermum, Myosotis, and
Omphalodes by contraction of the corolla-tube, securing that stigma and anthers
shall be touched by opposite sides of the proboscis of an insect visitor. Should
insect-visits fail, the facility with which automatic self-pollination may take place in
a given species is inversely proportional to the conspicuousness of the flowers and
their richness in nectar. Cerinthe, Echium, and Pulmonaria, owing to their great
conspicuousness and large amount of nectar, receive such a large number of visits
that automatic self-pollination is excluded. On the other hand, according to
Hermann Miller, the small scantily nectar-secreting flowers of Lithospermum
arvense Z., Myosotis intermedia Zzxk, M. collina Hoffm., and so forth, are very
rarely visited by insects, and almost always pollinate themselves. There are
numerous transitions between these two extreme cases.
12
116 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Many forms limit access to their nectar entirely or almost so to bees, e. g.--
Pulmonaria by elongation of the corolla-tube ; Anchusa by closure of the entrance to
the flower ; Echium by the form of the corolla; Borago by torsion of the flowers,
and apposition of the anthers into a cone closing their entrance ; Symphytum and
Cerinthe by elongation of the corolla-tube in addition to this. The species with
shorter corolla-tubes from the genera Myosotis, Omphalodes, Echinospermum,
Asperugo, Heliotropium, Lithospermum, and Cynoglossum, are visited by bees,
Lepidoptera, and flies, more especially by hover-flies.
According to Kuhn (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867), species of the genera
Amsickia, Eritrichium, Hockinia, and Lithospermum, are dimorphous. Darwin
(‘ Different Forms of Flowers’), however, denies that this is the case in the first two
of these, there being simply a large amount of variation in the length of the styles
and stamens.
595. Heliotropium L.
Flowers fragrant, short-tubed, and homogamous; with very scanty or no
secretion of nectar.
1953. H. europaeum L. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 49-50.)— The small
insignificant flowers of this species are homogamous, and their odour is compared
by Kerner to that of vanilla, by Delpino to that of jessamine. The limb of the
corolla is 3-34 mm, across, its throat is of a yellow colour, and its tube (2 mm. long)
is entirely surrounded by the calyx. The yellow anthers are produced into points,
and situated in the middle of the corolla-tube. The style projects beyond them, and
bifurcates at its end into the pointed stigmas, which mature simultaneously with the
anthers. During insect-visits crossing is therefore favoured, but these are infrequent.
Kirchner was unable to discover any nectar in flowers from canton Valais.
1954. H. peruvianum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 87; Knuth, ‘Bloe-
menbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The bluish-white homogamous flowers of this species smell
like vanilla.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (gardens in Kiel), the honey-bee, freq., inserting its proboscis inio the
base of the flowers; also the Muscid Calliphora vomitoria Z., skg. Errera and
Gevaert, butterflies and the diurnal hawk-moth Macroglossa stellatarum /..
596. Asperugo L.
Flowers homogamous; with concealed nectar, secreted by the receptacle
immediately below the ovary.
1955. A. procumbens L. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrige,’ p. 50; Knuth, ‘Flora v.
Helgoland.’)—At Zermatt the inconspicuous flowers of this species are borne singly
in the leaf-axils, and possess a corolla-tube scarcely 2 mm. long, with a dark-brown
corolla limb and a violet ring in the throat. The entrance of the corolla-tube is
narrowed by five whitish projections, formed by inpushings from the outside. The
corolla-limb is generally directed obliquely upwards and is then only 3 mm. in
diameter; more rarely it is horizontal, in which case it is 5 mm. across.
BORAGINEAE 117
As the style is only 4 mm. long, the stigma is below the simultaneously maturing
anthers, which alternate with the projections in the throat of the corolla, and are
situated just under them. The anthers dehisce introrsely, so that automatic self-
pollination is easily effected by fall of pollen on the stigma.
This species is very common on the high land of Helgoland, where fruits are
always set, although insect-visits are very few, so that its self-fertility is beyond
question.
VisiTors.—Despite continuous watching during favourable weather in Helgoland
I have only seen (5. 6.’97) the small bee Andrena labialis K. 4, skg.
597. Echinospermum Sw.
Flowers homogamous; with concealed nectar, secreted by the fleshy receptacle
immediately below the ovary.
1956. E. Lappula Leh. (=Lappula Myosotis J/oench, and Myosotis Lappula
/..). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,” III, p. 19, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 261; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 553-)—So long as the corolla is enclosed in the bud it is
white in colour, becoming pale-red when
it emerges from the calyx, and ultimately
sky-blue. Its limb is contracted in a
companulate fashion, and five yellowish-
white involutions which narrow its throat
serve as nectar-guides. The inner margin
of these appears yellow as seen from
above, and there are ten radial white
streaks. The simultaneously maturing
stigmas and anthers are close together,
and must be touched by opposite sides
of the proboscis of an insect probing for Fic. 20y. Zchinospermum Lappula, L. (after
Herm. Miller). .4. Flower, seen directly from above.
the nectar at the bottom of the short B. Do., partly dissected from the side (x 7). a, anthers;
corolla-tube, so that crossing is favoured. —% nectaries.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-
pollination is inevitable, owing to the close proximity of anthers and stigmas.
A proboscis of 6-7 mm. long is necessary to get at the nectar.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller observed small hover-flies and 2 Lepidoptera in the
Alps, and the following in Thuringia.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Anthomyia sp., skg. (4) Syrphrdae: 2. Syritta
pipiens Z., skg., freq. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Aprdae: 3. Andrena sp. é, skg..
(2) Sphegidae: 4. Cerceris variabilis Schr., freq., persistently skg.
598. Cynoglossum L.
Flowers usually homogamous; with concealed nectar, secreted by the fleshy
receptacle below the ovary, and concealed in the base of the corolla-tube.
1957. C. officinale L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 89-90; Herm. Miiller,
‘Weit. Beob.? HI, p. 19; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 553; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Floristik,’ p. 391; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbio). Bijdragen.’)—The corolla-tube of the dirty-
118 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
purple flowers of this species is 3 mm. long and about the same breadth, but the
access to the nectar is narrowed to 1 mm. by five pocket-shaped hollow scales in its
entrance. The darker colour of these enables them to serve as nectar-guides, and
their velvety covering of hairs as nectar-covers. The style projects in the middle of
the flower to a height of 2 mm., and the five simultaneously maturing anthers project
beyond it. As these dehisce introrsely automatic self-pollination necessarily takes
place by the fall of pollen, should insect-visits fail. If the proboscis of an insect is
inserted into the nectar-secreting base of the flower it touches pollen and stigma with
opposite sides, so that cross-pollination is favoured.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following in Thuringia.—
A. Hymenoptera. Aprdae: 1. Andrena nigroaenea K. 9, skg., remaining
a very long time (over 4 min.) on the flowers; 2. Apis mellifica Z. 9, freq., skg.;
3. Halictus tetrazonius A7g. 9, in large numbers, skg. B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalo-
cera: 4. Lycaena aegon S. V. é, skg. C. Thysanoptera. 5. Thrips, very
common.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Kiel), the honey-bee and the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., both skg.
Loew (North Germany), a bee (Osmia sp.). Gersticker (Berlin), the bee Osmia
adunca L/r.
1958. C. pictum Ait.—Kerner describes this species as feebly protogynous.
1959. C. Columnae Bivona.—
VistTors.—Loew observed the honey-bee and the humble-bee Bombus pratorum
Z., both skg., in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
599. Omphalodes Tourn.
As Cynoglossum.
1960. O. verna Moench (=Cynoglossum Omphalodes Z.). (Herm. Miller,
‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 416-17.)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially
with that of Echinospérmum. The tube of the corolla is 3 mm. long, while its limb
expands into a blue surface 15-18 mm. in diameter. During insect-visits crossing is
favoured, but should they fail automatic self-pollination is inevitable.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed 2 bees—Bombus terrester Z. 9, and Osmia
rufa Z. 4, both skg.
600. Eritrichium Schrad.
1961. E. villosum Bunge—This species bears fragrant flowers.
Vistrors.—Ekstam observed flies in Nova Zemlia.
1962. E. aretioides A. DC. (= Myosotis aretioides Cham.).— This species
was discovered by Chamisso in Tschukschenland and Kamchatka.
601. Rindera Pall.
1963. R. tetraspis Pall.—
Visirors.—Friese (/esfe Becker) observed two po-cltg. bees (Eucera albofasciata
Frrese, and E. velutina Mor.) at Sarepta.
BORAGINEAE 119
602. Caccinia Savi.
1964. C. strigosa Boiss. (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges. iv, 1886, pp. 164-6.)—
The corolla-tube of this species is 14 mm. long and 23 mm. broad. The five
stamens are of various lengths; one of them is as long as the widely exserted style,
two are about 2 mm. shorter than this, and the remaining two are still shorter. Since
the four latter stamens dehisce first, autogamy is excluded to begin with, and crossing
by insect-visits favoured. Should these fail, automatic self-pollination can ultimately
take place when the long stamen dehisces.
Visttors.—Loew observed the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. in the Berlin
Botanic Garden, skg., and dusting its under-side with pollen.
603. Arnebia Forsk.
1965. A. echioides A. DC. (=Macrotomia echioides Bozss.). (Loew, op. cit.,
iv, 1886, pp. 164-6.)—This species is particularly interesting because the dark-violet
spots on the corolla serving as nectar-guides gradually disappear after one to three
days’ anthesis, i. e. the ‘ nectar signals’ are temporary, and exist only on the younger
flowers.
As the nectar is very deeply concealed, besides which Loew observed the
humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z., skg., the flowers may be referred to flower
class Hh.
Loew describes a long-styled plant from the Berlin Botanic Garden as
exhibiting much reduced fertility, but not self-sterile.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
604. Trachystemon D. Don.
1966. T. orientale D. Don (=Psilostemon orientale DC.). (Loew, op. cit., iv,
1886, pp. 1§5~7.)—The flowers of this species possibly belong to class L.
605. Borago L.
Protandrous bee flowers; with nectar secreted by the receptacle below the
ovary, and concealed in a short tube formed by the roots of the filaments.
1967. B. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 94-8; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 409-11, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 14; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,
pp. 554-5; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 275.)—The sky-blue
hanging flowers expand so as to present a nearly flat surface, from the centre
of which the black cone of anthers projects. The anthers which converge to
make up this cone dehisce introrsely from apex to base, and the smooth powdery
pollen falls into the end of the cone. This surrounds the style with its stigma,
but as the latter is still immature automatic self-pollination is excluded. After
nectar-sucking insects have removed the pollen from the cone the style grows out
of it, and the stigma matures. Only bees are able to open the flowers. When
one of these hangs on from below to a flower in the first stage of anthesis, and
probes for nectar, its proboscis must be inserted between two filaments, thus
120 -INGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
causing the displacement of two anthers. The apex of the anther-cone is conse-
quently opened, and pollen is sprinkled on the under-side of the visitor. Even
repeated visits do not permanently open the cone, for the short filaments are
broad, and fleshy inwardly directed pouches of the corolla (which surround the
base of the cone) direct the stamens back to their original position. The pollen
received by bees from younger flowers is deposited on the stigmas of older ones
in the second (female) stage.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may take place to a limited
extent, for the pollen remaining in the cone can fall upon the stigma, though
Darwin says this is an exceptional occurrence.
Bees grasp the tooth-like appendages of the filaments with their claws, thus
displacing the anthers and causing the pollen to fall. Warnstorf describes the
pollen-grains as white in colour, in shape like two apposed hemispheres with
a central groove, smooth, up to 43 long and 25-8 yw. broad.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (H.
M.) for Westphalia, and Buddeberg
(Budd.) give the following list.—
A. Hymenoptera. (a) Api
dae: 1. Anthidium oblongatum //r.
3, skg. (Budd.); 2. Apis mellifica
£. ¥, very numerous, skg. and
po-cltg. (H. M.); 3. Bombus pra-
torum ZL. 9 and ¥, skg. and po-cltg.
(H. M., Budd.); 4. Halictus sex-
notatus A™ 9, freq., skg. (H. ML.) ;
5. H. zonulus Sm. 9, skg. (H. M.);
6. Megachile centuncularis /. , in
large numbers, skg. (H. M., Budd.):
7. M. fasciata Sm. 8, do. (Budd.) ;
8. Osmia fulviventris Ps. 6, do.
(Budd.); 9. O. rufa Z. 9, skg.
(Budd.). (4) Vespidae: 10. Odyne-
Fic. 270. Borage offictnal’s, /. (alter Merm, Miller). Bere of Re ?
(1) Flower, after removal of the stamen, seen directly from aS parietum L. é, skg. ( ). B. Le-
below. (2) A stamen in the natural position, seen from the pidoptera. Noctuidae: 11. Plusia
side. a, pouches of the corolla; 4, roots of the stamens; c, vamma bin, skg., in the evening
ovaries; d, fleshy thickened filament; ¢, process of do.; 7%,
opening of anther. (H. M.).
The following were recorded
by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, 2 bees—Apis mellifica Z. ¥, and Bombus terrester Z. 6, both skg.
Friese (Hungary), 2 bees—Eucera crinipes Sm., and FE. nitidiventris AZocs.
606. Anchusa L.
Homogamous bee flowers; nectar secreted by the lfour-lobed base of the
ovary, and concealed in the lower part of the corolla-tube.
1968. A. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” p. 89; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ p. 411, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 13-16, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 261 ; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391; WKnuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Riigen’ ;
Tullberg, Bot. Not., Lund, 1868, p. 14.)—In this species the limb of the corolla
BORAGINEAE 121
is at first concave and of a violet colour, but expands later on into a dark-
blue, five-lobed star. The corolla-tube is 7 mm. long, and its entrance is
blocked up by five closely apposed pocket-shaped hispid involutions, so as to give
protection against rain and unbidden guests (flies). These pouches may be seen
externally as transverse slits at the bases of the corolla-lobes. They also play
the part of nectar-guides. The stigma is situated immediately below them, while the
simultaneously maturing anthers are placed about the middle of the corolla-tube, and
dehisce introrsely. Visitors (bees or Lepidoptera) must first touch the stigma,
pollinating it if they have come from another flower, and then the pollen-covered
anthers, thus effecting crossing. Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination
takes place as a last resort, for the corolla drops off and the anthers, to which some
pollen still clings, are drawn over the stigma.
Gynomonoeciously or gynodioeciously distributed female flowers have been
observed, though rarely, in ad-
dition to the hermaphrodite ones.
Schulz (‘Beitrage’) states that
they occur sporadically in larger
numbers, and result from the
reduction of stamens in a small-
flowered hermaphrodite variety.
According to Schulz the
hermaphrodite flowers. do not
everywhere possess the same
mechanism. They are not only
of different sizes, but the relative
position of stigma and anthers, F122 eee events, ate, Here, ue
is variable even in flowers on calyx and corolla, seen from the side. —z, nectary.
the same stock. Sometimes the
stigma is higher than the anthers (as in the description already given from the
accounts of Sprengel and Herm. Miiller, and verified by myself in Riigen), sometimes
lower, or at the same level. Warming even noticed heterostyly in Denmark, while
Schulz remarked it, though not in a pronounced form, in Germany and the Tyrol.
Kirchner describes well-marked dimorphism for garden plants, the style of one form
being 44 mm. long, and that of the other 8 mm. Where the stigma is at the same
or a lower level than the anthers, automatic self-pollination is more easily possible
than in long-styled flowers, for it can take place simply by the fall of pollen.
Generally, however, this possibility is not made use of, for insect-visits are extremely
numerous.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Westphalia (W.) and
Thuringia (T.).—
A. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 1. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. 9, skg. (T.);
2. A. quadrimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, do. (T.); 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, numerous, skg. and
po-cltg. (W. and T.); 4. Bombus agrorum / 9, ¥ and 4, skg. (W. and T.); 5. B.
lapidarius Z. 6 and ¥, do. (W.); 6. B. pratorum Z. 9, ¥ and @, skg. and po-cltg. (W.
and T.); 7. B. muscorum /. (W.) 9 and ¥, skg. (W. and T.); 8. B. sylvarum Z. ¥,
skg. and po-cltg. (W.); 9. B. tristis Sezd?. ¥, skg. (T.); 10. Coelioxys conoidea J//. 6,
do. (T.); 11. Melecta luctuosa Scop. 9, do. (T.); 12. Osmia caementaria Gersé. 8,
122 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
do. (T.); 13. O. emarginata Zep. (=O. mustelina Gersé.) 9, do. (T.); 14. Psithyrus
rupestris #. 9, do. (T.); 15. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, do. (T.). (4) For-
micidae: 16. Undetermined sp., vainly trying to force their way into the flowers (T.).
B. Lepidoptera. Moctuidae: 17. Plusia gamma Z., extremely numerous, skg. (W.).
Friese records the following bees for Fiume (F.), Mecklenburg (M.), Switzerland
(S.), the Tyrol (T.), Trieste (Tr.), and Hungary (H.).—
1. Anthidium interruptum /. (H.); 2. A. variegatum /. (H.); 3. Andrena
nasuta Gzr., occasional (M.), freq. (H.); 4. Colletes nasutus Sm., freq. (M.);
5. Eucera bibalteata Dowrs., infreq. (M.); 6. E. chrysopyga Pér., freq. (H.);
7. E. hungarica Friese 8, not infreq. (H.); 8. E. interrupta Baer, not infreq. (H.);
g. E. longicornis Z., freq. (M.); 10. E. nitidiventris Afocs., freq. (H.); 11. E. para-
doxa Mocs., infreq. (H.); 12. E. seminuda Brulléd, one (H.); 13. E. semistrigosa
Dours., freq. (H.); 14. E. tricincta Zr. (Tr.); 15. Halictus morbillosus Arvechd.,
very common (H.); 16. H. patellatus J/or. (F., feste Korlevic), not infreq. (H.);
17. H. xanthopus X. (T., H.); 18. Nomada nobilis Afor., not infreq. (F., M.);
19. N. sexfasciata Pz. (M.); 20. Nomia femoralis Pa//., occasional (F., H.);
21. Osmia caerulescens Z., not infreq. (M.); 22. O. notata #., freq. (H.); 23. O.
spinolae Schenck (H.); 24. Podalirius albigenus Zep., not infreq. (T., S., H.); 25. P.
crinipes Sm., freq. (H.); 26. P. magnilabris Fedésch, occasional (F., H.); 27. P.
pubescens /”, freq. (S., T.), not infreq. (H.); 28. P. quadrifasciatus V722/., not infreq.
(F., Tr., H.); 29. P. salviae AZor., infreg. (F., H.); 30. P. vulpinus Pz., freq. (M.),
not infreq. (F., H.).
Loew observed the following in Brandenburg (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 43).—
A. Diptera. Bombylidae: 1. Systoechus sulphureus Mfikan., skg. B. Hy-
menoptera. (a) Apzdae: all skg.: 2. Andrena nasuta Gir. 9, po-cltg.; 3. Bombus
cognatus S#ph.9; 4. B. distinguendus Mor.§; 5. B. lapidarius Z.¥; 6. B. latreillellus
A. 9; 7. B. rajellus K. 9; 8. B. sylvarum Z. 9; 9. B. terrester ZL. Y; 10. Coelioxys
punctata Lep. 9; 11. Colletes nasutus Sv. 9 and 6, numerous, the 9 po-cltg.; 12.
Epeolus variegatus Z.,9 and; 13. Megachile maritima X.6; 14. Psithyrus campestris
Pz.Q; 15. P. rupestris Pz. 9; 16, Tetralonia pollinosa Zep. 9, going steadily from
flower to flower. (4) Sphegidae: 17. Bembex rostrata Z. 9 and $, skg. C. Lepido-
ptera. Rhopalocera: 18. Pieris daplidice Z., skg.; 19. Vanessa cardui Z., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Riigen), 5 bees, all skg.—1. Bombus agrorum /. §; 2. B. hortorum /.
g and ¥; 3. B. lapidarius Z. ¥ and 9; 4. B. rajellus A. ¥; 5. B. sylvarum Z. ¥.
Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 3 bees—1. Andrena nasuta Gzr.; 2. Bombus hypnorum
L. 9; 3. B. pratorum Z. 6. Gerstidcker (Berlin), 2 bees—Osmia adunca Z/r. and
O. spinolae Schenck. Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus hypnorum Z. 9.
Schulz (Bozen), perforations made by the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. Schletterer
and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 6 bees—1. Bombus agrorum /.; 2. B. sylvarum Z. ;
3. Osmia caerulescens Z.; 4. O. rufa Z., very common; 5. Podalirius acervorum Z. ;
6. P. aestivalis Pz. 9. Friese (Hungary), the bee Eucera curvitarsis AZocs. H. de
Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch.,
Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875).
1969. A. sempervirens 7. (=Caryolopha sempervirens Fisch. ef Traut.).
(Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 280, Ber. D. bot. Ges., iv, 1886, pp. 163-4.)—This
species is native to England and South Europe, and Loew examined it in the Berlin
Botanic Garden, his account being somewhat as follows.—
In the sky-blue flowers there are five hispid hollow valves of white colour in the
throat of the corolla, which leave only an opening 3 mm. wide between them. The
nectaries are situated at the bottom of the corolla-tube, and are covered by four
BORAGINEAE 123
short inwardly directed hairy projections, rendering access to the nectar still more
difficult. A bee which inserts its proboscis into the entrance of the flower touches
the dilated stigma with one side of this organ and the anthers with the other, so that
during further visits it can easily effect cross-pollination. (C/ Lithospermum.) The
stigma is in the middle of the anthers, so that automatic self-pollination is inevitable
should insect-visits fail.
VisiTors.—Loew observed the honey-bee, skg., as a particularly frequent visitor
in the Berlin Botanic Garden, so that the flowers can undoubtedly be referred to
class Hb; the bees Osmia rufa Z., and Halictus cylindricus #9. A butterfly
( Pieris brassicae Z.) was also seen, inserting its proboscis into the bases of the flowers.
1970. A. ochroleuca Bieb. (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886,
pp. 162-3.)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of
A. officinalis.
Visitors.—Loew observed the following 7 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden,
partly skg., partly po-cltg.—
x. Apis mellifica Z. 3, skg.; 2. Bombus agrorum F, ¥, do.; 3. B. hortorum Z.
%, do.; 4. B. lapidarius Z. ¥, do.; 5. B. pratorum Z. ¥, do.; 6. Osmia rufa Z. 6, do. ;
7. Prosopis armillata Vy/. 9, po-dvg.
1971. A. italica Retz. (=A. paniculata A7z/.).
Visirors.—Schletterer and von Dalla Torre record 4 bees for the Tyrol.—
1. Andrena thoracica /. 9; 2. Megachile muraria Z.9; 3. Osmia rufa /. 9,
very common; 4. Prosopis bipunctata /”.
607. Lycopsis L.
As Anchusa, but corolla-tube bent in the middle.
1972. L. arvensis L. (= Anchusa arvensis &zed.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
pp. 411, ‘ Weit. Beob., III, p. 16; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 555; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 331; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 107, 164.)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees with that of Anchusa
officinalis (chief type) as regards—secretion and concealment of nectar ; nectar-
guides and nectar-covers; promotion of cross-pollination during insect-visits by
projection of the stigma beyond the anthers; and the possibility of automatic
self-pollination towards the end of anthesis by fall of the corolla, causing the anthers
to be drawn over the stigma.
VisiTors.—Heinsius observed the following in Holland.—
A. Hymenoptera. Agzdae: 1. Bombus agrorum F. § and 9, numerous;
2. B. hortorum Z. ¥; 3. B. lapidarius Z.9; 4. B. rajellus A.; 5. B. scrimshiranus
K. 8; 6. Megachile maritima A.6; 7. Melecta luctuosa Scop. 9; 8. Psithyrus
barbutellus A. 6; 9. P. campestris Pz. $; 10. P. rupestris #. 6; 11. P. vestalis
Fourcr. 3. B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 12. Hesperia lineola O. $5; 13. H.
thaumas A/n. and 9; 14. Pararge megaera LZ. $; 15. Pieris brassicae L. 9;
16. P. rapae Z.9; 17. Vanessa urticae Z. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892).
Knuth (Rém) only noticed a hover-fly (Helophilus pendulus Z.), skg., and
Herm. Miler (Thuringia) a butterfly (Hesperia thaumas /7/1.), skg.
J24 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
608. Nonnea Moench.
1973. N. pulla DC. (=N. erecta Berwh., and Lycopsis pulla Z.).—The flowers
of this species are of a dark or light purple-brown colour, rarely bright yellow or
almost white.
VisiTors.—Friese observed the following 7 bees in Hungary.—
1. Eucera hungarica Friesed; 2. E. difficilis Perez; 3. E. interrupta Baer ;
4. E. nitidiventris Afocs. $; 5. E. parvicornis uJ/ocs.; 6. E. clypeata vr. 8; 7. FE.
chrysopyga Per. é.
Schulz noticed perforated flowers here and there at Halle (‘ Beitrage’).
609. Symphytum Tourn. x
Homogamous bee flowers; with nectar secreted by an annular ridge at the base
of the ovary, and stored in the base of the corolla. According to Kerner, the
peduncle bends down in late anthesis, so that the flower assumes a nodding or
pendulous position, and the stigma is brought into the line of fall of the pollen,
thus rendering automatic self-pollination inevitable.
1974. S. officinale L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 93-4; Herm. Miiller,
‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 408-9, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 14; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl, Eng.
Fd. 1, Il, p. 275; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
A B. Stuttgart, p. 556; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol.
§ Bijdragen’; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ IL; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 279-80.)—The
drooping flowers of this species are white or
violet-purple in colour, and their mechanism
resembles that of Borago. The bell-shaped
corolla is 14 mm. long, and it is contracted
above for a distance of 8 mm., so that only
long-tongued insects can suck the nectar
legitimately. At the junction of the narrow
and broader portions of the corolla there are
ty triangular hollow scales, alternating with the
vs filaments and covering the spaces between
them. The spiny edges of these appendages
Fic. 272. Symphylum offictnale, L. (from = x
nature). 1. Flower seen from the side. B.Do., prevent visitors from probing for nectar
ee pa a la placed within the between the filaments, and they are obliged
ollow scales; s, stigma.
to insert their proboscis in such a way that
it must get dusted with pollen.
The anthers couverge to form a hollow cone surrounding the style, and they
dehisce introrsely in the bud, some of the pollen falling into the apex of the cone and
some remaining clinging to them. When un insect probes for nectar with its
proboscis the anthers are displaced and some of the pollen falls out. The projecting
stigma is the first part of the flower to be touched by a visitor, after which it is dusted
by pollen. The arrangement is favourable to crossing by insect-visits, but should
these fail automatic self-pollination apparently takes place. Kerner states that the
flower is ai first horizontal, but comes to droop in late anthesis owing to a bending
BORAGINEAE 125
of the peduncle, so that the stigma is brought into the line of fall of the pollen, when
autogamy results. .
A proboscis of at least 11 mm. in length is required to reach the nectar by
probing between the anthers, but one of 8 mm. would be able to get at it between
the filaments. As already explained, however, the latter way is barred by means of
hollow scales, the edges of which are beset with minute prickles. Insects with
a proboscis less than 11 mm. long can therefore only secure the nectar by perforating
the corolla. This is done extremely often by three kinds of humble-bee, i.e. Bombus
terrester Z. ¥ (proboscis 7-9 mm.), B. pratorum ZL. ¥ (prob. 8-9 mm.), and B. lapi-
darius Z. ¥ (prob. g-10 mm.). The honey-bee also sucks nectar through the holes
thus made, but Loew says that but little harm is done to the flowers in this way.
Warnstorff describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, smooth, on an
average 33 mw long and 27 » broad.
VisiTors—Herm. Miller gives the following list, in which only those insects
indicated by an asterisk (*) suck legitimately and effect pollination.
A. Coleoptera. Nitidulidae: 1. Meligethes. B. Diptera. Syrphidac: 2.
*Rhingia rostrata L.,skg. C. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 3. *Anthophora personata
fil., skg.; 4. *A. pilipes 7.9; 5. Apis mellifica Z. §, carefully examining the bases
of the flowers, but not perforating them; only skg. through holes (made by Bombus
terrester) already present (Westphalia and Strasburg) ; 6. Bombus agrorum /.9 and 9,
very common, skg. legitimately (Westphalia and Strasburg); 7. B. lapidarius Z. ¥.
perforating the narrow part of the corolla-tube from outside; 8. B. pratorum /.. ¥,
do.; 9. *B. rajellus A. 9 and ¥; ro. *B. sylvarum Z. 9 and §; rr. B. terrester Z. 9,
as 7 (Westphalia and Strasburg); 12. Eucera longicornis Z. é, creeping right into the
flowers; 13. Halictus sexnotatus A. 9, skg. through holes made by humble-bees ;
14. *Osmia aenea ZL. 9, skg. (Strasburg); 15. *Xylocopa violacea ZL. 9 and 4, skg.
(Strasburg).
Loew observed the following bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z., using holes made by humble-bees; 2. Andrena
nitida Fourcr. 9, po-cltg.; 3. Anthophora pilipes /. 9, skg.; 4. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.
through holes made by humble-bees; 5. Bombus agrorum F’ ¥, skg.; 6. B. hortorum
L. 2, skg. legitimately; 7. B. hypnorum Z. ¥, skg.; 8. B. Japidarius Z. ¥, do., and
perforating the flowers; g. B. terrester Z. ¥, perforating the flowers; 10. Halictus
sexnotatus K. 9, creeping into the flowers and trying to suck. Also in the var.
coccineum Hort.—11. Bombus pratorum JZ. ¥, vainly skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Kiel), the following 7 bees, skg. legitimately—r1. Bombus agrorum F”. 9;
2. B. hortorum Z. §; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9; 4. B. rajellus A. ¥, as a nectar-thiet ;
5. Apis mellifica Z.¥; 6. Bombus lapidarius §; 7. B. terrester Z.9. von Fricken
(Westphalia and East Prussia), the Nitidulid beetle Meligethes symphyti Heer.
Alfken (Bremen), 5 bees—r. Bombus agrorum /. §; 2. B. arenicola Zhs. 9; 3. B.
derhamellus AK. ¥; 4. B. lucorum ZL. 9; 5. B. ruderatus / 9, skg. Krieger
(Leipzig), the bee Eucera longicornis Z. 6. MacLeod (Flanders), 8 humble-bees,
2 bees (Kucera sp.; and Apis, stealing nectar), a hover-fly, and a Lepidopterid (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 333). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 3 humble-
bees—1. Bombus agrorum /. ¥; 2. B. hypnorum Z. ¥; 3. B. pratorum Z., var.
subinterruptus A. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). Scott-
Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 3 humble-bees (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 123).
1975. S. cordatum Waldst. et Kit. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 280.)—
This Hungarian species bears yellowish-white flowers, which are shorter than those
126 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
of S. officinale, but with longer prickles on the triangular scales, according to
a description given by Loew of plants cultivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
1976. S. tuberosum L.—
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Ducke (Trieste and Austrian Silesia) and Friese (Fiume and Hungary), as
a typical visitor the bee Andrena symphyti Per. 9 skg. and po-cltg., $ skg. Loew
(Berlin Botanic Garden), 4 bees (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886, p. 160)—1.
Anthophora pilipes /, steadily skg.; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, po-cltg.; 3. Bombus
hortorum ZL. 9, skg.; 4. B. lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (?).
1977. S. grandiflorum DC.—
Visitors. — Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the same 4 bees as for
S. tuberosum (loc. cit.).
1978. S. asperrimum Donn.—
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Morawitz (Caucasus), 2 bees—Bombus vorticosus Gers/., and Podalirius parie-
tinus #. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the honey-bee, skg. through perforations
made by humble-bees, and the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., vainly (?) skg.
1979. S. caucasicum Bieb.—
Visirors.— Loew observed the bee Anthophora pilipes /. 9, skg., in the Berlin
Botanic Garden.
1980. S. peregrinum Ledeb. (=S. asperrimum Donn, according to the Zndex
Kewensis).—
VisiTors.—Loew observed 7 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, skg. through holes made by humble-bees ; 2.
Anthophora pilipes #. 4, skg.; 3. Bombus agrorum /. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.; 4. B.
hortorum ZL. 9 and ¥, skg., and then visiting S. officinale; 5. B. hypnorum Z. 4,
skg. legitimately ; 6. B. pratorum Z. ¥, perforating the flowers; 7. B. terrester Z. ¥,
first trying to suck legitimately and then thrusting its proboscis into holes made by
humble-bees.
610. Pulmonaria L.
Heterostylous-dimorphous, usually homogamous humble-bee flowers; with
nectar secreted by the four-lobed base of the ovary, stored in the lowest part of the
corolla, and protected from rain by a ring of hairs in the throat of the corolla.
1981. P. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 91 ; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxili, 1865, pp. 13-15; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation, pp. 412-14, ‘ Weit.
Beob., I1I, p. 16; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 558-9; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’;
Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 1392; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The
flowers of this species are at first of a red colour, but subsequently become blue-
violet, while their openings widen a little, enabling insects to insert their heads for
a few mm. into the uppermost part of the corolla-tube, so that a proboscis of 8 mm.
is long enough to reach the nectar secreted at the base. In short-styled flowers
(Sprengel only noticed these) the stamens are situated in the opening of the corolla-
tube (10-12 mm. long) and the stigma about its middle. In long-styled flowers the
style is 10 mm. in length, so that the stigma is situated in the entrance of the corolla-
BORAGINEAE 127
tube, and the stamens half-way down. The pollen-grains of the short-styled flowers
are larger than those of the long-styled ones.
Nectar-sucking bees or Lepidoptera touch the anthers or stigma in the entrance
of the flower with their heads or the base of their proboscis, while the middle of the
latter comes into contact with the reproductive organs placed half-way down the
corolla-tube. Legitimate crossing is thus effected. Smaller insects which creep into
the flowers bring about either legitimate or illegitimate union. Owing to the large
amount of nectar in the flowers, their conspicuousness, and the fact that they flower
very early in the year, when there are but few other competing species, insect-visits
are very numerous. In correlation with this we find that the flowers are unable to
automatically pollinate themselves (though Kerner says that the long-styled form may
do so), and illegitimate union is ineffective. The experiments on artificial pollination
carried out by Hildebrand have demonstrated that when flowers are fertilized by
means of their own pollen, or that from others of the same kind, no fruits are set,
while legitimate union is followed by about the same amount of fertility as in nature.
It has further been shown by the researches of Cobelli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital.,
Firenze, xxv, 1893) that no fruits are set when visitors are excluded. In wild plants
investigated by Hildebrand the first flowers were often infertile, and this was almost
always the case with the terminal one on each branch. He suggests that the first
fact can be explained on the assumption that there are no visitors when the plant
begins to flower ; while as to the second he suggests that the supply of nutriment
passing up the branches is not sufficient to reach their tips, but is appropriated by the
fruits developing below.
Schulz observed protandry as well as homogamy.
VistTors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Westphalia (W.) and
Thuringia (T.).—
A. Coleoptera. Sfaphylinidae: 1. Omalium florale Pay., freq., creeping
about in the flowers (W.). B. Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 2. Bombylius discolor
iMg., freq., but only during warm sunshine, casually skg. (W.); 3. B. major Z., do.
(W.). (8) Syrphidae: 4. Rhingia rostrata Z., very common, skg.(W.). C. Hymeno-
ptera. Apidae: 5. Andrena gwynana X. 9, po-cltg.(T.); 6. Anthophora pilipes
. é and 9, numerous, skg. and po-cltg. (W., T.); 7. Bombus agrorum /” 9, freq.,
skg.(W.); 8. B. hortorum Z. 9, very common (W.); 9. B. lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (W.);
10. B. pratorum L. 9, skg. (W., T.); 11. B. rajellus A. 9, skg. (W., T.); 12. B.
muscorum #9, skg. (W.); 13. B. sylvarum Z. 9, freq., skg. (W., T.); 14. B. ter-
rester Z. 9, skg. (W., T.); 15. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, po-cltg. (W.); 16. Osmia
fusca Chr., 9 and 6, freq., skg. and po-cltg. (W.); 17. O. pilicornis Sm. & and 9, skg.
and po-cltg. (W.); 18. O. rufa Z. 4, skg.(W.). D. Lepidoptera. hopalocera :
19. Rhodocera rhamni Z., freq., skg. (W.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, 5 bees, all skg. legitimately—1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (2.5.’96, very
numerous); 2. Anthophora pilipes #. 9 and $ (25. 4.’95); 3. Bombus agrorum F.
(28. 4.’96); 4. B. hortorum Z. 9 (25. 4.’95); 5. B. lapidarius Z. 9 (28. 4.’96).
Bail (West Prussia), the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines Z. (Bot. Centralb., Cassel,
ix, 1882). Loew (Brandenberg), 3 bees (‘ Beitrige,’ p. 46)—1. Anthophora pilipes
F.%, skg.; 2. Bombus agrorum F. 9, do.; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9, do., one 9 visited 100
flowers in about 4 minutes; (Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee Andrena nitida Fourcr.
9, po-cltg. and, on a variety, 3 bees—z. Bombus agrorum /. 9; 2. B. hortorum Z.
128 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
9, skg., and then visiting P. angustifolia; 3. Osmia rufa 4. 9, skg. Alfken (Bremen),
4 bees—r. Bombus agrorum /. 9; 2. B. pratorum Z. 9; 3. Osmia rufa Z. 9 and é ;
4. Podalirius acervorum Z. 9 and &; Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 2 bees—Bombus
hortorum Z. 9, and B. pratorum Z. 9. Friese (Innsbruck), the bee Osmia uncinata
Gerst., occasional. Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. 9.
Schulz noticed flowers perforated by Bombus terrester /.
Hermann Miiller (Kosmos, Stuttgart, xii, 1883, pp. 214 et seq.) noticed that the
bee Anthophora pilipes /. 9 visited almost exclusively flowers either in the red stage
or those just beginning to turn blue. Only a single individual went first to the blue
flowers. In the same locality the bee Osmia rufa Z. and two humble-bees (Bombus
hypnorum Z., and B. hortorum Z.) were also observed, visiting the blue flowers as
well as the red, perhaps because during their brief stay they had not acquired the
necessary experience. Miller considers that the blue flowers serve a double purpose ;
increasing the conspicuousness of the inflorescence, and also indicating to the more
intelligent pollinators the flowers to which their visits should be limited to secure the
best results for themselves and the plant.
1982. P. angustifolia L. (=P. azurea Bess.). (Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlechts-
Vert. b. d. Pfl..” p. 37; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 263-4; MacLeod, ‘ Prre-
Pic. 273. Pulmonarra angustifolia, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Long-styled flower(* 1. 2B. Do.,
partly dissected from the sied. C. Ovary and nectary of the same(x 44). LY). Short-styled flowei
(< 14) £. Do., partly dissected from the side. # Ovary and nectary of the same (« 45). G. Corolla-
liinb of the same, cut through just above the stamens, and seen from above to show the nectar-cover (* 44).
a, anthers; co, corolla; gv, style; 2, nectary; 07, ovary; s, sepals; sd, nectar-cover; s/, stigma.
neénbl.,” p. 310; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage, II, pp. 113-15.)—The plants of this species
examined by Hermann Miiller in the canton Graubiinden were homogamous and
markedly heterostylous-dimorphous, the two forms exhibiting strong secondary
differences besides those relating to the reproductive organs. The former were
found by Schulz to be less clearly pronounced in the Tyrol, and were in some cases
altogether absent. In that district, for example, the relative sizes of the different
parts of the flowers were fairly constant, and the two forms usually agreed as to the
nectaries and ovaries. Schulz found the styles of short-styled flowers to be 4-44 mm.
long, and those of long-styled ones 8-g mm. The stigmatic papillae of the former
appeared to be larger than those of the latter. The flowers present the same colour
change as in P. officinalis, but the blue is darker and more intense.
Visitors.—Loew saw the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Cheilosia pulchripes Zw., settled on corolla; 2.
Syrphus corollae #., do. B. Hymenoptera. Afrdae: 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, vainly
BORAGINEAE 129
skg.; 4. Bombus hortorum JZ. 9, skg.; 5. Halictus nitidiusculus K. 9, creeping into
the flowers; 6. Osmia rufa Z.é and 9, skg. Also on the hybrid P. angustifolia x
P. officinalis, 3 bees—1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, vainly skg.; 2. Bombus terrester Z. 9,
skg.; 3. Osmia rufa Z. , do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 6 humble-bees, a Bombylius, a Rhingia, and a Vanessa.
Schulz, humble-bees and Lepidoptera, also flowers perforated by the former. Mac-
Leod (Pyrenees), a humble-bee.
1983. P. tuberosa Schrank (= P. angustifolia Z., according to the Index
Kewensis).—Haussknecht observed two forms of flower in this species at Kreuznach,
i.e. gynodynamous with long calyx, and androdynamous with short calyx.
1984. P. mollis Wolff. (=P. montana Z¢.). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 560; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 281.)—The flowers of this species agree
with those of P. officinalis as regards colour change and mechanism, but are in all
respects considerably larger. The calyx-tube is 11-14 mm. long, and its lobes
3-4 mm. While the corolla is in the red stage its lobes are erect and its diameter
only 7-10 mm. By the time it has turned violet the lobes have spread out, increasing
the diameter to 15 mm. The length of the corolla-tube up to its throat is 11-17 mm.,
the lower 8-9 mm. being uniformly cylindrical and 13-23 mm. wide, and the upper
part gradually widened into a funnel. In short-styled flowers the anthers and stigmas
are respectively 9-13 mm. and 5-8 mm. above the receptacle, while in the long-
styled ones they are 5-7 mm. and 11-13 mm. Loew adds that the hollow scales
not mentioned in descriptions of Pulmonaria in systematic works, are here clearly
recognizable as very low, small, hairy, bilobed projections within the corolla-tube.
VisiTors.—Loew observed the honey-bee, vainly skg., in the Berlin Botanic
Garden.
1985. P. saccharata Mill.—
Vistrors.—Loew saw 2 bees, skg., in the Berlin Botanic Garden— Melecta
armata Pz. 9, and Osmia rufa ZL. 3.
611. Onosma L.
Homogamous or feebly protandrous Lepidopterid flowers; with nectar secreted
by a disk under the ovary, and stored in the base of the tubular corolla.
1986. O. stellulatum Waldst. et Kit. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 112.)—In
this species the corolla-tube is bright yellowish-white above, passing into a darker
shade below, 20—6 mm. in length and 6-8 mm. broad at its widest part. The short
bifid tips of the anthers are at about the same level as the limb of the corolla, and
their bases are laterally fused together for a short distance. As a rule the anthers
dehisce introrsely immediately after the flower opens. They surround the style
(20-7 mm. long), which at first does not project beyond them or scarcely so,
but subsequently elongates so as to do so for 1-3 mm. The stigma matures
at the same time as the anthers, or shortly afterwards.
Only hawk-moths can suck the nectar legitimately, and Schulz actually saw
some of the larger species visiting the flowers in the evening at Bozen, but owing
to the unfavourable nature of the ground was unable to capture them. An insect
DAVIS. Mt K
130 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
of the kind when it approaches a flower first touches the stigma and then separates
the united anthers, thus usually effecting crossing. Should insect-visits fail, automatic
self-pollination is now and then possible, owing to the close proximity of the anthers
and stigma just after the flowers open. Towards the end of anthesis, but not earlier
as a rule, the corolla falls off and the stigma is drawn between the anthers so as to
effect autogamy.
VisiTors.— Vide supra. Ducke and Graeffe observed the very long-tongued bee
Osmia macroglossa Gers?., as a frequent and exclusive visitor at Bozen, Schulz saw
a number of flowers perforated at the base by the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z.
1987. O. echioides L. (= O. Vaudense Gremiz). (Briquet, ‘Etudes de biol.
flor. dans les Alpes occident.’)—The flowers of this species are sulphur-yellow in
colour, smell like honey, and secrete abundant nectar from five little scales at the
base of the corolla. Briquet says they are visited by humble-bees, bees, and butter-
flies, which regularly effect cross-pollination. The horizontal corolla is 20-3 mm. in
diameter, and its entrance 5 mm. The long thin style projects 5 mm. from the
flower, and is surrounded by the anthers, which are laterally fused at their bases.
Kirchner states that, should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination can only be
brought about by fall of the corolla.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
612, Cerinthe L.
Homogamous bee and humble-bee flowers; with nectar secreted by the swollen
fleshy base of the ovary, and sheltered in the uppermost part of the pendulous
bell-shaped corolla.
Kerner states that the peduncle bends down in late anthesis, causing the flower
to assume a nodding or pendulous position, and bringing the stigma into the line of
fall of the pollen, so that autogamy is inevitable.
1988. C. alpina Kit. (=C. glabra A@//.). (Herm. Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’
pp. 264-6.) The pendulous flowers of this species are pollinated by humble-bees
with a proboscis at least 9 mm. long. ‘These visitors cling to the corolla from
below, and insert their proboscis into its narrow opening. They first touch the
widely exserted stigma, and their proboscis then strikes against the anthers, by
which they are dusted with pollen.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller observed the humble-bee Bombus alticola A7chd. in
the canton Graubtinden.
1989. C. minor L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 9-14.)—In this
species the nectar is less deeply hidden than in C. alpina, so that bees with
a proboscis not Jess than 6 mm. long can reach the secreting base of the flower.
In doing this they hold on to the corolla-lobes with their first and second pairs
of legs, further supporting themselves by placing the hind ones on the same or
neighbouring flowers, or on the bracts. The anthers are borne on short stiff
filaments, and their tips are closely applied to the style, while their margins are
in contact. The base of each anther-lobe is produced into a filiform appendage,
which interlocks with the corresponding appendage of the adjacent lobe of the
BORAGINEAE 131
neighbouring anther. The anthers thus collectively make up a pyramid closed
all round, with its apex directed downwards, and its axis formed by the style. It
becomes filled with the white powdery pollen when this is dehisced.
As the corolla-lobes converge, an insect visitor (bee) inserts its proboscis into
one of the clefts between them, causing two stamens to become to some extent
separated. The anther pyramid is thus opened, and some of the dry powdery pollen
falls upon the under-side of the bee’s head. As the stigma projects from the flower
it is first touched by the bee or humble-bee paying the visit, and pollen brought from
other flowers will be transferred to it. Crossing by insect-visits is thus ensured, and
the form of the inflorescence favours the transfer of pollen from one stock or at any
rate one branch to another. As anthesis progresses an inflorescence continues to
Fic. 274. Cerinthe alpina, Kit. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower soon after opening. B. Do.,
partly dissected from the side. C. Do., more strongly magnified. D. Completely expanded flower.
(4, B,D x4; Cx 7.) a, a’, a”, regions of anthers; co, corolla; 7, filament; gv, style; #, nectary ,
ov, ovary; s, sepal; sé, stigma.
elongate, and that part of it bearing fertilized flowers is directed obliquely upwards,
while the part bearing unvisited flowers and buds is curved down and rolled inwards.
It follows that old flowers in which the corolla is about to fall are either directed
obliquely upwards to a slight extent or are placed horizontally, while younger ones
are directed obliquely or vertically downwards. The buds are on the rolled-up part
of the inflorescence. Humble-bees only cling to flowers facing obliquely or directly
downwards, the former being pulled into a vertical position by their weight. The
honey-bee only visits flowers directed vertically downwards. All visitors therefore
hang on to the bell-shaped corolla from below, and after a visit have to take wing
in order to reach another blossom. Their flight is always to another branch or
another stock; at least Hermann Miiller never saw two flowers on the same
inflorescence visited in succession,
132 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (his garden at Lippstadt), the honey-bee and two humble-bees
(Bombus agrorum /. ¥, and B. terrester Z. ¥), skg. actively and persistently. Loew
(Berlin Botanic Garden), 4 bees, all skg. and po-cltg.—z. Apis mellifica Z. ¥;
2. Bombus agrorum / ¥; 3. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 4. Osmia rufa Z. ¥.- Schulz
observed flowers perforated by humble-bees.
1g90. C. major L. (Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. a. d, Ins. Capri’; Herm. Miiller
erroneously describes C. alpina under this name in his ‘Alpenblumen.’)—This species
bears homogamous humble-bee flowers.
VistToRs.—I observed (April, 1892) 2 long-tongued bees (Anthophora pilipes /.,
and A. femorata Ok.) in the crater of the Solfatara, Morawitz noticed the bee
Osmia cerinthidis AZor.
1991. C. aspera Roth. (Comes, ‘ Ult. stud.’)—Comes describes this species as
self-fertile.
613. Echium Tourn.
Mostly protandrous bee-flowers ; with nectar secreted by the fleshy base of the
ovary, and concealed in the contracted lower part of the funnel-shaped corolla-tube.
Sometimes gynodioecious, more rarely gynomonoecious.
1992. E. vulgare L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 99-101; Herm. Miller,
‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 418-21, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 262, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 14;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’ I; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 587-8; Jordan, Ber. D.
bot. Ges., Berlin, x, 1892, pp. 583-6; Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ pp. 77-8
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 391, 399.)—The large
blue flowers of this species make the plant extremely conspicuous from a distance, so
that it is visited by a very large number of insects, especially bees, hover-flies,
butterflies, and moths. In spite of their great difference in size all these visitors
are adapted to effect crossing, whether they probe for nectar or come for the pollen.
In the protandrous flowers the narrowest part of the corolla surrounds the nectar,
and is directed obliquely upwards, its bend corresponding with that of a bee's
proboscis. The broadened bases of the five filaments are fused with its basal
portion for a distance of 4mm. At the place where they become free the corolla-
tube rapidly widens, so that even the largest humble-bees can conveniently insert
their head and a part of their thorax into the flower, while the smaller ones can
creep completely into it. The filaments run horizontally together from the place
where they become free, and the four lowest ones project 7 mm. beyond the lower
margin of the entrance to the flower, forming convenient alighting-rods for humble-
bees. Where the uppermost stamen, on the other hand, becomes free, it at once
bends down, dividing the access to the nectar-secreting base of the flower into right
and left portions, and then runs horizontally to the opening of the flower with the other
filaments. The free ends of all the stamens are turned slightly upwards, while the
anthers dehisce immediately the flower opens, and their pollen-covered surfaces face
in the same direction. It follows that no bee can settle on the flower without getting
its under-side dusted with pollen, for the larger humble-bees support their thorax and
smaller ones their abdomen on the long stamens, while the ventral surface of a still
BORAGINEAE 133
smaller bee at least comes into contact with the anther of the short stamen situated
in the entrance of the flower. The style runs between the stamens, and its end
divides into two short stigmatic branches. When the flower opens it is so short as
scarcely to reach the entrance, and is quite straight with its branches closely apposed.
In the course of anthesis it elongates till it projects ro mm. beyond the entrance of
the flower, and bends slightly upwards, while its branches diverge. At this stage the
style projects further and is bent more strongly upwards than any other part of the
alighting platform, so that neither large nor small insects can settle without bringing
their ventral surface into contact with one of the stigmatic branches. The cross-
pollination brought about in this way is ensured by the projection of the stigma, even
if at the time when it matures some pollen remains clinging to the anthers. Jordan
points out that it is sometimes effected by insects as they settle, and sometimes as
they withdraw and fly away. Schulz observed homogamy in rare cases.
Hermaphrodite flowers are not the only kind found in this species, for stocks
very infrequently occur which bear female ones. In these the corolla is much
smaller and the style shorter, while the stamens are short and only produce abortive
pollen-grains. Between herma-
phrodite and female flowers there
are also transitional stages, in which
one, two, or three stamens are fully
developed and the remainder re-
duced. Schulz states that female
stocks are very widely distributed,
and sometimes as many as three-
quarters of the plants in a particular
locality are of this kind. He even
found places here and there, e.g. at
Cdlleda, where nothing but female
stocks were to be seen. The size
of the female flowers varies con-
siderably, the corolla being II-I4 Fic. 275. Echium vulgare, L. (after Herm. Miller).
mm. long in the larger ones, and 0,202.5 Bacal transverse section ofaflower, Of covela
only 7-9 mm. in the small ones. &, style; 4, nectar-passages; 4, sepals; 7, stigma; sf, stamens.
Schulz often found the female
stocks to be remarkably vigorous. He explains the development of female flowers
as due to the excessive strain on the supply of food resulting from the production of
inflorescences with a very large number of flowers.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia and Thuringia (T.) and
Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau give the following list.—
A. Coleoptera. Ocdemeridae: 1. Oedemera virescens Z., searching for nectar
(H. M.). B. Diptera. (a) Conopidae: 2. Physocephala rufipes /., skg. (H. M.);
3. P. vittata &., do. (H. M.); 4. Sicus ferrugineus Z., do. (Budd.). (4) Syrphidae:
5. Helophilus trivittatus /., po-dvg. (H. M.); 6. Melanostoma ambigua #al/., do.
(H.M.); 7. Microdon devius Z., do. (Budd.); 8. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (H. M.);
g. Syrphus arcuatus Fal/., po-dvg. (H. M.); 10. S. pyrastri Z., do. (H. M.).
C. Hymenoptera, (a) Apidae: 11. Andrena albicrus K. é, skg. (H. M.); 12. A.
134 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
fulvicrus X. 8, do. (H. M.); 13. A. hattorfiana /. 3, do. (H. M., T.); 14. A. labialis
K.%, do. (H. M.); 15. Anthidium manicatum Z. 4, do. (Budd.); 16. A. oblongatum
Lir.9, do. (Budd.); 17. Anthophora furcata Pz. 9 and 4, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M., T.);
18. A. quadrimaculata /. 9 and 4, freq., do. (H. M., T.); 19. Apis moellifica Z. ¥,
exceedingly freq., skg. (H. M.); 20. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and ¥, skg. (H. M.);
21. B. hortorum Z. 9, ¥ and 4, do. (H. M.); 22. B. hypnorum Z. ¥, do. (H. M.);
23. B. lapidarius Z. 9, ¥ and 4, do. (H. M.); 24. B. pratorum Z. 9, do. (H. M.);
25. B. rajellus A. ¥, do. (H. M.); 26. B. sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥, skg. and po-cltg.
(H. M.); 27. B. terrester Z. 9 and 4, skg. (H. M.); 28. Ceratina albilabris 7. 9, do.
(Budd.); 29. C. cyanea K. 9, do. (H.M.); 30. Chelostoma nigricorne Vy/,, é and 9,
do. (H. M.); 31. Coelioxys conoidea K7g. 9, do. (H. M.); 32. C. quadridentata Z.
g and 4, freq., do. (H. M.); 33. C. simplex My/. 9, do. (H. M.); 34. C. umbrina Sm.
9, do. (H. M.); 35. Diphysis serratulae Pz. 9 and 6, very common, skg. and po-cltg.
(H. M.); 36. Eucera longicornis Z. 8, skg. (H. M.); 37. Halictus albipes /. 4,
do. (H. M.), 9 po-dvg. (Budd.); 38. H. cylindricus / 9 and 4, skg. (H. M.);
39. H. nitidiusculus &. 9, po-cltg. (H.M.); 40. H. nitidus Schenck 9, skg. (H. M.);
4t. H. sexnotatus X. 9, do. (H.M.); 42. H. smeathmanellus &. 9, do. (H. M., T.);
43. Megachile circumcincta KX’. 9, do., skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 44. M. willughbiella
K. 3, skg. (H. M.); 45. Melecta luctuosa Scop. 9, do. (H. M., T.); 46. Nomada
sexfasciata Pz. 9, do. (H. M.); 47. Osmia adunca Zr. 9, very common, skg. and
po-cltg. (H. M., Budd.); 48. O. aenea Z. 9 and 6, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.);
49. O. caementaria Gerst. 9, do. (H. M., Budd.), building its cells in hollows in
stones, and feeding its young entirely on Echium nectar and pollen; 50. O. fusca
Christ. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 51. O. leucomelaena X. 9, po-cltg. (H. M.);
52. O. rufa Z. 9, skg. (H. M., Budd.); 53. Prosopis hyalinata Sm. 9, do. (H. M.);
54. Psithyrus barbutellus A. 9, do. (H. M.); 55. P. campestris Pz. 9 and 3, do.
(H. M.); 56. P. rupestris /. 9, do. (H. M.); 57. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9, do. (H. M.) ;
58. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, very common, skg. (H. M.); 59. Stelis
breviuscula Wy/. , skg. (H. M.); 60. S. phaeoptera A. 9, do. (H. M.). (6) Chry-
stdidae: 61. Cleptes semiauratus Z., skg. (H. M.). (c) Sphegidae: 62. Ammophila
sabulosa LZ. 9, skg. (H. M.); 63. Crabro patellatus v. d. Z. 9 and 4, skg. (H. M.);
64. Psammophila affinis X.9, do. (H. M.). (d) Vespzdae: 65. Odynerus parietum
L.%, skg.(H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. All skg. (a) Moctu:dae: 66. Plusia gamma L.,
freq. (H. M., Budd.). (4) RAopalocera: 67. Colias hyale Z.(H.M., T.); 68. Epinephele
janira Z. (H.M.); 69. Hesperia comma Z. (H.M.); 70. H. sylvanus £sp. (H. M.);
71. Lycaena euphemus 2. (Budd.); 72. L. sp. (H.M.); 73. Melitaea cinxia Z.(H.M.);
44. Pieris brassicae Z. (H.M.); 75. P. rapae Z. (H. M., T.); 76. Vanessa urticae Z.
(Budd.). (c) Sphingidae: 77. Macroglossa stellatarum Z.(H.M., Budd.) ; 78. Zygaena
lonicerae Lsp. (H. M., T.).
Miiller adds the following note to his list (‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 420-1).—
‘A review of this long list of insects, many of which frequent the flowers of
Echium in great numbers, shows that the great majority come seeking honey, and
only use the stamens as a landing-place. The females of bees with abdominal
collecting-brushes, without any special effort, sweep up pollen with their abdominal
brushes, filling them after a few visits. The flower is thus so convenient for them
that several of these bees (Osmia adunca and O. caementarza) resort to it exclusively,
both for their own food and for that of their larvae. Syrphzdae also make frequent
use of the pollen, while bees with tibial or femoral collecting-baskets seldom gather it,
and all other insects come solely for the sake of the honey.’
Loew observed the following.—
I. In Mecklenburg (M.) and Brandenburg (B.) (‘ Beitrige,’ p. 43).—
A. Diptera. TZadanidae: 1. Tabanus rusticus LZ. 4, skg. (B.). B. Hymeno-
ptera. Apzdae: 2. Anthophora nidulans /. 9 (B.); 3. A. quadrimaculata /’ 9 (M.) ;
BORAGINEAE 135
4. Bombus distinguendus Mor. 9 and 4, skg. (M.); 5. B. sylvarum Z. ¥, do. (M.);-
6. Coelioxys tricuspidata Férst. 9, do. (M.); 7. Heriades nigricornis Vy/. 9, do. (M.);
8. Megachile argentata /. 9 and 6, do. (M.); 9. M. centuncularis Z. 9, do. (M.);
1o. M. maritima A. é, do. (M.); 11. Osmia adunca Z/r. 9, po-cltg. (M.); 12. O.
aurulenta Pz. 9, do. (M.); 13. O. caementaria Gersé. 4, skg. (M.); 14. O. solskyi
ao ee (M.); 15. O. bicornis Z. 9, skg. (B.); 16. Prosopis confusa /Vy/. 9,
o. (M.).
II. In Silesia (op. cit., p. 27).—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 1. Bombylius minor Z., skg. (6) Syrphidae:
2. Syrphus seleniticus Mg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 3. Apis mellifica L. ¥,
skg.; 4. Bombus cognatus Sveph. Y, po-cltg.; 5. B. confusus Schenck ¥, do.; 6. B.
rajellus XK. ¥, do.; 7. B. sylvarum Z. 9, skg.; 8. Coelioxys octodentata Zep. , do. ;
g. C. punctata Lep. 9, do.; 10. Colletes nasutus Sm. 9 and é skg., 9 also po-cltg. ;
11. Megachile maritima K. 4, skg.; 12. Osmia adunca Lér. 9 and do., 9 do.;
13. O. tridentata Duf g Perr. &(?), skg.; 14. Psithyrus rupestris /. 9, do.;
15. Saropoda rotundata Pz. 3, do. (4) Sphegidae: 16. Bembex rostrata Z. 9 and 4,
skg.; 17. Cerceris arenaria Z. C. Lepidoptera. All skg. (a) Hesperidae:
18. Hesperia comma Z. (4) Noctuidae: 19. Plusia festucae Z.; 20. P. gamma ZL.
(c) Rhopalocera: 21. Aporia crataegi Z.; 22. Vanessa urticae L.
III. In Switzerland (op. cit.), p. 61.—
Two humble-bees (Bombus sylvarum L. ¥, skg.? and B. variabilis Schenck, var.
tristis Sezd/. ¥, do.) and the hawk-moth Zygaena pilosellae Zsp.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), 5 bees (1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 2. Bombus agrorum
F. 9; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9 and §¥; 4. B. hortorum Z. 9,8 and ¥; 5. B. rajellus X. 9),
a hover-fly (Rhingia rostrata Z.),and 2 Lepidoptera (Pieris napi Z., and Plusia gamma
£.): all skg. Wiistnei (Alsen), the bee Halictus quadristrigatus Z/r. Herm. Miller
(Alps), 17 bees and 5 Lepidoptera. von Fricken (Westphalia and East Prussia), the
Nitidulid beetle Meligethes tristis S/rm. Gerstacker (Berlin), 3 bees—1. Coelioxys
quadridentata Z.; 2. Osmia adunca Z/r.; 3. O. spinolae Schenck. Alfken (Bremen),
6 bees—1. Coelioxys rufescens Lep. 9 and 4,skg.; 2. Eriades nigricornis Vy/. 9 and é;
3. Halictus morio #. 9; 4. Osmia rufa Z.9; 5.O.adunca Zir.9 andé; 6. Podalirius
bimaculatus Pz. 9. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 2 bees—Osmia adunca Zyr., and
O. spinolae Schenck (=O. caementaria Gerst.). Schenck (Nassau), 5 bees—
1. Ceratina cucurbitina Ross7; 2. C. cyanea K.; 3. Osmia adunca Lér.; 4. O.
spinolae Schenck; 5. Podalirius bimaculatus Pz. Friese, for Hungary (H.), Baden
(B.), Bozen (Bz.), Innsbruck (I.), Mecklenburg (M.), and Switzerland (S.), 14 bees—
1. Biastes brevicornis Pz. 9, not infreq. (Bz., Siders, H.); 2. Crocisa major Mor.,
one (H.); 3. C. ramosa Zep. (Bz., H.); 4. C. truncata Per. a d (H.); 5. Eucera
tricincta Er. (M.) (¢este Konow); 6. E. dalmatica Zep. (H.); 7. Osmia adunca Lyr.,
freq. (B., M., H.); 8. O. claviventris 7%s.(M., Thuringia); 9. O. insularis Schmzedekn.
Pane to. O. lepelletieri Per., freq. (I, S.); 11. O. spinolae Schenck 9 (B.) and
(M.); 12. Podalirius crassipes Zep. a d (S.); 13. P. quadrifasciatus V2d/., not
infrequent (Thuringia, H.); 14. P. vulpinus Pz. not infreq. (B.), freq. He
Frey-Gessner (Switzerland), 2 bees—Osmia rufa Z., and O. dalmatica Jor. 9 and 6.
Morawitz (Caucasus), 5 bees—1. Bombus haematurus A7rchd.; 2. Eucera similis Zep. ;
3. E. spectabilis Mor.; 4. Podalirius raddei Mor.; 5. P. tarsatus Spzv. Smith
(England), 2 bees—Ceratina cyanea X., and Megachile argentata #. von Dalla
Torre (Upper Austria), 3 humble-bees—1. Bombus arenicola Zioms.; 2. B. hortorum
L.; 3. B. senilis &. (=B. variabilis Schmiedekn.): (Tyrol), 2 bees (Andrena thoracica
F.¥, and Nomada lateralis Pz. 9) and 2 humble-bees (Bombus ruderatus /., and
B. sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥, extremely freq.). Schletterer, for Tyrol and Pola (P.),
136 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
9 bees—1. Andrena thoracica #.; 2. Bombus agrorum /.; 3. B. pomorum JZ.;
4. B. ruderatus /.; 5. B. sylvarum Z.; 6. B. terrester Z. (P.); 7. Ceratina cucurbi-
tina Rosst (P.); 8. Megachile lefeburei Zep. (P.); 9. Nomada xanthosticta K. Kohl
(Tyrol), the fossorial wasp Crabro peltarius Schred. 9 andé. Ducke (Trieste), 3 bees—
1. Osmia adunca Zir. 9 and 4, freq.; 2. O. notata /. 9, freq.; 3. O. spinolae Schenck
g and 4, rare. Hoffer (Steiermark), the bee Rhophites quinquespinosus Sp. Dours
(Paris), the bee Anthophora femorata Z/r. (= Podalirius femoratus O/v.), freq.
Heinsius (Holland), 4 humble-bees, skg. (1. Bombus agrorum /. 4 and ¥; 2. B.
terrester Z. 8; 3. Psithyrus vestalis Mourcr.; 4. P. campestris Pz. 2 8), a short-
tongued bee (Halictus sexcinctus /. 4, skg.), 2 hover-flies (Rhingia campestris Mg. 6,
skg., and Melanostoma hyalinata /. 4, po-dvg.), and 2 butterflies, skg. (Rhodocera
rhamni LZ. ¥, and Pieris rapae Z. 9 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 108-9).
H. de Vries (Netherlands), 5 bees—1. Bombus agrorum /’. §; 2. B. elegans Sezdl. 6;
3. B. terrester Z.5; 4. Psithyrus campestris Pz.d; 5. P. vestalis Mourcr. $ (Ned.
Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), 4 humble-bees,
the honey-bee, a short-tongued bee, a hover-fly, and a moth (Plusia sp.) (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 334-5): (Pyrenees), on the var. pyrenaica, numerous
long-tongued and some short-tongued bees, also some Lepidoptera, Bombyliids, and
hover-flies (op. cit. iii, 1891, p. 310).
1993. E. rosulatum Lange. (Loew, Ber. D. bot.Ges., Berlin,iv, 1886, pp. 153-5.)
—The flower mechanism of this species is similar to that of E. vulgare, but the corolla
is shaped more like a handbell, while its greater length and the presence of various
constrictions render the nectar more inaccessible, so that an insect requires a proboscis
9-10 mm. long in order to reach it.
Visttors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
Two humble-bees (Bombus agrorum /., and B. hortorum Z.) skg. legitimately,
and one (B. terrester Z.) perforating the flowers and stealing nectar. Also 2 po-dvg.
hover-flies—Pipiza chalybeata JZg., and Syritta pipiens Z.
1994. E. italicum L. (=E. altissimum /acg.).—
Visitors.—Friese (South Hungary) observed the bee Eucera dalmatica Zep. ;
and Schletterer (Pola) the rare bee Halictus variipes Zor.
614. Lithospermum L.
Flowers feebly protogynous or homogamous; with concealed nectar secreted by
the ovary, and hidden in the base of the corolla-tube. Sometimes belong to class Hh.
1995. L. arvense L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” p. 88; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fer-
tilisation,’ pp. 417-18, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p.16; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, pp. 310, 322; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart, p. 560; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 335; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The small
inconspicuous floweis of this species are usually white in colour, but Loew says there
is also a local blue variety. The corolla-tube is 44 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, and
the short stalks of the five stamens are inserted more than half-way down it. The
anthers dehisce introrsely before the flower opens, though Kerner, on the contrary,
describes this as feebly protogynous. ‘There are hairs above the anthers which
prevent rain from entering the tube. The style is about 2 mm. long, and terminates
in two smooth closely apposed lobes of rounded conical shape, below which is
an annular swelling beset with stigmatic papillae. This is situated in the middle
BORAGINEAE 137
of the anthers, so that the entrance of the flower is completely filled, and the
proboscis of an insect probing for nectar must force its way between anthers
and stigma. If this takes place at the beginning of anthesis, and the proboscis
has previously been dusted with pollen, crossing will be effected, and a fresh
supply of pollen will adhere to the organ. Soon, however, the anthers dehisce
so strongly that the stigma gets covered with pollen, so that autogamy is inevitable.
Insect-visits are but few.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded
by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, 2 bees (Apis mellifica Z. 9, and
Bombus lapidarius Z. 9), skg., and a butter-
fly (Pieris brassicae Z.). Sprengel also
observed the ‘common white butterfly.’
Herm. Miiller—A. Diptera. Syrphidae:
1. Rhingia rostrata Z.; 2. Syritta pipiens Z.
B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 3. Apis mel-
lifica LZ. §, skg. ; 4. Bombus agrorum Z. 9,
do. C. Lepidoptera. hopalocera: all
skg.: 5. Pieris brassicae Z.; 6. P. napi Z.; Fic. 276. Lithospermum arvense, L. (after
7. P. rapae Z. MacLeod (Flanders), a Herm. Miller). (5) End of the style, taken from
PY 4 . ~~ f th
Lepidopterid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, 4 bud (x 36). _ sz, stigma. (2) Position of the
i reproductive organs in the flower.
vi, 1894, p. 371).
1996. L. canescens Lehm.—Darwin describes the flowers of this species as
either heterostylous or very variable in regard to the length of the style.
1997. L. purpurocaeruleum L. (Kirchner, ‘Beitrage,’ p. 51; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, p. 282.)—The tolerably large flowers of this species exhibit
a similar colour change to that of Pulmonaria, being first purple-red and afterwards
blue. Kirchner found the plant to be feebly protogyncus in the Swabian Alps, the
stigma being mature when the flowers opened, and the anthers dehiscing shortly
afterwards. Both organs stand at the same level just within the opening of the
cylindrical corolla-tube, 7 mm. above the base of the flower. Loew describes the
corolla-tube as 8-9 mm. long, with five radial white longitudinal folds at its
entrance corresponding to the hollow scales of some other genera.
Vistroxs.—Loew observed 2 long-tongued bees (Anthophora pilipes /. 4, and
Osmia aenea Z.), skg., in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
1998. L. officinale L.—
Visrrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Megachile willugh-
biella K. 9, skg. ; and Schletterer (Pola) saw the bee Halictus variipes Aor.
1999. L. angustifolium Michx. (=Batschia longiflora Pursh).— Darwin
observed cleistogamy in this species.
615. Mertensia Roth.
Flowers with concealed nectar. Dimorphous according to Darwin (‘Different
Forms of Fls.’).
138 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2000. M. maritima S. F. Gray (=Stenhammeria maritima ezchd.).—
Warming (‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ pp. 5-6) states that the flowers of this species are
smaller in Greenland than Norway. The anthers being at the same level as the
stigma automatic self-pollination regularly takes place.
The var. fenella Th. Fr. was observed in Spitzbergen by Andersson and
Hesselman (‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’
p. 17), as well as by Ekstam (‘Bliitenbiol. Beob, a. Spitzbergen,’ p. 8). The
odourless flowers are red in the bud, afterwards assuming a blue colour; being
homogamous self-pollination is facilitated. The nectar secreted by the hypogynous
disk is only protected by slight involutions of the corolla. Many flowers had
completed their anthesis by July 13 (1897), and ripe fruits were met with (by
Ekstam) on August 8. In Greenland (Sermitdlet Fjord) fruits were observed to
be set as early as July 7 (1892) (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlands-
exped.,’ pp. 46-7).
Visirors.—Ekstam (op. cit.) observed none in Spitzbergen.
2oo1. M. pulmonarioides Roth (=M. virginica Zz). (Loew, ‘Beitrage,’ II,
pp. 54-6.)—This is a North American species.
Visitors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Anthophora pilipes
F. 8, skg. legitimately, and small bees (Halictus nitidiusculus X.) po-cltg.
616. Myosotis Dill.
Flowers homogamous, generally blue in colour, seldom pink or white; with
concealed nectar secreted by the fleshy base of the ovary, and stored at the bottom of
the short corolla-tube. Yellow, pocket-like involutions at the entrance of the flower
serve both as nectar-guides and nectar-covers. They also compel visitors to insert their
proboscis into the base of the flower in such a way as to touch the stigma and anthers.
Kerner asserts that the species are heterostylous (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 302).
2002. M. sylvatica Hoffm. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 414-15,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ IlI, pp. 16-17; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 561-2.)—The
corolla-tube of this species is 2~3 mm. long, and the somewhat converging anthers
are inserted into it at a higher level than the simultaneously maturing stigma. When
the flower opens they dehisce introrsely, so that an insect visitor must insert its
proboscis between them and the stigma, touching the two kinds of organs with
opposite sides, and effecting crossing if another flower has previously been visited,
provided the proboscis is only once inserted. Flies, however, generally do this
several times, so that they often bring about self-pollination. Otherwise this is
effected automatically by fall of pollen on the stigma. Kerner says that this is
not possible at first, on account of the lateral position of the flower, but only
later on when it becomes erect. Experiments made by Axell show that autogamy
results in complete fertility, and this is also the case with plants automatically
self-pollinated on the Dovrefjeld.
Visitors.—Herm. Miller gives the following list.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Dermestidae: 1. Anthrenus scrophulariae Z., resting on
the flower, with its mouth applied to the entrance, but unable to get in. (6) Milrdu-
BORAGINEAE 139
lidae: 2. Meligethes sp., creeping about the flowers, but never in the corolla-tube.
(c) Lelephoridae: 3. Anthocomus fasciatus L., vainly skg. B. Diptera. (2) Conopidae :
4. Myopa sp., skg. (6) Zmpidae: 3. Empis opaca F., skg.; 6. E. vernalis AZg., do.
(c) Muscidae: 7. Anthomyia radicum Z. 9 and é; 8. Calobata cothurnata Pz., skg. ;
g. Chlorops scalaris Mg.; 10. Echinomyia sps.; 11. Musca corvine F., skg.; 12. M.
domestica Z., do.; 13. Opomyza germinationis Z., numerous, skg.; 14. Onesia
floralis R.-D., skg.; 15. O. sepulcralis Mg., do.; 16. Pollenia vespillo F., do.;
17. Scatophaga merdaria /., do.; 18. S. stercoraria Z.; 19. Sepsis atriceps R.-D.,
in copula on the flowers; 20. Siphona geniculata Deg., skg. (d) Syrphidae:
21. Eristalis arbustorum Z., freq., skg.; 22. E. sepulcralis Z., do.; 23. Rhingia
rostrata Z., skg.; 24. Syritta pipiens Z., very common, skg. C. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 25. Andrena albicans K. 9, persistently skg.; 26. A. pilipes F. 9, skg.;
27. A. varians Koss? 9, do.; 28. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, freq., skg.; 29. Megachile
fasciata Sm. 6, sunning itself on the flowers; 30. Osmia rufa Z. 9, one, skg.
D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 31. Pieris sp., skg.
Fic. 277. Myosotis sylvatica, Hoffm. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower seenfrom above. (2) Do.,
partly dissected from the side (x 7). (3) Pollen-grains. a, bright blue limb of the corolla; 4, white
radial streaks; c, yellow centre of the corolla; d, stamens; ¢, stigma; _/, nectary.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Bail (West Prussia), 2 hover-flies (Eristalis sp., and Helophilus sp.) and 2
butterflies (Pieris napi Z., and Polyommatus phlaeas Z.) (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, ix,
1882). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a hover-fly (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 122).
2003. M. alpestris F. W. Schmidt (=M. sylvatica Hoffm., var. 8 alpestris
Koch). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 259-60.)—The fragrant flowers of this
Alpine species are commonly of a more vivid and darker blue than those of lowland
species, though paler blossoms also occur as well as small- and large-flowered stocks.
(Cf. Fig. 278.) Their mechanism agrees with that of M. sylvatica. Crossing by
insect-visits is favoured, but should these fail automatic self-pollination takes place.
Magnus observed a variety with an excessive number of flowers, and as this remained
constant under cultivation continuous autogamy was inferred.
Visrrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 33 Lepidoptera, 18 flies, a bee, and a beetle. Loew
(Switzerland), the hover-fly Melithreptus scriptus Z. (‘Beitrage,’ p. 60): (Berlin
140 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Botanic Garden), a hover-fly (Eristalis nemorum Z.) and 2 bees—1. Apis mellifica Z.
%, skg.; 2. Osmia rufa Z. 9, persistently skg. Plateau (Ghent Botanic Garden), the
honey-bee and Osmia sp. Ekstam (Nova Zemlia), flies.
2004. M. intermedia Link. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 415-16,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 17; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 562; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—In the small, homogamous, sky-blue flowers of this species the
stigma is at the same level as the anthers, so that an insect proboscis probing
for nectar is even less likely to touch both with the same side than in M. alpestris.
The connectives are produced into broad swollen appendages covering the anthers,
and preventing an inserted proboscis from taking up pollen to be transferred to the
stigma. These two peculiarities ensure crossing by insect-visits to a greater extent
than in the preceding species, but should these fail automatic self-pollination regularly
takes place.
FiG. 278. Myosot7s alpestris, F. W. Schmidt. A. Small-flowered dark-blue form. B. Do., partly
dissected from the side. C. Large-flowered paler form. 7. A stamen before dehiscence. (A-C x 7;
D x 35.) 2, nectary; ov, ovary.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bomébyliidae: 1. Bombylius major Z., skg. (5) Muscidae:
2. Aricia incana Wvredem., freq., skg.; 3. Limnophora sp., skg.; 4. Pollenia vespillo
f., skg. (c) Syrphidae: 5. Ascia podagrica F., skg.; 6. Chrysogaster viduata Z.,
do.; 7. Syritta pipiens Z., freq., skg. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: all skg.:
8. Andrena albicans Jfill.9; 9. A. fasciata Wesm.é; 10. A. nana ALS; 11. A.
parvula A. 9, in large numbers; 12. Apis mellifica Z. Y¥, numerous: hanging verti-
cally or obliquely from the flower, it inserts the tip of its tongue with great accuracy
into the small opening of the corolla-tube; 13. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9, skg.
C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 14. Coenonympha pamphilus Z., freq., skg.;
15. Pieris napi Z., skg.; 16. P. rapae Z., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, the honey-bee and two hover-flies, skg. (Eristalis arbustorum Z., and
Syritta pipiens Z.). MacLeod (Flanders), a Muscid and the honey-bee (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 338, vi, 1894, p. 371).
BORAGINEAE
I4I
2005. M. collina Hoffm. (=M. hispida Schéecht.). (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisa-
tion,’ p. 416, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, pp. 18-19.)—The mechanism of the minute
homogamous, bright blue flowers of this species
agrees essentially with that of M. intermedia. The
anthers are contained in the short (scarcely 2 mm.)
corolla-tube, and converge together over the stigma,
upon which they ultimately drop pollen. Should
there be insect-visits, however, crossing takes place
in the following way, according to Hermann Miil-
ler.—The yellow pocket-like involutions of the
corolla so narrow the opening of the flower that the
proboscis of an insect can only be inserted exactly
in the centre. The appendages of the connectives
end 4 mm. below the entrance, but guide the pro-
FiG. 279. Myosotis tntermedia, Link
(after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower partly
dissected fromthe side (x 7). (2) Lateral
view of a stamen (still more strongly mag-
nified), to show the broad outwardly bent
appendage of the connective. a, bright-
blue corolla-lobes ; 4, radial white streaks ;
¢, yellow centre of the corolla; d@, anthers ;
boscis between them along the axis of the flower, 2 aemnay nectar:
until it inevitably comes into contact with the stigma,
and glides over its rounded surface, to which pollen brought from a previously visited
flower will adhere, before the nectar is reached. When the proboscis is withdrawn
it brushes past the inner surfaces of the anthers, and dusts itself with pollen.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Westphalia), a Muscid (Anthomyia sp.), skg. Borgstette (Meck-
lenburg), the bee Halictus zonulus Sm. 9, skg. Verhoeff (Norderney), the bee
Halictus minutus K. 9, skg. MacLeod (Flanders), a Lepidopterid (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 338). Schletterer (Pola), the Scoliid Scolia hirta Schr.
2006. M. versicolor Sm. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 17-18;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 338-9; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ pp. 562—3.)—The newly opened flowers of this species are bright yellow
in colour, and adapted to cross-pollination: subsequently they become blue, and in
this stage automatic self-pollination is inevitable. In the first condition the corolla-
tube is only 2 mm. long, and the fully developed style (3 mm. in length) projects
beyond the anthers inserted into its upper part, while the mature stigma even
protrudes from the flower. As the limb of the corolla changes to sky-blue the
corolla-tube elongates until the anthers attain the level of the stigma and deposit pollen
upon it.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, a humble-bee (Bombus agrorum F., only skg. for a short time),
2 bees (Halictus sexnotatus X. 9, skg., and H. zonulus Sm. 9, do.), and 2 hover-flies
(Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. persistently, and Syritta pipiens Z., skg.). MacLeod
(Flanders), a bee (Andrena sp.) and a butterfly (Pieris sp.) (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 371). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), several Muscids and
Dolichopodids (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 123).
2007. M. palustris Lam. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 88; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation, p. 416; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen..)—The flowers of this
species agree in their mechanism with those of M. intermedia, except that they
142 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
are larger and possess a corolla-tube 5 mm. long. Kerner states that in the
higher mountain stations they are of a deeper blue colour than in the plains.
MacLeod observed gynodioecism at Ghent. ’
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the hover-fly Syrphus ribesii Z., freq., skg. Herm. Miiller, an Empid
(Empis opaca /., very freq., skg.) and a butterfly (Lycaena icarus Roft., skg.).
Sickmann (Osnabriick), the Sapygid Sapyga quinquepunctata #. MacLeod (Flanders),
the honey-bee, a short-tongued bee, 5 hover-flies, 6 Muscids, a butterfly, and a beetle
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 335-7). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire),
3 hover-flies and 2 Muscids (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 121).
2008. M. cespitosa Schultz. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
P- 337-)—The mechanism of this species is similar to that of M. palustris, though the
flowers are smaller. Automatic self-pollination is possible.
2009. M. parsiflora Mikan. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage, II, p. 115.)—The homo-
gamous flowers of this species are bright-blue, rarely white in colour, and arranged
in scanty cymes. The style projects as far as the middle of the anthers, so that
automatic self-pollination is inevitable. Cross-pollination by means of insects is
possible.
VisiToRs.—Schulz observed 2 flies, including Rhingia rostrata Z.
2o10. M. pyrenaica Pourr. (=M. sylvatica Hoffm., according to the Index
Kewensis.).—
Vistroxs.—MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed 2 bees, 5 Lepidoptera, a Bombyliid,
2 Syrphids, and 7 Muscids (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 311-12).
617. Cordia L.
Darwin (‘Different Forms of Flowers,’ p. 117) describes dimorphism, but the
differences between the stamens, pistils, and pollen-grains of the two forms are very
small.
LXXIl. ORDER CONVOLVULACEAE JUSS.
Literaturr.— A. Peter, ‘Convolvulaceae, in Engler and Prantl, ‘D. nat.
Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 3, p. 9.
Flowers usually brightly coloured, and adapted to the visits of insects of the
most various kind. In many cases they remain open only for a day or a few
hours, then closing permanently. The edge of the withering corolla curls inwards
and helps the corol'a-tube to protect the ovary. Many exotic species possess extra-
floral nectaries which keep insects unsuited for the transfer of pollen away from
the flowers (e. g. species of Ipomoea, Pharbitis, Calonyction, and Quamoclit).
618. Convolvulus L.
Homogamous, more rarely protandrous or protogynous flowers with concealed
nectar; or homogamous Lepidopterid flowers. Nectar secreted by the base of the
ovary. Occasional gynodioecism. On account of the narrow tubular nectar-
CONVOLVULACEAE 143
passages Kerner describes the blossoms of Convolvulus, like those of Gentiana (cf.
p. 100), as ‘revolver flowers.’
zou. C. arvensis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 107-8; Herm. Miller,
“Fertilisation,’ pp. 423-4, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 6; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
‘pp. 548-9; Burgerstein, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, vii, 1889 ; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage, II,
p. 110; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, i, 1889, p. 110, iii, 1891, p. 310,
v, 1893, pp. 328-9; Schilberszky, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Beiheft iii, 1893, pp. 447-8,
Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixii, 1895, pp. 342-6, Ixiii, 1895, pp. 160-1; Loew, ‘ Bliiten-
biol. Floristik, pp. 277-8; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 106, 164,
‘Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 238, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. Helgoland’;
Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The fragrant flowers of this
species close during bad weather and at night. Burgerstein says that at Vienna and
Prague they open from 7-9 a.m., closing again about 5 p.m. At Ruppin, according
to Warnstorf, they open 9-10 a.m., and close between 6 and 7 p.m. He describes
the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, delicately tuberculate, up to 88 p»
long and 56 p broad.
Anthesis lasts a day. The funnel-shaped corolla is either reddish with five
longitudinal white streaks, or entirely white (var. Aololeucus Knuth): its base is
yellow. Nectar is secreted by the orange-yellow base of the ovary, and covered
by the broadened lower ends of the filaments, leaving only five narrow nectar-
passages. Where the filaments touch they are closely beset with small stiff
projections, preventing the passage of an insect’s proboscis, which must be inserted
into one of the five narrow passages in order to reach the nectar. As the
stamens surround the style and their anthers dehisce extrorsely, the latter must
be touched by any large insect sucking nectar, and as the two stigmatic branches
project beyond the stamens, and spread out their papillose inner surfaces above
them, these must necessarily first come into contact with visitors. The first
flower visited by an insect will be self-pollinated as its visitor withdraws, while
the second will be crossed. Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination
can take place towards the end of anthesis when the flower bends down and
the corolla drops, so that pollen falls upon the stigma. And it may also be
effected in a still vigorous upright flower by elongation of a stamen till its anther
is applied to the stigma.
There are various forms of blossom. At Stuttgart, for example, Kirchner
observed a small-flowered autumn form, with stamens so short that the yellowish-
brown anthers were almost sessile. These remained sterile, for there were scarcely
any insect-visits, and the anthers were too far from the stigma to render autogamy
possible. Schilberszky noticed the same form at Buda-Pesth, with numerous
transitions to female flowers. Besides this arrested form, produced by the action
of a fungus, Burgerstein observed two others at Vienna and Prague, one with
a large corolla, long stamens and violet anthers, and the other with a corolla of
medium size, shorter stamens, and white anthers,
Schulz describes two forms differing in their mechanism. One of these is
smal]l-flowered, chiefly visited by bees, and homogamous or slightly protogynous,
its stigmatic branches interlocking with the pollen-covered anthers, so as to make
144 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
automatic self-pollination the rule. The other form is large-flowered, chiefly
visited by humble-bees, and strongly protandrous with the stigmatic branches
always projecting beyond the anthers, thus making cross-pollination necessary.
The latter form, provided with red or violet-red nectar-guides above the nectar-
passages, was also observed by Kirchner in the Tyrol and MacLeod in Belgium.
Indeed MacLeod found no less than four distinct forms growing on the dunes
at Blankenberg.—(1) The one described above after Sprengel and Hermann
Miller. (2) A large-flowered form 35 mm. in diameter, with the corolla of
a bright reddish colour above, and a broad red wavy band surrounding its
central and lower yellowish part. (3) A small-flowered form similarly coloured
and marked, with two curved appendages at the base of each filament, though’
these may be reduced or entirely absent. The small stiff projections on the
edges of the filaments are ill-developed, besides which the filaments may be
interwoven so as to close the nectar-openings. (4) A female form with short
stamens and reduced anthers.
Schulz also observed, though rarely, gynomonoecism and gynodioecism.
According to E. Heckel (quoted in Ludwig’s ‘Lehrbuch d. Biologie,’ p. 30),
a smut-fungus (Thecaspora hyalina /ingerh. = T. capsularum Desm.) induces
floral dimorphism. In the most diverse parts of France this is associated with
the presence of a spider, Thomisius onustus Walck., which destroys the insect
visitors. Obviously plants which are on this account forced to resort to self-
fertilization will become weakened by in-breeding and more exposed to the attacks
of the parasitic fungus that causes modification of the flowers.
The investigations of Schilberszky do not support Heckel’s view. Besides
normal macrandrous flowers he distinguished abnormal micrandrous ones, it being
a case of heterandry, though of purely pathological or teratological nature.
In the micrandrous flowers Schilberszky found the conidial form of a smut-
fungus on the angular nectary and anthers, not only of open flowers, but also
of many buds, even those in a very immature condition, which would be impossible
if Heckel’s theory were correct. If, continues Schilberszky, the supposed weakening
of plants by in-breeding were a fact, all the flowers on the same stock would
necessarily be of the same kind. But this is not the case, for normal and
infected ones are borne on the same stock, especially if there are many branches.
Infection takes place when the seed begins to germinate, for it is then often
surrounded by a perfect crust of germinating spores. The mycelium then penetrates
into the growing tissue of the stem, and ultimately makes its way along the peduncles
to the flower-buds, where it develops first conidia and then chlamydospores.
‘ With reference to the presence of the spider Thomisius onustus in Convolvulus,
Schilberszky remarks that it lies in wait for insects inside the flowers of various
Hungarian plants. He concludes that its presence has nothing to do with causing
the appearance of micrandrous flowers in this species.
Warnstorf also found the conidial form of Thecaphora capsularum on many
anthers of convolvulus at Neu-Ruppin. In this case all the pollen-grains are
destroyed, while the anthers are of a dirty-brown colour and are borne on short
filaments at the bottom of the corolla. Warnstorf has so far only noticed the
infestation on the small-flowered variety, but since he has found many hundred
CONVOLVULACEAE 145
stocks of this with flowers possessing normal anthers, he is of opinion that it is
impossible to regard the small size of the flowers as due to the action of the
fungus.
Visitors.—Herm. Muiller gives the following list—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura livida Z., dvg. pollen and
anthers. (4) Curculionidae: 2. Spermophagus cardui Svev., penetrating into the base
of the flower. (c) W2tidulidae: 3. Meligethes, very common in the nectar-passages.
(2) Ocdemeridae: 4. Oedemera virescens L., po-dvg. (e) Zelephoridae: 5. Malachius
viridis F., po-dvg. B. Diptera. (2) Bombylidae: 6. Bombilius canescens M7zk., skg.
(0) Emprdae: 7. Empis livida Z., extremely freq., skg., inserting its proboscis into the
5 Nnectar-passages successively. (c) Muscidae: 8. Oliviera lateralis Pz., skg.;
g. Sepsis, freq. in the nectar-openings; 10. Ulidia erythrophthalma J/%., running
about in the flowers and settling on the nectar-openings. (d) Syrphidae: 11. Eristalis
arbustorum Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 12. Helophilus floreus Z., do.; 13. Melithreptus
scriptus Z., po-dvg.; 14. M. taeniatus AZe., do.; 15. Syrphus balteatus Deg., do.;
16. S. nitidicollis 1Zg., do. C. Hemiptera. 17. Nabis, skg. D. Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae: 18. Andrena cingulata F. 9, skg.; 19. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very common,
skg. and po-cltg.: in order to suck it creeps along the funnel-shaped corolla into the
base of the flower and gets its head and back dusted with pollen, after having first
brushed against the stigma with the same regions; 20. Chelostoma campanularum
K.%, skg.; 21. Halictus leucozonius Schr. 9, po-cltg.; 22. H. longulus Sm. 9, do;
23. H. malachurus X. 9, do.; 24. H. morio F. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 25. H.
nitidiusculus A. 4, skg.; 26. H. smeathmanellus X. 9, do.; 27. H. tetrazonius
Kilg. 9, do.; 28. H. villosulus X., po-cltg.; 29. Panurgus banksianus K. 4, skg.
(4) Formicidae: 30. Lasius niger Z. ¥, resting in the nectar-openings and trying,
without success, to force its head into them. (c) Sphegidae: 31. Entomognathus
brevis Z. 6, skg. E. Lepidoptera. Allskg. Rfopalocera: 32. Argynnis latonia Z.
(Bavarian Oberpfalz); 33. Epinephele janira Z.; 34. Pieris napi Z.; 35. P. rapae LZ.
F. Thysanoptera. 36. Thrips, very numerous.
Alfken noticed 3 bees at Bremen (1. Halictus morio #. 9 and 8; 2. Prosopis
communis /Vy/. 9; 3. P. hyalinata Sm. &) and records the following 9 bees for
various localities.
(Bozen), 1. Systropha curvicornis Scop., freq., skg. and po-cltg., the sides of its
abdomen thickly covered with pollen; 2. Biastes brevicornis Pz. (the parasite of 1),
rare: (Trieste), 3. Halictus cephalicus JJor., 9 and 4, skg.; 4. H. morio #. 9 and 8;
5. H. subauratus Ross?; 6. H. leucozonius Schr. 9, very common; 7. H. morbillosus
Krchb. 9 and é; 8. H. scabiosae Rossz, very common, skg. and po-cltg., the most
frequent pollinator on the Austrian coast; 9. Prosopis sp.
Knuth gives the following.—
I. For Schleswig-Holstein—A. Diptera. Syrphidac: all po-dvg.: 1. Eristalis
gp.; 2. E. tenax Z.; 3. Helophilus pendulus Z.; 4. Syrphus balteatus Deg.
B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: all skg. and po-cltg.: 5. Apis mellifica Z.; 6. Bombus
sp.; 7. B. terrester Z.
II. For the high land of Helgoland—A. Diptera. Muscidae: 1. Coelopa
frigida Fadl., skg. without effecting crossing; 2. Lucilia caesar Z., do. (11. 7.’95).
B. Orthoptera. 3. Forficula auricularia Z., dvg. the flowers.
The following were observed by Loew in Silesia (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 26).—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylidae: 1. Anthrax maura L., skg.; 2. Systoechus sul-
phureus Afzkan., do. (4) Stratiomyidae: 3. Odontomyia viridula /., skg. (c) Syrphidae :
4. Chrysotoxum festivum Z.,skg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 5. Systropha spiralis
Oliv. & and 9, skg., the tufts of hair on the abdomen of the 9 thickly covered with
DAVIS. tl L
146 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
pollen; both sexes taking up night-quarters in the funnel-shaped corolla: this bec
seems to be a regular visitor in many localities (A. Karsch, ‘Insektenwelt,’ p. 272).
C. Lepidoptera. (a) Nociu:dae: 6. Plusia gamma L., skg. (6) Rhopalocera:
7. Argynnis dia Z.; 8. Pieris brassicae Z., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. —
H. de Vries (Netherlands), the honey-bee (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser.,
2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-bee and 2 butterflies (Pieris sp.)
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893. p. 329); (Pyrenees), a hover-fly (op. cit., iii,
1891, p. 310). Ducke (Trieste), the bee Osmia papaveris Zir.9. Schletterer (Pola),
the bee Prosopis hyalinata Sm., var. subquadrata Férst. Friese (on this species and
C. sepium), 2 bees—Systropha curvicornis Scop. (Hungary), and S. planidens Gir.,
freq. (Hungary, Austria, Thuringia, and Switzerland).
2o12. C. sepium L. (=Calystegia sepium &. &r.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’
p. 106; Delpino, ‘Alcuni appunti di geografia botanica,’ p. 17; Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
xxvii, 1869, p. 7943; Buchanan White, J. Bot., London, New Ser., ii, 1873; Herm.
Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 424-5, ‘Weit. Beob., III, pp. 6-7, ‘Alpenblumen,’
p- 2573; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 548; Wuyck, Ned. Kruidk. Arch.,
Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 1. Deel, 1894, pp. 1-45; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.,’
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894,
pp. 370-1; Burgerstein, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, vii, 1889, p. 370; Focke,
Kosmos, Stuttgart, xiv, 1884, p. 2913 Schwarz and Wehsarg, Jahrb. wiss. Bot.,
Leipzig, xv, 1884; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1894.)— This species
bears large homogamous diurnal hawk-moth flowers, white in colour, and odourless.
In spite of their conspicuousness they are but little frequented by insects. They
close during rainy weather, but remain open on moonlight nights. Their mechanism
agrees essentially with that of C. arvensis. Nectar is secreted and concealed as in
the latter, the broad bases of the five filaments surrounding it so as to leave only
five narrow nectar-passages. Above this the filaments lie close together, and bend
towards the middle of the flower, closely surrounding the style. The stigmatic
branches project beyond the extrorsely dehiscing anthers, so that insects probing
for nectar must first touch the stigmas and then the pollen-covered anthers, thus
cross-pollinating the second flower visited.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may be effected by the
bending down or fall of the corolla.
According to Warnstorf’s account the white anthers are extrorse, and usually
at a lower level than the stigma, more rarely at almost the same height. Their
inner sides are beset with droplets of viscid matter as in C. arvensis. Some or
all the anthers may be abortive, quite apart from the possible influence of the
fungus Thecaphora hyalinata Fingerh. (=T. capsularum Desm.) (cf Magnus, Verh.
bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896, p. 80). This would appear, however, to cause the
degeneration of the anthers in many cases where ils conidial form infests them.
Such flowers are smaller than the others, and their dirty-brown anthers are usually
borne on short filaments. The pollen-grains are white in colour, rounded, closely
beset with small tubercles, possessing germinating processes, and 88-93 yw in
diameter.
VisiTtors.—The characteristic visitor and legitimate pollinating agent is the
convolvulus hawk-moth (Sphinx convolvuli Z.), upon which the plant is so closely
CONVOLVULACEAE 147
dependent that its distribution seems to be determined by that of the moth. In
some localities the insect is tolerably rare, and pollination being correspondingly
infrequent the plant would die out if it did not propagate vegetatively. In this
connection Vuyck points out that there are stems of two kinds, the ordinary
twining ones, and others that do not twine. The latter are generally lower
branches, but they may be produced higher up, and then grow right down to
the ground, sometimes attaining a very great length, and sending out roots here
and there.
Buchanan White says that the convolvulus hawk-moth is rare in England, and
that the plant rarely sets fruit. In Scotland, where the moth does not occur, the
convolvulus is seldom met with in the wild state. T.H. Corry states that in North
Ireland this species is far commoner than C. arvensis, and the convolvulus hawk-
moth is comparatively abundant. Hermann Miiller adds that for the area of
distribution of the plant to extend somewhat outside that of the moth would be
intelligible, as there are other insects that play the part of pollinators, though to
a subordinate degree.
The hawk-moth in question has been observed by Delpino (Florence), Herm.
Miiller (Westphalia), Alfken (Bremen), and Knuth (Kiel). Herm. Miller (H. M.)
and Buddeberg (Budd.) add the following list.—
A. Coleoptera. Nitidulidae: 1. Meligethes sp., uncommonly numerous,
po-dvg. and forcing its way into the nectar-passages (H. M.). 3B. Diptera.
(a) Empidae. 2. Empis sp., inserting its proboscis into the nectar-passages (H. M.);
3. E. tessellata #., skg. (H. M.). (4) Syrphidae: 4. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. and
po-dvg. (H. M.). C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 5. Chelostoma nigricorne JVy. 6,
freq., skg. (H. M.); 6. Halictus cylindricus /. 4, do. (H. M.); 7. H. zonulus Sm. 9,
po-cltg. (H. M.); 8. Megachile centuncularis Z. 3, skg. (H. M.); 9. Stelis aterrima
P:.%, do. (Budd.). D. Thysanoptera. 10. Thrips, very numerous (H. M.).
Vuyck gives the following list of species (determined by Ritzema).—
A. Hymenoptera. Afgidae: 1. Bombus terrester Z. ¥; 2. B. hypnorum Z. 6;
3. B. agrorum #. ¥; 4. Megachile centuncularis Z.9; 5. Halictus cylindricus J. 9;
6. Vespa rufa Z. ¥. B. Diptera. (a) Syrphrdae: 7. Eristalis tenax Z. 9 and 6;
8. E. arbustorum L. 6; 9. E. horticola Deg. 9; 10. Syrphus balteatus Deg. é and 9;
ri. S. ribesii Z. 8 and 9; 12. S. pyrastri Z. 9; 13. S. corollae /. 9; 14. Helophilus
pendulus Z.9; 15. Rhingia campestris Ale. 9. (6) Empidae: 16. Empis livida ZL.
é and 9. (c) Afuscidae: 147. Sarcophaga albiceps Afg.$; 18. Lucilia cornicina
Fabr.d; 19. Anthomyia sp. 9.
The humble-bees mentioned, especially Bombus agrorum /,, play a considerable
part in pollination, which is also effected by the po-dvg. hover-flies, though these
usually bring about autogamy. The remaining insects, to which the earwig
(Forficula auricularia Z.) may be added, are unbidden guests.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel), the beetle Meligethes as an unbidden guest. MacLeod (Flanders),
2 hover-flies, an Empid, and a short-tongfied bee (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi,
1894, p- 371). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees and an Empid (‘ Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 120). Ducke (Trieste), the bee Eucera (Macrocera) malvae
Rossi.
L2
148 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2013. C. Cantabrica L._—
Visirors.—Schletterer observed 5 bees at Pola—
1. Andrena nana X.; 2. Ceratina cucurbitina Ross?; 3. Crocisa major Mor.;
4. Halictus variipes Mor.; 5. H. villosulus 4.
2014. C. Soldanella L. (=Calystegia Soldanella R. Br.).—The plants of this
species examined by MacLeod on the dunes at Blankenberg were gynodioecious.
The mechanism of the hermaphrodite flowers is similar to that of C. arvensis.
They are rose-coloured, with five longitudinal white streaks, and their diameter is
40-50 mm. The style terminates in two thick papillose stigmatic lobes, and the
relative length of it and the stamens is very variable. Sometimes the stigma projects
as much as 5 mm. beyond the anthers so that automatic self-pollination is impeded ;
and sometimes it is at a lower level, so that autogamy is inevitable. There are
numerous intermediate stages between these two extremes.
The female flowers possess a long style and short stamens, of which the
anthers are the same in form as in hermaphrodite blossoms, but do not dehisce
and dry up from the base. Both kinds of flower are fertile.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
MacLeod, a small bee and the earwig (dvg. the anthers), as unbidden guests.
H. de Vries (Netherlands), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /. ¥, and B. terrester
L. % (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875).
2015. C. siculus. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 230, 333.)—
Kerner states that in this Mediterranean species the style is produced into two long
filiform stigmas. One of these is vertical and forms a direct continuation of the
style, while the other diverges at an angle of 60°, and is disposed like a barrier
at the entrance of the flower. The stamens are applied to the style, and when
the corolla expands their anthers lie on the upright stigma, though when dehiscence
takes place autogamy is at first hindered, for the clefts of the anthers are turned
outwards, so that insects probing for nectar remove the pollen and transfer it to
the transverse stigma of the next flower visited. Later on the anthers shrivel up,
and get covered all over with pollen, which is unavoidably transferred to the upright
stigma, thus rendering autogamy ultimately possible.
2016. C. tricolor L.—The flowers of this Mediterranean species, which is
cultivated in Germany, are ephemeral. Kerner says that they open about 7-8 a.m.,
closing again about 6-8 p.m. Comes (‘ Ult. stud.’) describes them as self-fertile.
619. Ipomoea L.
2017. I. purpurea Roth. (Burgerstein, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, vii, 1889;
Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 336.)—Cultivated plants of this species
examined by Burgerstein and Kerner were protogynous. The stamens are usually
applied to the style, and being of different lengths the anthers do not lie side by side,
but collectively afford a relatively long surface where pollen is present. At first
automatic self-pollination is hindered, not only on account of protogyny, but also
because the stigmas project beyond the anthers. Darwin and Kerner, however, say
CONVOLVULACEAE 149
that it takes place later on, for the stamens elongate so that the two or three longest
touch the stigma. Kerner adds that it is in any case inevitable, for when the corolla
withers it rolls up and presses the anthers against the stigma.
2018. I. Pes-tigridis L. (Dillenius, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863, p. 310.)—
This species bears cleistogamous flowers.
620. Cuscuta L.
Small inconspicuous flowers, aggregated into clusters or spikes; usually homo-
gamous ; with concealed nectar, secreted by the base of the ovary. Kerner says that
autogamy is brought about by convergence of the filaments. Cleistogamy frequent.
2019. C. Epithymum Murr. (including C. trifolii Bad.). (Herm. Miller, ‘Weit.
Beob.,’ III, pp. 7-8; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 330; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 550; Warnstorf, Verh, bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Knuth,
‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 106-7.)—The flowers of this species are whitish
or reddish, and usually pentamerous, though in some cases 4-, 3-, or 2-merous. The
nectar is protected from rain by five or a smaller number of scales which bend
together over the ovary. The lobes of the corolla are at first directed obliquely
upwards, but subsequently spread out horizontally. The stamens mature at the
same time as the stigmas, and are considerably longer than the two styles (especially
in the variety /rzfol? Bab.). The latter are generally irregularly curved, and their
upper stigmatic region is of a purple colour. Cross-pollination by means of insects
is favoured, for anthers and stigmas are generally touched by opposite sides of their
proboscis. But autogamy is easy should insect-visits fail, for the stigmas lie in the
line of fall of the pollen.
Warnstorf describes the whitish or reddish flowers as feebly protandrous. The
yellow anthers are brown at the side and dehisce laterally before the purple stigmatic
branches attain their full maturity and project from the open corolla, while at the
same time the stamens and corolla-lobes curve outwards. Autogamy is thus at any
rate rendered very difficult. The pollen-grains are of golden-yellow colour, ellipsoidal,
closely tuberculate, up to 31 » long and 18-20 » broad.
The flowers of plants observed by me in the island of Amrum opened slightly
or not all; the automatic self-pollination which took place was followed by the
setting of abundant fruits.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 2 fossorial wasps—Crabro elongatus v. d. L., occasional, skg.,
and Philanthus triangulum & 4, freq., skg. Kohl (Tyrol), the true wasp Polistes
gallica Z.
2020. C. europaea (=C. major G7d.). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 550 ;
Cosson et Germain, ‘Atlas flore,’ pl. XIV, Paris, 1882; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 330-1; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, I,
391; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The flowers of this
species are usually reddish in colour, and, though somewhat larger than those of
the last species, Kirchner describes their mechanism as similar. Kerner found
150 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
automatic self-pollination to take place in open flowers, as well as peeneocleh:
stogamously in closed ones during bad weather.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as resembling those of the last species,
but rather larger, i.e. about 35 w long and 22 » broad.
621. Calonyction Choisy.
Darwin describes the flowers as self-sterile.
622. Dichondra Forst.
2021. D. repens Forst.—The flowers of this species are inconspicuous, green,
and sometimes cleistogamous (Justs bot. Jahresb., Leipzig, x1x, (1891) 1894, p. 424).
623. Mina Cerv.
2022, M. lobata Cerv. (Mattei, Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xxii, 1890,
Pp. 290-5.)—Mattei describes the flowers of this species as adapted to cross-
pollination by birds.
624. Quamoclit Tourn.
Species of this genus are ornithophilous.
LXXITI. ORDER SOLANACEAE JUSS.
LiteraTurE.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.” p. 106; R. von
Wettstein, ‘Solanaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 3 b, p. 8.
Flowers partly belong to class Po (Solanum), partly to C (Lycium), Hh
(Atropa, Scopolia), and L. (Nicotiana). Nectar is secreted below the ovary. The
flowers are protogynous or homogamous, and crossing is usually secured or favoured
by the projection of the stigma, while automatic self-pollination is generally rendered
possible towards the end of anthesis by alteration in position of the reproductive
organs or the flowers themselves.
625. Lycium L.
Flowers homogamous ; with concealed nectar, secreted by the ovary, and stored
in the base of the corolla-tube.
2023. L. vulgare Dun. (=L. barbarum Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’
pp. 426-7, ‘ Weit. Beob., II, pp. 23-4; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 565;
Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., pp. 108-9, 164: ‘Weit. Beob. ii. BI.
u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 238; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, I,
p. 366.)—In this species the lighter throat of the dull-violet corolla is marked with
dark-violet lines serving as nectar-guides. The corolla-tube is 7-10 mm. long, and
its upper end broadens like a funnel, afterwards passing into a limb 16-22 mm. in
diameter. The inside is smooth, but the throat is lined with thick woolly hairs
which protect the nectar against rain and unbidden guests. The stigma and
stamens mature simultaneously, and the filaments and style are usually of the
same length, but the latter may be bent upwards so as to take the stigma away
from the anthers. As a rule, however, it is in immediate contact with them, so that
SOLANACEAE 151
insect-visits may bring about self- and cross-pollination with equal ease. Should
these fail autogamy is inevitable.
Kerner has described short-styled flowers
in which subsequent growth of the corolla for
about 4 cm. brings the anthers into contact
with the stigma, so that autogamy takes place.
I observed the following mechanism in
long-styled flowers, especially those from the
neighbourhood of Kiel—The style is at first
somewhat longer than the stamens, and almost
always bent downwards, while the stamens
are bent upwards, thus separating the mature
stigma and the pollen-covered anthers. Bees
when visiting the flowers climb up the style and stamens to the opening of the
corolla-tube touching first the stigma and then the anthers, and thus effecting
cross-pollination. Later on, when the flowers are already beginning to lose their
violet colour, the style and filaments straighten out, while the latter elongate to
some extent. Stigma and anthers are thus brought into contact, so that automatic
self-pollination takes place.
Fic. 280. Lycium vulgare, Dun.(after Herm.
Miller). (1) Flower seen directly from the front.
(2) Do., partly dissected from the side. a, nectar-
cover; sé, stigma.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller
observed the honey-bee and 2
humble-bees (Bombus:agrorum
F.9, and B. lapidarius Z. 9) in
Westphalia, and his son the
following in Thuringia. —
A. Diptera. Syrphidae:
1. Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-
dvg. B. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 2. Anthophora aestivalis
Pz. 8 skg., 9 skg. and po-cltg. ;
3. A. quadrimaculata Pz. 9 and
din large numbers, skg.; 4. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 5. Bombus
agrorum /”. ¥, do.; 6. B. ra-
jellus X. 9 and ¥, skg. and po-
cltg.; 7. B. sylvarum JZ. 9, skg.;
8. B. tristis Sed. 9, do.; 9.
Eucera longicornis Z. é do., 9
skg. and po-cltg.; 10. Melecta
luctuosa Scop. 3, skg.
Alfken and Leege (L.) give
the following list for Juist.—
A. Diptega.
(a) Muscidae: 1.
2. Pipizella virens /. B. Hymenoptera.
Fic. 281.
Lyctum vulgare, Dun. (photographed from nature ;
X 3). (1) Flower in the first stage (cross-pollination): the fila-
ments with their dehisced anthers are directed upwards, and the
style with its mature stigma downwards. (2) Do., in the second
stage (self-pollination): anthers and stigma are brought so near
together that automatic self-pollination is brought about by direct
contact. a, anthers; ¢, corolla; s, stigma.
To bring the flowers into their natural position they must be
supposed rotated through go° to the left.
Nemoraea radicum #. (4) Syrphidae:
(2) Apidae: 3. Bombus distinguendus
Mor. %, po-cltg. and skg.; 4. B. hortorum Z.; 5. B. lucorum Z. ¥ and 6;
6. B. muscorum /. 9 and é; 7. B. terrester Z. Yandé; 8. Podalirius vulpinus Pz.
g, tare. (4) Chrystdidae: 9. Cleptes nitidulus F. 9, rare. C. Lepidoptera.
Noctuidae: 10. Plusia chrysitis Z., once (L.).
152 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (North Frisian Islands), the honey-bee, 5 humble-bees (1. Bombus
agrorum F.; 2. B. cognatus Sveph.; 3. B. lapidarius Z.; 4. B. pratorum Z.; 5. B.
terrester Z.), some Anthophilids, and a butterfly (Pieris sp.), all skg.: (Riigen), the
bee Podalirius aestivalis Pz. 9. Friese gives 4 parasitic bees—1. Crocisa major Lep.
(Bordeaux, /es/e Pérez); 2. C. ramosa Lep. (Hungary); 3. C. scutellaris / (Merseburg
in Germany); 4. C. truncata Per., a 9 (Hungary).
626. Solanum L.
Homogamous to protogynous pollen flowers; sometimes, perhaps, with juicy
basal tissue.
2024. S. tuberosum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., p. 129; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation, pp. 425-6; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 339;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 566; ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Kerner says that
the white or pale-violet flowers of this species droop at night, owing to bending of the
peduncles, and raise themselves again during the day. In the diurnal position the
peduncle is approximately horizontal, so that the
plane of the corolla-limb is about vertical. Ac-
cording to Kerner, the flowers are open between
6-7 a.m., and 2-3 p.m., but some observed by me
remained open all day. The five yellow anthers
converge to form a cone projecting straight out
of the flower, and surrounding the style, which
projects beyond it, bending more or less down-
Fic. 282, Solanum tuberosum, L. wards. ‘The anthers dehisce by terminal pores,
(from nature). Flower seen from the front. ‘ ee ¥ s
a, anther-pores; s, stigma. and anything striking against them causes a little
pollen to fall out.
Owing to the position of the stigma, it is first touched by insect visitors, so that
cross-pollination is favoured. But, on account of the lack of nectar and scanty
yield of pollen, visits are few and automatic self-pollination is necessary. Kerner
says that this is effected by folding of the corolla, any pollen clinging to which may
be transferred to the stigma; while Herm. Miiller states that the downward curve of
the style is often strong enough to bring the stigma into the line of fall of the pollen.
Some varieties are self-sterile (Tinzmann), other cultivated forms self-fertile
(Woodstock, Kidney, Grampian, and so forth). Of other kinds, some never bear
flowers (Ashleaf), while in others the flower-buds fall off without opening (Inter-
national); sometimes individual flowers open, but they and the buds fall off
almost at once (Snowflake), or the flowers may open, but produce no seeds on
account of the absence of pollen (Early Rose, Beauty of Hebron), and this is true
for still other cases where abundant pollen is produced (King of Potatoes). (Justs
bot. Jahresber., Leipzig, viii, (1880) 1883, p. 161.)
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel, on flowers that were mostly protogynous), the po-dvg. hover-fly
Syrphus balteatus Deg., and the beetle Meligethes: (Helgoland), 2 po-dvg. Muscids—
Coelopa frigida Fa//., and Lucilia caesar Z. Herm. Miiller, 2 hover-flies—Eristalis
a
SOLANACEAE 153
tenax Z., and Syritta pipiens Z. MacLeod (Flanders), the beetle Meligethes, and
a butterfly (Pieris brassicae Z.), trying to suck.
2025. S. Dulcamara L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 129; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’
II, p. 295; Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 20-2, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 266;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 339; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ pp. 566-7 ; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 109, ‘Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’)—The blossoms of this species are homogamous, faintly fragrant, and
marked with violet veins. Hermann Miiller considers them to be deceptive flowers,
while Delpino refers them to the Borago type, thus placing them among the bee
flowers. (Cf Vol. I, p. 19.) The anthers make up a cone, and are borne on short
stiff filaments, darkly coloured externally. These project vertically from the concave
receptacle, which is of a blue-black colour, and shines as if it were covered with a thin
layer of fluid. The receptacle is encircled by capitate projections, green with white
margins, and placed in pairs at the bases of the corolla-lobes. They, like the
receptacle, look damp and are regarded by Hermann Miller as pseudo-nectaries.
Observation has shown that flies actually first visit these projections and the shining
receptacle, testing them with their proboscis-lobes, and then go to the stigma and
the pollen-yielding tips of the anthers. When this procedure is repeated in several
flowers cross-pollination is brought about.
Delpino’s view, on the other hand, is supported by the observations of Hoffer
(Kosmos, Stuttgart, xvi, 1885), who regards the projections at the base of the petals
as actual nectaries. My own chemical examination of the flowers affords further
evidence in the same direction. (C/ Leucojum aestivum Z.)
Warnstorff describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, very small, rounded
or ellipsoidal, smooth, about 15 « long and 10-12 yp broad.
VisiTors.—Hoffer records the following, sometimes represented by 30 to 40
individuals visiting the same shrub simultaneously, and all to some extent skg.—
A. Hymenoptera. (a) Afrdae: 1. Apis mellifica Z.%; 2. Bombus agrorum
F. %; 3. B. confusus Schenck §; 4. B. hortorum Z. ¥; 5. B. hypnorum Z. ¥;
6. B. lapidarius Z.; 7. B. pratorum Z. ¥; 8. B. terrester Z7.; 9. Osmia sp.
(4) Vesprdae: 10. Vespa sylvestris Scop. ¥, casual. B. Diptera. Syrphidac:
11. Rhingia rostrata Z., po-dvg.; 12. Volucella bombylans Z, C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 13. Argynnis paphia Z.
Hoffer expressly states that the humble-bees mentioned not only search for
pollen, but also for fluid at the base of the corolla, and that the butterflies touch
the green projections with their proboscis,
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (North Germany, after long and repeated watching), po-dvg. hover-flies
(Syritta pipiens Z., and Eristalis tenax Z.) and po-clig. bees (Apis mellifica Z .Y, and
Bombus terrester Z. ¥), so that the flowers actually appear to be adapted to the two
kinds of guest. von Fricken (Westphalia and East Prussia), the Nitidulid beetle Pria
dulcamarae ///. (also by Redtenbacher at Vienna) and the Curculionid beetle, Cionus
solani #. Herm. Miller (Alps), a2 Bombus, a Syrphus, and a Pieris. MacLeod
(Pyrenees), a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 312).
2026. S. nigrum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 129; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ p. 426, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 23; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 567; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 240; Knuth, ‘BI. u.
154 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 109, 164, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The homogamous
nectarless flowers of this species are directed vertically or obliquely downwards, and
close at night. The corolla is usually of a pure white colour, but in some cases its
lobes are tipped with blue, and not infrequently a narrow blue line runs down the
middle of each lobe to the throat, which is then commonly of an orange-yellow.
Hermann Miiller regards this coloration as perhaps the beginning of adaptation
to cross-pollination by means of flies. The tips of the corolla-lobes are reflexed, and
the cone of anthers projects in the direction of the floral axis. The stigma protrudes
a little beyond this cone, and pollen escapes from the terminal pores of the anthers
when the flower is vigorously shaken. Insect visitors climb up from below on the
erect somewhat curly hairs covering the short stiff filaments.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Sprengel, bees: ‘They struck vigorously against the anthers, so that pollen
fell out, and little white balls of this were to be seen on their hind-legs.’ Knuth,
bees (Apis, Anthophora sp., Bombus agrorum /., and B. terrester Z. ¥). Herm.
Miller, 2 po-dvg. hover-flies—Melithreptus scriptus Z., and Syritta pipiens Z.
Buddeberg, 2 po-dvg. hover-flies—Ascia podagrica /, and Syritta pipiensZ. MacLeod
(Flanders), the hover-fly Syritta (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 371).
2027. S. rostratum Dun. (Herm. Miller, Kosmos, Stuttgart, xii, 1883.)—
In the flowers of this species the style is turned to the right or left. (For a fuller
description cf Vol. I, p. 107.)
627. Physalis L.
Flowers protogynous; with concealed nectar secreted at the base of the ovary,
and stored at the bottom of the corolla-tube. Described as ‘revolver flowers’ by
Ixerner.
2028. P. Alkekengi L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 127; Kirchner, ‘ Flora
v. Stuttgart,’ p. 569; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 366.)—The
protogynous dirty-white flowers of this species are either pendulous or directed
obliquely downwards. The lobes of the corolla are spread out flat, and marked
with green veins serving as nectar-guides, besides which there is a circle of green
spots above the insertions of the stamens. In the bottom of the corolla-tube
there is a small quantity of nectar, protected from unbidden guests by hairs
which line the tube at the bases of the filaments. Kerner describes five grooves
in the corolla, which abut against the woolly filaments in the centre of the flower
so that tubular passages are formed. (‘Revolver flowers.’) The pollen-covered
sides of the anthers are so disposed at the opening of the flower that they must
be touched by insects probing for nectar.
Kirchner states that the stigma is mature when the flower opens, at which
time it projects about 4 mm. beyond the still undehisced anthers. The stamens
are at first curved outwards and their anthers dehisce extrorsely. Later on they
approach the stigma, which still projects beyond them, and as this remains receptive
automatic self-pollination can now easily take place by fall of pollen. Kerner
describes a subsequent growth of the corolla-tube, by which the anthers are brought
up to the stigma and autogamy effected.
SOLANACEAE 155
628. Nicandra Adans.
Flowers with concealed nectar, secreted by the base of the ovary.
2029. N. physaloides Gaertn. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 126; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 217.)—The whitish bell-shaped flowers of this
species possess a bright-blue corolla-limb. Kerner says they open about 11-12
in the morning, closing again about 3-4 p.m. The filaments bend into a
semicircular curve, bringing the anthers into contact with the stigma and thus
automatically effecting self-pollination. The stigma withers and turns brown an
hour after it is pollinated, the style falls off at the same time, and the corolla
fades. Sprengel states that the bases of the anthers are thickly clothed with hairs
serving as nectar-covers. The nectar-guides are in the form of five dark-blue
blotches at the base of the corolla, alternating with the filaments and situated
immediately above the nectar-covers.
Visitors. —In the Garden of the Kiel Ober-Realschule I saw (10. 9.’97)
honey-bees which crawled completely into the flowers to suck the nectar, and
effected cross-pollination.
629. Atropa L.
Protogynous humble-bee flowers; with nectar secreted at the base of the
ovary, and concealed in the lowest contracted part of the bell-shaped corolla.
2030. A. Belladonna L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 24-6;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,” pp. 569-70; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’ ;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl. Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 305.)—In
this species the limb and ventricose part of the corolla
are coloured dirty-brown red, and its lower part dirty
yellow-green. The measurements of the bell correspond
in size and shape to a medium-sized humble-bee. The
flowers are directed obliquely downwards, horizontally,
or it may be upwards, so that their interior is not always
protected from rain. Small unbidden insect guests are
kept away from the nectar by strong erect hairs which
cover each filament for a length of 4 mm. At the same
level as the uppermost part of this barrier the corolla
is thickly lined by small stiff erect hairs.
The stigma projects considerably beyond the stamens,
and is mature at the beginning of anthesis, while its position FiGaey,, Advil Bileadonne,
is such that humble-bees creeping into the flower must at Z. (from nature). Flower after re-
; j : moval of half the calyx and corolla.
once touch it, forthe style is slightly bent downwards, and ag, anthers; 7, nectary; s, stigma.
its stigma-bearing end turns slightly upwards. The an-
thers are at this stage still closed. They lie within the corolla-tube, for the filaments
are curved inwards. Later on they dehisce and become covered all over with pollen,
while at the same time the filaments straighten to some extent. But they remain
more or less curved inwards, so that the stigma continues to project beyond them,
and is first touched by insect visitors. Cross-pollination is thus ensured.
As the style with its stigma lies in the lower part of the bell, the latter is
156 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
always touched by the under-side of visitors, so that the upper anthers have
scarcely anything to do with cross-pollination, but on the other hand are useful
for autogamy, which may take place, as a last resort, by the fall of pollen,
should insect-visits fail.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, rounded polyhedral,
beset with lines of delicate papillae, and on an average 50 yw in diameter.
Kerner has observed a change of position between the anthers and stigma, the
latter occupying the middle of the flower in the first change of anthesis, while the
unripe anthers are apposed to the corolla. During the second stage these positions
are reversed. I have examined the flowers to see whether this is actually the case,
but am not able to confirm Kerner’s description. Kerner adds that the style falls off
and the corolla withers an hour after pollination.
VisiTors.—Buddeberg gives the following list for Nassau.—
A. Hymenoptera. Apzdac: all skg.: 1. Andrena gwynana X. 9; 2. Antho-
phora furcata Ps. 9; 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, numerous; 2. Bombus pratorum Z..,
very common; 5. Cilissa leporina Pz. 8; 6. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, freq.; 7. H.
leucopus A. 9, in large numbers; 8. H. malachurus X. 9, very numerous; 9. Mega-
chile centuncularis Z. 9, in large numbers, po-cltg. B.Thysanoptera. tro. Thrips,
numerous, penetrating to the nectar.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, the honey-bee and 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /. ¥, and B.
terrester Z. ¥, both skg. Herm. Miiller (Minster), the honey-bee, skg., and
Thrips. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 humble-bees—Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥,
and B. terrester Z. ¥, both skg. Plateau (Ghent), the honey-bee.
630. Mandragora L.
Flowers protogynous ; with concealed nectar, secreted at the base of the ovary.
2031. M. officinarum L. (=M. vernalis Bersol.). (Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlechts-
Vert. b. d. Pf”; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 265 ; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng.
Ed. 1, II, p. 279.)—In this Mediterranean species the flowers smell like nightshade
and are directed upwards. Kerner says that the lobes of the corolla close together
at night and during rainy weather. The flowers lie close to the ground. Loew
describes the corolla as of a dull-bluish colour inside, beset with peculiar glandular
villous projections and veined with yellow-green externally. The nectar is protected
from unbidden guests by thick tufts of hair above the bases of the filaments. Kerner
says that a change of position takes place between the stigma and anthers. At first
the former occupies the centre of the flower, while the stamens with the unripe
anthers lie against the corolla. Two days later the style has bent to the side,
bringing the stigma to the corolla, while the stamens with their pollen-covered
anthers now occupy the middle of the flower. (Cf Hyoscyamus, Atropa, and
Scopolia.)
Visirors.—Loew saw the honey-bee, po-cltg., in the Berlin Botanic Garden
(‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 48).
631. Iochroma Benth.
2032. I. tubulosa Benth. (Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ p. 60.)—
Delpino describes this Mexican species as protogynous, with persistent stigmas.
SOLANACEAE 157
Visitors.—Delpino says that these are possibly humming-birds.
2033. I. macrocalyx Miers. (Lagerheim, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, ix, 1891,
pp. 348-51.)—
Vistrors.—Lagerheim states that these are humming-birds.
632. Scopolia Jacq.
Protogynous humble-bee flowers ; with nectar secreted by an annular disk below
the ovary.
2034. S. carniolica Jacq. (=S. atropoides Berch/. ef Presl, and Hyoscyamus
Scopolia Z.). (Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 18; Kerner, ‘Nat.
Hist. Pl., Eng. Ed. 1, I], p. 305; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 284; Warnstorf,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The pendulous bell-shaped flowers of this
species are of a brown colour externally, with yellow veins, and pale-yellow internally.
Loew describes them as about 25 mm. long and 15 mm. broad. The capitate stigma
projects beyond the anthers. Kerner says that the stigma and anthers change
places as in Mandragora.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, rounded tetrahedral,
smooth, up to 50 pw in diameter.
Visrtors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a bee with rust-red covering
of hairs (Andrena fulva Schr. 9) creeping right into the flowers and skg.
633. Hyoscyamus L.
Homogamous humble-bee flowers; with nectar secreted by the base of the
ovary, and concealed in the corolla-tube.
2035. H. niger L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 124-5; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fer-
tilisation,’ p. 427; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 571; Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl.,
Cassel, viii, 1881, p. 89; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896 ; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl, Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 305, 306.)—The flowers of this species are
directed obliquely downwards. The feebly zygomorphous corolla is of a dirty
pale-yellow colour, with violet nectar-guides. The filaments are covered with
hairs above their insertions, and apply themselves to the downwardly bent style.
At their bases are three nectar-passages blocked by hairs. As the stigma projects
beyond the anthers, cross-pollination by insects is favoured. Kerner says that the
anthers are at first situated about 7 mm. below the stigma, but the corolla grows so
as to bring them to the same level by the evening, with the result that autogamy
takes place. He adds that stigma and anthers change places, as in Mandragora,
Scopolia, and others.
In fully fruiting plants of the variety 6. agrestis Veit., Ludwig noticed that
the last flowers on the inflorescence and its branches were reduced, the lower
of these being cleistogamously autocarpous, while the terminal ones were represented
by vestigial calyces, either empty or completely sterile.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, densely
tuberculate, about 44 » long and 36 p broad.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
158 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Sprengel, humble-bees. Knuth, 3 humble-bees, all skg.—1. Bombus agrorum
F. 8; 2. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 3. B. terrester Z. ¥. Herm. Miiller, the small bee
Halictus cylindricus F. 9, po-dvg. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee
(‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 124).
2036. H. albus L. (Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Capri,’ p. 11;
Comes, ‘ Ult. stud.’)—In this species the yellowish-white corolla projects for 2 cm.
from the villous sticky calyx, which is 1-5 cm. long. The stigma is receptive when
the flower opens, at which time the anthers of uppermost five stamens dehisce
and pollinate it. The remaining stamens develop successively, and in doing so
approximate themselves to the stigma. Automatic self-pollination is therefore
inevitable, and Comes states that it is effective.
634. Petunia Juss.
2037. P. violacea Lind].—Darwin describes this species as self-sterile.
2038. P. nyctaginifolia Juss. (Comes, ‘Ult. stud.’)—Comes states that this
species is infertile if insect-visits fail.
635. Nicotiana L.
Protogynous or homogamous flowers belonging to class C or L: with nectar
secreted by the base of the ovary, and stored in the corolla-tube.
2039. N. Tabacum L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 572-3; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—In this species the corolla is 50-70 mm. long: its
upper part is bell-shaped,
7 . with a throat ro mm. in dia-
eT meter, and rose-coloured with
a darker middle line on each
of the expanded lobes. The
corolla-tube is about 30 mm.
long and 5 mm. broad. A
considerable part of it is filled
with the abundant nectar. The
lower parts of the filaments are
B eh fused with the corolla-tube, and
: these parts are covered with
soft hairs.
When the flower opens
the stigma is mature, while the
anthers either dehisce simul-
taneously, or later, according
Cua to the variety. The relative
Fic. 284. Wécoliana Zabacum, L. (from nature). .4. Flower seen
from the side. B. Do., partly dissected. length of stamens and style
also differs in different varieties.
One of the five anthers is always situated below the stigma, and at a tolerably lower
level; while the other four are either all at the same height as the stigma (or one
somewhat lower) or two are higher and two at the same level.
1 id
= a
>
SOLANACEAE 159
Cross-pollination by insects is only favoured in the feebly protogynous flowers,
or in homogamous ones when the stigma projects beyond the anthers. Automatic
self-pollination is easily possible and generally inevitable. Kerner found that
autogamy was effected, as in Hyoscyamus, by elongation of the corolla for
almost $ cm.
Visttors.—In the Kiel Botanic Garden I observed (29. 8.’96) the hawk-moth
Macroglossa stellatarum Z., skg. Also, in the Garden of the Kiel Ober-Realschule,
several honey-bees creeping into the flowers and remaining there for some seconds,
so that they probably were able to suck some nectar, and might have effected
cross-pollination.
2040. N. rustica L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., p. 125; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 573; Focke, Kosmos, Leipzig, vi, 1879-80, p. 473; Comes, ‘ Ult.
stud.’)— The corolla of this species is yellowish-green with a short tube. The
filaments bend over the ovary to the style, but diverge from it higher up. Their
lower parts are clothed with soft hairs, which protect the nectar from rain, and
leave only five narrow passages to it. Comes describes the species as self-fertile.
Focke observed that humble-bees visited the hybrid N. rustica x N. paniculata,
stealing the nectar by perforating the corolla, but they took no notice of the parent
species N. rustica.
636. Physochlaina G. Don.
2041. P. orientalis G. Don. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, pp. 50-2.)—
The dull-violet net-veined corolla of this species is a gradually widening tube of
18-20 mm. long, 4 mm. broad below, and 12 mm. above. The anthers protrude
from its throat, and the style projects 6 mm. beyond them. Nectar is secreted by
a swelling at the base of the ovary. The length of the style and the marked
protogyny ensure crossing by insect visitors.
Visrtors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 bees, po-clig.— Apis
mellifica Z. Y, and Halictus cylindricus F. 9.
637. Datura L.
Homogamous moth flowers ; with
nectar secreted by the base of the ovary,
and concealed between the roots of the
filaments.
2042. D. Stramonium L.
(Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 122-3;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I, PL. 7374; Ker- Fic. 285. Datura Stramonium, L. (from nature).
ner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. I, II, he as dissected from the side, and somewhat
pp. 212-13; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver.,
Berlin, xxxvili, 1896; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 571-2; Knuth, ‘Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—Kerner states that the flowers of this species close periodically,
and open between 7 and 8 p.m. According to Kirchner, anthesis lasts for
only one day. The flowers possess a well-marked, disagreeable musky odour,
and when they are freshly opened this is stronger in the evening than
160 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
during the day. They close in dull weather by folding the funnel-shaped
corolla. As night flowers they possess no nectar-guides, and are generally quite
white in colour, sometimes with a reddish or bluish tinge. The corolla-tube is
55 to 65 mm. long, and broadens out into a limb. The lower parts of the
filaments’ are fused with the corolla-tube by their narrow posterior edges, and
their anterior margins are broadened out in such a way that their edges touch.
In this way are bounded five long tubular nectar-passages. (‘Revolver flowers.’)
The inner sides of the filaments are beset with short upwardly directed hairs.
Stigma and anthers are at about the same level. As the flowers are tolerably
upright, automatic self-pollination can take place if insect-visits fail, and when the
corolla closes this is inevitable. Schulz states, however, that the stigma sometimes
projects beyond the anthers. He was unable to detect nectar in the flowers.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, of irregular rounded
polyhedral shape, and on an average 56 w in diameter.
Visitors.—I observed only the beetle Meligethes, freq.
638. Nierembergia Ruiz et Pav.
2043. N. linariaefolia R. Grah. (=N. filicaulis Zevd/.). (Francke, Inaug.-
Dissert., Halle, 1883.)—Francke describes this species as protogynous. The
anthers roof over the stigma.
639. Saracha Ruiz et Pav.
2044. S. viscosa Link. (Francke, Inaug.-Dissert., Halle, 1883.)—Francke
describes this species as protogynous, but autogamy is ultimately possible.
LXXIV. ORDER SCROPHULARINEAE RB. BR.
LireraTurE.—Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 429-65, ‘ Alpenblumen,
pp. 303-7; Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 79; R. von Wettstein, ‘ Scrophula-
riaceae, in Engler and Prantl’s ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam., IV, 3 b, pp. 46-7.
In this corner the brightly coloured corolla makes the flowers conspicuous, and
this is enhanced by their aggregation into racemose inflorescences. Yellow and red
predominate, while many tropical species are scarlet. Variations of colour are found
in some instances, most strikingly in Linaria. The flowers of L. virgata Desf, for
example, are generally purple, and those of L. reflexa Desf. yellow, but in the
mountains these are white (Wettstein). Most species of Verbascum bear pollen
flowers, in those of the remaining genera nectar is secreted at the base of the
ovary, or in Pentstemon at the bases of the filaments. With reference to
concealment of nectar the following flower classes are represented in the order.—
C (Veronica) ; H (Digitalis, Linaria, Euphrasia, Rhinanthus, Melampyrum, Bartsia,
Pedicularis); L (Rhinanthus alpinus Kock); F (Tozzia alpina Z.).
Hermann Miiller distinguishes the following four groups.—
(1) Short-tubed open flowers (Verbascum, Veronica), with freely projecting
stamens and pistil, which insect visitors usually touch at random. The stigma
generally matures, however, before the anthers. The pollinators are bees and flies.
SCROPHULARINEAE 161
(2) Shortly bell-shaped, widely opened, brownish flowers (Scrophularia), with
abundant easily visible nectar, in which stigma and stamens mature in succession,
and are touched by insect visitors from below. These are chiefly wasps.
- (3) Flowers with a long corolla-tube, open (Digitalis) or closed (Antirrhinum,
Linaria), into which visitors introduce themselves entirely or largely, and touch the
stamens and stigma with their upper-side. The pollinators are the larger bees.
(4) Flowers with a narrow corolla-tube (Tozzia, Euphrasia, Rhinanthus,
Melampyrum, Pedicularis), with an upper lip sheltering the anthers, and a lower
lip serving as a platform for insect visitors, which are dusted with the smooth
powdery pollen. The forms with the shortest corolla-tubes are pollinated by
flies; those with tubes of medium length by bees and flies; and those with long
tubes almost exclusively by humble-bees.
In all species the stigma is first touched by insect visitors, so that cross-
pollination is ensured, and this is rendered certain by dichogamy in many cases.
Automatic self-pollination often takes place should insect-visits fail, In some
species insect-visits and consequent crossing are so perfectly provided for that
autogamy does not take place.
640. Verbascum Tourn.
Partly pollen flowers, partly flowers with nectar, sparingly secreted in small
drops on the inner sides of the petals.
In my opinion the hairs on the filaments serve to increase the conspicuousness
of the flowers, at least when their colour differs from that of the petals. But, as
Delpino points out, that they also act as holdfasts for insects climbing over the
flowers. Kerner says they are devoured by insect visitors, and Hermann Miller
that they are licked by these.
In many cases conspicuousness is enhanced by the different colour of the
anthers. But this end is chiefly brought about by aggregation of the flowers into
elongated inflorescences.
2045. V. thapsiforme Schrad. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 267;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 575; Schulz, ‘Beitrage’; Maury, Bull. soc. bot.,
Paris, xxxiii, 1886, pp. 529-36; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Warnstorf, Verh.
bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The golden-yellow flowers of this species are
aggregated into elongated inflorescences, and are devoid of nectar and nectar-
guides. They vary from feebly protogynous to homogamous. The corolla remains
expanded even during rain, and its diameter is about 40 mm. Its lowest lobe serves
as an alighting platform, is larger than the four others, depressed in the middle, and
about 20 mm. broad. The three upper stamens are beset with white hairs and
somewhat bent upwards: the two lower ones project about 4 mm. more out of
the flower, and their anthers dehisce longitudinally on the side turned towards
the style. The flowers are nearly vertical, and the style is beneath all the five
stamens. Its end is somewhat bent upwards, and the stigma projects about 4 mm.
beyond the two lower stamens, so that it is first touched by the larger insect
visitors, and cross-pollination necessarily results. This is also favoured by feeble
protogyny, and Kirchner asserts that automatic self-pollination never takes place.
DAVIS. 11 M
162 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
* Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as orange-yellow in colour, ellipsoidal,
densely tuberculate, 37-40 » long and 25-7 » broad.
In this species (and V. Thapsus Z., V. phlomoides, Z., V. pulverulentum V72/.,
V. Lychnitis Z., V. Blattaria Z., and V. blattarioides ? auct.), according to Maury, the
anthers dehisce and touch the stigma when the flowers open. This does not,
however, result in fertilization, for the stigmatic papillae are not yet developed. At
this time, too, the conducting tissue of the style is very dense, offering great
resistance to the penetration of pollen-tubes, and the ovules are immature.
Pollination becomes effective later on, when it is effected by insect visitors, or
as the result of contact between the pollen-covered anthers and stigma resulting
from the fall of the corolla.
Schulz observed gynomonoecism, rarely gynodioecism.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 Muscids, a Syrphid, 3 humble-bees, a true wasp, and
a Lepidopterid. Knuth (on garden plants), 2 po-cltg. humble-bees (Bombus
agrorum J. ¥, and B. terrester Z. Y) and 3 po-dvg. hover-flies—r. Eristalis
arbustorum Z.; 2. Syritta pipiens Z.; 3. Syrphus balteatus Deg.
2046. V. Thapsus L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.” p. 121; Herm. Miiller,
p- 430; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 340-1; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 576.)—The flowers of this species are only half as large as
those of V. thapsiforme, and of a brighter yellow. Darwin’s experiments show
that automatic self-pollination is completely effective.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: all po-dvg.: 1. Ascia podagrica #.; 2. Helophilus
floreus Z.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 4. Andrena
parvula A. 6, apparently skg.; 5. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, po-cltg.; 6. Bombus hortorum
L. %, do.; 7. B. scrimshiranus XK. 9, do.; 8. Halictus cylindricus /. 4, apparently
skg.; 9. H. smeathmanellus . 9, po-cltg. (4) Vespidae: 10. Polistes gallica L. 9,
apparently skg. (Thuringia).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, po-cltg. humble-bees (Bombus agrorum /.), and po-dvg. hover-flies,
(Syritta pipiens Z., and Syrphus ribesii Z.). von Fricken (Westphalia and East
Prussia), 2 Curculionid beetles—Cionus verbasci #., and C. thapsus #. Redten-
bacher (Vienna), the Curculionid Cionus blattariae # MHeinsius (Holland), the
po-cltg. humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. ¥, and the po-dvg. hover-fly Syritta
pipiens Z. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 57-9).
2047. V. phlomoides L.—As long ago as the forties it was noticed by
Gartner that the stamens of this species degenerate (and also those of V. nigrum Z.,
V. Blattaria Z., V. blattarioides Pauct., V. phoeniceum Z., and V. speciosum Schrad.).
Schulz describes the species as gynomonoecious, rarely gynodioecious ; while Comes
says it is self-fertile. (Cf also the remarks of Maury under V. thapsiforme.)
2048. N. Lychnitis L. (white-flowered type). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’
p. 430, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 26-8; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 577.) — The
flowers of this species are homogamous and devoid of nectar. The lowest corolla-
lobe is the longest, and the two upper ones the shortest, but in spite of this the
SCROPHULARINEAE 163
former does not serve as an alighting-platform, for after the flower opens it
becomes reflexed. The stiff filaments, which project straight out of the flower,
perform this function, especially the two somewhat longer lower ones, placed
below its centre. The filaments are clothed with clavate hairs. The style runs
out between the two lower stamens at the same or a lower level, and since it
projects beyond them the stigma must be first touched by insect visitors, and
cross-pollination ensured. Automatic self-pollination becomes possible when the
flowers fade, for then the stamens bend upwards and backwards and the style
more strongly downwards, while the corolla curves somewhat to the front. (Cf
also the remarks of Maury under V. thapsiforme.)
Visttors.—Loew saw the Tenthredinid Allantus scrophulariae Z. in the Berlin
Botanic Garden, and Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Thuringia.-—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Cionus hortulanus Marsh., sometimes
inside the flowers; 2. Gymnetron tetrum /., do. (4) Zéelephoridae: 3. Danacea
pallipes #., freq. in the flowers, po-dvg.(?). B. Diptera. Muscidae: 4. Anthomyia
sp., po-dvg. ©. Hemiptera. 5. Anthocoris sp. D. Hymenoptera. Apzdae:
6. Halictus leucopus K. 9; 7. H. minutissimus KX. 9, po-cltg.; 8. H. nitidus
Schenck 9, do.
2049. V. nigrum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” p. 122; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fer-
tilisation,’ pp. 429-30, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 26; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
pp. 576-7; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, and xxxviii, 1896.)—The
yellow flowers of this species are aggregated into elongated inflorescences, and
their conspicuousness is still further enhanced by violet hairs on the filaments,
and the orange-red anthers. The centre of the base of the corolla is marked
with five chestnut-brown patches, alternating with the bases of the filaments, and
Sprengel regarded these as nectar-guides, although he was unable to find any
nectar. The observations of Hermann Miiller confirm this view, for he found
a small moth (Ephestia clutella én.) sucking at the place thus indicated. In
many flowers he also noticed minute droplets of nectar on the smooth shining
inner side of the short corolla-tube.
Except that they are of smaller size, the homogamous, almost vertical flowers
agree essentially as to their mechanism with those of V. thapsiforme. The five
stamens project almost horizontally, for they diverge but little, and are only
slightly bent upwards. They are,of unequal length: the uppermost one being
the shortest, and the two lower ones the longest. The anthers dehisce extrorsely
and cover themselves all over with pollen. The style is a little shorter than
the lowest stamens, but is usually somewhat bent downwards, so that an insect
alighting on the lowest petal and turning towards the anthers will generally touch
the stigma first. In spite of homogamy, cross-pollination by insect-visits is thus
favoured. But should these fail, automatic self-pollination can easily take place,
for the stigma is often situated in the line of fall of the pollen. Gartner and
Darwin, however, state that it is entirely without effect.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as orange-red in colour, biscuit-shaped,
longitudinally furrowed, closely beset with delicate papillae, 19-20 » broad and
37°5 » long.
M 2
164 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
VisiTors.—Herm. Miller gives the following list.—
A. Coleoptera. Mittdulidae: 1. Meligethes freq. B. Diptera. (2) Bom-
byliidae: 2. Systoechus sulphureus M42, skg. (6) Syrphidae: 3. Eristalis arbustorum
£., alternately po-dvg. and busy about the filament-hairs with its proboscis-lobes ;
4. Syritta pipiens Z., do.; 5. Syrphus balteatus Deg., do. (6 Vol. I, p. 179).
C. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 6. Andrena pilipes /. 9, po-cltg.; 7. Bombus
agrorum F” ¥, skg.; 8. B. terrester Z. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 9. Halictus sexnotatus
K. 9, skg.; 10. Prosopis communis /Vy/. 9, po-dvg.; 11. P. signata Pz. 9, do.
D. Lepidoptera. Microlepidopiera: 12. Ephestia elutella Hén., skg. E. Neuro-
ptera. 13. Panorpa communisZ.,lkg. various parts of the flower. F. Thysanoptera.
14. Thrips, freq.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated_—
Warnstorf, small po-dvg. beetles. Alfken (Bremen), 4 bees—xz. Andrena
gwynana KX. 9, 2nd gen.; 2. Coelioxys rufescens Zep. 9, skg.; 3. Eriades trun-
corum ZL. 9; 4. Halictus quadrinotatulus Schenck 9, po-cltg. and skg. MacLeod
(Pyrenees), 3 humble-bees and a hover-fly (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891,
p. 322).
2050. V. phoeniceum L. (KoOlreuter, ‘2. Fortsetzung,’ pp. 10-11, ‘3.
Fortsetzung, p. 41; Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 122; Darwin, ‘Cross- and Self-
Fertilisation, pp. 330, 341, 364; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, p. 430; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 177.)—The flowers of this species possess the
same mechanism as those of V. nigrum, but Sprengel and Hermann Miller describe
them as entirely devoid of nectar.
Kerner, however, says that nectar is secreted by the large lower lobe of the
corolla, in the form of minute droplets scattered over its central part. One of
these is exuded from every stoma, so that when the flower opens it looks as
if this lobe were sprinkled with dew.
It was long ago observed by Kélreuter that the flowers are at times completely
infertile with their own pollen. Self-sterility was confirmed by the investigations
of Darwin, while Gartner and Focke state that this is common. Gartner observed
reduction of the stamens (cf V. phlomoides), and suggests that the occasional
infertility noticed by Kolreuter may be explained if we suppose with Loew that
the plants he examined were partly female gynodioecious and partly gynomonoecious.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following.—
A hover-fly (Rhingia rostrata Z., freq., po-dvg. and Ikg. the hairs on the
filaments) and 5 bees—r. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, po-cltg.; 2. Bombus agrorum / ¥,
do.; 3. Andrena dorsata &. 9, do.; 4. A. fulva Schr. 9, vainly searching for nectar ;
5. Halictus sexnotatus XK. 9, po-cltg.
2051. V. Blattaria L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 121; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist.
Pl. Eng. Ed. 1, Il, pp. 177, 367; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 578.)— Kerner
says that nectar is secreted in this species in the same way as in V. phoeniceum, but
Kerner describes the homogamous flowers as nectarless. As the style projects
beyond the anthers, cross-pollination by insect-visits is favoured. Towards the
end of anthesis, however, automatic self-pollination takes place in the following
way, according to Kerner: ‘The two longer filaments cross themselves over the
mouth of the corolla-tube in somewhat the same attitude as a pair of folded
arms. This brings their two anthers, which are still full of the orange-coloured
SCROPHULARINEAE 165
pollen, behind the stigma. The corolla now becomes detached from the receptacle
and falls forward, but remains for a short time suspended to the long style, where it
undergoes slight torsion. Finally, it drops with a gyratory motion, and as it does so
the stigma must inevitably be brushed by one or other of the anthers lying in front
of the mouth of the flower. (Cf also V. phlomoides.)
VistTors.—Redtenbacher observed the Curculionid beetle Cionus blattariae £.
at Vienna.
641. Calceolaria L.
Correns (Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Berlin, xxii, 1891) describes the nectaries as beset
with long-stalked glandular hairs, producing a characteristic secretion, and in some
species with chloroplasts (more rarely chromoplasts) in their stalk-cells. Correns
thinks that the latter make the nectaries more conspicuous and also by means of
carbon assimilation provide the necessary materials for building up the secretion.
The stamens somewhat resemble those of Salvia officinalis, but with much simpler
hinges, and devoid of specific mechanical cells.
2052. C. hybrida (?).— Correns (op. cit.) says that in this species the
connective is immovably united with the filaments, The style projects obliquely
downward between the paired anthers, and the vaulted upper lip is drawn over
it as a protection. The lower lip is not in contact with the upper one, so that
without moving it to any extent an insect visitor will first touch the stigma and
then the anthers, thus effecting cross-pollination.
2053. C. scabiosaefolia Sims.—Correns states that the flower mechanism
of this species is the same as that of C. pinnata (vide infra). The upper and
lower lips, as seen from below, are completely apposed.
2054. C. Pavonii Benth. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 380.)—
The protogynous flowers of this South American species are at first almost hori-
zontal. The receptive stigma lies on the excavated lower lip, of which the
concave middle lobe secretes nectar. The upper side of it is used by short-
tongued Hymenoptera as an alighting-platform, and it sinks down as soon as
they settle, thus not only widely opening the throat of the corolla, but also
displaying the nectar-secreting Jobe, which was previously concealed. This enables
the dorsal surface of the visitor to brush against the stigma, effecting cross-
pollination if an older flower had previously been visited. For in the latter
dehiscence has taken place, and the connectives are so articulated with the
filaments that when an insect strikes against the anthers they are swung round
and the mealy pollen falls upon its back. This effect is ensured by elongation
of the connectives, so that the upper anther-lobes come to lie on the uppermost
convexity of the lower lip. Should insect-visits fail, part of the pollen falls upon
this convexity, and, as the peduncle curves down in late anthesis, slides down the
lower lip, now sloping sharply downwards, to the still receptive stigma.
2055. C. pinnata L. (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 284;
Correns, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Berlin, xxii, 1891, pp. 241-52.)—Hildebrand and Correns
state that in the flowers of this Peruvian species a pair of anthers are modified
into two-armed levers, as in Salvia. One arm with its sterile anther-lobe lies in
166 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
the opening of the flower, and an insect visitor presses against it in such a way
that the upper arm with the fertile anther-lobe comes out of the upper parts of the
flower that enclose it and strews pollen upon the visitor. Should insect-visits fail,
automatic self-pollination is brought about by fall of the corolla.
642. Schizanthus Ruiz et Pav.
Here, according to Hildebrand (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxiv, 1866, p. 76), there are
two stamens which spring out of the lower lip during insect-visits, and dust the
visitors with pollen. The style subsequently elongates, so that visitors touch the
stigma before the pollen and therefore effect crossing.
Juel (Vet.-Ak. Ofvers., Stockholm, li, 1894, pp. 67-72) describes the stamens
as fixed by a viscid secretion to the lower lip before insect-visits have taken place,
and says that their tension is due entirely to turgidity, there being no specific
mechanical elements in the filaments.
643- Browallia L.
2056. B. demissa L. (=B. elata Z.). (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ pp. 140-3;
Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 654-5.)—Delpino and Hildebrand
describe the entrance of the flower as closed in this species by the broadened
filaments of the two upper stamens, leaving only two narrow nectar-passages.
The proboscis of an insect touches anthers and stigma when introduced into
one of these. During the first stage of anthesis it will take up viscid matter
from the stigma, and pollinate this during the second stage.
644. Salpiglossis Ruiz et Pav.
2057. S. sinuata Ruiz et Pav.— De Bonis describes this species as
cleistogamous.
2058. S. variabilis Hort. (=S. sinuata Razz ef Pav., according to the
Index Kewensis). (E. Hackel, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ix, 1894, p. 258.) —
Hackel states that this species produces cleistogamous flowers if cultivated in
poor clay soil.
645. Celsia L.
2059. C. coromandelina Vahl.—Comes describes this species as self-fertile.
646. Scrophularia Tourn.
Protogynous wasp flowers, almost without exception. Nectar is secreted at
the base of the rounded widely open corolla by an annular swelling, described
by Kerner as divided into two symmetrically disposed front and back lobes, the
latter being more strongly developed. The secretion is in large drops. Kuhn
says there are cleistogamous flowers.
2060. S. nodosa L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 322-4; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 434-6, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 30, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 267;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 578-9; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
v, 1893, pp. 341-2; Knuth, ‘Bliitenbesucher,’ I, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—In
SCROPHULARINEAE 167
this species the corolla is of a pale green colour, but the inner surface of the
upper lip is brown and serves as a nectar-guide. The flower is so placed that
the entrance of rain-drops is prevented. It is about 5 mm. in diameter. Insect
visitors, particularly wasps, touch the stigma from below during the first stage of
anthesis, and the anthers during the second. The posterior fifth stamen has
become unnecessary, and is modified into a small black leaflet on the upper wall
of the corolla. Visitors are thus enabled to force their way into the flowers
exactly in the middle line. They hold on to the outside of the corolla with all
six legs, and push their heads into the entrance of the flower, pollinating those
in the first stage, and dusting themselves with pollen in those in the second
stage. It follows that when a number of flowers are visited in succession crossing
will always take place.
Fic. 286. Scrophularta nodosa, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower in the first (female) stage, seen
directly from the front (x 7). (2) Do., from below (x 34). (3) Older flower, pollinating itself, seen from
the side. (4-7) Stages in the reversion of the fifth stamen to the original leaf-like form (read from 7 to 4)
(x 12). @, calyx-lobes; 4, corolla-lobes; c, stamens; ¢c’, modified fifth stamen; @, ovary; ¢, style;
J, Stigma; g, nectary; 4, drops of nectar ; 2, black leaf-like part of fifth stamen; 4, anthers.
The first (female) stage of anthesis lasts for two days. The anthers are at
this time unripe, and situated in the base of the flower on the bent filaments,
while the style protrudes to some extent from the corolla and its receptive stigma
is directed somewhat upwards. When the second (male) stage of anthesis begins,
the filaments straighten and the pollinated stigma withers and bends down over
the lower lip, its place being taken by the dehiscing anthers. Visitors (wasps),
as Sprengel long ago noticed, are in the habit of first sucking the upper (younger)
flowers of an inflorescence, working their way down to the lower (older) flowers,
from which it follows that the regular crossing of distinct stocks is secured.
Should insect-visits fail the unpollinated stigma remains receptive and retains
its original position, so that it gets dusted with pollen from the dehiscing anthers
above it, and completely effective self-pollination is thus automatically effected.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, ellipsoidal, thickly
tuberculated, about 37 » long and 18-21 » broad.
Vistrors.—Not only in Europe but also in North America wasps are the chief
visitors. It would appear, however, that such visits are not equally numerous in all
localities and at different seasons. In East Holstein, for example, I found the
flowers to be very zealously visited by wasps during the early part of their flowering
168 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
season, while later on the honey-bee and humble-bees were almost the only visitors.
Charles Robertson made a similar observation in Illinois, but he also finds that at
the end of August and beginning of September, when the number of flowers is
limited, wasps once more become the dominant visitors. On this he remarks,
‘This seems to be significant, for when any flower becomes reduced in numbers,
its proper visitors are apt to be the last to leave it.’ (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis
(Mo.), v, 1891, p- 587.)
This recrudescence of activity on the part of wasp visitors does not usually
take place in North Germany, since the flowering period is generally at an end
before August. But in 1896, on the 14th of that month, after repeated heavy
rains, I noticed a number of fresh blossoms, which were being visited by numerous
wasps (Vespa vulgaris Z.), that took no notice of other flowers close by. The nest
of these insects was near the place.
It may further be remarked that the yellow anthers and brownish upper lip
present a noteworthy agreement with the colour of the wasps which visit the flowers.
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following list.—
Hymenoptera. (a) Afzdae: 1. Bombus agrorum F. ¥ and 9, skg. (H. M.);
2. B. pratorum Z. ¥, numerous, skg. (H. M., Fichtelgebirge) ; 3. Halictus cylindricus
f. 9, skg. (Budd.); 4. H. flavipes /. 6, do. (H. M.); 5. H. sexnotatus . 9, in large
numbers, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M., Budd.); 6. H. zonulus Sm. 8, skg. (H. M.).
(4) Vespidae: 4. Hoplopus levipes Shuck. 9, flying about the plants in large numbers,
settling on the flowers and skg. (Budd.); 8. Vespa germanica #., very common, skg.
(H. M., Budd.);. 9. V. holsatica #., do. (H. M.); 10. V. media Deg., do. (H. M.);
11. V. rufa £. do. {H. M.); 12. V. sylvestris Scop. ¥, numerous, skg. (H. M.,
Bavarian Oberpfalz); 13. V. vulgaris Z., very common, skg. (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), the humble-bee Bombus senilis O. Loew (Berlin Botanic
Garden).—Hymenoptera. (a) Aprdae: 1. Apis mellifica Z. 9, steadily skg.and po-cltg.;
2. Halictus nitidiusculus XK. 9, po-cltg. (2) Zenthredinidae: 3. Allantus scrophulariae L.
(c) Vesprdae: 4.Vespa germanica /. ¥, skg. Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the honey-bee,
skg., 4 skg. humble-bees (1. Bombus agrorum /. §; 2. B. hortorum Z.¥; 3. B. lapi-
darius Z. ¥; 4. B. terrester Z. ¥), 2 wasps (Vespa vulgaris Z., and V. germanica /‘),
and the po-dvg. hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z. von Fricken in Westphalia (W.) and East
Prussia (E. P.), the Curculionid beetles Cionus blattariae /. (E. P.) and C. scrophu-
lariae Z. (W., E. P.). Alfken (Bremen), 2 humble-bees, skg.—Bombus’ hortorum Z.
3, and B. lapidarius Z. ¥. Heinsius (Holland), wasps and the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum F” ¥ (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, p. 76). MacLeod (Flanders),
3 humble-bees, one other bee (Halictus sp.), and 3 true wasps (op. cit., v, 1893,
p- 342). Plateau (Flanders), the wasp Vespa holsatica #, and the honey -bee.
Scott-Elliott (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees, a true wasp, and a saw-fly. Saunders
(England), the bee Halictus sexnotatus X., rare.
2061. S. vernalis L. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—
The flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of S. nodosa,
but Warnstorf distinguishes between three stages of anthesis, and gives the
following account.—In the second stage which succeeds the first (female) one,
the two long stamens extend to the stigma or somewhat beyond it, and as
their anthers come to lie below it and dehisce on their under-surfaces autogamy
is rendered very difficult. In the third stage the style bends up and the short
stamens stretch forward, their anthers being in front of the stigma. The plant
SCROPHULARINEAE 169
exhales an agreeable balm-like odour, and is eagerly visited by humble-bees,
which cling to the flowers from below. The pollen-grains are yellowish in colour,
ellipsoidal, tuberculate, about 43 » long and 25-31 » broad.
Visitors. — Loew observed 2 bees (Apis mellifica Z. ¥, steadily skg. and
po-cltg.; and Halictus nitidiusculus X. 9, po-cltg.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
2062. S. aquatica L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 30; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees with
that of S. nodosa, but the corolla is rather more inflated and the style is more
strongly bent downwards during the second stage of anthesis.
Visitors.— These are again predominatingly wasps (with the exception of Vespa
crabro Z.). The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Buddeberg (Nassau), the bee Halictus cylindricus #. 8. Knuth (East Holstein),
the honey-bee, skg. Plateau (Belgium), the honey-bee, 2 wasps (Vespa sylvestris
Scop., and Odynerus parietum Pz.), and hover-flies (Helophilus sp., Syrphus sp.,
and Rhingia campestris MZg.). Réssler (Wiesbaden), 2 moths (Timandra amata Z.,
and Gnophos furvata /.). Redtenbacher (Vienna), the Curculionid beetle Cionus
hortulanus Marsh.
2063. S. alata Gilib. (=S. Ehrharti Svevens). (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 579; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—In this species the
corolla is of a dirty-green colour, brown on the upper-side, and it is more
inflated than in S. nodosa. The flower mechanism agrees otherwise with that of
the latter.
Warnstorf says that occasionally some or all of the stamens are reduced.
He describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour, ellipsoidal, closely tuberculate,
up to 44 p long and 25 w broad.
Vistrors.—Loew observed a bee (Apis mellifica Z. 9, skg.) and a wasp (Vespa
sylvestris Scop., skg.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
2064. S. lucida L.—This species is native to the Greek Islands. Medicus
describes it as possessing a sensitive stigma.
2065. S. Hoppii Koch. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ H, pp. 115-16.)—The flower
mechanism of this species essentially agrees with that of S. nodosa. Automatic
self-pollination, however, is rendered impossible or very difficult, for before the
inner stamens extend themselves, or at any rate before their anthers dehisce, the
style alters its more or less horizontal position and bends vertically downwards,
and often a little backwards as well, thus bringing the stigma under the corolla.
After the pollen has been shed it often very nearly resumes its original position.
VisiTors.—Schulz observed wasps, also occasional ichneumonids and flies, at
Predazzo and San Martino.
2066. S. canina L. (MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.” pp. 40-1.)—The dark-violet
blossoms of this species look like bee flowers, but the opening of the corolla is
wide and its tube shallow.
Visttors.—These are never long-tongued bees, but Syrphids and short-tongued
bees are numerous. The latter usually creep right into the flowers.
170 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
MacLeod (Pyrenees), 3 bees (Halictus sp.), an Ichneumonid, and 5 hover-flies.
Schletterer (Pola), the bee Halictus variipes Mor.
2067. S. lateriflora Trautv. (Urban, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iii, 1885 ;
Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ I, pp. 24-7.)—This species is native to the Caucasus.
It bears as markedly protogynous wasp flowers as S. nodosa, and their mechanism is
similar.
2068. S. peregrina L. (Comes, ‘Ult. stud.’)—Comes describes this species
as self-fertile.
2069. S. Scopolii Hoppe.—
VisiTors.—Plateau noticed the honey-bee.
2070. S. orientalis L.—
Visitors. — Plateau (Ghent) observed the honey-bee, a saw-fly (Allantus
tricinctus Chr.), and a wasp (Odynerus quadratus /2.).
2071. S. alpestris J. Gray. (MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 41.)—The flowers
of this species are yellow and violet in colour.
Visitors. — MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed more especially a wasp (Vespa
sylvestris Scop.); also 2 humble-bees.
647. Antirrhinum Tourn.
Homogamous bee or humble-bee flowers with valvular mechanism. Their
entrance is completely closed by the upper and lower lips of the corolla. The
latter possesses two swellings serving as alighting-platforms, and fitting accurately
into two depressions of the upper lip. The anthers are completely enclosed in
the corolla, close against the upper lip, and their pollen is dehisced in two
rounded masses, which both adhere to the back of a humble-bee forcing its way
into the flower. Nectar is secreted by the base of the ovary. Medicus describes
the stigma as sensitive.
2072. A. majus L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.” pp. 320-1; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation, pp. 433-4, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 29-30; Schulz, ‘Beitrage’ ;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,” p. 580; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The
flowers of this species are bright-purple or rarely white in colour, with a yellow
palate. As long ago observed by Sprengel nectar is secreted by the front part
of the base of the ovary, which is smooth, green, fleshy, and usually rather
swollen anteriorly. Elsewhere the ovary is of a whitish colour, and clothed with
short fine hairs. The nectar remains clinging to the gland, resting below upon
the forwardly directed bases of the anterior filaments, above the spur, into which,
as Sprengel says, it does not flow of its own accord. The spur is short and
broad, and humble-bees probing for nectar are obliged to insert their proboscis
into it from below. Access from above and in front is blocked by stiff capitate
hairs which cover the anterior filaments where they bend up.
Visttors.— These are exclusively long-tongued bees, especially humble-bees,
which can easily force open the flowers and creep entirely into them, backing
out again with the pollen-masses adhering to their backs. During this procedure
SCROPHULARINEAE 171
they may effect either cross- or self-pollination. Herm. Miiller saw smaller bees
(Halictus sp.) flying from flower to flower, but immediately turning away from
those still closed, till they came to old ones which gaped a little in fading. Into
these they made their way, but such visits were of no use to the plant. Schulz
says that the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. sometimes perforates the spur and
steals the nectar, though he also often saw it sucking legitimately. Automatic
self-pollination is possible, but less effective than cross-pollination. Darwin says
that this species is sometimes sterile, sometimes self-fertile: that the red variety
is twice as fertile when insect-visits take place as when they are excluded: that
self-fertilization is more common in the white variety than the red: and that the
peloric form is completely fertile when artificially self-pollinated.
Herm. Miiler records the following 8 bees for Westphalia and Thuringia —
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.9; 2. Bombus agrorum /.; 3. B. hortorum Z. ;
4. B. lapidarius Z.; 5. B. sylvarum Z.; 6. B. terrester Z.; 7. Megachile fasciata
Sm. 6; 8. Osmia LZ. 9.
Miiller makes the following remarks about these bee-visitors: ‘The females
and workers [of the 5 humble-bee species], and in late summer the males also,
creep bodily into the flower, and creep out backwards dusted on their backs with
pollen. From time to time they brush off the adhering pollen from their thorax
with the tarsal brushes of the fore or midlegs, and from the abdomen with the
tarsal brushes of the hindlegs. Not only the females and workers, but the males
also, perform this action, which seems, therefore, to be done more for cleanliness
than to collect the pollen, though the females and workers naturally make use of
it, placing it in the pollen-baskets on their hindlegs. I have also seen Anthidium
manicatum L. 9, Megachile fasciata Sm. 3, and Osmia rufa L. 9, creep into the
flower and emerge with their backs covered over with pollen. Smaller bees only
exceptionally creep into still fresh flowers, and are useless to the plant: I have
only once seen Megachtle centuncularis L. 9 succeed in entering; on the other
hand I have repeatedly seen small species of Halictus (H. zonulus Sm. 9, H. morto
F. 9, &. Smeathmanellus K. 9) flying from flower to flower until they reached an
old flower, which in withering had opened slightly and permitted them to enter.
This showed clearly how far the fast closure of the mouth is useful to the plant;
if the small bees could enter from the first, they would use up much of the honey,
and the flowers would be less diligently visited by the humble-bees.’
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), 4 humble-bees all skg. legitimately—1. Bombus
agrorum /.9 and ¥; 2. B. hortorum Z. 9, ¥ and 4; 3. B. lapidarius Z. ¥ and 9;
4. B. terrester Z. 9,% and 6. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the humble-bee
Bombus agrorum F/. 9, skg. Douglas, 5 bees (Ent. Mag., London, xxiii, 1886)—
1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 2. Bombus derhamellus X. 9 and ¥; 3. B. terrester Z., var.
lucorum Z. ¥; 4. B. terrester Z., var. audax Harr. (=B. virginalis ourcr.) 9 and ¥;
8. Megachile centuncularis Z. Neumann recorded Nos. 2, 3, and 5 of these as
far back as 1850. Schletterer (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z.
P. Magnus (Natw. Rdsch., Braunschweig, vi, 1891, p. 20) noticed that humble-bees
were able to suck for a longer time when they did so legitimately than when they
perforated the flowers, and this may be regarded as an adaptation to the visits of
these insects.
172 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2073. A. sempervirens Lapeyr. (MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl. p. 41.)—The
flowers of this species are white in colour, and the swellings on the lower lip
pale yellow. Only humble-bees are strong enough to force them open. A pale-
violet patch on the upper lip serves as a nectar-guide. The spur is divided by
a partition into lower and upper parts, the latter only containing the nectar secreted
by the ovary.
Vistrors.— MacLeod observed the humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. in the
Pyrenees.
2074. A. Orontium L. (Knuth, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxi, 1897.}—This
species bears homogamous bee flowers. They are of medium size, red, rarely
white in colour, arranged in scanty racemes, and therefore not very conspicuous.
The rose-coloured (rarely whitish) upper lip is 8-10 mm. broad, and marked
with dark-red streaks that converge to the opening of the flower closed by the
palate. The lower lip is similarly coloured, but the streaks upon it are feebler,
and its summit is marked with a pale-yellow nectar-guide, from either side of
FIG. 287. Antirrhinum Orontium, L.(from nature). (1) Flower, seen from the front. (2) Corolla,
seen from the side. (Natural size.) (3) Flower with the lower lip pressed down, seen from the front (x 2).
a, 5, anthers of the longer and shorter stamens; c, stigma; d, the two rows of bristles which guide the
proboscis of a bee into the base of the flower ; ¢, hairs lining the lower lip which receive pollen. (4) Pistil
seen from the side (x 2); 2, nectary.
which (in rose-coloured flowers) a white zone runs along the lower edge of the
closed entrance. If the flower is opened by pulling down the lower lip it will
be seen that the red streaks of both lips are continued into the corolla-tube, which
is only 6-7 mm. long, and produced below into a sort of spur. The upper lip
interlocks by means of a keel-like projection with a corresponding depression of
the lower lip, thus closing the flower more firmly. The sides of the lower lip are
almost vertical, so that rain-drops falling upon the flower are not able to injure it.
The four anthers are situated inside the upper lip, immediately below the keel-
like projection. Those of the two longer stamens project beyond the stigma, while
those of the two shorter ones are at a lower level. The stigma, borne upon a style
bent at the end somewhat like a hook, therefore occupies the space between the
two pairs of anthers.
That part of the inner surface of the lower lip which touches the anthers in
the closed flower is densely clothed with numerous small yellow hairs. These are
to some extent felted together, and the pollen is shed upon them. They are
continued into two rows of stiff, yellow, erect, capitate bristles, which run down
SCROPHULARINEAE 173
into the base of the flower, and guide the proboscis of a bee probing for nectar.
Nectar is scantily secreted by a swelling at the base of the ovary, which is strongly
developed at the sides and towards the spur in which it is concealed.
Only bees are able to open the flowers and regularly effect pollination. The
head of such a visitor is introduced into the entrance of the flower (4 mm. wide), and
while probing for nectar its extended proboscis touches the somewhat projecting
stigma, after which its upper side (or the front of the head) is first dusted with pollen
by the anthers of the longer stamens and then by those of the shorter ones. The
second flower visited will therefore be cross-pollinated. Should insect-visits fail
automatic self-pollination is brought about by the pollen clinging to the hairy lining
of the lower lip.
Vistrors.—Knuth observed the following.—
On August 8, 1897 (in fields near Kiel), Apis mellifica Z. ¥, flying persistently
from flower to flower, and therefore effecting crossing. The proboscis of this bee
(about 6 mm. long) corresponds to the depth at which nectar is concealed. On
August 12, 1897, 2 humble-bees (Bombus terrester Z. Y, and B. lapidarius Z. 4)
were also observed, behaving like the honey-bee. Their proboscides, respectively
4-8 mm. and 8-10 mm. in length, can easily secure all the nectar. Large numbers
of Thrips were also noticed, but they never effected crossing.
648. Linaria Tourn.
Flowers personate, usually homogamous, and adapted to the visits of bees
or humble-bees. Nectar secreted by the fleshy base of the ovary, and stored in
a spur. Two projections on the palate serve as alighting platforms.
2075. L. vulgaris Mill. (=Antirrhinum Linaria Z.). (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’
pp. 317-20; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 431-2; Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d.
fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.,’ p. 32; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 581; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen,’ ‘ B]. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 164,
‘“Weit. Beob. ti. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
p- 238, ‘Bliitenbiol. Notizen’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 343-5, vi, 1894;
‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Norderney.’)—The flowers
of this species are bright-yellow in colour, with an
orange-yellow nectar-guide on the lower lip. Nectar
is secreted by the base of the ovary, and Hermann
Miiller states that ‘it glides in a smooth, narrow ¢,n ataney, A nye eeress a
groove, bordered by short, stiff hairs, which passes seen from the front after removal of the
‘ lower lip. The two pairs of stamens are
from the nectary between the two anterior stamens, seen below the somewhat arched upper
and thence to the tip of the spur, which it fills to. {fp WP ihe stzma im the space: between
a depth of 5 or 6 mm. or even more.’ Sprengel,
on the other hand, says that the nectar ‘remains in the opening of the spur till
a certain amount accumulates, and then rapidly flows down into it,’ so that the
tip of the spur remains full of air. Hermann Miiller examined several hundred
flowers, but only found two that agreed with Sprengel’s description, and therefore
174 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
thinks it may well be supposed that the latter was founded upon exceptional cases.
Jordan says that the two anterior lobes of the nectary are more strongly developed
than the two posterior ones.
The length of the spur debars short-tongued bees from sucking the nectar,
while the personate character of the flowers excludes flies, Lepidoptera, and beetles.
Only long-tongued bees can suck legitimately and effect crossing. They press
down the lower lip and creep into the flowers, which are adapted in size to those
able to suck the nectar. As the style and stamens lie against the upper lip such
visitors when sucking brush the dorsal side of their bodies against the simultaneously
mature anthers and stigma. Since the latter is placed between the two pairs of
anthers cross- and self-pollination are effected with equal facility. Automatic self-
pollination also easily takes place, but Darwin says that it is always ineffective.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour, smooth, and almost
spherical when examined in water.
As I have elsewhere pointed out (‘ Bliitenbiol. Notizen’), there is an admirable
arrangement for conducting the proboscis of an insect to the nectar. When a humble-
bee opens the flower by depressing the lower lip it finds an orange-coloured nectar-
guide on either side of this, which is not simply, as usual, a mere colour-streak
running into the nectar-containing spur. It is, in fact, a ridge composed of closely
packed, almost erect orange-coloured hairs, and a smooth hairless space 1 mm. broad
is left between the two guides. A bee or humble-bee cannot force its proboscis
through these hairy barriers, but is obliged to thrust it along the smooth median
groove, and in doing this rubs the upper side of its head, prothorax, and mesothorax
against the stigma and anthers.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller observed various species of ants, freq., skg., and also
records the following bees.—
1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very freq.; ‘To suck, it creeps almost entirely into the
flower and thrusts its head into the wide entrance of the spur, which it empties down
to a depth of 2-3 mm. It creeps out again with its back covered with pollen, and
proceeds more frequently to flowers at the same height on neighbouring plants than
to higher flowers on the same. In other cases I have seen the honey-bee bite a hole
in the spur, and empty it, as Sprengel describes. Sprengel has correctly described
its behaviour while collecting pollen ; ‘ It slightly separates the lower lip of the corolla
from the upper, and thrusts its head so far in as to reach the anthers and obtain their
pollen.’ 2. Bombus terrester Z. 9, skg. legitimately ; ‘It inserts its head, thorax, and
forelegs into the flower, then thrusts its proboscis (7-9 mm.) almost to the tip of the
spur, and emerges with the upper surface of its head, pro- and mesothorax thickly
covered with pollen. Sometimes it sweeps off part of this pollen with the brushes on
its fore- and midlegs, and places it on the hindlegs. Sprengel’s idea that the large
humble-bees do net enter the mouth of the flower is accordingly erroneous.’
3. B. hortorum Z. 9, ¥ and é; ‘I have very frequently seen this bee empty the flowers
of their honey, which it can do more quickly, owing to the length of its proboscis
(17-21 mm.), than the preceding species. Even the males sometimes swept the
pollen off their heads with their forelegs, and always had a number of pollen-grains
on all their tarsal brushes. 4. Megachile maritima K. 6 (prob. 8-9 mm.), skg.
5. Osmia aenea ZL. 9 (prob. 9-10 mm.), freq., skg. and po-cltg. 6. O. leucomelaena
K. (=O. parvula Duf) 9 (prob. 24 mm.), po-cltg. 7. Anthidium manicatum ZL.
g and 6 (prob. g-10 mm.), both skg. and 9 po-cltg. 8. Andrena gwynana ZL. 9
(prob. 24 mm.), po-cltg.
SCROPHULARINEAE 175
Verhoeff observed the following in Norderney (n.-t. nectar-thief).—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Witidulidae: 1. Meligethes sp. (n.-t.). (4) Curculionidae :
2. Gymnetron pilosum Schénh. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 3, Calliphora erythro-
cephala Mg. (n-t.); 4. Cynomyia mortuorum JZ. (n.-t.); 5. Lucilia latifrons Schin.
(n.-t.). (0) Syrphidae: 6. Eristalis arbustorum Z. (n.-t.); 7. Syritta pipiens Z. (n.t.);
8. Syrphus corollae /. (n.-t.). C. Hymenoptera. (a) Afzdae: 9. Bombus hortorum
£.%, very common, skg. legitimately ; 9, not infrequent, do.; 4, perforating the spur
and skg. (n-t.); 1o. B. lapidarius Z. ¥ (n.-t.); 11. B. terrester Z. 9 and 4, not
infrequent, ¥ freq. (n.-t.). (4) Formicidae: 12. Formica fusca Z. (Rasse fusca
Forel), ¥ (n.-t.). (¢) Vespidae: 13. Odynerus parietum Z. (n.-t.).
Alfken gives the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z., rare, skg., for Juist, and the
following list for Bremen.—
Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 1. Bombus agrorum #. 4; 2. B. hortorum Z.
¥, 9 and 6, skg., and the var. nigricans Schmzedekn. 9, skg.; 3. B. pomorum Pz. ¥;
4. B, proteus Gers. ¥; 5. B. sylvarum Z. 9. (4) Vesprdae: 6. Odynerus clavipennis
Thms. 9.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), 4 bees—1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. legitimately ;
2. Bombus agrorum /. ¥; 3. B. hortorum Z. 9 and ¥, perforating the flowers and
stealing nectar; 4. B. terrester Z. 9, partly skg. legitimately, partly perforating the
flowers and stealing nectar. Loew (Silesia), the humble-bee Bombus rajellus X. 9,
skg. (‘Beitrage,’ p. 28). von Fricken (Westphalia and East Prussia), 2 beetles,
damaging the flowers—the Curculionid Gymnetron linariae Pz., and the Nitidulid
Brachypterus gravidus //. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus
mastrucatus Gerst. §. Schletterer (Tyrol), 2 humble-bees—Bombus alticola K7rchdé.,
and B. ruderatus #. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), the honey-bee and 2 humble-bees
(‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 126). MacLeod (Flanders), the humble-bee Bombus
hortorum ZL. $ and ¥, freq., dusted with pollen; a species of Halictus, stealing nectar ;
3 hover-flies, vainly trying to suck, and po-dvg.; and a beetle (Cetonia sp.), creeping
right into the flowers (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 343-5, Vi, 1894,
P. 371).
2076. L. minor Desf. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 28-9 ; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 345; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 582 ;
Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,” Eng. Ed., 1, I, p. 407.)—The flowers of this species are
rather inconspicuous, and bright-violet in colour with a pale-yellow palate. Their
mechanism essentially agrees with that of L. vulgaris, but no insect-visits have so far
been observed. Automatic self-pollination, on the contrary, seems regularly to take
place. When the flower opens the anthers dehisce, covering the simultaneously
mature stigma with pollen. Kerner says that autogamy is brought about by
elongation of the corolla, whereby the anthers are brought into contact with the
stigma. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ovoid, smooth,
about 25 » long and 19 p» broad.
2077. L. littoralis Willd. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 407.)—
Automatic self-pollination takes place in this Croatian species as in L. minor.
2078. L. repens Mill. (=L. striata DC.). (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 53; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 292.)—The flowers of this species are of a pale bluish
colour, marked with blue lines. Their mechanism agrees with that of L. vulgaris,
176 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
though they are considerably smaller. The brighter lower lip is beset with golden-
yellow hairs in the middle. The spur is only 2-3 mm. long.
VistTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the hover-fly Syritta pipiens
L., settling, and 2 bees, both skg.—Apis mellifica Z. ¥, and Bombus agrorum /. é.
2079. L. alpina Mill. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 275-7; MacLeod,
‘Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 47.)}—This species bears humble-bee flowers which are differently
coloured from those of L. vulgaris, but otherwise possess essentially the same
mechanism. ‘Their cavities are wide enough to admit the head of a humble-bee.
There is the same possibility of autogamy as in L. vulgaris. In the Alps the flowers
are blue-violet in colour, usually with an orange-coloured nectar-guide on the lower
lip; in the Pyrenees they are darker, and the nectar-guide is generally only
represented by a small yellow patch.
Fic. 289. Lénarta alpina, Azil. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower in longitudinal section.
B. Upper part of a flower seen from below. C. Central part of do., furtherenlarged. D. Pistil, upper
(shorter) stamens, and nectary. (4,8% 5; CD x7.) a’, a", anthers of short and long stamens;
ca, calyx; co, corolla; 77', 27, filaments of short and long stamens; y7, style; 2, nectary; ov, ovary;
sd, nectar-cover ; s/, spur; s¢, stigma.
Vistroxs.—T he following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 humble-bees, skg. legitimately ; the hawk-moth Macro-
glossa stellatarum Z., occasionally skg.; and a moth, trying to suck. MacLeod
(Pyrenees), the last-named hawk-moth. Herm. Miiller also observed perforations,
apparently made by the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers?.
2080. L. supina Desf. (=pyrenaica DC.). (MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’
pp. 321-2.)—The flowers of this species are pale yellow in colour, with an
orange nectar-guide on the lower lip. Their structure is essentially the same as
in L, alpina. A proboscis 15-20 mm. long is necessary to reach the nectar.
SCROPHULARINEAE 177
VistTors.—MacLeod observed perforations, probably made by Bombus mastru-
catus Gers?. or B. terrester Z.
2081. L. origanifolia DC. (MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl.” pp. 42-6.)—This
species bears bee flowers which possess(?), according to MacLeod, a special
small opening through which Bombyliids can suck. The upper lip is bilobed,
while the lower one consists of three lobes each divided into two. The colour
of the flowers is violet, with dark veins on the upper lip. The lower lip possesses
a yellow nectar-guide, and is raised into six irregular finely spinose ridges which
are continued into the interior of the corolla, where, however, the middle ones
become glabrous. Between the two median swellings of the palate there is an
entrance leading into the central non-spinose area on the floor of the corolla.
The compressed spur is 3-5 mm. long. The lower lip is limp, so that it can
be opened by nectar-seeking insects without the use of much force. MacLeod
considers the mechanism as adapted to Bombyliids, though he never saw any of
them on the flowers.
Visttors.— MacLeod only observed Curculionid beetles as unbidden guests.
2082. L. arvensis Desf. (Herm. Miiler, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 29.)—The
insignificant flowers of this species are purely autogamous. Hermann Miller never
observed any visitors, though he often watched them in favourable weather.
2083. L. italica Trevir. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II..\—The flower mechanism of
this species agrees with that of L. vulgaris.
VisiTors.—Schulz observed very numerous bees at Bozen (including Bombus
terrester Z.) which sometimes perforated the flowers.
2084. L. spuria Mill. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 583; Ascherson,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxvii, (1885) 1886, p. 21.)—In this species the upper lip of
the corolla is dark purple-brown in colour, and the lower lip citron-yellow, generally
without nectar-guides, though it is somewhat blotched with dark purple-brown. The
nectar-containing spur is of a bright yellow colour, and 6 mm. in length. The four
stamens lie, as usual, against the inside of the upper lip, the two shorter ones being
straight, while the longer ones are sharply bent up at their ends, so that the tips of
the anthers are directed backwards, while their morphologically under-surfaces face
upwards. All four anthers adhere together, and the simultaneously mature stigma
lies between them. Where the anthers are connected they bear tufts of short
collecting-hairs, and they dehisce internally, i.e. towards the stigma, so that
automatic self-pollination is inevitable.
Michalet and Ascherson describe thin short twisted branches which arise in
the axils of the lower leaves, bury themselves in the earth, and bear subterranean
cleistogamous flowers with a reduced corolla.
2085. L. Cymbalaria Mill. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 582; Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 29.)—The flowers of this species are lilac in colour.
with two orange-yellow patches on the lower lip, which is whitish inside and orange
as far as the beginning of the spur. Kirchner says that their mechanism essentially
agrees with that of L. vulgaris, but the spur is only 3 mm. long, and glabrous, but
furrowed internally; the bases of the two long filaments, on the other hand, are
beset with minute hairs.
DAVIS. UI N
178 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Vistrors.—Borgstette observed the following at Tecklenburg.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Helophilus hybridus Zoew. B. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, freq., skg.; 3. Andrena albicans Mill. 9, skg.;
4. Halictus albipes /. 9, do.; 5. H. cylindricus F”. 9, freq., skg.; 6. H. sexnotatus KX.
9, skg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 7. Pieris rapae L., skg.
2086. L. genistifolia Mill.—
Visitors.—Loew observed the bee Apis mellifica Z. ¥, steadily skg., in the Berlin
Botanic Garden.
2087. L. purpurea Mill.—
VisiTors.—Loew observed the honey-bee, skg., and the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum /” 4, do., in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
649. Phygelius E. Mey.
2088. P. capensis FE. Mey. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 384.)—
In this Cape species the peduncles are bent in a hook-like way, and the young
just-opened flowers are inclined downwards almost at right angles. Since they
are protogynous, they can only be cross-pollinated in the early days of anthesis,
and the style is at first bent in such a way that the stigma is placed in the opening of
the passage leading to the nectar-containing base of the flower, and must therefore
be touched by insect visitors. The style then straightens itself, so that the stigma is
removed from its first position, which is then occupied by the dehisced anthers. As
at the same time the peduncle continues to curve the tubular corolla is brought
nearer the main axis of the inflorescence. The stigma is thus brought under the
shrivelling anthers, from which pollen can fall upon it. If, however, this does not
take place, autogamy is ultimately ensured by the falling corolla drawing the anthers
over the stigma, and transferring the last remaining pollen-grains to it.
650. Erinus L.
Homogamous Lepidopterid flowers.
2089. E. alpinus L. (Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 50.)—Loew examined
the flowers of cultivated plants of this species, and describes them as reddish-violet in
colour, and possessing a narrow corolla-tube, about 5 mm. long, in the base of which
is stored up the nectar secreted by an annular swelling at the base of the ovary.
Self-pollination, favoured by homogamy, is possible.
Visttors.—MacLeod saw 2 Lepidoptera and a fly in the Pyrenees.
651. Gratiola L.
Flowers white or reddish in colour; with concealed nectar secreted by a disk
below the ovary.
2090. G. officinalis L. (Vaucher, ‘ Hist. phys. des pl. d’Europe,’ III; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 289-90.)—The stigma in this species opens its two thin
papillose lobes at a late stage of anthesis, and quickly closes. Linnaeus and
Medicus describe it as sensitive. The ends of the two fertile stamens are hairy,
and the anthers turn their dehisced sides to the stigma, which thus gets covered
SCROPHULARINEAE 179
with pollen, though this is prevented from actually touching it by a semitransparent
membrane.
652. Mimulus L.
Homogamous bee flowers, with irritable stigma (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,
Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 280-1).
2091. M. luteus L. (=M. guttatus DC.). (Batalin, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
Xxvill, 1870, pp. 53—-4.)—Bees probing the flowers of this species first touch the
lower lobe of the stigma, which covers the anthers, and pollinate it if they have
previously been dusted with pollen in another flower. The lobe is irritable and
now turns up, exposing the pollen-covered anthers, by which the visitors are dusted
anew. (Cf Burck, Versl. Wis. Nat. Afd. K. Akad. Wet., Amsterdam, x, 1902.)
2092. M. Tilingii Regel. (Behrens, ‘ Beitrage zur Geschichte d. Bestaubungs-
theorie,’ 1877—8.)—Behrens describes the flower mechanism of this species as similar
to that of M. luteus.
2093. M. glutinosus Wendl., var. 8 (=Diplacus puniceus (uf). (Hilde-
brand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 284.)—Hildebrand describes the flower
mechanism of this species as similar to that of M. luteus.
653. Glossostigma Wight et Arn.
2094. G. elatinoides Benth. (Cheeseman, Trans. and Proc. N. Zeal. Inst.,
Wellington, v, 1872, pp. 352-7.)—Cheeseman describes the flowers of this species
as possessing an irritable one-lobed stigma.
654. Rehmannia Libosch, and 655. Torenia L.
Species of these genera possess an irritable bilobed stigma.
656. Collinsia Nutt.
2095. C. bicolor Benth. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.” pp. 151-2; Hildebrand, Bot.
Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 658.) Delpino says that the blossoms of this species
present a certain similarity to butterfly flowers. The stamens and style are on their
lower, and the nectary on their upper side. Hildebrand states that when insects are
excluded effective autogamy takes place.
2096. C. verna Nutt.—As the last species.
2097. C. canadensis (/ auc/.). (Breitenbach, Kosmos, Stuttgart, xiv, 1884.)—
Breitenbach says that there are three kinds of flower in this species—large her-
maphrodite, small female, and some with one reduced anther.
657. Vandellia L.
2098. V. pyxidaria Maxim. (=Lindemia pyxidaria A//.). (Urban, Ber. D. bot.
Ges., Berlin, ii, 1884; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 290.)—There are three forms
of flower in this species.—(1) Chasmogamous, with corolla projecting beyond the
corolla for twice its length (Maximovicz); (2) cleistogamous (Lindernia pyxidaria
N 2
180 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
All.), with calyx-teeth projecting beyond the small corolla (Maximovicz); (3) inter-
mediate, with a scarcely open corolla hardly projecting beyond the calyx-teeth
(Urban). Forms (1) and (2) may be associated on the same plant. In chasmo-
gamous flowers the filaments of the two long stamens are so bent that their
anthers lie above those of the two short ones, which are only about half as long: the
anthers have long appendages, and the style projects considerably beyond them.
The appendages of the anthers of cleistogamous flowers from the same plant
(growing at Regensburg) were, on the contrary, very short; the anterior stamens
possessed straight filaments, and were a little longer than the posterior ones, of
which the filaments were slightly curved; and the anthers were applied to the
stigma, situated at the end of a straight style about one-third as long. In Central
and South Europe both forms of flower possess free anthers; in Asia these are
usually adherent, while at the same time they are arranged in pairs under the
upper lip owing to the curving of the filaments. This indicates a more marked
adaptation to cross-pollination.
In temperate Europe and Asia cleistogamous flowers predominate, and are
rarely associated with chasmogamous ones on the same plant. In South and West
Europe chasmogamous flowers occur together with the more numerous cleistogamous
ones. The former only are to be found in Further India.
658. Hysanthes Benth.
2099. H. gratioloides Benth. (Urban, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, ii, 1884:
Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 2go-1.)}—This North American species, introduced
into France, bears both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. The latter
possess a pale corolla considerably exceeded in length by the calyx-teeth, while the
two posterior stamens bend somewhat towards each other and the middle of the
flower. The anthers are thus brought to the two sides of the style and the stigma
with its ill-defined lobes, to which the pollen-grains adhere and into which their
pollen-tubes penetrate. The two anterior stamens are modified into staminodes,
represented in the chasmogamous flowers by short narrow threads, somewhat
thickened above, and corresponding to the appendages of the anthers. They
spring from glandular ridges in the lower part of the corolla-tube, and are them-
selves beset with glands. Each is continued into a much thinner thread, given
off at a variable height at a right or obtuse angle. Instead of the glandular
appendages the cleistogamous flowers possess only an inconspicuous swelling or
a small capitate process, behind which the true staminode appears in the form of
an oblique thread.
659. Limosella L.
2100. L. aquatica L.—Kerner states that when the small flesh-coloured
flowers of this species are submerged they remain closed, and fertilize themselves
pseudocleistogamously.
660. Digitalis L.
Protandrous humble-bee flowers; with nectar secreted by an annular swelling
at the base of the ovary.
SCROPHULARINEAE 181
2101. D. purpurea L. (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 325; Ogle, Pop. Sci. Rev.,
London, ix, 1870, p. 49; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 437-8 ; Ludwig, Kosmos,
Stuttgart, xvii, 1885, p. 107; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 585; Knuth,
‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. in Thiiringen,’ ‘ Bliitenbesucher,’ II, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins.
Rigen’; ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The large red flowers of this species are
aggregated into very conspicuous unilateral racemes. Their form is that of an
elongated, somewhat flattened cylinder, obliquely truncated, and slanting down-
wards: 43-53 cm. long and 1-5-1-7 cm. broad. (C/. Fig. 290.) The position
and form of the corolla protect the internal parts of the flower from rain. The
inner side of the corolla on its somewhat produced lower lip is provided with
nectar-guides in the form of dark-purple blotches with white margins. This
region is beset with hairs 5 mm. long, which serve, according to Kirchner, to
prevent the smaller useless insects from getting at the nectar. It seems to me,
however, that they are so loosely arranged and so limited in extent, that they
are not able to prevent such insects from
creeping into the flowers. My opinion is
that these hairs give insect-visitors a firm
grip.
Nectar is secreted by an annular swell-
ing below the ovary, and stored in the base
of the corolla-tube. The dimensions of the
bell correspond to those of humble-bees,
and as a matter of fact it is these insects
only which seek out the nectar of the fox-
glove and effect pollination in doing so.
The style and stamens lie against the
upper side of the corolla on the way to the
nectar, so that a humble-bee creeping right
into the flower and probing for nectar must Fis. 29. Digitalis purpurea, I. (after Plateau).
lower, natural size.
touch the anthers and stigma with its dor-
sal surface. The anthers of the two long stamens first dehisce, then those of the
short ones, and finally the stigmatic lobes diverge. When the visits of humble-bees
are numerous, all the pollen is removed from the anthers before the stigma is
mature, so that cross-pollination is inevitable. Should there be no such visits, the
anthers are covered with pollen when the stigmatic lobes diverge; hence automatic
self-pollination is possible. This is apparently effective, for in continuous rainy
weather almost all the flowers set fruits. Darwin, however, describes the flowers as
self-sterile. Kerner says that the anthesis of an individual flower lasts for six days.
Besides protandrous hermaphrodite flowers, Ludwig also observed small-
flowered female stocks, which make up about 1 % of the whole in the neighbourhood
of Kleinschmalkalden. These female flowers are not only smaller than hermaphrodite
ones, but also less strongly zygomorphous. Their stamens are reduced, and the
anthers contain shrivelled pollen-grains. All the vegetative parts of the female
stocks are also dwarfed.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
182
ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Knuth, only the humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. 9, skg., on wild plants in
Westphalia and Thuringia, and garden ones in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg,
4
FiG. 291. Digitalis purpurea, L. (after Herm. Miller).
in which the anthers of the long stamens are dehiscing ; seen from the right side
after removal of half the calyx and corolla. To bring the figure into the natural
position it must be supposed twisted round to the right till the arrow is vertical.
(1) Young flower
(2) End of the style of do., enlarged; the stigmatic lobes are apposed. (3) Some-
what older flower, seen from below after removal of the lower part of calyx and
corolla, The anthers of the long stamens have lost their pollen, while those of
the short ones have dehisced. (4) End of the style of do., seen from the side ;
the lobes of the stigma are diverging. (5s) Empty anthers and diverging
stigmatic lobes of an old flower, seen from below.
and Pomerania (island
of Riigen). Sprengel
(besides Thrips), a
humble-bee, delineated
on his title-page, and
probably Bombus ter-
rester Z. Herm. Miil-
ler, 3 humble-bees (1.
Bombus agrorum /. 9;
2. B. hortorum L. 9; 3.
B. terrester ZL. 9); also,
as unbidden guests, 2
small bees (Andrena
coitana A’. 9, and Ha-
lictus cylindricus /. 9)
and 3 beetles (1. An-
therophagus _ pallens
Ol.; 2. Dasytes sp.;
3. Meligethes sp.).
Loew (Berlin Botanic
Garden), the bee An-
thidium manicatum Z.
é, creeping right into
the flowers and skg.
Plateau (Ghent Botanic
Garden), 4 bees (1.
Bombus terrester Z.; 2. B. muscorum #.; 3. Megachile ericetorum Lep.; 4.
Anthidium manicatum Z.), a Sphegid (Oxybelus uniglumis Z.), a wasp (Odynerus
parietum /2z.), and a Muscid (Musca domestica Z.). H. de Vries (Netherlands),
the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch. Nijmegen, 2. Ser.,
2. Deel, 1875). Willis (south coast of Scotland), a Nitidulid beetle (Meligethes sp.,
freq.), 3 bees (1. Bombus agrorum /., skg.; 2. B. hortorum Z., do.; 3. B. terrester Z.,
do.), and a butterfly (Pieris sp., skg.).
2102. D. lutea L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 273-5; Schulz,
‘Beitrage’; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.)\—The flower mechanism of this
species agrees essentially with that of D. purpurea, but the corolla-tube is so narrow
that only the head of a humble-bee can be inserted into it. As it is 13-14 mm. long
the shortest-tongued humble-bees (e. g. Bombus terrester Z., with a proboscis 8 mm.
long) can only just reach the nectar, while the longest-tongued ones (e.g. B. hortorum
L., proboscis 18-21 mm. long) can do so conveniently.
Hermann Miller found the flowers to be markedly protandrous below an eleva-
tion of 1000 m. in the Vosges, but in the Suldenthal (1500-1800 m.) the stigma
matured at the same time as the anthers of the short stamens, so that automatic
self-pollination took place when insect-visits failed.
Schulz found markedly protandrous flowers at Bozen, in the Tyrol, self-
pollination being thus excluded. In the same place he noticed stocks which
bore small female flowers as well as the hermaphrodite ones, and also very rare
instances of gynodioecism.
Visitors. — Herm. Miiller, Schulz, Loew, and Knuth only observed the
SCROPHULARINEAE 183
humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 9 and ¥. The first two add that Bombus
terrester Z. § perforates the flowers and steals the nectar.
2103. D. ambigua Murr. (=D. ochroleuca /acg., and D. grandiflora Zam.).
(Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 275, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 30-1; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 585-6; Ludwig, Kosmos, Stuttgart, xvii, 1885; Schulz,
‘Beitrage’; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 395.)—The flower mechanism of this
species resembles that of D. purpurea. The corolla is dull yellow in colour, and
a network of brown lines on the inner surface of the lower lip serves as a nectar-
guide. The flower is so broad that humble-bees of any size can conveniently
creep into it and suck the nectar. Its entrance is 20-22 mm. broad and 12 mm.
high, so that even the smaller bees touch the anthers and stigma, and as protandry
is marked cross-pollination is ensured. The same end is further attained by the
fact that humble-bees are in the habit of working up the inflorescences from below.
Fic. 292. Digttalts lutea, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Flower in the first (male) stage, seen from
the side. 2. Do., seen directly from the front. C. Do., after removal of most of the corolla, seen from
below. D. Pistil of do., seen from the side. £&. Reproductive organs, during the dehiscence of the
anthers of the long stamens. . Do., during the dehiscence of the anthers of the short stamens; the two
short papillose stigmatic lobes are expanded (x 33). a, anthers of the long stamens; 7, nectary.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may possibly be effected by pollen
still clinging to the anthers.
Besides hermaphrodite plants, Ludwig also observed small-flowered female
stocks with reduced vegetative organs, there being 2 % of these at Greiz and Plauen.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), a bee (Anthophora sp.): (Kitzingen), 3 po-cltg. bees—
1. Andrena coitana X.9; 2. Halictus sp. 9; 3. Dufourea vulgaris Schenck 9.
Herm. Miller, jun. (Alps), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 8. Loew (Alt-
vatergebirge and Silesia), the last-named humble-bee, 9, skg. (‘Beitrage,’ p. 52).
Schulz (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., skg. legitimately and also
perforating the flowers. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee
Bombus pomorum 2. 9.
184 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
661. Pentstemon Mitch.
LitErature.—Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ I: Errera, Bull. Soc. roy. bot., Gand, xvii,
1879; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ I, pp. 31-40, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Beih. xvii,
1904, ‘D. Bestaéubungseinricht. v. Pentastemon Menziesii u. verwandt. Arten,’ in
Festschr. fiir Prof. Ascherson, Berlin, 1904; Pasquale, Atti congr. botan. internat.,
Geneva, (1892) 1893, pp. 553-60; Familler, Inaug.-Dissert., Miinchen, 1896;
Heinricher, Sitz-Ber. Ak. Wiss., Wien, Ixxxvii, 1883; I. Robinson, Ost. bot. Zs.,
Wien, xlvi, 1896, p. 398.
Protandrous flowers with concealed nectar; stamens and style displaced. The
posterior stamen is transformed into a long staminode, sharply bent at its base, and
traversing the corolla-tube obliquely until its tip lies on the central lobe of the
lower lip.
Comparative studies of as many species as obtainable have recently been
made by Loew, with regard to the nectaries and staminode of this genus, which
has been the subject of so much oecological work. The material was partly
obtained from plants cultivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden, and partly from the
herbarium of the Royal Botanic Museum in Berlin. In most species the nectaries
are on the outer side of the bases of the two upper filaments, and usually consist
of a large number of closely crowded unicellular epidermal papillae, of glandular
nature. In some species (e.g. P. Cusickii A. Gray, P. diffusus Dougl., P.
gracilentus A. Gray and P. Rattani A. Gray) these papillae are divided by
longitudinal septa into two or four daughter-cells, and resemble the stalked
glandular trichomes found on the calyx, inflorescence axis, and the vegetative
organs of many Pentstemons. The latter, however, possess a much longer stalk-
cell, though transitions have been observed between the two kinds of trichome.
Herbarium specimens of a number of shrubby Californian species belonging to
the section Fruticosi were examined (P. cordifolius Benth., P. ternatus TZorr.,
P. breviflorus Zzwd/., antirrhinoides Benth., P. Rothrockii A. Gray and P. Lemmoni
A. Gray), and in these the nectar-secreting arrangements differ from that just
described. Here there are no glandular papillae on the bases of the two upper
filaments. The bases of all four stamens and of the staminodes are greatly
broadened, and their margins more or less closely beset with stiff protective hairs.
These parts clearly serve as covers for nectar secreted elsewhere, and the nectary
is either represented by the well-marked annular hypogynous disk sometimes
present or by the base of the corolla. The herbarium material employed did
not allow of more accurate determination.
There are great variations within the genus Pentstemon as regards the
staminode, as well as with reference to the nectaries, and these are obviously
related to the method of pollination. It is sometimes a short useless appendage,
sometimes a long glabrous thread. It may be beset with double series of hairs,
sometimes in an almost comb-like fashion, or it may possess a unilateral series
of short stiff bristles. Its tip may be spatulate or spirally coiled. The height
of its insertion is equally variable, for this may be close to those of the fertile
stamens or at some distance away. Errera regards the characteristic bend found
in many species as an arrangement for obliging visitors to suck the nectar at
SCROPHULARINEAE 185
the bases of the stamens from a definitive distance. Pasquale, on the other hand,
Considers that the hairy staminode with a broadened end possessed by P. gentianoides
Por. is an organ for receiving the pollen which drops from the anthers, afterwards
effecting autogamy by transferring it to the stigma of the same flower, either by
spontaneous movement or with the aid of insect visitors. Such an explanation
could not apply to species possessing a short staminode incapable of reaching the
stigma. In order to explain all these relations, and also the different methods of
anther dehiscence and pollen dispersal, a comparative oecological research on
numerous species is a desideratum.
2104. P. Hartwegi Benth.—In the Brussels Botanic Garden Errera observed
three varieties of this species, and two of
2105. P. gentianoides Poir.—He noticed that all five varieties were visited by
the honey-bee, humble-bees, and the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z. The bees confined
their attention almost entirely to the violet variety of P. gentianoides. Pasquale (op.
cit.), however, describes this species as almost exclusively autogamous, pollination
by insects scarcely ever taking place. He is of opinion that the descriptions of this
which have so far been given rest on inaccurate observations.
2106. P. campanulatus Willd. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss., I, pp. 149-50; Hilde-
brand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870; W. Ogle, Pop. Sci. Rev., London, ix, 1870,
p. 667; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 30.}—
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Delpino, bees (sp. of Bombus, Anthidium, and Apis). Herm. Miiller (in his
garden at Lippstadt), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. 9 and ¥, skg. and
effecting pollination, and the bee Halictus sexnotatus KX. 9, skg.
2107. P. pubescens Ait.(?); 2108. P. ovatus Dougl.; and 2109. P. con-
fertus Dougl. (=P. procerus Doug/.).—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee, which only
succeeded in getting nectar in the smallest-flowered species (P. confertus), also 3
po-cltg. bees in the throats of the flowers—1. Andrena combinata Chr.; 2. Halictus
sexnotatus A. 9; 3. Osmia rufa Z. 9.
662. Chelone L.
LiTeraTurE.—Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ I.
Protandrous humble-bee flowers. Displacement of stamens and style and
secretion of nectar (on bases of upper filaments) as in Pentstemon.
2uo. C. glabra L. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ I, pp. 28-31.)—This
species is native to North America.
Visitors. — Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw the humble-bee Bombus
hortorum Z. 6.
663. Maurandia Orteg.
Style and stamens displaced as in Pentstemon.
186 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
664. Veronica L.
Flowers blue in colour, more rarely red or white; with concealed nectar
secreted by a disk below the ovary, and stored in the lower part of the short
corolla-tube. The larger blossoms are usually homogamous or dichogamous
hover-fly flowers, the stamens and style serving as an alighting-platform. Kerner
says that geitogamy takes place in species with a spicate inflorescence.
2u1. V. Chamaedrys L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 51; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 438-9, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 272, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 31;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 586-7; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391 ;
Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 111, 164, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’}—
This species bears homogamous hover-fly flowers, arranged in tolerably conspicuous
racemes. The corolla is bright blue, decorated with darker lines and a lighter
centre. Nectar is secreted by a fleshy yellow hypogynous disk, and covered by
hairs lining the corolla-tube, these serving as a protection against rain. The style is
Fic. 293. Veronica Chamaedrys, L.(A after Herm. Miller; 2, C, D from nature). A. Flower
seen from the front. B. Do., with the stamens drawn together, as done by a hover-fly. C. Do., with
a visitor (Ascia podagrica), which has drawn the stamens under its abdomen. D. Pistil and nectary
(x 3).
directed obliquely downwards, and the two stamens diverge laterally, automatic
self-pollination being therefore impossible, although stigma and anthers mature
simultaneously. The lower corolla-lobe is the most convenient alighting-platform,
so that when an insect settles it must first touch the stigma with its ventral surface.
The visitor then seizes the thin bases of the filaments, which are easily drawn
together, and its under-side is thus dusted afresh with pollen. In further visits the
same procedure is repeated, so that crossing is effected and fresh pollen taken up
each time. Even if a hover-fly settles on one of the lateral corolla-lobes the
under-side of its abdomen will sometimes be struck by one of the stamens. Kerner
finds that automatic self-pollination takes place in the closed flowers during bad
weather. He says that the flowers open about 9-10 a.m., closing again about
5-6 p.m.
Visrrors.—Alfken observed the following at Bremen and Hanover.—
A. Coleoptera. Byrrhidae: 1. Cistela sericea Fors’. B. Diptera. (a) Em-
pidae: 2. Empis tessellata /., skg. (4) Syrphidae: 3. Ascia podagrica /#., very
common, skg.; 4. Syrphus balteatus Deg., skg. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Aprdae:
5. Andrena chrysopyga Schenck $, occasional 6. A. cingulata J. 9 skg. and po-cltg.,
SCROPAHULARINEAE 187
8 skg., occasional; 7. A. convexiuscula K. 9 and 3; 8. A. flavipes Pz. $; 9. A.
gwynana XK. 9, po-cltg.; 10. A. minutula X. 9 skg. and po-cltg., 6 skg., very
common; 11. A. nitida Mourcr. 9, occasional; 12. A. xanthura . 3, rare, skg. ;
13. Apis mellifica Z. §, po-cltg.; 14. Bombus jonellus X. ¥, po-cltg.; 15. Halictus
calceatus Scop. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 16. H. flavipes /. 9, do.; 17. H. leucopus X. 9;
18. H. leucozonius Schr. 9; 19. H. major /Vy/. 9 (Hanover); 20. H. minutus X. 9;
21. H.morio/.9, do.; 22. H. nitidiusculus X.9, skg.and po-cltg.; 23. H. punctatissimus
Schenck 9 ; 24. H.sexmaculatus Schenck 9; 25. H.sexnotatus A.9 (Hanover); 26. H.
sexnotatulus /Vy/. 9, repeatedly, skg. and po-cltg.; 27. H. villosulus K.9; 28. Nomada
flavoguttata A. 9 and 8, skg.; 29. N. ochrostoma X. 9, skg.; 30. Podalirius
retusus Z. 8., do. (6) Formicidae: 31. Lasius fuliginosus Lir. ¥. (c) Sphegidae:
32. Pompilus viaticus Z., freq. D. Neuroptera. Odonaia: 33. Agrion minium
Harr., freq., pushing its head into the flowers.
Herm. Miiller (H.M.), Buddeberg (Budd.), and Borgstette (Borg.) give the
following list for Westphalia, Nassau, and Tecklenburg, respectively —
A. Coleoptera. (a) Alleculidae: 1. Hymenalia rufipes /, dvg. the anthers
(H. M.). (2) Witidulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., freq. forcing its way into the flowers
(H.M.). B. Diptera. (a) Bombyliidae: 3. Bombylius canescens ALzk., skg. (Budd.).
(6) Empidae: 4. Cyrtoma spuria Fall, skg. (H. M.). (c) Muscidae: 5. Anthomyia
sp., occasional, skg. (H. M.). (d) Syrphidae: 6. Ascia podagrica ., very common,
effecting crossing (H.M.); 7. Melanostoma mellina Z., do. (H. M.); 8. Rhingia
rostrata L., freq., skg. (H. M., Budd.); 9. Syritta pipiens Z., skg. (Budd.). C. Hy-
menoptera. Ag:dae: 10. Andrena cingulata /. 9 and 4, skg. (Budd.); 11. A.
cyanescens /Vyl. 9 and 4, do. (Budd.); 12. A. fulvicrus X. 9, skg. and po-cltg.
(H. M.); 13. A. gwynana X. 9, skg. (H. M.); 14. A. minutula &. 9 and @, skg. and
po-cltg. (Budd.); 15. A. parvula A’ 9, po-cltg. (H. M., Thuringia); 16. Apis mellifica
L. ¥, do. (H. M.); 17. Halictus cylindricus & 9, skg. (H. M.); 18. H. longulus
Sm. 9, do. (H.M.); 19. H. villosulus K. 9, do. (Budd.); 20. H. zonulus Sm. 9, do.
(H. M., Thuringia); 21. Melecta armata Pz. 6, do. (H. M., Strasburg); 22. M.
luctuosa Scop. $, do. (Budd.) ; 23. Nomada germanica Pz. 4, do. (Budd.); 24. Osmia
aenea Z. é, do. (H. M., Thuringia); 25. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9, do. (Budd.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Wiistnei (Alsen), the bee Andrena cingulata #. Verhoeff (Norderney), the
Muscid Anthomyia muscaria Zef/. 9 and 4, freq., and the Syrphid Melithreptus
menthastri Z. 4, skg. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia) and Krieger (Leipzig), the bee
Andrena cingulata #. Schenck (Nassau), the elegant bees Andrena cingulata . and
A. cyanescens Wy/. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the Tineid moth Adela fibulella /. Friese,
8 bees in Baden (B.), Alsace (A.), Mecklenburg (M.), and Hungary (H.)—1. Andrena
chrysopyga Schenck é (A.), not rare (M.), occasional (H.); 2. A. chrysoceles X,,
occasional (M.), rare (H.); 3. A. cingulata /., occasional (B.), freq. (M.); 4. A.
cyanescens JVy/., freq. (B., Fiume), not rare (M.); 5. A. labiata Schenck, occasional ;
6. A. xanthura X., freq.; 7. Nomada corcyrea Schmiedekn., occasional (H.); 8. N.
guttulata Schenck (H.). Knuth (Kiel), the honey-bee and 4 hover-flies, all skg.—-
1. Ascia podagrica Z.; 2. Rhingia rostrata Z.; 3. Syrphus balteatus Deg.; 4. S.
pyrastri Z. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 hover-flies, 2 Lepidoptera, and a humble-bee.
Loew (Brandenburg), the hover-fly Ascia podagrica Ff’, skg., and the bee Andrena
cyanescens JVy/. 9, po-cltg. (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 42). H.de Vries (Netherlands), 3 bees—
1. Andrena cingulata #.4; 2. A. parvula X.9; 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk.
Arch., Nijmegen, 2 Ser., 2 Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), 4 short-tongued bees,
3 Empids, 4 hover-flies, and 3 Muscids (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
pp. 346-7): (Pyrenees) some short-tongued bees, Bombyliids, and Empids (op. cit.,
iii, 1891, p. 312). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee, a hover-fly, and
3 Muscids (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 130). Saunders (S.) and Smith (Sm.), in
158 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
England, 3 bees—r. Andrena cingulata F. (S., Sm.); 2. A. parvula K. (Sm.); 3. A.
minutula £. (S.).
2112, V. officinalis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 441, ‘Alpenblumen,’
p. 272; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 587; Knuth, ‘B). u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr.
Ins.” pp. 111, 164; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik, pp. 391, 399.)—Herm. Miiller
gives the following account of this species for Westphalia——The pale-blue flowers are
traversed by darker veins. They do not open so widely in the sun as those of
V. Chamaedrys. Some flowers are homogamous, others dichogamous. In the
former the two stamens are very thin at the base, and project obliquely from the
flower at some distance from the underlying style. Nectar is secreted as in the last
species, and insect visitors touch the stigma or anthers with various parts of their
bodies, effecting self- and cross-pollination indiscriminately. Should insect-visits fail,
the filaments twist inwards and downwards as the flowers begin to wither, this being
rendered possible by their attenuated bases, until the anthers touch each other and
the stigma, thus effecting autogamy.
Stapley observed protandrous flowers in England. When these open the stigma
is above the anthers, so that automatic self-pollination is excluded.
Kirchner noticed markedly protogynous flowers at Stuttgart, the style with its
mature stigma projecting for about 2 mm. from the still closed corolla. After this
expands the anthers do not dehisce for some time, and they are situated above the stigma
as in homogamous flowers. Warnstorf states that the flowers are also protogynous
at Ruppin, and the style with its mature stigma projects several millimetres from the
corolla before they open. He describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellip-
soidal, with thickened poles, densely beset with small tubercles, up to 50 » long and
25 p broad.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z., skg.; (Thuringia),
the Empid Empis truncata AZg., skg. and effecting pollination (Bliitenbiol. Beob. in
Thiiringen,’ p. 32). Herm. Miiller (Westphalia), an Empid (Empis livida Z., freq.,
skg.), two hover-flies (Helophilus floreus Z., skg., and Syritta pipiens Z., do.), a small
bee (Halictus albipes #., po-cltg.), and 2 parasitic humble-bees—Psithyrus vestalis
Fourcr 9, skg., and P. barbutellus A’. 9, only skg. for a short time : (Alps), the humble-
bee Bombus mendax Gersv. ¥, skg. Loew (Brandenburg), the Bombyliid Bombylius
minor Z., skg., and the Conopid Dalmannia punctata /”, do. (‘Beitrage,’ p. 42):
(Switzerland), the hover-fly Syrphus luniger AZg. (op. cit., p. 61). MacLeod (Flanders),
4 short-tongued bees, 2 Syrphids, 3 Muscids, and 3 Empids (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea.
Ghent, v, 1893, p. 347). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee (‘Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 129).
2113. V. montana L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 272, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
III, pp. 32-3; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 587-8.) —The flower mechanism
of this species agrees with that of V. Chamaedrys, but the flowers and inflorescences
are larger and more conspicuous, so that insect visitors are more numerous.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller saw the honey-bee and a Sphegid (Ammophila sp.) in
the Alps, and in the course of two days he and his son observed the following in
Westphalia.—
SCROPHULARINEAE 189
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Anthomyia sp., in large numbers, skg. (6)
Syrphidae: 2. Ascia podagrica /., in large numbers, skg.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z., do. ;
4. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. and po-dvg.; usually drawing the stamens under it while
skg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 5. Anthophora retusa Z. (=A. haworthana
K.) 3, skg.; 6. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, numerous, skg.; 7. Bombus pratorum Z.: a small
3, after skg. a single flower, always flew to another raceme ; 8. Chelostoma nigricorne
Nyl. 3, skg.; 9. Eucera longicornis Z., do.; 10. Halictus malachurus XX” 9, po-cltg. ;
11. H. nitidus Schenck 9, po-cltg.; 12. H. smeathmanellus X. 9, skg.; 13. H. sex-
notatus X. 9, do. ; 14. H. sexstrigatus Schenck 9, do.; 15. H. zonulus Sm. 9, po-cltg.
and skg.; 16. Prosopis confusa Vy/.; 17. P. hyalinata Sm. 4, skg.; 18. Psithyrus
quadricolor Zep. 9; hangs from below to a raceme, this being pulled down by its
weight, and creeps rather slowly from flower to flower, and then flies to another
raceme. (6) Sphegidae: 19. Cerceris variabilis Schr. 9 and 4, in large numbers, skg. ;
20. Passaloecus gracilis Cur/. (=P. tenuis Mor.) 5, skg.
Scott-Elliot observed 2 hover-flies and 5 Muscids in Dumfriesshire (‘ Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 130).
Fic. 294. Veronica latifolia, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower, seen directly from the front.
B. Do., after removal of half the calyx and corolla, seen from the side. a, anthers; 7, nectary; ov,
ovary; P, petals; s, sepals; s¢, stigma.
2114. V. latifolia L. (=V. urticifolia Jacg.). (Herm. Miiller ‘ Alpenblumen,’
pp. 271-2; Schulz, ‘Beitrage’; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flower
mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of V. Chamaedrys, but the
style is shorter, and there are no hairs in the corolla-tube to serve as nectar-covers.
In flowers from the Botanic Garden of the Kiel Ober-Realschule I found the
mechanism was not nearly so complete as that of V. Chamaedrys.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel), the honey-bee, freq., and the hover-fly Syrphus ribesii Z., less
freq. The former only now and then grasped both stamens at the same time; it
usually seized the style and one stamen, generally effecting crossing and dusting
itself afresh with pollen. Sometimes it settled on two corolla-lobes, and in that case
often pushed away the style and one stamen, thus failing to effect pollination, and
obtaining the nectar without making any return. Schulz (South Tyrol) flies and
small bees.
190 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
a5. V. Anagallis L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p- 347-)—MacLeod says that automatic self-pollination is easily possible in this
species.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Heinsius (Belgium), the hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z. Loew (Silesia), the hover-
fly Helophilus lineatus /, skg. Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), an Empid (Empis livida
L., skg.), a Muscid (Anthomyia sp., skg.), 2 hover-flies (sp. of Ascia and Syritta, skg.
and po-dvg.), and an ant (Lasius niger Z., nect-Ikg.) (‘ Weit. Beob.,’ IH, p. 33).
Warnstorf (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896) describes the variety 0. aquatica
L. as protogynous. The stamens project a little beyond the stigma, to which the
dehiscing anthers are applied, so that self-pollination easily takes place. The pollen-
grains are white in colour, ellipsoidal, beset with small tubercles, up to 50 » long and
20 » broad.
2u6. V.Beccabunga L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 439-41, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ III, p. 33; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 588; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’) — The
dark sky-blue flowers
of this species are pro-
togynous, and agree
with V. Chamaedrys
as regards secretion
and concealment of
Fic. 295. Verontca Beccabunga, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Flower seen nectar. They expand
obliquely from above. (2) Corolla after removal of the stamens, seen directly F z
from the front. (3) Pistil and nectary, seen from the side. a, sepals; 5, corolla; 1 the sunshine to
. epee ovary; e, style; 4, stigma; g, nectary; 4, nectar-cover. (1 & 2, form a flat surface,
from which the sta-
mens diverge upwards and outwards, the anthers being at a distance from the
stigma when they dehisce. During unfavourable weather the flowers remain half-
closed, and the dehisced anthers keep in contact with the stigma, so that automatic
self-pollination takes place.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Holstein, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and Thuringia) and Herm. Miiller
(Westphalia) describe 2 hover-flies (Syritta pipiens Z., and Ascia podagrica Z.) as
the most important visitors. The account given by Miiller of their behaviour has
been quoted elsewhere (Vol. I, p. 136), and in regard to the present species he
speaks as follows: ‘The most abundant visitor is a small species of Syrphidae,
Syritta pipiens L.; hovering backwards and forwards in its jerky flight before the
flowers, it suddenly alights on one; sometimes it settles on the projecting style and
stamens, which bend beneath its weight, and creeps forward a step or two in order to
thrust its proboscis (3 mm. long) into the tube (1 mm.) ; sometimes it alights on the
anterior or one of the lateral petals, and pulls down one of the stamens with its fore-
feet until it can reach the pollen with its proboscis. It thus brings various parts of
its body in contact with the anthers and stigma, and performs sometimes cross-
fertilization, sometimes self-fertilization. Most usually cross-fertilization results, for
the insect alighting on the projecting style and stamens usually touches the stigma
SCROPHULARINEAE Ig!
with the ventral surface of its body, already dusted with pollen. A smaller species of
Syrphidae, Ascta podagrica F., visits the flower very abundantly and in a similar
way.’ Knuth also saw the honey-bee, and the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z., while
Herm. Miiller gives the following additional list—A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae:
1. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 2. Several small Muscids. (4)
Syrphidae: 3. Ascia podagrica #.; 4. Eristalis sepulcralis Z., skg. and po-dvg. ;
5. Syritta pipiens Z., in large numbers, eagerly skg. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae:
6. Andrena parvula X. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 7. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 8. Halictus
sexstrigatus Schenck 9, skg. and po-cltg. Alfken (Bremen), 5 bees:—1. Andrena
minutula A. $; 2. Halictus calceatus Scop.9; 3. H. flavipes #.9; 4. H. minutus
K. 9; 5. H. villosulus XK. 9. von Fricken (Westphalia and East Prussia), the
Chrysomelid beetle Prasocuris junci Brahm, and the Curculionid beetle Gymnetron
beccabungae Z. MacLeod (Flanders), 2 short-tongued bees and a hover-fly (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 347). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), an Empid,
4 hover-flies, and 3 Muscids (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 129).
217. V. Teucrium L.—
Vistrors.— MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed a bee (Halictus sp.) (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 313).
2118. V. belli-
dioides L. (Herm.
Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’
pp. 269-70.) — The
dark - blue flowers of
this species are homo-
gamous. The bases of
the filaments are not
attenuated, and _ the
few visitors touch the
stigma and anthers
in an_ indiscriminate
fashion, effecting either
cross- or self-polli-
nation. The latter
regularly takes lace Fic. 296. Veronica bellidtotdes, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower
gu y Pp seen directly from the front (x 4). B. Do., from the side, after removal of half
automatically when the calyx and corolla (x 7). , nectary.
insect-visits fail, by
contact of the anthers with the stigma.
Visrrors.—Herm. Miiller saw an Empid, a butterfly, and a moth.
aug. V. fruticulosa L. (=V. saxatilis Scop., and V. fruticans Jacg.). (Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 267-9.)—The blue flowers of this species are homogamous
both in the Alps (Herm. Miiller) and in Greenland (Warming), and their mechanism
is essentially the same as that of V. Chamaedrys, but Hermann Miiller observed only
occasional and irregular crossing by flies, bees, and Lepidoptera. During dull
weather autogamy takes place in the half-closed flowers. (Cf Fig. 297.)
Visttors.— Vide supra. MacLeod (Pyrenees) saw a po-dvg. Muscid (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 312-13).
192 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2120. V. spuria L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl., Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 326.)—The
flowers of this and the most nearly related species (V. longifolia Z., and V. spicata LZ.)
are arranged in crowded spikes, and at the beginning of anthesis are adapted by
protogyny for cross-pollination. After a few days the stamens of the oldest (i.e.
lowest) flowers have elongated so much that their dehiscing anthers occupy the
position at first taken up by the stigma. Shortly before dehiscence, however, the
style has bent downwards in a knee-like fashion so that automatic self-pollination
cannot take place. Later on, when the pollen has been removed by insects or fallen
from the shrivelled anthers, the style straightens itself again, and projects almost
horizontally from the flower. Since the younger flowers pass through the same
stages of anthesis, though of course rather later, pollen can fall from their withering
anthers upon the still receptive stigmas
of the lower flowers, in which the styles
have become horizontal. Geitonogamy
is thus effected.
2121. V. longifolia L. (=V.
maritima Z.). (Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’)—Kerner says that geitono-
gamy takes place in this species as in
V. spuria. In garden plants I found the
flowers to possess the same mechanism
as the next species (V. spicata), except
that they are homogamous. At first
the two stamens diverge slightly out of
the flower for a distance of 5 mm., and
the dehisced surfaces of the anthers are
turned downwards. The style is still
short and bent downwards in a knee-
Fic. 297. Veronica fruticulosa, L. (after Herm.
Miller). 4. Flower seen almost directly from the front like way, so that the receptive stigma is
ee ee) ee 2 cont of the Ine, of “all at they pollen,
and the roots of the filaments (2) (x 7). As the anthers shrivel the style elongates
and straightens itself, bringing the stigma
into pretty much the same position as the anthers at first occupied.
Bee visitors, as they suck the nectar, settle on the lower part of the dense,
elongated, conspicuous inflorescence, and work upwards. They thus cross the lower
(older) flowers with pollen brought from other stocks, and dust themselves anew in
the upper (younger) flowers. Hover-flies when visiting fly from one blossom to
another, and most'y effect crossing, but also bring about self-pollination, for, in spite
of the deep and concealed position of the stigmas in pollen-containing flowers, these
are touched occasionally. Various parts of the visitors’ bodies come into contact
with anthers and stigma, but they do not draw the stamens under their abdomen, for
the filaments are not thin at their bases. Muscids chiefly effect crossing, more rarely
autogamy, in an irregular way. The latter cannot take place automatically.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
SCROPHULARINEAE 193
Knuth (Kiel), all skg. or po-dvg., 2 bees (Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very freq., and
Bombus terrester Z. 9 and ¥, freq.), the hover-fly Syrphus ribesii Z., and 4 medium-
sized Muscids. Saunders (England), the parasitic bee Stelis phaeoptera K.
2122. V. spicata L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 49-50; Knuth, ‘BI. u.
Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 111-13; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 441-2,
‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 272, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 33; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng.
Ed. 1, II, p. 326.)—Plants of this species brought by me from the island of Rém and
cultivated in the Botanic Garden of the Kiel Ober-Realschule are markedly proto-
gynous, and develop from below upwards, so that the lower ones have withered and
set fruits before the uppermost ones have opened. Between buds and fruits there is
always a zone about 2 cm. long of sexually mature flowers, so that all the stages of
anthesis are to be found in the same spike. At the apex are buds (the uppermost
still surrounded by the calyx), below which are successively to be found flowers in
the female stage, others in the male stage, and finally those in which the sexual
organs have withered and fruits are ripening.
The stigma projects from the flower before it has fully opened, and the unripe
anthers are still roofed over by the unexpanded upper lobes of the corolla. Expansion
then takes place, until the corolla attains a breadth of 8 mm.; the stamens project for
eu, Bi)
7
"AM
U7
o
Fic. 298. Veronica spicata, L. (after Hern. Miller). (1) Flower shortly before the dehiscence
of the anthers (a); the stigma (4) is still immature, and the stamens project far beyond its upper, lower,
and lateral petals (0, #, and s). (2) Do., rather more expanded, seen from the side. (3) Do., after
the anthers have withered ; the stigma has matured, and is placed below and in front of the stamens.
(4) Young flower of another stock; the style already projects, and its stigma (d@) is tolerably mature,
pollen-grains are clinging to it; the anthers are still unripe and concealed within the corolla.
(5) Another somewhat older flower from the same stock; the stigma is fully mature, and the anthers
have begun to dehisce (x 34). (6) Ovary and nectary(4). (7) Nectary(4), seen from above. (8) An
ovary with two vestigial styles (6 4) (x 7).
5 mm. and their anthers dehisce, while the style (8 mm. long) is directed obliquely
downwards over the lower corolla-lobe. Kerner says that geitonogamy takes place
as in V. spuria and V. longifolia.
Hermann Miiller observed that in Thuringia the species varies between protandry
and protogyny. In some stocks, as already described, the style projects from the
flower before this is fully open, bends downwards, and fully matures its stigma before
the anthers dehisce. But in others the anthers project considerably beyond the
stigma, which only becomes completely receptive after dehiscence has taken place.
Miller also noticed not infrequently flowers with reduced styles, which were some-
times doubled, on stocks of both kinds.
DAVIS. HI (0)
194 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Nectar is secreted by a fleshy disk below the ovary, stored in the corolla-tube
(2-3 mm. long), and protected from the entrance of rain-drops by a ring of white
hairs. Many insect visitors are attracted by the long conspicuous inflorescences with
their blue-violet flowers. Owing to protandry or protogyny, and the projection of
the stigma beyond the anthers in the mature stage, these visitors regularly effect
cross-pollination.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the honey-bee, 2 humble-bees, a Lepidopterid, and 3 hover-flies. Herm.
Miiller (Westphalia), 2 bees (Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg., and Prosopis
communis Ny/. 9 and 4, freq., skg.) and 3 fossorial wasps (1. Psammophila viatica
L.%, skg.; 2. Cerceris labiata /. 9 and 3, freq., skg.; 3. C. quinquefasciata Rossz,
skg.): (Thuringia), a hawk-moth (Zygaena carniolica Scop., skg.): (Alps), the
honey-bee, and the humble-bee Bombus alticola Krchd. ¥, skg. Gerstacker (Bozen),
3 bees—1. Xylocopa cyanescens Brull.; 2. X. valga Gerst.; 3. X. violacea L.
(Ent. Nachr., Berlin, 1872, p. 272). Friese (Hungary), the bee Andrena braunsiana
Friese 9 freq., & rare. Schletterer (Tyrol), 5 bees—1. Andrena pectoralis Pér.,
very rare; 2. Bombus argillaceus Scop.; 3. B. variabilis Schmzedekn; 4. Halictus
major Wyl.; 5. Xylocopa valga Gerst. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 2 bees—Halictus
major JVy/. 9, and Xylocopa violacea Z., 9 and 6. Alfken (Bozen), the Scoliid Scolia
hirta Schr. 9 and 6, not infreq., skg., and the bee Xylocopa violacea Z. 9, po-cltg.
2123. V. serpyllifolia L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 443-4 ; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 590; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The
whitish flowers of this species are traversed
by veins of a bluish colour. Though
usually homogamous, they are sometimes
protogynous, or, according to Warnstorf,
protandrous. The stamens are tolerably
close together above, and on either side
; oo the stigma, towards which the dehiscing
Fic. 299. Veronica serpyllifolia, L. (after é :
Herm. Miiller). (1) Flower seen from the front. Sides of the anthers are turned, sometimes
eee sas of do. a, stigma; 4, stamens; ¢, petals; effecting automatic self-pollination. Warn-
storf, however, asserts that the stamens
project beyond the style, and turn downwards in the open flower during dehiscence,
so that autogamy is rendered very difficult or entirely excluded. Owing to the close
proximity of the stigma and anthers, insect visitors can effect self- as well as cross-
pollination.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (on flowers kept in a room), the Muscid Calliphora erythrocephala
Mg., skg.; Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a Muscid (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 128).
2124. V. aphylla L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 270-13; Schulz,
‘Beitriige, II, pp. 117-18.)—The flowers of this species agree with those of
V. Chamaedrys in colour, nectar-guides, and the form of the stamens. They are
feebly protogynous. Although the bases of the filaments are attenuated, insects,
which pay visits in sunny weather, touch the anthers and stigma indiscriminately,
effecting either cross- or self-pollination. The latter inevitably takes place in dull
SCROPHULARINEAE 195
weather when the flowers remain half-closed. Kerner says that anthesis lasts for
two days.
Fic. 300. Veronica aphylla, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. Completely
open flower. 2. Half-closed flower, in which self-pollination is taking place
(x 7).
Vis1rors.—Herm. Miiller observed a Muscid, a Syrphid, and a beetle, on the
Stilfser Joch.
2125. V. alpina L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 270; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’
Il, p. 117.)—The minute flowers of this species, hardly 4 mm. in diameter, are homo-
gamous, or sometimes feebly protogynous. Lindman found flowers on the Dovrefjeld
to be at first protogynous and then homogamous. In Greenland, according to
Fic. 301. Veronica alpina, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower seen
directly from the front. B. Do., from above. C. Pistil and nectary (x 7).
gr, style; 7, mectary; ov, ovary; sé, stigma.
Warming, the mechanism is the same as in the Alps. During unfavourable weather
the flowers remain closed, and autogamy takes place by direct contact of anthers and
stigma. Insect-visits are few.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller only observed a Muscid.
2126. V. arvensis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 35; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart, p. 591.)—In this species the dark sky-blue corolla possesses
a whitish nectar-guide, and is marked by darker streaks, but there is no nectar-cover.
When expanded the flowers are 5 mm.in diameter. The filaments are not attenuated
at the base. Anthers and stigma are at the same level, and so close together that
02
196 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
autogamy is easy, while insect visitors effect cross- and self-pollination with equal
facility.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Lippstadt), 5 small nect-skg. bees—1. Andrena cingulata /. 9;
2. Halictus albipes /. 9; 3. H. punctatissimus Schenck 9; 4. H. zonulus Sm. 9;
5. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9 and é. Schletterer (Pola), 2 bees—1. Halictus calceatus
Scop.; 2. H. malachurus X.
2127. V. peregrina L. (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 591.)—The small
white flowers of this species are devoid of nectar-guides, and generally pseudo-
cleistogamous. Even in sunny weather they only open occasionally, and then do
not fully expand, for the four lancet-shaped equal corolla-lobes are directed vertically
upwards, making a little bell of which the opening is scarcely 1 mm. wide. They are
homogamous, and possess neither nectar nor nectar-cover. The style is so short that
the stigma is almost sessile, and placed below the two anthers. Automatic self-
pollination is inevitable, and as numerous fruits are set is undoubtedly effective.
2128. V. verna L.—
Vistrors.—Schletterer (Tyrol) saw the bee Eriades florisomnis Z.
212g. V. triphyllos L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 35; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 590.)—The flowers of this species are homogamous, deep-blue
in colour, streaked with darker lines and possessing a white or yellowish centre, but
only a feebly developed nectar-cover. The white filaments are not thin at their
bases, and the blue anthers are at the same level as the stigma, so that automatic
self-pollination is inevitable when the flower closes, as it does in the afternoon and
during dull weather. Insect visitors effect cross- or self-pollination irregularly.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), 2 bees—Andrena gwynana X. 9, skg., and Apis
mellifica Z. §%, po-cltg., and (?) skg. Alfken (Bremen), the bee Halictus morio
ff. 9, skg.
2130. V. agrestis L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob., III, pp. 33-5 ; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 593-)—The mechanism of this species is essentially the same
as that of V. Chamaedrys, but is incompletely developed. The scattered homo-
samous flowers are considerably smaller and therefore less conspicuous, so that
automatic pollination often takes place as a last resort. The milk-white corolla has
a bluish tinge, and is marked with convergent lines serving as nectar-guides. The
nectary, nectar-reservoir, and nectar-cover are as in V. Chamaedrys. The style and
stamens project straight out of the flower for the same distance; the latter are
somewhat attenuated at the base and curve somewhat outwards. During dull weather
the flowers open less widely, so that the anthers and stigma are in contact, automatic
self-pollination being thus brought about, and this is undoubtedly effective.
Visitors.— Herm. Miiller observed the following in Thuringia. —
A. Diptera. Afuscidae: 1. Anthomyia sp., skg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
2, Andrena parvula X., skg. and po-cltg.; 3. Apis mellifica Z. 9, po-cltg.; 4. Bombus
agrorum /”. 9, skg. for a short time.
SCROPHULARINEAE 197
2131. V. opaca Fries (= V. agrestis Z., according to the Jnudex Kewensis).
(Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 33.)—
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed the long-tongued bee Osmia rufa Z. 4, skg.,
in Westphalia.
2132. V. Tournefortii C.C. Gmel. (= V. persica Hort, and V. Buxbaumii
Lenore). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 592.)—Kirchner states that the sky-blue
flowers of this species are homogamous, opening about 8-9 a.m., and closing again
about 5-6 p.m. The anthers and filaments are blue in colour, and the latter are
rather thin at the base. The style is bent somewhat downwards. In a completely
open flower the two forwardly directed stamens diverge about 3 mm. from each other.
But when a flower does not open completely the anthers lie close to the stigma, and
automatic self-pollination takes place.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Kirchner, the butterfly Vanessa urticae Z. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre
(Tyrol), the bee Andrena denticulata . 9. Burkill (Yorkshire coast)—A. Diptera.
(2) Musctdae : 1. Lucilia cornicina F.; 2. Sepsis nigripes fg. (6) Phoridae: 3. Phora
sp. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 4. Andrena clarkella XK. 4; 5. A. gwynana XK. 9.
C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 6. Vanessa urticae L.
2133. V. didyma Tenore (= V. polita #yzes). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 592-)—The homogamous flowers of this species are blue in colour, with darker
veins, and a yellowish-white centre. The filaments are somewhat attenuated at the
base and white in colour, while the anthers are blue. Secretion of nectar, and nectar-
cover, are as in V. Chamaedrys. Only in bright sunshine do the flowers open
sufficiently to allow the stamens to diverge; generally the corolla-lobes converge so
that the anthers and stigma lie close together, thus rendering automatic self-pollination
inevitable. Plants cultivated by Kerner on the Blaser (Tyrol) produced seeds capable
of germination as late as September.
Visirors.—Kirchner observed the butterfly Vanessa urticae Z.
2134. V. hederaefolia L. (Herm. Miiller. ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 442-3, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ III, p. 33; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 593.)—The small, solitary, pale
flowers of this species are very inconspicuous. The nectary and nectar-cover are as
in V. Chamaedrys, but the bases of the filaments are not thinned. When the flowers
open the anthers have already dehisced and surround the simultaneously matured
stigma, so that even insect-visits in no way favour cross-pollination. Should such
visits fail, automatic self-pollination regularly takes place, and Hermann Miller
describes it as always effective. In rainy weather the flowers remain closed, and
fertilize themselves pseudo-cleistogamously.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Coleoptera. W:tidulidae: 1. Meligethes sp. (Thuringia). B. Hymeno-
ptera. Apidae: 2. Andrena parvula X. 9, skg. (Thuringia); 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥,
casually skg. (Thuringia); 4. Halictus albipes #. 9, numerous, skg. (Thuringia) ;
5. H. leucopus XK. 9, do.; 6. H. lucidulus Schenck 9, skg. (Thuringia); 7. H.
nitidiusculus X. 9, very numerous, skg.
198 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Burkill observed the following on the coast of Yorkshire (‘Fertilisation of
Spring Flowers ’).—
A. Coleoptera. Curculionidae: 1. Apion nigritarse X., skg. B. Diptera.
Muscidae: 2. Sepsis nigripes Mg., skg. C. Hemiptera. 3. One sp., skg.
D. Hymenoptera. (a) Afidae: 4. Andrena gwynana KX. 9, skg. (6) Formicidae:
5. Formica fusca Z.,skg. (c) Ichneumonidae: 6. Two sp., skg. E. Thysanoptera.
7. Thrips sp., skg.
2135. V. Ponae Gouan. (MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 38.)—The flowers of
this species are reddish-violet in colour.
Visirors.—MacLeod observed 4 Diptera (a Bombylius, 2 Syrphids, and an
Empid) (in the Pyrenees.
2136. V. gentianoides Vah!.—
VisiTors.—Loew observed the Dermestid beetle Anthrenus scrophulariae Z. in
the Berlin Botanic Garden.
2137. V. Sandersoni. (Ludwig, Biol. Centralbl., Berlin, vi, 1886—7.)—
Ludwig describes this species as bearing protandrous flowers, in which at first the
corolla is bright red, the filaments and style being also red, and about 7 mm. long.
Later on these parts become white, and the style elongates to 13 mm.
665. Paederota L.
2138. P. Bonarota L. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 50; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 334-5.)—This species is native to Carniola, Carinthia,
and adjacent regions. Loew examined cultivated plants, and found the flowers to be
homogamous. The corolla-tube is 4 mm. long. Kerner says that the anthers do
not at first reach the level of the stigma, but subsequently attain this by elongation
of the filaments, so that automatic self-pollination takes place.
2139. P. Ageria L. (Kerner, op. cit., p. 402.)—This species is native to
Carniola and Lower Steiermark. Kerner observed plants cultivated in the Innsbruck
Botanic Garden to be infertile. Automatic self-pollination is excluded.
666. Wulfenia Jacq.
21440. W. carinthiaca Jacq.—This species is native to Upper Carinthia.
Cultivated plants observed by Hildebrand and Loew were protogynous. Self-
pollination is possibly excluded.
667. Tozzia L.
Homogamous or feebly protogynous fly flowers; with nectar secreted by the
base of the ovary.
2141. T. alpina L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 277-9.)—The flowers
of this species are homogamous or feebly protogynous. The three lower lobes of the
brilliant yellow corolla present dark purple blotches serving as nectar-guides. Nectar
is abundantly secreted, and is easily accessible to insects with a proboscis only a few
millimetres long. At first the style projects considerably beyond the stamens, so that
insect visitors touch the stigma before the anthers. During subsequent growth of
SCROPHULARINEAE 199
the flower, the style does not elongate at the same rate as the other parts and
ultimately come to lie behind the anthers.
Kerner says that a bending of the style in the course of anthesis renders
automatic self-pollination possible, by bringing the stigma into contact with pollen
that has collected in the hollows of the corolla.
gi,
Fic. 302. Yozzza alpina, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Just opened flower. B. Do., seen from
the side. | C. A slightly older flower, after removal of the calyx and part of the corolla. JD. Fully
mature flower. £. Do., partly dissected from the side. . Ovary andnectary. G. Do., in longitudinal
section(x 7). #, mectary ; sf, stigma.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller only observed Diptera (4 Muscids and 4 Syrphids) in
the Alps.
668. Melampyrum L.
Homogamous humble-bee flowers, with the nectary in the form of a lobe pro-
jecting downwards from the base of the ovary. The upper lip serves as a roof to
protect the anthers from rain. In the species with the longest corolla-tubes (M.
arvense Z., and M. nemorosum Z.), and which can therefore only be pollinated by
the longest-tongued visitors, the bracts are brightly coloured, thus increasing the
conspicuousness of the inflorescence. Rathay (Verh. ZoolBot. Ges., Wien, xxxix,
1889) says that these are beset with nectar-secreting trichomes in some species
(M. arvense Z., M. nemorosum Z., M. pratense Z., M. barbatum), and that these
“extra-floral nectaries ’ attract ants.
200 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2142. M. pratense L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 458-61, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
III, p. 36; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 594-5; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 354-6; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 399 ; Knuth,
‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Riigen,’ ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The horizontal
flowers of this species possess a yellowish-white three-edged corolla-tube 14-15 mm.
long, which conceals a large quantity of nectar in its base, rising to a height of
2-3 mm. The nectary expands towards the lower lip into a whitish rounded body,
on either side of which runs a nectar-secreting groove. A circlet of converging hairs
protects the secretion from rain, which, owing to the protruding lower lip, is able to
penetrate into the flowers in spite of their horizontal position. The corolla-tube is
widened in front for a distance of 4-5 mm. sufficiently to permit of the easy insertion
Fic. 303. Melampyrum pratense, L. (after Herm. Miller).
(2) Do., from above. (3) Do., from the front (x 7).
from behind. (5) Do., after opening, from the front.
flower, seen from the left.
(1) Flower seen from the side (x 3).
(4) Pollen-receptacle formed by the anthers,
(6) The two stamens of the right half of the
(7) Relative position of the stigma and pollen-receptacle. a, lateral fold
of the anterior part of the corolla; 4, nectar-guide; c, stigma; d, hairy covering of the pollen-receptacle;
é, teeth of the filaments; 7 spine-like appendages of the anthers.
of the head of a humble-bee. In this widened part a fold projects inwards from the
lower part of each side-wall, abutting upon the under-side of the tube so as to reduce
the opening of the flower to a breadth of scarcely 3 mm. The height of this is
narrowed to 1-2 mm. by two dark-yellow protrusions of the lower lip, serving as
nectar-guides, and by a contraction behind the upper lip. But the two lateral folds
can be separated by the head of a humble-bee, giving it plenty of room. After the
head is thus inserted, a proboscis 10-11 mm. long is required to get at the nectar,
SCROPHULARINEAE 201
so that all our. native humble-bees are able to do this, except Bombus terrester Z.
and, as Herm. Miiller adds, the small workers of some other species. Such short-
tongued humble-bees, and also the honey-bee, often perforate the flowers and steal
the nectar. The filaments adhere to the narrow part of the corolla-tube, becoming
free in its widened part, and then running obliquely upwards as broad stiff rods into
the hood-like upper lip where the anthers are situated. Their inner sides are beset
with short, stiff, tooth-like bristles. The anthers are laterally opposed and make up
together a single pollen-receptacle. The anther-lobes are produced downwards into
spiny appendages, by the separation of which the pollen-receptacle can be opened.
This is practicable because, though the anthers are stiffly united with their filaments
and closely apposed along their hinder and upper margins, their lower front edges
are only loosely connected by hairs, and therefore easily separate when subjected to
slight lateral impact, so that pollen falls out of the receptacle. Should the proboscis
of a humble-bee be inserted into the flower and touch one of the spinose anther-
appendages it will consequently open the receptacle and get sprinkled with the fine
dust-like pollen. The proboscis must be introduced into the corolla-tube exactly in
the middle and high up, guided by the soft hairs on the upper lip and anthers. The
slightest deviation from this direction would bring its delicate tip into painful contact
with the sharp projections on the filaments. If such penetration takes place before
the opening of the pollen-receptacle the stigma will be touched, so that the visits of
humble-bees to this species ensure crossing. The style runs along the upper edge
of the corolla-tube, and bends over the pollen-receptacle; hence the stigma hangs
down in the uppermost part of the opening of the flower, between the soft hairs of
the upper lip, and will be first touched by the proboscis of a humble-bee, and cross-
pollinated if this has previously been dusted with pollen in another flower of the
same species.
Should the visits of humble-bees fail, automatic self-pollination takes place as
a last resort. The end of the style bends more and more downwards, and finally
inwards, so that the stigma is brought under the slits of the pollen-receptacle, which
finally open of themselves and pollinate it autogamously.
Lundstrém says that the bracts continue to secrete nectar and attract ants until
the fruits are ripe. In size, shape, colour, and weight, the seeds closely resemble the
pupae (so-called ‘eggs ’) of these insects, which remove them from their capsules and
carry them to their nests, where germination takes place. (Soc. Scient. Acta, Upsala,
Ser. 3, xili, 1887.)
Vis1tors.— Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) observed the following
in Westphalia and Nassau, respectively.—
A. Diptera. Straftomyrdae: 1. Oxycera pulchella J/g., vainly searching for
nectar, and, apparently, pollen (H. M.). B. Hymenoptera. Afrdae: 2. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, very freq. (H. M.); 3. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and 4, skg. legitimately ;
first carefully inserting its proboscis, and then going to another stock, thus effecting
crossing; 4. B. hortorum Z. ¥, do. (H. M., Siebengebirge) ; 5. B. lapidarius, 9 and 4,
freq., stealing nectar by perforation (H. M.); 6. B. pratorum Z. 9 and 4, do. (H. M.,
Siebengebirge); 7. B. sylvarum Z. 9, skg. (H. M., Fichtelgebirge); 8. B. terrester
L. 9, freq., behaving as 5. (Luisenburg), vainly trying to suck (W6llershof in the
Bavarian Oberpfalz, H. M.); 9. Megachile circumcincta .9, once, skg. legitimately
(H. M.).
202 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Thuringia), 3 humble-bees—1. Bombus agrorum F. 9 and 4, skg.;
2. B. hortorum Z. 9, do.; 3. B. terrester Z. 9, perforating the corolla-tube and
stealing nectar: (Riigen), B. hortorum Z. (coloured like var. tricuspis Schmzedekn.),
skg. Schmiedeknecht, the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. ¥. Alfken
(Bremen), 2 bees—Bombus agrorum /”, 9, and B. terrester Z. 9, perforating the
corolla obliquely from above downwards, and stealing nectar. Loew (Silesia), the
humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. 4, skg. (‘Beitrige,’ p. 34): (Switzerland), a
Stratiomyid (Sargus flavipes A@g., undoubtedly an unbidden guest) and a hover-fly
(Chrysotoxum bicinctum Z., do.) (op. cit., p. 62). MacLeod (Flanders), 3 humble-
bees and 2 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 356). Scott-Elliot
(Dumfriesshire), 3 humble-bees (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 133).
2143. M. arvense L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 36-7 ; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 596; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 399 ;
Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. a. d, Ins. Riigen.’)—The inflorescences of this species are very
conspicuous, the flowers being of a dull-purple colour with a yellow palate, and the
bracts purple-red. Their mechanism agrees with that of M. pratense, but the corolla-
tube is longer, 21-2 mm. Their lower part (8-9 mm. long) is vertical, and they are
then directed obliquely upwards, finally curving over. The arrangement is that best
suited to a humble-bee probing for nectar. A further difference from M. pratense is
found in the lower lip, which bends upwards, and loosely applies its margins to those
of the upper lip, effecting a closure of the flower that prevents the smaller unbidden
guests from creeping in and stealing nectar. Failing the visits of humble-bees,
automatic self-pollination takes place as in M. pratense. Short-tongued humble-bees
sometimes steal the nectar by perforating the flowers.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, spheroidal, striated,
about 25 » in diameter.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (Thuringia) saw the humble-bee Bombus hortorum
L. 9, skg., and also the following, vainly trying to suck.—
A. Coleoptera. TZélephoridae: 1. Dasytes subaeneus Schonh. B. Diptera.
(a) Conopidac : 2. Physocephala rufipes #. (4) Muscidae: 3. Ulidia erythrophthalma
Mg. C. Hemiptera. 4. Several undetermined sp. D. Hymenoptera.
(a) Apidae: 5. Prosopis armillata My. & and 9, numerous, especially the 34;
6. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. (= A. haworthana &.) 9 (proboscis 15 mm.), vainly
trying to get the nectar from a single flower, and then flying away. (4) Chryszdidae :
7. Hedycrum lucidulum & 8. (c) Jchneumonidae: 8. Foenus sp. (@) Sphegidae :
g. Cerceris labiata #8; 10. Ceropales albicinctus Rossz. (e) Vespidae: 11. Odynerus
minutus #/ E, Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 12. Melitaea athalia Ro/t.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated._—
Loew (Alps), 2 humble-bees: (Switzerland), 2 humble-bees—Bombus rajellus
XK. 9, skg., and B. variabilis Schmzedekn. 9, do. (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 62). Knuth (Riigen),
the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., po-cltg. with large pollen-masses on its tarsi.
Buddeberg (Nassau), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum ¥. 9, and B. sylvarum Z.;
as the proboscis of these is only 15 mm. long they can only make fruitless attempts
to suck. Perforation by humble-bees was observed by Schulz; also by Ricca (Atti
Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871).
2144. M. nemorosum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 38-9;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’ ; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 395 ; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob.
a. d. Ins. Riigen.’)—The beautiful golden-yellow flowers of this species are very
SCROPHULARINEAE 203
conspicuous against the handsome blue upper bracts and the dark-green foliage-
leaves. Plants are now and then to be found, however, with pale bracts almost
white in colour. Such were observed by Hermann Miiller in a wood at Kitzingen,
and by myself, in similar habitats, on the east coast of Riigen.
The flower mechanism essentially agrees with that of M. pratense, but the
corolla-tube is longer, i.e. 18-20 mm. Its first 5 mm. are directed obliquely upwards,
and it then bends outwards almost horizontally. The lower lip often lies pretty
close to the upper one, though a space of 3-4 mm. is not infrequently left
between them.
Individual flowers undergo a change of colour towards the end of anthesis,
for the golden-yellow of the under lip and upper part of the corolla-tube changes to
a brownish orange-yellow. This does not diminish, perhaps even heightens, the
conspicuousness of the entire inflorescence, while at the same time such skilled visitors
as humble-bees will learn to avoid these flowers, from which no more booty is to be
obtained. As a flower changes colour it bends further downwards, thus bringing the
stigma into the line of fall of the pollen, so that automatic self-pollination can take
place if crossing has not already been effected.
Short-tongued humble-bees perforate the flowers and steal the nectar.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller saw the following in the Bavarian Oberpfalz (O.), the
Fichtelgebirge (F.)., and Thuringia (T.), and at Kitzingen (K.).—
A. Coleoptera. Zelephoridae: 1. Dasytes sp., creeping into the flowers (O.).
B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. by perforation (K.);
3. Bombus lapidarius Z. 9 and 4, biting a hole a few mm. above the edge of
the calyx through the upper edge of the corolla, and skg. (O.); 4. B. hortorum Z. ¥,
skg. legitimately (K., O.); 5. B. agrorum /. ¥, as 3.(O.); 6. B. pratorum Z. éand 9,
skg. by perforation (F.); 7. B. terrester Z. 9 and ¥, freq., do. and po-cltg. (K.),
8, skg. by perforation (F.); 8. Psithyrus rupestris &. 9, do. (F.). C. Lepidoptera.
(2) Rhopalocera: 9. Leucophasia sinapsis Z., vainly trying to suck (O.); 10. Melitaea
athalia Roft., do. (K.). (6) Sphingidae: 11. Zygaena meliloti “sp., skg. (K.)
D. Thysanoptera. 12. Thrips, very numerous in its flowers (T., O.).
Loew gives the following list for Brunswick (B.), Steiermark (S.), and the
Riesengebirge (R.) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 53).—
A. Hymenoptera. Afidae: all skg.: 1. Apis mellifica Z.Y(R.); 2. Bombus
pratorum Z. 4 (R.); 3. Megachile circumcincta KX. 9, skg.(R.); 4. M. melanopyga
Costa 9 (S.); 5. Psithyrus rupestris F. 9 (B.); 6. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9 (B.).
B. Lepidoptera. (2) Noctuidae: 7. Plusia gamma Z.,skg.(R.). (4) Rhopalocera:
8. Epinephele janira Z., skg. (R.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Riigen), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum F. 4%, freq., skg., and
B. rajellus A. 9, skg. Schmiedeknecht, the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus
Gerst. ¥.
2145. M.cristatum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 39; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 595; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 217.)—In this species the
bright-purple bracts increase the conspicuousness of the inflorescences, though
sporadically they may be pale-yellow, as in the Tyrol according to Kerner. The
flowers are yellowish in colour, tinged with red, and the lower lip is darker than the
rest. Their mechanism essentially agrees with those of the three species already
204 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
described, but the corolla-tube is somewhat shorter than in M. pratense, though this
does not render the nectar legitimately accessible to shorter-tongued insects than in
that species. The corolla-tube rises vertically for 5-6 mm., then bends sharply and
runs horizontally for 7-74 mm. further. It is scarcely 1 mm. broad, though rather
more than 1 mm. high, but these dimensions increase to 2 and 4 mm. in front, and
it is only into this wide part that the head of a humble-bee can be inserted. A
proboscis at least 12 mm. long is therefore necessary to suck out all the nectar.
The entrance of unbidden guests is checked by the tolerably close apposition of the
lower lip with the hood-like upper one.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (in the wood at Kitzingen), a butterfly (Melitaea athalia Rod.,
vainly trying to suck) and the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. 9 (proboscis
12-14 mm.), skg. legitimately. Schulz saw flowers perforated by humble-bees.
2146. M. sylvaticum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 315-16; Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 39-41; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 218; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 399.)—In this species the tube of the small dark-yellow
corolla is about 1 mm. wide. It ascends obliquely for about 3 mm., and then bends
horizontally to continue 5 mm. further, widening gradually as it does so and finally
dividing into a roof-like upper lip with margins fringed by soft dependent threads,
and a three-lobed under lip serving as an alighting-platform. There is no
constriction of the entrance to the flower as in other species of the genus, but it
widens fairly regularly to an aperture 3 mm. high and broad. The filaments lie
close against the outer wall of the corolla-tube and bend together under the upper
lip, so that the anthers are close together behind the hairy part of this, and turn their
dehisced surfaces downwards. The style lies between the filaments and behind the
anthers, and its end bends forwards and downwards, bringing the stigma into
the entrance of the flower. The proboscis of an insect probing for nectar must
therefore first touch the stigma and then the pollen-covered surfaces of the anthers,
thus effecting crossing. Hermann Miiller was unable to find any special nectary ;
nectar seems to be sparingly secreted by the lowest part of the ovary. Vestiges of
nectar-covers appear to be present on the inner wall of the corolla-tube where it
bends horizontally.
Automatic self-pollination takes place should insect-visits fail, for the stigma
comes to lie under the anthers and gets dusted with pollen. This is not so dry and
powdery as it is in M. arvense and other species, and remains clinging for a longer
time to the under-side of the dehisced anthers.
VistTors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Buddeberg (Nassau), the humble-bee Bombus senilis S7. (= B. muscorum /.)
9, skg. Herm. Miiller (Bavarian Oberpfalz), the wasp Vespa rufa J. ¥, on several
flowers. Schulz (Riesengebirge), perforated flowers. Loew (Alps), 3 hover-flies as
useless visitors—1. Chrysotoxum octomaculatum Cur/.; 2. Syrphus luniger JZg.,
skg.; 3. S. lunulatus J/g.
SCROPHULARINEAE 205
669. Pedicularis L.
Homogamous, rarely protogynous, humble-bee flowers, red or yellow in colour ;
with nectar secreted by a unilateral swelling on the lower side of the ovary. Ekstam
observed no insect-visits in Nova Zemlia (Vet-Ak. Ofvers., Stockholm, li, 1895).
2147. P. sylvatica L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 216-17; Hildebrand,
Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxiv, 1866, p. 73; Ogle, Pop. Sci. Rev., London, ix, 1870,
Pp. 45-7; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 450-4, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 41;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 597; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 113, 165; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 218.)}—Hermann Miller corrects the errors
and supplies the omissions of Sprengel, Hildebrand, and Ogle, giving the following
Fic. 304. Pedicularts sylvatica, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Corolla, fromthe front. (2) Flower,
from behind. (3) Upper part of the corolla, from the left side, after part of it has been cut away,
and the anthers separated. (4) Transverse section of the corolla at cin (1). (1 and 2 x 34; 4 X 7.)
a, point of insertion of the anterior stamens; 4, point of origin of the lower lip; dc, lower part of the
mouth of the flower, closed by the apposition of the lower lip; d@, revolute edge of the upper lip, set
with teeth; 7 the hood which surrounds the anthers; g, pendulous tip of the hood; 4, ridge upon the
side of the corolla, meeting the revolute border at ¢; 4 and /, shorter and longer stamens.
comprehensive account of the mechanism of the rose-red flowers of this species
(‘ Fertilisation, pp. 450-4).—
‘ Honey is secreted by the green, fleshy base of the ovary, and lies at the bottom
of the tube, which is ro to 14 mm. long, laterally compressed, and so narrow that
a humble-bee can only insert the forepart of its head. At the height of roto 14 mm.
the tube divides into an upper lip, which both in form and in direction is simply
206 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
a continuation of the tube, slightly wider and open in front, and an under lip, whose
base (3 to 5 mm. long) is applied to the upper lip so as to close up the lower
3 to 5 mm. of the mouth of the flower. The hooded end of the upper lip encloses the
stamens, and the end of the style with the stigma protrudes obliquely downwards
from it; the free portion of the under lip with its three lobes serves as a standing-
place for insects, and is set very obliquely, so that the right lobe stands 2 to 8 mm.
higher than the left (1, Fig. 304). If the under lip is pulled down as far as the place
of its attachment, the mouth of the flower is seen to form a fissure 8 to ro mm. long,
which in the greater part of its length is only 1 to 2 mm. broad, but which 3 mm.
below its upper end widens out suddenly to a breadth of 4 mm. (e¢, e, 1); it then
again narrows suddenly, and a little more than 1 mm. from its upper end two sharp
processes of the hood (g, 1, 2) almost meet in the middle and divide the entrance
into a very small upper and a long lower part. Through the upper opening pro-
trudes the style, which springing from the bilocular ovary lies close to the posterior
wall of the corolla, and curves sharply downwards near its anterior end to bear the
capitate stigma; the long, lower opening admits the bee’s head. So long as this
slit is only 1 to 2 mm. broad, viz. from the insertion of the under lip to the wider
part above, its edges are very markedly rolled outwards, and that part of the inner
wall of the corolla which is brought by this revolution of the edge to form the
margin of the narrow slit is closely set with sharp points (d, 1, 2, 4), while the
wider portion (e, 1) has smooth edges. There is also on each side of the upper lip
a reddish thickened band (4, 2), which begins on a level with the wide part of the
slit at the upper end of the reflexed edges (e), and forming a sharp angle with
the ridge runs backwards and downwards to disappear on a level with the base of
the under lip.
‘What have all these characters, the compressed base of the under lip, the
oblique position of its three-lobed lamina, the reflexed edge of the narrow entrance,
its rough edges, the sudden enlargement with its smooth edges, the red stripes at the
sides of the upper lip, to do with fertilization by humble-bees? Are they accidents
to be neglected, as is done by Hildebrand in his figures in the Bolanische Zeitung,
and by Dr. Ogle in the Popular Science Review? Careful observation of an insect
visiting the flower makes me think otherwise. The bee comes flying along with
outstretched proboscis, and avoiding the toothed edges of the slit, thrusts its proboscis
at once in alighting into the widest part of the opening (e, 1); the upper part of its
head then touches the stigma, which stands scarcely 2 mm. above the wide part of
the opening, and the oblique position of the lower lip causes the bee’s head also to
be placed obliquely ; its forefeet grasp the basal part of the lower lip, its middle pair
of feet grasp the tube of the flower on a level with the lower lip, and the hindfeet
rest upon leaves or other flowers below. Standing in this position, the bee applies
its head, which is 23 to 3 mm. thick and 5 mm. broad, to the (4 mm.) wide part of
the entrance, with just so much obliquity as gives it the best chance of entering.
And now the edges of the slit, rolled outwards and thereby stiffened (¢, 1, 2), and
the bands on the upper lip (4, 2), play their part. Joining above at a sharp angle,
they bound, on each side of the upper lip, a triangular surface, which does not bend,
but gets pushed outwards by the bee’s head. But the points where the reflexed edges
and the thickened bands meet are on each side of the wide point of the opening,
SCROPHULARINEAE 207
and as they separate more and more from one another, the superior angle (¢, g, ¢, 1)
of the small part of the entrance above this will be very greatly enlarged, for the
sides bounding it are very short, and are forced apart as much as the long sides of
the lower opening. The small processes (g, 1, 2) which before nearly met, and
which held together the two halves of the pollen-receptacle [formed by the union of
the four anthers| are forced apart ; the anthers, which have a tension outwards in
consequence of the peculiar curvature of their filaments (4, 1, 3), are freed from the
force that held them together below, while they remain fastened together above ;
they therefore flap apart, and let a little pollen fall on the bee’s head, exactly on the
spot which came in contact with the stigma scarce a second before. ‘The pollen is
saved from being scattered at the sides by vertical hairs on the longer stamens
(1, 3) which cover the space between the upper and lower anthers on each side,
and project slightly beyond the lower edges.
‘Bombus hortorum L. (proboscis 20 to 21 mm.) needs to thrust its head a very
little way down after inserting it into the wide entrance; but the shorter a bee’s
proboscis is the more must it force its head down in the lower lip, and if there is not
space enough aédove the platform of the lower lip, the latter can be pressed down
3 to 4 mm., as far as 4, 2; so that bees with a proboscis only ro mm. long may
reach the honey. When the bee flies away, the lower lip springs back into its
former position, and the whole mouth of the flower resumes its original state.
‘The flower is in this way adapted for all our native species of Bomébus and
Anthophora, except B. terrestris and small workers of a few other species; but the
length of the tube excludes all smaller bees, which if the tube were shorter might
carry off the honey without touching the stigma; the hooded upper lip guards the
pollen from flies and other insects; but the tube is liable to be bitten through and
robbed of its honey by some humble-bees, always on the left side. Such robbery
does little or no harm, for bees still visit in a legitimate manner flowers which have
been bitten through and robbed. The power of self-fertilization has been com-
pletely lost.’
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as pale-yellow in colour, tuberculate,
up to 43 » long and 25 p» broad.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 7 bees—1. Anthophora retusa Z. 9 (proboscis 16-17 mm.), skg.
legitimately ; 2. B. agrorum &. (prob. 12-15 mm.), do.; 3. B. hortorum Z. 9
(prob. 20-1 mm.), do.; 4. B. lapidarius Z. 9 (prob. 12-14 mm.), do.; 5. B.
scrimshiranus A. 9 (prob. 10 mm.), do.; 6. B. sylvarum Z. 9 (prob. 12-14 mm.),
do.; 7. B. terrester Z. 9 (prob. 7-9 mm.), skg. by perforation. Knuth, 2 skg.
humble-bees—Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, and B. agrorum /. Héppner (Bremen),
6 bees—1. Apis mellifica Z.%; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9; 3. B. muscorum £9;
4. B. rajellus X. 9; 5. B. terrester Z. 9; 6. Podalirius retusus Z. 9 and 6.
Schmiedeknecht, the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/., one 9. Scott-Elliot
(Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 133).
2148. P. palustris L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen, pp. 291-3; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 598; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 218; Knuth, ‘ Bl. u. Insekt.
a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 113-14 ; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 399.)—The rose-red
flowers of this species agree in the main as to their mechanism with those of
208 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
P. sylvatica, but they are almost horizontal, and the corolla-tube is only ro-11 mm.
long. Humble-bees with a proboscis 8-9 mm. in length can, therefore, reach the
nectar by inserting their heads into the entrance. In correspondence with this, the
open slit of the flower above its toothed lower part is scarcely more than 4mm. wide,
so that the proboscis or head of a humble-bee will enlarge it noticeably or even
considerably. The edges of the upper lip are thickened above the place where the
reflexed margins pass into the outer ridges, and when a humble-bee forces its way
into the slit this must be opened right up to the tip, some of the pollen being bound
to fall out. The horizontal position of the flower secures that a humble-bee, though
its proboscis is inserted at a lower level, shall immediately touch the stigma, effecting
pollination if another flower has previously been visited. Pollen is discharged so
close to the insect’s head that arrangements to prevent it from being wasted at the
Fic. 305. Pedicularis palustris, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Flower seen
from the left side (x 3h). B. Do., after removal of part of the calyx, the lower lip,
and most of the left half of the upper lip (x 34). C. Flower seen from the front after
removal of part of the calyx and most of the lower lip (x 5). D. Transverse section
of the upper lip on the line ca in C (x 7). £. Ovary and nectary from the side.
. Do., trom the front (x 7). g, junction of serrated and smooth part of slit in upper
lip; gv, style; 27, thickened edge of upper part of slit; 2, nectary; ov, ovary;
rr’, reflexed edge of lower part of slit in upper lip; sé, stigma.
side are unnecessary, and the anthers are consequently glabrous, while the longer
filaments are only sparsely beset with hairs.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, tuberculate, about
31-5 » long and 25 p» broad.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. Herm. Miiller (Alps), the humble-bee
Bombus pratorum LZ. 9. Loew (Alps), the humble-bee Bombus alticola Krchd. ¥, skg.
(‘ Beitrage,’ p.62). Heinsius (Holland), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /. ¥, skg.
legitimately and regularly effecting pollination ; B. scrimshiranus A. ¥, perforating the
flowers and stealing nectar (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 109-11).
Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 133). Schulz,
the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., perforating the flowers and stealing nectar.
SCROPHULARINEAE 209
2149. P. recutita L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 293-5; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Engl. Ed. 1, II, pp. 272-3.}—The lower lip of the red corolla of
this species is symmetrically disposed, and only a small part of its base is apposed to
the upper one. It possesses a median groove which, according to Hermann Miller,
conveniently guides the proboscis of a humble-bee to the nectar in the base of the
flower, though Lindman says it is too narrow for this purpose. Humble-bees with
a proboscis 8-9 mm. long can suck all the nectar. Kerner speaks as follows of the
way in which pollen is discharged (op. cit., pp. 272-3).—
‘ The anthers in the flowers of this plant are borne on elastic filaments, and are
regularly squeezed between the lateral walls of the helmet-shaped upper lip. No
separation of the anther-valves is possible unless this lip expands and becomes
laterally inflated. Thisis brought about in a very curious manner. When a humble-
bee alights it seizes the projecting upper lip and bends it down through an angle
of about 30°, this action being facilitated by the presence of strong ribs at the base of
FIG. 306. Fedicularis recutita, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower just before opening, seen
from the side. J. Upper part of do., after opening. C. Mature flower, seen from the side. 2. Upper
part of do., from the front. £. Uppermost part of the corolla, the left half having been cut through
and bent down. . Ovary and nectary. G. Cross-section of upper lip on xy in C(x 5). a, anthers ;
gr, style; 4, 4, fold and thickening on side of upper lip; 7, nectary; ov, ovary; 7, reflexed edge of
upper lip; s¢, stizma; #, groove on lower lip; w, folds bounding do.
the helmet on either side of the throat of the corolla, which act like levers, and
communicate their motion to the entire upper lip. In consequence of the inclination
of this lip, the sides of the helmet, which up to this time are tightly stretched, bulge
out laterally ; secondly, the filaments bend in the same sense as the bulging sides of
the helmet; and thirdly, the anthers themselves come apart pouring the pollen-dust
on to the insect’s back. In order that this complicated machinery may do its work
successfully, the insect must insert its proboscis at a certain definite spot through a
little groove in the under lip, and for this reason all other spots where entrance into
the flower might be effected are barricaded. The margin of the upper lip, for
instance, is thickly furnished with short-pointed prickles which the insects take care
not to touch.’
DAVIS. U1 p
210 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2150. P. Oederi Vahl. (=P. flammea Oecd.) (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn,
xvii, 1890, p. 204.)—Warming says that the mechanism of the yellow or whitish-
yellow flowers of this northern species agrees in general with that of P. recutita.
The tip of the upper lip is coloured dark-red inside. The corolla-tube is 20 mm.
long, and possesses a groove running inwards from the middle of the lower lip, as in
P. recutita. This does not serve, however, to conduct the proboscis of the insect
visitor, which is inserted into a cleft above it, formed by the close approximation of
the edges of the upper lip. The stigma generally projects from the upper lip, so
that it is first touched by a humble-bee visitor, and pollinated if this comes from
another flower. Autogamy, however, often takes place, for the style is not in-
frequently much shorter, not even attaining the level of the anthers.
Visttors.—Lindman observed several humble-bees.
2151. P. Oederi A. Kern. (= (?) P. flammea Wu/f). (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 376-7.)—This species is common on the Brenner in the Tyrol,
and Kerner says that the stigma projects in front of the truncated upper lip. The
corolla is strengthened by characteristic ribs, which act like a system of levers, and
depress the upper lip until at last it is sharply bent down. This movement, of
course, involves the style contained in the upper lip, so that the stigma is brought
below the anthers instead of being placed above them. At the same time the closely
apposed anthers are separated, sprinkling the stigma with pollen. As in P. recutita,
crossing is only possible at the beginning of anthesis.
21g2. P. foliosa L., and 2153. P. comosa L. These possess a flower
mechanism similar to that of the last species.
2154. P. incarnata Jacq. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 375.)
—In this species the anthers are concealed in the upper lip, which is bent at right
angles, while the style projects from it, bringing the stigma into the entrance of the
flower, so that it must first be touched by visiting humble-bees. As, too, it matures
before the anthers, only cross-pollination can take place in this first stage of anthesis.
Later on, after dehiscence has taken place, pollen is sprinkled on the heads of insect
visitors. Should insect-visits fail, the stamens become limp during the last days of
anthesis, the anthers separate, and pollen falls on the inner surface of the tubular
bent upper lip. At the same time this becomes more strongly flexed into a vertical
position, and the pollen falls down on to the stigma which is placed immediately
below. Sometimes as the upper lip is undergoing these changes in position the
stigma is drawn into it, and autogamy is effected within its tubular part. Kerner
states that a similar mechanism for effecting self-pollination exists in P. asplenifolia
Floerke, P. Portenschlagii Saw/,, P. rostrata Z., and P. tuberosa L.
2155. P. rostrata L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat. Milano, xiii, 1870;
Herm. Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 298-300; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
Il, p. 272.)}—Hermann Miller says that the lower lip is obliquely disposed in this
species, as in P. sylvatica. The anthers are concealed in the vaulted upper lip, and
cannot be directly touched by visitors. These are humble-bees, which Kerner says
separate the filaments when they force their way into the flowers, so that the smooth
anthers are forced apart and pollen is sprinkled on their heads. Automatic self-
SCROPHULARINEAE 211
pollination is effected by pollen sliding down the narrow part of the upper lip.
(Cf P. incarnata.)
Fic. 307. Pedieularis rostrata, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower seen from the left side (x 3).
B. Part of the corolla above zx x in A, seen from the right side. C. Do., partly dissected, seen from
the left side (x 5). 2D. The two stamens, seen from the outer side (x 5). 4 m, lobes of lower lip;
o, r, slit and reflexed edge of upper lip; s¢, stigma.
2156. P. asplenifolia Floerke. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 300-1 ;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 376.)—In this species also the lower lip
Fic. 308. Pedicularis asplentfolia, Floerke (after Herm. Miller). A, Flower, seen from the left
side; the arrow points to its entrance (x 3). B. Do., after removal of the calyx, lower lip, and left
half of the upper lip, seen from the left side. C. Ovary (ov), nectary (7), and base of the style.
D. End of the style with the stigma. ZZ. A pair of stamens (x 7). F. Corolla seen from the front,
after the removal of the lower lip (x 3).
is oblique, and so markedly that it is almost vertical. The corolla-tube is only 7 mm.
long. The upper lip is drawn out into a beak as in P. rostrata. Cross-pollination
P 2
212 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
is ensured by the projecting stigma, while Kerner says that autogamy can: be
brought about by the fall of pollen as in P. incarnata /acg. and P. rostrata LZ.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed 2 humble-bees and a moth.
2157. P. foliosa L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 302-3; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 376.)—In this species the stigma projects from
the upper lip, which is not drawn out into a beak. The lower lip is oblique and
possesses a median groove. When a humble-bee forces its head into the flower the
edges of the upper lip are forced apart, causing the anthers to be separated and
pollen to fall on the visitor. Hermann Miiller says that automatic self-pollination
appears to be excluded, but Kerner asserts that it takes place as in P. recutita Z.
Visitors.—Herm. Miller saw 3 humble-bees.
Fic. 309. FPedicularis verticillata, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower seen from the side.
B., Do. seen directly from the front. C. Flower after removal of the calyx, lower lip, and part of
the right half of the rest of the corolla, seen from the right. D. Base of the corolla-tube, seen from
the right side, in section. £&. Ovary and nectary. . Upper lip and entrance of the flower, seen
obliquely from the front and below. G. Tip of the upper lip of an older flower with the projecting
stigma, seen from the right side (x 4%). @, groove in lower lip; 4, opening of the flower above this;
m, nectary; ov, ovary; o, s, slit in upper lip; 0, « (in D), cuter and inner filament; sf, base of
corolla-tube; s/, stigma.
2158. P. verticillata L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890,
p. 215; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 295-8.)—Except that the flowers are
horizontal or directed obliquely downwards, their mechanism is similar to that of
P. recutita. The head of a humble-bee visitor is pushed along a groove, and
forces apart the edges of the upper lip, so that sprinkling of pollen is effected.
Hairs on the longer filaments prevent this from being dispersed laterally. The
SCROPHULARINEAE 213
corolla-tube pursues a straight course for about 3 mm. and then bends at right angles.
This not only prevents the abundant nectar from running out, but deters the thievish
humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. from stealing, for it finds it difficult to insert
its proboscis round the sharp bend. Self-pollination is excluded.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 7 humble-bees, 7 Lepidoptera, and a Bombylius. Loew
(Heuthal), the humble-bee Bombus alticola A7chd. ¥, skg. (‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
p- 399). MacLeod (Pyrenees), a humble-bee skg. legitimately (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 315).
2159. P. tuberosa L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 301-2; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 376.)}—The flower mechanism of this species
agrees pretty well with that of P. asplenifolia, but the lower lip is not so oblique.
Fic. 310. Pedicularis tuberosa, L. (after Herm. Miller). Upper lip in
longitudinal section. //’ and ££’, long and short stamens.
The uppermost part of the filaments is beset with hairs to prevent the pollen from
being scattered at the side. The corolla-tube is 9 mm. long. Kerner says that
autogamy is effected in much the same way as in P. incarnata.
2160. P. lapponica L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890,
pp. 219-20; Schneider, Tromss Mus. Aarsh., 1894; Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von
Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped., p. 42.)—Warming examined this species on the
Dovrefjeld, and describes the flowers as smelling like roses, and possessing a mechanism
similar to that of P. Oederi Vah/. But as the lower lip is still more oblique, it would
appear to be more strongly adapted to entomophily than other related forms. In
accordance with this, according to Aurivillius, the style is widely exserted, so that
insect visitors must first touch the stigma, and thus effect cross-pollination. Owing
to the horizontal position of the flower, however, it is perhaps possible for autogamy
to be effected by the fall of pollen. Lindman observed ripe fruits, but the plant
propagates vigorously by means of subterranean shoots.
Abromeit states that in Greenland the corolla varies from yellowish-white to
sulphur-yellow in colour, and is 14-15 mm. long.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
214 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Lindman (at a height of 1500 m. on Sédra Kundské), the humble-bee Bombus
alpinus Z. Feilden (Grinnell Land, in Arctic America), numerous humble-bees.
Schneider (Arctic Norway), the humble-bee Bombus lapponicus 7. 9; and the high
arctic butterfly Colias hecla Zef, resting on the flowers.
2161. P. euphrasioides Stev. (Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ p. 44, Bot.
Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890, pp. 218-19.)—On the Dovrefjeld, according to
Warming, the fragrant flowers of this species possess a mechanism similar to that of
P. lapponica, but the style does not project so far from the upper lip.
2162. P. flammea L. (Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade, p. 47; Abromeit,
op. cit.)—Warming states that in this species, on the Dovrefjeld, the style is always
enclosed in the upper lip, the stigma being just above the anthers, so that. self-
pollination easily takes place. He observed the formation of fruits.
For Greenland Abromeit describes the corolla as 12-14 mm. long, yellow in
colour at the base and in the middle, and with a brown-red upper lip. Fruits were
observed to be set on the Karajak nunatak (17. 7.93).
Fic. 311. Pedicularts hirsuta, L. (after E. Warming). A. Flower
seen from the side. &. Do., from the front. C. Style with stigma.
D, F. Anthers. G. Stigmatic papillae. 7. Pollen-grains, one germinating.
J. Stigma and anthers in the upper lip. LZ, P. Ovary and nectary, from the
side. M, P. Do., from the front. MV. Peloric form, with 6-lobed corolla,
four stamens of equal length, and style. 4, B, C-F,and X-N, from Greenland
material; J from Norwegian; O, P, from Spitzbergen. 4, M(x 3); AL
(x 8): O (x 4).
2163. P. hirsuta L. (Warming, ‘Bestévningsmaade,’ pp. 44-7; Andersson
& Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora’;
‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen.’)—In this species, as in the last three arctic ones
and Pedicularis generally, the blossoms are humble-bee flowers in structure. As,
however, humble-bees appear to be absent in Spitzbergen, Aurivillius says that the
species (like the next one) must have been fertilized autogamously for countless
generations, As this has not resulted in diminished vigour or seed production, a
SCROPHULARINEAE 215
contradiction is afforded to the Knight-Darwin Law that, ‘No organic being
can fertilize itself through an unlimited number of generations; but a cross with
other individuals is occasionally—perhaps at very long intervals—indispensable.’
(Cf Vol. I, p. 9.)
In older flowers the style bends so far back that the stigma and anthers touch
one another, automatic self-pollination being thus effected. _ Warming describes
this as being effective both in Greenland and Spitzbergen, as shown by the setting of
abundant fruits.
With regard to anthesis and the setting of fruits in Spitzbergen the species
agrees with P. lanata, according to the observations of Andersson and Hesselman,
and also those of Ekstam. Specimens collected by Vanhéffen and Dr. von Drygalski
in Greenland possessed, when fresh, a corolla 15 mm. long, pale-red in colour with
a deep-red upper lip: a white variety was also noticed. Ripe fruits were also seen
at Sermilik as early as July 8 (1892).
2164. P. sudetica Willd. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890,
p. 215.)—For Nova Zemlia Ekstam describes the flowers of this species as red in
A. Flower in the natural position (x).
lower lip (D. is part of same in side view after removing part of upper lip).
C. Part of a flower 25 mm. long, seen from the front; the stigma projects
less than in B, and the anthers are still undehisced (cf. #) (#7 is the tip
of the style of the same flower). E. Lower lip of 2. G. Ovary and
nectary. d, nectary ; sé, stigma; v, smooth reflexed edge of upper lip.
colour, smelling like jessamine, and protogynous. Autogamy may perhaps be
possible, for the projecting persistent stigma lies in the line of pollen fall.
Visirors.—Ekstam (Nova Zemlia) saw no visitors in 1891, but in 1895
observed a small fly and the humble-bee Bombus hyperboraeus Schonh.
2165. P. Sceptrum-carolinum L. (Warming, op. cit., xvii, 1890, pp. 215-18.)
—Flowers of this species from the Kola peninsula and Osterdalen (Norway)
completely agree in their mechanism. Warming describes this as follows from
herbarium material.—
‘The plant is rendered conspicuous from a distance by the tall greatly branched
stem, and the large yellow flowers with their dirty-reddish under-lips. They are
much bigger than those of other species, being as much as 32 mm. long, and are
vertical in position. The supporting bracts are closely apposed to the stem. Seen
from the outside each flower appears to be entirely closed. The lower lip (Fig. 312, 2’)
216 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
is vertical, 14-15 mm. long, and closely apposed to the somewhat longer (16 mm.)
upper lip so as to close the throat of the corolla. It cannot be entirely depressed.
Visitors must obviously be large strong insects, such as humble-bees or hawk-moths,
which, much as in Antirrhinum and Linaria, are obliged to force their body or head
between the lips before they can touch the stigma. As shown in J, the stigma
springs forward so far when the lower lip is removed that contact with it must be
inevitable. That large insects effect crossing also seems to be indicated by the
distance of 24 cm. between stigma and nectary. I have also several times seen
stamens torn out of the upper lip, evidently by the exercise of force on the part of
a large insect. One of the flowers figured (C) was protogynous, for the anthers
were still undehisced while the stigma (/7) appeared to be mature. On dehiscence
subsequently taking place (J) a visitor would obviously strike the filaments and
sprinkle itself with pollen. It is noteworthy that the filaments, anthers, style, and
reflexed edges of the upper lip are all alike glabrous, there being no special
arrangement to afford resistance and thus increase the efficiency of the sprinkling-
apparatus. But there are hairs on the edges of the superior part of the upper lip,
which possibly prevent the pollen from falling on one side, as do the hairs on the
anthers of some other species.
There are also variations in the breadth of the slit in the upper lip, and the
amount of protrusion of the stigma. The latter may (#) project (1-13 mm.) or not
(as in C, or even less). The differences as to the breadth of the opening in the
upper lip and the shape of this lip are illustrated by B and C, Fig. 312. The
explanation of these variations I must leave to those who have the opportunity of
studying fresh material.
Self-pollination appears to be effected only with difficulty. As even so far north
as Alten (70° N. lat.) fruits are set abundantly, Warming is of opinion that crossing
must be effected by certain humble-bees.’
2166. P. lanata Cham. (Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ p. 47, Bot. Tids.,
Kjobenhavn, xvii, 1890, pp. 214-15.)—Warming describes the flower mechanism of
this northern species as agreeing with that of P. hirsuta. The automatic self-
pollination, which inevitably takes place, is effective in Spitzbergen. And as there
are no humble-bees, which alone are strong and clever enough to suck nectar
legitimately, what has been said about P. hirsuta applies in a still higher degree to
this species.
Andersson and Hesselman (‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergenso. Beeren Eil.
Karlvaxtflora,’ p. 116) describe the corolla in the var. dasyantha Trautw. as being
rose-red in colour with a darker tube, and projecting about 12-13 mm. beyond the
calyx of 8-9 mm. Ekstam says that the flowers possess a pleasant odour resembling
that of almond blossoms, though this is sometimes absent (‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a.
Spitzbergen,’ p. 7). The end of the style does not project from the corolla, but is
spirally coiled, while the anthers closely surround the stigma and dehisce on the side
turned towards it so that autogamy is inevitable. Flowering begins in Spitzbergen
towards the end of June and lasts till August, and fruits are quickly ripened at the
end of August or the beginning of September.
SCROPHULARINEAE 217
670. Castilleja Mutis.
2167. C. pallida Knuth. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890,
pp. 220-3.)—Warming has examined this species from the high North. Only
@ narrow entrance is left between the vertical lips. There are both long- and short-
styled flowers. Autogamy is difficult in the former, but takes place easily in the
latter,
671. Rhinanthus L.
Homogamous humble-bee, rarely Lepidopterid flowers (R. angustifolius C. C.
Gmel.) or humble-bee Lepidopterid flowers (R. major Ehrh. var. b) hzrsutus=the
Alpine species R. Alectorolophus Pollich). Nectar is secreted by the fleshy base of
the ovary which projects to the front, and stored in the bottom of the corolla-tube.
Visitors are sprinkled from above with the dusty pollen when they insert their
proboscis (not their head also) into the flower. The anthers are protected from rain
by the roof-like upper lip. The filaments are beset with sharp points which are
Fic. 313. RAtnanthus major, Ehrh., and R. minor, Ehrh. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Stamens seen
from the front. (2) Do., with the style, seen fromthe side. (3) Inner surface ofastamen. (4) Ovary
with base of the style, nectary (zz), and base of the corolla (co). (5) Flower of 2. ménor, after removal
of the right half of the calyx, seen from the side. (6) Upper part of do., at the beginning of anthesis, seen
from the front. (7) Do., at the end of anthesis. (8) Style of R. minor. (9) Do., of R. major.
G-3, * 75 4-9, x 34)
avoided by the inserted proboscis. The way to the nectar lies between the anthers,
these being covered with soft hairs by which scattering of the pollen at the side
is prevented. The persistent dilated and flattened calyx serves less to prevent theft
by humble-bees than as 4 means of catching the wind, so that the contained capsule
is moved from side to side and the winged seeds shaken out.
2168. R. major Ehrh. (=R. Crista-Galli var. b Z.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’
p- 313; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 454-7; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss., pp. 130-3 ;
Vaucher, ‘ Hist. phys. des. pl. d'Europe,’ 1871, II], p. 539; Warming, Bot. Tids.,
Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890, pp. 223-6; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 114, 165, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. B). u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 238.)—The flowers
of this species are bright yellow in colour, with violet teeth on the upper lip. The
218 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
corolla-tube is 9-10 mm. long, and therefore only accessible to humble-bees with
a long or medium proboscis. Short-tongued humble-bees perforate the flowers and
steal the nectar. The four anthers lie in the helmet-shaped upper lip, and are united
into a sprinkling-apparatus. Each anther is so closely apposed by its margins to the
corresponding one on the other side, and dehisces so completely on this surface that
the two together make a single pollen receptacle, and interwoven hairs make the
closure of this more complete. The two receptacles are borne on stiff filaments of
which the anterior ones converge below and are beset with sharp points on their inner
sides, but their upper parts are quite smooth, and sufficiently far apart to permit
a humble-bee to conveniently insert the end of its proboscis. When the bee forces
its way further it separates the filaments, and thus opens the receptacles so that pollen
falls directly upon its proboscis, dispersal at the side being prevented by the hairs on
the lower edges of the anthers.
The style is closely apposed above to the inner surface of the upper lip, and
projects so far out of the flower that the stigma is always first touched by humble-bee
visitors, rendering cross-pollination inevitable. Such visitors are very numerous, for
the racemose inflorescences are tolerably conspicuous, the effect being heightened by
the pale bracts. The style projects straight out of the flower to the end of anthesis,
and even elongates, so that automatic self-pollination is impossible. _Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, spheroidal when examined in water,
smooth, about 56 m. in diameter.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed 9 humble-bees.—
1. Bombus hortorum Z. 9 and ¥ (proboscis 19-21 mm.), skg. legitimately ;
2. B. hypnorum JZ. ¥ (prob. ro-12 mm.), skg. legitimately and po-cltg.; 3. B.
muscorum /’. 9 and ¥ (prob. 14-15 mm.), do.; 4. B. pratorum Z. ¥ (prob. 8 mm.),
skg. by perforation, and po-cltg.; 5. B. rajellus A. 9 (prob. 12-13 mm.), skg.
legitimately ; 6. B.sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥ (prob. 10-14 mm.), do.; 7. B. scrimshiranus
K.¥ (prob. 10 mm.), do.; 8. B. terrester Z. 9 and ¥ (prob. 9 mm.), po-cltg. and skg.
by perforation ; 9. Psithyrus barbutellus X. 9 (prob. 12 mm.), skg. legitimately.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Sprengel, bees and humble-bees. Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), 4 humble-bees—
1. Bombus hortorum ZL. 9, skg. legitimately; 2. B. cognatus S#ph. ¥; 3. B. der-
hamellus X. 9; 4. B. distinguendus Jor. 9: (Riigen), 2 humble-bees (Bombus
hortorum Z. 9, skg., and B. terrester Z., stealing nectar) and the honey-bee, stealing
nectar. Alfken (Bremen), 3 humble-bees—r1. Bombus arenicola Zhs. 9; 2. B.
derhamellus X.; 3. B. sylvarum Z.9. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol),
Bombus derhamellus A. H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus sub-
terraneus L. 9 (Ned. Kruidk. Arch. Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod
(Flanders), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z.: (Pyrenees), a moth (Plusia sp.) and
6 humble-bees, skg., also the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. as a nectar-thief
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 313-14). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire),
3 humble-bees (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 132).
Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 599) describes as a distinct species the var.
hirsutus All., and states that its ower mechanism agrees with that of the main type.
But Hermann Miller (‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 289-91), in his account of Rhinanthus
Alectorolophus Z., which is identical with the above, says that its flowers are equally
adapted to humble-bees and Lepidoptera. They possess, in fact, a ‘ Lepidopterid
door’ immediately under the stigma, through which a visiting Lepidopterid can insert
SCROPHULARINEAE 219
its proboscis and effect crossing ; and somewhat, below this a ‘ humble-bee door’ which
plays the same part as regards humble-bees.
Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 366) describes the stigma as at first
projecting beyond the anthers, so that cross-pollination is effected by insect-visits.
Should these fail, the corolla elongates, pushing the epipetalous stamens forward,
st
Fic. 314. Rhtnanthus major, Ehrh., var. hirsutus, All. (after Herm.
Miller). A. Flower after removal of the calyx, in longitudinal section.
&S. Uppermost part of the flower, after removal of the right half of the corolla,
seen from the right side. C. Upper part of a flower, seen from the front.
D. Do., after removal of lower lip (x 34). Ath, humble-bee door ; 774,
Lepidopterid door; #, nectary ; ov, ovary; st, stigma.
while the stigma remains in its original position. It follows that pollen which has
fallen out of the flaccid receptacles and remains clinging to the anther-hairs or the
inwardly projecting folds of the corolla will be transferred to the stigma.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed 2 Lepidoptera and 6 humble-bees, Bombus
mastrucatus Gers?., among the latter perforating the flowers and stealing nectar.
2169. R. angustifolius C. C. Gmel. (=R. alpinus Hoch). (Herm. Miiller,
‘Alpenblumen’; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 273, 366.}—This species
Fic. 315. Rhtnanthus angustifolius, C. C. Gmel. (after Herm. Miller). A. A very young flower,
seen from the side. 8. A somewhat older flower, partly dissected, after removal of the calyx. C. A still
older flower, partly dissected. D. A flower of the same age as &, seen directly from the front (x 39).
ca, calyx; co, corolla; 7, filaments; 77, ‘Lepidopterid door’; 4/, closed ‘humble-bee door’; 7, nectary ;
ov, ovary ; p, folds of the corolla; ss, sepals; s¢, stigma.
bears protogynous Lepidopterid flowers. The ‘humble-bee door’ possessed by other
species of the genus is closed, but a ‘ Lepidopterid door’ is present, through which only
220 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Lepidoptera can insert their proboscis, it being too narrow for that of other insects.
It is situated just under the stigma, which projects a little from the upper lip, and is
scarcely one mm. long and 4 mm. broad. The inserted proboscis of a Lepidopterid
first touches the stigma, if dusted with pollen depositing some of this upon it, and
after being moistened with nectar takes up a fresh supply when withdrawn, should
the flower be in the second stage. The proboscis does not touch the stigma during
withdrawal, for its pollen-loaded tip at once sinks down. Automatic self-pollination
is excluded.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
mentioned.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 7 sp. of Lepidoptera, of which only two possessed a
proboscis sufficiently long to reach the base of the flowers; ro sp. of humble-bees,
which opened the closed ‘humble-bee door’ by force; and a beetle, dvg. the flowers.
Schulz, the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., perforating the flowers and stealing
nectar.
2170. R. minor Ehrh. (=Rhinanthus Crista-galli var. a Z.). (Sprengel,
‘Entd. Geh., pp. 313-15; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 455-6, ‘ Alpenblumen,’
pp. 284-5; Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890, pp. 223-6; Schulz,
‘Beitrage’; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 600; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen,’
Pp. 53-)—Hermann Miller, for oecological reasons, concurs with the opinion of
Linnaeus that this plant and R. major are merely varieties of one and the same
species. The mechanism of the two is actually the same, except that in R. minor
the smaller and less conspicuous flowers are not so frequently visited by insects, and
are capable of automatic self-pollination. The teeth of the upper lip of the golden-
yellow corolla are whitish or violet in colour. The corolla-tube is only 7-8 mm.
long, so that even our shortest-tongued humble-bee, Bombus terrester Z. (prob.
4-9 mm. long), can get all the nectar, though the honey-bee (prob. 5-6 mm.) is not
able to do so. The entrance of the flower is a slit 6—7 mm. long, which is reduced
to about 4 mm. by the closely apposed vertical base of the lower lip. The anthers
are placed behind the freely open part of the slit. The style bends so far downwards
over these that when the proboscis of a humble-bee is inserted it must first touch the
stigma, and then (as in the last species) separate the filaments, causing the part which
has just brushed against the stigma to be dusted with pollen. Should humble-bee
visits fail, automatic self-pollination takes place, for in the course of anthesis the
entrance of the flower widens considerably, for the margins of the upper lip diverge
somewhat, while the lower lip bends more downwards. The style elongates pro-
portionately, bringing the stigma under or even between the anthers, which as they
wither diverge of themselves.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
MacLeod (Pyrenees), the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers¢. §, perforating
the corolla-tube (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 314). Knuth (Schleswig-
Holstein), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., skg. legitimately: (Thuringia),
B. agrorum /., skg. Herm. Miiller, the same visitors as R. major: (Alps), 4 humble-
bees and 3 Lepidoptera. Ekstam (Swedish Highlands), a butterfly (Argynnis sp.).
Schulz noticed perforation by humble-bees.
SCROPHULARINEAE 221
672. Bartsia L.
Homogamous or protogynous humble-bee flowers; with nectar secreted by
a cushion-like swelling applied to the lower side of the base of the ovary, and stored
up at the bottom of the flower. Long- and short-styled forms occur sporadically.
Anemophily is not excluded at a later stage of anthesis.
2171. B. alpina L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871; Herm.
Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 283-4 ; Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ pp. 7-10, Bot.
Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvili, 1890, p. 226; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I,
P- 3313 Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 118-19.)—Ricca and Hermann Miller state that
the flowers of this species are protogynous in the Alps. Their mechanism resembles
that of Melampyrum pratense as regards the structure of the corolla, and that of
Rhinanthus major as re- o
gards the relative posi-
tion of stigma and
anthers. Self-pollination
is therefore impossible
in Alpine flowers.
The plants observed
by Schulz in the Riesen-
gebirge were almost
always homogamous or
feebly protogamous.
When the flower opens,
the corolla is 12-16 mm.
long ; it elongates during
anthesis to 17-20 mm.,
while the style elongates
but little. In this way
the stigma, which at first
projects beyond the Fic. 316. Bartsta alpina, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower seen
anthers, is brought into from the side. B. Cross-section of do. on the line ad. Cand D. Upper
i and lower parts of A, partly dissected (x 33). &. The two left anthers, seen
contact with them, SO from their inner side. | # Entrance of the flower, seen directly from the
that automatic self- ace Se Ce 7, filaments; gv, style; 4, hairs; 7,
pollination is inevitable.
The plants examined by Lindman on the Dovrefjeld bore homogamous flowers,
the stigma and anthers of which matured in the bud. In this case, the end of the
style protrudes for a variable distance (1-5 mm.) from the corolla. The anthers are
generally enclosed in the flower, which is then dependent upon cross-pollination.
Sometimes, however, they grow out of the corolla, and the wind transfers the dry,
powdery pollen to the stigma.
The flowers in Greenland were found by Warming to be feebly protogynous,
the anthers dehiscing soon after the maturation of the stigma. Both organs then
remain functional throughout anthesis. Warming also observed variations in the
length of the style, which sometimes projected far out of the flower, but was
222 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
sometimes so short that the stigma touched the anthers, and automatic self-pollina-
tion consequently took place. Nyhuus found this latter form exclusively at greater
elevations near Tromsg on the Dalfjeld, but the long-styled one predominated at
stations of lowel level. Kerner says that the flower is at first adapted for crossing,
but later on, when the secretion of nectar has ceased, pollination by wind becomes
possible. When the style and anthers fade, the pollen which has not yet been removed
by insects falls out of the anther-lobes, and is blown away by the wind in little clouds
to the still receptive stigmas of younger flowers.
Visitrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
mentioned.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera (unbidden guests).
Lindman (Alps), humble-bees. MacLeod (Pyrenees), a humble-bee (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 313). Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the
humble-bee Bombus alticola A7rchéd, 9 and 4, tolerably freq.
673. Euphrasia L.
Dichogamous, mostly protogynous bee flowers; with concealed nectar, secreted
by the lower part of the ovary and stored in the bottom of the corolla-tube.
Fic. 317. Euphrasia Odontites, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Bud with widely exserted stigma.
(2) Flower with stigma near the anthers. (3) Flower with style that has grown far beyond the anthers.
(4) Flower with a lateral style (x 3}). (5) The two left stamens, seen from the inner side. (6) Ovary
(x 7). a@, base of the corolla; 4, nectary; ¢, upper, hairy part of the ovary ; a, style; ¢, hairs which bind
the anthers together; / hairs (sprinkling-hairs) which prevent lateral dispersal of the falling pollen;
£, prickles which prevent bees from inserting their proboscis between the lower parts of the filaments;
/, place where the proboscis is introduced.
(2) and (4) are directed more obliquely forward than is represented.
2172. E. Odontites I. (= Bartsia Odontites Huds., and Odontites rubra G2/7d.).
(Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 445-6; Schulz, ‘Beitrage, II, pp. rrg-21;
Kerner, Verh. ZoolBot. Ges., Wien, xxviii, 1888; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 601; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr.
Ins.,’ pp. 115-16, 165, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. Halligen.’)—This species bears flowers
belonging to class CH. The corolla is dirty pink (rarely white) in colour, and there
are nectar-guides in the form of purple blotches on the base of the lower lip. The
corolla-tube is 4-5 mm. long, and the anthers are situated in its mouth. They
almost touch one another, and their inner surfaces are beset with pointed projections.
SCROPHULARINEAE 223
In the North Frisian Islands, for example (with the exception of the Hallige), the
stigma projects from the flower beyond the anthers, so that a bee visitor touches
it first, and effects pollination if it has already been to a flower of the same kind.
The lower lip serves as a platform. The proboscis is inserted close under the four
anthers, so that the bee cannot avoid striking against the tips of some of them, as
these are directed obliquely downwards. The anthers are bound together behind by
interwoven hairs, and consequently the impact of a bee causes some powdery pollen
to be shaken out of all of them. This must of course fall on the visitor’s proboscis,
for lateral dispersal is prevented by downwardly directed hairs fringing the edges
of the anthers.
In the case of plants growing in sunny places, and therefore likely to be much
visited by insects, the style with the receptive stigma projects, as already stated, out
of the flower, and indeed generally out of the bud when almost ready te open. Even
at this stage, therefore, cross-pollination can take place. It is different with plants
growing in concealed places or in the shade, or which (as in the Hallige), owing to
the scarcity of insects in the neighbourhood, can expect few, if any, visits. In this
case the style grows more slowly than the corolla, so that the stigma comes to be
placed between the anthers of the longer stamens, and automatic self-pollination is
therefore inevitable. This is effective. In plants growing in sunny stations there
is a subsequent growth, not only of the corolla, but also of the style, and consequently
the stigma always projects beyond the anthers, automatic self-pollination being thus
rendered impossible.
Kerner states that the flower mechanism resembles that of Bartsia. He dis-
tinguishes (according to Loew, ‘ Blutenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 296-7) between three stages
of anthesis. In the first of these the stigma projects far out of the corolla and is
receptive while the anthers are still unripe. By intercalary growth the corolla-tube
and filaments elongate until the edge of the upper lip reaches the stigma, under which
the anterior anthers are thus brought. Automatic self-pollination is still impossible,
for the anterior anthers are bound together by tangled hairs, thus preventing the style
from sliding down. In the third stage, the corolla elongates still further, and the
stigma is pushed forwards beyond the posterior anthers, which are not bound together,
so as to be dusted with their pollen. When the corolla fades, anemophily may also
take place, for the slits of the anthers frequently turn outwards, and the wind can
carry pollen to the stigmas of flowers at a higher level which are still in the first
stage.
Schulz goes so far as to distinguish between five different forms, according to
the relative position of anthers and stigma. Several of these forms may frequently
be found on the same plant. He groups them as follows.—
A. The style with mature stigma protrudes more or less from the bud.
I. The style continues to elongate during anthesis, so that it always projects
a little beyond the corolla, which also continues to grow, and its stigma
never comes into contact with the anthers, i.e. cross-pollination is necessary
and self-pollination excluded.
(1) The style grows at the same rate as the corolla and stamens, so that it
projects just as far beyond the corolla at the end of anthesis as at the
beginning.
224 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2) The style does not grow quite so fast as the corolla and stamens; it
y g q
projects, therefore, at the most only half as far beyond the corolla at the
end of anthesis as at the beginning.
II. The style elongates during anthesis much less rapidly than corolla and
stamens, or even does not grow at all, so that the stigma comes into contact
with the anthers,
{1) Corolla and stamens elongate little or somewhat slowly, so that the stigma
only touches the anthers after it has shrivelled. Cross-pollination is
necessary in this case also, and automatic self-pollination excluded.
(2) Corolla and stamens elongate so quickly and to such an extent that
stigma and anthers touch soon after dehiscence of the latter. Automatic
self-pollination is therefore possible. There is often scarcely any secre-
tion of nectar.
B. The style does not protrude from the bud. The stigma, which is receptive
before dehiscence of the anthers, either touches them or stands close in front
of them at the beginning of anthesis. Automatic self-pollination is therefore
inevitable. There is often scarcely any secretion of nectar.
The first three forms of Schulz correspond, therefore, to Miiller’s first, and his
two last to Miiller’s second stage.
I was only able to distinguish two forms of the variety //oralis Fries
(= E. verna Bell.), which is found everywhere in the North Frisian Islands, These
two forms agree essentially with those of Miiller. One of them is adapted exclu-
sively for cross-pollination, but the other is capable of automatic self-pollination.
The flower mechanism of the above-named variety completely agrees with that
of the main type in other respects.
Visrrors.—Alfken observed the following bees, all skg.—
Juist—Bombus muscorum #. 9, ¥§ and $, very common, skg. Bremen—
1. Bombus arenicola ZAs. ¥§ and é; 2. B. lapidarius Z. § and 8; 3. B. muscorum F.
9, ¥ and é; 4. B. sylvarum Z. ¥ and 6; 5. B. terrester Z. § and $; 6. B. variabilis
Schmiedekn. 9 and 8.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the honey-bee and 2 humble-bees—Bombus
agrorum /., and B. lapidarius Z.; all skg. Herm. Miiller, the honey-bee (skg.,
sometimes above and sometimes below the stamens; also breaking into unopened
flowers with projecting styles) and 2 humble-bees, skg.—Bombus lapidarius Z. 9 and
¥, and B. sylvarum Z. 9 and 6. Loew (Mecklenburg), the humble-bee B. sylvarum
L.¥, skg. and po-cltg. (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 43). Friese (Mecklenburg, /esfe Brauns), the
bee Andrena denticulata X., rare: (Alsace, Fiume, Mecklenburg, Thuringia, Saxony,
and Hungary), the bce Melitta melanura Vy/. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-
bee Bombus muscorum /. 6. Schletterer (Tyrol), the humble-bee B. variabilis
Schmiedekn. H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee B. subterraneus Z. ¥ (Ned.
Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2 Ser., 2 Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-
bee, 4 humble-bees (almost exclusively $), and a hover-fly (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 350-2). Scott-Elliott (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee (‘Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 132).
2173. E. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” p. 315; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 447-50, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 279, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 35;
SCROPAHULARINEAE 225
Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvii, 1890, pp. 226-7; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ pp. 602-3; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, pp. 121-4; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 352-4; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
Ppp. 114-15, 165.)—This species bears flowers belonging to class CH. Here again
Hermann Miiller distinguishes between two forms, one with large flowers adapted for
cross-pollination, and the other with small ones adapted for automatic self-pollination.
I could distinguish two such forms in the North Frisian Islands. Kirchner records
them for the neighbourhood of Stuttgart, and identifies the first with E. pratensis
Reichd. (= E. Rostkoviana Hayne), and the latter with E. nemorosa Pers. Both the
small-flowered autogamous and the large-flowered allogamous forms (the latter being
visited by a humble-bee) were found by Lindman in Scandinavia. Warming notices
the former only in Greenland.
Schulz divides these two main types into no less than seven different forms, i.e.—
A. The style with mature stigma protrudes from the bud. Corolla, stamens, and
style grow considerably during anthesis, but more or less proportionately, so
that the relative position of stigma and anthers remains unaltered. Cross-
pollination is therefore necessary, and automatic self-pollination excluded.
The nectary is a large, dark-green, elongated swelling. Flowers generally
fairly large. Corolla 8-10 mm. long, 8-9 mm. broad, 7-9 mm. high.
(Form I.)
B. The style with mature stigma protrudes from the bud, but scarcely ever so far
as in Form I.
(1) The style elongates but little, while corolla and stamens grow considerably,
so that the stigma, which by this time is generally no longer receptive,
comes to lie close to the anthers. Self-pollination only occasionally possible.
Nectary and size of flower as in the preceding form. (Form II.)
(2) The style elongates scarcely at all, but the corolla as a rule very rapidly ;
the completely persistent stigma consequently reaches up to the bases of
the anthers, or even further, during dehiscence. At first, therefore, cross-
pollination is possible, and self-pollination later. Nectary less prominent
than in Forms I and II. Size of flowers about the same. (Form III.)
C. The style is bent almost at right angles over the upper anthers, so that the
stigma, which matures in the bud, is brought in front of the base of the upper,
more rarely of the lower anthers. ;
(1) The stigma retains its original position, for during anthesis corolla and style
grow equally, and consequently automatic self-pollination is inevitable from
the first. Nectary often completely absent, and therefore the secretion of
nectar also. Flowers considerably smaller than in the preceding forms :
corolla 53-7 mm. long, 5-54 mm. broad, 5-6 mm. high. (Form IV.)
(2) The stigma is drawn a little closer to the anthers, while the style grows
little or not at all. Possibility of self-pollination, formation of nectary, and
flower-tissue are the same as in the preceding and the following forms.
(Form V.)
D. The stigma lies upon the anthers from the very beginning of anthesis, and
usually becomes receptive simultaneously with the dehiscence of the anthers.
DAVIS. III Q
226 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Size of flowers, possibility of automatic self-pollination, formation of nectary,
and secretion of nectar, as in Forms IV and V.
(1) Corolla and style grow equally during anthesis, or the style a little less than
the corolla. (Form VI.)
(2) The style elongates slightly more than the corolla during anthesis, so that
towards the end of this the stigma protrudes. (Form VII.)
Schulz says that Form I agrees with Miiller’s first form completely, and Form VII
more or less with his second.
All forms agree as regards the remaining mechanism of the flower. The white
or pale-blue corolla is marked with violet streaks converging to the yellow-spotted
flower-base, and serving as nectar-guides. The upper lip forms an arched roof,
sheltering anthers and nectar from rain, and preventing the bee visitors from inserting
their proboscis above the anthers. The lower lobes of the upper anthers are united
with the upper lobes of the lower anthers, and the two upper ones are bound firmly
together. Hermann Miller states, and Kirchner agrees with him, that the upper lobe
Fic. 318. Euphrasia officinalis, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower of the
small-flowered form, seen from the front (x 7). (2) The two right stamens, seen
from the outer side. (3) Inner side of do., more strongly magnified. (4) Just
opened flower of the large-flowered form. a, stigma; 4, upper half of an upper
anther ; c, lower half of do., united with the upper half of a lower anther; d, lower half
of a lower anther ; ¢, style.
of each anther has no point, but the lower one possesses a sharp, stiff spine, and the
two lower spines are certainly considerably longer than the upper ones. They
project downwards at the entrance of the flower, so that they are struck by bee
visitors. Schulz found, in the numerous flowers he investigated, that both lobes of
the upper anthers, as well as the upper lobes of the lower ones, always have a short
point, and the lower lobes of the latter a much longer one. The smooth and narrow
filaments lie close to the sides of the corolla, so that insect visitors can push their
heads into the entrance of the flower. In doing so they touch the anther-processes,
causing pollen to fall out of the anthers on to the heads of the insects, since lateral
dispersal is prevented by the hairs on the upper anthers. Kerner says that in the
SCROPHULARINEAE 227
large-flowered variety (= E. Rostkoviana Hayne) the same kind of automatic self-
pollination occurs, by means of further growth of the corolla-tube, as he has described
in the case of Rhinanthus hirsutus and R. angustifolius (¢{ pp. 219, 220). This
applies also to Euphrasia tricuspidata Z. and E. versicolor A. Kern. Darwin (‘Cross
Fertilisation,’ p. 368) found E. officinalis fertile by automatic self-pollination. Flower
visitors naturally prefer the forms possessing large flowers of striking colour and
secreting abundant nectar.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following, all skg.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombyliidae: 1. Systoechus sulphureus A/zk. (4) Syrphidae:
2. Melithreptus taeniatus J/e.; 3. Syrphus sp. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae:
4. Apis mellifica Z. 9, freq.; 5. Bombus agrorum /. ¥; 6. B. pratorum JZ. ¥;
7. Halictus minutissimus K. 9, creeping right into the flowers; 8. Nomada lateralis
Pz. 9.
Alfken gives the following list.—
Juist—A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syrphus ribesii Z. B. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 2. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, skg.; 3. B. muscorum /. ¥, do.; 4. Colletes
impunctatus Wy/., rare, skg.; 5. C. marginatus Z., freq., po-cltg. and skg.; 6. Epeolus
variegatus Z. Bremen, 3 humble-bees, skg.—1. Bombus hortorum Z. §; 2. B.
muscorum /’. 9, ¥ and é; 3. B. lapidarius Z. ¥.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Rém), the honey-bee and a hover-fly (Helophilus pendulus Z.);
(Thuringia), the humble-bee Bombus soroénsis /., var. proteus Gersz. ¥. Hoffer
(Steiermark), the parasitic bee Psithyrus rupestris #. 9. Friese (Innsbruck), the bee
Halictoides paradoxus Mor. 9 (in the large-flowered variety). von Dalla Torre
Schletterer in the Tyrol). Herm. Miiller (Alps, in the large-flower
11 bees, and 8 Lepidoptera. Mac-
Leod (Pyrenees, in both forms), a
Lepidopterid and a hover-fly (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, ili, 1891,
Pp. 314-15). Scott-Elliot (Dum-
friesshire), 2 humble-bees, a short-
tongued bee, a saw-fly, 4 hover-
flies, and a Muscid (‘ Flora of Dum-
friesshire,’ p. 132).
2174. +E, salisburgensis
Funk (=E. officinalis, according
to the Index Kewensis). (Herm.
Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 280-1.)
—This species bears flowers be-
longing to class CH. They are
protogynous, and resemble those
of the small-flowered form of E.
officinalis in size and conspicuous- FIG. 319. Euphrasia salisburgensis, Funk (after Herm.
ness. Cross-pollination is effected Mille. Hoang tower. om acca
by insect-visits, owing to the pro- (x 7.) C. Ovary with nectary (72). D. Uppermost part
Sea: : of the style. (x 16.)
jection of the stigma. Should such
visits fail, the stigma frequently moves to the middle of the anthers by continued
growth of the corolla, so that automatic self-pollination may be effected.
Q2
228 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller saw 2 hover-flies, 3 bees, and 7 Lepidoptera in
the Alps.
2175. E. lutea L. (= Odontites lutea Rerchd.). (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
p- 4473; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 602.)—This species bears golden-yellow
flowers belonging to class CH; with a corolla-tube only 24 mm. long, which is
glabrous on the inner side, but beset with small vertical hairs at the entrance, that
serve as nectar-covers. The four stamens are remote, but owing to the smallness of
the flower they are all touched simultaneously by insect visitors. Hermann Miiller
says that the flowers are homogamous, though sometimes the style is widely exserted
even in the bud; in other cases it protrudes simultaneously with the anthers. Since
the stigma is situated under, and in front of the anthers, it is first touched by insect
visitors and dusted with foreign pollen. Should such visits fail, automatic self-
pollination generally occurs by the falling of pollen on the stigma.
Kerner states that the flower mechanism resembles that of Tozzia. The
nectary is (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 297) a longitudinal groove in the
base of the ovary. The filaments
are strongly bent; the anthers are
separate, not bound together by
hairs, and provided with a little
point directed downwards. In pro-
togynous flowers the already recep-
tive stigma is situated at first in
front of the still narrow entrance,
and as the anthers are still unripe
FIG. 320. Euphrasia lutea, L. (after Herm. Miiller). self-pollination is excluded. In the
1a ee ee cal heeas earcam® second stage of anthesis the corolla
opens more widely, resembling a
Veronica flower. The filaments elongate considerably at the same time, twisting in
various ways, and the anthers turn round. The style, however, bends downwards,
so that the stigma is pushed under the entrance of the flower, and cannot be
brushed against by insects as they enter. In the third stage, the filaments also bend
downwards, but the style once more bends upwards, so that the slightest shaking
causes pollen to fall on the stigma.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller observed the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. ¥, skg.
2176. E. minima Jacq. (= E. officinalis Z., according to the Zndex Kewensis).
(Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 281-3; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl., Eng. Ed. 1,
Il, 353; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 124-5.)—This species bears yellow flowers
belonging to class CH. Hermann Miiller says that they essentially resemble those
of the small-flowered form of E. officinalis as regards their mechanism and the course
of their development. Cross-pollination by means of insect-visits is ensured by the
prominent position of the stigma at an early stage. If such visits fail, the style
elongates and bends down under the anthers, so that pollen falls on the stigma, and
automatic self-pollination is effected.
Schulz states that in most cases the stigma is already fully matured in the bud,
lying under the upper and even under the lower anthers, and generally reaching up
SCROPHULARINEAE 229
towards the upper anthers later, for the style does not grow during anthesis at the
same rate as the corolla. Automatic self-pollination is in any case inevitable towards
the end of anthesis.
Kerner, however, did not observe elongation of the corolla, but says that towards
the end of anthesis the style bends so far downwards as to bring the stigma into the
line of fall of the pollen.
Fic. 321. ELuphrasia mintma, Jacq. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower in the first stage, seen
somewhat obliquely from in front and above. £,. A smaller do., seen directly from the front. Cc. An
older flower, with stigma bent under the upper anthers. DL. Do., seen obliquely from the right front.
E. Still older do., with stigma abundantly self-pollinated. | #. The two right stamens, seen from outside,
and more strongly magnified. G. Do., seen from inside. A. Ovary and nectary. (A4-Z, and #7 ~ 7.)
ca, calyx ; d, anther-process; 4, hairs on anthers; 7, nectary , s/, stigma.
674. Trixago Stev.
2177. T. apula Stev. (= Bartsia Trixago Z.). (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng.
Ed. 1, I, p. 353-)—In this Dalmatian species each anther possesses a downwardly-
pointing process, which is pushed to one side by insects, thus opening the pollen
receptacle and causing pollen to be sprinkled on the head and back of the visitors.
675. Lathraea L.
Protogynous bee flowers. Nectar (according to Stadler) secreted by a gland
resembling a flattened bag, lying on the lower side of the ovary; it is stored at the
base of the corolla-tube. Kerner says that the flowers are only entomophilous at
first, becoming anemophilous towards the end of anthesis.
2178, L. squamaria L. (W. J. Behrens, ‘Lehrbuch d. Botanik’; Knuth,
‘D. Bestaubungseinricht. d. Orobancheen’; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, pp. 330-1 ; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)—The flowers,
230 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
of this species are developed in the ground, and the axis of the inflorescence is
therefore bent round at its base, and the flower-buds are closely covered by the
small bright-violet bracts, which overlap one another like tiles. Immediately after
emerging from the earth, the inflorescence is still bent, but it straightens as the
flowers become sexually mature, and is completely vertical only when the uppermost
one has developed. Even then the unilateral inflorescence only projects a few
cm. above the ground, and, as the plant is hidden beneath the leaves of asso-
ciated species, it is not very conspicuous. It is, nevertheless, easily found by
pollinating humble-bees, which, flying from plant to plant, work their way from
bottom to top of each inflorescence. By following the humble-bee, other stocks of
the plant are easily found. When the toothwort grows in an exposed situation, it is
rather conspicuous, for the distichous bracts on the back of the inflorescence are
red-violet in colour, with whitish margins. The front of the inflorescence, on the
other hand, is rendered conspicuous by the closely-crowded flowers. Each of these
possesses a violet calyx and a corolla with a red upper and a white lower lip. To
this it must be added that the large yellow capitate stigma projects from the flower
in the first stage of anthesis, and the hairy, whitish upper anthers in the second
stage. The undivided upper lip serves as a kind of roof. The somewhat shorter,
three-lobed lower lip lies close to the upper ; a gutter is formed by each of its three
divisions, the middle one being continued into the corolla-tube, and leading to the
large, roundly-triangular, and somewhat lobed nectary situated at the base of the ovary.
This gutter corresponds to a groove on the ovary and on the lower part of the style;
this also reaches to the nectary, the abundant secretion of which collects as a drop in
the angle between the gland and the ovary.
The filaments of the four stamens are still curled round during the first (female)
stage, the anthers lying inside the lower lip, and not yet visible from outside. The
stigma, on the contrary, projects from the upper lip almost before the flower opens.
The stigma was yellow in the flowers I observed near Kiel, the flower mechanism of
which I am describing, but according to Behrens it is red. At this stage cross-
pollination must be effected by insect visitors, as the stigma can only be dusted with
pollen from a flower in a later stage. The flowers are hermaphrodite for a short
time in the transition stage which now follows, the stigma being still shining yellow
and receptive, while the filaments have elongated and the dry pollen has been shed
from the pollen-receptacle formed by the anther-lobes. This is so tightly closed by
a thick growth of hairs, that the pollen cannot fall out until the short, blunt point of
an anther receives a blow: this is given by humble-bee visitors, which are therefore
sprinkled with the dusty pollen when they probe for nectar. During this transition
to the second (male) stage, self-pollination becomes possible as the humble-bee
creeps back, but it cannot be automatic. During the second (male) stage the style
shrivels and the stigma becomes discoloured and dry. The corolla-tube, originally
3 mm. long, has grown to a length of 6 mm., and the upper and lower lips, which
were at first 4 mm. and 5 mm. long respectively, have each gained one mm., while
the style has not elongated, so that the stigma is covered by the upper lip. In
consequence of the elongation of the filaments, the pollen-receptacle is now situated
in the mouth of the flower, and is, as previously described, struck by humble-bee
visitors and thus caused to scatter its pollen. Lateral dispersal is prevented .by
SCROPHULARINEAE 231
the anther-hairs. The right way to the nectar is indicated by the nectar-
groove on the corolla-tube and pistil already mentioned, and if this way is
followed, not only contact with the stigma (in the first stage) but also with the anther-
appendages (in the second stage) must take place. Another guide is provided by sharp
projections covering the filaments below the anthers, so that any deviation from
the proper direction would result in painful injuries to an insect’s proboscis.
The humble-bee visitor first clings tightly to several flowers, then grasps the
lower lip with its forelegs and pushes its head into the mouth of the flower, which
is narrowed by the stamens to a slit about a mm. wide. In a flower with ripe
anthers the visitor is sprinkled with pollen, and the part of its body thus dusted will
touch the receptive stigma of the flowers in the second stage.
Kerner adds a third stage of anthesis. After the style and stigma have
completely withered, the stamens continue to elongate, so that the anthers protrude
from the flower. These, which have so far been bound together, now become
separate, and the pollen, if it has not already been removed by insects, will be blown
away in a little cloud by the wind. It is carried to the still receptive stigma of the
upper flowers, and thus fertilizes them geitonogamously. Warnstorf describes the
pollen-grains as white in colour, rounded ellipsoidal, and smooth, with three
longitudinal grooves, on the average 46 » long and 30 » broad.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
mentioned.—
Knuth (Kiel), the 3 commonest German humble-bees, all skg.—1. Bombus
hortorum LZ. 9; 2. B. terrester Z.9; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9. Héfmeyr (Bremen), the
humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. 9. Alfken (Bremen), an ant (Myrmica sp.).
Stadler, 2 humble-bees—Bombus terrester Z., and B. muscorum F. (‘Beitrage z.
Kenntniss d. Nektarien’).
676. Clandestina L.
2179. C. rectiflora Lam. (= Lathraea Squamaria Z., according to the Jnudex
Kewensts). (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 331.)—This species agrees
to a large extent with Lathraea squamaria. It is indigenous to Belgium, West
France, and South Europe. Loew (‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, pp. 302-3), who
examined plants growing in the Berlin Botanic Garden, found them more feebly
protogynous than those of Lathraea. The tubular calyx is about 19 mm., the
galeate, violet upper lip of the corolla 22 mm., and the three-lobed, dark-brown-
violet lower lip 13 mm. long. The style is bent down like a hook, and the stigma
projects 4 mm. beyond the upper lip. In the first (female) stage the anthers are
completely enclosed by the upper lip, and the stigma can only be cross-pollinated.
In the second (male) stage the edges of the upper lip, hitherto closed to a narrow
slit, expand, so that the now mature anthers are accessible. The latter always
possess two acuminate hairy processes, and are held together in pairs by short tufts
of hair. The ovary is laterally compressed and traversed by a longitudinal groove :
the front of its base bears the three-lobed nectary. The way to the nectary is
limited, during the first stage, to a deep groove down the middle of the inner surface
of the lower lip. The stigma corresponds in position to the upper end of this, and
must therefore be brushed against by visitors. In the second stage, the entrance is
232 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
opened so wide that a humble-bee in search of nectar can strike against the anther-
processes, by which means the powdery pollen is showered down. Cross-pollination
by insect-visits is therefore ensured.
LXXV. ORDER OROBANCHACEAE RICH.
677. Orobanche L.
Homogamous, more rarely protogynous bee flowers, sometimes with nectar
secreted in their bases, sometimes entirely devoid of it.
2180. O. caryophyllacea Sm. (= O. Galii Dudy). (Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ pp. 642-3.)—The nectar-yielding flowers of this species possess a
clove-like (Kirchner) or benzoloid (Kerner) odour. The corolla-tube is some-
what bent, and widens out gradually from base to mouth. The lower lip is
trilobed, and provided with four folds at each side of the middle lobe, inclining
inwards against the upper lip. These folds narrow the entrance of the flower to such
an extent that a bee visitor, in pushing its head below the upper lip, must touch
stigma and anthers. The flowers are homogamous. The large, feebly bilobed
stigma projects beyond the anthers, so that it must be first touched by an insect,
the next flower visited being therefore cross-pollinated. The four anthers are laterally
united, and each lobe is provided with a sharp, stiff, downwardly-directed process.
These processes are behind the stigma, and if anything strikes against them the
bright-yellow, powdery pollen falls out of the anther-lobes, and is sprinkled on
the proboscis or head of the visitor. Automatic self-pollination is excluded.
2181. O. Rapum-genistae Thuill.; 2182. O. lutea Baumg. (= O. rubens
Walir.); 2183. O. alba Steph. (= O. Epithymum DC.) ; 2184. O. gracilis Sm.
(=O. cruenta Beréol.). (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 219.)—Schulz noticed perforated
flowers of these species at Siegen in Westphalia, at Halle, and at Bozen and
Oberbozen (Tyrol). In the last-named species the perforations were made by
Bombus terrester L. :
2185. O. major L. (= O. elatior Su/fon). (Knuth, ‘D. Bestaubungseinricht.
d. Orobancheen.’)—So far as mechanism goes the flowers of this species belong to
class Hb, but those I observed at Heiligenhafen in Land Oldenburg were without
scent or nectar, and of an inconspicuous brown colour. The stigma at first projects
beyond the anthers, but is afterwards reached by them, so that automatic self-
pollination must take place.
2186. O. crenata Forsk. (=O. speciosa DC.). (Knuth, ‘Blitenbiol.
Herbstbeob.’)—This species is indigenous to France and Italy. I was able to study
it in the Kiel Botanic Garden, where it was growing as a root-parasite on Vicia
Faba Z. The large bilobed stigma is situated above the entrance to the curved
corolla-tube (2 cm. long), and the four anthers lie behind it in the tube, so that
automatic self-pollination is excluded. When one of the larger insects creeps into
the flower, it first touches the stigma, and then strikes against the downwardly-
directed anther-processes. The first visited flower is self-pollinated as the insect
backs out of it, but those subsequently visited will be crossed.
OROBANCHACEAE 233
VisiTors.—I observed the honey-bee. Before creeping into the corolla, it first
examined a number of flowers from outside, flying from one to another and hovering
for some time like a Syrphid in front of the flower-entrance without touching it. Using
the large lower lip as a platform, it then crept far into the flower, touching, as
previously described, first the stigma and then the anthers. It soon emerged,
however, and repeated its attempts to obtain nectar from a number of other flowers,
thus effecting cross-pollination. As a matter of fact, this species of Orobanche does
secrete a certain amount of nectar at the orange-yellow base of the ovary.
2187. O. ramosa L. (=Phelypaea ramosa C. A. Mey.). (Knuth, ‘ Bliiten-
biol. Herbstbeob.’ ; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 644; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver.,
Berlin, xxxvii, 1896.)—The flower mechanism of this species, which I was able to
observe as a root-parasite on hemp in the Kiel Botanic Garden, is the same as that
of the preceding species, but the corolla-tube is only 12 mm.long. Kirchner and
Warnstorf describe the odourless flowers as feebly protogynous. The trilobed lower
lip possesses shallower grooves than those of O. caryophyllacea. The mouth of the
flower is 3-4 mm. broad and 24~3 mm. high, but can become considerably wider by
the straightening out of its folds. The stigma projects beyond the free anthers, which
lie in two rows, each ending in two sharp processes. Cross-pollination is therefore
favoured at first, but insect-visits have not yet been observed. Automatic self-
pollination is rendered possible by the bending down of the front end of the style,
the stigma thus coming into contact with the pollen of the two anterior anthers.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as small, white in colour, ellipsoidal, delicately
tuberculate, about 30 » long and 16-19 » broad.
2188. O. purpurea Jacq. (=O. caerulea Vill, and Phelypaea caerulea C. A.
Mey.). (Knuth, ‘ Bestéubungseinricht. d. Orobancheen.’)—I saw this plant on the
north shore of the Eckernférde as a root-parasite on Achillea millefolium, but in
spite of the conspicuousness of its large blue racemes, observed no insect-visits.
The flowers are odourless and nectarless, but their mechanism places them in class
Hb. At first the stigma projects beyond the anthers, but these soon reach the same
level, so that automatic self-pollination is effected.
678. Cistanche Hoffmgg. et Link.
2189. C. lutea Hoffmgg. et Link (=Phelypaea lutea Desf). (Trabut, Bul. soc.
bot., Paris, xxxiii, 1886, pp. 536—9.)—Trabut observed plants of this species in Oran,
a province of Algeria. They bore subterranean cleistogamous flowers with closed
tubular corollas.
LXXVI. ORDER ZENTIBULARIACEAE RICH.
679. Utricularia L.
Yellow, herkogamous flowers, with sensitive stigmas; belonging to classes Fh
and Hb (?). The lower lip is so close to the upper that the entrance to the flower is
closed. The former serves as an alighting-platform for insects, by the weight of which
it is depressed: it bears a nectar-yielding spur. The upper lip forms a shelter for
anthers and stigma. The latter is sensitive, and bends upwards and backwards after
having been touched by an insect.
234 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
21go. U. vulgaris L. (Buchenau, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxiii, 1865, pp. 93 et
seq.; Hildebrand, op. cit., xxvii, 1869, pp. 505-7; Heinsius, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 78-9; MacLeod, op. cit., v, 1893, pp. 359-60; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 640-1; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 356.)—
In this species the corolla is of a yolk-yellow colour, and orange-yellow streaks on
the palate serve as nectar-guides. The lower lip bears the large, thick spur, which
is at an angle of 75° to its long axis. On being visited by an insect, the lower lip is
so far depressed that the spur points vertically downwards. A bee probing for the
nectar secreted by and concealed in the spur brings its head and back into contact
with the stigma and the two anthers lying just under the upper lip. The latter are
borne on broad, curved filaments, and lie close together. The ovary is situated
just behind them, touching the inner surface of the upper lip, the style projecting
beyond the stamens, so that an insect visitor touches the stigma first, and, if it brings
Fic.322. Utricularia vulgaris, L. (after Hildebrand). (1) Flower, seen from the sidc: the dotted
outline indicates the position assumed by the spur when the lower lip is pressed down (natural size).
(2) Stamens and pistil shortly before the flower opens, seen from below. (3) Do., seen from the
side. (4) Do., seen from above. (5) Do., from a just opened flower, seen from the side: the
lower stigmatic lobe has bent down. (6) Do. (without the stamens), seen from below. (7) Do., seen
from above. (8){10) The pistil, from the side, above, and below, showing how the lower stigmatic
lobe, when not hampered by the corolla, bends round strongly upwards after being stimulated.
pollen from another flower, pollinates it. The stigma consists of two lobes, a short,
tooth-like upper one, resting against the upper lip, and a long tongue-shaped lower
one, covered with stigmatic papillae on its upper surface.
As soon as the flower has opened, the anthers dehisce, and the tongue-shaped
lobe of the stigma bends downwards, exposing its papillated surface to visitors, which
dust it with pollen. The contact serves as a stimulus, causing the lobe to fold
upwards and backwards so far that the stigmatic surface is concealed. This prevents
autogamy as the insect backs out of the flower. Automatic self-pollination is excluded
or is ineffective, for the flowers seldom form seeds. Kerner states that if insect-visits
fail, the edge of the stigma comes into contact with the anthers and autogamy is thus
effected.
LENTIBULARIACEAE 235
Heinsius says that the stigma is blunt and beset on the upper margin with stiff
hairs, which act as combs to draw the pollen-grains out of the visitors’ hairs when the
lobe folds up. These grains then adhere to the upwardly-directed stigmatic papillae.
It is particularly easy for the pollen-grains to be combed out of the insects’ hairs, for
they are provided with numerous meridional furrows, making them easy to seize.
A complicated flower mechanism such as that described can as a rule only be
operated by bees. Heinsius, however, has also noticed hover-flies. They alight on
the lower lip and push against the upper one until the former is pressed down and
the entrance to the nectar exposed. They suck for some seconds, and then go to
another flower of the same species. Helophilus lineatus /. (in large numbers) and
Rhingia campestris (Zg. (occasionally) behave in this way. Heinsius deduces from
his observations that long-tongued hover-flies are the normal pollinators, and thinks
that, the mouth of the flower being too narrow for most bees, there can be no
question of visits from them. He adds—‘It may be seen from this, that the hover-
flies mentioned have reached such a high stage of mental development that pies can
find the way into a completely closed flower.’
Visitors.— Vide supra.
2191. U. major Schmedel (=U. neglecta Zehm.).—Buchenau says that the
mechanism of this species agrees with that of the preceding one.
2192. U. minor L. (=U. Bremii AHeer).—Buchenau describes this species as
possessing a small, blunt, conical spur projecting at right angles to the axis of the
flower. And vzde next species.
2193. U. ochroleuca R. Hartm. (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. v. Drygalski’s Grén-
landsexped.,’ pp. 41-2.)—Vanhdéffen only observed sterile plants of this species in
Greenland, as did Hartz, Berlin, and Kolderup-Rosenvinge in the case of U. minor Z.
680. Pinguicula Tourn.
Flowers, blue or white, homogamous or protogynous, without a sensitive stigma,
and belonging to class Hb or Fpt. The lower lip serves as an alighting-platform.
The spur either secretes and conceals nectar in its base, or contains small, stalked,
capitate projections serving as food.
2194. P. ee L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 54-6; Warming, ‘ Arkt.
Vaxt. Biol.,’ 31 et seq.; Axell, ‘Om Anord. fér Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’
PP. 42-3; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvii, 1869; Herm. Miller, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 354—-5.)—The flowers of this species belong to class Hb. They are
horizontal, and of a deep blue colour. Nectar is secreted at the base of the long, thin,
downwardly-curved spur. The stigma lies below the bifid upper lip, and its large
lobes cover the anthers, which are immediately beneath it. The whole flower
mechanism, therefore, agrees with that of Utricularia, except that the stigma-lobes are
not sensitive. When a bee of the right size visits the flower, it touches first the
papillose lower stigma-lobe and dusts it with pollen should another flower have been
previously visited. On penetrating further into the flower, the bee’s head and back
are dusted with fresh pollen: this, however, is not deposited on the stigma of the
same flower when the bee creeps back, because in doing so it forces the papillose
stigmatic lobe upwards. Insect-visits, therefore, ensure cross-pollination in this case,
236 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
and self-pollination is excluded. Kerner, however, asserts that the latter may take
place automatically, as also in Utricularia.
Buchenau always observed abundant seed-formation, but says that autogamy is
excluded, as the lower stigma-lobe covers the anthers. Warming follows Kerner in
believing that, as the stigma-lobe rolls up, it finally comes into contact with the
anthers, by which means automatic self-pollination does at last take place.
Lindman observed flowers on the Dovrefjeld which were almost cleistogamous.
Plants observed in Greenland resembled the typical European form. The corolla
was 10-15 mm. long, and the narrow spur 5-7 mm. Winter-buds are developed
early, and in 1892 Vanhoffen found them on July 11 (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. v.
Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 41).
Fic. 323. Pinguicula vulgaris, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Flower seen obliquely from above
(x 2). BL. Do., seen from the side. C. Reproductive organs in longitudinal section (x 7). D. Do.,
of another flower, seen from below. E. Hairs from the lower side of the inner surface of the corolla.
a, anther ; ca, calyx; co, corolla; 7, flaments; ov, ovary; p’, central lobe of lower lip; s/, stigma.
Visitors.—The following were observed by Herm. Miiller in the Alps.—
The bee Osmia caementaria Gers/. 6, skg.; adapted to the flowers by its size of
body and length of proboscis. A Lepidopterid and 2 beetles as unbidden guests.
2195. P. grandiflora Lam. MacLeod (Pyrenees) did not observe effective
pollinators, but frequently saw the beetle Anthobium atrum Heer in the spur.
2196. P. alpina L. (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvii, 1869; Warming,
‘Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’ pp. 31 et seq.; Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 352-4.) —This
species bears pinch-trap flowers, the mechanism of which has already been described
and figured in Vol. I, pp. 132-3.
Visitors.—Herm. Miller (Alps) saw 15 flies, 5 bees, 3 Lepidoptera, and the
beetle Meligethes.
2197. P. lusitanica L.—Henslow says that the flowers of this species are
self-fertilized.
LENTIBULARIACEAE 237
2198. P. villosa L. (Warming, ‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,” pp. 27-31.)— This species
bears flowers possibly belonging to class L. Warming, who examined their mechanism
at Besekop, states that they are rather small, with a very narrow spur and entrance,
so that only the thin proboscis of a Lepidopterid can penetrate to their interior. The
front margin of the anterior stigma-lobe touches the pollen of the anthers, which ripen
at the same time, and automatic self-pollination is therefore inevitable. Warming also
frequently observed that pollen-tubes had penetrated into the stigma.
LXXVII. ORDERG ESNERIACEAE ENDL.
LiteraTurE.—Fritsch, ‘Gesneriaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat. Pflan-
zenfam., IV, 36; Delpino, ‘ Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.’; Ogle,
Pop. Sci. Rev., London, ix, 1870, pp. 51-2.
Fritsch says that the unusual brilliance of colouring exhibited by many flowers
of this order (showing, for example, every possible shade of vivid red), together with
their zygomorphy, points to the conclusion that they are entomophilous, and many,
perhaps, pollinated by humming-birds. They are strongly protandrous.
681. Episcia Mart.
2199. E. maculata.— Oliver says that the throat of protandrous flowers of this
species (growing in Kew Gardens) is firmly closed. Autogamy is excluded by the
position of anthers and stigma, and a bee with a very long proboscis probably brings
about pollination by opening the valvular flower. Artificial fertilization was effective.
Extra-floral nectaries keep away ants.
LXXVITII. ORDER B/JGNONIACEAE R.BR.
682. Catalpa.
Kerner says that the species of this genus possess bilobed sensitive stigmas like
those of Mimulus.
683. Bignonia L.
Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.,’ p. 149) says that in species of this genus the flowers are
protandrous, with stamens and style which move in opposite directions. Self-pollination
is excluded, because the stigma-lobes close before pollen from the same flower can be
transferred to them.
684. Martynia Houst.
As Bignonia (Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.,’
pp. 32-3; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 284).
LXXIX. ORDER ACANTHACEAE R.BR.
Flowers protogynous, nectar-yielding, usually brightly coloured, and often united
into large inflorescences, being thus adapted to attract visitors.
G. Beck von Mannagetta (‘Orobanchaceae,’ in Engler and Prantl’s ‘D. nat.
Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 36, p. 127) says that insect visitors cause the pollen to be emptied
238 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
on their backs by striking against the downwardly directed points of the pollen-
receptacle. They transfer this to the curved, projecting stigma of another flower.
Premature dispersal of pollen is prevented by the hairs which frequently surround
the anther-processes.
685. Acanthus Tour.
LiTERATURE.—E. E. Haare, Natur und Haus, vi, pp. 183-4.
Protandrous humble-bee flowers, with the reduced upper lip replaced by the
upper sepal, which covers the entire flower. Loew states that the nectary, situated at
the base of the ovary, sheds its secretion into a protrusion at the bottom of the flower,
which serves as a nectar receptacle, and is protected by hairs.
2200. A. spinosus L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.’ p. 33; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 273; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—In the flowers of this
species a convenient alighting-plat-
form is formed by the large, trilobed
lower lip; this is supported by the
posterior sepal, which resembles an
upper lip. The filaments are strong,
curved rods, that can only be separ-
ated by large and powerful humble-
bees. When this takes place, the
pollen receptacle is opened, and the
bees are sprinkled with pollen.
Each anther possesses a_ single
loculus, resembling a long, narrow
niche, each side of which is fringed
with hairs. The pollen receptacle
is thus kept firmly closed. The
Fic. 324. Acanthus spinosus, L. (from nature). d. style at first lies close to the roof
Flower in the first (male) stage, seen from above after re-
moval of the upper protective sepal and the reduced upper of the flower, but bends downwards
lip. B. Do., in the second (hermaphrodite) stage, seen ae :
from below after removal of the lower lip. a, anthers ; later ve bringing the stigma into
n, nectary ; s, stigma. the direct line of approach to the
nectar.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), 2 humble-bees (Bombus terrester Z. 9, and
B. hortorum JZ. 9), which crept under the sepal functioning as an upper lip, and
remained skg. nectar for some time; also the earwig Forficula auricularia Z., dvg.
the flowers. Delpino, 2 humble-bees—Bombus italicus /,, and B. terrester Z.
2201. A. mollis L., and 2202. A. longifolius Poir.—Kerner states that the
flower mechanism of these two species agrees with that of A. spinosus.
Visitors.—Delpino observed the same 2 humble-bees as for A. spinosus.
ACANTHACEAE 239
686. Ruellia Plum.
2203. R. tuberosa L. (= Cryphiacanthus barbadensis Vees).—Dillenius pointed
out that this species bears cleistogamous flowers (von Mohl, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi,
1863, p. 310).
687. Aechmanthera Nees; 688. Doedalacanthus Anders ;
689. Eranthemum L.
Species of these genera sometimes bear cleistogamous flowers.
690. Aphelandra R. Br.
2204. A. cristata R. Br. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 231-2.)—In the flowers
of this species two of the four corolla-lobes surround the anthers, the remaining two
forming a door closing the entrance. When this is opened the upper corolla-lobes
separate, so that the anthers are freed, and scatter pollen on visitors.
VisiTors.— Delpino supposes that these are humming-birds.
691. Rhinacanthus Nees.
2205. R. communis Nees. (Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.’)—In
the markedly protandrous flowers of this species the anthers of both stamens, which
bend down into the mouth of the flower, dehisce during the first stage of anthesis,
while the still immature stigma is bent upwards. In the second stage the stigma is
mature and stands in the way of the visitors proboscis, while the stamens are bent
towards the sides.
VisiTors.—Delpino supposes that these are Lepidoptera.
692. Thunbergia Retz.
2206. T. alata Boj. (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 285.)—
When an insect pushes its way into the flowers of this species, it brushes with its
back first the stigma and then the anther-processes, so that it is covered with pollen,
which it transfers to the stigma of another flower.
2207. T. erecta T. Anders (= Meyenia erecta Benth.)—This species is
indigenous to West Africa. Its flowers grow almost horizontally. The bilobed
stigma is situated in the mouth of the flower; only its upper part is receptive, and it
is rolled up into a tube. On being visited by an insect, the lower part of the stigma,
which stands directly in its way, is pressed so far down that the receptive upper
portion reaches the insect’s back, and, if this is already covered with pollen, takes up
some of it. If the insect pushes further into the flower, it is dusted anew, for the
anthers are situated in the middle of the corolla-tube and are provided with hairs,
which catch the falling pollen. When the visitor creeps out of the flower, the lower
part of the stigma prevents the upper from being self-pollinated.
693. Strobilanthus Blume.
2208. S. anisophyllus T. Anders (= Goldfussia anisophylla Vees). (Morren,
Nouv. Mém. Acad. roy., Bruxelles, vi, 1831, xii, 1839.)—In this species also the
flowers are almost horizontal. Only the lower side of the stigma is receptive, and
240 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
the style being bent upwards the visitor first comes into contact with the stigmatic
papillae. Later on the style straightens out, so that it applies itself to the under-side
of the corolla. On creeping further into the flower, the insect is covered with fresh
pollen, which it can no longer transfer to the stigma of the same flower. Morren,
nevertheless, considered the flower mechanism self-pollinating, because he thought
that the pollen falling on the corolla could reach the stigma.
694. Jacobinia Moric.
220g. J. pohliana Benth. (= Cyrtanthera pohliana /Vees).—Stadler describes
the flowers of this species as feebly protandrous.
Fic. 325. Globularia, Tourn. (after Herm. Miller). 4-F. Globularia vulgaris, L. A. Flower
of which all four anthers have dehisced, seen from above. B. Corolla of do., flattened out (x 7).
C. Ovary and nectary. JD. End of the style from a flower in which the longer stamens have dehisced.
&, F. Further development of do., after dehiscence of all four stamens (x 35). G-J. Globularia
cordtfolia, L. G. Bud, after removal of calyx, seen from above. #. Flower seen from above.
J. Older do., after removal of the calyx, seen from the side (x 7). K. Globularia nudicaulis, L.
Flower seen from above (x 7). @, anthers; ca, calyx; co, corolla-tube; gv, style; 7, nectary; ov, ovary;
?, upper lobes of corolla; s, calyx-teeth; s¢, stigma.
LXXX. ORDER SELAGINEAE DC.
695. Globularia Tourn.
Blue Lepidopterid flowers. Numerous florets are aggregated into a rounded
head. They secrete nectar from the fleshy base of the ovary and store it in the
corolla-tube, this being, however, so narrow that the nectar is only accessible to the
thin proboscis of Lepidoptera. Each corolla-tube is divided into five linear lobes,
two shorter upper and three longer lower ones. Between these two shorter upper
and two longer lower stamens are placed. When these diverge and are widely
SELAGINEAE 241
exserted from the corolla-tube, nectar-sucking Lepidoptera must brush stigma and
anthers with their proboscis or head, thus bringing about cross-pollination. This
can also be effected by pollen-collecting bees or pollen-devouring flies, but only
Lepidoptera succeed in reaching the nectar.
2210. G. vulgaris L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 327—-8.)—This
species is protandrous, and if visited by insects the pollen is removed before the
stigma matures, thus rendering cross-pollination inevitable. Should such visits fail,
automatic self-pollination is easily effected, pollen falling from higher flowers on to
the stigmas of lower ones.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller, a Lepidopterid, 2 bees, and the beetle Meligethes. Schletterer
and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Prosopis hyalinata Sz.
22. G. cordifolia L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, 1870;
Herm. Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 328; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl, Eng. Ed. 1, II,
Pp. 91-2, 123-4.)—The flowers of this species are protogynous with a persistent
stigma. The style with mature stigma projects (while the flower is still young)
beyond the unripe anthers. When the latter dehisce, the filaments elongate to such
an extent that they equal, or even exceed the style in length. Hence cross-pollina-
tion by insect-visits is ensured during the first stage of anthesis, while in the second
self-pollination is possible. Kerner says that the anthers close up in damp weather,
thus protecting the pollen from wet.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed 5 Lepidoptera, 2 bees, and a fly.
2212. G. nudicaulis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 328-9.) —This
species is protogynous with a persistent stigma, and agrees in all other respects with
G. vulgaris.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 4 Lepidoptera, a small bee, and a hover-fly. MacLeod
(Pyrenees), 2 bees (Halictus sp.), 2 Lepidoptera, a hover-fly, and 2 Muscids (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 323).
LXXXI. ORDER VERBENACEAE JUSS.
The only genus of this order found in Central and South Europe, and in North
America, is—
696. Verbena L.
Homogamous bee flowers; with nectar secreted by the base of the ovary and
stored at the bottom of the short corolla-tube. Protection against unbidden guests
is afforded by a ring of hairs which firmly closes up the corolla-tube.
2213. V. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 57; Herm. Miller,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 42-4, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 307; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 362-3; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 645;
Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.’}—The small, pale-violet flowers of this species are
aggregated in long, loose paniculate spikes. The corolla-tube is 3-4 mm. long ; its
DAVIS. 11 R
242 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
lower, nectar-bearing part is directed obliquely upwards, while its upper part is
horizontal. This curve not only protects anthers, stigma, and nectar from rain, but
also affords a bee’s proboscis the most convenient position for sucking. The limb
of the corolla consists of a surface 3 mm. high and 4 mm. broad, divided into five
lobes, The lowest of these forms an alighting-platform, and gives standing-room to
small, nectar-seeking bees. Four rows of bristles, directed obliquely outwards, oblige
the visitor to insert its proboscis into the space between them. When thus inserted,
it first brushes against the anthers (which are covered by a circlet of hairs) and then
the stigma, but is not dusted with pollen, or only very slightly so, for the dehisced
surfaces of the anthers are directed obliquely downwards towards the base of the
flower, so that the proboscis must twist these surfaces a little further back. In
consequence of the narrowness of the corolla, the insect, in creeping back, presses
the anthers in the opposite direction, and their dehisced surfaces touch and dust its
proboscis, the end of which is wet with nectar, so that pollen easily adheres. On
visiting another flower, the bee brushes some of this off on to the stigma, which
is situated behind the anthers in the corolla-tube, and its proboscis is dusted anew
on being withdrawn. Insect-visits therefore generally effect cross-pollination. The
two lower of the four anthers, however, lie so close to the stigma that some of their
pollen easily reaches it, bringing about automatic self-pollination (which is effective)
should these visits fail. Besides flowers with properly developed, ripe anthers, there
are others in which only two anthers are fertile. If the two longer stamens are
reduced, self-pollination is of course favoured, and if the two shorter ones, only
cross-pollination is possible.
Visttors.—Burkill and Willis observed the following at Cambridge (‘ Flowers and
Insects in Great Britain,’ Part I).—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Platycheirus sp., skg.; 2. Syrphus sp., skg.
B. Hymenoptera. Afidae: 3. Apis mellifica Z., freq., skg.; 4. Bombus agrorum
F., do. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 5. Lycaena icarus Rott, freq., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Buddeberg (Nassau), 4 bees, skg.—z. Halictus flavipes XK. 6; 2. H. lugubris
K. 8; 3. H. nitidus Schenck 9; 4. H. quadricinctus A. 9. Knuth (Kiel), the
humble-bee Bombus pratorum Z., skg., and 2 hover-flies, skg.—Eristalis sp., and
Syritta pipiens Z. Herm. Miiller (Alps), the honey-bee, a humble-bee (Bombus sp.),
and a butterfly (Epinephele sp.). Schenck (Nassau), the bee Halictus pauxillus
Schenck, Schletterer (Pola), 2 bees—Anthidium strigatum Pz., and Ceratina cucur-
bitina Rossz. Alfken (Aquileja), 4 bees—z. Ceratina cucurbitina Rossz. 9 and 4, skg. ;
2. C. cyanea K. 9 and 4, skg.; 3. Halictus morio #. 9 andé; 4. H. virescens Lep.
9, very common, skg. and po-cltg., , rare, skg. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 5 humble-
bees, 5 sp. of Halictus, 3 butterflies, 3 hover-flies, and a Bombyliid (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 323-4). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 bees—
Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg., and Halictus cylindricus F. 4, do.
2214. V. hastata L.x V. officinalis L.—
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 bees, skg.—Apis mellifica
Z. 9, and Halictus sexnotatus KX. 9.
2215. V. urticifolia L.—
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
terrester L. ¥, skg.
VERBENACEAE 243
697. Aegiphila Jacq.
2216. A. elata Sw., and 2217. A. mollis Jacq.—Darwin describes these
species as dimorphous (‘ Different Forms of Flowers’).
2218. A. obducta.—Darwin (J. Linn. Soc. Bot., London, vi, 1862) describes
this species as dioecious.
LXXXII. ORDER LABIATAE JUSS.
LireratTurE.—Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 303-4; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
pp. 469-503; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 116, ‘Grundriss d.
Bhitenbiol.,’ p. 83 ; Briquet, ‘ Labiatae,’ in Engler u. Prantl’s ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam..,’
IV, 3a, pp. 200, 201, 202, 225-72, 273-320, 321-80.
The inflorescences are usually very conspicuous, and attract numerous insects,
which, as Hermann Miiller points out, belong to very varied groups. The kind of
visitor depends on the length of the corolla-tube, at the bottom of which the nectar
secreted at the base of the ovary is concealed. The short-tubed flowers of Mentha
and Lycopus are mostly visited by flies; in the case of Thymus and Origanum not
only these but also bees in increasingly large numbers are to be found; in Betonica
flies and bees play an almost equally important part; Stachys palustris Z. and
S. sylvatica Z. are visited by bees in a decided majority; and, finally, Lavandula,
Salvia, Lamium, Galeopsis, Ballota, Teucrium, and Ajuga are pollinated almost
exclusively by bees, the only exceptions being in the case of some Lepidoptera and
Diptera with the most elongated mouth-parts. The last-named group belong therefore
to flower-class H, the first-named to C. Scutellaria, and also Teucrium pyrenaicum
Z., possess a Lepidopterid door as well as one for humble-bees, belonging therefore to
Hh and Lb. The lower lip seives as a convenient alighting-platform, while the
upper one holds the anthers and stigma in certain relative positions, and at the same
time forms a protective roof for the stamens. If this upper lip should be absent, it
is frequently replaced by bracts projecting beyond the flower. The corolla-tube is
often so much bent that its curve corresponds to that of a humble-bee’s proboscis.
In many cases automatic self-pollination is completely or partially prevented by
dichogamy ; in homogamous flowers it is entirely or temporarily hindered by the
relative positions of stamens and pistil.
Briquet distinguishes two oecological flower types. In the first, the butterfly
type, the anterior part of the corolla is produced in front, and the stamens and style
are situated on the lowe: lip. The secretion of nectar sometimes takes place in the
upper-side of the flower, and pollen is then scattered on the legs and under-sides
of insects. There are four varieties of this type:—(1) The Ocimoideae are
constructed entirely according to the described plan. They are to a large extent
protandrous bee and humble-bee flowers. (2) The flowers are resupinate by torsion
of the pedicel, so that the positions of the upper lip and the reproductive organs
are reversed (e.g. Lophanthus chinensis Benth.). (3) Resupination results from
torsion of the corolla-tube (Ajuga orientalis Z., Teucrium spinosum Z., T. resu-
pinatum Desf, and all species of Satureia belonging to the group Cyclotrichium).
R2
244 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
(4) The flowers are pendulous, so that the upper lip is directed point downwards
and functions as a lower lip (Salvia nutans Z.). The second type includes the typical
labiate flowers, in which the upper lip forms a roof for the stamens and pistil. In
these species nectar is always secreted on the lower side of the flower, and pollen
is scattered on the insect’s back.
Many South American species (Salvia gesneraeflora Lindl. ef Paxi., and
S. splendens Ker-Gaw/.) are ornithophilous. Besides hermaphrodite flowers, female
ones are frequently present, distributed gynomonoeciously or more rarely gynodioe-
ciously. Gynodioecism is not infrequent in England; e.g. F. Darwin, and subse-
quently J. C. Willis (Proc. Phil. Soc., Cambridge, vii, 1892, viii, 1893), often found
flowers of Origanum vulgare Z. with reduced stamens. He also observed gynodioecism
in Thymus Serpyllum Z., Nepeta Glechoma Ben/h., N. Cataria Z., Prunella vulgaris
Z., and in the following garden plants: Micromeria juliana Benth., Nepeta longiflora
Vent., Hyptis pectinata Pozt., Bystropogon punctatus LZ’ Herz, Mentha aquatica Z.,
Satureia hortensis Z., and S. montana Z.
Schulz sums up his investigations (‘Beitrage,’ II, pp. 138-41) somewhat as
follows.—
The size of the hermaphrodite flowers in most labiates varies greatly in the same
station, and in some species even on the same plant. Several, generally two, definite
sizes are to be seen in many districts in the flowers of some species: these are
either entirely distinct or connected by an occasional transition form. In other
districts only one of these sizes is to be found, while in some places it becomes
impossible, on account of the great number of transition forms, to distinguish definite
flower-sizes at all, The hermaphrodite flowers of most of the species treated by
Schulz are more or less protandrous, but a few, such as Stachys annua Z. and
Galeopsis ochroleuca Zam., always bear completely homogamous flowers. Some
species, e.g. Salvia pratensis Z., Prunella grandiflora /acg., P. vulgaris Z., and Ajuga
reptans Z., vary between feeble protandry and homogamy ; indeed, in the case of the
first-named species, this often occurs in flowers on the same plant. Automatic self-
pollination always takes place in some of the few species with homogamous or feebly
protandrous flowers, but is rendered very difficult in others by the unfavourable
relative positions of the stigma and anthers. In markedly zygomorphous flowers
the stamens are almost in the same plane, and lie near or quite close to the upper
lip, or are at least just in front of it. The anthers are introrse, and dehisce in
descending order on each side of the median plane, i.e. they turn their pollen-covered
surfaces towards the lower lip. In flowers of practically actinomorphous type, e.g.
those belonging to the genus Mentha, the stamens are not crowded together into
nearly the same plane in front of the upper lip, but are disposed according to their
insertions in front of the calyx-teeth. The anthers are attached by conveniently
flexible insertions to the filaments, and are almost horizontal, being so placed that
they turn their tips to the margin of the flower, and become covered above with
pollen. Towards the end of dehiscence, or after its completion, they usually become
curved, and their two ends project slightly downwards. The larger insect visitors
strike in both types, almost without exception, against the pollen-covered surfaces of
the anthers; in certain species of Salvia, however, a special lever-like mechanism is
necessary for pollination, on account of the breadth of the mouth of the corolla.
LABIATAE 245
This forms a barrier at the mouth of the flower, and must therefore be struck against
and pressed back by an insect visitor.
Female flowers occur in many species. These usually grow on separate stocks,
much more rarely (and in some species exceedingly so) they are associated with
hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant, and as a rule on the same inflorescence.
In the latter case either each kind of flower has a special position or both forms are
arranged anyhow. In many species female stocks and those with both female and
hermaphrodite flowers are equal, or almost equal, in number to those bearing only
hermaphrodite ones: in others they occur less frequently, and in still others they
appear only very sporadically. In all species the female flowers are smaller than the
larger hermaphrodite ones, but both vary considerably in size. In some species
there are several sizes of female flowers, corresponding exactly to those of the
typical hermaphrodite ones. The stigma in the smaller female flowers is usually
fully receptive at the beginning of anthesis, but at this stage in the larger flowers of
many species bearing markedly protandrous hermaphrodite ones, neither is the style
fully developed nor the stigma mature. This peculiarity clearly shows how female
flowers have been derived from protandrous hermaphrodite ones. Nectar is usually
secreted in large quantities in most species, and often fills the bases of the more
vertical flowers to a height of several millimetres. In nearly or quite horizontal ones
it covers the bottom of the corolla-tube, usually in the form of one or several large
drops. <A protection against the penetration of water or the escape of nectar (in
horizontal flowers) is provided by hairs which line the corolla-tube and usually cover
the bases of the filaments as well. The nectaries of female flowers are smaller
than those of hermaphrodite ones in proportion to the size of the flowers themselves.
Visitors belong to all groups of flower-visiting insects, for the flowers vary
greatly in size, form, and colour; the rarest are beetles, the commonest bees and
butterflies. Only the longest-tongued bees (especially humble-bees) and butterflies
can reach the nectar in flowers of many species ; the latter, however, being generally
unbidden guests. Many species are robbed of their nectar by perforating humble-
bees, as the considerable depth of the corolla-tube prevents legitimate sucking, or
at least renders it difficult.
698. Ocimum Tourn.
The nectar stored in the corolla-tube is protected by hairs on the upper
filaments. In the first stage of anthesis the stamens bend upwards and the style
downwards; in the second this movement is reversed, so that insect visitors touch
either anthers or stigma only, and cross-pollination is effected.
Visirors.—Delpino only saw bees—sp. of Apis, Bombus, Anthidium, and
Halictus.
699. Plectranthus L’Hérit.
2219. P. fruticosus L’Hérit. (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870,
pp. 657—8.)—In the protandrous flowers of this species the style with immature
stigma at first lies hidden among the stamens, which are situated below the entrance
of a spur-like outgrowth from the base of the corolla serving as a nectar-receptacle.
The stamens bend downwards later on, while the stigmatic branches diverge, so that
these only are now exposed to contact with visitors.
246 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2220. P. glaucocalyx Maxim. (Loew, Ber. D. Bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886,
pp. 657-8.)—This species, indigenous to East Asia, bears small, whitish flowers,
generally provided with four blue spots above their entrance, serving as nectar-
guides. The corolla-tube is 3 mm. long, the flowers belonging therefore to class C.
In the first stage of anthesis, the style and stamens rest on the lower lip, the
stigmatic branches being still apposed. In the second stage, the style moves
upwards, the upper and longer stigmatic branch bending upwards rather strongly,
while the lower and shorter one remains horizontal.
Vistrors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Echinomyia fera Z.; 2. Lucilia caesar Z.
(6) Stratiomyidae: 3. Chrysomyia formosa Scop. (c) Syrphidae: 4. Eristalis
arbustorum Z. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: all skg.: 5. Apis mellifica §;
6. Halictus cylindricus /. 4; 7. H. sexnotatus K. 9.
2221. P. striatus Benth. (Breitenbach, Kosmos, Stuttgart, xv, 1884.)—
Breitenbach says that the flowers of this species are protandrous in the Botanic
Gardens at Marburg and Gottingen, and that the upper ones are female.
joo. Lavandula Tourn.
Protandrous, very fragrant bee flowers. The stamens and the style are enclosed
in the bilabiate corolla. Nectar is secreted by the base of the ovary, as usual.
Gynodioecious. Medicus and Heckel state that the stigmas of L. dentata,
L. latifolia, and L. bicolor are sensitive.
2222. L. vera DC. (= L. officinalis Charx). (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
pp. 469-70, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 59-60; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stultgart,’ pp. 606-7;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 194 ; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The small, blue,
aromatic flowers of this species secrete abundant fragrant nectar from the highly
developed nectary, and this is stored at the base of the corolla-tube (6 mm. long),
and protected from rain by .a ring of hairs. Schulz says that the flowers are
gynodioecious. The anthers of the hermaphrodite flowers dehisce at the very
beginning of anthesis, and lie on the upper lip, turning their pollen-covered surfaces
upwards. At first the style with its immature stigma does not reach to the middle of
the corolla-tube, so that although insects remove pollen, they cannot act as pollinators.
As the stamens fade, the style elongates to about 1} times its original length
during which process pollen easily clings to the still apposed stigmatic lobes.
These then diverge, and cross-pollination is brought about by insect-visits, for the
pollen of the same flower has already been removed. Should such visits fail,
automatic self-pollination finally takes place, the style elongating until it reaches the
two lower anthers.
VisiTors.— Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) only saw the honey-bee, freq., skg.
Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Thuringia.—
A. Hymenoptera. Apzdac: 1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9 and 4, freq.,
especially the 4, skg. ; 2. Anthophora quadrimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, freq., skg.; 3. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, in great numbers, skg.; 4. Chelostoma nigricorne My. 4, skg.;
5. Coelioxys conoidea ///. 9, numerous, skg.; 6. C. rufescens Zep. 9 and 4, do.;
4. Crocisa scutellaris #. 9 and 6, do.; 8. Megachile centuncularis Z. 4, skg.;
g. M. fasciata Sm. 9 and 6, the 6 numerous, skg.; 10. M. willughbiella A. 6, in
LABIATAE 247
large numbers, skg.; 11. Melecta armata Pz. 9, skg.; 12. Osmia adunca Layr. ,
do. ; 13. O. aenea Z. 9 and 4, the 5 numerous, skg.; 14. O. fulviventris Pz. 9, skg. ;.
15. O. rufa Z. 9, do. B. Lepidoptera. (a) Geometridae: 16. Acidalia virgularia
Hén., skg. in the evening; 17. Halia wauaria Z.,do. (4) Noctuidae: 18. Agrotis
exclamationis Z., do.; 19. A. latens Hén., do.; 20. Plusia gamma Z.,do; 21. P.
triplasia Z. do. (c) Pyralidae: 22. Eurrhypara urticata Z., skg. in the evening.
(d) Rhopalocera: 23. Pieris sp., skg.; 24. Epinephele janira Z.,do. C. Thysano-
ptera. 25. Thrips, freq. in the flowers.
2223. L. Stoechas L.—Kerner says that the flowers of this South European
species possess conspicuous blue bracts, projecting beyond the corollas on the upper
part of the spikes, and greatly enhancing their conspicuousness.
jor. Elsholtzia Willd.
2224. E. cristata Willd. (= E. Patrini Garcke,and Mentha Patrini Lepech.).—
The mint-like smell of the whole plant in this species tends to attract insects. The
small, bright-coloured flowers grow in unilateral racemes turning outwards.
The slightly curved corolla-tube is 2 mm. broad at its mouth, scarcely one mm.
broad and only 3 mm. long at its base, so that nectar is accessible even to
short-tongued insects. Self-pollination is at first prevented by protandry; later
on it may take place automatically, as the stigma is then situated between the
upper, shorter anthers, and these are still covered with pollen.
Vistrors—Knuth observed the following in the Kiel Botanic Garden
(30. 8.’98).—
Thrips, and skg. Diptera, i.e. 2 hover-flies (Ascia podagrica /., and Eristalis
tenax Z.), and Muscids—Lucilia caesar Z., Sarcophaga carnaria Z., and several
medium-sized sp.
7jo2z. Coleus Lour.
2225. C. Blumei Benth. (?) (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ pp. 143-4; Herm. Miiller,
‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 58-9.)—The flowers of this species deviate considerably from
the Labiate type, and approximate to those of Papilionaceae. According to the
descriptions of Delpino and Hermann Miller, the upper lip is modified into a kind
of carina surrounding the stamens and style, while the lower part of the corolla-limb
forms a small vexillum. Below this is the entrance to the nectar concealed in the
base of the corolla-tube. By placing itself on the carina and inserting its proboscis
into the corolla-tube, a bee depresses the easily movable carina, and touches either
the stigma or the pollen-covered anthers, as the case may be, so that cross-pollination
is always effected.
703. Mentha L.
Gynodioecious or gynomonoecious flowers, growing in conspicuous whorls.
Nectar is secreted and concealed in the usual way. The hermaphrodite flowers are
protandrous and larger than the female ones, which are most frequent at the
beginning of the flowering season. Darwin describes some species as dimorphous.
The leaves and flowers are strongly aromatic.
2226. M. arvensis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 470-1; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 610; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ IIT; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’ ;
Mowes, Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, iv, 1883.)—In this species the very large nectary
248 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
situated beneath the ovary secretes abundant nectar, which is concealed in the base
of the corolla-tube ; in hermaphrodite flowers this is about 3 mm., and in female ones
about 2 mm. long. The mouth of the flower is fully 13 mm. and one mm. in
diameter respectively. The nectar is therefore accessible even to short-tongued
insects. It is protected from rain by hairs reaching from the inner surface of the
corolla-tube to its middle. Hermann Miller states from actual observation that the
large, and therefore more conspicuous, hermaphrodite stocks are first visited by
insects, and the smaller, less conspicuous female ones afterwards. Gynomonoecious
stocks may be rare, or sporadically may be the only ones present. Hermaphrodite
and female ones are about equally numerous.
Méwes also found the species to be gynodioecious, with large-flowered
hermaphrodite and small-flowered female stocks.
Fic. 326. Mentha, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1-4) Mentha arvensis, L. (1) Female flower.
(2) Hermaphrodite do., in the first (male) stage. (3) Do., in the second (female) stage. (4) Ovary (ov)
and nectary (7). (5) Mentha aquatica, L. Female flower seen obliquely from the front, to show the
vestigial stamens, foreshortened. a', vestigial stamens. (1) and (5) should be supposed twisted round
to the right into a horizontal position.
Schulz says that the species is gynomonoecious and gynodioecious, and that
occasionally 50% or more of the stocks are female. In other stations purely
gynomonoecious plants are to be found. He adds that the female flowers are visited
by insects quite as frequently as the hermaphrodite ones. Warnstorf observed both
gynomoecism and gynodioecism at Ruppin.
VistTors.—Knuth observed the following.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Lucilia caesar Z., skg. (0) Syrphidae: 2.
Syritta pipiens Z., skg. and po-dvg. ; 3. Syrphus balteatus Deg. 6, do.; 4. S. ribesii
L., do. B. Hymenoptera. Afrdae: 5. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very common, skg. ;
6. Bombus terrester Z. ¥, skg.
Herm. Miller gives the following list of insects, all skg.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Lucilia albiceps AMZg., not infreq.; 2.
L. cornicina #., co.; 3. L. sylvarum Mg., do.; 4. Onesia floralis .-D., freq. ;
5. O. sepulcralis A/g., do.; 6. Pyrellia cadaverina Z., not infreq. (4) Stratomyidae:
4. Odontomyia viridula #. (c) Syrphidae: 8. Eristalis sepulcralis Z., very common;
g. Melithreptus scriptus Z., not infreq., skg.; 10. M. taeniatus Mg., do.; 11. Syritta
pipiens Z., freq. B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 12. Epinephele janira LZ.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Verhoeff (Norderney), the Muscid Lucilia latifrons Schzn. MacLeod (Flanders),
a hover-fly (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 364). Scott-Elliot (Dum-
friesshire), several Muscids and beetles (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 1395).
LABIATAE 249
2227. M. piperita L. (Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.’)—
Vistrors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) observed, skg., the honey-bee, a
hover-fly (Eristalis sp.), and a butterfly (Pieris sp.). Loew gives the following list
for the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Coleoptera. (2) Alleculidae: 1. Cteniopus sulphureus Z. (5) Coccinellidae :
2. Coccinella bipunctata Z. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 3. Echinomyia fera L.,
numerous; 4. Lucilia caesar Z.; 5. Sarcophaga carnaria ZL. (6) Syrphidae: 6.
Eristalis arbustorum Z.; 7.E. nemorum Z.; 8. Helophilus floreus Z.; 9. Syritta
pipiens Z.; 10. Syrphus corollae /.
2228. M. aquatica L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 471, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
III, p. 58; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 609; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 126,
174, 195; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 390 ; Knuth, ‘ Bloemembiol. Bijdragen’ ;
Mowes, op. cit.)—Schulz says that gynomonoeciously and still more frequently
gynodioeciously distributed female flowers are found in this species as well as
protandrous hermaphrodite ones. Méwes found the var. capifafa Wimm. to be
represented by large-flowered hermaphrodite and small-flowered female stocks. The
corolla-tube of hermaphrodite flowers is 4-5 mm. long, with an entrance 2 mm.
broad. The flower mechanism agrees otherwise with that of M. arvensis. The
stocks bearing hermaphrodite flowers are much more frequent than the small-
flowered female ones, the latter generally occurring, according to Schulz, to the
amount of 5-15 %. Although the nectar is concealed somewhat more deeply than
in M. arvensis, the species is more largely visited by insects, on account of the
greater conspicuousness of the inflorescences.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following. —
A. Coleoptera. Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura testacea Z. 3B. Diptera.
(2) L£mpidae: all skg.; 2. Empis livida Z., freq.; 3. E. rustica Fall.; 4. E.
tessellata F. (6) Aduscidae: all skg.; 5. Lucilia caesar Z.; 6. Musca corvina #. ;
7. Onesia floralis R.-D.; 8. O. sepulcralis Mg.; 9. Sarcophaga carnaria L.
(c) Syrphidae: 10. Ascia podagrica #, skg.; 11. Eristalis aeneus Svop., very
common, skg. and po-dvg.; 12. E. arbustorum Z., do.; 13. E. intricarius Z. 9,
freq., skg.; 14. E. nemorum Z., very common, skg. and po-dvg.; 15. E. pertinax
Scop., skg.; 16. E. sepulcralis Z., very common, skg. and po-dvg.; 17. Helophilus
floreus Z., skg. ; 18.°H. pendulus Z., freq., skg. and po-dvg.; 19. H. trivittatus F",
do.; 20. Melanostoma mellina Z., freq., do.; 21. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg.; 22.
Syritta pipiens Z., freq., skg. and po-dvg.; 23. Syrphus pyrastri Z., do. (d)
Zabanidae: 24. Chrysops caecutiens Z., sky. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae:
25. Apis mellifica L. §, freq., skg.; 26. Halictus cylindricus 7. 4, do.; 27. H.
longulus Sm. 9, skg.; 28. H. maculatus Sm. 8, freq., skg.; 29. H. nitidiusculus %.
é, skg. (4) Ichneumonidae: 30. Various sp., sometimes creeping right into the
flowers. D. Lepidoptera. Zortricidae : 31. Tortrix sp., skg. E. Neuroptera.
32. Panorpa communis Z., skg.
Willis noticed the following in the neighbourhood of the S. coast of Scotland
(‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain, Part I).—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Crepidodera ferruginea Scop., freq.,
dvg. pollen and anthers. (0) Mtdulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., skg. and po-dvg.
B. Diptera. (a) Lmprdae: 3. Rhamphomyia sp.,skg. (6) Afuscidae: 4. Anthomyia
radicum Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 5. Mydaea sp., po-dvg.; 6. Trichopthicus cunctans
Mg., freq., skg. (c) Syrphidae: 7. Eristalis aeneus Scop., freq., skg. ; 8. E. horticola
Deg., do.; 9. E. tenax LZ., do.; 10. Volucella pellucens Z.,skg. C. Hymenoptera.
250 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Apidae: 11, Bombus agrorum F.,, freq., skg.; 12. Halictus rubicundus C/r., skg. ;
13. Psithyrus campestris Pz., do. D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 14. Pieris
napi Z., skg.; 15. Polyommatus phlaeas Z., do.; 16. Vanessa urticae Z., do.
Burkill gives the following list for the E. coast of Scotland.—
A. Coleoptera. Mitidulidae: 1. Cercus rufilabris Zi., skg.; 2. Meligethes
aeneus F., do.; 3. M. picipes S/urm.; 4. Pria dulcamara Scop., skg. B. Diptera.
(2) Brbtonidae: 5. Bibio lepidus Zw.; 6. Scatopse brevicornis M/g., skg. and 7
copula. (6) Muscidae: 4. Anthomyia brevicornis Zeé/., skg.; 8. A. radicum Z.,
skg. and po-dvg.; 9. Calliphora erythrocephala MMg., skg.; 10. Coelopa sp., skg.
and po-dvg.; 11. Ensina sonchi Z.; 12. Lonchoptera sp.; 13. Lucilia cornicina F”,
skg. and po-dvg.; 14. Morellia importuna Aa/., skg.; 15. Oscinis frit Z., do.;
16. Sarcophaga carnaria Z., do.; 17. S. sp., do.; 18. Scatophaga stercoraria J. ;
19. Sepsis cynipsea Z.; 20. Siphona geniculata Deg., skg. and po-dvg.; 21.
Stomoxys calcitrans Z., do. (c) Phorzdae: 22. Phora sp. (d) Syrphidae: 23.
Arctophila mussitans /., skg.; 24. Eristalis arbustorum Z., do.; 25. E. horticola
Deg. do.; 26. E. pertinax Scop., do.; 27. E. tenax Z., do.; 28. Helophilus
pendulus Z., do.; 29. Platycheirus albimanus /.; 30. P. manicatus Mg.; 31.
P. scutatus Mg., skg.; 32. Syritta pipiens Z., do.; 33. Syrphus balteatus Deg. ;
34. S. corollae #.; 35. S. ribesii Z. (e) Zipulidac: 36. Anopheles sp., apparently
skg.; 37. Pericoma sp.; 38. Sciarasp. C. Hemiptera. 39. Heterocordylus sp.,
freq., creeping about the inflorescences. D. Hymenoptera. (ca) Apidae: 40.
Bombus agrorum /., skg.; 41. B. hortorum Z., do.; 42. B. lapidarius Z., do.
(4) Ichneumonidae: 43. 12 undetermined sps. E. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuidae:
44. Plusia gamma Z., skg. (6) Rhopalocera: 45. Vanessa urticae Z., skg.
(c) Microlepidoptera: all skg.; 46. Chilo (Crambus) furcatellus Zeft.; 47. Plutella
cruciferarum Ze/f.; 48. Mimaescoptilus pterodactylus Z. F. Thysanoptera. 49.
Thrips sp., very common.
The following are recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Gliicksburg), the humble-bee Bombus sylvarum Z. 9, skg. Loew
(Brandenburg), the hover-fly Melithreptus scriptus Z., skg. (‘Beitrage,’ p. 41):
(Berlin Botanic Garden), the Muscid Lucilia caesar Z., and the Syrphid Syritta
pipiens Z. MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-bee, 6 Syrphids, 2 Muscids, 5
Lepidoptera, and a Neuropterid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 364, vi,
1894, p. 371). H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. ¥
(Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2 Ser., 2 Deel, 1875). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall),
2 bees—Andrena fulvicrus #., and A. pilipes Mossz. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire),
2 humble-bees, 5 hover-flies, several Muscids, 3 Lepidoptera, and several beetles
(‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 135).
2229. M. gentilis L. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I], pp. 126-7; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 609; Méwes, Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, iv, 1883, pp. 189 et seq.)—In this
species Méwes found the same difference in the respective sizes of hermaphrodite and
female (gynodioecious) flowers as in the two preceding ones. As these, however, are
sterile, he does not consider M. gentilis a species, but a hybrid between M. aquatica L.
and M, arvensis Z. Schulz says that the female form sometimes predominates (e. g.
in Thuringia), or is even the only one present. He also states that flowers with normal
stamens are occasionally to be found.
2230. M. rotundifolia Huds.—-Schulz (‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 195) says that this
species occurs gynomonoeciously and gynodioeciously with protandrous herma-
phrodite flowers.
2231. M. sylvestris L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 325; Schulz,
LABIATAE 251
‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 195; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 398.)—Schulz says that
this species also is sometimes gynomonoecious, and sometimes, though less frequently,
gynodioecious with strongly protandrous hermaphrodite flowers. The latter are about
3 mm. long, and the female ones are only a little smaller, with reduced stamens.
Sometimes only gynomonoecious stocks are found. Heinsius states that the herma-
phrodite flowers in Holland are homogamous, and that purely female stocks also
occur there.
Visitors.—Heinsius gives the following list for Holland.
A. Diptera. (2) Conopidae: 1. Conops quadrifasciatus Deg.3. (6) Muscrdae:
2. Echinomyia magnicornis Ze//.5; 3. E. tessellata #.9; 4. Sarcophaga sp. 9.
(c) Syrphidae: 5. Eristalis arbustorum Z. 8 and 9; 6. E. nemorum LZ. 8; 7.
Melithreptus dispar Zw. $. B. Hymenoptera. (2) Apidae: 8, Andrena nigriceps
K.9; 9. Apis mellifica Z.¥; 10. Halictus flavipes #9; 11. H. zonulus Sm. 6;
12. Psithyrus vestalis Mourcr.$; 13. Sphecodes gibbus L. 8. (4) Sphegidae: 14.
Ammophila sabulosa Z.; 15. Cerceris variabilis Schr.; 16. Oxybelus trispinosus
¥.%. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 17. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 18.
Epinephele hyperanthus Z.; 19. Lycaena aegon W.V.9; 20. Pieris napi L. 6.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 8 flies, 5 Hymenoptera, and 3 Lepidoptera. Schletterer
(Tyrol), 2 bees—Halictus morbillosus Arché., and Sphecodes gibbus Z. von Dalla
Torre (Tyrol), the Vespid Eumenes puniformis /. Loew (Tyrol), the hover-fly
volucella inanis Z. (‘Beitrige,’ p. 50): (Berlin Botanic Garden), A. Diptera. (qa)
Muscidae: 1. Lucilia caesar Z. (6) Syrphidae: 2. Eristalis nemorum L.; 3.
Syritta pipiens Z.; 4. Syrphus balteatus Deg. B. Hymenoptera. Vespidae: 5.
Odynerus parietum Z., var. renimacula Zep. ; also in the var. abyssinica the hover-fly
Syritta pipiens Z., and in the var. memorosa L. Willd. the hover-fly Eristalis
nemorum Z. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 4 Hymenoptera, 5 Lepidoptera, 2 beetles,
4 hover-flies, and 4 Muscids (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 324-5).
2232. M. Pulegium L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 195.)—This species also
possesses gynomonoeciously and gynodioeciously distributed female flowers, as well
as protandrous hermaphrodite ones.
704. Lycopus Tourn.
Gynomonoecious or gynodioecious, or protandrous hermaphrodite flowers with
concealed nectar. The female flowers are generally smaller than the herma-
phrodite ones.
2233. L. europaeus L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 471-2; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 125-6; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr., Ins.,’ pp. 117, 165,
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’ ; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 610.)—The small white
flowers of this species generally possess nectar-guides in the form of red spots on the
lower lip. The corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers is only 3-4 mm. long,
about 24 mm. wide at the entrance, and scarcely a mm. wide at the base. The
secretion of nectar is, as usual, effected by the large, fleshy base of the ovary. The
inner surface of the corolla-tube is closely beset with vertical hairs to protect the
nectar from rain. The latter is accessible even to very short-tongued insects, as the
corolla-tube is short and wide.
In the first stage of anthesis, the two mature stamens with pollen-covered anthers
project from the flower, while both stigmatic branches are still apposed. In the
252 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
second stage, the stamens are withered and curve downwards, and the mature stigma
is situated in the mouth of the Mower. Automatic self-pollination is therefore excluded.
The reduction of the second pair of stamens is (according to Hermann Miller) simply
a result of the smallness of the flower.
All four stamens are frequently reduced. The female flowers are often only
3-1 mm. long. They are sometimes to be found on separate stocks, sometimes on
those also bearing hermaphrodite flowers. The purely or largely female stocks are
vegetatively stronger than those which are entirely or mainly hermaphrodite.
Fic. 327. Lycopus europaeus, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower in the first (male)
stage, seen from below. (2) Do., in the second (female) stage, seen from the side. (This
figure must be supposed twisted round to the right into a horizontal position.) (3) Do., in
the first stage, spread out after removal of the lower lip, seen from below. a, vestigial
anthers; a', a?, anda’, fertile anthers before dehiscence, during dehiscence, and when withered ;
7, nectary; ov, ovary, s¢! and s/*, immature and mature stigma.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following in Westphalia and Thuringia.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Lucilia cornicina /., in large numbers, skg. ;
2. L.sylvarum g., do.; 3. Pollenia vespillo #, skg.; 4. Sarcophaga albiceps Mg.,
freq., skg. (6) Culicidae: 5. numerous small gnats (13 mm. long). (c) Syrphidae:
6. Melithreptus scriptus Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 7. Syritta pipiens Z., very common,
do. B. Hemiptera. 8. Undetermined sp. C. Hymenoptera. Vespidae: 9.
Polistes gallica Z.; 10. P. diadema Z/r., in large numbers (Thuringia), both skg.
D. Lepidoptera: 11. Adela sp., skg. E. Thysanoptera. i2. Thrips, very
numerous.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig Holstein), a humble-bee (Bombus sylvarum Z. 9, skg.), an
ichneumon fly (Bassus tarsatorius Pz., skg.), and 2 hover-flies (Syritta pipiens Z.,
and S. ribesii Z., both skg.). MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-bee, a humble-bee,
3 short-tongued bees, 5 hover-flies, 4 Muscids, 3 Vespids, and a Lepidopterid (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, p. 3723 v, 1893, pp. 365-6).
2234. L. exaltatus L. fil—Schulz (‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 195) states that this
species is gynodioecious, judging from herbarium material.
705. Salvia L.
LiTERATURE.—Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 58-62; Hildebrand, ‘U. d. Befrucht.
d. Salbei-Arten durch. Insekt.?; Correns, ‘Zur Biol. u. Anat. d. Salvienbliite’;
Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 262-3.
Generally protandrous, rarely homogamous, frequently gynodioecious humble-bee
LABIATAE 253
or bee flowers with two stamens, of which the connective is modified into a two-armed
lever. The upper anther-lobe, containing pollen, is generally concealed under the
upper lip, and thus protected from rain. A humble-bee probing for the nectar
secreted at the bottom of the flower by the base of the ovary strikes its head against
the generally sterile lower anther-lobe, which is situated in the mouth of the corolla.
In this way the fertile upper lobe is brought down on to the back of the insect which
is using the lower lip as a platform, and dusts it with pollen. This is transferred to
the stigma of a flower in the second stage, when the diverging stigmatic branches,
with mature papillae, are situated in the entrance of the flower, and must be touched
first by visitors.
The highest specialization of this lever mechanism is reached in S. glutinosa Z.
In other species the ‘hammer mechanism’ as Kerner, or ‘turnpike mechanism’ as
Hermann Miiller calls it, is not so perfect, and sometimes the upper lip itself is
movable, instead of the connective (S. verticillata Z.), or the style and fertile anther-
lobes are not enclosed in the corolla (S. tubiflora Sm.). Those species in which
there is a movable joint between filament and connective differ (according to Correns)
to this extent, that in one group the lower half of the connective serves not only as
a surface to be struck against, but also as a nectar-cover (S. pratensis Z., S. sylvestris
£.,S. Horminum Z., S. hispanica Z., S. tilifolia), while in a second group there is
a special nectar-cover provided (S. glutinosa Z., &c.).
Delpino states that in some species there are special adhesive spherules on the
anthers (S. verticillata Z., S. officinalis Z., and S. Sclarea Z.), assisting the pollen-
grains to cling more closely to visitors. Correns does not confirm this opinion, but
says these are ordinary glandular hairs, occurring in other species of Salvia on the
most various parts of the flowers, even on those which are never touched by insects.
The view expressed by Delpino about the oecological meaning of these structures
would therefore appear to be untenable. Brightly coloured bracts serve to increase
the conspicuousness of the flowers in many species (S. Horminum Z., S. sylvestris Z.,
and S. Sclarea Z.).
2235. S. pratensis L. (Sprengel, loc. cit.; Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog.
Vaxt. Befrukt.,’; Hildebrand, op. cit.; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 477-9,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 315~-17, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 55; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 616; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 78; II, pp. 127-9; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
pp. 392, 400; Correns, op. cit.; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—In this species
the corolla is usually dark-blue in colour, and directed horizontally. Its tube conceals
the nectar secreted by the yellow, fleshy base of the ovary. The lower lip forms
a convenient and safe platform for nectar-seeking bees, while the galeate upper lip
serves as a protective roof for the fertile anther-lobes. The entrance to the corolla-
tube is closed by a plate made up of the two spoon-shaped sterile limbs of the con-
nectives, which fuse together in the course of anthesis. The fertile limbs are about
three times as long as the sterile ones. As Sprengel observed, there is a movable
union between the filament and connective. Correns says that the joint is not
a cylindrical one, but a genuine torsion-joint, distinguished by a remarkable
elasticity: it can be twisted artificially through 180°, while an insect visitor only
moves it 35°—60°.
This joint is kept in place by a shell-shaped broadening of its end (‘joint-
254 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
cushion’), When an insect pushes its head into the flower, the connective-plate
blocking the entrance is pressed upwards and backwards, so that the fertile anther-
lobes, covered with pollen below, are twisted forwards and downwards.
Fic. 328. Salvia pratensis, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Flower seen from
the right. (2) Stamens seen from the right front (x 2). a, filaments; 5 and c,
upper and lower limbs of the connectives; d, upper anther-lobes; ¢, lower do,
modified into a plate closing the entrance to the corolla-tube; 7, point where the two
lower anther-lobes are united; g, style in the first stage; g’, do. in the second stage.
The dotted line J’ a’ indicates the position assumed by the anthers when twisted
down.
In this way not only is the entrance to the nectar opened, but the fertile anther-
lobes are brought down on to the visitor's back, dusting it with pollen. When the
insect withdraws its head from the flower, the anthers resume their former position.
Fic. 329. Salvia pratensis, L. (alter Herm. Miller). 4. Large flower, after removal of part of the
corolla. B. Small do. (* 2). C. Do., more strongly magnified. D-K, Stamens in various stages
of reduction (x 7). L. A stamen of S. officinalis, L. a and a’, upper and lower anther-lobes;
¢, connectives ; ca, calyx ; 77, filaments; gr, style; 2, nectary; ov, ovary; st, stigma.
In older flowers the stigmatic surfaces are situated in the entrance, so that insects
brush against them first. They mature until the anthers have dehisced. Hermann
Miiller says, therefore, that automatic self-pollination is excluded. He observed small-
flowered female stocks in the Alps as well as the large-flowered hermaphrodite form,
the lever-mechanism in the former being reduced to a variable extent. The less
LABIATAE 255
reduced forms are set in motion by humble-bees, but, of course, uselessly for the
plant. In extreme cases the stamens are reduced to small lobes (Fig. 329). Correns
says that in these flowers with a small perianth the spoon-shaped parts of the con-
nectives are retained, while the rest of the anthers are reduced. It follows that not
only is the nectar protected from unbidden guests, but that bee visitors are compelled
to suck these smaller flowers in the same way as the larger ones, so that their stigmas
must be pollinated from the latter. Gynomonoecious as well as hermaphrodite and
female stocks are to be found.
Schulz recognizes four forms occurring in Germany.—
(1) Large-flowered hermaphrodite form: corolla 27-29 mm. long; mouth 9-10
mm.; connectives 15-18 mm.; pistil 32-42 mm. long. Protandrous or homogamous;
in the latter case automatic self-pollination is possible, as the stigma is placed in the
line of fall of the pollen. This form is connected by transition stages with the
following :
(2) Small-flowered hermaphrodite form: corolla 16-23 mm. long; mouth
6-8 mm.; connective 8-16 mm.; pistil 25-35 mm. long. Usually homogamous,
or feebly, rarely markedly protandrous; automatic self-pollination is easily possible
when the style is long.
(3) Large-flowered female form: corolla 19-24 mm. long; 6-7 mm. high;
pistil 28-34 mm.; connectives, on an average, 6 mm. long. The lever mechanism
is more or less reduced, the anthers sometimes normal, but devoid of mature pollen.
(4) Small-flowered female form: corolla 10-15 mm. long, 5-6 mm. high;
connectives usually 3-4 mm. long, but sometimes entirely absent. Anthers minute.
Pistil 20-25 mm. long, often projecting far out of the flower, on account of the
smallness of the latter.
Besides stocks bearing only these four forms, there are others with both female
and hermaphrodite flowers. The various forms grow either in different whorls, in
which case the female flowers are generally at the top of the inflorescence, or they are
arranged in whorls of three made up of mixed forms, of which the lateral ones
are female. Schulz found the flowers in the lower parts of the South Tyrol smaller
on an average than those in Germany; here the length of the corolla varies usually
between 18-22 mm., the height of the flower entrance between 6-9 mm., the length
of the style between 23-36 mm. The size of the flower may sometimes be no more
than 12 or even 10 mm. The flowers in the lower parts of the South Tyrol are
feebly protandrous, partly homogamous. Automatic self-pollination is possible both
in flowers with a very short style and in those where this is considerably elongated,
the stigma in the first case coming into immediate contact with the anthers, while in
the second case it is brought into the line of fall of the pollen by the bending of the
style downwards. This possibility of automatic self-pollination is important for both
forms, since cross-pollination by insect-visits is not easily effected in either: in the
first case the stigma does not reach down to the visitor’s back, and in the second it
generally touches that side of the insect not covered with pollen.
In the higher districts of the South Tyrol the size of the flowers again increases.
Female stocks occur sporadically here, and in North Italy almost as frequently as
hermaphrodite ones; gynomonoecious plants are also numerous, The size and form
of the nectaries are equally varied; in small hermaphrodite forms and in female
256 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
flowers they are more feebly developed, but nectar is secreted to the same extent as
in the large flowers. Insect-visits are equally numerous in the various types.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour, smooth, almost globular
when examined in water, up to 56 » in diameter.
There is a curious and abnormal form of the variety apefala, which Wetterhahn
discovered and first described. This has been thoroughly examined by F. Pax from
plants cultivated for years in the Berlin Botanic Garden. The description ‘ variety
apelala’ does not correspond to actual facts, for both perianth whorls are present.
The calyx forms a bell-shaped tube, the corolla is green and consists of four small
lancet-shaped or ovate petals. Stamens are absent; a number of style-like threads
project from the corolla. There is, of course, no seed-formation; reproduction can
only be effected vegetatively.
Geisenheyner (D. bot. Monatsschr., Arnstadt, xv, 1897) also observed at
Kreuznach a reduction of the stamens in this species. The turnpike mechanism was
absent, and therefore also the hinge-joint at the apex of the filament. The latter
bore a connective, evidently formed by two united threads, facing only towards the
side of the upper lip, and cleft at the tip into two somewhat unequal parts, each
bearing a free anther-lobe. ‘That attached to the longer part had already dehisced,
and almost entirely shed its pollen; the other had not yet done so, and was still
closely packed with pollen.
Visitors.—The pollinators are exclusively long-tongued bees. Other insects
are unbidden guests. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) observed the
following in Central and South Germany.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius canescens JAfé., skg. (H. M.,
Thuringia). (4) Conopedae: 2. Dalmannia punctata /, in the flowers (Budd.).
B. Hymenoptera. Apfzdae: 3. Andrena sp., 4, skg. (H. M., Strasburg); 4. Anthi-
dium manicatum ZL. 9 and 4, repeatedly skg. (H. M.); 5. Anthophora personata
Til. 9 and 3, skg. (H. M., Strasburg); 6. Bombus agrorum /. ¥, do. (H. M.,
Strasburg); 7. B. pratorum Z. 9, do. (H. M., Thuringia); 8. B.sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥,
do. (H. M.); 9. Chelostoma nigricorne My. 6, do. (H. M., Strasburg; Budd.) ;
10. Eucera longicornis Z. 4, do. (Budd.); 11. Halictus villosulus K. 9, creeping into
the flowers (Budd.); 12. Megachile centuncularis Z. 8, skg. (H. M., Strasburg) ;
13. M. fasciata Sm. 6, do. (H. M.); 14. M. sp. 4, do. (H. M., Strasburg); 15. Osmia
adunca, Lir. , do. (H. M., Strasburg; Budd.); 16. O. aenea ZL. 9, do. (H. M.,
Strasburg); 17. O. rufa Z. 9, do. (H. M.); 18. Xylocopa violacea Z., do. (H. M..,
Strasburg). Unbidden guests were also noticed—butterflies (Pieris sp., also recorded
by Sprengel), and the moth Plusia gamma Z. Herm. Miller further records 5 small
bees (1. Halictus morio #. 9; 2. H. nitidiusculus X. 9; 3. H. nitidus Schenck 9;
4. H. sextrigatus Schenck 9; 5. Prosopis communis WVy/. 6 and 9) obtaining nectar
by operating the lever mechanism, but not sufficiently to be of use.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Sprengel, Hildebrand, and Schulz, humble-bees. Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden),
2 long-tongued bees—Bombus agrorum F. 9, skg., and Eucera longicornis Z. 9 and 4,
do. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 5 humble-bees, a beetle, and 10 Lepidoptera. Loew
(Brandenburg) (‘Beitrage, p. 45)—A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 1. Anthophora
aestivalis Pz. 4, skg.; 2. A. pilipes /. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 3. Bombus hortorum JZ.
9, do.; 4. Halictus xanthopus K. 9, po-cltg. B. Lepidoptera. Sphingidae :
5. Macroglossa bombyliformis O., skg.: (Tyrol), the mason-bee Chalicodoma
muraria Re/z. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (op. cit., p. 62): (Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee
LABIATAE 257
Anthidium manicatum Z. 4, skg., 9 visiting several flowers and then going to a white-
flowered variety; and the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 4, first settling on the
calyx, but afterwards skg. legitimately. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 4 bees—
1. Bombus latreillellus A. (= B. subterraneus Z.); 2. B. rajellus K. (= B. der-
hamellus X. 9); 3. B. ruderatus #.; 4. B. soroénsis /. 9. Friese (Thuringia), the
humble-bee Bombus variabilis Schmzedekn. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the moth Agrotis
ypsilon oft. Hoffer (Steiermark), 2 bees—Bombus derhamellus . 9, and B.
argillaceus Scop. Friese (Fiume, Mehadia, Trieste, /esfe Koleri¢) and Dircke (Trieste),
the bee Podalirius dufouri Zep. Schletterer (Tyrol), 4 bees—1. Bombus mastru-
catus Gerst.; 2. B. muscorum /.; 3. B. subterraneus Z.; 4. Melecta luctuosa Scop,
von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus sylvarum JZ. ¥.
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the following on the var. varzegata.—
The Syrphid Platycheirus scutatus (/g., hovering for a long time over a flower,
and then settling on the lower lip; and 2 bees—Anthidium manicatum Z. 4, skg.,
and Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. without result.
2236. S. sylvestris L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 483, ‘ Weit. Beob.’
III, p. 56; Correns, op. cit.; Delpino, op. cit.; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I, pp. 78-9.)—
The flower mechanism of this species agrees in the main with that of S. pratensis,
but the corolla-tube is only 4 mm. long, so that short-tongued hymenoptera can
easily reach the nectar. The form with small perianth examined by Correns also
agrees with the corresponding one of S. pratensis as regards stamens. The anther-
lobes of the free limbs of the connectives are fixed; the connectives (3 mm. long) are
but very slightly movable. Though their spoon-shaped ends are united the joint
between filament and connective is easily torn.
Schulz distinguished the following forms in Central Germany.—
(1) Large-flowered hermaphrodite form: corolla 1o-12 mm. long; usually
markedly protandrous.
(2) Medium-sized hermaphrodite form: completely homogamous; pistil ex-
tremely short; stigma situated entirely between the anthers, so that automatic
self-pollination is inevitable (as e.g. near Halle).
(3) Small-flowered hermaphrodite form: corolla 7-8 mm. long; feebly pro-
tandrous or entirely homogamous.
(4) Large-flowered female form: corolla g-11 mm. long; anthers a little
smaller than the normal ones and devoid of pollen.
(5) Small-flowered female form: corolla 5-8 mm.; stamens sometimes com-
pletely aborted.
The two female forms usually appear on different stocks. Gynomonoecious
plants generally bear only flowers with a large or small perianth.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z., skg. Herm.
Miller (Thuringia),—1. The honey-bee (proboscis 6 mm. long), po-cltg., and dusting
the top of its head with pollen; 2. The Sphegid Psammophila affinis A. 9 (proboscis
4 mm.), freq., skg.; also 2 butterflies as unbidden guests; 3. Pieris rapae Z., skg. ;
4. P. napi Z., do. Schulz noticed occasional flowers perforated by humble-bees.
Friese (Siebengebirge), 4 bees—1. Eucera armeniaca Mor.; 2. E. tricincta Er.;
3. Podalirius borealis Mor. (also in Hungary); 4. Meliturga clavicornis Zir. Loew
(Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee Apis mellifica Z. §, skg., and thickly dusting its
thorax with pollen ; also on the var. emorosa.
DAVIS. II Ss
258 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2237. S. glutinosa L. (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 63 ; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisa-
tion,’ pp. 481-2, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 317-18; Ogle, ‘ Pop. Sci. Rev.,’ London, viii, 1869;
Darwin, ‘Cross- and Self-Fertilization,” p. 427; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, p. 262; Correns, op. cit.; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The lower anther-
lobes of the large yellow flower of this species are quite sterile and completely
retracted into the corolla-tube. The latter is so long that only humble-bees with
a proboscis about 14 mm. long can suck all the nectar legitimately. The corolla-
tube (in plants from the Kiel Botanic Garden) is 18-19 mm. long, but widens out at
the entrance for a depth of 4~5 mm., so that a humble-bee can insert its entire head.
Correns says that S. glutinosa may be distinguished from S. pratensis and related
species by the fact that the lower half of the connective no longer performs the
additional function of a nectar-cover, a special organ of this kind being present, while
the connective-plate presents its edge and not its surface to visitors. The unions
between the two anthers and the two sterile connective surfaces are very variable.
The membranes of the joint are here also of the greatest extensibility ; in different
flowers the joint resists torsion to a varying degree.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Sprengel, humble-bees. Ogle was the first to notice flowers perforated by
humble-bees (of undetermined sp.). Herm. Miiller (canton Graubiinden) and Knuth
(between Interlaken and Grindelwald) noticed the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus
Gerst. as a nectar-thief; it perforated the upper side of the corolla-tube, and sucked
nectar through the holes thus made. Frey-Gessner made similar observations.
Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), 2 humble-bees, skg. legitimately—Bombus agrorum.
fF. 9, and B. hortorum Z. 9. Gerstacker (Kreuth), 2 bees—Bombus mastrucatus.
Gerst. 9 and ¥, and Psithyrus vestalis /ourcr. Schletterer (Pola), 3 bees—1. Bombus:
argillaceus Scop.; 2. B. derhamellus A.; 3. Xylocopa violacea Z. von Dalla Torre-
(Pola), the humble-bee B. mastrucatus Gers?
Loew (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, vi, 1886, pp. 128-9) also observed the-
humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. in the Berlin Botanic Garden; but pollination does
not seem to have been effected regularly, for Loew noticed that in autumn (in the
middle of September) a 8 of this species visited in succession about 50 flowers on
the same stock, but did not once touch the tip of the style with its thickly-dusted
back. In the majority of flowers the connective-plates were separate.
Loew states that the sticky glandular hairs of the flower undoubtedly form
a protection against unbidden guests, for he found flies and ants sticking to the
calyx in several instances.
2238. S. Sclarea L. (Hildebrand, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Leipzig, vi, 1886;
Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 479; Correns, op. cit.; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage.’)—The
flower mechanism of this species essentially agrees with that of S. pratensis, but
Correns found a firmer union between the filament and connective ; the membrane
of those epidermal cells of the joint nearest the filament being considerably thicker
than that of the cells adjoining the connective. The spoon-shaped plate formed by
the lower ends of the connectives does not completely close the entrance to the
nectar, and there is therefore a reduced nectar-cover in the corolla-tube in the form
of a small fringed scale. Schulz observed female stocks as well as those bearing
protandrous hermaphrodite flowers.
LABIATAE 259
Vistrors.—Morawitz observed the following 5 bees in the Caucasus.—
1. Bombus haematurus Kriechd.; 2. Eucera similis Zep.; 3. Eucera spectabilis
Mor.; 4. Podalirius raddei AZor.; 5. P. tarsatus Spin.
2239. S. aethiopica (= S. Aethiopis Z.?); 2240. S. argentea L.; 2241.
S. virgata Ait.; 2242. S. pendula Vahl—These species agree (Hildebrand,
op. cit.) as to their flower mechanism with S. pratensis.
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw the bee Megachile fasciata Sm. 4,
skg., on S. argentea, and the honey-bee, skg., on S. virgata.
2243. S. nutans L.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) and Correns (op. cit.) state that
this species differs from S. pratensis in possessing perfectly upright straight con-
nectives, the stamens therefore projecting much less. As the flowers grow in
pendulous racemes and their position is consequently reversed, visitors alight on
the upper lip, and are thus dusted on their lower sides by the slightly projecting
anthers.
2244. S. splendens Ker-Gawl.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) says that in this species
the lower halves of the connectives are not bent forward, but are flat plates almost
entirely fused with each other.
2245. S. splendens Sellow (= S. colorans Hor/.).—W. Trelease says that this
Brazilian species is pollinated by humming-birds. The lower lip, which in our native
species serves as an alighting-platform for humble-bees, is therefore small and
undeveloped. The corolla is about 6 cm. long and conceals abundant nectar in
its base. It is scarlet, as is also the calyx, and placed almost horizontally; its tube
is slightly compressed laterally. The style with the stigma projects from the corolla
as in our species. The filaments are inserted at the point of separation of the upper
and lower lips. The connectives form, as in humble-bee flower species, a lever with
arms of equal length; the front end of this lever bears the fertile anther-lobes, while
the other lies on the inner surface of the corolla, and is devoid of lobes. Bees and
humble-bees are too small for this flower mechanism, their proboscides being too
short to reach the nectar; butterflies are too weak to set the lever apparatus in
motion; powerful moths might do so, but as the colour of the flowers makes them
inconspicuous at night this is improbable. It must, therefore, be assumed that
humming-birds effect pollination. Fritz Miller has, in fact, seen humming-birds
visiting the scarlet-red species of Salvia in South Brazil; when these visitors sucked
nectar, pollen was sprinkled on the front of their heads, to be transferred to the
- stigmas of flowers in the second (female) stage.
2246. S. Grahami Benth.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) says that this species
possesses homogamous flowers, in which the style scarcely projects beyond the
anthers.
2247. S. lanceolata Brouss.—The flower mechanism of this species is the
same as that of S. Grahami, and Hildebrand says that the lower stigmatic lobe is
situated between the anthers, so that automatic self-pollination takes place.
2248. S. hirsuta Jacq. This species also (Hildebrand, op. cit.) is capable
of automatic self-pollination, the greatly enlarged lower stigmatic lobe bending so far
s2
260 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
back as to touch both anthers. According to Hildebrand’s investigations autogamy
is always effective.
2249. S. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 62-4; Hildebrand,
op. cit.; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.’; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 480-1, ‘ Weit. Beob.’
III, pp. 55-6; Ogle, Pop. Sci. Rev., London, viii, 1869; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen,’ ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ pp. 83-4; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
pp. 618-19; Correns, op. cit.; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage, II, pp. 195 and 1917.)—The
violet-coloured, protandrous flowers of this species are marked on the lower lip with
dark-violet and whitish streaks which serve as nectar-guides. A ring of hairs in the
corolla-tube immediately above the nectar acts as a nectar-cover.
The flower mechanism differs from that of S. pratensis in the following
particulars. The upper lip is short, but so broad that it protects the mouth of the
flower from rain. The two connective-joints are much shorter than in S. pratensis.
The lower anther-lobes generally still contain some pollen, but they are always much
smaller than the upper ones, and contain only a quarter or, at the most, half as many
pollen-grains as the latter; they are seldom
completely vestigial. The lower limb of the
connective is therefore not modified into a
plate closing up the flower-entrance, but is
kidney-shaped, almost like the upper one,
only slightly smaller. The hammer
Re ities eect ah ae aaah mechanism of this species may therefore
of the calyx and corolla, seen from the right side. be considered less complete than that of
a, filament ; 5c, connective; d@ ¢e, upper and lower °
anther-lobes; g, stigma; %, nectary; 7, ovary; 9+ pratensis. Both lobes of the anthers are
& vestigial anther ; 7, nectar-cover. situated in the mouth of the flower, the
upper projecting slightly more forward than the lower. They lie so close together
that both are always turned downwards simultaneously, and also resume their original
positions together. A bee visitor can easily reach between the diverging filaments to
the nectar. In doing so it must first strike against both lower anther-lobes with its
head and receive pollen on its back from the upper lobes, which are now depressed.
In young flowers the stigma with its still apposed branches projects but little from
the upper lip, but in older flowers it hangs down in the entrance of the flower in
such a position that a bee visitor must deposit pollen on the diverging stigmatic
branches.
Schulz observed purely female stocks at Bozen. He also sometimes found the
flowers perforated by Bombus terrester Z.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) Borgstette (B.) and Buddeberg (Budd.)
observed the following.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Melanostoma ambigua fall, po-dvg. (H. M.).
B. Hymenoptera. Afidae: 2. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, skg. (H. M.);
3. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. 9, do. (H.M.); 4. Bombus agrorum Z. ¥, do. (H. M.,
Strasburg, B.); 5. B. hortorum Z. 9, do. (H. M., Thuringia); 6. B. pratorum Z.
g and ¥, do. (H. M., Thuringia); 7. B. pomorum Pz. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.,
Thuringia); 8. B. rajellus A. 9, do. (H. M., Thuringia) ; 9. B. sylvarum Z. 9, skg.
(H.M.); 10. Chelostoma campanularum X. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M., Thuringia) ;
tr. C, nigricorne Wyl. 6, skg. (H. M., Thuringia, Budd.) ; 12. Eucera longicornis Z;
9 and 4, do. (H. M., Thuringia, B.); 13. Halictus sexnotatus X. 9, po-cltg. (H. M.).
LABIATAE 261
14. Osmia aenea LZ. 9, skg. (B.) ; 9 and 6, very common, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.,
Strasburg); 15. O. caementaria Gers/. é, skg. (Budd.); 16. O. rufa Z. 9, do. (Budd.) ;
17. Prosopis communis /Vy/, (B.); 18, Psithyrus barbutellus K. 9, skg. (H. M.);
19. Xylocopa violacea Z. 3, freq., skg. (H. M., Strasburg) C. Lepidoptera.
20. A butterfly as an unbidden guest.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Sprengel and Hildebrand, the honey-bee. Knuth (Kiel Ober-Realschule
Garden).—A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: all skg.: 1. Apis mellifica Z.¥; 2. Bombus
hortorum Z. 9 and ¥; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9, ¥ and 4; all three with a streak of pollen
on the back when leaving the flowers. B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 4. Syrphus pyrasti
L., po-dvg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 5. Pieris napi Z. skg. Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden), 2 bees—Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, skg., and Apis mellifica Z. ¥,
steadily skg. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the Tineid moth Coleophora ornatipennella Hd.
Schletterer, for Tyrol (T.) and Pola (P.), 6 bees—1. Andrena limbata Zv.; 2. Bombus
argillaceus Scop. (T., P.); 3. B. terrester Z. (T.); 4. Eucera longicornis Z. (T.) ;
5. E. (Macrocera) ruficollis Brui/.; 6. Podalirius retusus Z., var. meridionalis Per.
von Dalla Torre (a garden in the Tyrol), the bee Eucera longicornis Z. .
2250. S. Roemeriana Scheele (= S. porphyrantha Dene.).—T. H. Corry says
that the flower mechanism of this species resembles that of S. officinalis. The lower
anther-lobes contain a small quantity of pollen.
2251. S. triangularis Thunb.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) states that flowers of this
species possess immovable connectives, stretching almost straight back and bearing
a fertile anther-lobe at each end. As the two anterior ones are situated somewhat
in front of the entrance to the flower, and the two posterior ones rather behind it,
the bee, on entering the flower, first brushes against the former with its back, and
then the latter with its sides. In the second stage of anthesis the stigma projects
beyond the anterior anther-lobes, and is therefore first touched by insects.
2252. S. tubiflora Sm.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) states that in this species the
posterior anther-lobes are sterile, and modified into an elongated plate applied to the
upper lip.
2253. S. nubia Ait.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) and Correns (op. cit.) say that
the flower mechanism of this species agrees almost entirely with that of S. officinalis ;
but the two lower limbs of the connectives, though close together, are not united, so
that each can be separately twisted round.
2254. S. verticillata L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 64; Hildebrand, op.
cit.; Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.,’ pp. 33-4; Herm.
Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 482, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 56, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 317;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I, pp. 80-1, II, pp. 129-30; Kirchner, ‘Flora vy. Stuttgart,’
p. 617; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, p. 395 ; Correns, op. cit.)—The bright violet
flowers of this species are partly protandrous hermaphrodite, and partly gynodioecious
or gynomonoecious. Their size is very variable, but definite classification into
groups is impossible. The upper lip of the corolla stretches straight forward,
narrowed and constricted below, and so joined to the tube that it can be bent
back, serving as a movable hood to the anthers. The connectives, however, are
immovably united to the filaments. The insect visitor strikes against and pushes
back the upper lip, so that the two upper anther-lobes are exposed and touched.
When the pressure caused by the visitor is removed, the parts generally resume their
262 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
original position. The lower connective limb is much reduced; it is merely a little
(o-7 mm. long) tooth directed downwards. The two upper limbs of the connectives,
bearing fertile anther-lobes, lie close to each other on the upper lip in the line of the
filaments. The style is at first bent down on to the lower lip, so that the stigma
lies in the entrance of the flower. At first it is short and the stigmatic branches are
apposed. The style then elongates and moves somewhat upwards, while the
stigmatic branches diverge, so that they stand before the mouth of the flower.
Nectar-seeking bees press back the upper lip of the corolla, and are dusted with
pollen in young flowers, which they transfer to the stigmas of older ones.
Schulz says that the corolla reaches 10-15 mm. in length in hermaphrodite
flowers, but only 5-9 mm. in female ones. The lower whorls of the inflorescence
are generally entirely hermaphrodite, and the upper ones entirely female; or there
are single lateral flowers of the unilateral half-whorl in the lower part of the
inflorescence which are female, or single lateral flowers in all the half-whorls which
may be female. In female flowers the connectives and filaments have quite
disappeared, so that the sterile anthers are sessile on the corolla. Schulz observed
perforation.
VisiTors.—Buddeberg observed the following bees in Nassau, all skg.—
1. Apis mellifica Z. §, in great numbers; 2. Bombus pratorum Z. 9;
3. B. sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥; 4. B. tristis Sezd/. 9; 5. Coelioxys rufescens Lep. 9 and 6;
6. Halictus albipes #4 and 9, freq.; 7. H. leucopus A. 9; 8. H. longulus Sm. 6,
freq.; 9. H. nitidiusculus X. 9; 10. H. nitidus Schenck 9; 11. H. quadristrigatus
Ltr. a 12. H. sexnotatus A. 9; 13. H. xanthopus KX. 9, freq.; 14. Osmia adunca
Ltr; 15. O. aenea Z.9; 16. O. caementaria Gers/. 9; 17. Prosopis armillata
Nyl. 3; 18. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 8.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Loew (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z., skg. Gerstiacker
(Kreuth), 4 bees+-1. Bombus jonellus X.; 2. B. mucidus Gerst.; 3. B. subterraneus
Z.; 4. Psithyrus vestalis Hourcr. Schletterer (Tyrol), 5 bees—r1. Bombus jonellus
K.; 2. B. mesomelas Gers/.; 3. B. subterraneus Z.; 4. Eriades florisomnis Z. ;
5. Halictus leucozonius Schr. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Anthophora
furcata Pz. 9.
2255. S. Verbenaca L.—Willis (J. Linn. Soc. Bot., London, xxx, 1894)
says that this species is cleistogamous in England.
Vis1ToRs.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphzdae: 1. Melithreptus scriptus Z., settling on the flowers ;
2. Syritta pipiens Z.,do. B. Hymenoptera. Afidae: 3. Anthidium manicatum
L. 9, skg.; 4. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, steadily skg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera:
5. Pieris brassicae Z., skg.
2256. S. clandestina L. (perhaps only a variety of the last species).—
VisiTors.—Schletterer observed 2 long-tongued bees at Pola—Bombus
argillaceus Scop., and Podalirius cyinipes Sm.
2257. S. Regeliana Trautv. (Correns, op. cit.}—The white flowers of this
species possess a mechanism very similar to that of S. verticillata, but the connective
is smaller, and the sterile limb relatively shorter and blunter.
2258. S. Horminum L.—Correns (op. cit.) states that in this species the two
LABIATAE 263
sterile limbs of the connectives are fused for their entire length. A very complete
barrier to the interior of the flower is thus formed. This union of the two adjacent
edges of the sterile limbs is effected by papillae of varying length, and is so firm that
it is easier to tear the joint than to separate the two connectives. The lever
mechanism with its torsion-joint resembles the corresponding arrangement in
S. pratensis, but is simpler and firmer.
2259. S. hispanica L., and 2260. S. tilifolia L.—Correns states that the
flower mechanisms of these species resemble that of S. Horminum.
2261. S. austriaca Jacq. (Hildebrand, op. cit.; Delpino, op. cit. ; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage.’)—Hildebrand says that in the protandrous hermaphrodite flowers of this
species the anther-lobes are far apart, and project from the upper lip. The upper
limbs of the connectives are situated on either side of this lip, and bend towards each
other when the connective-plate is touched in such a manner that the anther-lobes
come into contact in front of the entrance of the flower. Later on the stigma
occupies this position, owing to a curving of the style. Schulz states that purely
female stocks occur as well as hermaphrodite ones.
Vistrors.— Hildebrand supposes these to be moths.
2262. S. patens Cav.—lIn this species also (Hildebrand, op. cit.) the anthers
project entirely or partly from the upper lip. The style is so placed between the
upper limbs of the connectives that it is obliged to share their torsion. The stigma,
projecting beyond the anther-lobes, must therefore first touch a visitor's back, by
which means cross-pollination is ensured. Ogle says that the back of an insect
alighting on the lower lip is at first touched in two places, i.e. by the stigma
dorsally, and by the anther-lobes dorso-laterally. If the insect creeps further into
the flower, the stigma and anthers slide along towards the tip of the abdomen, thus
preventing self-pollination. When a second flower is visited the stigma will come
into contact with one of the pollen-covered areas on the insect’s body. Self-
pollination can be effected in flowers with styles too short for crossing. Ogle states
that nectar is secreted by glandular hairs situated above the lowest part of the
corolla-tube.
2263. S. carduacea Benth. (Hildebrand, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, i, 1883.)—
The upper lip of flowers belonging to this species is not galeate, but flattened out.
The two filaments are very short, and their anther-lobes are respectively borne on the
short upper and long, widely exserted lower limbs of the connectives. Those in the
latter position dehisce laterally, so that insect visitors are dusted with pollen on each
side. In the second stage of anthesis the two stigmatic branches occupy the
position taken up by the anther-lobes in the first. They are therefore situated right
and left, and not above and below as usual. ;
2264. S. cleistogama De Bary et Paul.—Ascherson (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxx,
1872) says that the plants brought to Halle from Africa bore only cleistogamous
flowers during the first five years, but chasmogamous ones subsequently.
2265. S. Bertolonii Vis.—
Visirors.—Schletterer observed the following bees at Pola.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.; 2, A. septemdentatum Zér.; 3. Andrena flavipes
Pz.; 4. A, limbata Zv.; 5. A. parvula A.; 6. Bombus argillaceus Scop.; 7. B.
264 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
terrester Z.; 8. Eucera hispana Zep. ; 9. E. interrupta Baer.; 10. E. longicornis Z. ;
11. E. ruficollis Brudil.; 12. Megachile argentata 7.; 13. M. manicata Gzr.; 14.
M. muraria Refz.; 15. Nomada imperialis Schmiedekn.; 16. Osmia aurulenta Pz. ;
17. QO. pallicornis Friese; 18. O. rufohirta Zér.; 19. Podalirius crinipes Sm. ;
20. P. dufourii Zep.; 21. P. retusus Z., var. meridionalis Per.
Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1, Bombus agrorum /. ¥, po-cltg. ; 2. B. hortorum Z. 9 and 4, steadily skg. ;
3. Megachile centuncularis Z. 9, skg. ; M. fasciata Sm. 9, do.
2266. S. Tenore Spr. (= S. pratensis Z., according to the /ndex Kewensis),
and 2267. S. coccinea Juss.—Darwin describes these species as self-sterile.
2268, S. Baumgarteni Griseb. (= S. pratensis Z., according to the Jndex
Kewensts).—
Visitors.—Loew observed the following bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1, Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, skg.; 2. Bombus hortorum Z. 9, do., covering
its back thickly with pollen; 3. Megachile fasciata Sm. 4, skg.
2269. S. controversa Tenore.—
VisiTors.—Loew observed the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 9, skg., in the
Berlin Botanic Garden.
2270. S. lanata Mich.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 bees—Anthidium
manicatum Z. 9, skg., and Bombus agrorum #. 9, steadily skg.
2271. S. sclaraeoides Brot.—
Visitors.— Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Pipiza chalybeata J/g., on the flowers. B. Hy-
menoptera. Apidae: 2. Bombus hortorum Z. 4, skg. C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 3. Rhodocera rhamni Z., skg.; 4. Pieris brassicae Z., going steadily
from flower to flower, and skg.
706. Monarda L.
2272. M. ciliata (?)—The flower mechanism of this species has been very
fully described by Errera and Gevaert (Bull. Soc. roy, bot. Belge, Bruxelles, xvii,
1878, pp. 128-32), and shown to be adapted for crossing by hawk-moths.
2273. M. didyma L.—
Visirors.—Hermann Miiller saw the noctuid moth Plusia gamma Z., in the
evening (‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 55), and Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed
2 bees—Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. through holes made by humble-bees, and Bombus
terrester ZL. ¥, perforating the base of the corolla-tube.
2274. M. fistulosa L.—Willis (J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, xxx, 1895)
describes this species as bearing protandrous flowers, though these are smaller than
those of M. didyma.
Visitors. —Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 1. Bombus terrester Z. Y, appearing to suck
legitimately ; 2. Halictus sexnotatus KX. 9, vainly skg.; 3. Psithyrus vestalis Fourer.
3, skg: B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 4. Pieris brassicae Z., skg. On the var.
albicans the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 5, skg. On the var. modlis.—
LABIATAE 265
A. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, trying to suck; 2. Bombus
terrester Z. 3, skg.; 3. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 3, do. B. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 4. Pieris brassicae Z.; 5. Vanessa urticae Z.; both skg. On the var.
purpurea 3 bees—1. Bombus agrorum /. 4, skg. legitimately ; 2. B. terrester Z. 4,
do.; 3. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 3, skg.
707. Ramona.
2275. R. polystachya (Benth.) Greene. (Rippa, Boll. Soc. nat., Napoli, xv,
1902, pp. 51-3.)—Rippa examined plants of this species (indigenous to Colorado)
cultivated at Naples. As compared with the related genus Salvia there is a marked
reduction of the lower lip, and the anterior limbs of the connectives are vestigial.
Hairs within the corolla-tube serve as a nectar-cover, and the large lower lip is
hispid. A bee forcing its way into the flower gets irregularly dusted with pollen
laterally, and forces the style strongly to the side so that autogamy takes place.
The lower lip subsequently erects itself, so that a visitor is obliged to depress it in
order to get at the nectar, and in doing so describes a lateral movement by which
any pollen it brings can be deposited on the stigma. Allusion must also be made to
the presence of sticky drops on the surfaces of the anthers and sides of the
connexions (according to Solla, referred to op. cit.).
708. Origanum Tourn.
Protandrous hermaphrodite flowers; with nectar secreted by the large base of
the ovary, concealed in the glabrous bottom of the corolla, and protected from rain
by a ring of hairs.. Often gynodioecious and gynomonoecious.
2276. O. vulgare L. (Darwin, ‘ Cross- and Self-fertilisation, p. 94; Herm.
Miller, ‘ Fertilisation” pp. 475-6, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 57-8, ‘Alpenblumen,’
p. 322; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 611; Schulz, ‘Beitrage’; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 298; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The
hermaphrodite flowers of this species are large (about 7 mm. long) and protandrous,
the female considerably smaller (4—5 mm. long). Schulz says that, sporadically,
the latter are as numerous as the former. Willis found about 6 % female flowers
near Cambridge. Kerner states that these open a week or more before the
hermaphrodite ones, and he therefore describes them as protogynous. He adds
that in a circuit of some km. no pollen is available for the stocks which flower
first. The dull-purple flowers grow in dense half-whorls, crowded into cymose
spikes; this makes thém very conspicuous, and they are much visited by insects.
Stamens and style project from the flower, but self-pollination is prevented by
protandry. In female flowers the anthers are often completely absent. Visitors
belong to very various groups. They may be insects with quite a short proboscis,
as the corolla-tube is fairly wide and very short (in hermaphrodites 4-5 mm., in
females 3-4 mm.). Various parts of their bodies are dusted with pollen, and
touch the stigma irregularly with first one part and then another, thus effecting
crossing.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg give the following list for
Central Germany.—
266 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 1. Bombylius canescens Mk. (Budd.).
(6) Conopidae: 2. Myopa polystigma Rond. (H. M.); 3. M. variegata Mg. (H. M.);
4. Physocephala rufipes /. (Budd.); 5. Sicus ferrugineus Z.(H.M.). (c) Emprdae:
6. Empis livida Z., very common (H.M.); 7. E. rustica Fal/., do. (H.M.).
(@) Muscidae: all skg.: 8. Ocyptera brassicaria /., very common (H.M.); 9. O.
cylindrica /., do. (H. M.); 10. Prosena siberita /., freq. (H. M.). (¢) Syrphidae:
11. Ascia podagrica F", freq., po-dvg. (H. M.); 12. Eristalis arbustorum Z., freq.,
skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.); 13. E. horticola Deg. (Budd.); 14. E. nemorum Z.,
skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.); 15. E. pertinax Scop. (Budd.); 16. E. tenax Z. (H. M.,
Budd.); 17. Helophilus floreus Z., skg. and po-dvg. (Budd.); 18. H. pendulus Z.,
skg. (H. M.); 19. Syrphus pyrastri Z., skg. and po-dvg. (Budd.); 20. Volucella
bombylans Z., do. (Budd); 21. V. inanis Z., do. (H.M.); 22. V. pellucens Z., do.
(H. M.); 23. V. plumata Z., do. (Budd.). B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 24. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, in large numbers, skg. (H. M.); 25. Bombus terrester Z. 3 and 9,
skg. (H.M.); 26. Coelioxys rufescens Zep. 3, skg. (Budd.); 27. Epeolus variegatus
L. 6, do. (Budd.); 28. Halictus albipes #. 6, very numerous, skg. (H. M.); 29. H.
cylindricus #. 8, do. (H. M., Budd.); 30. H. flavipes F. 9 and 4, do. (H. M.);
31. H. nitidus Schenck 8, skg. (H. M.); 32. H. quadricinctus #, do. (Budd.) ;
33- H. rubicundus Sm. 9, do. (H. M.); 34. H. smeathmanellus A. 6 and 9, do.
(Budd.) ; 35. Nomada jacobaeae Pz. 6 and 9, freq., skg. (H. M.); 36. Osmia
aurulenta Pz. 9, do. (H. M.); 37. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and 3%, skg. (Budd.).
C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 38. Argynnis paphia Z., freq., skg. (H. M.);
39. Epinephele hyperanthus Z., skg. (H. M.); 40. E. janira Z., do. (H. M., Budd.) ;
41. Lycaena sp., do. (H. M.); 42. Pieris napi Z., do. (H. M.); 43. Vanessa urticae
L., do. (H. M.).
Burkill and Willis observed the following at Cambridge (‘ Fis. and Insects in Gt.
Britain,’ Part I).—
A. Coleoptera. Nitidulidae: 1. Meligethes aeneus F., po-dvg. B. Diptera.
(a) Musczdae: 2. Anthomyia sp.; 3. Homalomyia canicularis Z.; 4. Scatophaga
stercoraria Z.; 5. Siphona geniculata Deg. (6) Syrphidae: 6. Eristalis horticola
Deg.; 7. E. pertinax Scop.; 8. E. tenax Z.; 9. Myiatropa florea Z.; 10. Syrphus
balteatus Deg.; 11. S. ribesii Z.; 12. S. vitripennis 4/g. C. Hemiptera. 13.
Anthocoris sp.; 14. Calocoris bipunctatus #. D. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae:
15. Andrena sp., skg.; 16. Apis mellifica Z., freq., skg.; 17. Bombus hortorum Z.,
do.; 18. B. pratorum Z., do.; 19. B. terrester Z., do; 20. Halictus minutissimus
X., skg.; 21. Psithyrus quadricolor ZLep., do.; 22. P. vestalis Fourcr., do.
(4) Vespidae: 23. Odynerus sp., skg. E. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera :
24. Pieris brassicae Z., freq., skg.; 25. P. napi Z., do.; 26. P. rapae Z., do.;
27. Polyommatus phlaeas Z., do.; 28. Vanessa urticae Z., do. (4) Pyralzdae:
29. Botys purpuralis Z., var. ostrinalis 7., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. —
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the honey-bee, skg., 2 humble-bees, skg. (Bombus
terrester Z., and B. lapidarius Z.), 4 po-dvg. or skg. hover-flies (1. Eristalis tenax Z.;
2. E. nemorum Z.; 3. Syrphus balteatus Deg.; 4. Melithreptus taeniatus JZg.), and
2 skg. butterflies (Pieris napi Z. and Vanessa urticae Z.): (Riigen), a butterfly
(Epinephele janira Z.) and a hawk-moth (Zygaena sp.). Alfken (Bremen), the
humble-bee Bombus sylvarum Z. 6. Schenck (Nassau), 2 bees—Coelioxys conoidea
Zil., and Halictus tetrazonius K/g. (= H. quadricinctus X.). Réssler (Wiesbaden),
2 moths—Callimorpha hera Z.,and Mesophleps silacellus 4. Herm. Miiller (Alps),
2 humble-bees, a Lepidopterid, and a hover-fly. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 6 Hymenoptera,
10 Lepidoptera, 3 Syrphids, and 2 Muscids (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, ili, 1891,
p. 325). Frey (Switzerland), the moth Callimorpha hera Z. Schletterer and
von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 5 bees—Anthidium septemdentatum Z/r.; 2. Bombus
LABIATAE 267
lapidarius Z.; 3. B. soroénsis /.; 4. B. terrester Z.; 5. Podalirius vulpinus Pz.
von Dalla Torra (Tyrol), the Chrysidid Chrysis analis Spzz. Gerstacker (Kreuth),
the parasitic humble-bee Psithyrus vestalis /ourcr., numerous. Schmiedeknecht
(Marseilles, /es¢e Jullian), the parasitic bee Nomada nobilis .-Sch. Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden).—A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Echinomyia fera LZ. (4) Syrphidae :
2. Eristalis tenax Z.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z. B. Hymenoptera. Afidae: 4. Bombus
terrester Z. 9, skg.; 5. Halictus cylindricus /. 4, do.; 6. H. rubicundus Cér. 9, do.
ns Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 4. Lycaena adonis S. V., skg.; 8. L. alexis
. V., do.
2277. O. Majorana L. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 54-5; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—Such cultivated plants of this species as have been observed were
protandrous. The small white flowers do not protrude far beyond the green bracts,
which are arranged in four rows. Only the corolla-limb and the mouth of the flower
are visible, the corolla-tube, which is 4 mm. long and funnel-shaped, being hidden
between the bracts. The stamens project beyond the four almost equal corolla-
tubes, the two longer ones diverging laterally. When the white anthers dehisce, the
style with immature stigma is still hidden in the corolla-tube. After the anthers have
shrivelled, the style elongates so far that it projects 2 mm. beyond the corolla, and
presents its now diverging stigmatic branches to visitors.
VisiTors.—Knuth observed the honey-bee, and the humble-bee Bombus lapida-
rius Z., both skg.
7og. Satureia L.
As Origanum.
2278. S. hortensis L. (Darwin, ‘Different Forms of Flowers,’ pp. 303-4;
Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 56; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 196; Breitenbach,
Kosmos, Stuttgart, xiv, 1884.)—The flowers of this species are lilac or white in
colour, with red dots in the throat serving as nectar-guides. Breitenbach states that
there are three kinds of flowers, large hermaphrodite, small female ones, and some
with two reduced anthers. Darwin says that the plant is gynodioecious, and that the
female flowers are more fertile than the protandrous hermaphrodite ones.
Schulz found 15-20 % of female flowers in plants cultivated at Halle.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis sepulcralis Z., skg.; 2. Helophilus
floreus Z., do.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z., very numerous, skg. B. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 4. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, in large numbers, persistently skg. C. Lepido-
ptera. Rhopalocera: 5. Pieris rapae L., skg.
2279. S. montana L.—
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Schletterer (Pola)—Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 1. Bombus argillaceus
Scop., freq., Sept. to Oct.; 2. B. terrester Z., freq. Sept. to Nov.; 3. Halictus
calceatus Scop. (4) Ichneumonidae: 4. Platylabus pedatorius Gr.,a é. (c) Scolitdae:
5. Scolia hirta Schr. (d) Vespidae: 6. Polistes gallica Z. MacLeod (Pyrenees),
4 humble-bees and 3 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 327).
268 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
jlo. Thymus Tourn.
Species of this genus may be trioecious, but otherwise agree with those of
Origanum.
2280. T. Serpyllum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 311; Hildebrand,
‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 26; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 472~-5,
‘ Weit. Beob., III, pp. 56—7, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 322; Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’
pp. 10-13; Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Rigen,’ ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr.
Ins.,’ pp. 117, 165, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 234 ; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 612.)—Besides protandrous hermaphrodite flowers there are
smaller female ones in this species; male flowers, however, are rare. The bright
purple, rarely white blossoms are very fragrant, and the nectar (according to Hermann
Miiller) is of a spicy flavour. The capitate inflorescences are often so close together
that they form (e.g. in the North Frisian Islands) large violet cushions on the moor-
Fic. 331. ZAymus, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1)-(3) 7. Serpyllush, L.
(1) Hermaphrodite flower in the first (male) stage. (2) Do., in the second (female)
stage. (3) Female flower. (4)(6) 7. vulgaris, L. (4) Female flower.
(5) Pistil of a hermaphrodite flower in the first stage. (6) Do., in the second stage.
a, vestigial anther ; 2, nectary ; ov, ovary (x 7).
land and beside its paths. This renders them extremely conspicuous, and they are
therefore much visited by insects, The flower mechanism is essentially the same as
that of Origanum vulgare. The stamens and style project freely from the corolla ;
in hermaphrodite flowers the stamens generally project beyond the style, which, how-
ever, elongates later on, and stigmatic branches diverge as soon as they are above the
anthers. Automatic self-pollination is therefore impossible.
Hitherto only female and hermaphrodite flowers on different stocks have been
observed in Germany. Delpino found the species to be trioecious near Florence.
In England Ogle observed transitions to purely male flowers, in addition to the
LABIATAE 269
hermaphrodite and female ones. Mdéwes (Bot. Jaarb., Leipzig, iv, 1883) often found
the flowers with stamens entirely or partly reduced.
VisiTors.—Knuth observed the following.—
I. Schleswig-Holstein—A. Coleoptera. Carabidae: 1. Carabus cancellatus
L., dvg. the flowers. B. Diptera. (2) Muscidae: 2. Lucilia sp. (4) Syrphidae :
3. Anthrax 2 sp.; 4. Volucella bombylans Z. (c) Zabanidae: 5. Tabanus sp.
C. Hymenoptera. Afrdaec: 6. Apis mellifica Z., very common; 4. Bombus
agrorum #.; 8. B. distinguendus JZor.; 9. B. lapidarius Z.; 10. B. terrester Z.;
11. Psithyrus vestalis Pourcr. D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 12. Epinephele
janira Z.; 13. Pieris napi Z.; 14. Polyommatus phlaeas Z.; 15. Satyrus semele
£. Allskg. II. Riigen—A, Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Volucella bombylans LZ. ;
2. V. pellucens Z. B. Hymenoptera. Aprdae: 3. Bombus lapidarius Z.¥; 4.
Psithyrus quadricolor Zep. 6. C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 58. Argynnis
paphia Z.; 6. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 7. Epinephele janira Z. (4) Sphingidae:
8. Zygaena 2 sp. All skg. III. Thuringia (‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. in Thiiringen ,’
Pp: 34)-—-A. Hymenoptera. Apzdae (long-tongued): 1. Bombus hypnorum LZ. 9 ;
2. B.soroénsis /., var. proteus Gers/.d, freq.; 3. B.terrester Z.8. B. Lepidoptera.
4. Argynnis adippe Z.; 5. Pieris sp.; 6. Vanessa urticae Z. All skg.
Alfken gives the following list for Bremen.—
A. Diptera. Bombyliidae: 1. Systoechus sulphureus 17%. B. Hymenoptera.
(a) Apidae: 2. Andrena nigriceps K.9; 3. Bombus arenicola Zhs. ¥; 4. B. con-
fusus Schenck 6; 5. B. derhamellus A.6; 6. B.hortorum Z.8; 7. B. jonellus
K.9; 8. B. lapidarius Z.¥ and $; 9. B. lucorum Z. ¥; 10. B. muscorum F. ¥
andé; 11. B. proteus Gerst.9,$andé; 12. B.sylvarum Z.¥; 13. B. terrester
£.%; 14. Coelioxys quadridentata Z. 8, skg.; 15. Halictus flavipes #9; 16. H.
rubicundus Chr. 9; 17. Megachile argentata #. 9 and 4; 18. Melitta haemorr-
hoidalis #8; 19. Podalirius bimaculatus Pz.9 and; 20. Psithyrus barbutellus
K.3; 21. P. vestalis Fourcr. 5. (6) Sphegidae: 22. Ammophila sabulosa Z. 9.
Loew observed the following.—
I. Silesia (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 33).—A. Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 1. Systoechus
sulphureus J@%., skg. (4) Muscidae: 2. Echinomyia fera Z. (c) Syrphidae: 3.
Volucella pellucens Z., skg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 4. Bombus varia-
bilis Schmzedekn. , skg.; 5. Megachile maritima X. 9, do.; 6. Psithyrus campestris
Pz. 9, do. (0) Sphegedae: 7. Ammophila sabulosa Z., skg. C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: allskg.; 8. Argynnis pandora $.V.; 9. Melanargia galatea Z.; 10.
Epinephele janira Z.; 11. Pieris brassicae Z.; 12. Polyommatus virgaureae Z.; 13.
Rhodocera rhamni Z. II. In Brunswick (B.) and the Riesengebirge (R.) (op. cit.,
p. 51)—Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 1. Bombylius minor Z., skg. (B.). (4)
Muscidae: 2. Echinomyia ferina Zeé/. (R.). (c) Syrphidae: 3. Volucella pellucens
L., skg. (B.). ILI. In Switzerland (S.) and the Tyrol (T.) op. cit., p. 60).—A.
Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Chrysotoxum vernale Zw. (S.); 2. Merodon cinereus
fF. (S.); 3. Volucella inanis Z.(T.). B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 4. Osmia sp.
(S.). C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 5. Melitaea parthenie Béz. (S.).
Sickmann gives the following for Osnabriick.—
Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 1. Biastes emarginatus Schenk, very rare. (4)
Sphegidae: 2. Cerceris arenaria Z., freq.; 3. C. labiata #.; 4. C. quinquefasciata
Rosst, freq.; 5. C. rybiensis Z.,do.; 6. Crabro alatus Pz.; 7. C. albilabris F.,
very common; 8. C. brevis v. d. Z., freq.; 9. C. panzeri v. d. Z., infreq.; 10. C.
peltarius Schreb., very common; 11. Dinetus pictus /.,do.; 12. Mellinus sabulosus
F.; 13. Oxybelus nigripes Ov., infreq.; 14. O. uniglumis Z., freq.
270 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Friese observed the following bees in Alsace (A.), Baden (B.), Fiume (F.), and
Hungary.—
1. Biastes emarginatus Schenck; 2. B. truncatus My/., very rare (B.); 3.
Colletes hylaeiformis £v., not freq. (H.); 4. Epeolus productus Z4s., rare (F., H.);
5. E. tristis Sm., do. (F., H.); 6. Halictus calceatus Scop. 8, not rare (B.); 7. H.
carinaeventris AZor. 9 and $ (H.); 8. H. flavipes &., freq. (B.); 9. H. Smeath-
manellus X.,do.(B.); 10. H. villosulus X., do.(B., A.); 11. Nomia diversipes Zir.,
not rare (H.); 12. N. femoralis Pal/.(H.); 13. Pasites maculatus /wr., not rare (H.).
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following list.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombyliidae: 1. Anthrax flava Mg., skg.(H. M., Thuringia);
2. Bombylius canescens A/7k., do. (H. M., Thuringia); 3. Exoprosopa capucina F.,
freq. (H.M.); 4. Systoechus sulphureus 4/2%., skg. (H. M.). (6) Conopidae: all
skg.; 5. Conops flavipes Z.(H.M.); 6. Myopa testacea Z. (H. M.); 7. Physo-
cephala rufipes /”. (H. M., Thuringia); 8. Sicus ferrugineus Z.(H.M.). (c) Empzdae:
9. Empis livida Z., all skg. (H. M., Thuringia). (d) Muscrdae, all skg.: 10.
Echinomyia fera Z.(H. M.); 11. E. ferox Pz. (H. M.); 12. E. grossa Z., freq.
(H. M.); 13. E.tessellata #.(H.M.); 14. Gonia capitata Deg. (H. M., Thuringia);
15. Gymnosoma rotundata Z. (H. M.); 16. Lucilia cornicina #. (H. M.); 17.
Nemoraea rudis Fa//.(H. M.); 18. Ocyptera brassicaria /., freq. (H. M.); 19. O.
cylindrica F., freq. (H. M.); 20. Sarcophaga albiceps Mg., very common (H. M.);
a1. S. carnaria Z., do. (H. M.); 22. Ulidia erythrophthalma Mg., in very great
numbers in the flowers (H. M., Thuringia). (e) Syrphzdae: all skg.: 23. Eristalis
arbustorum Z., very common (H.M.); 24. E. pertinax Scop., po-dvg. (H. M.); 25.
E. sepulcralis Z. (H. M.); 26. Merodon aeneus Mg. (H. M., Thuringia); 27.
Syritta pipiens Z., freq. (H.M.); 28. Volucella bombylans Z. (H. M.). (/) Zabanidae :
29. Chrysops caecutiens Z. § (H. M., Thuringia); 30. Tabanus rusticus Z.,
extremely numerous (H. M.). B. Hymenoptera. (a) Agzdae: 31. Andrena
nigroaenea A. 9, skg. (H. M.); 32. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, freq., skg. and po-cltg.
(H. M.); 33. B. pratorum Z. 9, do. (H.M.); 34. B. sylvarum JZ. ¥, skg. (H. M.,
Thuringia); 35. Cilissa leporina Pz. 9 and 3, skg. (Budd.); 36. Coelioxys, sp. é,
skg. (H.M.); 37. Epeolus variegatus Z. 9, skg. (Budd.); 38. Halictus cylindricus
F. 9, skg. (Budd.); 39. H. interruptus Pz. 9, skg.(Budd.); 40. H.morio F’. 9, skg.
(Budd.); 41. H.Smeathmanellus 4. 9 (Budd.); 42. Megachile centuncularis Z. é,
skg. (Budd.); 43. M. circumcincta A. 6, skg. (H. M.); 44. Nomada germanica
Pz. 9, skg. (H. M.); 45. Psithyrus barbutellus X. 8, skg. (H. M.); 46. P. quadri-
color Lep. 8, skg. (H. M.); 47. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and 6, freq. (H. M.).
(6) Ichneumonidae: all skg.: 48. Different sp. skg. (H. M., Thuringia). (c)
Sphegidae: 49. Ammophila campestris Z/r. 6 (H. M., Thuringia); 50. A. sabulosa
LZ. 9 and 4, freq. (H. M., Thuringia); 51. Cerceris variabilis Schr. 9 and 6 (H.M.);
52. Lindenius albilabris /. (H. M.). C. Lepidoptera. (a) Pyraltdae: 53. Botys
purpuralis Z., skg. (H. M., Thuringia). (4) Moctu¢dae: 54. Acontia luctuosa W.V.,
skg. by day (H. M., Thuringia). (c) Rhopalocera: all skg.: 55. Argynnis aglaja L.
(H.M.); 56. A. niobe Z.(H.M.); 57. Lycaena aegon S.V. 6 (H. M., Thuringia) ;
58. L. corydon Scop., freq. (H. M., Thuringia); 59. L. icarus oft. (H. M.); 60.
Melitaea athalia Esp. (H. M.); 61. Pieris napi Z. (H. M., Thuringia); 62. Satyrus
(Coenonympha) arcania Z. (H. M.); 63. S. (Epinephele) hyperanthus Z. (H. M.);
64. S. hyperanthus Z., var. arete Afi’. (H.M., Thuringia); 65. S. (Epinephele)
janira Z.(H.M.); 66. S. (Erebia) ligea Z.(H.M.); 67. S. (Pararge) maera JZ.
(H. M.); 68. S. (Coenonympha) pamphilus Z. (H. M., Thuringia); 69. Thecla
ilicis Esp. (H. M., Thuringia); 70. T. spini S.V.(H.M., Thuringia). (@) Sphingidae :
71. Sesia empiformis Zsp. (H. M.); 72. S. tipuliformis C/7. (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Wiistnei (Holstein), the bee Saropoda rotundata Pz. Réssler (Wiesbaden),
LABIATAE 271
2 moths—Coleophora lixella Ze//., and Agrotis vestigialis W/. Hoffer (Steiermark),
the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 6. Frey (Switzerland), 2 moths—Gelechia
distinctella Ze//., and Pempellia ornatella S.V. (Engadine). Frey-Gessner (Switzer-
land), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum ., and 2 Scoliids—Scolia hirta Schr., and
S. quadripunctata #. Schiner (Austria), 2 hover-flies—Merodon cinereus /. and
Sericomyia borealis Fa//. Von Fricken (Westphalia), the Chrysomelid beetle Crypto-
cephalus pygmaeus F. Seitz (Darmstadt), the largest German Chrysidid Parnopes
grandior Pall., very occasionally in July. Ducke (Austrian Silesia), the bee Andrena
simillima Sm. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 3 bees—1. Anthidium punctatum Zir. 9;
2. Bombus muscorum #.¥; 3. Chalicodoma manicata Gir. 9. Schletterer (Tyrol),
and for Pola (P.), 5 bees—1. Anthidium punctatum Z/r.; 2. Bombus terrester Z. ;
3. B. variabilis Schmzedekn.; 4. Podalirius vulpinus Pz.; 5. Sphecodes gibbus Z. (P.).
Handlirsch, the Sphegid Bembex integra Pz. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 11 Hymenoptera ;
2 beetles, 8 Lepidoptera, and 11 flies (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891,
pp. 326-7): (Flanders), the honey-bee, 3 humble-bees, one other long-tongued bee,
2 short-tongued bees, 3 hover-flies, and 6 Lepidoptera (op. cit., v, 1893, pp. 366-7,
vi, 1894, p. 372). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum
é, and B. terrester Z. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875).
Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), the honey-bee, freq., 2 humble-bees, and 3 Muscids
(‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 136). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), the bee Andrena
coitna .3. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 30 Diptera, 27 Hymenoptera, and 65 Lepidoptera.
Schulz (‘ Beitrage,’ I, pp. 81-2, II, p. 130) in describing the variety (a) Chamae-
drys Fries as a species, speaks of it as gynodioecious (often 40-50% female flowers),
very seldom gynomonoecious, and in places also androdioecious (e.g. Italy and,
according to Delpino, England). In certain parts of the Riesengebirge (between
Schmiedeberg and Krummhiibel) Schulz observed sporadically female plants only; in
other places (e.g. in the Riesengrunde) they were extremely rare. He found
similar conditions in Central Thuringia and at Halle. Ludwig states that at the
beginning of the flowering season there are more female stocks in bloom than later.
Schulz, however, could find no seasonal variation in the frequency with which the
two forms of stock came into flower. He says that the size of the usually protandrous,
more rarely homogamous hermaphrodite flowers is very variable. Although they are
visited by insects at least as often as the female flowers, they bring comparatively few
seeds to maturity. Darwin states that the seeds of the hermaphrodite flowers are
lighter than those of the female ones. This is disputed by Errera and Gevaert, but
Schulz found that in many cases a number of seeds from female flowers were some-
what heavier than a corresponding number from hermaphrodite ones.
Visitors—MacLeod (Pyrenees) noticed the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /.
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea Ghent, ili, 1891, p. 338). Schletterer records the humble-bee
Bombus terrester Z. for the Tyrol and Istria, and observed the following bees
at Pola.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.; 2. A. septemdentatum Zér.; 3. Andrena albo-
punctata Ross?; 4. A. carbonaria Z.; 5. A. convexiuscula A., var. fuscata 4’.;
6. A. dubitata Schenck; 7. A. flavipes P2.; 8. A. flessae Pz.; 9. A. labilis A.;
10. A.limbata Zv.; 11. A.lucens Jmf.; 12. A.morio /.; 13. Ceratina nigroaenea
Gerst.; 14. Coelioxys aurolimbata oers/.; 15. Colletes fodiens K.; 16. C.
lacunatus Dours.; 17. C. niveofasciatus Dours.; 18. Eucera interrupta Baer. ;
19. E. parvula Friese; 20. E. ruficollis Brull.; 21. Halictus fasciatellus Schenck ;
22. H. leucozonius Schr.9; 23. H. malachurus X.; 24. H. morbillosus A7chd. ;
25. H.scabiosae Ross?; 26. H. sexcinctus F.; 27. H. tetrazonius K7g.; 28. H.
272 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
variipes Afor.; 29. H. villosulus A.; 30. Megachile argentata #.; 31. M. muraria
L.; 32. Melecta funeraria Sm.; 33. Nomada flavoguttata K.; 34. N. imperialis
Schmiedekn.; 35. Osmia aurulenta Pz.; 36. O. papaveris Zir.; 37. O. scutellaris
Mor.; 38. O. vidua Gers?.; 39. Podalirius retusus Z., var. meridionalis Per.
Warming found the variety (b) prosfafa Hornem. to be gynodioecious with
protandrous hermaphrodite flowers in Iceland and Greenland. In consequence of
the smallness of the flower the stigma and anthers are so close together that the
possibility of self-pollination is increased. The plants in Iceland possess considerably
longer stamens and style than those in Greenland. The various female flowers on
one plant often present every degree of reduction of the stamens.
Schulz (‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 83) in describing the variety (c) angustifolius Pers. as
a species says it is gynodioecious, and also, more frequently, gynomonoecious. All
degrees of reduction of the filaments may sometimes be found on the same plant.
The variety (d) pannonicus All. is also described as a species by Schulz (op. cit.,
II, pp. 130-1), who states it to be gynodioecious or rarely gynomonoecious in the South
Tyrol and North Italy. The size of the flowers is very variable. Insect-visits are
numerous.
VisiTors.—Schletterer and von Dalla Torre record the bee Melecta armata Pz.
for the Tyrol.
2281. T. dalmaticus Freyn.—This is perhaps only a variety of T. Serpyllum.
Visirors.—Schletterer saw the following at Pola.—
Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 1. Andrena albopunctata Ross?; 2. A.carbonaria
L.; 3. A. combinata Chr.; 4. A. convexiuscula A., var. fuscata K.; 5. A. deceptoria
Schmiedekn.; 6. A. flavipes Pz.; 7. A. humilis Jmh.; 8. A. labialis K.; 9. A. limbata
£v.; 10. A. lucens Jmh.; 11. A. morio Brull.; 12. A. nana A.; 13. A. parvula X.;
14. Bombus terrester Z.; 15. Colletes niveofasciatus Dours.; 16. Eucera interrupta
Baer.; 17. E. longicornis Z.; 18. Halictus fasciatellus Schenck ; 19. H. interruptus
Pz.; 20. H. levigatus K. 9; 21. H. leucozonius Schr. 9; 22. H. malachurus & ;
23. H. minutus A.; 24. H. morbillosus Archd.; 25. H. patellatus Afor.; 26. H.
tufocinctus yl. a 9 and a 6; 247. H. scabiosae Ross?; 28. H. sexcinctus /;
29. H. tetrazonius Alg.; 30. Lithurgus chrysurus Fozsc.; 31. Megachile muraria
Reiz.; 32. M. septemdentatum Z/r.; 33. Melecta funeraria Sm.; 34. M. luctuosa
Scop.; 35. Nomada braunsiana Schmzedekn.; 36. N.femoralis Mor.; 37. N. ruficornis
L.; 38. N. sexfasciata Pz.; 39. Osmia rufohirta Zér.; 40. O. versicolor Lér.;
41. Podalirius tarsatus Sgz7. (4) Pompilidae: 42. Pompilus viaticus Z. (c) Scolidae:
43. Scolia haemorrhoidalis #.; 44. S. hirta Schr. (d) Sphegidae: 45. Cerceris
quadrifasciata Pz. (e) Vespidae: 46. Polistes gallica L.
2282. T. vulgaris L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.’ pp. 310-11; Herm. Miller,
‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 474-5; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 195; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 613; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—This species is gynodioecious,
with protandrous hermaphrodite flowers like those of T. Serpyllum. The female
flowers set almost twice as many fruits as the hermaphrodite ones. On cultivated
plants at Halle Schulz observed about 20 % female flowers.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (on garden plants), the honey-bee, skg., a hover-fly (Eristalis tenax Z.,
po-dvg. and skg.), and a butterfly (Pieris brassicae Z., skg.). Herm. Miiller (in his
garden at Lippstadt), all skg—A. Diptera. (a) Empzdae: 1. Empis livida Z.
LABIATAE 273
(4) Muscidae: 2. Sarcophaga albiceps A/g., freq. (c) Syrphidae: 3. Syritta pipiens
L., freq., po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 4. Apis mellifica Z. ¥;
5. Halictus, small sps., po-cltg. (6) Sphegidae: 6. Ammophila sabulosa Z. 9 and 6.
C. Lepidoptera. Sphingidae: 7. Sesia tipuliformis C7. F. F. Kohl] (Tyrol), the
true wasp Ancistrocerus renimacula Lep.
7u. Calamintha Lam.
Protandrous bee or humble-bee flowers; with nectar secreted and stored as
usual. Often gynodioecism, more rarely gynomonoecism as well.
2283. C. Acinos Clairv. (= Thymus Acinos Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
p. 477.)—The flowers of this species are bright violet in colour. Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains as white in colour, rounded, indented with several furrows, densely
papillose, about 44 » broad and §0 u long.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), the honey-bee, skg. and po-cltg., and the Bombyliid
Systoechus sulphureus Ak, skg. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus
muscorum /. ¥. Schletterer (Tyrol), the humble-bee B. variabilis Schmzedekn. :
(Pola), 2 bees—Anthidium manicatum Z., and A. septemdentatum Zir.
2284. C. alpina Lam. (=Thymus alpinus Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’
Pp. 319-213; Schulz, ‘Beitrige,’ II, pp. 131-2.)—In this species Hermann Miiller
distinguished between large- and small-flowered stocks with protandrous hermaphrodite
flowers. Schulz, however, found three forms in the Tyrol with hermaphrodite
flowers of different sizes, the two larger of which (12-16 mm. and g—12 mm. long)
are protandrous and adapted for cross-pollination. The small flowers (5-7 mm.)
are feebly protandrous or homogamous and autogamous. Schulz says that in addition
to these hermaphrodite types female stocks often occur, and in this case there are
again three forms of flower to be seen, their sizes being about 3-4 of those of the
hermaphrodite ones.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 12 bees and humble-bees, 4 hover-flies, and 15 Lepidoptera.
Schulz, more especially Lepidoptera (about 30 sp.), bees less frequently. Both the
foregoing noticed flowers perforated by the humble-bees Bombus mastrucatus Gers/.
and B. terrester Z. Loew (Pontresina), a long-tongued bee (Osmia caementaria
Gerst. 9, po-cltg.), and a true wasp (Celonites abbreviatus Vrl/., skg.). MacLeod
(Pyrenees), 2 bees, 2 Lepidoptera, a Bombylius, and an Empis (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 327). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden).—A. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, skg.; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, do.; 3. Bombus
agrorum &. ¥ and 4, do.; 4. B. hortorum Z.; 5. B. hortorum Z., var. nigricans
Schmiedekn. 5, skg.; 6. B. terrester £. ¥, do. B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera:
4. Pieris brassicae Z., skg.
2285. C. officinalis Moench (= Melissa Calamintha Z.). (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’
II, p. 196; Knuth, ‘Bloembiol. Bijdragen,’ ‘ Blitenbiol. Herbstbeob.’)—The flowers
of this species are protandrous, and exhibit none of the variations in size found in
C. alpina.
DAVIS. WI
24
274 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden, 28.8.’96), the humble-bee Bombus terrester
L. 3, freq., skg., the honey-bee, and a hover-fly (Eristalis sp.). Schletterer and
von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 2 bees—Bombus lapidarius Z., and Halictus major /Vy/.
2286. C. Nepeta Savi. (= Melissa Nepeta Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’
p- 321; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 196.)—This species is gynodioecious with large
hermaphrodite and small female flowers. Schulz says that it is sometimes gyno-
monoecious in the South Tyrol, with about 25 % female flowers.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (Alps), 5 humble-bees, a fly, and 5 Lepidoptera. Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden).—A. Diptera. Syrphzdae: 1. Eristalis nemorum Z. B. Hymeno-
ptera. Apidae: all skg.: 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 3. Bombus agrorum / 2;
4. B. terrester Z.5; 5. Psithyrus vestalis Mourcr. 9 and é.
2287. C. grandiflora Moench.—Schulz says that the hermaphrodite flowers
of cultivated plants of this species (indigenous to Croatia and the Siebengebirge) are
protandrous. Female stocks also occur.
2288. C. umbrosa Fisch. et Mey.—
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum /”. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.
2289. C. Clinopodium Benth. (=C. vulgare Z.). (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertili-
sation,’ p. 476, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 321; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 83, II, pp. 135, 154,
196; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 614; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’.)
—Hermann Miiller describes the corolla-tube of the purple-red flowers of this species
as 10-13 mm. long, and not infrequently filled to a height of 3 mm. with nectar.
The lower stigmatic branch of the style is a broad, lancet-shaped plate bending
downwards and devoid of noticeable papillae; the upper is much narrower and
shorter, and even almost absent. Schulz states that there are two different forms
of hermaphrodite flowers—(1) Large (16-17 mm. long), strongly protandrous, and
(2) small (12-13 mm. long), feebly protandrous, rarely homogamous. The female
flowers also vary in size ; sometimes they are associated with hermaphrodite ones on
the same plant, sometimes they are only found on separate stocks. Schulz occasion-
ally saw the flowers perforated by Bombus terrester Z. and B. lapidarius Z.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated —
Knuth, the butterfly Pieris rapae Z. Herm. Miiller, 2 butterflies, skg.—Pieris
brassicae Z., and Epinephele hyperanthus Z.: (Alps), 4 Lepidoptera, 3 humble-bees,
skg. legitimately, and a Halictus, do. Loew (Riesengebirge), the butterfly Pieris
brassicae Z. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 4 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, ili, 1891, pp. 331-2). von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 2 bees—
Anthidium manicatus Z. 9, and Halictus leucozonius Schr. Schletterer (Tyrol), the
same two bees, and also Anthidium variegatum F. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire),
a humble-bee (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 436). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden),
2 humble-bees (Bombus agrorum F’. , and B. terrester Z. 4), and a butterfly (Pieris
brassicae L.), all skg.
LABIATAE 275
712. Melissa Tourn.
Protandrous or protogynous to homogamous bee flowers. Sometimes gyno-
dioecism or andromonoecism.
2290. M. officinalis L. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 196; Knuth, Bot.
Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxii, 1897.)—The strong odour of lemons exhaled by the foliage-
leaves of this species is a great attraction to cross-pollinating insects. There is no
nectar-guide to be found on the small, whitish flowers (at least not in those observed
in the garden of the Kiel Ober-Realschule at the end of August). The broad middle
lobe of the lower lip is: closely beset with short, stiff, cylindrical hairs, which leave
a deep groove down the middle free for an insect’s proboscis; the spaces between
these hairs are thickly beset with microscopic papillae.
The slightly arched upper lip also possesses small hairs at the entrance to the
corolla-tube, which, however, are longer and looser than those on the lower lip.
This growth of hair also extends above on to the inner surface of the corolla-tube
(which is 8 mm. long and curves downwards), and the way to the nectar secreted
and concealed at the base of the flower is therefore quite plainly indicated to the
proboscis of an insect. The upper part ofthe corolla-
tube widens out for a distance of about 2 mm. into an
opening 22 mm. high and 24 mm. broad, so that the
head of a small insect can be inserted and a proboscis
6 mm. long can suck all the nectar.
The stigma usually seems to mature shortly
before the anthers dehisce, but many flowers are Fic. 332. Melissa officinalis, L.
homogamous. The anthers of the two longer _ (1) Flowerseen directly from the front:
stamens dehisce before those of the two shorter shorter stamens are seen below, and
ones. The stigma, with its two hook-shaped, pened a apie ac ae hee
diverging branches, is generally situated between barrie ee ie ore anaae
the anthers of the two longer stamens, sometimes
projecting beyond them, but in other cases being somewhat shorter. It frequently
remains receptive until the anthers of the shorter stamens dehisce, but is often com-
pletely shrivelled by that time. A considerable number of flowers are entirely
devoid of style and stigma. I cannot say whether these varied conditions are also to
be found in flowers blooming earlier, having failed to examine them.
On visiting a flower in the purely female stage, therefore, a nectar-seeking
insect will brush against the stigma on alighting, and dust it with pollen previously
gathered; on visiting a hermaphrodite or entirely male one, it will again be dusted
with fresh pollen. Crossing is thus brought about by regular nectar-sucking insects ;
such visitors can, however, also effect self-pollination in flowers in the hermaphrodite
stage. This may also take place in such flowers when the stigma remains receptive
long enough, by contact or the falling of pollen, when the stigma is of the same
length as the anthers of the two longer stamens, or a little shorter.
Schulz observed single gynodioecious stocks at Bozen, among others with
protandrous hermaphrodite flowers.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
T2
276 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
Knuth (Kiel Ober-Realschule Garden, 26. 8.’97)—1. the bee Apis mellifica
L. ¥, occasional, skg. vigorously and effecting crossing; it obviously could not reach
the base of the flower with its short (6 mm.) proboscis, not being able to force its
head into the widened part of the corolla-tube; 2. the humble-bee Bombus terrester
L. 8, freq., skg., and effecting crossing; its proboscis (7-8 mm.) could reach the
hectar-storing base of the flower; 3. the hover-fly Rhingia rostrata Z., freq., skg.,
during which its proboscis (10-11 mm.) was not entirely inserted into the corolla-
tube, and was therefore dusted with pollen 2-3 mm. from its base; the bees, on the
other hand, brought the front of their heads into contact with stigma or anthers;
4. and 5. the hover-flies Syritta pipiens Z. and Syrphus balteatus Deg., both ske.
and effecting either cross- or self-pollination ; 6. the Thysanopterid Thrips, frequent
in the flowers and occasionally effecting autogamy. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden),
3 bees, all skg.—1. Apis mellifica Z. 9; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 8; 3. B. terrester,
L,Y.
713- Horminum L.
Protandrous bee flowers. Gynodioecism, rarely gynomonoecism.
2291. H. pyrenaicum L. (Kerner, ‘ Schutzmittel d. Bliten,’ p. 225; Herm.
Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp.
318-19; Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’
II, pp. 134-6; | MacLeod,
‘Pyreneénbl.,’ pp. 327-31.)—
The hermaphrodite flowers of
this species are so strongly
protandrous that automatic
self-pollination is excluded.
Schulz says that they vary in
size. Besides hermaphrodite
flowers there are often to be
found smaller female ones with
reduced anthers, generally
growing on separate stocks,
rarely on the same as the
others. In the Pyrenees also
(according to MacLeod), both
protandrous —_ hermaphrodite
flowers and smaller, gynomo-
Fic. 333. Horminum pyrenatcum, L. (from Herm. Miller's noeciously distributed female
Alpenblumen’). a Basal half of a flower, after removal of half i x
the calyx and corolla, seen from below. 8. Terminal half of do, Ones occur; in fact, those in
after removal of the lower lip, seen from below (x 34). C. Ends the lowest verticillaster are
of the two upper filaments with their processes, seen from the front
(x 7). D. Entrance of a flower, seen from the side (x 34). ca, generally female and open later
calyx; co, corolla; 7, filaments; g»,style; 7, nectary; ov, ovary; : ‘
cd selint eoueh: than the hermaphrodites situ-
ated just above them.
HTT
Heth ily
Hi
Nn
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 4 bees, 5 humble-bees, a hover-fly, a beetle, and 2
LABIATAE 277
Lepidoptera. Schulz, 2 humble-bees—Bombus mastrucatus Gers/, and B. terrester
Z., skg. and also perforating the flowers.
714. Rosmarinus L.
2292. R. officinalis L.—Delpino (‘Ult. oss.’) describes this species as
protandrous. In the second stage of anthesis the stigma assumes the position
occupied in the first by the anthers.
Visitors.—T he following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Friese, Hungary (H.) and Fiume (F.), 3 bees—1. Eucera caspica Mor, (H., F.);
2. Megachile manicata Gzr. (H., F.); 3. Xylocopa cyanescens Brud/é(H.). Schletterer,
Pola and the Tyrol (T.), a wasp (Polistes gallica Z.) and 17 bees—z. Andrena
carbonaria Z.; 2. A. flavipes Pz.; 3. Bombus argillaceus Scop., skg.; 4. B.
pascuorum Scop. (T.); 5. B. terrester Z.; 6. Halictus leucozonius Schr. 9;
7. H. levigatus K. 9; 8. H. malachurus X.; 9. H. scabiosae Ross’; 10. H.
xanthopus K., one 9; 11. Megachile manicata Gi7.; 12. Nomada lineola Pz.,
var. subcornuta K.; 13. N. sexfasciata Pz.; 14. N. succincta Pz.; 15. Osmia
rufa Z.; 16. Podalirius acervorum Z.; 17. P. crinipes Sm.
715. Hyssopus L.
Protandrous bee flowers ; with nectar secreted (according to Sprengel) by the
base of the ovary.
2293. H. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 301; Kirchner, ‘ Beitrige,’
pp- 55-6; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—In this species the tube of the deep
blue, rarely white corolla is ro mm. long, its lower half forming a thin, hollow
cylinder directed obliquely upwards. In the middle it curves slightly downwards
and widens out funnel-wise. Below this curve the lower part of the corolla is
indented by two longitudinal folds, rendering the cylinder still narrower, and the
access to the base of the flower very small. At first only the somewhat divergent
stamens project (the upper ones for 3 mm. and the lower for 6 mm.) beyond the
broad corolla-limb, exposing pollen. When the anthers have dehisced the style,
which has so far scarcely projected beyond the upper lip, elongates to such an
extent that the now diverging stigmatic branches dominate the entrance to the
flower. Cross-pollination is therefore ensured by the visits of suitable insects.
Automatic self-pollination is not easily effected, even when pollen-grains still cling
to the shrivelled anthers.
Kirchner could not find female flowers.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Kerner, the honey-bee. Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), 2 humble-bees—
Bombus lapidarius Z. 4, and B. terrester Z. 9. The former sucked persistently, so
that nectar would appear to be present, though | was unable to detect it either with
a lens or by means of the sense of taste.
278 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
716. Nepeta Riv.
Flowers protandrous, belonging to classes Hb or Hhb, rarely to LHhb.
Nectar secreted and stored as usual. Gynomonoecism and gynodioecism.
2294. N. Cataria L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 315; Schulz,
‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 84, II, p. 196.}—The hermaphrodite flowers of this species are
about 7-8 mm. long. The stigma sometimes projects beyond the anthers, or may
be of the same length, in which case, however, strong protandry renders self-
pollination impossible.
The female flowers are 5-6 mm. long. They occur as a rule (up to 50 %)
on the same plants with hermaphrodite ones, and but rarely on separate stocks.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. ¥, skg. Knuth
(Kiel Ober-Realschule Garden, 12. 8.’98), the humble-bee B. terrester Z. 9, steadily
skg. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z., po-dvg., and
the bee Osmia aenea ZL. 9, skg.
2295. N. nuda L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 53-5; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 196.)—The fragrant flowers of this species are arranged in very
conspicuous inflorescences. Hermann Miiller says that their entrances are marked
with numerous bright-purple blotches which serve as guides to the nectar. This is
abundantly secreted by the very large base of the ovary. The lower, narrowed part
of the corolla-tube is 3 mm. long, and broadens out above to a part of the same
length, which allows of the insertion of an insect’s head. The upper lip is short,
and therefore incapable of protecting the pollen from rain; it is long enough,
however, to hold the filaments and style in such a position that a bee visitor must
touch the anthers, and (in a later stage) the stigma. The lower lip projects far
enough to afford a convenient alighting-platform. At its base and in the mouth of
the flower are hairs which prevent rain from entering, or at least render it difficult,
but the circlet of hairs commonly found inside the corolla-tube is here absent.
At the beginning of anthesis only the pollen-covered anthers project from the flower.
Later on the style elongates beyond the stamens and its stigmatic branches diverge.
Automatic self-pollination is thus probably excluded. Schulz observed sporadic
female stocks besides protandrous hermaphrodite ones.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Thuringia) A. Coleoptera. (a) Mordellidae: 1. Anaspis
frontalis Z., an unbidden guest. (6) WVitidulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., do. B. Diptera.
Bombyliidae: 3. Bombylius canescens Jfzk., skg., but not pollinating. C. Hy-
menoptera. Apidae: 4. Anthidium punctatum L/r. $6, skg.; 5. Anthophora
quadrimaculata #. $, do.; 6. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, do., in very large numbers ;
7. Bombus agrorum / 9 and ¥, skg.; 8. B. pratorum Z. 9 and §, do.; 9. Halictus
flavipes K. 9, po-cltg.; ro. H. malachurus &. 9, skg.; 11. Osmia adunca Zvr. 6,
in large numbers, skg.; 12. Prosopis communis /y/., one 9. D. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 13. Epinephele janira Z., skg.
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the Telephorid beetle Dasytes flavipes /.,
creeping into the flowers, and 2 bees, skg.—Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, and
Megachile centuncularis Z. 9.
LABIATAE 279
2296. N. Mussini Spreng. (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886,
pp. 121-3.)—Loew describes the corolla-tube of this Oriental species as about
10 mm. long, and slightly broadened in three places. The stigmatic branches are
at first apposed, even when the anthers have dehisced. The style then elongates
slightly and the filaments curve sideways, so that a suitable visitor must touch the
now mature and diverging stigmatic branches, thus effecting crossing.
Breitenbach (Kosmos, Stuttgart, xiv, 1884) found this species and N. melissaefolia
Lam. to be gynodimorphous in the Marburg and Géttingen Botanic Gardens.
VistToRs.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syrphus luniger J/g., going from flower to flower,
po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 2. Andrena dorsata Sm. 9, po-cltg.;
3- Anthidium manicatum Z. 9 and 4, skg.; 4. Anthophora parietina /. 4 and 9, do.;
5: A. pilipes /. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 6. A. quadrimaculata / 9, do.; 7. Apis mellifica
L. ¥, steadily skg.; 8. Halictus nitidiusculus X. 9, po-cltg.; 9. H. sexcinctus F. 9,
skg.; 10. H. sexnotatus A. 9, po-dvg.; 11. Melecta armata Pz. 9, skg.; 12. Osmia
adunca Lér. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 13. O. aenea Z. 9, do.; 14. O. rufa Z. 9, skg.
C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 15. Pieris brassicae Z., skg.; 16. Vanessa
album L., do. (4) Sphingidae: 17. Ino statices Z., skg.
2297. N. melissaefolia Lam.—Loew (op. cit., iv, 1886, p. 123) states that
the flower mechanism of this South European species agrees with that of N. Mussini.
And wzde Breitenbach’s observation under last species.
Vistrors.—Loew observed 6 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 4, skg.; 2. Anthophora furcata Pz. 9, skg. and
po-cltg.; 3. A. parietina /. 9; 4. A. quadrimaculata /. 9, skg. and po-cltg.;
5. Bombus hortorum Z. 9, skg. ; 6. Osmia rufa Z. 9, do.
2298. N. macrantha Fisch. (Loew, op. cit., iv, 1886, pp. 124-5, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Floristik,’ p. 314.)—Loew has examined plants of this Siberian species cultivated in
the Berlin Botanic Garden. The blue flowers, marked with darker longitudinal
lines, grow either horizontally or obliquely upwards. The corolla-tube is 20 mm.
long, and ventricose above, but narrows to a diameter of 1 mm. lower down. The
forwardly-directed lower lip is hairy at its base and projects beyond the upper one.
It may be assumed, therefore, that the flowers, like those of Betonica grandiflora,
occupy an intermediate position between the classes Hhb and L. The insect-visits
observed by Loew in the Berlin Botanic Garden agree with this.
Vis1rors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Pipiza chalybeata MMg., po-dvg.; 2. Syrphus
pyrastri Z., do. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 3. Anthidium manicatum JZ. 9,
po-cltg. with its forelegs, and transferring it by means of the other legs to its ventral
brush, not skg.; 4. Anthophora quadrimaculata #. 9, skg., and then flying to
N. melissaefolia ; 5. Bombus hortorum Z. ¥ and 9, skg. legitimately ; 6, Psithyrus
vestalis Fourcr. 5, skg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 7. Pieris brassicae L.,
skg. legitimately.
2299. N. granatensis Boiss.—
Visrrors.—Loew observed three bees, all skg., in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.é; 2. Anthophora quadrimaculata &. 9, po-cltg. ;
3. Bombus hortorum Z. ¥.
280 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2300. N. Glechoma Benth. (= Glechoma hederacea Z.). (Sprengel, ‘ Entd.
Geh.,’ pp. 301-2; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 484-6, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 52 ;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 196, 220 ; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 620; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 367-8; Oudemans, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
xxxi, 1873 ; Leow, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391 ; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’ ;
Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Méwes, Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, iv,
1883 ; Burkill, ‘ Fertlsn. of Spring Fls.’)—The flowers of this species are generally
blue-violet, rarely white or pink in colour, and marked with purple blotches on the
middle lobe of the lower lip that serve as nectar-guides. The inside of the wider
part of the corolla-tube is also blotched below with purple and whitish patches. The
interior of the tube is narrowed lower down by stiff, erect hairs, so that an insect’s
proboscis, on being inserted, must brush the anthers situated under the upper lip,
or the stigma, as the case may be. Hermann Miller says that in the large
hermaphrodite flowers (corolla-tube 13-16 mm. long and 24-44 mm. broad at the
entrance) the anthers as they dehisce downwards during the first stage of anthesis
shed their pollen on the backs of visitors. At this time the style projects beyond the
anthers and the front margin of the upper lip, with its stigmatic branches still
apposed. When the pollen has been scattered, the style elongates and the two
stigmatic branches diverge, the lower one still inclining downwards. Self-pollination
is therefore excluded, as it is inevitable that the older flowers should be dusted with
the pollen of the younger ones. The honey-bee and short-tongued humble-bees
frequently perforate the large flowers in order to steal nectar. The corolla-tube of
the small female flowers is only 64-8 mm. long and 14-24 broad at the entrance.
Vestiges of stamens may be seen. The style is of the same length as the upper
lip, its branches diverging from the first. Schulz found 35-40 % gynomonoeciously
or gynodioeciously distributed female flowers. Warnstorf found the species to be
gynodioecious at Ruppin; Méwes frequently observed flowers with entirely or
partially reduced stamens. In one station at Cambridge Willis found 86 % female
flowers at the beginning of the flowering season, and 24 % towards the end; in
another station he found 50% at first and 28% subsequently. Burkill records
gynodioecism for the Yorkshire coast.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius discolor AZg., skg., only casually
effecting pollination; 2. B. major Z., freq.,do. (4) Syrphidae: 3. Eristalis intricarius
L., po-dvg.; 4. Rhingia rostrata Z.,skg. B.Hymenoptera. Aprdae: 5. Andrena
albicans A/ui/. 8, vainly skg.; 6. A. fulva Schr. 9, do.; 7. A. fulvicrus X. 9, po-cltg. ;
8. Anthophora pilipes /. 9 and é, very common; g. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, legitimately
skg. the small 9 flowers, either perforating the large hermaphrodite ones, or skg.
through holes made by Bombus terrester; 10. Bombus agrorum F. ¥ and 9, skg.
legitimately ; 11. B. confusus Schenck 9, do.; 12. B. hortorum Z. ¥ and 9g, do.;
13. B. lapidarius Z. ¥ and 9, do. (large hermaphrodite flowers); 14. B. pratorum Z.
9, skg. legitimately ; 15. B. rajellus X. 9, do.; 16. B. sylvarum Z. 9, do.; 17.
B. terrester Z. 9, stealing nectar by perforating the hermaphrodite flowers and usually
the 9 ones also; 18. Halictus lucidulus Schenck 9, vainly skg.; 19. Nomada varia
Pz. , legitimately skg. 9 flowers; 20. Osmia aenea Z., one 9, skg.; 21. O. fusca
Chr. 9; 22. O. rufa Z.9 and 4, skg. both kinds of flowers legitimately ; 23. Psithyrus
barbutellus A. 9, do.; 24. P. rupestris /. 9, do.; 25. P. vestalis Mourcr. 9, skg.
LABIATAE 281
legitimately. C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 26. Pieris brassicae Z., skg.,
only casually pollinating; 27. P. rapae Z., do. (6) Sphingidae: 28. Macroglossa
fuciformis Z., skg., only casually pollinating; 29. M. stellatarum Z., do.
Loew (Brandenburg), a Bombyliid (Bombylius major Z.) and 9 bees (‘Beitrage,’
p. 43)—1. Andrena parvula KX. 9, po-cltg.; 2. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. 5, skg. ;
3. A. parietina F. 3, do.; 4. A. pilipes 3, do.; 5. Bombus pratorum JZ. 9, skg. and
po-cltg.; 6. B. terrester Z. 9, do.; 7. Halictus morio F. 9, po-cltg.; 8. Melecta
punctata A. $ and 9, skg.; 9. Osmia aenea Z. 9, do.
Alfken observed 15 bees, skg., at Bremen—z. Bombus agroruia /. 9; 2.
B. derhamellus K.9; 3. B. hortorum Z.9; 4. B. jonellus A. 9; 5. B. lapidarius Z.
9; 6. B. muscorum /. 9; 7. B. sylvarum Z. 9; 8. Melecta armata Pz. 5; 9. Osmia
aurulenta Pz. 9 and ; ro. O. caerulescens Z.$; 11. O. rufa Z.8; 12. O. solskyi
Mor.; 13. Podalirius acervorum Pz. 9 and 6; 14. P. parietinus #. d; 15. P.
retusus Z. 9 and 3.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the butterfly Pieris rapae Z., skg., and 4 humble-
bees, skg.—1. Bombus agrorum /.; 2. B. lapidarius Z.; 3. B. hortorum Z.;
4. B. terrester Z., mostly skg. by perforation. Wiistnei (Alsen), the humble-bee
Bombus hortorum Z. Friese, Baden (B.) and Mecklenburg (M.), 7 bees—r. B.
agrorum /. 9, very common (B.); 2. B. jonellus, X. 9, rare (M.); 3. Osmia cornuta
Lir.; 4.0. rufa £Z.; 5. O. uncinata Gers?.; 6. Podalirius retusus Z., not rare (B.);
7. Xylocopa violacea £.: (Fiume), 3 bees—1z. Bombus agrorum /.; 2. Osmia
caerulescens Z.; 3. Xylocopa cyanescens Brull, Seitz (Giessen), the bee Podalirius
acervorum Z., very common. Schletterer (Tyrol), the bee Podalirius tarsatus Szz.,
freq. MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-bee, 6 humble-bees, 3 short-tongued bees, a
hover-fly, and a Lepidopterid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 368).
H. de Vries (Netherlands), 4 humble-bees—1. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and §; 2. B.
hortorum Z. 9 and ¥; 3. B. subterraneus Z.9; 4. B. terrester ZL. 9 (Ned. Kruidk.
Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee,
freq. (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 137). Burkill (Yorkshire coast), a Nitidulid
beetle (Meligethes sp., skg.), a humble-bee (Bombus agrorum /., skg.), and Thrips
sp. (‘ Fertlsn. of Spring Fls.’). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), the bee Melecta armata
Pz., skg. Smith (England), the bee Osmia nigriventris Ze//. (= O. xanthomelaena
X,, O. corticalis Gerst.).
717. Dracocephalum L.
Protandrous hermaphrodite and gynodioeciously distributed female flowers,
belonging to class Hhb.
2301. D. austriacum L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 196.)—Schulz found as
many as 10 % female flowers at Vintschgau in the South Tyrol.
2302. D. Ruyschiana L. (Schulz, loc. cit..—A herbarium specimen from
East Prussia was gynodioecious.
2303. D. Moldavica L. (Schulz, loc. cit.; Knuth, ‘ Bloembiol. Bijdragen.’)—
Plants of this species cultivated in a garden at Leipzig were gynodioecious.
Visttors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) observed 3 humble-bees, flying
steadily from flower to flower, and skg.—1. Bombus agrorum /”. 9 and §; 2. B.
lapidarius Z, 9 and $; 3. B. terrester Z. 9.
282 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
718. Pycnanthemum Michx.
2304. P. muticum Pers. (= P. pilosum Wu/i.). (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges.,
Berlin, iv, 1886, pp. 126-7.)—This species is indigenous to North America. The
numerous crowded, spotted white. flowers are protandrous. The corolla-tube is
about 6 mm. long. The spots indicate fly visitors.
2305. P. lanceolatum Pursh, (Loew, op. cit., iv, 1886, pp. 127-8.)—The
plant of this species cultivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden bears only purely
female flowers.
719. Lophanthus Benth.
2306. L. rugosus Fisch. et. Mey. (Loew, op. cit., iv, 1886, pp. 125—-6.)—
Loew describes this species as feebly protandrous. The numerous, crowded, strongly
aromatic flowers attract large numbers of visitors.
Visitors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphrdae: 1. Eristalis tenax Z.; 2. Syritta pipiens Z. B. Hy-
menoptera. Apidae: all skg.: 3. Apis mellifica Z.%; 4. Bombus agrorum F/. ¥;
5. B. pratorum Z. 9; 6. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 5.
2307. L. chinensis (= Nepeta lophantha Fvsch. ef Afey.).—
Visrrors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syrphus balteatus Deg. B. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 2. Bombus agrorum &. %, ske.; 3. Halictus sexnotatus A. 9, po-cltg.;
4. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 8, skg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 5. Pieris
brassicae Z., skg.
2308. L. anisatus Benth.—
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum 4, skg.
2309. L. scrophulariaefolius Benth—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum /. 9, steadily skg., and 2 bugs—Corizus parumpunctatus ScArd/., and
Sehirus biguttatus Z.
720. Ziziphora L.
2310. Z. capitata L. (Willis, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, xxx, 1895.)—The
small inconspicuous flowers of this species are regularly self-pollinated in England.
The length of the corolla-tube (9 mm.) adapts them to bees or hover-flies.
721. Melittis L.
Protandrous revolver flowers belonging to class Hhb or Lm.
2311. M. Melissophyllum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 52;
Stadler, ‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 12-16; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage, II, pp. 136-8; Bonnier,
‘Etudes anat. et physiol. d. nectaires,’ pp. 31, 54; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl., Eng. Ed.,
1, II, p. 569.)—Kerner says that the flowers of this species are always white in the
LABIATAE 283
South Tyrol and purplish-white in Lower Austria and Hungary; near Zurich,
however (according to Stadler), they are reddish or white with purple nectar-guides
on the lower lip. They are very fragrant and markedly protandrous, self-pollination
being therefore generally excluded. During dehiscence of the anthers, which are
situated in the upper part of the entrance of the flower and dehisce downwards, the
style is so short that the still immature stigma lies between the anthers of the short
stamens or slightly higher. As a rule it is only after dehiscence, or towards the end
of it, that the style elongates and curves slightly downwards in such a way that the
now mature stigma is brought under the anthers of the longer stamens or a little in
front of them. Bonnier asserts that this species possesses a reduced nectary, but
Schulz considers this view ill-founded. The latter describes the nectary as a slightly
cylindrical swelling under the ovary, rarely thickened in front, and secreting nectar so
very abundantly that the corolla-tube (25-35 mm. long) is filled with it to a height
of 7-10 mm. Stadler also found the nectary to be much more strongly developed
in front than elsewhere. There is a thick growth of hair serving as a nectar-cover.
As the corolla-tube is narrowed by two longitudinal folds, to which the filaments are
united, two narrow entrances are formed (and three in the mouth of the flower),
situated one above the other. Kerner describes this as characteristic of ‘revolver
flowers ’ (cf. e. g. Gentiana, p. 100, and Convolvulus, p. 143).
VisiTors.—These are humble-bees and hawk-moths. Hermann Miiller, junior,
observed Bombus hortorum Z. Schulz says that long-tongued humble-bees need not
penetrate very far into the corolla to reach the nectar; the short-tongued ones, on
the contrary, are obliged to probe very deeply, and even then do not quite reach the
bottom of it on account of the length of the corolla-tube. The white-flowered
variety alézda Guss. seems specially adapted for fertilization by hawk-moths. Schulz
caught Deilephila euphorbiae Z., D. elpenor Z., and Sphinx convolvuli Z. at Bozen.
He also observed larger moths (Noctuids and Bombycids?), but was unable to
capture them. Beetles, flies, small hymenoptera and physopods occurred as useless
visitors. Schulz occasionally found the flowers perforated at the base. Stadler
observed Bombus terrester Z. as a nectar-thief.
722. Lamium L.
Red or white homogamous humble-bee or bee flowers; with nectar secreted by
the fleshy base of the ovary, which is generally more strongly developed below, and
stored at the bottom of the corolla-tube. There is usually a nectar cover in the form
of a circle of hairs above the secretion. The galeate upper lip shelters the anthers,
and the lower lip forms a convenient alighting-platform for visitors. Schulz says that
the stamens of almost all the German species are now and then reduced. Sometimes
cleistogamy.
2312. L. album L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., pp. 302-4; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 493-5, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 311, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 64; Schulz,
‘Beitrage,’ Il, p. 221; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 117; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 369; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 621;
Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 391, 399.)—In the flowers of this species the white
(rarely pinkish) corolla possesses a pale yellow lower lip. marked with olive-green
284 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
dots. The nectary, which is situated below the ovary, broadens out below into
a fleshy lobe surrounding the lower half of the anterior part of the ovary. Nectar
collects in the lowest, narrowest part of the corolla-tube, which is ro mm. long, and
is covered by a dense circlet of hairs. Above this the corolla-tube suddenly widens
out, and instead of running obliquely becomes vertical. On account of the length of
the corolla-tube the nectar is only accessible to long-tongued humble-bees and bees.
These touch first the lower stigmatic branch and then the anthers, which mature
simultaneously. One of the stigmatic branches continues the direction as the
style, and lies therefore between or above the anthers; the other bends down
between them in the middle, so that its tip projects below the anthers and is therefore
first touched by hymenopterous visitors. If insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination
takes place in consequence of the simultaneous maturation and relative position of
stigma and anthers; this method is, however, seldom made use of, on account of the
frequency of insect-visits. Warn-
storf describes the pollen-grains
as pale yellow in colour, ellipsoidal,
delicately tuberculate, 41 » long
and 247 p» wide.
VisiTors.—T hese are long-
tongued hymenoptera, particu-
larly humble-bees: the visitor’s
head is conveniently inserted
between two upright lobes lying
Fic. 334. Lamium album, L. (after Herm. Miller). between the corolla-tube and the
(1) Flower seen from the side. (2) Do., after removal of the = on ans . ‘
calyx. (3) Ovary and nectary (x7). (4) End of the style lower lip, and continuing its side
(* 7). a, nectary; 4, lower lip; c, lateral lobes, between which : .
the heads of humble-bees are pushed ; d, useless appendages: walls. While sucking the bee
é upper lip (sheltering roof); 4, stamens; g, lower stigmatic clings to the base of the lower lip
pote with its forelegs, and with its
middle and hind ones to the two lobes of this lip, so that a proboscis of not less than
10 mm. long can reach the nectar-bearing base of the flower. Meanwhile the thorax,
and in the case of smaller workers the base of the abdomen also, fill up the space
between upper and lower lips so accurately that the former closely surrounds the
upper side of the visitor, and the stigma and anthers are pressed tightly against
its back.
Humble-bees with proboscides too short to reach the nectar (e.g. Bombus
terrester Z.) perforate the corolla-tube and steal it. Short-tongued bees (including
the honey-bee) suck nectar through the holes made by B. terrester.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. and po-dvg. B. Hy-
menoptera. Apidae: 2. Andrena albicans Jill. 9, po-cltg.; 3. A. nitida Pourc. 9,
skg. through holes made by Bombus terrester; 4. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9
and é, skg. (Strasburg); 5. Anthophora personata ///. 9 and , do. (Strasburg) ;
6. A. pilipes #. 9 and é, do.; 7. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. through holes made by
Bombus terrester; 8. Bombus agrorum /. ¥ and 9, skg. and transferring pollen
from the upper side to its baskets; 9. B. hortorum Z. ¥ and 9, do.; ro. B. lapi-
darius Z.¥% and g,do.; 11. B. muscorum /. 9, as B. agrorum; 12. B. pratorum
LABIATAE 285
L. 9, do.; 13. B. rajellus A. 9, do.; 14. B. scrimshiranus X. 9 and ¥, do., creeping
very far into the flowers; 15. B. sylvarum Z. 9, do.; 16. B. terrester Z. 9, skg. by
perforation; 17. Eucera longicornis Z.4, skg.; 18. Halictus levigatus X. 9, po-cltg. ;
19. Melecta armata Pz. 9, skg.; 20. Xylocopa violacea Z. 9 and 6, do. (Strasburg).
Alfken records the following 21 bees, skg., for Bremen.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and ¥; 3. B. Areni-
cola Zhoms.9; 4. B. derhamellus K.9; 5. B. distinguendus for. 9,4 skg.; 6. B.
hortorum Z. ¢, freq. and ¥; 7. B. hortorum Z., var. nigricans Schmiedekn.9; 8. B.
jonellus K.¥; 9. B. lapidarius Z.9; 10. B.lucorum Z.9; 11. B. muscorum /. 9
and §; 12. B. pratorum Z. §; 13. B.ruderatus 7.9; 14. B.sylvarum Z. 9,¥, andé;
15. B. subterraneus Z.9; 16. B. terrester Z. 9, perforating even the flower-buds ;
17. B. variabilis Schmiedekn. 8; 18. Osmia caerulescens Z.9 andé; 19. O. rufa
L.9; 20. Psithyrus barbutellus A. 9; 21. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the honey-bee, as a nectar-thief, and 2 humble-bees
—Bombus lapidarius Z., skg., and B. terrester Z., as a nectar-thief. Herm. Miiller
(Alps), 6 humble-bees. H6ppner (Bremen), 2 bees—Andrena convexiuscula K. and
Bombus proteus Gerst. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 5 bees—1. Bombus agrorum
F.9; 2. B. hortorum Z. 9; 3. B. hypnorum 2.9; 4. B. jonellus XK. 9; 5.
Osmia aurulenta Pz. 9 and é. Friese (Thuringia), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum
Z.: (Baden and Alsace), the bee Podalirius acervorum Z.: (Hungary), the bee Halictus
xanthopus KX. 9 and 6. Krieger (Leipzig), 5 bees—xz. Anthidium manicatum Z. ;
2. Crocisa scutellaris #.; 3. Melecta armata Pz.(=M. punctata K.); 4. Osmia
rufa Z.; 5. Podalirius vulpinus Pz. Hoffer (Steiermark), 2 bees—Bombus agrorum
fg and ¥, and B. argillaceus Scop. 9. Schletterer (Tyrol), 5 bees—1. Bombus
argillaceus Scop.; 2. B.hortorum Z.; 3. B. variabilis Schmzedekn.; 4. Eriades
florisomnis Z.; 5. Osmia xanthomelaena X. (= O. fuciformis Gers/). von Dalla
Torre (Tyrol), 2 humble bees—Bombus mesomelas Gers/., and B. muscorum F.
Loew (Brandenburg), 2 bees—Bombus hortorum Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg., and Osmia
bicornis Z. 9, skg. (‘ Beitrige,’ p. 44): (Switzerland), 2 bees—Anthophora sp. 9, skg.,
and Bombus sylvarum Z. ¥, do. (op. cit., p. 61): (Berlin Botanic Garden), 4 bees—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. é and 9, skg.; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, vainly skg., its
head and thorax dusted with pollen; 3. Bombus pratorum J. ¥, po-cltg.; 4. B.
terrester Z. Y, vainly skg.: and on the var. verticillafum the humble-bee Bombus
lapidarius Z. 9, po-cltg. MacLeod (Flanders), 6 humble-bees, and 2 hover-flies
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 372). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire),
3 humble-bees, and a hover-fly (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 140).
2313. L. maculatum L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 496-7, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ p. 311, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ iii, pp. 46-7; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart, p. 622;
Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391 ; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)— The flowers
of this species are purple-red in colour, a darker red and white patch on the lower lip
serving as a nectar-guide. Their mechanism agrees with that of L. album, but the
corolla-tube is 15-17 mm. long, so that a humble-bee which pushes its head 5 mm.
deep into the enlargement of the corolla-tube must have a proboscis 10-12 mm. long
in order to reach to the base of the flower. This species again is perforated by
Bombus terrester Z.
Visrtors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following
list.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., vainly trying to suck (H. M.).
B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 2. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. 9, freq., skg. and po-cltg.
(H. M., Thuringia); 3. A. pilipes /. 9 and é, skg. (H. M., Thuringia); 4. Apis
286 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
mellifica Z. ¥, po-cltg., approaching from above and clinging to the upper lip (H. M.,
Thuringia); 5. Bombus agrorum /. 9, very common, skg. (H. M., also in the
Alps); 6. B. hortorum Z. ¥ and 9, do. (H. M.); 7. B. rajellus X. 9, stealing nectar
through the holes made by B. terrester (H. M.); 8. B. terrester Z. 9, creeping into
the flowers (Budd.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Westphalia), 2 humble-bees—Bombus hortorum Z., skg. legitimately,
and B. terrester Z., skg. by perforation (Schulz also observed the latter as a nectar-
thief): (Rosstrappe near Thale, Harz Mts.), Bombus hortorum Z., skg., 11. 10. ’97.
Loew, Brandenburg (B.) and Anhalt (A.), 4 bees—x. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. ,
skg. (B.); 2. A. pilipes #. 9, do. (B.); 3. Eucera longicornis Z. 8, do. (A.);
4. Osmia aenea ZL. 6 (B.) (‘Beitrage,’ p. 44): (Berlin Botanic Gardens). Friese
(Thuringia), 2 bees—Andrena spinigera A. and Bombus pomorum P2z., var. rufescens
£v. Schmiedeknecht, the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. 9 and ¥, very common ;
Hoffer (Steiermark), do., skg. Schletterer, Tyrol (T.), and at Pola—Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae. 1. Bombus argillaceus Scop.; 2. B. hortorum Z. (T.); 3. B. lapi-
darius Z. (T.); 4. B. mastrucatus Gerst. (T.); 5. Eucera longicornis Z.; 6.
Halictus sexcinctus /.(T.); 7. Nomada furva Pz.; 8. Podalirius acervorum Z.;
9. P. crinipes Sm. (6) Ichneumonidae: 10. Pimpla inquisitor Scop. von Dalla Torre
(Tyrol), 4 bees—1. Bombus hortorum Z.¥; 2. B.lapidarius Z.; 3. B. mastrucatus
Gerst.%; 4. Halictus sexcinctus F. 9.
Loew (Berlin Botanic Gardens).—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Pipiza chalybeata M/g., po-dvg. B. Hymeno-
ptera. (a) Apidae: 2. Anthophora pilipes /. 4, skg., covering the front of its
head with pollen; 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, po-cltg., and vainly skg.; 4. Bombus
hortorum Z. 9, skg., and then going to L. orvala. (4) Vespidae: 5. Vespa
germanica J. 9, skg. on flowers with fallen corolla. C. Lepidoptera. Pyralidae:
6. An undetermined sp., skg (?): on the var. Azrsutum, 3 bees—1. Bombus hortorum
L.¥, skg.; 2. Halictus nitidiusculus KX. 9, po-cltg.; 3. Osmia rufa Z. 9, skg.
2314. L. purpureum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 304-6; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ p. 497, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III], p. 47; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,
p- 622; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr.
Ins.,’ pp. 118, 165.)—In the flowers of this species the bright-purple corolla possesses
dark-red blotches on the lower lip and dark-red lines at the mouth. The mechanism
agrees with that of L. album, but the corolla-tube is only ro—11 mm. long, its upper
4-5 mm. being so widened that it can accommodate a bee’s whole head. A
proboscis 6 mm. long, therefore, such as that of the honey-bee, can suck all the
nectar. Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination takes place, which (accord-
ing to Hermann Miller's investigations) is effective. Warnstorf describes the pollen-
grains as yellow in colour, smooth, ellipsoidal, about 30 » long and 20-25 u broad.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following
list.—
A. Diptera. Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius major Z., skg. (H. M.). B. Hemi-
ptera. 2. Pyrrhocoris apterus Z., vainly searching for nectar (H. M.). C.
Hymenoptera. <Afrdae: 3. Anthophora pilipes /. 6 and 9 skg., 9 sometimes also
po-cltg. (H. M., Budd.); 4. Apis mellifica Z. §, skg.,and sometimes brushing off the
pollen with its head and cltg. it(H. M.); 5. Bembus agrorum #. 9, do. (H. M.);
6. B. hortorum Z. 9, do. (H. M.); 7. B. lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (H. M.); 8. B.
pratorum Z.9,as Apis mellifica (H. M.); 9. B. rajellus A. 9, skg. (H.M.); 10.
B. terrester Z. 9, do., sometimes by perforation (H. M.); 11. Chelostoma florisomne
L. 9, skg. (Budd.); 12. Eucera longicornis Z. 6, do. (Budd.); 13. Halictus
LABIATAE 287
cylindricus ¥. 9, vainly searching for nectar (H. M.); 14. H. leucopus X. 9, do.
(H. M.); 15. H. sexnotatus A. 9, do. (H. M.); 16. Melecta armata Pz. 9 and 4,
skg. (H. M., Budd.); 17. Osmia adunca Pz. 6, casually skg. (Budd.); 18. O. rufa
L. 3, skg. (H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 19. Rhodocera rhamni Z.,
skg. (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (North Frisian Is.), the honey-bee and 2 humble-bees. Alfken (Bremen),
2 humble-bees—Bombus muscorum F. 9, skg., and B. terrester Z. 9 and ¥, do.
Héppner (Bremen), 14 bees—1. Andrena nigroaenea X.; 2. A. tibialis K.9; 3.
Bombus agrorum F. 9; 4. B. lapidarius Z.9; 5. B.muscorum /. 9; 6. B. rajellus
K.; 7. B.sylvarum £.9; 8. B. terrester Z.9; 9. B. variabilis Schmzedekn.9; 10.
Halictus calceatus Scop. 9; 11. H. leucozonius Schr.9; 12. Osmia caerulescens
£.g and; 13. O.solskyi Mor.9 and é; 14. Psithyrus campestris Pz.; Schmiede-
knecht (Thuringia), the bee Osmia aurulenta Pz. Friese (Thuringia), the bee Osmia
andrenoides Spzn.: (Nassau, /esfe Buddeberg) the bee Andrena neglecta Dours,
one 9. Loew (Brandenburg), 2 bees—Anthophora pilipes &. 3, skg., and Osmia
bicornis LZ. 4, do. (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 44): (Silesia), 2 bees—Anthidium manicatum Z. 9,
skg. and po. cltg., and Anthophora quadrimaculata /. 9 and & skg., 9 also po-cltg.
(op. cit, p. 34). Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 9.
Schletterer and von Dalla Torre, Tyrol and Pola (P.), 11 bees—1. Andrena
nigroaenea AK.; 2. Bombus derhamellus X.; 3. B.sylvarum Z.; 4. B. variabilis
Schmiedekn.; 5. Halictus albipes /.; 6. H. smeathmanellus K.; 7. H. tumulorum
L.; 8. Melecta armata Pz.; 9. Podalirius acervorum Z. (P. and T.); 10. P.
retusus Z., do.; 11. Prosopis annulata Z.(=P. borealis My/.). Schletterer (Pola),
the 2 bees Anthidium manicatum Z., and Eucera longicornis Z., as well as the 2 sp. of
Podalirius. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’
p- 140). Burkill (Yorkshire coast), (‘Fertilizn. of Spring Fls.’)—A. Diptera.
Muscidae: 1. Lucilia cornicina ¥., po-dvg.; 2. Sepsis nigripes Mg., nect.-skg. B.
Hymenoptera. <Ajgidae: 3. Bombus agrorum F., skg. C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 4. Vanessa urticae Z.,skg. Saunders (S.) and Smith (Sm.) (England),
2 bees—Anthidium manicatum Z. (Sm.), and Podalirius vulpinus Pz. (S., Sm.).
2315. L. amplexicaule L. (Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. PA.,’
p. 74; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 496, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 47-8; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 392; Hoffmann, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xli, 1883,
pp. 294-7; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 622; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)
—The corolla-tube of the purple-red flowers of this species is ro-11 mm. long, the
upper 4 mm. being so expanded that a humble-bee can insert its head. The mechanism
agrees with that of L. album, but the corolla-tube is glabrous internally, and the
flowers are not always invariably homogamous, but occasionally feebly protandrous.
Automatic self-pollination usually takes place soon after the beginning of anthesis.
Hansgirg states that in bad weather the flowers sometimes remain pseudo-cleisto-
gamously closed. Genuine cleistogamy is also comparatively frequent. Kerner says
that cleistogamous flowers are to be found in late autumn and early spring. Hoffmann,
in the summer, also observed entirely cleistogamous stocks, besides those of mixed
character or purely chasmogamous. In July and August I found cleistogamous
flowers in which the stigma and anthers were fully mature and situated close together
(cf. Vol. I, Fig. 8, p. 55). Warnstorf states (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896)
that in gardens and fields near Ruppin from May until autumn cleistogamous flowers
are commoner than chasmogamous ones. The pollen-grains are saffron yellow in
colour, ellipsoidal, finely tuberculate, about 50 p long and 35 p broad.
288 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visitors.— These are rare. The following were recorded by the observers, and
for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 2 bees—Anthophora pilipes #. and 9, skg., and Melecta armata
Pz., skg. Knuth, on one occasion, the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 9, skg-
Héppner (Bremen), 6 bees—1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9;
3. B. muscorum #9; 4. B. sylvarum Z.9; 5. B. terrester Z. 9; 6. Halictus sp.
2316. L. incisum Willd. (=L. dissectum With., L. hybridum V27/., L. guest-
falicum Werke, and, according to the Jndex Kewensis, L. purpureum Z.). (Herm.
Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 498; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
P- 370.)— .
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed 5 bees—1. Anthophora pilipes #. 9 and 4,
skg.; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, do.; 3. Bombus pratorum Z.9, do.; 4. B. rajellus
K. 9, do.; 5. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, vainly skg.
2317. L. Orvala L. (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886, pp. 119-20,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 311.)—This species, indigenous to South Europe, Steiermark,
and Carniola, has been studied by Loew in the Berlin Botanic Garden. The large,
brown-purple flowers are over 30 mm. long, and the corolla-tube about 15 mm. in
length, expands into a sort of pouch (16 mm. long and 3 mm. broad) marked with
dark longitudinal lines. It is provided with several lateral teeth, which probably
serve as holdfasts for visitors; the lower lip is joined to the pouch as a sort of
appendage. ‘The stigmatic branches are situated in front of the glabrous anthers,
which mature simultaneously, being therefore first touched by a humble-bee visitor
and dusted with pollen. The corolla-tube is so greatly expanded that a humble-bee
can insert its head and the front part of its thorax; a proboscis 15 mm. long can
therefore suck all the nectar. This is secreted by a nectary greatly enlarged in front,
and protected by a circlet of hairs.
Visttors.—Loew saw the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z., skg. legitimately,
and the honey-bee, vainly skg.
2318. L. garganicum L. (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886, pp. 120-1.)
-—Loew states that the flower mechanism of this species resembles that of L. Orvala,
but the pouch-like enlargement of the corolla-tube is much smaller, and the circlet of
hairs is almost or entirely absent. The stigma is situated between the anthers, while
the lower stigmatic branch projects below them.
Visttors.—Loew observed 7 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden—1. Anthidium
manicatum Z. 4, skg.; 2. Anthophora pilipes /. 4 and 9, do., the front of its head
dusted with pollen; 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, vainly skg., its head and thorax dusted
with pollen; 4. Bombus hortorum ZL. 9, skg., then going to L. Orvala; 5. B. pra-
torum Z. ¥, po-cltg.; 6. Halictus sexnotatus A. 9, do.; 7. Osmia aenea JL. 9,
creeping far into the flowers and skg.
2319. L. flexuosum Tenore.—
VisiTors.—Loew observed 6 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9 skg., 6 swarming round the flowers; 2. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, vainly skg., its head and thorax dusted with pollen; 3. Bombus
hortorum ZL. 9, skg.; 4. Halictus sexnotatus XX’. 9, po-cltg.; 5. Osmia aenea J. 9,
do.; 6. O. rufa L. 4, skg.
2320. L. Galeobdolon Crantz (=Galeobdolon luteum //uds., and Galeopsis
LABIATAE 289
Galeobdolon Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 496, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 311,
‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 48; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 623; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II,
p. 221; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 368; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—The mechanism of the yellow flowers of this species agrees essen-
tially with that of L. album. The corolla-tube is 8 mm. long, but broad enough to
enable a bee with a proboscis 6 mm. long (and therefore the honey-bee) to reach the
base of the flower. The upper lip again corresponds exactly to the shape of the bee
or humble-bee’s body. At the beginning of anthesis the tip of the downwardly-
directed stigmatic branch is situated slightly above the lower surface of the anthers.
It is therefore not touched when a humble-bee merely brushes the anthers lightly with
its back: when a large one, however, presses the anthers more strongly upwards, its
tip is struck, but not on the same spot as the anthers. Cross-pollination consequently
takes place more easily than self-pollination. Later on the tip of the stigmatic branch
protrudes downwards between the anthers, so that it comes into contact with visitors
before they brush against these, and cross-pollination is effected. Should insect-visits
fail, automatic self-pollination generally takes place, pollen falling naturally on to the
lower stigmatic branch. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as pale yellow in
colour, ellipsoidal, delicately tuberculate, about 37 » long and 27 » broad.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following
list. —
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (Budd.). B. Hymeno-
ptera. Apidae: 2. Anthophora personata J//. 9, skg.(H. M., Strassburg); 3. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, on one occasion skg. legitimately, but generally stealing nectar through
holes made by Bombus terrester; 4. Bombus agrorum /. 9, very numerous, skg.
legitimately, and brushing pollen from above into its collecting-baskets; 5. B. hor-
torum Z. 9, do. (H. M.); 6. B. pratorum Z. ¥ and 9, do. (H. M.); 7. B. rajellus
XK. 9, not so frequent, do. (H. M.); 8. B. sylvarum Z. 9, do. (H. M.); 9. B.
terrester Z. 9, perforating the flowers, though able to suck legitimately (H. M.); 10.
Xylocopa violacea Z. 4 (H. M., Strassburg).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), 3 humble-bees at the same time—1. B. agrorum F. 9,
skg. legitimately; 2. B. hortorum Z. 9, do.; 3. B. terrester Z. 9, perforating the
flowers and stealing nectar. Schulz, flowers perforated by humble-bees. Wiistnei
(Alsen), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /., skg. Alfken (Bremen), 7 bees—1. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9, very common, skg. and po-cltg.;
3. B. derhamellus K. 9 and ¥, do.; 4. B. jonellus X. 9 and ¥, do.; 5. B. hortorum
L. 9, skg.; 6. B. lapidarius Z. 9,do.; 7. B.muscorum /. 9, do. Herm. Miiller
(Alps), 2 humble-bees. MacLeod (Flanders), 3 humble-bees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, p. 368). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the honey-bee, vainly skg.,
its head and thorax dusted with pollen.
723. Moluccella L.
Flower mechanism as in Lamium. The calyx is modified into an extremely
large protecting roof.
2321. M. laevis L. (Knuth, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxii, 1897.)—This Syrian
species bears homogamous humble-bee flowers. The mechanism of those cultivated
in the Kiel Botanic Garden closely agrees with Lamium, but differs from all our
native Labiatae in the excessive development of the calyx. This forms a slightly
DAVIS, IT U
290 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
oblique funnel, 24-3 cm. long, 2-24 cm. in diameter at the top, and about 23 cm.
deep. Its margin is beset with five small spines. The other parts of the flower are
thus well protected from rain, injurious insects, and perforating nectar-thieves.
The arched upper lip, slightly cleft in the middle, is pale pink outside, and
brighter pink inside; its length is about the same as that of the longer stamens, so
that only the extreme tips of the anthers of these project beyond it. The lower lip
is of considerable length (12-13 mm.), and lies on the lower, inner surface of the
calyx, which provides the necessary foothold for insect visitors. The large yellowish-
white central lobe of the lower lip is rather deeply cleft, and provided with a longi-
tudinal median groove, which is prolonged into the nectar-bearing base of the flower.
The lateral lobes are small and triangular. Both lips are marked internally with dark
rose-coloured nectar-guides.
The corolla-tube is 8 mm. long, so that only long-tongued humble-bees can
suck all the nectar secreted by the base of the ovary. It is further protected by
FIG. 335. Molucella laevt's, L. (from nature). (1) Flower seen from the front. (2) Do., from the
side, after removal from the calyx. (Natural size.) (3) Tips of the reproductive organs, from the side:
a and a’, anthers of the shorter and longer stamens; s, stigma (X 3). (4) The pistil: 7, nectary (x 2).
a gibbosity 3 mm. from the bottom of the corolla-tube, from which a fold of membrane
runs inwards to serve as a nectar-cover.
The flowers are homogamous. The stigma is situated between the anthers of
the two longer stamens, frequently projecting far beyond them, and the two stigmatic
branches curve away from each other above and below. The lower branch is first
touched by an insect visitor and dusted with foreign pollen, the upper side of the
proboscis or the head of the visitor being then sprinkled with fresh pollen. Should
insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination by the longer stamens is effected.
Visitors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden, 26. 8.’97) observed 2 humble-bees
with proboscis long enough to suck all the nectar—Bombus agrorum /. é (prob.
10-11 mm.), and B. lapidarius Z. & (prob. 8-10 mm.).
724. Galeopsis L.
Homogamous, rarely feebly protandrous bee flowers. The galeate upper lip
serves as a protecting roof for the anthers in bad weather, while the lower lip forms
a platform and possesses two lateral, hollow teeth which guide the head of a bee
visitor. As usual the base of the ovary serves as a nectary, which broadens consider-
LABIATAE 291
ably in front. The secretion is sheltered in the lowest part of the corolla-tube. Each
anther-lobe dehisces by a single valve. Kerner describes the lobes as resembling
boxes provided with covers, which spring open when touched so that pollen falls out.
This, however, can only be effected by bees of a size corresponding to the dimensions
of the flowers, andit is only these that get their backs dusted with pollen. Gynomonoe-
cism occasional, gynodioecism rare.
2322, G. sp.—
Vistrors.—Schneider (corn-fields in Arctic Norway) observed 2 humble-bees—
Bombus agrorum /., and B. scrimshiranus A’. (Mus. Aarsh. Tromse, xvii, 1895).
2323. G. Tetrahit L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 491-2, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ p. 312, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 48; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 197; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 624; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 356; Loew,
‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 395; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Méwes, Bot.
Jahrb., Leipzig, iv, 1883.)—In this species the bright-purple corolla possesses a
nectar-guide on the lower lip in the form of a yellow spot traversed by a network of
FIG. 336. Galeopsis Tetrahit, L., and G. ochroleuca, Lam. (after Herm. Miller). (1-3) G. Tetrahit.
(1) Flowers seen from the front. (2) Reproductive organs of do., seen from the front, and further
enlarged (x 7). (3) Ovary (ov) and nectary (22) of do. (x 7). (4-6) G. ochroleuca. (4) Relative
position of the reproductive organs at the beginning of anthesis. (5) Do. at the end of anthesis. (6)
Ovary (ov) and nectary (v7).
red lines. The corolla-tube, directed obliquely upward, varies between 11 and
17 mm. in length. Its uppermost 4-6 mm. are so enlarged that a small humble-bee
can insert the whole, and a middle-sized or large one the fore-part of its head. The
larger humble-bees, therefore, must have a proboscis 14-15 mm. long in order to
suck all the nectar; smaller ones can do so with a proboscis of 12 mm. The anthers
dehisce shortly before the beginning of anthesis, turning their pollen-covered surfaces
downwards. The two stigmatic branches are at first situated slightly above and
behind the anthers, so that a humble-bee visitor touches the latter sooner than the tip
of the lower stigmatic branches; this is usually, however, with a different part of its
head, hence cross-pollination is generally effected. Later on the tip of the style
bends slightly downwards, so that the lower branch projects between the anthers, and
if the pollen has not been removed by insects, some of it falls on the stigma, effect-
ing automatic self-pollination. Short-tongued humble-bees obtain the nectar by
perforation.
U2
292 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Besides hermaphrodite flowers, Schulz observed sporadic female ones, generally
growing on the same stocks as the former, though more rarely gynodioeciously dis-
tributed. Female flowers seem to occur more frequently in the South than in the
North. Moéwes also often found flowers with partially or entirely reduced stamens.
Vistrors.—Alfken observed 7 humble-bees, skg., and Héppner 12 bees, at
Bremen.—
Alfken—1. Bombus agrorum /. ¥; 2. B. arenicola Zs. ¥; 3. B. derhamellus
K.%; 4. B. distinguendus Mor. 9,4, andé; 5. B.lapidarius Z. ¥; 6. B. sylvarum
L.9; 7. B.terrester Z. ¥. Hoéppner—1. Andrena convexiuscula K. 9; 2. Apis
mellifica Z. ¥; 3. Bombus arenicola Zhs. 9 and ¥; 4. B. distinguendus AZor. 9, ¥,
and é; 5. B. hortorum Z. 9; 6. B. lapidarius Z.%; 7. B. muscorum F. 9 and §;
8. B. rajellus XK. 9, ¥, and 8; 9. B. sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥; 10. B. variabilis
Schmiedekn. §; 11. Podalirius borealis Mor.&; 12. P. retusus Z. 9 and é.
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Borgstette (Borg.) give the following list—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Melanostoma mellina Z., po-dvg. (H. M.).
B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 2. Andrena coitana A. 9 (Borg.); 3. Bombus
agrorum /, 9, skg. (H.M.); 4. B. hortorum JZ. 9, in large numbers, do. (H. M.);
5. B. scrimshiranus &. 4, skg. (H. M.); 6. B. sylvarum JL. ¥, do. (H.M.); 7. B.
terrester Z. 9, obtaining nectar by perforation (H. M.). C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera:
8. Pieris rapae Z., skg., in large numbers (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Knuth, the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /., skg. Loew (Riesengebirge), do. ¥,
po-cltg. Schulz, perforation by humble-bees. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 6 humble-bees.
Hoffer (Steiermark), 2 humble-bees—Bombus argillaceus Scop. 9 and ¥, and B.
mastrucatus Gers‘. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 2 humble-bees, skg. legitimately (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 332): (Flanders), a humble-bee, 2 hover-flies,
and a Muscid (op. cit. vi, 1894, p. 372). Willis (neighbourhood of S. coast of
Scotland), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /,, skg., and B. terrester Z., freq., do.
(‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain, Part 1). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 4 humble-
bees and 2 hover-flies (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 139).
2324. G. ochroleuca Lam. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation, pp. 492-3, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ III, p. 48; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 138-9, 221; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 356; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of this
species are yellowish-white in colour, with a yeilow nectar-guide on the lower lip.
Their mechanism agrees essentially with that of G. Tetrahit (cf. Fig. 336, 4-6),
but the corolla-tube is 18-20 mm. long, the upper 6-7 mm. being so dilated that
a humble-bee can insert its head with ease, and a proboscis of 11-14 mm. long is
then able to suck all the nectar. The stigmatic branches project beyond the anthers
of the longer stamens, so that a humble-bee probing for nectar must always touch
the lower one first and bring about cross-pollination. Should insect-visits fail,
automatic self-pollination is ensured towards the end of anthesis by the bending of
the lower stigmatic branch until it comes below the anterior anthers, when it is
dusted by the falling pollen. Hermann Miiller says that the nectary is larger than
that of G. Tetrahit, enclosing the lower part of the two posterior sections of the
ovary, and projecting considerably beyond the two anterior. Kerner describes the
flower as protandrous.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
LABIATAE 293
Knuth, the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /, skg. Schulz, perforated flowers,
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.), 3 bees—1. Bombus agrorum F. 9,
in large numbers, skg. (H. M.); 2. B. hortorum Z. 9, occasional, skg. (H. M.);
3. Rhophites quinquespinosus Spin. 6, creeping right into the flowers to suck
(Budd.). Alfken (Bremen), 2 humble-bees, skg.—Bombus hortorum Z. 9 and é, and
B. ruderatus #. ¥ and 4. Héppner (Bremen), 3 humble-bees—1. Bombus arenicola
Thoms. 9; 2. B. lapidarius Z.9; 3. Podalirius retusus Z. 9.
2325. G. Ladanum L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 493, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
III, p. 48, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 312; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ Il, pp. 197, 221; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.625; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen,’ ‘ Blitenbiol. Herbstbeob.’)
—lIn this species the corolla is purple-red, with a yellow spot dotted with red on the
lower lip, and a tube 11-16 mm. long, the wider part at the top being 5-6 mm. in
length. As in G. ochroleuca, the stigmatic branches project beyond the longer
stamens, so that the lower, downwardly directed branch is always first brushed
against by the back of the humble-bee visitor at the beginning of anthesis, cross-
pollination being thus ensured. ‘Towards the end of anthesis the tip of this stigmatic
branch bends so far back that it is brought under the anthers of the longer stamens.
Should insect visits fail, therefore, automatic self-pollination is possible as a last
resort; otherwise the flower-mechanism agrees with that of G. Tetrahit.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /., and B. lapidarius Z., skg. Herm.
Miller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.).—A. Diptera. Boméylidae: 1. Bombylius
canescens M7k., skg. (Budd.). B. Hymenoptera, Apidae: 2. Bombus agrorum
F. 9, skg. (H. M.); 3. B. lapidarius Z. 6, skg. (H. M.); 4. B. sylvarum Z. 9, skg.
(H. M., Budd.); 5. Nomada jacobaeae Pz. 9, skg. (H. M.). C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 6. Pieris brassicae Z., skg. (Budd.). Schenck (Nassau), the elegant
bee Podalirius bimaculatus Pz., loudly humming. Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-
bee Bombus argillaceus Scop. 9 and ¥. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 4 bees and 3 Lepido-
ptera. MacLeod (Pyrenees), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. 8, skg. legitimately
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 332).
Schulz found the variety angustifolia Ehrh. with female flowers (usually not
more than 5 % in number) distributed gynomonoeciously, rarely and sporadically
gynodioeciously. He, like Hermann Miiller, describes the hermaphrodite flowers as
homogamous or sometimes feebly protandrous, varying greatly in size, and often
perforated.
Schulz, in rare instances, noticed female flowers on the variety /a“#folia Hoffm.
Their distribution was gynomonoecious, rarely gynodioecious. These flowers also
vary greatly in size, and were found by Schulz to be homogamous or feebly
protandrous.
2326. G. versicolor Curt. (=G. speciosa J/l.). (Axell, ‘Om Anord. fér
Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’ p. 18; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, p. 493; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.624; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896 ; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—In this species the bright yellow corolla possesses a con-
spicuous dark-violet nectar-guide in front ; the lower lip is yellow at the base. The
corolla-tube is 18-22 mm. long, and expands for 6-8 mm. above, so that a proboscis
of 12-16 mm. long is necessary to reach the nectar-bearing base of the flower. As
294 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
the tube is filled to a depth of 2-3 mm. with the secretion, a humble-bee with a
proboscis 10 mm. long can just reach it, but not suck it all, Warnstorf describes the
pollen-grains as of a beautiful yellow colour, ellipsoidal, very delicately tuberculate,
about 56 » long and 28 yw broad.
Axell says that self-pollination is effective.
Schulz observed perforated flowers.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, 2 humble-bees, skg.— Bombus hortorum Z. (proboscis 19-21 mm.), and
B. agrorum /. 9 (prob. 15 mm.). Schulz (Bozen), the former humble-bee, and the
hawk-moth Macroglossa stellatarum Z., skg. legitimately. Alfken (Bremen), 3 humble-
bees, skg.—1. Bombus hortorum Z. 9; 2. B. ruderatus /. 9; 3. B. terrester LZ. 9.
2327. G. pubescens Bess. (=G. Tetrahit Z., according to the Index Kewens7s).
(Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 197.)—In this species Schulz observed occasional female
flowers, distributed gynomonoeciously, as well as feebly protandrous hermaphrodite
ones.
725. Stachys L.
Usually protandrous, more rarely homogamous bee flowers. Nectar is almost
always secreted (but not in S. arvensis Z., according to Kirchner), as usual, by the
base of the ovary; it is stored in the smooth, lowest part of the corolla-tube. The
upper lip not only shelters the anthers and stigma in bad weather, but also protects
the nectar from rain. AA circlet of hairs inside the corolla-tube just above the base
also serves this purpose, and keeps away unbidden guests, such as flies and so forth.
The lower lip again forms a convenient platform; it is generally provided with a
nectar-guide.
2328. S. sylvatica L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” p. 307; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 486-7, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 48; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 272-3; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng.
Ed. 1, II, p. 356; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 395; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Herbstbeob.’; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart, pp. 625-6.)—In this species the large, three-lobed lower lip of the red
flower possesses a purple and white design serving as a nectar-guide. The upper lip
is somewhat small, but it covers the anthers and stigma as the flower is almost
horizontal. The corolla-tube is 10-11 mm. long, its lowest 2-3 mm. being filled
with nectar. The flowers are protandrous. At first the tip of the style, with almost
apposed branches, is situated behind the anthers, which have dehisced downwards.
Later on it bends down under the anthers, at the same time opening its branches
widely. When visited by a humble-bee, therefore, cross-pollination is ensured. The
stigma of older flowers is dusted with pollen from younger ones. If insect-visits fail,
automatic self-pollination is brought about, the stigmatic branches sliding gradually
between the anthers, which are still covered with pollen. Kerner says that it is
effected by the two stigmatic branches bending downwards until they touch the
anthers. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, bent,
with small tubercles, up to 43 » long and 20-25 » broad.
The flowers are frequently perforated by short-tongued humble-bees.
LABIATAE 295
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following
list.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (H. M.); 2. Xylota
sylvarum Z., vainly searching for nectar(H.M.). B.Hymenoptera. 3. Anthidium
manicatum L. 9 and 4, freq., skg. (H. M., Budd.); 4. Anthophora furcata Pz. 9
and 4, less freq., skg. (H. M., Thuringia); 5. A. quadrimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, freq.,
skg. (H. M.); 6. Bombus agrorum /. § and 9, do. (H. M.); 7. B. hortorum Z.%
skg. (H. M.); 8. B. pratorum Z. ¥ and 4, skg. (H. M.).
Alfken observed 10 bees, skg., at Bremen.—
?
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9 andé; 2. Bombus agrorum F. ¥; 3. B. der-
hamellus K.9; 4. B. lapidarius Z.9; 5. B.sylvarum Z.9; 6. Osmia caerulescens
L£.9; 7. O.rufa Z.9; 8. Podalirius borealis Aor. 9 and 8; 9. B. furcatus LZ. 9
and é; ro. P. vulpinus Pz. 9 and 6.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), 2 humble-bees (Bombus agrorum /. and B. hor-
torum Z., skg.) and 2 po-dvg. hover-flies (Eristalis tenax Z., and Platycheirus sp.).
Wiistnei (Alsen), the bee Anthophora quadrimaculata #. Loew, Brunswick (B.), and
Steiermark (S.), 2 bees (‘Beitrage,’ p. 53)—Anthidium manicatum Z. 9 (B.) and
Bombus agrorum Ff” ¥, skg. (S.): (Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee Anthidium mani-
catum Z. 9 and 4, skg., and zz copula. Hoppner (Bremen), 4 bees—1. Apis mellifica
£.; 2. Andrena convexiuscula K. 9; 3. Bombus arenicola Zhs. 9 and ¥; 4.
Podalirius retusus Z. 9. Réssler (Wiesbaden), 2 moths—Penthina fuligana 7., and
Botys stachydalis Zk. Friese (Baden and Thuringia), the bee Podalirius furcatus Pz.,
one 6. Heinsius (Holland), 3 bees, skg—1. Bombus agrorum / ¥; 2. B. hor-
torum Z. 6; 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892,
pp. 111-13). MacLeod (Flanders), 4 long-tongued bees and a Lepidopterid (op. cit.,
v, 1893, Pp. 373): (Pyrenees), the humble-bee Bombus alticola Arché. ¥ (op. cit., iii,
1891, p. 332). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 3 humble-bees and a hover-fly (‘ Flora
of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 138).
2329. S. palustris L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 308; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’
p- 149; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 487, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 49; Knuth,
“BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 118, 166, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 239, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins.
Norderney’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 373-4; Schulz,
‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 221; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 626.)—In this species the
lower lip of the bright-purple corolla is marked with a whitish and dark-red patch.
The corolla-tube being only 8-9 mm. long, all our native humble-bees (including
B. terrester Z. with proboscis 7-9 mm. long) can suck nectar legitimately. The four
stamens are of equal length. The anthers of the outer stamens are situated at first
in front of those of the inner ones, and dehisce first. Then they bend outwards and
are separated from the dehiscing inner ones. Finally, the tip of the style grows
downwards between the latter, the stigmatic branches diverging at the same time.
Automatic self-pollination is therefore easily possible should insect-visits fail, Kerner
says that this is effected in the same way as in the preceding species. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, closely beset with small
tubercles, about 44—7 » long and and 25-31 » broad.
Schulz says that Bombus terrester Z. frequently obtains nectar by perforation,
in spite of the fact that its proboscis is long enough to suck legitimately.
296 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following
list —
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Melithreptus taeniatus A/., po-dvg. (H. M. »
2. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg., and occasionally effecting pollination (H. M.).
Hymenoptera. Apidae : 3. Bombus agrorum F’ 9, in large numbers, skg. (H. Mt):
4. B. sylvarum J. ¥, skg. legitimately (H. M.); 5. B. terrester Z. Y, do. (H. M.);
6. B. tristis Sefd?. 9, skg. (Budd.); 7. Saropoda bimaculata P2z., freq., skg. (Budd.).
C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 8. Pieris brassicae Z., freq., skg. (H. M.);
9. P. rapae Z., do. (H. M.). (6) Mocturdae: 10. Plusia gamma Z., freq., skg.
(H. M.).
Alfken observed the following at Bremen.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Echinomyia tessellata #. (4) Syrphidae:
2. Rhingia rostrata Z. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 3. Anthidium manicatum
£.9 and 3; 4. Bombus agrorum /. 9, ¥, andé; 5. B. arenicola Zs.d; 6. B.
distinguendus Jor. 9 and ¥, skg.; 7. B. hortorum Z.¥, skg.; 8. B. lapidarius LZ. ¥;
9. B. lucorum Z. ¥; 10. B. pomorum Pz. ¥; 11. B. proteus Gers/. ¥ and $;
12. B, ruderatus F. 3, skg.; 13. B. sylvarum Z. ¥ andé; 14. Megachile ligniseca
K.9; 15. Podalirius borealis Mor.9 andé; 16. P. furcatus Z.9andé; 17. P.
vulpinus Pz. 9 and é.
Willis noticed the following in the neighbourhood of the S. coast of Scotland
(‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I).—
A. Coleoptera. MNitidulidae: 1. Meligethes sp., freq., po-dvg. B. Diptera.
(a) Muscidae: 2. Anthomyia radicum L., freq., po-dvg. (2) Syrphidae: 3. Mela-
nostoma scalare F., po-dvg; 4. Platycheirus albimanus F”, freq., skg. and po-dvg.
C. Hemiptera. 5. Anthocorissp. D. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 6. Anthidium
manicatum L., skg.; 7. Bombus agrorum /, very common, skg.; 8. B. hortorum
L., do.; 9. B. terrester L., do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Riigen), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg.: (Helgoland),
the bee Anthophora quadrimaculata Pz. é (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, viii, 1896,
p- 44): (N. Frisian Is. and E. Holstein), 7 long-tongued bees, a true wasp, 5 Lepido-
ptera, and 4 hover-flies. Verhoeff (Norderney), a hover-fly (Syrphus corollae /.,
po-dvg.), a humble-bee (Bombus hortorum J. é, skg.), and a Noctuid moth (Plusia
gamma Z., skg.). Alfken (Juist), 4 humble-bees—1. Bombus hortorum JZ. 9, skg. ;
2. B.muscorum /. ¥, do.; 3. B. ruderatus #. ¥, do.; 4. B. terrester Z. ¥, do.
Friese (Mecklenburg), the bee Podalirius furcatus Pz. Schulz, the humble-bee
Bombus terrester Z., skg. legitimately, and also as a nectar-thief. Hoffer (Steiermark),
the humble-bee Bombus rajellus A. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 3 humble-bees,
one other long-tongued bee, 5 hover-flies, and a Muscid (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’
P- 139).
2330. S. arvensis L. (Kirchner, ‘Beitrage,’ pp. 56-7.)—The small, incon-
spicuous pale-red flowers of this species possess a nectar-guide on the lower lip in
the form of dark spots, but there is little or no secretion of nectar. The individual
flowers of the verticillasters grow in an almost horizontal position, and usually open
one after another. The calyx is so deep that only the entrance of the corolla opens
between its teeth. The arched upper lip is 2 mm. long, and stretches straight out so
as at first to cover the anthers and stigma. The lower lip is 3 mm. long and
possesses a gutter-shaped median groove. The corolla-tube is about 4 mm. long.
At the beginning of anthesis, the anthers of the two inner stamens are twisted
towards each other at the upper ends of their filaments, and dehisce on the surfaces
LABIATAE 297
turning towards and touching each other. The two outer anthers turn their dehisced
sides downwards. The style lies against the posterior wall of the corolla, and is so
long, that the stigmatic branches, which mature simultaneously with the anthers, lie
either close behind the two inner anthers, or slightly below them. Automatic self-
pollination takes place in either case. Later on the two outer stamens diverge so far
that their anthers project laterally between the upper and lower lips. The inner
stamens diverge very little. The style next droops so far downwards that the stigma
is brought into the mouth of the flower. Conditions are now favourable to cross-
pollination, but insect-visits are so few that automatic self-pollination takes place with
tolerable regularity.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Kirchner, the beetle Meligethes, and Thrips. Héppner (Bremen), 5 bees—
1. Andrena convexiuscula K.9; 2. Apis; 3. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9; 4. H.
leucozonius Schr.9; 5. H. morio F. 9.
2331. S. recta L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 312, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III,
pp. 49-50; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 392, 395; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ p. 627; Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’ II, p. 197.)—The yellowish-white flowers of this
species possess nectar-guides in the form of two longitudinal purple lines each side
of the margin of the upper lip, and several rows of purple spots on the lower lip.
Nectar is abundantly secreted by the large, fleshy base of the ovary, and concealed at
the bottom of the corolla-tube. This is 7-8 mm. long, and its lower part is directed
obliquely upward: a circlet of stiff hairs protects the nectar. The upper, wider part
of the corolla-tube bends slightly outwards, thus taking the form which affords the
most convenient position for sucking to the proboscis of a humble-bee.
The flowers are strongly protandrous. The anthers of the two shorter stamens
mature first, turning their pollen-covered surfaces downwards, so that a bee probing
for nectar must brush against them with its back. They subsequently turn outwards
and downwards, and are replaced by the two longer ones, which now expose their
pollen-covered surfaces to visitors below the middle of the upper lip. The style
elongates when these are shrivelled, so that the diverging stigmatic branches assume
the position previously occupied by the anthers. When visited by insects, therefore,
cross-pollination is ensured. Automatic self-pollination is excluded.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, globular when examined
in water, smooth, transparent, with very finely granular contents and delicately striated,
37°5 to 45 » in diameter.
Visitors.—Schletterer either gives the following bees for the Tyrol (T.) or
observed them at Pola (P.).
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. (T. and P.); 2. A. septemdentatum Lir.; 3.
Andrena convexiuscula X., var. fuscata K.; 4. B. sylvarum LZ. (T.); 5. B.
terrester Z.; 6. B, variabilis Schmusedekn. (T.); 7. Coelioxys aurolimbata Forst. ;
8. C. conoidea f/.; 9. C. rufocaudata Sm.; 10. Eucera (Macrocera), alternans
Brull.; 11. E. interrupta Baer.; 12. Halictus albipes #. (T.); 13. Megachile
ericetorum Zep.; 14. M. lefeburei Zep.; 15. M. muraria Refz.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miller (Thuringia), 2 bees, skg.—Apis mellifica Z. ¥, and Megachile
298 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
centuncularis Z. $ (Alps), 2 humble-bees, skg. Loew (Mecklenburg and the Harz)
(‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 45, 53), the bee Anthidium manicatum Z. 4, skg. Friese (Hungary),
the bee Halictus (Nomioides) pulchellus Schenck, freq.: (Thuringia), the parasitic bee
Stelis nasuta Zr. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 2 humble-bees and a Lepidopterid (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 332). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the
hover-fly Melithreptus scriptus Z., po-dvg., and 3 bees—z. Anthidium manicatum
L. 9 and 8, skg., also zn copula; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg.; 3. B. sylvarum
L. 9, skg. Gerstacker (Berlin), 4 bees—1. Coelioxys afra Lep., one 4; 2. C.
elongata Zep., one 9; 3. C. quadridentata Z.; 4. Osmia aurulenta Pz., freq. von
Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 4 bees—1. Anthidium manicatum Z.6; 2. Bombus muscorum
F.¥%, very common; 3. B. sylvarum Z. 9 and ¥; 4. B. variabilis Schmiedekn. (=B.
tristis Sed/.) 9.
2332. S. annua L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 84, I], pp. 138-9; Kirchner,
‘ Beitrage,’ p. 56.)—The flowers of this species are whitish-yellow, the lower lip being
spotted with red. Schulz says that the corolla-tube is 8-10 mm. long, and its mouth
5-6 mm. wide. The stigmatic branches often diverge in the bud, and the anthers
dehisce after the opening of the flower. They are situated so close to the stigma
that automatic self-pollination must take place. The outer stamens subsequently
bend outwards. Self-pollination can be effected by insect-visits as easily as cross-
pollination. Purely female flowers have not been observed.
Visttors.—Kirchner observed humble-bees, but did not determine their species.
2333. S. italica Mill—
VisiTors.—Schletterer observed the following 7 bees at Pola.—-
1, Anthidium manicatum Z.; 2. Andrena cyanescens JVy/.; 3. Bombus
terrester Z.; 4. Megachile argentata /.; 5. M. bicoloriventris Mors.; 6. M. lefeburei
Lep.; 7. M. muraria Re/z.
2334. S. germanica L. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 197; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 628; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—This species bears female
flowers, as well as protandrous hermaphrodite ones. Schulz only observed occasional
gynomonoecism. T. Whitelegge says that gynodioeciously distributed female flowers
occur in England. Kirchner also describes the plant as gynodioecious (in Wurtem-
berg) and the female stocks as bearing small flowers with stamens entirely absent or
greatly reduced.
Vistrors.—Loew observed the following bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum LZ. é and 9, skg.; one 9 was seen biting off the felted
white hairs from the leaves with her mandibles; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 3.
Bombus agrorum /” ¥, do.; 4. B. terrester ZL. 6, do.; 5. Megachile fasciata Sm. 6,
do.; 6. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 9, do.: on the var. dasyantha Bombus lapidarius
L. %, skg.: on the var. zn/ermedia Ait.—Coelioxys rufescens Lep. 6, skg.: on the var.
villosa Anthidium manicatum Z., skg., and Megachile fasciata Sm. 4, do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 9, skg.
Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Megachile muraria Re/z.
2335. S. alpina L.—
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee, skg.
2336. S. cretica Sibth. et Sm.—
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 3 bees, skg.—
LABIATAE 299
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. and 9; 2. Bombus lapidarius Z.¥; 3. Megachile
fasciata Sm. 3.
2337. S. lanata Jacq.—
VistTors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 5 bees, skg.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.% and 9; 2. Bombus terrester Z.¥; 3. Coelioxys
tufescens Lep. 9; 4. Megachile fasciata Sm.%; 5. M. willughbiella A’. 6.
2338. S. longespicata Boiss. et Kotschy.—
Visitors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 bees, skg.—Anthidium
manicatum Z. 9, and Bombus agrorum F. 6.
2339. S. ramosissima Rochel.—
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Anthidium mani-
catum Z. 9.
2340. S. setifera C. A. Mey. (=S. recta Z., according to the Jndex
Kewensts).—
VisiTors.—As the last species.
FIG. 337. Stachys Betontca, Benth. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower in the first (male) stage, seen
from the side (x 24). (2) Front part of do., more strongly magnified (x 7). (3) Flower in the second
(female) stage, seen from the side (x 24). (4) Front part of do., more strongly magnified. (5) Ovary
(ov) and nectary (7). (x 7.)
2341. S. Betonica Benth. (= Betonica officinalis Z.). (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisa-
tion,’ pp. 487-8, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 50; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I], pp. 197, 222;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 629; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The
corolla-tube of the fragrant, purple flowers of this species is 7 mm. long, and is not
widened above, being so short that all our native humble-bees can suck all the nectar.
Its curved shape corresponds to that of a humble-bee’s proboscis. Its lower part is
glabrous internally, but above that it is lined with erect hairs forming a nectar-cover.
The anthers dehisce soon after the flower opens, the forked end of the style being
situated between and behind the anthers of the two shorter stamens. The style then
elongates, and projects from between the two shorter stamens, automatic self-
300 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
pollination being usually effected. Finally the stigma projects considerably beyond
the anthers, so that an insect-visitor must brush against it before touching the latter.
Hermann Miller, therefore, says that the flowers are protandrous; Schulz describes
them as more or less protandrous to homogamous. The latter once observed a
humble-bee perforating. Besides hermaphrodite flowers, Schulz observed quite
sporadic female ones gynomonoeciously distributed.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis horticola M/g., po-dvg.; 2. Volucella
bombylans Z., do. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 3. Anthidium manicatum Z.,
g and 4, skg. (Wurzburg); 4. A. oblongatum Z/r., 9 and é, do. (Wiirzburg); 5.
Bombus agrorum /. 9 and 9, freq., skg.; 6. B. lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (Wiirzburg) ;
7. B. sp. ¥ (small, quite black), probably B. variabilis Schmiedekn., do. (Wiirzburg) ;
8. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, do. (Bavarian Oberpfalz). C. Lepidoptera.
(a) Rhopalocera: 9. Epinephele hyperanthus Z., skg. (Kitzingen); 10. Hesperia
comma JL., do. (Kitzingen); 11. Pieris sp., do. (Kitzingen). (4) Sphingrdae: 12.
Zygaena lonicerae £s., skg., in large numbers (Thuringia); 13. Z. meliloti Lsp.,
skg. (Kitzingen).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth, the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, skg. Wiistnei (Alsen), the bee
Anthidium manicatum Z. Schenck (Nassau), 6 bees—1. Anthidium manicatum Z. ;
2. Bombus agrorum #.; 3. B. confusus Schenck ¥ and$; 4. B. muscorum . ¥
and $6; 5. B. variabilis Schmeedekn. (=B. autumnalis Schenck); 6. Rophites
quinquespinosus Sfzz. MacLeod (Pyrenees), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum
L. 4, skg. legitimately (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 332). Scott-Elliot
(Dumfriesshire), 3 humble-bees (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 138).
2342. S. grandiflora Benth. (= Betonica grandiflora Steph.). (Loew, Ber. D.
bot. Ges., Berlin, iv, 1886, pp. 117-19; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.” pp. 144-6; Correns,
Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Leipzig, lii, 1892.)—Loew describes this species as possessing a
corolla-tube 22-25 mm. long, so that the nectar is inaccessible to all our native bees.
The plant is interesting by reason of the presence of white spherules on the anthers,
which are also to be found in Salvia verticillata Z., Marrubium, and Sideritis
romana Z. Delpino says that these little spherules contain a viscid substance, for
the purpose of making the pollen cling more closely to an insect’s proboscis. In this
species such spherules are also found in small numbers on the papillose uneven upper
surface of the anthers. They come under the category of epidermal glands, and
consist of a short stalk-cell, and a gland-scale containing an oily fluid.
Correns examined the spherules on the anthers of Salvia officinalis and S. ver-
ticillata, and in 1892 expressed the opinion regarding their structure which Loew
put forward in 1886. Both botanists consider them as ordinary glandular hairs, and
as these (according ‘o Correns) are found on the most various parts of flowers of the
Salvia kind, even on those never touched by insect visitors, the opinion expressed by
Delpino on their oecological significance is scarcely tenable.
VisiTors.—Morawitz (Caucasus) saw the bee Rophites caucasicus J/or., and Loew
gives the following list for the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, po-cltg., and
vainly trying to suck; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, vainly skg.; 3. Prosopis communis
Nyi. 9, resting on the anthers and po-cltg. B. Lepidoptera. hopalocera: 4.
Vanessa atalanta Z., skg.
LABIATAE 301
2343. S. Alopecuros Benth. (=B. Alopecuros Z.).—
Vistrors.—Loew observed the bee Anthidium manicatum JZ. 4, skg., in the
Berlin Botanic Garden.
2344. S. densiflora Benth. (=B. hirsuta Z.).—
Visirors.—As last species.
2345. B. orientalis Z.—
VistTors.—Loew observed the humble-bee Bombus hortorum ZL. ¥, skg., in the
Berlin Botanic Garden.
2346. S. densiflora (=B. rubicunda Wender),—
Visirors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg. B. Hymeno-
ptera. Apidae: 2. Anthidium manicatum JZ. 6, skg.; 3. Bombus terrester Z. 4,
do. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 4. Pieris brassicae Z., skg.
726. Phlomis L.
Homogamous or protandrous bee flowers with a hinge-joint in the upper lip.
Secretion and concealment of nectar as usual.
2347. P.tuberosa L. (Pammel, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis (Mo.), v, 1888,
pp. 241-77; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 313.)—This species is indigenous to
South-east Europe. Loew describes as follows the flower mechanism of plants
cultivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—The bright-pink flowers possess a dark-red
patch on the lower lip that serves as a nectar-guide. The corolla-tube is 9-11 mm.
long, and almost entirely enclosed by the spiny-toothed calyx ; inside it is a circlet of
hairs. The hinge enabling the upper lip to be raised possesses a ventricose joint-
swelling. If in a newly-opened flower this lip is pushed backwards, the elasticity of
the hinge causes it to resume its original position. The elasticity subsequently
becomes feebler, but the hinge remains flexible. The edge of the upper lip is dentate
and thickly ciliate. At first only the lower and larger stigmatic branch projects
through the closely-set hairs and teeth. Each of the two upper filaments is produced
below its insertion into a curved process 4 mm. long. These processes are
apparently supports; they lie on a keel-like ridge projecting into the corolla-tube,
and act as buttresses to prevent its wall from collapsing, as might otherwise happen
when a very heavy insect alighted on the lower lip. Pammel describes the flowers as
protandrous, but those examined by Loew were homogamous.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), humble-bees and bees with a proboscis 9-16 mm.
long, i.e. Bombus agrorum /. ¥ (12-13 mm.), B. hortorum Z. ¥ (14-16 mm.), and
Anthidium manicatum Z. (9-10 mm.). Pammel (North America), 3 species of
humble-bee with a proboscis 11-16 mm. long. In spite, therefore, of the foreign
origin of the plant, its flowers can be legitimately visited and crossed both in North
America and North Germany by indigenous insects.
2348. P. viscosa Poir. (=P. Russeliana Zag.). (Loew, Ber. D. bot. Ges.,
Berlin, iv, 1886, pp. 113-17.)—Loew says that the flower mechanism of this species
resembles that of P. tuberosa. The upper lip can be opened and shut by means of
302 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
a hinge-joint. After having been lifted up by a humble-bee probing for nectar in the
base of the flower, the elasticity of the hinge causes it to resume its original position,
once more closing the entrance of the corolla as soon as the insect leaves, A
proboscis must be at least 16 mm. long in order to suck all the nectar, and even then
the humble-bee is obliged to force its head into the upper part of the corolla-tube.
To obtain it conveniently a proboscis 20 mm. long is necessary. Bombus hortorum
L. 3 (proboscis 19-21 mm.) can therefore suck easily, but the ¥ of this species (prob.
16 mm.) with some difficulty, as Loew was able to observe in the Berlin Botanic
Garden. Bombus terrester Z. tried in vain to lift the upper lip and reach the
nectar.
Bombus hortorum Z. is therefore our only native humble-bee which can suck all
the nectar legitimately, and, in brushing first against the stigma and then against the
anthers, effect crossing. All other insects are incapable of lifting the hinged upper
lip. The flowers of the species are therefore monotropous, i.e. adapted solely to
a single kind of pollinator.
Visirors.—Loew observed 2 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Bombus hortorum JZ. ¥, raising the upper lip and skg.; 2. B. terrester Z. 9,
vainly trying to raise the upper lip.
2349. P. armeniaca Willd.—
Vistrors.—Loew observed 3 bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z. 4, skg.; 2. Bombus hortorum JZ. 9, steadily skg.;
3. Osmia aenea Z. 9, skg.
2350. P. cashmiriana Royle.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
agrorum fF”. 9, skg.
727. Sideritis Tourn.
2351. S. romana L. (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ pp. 144-6.)—The small, black-
brown corolla of this species is supported by yellow bracts, and encloses the stamens
and the very short style in its tube. Each of the two shorter of the four stamens
possesses a crescent-shaped connective, which bears a fertile anther-lobe on one side
and a sterile one on the other. The connectives are so placed that they form a
complete ring round the nectar-passage. When an insect inserts its proboscis into
this, it touches the pollen on the inside of the ring, and this adheres closely by means
of viscid spherules (cf. the remark on Stachys grandiflora, p. 300). If the insect
visits a second flower of this species, the pollen adhering to its proboscis will be
scraped off against the cup-shaped stigma.
3352. S. montana L.—Kerner says that the flowers of this species agree with
those of S. romana.
2353. S. hyssopifolia L—
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
MacLeod (Pyrenees), 5 humble-bees, a Lepidopterid, and a fly (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 333). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the honey-bee
and the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 6, skg.
LABIATAE 203
2354. S. scordioides L.—
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 bees—Anthidium manicatum JZ. 6, skg., and
Bombus terrester Z. 3, skg. Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), 2 humble-bees—Bombus
lapidarius Z. 9, and B. terrester Z. 9, both skg.
728. Marrubium Tourn.
Homogamous or feebly protandrous bee flowers, with stamens and style enclosed
in the corolla-tube. Nectar secreted and concealed as usual. Delpino says that
the anthers possess viscid spherules (cf. remark on Stachys grandiflora, p. 300).
Sometimes gynodioecism.
2355. M. vulgare L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 309; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ III, pp. 50-1; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 630.)—In this species the
white corolla, which is devoid of nectar-guides, possesses a flat, cleft upper lip, the
two lobes being directed vertically upward, and thus serving to increase the con-
spicuousness of the flower. The usual function of forming a shelter for stigma and
anthers, and holding them in certain relative positions, is not here discharged by the
upper lip, as they are enclosed in the corolla-tube. Nectar is secreted in the usual
labiate manner, and a circlet of hairs in the corolla-tube serves as a nectar-cover. The
tube is wider in the middle than above; the anthers are situated one pair behind the
other on the upper side, and the simultaneously maturing stigma is placed below them.
Cross-pollination is effected, although in probing for nectar a bee must touch the
anthers first ; but it removes very little pollen, as its proboscis depresses them still
further, and they dehisce obliquely downwards. When the proboscis has touched the
lower stigmatic branch and dusted the papillae of this with foreign pollen, it is
sprinkled with fresh pollen as the bee backs out of the flower, for this movement
causes the anthers to turn upwards. Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination
is effected by the falling of pollen on to the stigma situated below the anthers.
Kerner says that purely female stocks also occur.
Bees are the only pollinators: other insects are unbidden guests.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Coleoptera. Mitdulidae: 1. Meligethes sp., in the flowers (Thuringia).
B. Diptera. Lmpidae: 2. Empis livida Z., skg. (Thuringia). C. Hemiptera.
3. A red sp. of bug, skg. (Bavarian Oberpfalz). D. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae,
4. Anthidium manicatum Z. 6, skg. (Bavarian Oberpfalz); 5. Apis mellifica Z. ¥,
skg. (Thuringia and Bavarian Oberpfalz); 6. Coelioxys vectis Curt. (=C. punctata
Lep.) 9, skg. (Bavarian Oberpfalz) ; 7. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 6, skg. (Bavarian
Oberpfalz). (2) Chrysedidae: 8. Hedychrum lucidulum Zr. é (Bavarian Oberpfalz).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Alfken (Bremen), the bee Halictus tomentosus Schenck 9. MacLeod (Pyrenees),
the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. ¥ (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, ili, 1891,
p- 333). Schletterer (Pola), 6 bees—z. Andrena carbonaria Z.; 2. Bombus
argillaceus Scop.; 3. B. terrester Z.; 4. Eucera alternans @rud/.; 5. Halictus
sexcinctus #.; 6. Megachile sericans Fonsc.
304 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2356. M. candidissimum L.—
VisiTors.—Schletterer observed the following 16 bees at Pola—
1. Anthidium diadema Z/r.; 2. A. septemdentatum Z/r.; 3. Andrena carbona-
ria Z.; 4. Bombus argillaceus Scop.; 5. B. terrester Z.; 6. Coelioxys aurolimbata
Forst.; 7. Eucera hispana Zep.; 8. Halictus patellatus J7Zor.; 9. H. quadricinctus
F.; 10. H. sexcinctus #.; 11. Megachile lefeburei Zep.; 12. M. maritima £.;
13. M. muraria Re/z.; 14. M.sericans Fonsc.; 15. Osmia fulviventris Pz.; 16.
Xylocopa violacea L.
2357. M. anisodon C. Koch. (=M. vulgare Z., according to the Index
Kewensis).—
VistTors.—Loew observed the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 6, skg., in the
Berlin Botanic Garden.
2358. M. propinquum Fisch. et Mey.—
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 bees, skg.—Apis mellifica Z. ¥, and Anthidium
manicatum Z. 9. Mocsary (Hungary, teste Friese), the rare bee Coelioxys poly-
centris Fors?.
2359. M. peregrinum L. (=M. creticum J/7//.) (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I, p. 85.)
—The flowers of this species are feebly protandrous. The corolla is 5-5} mm.
long, and its tube is lined with hairs from the entrance to within about 2 mm. from
the base.
The anthers lie immediately behind the opening of the flower, almost filling it,
so that the inserted proboscis of an insect must always brush them. The style does
not elongate and unfold its two branches until dehiscence is almost at an end, but
continues to grow even when the flower begins to fade, sometimes reaching a length
of 4 mm. As the stigma grows through the anthers, automatic self-pollination
usually takes place.
729. Physostegia Benth.
Protandrous, with opposite movement of the stamens and style. (Delpino,
‘Ult. oss.,’ p. 148.)
2360. P. virginiana Benth. (Delpino, loc. cit.}—The external anther-valves
possess marginal teeth, which assist visitors to empty the pollen completely.
Vistrors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 1. Bombus agrorum F. 4, trying to suck;
2. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, creeping far into the flowers; 3. Prosopis communis
iVyl. 9, creeping into the flowers. B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 4. Pieris
brassicae Z., skg.
730. Ballota L.
Protandrous bee flowers with nectar secreted and concealed in the usual way.
Often gynomonoecism, more rarely gynodioecism.
2361. B.nigra L. (Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 309 ; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
pp. 498-9, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 46; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 85; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 364; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 631; Loew,
LABIATAE 305
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 391,394,399; Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.,’ ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Beob. a. d. Ins. Riigen.’)—The dirty-red flowers of this species possess a nectar-guide on
the lower lip in the form of white lines pointing towards the corolla-tube. As in
most labiate flowers, the lower lip forms a convenient alighting-platform, and its
lateral lobes act as holdfasts for their fore- and middle-legs: a longitudinal furrow
on the lower lip serves as a guide to the proboscis. The nectar, secreted by the base
of the ovary, is concealed at the bottom of the corolla-tube, which is 7 mm. long, and
slightly widened at the top. It is accessible to a proboscis 6 mm. long, as the
widening of the entrance permits the insertion of a bee’s head to a depth of one mm.
A circlet of stiff hairs situated above the nectar is described by Sprengel as a nectar-
cover. This is, however, unnecessary, owing to the
horizontal position of the flower and the arching of
the upper lip. Hermann Miller considers the circlet
as a protection against useless nectar-seeking flies, as
it prevents their broad proboscides from entering,
though it is no obstacle to those of bees.
At the beginning of anthesis the stigmatic
branches, still almost apposed, are situated behind the
anthers. When these have dehisced, the style bends
downwards, the papillose stigmatic branches diverging
at the same time, so that they are first brushed against Fia.gi Rallote niseo, L-waher
by a bee visitor. If the pollen is not removed by Herm. Miller). (1) Reproductive or-
E i * < o gans of a young flower, seen obliquely
insects, a large part of it clings to the hairy margins from the front (x 7). (2) Do. of an
of the upper lip, and the whole length (including the eas ieat hg Kae Sere tee) Sand
papillae) of the lower stigmatic branch, which bends
down between the hairs, is dusted with the retained pollen, so that automatic self-
pollination is effected.
Schulz says that besides hermaphrodite flowers, gynomonoeciously distributed
female ones also occur (often up to 15 %). Gynodioecism is rare.
VistTors.—Loew observed the following bees.—Mecklenburg (M.) and Branden-
burg (B.) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 43).—
1. Anthidium manicatum JZ. 9 and 4, skg., 9 also po-cltg. (M.); 2. Anthophora
furcata Pz. 3, skg. (M.); 3. A. quadrimaculata /. 9, do. (B.); 4. Bombus agrorum
F. 3, do. (B.);_ 5. B. sylvarum £.6(B.); 6. Tetralonia salicariae Zep. 6, do. (B.):
Silesia (op. cit., p. 34), Saropoda rotundata Pz. 6, skg.
Schenck saw the following 8 bees in Nassau.—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.; 2. Biastes emarginatus Schenck; 3. Bombus
agrorum /.; 4. Epeoloides caecutiens #.; 5. Halictus clypearis Schenck, 9 freq.,
$ once; 6. Podalirius furcatus Pz.; 7. P. retusus Z.; 8. P. vulpinus Pz.
Burkill and Willis observed the following at Cambridge (‘Fls. and Insects in
Gt. Britain,’ Part 1).—
A. Diptera. Syrp/idae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg; 2. Syritta pipiens
L., do.; 3. Syrphus sp., do. B. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: all skg.: 4. Bombus
agrorum /.; 5. B. cognatus Sveph.; 6. B. lJatreillellus A7zrdy; 7. Halictus sp.
C. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuidae: 8. Plusia gamma L., skg. (0) Rhopalocera:
9. Pieris rapae Z., skg.
DAVIS. III x
306 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following list.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius sp., skg.(Budd.). (4) Syrphidae :
2. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (Budd.). B. Hymenoptera. Agzdae: 3. Anthidium
manicatum Z. 9 skg. and po-cltg., 6 skg. (H. M., Budd.); 4. A. punctatum Zrr. 4,
skg. (Budd.); 5. Anthophora furcata Pz. 9 and 6, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M., Budd.) ;
6. A. quadrimaculata Pz. 9 and é, very common, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M., Budd.) ;
7. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. (H. M.); 8. Bombus agrorum F” 9, do. (H. M.); 9. B.
hypnorum Z. ¥, do. (H. M.); 10. B. lapidarius Z. ¥, do. (H. M.); 11. B. rajellus
XK. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 12. B. muscorum / ¥, skg. (Budd.); | 13. B. syl-
varum L. ¥, do. (H. M., Budd.); 14. B. tristis Sezd?. ¥, do. (Budd.); 15. Crocisa
scutellaris #9, do. (Budd.); 16. Megachile argentata /. 9, do. (Budd.); 17. M.
fasciata Sm. 9 and 4, do. (H. M., Budd.); 18. M. lagopoda K. 4, do. (H. M.,
Bavarian Oberpfalz); 19. Osmia adunca Pz. 9 and 4, do. (Budd.); 20. QO. aenea
L. 9, do. (H. M., Budd.); 21. O. aurulenta Pz. 9, do. (H. M., Budd.); 22. O.
fulviventris Pz. 9, do. (H. M., Thuringia); 23. Psithyrus rupestris /. 9, do. (H. M.);
24. Rhophites quinquespinosus Spz7. 6, in large numbers, do. (Budd.); 25. Saropoda
bimaculata Pz. 9 and 4., freq., do. (Budd.). C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera:
26. Argynnis paphia Z., skg. and pollinating (H.M.); 27. Colias hyale Z., do.
(H. M.); 28. Pieris brassicae Z., do. (H. M.); 29. P. rapae Z., do. (H. M.); 30.
Vanessa cardui Z., do. (H. M.); 31. V. urticae Z., do. (H.M.). (4) Sphingrdae :
32. Macroglossa stellatarum Z., skg. and pollinating (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Kiel), the honey-bee, skg., 3 skg. humble-bees (1. Bombus lapidarius
Z.; 2. B.pratorum Z.; 3. B. terrester Z.), and 2 skg. butterflies (Vanessa io Z.,
and Pieris sp.): (‘Greifswalder Oie,’ Riigen), 2 long-tongued bees (Podalirius
(Anthophora) aestivalis Pz. 9, and B. vulpinus Pz. 9) (=Anthophora quadrimaculata
Pz.), both freq.
Wiistnei (Alsen), 2 bees—Anthophora quadrimaculata /, and Anthidium
manicatum Z. Alfken (Bremen), 2 bees—Bombus agrorum J” 4, skg., and Podalirius
vulpinus Pz. 9, do. Krieger (Leipzig), 3 bees—r1. Anthidium manicatum Z.; 2.
Podalirius vulpinus Pz.; 3. Rophites quinquespinosus S77. Friese (Saalthal), 6 bees
—r. Anthidium manicatum Gir. ; ; 2. Bombushortorum Z.; 3. B.hypnorum Z. ¥;
4. B.lucorum Z.; 5. B.subterraneus Z., var. borealis Schmicdekn. : 6. Rophites
quinquespinosus Sfzz. Gerstacker (Kreuth and Bavarian Alps), the humble-bee
Bombus mendax Gerst. ¥, in large numbers. Schletterer, for Istria (I.) and the
Tyrol (T.), 3 bees—1. Anthidium septemdentatum Zyr. (I.); 2. Bombus mastru-
catus Gerst. (T.); 3. B. mendax Gers/. 9 and 4, very rare (T.). von Dalla Torre
(Tyrol) and Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gersé. 6.
AE (Aquileia, and Austrian Silesia), 3 bees—1. Podalirius pubescens /. 9 and ;
P. quadrifasciatus Vill. 9 and 8; 3. Rophites quinquespinosus Spzz. 9 and a
ee for Brunswick (B.) and Steiermark (S.) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 52), 3 bees—1. Antho-
phora furcata Pz. 9, skg. (B.); 2. Bombus rajellus X. 4, skg. (S.); 3. Halictus
albipes /. 9, po-cltg. (S.): (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus pascuorum Scop. 6, skg.
(op. cit., p. 61). Friese (Germany), the bee Anthidium manicatum Z.: (Baden,
Alsace, Thuringia, and Switzerland), the bee Rophites quinquespinosus Sfzw., not
freq.: (Nassau, /es/e Schenck), the bee Biastes emarginatus Schenck: (Berlin Botanic
Garden), 3 bees—1. Anthidium manicatum Z., 9 skg., § swarming round the flowers
in search of the 9; 2. Bombus agrorum /’ , skg.; 3. Osmia rufa Z. 9, do.
Also on the var. (4) foetzda Luck., the following.—
MacLeod (Belgium), a humble-bee (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p. 375): (Pyrenees), 4 humble-bees, 2 sp. of Anthophora, a Lepidopterid, and
a hover-fly (op. cit., iii, 1891, p. 333). H.de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee
Bombus agrorum /.
LABIATAE 307
731. Leonurus L.
Protandrous to homogamous bee flowers; with nectar secreted and concealed
as usual.
2362. L. Cardiaca L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 310; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ ITI, p. 48, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 312; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, p. 391 ; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 632.)—The pale-red
corolla of this species bears nectar-guides on the lower lip, the filaments, and the
mouth of the upper lip, in the form of dark-purple spots. The two anterior stamens
bend sideways after dehiscence. The corolla-tube is only 4 mm. long. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, delicately tuberculate, about
35 » long and 15-18 p» broad.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Sprengel, humble-bees. Knuth, the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius 9 and 4, skg.
Loew (Brandenburg), the bee Coelioxys rufescens Zep. 4, skg. (‘ Beitrage, p. 44):
(Berlin Botanic Garden), on the var. vz/losa the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. 6,
skg. Herm. Miller (Bavarian Oberpfalz), the honey-bee and 3 humble-bees—
1. Bombus agrorum /. ¥; 2. B. pratorum Z.¥Y; 3. B. tristis Seidl. ¥, all skg.:
(Alps), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, skg.
2363. L. Marrubiastrum L. (=Chaiturus Marrubiastrum Spenn.). (Warnstorf,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Warnstorf says that in this autogamous species
the yellow anthers are borne on short filaments and enclosed in the corolla. They
are beset with viscid spherules. The slightly curved corolla-tube is 5 mm. long. The
pollen-grains are white in colour, irregularly tetrahedral, feebly tuberculate, on an
average 37 » in diameter.
VisiTors.—Knuth observed the following bees, all skg., in the Kiel Botanic
Garden.—
1. Apis mellifica Z.%; 2. Bombus hortorum Z. 9 (a variety); 3. B. pratorum
L.; 4. B. lapidarius Z., one ¥ (between 8 and 9 a.m., 30. 8.’98) visiting successive
verticillasters, and going steadily from plant to plant, in spite of sharp showers of
rain and a strong wind.
Gerstacker (Berlin) saw the bee Coelioxys aurolimbata /verst.
2364. L. lanatus Pers.—
VistTors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Coleoptera. Coccinellidae: 1. Coccinella bipunctata Z., resting outside
the entrance of the flower. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: all skg.: 2. Anthidium
manicatum Z. 9; 3. Apis mellifica 2.9; 4. Bombus agrorum #. ¥ and 4; 5. B.
terrester Z.9; 6. Psithyrus rupestris /. 6.
732. Scutellaria Riv.
Homogamous to protandrous bee flowers, apparently possessing a Lepidopterid
door. Nectar secreted and concealed as usual.
2365. S. galericulata L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 312; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ p. 486; Kirchner, ‘ Neue Beob.,’ p. 58; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 196,
222; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; MacLeod, Bot. Centralbl.,
Cassel, xxix, 1887, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 375-516.)—In this
species the lower lip of the blue-violet corolla is wide and shallow, and bears a nectar-
X 2
308 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
guide in the form of a white patch traversed by three dark-violet lines, the middle one
being continued into the corolla-tube. The upper lip is trifid, with two deep, lateral
folds, forming a laterally compressed, upright, middle section, enclosing anthers and
stigma, and into which a narrow entrance leads. The two lateral lobes of the upper
lip are situated close above the lower lip, forming a second entrance to the flower.
One of these openings is above and one below the tips of the lateral lobes of the
upper lip. Kirchner says that the upper one probably serves as a Lepidopterid door.
A bee forces its head and the fore-part of its body into the flower, separating the
folds of the upper lip to open so far that its body can enter. The anthers and the
simultaneously matured stigma are thus drawn down upon it. The two pairs of
anthers are situated one behind the other in the galeate part of the upper lip; the
downwardly bent end of the style with the stigma lies in front of the anthers of the
two shorter stamens, automatic self-pollination being thus inevitable. When visited
by insects there are equal
chances of self- and of cross-
pollination. Warnstorf says
that the longer stamens
possess one anther-lobe, and
the shorter ones two. The
FIG. 339. Scutellaria galericulata, Z. (from nature). A. Corolla, anthers of the longer stamens
seam te de enlarges 2 Dow sen trom heen. “Lepr point downwards and dehisce
in that direction, those of
the shorter ones dehiscing upwards and downwards. Only the lower stigmatic branch
is developed, and this is situated between the anterior and posterior anthers, so that
self-pollination is rendered very difficult. The flowers are frequently perforated.
The pollen-grains are white in colour, ellipsoidal, delicately tuberculate, up to 31 » in
length and 18-21 yp in breadth.
Schulz describes the hermaphrodite flowers as protandrous. Besides these he
observed gynomonoeciously and gynodioeciously distributed female ones (up to 5 % at
Halle). He also noticed perforation by Bombus terrester L.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Herm. Miiller, the butterfly Rhodocera rhamni Z. MacLeod (Flanders), a
hover-fly, po-dvg. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 372.) Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden), 2 bees, skg.—Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, and Bombus terrester Z. 6.
2366. S. minor Huds. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p- 377-)—The violet flowers of this species are smaller than those of S. galericulata,
and their entire mechanism less complete. MacLeod states that the entrance of the
flower stands wide open, so that the stigma and anthers are not covered in front. The
elasticity of the upper lip, feeble in S. galericulata, is here almost absent. The corolla-
tube being shorter than in that species, the nectar is accessible to short-tongued insects.
2367. S. hastifolia L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, pp. 196, 222.)—Schulz describes
this species as gynodioecious with protandrous hermaphrodite flowers at Leipzig.
He observed occasional perforation by humble-bees.
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the long-tongued humble-
bee Anthidium manicatum Z. 9, skg.
LABIATAE 309
2368. S. alpina L. (MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl., pp. 58-61.)—The flower
mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of S. galericulata. Here again
the upper lip can be bent back on a hinge-joint. When the pressure of the insect
visitor is removed, the lip resumes its original position and encloses stigma and
anthers. The narrow upper opening of the tip of the upper lip again forms a
Lepidopterid door. A humble-bee can insert its head 5-6 mm. deep in the upper
and widened part of the corolla-tube, and it is then only ro-12 mm. from the nectar-
bearing base of the flower. The nectary is situated on the front side of the base of
the ovary.
The flowers are blue-violet in the Alps, and the orange-coloured nectar-guide on
the swelling of the lower lip is larger than that of the darker flowers in the Pyrenees.
VisiTors.—MacLeod observed a humble-bee, apparently Bombus hortorum Z. ¥.
2369. S. peregrina L.—
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
hortorum JZ. ¥, its head thickly covered with pollen.
2370. S. albida L.—
Visirors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: all skg.: 1. Bombus cognatus Sph.9; 2. B.
terrester Z. 9; 3. Osmia aenea LZ. 9. (6) Zenthredinidae: 4. Athalia rosae L.,
settling on the outside of the flowers.
2371. S. altissima L.—
Visirors—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Chelostoma
nigricorne /Vy/. 9, creeping right into the flowers and skg.
733- Prunella L.
Protandrous or homogamous bee flowers; with nectar secreted and concealed
as usual. Sometimes gynomonoecism or gynodioecism.
2372. P. vulgaris L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,” p. 312; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 489-91, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 315, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 51-2;
Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; MacLeod, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel,
xxix, 1887, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 377-8; Kirchner, ‘ Neue
Beob.,’ p. 58, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 635; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. nordfr-
Ins., pp. 118, 166, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 239; Ogle,
Pop. Sci. Rev., London, ix, 1870; Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’ I, p. 85; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Floristik,’ p. 394.)—The flowers of this species are violet in colour. The corolla-
tube of the large-flowered hermaphrodites is 7-8 mm. long. The anthers are situated
in two rows, one behind the other, below the upper lip. The longer filaments possess
a sharp tooth below the anthers, directed outwards, its free end resting against the
arched surface of the upper lip. Ogle and Hermann Miiller consider that this is an
arrangement for keeping the downwardly dehiscing anthers at the side of the median
stigmatic branches, a position in which they are most exposed to contact with visitors.
Each of the shorter filaments possesses a similar tooth, serving the same purpose, but
much less developed. The flowers are partly homogamous, and partly, according to
Schulz, feebly or strongly protandrous. The back of a humble-bee first touches the
papillae of the projecting lower stigmatic branch, and then becomes dusted with pollen.
310 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Cross-pollination is thus effected by insect-visits. (Hermann Miiller did not observe
automatic self-pollination; Axell, however, says that it does occur and is effective.)
In addition to hermaphrodite flowers, there are often female ones, according to
Schulz, up to 50 %, generally 10-20 %, and these are distributed partly gynomonoe-
ciously and partly gynodioeciously. Kirchner describes two forms of small-flowered
female stocks. In one case the corolla is of the normal form; the stamens in the
usual position, but with white indehiscent anthers, and the style of the same length
as the upper lip. The other kind of female flower possesses stamens still further
reduced ; the lower lip is directed so far upwards that the entrance of the corolla is
only one mm. high; and the stigma projects far beyond the upper lip.
Besides large hermaphrodite flowers, MacLeod observed smaller ones (at Ghent),
which seemed to be almost cleistogamous and were self-fertilized. There were many
intermediate stages between the two types. Purely
female flowers were not observed.
Warnstorf describes three forms for Neu-
Ruppin.—
(1) Large flowers: corolla 15-16 mm. long
from the base of the tube to the tip of the upper
lip, entrance wide; corolla-tube longer than the
calyx ; lower lip strongly and irregularly dentate ;
hermaphrodite; style generally of the same length
as the longer stamens; autogamy effected by the
rolling up of the stigmatic branches ; pollen-grains
white in colour, ellipsoidal, tuberculate, about
greats Grummercucate 60-00 ge lone andar 43 # bidet.
seen from the front. (2) Upper part of (2) Medium-sized flowers: corolla ro-12 mm.
conic stamen. —_ (3) Do. of a shorter Jong, entrance wide; style sometimes of the same
length as the longer stamens, sometimes a little
shorter ; sometimes hermaphrodite, with anthers partly reduced or entirely aborted.
(3) Small flowers: corolla only 8 mm. long; lower lip curved inwards and
upper lip depressed, making the entrance of the flower very narrow; style generally
shorter than the longer stamens; hermaphrodite, or female by reduction of anthers.
Stocks bearing large and medium-sized flowers predominate at Ruppin; the
small-flowered form seems to prefer the turf in gardens and parks. The keeled,
lateral teeth of the upper lip do not always grasp the lower, as described in Floras,
but often merely touch it. The order of development of the flowers is remarkable.
Of two neighbouring three-flowered half-whorls, the middle one of the upper and the
lateral ones of the lower open simultaneously, so that there are always three open
flowers near each other. (Warnstorf.)
VisiTors.—Knuth observed the following bees.—
North Frisian Is., the honey-bee, and 3 humble-bees, skg.—1. Bombus rajellus
K.; 2. B. lapidarius Z.; 3. B. terrester Z., skg. Helgoland, the humble-bee
Bombus agrorum /. §, skg. Thuringia, the short-tongued bee Halictus punctulatus
XK. 9, and 4 long-tongued humble-bees—1. Bombus agrorum /. §; 2. B. hortorum
L., var. hortorum Z.; 3. B. soroénsis /., var. proteus Gerst. §; 4. B. terrester LZ. 9
and ¥.
LABIATAE 311
H6ppner saw the following 13 bees at Bremen.—
1. Anthidium strigatum Pz. 9; 2. Andrena convexiuscula K.9; 3. Bombus
arenicola Zhoms.9; 4. B.hortorum £.9; 5. B. jonellus K.¥; 6. B. sylvarum
L. 9, ¥, and 6; 7, B. terrester Z.9; 8. B. variabilis Z. 9 and 8; 9. Megachile
circumcincta K. 9; 10. M. willughbiella A.9; 11. Podalirius borealis Zor. 9 and 6;
12. P. furcatus Pz. 9 and é; 13. P. retusus 9 and 4.
Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Central and South Germany.—
A. Hymenoptera. Agidae: 1. Anthophora furcata Pz. 4, skg. legitimately ;
2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 3. Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, ¥, and 6, do.; 4. B. pratorum
L.%, do.; 5. B. sylvarum Z. ¥, do.; 6. B. terrester Z.¥, do.; 7. Cilissa haemor-
thoidalis Pz. 6, vainly trying to suck the large flowers, and getting its upper side dusted
with pollen, so as to cross any small flowers subsequently visited; 8. Halictus morio
F. 9, po-cltg.; 9. H. leucopus X. 9, do. (Bavarian Oberpfalz); 10. Megachile
willughbiella X. 8, skg. legitimately. B. Lepidoptera. hopalocera: 11. Hesperia
sylvanus £sp., skg., and occasionally effecting pollination; 12. Lycaena argiolus Z.,
do.; 13. L. icarus Rott, skg.; 14. Melithaea athalia £sf.,as 11; 15. Pieris napi Z.,
skg. (Thuringia).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Warnstorf, humble-bees of undetermined sp. Alfken (Bremen), the bee Psithyrus
campestris Pz. 9, skg. Loew (Riesengebirge), the butterfly Pieris brassicae Z., skg.
(‘ Beitrage,’ p. 52): (Silesia), 2 butterflies—Pieris brassicae Z., skg., and Polyommatus
alciphron Roét. (op. cit, p. 34). Schletterer (Tyrol), 4 bees—1z. Bombus confusus
Schenck; 2. B. muscorum F.; 3. B. soroénsis #.; 4. Megachile ericetorum Lep.
(also by von Dalla Torre, Tyrol). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 4 humble bees—
1. Bombus agrorum /.9 and é; 2. B. sylvarum Z.6; 3. B. subterraneus Z. ¥
and é; 4. B. terrester Z. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875).
MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-bee, 4 humble-bees, one Halictus, a hover-fly, and
5 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 378): (Pyrenees), 7 humble-
bees, a Bombyliid, and a hover-fly (op. cit., iii, 1891, p. 337). Willis (south coast of
Scotland), 2 humble-bees, freq., skg. (Bombus agrorum /., and B. terrester Z.), and
a butterfly (Pieris napi Z., skg.) (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I). Scott-
Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 137). Schneider
(on plants introduced into Arctic Norway), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /’.
(Tromso Mus. Aarsheft., 1894). Herm. Miiller (Alps), a hover-fly, 5 humble-bees, and
10 Lepidoptera. Schulz, flowers perforated by humble-bees.
2373. P. grandiflora Jacq. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 312-14,
‘“Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 52; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 86; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 634.)—This species is gynomonoecious or gynodioecious, with protandrous (and,
according to Schulz, also occasionally homogamous) hermaphrodite flowers. The
lower part of the corolla-tube is directed obliquely upwards. Above the circlet of
hairs serving as a nectar-cover it widens considerably, turning almost vertically up-
wards. The distance between the entrance of the flower and the circlet of hairs
is 9-10 mm. This upper part of the tube is so wide that a humble-bee’s head can
enter easily. The lower lip is cup-shaped; the upper shelters the anthers and style
during the first (male) stage of anthesis. The anthers are not arranged as usual in
two rows one behind the other, but all four are in one row. When a bee probes for
nectar, the two outer ones are turned downwards by means of a lever mechanism, so
that pollen is deposited on the insect’s back. The two inner anthers are immovable,
and only touched by larger humble-bees. In the second (female) stage, the style with
the stigma projects so far from the upper lip, and in older flowers bends so far down-
312 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES
wards, that it touches even the backs of smaller visitors, which are usually only
sprinkled with pollen by means of the lever apparatus. Automatic self-pollination is
excluded.
The female flowers are smaller; the style projects from the corolla; the anthers
are white and sterile. They are (up to 20 %) gynomonoecious or gynodioecious.
The flowers are frequently perforated by Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. and
B, terrester L.
Fic. 341. Prunella grandtflora, Jacg. (from Herm. Miller's ‘Alpenblumen'). 4. Flower in the
first (male) stage; seen directly from the front after removal of the calyx. 2. Do., in the second (female)
stage, seen from the side. C. Do., after removal of the calyx and the front part of the corolla (x 24).
2. Anthers and stigma of C. £. Nectary, ovary, and style (x 7). @, narrow base of corolla-tube;
6, commencement of wider part of do.; cand d, lateral folds and sacculations of do.; e, side of upper lip;
J, entrance of flower; g and 4, central and lateral lobes of lower lip; gv, style; 7, nectary; ov, ovary;
st, stigma.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 4 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera. Schletterer and von
Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 2 humble-bees—Bombus hypnorum Z. ¥, and B. pratorum J. ¥.
MacLeod (Pyrenees), 2 humble-bees and a Lepidopterid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 337). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the po-dvg. hover-fly
Platycheirus peltatus J/g.
2374. P. laciniata L. (=P. alba Pa/l.)—Schulz says that this species is
gynodioecious (at Bozen up to 5%) with protandrous hermaphrodite flowers.
Occasional perforations by humble-bees were observed.
Visitors.—MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed 2 humble-bees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 337):
2375. P. hyssopifolia L.—
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Anthidium mani-
catum Z. 4, skg.
Lirerature.—Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ p. 150; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
XXVill, 1870.
LABIATAE 313
734. Prostanthera Labill.
In species of this genus the connectives possess long appendages; visitors strike
against these and are sprinkled with pollen in doing so.
735. Ajuga L.
Generally homogamous, rarely protandrous or protogynous humble-bee flowers
with a very short upper lip, the higher ones and the bracts serving as an imperfect
protection for the inside of the blossoms. Corolla-tube with a circlet of hairs; nectar
secreted and concealed as usual. Occasional gynomonoecism.
2376. A.reptans L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 299-300; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 501-2, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 45-6, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 309;
Kirchner, ‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 59; Schulz, ‘Beitrage, I, p. 87, II, pp. 138-9, 222;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 337, V, 1893, pp. 378-9, Bot.
Centralbl., Cassel, xxiii, 1885 ; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 391 ; Knuth, ‘Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—The lower lip of the blue, rarely pink or white flowers of this
species is marked with brighter lines that serve as nectar-guides. They are generally
homogamous, but sometimes protandrous or protogynous. The corolla-tube is
g mm. long, the lowest 24 mm. being ventricose. The nectar, which is secreted by
a thick, yellow, fleshy gland situated on the front of the ovary, is stored in the
enlargement of the tube. As the upper lip is almost entirely absent, the anthers and
stigma are exserted; they are protected from rain by the bracts of the flowers
situated above.
The stigmatic branches usually diverge as far in flowers just opening as in older
ones, the lower branch resting on the anthers (which lie very close together) of the
shorter stamens. It is therefore not touched at first by the smaller insect visitors,
which do not press the stamens apart very forcibly, though they are nevertheless
sprinkled by the pollen-covered surfaces, that are directed downwards and forwards.
The stamens separate later on, and the style drops down between them, so that the
lower stigmatic branch with its papillose surface is brought into the entrance, and
touched by visitors before the anthers. The length of the style varies, however, so
that the stigma is not always situated above the anthers, but sometimes behind or in
front of them. In some cases, therefore, cross-pollination is effected more easily, in
others, self-pollination.
The course of maturation of the stigma and anthers also varies: sometimes they
mature simultaneously, sometimes one before the other: homogamy is, however,
much more frequent than protogyny, and this is commoner than protandry.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination often takes place, the papillose
tip of the stigma sliding down through the pollen clinging thickly to the lower side of
the anthers; autogamy is, however, less effective than allogamy. Perforation by
humble-bees is not infrequent.
MacLeod observed a second kind of flower at Ghent besides the ordinary ones.
This form is large, markedly protandrous, and more brightly coloured. The corolla-
tube is 11-12 mm. long, and the lower lip 8-9 mm. broad. In the second (female)
stage the stamens lean backwards, while the style bends so far forwards that the
stigma occupies the entrance of the flower.
314 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Visitors.—Alfken and Hoppner (H.) observed the following 14 bees at
Bremen.—
Apidae: 1. Bombus agrorum /. 9, very common, skg.; 2. B. arenicola
Thoms. 9 (H.); 3. B. derhamellus K. 9, freq., skg.; 4. B. distinguendus Jfor. 9,
rare, skg.; 5. B. hortorum Z.9, skg.; 6. B. jonellus A. 9 and ¥ (H.); 7. B.
muscorum /. 9 (H.); 8. B. sylvarum Z. 9 (H.); 9. Melecta luctosa Scop. 9 and 6,
skg. (H.); 10, Nomada alboguttata H. Sch. 9 (H.); 11. N. ochrostoma &. 9 (H.);
12. Podalirius acervorum Z. 9, freq., skg.; 13. P.retusus Z. g and 4, skg. (H.);
14. Psithyrus barbutellus A. 9, skg.
Friese saw the following bees in Alsace (A.), Baden (B.), Fiume (F.), Hungary
(H.), Mecklenburg (M.), and Trieste (T.).—
1. Melecta armata Pz.; 2. Osmia aurulenta P.(M.), rare; 3. O. emarginata
Lep. (F., T., H.); 4. Podalirius acervorum Z., freq. (B., A.); 5. B. parietinus F.
(M.); 6. P. retusus Z., occasional (B., A.), not infreq. (M.); 7. Stelis nasuta Lr.
(H.); 8. Xylocopa violacea Z. 9 and & (A.).
Herm. Miiller gives the following list. —
A. Diptera. (a) Bombyhidae: 1. Bombylius sp., skg. (Budd., Nassau). (3)
Syrphidae: 2, Eristalis tenax Z., po-dvg. (Thuringia); 3. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg.
and po-dvg., covering its head with pollen; 4. Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg.
(Thuringia), B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 5. Andrena labialis K. 4, failing (?) to
reach the nectar; 6. A. nitida Fourcr. 9, do.; 7. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. 3 skg.,
9 skg. and po-dvg. (Thuringia); 8. A. pilipes /. 9 and 4, skg. legitimately, and
dusting its head with pollen; 9. Apis mellifica Z. Y, thrusting most of its head into
the corolla-tube ;_ 10. Bombus agrorum F. 9, skg., and dusting its head with pollen ;
11. B. confusus Schenck 9, do.; 12. B. hortorum ZL. 9 and ¥, skg. and po-cltg.; 13.
B. lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (also in the Alps); 14. B. pratorum Z. 9 skg. and po-clig.,
% skg., and dusting its head with pollen; 15. B. sylvarum LZ. 9,do.; 16. B. terrester
L. 9, skg. legitimately; 17. Crocisa scutellaris #. 9 and 6, skg. (Thuringia); 18.
Eucera longicornis Z. é skg., 9 skg. and po-cltg. (Thuringia); 19. Halictus zonulus
Sm. 9, apparently not reaching the nectar; 20. Osmia aenea JZ. 9, skg. legitimately,
and dusting its head with pollen; 21. O. aurulenta Pz. 9 and 4, skg. (Thuringia);
22. O. fulviventris Pz. 6, skg. (Thuringia); 23. O. fusca Chr., skg. legitimately, and
dusting its head with pollen; 24. O. rufa Z.8,do. C. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuzdae:
25. Plusia gamma Z., climbing from below and skg. (0) Rhopalocera: all skg. ;
26. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 247. Syrichthus alveolus H.; 28. Nisoniades
tages Z. (Budd., Nassau); 29. Papilio podalirius Z.; 30. Pieris brassicae Z.; 31.
P. napi Z.; 32. P. rapae Z.; 33. Rhodocera rhamni LZ. (c) Sphingidae: 34.
Macroglossa fuciformis Z., skg.
Loew observed the following in Brandenburg (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 62).—
A. Diptera. Zadanidae: 1. Tabanus tropicus LZ. 6, skg. and (?) effecting pollina-
tion. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 2. Andrena schencki JZor. 9, po-cltg.; 3.
Anthophora aestivalis Pz. 6, skg.; 4. A. pilipes #. 9, do.; 5. Bombus cognatus
Steph. 9; 6. B.confusus Schenck 9; 7. B. rajellus A. 9; 8. Eucera longicornis
L. 4, skg.; 9. Halictus quadristrigatus Z/r. 9, po-cltg.; 10. H.xanthopus X. 9,
skg.; 11. Melecta luctuosa Scop. 9, do.; 12. Osmia bicornis Z.9, do.; 13. O.
uncinata Gers/. 9, do.; 14. Sphecodes fuscipennis Germ. 9, do.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein), the honey-bee, skg., 3 humble-bees, skg. (1. Bom-
bus agrorum /.9; 2. B.hortorum Z.9; 3. B. lapidarius Z.), and a butterfly
(Pieris napi Z.), skg. (an unbidden guest). Wiistnei (Alsen), 2 bees—Bombus
hortorum Z., and Andrena trimmerana A. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 4 bees—
LABIATAE 315
1. Bombus muscorum /.; 2. B. subterraneus L.; 3. Osmia caerulescens ZL.
(=O. aenea Z.); 4. O. emarginata Zep. Krieger (Leipzig), the bee Eucera longi-
cornis Z.é. Frey-Gessner (Switzerland), the dasygastrid bee Osmia rufohirta Lep.
Ducke (Trieste), 2 bees—Osmia aurulenta Pz., and O. bicolor Schr. MacLeod
(Flanders), 4 humble-bees, a short-tongued bee, an ant, and a beetle (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 379): (Pyrenees), a hover-fly, and a Bombyliid (op.
cit., iii, 1891, p. 337). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee, and 2 hover-flies
(‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 141).
2377. A. pyramidalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., p. 299; Herm. Miiller,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 307-8 ; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 197; Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc.
nat., Milano, xiii, 1870.)—This species is gynomonoecious with hermaphrodite
flowers, which Hermann Miiller describes as feebly protandrous, but Ricca as homo-
gamous. The style is situated at first above the stamens, but bends down between
the anthers after they have dehisced, thus bringing the stigma into the entrance, where
it is first touched by every nectar-seeking visitor. Cross-pollination is therefore
ensured when the flower is visited by insects: should such visits fail, automatic self-
pollination is effected as in A. reptans.
Fic. 342. Ajuga pyramidalis, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Completely developed flower; seen
from the side after removal of the calyx. ZB. Do., with calyx, seen from above (x 4). C. Lower part
of the corolla-tube, cut open from the side. C’. Do. of 4. genevensts, L.(x 7). D. Relative positions
of stamens and stigma in a young flower. £. Do. in a mature flower. ¥F. Do. in an old flower (x 7).
a, anthers; gv, style; 4, nectar; 7, nectary; ov, ovary; sd, nectar-cover; s¢, stigma.
In addition to these protandrous hermaphrodite flowers, Schulz observed in the
South Tyrol sporadic gynomonoeciously distributed female ones.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 humble-bees, skg. (with proboscides 9-13 mm. long), and
a hover-fly, po-dvg. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), on the hybrid A. pyramidalis Z. x
A. reptans Z., a humble-bee (Bombus agrorum F. 9, steadily skg.), and a saw-fly
(Athalia rosae Z., freq. on flowers and leaves, not skg.).
2378. A. genevensis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 308-9; Schulz,
‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 222; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart, pp. 636—-7.)—The mechanism
of the protandrous, blue, hermaphrodite flowers of this species, which are arranged
in long, conspicuous inflorescences, resembles that of A. pyramidalis, the style being
316 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
at first situated above the anthers and sinking down between them later on. Thus if
insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination is easily effected. The nectary, which, as
in other species of this genus, is situated on the front of the ovary, is very strongly
developed, and the secretion of nectar therefore extremely abundant. (Cf Fig.
342, C’.)
Schulz observed perforation by humble-bees.—
VisiTors.—Schletterer gives the following list for Pola.—
Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 1. Anthidium septemdentatum Z/r.; 2. Andrena
carbonaria Z.; 3. A. convexiuscula &., var. fuscata K.; 4. A. flavipes Pz.; 5. A.
parvula K.; 6. A.thoracica F.; 7. Ceratina cucurbitina Ross?; 8. Eucera inter-
rupta Baer.; 9. E. longicornis Z.; 10. Halictus calceatus Scop.; 11. H. quadri-
cinctus /.; 12. H. scabiosae Ross’; 13. H. tetrazonius Ale.; 14. Megachile
(Chalicodoma) manicata Gir.; 15. M. (C.) muraria Re/z.; 16. Osmia caerulescens
L.; 17. O. emarginata Lep.; 18. O. versicolor Zé.; 19. Podalirius acervorum Z. ;
20. P. crinipes Sm.; 21. P. retusus Z., var. meridionalis Per.; 22. P. tarsatus Spzz.
(6) Zenthredinidae: 23. Athalia rosae Z., var. cordata Lep.; 24. A. spinarum F.
Herm. Miiller (Alps) saw 3 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera; Friese (Thuringia),
2 bees—Andrena carbonaria Z., and Osmia andrenoides Spz7.
2379. A. Chamaepitys Schreb.—
Vistrors.—Schletterer observed 4 bees at Pola.—Three po-cltg. species—
1. Anthidium manicatum Z.; 2. A. oblongatum Zir.; 3. Osmia andrenoides
Spin. ; and the parasitic form— 4. Pasites maculatus /ur.
736. Teucrium L.
Protandrous bee flowers, apparently without an upper lip, this being deeply
bifid, and the halves united to the margin of the lower lip. There is no circlet of
hairs in the corolla-tube. Kerner describes the middle lobe of the lower lip as
arching over the anthers and stigma in the bud like a hollow hemisphere, and then
curving downwards when the flower opens. Nectar secreted and concealed as usual.
Sometimes gynomonoecism.
2380. T. Scorodonia L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.’; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
Pp. 499-500, ‘ Weit. Beob.’ III, p. 44; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 637-8 ;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’ II, p. 222; MacLeod, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxiii, 1885, Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 379-81; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
The greenish-yellow flowers of this species are arranged in terminal and axillary
unilateral racemes. The corolla-tube is 9-10 mm. long, its lower part often being
filled with nectar to a height of 4 mm. At the beginning of anthesis the stamens—
which lie against the back of the upper part of the corolla-tube—project straight out
of the flower, together with the style, the stigmatic branches having already slightly
diverged. The latter, however, are still behind the anthers, so that in the first stage
of anthesis the head of a bee probing for nectar touches only the anthers. The
stamens then bend upwards, and finally backwards and downwards, while the style
curves forwards, its branches, which now diverge more widely, assuming the position
previously occupied by the anthers.
When the lower flowers of an inflorescence are in the second (female) stage, the
LABIATAE 317
upper ones are male, so that a bee sucking nectar, and working up from below,
regularly crosses separate stocks. Humble-bees actually behave in this way. Her-
mann Miiller points out that they work upwards on the unilateral inflorescence with
the greatest regularity, without missing a single flower.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination is only occasionally effected,
the stigma sometimes brushing the anthers while still covered with pollen.
MacLeod says that gynodioecious plants occur in Luxemburg.
Schulz observed occasional perforation by humble-bees.
Fic. 343. Zeucrium Scorodonia, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower in the first (male) stage.
(2) Do., at the beginning of the second (female) stage. (3) Do., at the end of the second stage.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following
list. —
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis nemorum Z., po-dvg., occasionally
effecting pollination by chance (H. M.). B. Hymenoptera. <Apzdae: 2. Antho-
phora quadrimaculata Pz. 9 and 4, skg. (H. M., Budd.); 3. Bombus agrorum F.
¥ and 9, very numerous, skg. (H. M., Budd.); 4. B. hypnorum Z. é and 4, skg.
(H. M.); 5. B. lapidarius Z. ¥, do. (H. M., Budd.); 6. B. muscorum #. ¥, do.
(H. M.); 7. B. pratorum Z. ¥ and 9, freq., skg. (H. M.); 8. B. sylvarum Z. 8, skg.
(Budd.); 9. Halictus morio /, creeping into the flowers (Budd.); 10. Osmia
aurulenta Pz. 9, skg. (Budd.); 11. Psithyrus barbutellus X. 5, in large numbers, skg.
(H. M.); 12. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and @, very common, skg. (H. M.).
Alfken saw 10, and Héppner 11 bees at Bremen.—
Alfken—1. Bombus agrorum F. §; 2. B. arenicola 7hs.; 3. B. proteus Gers?.9;
4. B. sylvarum LZ. §; 5. B. variabilis Schmzedekn. $; 6. Megachile willughbiella K. 9;
4. Podalirius borealis AZor. 9 and 6; 8. P. furcatus Pz. 6; 9. P. vulpinus Pz. 9
and $; 10. Psithyrus vestalis Mourcr. 9, skg. H6éppner—z. Apis mellifica Z. ¥;
2. Bombus agrorum 7.9; 3. B. arenicola 7hs,9; 4. B. hortorum Z.; 5. B. lapi-
darius Z.; 6. B. sylvarum Z.; 7. Eucera difficilis (Duf) Per.; 8. Podalirius borealis
Mor. 9 and é; 9g. P. furcatus Pz.9; 10. P. retusus Z.9; 11. P. vulpinus Pz. 9.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Westphalia), the honey-bee, in very large numbers, skg. Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 8, skg. Schenck (Nassau), the
bee Anthidium manicatum Z. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 3 humble-bees (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 337-8), (Flanders), 5 bees (1. Apis mellifica Z. 9,
freq.; 2. Bombus terrester Z., very freq.; 3. B. muscorum /. do.; 4. Coelioxys
conica Z.; 5. Eucera longicornis Z.), and 2 butterflies (Epinephele janira Z., and
318 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Pieris napi Z.). H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum J. ¥
(Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). Willis (neighbourhood of
south coast of Scotland), 4 bees, skg. (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I)—
1. Bombus agrorum /, freq.; 2. B. hortorum Z.; 3. B. terrester Z., freq. ;
4. Psithyrus campestris Pz. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), the honey-bee, 5 humble-
bees, and a hover-fly (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 141).
2381. T. Chamaedrys L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 309-11 ;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 197, 222; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, p. 400; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 638.)—The mechanism of the purple-red flowers of this
species agrees essentially with that of T. Scorodonia, but the stamens do not bend
back so far. Hermann Miiller states that the style is about the same length as the
short stamens; Schulz, however, says that it now and then projects 1-3 mm. beyond
the long stamens, so that automatic self-pollination is excluded in such flowers. It
can be effected in those with short styles, for the stigma is dusted with pollen still
clinging to the anthers as it glides between them. A proboscis of 7-10 mm. is
necessary in order to suck all the nectar.
Fic. 344. Zeucritum Chamaedrys, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower in the first (male) stage,
seen from the side. B&B. Do., in a state of transition between the first (male) and the second (female)
stage, seen directly from the front. C. Reproductive organs of the same flower, seen from the side.
D. Flower in the second (female) stage, seen from the side (x 4). @ (upper), anthers; @ (lower), uppermost
lobes of the corolla ; 4, entrance of the flower; s¢, stigma.
Schulz observed occasional female flowers among the protandrous hermaphrodite
ones. He also found flowers perforated by Bombus terrester, which as a rule sucks
legitimately.
Visitors.—Schletterer gives for the Tyrol (T.), and observed at Pola, the
following. —
Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 1. Anthidium diadema Z/r.; 2. A. florentinum
F., one 9; 3. A. variegatum £.; 4. Bombus hortorum Z. (T.); 5. B. terrester Z.;
6. B. zonatus Sm., one; 7. Coelioxys aurolimbata /orst.; 8. C. conoidea JU;
g. Eucera interrupta Baer.; 10. Halictus major Vy/.(T.); 11. Megachile lefeburei
Lep.; 12. Melecta funeraria Sm.; 13. M. luctuosa Scop.; 14. Podalirius retusus Z.,
var, meridionalis Per. (6) Scolitdae: 15. Scolia haemorrhoidalis /.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 4 long-tongued bees and a Lepidopterid. Loew (Alps),
a long-tongued bee (Anthophora sp.), skg.; (Berlin Botanic Garden), the butterfly
LABIATAE 319
Pieris brassicae Z., skg., and 3 bees, skg.—1. Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg.;
2. B. terrester Z. 3, skg.; 3. Psithyrus rupestris #. 3, skg. Friese (Thuringia and
Hungary), the rare parasitic bee Dioxys tridentata VyZ von Dalla Torre (Tyrol),
3 bees—1. Bombus hortorum Z. ¥; 2. B. variabilis Schmzedekn. (= B. tristis Sezd/.),
very numerous; 3. Halictus major My/. 9. MacLeod (Pyrenees), the humble-bee
Bombus agrorum /. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, ili, 1891, p. 338).
2382. T. montanum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 311.)—The
whitish flowers of this species are protandrous, but the movement of stamens and
style is still feebler than in T. Chamaedrys. A proboscis of 6 mm. long is able to
suck all the nectar, which is therefore accessible to the honey-bee.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), the honey-bee, 6 humble-bees, and a Lepidopterid. Friese
( Thuringia), 2 po-cltg. bees (Osmia andrenoides Spz., and O. montivaga JZor.), the
rare parasitic bee Stelis nasuta Z/r., and the true wasp Celonites abbreviatus V2//.
Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the bee Osmia andrenoides Spzm.
2383. T. Botrys L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob., III, p. 45; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 369; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of this
species are bright purple in colour, the middle lobe of the lower lip being yellowish-
white with purple spots.
In the plants I examined in the Kiel Botanic Garden (29. 8.’96) anthesis was
almost at an end, so that I could not observe its first stage. The stamens do not
bend back, for towards the end of anthesis the stigma is situated between the pairs of
anthers, so that pollen can fall upon it and automatic self-pollination be effected.
The corolla-tube is 5 mm. long and entirely enclosed in the ventricose calyx.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (Thuringia), 2 bees, skg.—Anthidium manicatum Z. 6, and
A. punctatum Z/r. 6. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Sphecodes
fuscipennis Germ. 9.
2384. T. Scordium L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 44-5.)—The
corolla-tube of the strongly protandrous purple-red flowers of this species is only
4 mm. long, and entirely surrounded by the calyx. The pointed lateral lobes (3 mm.
long) of the upper lip (which serves as an alighting-platform, and is 7-8 mm. long),
guide the proboscis of bees probing for nectar. The stamens and style project
obliquely upwards from the corolla-tube, in the same relative positions at first as in
T. Scorodonia. In the second (female) stage the stamens, however, only bend back
so far that the anthers are situated vertically above the slightly downwardly bent
stigma, when automatic self-pollination can be effected by the fall of pollen. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, delicately tuberculate, up to
56 w long and 25 » broad.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller saw 2 bees, skg.—Apis mellifica Z. ¥, and Saropoda
bimaculata Pz.
2385. T. pyrenaicum L. (MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl.,’ pp. 63-8, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 338-43.)—This species bears homogamous bee
flowers, which possibly possess a Lepidopterid door. The lower lip is pale yellow,
320 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
almost white ; the upright part of the corolla is violet, sometimes pale yellow. The
lateral lobes are sickle-shaped and grooved, and the lower one possesses a central
depression at its base. The three grooves converge towards the entrance to the
corolla-tube, and are continued into this between two hairy ridges. The front
margins of the two upper corolla-lobes form a kind of helmet bounding two entrances
to the flower: the lower, triangular one is for humble-bees, but it is so narrow that
a visitor of the kind is obliged to force the upper corolla-lobe upwards ; this resumes
its original position by the help of an elastic rib serving as a hinge. The upper
entrance is narrow and oblong, provided with stiff hairs directed outwards, and is
considered by MacLeod to be a Lepidopterid door. The style is longer than the
stamens, so that the stigma is touched by insect visitors before the anthers, cross-
pollination being therefore inevitable. Automatic self-pollination is generally ex-
cluded.
Visttors.—MacLeod observed 4 humble-bees.
2386. T. canum Fisch. et Mey (= T. Chamaedrys Z., according to the /ndex
Kewensts).—
Visirors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: all po-dvg.: 1. Melithreptus menthastri Z.; 2. Syritta
pipiens Z.; 3. Syrphus pyrastri Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 4. Anthidium
manicatum Z. 9 and $; 5. Anthophora quadrimaculata /. 9, skg.; 6. Bombus
agrorum £7, é and 9, do.; 7. B. cognatus Szeph. 9, do.; 8. B. terrester Z. ¥ and 6,
do.; 9. Psithyrus rupestris /. 6; 10. P. vestalis /ourcr., skg. C. Lepidoptera.
Rhopalocera: 11. Pieris brassicae LZ. skg.
2387. T. orientale L—
Visitors.—Morawitz observed the bee Podalirius siewersi Zor. in the Caucasus.
2388. T. flavum L—
Visrrors.—Schletterer observed the following 5 bees at Pola.—
1. Anthidium diadema Z/r.; 2. Ceratina cucurbitina Ross7; 3. Eucera hispana
Lep.; 4. Megachile argentata ¥.; 5. Podalirius quadrifasciatus V2//., var. garrulus
Rosst.
2389. T. Polium L.—
Visirors.—Schletterer observed the following at Pola.
Hymenoptera. (a2) Apidae: 1. Andrena morio Brull.; 2. Halictus variipes
Mor.; 3. H. vestitus Afor.; 4. Megachile sericans Fonse. (0) Chalcrdidae: 5. Leu-
caspis gigas F., not infreq. (c) Scoltdae: 6. Scolia hirta Schr.; 7. S. insubrica
Scop., freq.; 8. S. quadripunctata #.; 9. 5S. quinquecincta fF, not infreq. (2) Sphe-
gidae: 10. Ammophila heydeni Dahlb.; 11. Cerceris cornigera Dahld.; 12. Sphex
maxillosus F. (e) Vespidae: 13. Odynerus modestus Sawss.; 14. Polistes gallica Z.
737. Blephilia Rafin.
2390. B. hirsuta Benth.—
Visrtors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a bee (Apis mellifica Z, ¥,
skg.) and a butterfly (Pieris brassicae L., skg.). |
PLANTAGINACEAE 321
LXXXIII. ORDER PLANTAGINACEAE JUSS.
LirEraTurE.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 125, ‘Grundriss
d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 87.
Protogynous anemophilous flowers with long, flexible filaments and feathery
stigmas. Hermaphrodite or monoecious.
738. Littorella Berg.
Monoecious. In the male flowers the four stamens are inserted into the corolla-
tube. Two female flowers are situated at the base of each male.
2391. L. jumcea Berg. (= L. lacustris Z.). (Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 125; Braun, Bot. and Phys., Mem. Ray Society, London, 1853.)—
The versatile anthers in this species are borne on slender filaments, and often project
2 cm. from the flower, swaying about in every breeze, so that the powdery pollen is
easily carried away. The feathery stigmas of the female flowers situated at the base
of the male ones are long and projecting, and mature before the anthers of the male
flowers on the same plant dehisce. Submerged plants do not flower, but propagate
by long runners (sometimes up to a dm. in length). A. Braun says that this always
takes place in wet years, for then the plants all remain submerged.
Willis and Burkill (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I, p. 265) add to my
description that the flowers are situated in groups of three, one stalked male in the
middle and two sessile female ones at its base. The filaments are long and flexible,
the anthers very versatile, and the stigmas long and penicillate. The female flowers
mature earlier than the males of the same plant, so that self-pollination is prevented.
739. Plantago L.
Literature.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 125-6; Darwin,
J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, vi, 1862; Kuhn, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 67.
Flowers hermaphrodite, protogynous, with persistent stigmas. Sometimes
gynomonoecism or gynodioecism, rarely andromonoecism or androdioecism. Darwin
says that some species are dimorphous, while others, according to Kuhn, bear
cleistogamous flowers (e.g. P. virginica Z.).
All the species which I examined bore only one whorl of mature flowers on the
spicate inflorescences. The slender, flexible filaments project some millimetres from
the flower, only the backs of the versatile anthers being attached to their tips. The
filaments are generally brownish in P. major Z., whitish in P. lanceolata Z., and
P. arenaria Waldst. ef Kit, yellow in P. maritima Z. and P. Coronopus Z., and violet
in P. media Z. These colours make the inflorescences tolerably conspicuous,
especially in P. media Z. Pollen-devouring or pollen-collecting insects may therefore
(though rarely) be seen on these flowers, so that entomophily may occasionally be
effected. Flies are the most frequent visitors; the delicate scent of P. media Z. so
adds to its attractiveness that humble- and honey-bees also visit it.
Pollination is, however, much more frequently effected by wind. The somewhat
feathery stigmas project from the otherwise entirely closed bud; the stamens then
mature, while the stigma still remains receptive, so that automatic self-pollination is
DAVIS. IL Y
322 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
brought about if cross-pollination fails. Pollen from flowers on other plants is not
necessary, as those in the first stage may be crossed with that of others with mature
stamens situated lower on the spike. I observed regularly also that in P. maritima
the stigma not only persisted through the whole hermaphrodite stage, but even
elongated several millimetres and remained receptive some time after the stamens
faded. Geitonogamy may therefore occur in the last stage, the pollen of flowers at
the top of the inflorescence falling on the stigmas of those situated lower.
Kerner says that the anthers dehisce upwards by means of a short slit only, so
that some days elapse before the pollen is shaken out. The dehisced anther-lobes
close during dewy nights and damp weather, thus preventing the pollen from being
spoilt by wet. Pollen-collecting bees damp the dry pollen-grains with regurgitated
nectar.
2392. P. major L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage, II, pp. 152-3, 197; Kirchner,
‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.647.)—Schulz states that this species varies between homogamy
and protogyny; the length of the style is also frequently variable. Most stocks
possess brownish corollas, white filaments, and red-brown anthers; Ludwig, however,
says that forms occur with yellow or greenish-yellow anthers, which are larger and
broader and more rounded at the top. Stocks with white anthers are found rarely.
Schulz observed gynomonoecism and gynodioecism, but the number of female flowers
is small, and seldom exceeds 10 %.
2393. P. lanceolata L. (Delpino, ‘ Applicaz. d. teor. Darwin.,’ p. 6; Herm.
Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 503-6; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p- 3623; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I, pp. go—z2, II, pp. 174-98; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ pp. 646-7; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbesucher,’ p. 9, ‘ Bltitenbiol. Beob. in Thiiringen,’
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—This species is gynodioecious and gynomonoecious with
protogynous hermaphrodite flowers. The receptive stigma projects about a mm.
from the hermaphrodite flowers before the corolla opens, while the anthers, of which
the filaments are still short, are enclosed in the bud. When the stigma begins to
shrivel, the filaments elongate and project 5-6 mm. from the flower when the trans-
parent corolla opens, the anthers dehiscing and scattering their pollen at the same
time.
Schulz states, however, that the hermaphrodite flowers are not always so strongly
protogynous, but in many cases the stigma only matures when anthesis begins. The
length of the style varies. :
Ludwig distinguished (in 1879) two forms: in one the anthers were white and
heart-shaped, in the other they were oblong; their colour varied between greenish
and sulphur-yellow, and their pollen-grains were generally reduced.
Hermann Miller describes two forms, united by transition stages.
(1) Low-growing plants, found in sunny, hilly stations; these bear rounded
spikes 5 mm. in diameter, with stalks which are often scarcely 10cm. long. The
anthers project 5-6 mm. from the flower.
(2) Tall plants, growing on alluvial meadows, bearing spikes 15-30 mm. long
with stalks 30-44 cm. in length. The anthers project 6-7 mm. from the flower.
Delpino distinguishes three forms.
(1) Long-scaped plants growing in meadows, with very broad whitish anthers
PLANTAGINACEAE 323
easily shaken by the wind. ‘These flowers seem to be exclusively anemophilous, for
Delpino never saw them visited by insects.
(2) Plants with shorter scapes, which also seem to be almost exclusively
anemophilous, for Delpino only once saw a Halictus collecting pollen on the
inflorescences.
(3) A dwarf mountain form, with short spikes and stamens. Delpino observed
numerous bees collecting pollen, while the Halictus mentioned above could only
collect a small amount, most of it falling
to the ground.
Delpino concluded from this last
observation that the structure of the
flowers is unsuited for pollen-collecting
bees. Hermann Miiller rightly observes,
however, that Delpino has possibly taken
for granted certain adaptations in the
third form (on which he saw the honey-
bee collecting pollen) which are not
actually present, simply because of the
abundant pollen collected by the honey-
bee. This, however, results from this
bee’s habit of smearing the pollen with
nectar. \ ys)
Gynomonoeciously or gynodioeci-
ously distributed female flowers occur _ Fic. 345. Plantago lanceolata, L. (after Herm.
now and then in addition to the Mule), (0) Flows nthe tet (eats) sags; ple
hermaphrodite ones. Schulz says that removal of the calyx. (3) An anther from the same
flower. (4) Flower in the second (male) stage. (5) The
they are usually 20-25 %, and some- cohering lower sepals. (6) A lateral aaa”
times even 50 %. The flowers of purely
female stocks have either yellow anthers with reduced pollen, or no anthers at all.
They are more fertile than the hermaphrodite flowers, and only appear (according
to Ludwig) towards the end of the flowering season. Different zones of flowers can
be recognized on the spikes of gynomonoecious stocks, one bearing purely female
flowers, another hermaphrodite ones, and the third of intermediate character with
occasional reduced stamens.
H
Visirors.—Hermann Miiller in Westphalia, and myself in Schleswig-Holstein,
saw the honey-bee as a pollinator. Hermann Miiller gives the following account
(with which my own observations agree) of the way in which it visits the flowers
(op. cit., pp. 505-6).—
‘The honey-bee flies buzzing to a spike, and while it hovers in the air it spits
a little honey on the exserted anthers. Then, still hovering and buzzing, it brushes
pollen with the tarsal brushes of its forefeet off the anther, the tone of its humming
becoming suddenly higher ; in the same instant one sees a cloud of pollen rise from
the shaken anthers. After placing the pollen on its hindlegs the bee repeats the
operation on the same or other spikes, or if it is tired it alights on the spike and
creeps upward. Since the scattered pollen in part reaches the stigmas of the same or
neighbouring plants, we have here anemophilous flowers fertilized also by insects.’
In windy weather the honey-bee behaves quite differently when collecting pollen.
Y 2
324 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
In these circumstances it flies straight to the spikes, goes once round the zone
containing opening flowers, and brushes its legs over the projecting anthers. It is
thus able, after the loosely-placed pollen has been dispersed by the wind, to obtain
still further supplies. Honey-bees vary individually in their treatment of these
anemophilous flowers. Thus Hermann Miiller observed one which hovered buzzing
and with outstretched proboscis in front of the flowering spike, but gripped it firmly
with its feet each time when collecting pollen (‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 63-4).
Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Melanostoma mellina Z., very common, po-dvg. ;
2. Syrphus ribesii Z., repeatedly, po-dvg.; 3. Volucella pellucens Z., po-dvg.
B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 4. Apis mellifica Z. Y, very common, po-cltg.;
5. Bombus pratorum Z. ¥, po-cltg.; 6. Halictus sp., working at the anthers.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Knuth (R6ém), the po-dvg. hover-fly Helophilus pendulus Z.: (Friederichsroda,
Thuringia, July, ’94), the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. §, po-cltg. MacLeod
(Flanders), the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z., po-dvg. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, p. 371). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), the honey-bee, a humble-bee,
a hover-fly (rare), and a Lepidopterid (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 334).
2394. P. media L. (Darwin, ‘Forms of Flowers,’ p. 307; Ludwig, Zs. Ges.
Natw., Berlin, lii, 1879, pp. 441-9; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 506-8,
‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 357, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p.64; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbesucher,’ pp. 9-10,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.,’ ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
pp. 647-8; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, pp. 92-3, II, p. 198.)—This species exhibits
gynodioecism, gynomonoecism, andromonoecism, and androdioecism with proto-
gynous hermaphrodite flowers. We have here a transition between anemophily and
entomophily, to express which I have employed the term ‘ wind flowers’ (cf Vol. I,
p. 69). The violet colour of the stamens and the delicate odour of the whorled
flowers attract numerous visitors, including humble- and honey-bees. Hermann
Miiller tried to distinguish between two forms, one predominantly anemophilous, the
other mainly entomophilous.—
(2) var. anemophila Knuth. Long scapes, with spikes of about 4 cm. elongating
to 7-8 cm. as they fade; the feebly curved filaments are white and project 7-9 mm.
out of the flower ; pollen powdery as in (4), but slightly less adhesive. Stigmas long ;
corolla-lobes pointed and spreading.
(4) var. entomophila Knuth. Shorter scapes of about 15 cm.; the stiff filaments
shorter and reddish ; pollen more adhesive than that of (a), but the grains here also
are so smooth and dry that they are easily removed by wind. Ekstam states that in
the Swedish Highlands this plants possesses a pleasant odour and reddish spikes
as attractions, thus, in his opinion, deceiving insects such as humble-bees and
flies. Stigmas project only slightly; corolla-lobes rounded and directed obliquely
upwards.
Both forms are protogynous, but less strongly so than P. lanceolata, for the
stigma is still receptive when the anthers dehisce. Schulz says that the degree of
protogyny varies, and that the flowers may even be homogamous.
Gynodioecism was observed by Darwin in England, and by Ludwig in Thuringia.
PLANTAGINACEAE 325
Schulz noticed not only gynodioecism, but also gynomonoecism, andromonoecism,
and androdioecism.
Visttors.—Knuth observed (Kiel Botanic Garden) the butterfly Vanessa io Z.,
vainly searching for nectar, and the following in Thuringia (Eisenach, Coburg, and
Schwarzburg), and in meadows at Cassel (July, ’94).—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Strangalia bifasciata AZull., po-dvg.
(6) Nitedulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., po-dvg. B. Diptera. Syrphidae: all po-dvg.:
3. Eristalis sp.; 4. Melanostoma mellina Z.; 5. Rhingia rostrata Z.; 6. Syrphus
balteatus Deg.; 7. S. sp.; 8. Volucella pellucens Z. C. Hymenoptera. Afrdae:
all po-cltg.: 9. Apis mellifica Z.; 10. Bombus lapidarius Z. %; 11. B. terrester Z.
g and ¥; 12. Halictus cylindricus F.
Fic. 346. Plantago media, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1-5) A form growing on dry sunny slopes at
Rixberger Hill (Lippstadt). () Bud. (2) Opening flower. (3) Completely expanded flower.
(4) Corolla. (5) Pistil. (6-8) Another form growing in damp and rather shady spots in the same locality.
(6) Mature flower. (7) Corolla. (8) Pistil. a, anthers ; 7, filaments ; ov, ovary; #, petals; s, sepals;
st, stigma.
Herm. Miiller gives the following list, in which Budd. = Buddeberg, and
T. = Thuringia.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Strangalia bifasciata Zill., po-dvg.
(T.); 2. S. nigra Z., in large numbers, gnawing the anthers. (¢) Zelephoridae: as 2:
3. Anthocomus fasciatus Z.; 4. Malachius aeneus Z. (c) Mitidulidae: 5. Meligethes,
not infreq. (d) Oedemertdae: 6. Oedemera marginata #., dvg. the anthers (T.).
B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 7. Spilogaster semicinerea Wied., very common, po-
dvg. (6) Stratiomyzdae: 8. Chrysomyia formosa Scop. (c) Syrphidae: all po-dvg.:
g. Ascia podagrica #.; 10. Chrysotoxum festivum Z. (Kitzingen); 11. Eristalis
arbustorum JZ., very common; 12. Helophilus floreus Z. (T.); 13. Melanostoma
ambigua Fal/.; 14. M. mellina Z.; 15. Rhingia rostrata Z. (H. M., Budd);
326 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
16. Syrphus balteatus Deg.; 147. S. ribesii Z. C. Hymenoptera. Afzdae:
18. Andrena sp. 9, repeatedly, po-cltg.; 19. Bombus terrester LZ. 9, freq., po-cltg. ;
20. Eucera longicornis Z. 3, vainly searching for nectar; 21. Halictus albipes F’ 9,
repeatedly, po-cltg.; 22. H. cylindricus /. 9, do.; 23. Megachile circumcincta &. 9.
D. Lepidoptera, Tineidae: 24. Micropteryx, sp., numerous (Budd.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Lindmann (Dovrefjeld), a nectar-seeking moth. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 beetles,
5 flies, and 4 bees. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 2 short-tongued bees and a fly (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 323).
2395. P. montana Huds. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 198.)—The herbarium
material of this species examined by Schulz bore a proportion of female flowers, and
seemed to be protogynous and anemophilous.
2396. P. alpina L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 256-7; Loew,
‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 396; Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 58.)—The reddish corolla-
Fic. 347. Plantago alpina, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. A bud with projecting stigma, seen
from the side. 8. Do., with parts separated. C. A homogamous flower (x 7). _D. Pollen-grains,
further enlarged. £. A piece ofthe stigma. a, anthers; 4r, bract ; 7, filaments; ov, ovary ; #, corolla-
lobes; s, sepals; s/, stigma.
lobes render the anemophilous flowers of this species tolerably conspicuous, so that
pollen-collecting insects are now and then attracted, and sometimes bring about
fertilization. The course of maturation of stamens and stigma varies between
homogamy and protogyny. The flowers observed by Kirchner near Zermatt were
protogynous with persistent stigmas, which still remained receptive when the anthers
dehisced.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
PLANTAGINACEAE 327
Herm. Miiller (Alps), a humble-bee, a hover-fly (Melanostoma mellina Z.),
3 Lepidoptera, and an earwig larva (Forficula). Loew (Switzerland), the hover-fly
Didea intermedia Loew, po-dvg.
2397. P. serpentina Vill. (=P. maritima Z., according to the Jndex
Kewensts).—This species agrees with the preceding one, but all its parts are larger.
2398. P. maritima L. (Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 125-6 ;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrige,’ II, p. 198.)—In this species the stigma projects from the bud,
persists throughout the maturation of the stamens, and was still receptive after the
anthers had faded in plants which I examined in the North Frisian Islands. Schulz
observed gynomonoecism and gynodioecism, generally 5-10 %, rarely up to 20 %.
2399. P. Coronopus L. (Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 125 ;
Ludwig, ‘ Lehrbuch d. Biol. d. Pfl.’)—This species, again, is strongly protogynous with
persistent stigmas in the North Frisian Islands. Ludwig observed transitions to
gynodioecism, and also found heteranthery, i.e. two kinds of anthers, resembling
those in P. major.
2400. P. borealis L.—Warming describes this species as anemophilous.
2401. P. arenaria Waldst. et Kit. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 58; Knuth,
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flower mechanism in cultivated plants of this species
agrees essentially with that of hermaphrodite
flowers of P. lanceolata. In the first stage the
filiform red stigma projects 3 mm. from the
closed bud-like flower, while the anthers, on
short filaments, are situated at its base. Later
on the calyx opens, the inconspicuous corolla
unfolds, and the dehiscing anthers project
4 mm. from the flower, borne on the fully- Fic. 348. Plantago maritima, L.(from
¥ nature). (1) Flower in the first female stage;
elongated filaments, which are much attenuated the already receptive stigma is projecting
4 from the still apposed corolla-lobes. (2) Do.
above. The stigma is now faded. in the hermaphrodite stage ; the stamens with
a : their dehiscing anthers project as well as
Visirors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) the papillose stigma. (3) Do. in the second
saw the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z., female stage; the still receptive stigma pro-
jects, as well as a filament which has lost its
po-dvg. anther ; the corolla-lobes are reflexed.
2402. P.Cynops L. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrige,’ pp. 58—9.)—The flower mechanism
of this species is the same as that of P. arenaria. In the first (female) stage the
stigma projects 4 mm. from the flower, and in the second (male) stage the anthers
protrude 8 mm.
2403. P. Lagopus L. (Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, iii, 1880, p. 829.)—
Ludwig describes this species as gynodioecious.
2404. P. virginica L. (Ludwig, op. cit., iii, pp. 862-3.)—Ludwig describes
cultivated plants of this species as possessing cleistogamous flowers.
328 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
LXXXIV. ORDER WYCTAGINEAE JUSS.
740. Oxybaphus L’Heérit.
2405. O. viscosus L’Hérit. (Heimerl, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges., Wien, xxxviii,
1888.)—Heimerl describes three stages of anthesis in this species: (1) The stigma
is receptive. (2) The anthers dehisce, and self-pollination becomes possible. (3) The
anthers, still covered with pollen, brush the stigma.
741. Mirabilis Riv.
2406. M. Jalapa L. (Heimerl, op. cit.; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, pp. 212 and 357.)—Heimerl describes the mechanism of this species as agreeing
with that of the preceding one. Kerner says that the flowers open between 7-8 p.m.
The stigma is then receptive, while the anthers do not dehisce until ro-15 minutes
later: there is thus only a very short time between the two stages. Autogamy finally
takes place in this night flower, by the rolling up of the filaments and style; the
perianth, now becoming pulpy, forms a kind of cork over the tangle constituted by
the thread-like filaments and the style.
VisiTors.—Junger noticed especially the hawk-moth Sphinx convolvuli Z.
(Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 223.)
742. Acleisanthes A. Gray.
2407. A. longiflora A. Gray (= Mirabilis longiflora Z.).—Heimerl says that
the flowers of this species are probably adapted for pollination by nocturnal hawk-
moths. Sprengel (‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 121) concluded from the nectar-guides that they
were day flowers, but this is doubtful, on account of the fragrance’ perceptible at
night.
2408. A. Wrightii A. Gray. (Heimerl, op. cit.}—This species bears cleisto-
gamous flowers.
743- Ambronia L.
2409. A. umbellata Lam. (Heimerl, op. cit.}—Flowers of this species are
capable of self-fertilization.
744. Allionia Loefl.
Kerner states (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 304) that in species of this
genus the stigma is situated at first at the end of the outstretched projecting style in
front of the anthers, so that an insect visitor must first brush against it. Later on the
style bends to the side at an angle of 80-g0°, removing the stigma from the line of
approach to the nectar, and thus enabling the visitor to touch the anthers.
2410. A. violacea L. (= Oxybaphus violaceus Chozsy). (Kerner, op. cit., II,
Pp. 357-)—The flowers of this species are protogynous, and autogamy occurs after
a few hours by the rolling up of the filaments and style.
NYCTAGINEAE 329
745- Pison Plum.
24u. P. hirtella H. B. et K.—Delpino (‘ Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.’) says
that this species is protogynous. The stigmas project some millimetres from the
flower during the first stage of anthesis, and the anthers during the second stage.
746. Neea Ruiz et Pav.
2412. N. theifera Oerst.—This species, according to Warming (Bot. Tids.,
Kjébenhavn, ii, 1877) and Oersted (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvii, 1869, pp. 217-24), is
diclinous.
LXXXV. ORDER JZZLECEBRACEAE BBR.
(including Paronychieae St. Hib., and Scleranthaceae Lindl.).
Flowers very small, homogamous; often cleistogamous or pseudocleistogamous.
747- Herniaria L.
Small inconspicuous flowers, with exposed nectar secreted in the base of the
flower.
2413. H. glabra L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, pp. 223-4; Schulz,
‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 74.)—Even though the minute yellow flowers of this species are
apetalous, they are conspicuous at some distance because many are associated.
Hermann Miiller states that ‘half of the ten stamens are vestigial and devoid of
anthers. The bases of the filaments are united to form a ring which secretes nectar
from its inner surface, and surrounds the base of the style. Soon after the flowers
open the anthers dehisce and turn their pollen-covered surfaces inwards. The two
styles still lie together, but their upper ends are already beginning to diverge, and the
stigmas are already receptive, so that automatic self-pollination may take place.
When the anthers have shed all their pollen the styles diverge widely. Should insects
visit the flowers, cross-pollination is favoured. According to Schulz, the styles
usually diverge, even while the horizontal anthers are dehiscing, so that automatic
self-pollination is almost inevitable.
Visrrors.—In accordance with the small size of the flower, these are minute
flies, Ichneumonids, ants, and beetles (Schulz).
Herm. Miiller saw an ant (Myrmica levinodis Wy/. ¥) nect-lkg., visiting numerous
flowers one after the other, and so effecting cross-pollination.
2414. H. alpina Vi!l.—Kirchner describes this species as homogamous, and
automatic self-pollination may readily take place.
2415. H. hirsuta L.—This species also, according to Delpino, is homogamous
Automatic self-pollination is inevitable as the anthers lie upon the stigmas.
748. Illecebrum Rupp.
2416. I. verticillatum L.—Warming states that the silver-white cartilaginous
bracts of this species contain air-conducting tracheides. Automatic self-pollination
330 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
readily takes place in the homogamous flowers. In submerged blossoms this is
effected pseudo-cleistogamously (Hansgirg), or cleistogamously (Hildebrand, ‘D.
Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 77), and always in a closed air-chamber (Kerner).
749. Polycarpon Loefl.
2417. P. tetraphyllum L.—The minute flowers of this species (only 2 mm.
broad) are always closed like buds, and according to Batalin, have five boat-shaped
sepals winged on the back, while the petals are scarcely visible. Fertilization is
effected cleistogamously (Batalin).
750. Corrigiola L.
2418. C. littoralis L. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—
The small, white flowers of this species are arranged in crowded spikes, and for the most
part remain closed (pseudo-cleistogamous). The anthers are dark violet in colour
and dehisce laterally. They project beyond the stigma, and autogamy is therefore
brought about. The pollen-grains are pale yellow in colour, smooth, spheroido-
tetrahedral, only 10-12 » in diameter.
751. Paronychia L.
2419. P. capitata Lam. Flowers white.
VisiTors.—Macleod (Pyrenees) saw Hymenoptera (1) and Diptera (1).
752. Telephium Tourn.
2420. T. Imperati L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 173, 213,
308.)—At the beginning of anthesis, the stigmas occupy the middle of the flower and
are close together, while the anthers are mature, and present their pollen to visitors.
Subsequently, when the stigmas have become receptive and diverge, autogamy is
prevented, for the concave petals, which previously spread out like a star, come
together and cover the anthers, so that only cross-pollination is possible.
753. Scleranthus L.
Litrrrature.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 73.
Flowers inconspicuous, apetalous, whitish or greenish; homogamous, proto-
gynous or protandrous; with half-concealed nectar secreted by the thickened bases of
the sepals, and a ring at the base of the ovary.
2421. S. annuus L. (Knuth, ‘Bl. u, Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 73; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ I, p. 39, II, p. 76.)}—The green flowers of this species are homogamous.
At first the stamens are pressed against the bell-shaped calyx, so that at this stage
cross-pollination may be effected by insect-visits. The stamens subsequently become
erect, so that anthers and stigmas are brought into contact, and automatic self-pollina-
tion consequently takes place. The amount of nectar secreted in the base of the
flower is very limited. These are the facts I observed on the island of Amrum.
Schulz at Halle also noticed slight protandry, as well as gynodioecism and gyno-
monoecism (5-10 %), rarely andromonoecism and androdioecism. ‘The same writer
ILLECEBRACEAE 331
states that cleistogamous (according to Hansgirg pseudo-cleistogamous) flowers are
borne in winter under the snow.
Vistrors.—MacLeod (Flanders) observed a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, vi, 1894, p.172). Plateau (Flanders) noticed Diptera and a bee (Prosopis sp.).
2422, S. perennis L. (Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.’ p. 73;
Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. ,09, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 224; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’
Il, pp. 75-6; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The broad white-
edged sepals are expanded at the time when the flower possesses mature reproductive
organs, so that the flowers are much more conspicuous than those of S. annuus,
which are always bell-shaped. Moreover, a much larger quantity of nectar is secreted
in their bases. The stamens at first lie upon the expanded sepals, while the styles
with the simultaneously mature stigmas project from the centre. Afterwards the
sepals gradually close, and the anthers are brought into contact with the stigmas:
automatic self-pollination follows if cross-pollination has not been effected by insects
in the first stage of anthesis. These are the facts observed by me in the island of
Amrum.
Hermann Miiller gives a similar account of the flower mechanism in plants
growing at Lippstadt. Schulz observed at Halle that the style of the hermaphrodite
flowers varies greatly in length—between 3mm. and 23mm. The short-styled form
is homogamous or slightly protandrous, and automatic self-pollination is possible ;
the long-styled form on the other hand is often distinctly protandrous, and therefore
crossing is effected. The number of stamens is also subject to variation, and so is
the size of the flower. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour,
tuberculate, on an average 35 p in diameter.
Visitors.—The following were observed by the authorities, and for the localities
stated.—
MacLeod (Pyrenees), a Chrysididid and 4 flies (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
iii, 1891, p. 381). Plateau (Belgium), nect-lkg. ants. Schulz, numerous flies and
ants. Herm. Miller—A. Diptera. Muscidae: 1. Miltogramma intricata A@g.,
skg. B. Hymenoptera. Vesprdae: 2. Holopyga coriacea Dahld., nect-lkg.
C. Lepidoptera. hopalocera: 3. Coenonympha pamphilus Z., skg. Verhoef
(Norderney).—A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Anthomyia sp., skg.; 2. Aricia
incana Wredem. 9, do.; 3. Cynomyia mortuorum Z. 8, do.; 4. Sarcophaga striata
F. 9, do.; 5. Sepsis cynipsea Z. (6) Stratiomyidae: 6. Chrysomyia formosa Scop. 6,
skg. (¢) Syrphidae: 7. Eristalis arbustorum Z. 9 and 4, skg.; 8. Platycheirus sp.
B. Hymenoptera. Formicidae: g. Lasius niger L. ¥, skg.
LXXXVI. ORDER AMARANTACEAE JUSS.
754. Amaranthus L.
2423. A. Blitum L. (= Albersia Blitum Kun/h). (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver.,
Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Warnstorf says that the flowers of this species are proto-
gynous and anemophilous. The female flowers are much more numerous than the
male. The stigmatic papillae are three-celled and clavate. The pollen-grains are
pale yellowish in colour, irregularly polyhedral, tuberculate, on an average 25 m in
diameter.
332 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2424. A. retroflexus L.— Warnstorf (op. cit.) says that the small, greenish,
diclinous (monoecious) flowers of this species are anemophilous. Male flowers occur
among the more numerous female ones. The latter possess three stigmas beset with
very large papillae. The anthers are greenish, and borne on delicate flaccid fila-
ments. The pollen-grains are whitish in colour, irregularly spheroidal, with numerous
germinating papillae, 31-3 » in diameter.
VisiTors.—Plateau noticed a fly (Musca domestica Z.) and a beetle (Cassida
nobilis Z.).
LXXXVII. ORDER CHENOPODIACEAE VENT.
LiTERATURE.—Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ p. 7; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr.
Ins.,’ p. 126; Volkens in Engler and Prantl, ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ III, 1a, p. 47;
Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, xlix, 1893, p. 109.
Flowers belonging to species of this order are hermaphrodite, or dioecious by
reduction. They possess a small, insignificant, calyx-like perianth, or are sometimes
quite naked. Insect-visits are therefore very rare, and the flowers are generally
anemophilous or self-pollinated.
Sprengel describes Chenopodium and Beta as anemophilous. Volkens con-
siders that they are entomophilous: ‘First of all, I think that wind-pollination can at
any rate only be of secondary importance. There are three reasons for this: first,
the pollen is not easily dispersable ; secondly, the order does not possess the slender,
limp, supple filaments, flower-stalks, or inflorescence-axes which are peculiar to
anemophilous flowers; and thirdly, the course of anthesis does not agree with that
of other anemophilous flowers, in which not only all the flowers open more or less
simultaneously, but the anthers dehisce almost all at once. Nothing like this occurred
in the plants of the order which I examined. If a plant belonging to Chenopodium
or Atriplex be observed towards autumn, it will be at once seen that of the hundreds
and perhaps thousands of flowers covering the stock, only a very few are completely
open. Anthesis goes on in this way for weeks, but the further maturation of the
ovaries usually takes place extraordinarily quickly; thus towards the end of the
vegetative period there is scarcely any time at which all stages of the flower, from
bud to fruit, may not be found simultaneously on the same plant.
‘Also the flower itself does not open suddenly. Following the course of the
spiral, one perianth leaf after another spreads out, together with the stamen opposed
to it, the anther of which dehisces at the same moment and sheds its pollen. If the
facts quoted are against the theory of wind-fertilization, that of insect pollination is
favoured by the great attraction which at least our native species undoubtedly exert
upon various kinds of insects. Scarcely a plant of any species growing in the open
air is to be found in Germany, the flowers of which are not infested by an excessive
number of small bugs, aphides, flies, and other little animals which creep or crawl.
Whether these are merely attracted by the excellent hiding-places which the crowded
fasciculate inflorescences afford, or whether the glandular disk, particularly in species
of Beta and Chenopodium, or the papillae covering this organ in many Salsoleae
provide food for them, I must leave undecided.’
CHENOPODIACEAE 333
Kirchner agrees with these observations of Volkens, though without extending
the assumption of entomophily to all species of the order. He also observed a slight
secretion of nectar in the bases of flowers belonging to Chenopodium album Z.
growing in sunny places. There is a fair amount of nectar in Chenopodium
Vulvaria Z.
755. Suaeda Forsk.
Flowers hermaphrodite and devoid of nectar.
2425. S. maritima Dumort. (= Chenopodina maritima J/o7., and Cheno-
podium maritimum Z.). (Warming, ‘Ekskursioner’; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 126.)—The flowers of this species are homogamous or feebly
protandrous. Automatic self-pollination is easily possible.
756. Salsola L.
As Suaeda.
2426. S. Kali L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, xlix, 1893,
p. 110; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 126, ‘ Bl. u. Insekt. a. Helgoland,’
p- 32-)—This species is homogamous or protogynous. Automatic self-pollination is
possible. Kirchner says that the stigma projects from the flower bud. In Helgoland
I found the flower homogamous, but the stigma, which is strongly papillose all the
way round at the top, though only on the inner surface lower down, is still receptive
after the anthers have dehisced. The latter project beyond the stigma, automatic
self-pollination being therefore possible by the fall of pollen. Although the five
filaments are stiff, the pollen is easily dispersed, being very fine. The plant is
therefore predominantly anemophilous, though occasional insect-visits are not ex-
cluded.
Kirchner also considers this species entomophilous. He describes the two
filiform stigmas as projecting from the flower bud, and the perianth as only opening
to set the quickly elongating stamens free, when the anthers are shrivelled. The
white filaments are erect, and the yellow pollen scattered by the anthers (which are
of the same colour) is not powdery, but clings somewhat together. Secretion of
nectar could not be observed. Occasionally the anthers dehisce before the stigmas
are shrivelled, in which case automatic self-pollination is possible.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as sulphur-yellow in colour, rounded
polyhedral, their surface divided into regular pentagonal and hexagonal areas,
separated by depressions, and 25-31 » in diameter.
Visitors. —Plateau observed po-dvg. hover-flies (Eristalis arbustorum Z., and
Syritta pipiens Z.).
2427. S. Soda L.—The flowers of this species are pale green in colour.
Visttors.—Plateau observed a hover-fly (Syritta pipiens Z.) and minute
Muscids.
2428. S. crassa Bieb.—
Visitors. —Plateau observed Syritta pipiens Z., and other po-dvg. hover-flies.
334 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
757. Salicornia L.
Flowers hermaphrodite and devoid of nectar.
2429. S. herbacea L. (Warming, ‘Ekskursioner’; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt.
a. d, nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 126 ; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage, I, p. 93.)—Schulz says that the flowers
of this species are feebly protogynous, but possess persistent stigmas, so that in
consequence of the proximity of the anthers automatic self-pollination is easily
possible.
758. Kochia Roth.
As the preceding species. Gynomonoecious.
2430. K. scoparia Schrad, (Kirchner, loc. cit.}—Kirchner says that this
species may be considered anemophilous if the scattered distribution of the very
inconspicuous flowers and the structure of stigma and pollen are taken into account.
They are gynomonoeciously distributed, small female ones growing in the leaf-axils
on the lower part of the stem and branches, usually in pairs, and the larger
hermaphrodite ones on the upper ends of the branches. All flowers have a green,
five-leaved perianth, and two long, white, filiform stigmas, thickly beset with lateral
hairs, project from the female ones. The hermaphrodite flowers are strongly
protogynous, their two stigmas, of the same structure as those of the female ones,
being fully mature before the perianth opens. After they have shrivelled, the stamens
elongate, at first forcing the perianth leaves apart; later on, however, when the
anthers are situated above the perianth leaves, the stamens grow between them,
permitting them once more to apply themselves to the ovary; one after another the
red anthers now dehisce successively by means of two longitudinal slits. The fila-
ments are stiff and directed obliquely upwards, all the yellow, powdery pollen falling
out of the dehisced anthers in a little cloud when the plant is shaken.
This species is anemophilous. Gynomonoeciously distributed female flowers
may be found in addition to the markedly protogynous hermaphrodite ones.
2431. K. hirsuta Nolte (= Echinopsilon hirsutus J/og., and Salsola hirsuta Z.).
(Warming, ‘Ekskursioner’; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins,’ p. 126.)—As
the preceding species. The flowers are homogamous or protogynous, and automatic
self-pollination is possible.
759. Chenopodium L.
Usually markedly protogynous, rarely homogamous
(C. ambrosioides Z. being the only case). Pollen-flowers ;
inconspicuous and almost always devoid of nectar, re-
ceiving therefore only occasional insect-visits and being
generally fertilized by means of the wind, although neither
the flowers nor the stamens are easily movable. Some-
times andromonoecious or androdioecious.
Beet Pee ee 2432. C. ambrosioides L. (Hildebrand, ‘D.
brand). The flower is upright, Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfi., p. 62.)—The flowers of
and the anthers project beyond ‘ : ;
the stigmas, thus rendering auto. this species are homogamous. ‘The anthers are situated
BS Beesivls above the stigmas, automatic self-pollination being thus
easily effected by fall of pollen.
CHENOPODIACEAE 335
2433. C. Botrys L. (Kirchner, ‘Beitrige,’ p. 13.)—The flowers of this, and
of the three following species, are markedly protogynous. The receptive stigmas
project from the bud before it is mature. When these are shrivelled the five anthers
ripen in succession, each perianth leaf diverging as the stamen opposed to it matures.
When the stamens fade, the perianth leaves once more apply themselves to the ovary.
2434. C.hybridum L, (Kirchner, op. cit., pp. 13-14.)—The flower mechanism
of this species resembles that of C. Botrys, but the perianth has finished growing
when the mature stigmas project from it. When these have shrivelled and dropped
off, the stamens elongate one after another, the corresponding perianth leaves
diverging at the same time. When the whole perianth has thus expanded, it closes
again after all the stamens have shrivelled.
2435. C. album L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 221; MacLeod, Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 376-8 ; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 221,
Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, xlix, 1893, p. 109, ‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 16.)—The
inconspicuous, odourless flowers of this species are markedly protogynous, though
sometimes homogamous. The three, more rarely two, filiform stigmas are receptive
almost before the flower has reached half its full size. The perianth leaves leave
a small opening at the top, through which they can protrude. The five stamens are
scarcely perceptible even in rudiment during this time, for they only mature and
project from the flower (the perianth-leaves expanding at the same time), after the
stigmas have shrivelled. The anthers then dehisce, and the perianth closes again,
so that the filaments are held fast between its lobes. Flowers in the most various
stages of anthesis are associated in the same fascicle. Sometimes one of the five
stamens is reduced, in which case the corresponding perianth leaf does not expand,
but remains applied to the ovary. Kirchner observed one plant which secreted
nectar.
VistTors.—Buddeberg (Nassau) observed a Muscid (Anthomyia sp.), po-dvg.
2436. C.polyspermum L. (Kirchner, ‘ Neue Beob.,’ p. 17, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 223.)—The flower mechanism of this species resembles that of C. album. In the
first (female) stage the two stigmas project from between the tips of the perianth
leaves, which completely enclose the ovary. When they have faded, the three stamens
mature in succession, the corresponding perianth leaves bending outwards at the same
time. The two perianth leaves having no stamens opposed to them do not become
reflexed, but remain apposed to the ovary.
2437. C. murale L. (Kirchner, ‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 17, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 2223; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, pp. 93-4.)—The mechanism of this species agrees
entirely with that of C. album except that the two stigmas are very short, and
(according to Schulz) so short-lived that they are often faded before the flower opens.
2438. C. glaucum L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 222; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ I..\—The mechanism of this species resembles that of C. album, but the
rather short stamens mature, as in C. polyspermum, as soon as the equally short
stigmas have shrivelled. Schulz observed andromonoecious (up to 50 %), and rarely
androdioecious flowers.
2439. C. rubrum L. (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I.)—This species is also markedly
336 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
protogynous, the stigmas being shrivelled when the anthers dehisce. Schulz occa-
sionally observed purely male plants.
2440. C. Bonus-Henricus L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, ii, 1877 ;
Kirchner, ‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 17, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 223-4.)—Warming has
already shown that this species is protogynous, in which it agrees with most allied
forms. Again the two or three (rarely four) rather long stigmas first mature, the
stamens ripening only after these have faded; the filaments are no longer than the
perianth leaves, which diverge very little. The individual flowers of a spike mature
fairly simultaneously, so that adjacent ones are in about the same stage of anthesis.
2441. C. Vulvaria L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, xlix, 1893,
p. 107; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 198.)—Kirchner states that the hermaphrodite
flowers of this species are markedly protogynous, and that there are also male flowers
distributed singly among them, reaching (according to Schulz) to as much as 50 %.
Purely male stocks are rare. Kirchner observed secretion of nectar in this species
as in C. album. Hildebrand (‘ D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 62) says that the
hermaphrodite flowers are homogamous, so that they seem to vary between homogamy
and protogyny.
2442. C. ficifolium Sm —Kirchner describes this species as markedly proto-
gynous.
2443. C. urbicum L.—This species is also said by Kirchner to be strongly
protogynous.
760. Blitum L.
Kirchner says that the flower mechanism of species belonging to this genus
agrees with that of Chenopodium. Their flowers are therefore entomophilous.
2444. B. virgatum L.—
Visrrors.-—Kirchner observed Physopods.
2445. B. capitatum L. (= Chenopodium capitatum A schers.).—
VisiTors.—Kirchner observed aphides.
761. Beta L.
Flowers hermaphrodite.
2446. B. maritima L. (= B. vulgaris Z., according to the dex Kewensts).—
MacLeod, who examined this species in Jersey, describes the small green flowers as
strongly protandrous, so that self-pollination is excluded. The ovary is surrounded
by a nectar-secreting ring bearing the short stamens.
Visrrors.—MacLeod observed several small flies, Ichneumonids, and _ short-
tongued bees. Plateau noticed bees (Prosopis sp., and Andrena sp.).
2447. B. vulgaris L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 221.)—
Visrrors.—Buddeberg (Nassau) observed the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z.,
po-dvg.
762, Atriplex L.
Monoecious. Geitonogamy is rendered possible by the crowded inflorescences.
Volkens (Engler and Prantl, ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ III, 1 a) says that the flowers
CHENOPODIACEAE 337
are adapted for insect pollination, as anthesis lasts for weeks, giving ample oppor-
tunity for insect-visits.
2448. A. littoralis L. (Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. Halligen.’)—This species
is probably anemophilous, but occasionally pollinated by means of insects. Volkens
(op. cit.) is of opinion that species of Atriplex are entomophilous, because anthesis
extends over several weeks. My observations showed insect-visits to be extremely
few, as might be expected from the inconspicuousness of the flowers.
Visitors.—Knuth (Kiel Harbour) observed the hover-fly Syrphus balteatus Deg.,
po-dvg.
2449. A. hastata L. (Knuth, op. cit.)—This species agrees with A. littoralis.
2450. A. portulacoides L. (= Obione portulacoides Moq.). (Knuth, op. cit.)
—This species is perhaps anemophilous.
2451. A. pedunculata L. (= Obione pedunculata J/07.).-—As the last species.
LXXXVIII. ORDER POLVYGONACEAL JUSS.
LiteraTure.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 127, ‘Grundriss d.
Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 88.
Flowers generally hermaphrodite, possessing a petaloid perianth that serves to
attract insects. Their crowding into spicate or paniculate inflorescences increases
their conspicuousness. The number and frequency of visits is proportionate to the
size of these and the amount of nectar secreted. The probability of cross-pollination
increases accordingly and the importance of automatic self-pollination is lessened.
Many species are dimorphous.
763. Rumex L.
Flowers hermaphrodite, dioecious, or polygamous; protandrous, homogamous,
or protogynous ; anemophilous, but receiving occasional insect-visits. Filaments and
flower-stalk generally flexible. Stigma penicillate. Geitonogamy is possible, the
flowers being usually arranged in dense panicles.
Haussknecht asserts that hybridization by means of the wind may be easily
effected in consequence of the close association of different species.
Hermann Miiller observed in the Alps that the fiery-red fruits of Rumex species
frequently attracted butterflies (sp. of Polyommatus and Argynnis) of similar colour,
which settled on them for a considerable time (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 182).
2452. R. crispus L. (Axell, ‘Om Anord. fér Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’ p. 57;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ 1], p. 155; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 209.)—This species
bears protandrous wind flowers, sometimes gynomonoecious or androdioecious ; the
female are smaller than the hermaphrodite ones. Schulz says that the stigmatic
branches of the latter are hidden between the leaves of the perianth when the anthers
dehisce, so that in consequence of the pendulous position of the flower autogamy is
prevented. When the anthers have dropped off, the three stigmatic branches project
freely. The female flowers contain vestiges of six stamens. Occasionally some of
the stamens are reduced in the hermaphrodite flowers.
DAVIS. III zz
338 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Warnstorf (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896) says that three forms of the
species occur near Ruppin :—
(1) With larger, homogamous hermaphrodite flowers, in which the stigmas do
not project from between the perianth leaves.
(2) With smaller female flowers, among which are found hermaphrodite ones.
(3) With very small, purely female flowers, in which the stigmas project far
beyond the perianth leaves.
The pollen-grains are white in colour, smooth, rounded-tetrahedral, 37-5 to 44
in diameter.
2453. R. obtusifolius L. (Tulberg, Bot. Not., Lund, 1868, p. 12; Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation, p. 516, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 222; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ p. 210; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, 295, 298.
315.)—Kirchner says that the flower mechanism of this species agrees with that of
the preceding one. Tulberg describes the flowers as markedly protandrous; the
stigma is not accessible until after the falling of the stamens, when it is rendered so by
the bending back of the perianth leaves—which have hitherto covered it. Kerner
states, on the contrary, that the plant is protogynous. Schulz observed gyno-
monoecism and androdioecism. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in
colour, irregularly polyhedral, tuberculate, up to 44 » in diameter.
VistTors.—Herm. Miiller observed the bee Halictus cylindricus 7. 9 on the
anthers.
2454. R. sanguineus L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 95.)—Schulz describes
this species as feebly protandrous, Kerner as protogynous. Schulz observed
andromonoecious and androdioecious as well as hermaphrodite flowers. Automatic
self-pollination is not possible in the hermaphrodite ones, as pollen cannot easily
reach the stigma. Numerous flowers remain unfertilized because the perianth
remains closed and the stigmas are therefore hidden.
2455. R. conglomeratus Murr. (Schulz, loc. cit..—The comparatively small
stigmas of the hermaphrodite flowers of this species usually mature at the same time
as the anthers, sometimes a little later, rarely before them. The relative position
of the reproductive organs and their homogamy render automatic self-pollination
inevitable. Schulz observed andromonoecious as well as hermaphrodite flowers.
He says that this species is not anemophilous, as the flowers are not pendulous on
flexible stalks.
2456. R. maritimus L. (= R. aureus Mill.). (Schulz, op. cit. I, p. 94.)—
The flowers of this species are homogamous. Each of the inner perianth leaves
possesses two tooth-like processes on its lowest third, on which the stigmas lie while the
flower is still in the bud. When anthesis begins, the stigmas are situated immediately
below the anthers, and as both organs mature simultaneously, automatic self-pollina-
tion is inevitable. Pollen is seldom removed from the flower, as the anthers project
only a little or not at all beyond the perianth, and the stalks are not pendulous or
flexible, but either horizontal or erect. Schulz denies the existence of anemophily.
The flowers are sometimes gynomonoecious or androdioecious.
2457. R. pulcher L. (Schulz, op. cit, II, pp. 153-4.)—The perianth of
flowers belonging to this species remains almost closed, the anthers projecting only
POLYGONACEAE 339
a little or not at all beyond it, and the stigmas being situated beneath them: automatic
self-pollination is therefore inevitable, and, in fact, the only possible means of fertiliza-
tion, for towards the end of dehiscence the perianth leaves generally close tightly
round the anthers again. The flowers are sometimes gynomonoecious and andro-
dioecious.
2458. R. alpinus L. (Schulz, op. cit., I, p. 154; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, 143, 295, 298, 312.)—In this species the anthers first dehisce.
During this stage the three stigmas mature, and finally project so far beyond the
flower that they are easily dusted with pollen from younger blossoms. This is
facilitated by the fact that during dehiscence the flower stalks are flexible, and the
flowers therefore easily swayed by the wind. After dehiscence, however, the stalks
become rather stiff, so that during the female stage the flowers are only slightly
movable.
The flowers are sometimes gynomonoecious and andromonoecious. Female
ones are generally considerably smaller than those which are hermaphrodite or male.
Kerner states that in this species, as in R. sanguineus and R. obtusifolius,
the female and male flowers predominate in the inflorescences, with only a few
hermaphrodite ones. The stigmas are receptive some time before the anthers of
flowers on the same stock have dehisced. Crossing by means of wind must therefore
be effected. Geitonogamy is also possible, for though the stigmas of the hermaphro-
dite flowers are at first hidden, they are exposed by the bending back of the perianth
lobes and pollen from adjacent younger blossoms can fall on them.
2459. R. longifolius H. B. et K.(= R. domesticus Har/m.). Ekstam says that
this species possesses first protogynous, then homogamous hermaphrodite flowers,
which are pollinated by wind: they are sometimes gynomonoecious.
2460. R. scutatus L. (Schulz, op. cit., I], pp. 154-5.)—The hermaphrodite
flowers of this species are markedly protandrous. The stigmas generally remain
unreceptive until after the anthers have dehisced, thus apparently excluding self-
pollination. Anemophily is, however, easily effected, for the large, brush-shaped
stigmas are well exposed to currents of air. Gynomonoecism and androdioecism
sometimes occur.
2461. R. Acetosella L. (H. Hoffmann, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xliii, 1885;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 140; Schulz, op. cit., II,
p. 198.)—Lindman states that the hermaphrodite flowers of this species on the
Dovrefjeld are first protogynous, then homogamous; and that gynomonoecious as
well as hermaphrodite flowers occur there. Schulz says that the flowers are usually
dioecious, with both sexes equally numerous, much more rarely gynomonoecious or
hermaphrodite.
Appel tells me in a letter that he observed purely male stocks.
2462. R. Acetosa L. (Schulz, op. cit., II, p. 198; Knuth, ‘ Beitrage.’)—As
the preceding species.
Visirors.—Knuth (Gliicksburg, 30. 7. ’96) observed numerous honey-bees,
eagerly skg., and flying steadily from flower to flower, their entire bodies grey with
pollen.
2463. R. montanus Desf. (= R. arifolius Al/.). (Schulz, op. cit., II, p. 198.)—
Zz 2
340 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
This species is, like the two preceding ones, generally dioecious (with both sexes in
about equal numbers), much more rarely gynomonoecious, andromonoecious, or
hermaphrodite.
764. Rheum L.
Flowers entomophilous, with half-concealed nectar.
2464. R. Rhaponticum L. (Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’
p- 573; Knuth, ‘ Beitrage,’ I.)—
VisiTors.— Knuth saw hover-flies (Syrphus sp.), po-dvg., on garden specimens.
2465. R. undulatum L. (?). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, pp. 222-3.)—
The crowded, greenish-yellow flowers of this species are tolerably conspicuous.
They secrete a small quantity of nectar from the receptacle, between the roots of
the filaments, and are markedly protandrous. The stigmas do not mature until the
anthers have withered, so that self-pollination is excluded. Insect-visits at least
effect geitonogamy.
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw the po-dvg. beetle Cetonia aurata
L., and Herm. Miiller gives the following list for Westphalia.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Spermophagus cardui Stev. (3) Der-
mestidae: 2. Anthrenus muscorum Z. B. Diptera. (a) Empidae: 3. Empis sp.,
skg. (6) Muscidae: 4. Anthomyia, various sps. (c) Syrphidae: 5. Ascia podagrica
fF, freq.; 6. Cheilosia sp.; 7. Eristalis nemorum Z.; 8. Helophilus floreus Z. ;
g. Syritta pipiens Z., freq.
2466. R. hybridum Murr.—
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw the Elaterid beetle Lacon murinus
L., dvg. the anthers. -
2467. R. tataricum L. (?).—
VisiTors.—Plateau observed the following po-dvg. beetles.—
1. Cantharis fusca Z.; 2. Phyllopertha horticola Z.; 3. Trichius abdominalis
Meén.; 4. Anthrenus sp., freq.
765. Oxyria Hill.
Hermaphrodite or gynomonoecious wind flowers.
2468. O. digyna Hill (= Rumex digynus Z.). (Lindman, ‘Bidrag till
Kanned. om Skandin. Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt., p. 36; Schulz, ‘Beitrige,’ II,
p- 199; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. v.\—Schulz and Kerner in the
Tyrol, and Lindman on the Dovrefjeld, found this species to be gynomonoecious.
Lindman says that the hermaphrodite flowers are first protogynous and then homo-
gamous; Ekstam makes a similar statement for Nova Zemlia. Andersson and
Hesselman describe the species as blooming in Spitzbergen from the second half
of June till the end of July; the fruit beginning to ripen from the beginning of
August (‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens 0. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’ p. 66).
Ekstam states that in Spitzbergen the flowers are feebly protogynous or protogynous-
homogynous (‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen,’ pp. 29-30).
POLYGONACEAE 341
766. Polygonum L.
LitERaTURE.—Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 516 ; Knuth, ‘ BI. u. Insekt. a, d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 127-8; Meehan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia (Pa.), (1889)
1890.
Flowers mostly homogamous or protandrous, belonging to classes Po, EC, and
C. Perianth generally petaloid, and flowers frequently aggregated into conspicuous
inflorescences. Nectar either secreted in the base of the flower or absent. Some-
times dimorphism. Gynodioecism or gynomonoecism frequent. Meehan says that
numerous species, e.g. P. Persicaria Z., P. aviculare Z., and P. Hydropiper Z., bear
cleistogamous flowers.
Hermann Miiller states that ‘The species of Polygonum, like those of
Geranium, show clearly how with conspicuousness and abundance of honey the
number and variety of visitors increase, and how, as the likelihood of cross-fertiliza-
tion is thus increased, the possibility of self-fertilization becomes less important ; the
converse is also clear. But they show at the same time that the abundance of
a plant is in no way determined alone by the certainty of cross-fertilization ’ (op. cit.,
p. 516).
2469. P. Fagopyrum L. (= Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). (Hildebrand,
‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 40; Jordan, K. F., Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, v,
Fic. 350. Polygonum Fagopyrum, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Long-styled, and (2) short-styled
flower, after removal of two perianth leaves. a, anthers; , nectary; s¢, stigmas.
1887; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 509, 516; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 129, 166—7; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 213; Schulz,
‘ Beitrige,’ Il.)—The flowers of this species are dimorphous, with exposed to half-
concealed nectar. They are white or reddish in colour, and crowded together so as
to be highly conspicuous ; in consequence of this, their honey-like odour, and great
richness in nectar, insect-visits are extremely numerous. Cross-pollination by means
of heterostyly is therefore ensured, while automatic self-pollination is only occasionally
possible.
The diameter of the flower is about 5mm. Eight (sometimes nine) large yellow
nectaries, bound together by a cushion-like swelling, are situated at the base of the
ovary: their abundant secretion always attracts swarms of insects.
The long stamens and pistils are fully 3 mm. long, the shorter ones almost
2mm. In the long-styled form, therefore, the widely exserted stigmas project
2 or 3 mm. beyond the anthers; in the short-styled form they are about the level
of the middle of the filaments. The pollen-grains of the latter form are larger than
342 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
those of the long-styled one. These two forms (at any rate in the island of Féhr)
apparently do not grow together; long-styled flowers are to be found in one part of
a field and short-styled ones in another.
Jordan says that three of the eight stamens surround the style, the anthers
turning their pollen-covered surfaces outwards; the other five bend further outwards,
their pollen-covered surfaces facing inwards. Insects probing for nectar are therefore
dusted with pollen on each side of their bodies, visitors to the long-styled flowers
usually brushing the anthers with their heads, and those to the short-styled ones with
the thorax. As the stigmas and anthers at the same level naturally come into contact
with corresponding parts of the insects’ bodies, legitimate union is usually effected.
Illegitimate union and automatic self-pollination are, however, also easily possible,
but less effective.
Schulz states that gynomonoecious, rarely gynodioecious, occasionally andro-
monoecious, and very rarely androdioecious flowers also occur.
Jordan says that three stamens turn the pollen-covered surfaces of their anthers
outwards, while the remaining five, which curve more towards the perianth leaves,
turn them inwards, so that insects probing for nectar are dusted on both sides of
their bodies.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. (2) Muscidae: 1. Lucilia cornicina /., skg.; 2. Musca corvina
fF, do.; 3. Pollenia vespillo /., do.; 4. Sarcophaga carnaria Z., do. (6) Stratiomyzdae :
5. Odontomyia viridula /., do.; 6. Stratiomys chamaeleon Deg., freq.; 7. S. riparia
Mg., skg. (c) Syrphidae: 8. Cheilosia scutellata Fa//., skg. and po-dvg.; 9. Chryso-
toxum festivum Z., do.; 10. Eristalis arbustorum Z., do.; 11. E. intricarius Z., do. ;
12, E, nemorum Z., do.; 13. E. pertinax Scop.; 14. E. sepulcralis Z., do.;
15. E. tenax Z., do.; 16. Helophilus floreus Z., do.; 17. Melithreptus scriptus Z.,
do.; 18. Pipiza funebris AZg., do.; 19. Syritta pipiens Z., do.; 20. Syrphus pyrastri
£., do. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 21. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, extremely
numerous (making up nine-tenths of the visitors), skg. and po-cltg.; 22. Andrena
albicrus A. 9, skg.; 23. A. bicolor #. (=A. aestiva Sm.) 3, do.; 24. A. dorsata K. 9,
do.; 25. A. fulvicrus X. é and 9, freq., skg. and po-cltg.; 26. A. helvola Z. 9, skg. ;
27. A. nana K., do.; 28. A. pilipes /. 9, do.; 29. A. varians A. 9, do.; 30. Bombus
lapidarius Z. 9 and ¥, skg.; 31. Sphecodes gibbus Z., do. (6) Sphegzdae: 32. Cer-
ceris labiata #. 9, do.; 33. C. nasuta Dahlb. (= C. quinquefasciata Ross.) 6, skg.;
34. Pompilus trivialis Kig., do. (c) Tenthredinidae: 35. Athalia spinarum F., skg.
C. Lepidoptera. All skg.: 36. Pieris brassicae Z.; 37. P. napi Z.; 38. Polyom-
matus phlaeas Z.; 39. Vanessa urticae LZ.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Schletterer (Pola), the Scoliid Scolia hirta Schr. MacLeod (Flanders), the
honey-bee, 2 short-tongued bees, a saw-fly, 7 hover-flies, 5 Muscids, 3 Lepidoptera,
and a beetle (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1895, p. 142).
2470. P. tataricum L. (= Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertz.).—Schulz describes
the green flowers of this species as homogamous, and sometimes gynomonoecious
and gynodioecious.
2471. P. perfoliatum L. (Hildebrand, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Beih. xiii, rg02,
pp- 335-8-)—This climbing East Indian species produces fleshy fruits of turquoise
colour. Hildebrand states that plants cultivated in the Freiburg Botanic Garden bore
nothing but completely cleistogamous flowers for seven successive years.
POLYGONACEAE 343
2472. P. Bistorta L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871, p. 33
Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 511, 516, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 221, ‘Alpenblumen,’
p- 179; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ I, p. 95 ; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896 ;
Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 327; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
The flowers of this species belong to class C. They are bright reddish-white in
colour, and aggregated into a dense spike, being thus made so conspicuous that
insect-visits are very numerous. Cross-pollination is ensured by strong protandry,
and automatic self-pollination excluded.
Hermann Miiller states that nectar is secreted by eight fleshy, reddish glands
situated at the bases of the stamens, and stored at the bottom of the perianth-tube.
At first only the stamens project from the slightly open flower, the styles remaining
immature until the stamens have fallen, so that the stigmas then project about as far
beyond the perianth as the anthers did previously.
Schulz says that in the Riesenge-
birge and the Alps, but rarely in the
lowlands, gynodioeciously, rarely gyno-
monoeciously, distributed female flowers
occur (usually only up to 5 %), as well
as protandrous hermaphrodite ones.
In the Riesengebirge he also observed
flowers with shorter stamens in addition
to the form described above, in which
they project beyond the perianth.
Kerner describes the spicate in-
florescence as consisting of small
cymes, made up of two, or rarely
three, flowers, of which one is long- yqjRlt 381, -obgonnme Bisors, L- after Herm
styled and hermaphrodite, and the __ inthe second (female) stage.
other male, with reduced style. In
each of the cymes thus constituted the hermaphrodite flower opens first, anthesis
beginning at the bottom and proceeding upwards. Later on all the male flowers
open in the same way, and scatter their pollen on the still receptive stigmas of
adjacent hermaphrodite ones.
Ludwig (D. bot. Monatsschr., Arnstadt, vi, 1888) states that small, pale, quite
immature buds are to be found on a young inflorescence together with the red
flower-buds, and these do not unfold until the anthesis of the primary flowers is quite
over. He distinguishes between the following stages :—
(1) Male stage of the primary flowers, four of the stamens ripening first and the
other four afterwards.
(2) Female stage of the first generation. The anthers have dropped off and
the stigmatic branches are divergent. The flowers close, and their colour becomes
brighter. Those of the second generation have not yet opened, but their pedicels
have elongated.
(3) The stalks of the first generation, now setting fruits, are situated close to
the axis. Those of the second generation have elongated to such an extent that
they project far beyond those of the former. This is the male stage of the second,
generally paler generation.
344 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
(4) Female stage of the second generation. Still other flowers frequently
mature.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, gleaming like crystals,
ellipsoidal-prismatic, smooth, about 37 » broad and 63 p» long.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps) observed a beetle, 10 Diptera, 5 Hymenoptera,
and 22 Lepidoptera. He gives the following list for Westphalia —
A. Coleoptera. (a) Coccznellidae: 1. Coccinella quattuordecimpunctata L.
(4) Scarabaeidae: 2. Trichius fasciatus Z., dvg. the flowers (Vosges Mts.) (c) Zele-
phoridae : 3. Malachius bipustulatus Z., dvg. the anthers. (d@) Wetidulidae: 4. Meli-
gethes sp. B. Diptera. (a) Bibiontdae: 5. Bibio hortulanus LZ. (4) Lmpidae:
6. Empis livida Z., skg. (c) Musctdae: 7. Sarcophaga carnaria ZL. (d) Syrphidae:
8. Ascia podagrica #., po-dvg.; 9. Eristalis arbustorum JZ., skg. methodically ;
10. Rhingia rostrata Z., do.; 11. Syritta pipiens Z., po-dvg., and skg. with less
method; 12. Syrphus ribesii Z. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 13. Andrena
albicans Afil?. 9; 14. Apis mellifica Z.¥; 15. Prosopis signata Pz. 6, obtaining no
booty. (0) Sphegzdae: 16. Cerceris variabilis Schr. as 15; 17. Oxybelus uniglumis
L., do. (c) Tenthredinidae: 18. Tenthredo sp., trying to suck (Vosges Mts.).
D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 19. Botys purpuralis Z., skg.; 20. Pieris brassicae
L., do.
Loew noticed the following.—
Silesia (‘Beitrige,’ p. 51).—A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura
virens Z.; 2. Pachyta clathrata #.; 3. Strangalia melanura LZ. (4) CArysomelidae :
4. Clytra diversipes Ze/z. (c) Staphylinidae: 5. Anthophagus spectabilis Heer.
B. Hymenoptera. Sphegidae: 6. Crabro quadrimaculatus #. 9 andé. C. Lepido-
ptera. Nocturdae: 7. Agrotis conflua Zr. Switzerland (op. cit., p. 66).—Diptera.
(a) Emprdae: 1. Rhamphomyia anthracina Afg. (0) Muscidae: 2. Cyrtoneura
podagrica Zw.; 3. C. simplex Zw. (c) SyrpAidae: 4. Eristalis rupium /. Berlin
Botanic Garden. Flies (Anthomyia sp.), skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Ludwig—Empids. Frey (Switzerland), a butterfly (Polyommatus hippothoé Z.)
and a moth (Agrotis ocellina S.-V.): (Upper Engadine), the Noctuid moth Mithymna
imbecilla AZ. Koch (Seiser Alp in the South Tyrol)—a Muscid (Loxocera elongata
Mg.), a Stratiomyid (Odontomyia personata Lw.), and a Syrphid (Eristalis intricarius
L.). MacLeod (Pyrenees), a saw-fly, an Empid and a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 374): (Flanders), a humble-bee, another bee (Halictus sp.),
a hover-fly (Syritta sp.),an Empid (Empis sp.), a Muscid, a beetle, and a Lepidopterid
(op. cit., vi, 1894, p. 376). Scott-Elliott (Dumfriesshire), a saw-fly, an Empid, and
2 other flies (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 149).
2473. P. viviparum L. (Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’
p- 27; Ricca, ‘Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat.,’ Milano, xiv, 1871; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisa-
tion,’ p. 512, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 180-2; Schulz, ‘Beitrage’; Warming, ‘ Bestov-
ningsmaade,’ pp. 31-3.)—The flowers of this species belong to class C. The length
and course of anthesis of stamens and styles vary greatly in different districts. Axell
observed purely female stocks in Swabia in addition to hermaphrodite, markedly
protandrous ones. In the Alps Hermann Miiller found partly hermaphrodite (but
homogamous), and partly purely female stocks. Schulz also observed there gyno-
dioecism, more rarely gynomonoecism, and androdioecism with homogamous herma-
phrodite flowers. Lindman describes the plants of the Dovrefjeld as gynodioecious
and gynomonoecious, with homogamous flowers. In Greenland Warming found
POLYGONACEAE 345
hermaphrodite and purely female stocks, the former with styles and stamens of
varying length. Ekstam describes the plants of the Swedish highlands as being also
homogamous.
In spite of not infrequent insect-visits and the facilities for automatic self-
pollination in the hermaphrodite flowers, fruits are but rarely set. The plant
propagates, in fact, almost always vegetatively by means of bulbils. Ekstam says
that the feebly odorous flowers in Nova Zemlia are protogynous-homogamous.
Most of them are modified into bulbils. According to Lindman, the flowers on the
Dovrefjeld are partly hermaphrodite, partly (and more often) female with vestigial
anthers. In Nova Zemlia hermaphrodite flowers are much more numerous than the
female ones. Andersson and Hesselman state that the species flowers in Spitzbergen
from the beginning of July to the middle of August; ripe fruits were not observed,
but bulbils were thrown off from the middle of August (‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om
Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’ p. 65). Ekstam describes the flowers in
Spitzbergen as white to red-violet or red in colour, protogynous-homogamous.
2-4 mm. in diameter, and slightly fragrant (‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen’).
Fic. 352. Polygonum viviparum, L. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Hermaphrodite flower. 2. Do.,
with the part forcibly separated. C. Female flower, after removal of the anterior perianth leaves. D.
Female flower with still longer styles (x 7). a, inner anthers; 2, nectary; #, upper perianth leaves.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (Alps), an Empid, a Syrphid, 2 bees, 10 Lepidoptera, and a beetle.
Schulz (Alps), flies, bees, and Lepidoptera. Lindman (Alps), medium-sized flies.
Loew (Switzerland), the Empid Empis tessellata (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 60). Schneider (arctic
Norway), 7 humble-bees—1. Bombus lapponicus /. ¥ and 4; 2. B. nivalis Dahid. §;
3. B. pratorum Z. ¥ and é; 4. B. scrimshiranus X. ¥ and é; 5. B. terrester Z. ¥ and
é; 6. Psithyrus quadricolor Zep. 6; 7. P. vestalis Lourcr. 6 (Mus. Aarsh., Tromsg,
xvii, 1895). Ekstam (Spitzhergen), none.
2474. P. amphibium L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 216; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ 11; Knuth, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt, a. d. nordfr. Ins.’)—The flowers
of this species belong to class ©. They are pink to purple-red in colour, smell like
honey, and are dimorphous. Nectar is secreted at the base of the ovary by five
orange-yellow glands, and hidden in the bottom of the perianth, which is about 5 mm.
long. In the short-styled form this opens in the shape of a funnel, and so widely,
that an entrance of about 4 mm. broad is formed, in which the two globular stigmas
are situated, the five anthers projecting 13-2 mm. beyond them. In the long-styled
form the perianth leaves close up until a much narrower entrance is left, through
346 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
which the two styles project about 14 mm., while the two anthers are situated about
a mm. below the mouth of the flower.
Schulz observed gynomonoecism or gynodioecism occurring frequently or
sometimes even exclusively.
The terrestrial form (var. errestre Leers) possesses short hairs on the stalks,
which secrete a viscid fluid serving as a protection against creeping insects; the
aquatic form (var. za/ans Moench) is glabrous, the surrounding water giving access
to none but flying insects.
Visirors.—Knuth (Féhr) observed the following.—
A. Diptera. (a) Afuscidae: all po-dvg.: 1. Ariciaincana Wied. &; 2. Coenosia
tigrina J. 9; 3. Lucilia sp.; 4. Scatophaga merdaria #.; 5. S. sp. (6) Syrphidae :
6. Eristalis sp, po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdac: 7. Apis mellifica Z. §,
po-cltg. and skg.; 8. Halictus cylindricus &/. 9, po-cltg. C. Lepidoptera. Ahopalo-
cera: 9. Coenonympha pamphilus Z., skg.
The following were recorded by the observers and for the localities stated.—
MacLeod (Flanders), the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea.
Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 375). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a Muscid, a hover-fly, and
several Dolichopodids (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 149).
2475. P. Persicaria L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 512; Knuth, ‘ BI.
u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 128, 166; Verhoeff, ‘BI.
u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Nor-
derney’; Schulz, ‘ Beitriige’ ;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
pp. 216-17.)—The flowers of
. oe this species belong to classes
Fic. 353. Polygonum Persicaria, L. (after Herm. Miller) (1) e
A flower with five stamens. (2) Pistil. (3) A flower with seven C to EC. They are small,
Se: ee ee stamens; a%, vestigial stamen; Qdourless, white or reddish in
colour, rather poor in nectar,
and united into crowded inflorescences ; a certain conspicuousness is thus attained,
and insect-visits are fairly frequent; cross-pollination is therefore possible, though
automatic self-pollination often takes place. There is a nectary at the base of
each of the eight stamens, but the secretion is scanty. Three stamens are usually
reduced or entirely absent; but not infrequently flowers occur with six, seven, or
eight fully developed ones. The two (more rarely three) stigmas mature simul-
taneously with the anthers, and are at the same level. At first the perianth leaves
and the five fertile stamens alternating with them bend so far outwards that the
stigmas are not touched. When more than five stamens mature they bend towards
the middle and bring about automatic self-pollination by coming into contact with
the stigmas. But even in flowers in which only five stamens mature, automatic
self-pollination takes place later, and this is effective, as almost all flowers set fruits.
When visited by insects, the flowers may be self- or cross-pollinated with equal
facility, as they are so small that the insect’s head, on entering, must touch stigrnas
and anthers at the same time. Should the insect insert its head only once, cross-
pollination is effected, but repeated entrances bring about self-pollination.
Visirors.—Herm. Miller gives the following list for Westphalia.
POLYGONACEAE 347
A. Diptera. Syrphidac: 1. Ascia podagrica &, very common; 2. Eristalis
arbustorum Z., skg.and po-dvg.; 3. E.sepulcralis Z., comparatively freq.; 4. E. tenax
L., freq.; 5. Melithreptus scriptus Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 6. M. taeniatus JZ@., do. ;
7. Syritta pipiens Z., the commonest visitors. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae:
8. Andrena dorsata K. 9, occasional, skg.; 9. Halictus albipes /. 9, do.; 10. Prosopis
armillata Vy/. 6, do. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 11. Pieris rapae Z., casual,
skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Holstein and Riigen), the honey-bee and the hover-fly Syritta pipiens Z.
Verhoeff (Norderney), the moth Plusia gamma Z. Alfken (Juist), the humble-bee
Bombus hortorum Z. ¥, and the butterfly Pieris brassicae Z. MacLeod (Flanders),
the honey-bee and 2 hover-flies (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 145).
Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 Muscids (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 149).
2476. P. lapathifolium L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 214; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 199 ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 145.)—
‘The homogamous flowers of this species belong to classes C to EC. Their mechanism
agrees entirely with that of P. Persicaria. Five stamens are generally present, one or
more of them not infrequently coming into contact with the stigmas as they bend
inwards.
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller observed 3 hover-flies, skg—z. Ascia podagrica F.;
2. Eristalis sepulcralis Z.; 3. Syritia pipiens Z.
2477. P. Hydropiper L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart, p. 218; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 391; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 199.)—The small,
inconspicuous flowers of this species are green outside with pink tips; Kirchner says
that they are devoid of nectar, the nectaries being completely reduced. Two of the
eight stamens are generally vestigial; the anthers of the other six are of the same
height as the stigma, so that when both organs mature simultaneously, automatic
self-pollination is regularly effected. Kerner states that in some flowers the perianth
remains closed under certain circumstances, and pseudo-cleistogamous fertilization
takes place.
Schulz observed occasional gynomonoecious flowers.
2478. P. mite Schrank (= P. laxiflorum Werhe). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 218; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, 391.)—The homogamous flowers of this
species are a little more conspicuous than
those of the preceding one, for they are
somewhat larger and only green at the base,
the upper part being pink-red or white in
colour. Kirchner states that there is a nectary ea nnn gt on fee
at the base of each of the five to eight stamens. Herm. Miiller). (1) Flower seen obliquely
The flowers open very little, and the anthers [fosbeve | (:) Do. ater removal of the we
are situated slightly above the stigmas (which Heine and'inner ‘stamens; .7, nectanies 5: 84,
mature at the same time), so that automatic
sclf-pollination is inevitable. Kerner says that pseudo-cleistogamous fertilization
sometimes takes place in this species.
2479. P. minus L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, p. 514; MacLeod, Bot.
348 ANGIOSPERMA E—DICOTYLEDONES
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 144; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 216 ;
Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Norderney’; Knuth, ‘ Beitrage.’)—The flower
mechanism agrees with that of the preceding species; there are, however, usually
six to eight, more rarely five stamens, which are of about the same height as the
three stigmas, and mature simultaneously with the anthers. The flowers are small
and pink, or more rarely white, in colour. There may be pseudo-cleistogamy as in
P. mite.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller observed 4 hover-flies—1. Ascia podagrica #., skg. ;
2. Melithreptus menthastri Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 3. M. pictus Afg., do.; 4. Syritta
pipiens Z., skg.
2480. P. aviculare L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 515; MacLeod, Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 144; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 216 ;
Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Norderney’; Knuth, ‘ Beitrage.’)—The flowers
of this species are very small (scarcely 24 mm. in diameter), and green in colour,
with purple-red or white edges. As they are devoid of nectar and odourless, and
situated singly in the leaf-axils, they possess
very little power of attraction and very rarely
receive insect-visits ; they are, in fact, almost
limited to automatic self-pollination, which is
very effective, as almost all flowers set fruits.
The perianth leaves diverge widely. The
Wid ace eenpanene dadeanes Lafter five stamens that alternate with them bend
Herm. MiiJler). (1) Flower seen from above. outwards, while the three others bend inwards,
(2) Do., after removal of the two front perianth ‘
leaves and half the stamens; seen from the side. SO that they are brought just above the two
ee a daar and outer stamens; ov, ovary; stigmas, which mature simultaneously with
them. Automatic self-pollination is therefore
inevitable by fall of pollen. When the flowers are visited by insects either self- or
cross-pollination may be effected with equal facility. Although the filaments possess
a fleshy thickening at the base, no secretion of nectar is to be found, the flowers
offering only pollen to visitors. Hermann Miiller observed, however, that Syritta
pipiens not only devoured pollen, but inserted its proboscis into the base of the
flower: it either sought nectar in vain or licked off a shallow layer.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Verhoeff (Norderney), the hover-fly Syrphus corollae /. Knuth (Kiel), the
hover-fly Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg. Herm. Miiller (Westphalia), 3 hover-flies—
1. Ascia podagrica /, po-dvg.; 2. Melithreptus menthastri Z., do.; 3. Syritta pipiens
Z., and perhaps also skg.
2481. P. Convolvulus L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 212; Knuth,
‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins,’ p. 166.)—The flowers of this species belong to
classes C to EC. Although they are situated in fascicles in the leaf-axils, they receive
few insect-visits on account of their small size and the inconspicuousness of the green,
white-edged perianth. Kirchner says, therefore, that they are almost entirely restricted
to automatic self-pollination. Anthers and stigmas mature simultaneously ; but the
flowers at first open so widely that these organs do not come into contact. Gradually,
POLYGONACEAE 349
however, the stamens bend so far inwards that the anthers (three of which sometimes
remain closed, while the others dehisce inwards) dust the stigmas with pollen. Nectar
is secreted in small quantities at the base of the stamens. Kerner observed pit-like
nectaries on the leaf-stalks.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel, on a hot afternoon after prolonged rain), 2 bees—Apis mellifica
L.%, freq., skg., and Halictus flavipes /. 9, occasional, skg., with an equal chance
of self- and cross-pollination. MacLeod (Flanders), a hover-fly (Syritta sp.), Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 146.
2482. P. dumetorum L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.214.)—The green,
homogamous flowers of this species are situated in fascicles in the leaf-axils, and
expand in the sunshine. Their mechanism agrees with that of the preceding species,
the eight stamens bending first outwards and then inwards, so that the eight anthers
can automatically pollinate the stigmas, which mature simultaneously with them and
stand at the same level.
2483. P. cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. (Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Notizen.’)—The
odourless flowers of this species are aggregated into large, crowded racemes, and
therefore very conspicuous.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel Oberrealschule Garden, 11. 9. ’97), large numbers of the following
Muscids, skg.—1. Anthomyia sp.; 2. Calliphora erythrocephala AZg.; 3. C. vomitoria
Z.; 4. Lucilia caesar Z.; 5. L. cornicina /.; 6. Musca cervina /.; 7. M. domestica
L£.; 8. Sarcophaga carnaria Z.; 9. Scatophaga stercoraria Z. Loew (Berlin Botanic
Garden), 2 Muscids—Graphomyia maculata Scop., and Lucilia caesar Z.
767. Koenigia L.
2484. K. islandica L.—The flowers of this species belong to class C. Axell
states that they possess three comparatively large, swollen, yellow nectaries alternating
with the three stamens. Self-pollination takes place as a rule in consequence of the
simultaneous maturation, equal length, and proximity of anthers and stigma. Anders-
son and Hesselman state that the species flowers on Spitzbergen from mid-July to
mid-August (‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’
p. 66).
768. Emex Neck.
2485. E. spinosa Campd. (S. Murbeck, ‘U. einige amphikarp. nordwestafrik.
Pfl.,’ Vet-Ak. Ofvers., Stockholm, lviii, 1901-2; Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xci, 1903,
p. 26.)—Murbeck states that the South European and North African species bears
unisexual flowers, the female ones being partly subterranean. These are larger than
the aerial form, and possess a fleshy spongy perianth, and elongated stigmas which
project above the surface.
350° ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
LXXXIX. ORDER CY7INACEALE BROGN.
769. Brugmansia Blume.
2486. B. Zippelii Blume.—
VistTors.—Delpino says (‘ Ult. oss.’) that this species is pollinated by flesh-flies,
which are kept prisoners for some time in the flowers. Darwin, on the other hand,
considers that the pollinators are long-beaked humming-birds, while short-beaked
ones steal nectar by perforation.
770. Rafflesia R. Br.
2487. R. Arnoldi R.Br.; 2488. R. Horsfieldii R.Br.; and 2489. R. Patma
Blume.—
VisiTors.—Delpino supposes (‘ Ult. oss.’) that these species are pollinated by
carrion-flies.
XC. ORDER ARISTOLOCHIACEAL JUSS.
771. Aristolochia Tourn.
Species of this genus bear protogynous pitfall-flowers, usually secreting a little
nectar (perhaps by the edges of the trap).
2490. A. clematitis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., pp. 418-29 ; Hildebrand,
Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Leipzig, v, 1874; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 228-9 ; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ p. 517; Correns, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Leipzig, xxii, 1891, pp. 161-89,
Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, lii, 1892, pp. 439-43.)—Sprengel discovered the working of
the flower mechanism in this species by his acute investigations, overlooking only the
protogyny of the flowers and their consequent cross-pollination, which characteristics
were subsequently found out by Hildebrand. Correns turned his attention to the
anatomy and physiology of the hairs which close the entrance to the pitfall.
The flower is bright yellow, the middle part of its perianth forming a tube,
which widens below into a globular trap, and is produced above into a tolerably flat
limb. When this last unfolds the flower is upright, and the tube is beset with down-
wardly-directed hairs on the inner side, which allow tiny insects (flies and gnats) to
enter, but prevent them from creeping out again. During this stage the stigma is
receptive, but the six gynandrous anthers are still unripe. In the vain attempt to find
nectar or obtain their freedom once more, the insects, if they have brought pollen
from another flower, will dust the stigma with it, and effect cross-pollination. The
anthers then dehisce, and the hitherto upright flower-stalk begins at the same time to
bend downwards, while the hairs closing the flower-entrance shrivel, so that the exit
is no longer barred to the little prisoners. Completely covered with pollen, they
emerge and transfer it to a flower in the first stage. Finally the limb of the perianth
drops so far down that the tube of the flower (now completely reversed in position)
is completely closed, and no longer accessible to insects.
Corren says that the weel-hairs temporarily closing the entrance to the trap grow
more and more thickly as they approach it, but scarcely increase in size. He also
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 351
states that three parts may be distinguished in them—the base, the joint, and the hair
proper. The root of each hair is situated in a shallow depression of the perianth
and its basal cell is thick-walled. The joint, by means of which the hair bends, is
formed by one very thin-walled cell. The strength necessary for bearing the hair
is supplied by the hydrostatic pressure, which Corren showed to reach not less than
22 atmospheres. The hair itself consists of several thin-walled, plate-like cells. In
this case also the needful firmness is due to a high degree of turgidity (up to
15 atmospheres). The hair, which in its normal position is directed obliquely down-
wards against the pit, is depressed still further by a small insect forcing its way
in, and enabling it to pass on. The hair then springs back into its original position.
An insect is prevented from creeping out °
again by a barrier (observed byHildebrand),
formed by a knob on the base of the
hair, which is directed upwards and im-
pinges against the wall of the perianth.
This barrier, however, is an imperfect one,
for the knob only touches the perianth at
one point, so that an oblique pressure can
Fic. 356. Aristolochia Clematitts, L. (after Sachs). A piece of stem (sf), with a petiole (4), in the
axil of which a number of flowers are situated. 1, Young still unfertilized flowers; 2, fertilized do.,
directed downwards (natural size). 4 and &. Flowers before and after pollination, in section (enlarged).
a, anthers ; 7, inferior ovary ; 4, trap; 2% ovary in section ; /(in left-hand figure), limb of perianth, (in 1)
a trapped insect ; 7, stigma; 7, perianth tube.
Correns (op. cit., p. 169 footnote) says that Sprengel’s figure is better than the one from Sachs here
given, for it represents the hairs in the trap as minute prickles, and the weel-hairs as withered at the
beginning of the second stage.
force the hair against the wall, the joint-cell undergoing torsion. The chief obstacle
to an insect’s escape is to be found in the fact that the weel-hairs are considerably
longer than half the width of the perianth tube. They therefore usually cling
together in front of the barrier, so as to render escape impossible.
352 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
When the weel-hairs have finished their work, they shrivel into short brown
vestiges. This is only possible because the cell-walls have not been thickened, for
considerable thickening would impart the same firmness as turgidity, and such thick-
walled cells could not be displaced later on after they had faded. The hairs, however,
though very thin-walled, are sufficiently stiffened by the high turgidity already
mentioned. This makes it possible later on for them to shorten like a concertina,
so that their insignificant remains present no further hindrance to the creeping out
of insects. Such shrivelling results from the death of old hairs, and begins at the
apex, working downwards ; it is not affected either by the taking place or the failure
of pollination.
The trap is also lined with hairs, which chiefly grow between the six main veins,
three denser bands alternating with three thinner ones. In the second stage of
anthesis these trap-hairs frequently stick together and hang down in large tufts, these
again adhering together at their tips. Correns consequently supposes that nectar
is secreted, even though but scantily. Possibly the few stomata on the inside of the
trap (especially round the gynostemium) are connected with this supposed secretion.
The trap-hairs do not wither with the weel-hairs, but elongate appreciably when the
second flower stage begins.
Visitors.—Sprengel long ago observed numerous minute flies; Correns says.
however, that in spite of abundant insect-visits fruits are seldom set.
Sprengel (and subsequently Hildebrand) discovered that flies carry away pollen
from the flowers on their backs. Correns considers that this goes to prove that they
crawl about the wall of the trap rather than over the gynostemium.
The following were recorded by the observers stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 3 Diptera (species determined by Winnertz)—(a) Bidzonidac :
1. Scatopse soluta Loew (= 5S. inermis Ruthe). (6) Chironomidae: 2. Ceratopogon
sp.; 3. Chironomus sp. Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.’), 4 Diptera—z. Oscinis dubia Jacq. :
2. Ceratopogon lucorum Afg.; 3. C. aristolochiae Rond.; 4. Campylomyza lucorum
Rond.
Kny (‘Bot. Wandtafeln’) states that the species is adapted by its entire flower
mechanism for cross-pollination by small flies (particularly Ceratopogon pennicornis
Zett.). If not visited by cross-pollinators, however, autogamy is not excluded, for the
pollen-grains germinate and send out long pollen-tubes that reach the stigma of the
same flower.
2491. A. Sipho L’Hérit. (Hildebrand, op. cit.; Delpino, op. cit.; Herm.
Miller, op. cit.; Correns, op. cit.}\—This ornamental species is indigenous to North
America. During anthesis the flower, which is shaped like the bowl of a pipe, is first
directed downwards, and then vertically upwards. The flower mechanism agrees with
that of the preceding species, and the plant is visited by the same insects. The tube
leading to the trap, however, possesses no barrier hairs, and it is not clear at first
why the small visitors are detained until the anthers have dehisced. Delpino and
Hildebrand think that the inner surface of the perianth is at first so slippery that the
insects cannot creep up it—this only becoming possible when the wall begins to
shrivel towards the end of anthesis, and is no longer so smooth. Hermann Miiller
justly remarks.—
‘This explanation can only be correct if that part of the tube which slopes
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 353
downwards from the entrance is distinctly smoother than the other portion which
leads up from the lowest part of the tube to the expanded terminal chamber ; for,
if both are equally smooth the flies will have as much difficulty in climbing up into
the stigmatic chamber as in climbing back out of the flower. In Arum I have
repeatedly noticed that the small midges try to escape from their prison, not by
creeping, but by flying towards the light, and get knocked down by the grating at
the mouth of the flower. So if in Aristolochia Szpho the inside of the tube is all so
smooth that flies can climb neither one way or the other from the lowest part, the
reason of their imprisonment must be sought only in the curvature of the two ends
of the tube, the one rising straight from the lowest part to the cage, while the other
part which rises up towards the entrance to the flower is so bent outwards at its
upper end that the insects flying towards the light knock against the end and fall
back again. They are set free by the shrivelling up of the corolla, which enables
them to creep out. (‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 518.)
Hermann Miiller’s opinion is rendered much more probable by observation
I made upon Arisarum vulgare in Capri. This plant is distinguished from species
of the genus Arum in the same way that Aristolochia Sipho differs from A. Clematitis,
i.e. by the absence of weel-hairs. In Arisarum I saw numerous tiny gnats and flies
which had crept into the flower trying to escape, and constantly striking against the
window-like, transparent stripes of the spathe, in their efforts to do so. Only a few
exhausted ones, which crept slowly to the top of the spadix, were able to get out.
This barrier, which is partly dependent for success on the stupidity of the flies, is so
good, that the plant may be carried about for some time without the escape of
a single insect; when the spathe is cut open, however, they fly away immediately.
This takes place similarly in Aristolochia Sipho.
Correns declares these hypotheses regarding the dete ation of flies in the flowers
to be insufficient, and thinks that it is scarcely possible t'> form a decision in Europe,
but only by observation of the plant in its North American home. He also says that
the narrow part of the perianth tube possesses no proper weel-hairs, but closely
packed, downwardly directed papillae, which are perhaps connected with the insects’
lengthened stay in the trap. The latter falls in two parts, the glabrous ‘ antechamber,’
and the trap proper, the lower two-thirds of which are of a black-purple colour, and
lined with white hairs. The ‘trap-hairs’ are mixed‘ with other hook-like ‘ twining-
hairs’; these easily break to pieces from the apex downwards as the flower grows
old, splitting through the sexta either into single tells or pairs of cells. Correns
definitely proved secretion of nectar by fixing the flower upside down for a few
hours.
W. Burck is of opinion (Ann. Jard. bot., Buitenzorg, viii, 1890) that flowers
belonging to species of Aristolochia are adapted for self-pollination ; but Correns
considers Burck’s entire arguments against cross: pollination as partly actually mis-
taken, and partly insufficiently substantiated. I urck overlooked the fact that the
species examined by him in Java were of American origin, and that plants which
in their native countries are adapted for cross-prllination, in other regions frequently
become autogamous, autocarpous, or even cleisfogamous in consequence of the lack
of pollinating insects. E. Ule (Die Natur, Halle:, xlvii, 1898, pp. 207, 210) thoroughly
examined some Brazilian species of Aristolochia (A. macroura, A. brasiliensis,
DAVIS. II Aa!
354 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
A. elegans) at Rio de Janeiro, and found that the fly visitors, some of which are
imprisoned, effectually pollinate the stigma.
VisiTors.—The following flies were recorded by the observers stated.—
Herm. Miiller—(a) Muscidae: 1. Myodina vibrans Z.; 2. Sapromyza apicalis
Loew, very freq. (6) Phoridae: 3. Phora pumila Mg. Delpino (‘Ult. oss.”)—
1. Phora nigra Mg.; 2. P. pumila J/g.; 3. Ceratopogon aristolochiae Rond.;
4. Lonchaea tarsata Fall,
2492. A.altissima Desf. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ p. 28.)—The flower mechanism
of this species deviates but little from that of A. Clematitis.
Visitors.—Delpino observed 3 flies (determined by Rondani)—1. Ceratopogon
lucorum Afg.; 2. Phora pumila Afg.; 3. P. pulicaria Fall.
2493. A. rotunda L. and 2494. A. pallida Willd. (Delpino, loc. cit.}\—The
flower mechanisms of these species differ but little from that of A. Clematitis. The
joint-cell of the weel-hairs is thin-walled on its under-side, but generally thickened
above, and provided with a thin porous spot just in front of the septum dividing it
from the foot-cell. Correns thinks this may be a protection against fracture as the
result of pressure. Correns describes the flowers of A. pallida as larger than those of
A. Clematitis. They always grow singly and quite upright; their perianth is green
in colour, with a crescentic brown-black patch opposite the excavated side. Five or
six streaks of the same colour reach from this down the funnel-shaped tube into the
short, cylindrical trap. This is beset with long hairs, which stick together later on.
The tube is lined with weel-hairs resembling those of A. Clematitis. An imperfect
closure of the perianth tube takes place towards the end of anthesis by the bending
down of its lip.
VisiTors.—Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.’) observed 3 flies (determined by Rondani) in the
flowers of A. pallida—1. Phora carbonaria Le//.; 2. P. pulicaria Fa//.); 3. Chironomus
gracilis Macq. (?).
The flowers of A. rotunda also grow singly and always upright. The green
perianth possesses a narrow, cylindrical tube, which ends in a comparatively large,
flat limb, brown-black on its inner side. After the anthers have dehisced, it bends
sharply backwards and downwards, folds up round the perianth tube, and so closes
the flower entrance completely. The weel-hairs situated in the perianth tube resemble
those of A. Clematitis, but the barrier apparatus is more perfect. Both A. rotunda
and A. pallida possess abundani: ‘ twining-hairs’ on the outer wall of the perianth
and on the ovary. These consist of a basal cell (sometimes subdivided), one or two
intermediate cells (neck-cells), and one reflexed hook-cell, which lies parallel with
the perianth wall (the opening of the hook directed upwards).
Visitors.—Delpino observed 7 flies (determined by Rondani) in A. rotunda.—
1. Scatopse nigra Mg.; 2. Cerat-pogon minutus 4/g.; 3. Sciara minima Afg.;
4. Cecidomyia atricapilla Rond.; 5. Oscinis aristolochiae Rond.; 6. O. delpinii Fond. ;
4. O. dubia Macq.
2495. A. fimbriata Cham. (= A. Bonplandi Zenore).—Hildebrand says (Bot.
Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 603) thalt this species agrees with A. Sipho in the shape
of its perianth, and with A. Clematitis jin the arrangement of the weel-hairs.
i
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 355
2496. A. Ruiziana Duch. (= A. Duchartrei André); and 2497. A. elegans
Mast.—These two species are tropical. Correns says (op. cit.) that there are two
areas in the pit which are more thickly covered with hairs than the rest, and may be
considered as nectaries. As the weel-hairs are only one-third as long as the lumen
of the perianth tube, the barrier apparatus is formed by two projections. The hair
thus touches the perianth wall at two separate points, one to the right and the other
to the left of the joint, and is therefore able to resist lateral impact.
2498. A. grandiflora Sw. (Delpino, op. cit.}—This species is indigenous to
the Antilles, and is distinguished by its wine-red colour and smell of carrion, which
facts give rise to the supposition that the very large flowers are visited by carrion-flies.
A tendril proceeding from the perianth limb winds round an adjacent branch to hold
the flower in the right position for insect visitors.
9772. Asarum L.
The blossoms of species belonging to this genus are protogynous and not very
conspicuous; Hermann Miiller describes them as nauseous flowers (Kosmos, Leipzig,
iii, 1878). He considers that they perhaps act as prisons or at least as hiding-places
for insect visitors, and so form a stage leading up to the mechanism of Aristolochia
(f. Vol. i, p. 128).
2499. A. europaeum L. (Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ pp. 61-2;
Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 517, Kosmos, Leipzig, iii, 1878; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, p. 279; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.
520; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—The
flowers of this species
grow singly close to the
ground often hidden by
fallen leaves. They are
of a greenish - brown
colour outside and dirty-
red brown inside, not
very conspicuous, and
possessing a sharp, cam-
phor-like odour. The FIG. 357. Asarum europaeum, L. (after Herm. Miller). . Young
three perianth lobes open flower, just opening; half the perianth removed. —_Z/. Older flower; the
: most anterior short stamens are beginning to erect themselves and dehisce.
slowly, in such a way arand a’, longer and shorter stamens; (7, filaments; s¢, stigmas.
that their tips remain
for some time curved inwards, while they spread out below. Three small cleft-
like entrances to the interior of the flower are thus formed, behind which the
already mature stigmas are situated, so that they must be touched by insects on
entering. Kerner says the visitors are small flies. The hexamerously arranged
stigmatic lobes bear (according to Kirchner) tufts of stigmatic papillae facing out-
wards, In the first stage of anthesis the twelve stamens, arranged in two whorls, are
Aaaz
356 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
curved so far outwards and downwards that the stigmas ate isolated in the middle
of the flower, and must inevitably be touched by any insect visitors. In the second
stage the flower is wide open, the six stamens of the inner whorl erect themselves and
stand quite close to the stigmas, each stamen being brought between two of these,
and the anthers dehisce extrorsely. Automatic self-pollination may now be easily
effected, in consequence of the downwardly directed position of the flower; the
spinose processes of the outer stamens also project beyond the stigmas, so that these
are much less likely to be touched by visitors. Finally, the inner stamens erect
themselves in succession and become inserted between the outer ones. They are
somewhat shorter than the latter, their anthers being therefore situated exactly below
the six still receptive stigmas. The mealy pollen falls into the flower in the form
of yellow dust.
Vistrors.—In spite of repeated prolonged watching in the Kiel Botanic Garden,
Knuth only once observed a carrion-fly (Lucilia caesar Z.), casually alighting.
2500. A. canadense L. (Delpino, op. cit.)—The flower mechanism of this
species agrees with that of the preceding one.
2501. A. albivenium Regel (= Heterotropa asaroides Morr. et Decne.).
(Delpino, op. cit.}—As regards the construction and mechanism of the flower,
this species comes between Arum and Aristolochia. Delpino supposes that the
inwardly curved margin of the perianth forms a temporary prison for the visitors,
which are probably flies.
XCI. ORDER ZAURINEAE VENT.
773. Laurus L.
2502. L. nobilis L.—
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Schletterer (Pola), the bee Halictus calceatus Scop., var. obovatus A., and the
ichneumon-fly Bassus laetatorius #. Alfken (Bozen), the honey-bee Apis mellifica
L. ¥, very freq., skg., the wasp Polistes gallicus Z. 9 and 4, freq., the Sphegid Cerceris
quinquefasciatus Rossz, freq., and the hover-fly Helophilus floreus Z., very treq., skg.
and po-dvg.
XCII. ORDER PROTEACEAE JUSS.
Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.’) says that species belonging to this order are protandrous.
Self-pollination is undoubtedly excluded, for the pollen is generally removed by
insect visitors before the stigmas are mature. Delpino supposes that various kinds
of honey-sucking birds are visitors.
XCIIE. ORDER 7THYMELAEACEAE JUSS.
774. Daphne Tourn.
Flowers homogamous, with nectar secreted and concealed in the base of the
corolla-tube, and accessible to flies, bees, or Lepidoptera only according to the length
of the latter. They thus belong to classes C to L.
THYMELAEACEAE 357
2503. D. Mezereum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 236, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ p. 207; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 159-60; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. PL,’ Eng.
Ed. 1, I, p. 301; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 423; Ludwig, ‘ Adynamandrie
v. Erodium macradenum u.s.w.’; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.—The bright
purple flowers of this species are strongly fragrant, thus attracting numerous bees,
flies, and Lepidoptera, especially as the crowded blossoms are not hidden by foliage-
leaves ; nectar is secreted by the base of the ovary. Hermann Miiller says that the
proboscis of an insect probing for this first brushes against the two rows of anthers
in the corolla-tube without removing their pollen, and then touches the stigma below
them. Pollination will be effected if another flower has been previously visited.
When the proboscis, wetted with nectar, is withdrawn, pollen adheres to it and is
transferred to flowers visited later. If insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination
takes place by fall of pollen; this, however, does not seem to be always effective,
for all flowers do not set fruits. Kerner says that autogamy seldom occurs on
account of the horizontal position of the flowers.
Schulz observed gynomonoecism and, rarely, gynodioecism ; he also found the
flowers at Halle self-fertile. Ludwig, on the contrary, observed adynamandry at
Greiz. He transplanted two stocks
from different parts of a wood into
his garden. They set abundant fruits
for eight years, and then one of them
died. In spite of frequent insect-
visits and artificial transfer of the
normal pollen to the fully mature
stigmas, no fruits were set by the
other plant. Ludwig adds :—
‘This case of adynamandry
deserves special notice, as A. Schulz Fic. 358. Daphne Mezereum, L. (after Herm. Miller).
found the species to be self-fertile anaes longitudinal section; 7, nectary. JD. Flower
at Halle a. S., where self-pollination
was always entirely effective. Adynamandry seems therefore to resemble dichogamy
and other oecological adaptations in the various ways in which it can develop on one
and the same plant in different places. It might be supposed @ przor7 that adyna-
mandry would be evolved in plants of xenocarpous origin in places where the
species was abundant and insect-visits numerous after the melting of the snow, while
in places where these conditions were reversed it would mean the extinction of the
species.’
Miégeville (Bull. soc. bot., Paris, xxxv, 1887) describes small fertile and large
sterile flowers belonging to this species.
VisiTors.—Knuth (Kn.), Herm. Miiller (H. M.), and Ludwig (Lud.) almost the
same insects, as given below. Considering that the species flowers early, when
Lepidoptera, bees, and flies are scarce, it is not surprising that its conspicuous
blossoms are visited by nearly all of them.—
A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis tenax Z. (Kn.), skg.; 2. E. sp. (H. M.),
do. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 3. Anthophora pilipes #. 8 and 9 (Kn., H. M.),
repeatedly and persistently skg.; 4. Apis mellifica Z. 9 (Kn., H. M., Lud.), freq., do. ;
358 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
5. Bombus hortorum JZ. 9, skg. (Kn.); 6. Halictus cylindricus F. 9 (Kn., H. M.);
7. H. leucopus A. 9 (H. M.); 8. H. minutissimus ZX. 9; 9. H. nitidus Schenck 9;
all skg.; 10. Osmia fusca Chr. § (H. M.); 11. O. rufa Z. g and $ (H. M.), skg.
C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 12. Rhodocera rhamni Z. (Kn., Lud.), skg. ;
13. Vanessa urticae Z. (Kn., H. M.), do.
Heinsius saw 2 long-tongued bees in Holland—Anthophora pilipes #. 4, and
Bombus terrester Z. 9 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, p. 79):
2504. D. striata Tratt. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 207-9 ; Schulz,
‘ Beitrige, II, pp. 160-1.)—This
species bears homogamous lepido-
pterid flowers smelling like elder.
Their mechanism agrees with that
of the preceding species, but the
corolla-tube is so long and narrow
that only Lepidoptera can obtain
the nectar and effect pollination.
Autogamy is possible by fall of
pollen.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller ob-
served numerous Lepidoptera (9
species), and A. Schulz similarly.
FIG. 359. Daphne striata, L. (after Herm. Miller).
£. Flower in longitudinal section ; 7, nectary. F. Flower
from above.
2505. D.Laureola L. (Mac-
Leod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 440; Miége-
ville, Bull. soc. bot., Paris, xxxv, 1887.)—Miégeville describes small fertile and large
sterile flowers for this species as for D. Mezereum. They are yellowish in colour
and belong to class L.
Visitors.—MacLeod saw a Lepidopterid in the Pyrenees, and Bonnier noticed
the honey-bee.
2506. D. Cneorum L. (Briquet, ‘Etudes de biol. flor. dans les Alpes occi-
dent.’)—Briquet says that the red, fragrant flowers of this species are frequently
visited by butterflies. The diameter of the perianth limb is to-2omm. The perianth
tube narrows upwards, and the epiphyllous anthers are in two whorls, one 3-4 mm.
above the other, while the capitate stigma is placed about 4 mm. deeper than the
lower whorl. The lower part of the inner wall of the perianth tube secretes small
drops of a sweet fluid. Butterflies effect cross- and self-pollination, and pollen can
fall automatically upon the stigma of upright flowers. Kirchner adds that plants
from Tuttlingen (Wiirtemberg) and Mount Salvatore (near Lugano) possessed a dark-
green glandular disk at the base of the ovary, which secretes nectar as in D. Mezereum
and D. striata.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
2507. D. alpina L. (Briquet, op. cit.)—-Briquet states that the four perianth
lobes of the milk-white flowers belonging to this species diverge to give them a dia-
meter of about ro mm. In the perianth tube the eight anthers are situated in two
whorls about 1-13 mm. apart, and the capitate stigma is placed somewhat more
THYMELAEACEAE 359
deeply. Neither nectar nor nectary has been observed. The flowers set abundant
fruits.
Visirors.—These are Lepidoptera and flies, which must effect autogamy
(Kirchner).
775. Thymelaea Tourn.
Flowers with concealed nectar.
2508. T. calycina Meissn. (= Passerina calycina DC.).—The flowers of this
species are greenish-yellow in colour. :
VistTors.—MacLeod (Pyrenees) saw a fly and a po-dvg. beetle.
2509. T. arvensis Lam.(=T. Passerina Lange, Stellera Passerina Z., and
Passerina annua Wrks/r.), (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 174, 365.)—
Kerner says that self-pollination does not take place at first in the small, nectar-
scented flowers of this species, as the sticky, clinging pollen does not fall automatically
upon the stigma. At this time cross-pollination by insect-visits is possible. Towards
the end of anthesis, however, the perianth contracts, so that the anthers are pressed
against the stigma and autogamy is effected. If the weather is unfavourable the
flowers do not open, and hemi-cleistogamous fertilization takes place.
2510. T. dioica All. (= Passerina dioica Ram.), and 2511. T. tinctoria Endl.
(= P. nivalis Ram.). (Miégeville, Bull. soc. bot., Paris, xxxv, 1887.)—Miégeville
describes small sterile and large fertile flowers in these species.
776. Leucosmia Benth.
Darwin (‘Different Forms of Flowers’) and Hildebrand (‘ D. Geschlechts-Vert.
b. d. Pfl.’) describe species of this genus as dimorphous.
777. Pimelea Banks et Soland.
2512. P. ferruginea Labill. (=P. decussata &. &r.). (Willis, J. Linn. Soc.,
Bot., London, xxx, 1895.)—Willis says that the odourless flowers of this species are
protandrous.
Visirors.—Willis observed flies in the Cambridge Botanic Garden.
XCIV. ORDER ZZAEAGNACEAE R. BR.
778. Hippophae L.
Flowers anemophilous and dioecious.
2513. H. rhamnoides L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 148,
150.)—In the male flowers of this species the dusty pollen falls from the four anthers
into the base of the flower while still in the bud. Even after this has opened the
pollen is protected from rain by the two bowl-shaped bracts, which remain fastened
together at the apex: they only diverge laterally, so that two clefts are formed out
of which the pollen is shaken by gusts of wind, when it may be transferred to female
flowers. There is no nectar.
Vistrors.—Verhoeff (Norderney) observed a hover-fly (Syrphus ribesii Z.),
searching for pollen.
360 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
779. Elaeagnus L.
Flowers entomophilous and hermaphrodite.
2514. E. angustifolia L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 234.}—The
flowers of this species are citron-yellow in colour internally, silver-white externally.
VistTors.—Herm. Miiller, on garden plants, observed the honey-bee, skg., and
the hover-fly Syritta pipiens, Z., skg.
XCV. ORDER’ LORANTHACEAE DON.
780. Viscum Tourn.
Flowers dioecious and entomophilous, with exposed to half-concealed nectar.
2515. V. album L. (Kolreuter, ‘ Fortsetzung,’ pp. 70-2 ; Loew, Bot. Centralbl.,
Cassel, xliii, 1890, pp. 129-32.)—K@lreuter declared positively in 1762 that mistletoe
is entomophilous, but the plant was considered anemophilous for a long time, until
Loew’s investigations proved entomophily beyond doubt. In view of the interest to
which Kélreuter’s description has a claim, I should like to quote from him :—
‘I wish to add a few words regarding an observation which I made last spring
on mistletoe. It concerns the quite peculiar construction of those organs which
contain pollen, and give it out when ripe, and the only method which Nature employs
for the pollination of female plants.
‘A very unsuitable name would be chosen if these organs were called anthers,
as in most other plants. They are nothing but a projecting spongy region of
a whitish colour, which in the male flower occupies most of the inner surface of the
perianth, and is closely fused with it. It is formed of a cellular tissue (parenchyma)
through which many hollow passages run in various directions ; these are connected
with one another, and are intended to receive the pollen-grains as they are produced
by the cells, and finally to let them escape by certain rounded openings into the
cavity of the still closed flower.
‘The male flowers do not open all at once, and, as it were, by force, but
gradually, scattering the pollen resting within them into the air. The pollen-grains
are sulphur-yellow in colour, ovoid in shape, and beset externally with very short
slender spines, which are the chief cause of their clinging together.
‘The pollination of female plants, whether growing on the same tree with male
stocks or on separate ones at a great distance, is effected entirely by insects, and
indeed chiefly by various genera of flies, which eagerly seek the pollen and the sweet
fluid secreted by both kinds of flowers and provided as food for them by Nature.
The pollen clings to their hairy bodies and is transferred from the male plants to the
flowers of female ones. If the nature and quantity of pollen be considered and
attention be given to that which happens to these plants during anthesis, it will be
easily seen that it would be vain to expect pollination by wind in this case. I there-
fore place the mistletoe, without further thought, among those plants pollinated only
by insects; and, so far as I know, it is the first plant in the vegetable kingdom of
which it can be said that its fertilization is dependent on insects and its propagation
on birds, and that its preservation depends on animals belonging to two quite distinct
classes. Doubtless, also, on the other hand, considering their scanty means of
LORANTHACEAE 361
sustenance, these animals in their turn are preserved by the existence of the plant;
a new example by which the exact and necessary interdependence of all things is
clearly seen.’
This masterly description, confirmed about 130 years later by Loew’s entirely
independent investigations, is a further testimony to the acuteness, as well as to the
thoroughness and detail of Kélreuter’s observations. Loew describes the flower
mechanism somewhat as follows.—The tetramerous, leathery perianth is of a yellowish-
green colour, and larger in male flowers than in female ones; the lobes of the former
are about 3 mm. long and rather less broad, those of the latter only 1 mm. in breadth
and about the same in length. There are numerous pollen-receptacles on the inner
side of the cup-shaped perianth of the male flower. The pollen is not dry and
powdery, however, but of a coherent nature, and beset, as Mohl has described it,
with fine short spines. The inner hollow of the base of the perianth is covered by
a nectary.
The perianth lobes of the smaller female flowers incline together towards the
thick, short, capitate stigma, which in transverse section is bluntly rectangular and
about -5 mm. high. In this case the nectary forms a feebly glandular ring, situated
between the base of the perianth and that of the capitate stigma, which at this point
is contracted to a kind of neck.
Entomophily is indicated by the flower’s striking odour of orange, as well as by
the secretion of nectar. In addition to this may be mentioned the nature and com-
paratively small amount of pollen, and the fact that the male flowers are larger and
perhaps also more strongly fragrant than the female ones. The nectar is situated
3-4 mm. deep in the former and is perfectly accessible to an insect probing from
above ; Loew says, therefore, that the male flowers belong to class E. In the
smaller female flowers the perianth lobes usually so cover the nectary that only the
upper surface of the capitate stigma is accessible from outside; Loew therefore
considers the female flowers as belonging to class EC,
Loew was unable to observe pollinators ; but supposed these to be short-tongued
bees. The entrance to the male flower is so narrow (2 mm.), and the inner surface
of the perianth so thickly lined with pollen, that a bee with proboscis 3-4 mm. long
or even shorter, in probing for nectar, would dust this and its entire head with pollen,
which it would inevitably transfer to the stigma of a female flower when probing
between the perianth lobes and the capitate stigma. Loew thinks early flying species
of Andrena are the pollinators, some of which (A. albicans, A. tibialis, A. praecox,
A. parvula, A. fulva, and others) appear as early as the middle of March, the
flowering time of mistletoe. As in the case of the willows, which are usually visited
by these bees, the mistletoe clumps attract visitors entirely by the fragrance of their
nectar, for the usual conspicuousness seems to be unnecessary so early in the year
when bright flowers are rare.
Kélreuter, as previously described, observed ‘chiefly many genera of flies’ as
visitors ; these also are able to reach the nectar, which is situated only a few
millimetres deep, and thus to effect fertilization in the manner described by Loew.
Lindman describes mistletoe as monoecious near Stockholm. He compares
(Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xliv, 1890, pp. 241-4) the fragrance of the mistletoe-flower
with that of apples, or rather of apple-must; the odour of male flowers is much
362 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
stronger than that of female ones. The young branches are of a rather bright
ochre-yellow, which gives the plant a certain conspicuousness; the large, thick
internode below the small inflorescence may be considered as an excellent extra-floral
device to attract attention.
Kirchner (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk. Stuttgart, xlix, 1893, p. 104) confirms Lind-
man’s observations regarding the fragrance. He says that both male and female
flowers clearly secrete nectar, the male ones usually less than the female, the latter
being sometimes full up to the tips of the perianth lobes. These in the male flower
at the beginning of anthesis are so upright that the brittle pollen bursting from its
receptacles bars the way to the base of the blossom, and must therefore adhere to the
proboscis of an insect probing for nectar. In the course of anthesis the perianth
lobes diverge more widely.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers stated.—
Kirchner, the honey-bee, only visiting the male stocks, and leaving alone the
smaller, feebly odorous, female flowers, which of course yield no pollen. Pollination
is effected by flies (Pollenia rudis /., freq.; P. vespillo /., do. ; Spilogaster duplicata
AMzg., less freq.) which visit flowers of both kinds. Bonnier saw the honey-bee.
XCVI. ORDER SANTALACEAE R.BR.
781. Thesium L.
Flowers homogamous with concealed nectar secreted at the base of the corolla-
tube. Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 125) says that the anthers which
have dehisced in dry weather close up again when it is damp. Heterostyly some-
times occurs.
2516. T. alpinum L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 206-7; Schulz,
‘Beitrage, II, p. 161; Kerner, loc. cit.; Ewart, Ann. Bot., Oxford, vi, 1892,
pp. 271-90.)—The corolla
tube of the homogamous
flowers of this species is only
2 mm. deep. When visited
by insects, cross-pollination is
favoured (according to Her-
mann-Miiller), as anthers and
stigma come into contact with
opposite sides of the insects’
bodies. Should such visits fail,
automatic self-pollination takes
place towards the end of an-
Fic. 360. Dhestum alpinum, L. (after Herm. Miller). A thesis when the flower closes,
Flower seen from above. B. Do., in longitudinal section (x 13).
2, nectary ; sh, nectar receptacle; sé, stigma. by contact of anthers and
stigma. Schulz says that this
vf
ttt
is less easily effected in plants in the Riesengebirge.
Kerner states that the anthers, after having been pollinated, close up in half
a minute. The walls of the anthers are rendered damp by means of a characteristic
tuft of hairs growing on the perianth, which Kerner describes as follows :—
SANTALACEAE 363
‘The anthers of the Bastard Toad-flax (Zhestum alpinum) shut up within thirty
seconds of their being moistened. In this plant the process of closing is rendered
additionally interesting by the fact that the moistening of the anther-walls is effected
by peculiar tufts of hair projecting from the perianth. .. . The open flower of Zhesum
has the limb of its perianth turned to the sky. The position is maintained unchanged
day and night, and even the occurrence of bad weather does not cause any alteration
in the direction of the flower-stalks or the position of the flowers. Hence rain-drops
falling from above and the dew formed on clear nights must inevitably rest on the
open flowers. The immediate wetting of the entire flower is, however, prevented by
peculiarities in the form of the limb. The anthers close with great celerity upon the
deposition of the drops, the explanation being that the perianth lobes are connected
with the anthers standing in front of them by a bunch of twisted hairs, which not only
are themselves peculiarly susceptible of being wetted, but conduct the water to the
anthers and so cause the anther-walls to close.’
These hairs have been anatomically examined by Miss M. F. Ewart, who
distinguishes between two kinds :—
(1) Short, thick hairs, directed downwards towards the base of the style.
(2) Long, thin ones, directed upwards towards the anthers.
The former are situated on each side of the anthers and spring from the inner
surface of the perianth; the others stand behind each anther. Both kinds secrete
resin, which often fastens the longer hairs to the anthers. Many species also possess
long threads hanging from the perianth leaves.
Two groups connected by transitions may be distinguished :—
(1) Species, such as T. spicatum and T. capituliflorum, possessing short, down-
wardly directed hairs at each side of the anthers and long threads hanging from the
perianth. The style in these species is short and the perianth lobes much thickened.
(2) Species, such as T. debile and T. paniculatum, possessing long, upwardly
directed hairs situated behind the anthers and the short or small threads on the
perianth. The style is long and the perianth lobes scarcely thickened.
Miss Ewart says that the hair-tufts on flowers of the first group probably serve
to hold the pollen firmly by means of the excreted resin, while the hanging threads
guide the insect visitor to the deeply situated stigma.
In flowers of the second group these threads are not necessary, on account of
the length of the style. The threads situated behind the anthers do not serve (in
Miss Ewart’s opinion) as supports for them, but probably prevent the insect probing
for nectar from diverging from the right way, and also hold back the pollen close to
the flower-entrance.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Schulz (Riesengebirge), 50 Hymenoptera (mostly small), as many flies, and
a few small beetles. Herm. Miiller (Alps), not a single visitor. MacLeod (Pyrenees),
a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 440).
2517. T. intermedium Schrad. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, pp. 161-3.)—The
flowers of this species are heterostylous and homogamous. In the long-styled form
the anthers reach just above the middle of the style, and automatic self-pollination
is therefore rendered difficult. In the short-styled form the anthers are situated
364 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
immediately above the stigma, so that automatic self-pollination by fall of pollen is
inevitable. The size of the pollen-grains and stigmatic papillae does not vary
essentially in the two forms. Homostylous flowers also occur sometimes.
Although the honey-odour is not particularly strong to our sense of smell, it is
so extremely attractive to bees, that (according to Schulz) these insects neglect all
other flowers, however brilliant in colour, if nectar is not so abundant in them as in
this species. This investigator saw bees fly straight to this plant from a distance
of from 40 to 50 m., or even further; they could not have seen anything of its leaves
or flowers, but they passed over numerous others, blue and red in colour, which they
did not despise at other times. Schulz concluded, therefore, that it is not the colour,
as is generally supposed, but the specific smell of nectar which forms the chief
attraction to visitors.
VisiTors.—Schulz (Halle and S. Tyrol), many small bees, flies, and beetles, and
a few Lepidoptera.
2518. T. pratense Ehrh. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 521; Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob., II, p. 235.)—The perianth in this species is green outside
and white inside, and 5-6 mm. in diameter. The flowers are homogamous, but the
stigma is persistent. It outlives the stamens and is still receptive when the anthers
have shrivelled and fallen. These dehisce introrsely and become covered all over
with pollen. The stamens are of the same length as the stigma, and situated very
near it, so that self- and cross-pollination may be effected with equal facility by insects
probing for the nectar secreted at the base of the flower. Should such visits fail,
automatic self-pollination may easily take place in consequence of the proximity and
simultaneous maturation of stigmas and anthers.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed the honey-bee, skg.
2519. T. bavarum Schrank (= T. montanum £4rh.). Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 522.)—The flower mechanism of this species resembles that of the
preceding one, but the stigma projects about a mm. beyond the anthers, so that
cross-pollination is favoured by insect-visits, and automatic self-pollination rendered
difficult should these fail.
XCVII. ORDER EUPHORBIACEAE JUSS.
782. Buxus L.
Flowers monoecious with exposed nectar, probably occasionally anemophilous.
2520. B. sempervirens L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, pp. 214-15;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 138, 173, 313; Warnstorf, Verh. bot.
Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, 1896 ; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of this
species are yellowish-green in colour, and therefore rather inconspicuous. They are
also odourless, but the yellow anthers of the male flowers, which protrude while the
bud is still closed, are so conspicuous that visitors are fairly numerous, the plant
flowering so early in the year (March and April) that there are very few other flowers
at their disposal from which they can obtain nectar.
The apical flower of the crowded spike is female; it is surrounded by six or
more male ones, each of which possesses four thick anthers. Both kinds of flowers
EUPHORBIACEAE 365
offer a small quantity of nectar to visitors, the female possessing three small, fleshy
nectaries close together, each secreting a small drop of nectar. These are situated
touching each other on the ovary, which is surrounded by five or six greenish
perianth leaves. In the male flowers the vestigial ovary forms the nectary, apparently
secreting tiny drops of nectar. The three styles in the female flowers alternate with
the nectaries, and project beyond them, each bearing a two-lobed stigma on its inner
side; no trace of anthers is to be seen. In the male flowers the four stamens project
far beyond the nectary, which is surrounded by the four perianth leaves. The anthers
are thick and cordate.
The spikes are feebly protogynous. The stigmatic papillae of the apical flower
(which is sometimes absent) are receptive before the anthers of the surrounding
male flowers have dehisced, and the stigmas remain in that condition until all the
male flowers on the spikelet have shed their pollen. The apical flower can therefore
easily be pollinated by insect visitors with pollen from adjacent male ones, if it has
not already been dusted with that of others belonging to the same or another plant.
Visitors, however, usually fly to the middle of the spikelet, which affords the most
convenient alighting-platform, and therefore on to the female flower, so that even in
the homogamous stage of the spikelet crossing with separate stocks is generally
effected.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, spheroidal, rendered
opaque by low, crowded tubercles, on an average 37 « in diameter.
Kerner places the box among those anemophilous species which—like most
ashes, the mock-privet (Phillyrea), and the pistachio (Pistacia)—bear short, thick
filaments and comparatively large anthers filled with mealy pollen, although he has
expressly stated that the male as well as the female flowers possess three central
nectaries each secreting a drop of nectar.
Visttors.—The following were observed by Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Knuth
(Kn.)— :
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: all skg.: 1. Calliphora vomitoria Z. (Kn.) ;
2. Musca corvina #. (H. M.); 3. M. domestica Z. (Kn., H. M.). (6) Syrphidae :
4. Syritta pipiens Z., skg. or po-dvg. (H. M.); 5. Syrphus pyrastri Z., do. (H. M.).
B. Hymenoptera. <Apzdae: 6. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (Kn., H. M.), po-cltg. Herm.
Miiller describes the behaviour of the honey-bee as follows : ‘It frees the pollen from
the still undehisced anthers with its mandibles, regurgitates some honey from its
slightly protruded proboscis, and then transfers the pollen by means of the front and
mid legs to the hind ones. All this, however, is done so quickly that the individual
acts can scarcely be followed.’
783. Euphorbia L.
LiteraTture.—Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ I, pp. 157-61 ; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
II, p. 215; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 365; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, pp. 124, 173,313 ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 249-50 ;
Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 130-1, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’
pp. 90-1.
All our native spurges possess the same flower mechanism. The stem at first
divides into a pentamerous cyme, the rays subdividing into branches with bifurcated
branchlets. An inflorescence resembling a single flower is situated at the end of each
366 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
branchlet. This is composed of several (10-12) male flowers (each consisting of
a single-stalked stamen) with a central female flower, and is surrounded by a calyciform
involucre with a four- to five-lobed limb.
The glands of this investment secrete a
shallow layer of completely exposed nectar.
This inflorescence, oecologically equiva-
lent to a single flower, is strongly proto-
gynous (cf E. palustris Z.). The three
bilobed stigmas emerge first from the in-
volucre, and may be dusted with foreign
pollen if insects visit the flowers. Later,
when the ovary (on a long, curved stem)
projects far beyond the involucre, the stamens
gradually elongate one after another, dehiscing
Fit. abe ise eee the same time, and take the place which
(1) E. Peplus, L., in the first (female) stage; the’ was occupied in the first stage by the
Se ae ee stigmas. Pollination is effected exclusively
E. Helzoscopia, L., in the second (male) stage;
the ovary (the female flower) with its non-receptive by flies but beetles and wasps are occasional
stigmas hangs far out on a curved stalk: the nae ‘ ‘
stamens (male flowers) protrude from the in- visitors, and, in places where the plants grow
volucre. 5
in large numbers close together, bees may
also be observed.
Kerner states that the anthers close in damp air and open again when it is dry.
Jordan observed that they turn their pollen-covered sides to the flower entrances
above the nectaries.
2521. E. helioscopia L.—
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, Anthomyia sp. and other flies. Knuth (‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 167), 5 Diptera—(@) Afuscrdae: 1. Anthomyia sp. (6) Syrphidae :
2. Melanostoma mellina Z.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z.; 4. Syrphus balteatus Deg.
(c) Tipulidae: 5. Pachyrhina sp. Knuth (Helgoland, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
viii, 1896, p. 36), 5 Diptera—(a) Muscidae: 1. Coelopa frigida Fal/.; 2. Fucellia
fucorum Fall.; 3. Lucilia caesar Z. (5) Syrphidae: 4. Chrysotoxum festivum JZ. 8 ;
5. Eristalis tenax Z. MacLeod (Flanders, op. cit., vi, 1894, p. 379), 2 hover-flies.
Plateau (Flanders), a bee (Proscopis sp.) and a hover-fly (Syrphus corollae #°).
Schletterer (Pola), a bee (Halictus calceatus Scop.), a Sphegid (Salius fuscus F.), and
a saw-fly (Arge cyaneocrocea /¢@rst.). Delpino, only flies.
2522. E. verrucosa Lam.—
VistTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a Muscid (Lucilia caesar Z.)
and 2 hover-flies (Ascia podagrica #., and Eristalis nemorum JZ.) (‘ Bliitenbiol.
Floristik,’ p. 332).
2523. E. Gerardiana Jacq.—
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—-
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden, loc. cit.), the honey-bee and a fossorial wasp
(Crabro lapidarius Pz. 9). Plateau (Ghent), 3 flies—r. Eristalis arbustorum Z. ;
EUPHORBIACEAE 367
2. Lucilia caesar Z.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z. Herm. Miiller (Kitzingen), 4 nect-lkg.
beetles—(a) Cerambyczdae: 1. Leptura livida /., nect-lkg.; 2. Strangalia melanura
L£. (6) Mordellidae: 3. Mordella aculeata Z.; 4. Mordellistena pumila Gy/h.
2524. E. Cyparissias L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 266; Herm. Miiller,
‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 172-3, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ IT, p. 216.)—
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following list
for Central Germany.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Phytoecia nigricornis #, nect-lkg.
(Budd.). (6) Chrysomelidae: 2. Cryptocephalus flavipes /. (Budd.) ; 3. Haltica sp.,
freq. (H. M., Thuringia); 4. Luperus circumfusus Marsh. (Budd.). (c) Elateridae:
5. Corymbites aeneus Z., nect-lkg. (Budd.); 6. Cryptohypnus minutissimus Germ.,
nect-lkg. (Budd.). (d) Yélephoridae: 7. Cantharis sp., nect-lkg.(Budd.). _(e) Mor-
dellidae: 8. Mordella aculeata Z., nect-lkg. (Budd.). B. Diptera. (2) Muscidae :
g. Anthomyia sp. 9, freq., skg. (Budd.). (4) Syrphzdae: 10. Cheilosia sp., skg.
(Budd.); 11. Eristalis arbustorum Z., do. (H.M.); 12. E. tenax Z., do. (H. M.).
C. Hemiptera. 13. Lygaeus equestris Z. (H. M.); 14. Miris levigatus Z. (Budd.) ;
15. Stenocephalus agilis Scop. (Budd.). D. Hymenoptera. (a) Agzdae: 16. Andrena
convexiuscula A. , skg. (Budd.); 147. Halictus flavipes #. 9, skg. (Budd.); 18. H.
villosulus X. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 19. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9, skg. (Budd.).
(4) Chrystdidae: 20. Chrysis ignita Z. 9, nect-lkg. (H. M.). (c) Zenthredinidae:
21. Allantus temulus Scop., in large numbers, nect-lkg. (Budd.) ; 22. Amasis laeta /”,
nect-lkg. (Budd.); 23. Hylotoma ustulata Z., do. (Budd.); 24. Macrophya ribis
Schr. do. (Budd.). (d) Vespidae: 25. Eumenes pomiformis F., skg. (H. M.).
E. Lepidoptera. 26. Hesperia sylvanus £sp., skg. (H. M., Thuringia).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Loew (Brandenburg, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 36), a Sphegid (Cheilosia praecox Ze/t., skg.)
and 2 hover-flies (Chrysotoxum vernale Zw., skg., and Eristalis nemorum Z., do.):
(Silesia, op. cit, pp. 29, 48), a Therevid (Thereva microcephala Zoew) and a hover-fly
(Melanostoma mellina Z., skg.). Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 2 bees—Andrena
fulvida Schenck, and A. proxima A. Friese (Thuringia), the saw-fly Tenthredo
ignobilis Klug. Krieger (Leipzig), the 2 commonest fossorial wasps Pompilus
viaticus Z., and Salius fuscus #. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 21 Diptera, a beetle, and
3 Lepidoptera. Schletterer, for Pola and the Tyrol (T.), a bee (Halictus tetrazonius
Kig. 9 (T.), a saw-fly (Arge cyaneocrocea orst.), and a wasp (Polistes gallica Z.),
F. F. Kohl (Tyrol), the Chrysididid Ellampus aeneus 7.
2525. E. palustris L. (Heinsius, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892,
pp. 59-61; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 165.)—Heinsius says that the inflor-
escences of this species are partly protandrous and partly protogynous; those situated
in the middle and flowering first being protandrous, and those nearer the outside
protogynous.
Visitors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Dermestidae: 1. Anthrenus scrophulariae Z., nect-lkg.
(3) Scarabaeidae: 2. Cetonia aurata L., dvg. the flowers. B. Diptera. (a) Brbiontdae :
3. Bibio hortulanus Z. 9, skg.; 4. B. marci Z. 6, do. (6) Empzdae: 5. Hilara
maura /, skg. (c) Musczdae: 6. Anthomyia sp.; 7. Sarcophaga carnaria JZ.
(2) Syrphidae: 8. Eristalis nemorum Z.; 9. Melanostoma mellina Z., skg.; 10, Syritta
pipiens Z., do. C. Hymenoptera. <Apzdac: 11. Andrena fasciata Wesm. 9,
po-cltg.; 12. A. fulva Schr. 9, do.; 13. A. nitida Fourcr. 9, skg. and po-cltg.;
14. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, eagerly skg., and removing pollen while creeping over several]
cyathia.
368 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Heinsius observed the following in Holland.—
A beetle (Oedemera flavipes #. & and 9), 5 Muscids (1. Anthomyia sp. $;
2. Cyrtoneura curvipes Jfacg. $; 3. C. hortorum Fell. 9; 4. Graphomyia maculata
Scop. 9; 5. Onesia floralis R. D. 8), a Bibionid (Dilophus vulgaris AZg. 4), a Stratio-
myid (Odontomyia tigrina #. § and 9), and 2 Syrphids (Ascia podagrica /. 9, and
Chrysogaster splendida Merg. 9).
2526. E. Esula L.—
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Thuringia, op. cit.), 3 Muscids (1. Anthomyia sp., nect-lkg. ;
2. Sepsis sp.; 3. Ulidia erythrophthalma Z., nect-lkg.), an ant (Myrmica ruginodis
yl. ¥, nect-lkg.), and Ichneumonids. Knuth (Kiel Ober-Realschule Garden,
‘ Beitrage’), the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z., nect-lkg. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden),
the honey-bee, skg. and po-cltg. von Dalla Torre (Innsbruck Botanic Garden), the
bee Prosopis bipunctata /. (also recorded by Schletterer).
2527. E. Peplus L.—Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains of this species as
yellow in colour, tetrahedral, tuberculate, on an average 56 » broad and up to 75 p
long.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (Kiel, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 167), 4 hover-flies, minute
Muscids, and a beetle : (Helgoland, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, viii, 1896, p. 36),
2 Muscids (Coelopa frigida Fa//., and Lucilia caesar Z.), and a Syrphid (Eristalis
tenax Z.). Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), an ant (Lasius sp. ¥), small flies, and
Ichneumonids. MacLeod (Flanders, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 251,
379), 3 hover-flies, 2 short-tongued Hymenoptera, and a beetle. Plateau (Flanders),
a bee (Andrena nana X.), and a hover-fly (Syrphus corollae .).
2528. E. pilosa L.—
VistTors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. (a) Brbzonidae: 1. Bibio hortulanus Z. 9, skg. (6) Aluscrdae :
2. Lucilia caesar Z.; 3. Spilogaster duplicata J/g. B. Hymenoptera. Afrdae:
4. Andrena fulva Schr. 9, po-cltg.; 5. Halictus sexnotatus A’. 9, skg. and po-cltg.
2529. E. dulcis L.—Kerner describes this species as very strongly protogynous,
but with inconspicuous inflorescences.
2530. E. platyphyllos L—
Visitors.—T he following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), Diptera, Sphegids (e.g. Crabro brevis v.d.Z.), and
bees. Plateau (Ghent), a hover-fly (Syritta sp.) and numerous Muscids.
2531. E. aspera Bieb.—
VisiTors.—Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden.—
A. Diptera. (a) Aluscrdae: 1. Anthomyia sp., skg.; 2. Lucilia caesar L.;
3. Sarcophaga carnaria Z. (6) Syrphidae: 4. Eristalis nemorum Z., skg. B. Hy-
menoptera. Apzdae: 5. Andrena albicans A/ull. $, skg.; 6. A. dorsata K. 9,
po-cltg.
EUPHORBIACEAE 369
2532. E. nicaeénsis A].—
Visrrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the following.—
A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Anthomyia sp. (4) Syrphidae: 2. Eristalis
nemorum Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 3. Halictus nitidiusculus K. 9, skg.
and po-cltg.
2533. E. salicifolia Host.—
Visitors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a Dermestid beetle (An-
threnus scrophulariae Z., nect-lkg.) and 2 hover-flies (Helophilus floreus Z., skg.,
and Syritta pipiens Z.).
2534. E. virgata Waldst. et Kit—
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
F. F. Kohl (Innsbruck Botanic Garden), the Vespid Odynerus nigripes H.-Sch.
Plateau (Brussels Botanic Garden), the honey-bee, freq., a Muscid (Lacilia caesar Z.),
and hover-flies (Eristalis arbustorum Z., and other sp.).
2535. E. amygdaloides L.—
VisiTtors.—Bonnier saw the honey-bee, freq., skg.
2536. E. segetalis L—The flowers of the species are greenish-yellow in
colour.
VisrTors.—Plateau observed a bee (Halictus sp.), a hover-fly (Syritta pipiens Z.),
Muscids, and Tlgips.
2537- E. dendroides L. (Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Capri,’
Pp. 15-17.)—
VisiTors.—Knuth (Capri) observed the following.—
A. Coleoptera. 1. Coccinella septempunctata Z. B. Diptera. (a) ALus-
cidae: 2. Sarcophaga carnaria Z.; 3. Scatophaga stercoraria ZL. (4) Syrphidae:
4. Eristalis tenax Z.; 5. Syrphus sp. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 6. Andrena
sp. (3) Formicidae: 7. Formica sp.
2538. E. ceratocarpa Tenore; 2539. E. officinarum L.; and 2540. E.
splendens Boj.—Nicotra states that these species are dioecious (‘ Contrib. alla biol.
fior. d. gen. Euphorbia,’ Fasc. i, Palermo, 1824).
784. Dalechampia Plum.
2541. D. Roezliana Muell—Francke, whose observations were made in the
Freiburg i. B. Botanic Garden, states that in this species the pollination of female
flowers is not excluded but rendered difficult.
785. Ricinus L.
2542. R. communis L. (Delpino, Malpighia, Genova, iii, 1889.)—This
species is strongly anemophilous, as shown by the explosive dehiscence of the anther-
lobes.
DAVIS. III Bb
370 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
786. Phyllanthus L.
2543. P. Niruri L. (?) (Ludwig, Kosmos, Leipzig, i, 1872.)}—This species is
indigenous to Brazil. At the base of the inflorescence are situated smaller whitish-
green, bell-shaped male flowers provided with nectaries, and above them the larger
green female ones with longer stalks, devoid of nectar. Anthesis begins by the
almost simultaneous opening of the male and female flowers situated in the lowest
part of the inflorescence.
VistTors.—Ludwig and Herm. Miiller supposed these to be small Diptera.
787. Mercurialis L.
Flowers anemophilous; dioecious, rarely monoecious, still more rarely tri-
monoecious.
2544. M. annua L. (F. Heyer, Inaug.-Diss., Halle, 1883.)—Heyer says that
the ratio of male to female plants in this species is as 105-86 : 100 (on the average
calculated from 21,000 specimens), Monoecism occurs sometimes, single male
flowers appearing on the female plants, or conversely. Pollen is transferred from
one plant to another by the wind.
The development of germinable seeds without fertilization, i.e. partheno-
genetically, has already been described in Vol. I, p. 61.3
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
MacLeod (Flanders), 2 hover-flies (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894,
p- 252). Plateau (Flanders), a Dermestid beetle (Anthrenus verbasci Z., freq.,
po-dvg.), Thrips, a moth (Botys sp.), and 4 hover-flies—1. Syritta pipiens Z.;
2. Syrphus corollae Z.; 3. Eristalis tenax Z.; 4. E. arbustorum Z.
2545. M. perennis L. (Thomas, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xv, 1883, p. 29;
J. Saunders, J. Bot., London, xxi, 1883, pp. 181-2; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver.,
Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)\—Thomas describes this species as dioecious, and occasion-
ally monoecious, while Saunders states that it is also sometimes trioecious. Warn-
storf describes the male flowers as arranged in clusters of 4 to 7, grouped in
pseudo-spikes of which the apical flower opens first. The two globular, yellow
anthers, situated upon pale delicate filaments, diverge and dehisce upwards. The
anther-lobes become indigo-blue in colour after the pollen-grains are scattered.
These are sulphur-yellow in colour, closely tuberculate, ellipsoidal, on an average
37 » long and 20 » broad. Kerner says that the stigmas of the female flowers are
receptive at least two days before the anthers of the male ones dehisce (‘ Nat. Hist.
Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 403).
1 Juel (Vet.-Ak. Handl., Stockholm, xxxiii, 1900) says that in this species there is no real
parthenogenesis (i.e. the development of a new individual from a cell which is morphologically an
unfertilized egg-cell), but only seed-formation without previous fertilization. This also applies to
Caelebogyne ilicifolia, 7. Si. (vol. i, p. 60), some species of Alchemilla (Murbeck, Bot. Not.,
Lund, 1897, p. 273), as well as to the plants of Antennaria alpina in the Innsbruck Botanic
Garden, which are described by Kerner as parthenogenetic. Juel (op. cit.) proves by his investiga-
tions on the embryology of this plant that ‘ Kerner’s hitherto unproved assertion of parthenogenesis
in Antennaria alpina is nevertheless true.’
EUPHORBIACEAE 371
Vistrors.—Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire) observed the honey-bee (‘Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 152).
2546. M. ovata Sternb. et Hoppe (= M. perennis Z., according to the Jndex
Kewensis)—Kerner’s_ remark about the last species applies to this one also.
A. H. W. Dod (J. Bot., London, xxxiii, 1895, p. 185) observed several male plants
with one or two female flowers, and one female plant with one male flower.
Visttors.—Frey (Aargau) observed the moth Brephos puella Zs.
XCVII. ORDER URTICACEAE ENDL.
788. Urtica L.
Flowers anemophilous; monoecious or dioecious. When they open, the fila-
ments, hitherto curved inwards and downwards, expand and spring out of the
perianth, the anthers dehiscing at the same time and scattering their pollen in a small
cloud.
2547. U. urens L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, pp. 294-5; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed.1, I, p. 313; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
vi, 1894, pp. 134-5-}-—The female flower in this species is one mm. long and 0-5 mm.
broad. It consists of a green tetramerous perianth, and an ovary bearing a tuft of
radiating transparent stigmatic hairs, The male flower matures somewhat later than
the female one in the same leaf-axil, and its diameter is four times that of the latter.
The four stamens are superposed on the four perianth leaves, and are bent so far
inwards that the thick anthers lie in the base of the flower, while the inwardly curved
filaments are in a condition of outward tension. This increases as they elongate
until the resistance is finally overcome. The filaments suddenly straighten, the
anthers dehiscing simultaneously and scattering a cloud of pollen, thus effecting
crossing with adjacent stocks in which the stigmas are already receptive.
2548. U. dioica L.—The male flowers of this species possess the same ex-
plosive mechanism as those of U. urens, but dioecism is the usual rule. Monoecious
stocks occur, however, bearing female inflorescences at the top, mixed ones in the
middle, and male ones at the bottom (Hildebrand).
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, the hover-fly Syrphus arcuatus Jai. (?), po-dvg. Von Fricken
(Westphalia and E. Prussia) and Redtenbacher (Vienna), the Nitidulid beetle
Brachypterus urticae F.
789. Parietaria L.
Flowers anemophilous ; trioecious—there being hermaphrodite, male and female
flowers on the same stock. ‘The hermaphrodite ones are protogynous. The anthers
possess a similar explosive mechanism to that of Urtica, for the stamens, stretched
like watch-springs at first, suddenly burst free, scattering the pollen into the air at the
same time.
Bb2
372 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2549. P. judaica L. (= P. diffusa Mert. e¢ Koch, and P. ramiflora Moench).
(Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’
pp. 18-19.)—In this species the brush-like
stigmas protrude from the bud while the
perianth is still closed, and are shrivelled
before this opens and the anthers dehisce.
Self-pollination is therefore excluded, and
crossing with separate stocks always takes
place.
My
2550. P. officinalis L. (= P. erecta
Mert. et Koch). (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 12.)
—The flower mechanism of this species is
the same as that of the preceding one. Some
eee, A stigmas are red, others white. Warnstorf
Fic. 362. Parzetaria judaica, L. (after : i
Hildebrand). ¢, Hermaphrodite flower, just describes the pollen-grains as very small,
before opening; the stigma is already mature. at ie as
a She cuge ahenly ater powinigs the eons white in colour, rounded tetrahedral, 15-18 pu
has fallen off, but the anthers are still closed- jn diameter.
¢, Flower with dehisced anthers.
Visitors.—Redtenbacher observed the
Eucnemid beetle Throscus elateroides Heer.
790. Pilea Lindl.
2551. P. muscosa Lindl. (= P. microphylla Zzedm.).—This species is indi-
genous to tropical America; its flower-buds explode, scattering the pollen into the
air in small clouds (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 137).
791. Ficus Tourn.
Dioecious, more rarely monoecious plants, bearing small flowers enclosed in
a rounded to pear-shaped fleshy common receptacle closed above (hypanthodium).
2552. F. Carica L. (Linnaeus, ‘Amoenitates,’ I, p. 41, 1774; St. Laurent,
‘ Caprificazione,’ 1752; Riville, ‘ Mém. sur la caprification,’ 1755 ; Cavolini, ‘Memoria,’
1782; Gallesio, ‘Pomona italiana,’ 1817; H. Low, ‘ Caprifikation,’ 1843; Semmola,
‘ Della caprificazione,’ 1845 ; Gasparrini, Rend. Acc. sc., Napoli, iv, 1845, vii, 1848 ;
Leclerc, ‘ De la caprification, &c.,’ 1858; Delpino, ‘ Note critiche,’ pp. 21-2, 1867 ;
Solms-Laubach, ‘D. Herkunft &c. d. gewohn. Feigenbaumes,’ 1882; Hemsley,
‘Fig and Caprifig,’ 1883; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 157, 161,
540.)—Linnaeus refers to the fact that a special ‘messenger of love’ (cupido) is
necessary for the fertilization of the fig, to transfer the pollen to the female
inflorescence ; this was known to the ancients, who named the insect ‘ psen’ or
‘fig-wasp.’ Kerner’s account of the process of fertilization by this fig-wasp has
already been given in Vol. I of this work (p. 104).
2553. F. Sycomorus L, (= Sycomorus antiquorum Gasf.). (Paul Mayer,
‘Feigeninsekten.’}—This species is also fertilized by means of a small gall-wasp
(Sycophaga sycomori Z.) [Hasselquist] in the same way as the fig by Blastophaga
grossorum Grav.
URTICACEAE 373
Paul Mayer has examined numerous other species of Ficus and Sycomorus
(chiefly from herbarium specimens) and found Sycophaga and Blastophaga together
in some of them.
792. Cannabis L.
Flowers anemophilous ; dioecious.
2554. C. sativa L. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 133, 143;
Heyer, ‘Untersuchungen, &c.’; Fisch, ‘Zahlenverhiltnisse’; Warnstorf, Verh. bot.
Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Heyer gives the ratio of male to female plants in this
species as 100 : 101-126, but Fisch says that it averages 100: 154. Kerner states
that the anthers of male flowers do not dehisce until 4-5 days after the adjacent
female ones open; the wind then shakes the pendulous anthers, and the pollen is
scattered ; this, however, can only be achieved gradually, the openings being extremely
narrow. Warnstorf describes a median streak on each side of each anther provided
with adhesive spherules before dehiscence. ‘The pollen-grains are white in colour,
tuberculate, irregularly tetrahedral, 31-35 » in diameter,
793- Humulus L.
Flowers anemophilous ; dioecious,
2555. H. Lupulus L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894,
pp- 374-6; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 133, 143.)—The stigmas of
the female flowers of this species are mature at least two days before the anthers
of adjacent male stocks dehisce, which they do in the same way as those of Cannabis.
Kerner and MacLeod compare the flower mechanism with that of Arrhenatherum
elatius and other grasses, Warnstorf (op. cit.) states that the anthers of the male
flowers are introrse, and beset externally in the middle line with yellow lupulin
granules. The pollen-grains are sulphur-yellow in colour, very irregular, smooth,
tetrahedral to polyhedral, about 25 » in diameter.
794. Morus L.
2556. M. alba L. (Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)—
Warnstorf describes this species as anemophilous. The diclinous flowers mature
simultaneously. The greenish perianth leaves of the male spikes become reddish on
the outside when the pollen is mature. The mealy pollen-grains are white in colour,
very irregularly tetrahedral, about 20-5 yp in diameter.
795. Broussonetia L, Hérit.
2557. B. papyrifera Vent. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 137.)
—lIn this species the rather thick filaments lie in the bud like a bent watch-spring,
and suddenly straighten when the perianth expands, thus scattering the pollen into
the air.
796. Ulmus L.
Anemophilous protogynous flowers with persistent stigmas. Kerner says that
shortly before dehiscence of the anthers the filaments elongate to twice their original
374 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
length. The anthers open completely in dry weather, but close again when it is
damp.
2558. U. montana With. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 12 ; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’)}—The two red filiform stigmas in this species are mature when the
flowers open, and project beyond the anthers, which are still immature and provided
with short filaments. The latter elongate later on, so that the stigmas are hidden
among the stamens; the anthers then dehisce, and the stigmas, which are still
receptive, may be fertilized by automatic self-pollination if they have not already been
dusted with foreign pollen in the first stage of anthesis. The flowers, united in
crowded clusters, do not as a rule mature simultaneously, so that blossoms in various
stages of maturation are found on the same cluster. Warnstorf describes the pollen-
grains as white in colour, irregularly rounded-polyhedral, with uneven undulating
ridges, about 30-7 yw in diameter.
Visirors.—Sprengel (‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 150) observed the honey-bee, and it is
recorded as freq., po-cltg., by Kirchner (Stuttgart), and Knuth (Kiel).
2559. U. campestris L. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 13; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 311.)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees with that of
the preceding one. Kerner says that the stigmas force their way out of the still
closed flowers.
VisiTors.—Knuth observed the honey-bee, freq., po-cltg.
2560. U. pedunculata Fouger. (= U. effusa Willd. and U. ciliata Lhrh.).
(Schulz, ‘ Beitrage.’)—The anthers and stigmas in this species mature in the same
order as those of the two preceding ones. Schulz describes the perianth as bilaterally
symmetrical ; and in correspondence with this the anterior style is longer than the
other. The two stigmatic branches, partially projecting from the perianth, are beset
with a brush-like tuft of long white or reddish papillae, to which the pollen-grains
readily adhere. These are yellowish-white in colour, irregularly rounded-polyhedral,
beset with ridges, about 30-5 y» in diameter.
797. Celtis Tourn.
2561. C. australis L. (A. Francke, ‘Beitrige.’)—This South European
species is andromonoecious, with protogynous hermaphrodite flowers and earlier
maturing male ones.
XCIX. ORDER PLATANACEAE LESTIB.
798. Platanus L.
Flowers anemophilous; monoecious. Kerner states that the female flowers
mature before the male ones. He also says (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 117,
133, 146) that the stamens are claw-shaped, each possessing a shield- or cushion-
shaped connective broadening out above the anthers. At the base of the globular,
pendulous inflorescence, many of these stamens are crowded together, and their
connectives make up a sort of roof. Under this roof are spaces in which the
dehisced pollen is stored fora time. As the stamens fall singly from the inflorescence,
PLATANACEAE 375
openings are made into these spaces through which the pollen falls to be scattered
into the air.
Schénland (Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, iv, 1883, pp. 308-27) states that hermaphrodite
flowers occur now and then. He further observed male flowers with reduced carpels,
and female ones with reduced stamens, and also entirely neuter flowers.
C. ORDER JUGLANDACEAE DC.
799. Juglans L.
Flowers anemophilous ; monoecious. Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II,
PP. 94, 119, 133, 148) says that the stiff upright spike, which at an early stage is
beset with crowded male flowers, elongates before the beginning of anthesis to such
an extent that it hangs over and protects the anthers from above with the bracts and
perianth leaves, The stamens being now under cover, the anthers dehisce, and the
pollen falls into trough-like depressions on the upper sides of the flowers situated just
below. It is removed thence in dry weather by gusts of wind. Warnstorf (Schr.
natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896) says that the numerous little hairs found on the
outside of the perianth and the bracts are much more capable of retaining the pollen.
The pollen-grains are whitish in colour, irregularly polyhedral, beset with small
tubercles, with obvious germinating processes, up to 50» in diameter. Kerner states
that the male inflorescences of species of Betula, Corylus, Alnus, and Populus possess
the same flower mechanism.
2562, J. regia L—Delpino and Darwin (‘ Forms of Flowers’) describe the trees
as partly protogynous, partly protandrous, and the organs which mature first do so
a week before the later ones. Kerner says that the species is protogynous, and the
female flowers mature 2-3 days before the male ones.
Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.,’ Atti Soc. ital. sci. nat., Milano, xvii, 1874) states that this
is a dimorphous species, not, however, according to the time but to the habitat.
Some plants are protogynous in the highest degree, their female flowers maturing
about a week before the male; others are equally protandrous, their male flowers
maturing the same length of time before the female ones. There is, therefore,
a double pollination and fertilization in two periods, the stigmas of the protogynous
plants being pollinated and fertilized about eight days before those of the protandrous
ones. The pollen of protandrous plants is transferred to the stigmas of proto-
gynous ones by the wind, the stigmas of protandrous plants being dusted with the
pollen of protogynous ones by the same means. The numbers of protandrous and
protogynous plants are about equal.
2563. J. cinerea L.—Darwin says that the trees of this North American species
also are partly protogynous and partly protandrous.
CI. ORDER MFRICACEAE RICH.
800. Myrica L.
2564. M.Gale L. (Schulz, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, xi, 1892, p. 409, foot-note ;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 128-9.)—Delpino says that
376 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
the flowers of this species are generally dioecious, sometimes monoecious, or they
may be partially or entirely hermaphrodite.
MacLeod states that the é catkins are more conspicuous than the 9, the latter
having the appearance of immature 6 ones. Each flower has four stamens proceeding
from the base of the catkin-scale, the anthers containing powdery pollen. Each
g flower consists of a carpel with 2-4 small scales. As in Potamogeton and
Triglochin the pollen is deposited temporarily on the arched catkin-scales, until the
wind blows it away in clouds.
CII. ORDER CUPULIFERAE RICH.
Flowers monoecious, less often dioecious, and occasionally hermaphrodite ;
belonging to classes An or Po.
801. Fagus L.
Flowers anemophilous ; monoecious, Kerner says that the trees are protogynous,
the female flowers maturing some days earlier than the male.
2565. F. sylvatica L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894,
pp. 127-8.)— MacLeod states that the flowers in this species mature simultaneously
with the foliage leaves. The 6 flowers are arranged in round, stalked, lateral catkins,
and each possesses 8-12 stamens, among which may generally be found the vestige
of a pistil, The 9 flowers grow together in pairs, and each possesses a triangular
ovary with three stigmas, and rarely also vestiges of stamens. The 6 catkins usually
possess a flexible stalk, so that they are moved by the wind and the pollen is
scattered.
802. Castanea Tourn.
Monoecious pollen-flowers. The male inflorescences are distinguished from the
pendulous male catkins of other related genera (Juglans, Quercus, Corylus, Carpinus,
&c.) by their erect position.
2566. C. sativa Mill. (=C.vesca Gaerin.). (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk.,
Stuttgart, xlix, 1893, pp. 105-7; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 396; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Kerner describes the male catkins of this species as
possessing an aminoid odour. They are very large (up to 20 cm. long), and rather
conspicuous, on account of the bright yellow perianth and numerous yellow anthers ;
they are, therefore, not infrequently visited by insects. Kirchner says that the pollen
is not powdery, but tends to cling together. The female flowers are inconspicuous,
green in colour, and possess a stiff style with smooth surface and a somewhat sticky
stigma.
The flowers of this species are described by Sprengel (‘D. Niitzlichkeit der
Bienen,’ p. 7), and also by Delpino (‘Ult. oss.,’ II, 1870), as anemophilous, but by
Kirchner (loc. cit.) as entomophilous pollen-flowers. The male inflorescences are
large and directed obliquely upwards; they grow together in such numbers that
a tree in bloom is conspicuous from a great distance; the odour is peculiar and
quite distinct close at hand, but at some distance it is scarcely noticeable. The
inflorescences are about 20 cm. long, crowded with flowers, and, when quite mature,
CUPULIFERAE 377
of a bright yellow colour. In the male flowers, which are very numerous, and
enclosed in a bright yellow six-leaved perianth, the stamens are bent inwards at the
beginning of anthesis; they straighten out later, each bearing at its upper end a bright
yellow anther, which is firmly bound to the filament. When the anthers dehisce, the
pollen does not scatter loosely, but remains lying upon them, in consequence of its
clinging properties. The pollen-grains are provided with three longitudinal grooves,
and often hang together in little clumps, although their extine is smooth and not
sticky with clinging drops of oil; when dry, they are 19 » long and 8 p thick.
There is nothing, therefore, in the structure of the male inflorescence and flowers
which points with any probability to anemophily. As regards the female flowers, the
inconspicuousness caused by their green colour and the absence of any other means
of attraction would certainly indicate wind pollination, if it were not for the fact that
the immediate vicinity of the conspicuous fragrant male flowers bearing abundant
pollen obviates the necessity for display of colour or any other attraction in the
female ones. The structure of styles and stigmas is also quite different from that
of an anemophilous plant; the six styles of each flower are strong and stiff, with
a smooth shining surface.
The entomophily of Castanea has been confirmed by direct observation.
Kirchner saw numerous pollen-collecting honey-bees and many species of flies as
well as small beetles visiting the flowers. There is no doubt that these insects,
which at first are only concerned with the obtaining of pollen, occasionally reach
the female flowers while creeping about the broad inflorescences, and deposit pollen
upon them.
Visitors.—T he honey-bee was observed by Loew, Kirchner, and Knuth (po-cltg.
by the two latter). Kirchner also noticed flies and beetles, and Loew the Alleculid
beetle Cteniopus sulphureus Z. (freq. by Lake Como).
803. Quercus L.
Flowers anemophilous; monoecious. Kerner (‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, p. 313) describes the oaks as protogynous, for the female flowers mature some
days before the male. Schulz (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, x, 1892) says that some
male flowers possess a fully-developed ovary instead of a vestige. He also observed
occasional vestiges of stamens in the female flowers of Q. sessiliflora Sy.
2567. Q. sessilifiora Sm., and 2568. Q. Robur L. (= Q. pedunculata ZArh.).
(MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 126-7.)—MacLeod states
that these species possess the following mechanism. The flowers appear simul-
taneously with the foliage leaves. The thin, loose, interrupted 6 catkin consists of
a flexible axis bearing numerous flowers, each containing 5-8 stamens. The
9 flowers are arranged in groups of from 1 to 5, crowded in Q. sessiliflora, but more
loosely placed in Q. Robur, and consisting of a carpel with three stigmas. The
flexible 6 catkins are set in motion by the wind, and thus scatter the dry, powdery
pollen.
804. Corylus L.
2569. C. Avellana L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 432; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’
Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 94, 148; Hildebrand, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Leipzig, ii, 1871;
378 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
Kirchner, ‘ Neue Beob.,’ p. 12; Meehan, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xvi, 1883, p. 3383
MacLeod, op. cit., p. 124; Wehrli, Flora, Marburg, Ixxvi, 1892 ; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Floristik, p. 335.)—Several observers (Bail, Baillon, Newdigate, Schulz) have
noticed hermaphrodite as well as unisexual flowers in this species. Hildebrand
states that only young trees bear flowers, but according to Kirchner this is not
always the case. Meehan says that if the spring is warm the é flowers scatter their
pollen before the 9 ones are fully mature; if cold, however, the stocks are homo-
gamous. In the first case few fruits are set, but in the latter they are abundant.
Kerner asserts that pollen is only scattered in dry windy weather ; in other
circumstances it is stored inside the flower in a place sheltered from the rain. Alnus,
Betula, Populus, and Carpinus agree in this respect.
Stocks may be homogamous, protogynous, or protandrous, in different places.
Kirchner found they were usually homogamous at Stuttgart, but the stigmas were
still receptive after the anthers had dehisced; he also observed rare protandry.
Kerner describes the stocks as protogynous. MacLeod found them to be homo-
gamous in Flanders. Those which I examined in Kiel were protogynous to such
an extent that in some circumstances the interval between the maturation of the two
sexes might last a week (c% Vol. I, p. 43). Wehrli observed a bush near Aarau,
which for two consecutive years bore only female flowers instead of male catkins,
and corresponded completely to the latter, except that the four stamens were replaced
by four stigmas, while ovaries were absent. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as
sulphur-yellow in colour when examined in the mass, tetrahedral, smooth, about 31 p
in diameter, with three germinating processes.
Visitors (to é catkins).—Herm. Miiller (Lippstadt, ‘ Fergjlisation,’ p- 523) and
Knuth (Kiel) observed the honey-bee. Burkill (Yorkshire coast) noticed the
Syrphid Melanostoma quadrimaculata Verra/ $ and 9, po-dvg. (‘Fertilisation of Spring
Flowers’).
805. Carpinus L.
Flowers anemophilous; monoecious; the 4 bearing numerous stamens and
the 9 arranged in loose spikes.
2570. C. Betulus L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 431; Kerner, loc. cit.;
Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896 ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, vi, pp. 125-6.}—The 6 flowers of this species are arranged in pendulous
spikes, the anthers borne on a connective with two arms of equal length, extrorse,
partially brownish-red in colour, possessing a long apical tuft of white hairs. The
pollen-grains are whitish-yellow in colour, irregularly polyhedral, tuberculate, on an
average 50 » in diameter. MacLeod says that the 6 and 9 catkins appear at the
same time as the leaves. The 9 are situated above the 4, but this is reversed in
the case of Betula and Alnus.
806. Betula L.
Flowers anemophilous; monoecious; occasionally hermaphrodite; rarely
dioecious, Kerner describes the plants as protogynous, the female flowers maturing
earlier than the male ones of the same stock.
2571. B. alba L. (=B. verrucosa Lhrh.). (MacLeod, op. cit., pp. 119-21 ;
CUPULIFERAE 379
Kerner, loc. cit.; Schulz, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, x, 1892; von Wettstein, Verh.
Zool.-Bot. Ges., Wien, xl, 1890, pp. 68-79.)—MacLeod says that the é catkins of
this species are larger than the 9, the latter possessing a more flexible axis than the
former. Schulz observed occasional hermaphrodite flowers, and von Wettstein found
entirely male and entirely female specimens.
2572. B. pubescens Ehrh. (= B. alba Z., according to the /ndex Kewensis).—
As the preceding species.
2573. B. nana L. (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’
p- 77; Andersson u. Hesselman, ‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren
Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’ p. 667.)—Vanhéffen (cf Abromeit, loc. cit.) describes the dwarf
birch as being among the less fragrant plants of Greenland. In Spitzbergen
(23. 7.98) it was found growing, and bearing numerous 6 and 9 catkins, in a low
sheltered branch of Advent Bay Valley. A specimen collected by Bjérling (26. 7.’90)
possessed well-developed but seedless fruits (¢£ Andersson and Hesselman, loc. cit.).
807. Alnus L.
Flowers anemophilous ; monoecious ; sometimes hermaphrodite.
2574. A. glutinosa Medic. (Bail, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870; Schulz,
Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, x, 1892; Kerner, loc. cit.; Kirchner, ‘Neue Beob.’ ;
MacLeod, op. cit., pp. 121-3.)—Bail and Schulz state that hermaphrodite flowers
are not rare in this species; they are at least much more frequent than in Betula.
Kirchner describes the stocks as protandrous, the stigmas not maturing until the
& flowers have withered. Kerner, however, says that they are protogynous, the
9 flowers maturing before the 4. MacLeod states that the $ and 9 catkins mature
simultaneously, and appear before the leaves. The 6 catkin possesses a long flexibl
axis, which can be set in motion by the wind; this bears the flowers in groups of
three. The 9 catkins are much smaller, the flowers being arranged in pairs.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as pale yellow in colour, decahedral with blunt
angles, 31 » in diameter, smooth, with five germinating processes.
2575. A. viridis DC.—Kerner states that the 9 flowers of this species mature
4-5 days earlier than the 6 ones on the same plant.
CII]. ORDER SALICINEAE RICH.
808. Salix L.
Lirerature.—Sprengel, ‘ Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 437-8; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’
pp. 524-6; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, pp. 313-14; MacLeod, Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 128-9; Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.’ ;
Heinricher, Sitz.-Ber, Ak. Wiss., Wien, Ixxxvii, 1883.
Flowers entomophilous ; dioecious ; with half-concealed nectar. The methanism
of willows is the simplest found among insect-pollinated forms. Although the flowers
are insignificant they are rendered conspicuous by being aggregated into catkins,
especially as these generally appear before the leaves unfold. Both the more con-
spicuous é flowers (which are therefore the first to be visited by insects), and the 9,
380 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
secrete abundant nectar; they are consequently much sought by numerous insects,
particularly bees, which bring about cross-pollination and also lead to the formation
of the numerous hybrids.
Kerner states that the 9 flowers of many species (e.g. S. fragilis Z., S. viminalis
L., S. triandra Z., and S. purpurea Z.) mature earlier than the 6 flowers of adjacent
trees. Jordan says that the anthers turn their pollen-covered surfaces towards the side
in such a way that the proboscis of an insect inserted between the stamens to suck
nectar must be thickly dusted with pollen. Heinricher, von Seemen, and others
observed androgynous inflorescences.
One of three androgynous inflorescences of S. Caprea Z. examined by Heinricher
bore mixed é and 9 flowers at the base, and only $ on the upper half; the second
bore only 9 at the base, only é at the top, and both é and 9 in the middle; the
third bore only ¥ flowers.
As insect visitors go from one species of willow to another indiscriminately, it is
difficult to assign them to individual species. In the following lists, therefore, the
visitors of various species are often grouped together, as was done by Hermann
Miller.
2576. S. cinerea L.; 2577. S. Caprea L.; 2578. S. aurita L., and others.
(Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 524-5, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, pp. 210-11; Knuth,
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
VisiTors.—Burkill observed the following on the Yorkshire coast (‘ Fertilisation
of Spring Flowers ’).—
A. Diptera. (a) Aluscidae: 1. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., on $ and 9 catkins,
skg. (0) Stratiomyidae: 2. Lasiopa sp., as 1. po-cltg. (c) Syrphzdae: 3. Eristalis
arbustorum Z., on é catkins; 4. Melanostoma quadrimaculata Verra/, on 9 catkins,
skg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 5. Andrena gwynana A., on 6 catkins, skg.
and po-cltg.; 6. Apis mellifica Z., on 6 and 9 catkins, very common, skg.; 7. Bombus
agrorum F., on é catkins, skg.; 8. B. terrester Z., on d and 9 catkins, skg.
Krieger observed the following bees on S. Caprea at Leipzig.—
Apidae: 1. Andrena albicans A/#l/.; 2. A. cineraria Z.aé; 3. A. eximia Sm.;
4. A. extricata Sm.; 5. A. flavipes Ps.; 6. A. gwynana A.; 7. A. nitida Pourcr.;
8. A. ovina Alug.; 9. A. parvula A’.; 10. A. tibialis AY; 11. Bombus derhamellus
A. 9 (=B. rajellus X.); 12. B. hortorum Z. 9; 13. B. terrester Z.; 14. Colletes
cunicularius Z.; 15. Halictus calceatus Scop. (=H. cylindricus #.); 16. H. levis
Ths. 93; 17. H. nitidiusculus #.; 18. Nomada lineola Pz.; 19. Osmia rufa Z. 6;
20. Podalirius acervorum JZ. 6, freq.; 21. Psithyrus quadricolor Lep. a 9.
Herm. Miiller gives the following list for the 3 species.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Elateridae: 1. Corymbites castaneus Z.; 2. Limonius
parvulus Pz. (2) Mitdulidae: 3. Meligethes sp., freq., nect-lkg. B. Diptera.
(a) Bibionidae: 4. Bibio johannis Z., skg.; 5. B. marci L., do.; 6. Dilophus vulgaris
Alg., freq. (6) Bombylitdae: 7. Bombylius major L., skg. (c) Conopidae: 8. Myopa
buccata Z., not infreq., skg.; 9. M. testacea Z., do.; 10. Sicus ferrugineus Z., do.
(2) Empidae: 11. Empis sp., freq., skg.; 12. Rhamphomyia sulcata Fal/., skg.
(¢) Muscidae: 13. Calliphora erythrocephala J/g., skg.; 14. Exorista sp.; 15. Gonia
ornata Afg., skg.; 16. Pollenia rudis /., po-dvg.; 17. P. vespillo #, skg. and
po-dvg.; 18. Scatophaga merdaria Z., freq., skg.; 19. S. stercoraria Z., do.
(/) Syrphidae: 20. Brachypalpus valgus Pz., skg. and po-dvg.; 21. Cheilosia
brachysoma £gg., do.; 22. C. chloris M/g., do.; 23. C. modesta Lgg., do.;
SALICINEAE 381
24. C. pictipennis Lgg., do.; 25. C. praecox Ze//, do.; 26. C. urbana MMg., do.;
27. Eristalis aeneus Scop., do.; 28. E. arbustorum Z., do.; 29. E. intricarius Z., do. ;
30. E. pertinax, Scop, do.; 31. E. tenax Z., do.; 32. Syritta pipiens, Z., do.;
33- Syrphus balteatus Deg., do.; 34. S.corollae #., do.; 35. S. pyrastri Z., do. ;
36. S. ribesii Z., do. C. Hemiptera. 37. Anthocoris sp. skg. D. Hymeno-
ptera. (a) Apidae: 38. Andrena albicans Jill. 9 and 4, exceedingly common ;
39. A.albicrus K. 9 and $; 40. A. apicata Sm. 9; 41. A.argentata Sm. (= A. gracilis
Schenck) 9 rare, $ freq.; 42. A. atriceps AK. (=A. tibialis A.) 9 and $; 43. A.
chrysosceles K. 6; 44. A. cineraria Z. 9 and 4, freq.; 45. A. collinsonana X. 9;
46. A. connectens A. 9, rare; 47. A. dorsata X. 9 and 6, freq.; 48. A. eximia Sm. 9;
49. A. fasciata Wesm. 6; 50. A. flessae Pz.9; 51. A. fulva Schr. 8, N.B.; 52. A.
fulvicrus K. 9 and 4, freq.; 53. A. fulvida Schenck 9; 54. A. gwynana K. 9 and 4,
do.; 55. A. helvola Z. 9 and 4; 56. A. nigroaenea XK. 9 and 4; 57. A. nitida
fourcr.$; 58. A. parvula &. 9 and 4, freg.; 59. A. pilipes “8; 60. A. pratensis
Nyl, (=A. ovina Al) 9 andé; 61. A. floricola Zv. 9 and 6; 62. A. ruficrus Wy/.
9 and 4, skg. and po-cltg.; 63. A. schrankella Vy. 9; 64. A. smithella A. é very
common, ? more rare; 65. A. trimmerana A. 9; 66. A. varians Ross? 9; 67. A.
ventralis Jmh. § very common, 9 rare; in all Andrenae, 4 skg., 9 po-cltg. and skg. ;
68. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.; 69. Bombus distinguendus Afor. 9 ;
70. B. hortorum Z.9; 71. B. lapidarius Z. 9; 72. B. pratorum LZ. 9; 73. B. scrim-
shiranus K.9; 74. B. terrester Z. 9, all skg.; 75. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9, very
numerous; 76. Halictus albipes /. 9, skg.; 77. H. cylindricus F. 9, do.; 78. H.
flavipes /. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 79. H. malachurus A.9; 80. H. minutus K. 9;
81. H. sexstrigatus Schenck 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 82. Nomada fabriciana Z.
(=N. notata X.), skg.; 83. N. furva Pz. (= N. minuta /) 4, skg.; 84. N. lateralis
Pz. 9 and 4, skg.; 85. N. lathburiana A. 9 and 4, freq.; 86. N. lineola Pz. 6;
87. N. alboguttata H/.-Sch., var. pallescens .-Sch., skg.; 88. N. ruficornis Z. 9 and 4,
very common; 8g. N. ruficornis Z., var. signata /Jur., skg.; go. N. succincta Pz.
¢ and 6, very common ; 91. Osmia rufa Z. 4, skg.; 92. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 9,
skg.; 93. Sphecodes gibbus ZL. 9, and varieties, skg. (4) Formicidae: 94. Lasius
fuliginosus Lr. ¥, nect-lkg. (c) “ehneumonidae: 95. Several sp. (d) Pteromalzdae :
96. Perilampus sp., in large numbers. (¢) Zenthredinidae: 97. Dolerus pratensis L.,
skg.; 98. D. gonager #., do.; 99. D. madidus A7lg., do.; 100. Amauronematus
histrio Lep., do. (/) Vesprdae: 101. Odynerus parietum Z. 9, do.; 102. Vespa
germanica /. 9, do. E. Lepidoptera. (a) Zinerdae: 103. Adela cuprella Thdg.
é and 9 (Borgstette, Tecklenburg) ; 104. A.sp., freq. (4) Rhopalocera: 105. Lycaena
argiolus Z., skg.; 106. Vanessa urticae Z., freq., do.
Loew (Brandenberg) observed the following in S. Caprea (‘ Beitriige,’ p. 38).—
A. Diptera. Afuscidae: 1. Scatophaga stercoraria Z. B. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 2. Andrena albicans Afi. 6, skg. ; 3. A. fulva Schr. 9, skg.; 4. A. fulvicrus
K. 9g and é; 5. A. morawitzi Z/s.d; 6. A. nigroaenea XK. 3, skg.; 7. A. ovina 7g.
9, skg.; 8. A. pilipes #. 8, skg.; 9. A. praecox Scop. 9, skg.; ro. A. trimmerana
Ad; 11. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 12. Bombus terrester LZ. 9, skg.; 13. Colletes
cunicularius Z.é and 9, skg.; 14. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, do. ; 15. Nomada lineola
Pz. %, do.; 16. Osmia bicornis Z. 4, also (Berlin Botanic Garden), Apis, skg.
Burkill gives the following for S$. Caprea on the Yorkshire coast (‘Fertlsn. of
Spring Fls.’).—
A. Acarina. 1. A small sp., creeping over the é catkins. B. Diptera.
(a) Bibionidae: 2. Scatopse notata Z., on 9 and 6 catkins. (0) Lmpidae: 3. Empis
sp., on 9 catkins. (¢) Muscidae: 4. Actora aestuum JZg., on 9 and 6 catkins;
5. Calliphora erythrocephala JZg., on 9 catkins; 6. Lucilia cornicina #., on 9
and $ catkins; 7. Phorbia muscaria J/g., do.; 8. P. sp., do.; 9. Pollenia rudis F.,
do.; 10. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., on é catkins; 11. Sepsis nigripes AZg., on 9
382 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
catkins; 12. One other small Muscid, do. (d) Stratiomyidae: 13. Lasiopa sp.,
on 9 and @ catkins. (¢) Syrphzdae: 14. Eristalis pertinax Scop., on 5 and ¢
catkins, skg.; 15. Melanostoma quadrimaculata Verral, do. C. Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae: 16. Andrena clarkella K. 6, on 9 catkins; 17. A. gwynana X. 9,
on 6 and 9 catkins, po-cltg.; 18. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, do. 8; 19. Bombus horto-
trum Z., do. $; 20. B. terrester Z., do., 9 freq., skg. and po-cltg. (6) Ichneu-
monidae: 21. Ichneumon sp., upon 9 and é catkins, D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera :
22. Vanessa urticae Z., on é and 9 catkins, skg.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated_—
Knuth (on S. amita), a skg. Muscid (Scatophaga stercoraria Z.) and 2 skg.
and po-cltg. bees (Apis, and Bombus terrester Z. 9 and ¥). Loew (Brandenburg,
‘Beitrage,’ p. 38), a Muscid (Conia capitata Deg.) and a Syrphid (Syrphus lunulatus
Mg., skg.); (Berlin Botanic Garden) Apis, skg. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia),
g bees—1. Andrena congruens Schmzedekn.; 2. A. dubitata Schenck; 3. A. extricata
Sm.; 4. A. pilipes # (=A. carbonaria Z.); 5. A. eximia Sm.; 6. A. albicans
Mill.; 7. A. albicrus K.; 8. A. tibialis K.; 9. Bombus lapidarius Z., a 9. Scott-
Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee and an Empid (freq.) (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’
p- 157). Schenck (Nassau), 6 bees—1. Andrena apicata Sm. 9; 2. A. clarkella .;
3. A. gwynana A.; 4. A. trimmerana &.; 5. Nomada fabriciana Z.; 6. N. lineola
Pz. Friese (Fiume), 2 bees—1. Andrena clarkella X., and 2. A. morawitzi Zhs.,
var. paveli AZocs.
S. cinerea Z. (Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi. 1896.)—
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains in this species as dark-yellow, ellipsoidal,
closely tuberculate, on an average 30-5 p long, and 17 » broad.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Alfken (Bremen), 9 bees—1z. Andrena apicata Sm.9 andé; 2. A. clarkella X.
gandé; 3. A. nigroaenea K.9 andé; 4. A. trimmerana K. 9 andé; 5. Bombus
jonellus A.9; 6. B. terrester Z.9; 7. Nomada lineola Pz. 6; 8. N. ruficornis Z.
g and é; 9. N. succincta Pz. 9 and $, skg. Friese (Mecklenburg), 7 bees—
1. Andrena apicata Sm.; 2. A. morawitzi Zs. 9, not infreq., po-cltg., var. paveli
Afocs., rare (also in Hungary); 3. A. praecox Scop.; 4. A. albicrus K.;
5. A. nigroaenea K.; 6. A. tibialis A. (also Fiume); 7. A. lucens Jmh. Loew
(Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 bees—z. Andrena albicans A/ull. 4, skg.; and 2. Apis
mellifica Z. §, do.; on S. cinerea Z. x S. purpurea L. (9), S. cinerea Z. x S. nigricans
Sm. (9), and S. Caprea L. x S. silesiaca Willd. (5), the honey-bee; on S. aurita
L. x S. purpurea Z., the honey-bee Bombus terrester Z. 9, skg.
2579. S. alba L.—
Visitors. —Alfken observed the following on S. alba, S. fragilis, and other sp.
at Bremen.—
A. Diptera. (a) Bibionidae: 1. Bibio marci Z. (6) Bombylidae: 2. Bombylius
major LZ. (c) Conopidae: 3. Myopa buccata Z.; 4. M. polystigma Rond.; 5. M.
testacea L. (d) JWuscidae: 6. Gonia fasciata Afg.; 7. G. ornata J~g.; 8. Musca
domestica Z.; 9. Pollenia rudis /.; 10. Scatophaga stercoraria ZL. (e) Syrphidae :
11. Brachypalpus valgus Pz.; 12. Cheilosia flavicornis #.; 13. C. praecox Ze//. ;
14. Eristalis intricarius Z.; 15. E. sepulcralis Z.; 16. Platycheirus albimanus F.;
17. Syrphus pyastri Z. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 18. Andrena albicans
Mill. 9 and é; 19. A. albicrus K. 9 and é; 20. A. apicata Sm.gandé; 21. A.
argentata Sm. 9 and é; 22. A. carbonaria Z.9 and $; 23. A.chrysosceles KX. 9 and $;
24. A.cineraria Z.gand6é; 25. A. clarkella X.9 and é; 26. A. convexiuscula KX,
gandé; 27. A. eximia Sm.9and@; 28. A. extricata Sm. 9 and; 29. A. flavipes
Pz. 9 and; 30. A. gwynana A. 9 and é; 31. A. lapponica Ze//.d; 32. A. morawitzi
SALICINEAE 383
Ths. 9 and $; 33. A. nigroaenea K. 9 and 3; 34. A. nitida Fourcr. 9 and 3;
35. A. ovina Kig. 9 and $; 36. A. parvula K. 9 and $; 37. A. praecox Scop. 9 and 8;
38. A. propinqua Schenck 9 andé; 39. A. rufitarsis Ze//.9 and; 40. A. thoracica
fF. gandé; 41. A. tibialis A. 9 and $; 42. A. trimmerana A.gandé; 43. A. varians
K. g and $; 44. A. xanthura X. 9 and 4, stylopized, only skg.; 45. Bombus
derhamellus X. 9; 46. B. jonellus K. 9; 47. B. lapidarius Z. 9; 48. B. lucorum Z. 9;
49. B. muscorum /. 9; 50. B. terrester Z. 9; 51. Colletus cunicularius Z. 9 and 8;
52. Halictus brevicornis Schenck 9; 53. H. calceatus Scop. var. elegans Lep. 9;
54. H. flavipes 9; 55. H. levis A. 7hs.9; 56. H. minutus KX. 9; 57. H. morio
F.9; 58. H.nitidiusculus A. 9; 59. H. quadrinotatulus Schenck 9; 60. H. rubicundus
Chr. 9; 61. Nomada alboguttata #.-Sch. 9 and 6; 62. N. alternata X. 9 and 6;
63. N. bifida Zhs. 9 and &; 64. N. borealis Ze/#. 9 and $; 65. N. fabriciana L.
g and é; 66. N. fucata Pz. 9 and 6; 67. N. lathburiana A. 9 and $; 68. N. lineola
Pz. 9 and é; 69. N. obscura Ze/. 9; 70. N. ruficornis Z. 9 and; 71. N. succincta
Pz. 9 and 6, skg. ; 72. N. xanthosticta X. 9 and 4, do.; 73. Osmia connuta Zr. 6;
74. O. rufa Z. 9 and 6; 78. Podalirius acervorum Z. 6; 76. Psithyrus vestalis
Fourcr. 9, freq. (6) Ichneumonidae: 77. Banchus falcator F., skg.; 78. Ichneumon
sarcitorius Z. 9, skg.; 79. I. suspiciosus Westm. 9, skg. (c) Tenthredinidae :
80. Amauronematus fahraei Zhs.; 81. A. viduatus Ze//.; 82. A. vittatus Lep.;
83. Dolerus coruscans Aw.; 84. D. fissus Hig.; 85. D. fumosus Zadd.; 86. D.
gonager /.; 87. D. haematodis Schr.; 88. D. madidus A/g.; 89. D. puncticollis
Ths.; go. D. rugosus Knw. (=D. rugosulus D.7:); 91. Tomostethus fuliginosus
Schr.; 92. Pteronus brevivalvis Zhs. (d) Vespidae: 93. Vespa callosus Zhs. 9;
94. V. crabro Z. 9.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Loew (Brandenburg), the Bibionid Bibio marci Z. $ and 9, skg. Schletterer and
von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Andrena praecox Scop. 6. Friese (Saalthal), the
saw-fly Amauronematus histrio Lep.
2580. S. fragilis L. (Seemen, Ost. bot. Ztg., Wien, xlv, 1895; Herm. Miller,
‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 211.)}—Seemen and many others observed very varied abnormal
flower-forms on this and other species of willow, from which it may be concluded
that these plants possess great capacity and tendency to vary their flowers, by increase
or decrease of stamens or carpels, by the substitution of organs of one sex by those
of another, by transition forms from one sex to another, and so on.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following at Jena.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Witidulidae: 1. Meligethes sp., nect-lkg. (4) Oedemeridae :
2. Oedemera coerulea Z., nect-lkg. B. Hymenoptera, (a) Apzdae: 3. Andrena
parvula £. 9, skg. and po-dvg.; 4. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, do.; 5. Halictus maculatus
Sm. 9, do. (6) Formicidae: 6. Formica rufa L. ¥, nect-lkg.
2581. S. triandra L. (=S. amygdalina Z.).—
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Loew (Brandenburg, ‘ Beitrige,’ p. 38), the bee Andrena albicans A/ul/. 9, skg.
Herm. Miiller (‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 211).— A. Diptera. (a) Brbionzdae: 1. Dilophus
vulgaris A/g. 9 and 4, freq. (6) Empidae: 2. Empis opaca /., skg. B. Hymeno-
ptera. Afidae: 3. Andrena albicrus X. ¥, skg.; 4. A.sp.,do.; 5. Apis mellifica
L. %, numerous, skg. and po-dvg. Friese ieaatthaly the bee Andrena ventralis Zmh.
Alfken (Bremen), 3 bees—1. Andrena albicrus K. 9; 2. Halictus rubicundus Chr. 9;
3. H. quadrinotatulus Schenck 9, skg. Frey (Switzerland), the Bombycid Pygaera
anastomosis Z.
384 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
2582. S. pentandra L.—
Vistrors.—Schmiedeknecht observed the bee Andrena eximia Sm. in Thuringia.
2583. S. viminalis L.—
Visttors.—Burkill observed the following on the Yorkshire coast (‘Fertlsn. of
Spring Fls.’).—
A. Diptera. (a) Afuscidae: 1. Actora aestuum JZg., on 9 catkins; 2. Onesia
cognata Jfg., do.; 3. Helozyma sp., do.; 4. Hylemyia sp., do.; 5. Scatophaga
stercoraria L., do.; 6. Simulia sp., do.; 7. Tephrochlamys rufiventris JZg., do. ;
8. One other Muscid, do. (0) RAyphidae: 9. Rhyphus fenestralis Scop., on 9 catkins.
(2) Strahomptdae: ro. Lasiopa sp, do. (@) Syrpiidae: r1. Melanostoma quadr-
maculata Verra/, on 9 catkins; 12. Syrphus lasiophthalmus Ze//., do. B. Hemiptera.
13. One sp., on 9 catkins. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 14. Andrena clarkella
K. , on 9 catkins. (6) Ichneumonzdae: 15. Ichneumon sp., on 9 catkins.
Alfken records 17 bees for Bremen.—
Apidae: 1. Andrena albicans JZil/.; 2. A. albicrus X.; 3. A. chrysosceles X.;
4. A. cineraria Z.; 5. A. extricata Sm.; 6. A. fulvicrus AW; 7. A. nitida Fourcr. ;
8. A. ovina Klug.; 9. A. praecox Scop.; 10. Bombus agrorum F.9; 11. B. pratorum
L.9; 12. B. terrester Z. 9; 13. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9 skg. and po-cltg., 8 skg. ;
14. Halictus calceatus Scop.; 15. H. flavipes #.; 16. Nomada alternata A. $;
17. N. bifida Zhoms. 9 and 6.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Friese (Mecklenburg), 3 bees—1. Andrena morawitzi Zhs. 9 po-cltg., and 6;
2. A. praecox Scop., do.; 3. A. propinqua Schenck, do. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia),
the parasitic bee Nomada bifida Zhs.
2584. S. purpurea L.—
Visitors.—Burkill gives the following list for the Yorkshire coast (‘Fertlsn. of
Spring Fls.’).—
A. Coleoptera. Svaphylinidae: 1. Tachyporus hypnorum #., on 4 catkins.
B. Diptera. (a) JMJusczdae: 2. Actora aestuum JZg., on 6 catkins; 3. Hylemyia
sp., do.; 4. Limnophora septemnotata Z/4., do.; 5. Phorbia sp., do.; 6. Drosophila
graminum /al/., do.; 7. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., on & and 9 catkins, skg.;
8. Sepsis nigripes JZg., on & catkins; 9. Undetermined sp., on 9 catkins; 10. Three
other small flies, on & catkins. (6) Syrphidae: 11. Eristalis pertinax Scop., on
$ catkins; 12. Melanostoma quadrimaculata Verral, do. C. Hymenoptera.
Apidae: 13. Andrena gwynana A’. 9, on é catkins.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Schenck (Nassau), 2 bees—z. Andrena clarkella A., and 2. A. eximia Sy.
Alfken (Bremen), the bee Andrena chrysosceles X. 9. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia),
a bee (Andrena eximia Sy.) and a humble-bee (Bombus hypnorum Z. ¥). Ducke
(Trieste), the bee Andrena (Biareolina) neglecta Dours.
2585. S. arctica Pall—Vanhdffen collected in Greenland several forms of the
sub-species B. greenlandica Amders., and found them to possess clearly developed
nectaries of elongated linear form, a red to dull-red style over one mm. long, and
spreading stigmas, simple or divided. Ripe fruits were several times observed
(cf. Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.’).
Visitors.—Ekstam observed medium-sized flies in Nova Zemlia.
SALICINEAE 385
2586. S. incana Schrank.—
Visttors.—Schiner observed the hover-fly Criorhina ruficauda Deg. in Austria.
2587. S. nigricans Sm.
VisiTors.—Friese observed the following 65 bees on species of Salix in
Alsace (A.), Baden (B.), Fiume (F.), Hungary (H.), Mecklenburg (M.), and
Trieste (T.).—
1. Andrena albicans A7i//. (A., B.) not infreq., (H., M.) very common ; 2. Albicrus
XK. (M.), not infreq.; 3. A. apicata Sm. (A., B.) one, (H., M.) not infreq.; 4. A. bi-
maculata A’. (M.) one, (F., H., T.) not infreq.; 5. A. bucephala Sveph. (B.) not
infreq.; 6. A. carbonaria Z.(A.) a; 7. A. cineraria Z. (H., M.) freq.; 8. A. clarkella
XK. (A.) a 4, (M.) freq.; 9. A. combinata Chr. (B.); 10. A. congruens Schmzedekn.
(F., H.) freq.; 11. A. convexiuscula X. (A., B., M.) freq.; 12. A. croatica Friese (F.)
freq.; 13. A. dubitata Schenck (A.) one, (H.) very common; 14. A. eximia Sm.
(A., B., H., T.); 15. A. extricata Sm. (A., B.) freq.; 16. A. flavipes Pz. (M.), freq.
(A., B.); 17. A. fulva Schr. (B.), one; 18. A. gwynana X. (M.) freq., (B.) very
common, (A.) more rare, (H.) freq.; 19. A. lucens /mA. (F.); 20. A. mitis Schmiedekn.
(A.) a 9, (F., H.) not infreq.; 21. A. morawitzi Zs. (H.) very rare; 22. A. neglecta
Dours. (F.) freq.; 23. A. nigroaenea X.(M.) freq.; 24. A. nitida Kourcr. (B.) rare ;
25. A. nycthemera Jmh. (A.) not infreq., (H.) rare, (M.) freq.; 26. A. ovina Klug.
(A., B.) one, (M.) not infreq., po-cltg., (H.) very common ; 27. A. parviceps Kriechéd.
(H.) freq.; 28. A. parvula X. (B.) very common, (M.) freq.; 29. A. paveli AZocs. (H.) ;
30. A. praecox Scop. (A.) not infreq., (M.) very common, (H.) freq.; 31. A. propinqua
Schenck (A.) not infreq.; 32. A. rufula Pér. (F., H.); 33. A. sericata Jmh. (A., B.)
rare, (H.) not infreq.; 34. A. spinigera A. (=A. dragana Friese) (F.) one;
35. A. taraxaci Cir. (F., H., T.) not infreq.; 36. A. tibialis K. (B.) rare, (A.) freq.,
(H.) not infreg.; 37. A. trimmerana &. (B., H.) freg.; 38. A. tscheki Afor. (H.);
39. A. varians X. (H.) not infreq., var. helvola Z. (B.) freq., (H.) not infreq., var.
mixta Schenck (H.) not infreq.; 40. A. ventralis ZmA, (A., M.) freq.; 41. Bombus
agrorum /, 9 (B.) freq.; 42. B. hypnorum Z. (B.)a9; 43. B. pratorum Z. 9 (B.)
freq.; 44. B. terrester Z. 9 (B.) freq.; 45. Colletes cunicularius Z. (H., M.) very
common ; 46. Halictus calceatus Scop. (B.) freq.; 47. H. rufocinctus Wy/. 9 (A., B.);
48. H. xanthopus X. (A.) a 9; 49. Megachile muraria Re/z. (F., H., T.) one;
50. Nomada bifida Zs. (B.) not infreq.; 51. N. fabriciana Z. (B.) a $; 52. N. flavo-
guttata K. (M.) one; 53. N. guttulata Schenck; 54. N. lathburiana K. (E.);
55. N. ruficornis LZ. (B.) freq.; 56. N. succincta Pz. (A.) not infreq.; 57. N. trispinosa
Schmiedekn.; 58. N. xanthosticta A. (M.) not freq., (A.) not infreq.; 59. N. zonata
Panz.; 60. Osmia cornuta Z. (A.) not infreq.; 61. O. rufa Z. (B.) freq. (F., H.);
62. Podalirius acervorum Z.; 63. P. retusus Z. (A.) ad; 64. Sphecodes gibbus LZ. 9
(A., B.) freq.; 65. Xylocopa violacea Z. 9 and 4 (A.) freq.
Schmiedeknecht gives 16 bees for Thuringia.—
1. Andrena albicans J/i//.; 2. A. cineraria Z.; 3. A. nitida Fourcr.; 4. A. ovina
Klug.; 5. A. propinqua Schenck; 6. A.thoracica &.; 7. A. ventralis mh. ; 8. Bombus
hypnorum Z. 9; 9g. B. scrimshiranus A. (= B. jonellus .) 9; 10. B. terrester LZ. 9;
11. Nomada bifida Zhs.; 12. N. borealis Ze//.; 13. N. fabriciana Z.; 14. N. lateralis
Pz. (=N. xanthosticta K.); 15. N. ruficornis Z.; 16. Osmia bicornis Z. (= O.
rufa L.),
Saunders noticed 21 bees in England.—
1. Andrena albicans A/#1/.; 2. A. apicata Sm.; 3. A. bimaculata K.; 4. A.
carbonaria Z. (=A. pilipes /.); 5. A. cineraria Z.; 6. A. clarkella. K.; 7. A. dorsata
K.; 8. A. flavipes Pz. (=A. fulvicrus K.); 9. A. fulva Schr.; 10. A. gwynana X. ;
tr. A. helvola Z.; 12. A. minutula X. (=A. parvula K.); 13. A. nigroaenea X.;
DAVIs. HI cc
386 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
14, A. nitida Fourcr.; 15. A. praecox Scop.; 16. A. rosae X. (=A. austriaca Pz.) ;
17. A. thoracica /.; 18. A. tibialis K.; 19. A. trimmerana X.; 20. A. varians K.;
21. Colletes cunicularius Z.
Schenck records 22 bees for Nassau.—
1. Andrena albicans Afiéll.; 2. A. apicata Sm.; 3. A. convexiuscula X.;
4. A. eximia Sm.; 5. A. extricata Sm.; 6. A. flavipes Pz.; 7. A. gwynana X.;
8. A. nigroaenea A.; 9. A. nitida Fourcr.; 10. A. ovina Kig.; 11. A. parvula K.;
12. A. praecox Scop.; 13. A. tibialis A.; 14. Colletes cunicularius Z.; 15. Halictus
calceatus Scop. 9; 16. H. rubicundus Chr. 9; 17. Nomada alternata K.; 18. N. rufi-
cornis Z., var. flava Pz. 4; 19. N. succincta Pz.; 20. Osmia bicolor Schr.;
21. O. cornuta Zfr.; 22. O. rufa Z.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated—
Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 3 bees—1. Andrena fulva Schr. 9, skg.; 2. Apis
mellifica Z. 3, do.; 3. Bombus terrester Z. 9, do. Wiistnei (Alsen), 7 bees—
1. Andrena albicans A/ul/.; 2. A. clarkella K.; 3. A. praecox Scop.; 4. Bombus
scrimshiranus X.; 5. B. terrester Z.; 6. Halictus albipes #. 9; 7. Nomada borealis
Zeit. Frey-Gessner (Switzerland), the bee Andrena humilis 7m. Schiner (Austria),
3 hover-flies—1. Cheilosia flavicornis #.; 2. Criorhina floccosa Mg.; 3. C. oxy-
acanthae J/g. Nylander (Finland), the bee Colletes cunicularius Z. Zetterstedt
(Lapland), the humble-bee Bombus alpinus Z. Morawitz (St. Petersburg), 3 bees—
1. Andrena rufitarsis Zeff. (= A. ruficrus Vy.) ; 2. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9, po-cltg. ;
3. Nomada ruficornis Z. E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), 2 bees—Andrena spinigera é
and Nomada bifida 7%s. Saunders (Sd.) and Smith (Sm.) (England), 4 bees—
1. Andrena apicata Sm. (=A. lapponica Saund.) (Sd.); 2. A. bimaculata X.,
1st gen. (Sd.,5m.); 3. A. combinata Chr. (Sm.); 4. A. dorsata A. (Sd.). von Dalla
Torre (Tyrol), 7 bees—1. Andrena atriceps K.é; 2. A. nitida K.$; 3. A. ovina
Kilg. 8; 4. A. rosae Pz. $; 5. Anthophora pilipes #. 6 (Pr. R.); 6. Osmia
cornuta Ltr. 8; 7. Sphecodes rufescens Fourcr. (= S. ephippius Z.). Schletterer
(Tyrol), 5 bees—r. Andrena austriaca Pz.; 2. A. ovina Kig.; 3. A. tibialis K.;
4. Osmia cornuta Z/r.; 5. Podalirius acervorum Z. Hoffer (Steiermark), the
carpenter-bee Xylocopa violacea Z.é. Ducke (Trieste), 3 bees—z. Andrena dubitata
Schenck 9 andé; 2. A. mitis Pé&. 9 and 4; 3. A. spinigera X. 4.
2588. S. repens L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p.526; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)—
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller gives the following list.—
A. Diptera. (ca) Bombylidae: 1. Bombylius major Z., skg. (4) Conopidae :
2. Myopa buccata Z., skg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae: 3. Andrena albicans
Mill. 9, po-cltg.; 4. A. gwynana K. 9, po-cltg.; 5. A. pratensis WVy/. 9, po-cltg. ;
6. A. ventralis /mh. 9 po-cltg., d skg.; 7. Apis mellifica Z. 9, freq., skg.; 8. Bombus
terrester Z. 9, po-cltg. (6) Zenthredinidae: 9g. Dolerus eglanteriae &., skg.
C. Lepidoptera. 10. Vanessa io Z., skg.
Leege observed the following in Juist.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Coccineliidae: 1. Coccinella undecimpunctata Z. (4) Cur-
cultontdae: 2. Sitona lineata #. (c) L£ilateridae: 3. Cardiophorus griseus Hésv.;
4. Limonius cylindricus Rayk. (d) Hydrophilidae: 5. Cercyon haemorrhoidalis F.
(e) Mittdulidae: 6. Epurea aestiva Z.; 7. Meligethes aeneus /. B. Diptera.
(a) Brbeonidae: 8. Bibio marci LZ. 9 and 4, very common, skg.; 9. Dilophus vulgaris
Mg. 9 and 4, very common, skg. (6) Muscidae: 10. Anthomyia lucidiventris Ze/t.;
11. Aricia lucorum Fa//.; 12. Borborus equinus Fa/l.; 13. Chortophila cinerella
Faill.; 14. C. latipennis Ze/#.; 15. Cleigastra flavipes Fall. ; 16. Coenosia decipiens
Mg.; 17. Cynomyia mortuorum Z., rare, skg.; 18. Exorista fimbriata J/g.;
SALICINEAE 387
1g. Gonia fasciata Mg.; 20. G. ornata Mg.; 21. Hydrella sp.; 22. Hylemyia
cinerosa Ze//.; 23. H. pullula Zeé/.; 24. Lucilia caesar Z., freq., skg.; 25. L. sericata
Mg.; 26. Nemoraea intermedia Ze/t.; 247. Scatophaga stercoraria Z. 9 and 6, very
common, skg.; 28. Sepsis cynipsea Z., do.; 29. Siphona flavifrons Ze¢t.; 30. Spilo-
gaster depuncta Fad/.; 31. S. duplicata Mg. (e) Syrphidae: 32. Cheilosia praecox
Zett., innumerable, skg.; 33. Eristalis arbustorum Z., more rare, skg.; 34. E. intri-
carius Z., innumerable, skg.; 35. E. pertinax Scop., freq., skg.; 36. E. tenax Z.,
repeatedly, skg.; 37. Melithreptus scriptus Z.; 38. Pipizella virens #, freq. ;
39. Platycheirus manicatus A/e.; 40. Syrphus ribesii Z., rare, skg. C. Hymeno-
ptera. (a) Apidae: 41. Andrena albicans Miu//. one 3, skg.;, 42. Bombus dis-
tinguendus Mor. 9; 43. B. lucorum Z. 9; 44. B. muscorum /. 9; 45. Colletes
cunicularius Z. 9 and 6, in thousands, skg. and po-cltg.; 46. Psithyrus vestalis
Fourcr. 9. (6) Tenthredinidae: 47. Amauronematus viduatus Ze//. 9 and 3, not
infreq. D. Hemiptera. (a) Cimicidae: 48. Anthocoris sylvestris Z., rare, skg.
(4) Pentatomidae: 49. Gnathoconus albomarginatus F.., freq.
Verhoeff records the following for Norderney.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Elateridae: 1. Limonius aeruginosus O/v., one, skg.
(6) Nitdulidae: 2. Epurea aestiva Z., 2; 3. Meligethes aeneus /., two. B. Diptera.
(2) Bibionidae: 4. Bibio marci ZL. 9 rare, $ rare, skg.; 5. Dilophus vulgaris AZ.
§ very common, 6 not infrequent, skg. and po-dvg.; 6. Scatopse notata Z., a 9;
(4) Muscidae: 7. Anthomyia muscaria Zeé/. 4, freq.; 8. A. sp.,ad; g. Aricia dispar
Faill., a &; 10. Calliphora erythrocephala J/g. 9, several times; 11. Cynomyia
mortuorum Z., 2 6 and a 9; 12. Homalomyia sp., a 6; 13. Hydrotaea bispinosa
Zett., a 6; 14. Limnophora littorea Fall. 9 and $; 15. Lucilia caesar Z. 9 not
infreq., 6 freq.; 16. Sepsis cynipsea Z.,a 9. (c) Syrphzdae: 14. Eristalis arbustorum
£.,a 6; 18.E. intricarius Z., one, po-dvg.; 19. Helophilus trivittatus /., 2 9, po-dvg.
and skg.; 20. Melanostoma mellina Z.&; 21. Platycheirus clypeatus Me. 6, po-dvg.
and skg. (d) Thervidae : 22. Therevaanilis Z.,a6. C. Hemiptera. (a) Cimicidae :
23. Thriphleps minuta Z. (6) Pentatomidae: 24. Corimelaena scarabaeoides L.
D. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 25. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9, skg. and po-cltg.,
é skg.; 26. Bombus lapidarius Z., a 9, skg.; 27. B. terrester Z.,a ¥; 28. Psithyrus
vestalis Fourcr., a 9, skg.; 29. Osmia maritima Friese, a 9, skg. (0) Tenthredinidae :
30. Pachynematus capreae Pz.,a 9. E. Lepidoptera. Lycaenidae: 31. Polyom-
matus phlaeas Z.
Alfken (Bremen), 2 saw-flies (Dolerus madidus K/g., and D. picipes A7g.) and
15, bees.—
x. Andrena albicans AZ#/. 9 and 6; 2. A. albicrus AK. 9 and é; 3. A. argentata
Sm.gandé; 4. A.cineraria Z. 6; 5. A. convexiuscula X. 9 and 6; 6. A. morawitzi
Ths. 9, very common, skg. and po-cltg., and $; 7. A. nigroaenea K. 9 and 4;
8. A. propinqua Schenck 9 and é; 9. A. thoracica #. 9 and 6; 10. Halictus calceatus
Scop. 9, po-cltg. and skg.; 11. H. flavipes /. 9, po-cltg. and skg.; 12. H. rubicundus
Chr. 9, po-cltg. and skg., very common; 13. Nomada alboguttata H.-Sch. 6;
14. N. succincta Pz. 9 and 4, skg.; 15. Osmia rufa Z. 6.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated —
Knuth (Kiel, 9. 5.’96), the honey-bee, and the humble-bee Bombus terrester
L. 9, skg. and po-cltg., with large pollen-masses on its hind-legs. Friese (Mecklen-
burg), the humble-bee Bombus jonellus X. 9 (/es/e Brauns), not rare.
2589. S. herbacea L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 162-3; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 313.)—The small flowers of this species, arranged
in inconspicuous spikes, secrete abundant nectar, and are therefore much visited by
insects in spite of their insignificant appearance. Kerner says that the female plants
cc2
388 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
mature earlier than the adjacent male ones. Warming considers the willows in
Greenland (such as S. herbacea, &c.), which flower early and set fruits rapidly, as
anemophilous, for the pollen is easily scattered by the wind, but Kornerus says that
the fragrant catkins are also occasionally visited by insects.
Fic. 363. Saléx herbacea, L. (after Herm. Miiller). 4. Male plant (natural size). 2B. Male spike
with five flowers. C. Male flower, from outside, after the removal of the bract. DD. Male flower, from
inside. £. Female spike with six flowers. F. Female flower, from inside. G. Female flower,
from outside, after removal of the bract. a, anther; dr, bract; gr, style; # and 2’, large and small
nectaries ; ov, ovary ; St, stigmas.
The species was found flowering on Bear Island at the end of June (Abromeit,
‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 70).
Vistrors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps) once observed a moth, and once a Muscid.
Lindmann (Dovrefjeld) records flies and humble-bees.
2590. S. polaris Wahlenb. (Lindman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin.
Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.’)—Nectar is abundantly secreted in this species also.
This species belongs to the earliest flowering plants of Spitzbergen, where it is
in bloom from mid-June to July, fruits being set from the beginning of August to the
beginning of September. A hybrid found on the island, S. herbacea x S. polaris
(or possibly an intermediate species (?)), is interesting because one parent (S. herbacea)
does not now occur there, and this indicates a former wider extension of that species,
and a correspondingly altered climate (Andersson and Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag till
K4anned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’ pp. 67-9).
Visirors.—Flies and humble-bees.
2591. S. reticulata L. (Herm. Miiller, op. cit., p. 163; Kerner, loc. cit.)—
Kerner says that the stigmas of the female flowers of this species mature some days
before the anthers of the male ones dehisce.
This species flowers in Spitzbergen later than S. polaris, generally from the
middle to the end of July; well-developed fruits were observed on August 10, 1882
(Andersson and Hesselman, op. cit., p. 70). Whether willows are anemophilous in
Spitzbergen—as Warming asserts to be the case with Greenland species—requires
confirmation. Anemophily is more probable than in Greenland, for there are no
humble-bees as in that country. In northern stations generally, e.g. Tromsg, willows
SALICINEAE 389
are abundantly visited and pollinated by these insects. Lundstrom (‘ Krit. Bemerk.
ii. d. Weiden Nowaja-Semljas’) asserts that the pollen of northern species of Salix is
not so sticky as that of others—owing to the possession of fewer droplets of oil—and
is therefore easily dispersed by wind. But the presence of nectaries, even in northern
species, is against exclusive anemophily.
VistTors.—Herm. Miller observed a solitary butterfly.
2592. S. retusa L. (Herm. Miller, loc. cit.; Kerner, loc. cit.)—In this species
also, according to Kerner, the female flowers mature some days before the male ones.
VistTors.— Herm. Miiller observed a single wasp.
MacLeod (Flanders) observed, in willows in which the flowers appear defore the
foliage-leaves, the honey-bee, 3 humble-bees, 18 short-tongued Hymenoptera,
4 hover-flies, 14 other flies, 2 beetles, and a moth (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
vi, 1894, pp. 131-3); also, on species in which the flowers and foliage leaves appear
simultaneously, the honey-bee, 3 short-tongued bees, 6 hover-flies, and 3 other
Diptera (op. cit., p. 133).
Schneider (Arctic Norway) observed the following 9 humble-bees on S. nigricans
Sm., S. glauca Z., S. Lapponum Z., and S. phylicifolia Z.—
1. Bombus agrorum #., var. arcticus Aceréz; 2. B. alpinus Z.; 3. B. hypnorum
£.; 4. B. lapponicus #.; 5. B. nivalis Da/hd.; 6. B. pratorum Z.; 7. B. scrim-
shiranus X.; 8. Psithyrus quadricolor Lep.; 9. P. vestalis Fourcr.
809. Populus L.
Flowers anemophilous; dioecious. Pollen scattered, according to Kerner, as
in Juglans.
2593. P. nigra L. (Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)—
In this species the yellowish bracts of the male spikes are glabrous at the margin,
slightly hollowed at the back, and provided with a low swelling round the edge,
which makes it difficult for the pollen to slip down. The pollen-grains are pale-
yellow in colour, irregularly polyhedral, tuberculate, 30-40 » in diameter.
VistTorS.—Burkill (Yorkshire coast) observed the Muscid Onesia cognata Mg.,
searching for nectar on é flowers (‘ Fertlsn. of Spring Fls.’).
2594. P. tremula L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 439.
VisiTors.—Sprengel saw the male flowers of this species visited on the 15th ot
March, 1790, at Potsdam by numerous pollen-collecting honey-bees; ‘The male
trees could be recognized and distinguished from the female ones at some distance
by the loud buzzing of these insects.’
2595. P. pyramidalis Salisb. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ II, p. 211.)—
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (Thuringia) observed thousands of po-cltg. honey-bees.
CIV. ORDER EMPETRACEAE NUTT.
810. Empetrum L.
Dioecious, sometimes with protandrous hermaphrodite flowers. Warming
describes them as anemophilous, but Lindman as entomophilous. The latter
390 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES
says that the stigma secretes nectar and that the flowers are visited by flies. My
observations show them to be anemophilous, receiving occasional insect-visits.
2596. E. nigrum L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1886, pp. 38-9 ;
Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 129.)—The male flowers of this species
are pink and possess three stamens, with the vestiges of a pistil. The female
flowers are purple, with a short style, and crowned by a black, shining stigma
with six to nine rays, and a diameter of 2 mm. Lindman says that they secrete
sugar which can be detected by Fehling’s solution.
Besides dioeciously, rarely monoeciously distributed unisexual flowers, Lindman
observed occasional protandrous hermaphrodite ones. Warming found the plants
in Greenland to be dioecious only, with a majority of male flowers. I have never
had an opportunity of observing the plant during anthesis in the North Frisian
Islands. Considering its early flowering, the absence of insects at that time (in
addition to their scarcity in general in these islands, particularly in April), the
frequency of heavy storms just then, and the almost unfailing abundance of fruit-
formation in the islands of Sylt, Amrum, and Féhr, I conclude that the species is
anemophilous; on the other hand, the colour of the flowers and the secretion ot
nectar by the stigma point to occasional insect-visits, probably of flies.
Andersson and Hesselman found gynomonoecious plants of this species
flowering in Spitzbergen during July (‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o.
Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora, pp. 31-2). They have not so far observed ripe fruits,
but G. Andersson obtained well-developed ‘ pips’ in samples of mud from the Mytilus
layers of Advent Bay.
Male, female, and hermaphrodite stocks, and also numerous fruits, have been
observed in Greenland (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped..,’
pp. 13-14).
Visitors.—Nylander (Finland) observed the bee Colletes cunicularius Z., and
Hoppner (Bremen) the bee Andrena convexiuscula £&.
CV. ORDER CERATOPAFLLACEAE GRAY.
81. Ceratophyllum L.
Flowers hydrophilous; monoecious.
2597. C. demersum L. (Ludwig, ‘Zur Biol. d. phanerog. Siisswasserflora,’
pp. 8-11; Rodier, C.-R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1877; Beyer, ‘D. spont. Beweg. d.
Staubgef. u. Stempel’; Vaucher, ‘Hist. physiolog. d. pl. d'Europe,’ II, 1841.}—
In 1841 Vaucher described the pollination of species of Ceratophyllum by the
pollen floating in water as a granular substance; F. Ludwig’s detailed investigations
not only confirmed this, but showed that these are the only plants growing in fresh
water which are strongly hydrophilous, though there are several such among marine
flowering plants. Ludwig summarizes the results of his investigations (op. cit.)
somewhat in the following manner.—Male and female flowers are nearly sessile, and
occur separately, irregularly arranged in different leaf-whorls, the female ones seeming
to predominate below. The male flowers, with abundant stamens and pollen, are
CERATOPHYLLACEAE 391
much more numerous than the female. These possess a polyphyllous perianth
surrounding an ovoid ovary with a style projecting beyond the perianth to a distance
of four to five times the length of the latter; it is bent downwards like a hook, and
tapers towards the point: this is not papillose, but its whole lower side, which
secretes a sticky substance, serves as a stigma.
The male inflorescence consists of 12-16 very short-stalked anthers, which are
enclosed in a polymerous involucre. Each stamen is made up of a short filament,
and two anther-lobes, opening laterally by longitudinal slits, and composed at the tip
of loose, air-containing tissue produced into two small, thorn-like processes curved
towards the middle, between which there is generally a blackish, more or less vertical,
tubercle-like gland. Stahl (‘Pfl. u. Schnecken’) says that these apical appendages
of the stamens contain tannin, and form an effective protection against water-snails
and other vegetarian aquatic creatures. Ludwig has described the cellular tissue
found below these points as a ‘float’, as it makes the whole stamen specifically
lighter than water, and therefore carries it to the surface, when it is freed from the
flower. The round or long pollen-grains are surrounded by a delicate membrane
only, and possess no extine. Their specific gravity is exactly the same as that of
water, so that they float at any depth. This varying specific gravity of the pollen-
grains and the whole pollen-bearing mechanism, together with the retention of the
stiff-leaved involucre, determines the method of transport of pollen. The involucral
‘bracts have a tendency to bend inwards (on empty inflorescences they are vertical),
so that the stamens have not enough room when fully mature. When the anthers
dehisce, the stamens are forced out of the involucre and come to the surface by
the help of the ‘float,’ or, as more frequently happens, are held back between
the hooked leaves of the upper nodes. During this upward movement the anthers
dehisce, being greatly assisted in this by the vertical position of the stamen main-
tained by the ‘float’; the pollen, being of the same specific gravity as the water,
spreads over the whole space touched by the stamens; the water, therefore, in which
the plant grows, is everywhere full of the large pollen-grains (40-50 » broad and
50-75 » long). The peculiar movement of the stem is useful in the spreading of
pollen, particularly in still water, where it is of inestimable value. E. Rodier first
described this movement as follows.—The young flower-bearing internodes move
independently of light, the stems as a rule bending from right to left in the
morning and from left to right after midday. Sometimes in six hours angles
of 200° are described. Besides this the branches undergo twisting movements
around their axis of growth. The stem begins to bend at the tip, continuing
downwards with decreasing strength, while the backward movement begins at the
base and works upwards, so that the last internodes, just before bending backwards,
sometimes form an acute angle with the axis. As pollen is formed very abundantly,
the movements just described ensure the pollination of the long, filiform stigmas
of the female flowers, which mature somewhat before the anthers. F. Ludwig did
not observe the simultaneous movement of female flowers towards the surface
(mentioned by Hermann Beyer), on which the pollen last dehisced floats.
2598. C. submersum L.—The mechanism of this species agrees with that
of the preceding one.
ANGIOSPERMAE
CLASS Il. MONOCOTYLEDONES
CVI. ORDER HYDROCHARIDEAE DC.
Lirerature.—Ascherson u. Giirke, ‘ Hydrocharitaceae,’ in Engler u. Prantl’s
‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ I, 1, pp. 244-5.
Kerner’s description (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 130-3) of the flower
mechanism of Vallisneria spiralis Z., V. alternifolia Z., Enalus acoroides Z., Hydrilla
verticillata Z., Elodea canadensis A/zchx., and species of the genus Lagarosiphon,
has been given in Vol. I of this work, pp. 68-9.
Flowers monoecious, dioecious, trioecious or hermaphrodite. Entomophilous
or hydrophilous.
812. Hydrilla Rich.
Flowers hydrophilous ; monoecious.
2599. H. verticillata Presl. (Ascherson u. Giirke, op. cit.}—The short-stalked
male flowers of this species are solitary. At the time for pollination they separate
from the submerged plant and float on the surface of the water. The female flowers
possess a calyx-tube elongated to a thread (which Ascherson describes as an ovary),
and three filiform stigmas, which are pollinated by the floating male flowers.
813. Elodea Mich.
Flowers hydrophilous; trioecious.
2600. E. canadensis Michx. (Ascherson u. Giirke, op. cit.}—It is a familiar
fact that only the female plant of this species has been imported into Europe, and
this propagates freely in a vegetative manner. In North America the plant is
trioecious and hydrophilous. As in Hydrilla verticillata the male flowers separate
from the plant and float on the surface of the water, where they reach fixed female
ones, of which the inferior ovary is prolonged into a thread, so that its purple stigmas
can be pollinated by the male flowers.
814. Vallisneria L.
Flowers hydrophilous; dioecious.
a6o1. V. spiralis L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ II.)—The submerged plants of this
South European species free their numerous male flowers, which are situated on short,
radical stalks, at the time for pollination, so that they rise to the surface of the
water. At the same time the female flowers unroll their spiral, filiform stalks, being
thus brought to the surface, where they are pollinated by the male flowers. After
pollination the flower-stalks once more roll up, bringing the flowers back to their
original position where the fruits are set. (Cf Vol. I, p. 69.)
HYDROCHARIDEAE 393
815. Stratiotes L.
Flowers dioecious ; white ; with half-concealed nectar.
2602. S. aloides L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 441-2; Nolte, ‘ Bot.
Bemerk.’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 286; Ascherson,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xvii, 1875, pp. 80-5; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)p—
MacLeod states that the male flowers of this species possess about 12 fertile stamens
and 15-30 sterile ones; the latter serve as nectaries and are situated between the
ordinary stamens and the petals. The nectaries of the female flowers are like those
of the male ones. In many districts, e. g. Scandinavia and Denmark, only the female
plant occurs ; this seems also to be the case in North Schleswig, while in Holstein the
male plant is not rare. The nectaries in both flowers consist of numerous bright
yellow, glandular threads. Nolte says that fruit- and seed-formation take place
even without fertilization, and prolific vegetative propagation is effected from the
rhizome.
VistTors.—Knuth observed the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z.
816. Hydrocharis L.
Flowers dioecious; with half-concealed nectar.
2603. H. Morsus-ranae L. (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ II; Ascherson u. Giirke,
op. cit.; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 285-6; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The
white petals in this species possess a nectar-scale on the inner surface of their bases.
The flowers of each kind show vestiges of the opposite sex. Warnstorf says that the
yellow stamens possess broad papillose filaments; the anthers dehisce by a lateral
slit. The pollen-grains are yellow in colour, rounded tetrahedral, beset with spines
causing them to cling to one another and to the walls of the anthers for a long time.
The stigmas of the female flowers are yellow in colour, grooved internally, or forked
and closely beset with long papillae.
VisiTors.—Knuth observed numerous honey-bees, skg.
CVII. ORDER ORCHIDEAE JUSS.
Literature.—Darwin, ‘ Orchids’; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 527-41;
Pfitzer, vzde Bibliography, Vol. I, p. 330, Nos. 2782-4; Knuth, ‘Grundriss d.
Bliitenbiol.,’ pp. 95-6 ; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 163.
Orchids are distinguished by a greater variety of flower-forms than any other
order of plants. These forms are adapted in such a remarkable way for cross-
pollination by insects that the structure of the flower corresponds in its smallest
details to peculiarities of their bodies. Automatic self-pollination therefore only
occurs as an exception (e.g. Ophrys apifera Huds. is self-fertile, according to
Darwin), and is much more generally excluded by the relative positions of stigmas
and anthers; but these opposite conditions are united by an uninterrupted chain of
transitions, as the following list, drawn up by Hermann Miller, shows:
1. Cleistogamous flowers :—Schomburgkia, Cattleya, Epidendrum (H. Criiger),
Dendrobium (Anderson).
394 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2. Open, regularly self-fertilized flowers:—Ophrys apifera A/uds., Habenaria
intacta Benth., Gymnadenia tridentata Hook., Habenaria hyperborea R. Br. (Darwin),
Epipactis atrorubens Schw/t. (Hermann Miller), Epidendrum (F. Miller).
3. Occasional or exceptional autogamy: Neottia Nidus-avis Arch. (frequent).
and Listera ovata R. Br. (exceptionally) (Darwin).
4. Never autogamous, but completely self-fertile.
5. Completely self-sterile, but fertile with foreign pollen, not only of the same,
but of other species of the same genus; species of Oncidium (J. Scott).
6. Killed by geitonogamy; species of Oncidium, Notylia, Gomeza, Stigmato-
stalix, Burlingtonia (Fritz Miiller).
Ridley (J. Linn. Soc. Bot., London, xxiv, 1888) describes a still larger number
of orchids as cleistogamous or autogamous: Eulophia monophylla S. Jdoore,
Trichopilia fragrans Rezchd., Dendrobium roseum Sw. (cleistogamous). He gives
(op. cit.) the following cases of autogamy :—
1. The pollen-grains separate from one another and fall from the anther
directly upon the stigma or on to the labellum, which comes into contact with
this: Ophrydeae, Neottieae, Thelymitra longifolia /orst., Spiranthes australis Lznd/.
2. Complete pollinia fall from the anther upon the stigma: Phaius maculatus
Blume, Chiloglottis diphylla &. Br., Arundina densa Lzndi.
3. Either the pollinia fall completely from the anther as before, or the bursicula,
caudicles, and disk remain attached to the column: Ophrys apifera Auds., Eulophia
monophylla S. Joore, Trichopilia fragrans Retchd., Eria sp., Spathoglottis Paulineae
FE. Muell.
4. Overflow of stigmatic fluid: Cephalanthera pallens Rzch., Epipactis atro-
rubens Schui/., Spiranthes australis Zzzd/., Phaius Wallichii Zznd/.; and also Spatho-
glottis plicata B/wme, Schomburgkia, Epidendrum, Cattleya, Thelymitra, Orthoceras, &c.
Self-fertilizing species are thus very widely distributed (Justs bot. Jahresber.,
Leipzig, xvi, (1888) 1890, pp. 561-2).
The three sepals and the two upper petals frequently form a helmet-shaped
protecting roof for the inner parts of the flower. Of the original three stamens
there is generally only one present (rarely two), sessile on a column and bearing
the stigma on its anterior (upper) side in the form of a small, sticky, glandular
depression. The column frequently ends in a small process, the rostellum,
above the stigma; behind it are situated one or two glands, entirely or partially
covered by a hood-like or elastic skin, which contain a tenacious, viscid fluid.
The filament is entirely united with the rostellum, so that only the anther is
visible ; this consists of two lobes which dehisce longitudinally each containing
a pollinium; the latter is made up of little packets of united pollen-grains,
which are fastened together by slender elastic threads into club- or pear-shaped
cohering masses. The lower end of the pollinia are firmly united with the glands
containing viscid substance.
Pfitzer says that most orchids are distinguished by an exceptionally long period
of anthesis. Only a small number, such as the flowers of Sobralia, Restrepia, and
Cirrhopetalum, fade in a few days; in most genera the single blossoms remain
ORCHIDEAE 395
perfectly fresh for 30-40, and in some cases for 70 or 80 days, if they are not
pollinated. Opportunity for pollination is thus offered to insects for a long time.
A flower which has been pollinated, however, fades very quickly, as there is no
further need for its remaining fresh. Large numbers of flowers open simultaneously
as a rule. In the case of Paphiopedilum and others it also happens sometimes,
however, that on a long raceme only one flower is open at a time. As this remains
fresh for about a month, the plant can offer a flower to insects for years without
intermission.
Maury (C.-R. Acad. Sci., Paris, ciii, 1886, pp. 357-9) states that the flowering
season in our native species usually lasts only 4-2 months.
Pfitzer goes on to say that insects are attracted to visit the flower partly by its
size and beautiful colouring, and partly by particular odours, and there are not only
many very fragrant species, but also others which attract carrion flies by their smell
of putrefying flesh: Bulbophyllum Beccarii Rechd. 7 surpasses the Aroids and
Stapelias in this respect.
Nectar is concealed in very various ways, usually at the base of a spur; this,
however, sometimes does not contain free nectar, the secretion being attainable by
boring only (e.g. Orchis).
In order to afford flying insects a convenient alighting-platform, most orchids
undergo torsion in the bud through 180° so as to bring the originally upwardly
directed labellum to the under-side.
Some species possess two forms of flowers, e.g. Renanthera Lowei Reichd. /,,
in which the upper flowers of the very long inflorescences are yellow with small
brown spots, while the rest are almost entirely brown and of a different shape.
This peculiarity is most striking in Catasetum, where the same plant sometimes
bears flowers of different form in different years, and sometimes all the forms on the
same inflorescence. (Justs bot. Jahresber., Leipzig, xvi, (1888) 1890, p. 561.)
Not only do the visitors to our native orchids belong to the most various
groups of insects, but perhaps (in species of Cypripedium) snails sometimes serve
as pollinators. Of the better known species the following are pollinated as
follows :—by humble-bees, species of Orchis, Epipogum aphyllum Sw., Goodyera
repens &. Br., Spiranthes autumnalis Azch.; by bees, species of Orchis, Epipactis
palustris Cranfz, species of Cypripedium; by wasps, Epipactis latifolia AJ/.; by
ichneumon-flies, Listera ovata R. Br.; by moths, Habenaria bifolia R. Br., H.
conopsea Benth.; by flies, species of Orchis, Epipactis palustris Craniz, Neottia
Nidus-avis R7ch.; by beetles, Listerata ovata R. Br.
The foundations of the study of orchid flower mechanism have been laid down
by Darwin in his classical pioneer work, ‘The Various Contrivances by which
British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilized by Insects’ (1st Ed., London, 1862),
which must be read by every one desirous of understanding the flower mechanisms
of this order. In what follows, therefore, I simply give a brief account of the
mechanisms of European species.
817. Orchis L.
As in many other genera of this order, the three sepals, and the two upper
petals form a protecting roof for the central part of the flower. The labellum,
396 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
provided with a nectar-guide, forms a convenient alighting-platform for insects.
Its cylindrico-conical spur does not secrete nectar, but affords a liquid! enclosed
in cellular tissue to visitors, which extract it by boring. The two anther-lobes
are firmly united with the column, each possessing a special adhesive disk covered
by a bursicula. There is a rostellum between the two anther-lobes, which presses
them apart; they dehisce in the front by means of a longitudinal slit from top to
bottom, the front of the pollinia being thus exposed; these contract into a sort
of stalk towards the base and are here united to the epidermis of the bursicula.
A B
Fic. 364. A. Flower of Orchis maculata, L. (after F. MacLeod). (1, 2, 3) The sepal and upper
petals which make up a protective roof. (4,5) Lateral sepals. (6) Labellum. (62) Lateral lobes
of do. 4, bursicula; Ad, uppermost part of protective roof; sf, entrance to the spur; s/, stigma;
sz, open anther loculus with pollinium ; v/, membranous appendage of 4.
&. Pollinium of Orchis mascula, L.(J. MacLeod after Darwin). a, immediately after withdrawal from
the anther (on a pencil); 4, do., bent forward, after exposure to the air.
An insect inserting its proboscis into the spur strikes its head against the
bursicula, the epidermis of which is ruptured, so that the two small, circular adhesive
disks at the ends of the pollinia cling to the visitor’s head and become firmly fastened
to it by the immediate hardening of the viscid substance. On withdrawing its head
from the spur the insect thus removes the pollinia; the pollen-masses are drawn out
of their receptacles and harden in the open air, their caudicles bending more and
more forward. (This process can easily be imitated by means of a small sharp style
or pencil.) The pollinia ultimately turn through an angle of almost go°, so that
when the insect visits another flower they strike directly against the stigmatic
surface situated below the rostellum in the entrance of the spur. As the
adhesiveness of the stigma is greater than that of the pollinia to the insect, they
are torn away and left behind when it backs out of the spur. Cross-pollination
therefore always takes place when insects visit the flowers, and not only crossing
with separate flowers, but also with separate stocks, may be effected if the insect
has visited another plant during the time necessary for the bending forward of
the pollinia. Should insect-visits fail no fertilization takes place, because automatic
self-pollination is impossible.
' Cf. the footnote on Leucojum aestivum Z.
ORCHIDEAE 397
The following observations have been made about the odours of some species.
Kerner describes O. pallens Z. as possessing an odour of elder, O. longibracteata
Bivona, a somewhat goat-like smell (though Bourdette states that it is fragrant),
and O. coriophora Z. that of bugs. In dried (not pressed) specimens of O. mili-
taris Z., and sometimes of some others, Holmgren observed a strong vanilla-odour
and later on an equally strong smell of cumarin.
2604. O. latifolia L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 401-4; Darwin, ‘Orchids,’
pp. 15-16; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation, p. 539, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 63; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)}—
Visirors.— Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Knuth (Kn.) give the following list
of bees.—
Hymenoptera. Apidae: 1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥§ (Kn., H.M.); 2. Bombus
agrorum /. (H. M.); 3. B. confusus Schenck (H.M.); 4. B. distinguendus Jor.
(H. M.); 5. B. hortorum Z. 9 (Kn. H.M.); 6. B. lapidarius Z. 9 (Kn., H. M.);
7. B. muscorum /. (H. M.); 8. B. terrester Z. (Kn., H. M.); 9. Eucera longicornis
Z. (Kn., H. M.); 10. Halictus leucozonius Schr. 9 (H. M.); 11. Nomada sexfasciata
Pz.9(H. M.); 12. Osmia fusca Chr. (=O. bicolor Schr. 9) (H. M.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. —
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 humble-bees. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), an Empid
and a hover-fly (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 165).
2605. O. mascula L. (Darwin, op. cit, pp. 6-15; Herm. Miiller, op. cit.,
P- 538.)—
Visttors.—Herm. Miller gives the following list of humble-bees.—,
1. Bombus agrorum /.; 2. B. confusus Schenck; 3. B. hortorum Z.; 4. B.
lapidarius Z.; 5. B. pratorum Z.; 6. B. terrester Z.; 7. Psithyrus campestris Pz. ;
8. B. muscorum JZ. (?) (observed by a friend of Darwin’s).
2606. O. Morio L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 404-5; Herm. Miiller,
Op. Cit., Pp. 539-)—
Visttors.—Darwin (D.) and Herm. Miiller (H. M.) record the following bees.—
Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (D., H. M.); 2. Bombus agrorum F. (D.);
cenhisns Schenck (H. M.); 4. B. hortorum Z. (H. M.); 5. B. lapidarius Z. (H. ae
6. B. pratorum Z. (H.M.); 7. B. sylvarum Z. (H.M.); 8. Eucera longicornis Z.(D.);
g. Osmia rufa Z. (H. M.).
2607. O. maculata L. (Darwin, op. cit., pp. 15-16; Herm. Miiller, op. cit.,
p. 539, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 63, ‘ Weit. Beob., I, p. 291; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver.,
Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Warnstorf described the stalked greenish pollinia in this
species as made up of groups of numerous pollen-grains, and shaped like a blunt
pyramid or cone (up to 360 » in length).
Visrtors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following in Central Germany.—
A. Coleoptera. Cerambycidae: 1. Strangalia atra Lazch. B. Diptera.
(a) Empidae: 2. Empis livida Z.; 3. E. pennipes Z., both observed by George
Darwin with pollinia fixed to their eyes. (6) Syrphzdae: 4. Eristalis horticola Deg. ;
5. Volucella bombylans Z., very common ; both with pollinia adhering to the front
of the head. C. Hymenoptera. Ajzdae: 6. Bombus pratorum Z. ¥.
398 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 humble-bees. Alfken (Bremen), the humble-bee
Bombus agrorum /. 9. MacLeod (Flanders) (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
pp. 316-23).—A. Coleoptera. Ceraméycidae: 1. Leptura melanura Z., numerous.
B. Diptera. (2) Empidae: 2. Empis decora Mg., skg. (4) Musczdae: 3. Lucilia sp.
C. Hymenoptera. 4. Small ants.
2608. O. globosa L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen, pp. 61-76.)—This
species bears butterfly flowers.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed 8 butterflies.
FG. 365. Orchis globosa, L.(after Herm. Miller). .4. Flower, seen from below. 2. Do., seen almost
directly from the front. C. Do., after removal of all the perianth leaves except the labellum, seen
cbliquely from the side (x 7). D. Reproductive organs and base of the labellum, seen directly from the
front (x 27). a, anther; a’a’, vestigial anthers; co, corolla; 0, entrance to spur; ov, ovary; #/, upper
petals; 2’, labellum; 7, rostellum; ss, lateral sepals; s’, upper sepal; sf, spur; s/, stigma.
2609. O. purpurea Huds. (=O. fusca /Jacg.). (Darwin, op. cit., p. 15.)—
Darwin states that the flower mechanism of this species is the same as that of
O. mascula.
2610. O. ustulata L. (Darwin, op. cit., p. 25; Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’
pp. 59-61.)—This species bears Lepidopterid flowers. The very narrow entrance to
the spur, which is scarcely 2 mm. long, indicates small, short-tongued butterflies as
visitors.
2611. O. tridentata Scop. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob., I, p. 291.)—
Visttors——Herm. Miiller jr. (Jena) saw the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. ¥,
with pollinia adhering to the front of its head.
2612. O. sambucina L.—
Visitors.—Hoffer (Steiermark) saw the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/, 9.
ORCHIDEAE 399
2613. O. pyramidalis L. (=Anacamptis pyramidalis Rich.). (Darwin, op. cit.,
pp. 16-25; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation, p. 534; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 169.)—The mechanism of the carmine-red or flesh-coloured, fragrant flowers of
this species agrees with that of Orchis. They secrete free nectar, however, which is
concealed in such a narrow spur that it is only accessible to the thin proboscis of
a Lepidopterid. Two longitudinal. ridges on the labellum serve as guides, There is
a circular stigmatic surface situated on each side of the rostellum. The gland
containing mucilage is saddle-shaped, corresponding to the shape of the Lepidopterid
proboscis, to which the pollinia will cling. When the epidermis of the rostellum has
been torn by the proboscis of a lepidopterid visitor, the gland, with the two pollinia,
adheres so firmly to this organ as to surround it when the mucilage dries. The two
Fic. 366. Orchis ustujata, L. (after Herm. Miller). .4. Flower, seen directly from the front (x 7).
B. Do., in longitudinal section. C. Excised labellum, seen from above. D. Reproductive organs
and root of labellum, seen directly from the front (x 16). £. A pollinium attached to a needle (forward
and downward bending completed) (x 35). F. Older flower, seen from the side (x 7). Reference letters
as Fig. 365.
pollinia now bend simultaneously outwards and forwards, so that when the insect
carrying them visits another flower of this species they are pressed directly on to the
two stigmatic surfaces.
Visirors.—Darwin observed 23 species of butterflies and moths with pollinia
attached to their proboscis.
2614. O. hircina Crantz (= Himantoglossum hircinum Spreng., and Sartyrium
hircinum Z.). (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxxii, 1874, p. 748.)—The inner side
of the white helmet in the (?) bee flowers of this species is purple-red in colour with
400 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
green stripes. The labellum is whitish-green with reddish spots and possesses a very
long middle lobe. The whole flower exhales an odour of goats. Kerner says that it
smells like caproic acid.
Visitors.—Hildebrand observed a bee.
818, Habenaria Willd.
Lepidopterid flowers.
2615. H. conopsea Benth. (=Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br., and Orchis
conopsea Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 63-5; Darwin, op. cit., pp. 65-85
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 170.)—The flowers of this species exhale an odour
of pinks, and are generally purple-red in colour, rarely white. In the former case
they are more adapted for pollination by butterflies, in the latter by moths. The
spur, which is 13-15 mm. long, frequently contains such abundant nectar that it
is filled high up with it. The two long, narrow, naked disks are situated close
Fic. 367. Habenarta conopsea, Benth. (after Herm. FiG. 368. Habenariaodoratissima, Franch.
Miller). 4. Flower, seen from below (x 3). B. Repro- (after Herm. Miiller). C. Flower, after re-
ductive organs of do., seen directly from the front (Xx 20). moval of all the sepals and the petals except
aa, anther; a@’a’, vestigial anthers; &/4/, adhesive disks; spur of labellum: seen from the front (x 7).
0, opening of spur; ov, ovary; ff, upper petals; #’, labellum; D. Flower, seen from below (x 3). #, height
ss, lateral sepals; s’, upper sepal; sf, spur; sf st, stigmatic to which nectar rises in the spur; remaining
surfaces. letters as in Fig. 367.
in front of the entrance to the spur, which is very narrow and therefore affords
a passage for the proboscis of a Lepidopterid only. The pollinia torn out by
the probcscis bend very quickly and strongly. The flower mechanism otherwise
agrees essentially with that of Orchis pyramidalis. Self-pollination is excluded.
Warnstorf describes the pollinia as very variable in length, grey-greenish in colour,
consisting of masses composed of numerous pollen-grains, which are sometimes
rounded tetrahedral in form, sometimes bluntly cuboidal, sometimes resemble blunt
cones or pyramids, and are very variable in length.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (Alps), 26 species of Lepidoptera. George Darwin, several
moths. Loew (Silesia, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 54), the Telephorid beetle Cantharis albo-
ORCHIDEAE 401
marginata Adrk. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a hover-fly and a Lepidopterid
(‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 168).
2616. H. odoratissima Franch. (=G. odoratissima zch., and Orchis
odoratissima Z.). (Herm. Miller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 65-6.)—The mechanism of
the vanilla-scented, pale pink flowers of this species resembles that of the preceding
one, but the spur is only 4-5 mm. long and about half filled with nectar. The
pale colour and stronger fragrance attract moths more particularly.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed 3 species of Lepidoptera.
2617. H. albida R. Br. (=Gymnadenia albida Richk., and Orchis albida Z.).
(Darwin, op. cit., pp. 43, 68; Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 66.)—The white
flowers of this species are fragrant (also in the arctic regions, according to Warming),
and the entrance to the spur is so narrow that only a lepidopterid proboscis can enter
it. The white colour of the flowers points to moths as visitors, and the shortness of
the spur (2 mm.) indicates adaptation to small species.
Fic. 369. Habenarta albida, R. Br. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower, seen from the side. 2. Do.,
from below. C. Do., from the front (x 7). 0, opening of the spur; ov, ovary; ##, upper petals;
7’, Jabellum; ss, lateral sepals; s’, upper sepal; sf, spur: sé, stigmatic surface.
2618. H. angustifolia H. B. et K. (=Nigritella angustifolia Azch., Orchis
nigra Scop., and Satyrium nigrum Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 66-9 ;
Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, p. 201.)—The flowers of this species are dark purple-red, rarely pink in colour,
with a strong vanilla odour, and the spur is only 2 mm. long and one mm. wide.
The flower mechanism agrees otherwise with that of the remaining lepidopterid orchids,
e.g. in regard to richness in nectar, and the adhesive disks with pollinia situated
upon them, which when drawn out bend forwards and outwards; but the position
of the parts of the flower is reversed, so that the pollinia cling to the lower side
of the proboscis and are then brought on to the stigmas situated below the narrow
entrance to the spur. Self-pollination is excluded.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), no less than 53 insects, including 48 Lepidoptera. Loew
(Switzerland, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 63), 2 butterflies—Argynnis pales S.-V. and Melitaea
parthenie BAA.
DAVIS. II pd
402
ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2619. H. suaveolens Dalz. (= Nigritella suaveolens Koch, and H. angustifolia
HT. B. et K.xH. conopsea Benth.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 69-70;
Kerner, op. cit., pp. 563, 586.}—This is a hybrid between two lepidopterid species.
The colour of the flowers is between carmine and pink. The possibility of
Fic. 370. Habenaria angustifolia, H.B.et K. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower, seen from the side
(x 24). B. Do., seen directly from the front (x 7). C. Reproductive organs and nectary, seen
obliquely from above (x 15). a, anther ; a’, vestigial do.; 4/, adhesive disk ; 0, opening of spur; ov, ovary;
PP, lower petals; 2’, labellum; s, lateral sepal; s’, lower do.; sf, spur; s¢, stigmatic surface.
Fic. 371. Habenaria suaveolens, Dalz. (after Herm. Miller). A. Several flowers in their natural
position (x 1)—1, twisted to the left; 2 and 3, twisted to the right; 4, not twisted. B. A flower, seen
obliquely from the left and above (enlarged). C. Do., in its natural position. D. Reproductive organs
and nectary (x 7). a, anther; a’a’, vestigial do.; &/, disk; 0, opening of spur; ov, ovary; #/, lower
petals; 7’, labellum; ss, upper sepals; s’, lower sepals; sf, spur; s¢, stigma.
ORCHIDEAE 403
hybridization by Lepidoptera between two species which have fixed their pollinia
to the upper and lower sides of the proboscis respectively, arises from the fact that
the flowers are sometimes half twisted round thus making transfer possible.
2620. Habenaria bifolia R. Br. (=Platanthera bifolia Rich.; P. solstitialis
Boenn.; Orchis bifolia Z.; and Gymnadenia bifolia A/eyer). (Darwin, op. cit.,
pp. 73-4; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilization, p. 533, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 70-2;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 171; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
v, 1893, p. 323; Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 405-6.)—The white moth flowers of
this species exhale a strong odour of pinks, particularly at night, and have a thin
spur 13-21 mm. long, which is often three-quarters full of nectar. The pollinia
adhere to the left and right sides of the proboscis of a moth, then turn in- and
Fic. 372. Habenaria bifolia, R.Br. (after Herm. Miiller). | 4. Flower, seen from the side (almost
x 2). &. Do., seen directly from the front (x 4). C. Reproductive organs and entrance to the spur,
seen directly from the front (almost x 16). D and &. Pollinia and their disks after complete torsion
(almost x 16). a, anther; a’a’, vestigial anthers; ax and a/, right and left anther-lobes; 5», bract;
¢, caudicle; d and a’, disks; 7, nectary (in which secretion rises to x); 0, opening of spur; ov, ovary; PP,
upper petals; #’, labellum; ss, lateral sepals; s’, upper sepal; sé, stigma.
downwards by the contraction of the caudicles, and, clinging to the base of a visitor’s
proboscis, are brought to the stigma situated between the two disks. A. de Bonis
(Riv. fis. mat. sc. nat., Pavia, xiii, 1893) states that the species is sometimes fertilized
by means of the wind.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Darwin, Noctuid moths. Rogenhofer, the hawk-moth Sphinx pinastri Z. (with
pollinia on its palps). Heinsius (Holland), 2 moths—Hadena monoglypha H/n. $
and 9, and Plusia gamma Z. (with pollinia on their palps) (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 116-17). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), large moths (‘Flora of
Dumfriesshire,’ p. 168).
pdz
404 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2621. H. hyperborea R. Br. (=Platanthera hyperborea Zznd/.).—Warming
describes the flowers of this species as possessing a vanilla odour, and Darwin states
that they are regularly self-fertilized.
2622. H. viridis R. Br. (=Peristylus viridis Zznd/.), (Darwin, op. cit., 43, 63,
255; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 72.)—
Vistrors.—Probably small moths.
819. Platanthera Rich.
2623. P. chlorantha Cust. (=P. montana Reichd. f.; Habenaria chlorantha
Bab.; and H. bifolia R. Br., according to the Jndex Kewensis). (Darwin, ‘ Orchids,’
p- 69; Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 72; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, p. 323; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 171.)—The almost
odourless, green flowers of this species are larger than
those of Habenaria hyperborea, and the spur is 23-43 mm.
long ; very rarely, however, flowers entirely without a spur
occur. The caudicles of the pollinia are united by small,
drum-shaped expansions to the disks, and as these are
situated more deeply in the entrance to the spur, the
pollinia attach themselves to the eyes of visitors.
Visitors.—Darwin observed 2 moths—a Plusia sp.,
carrying a pollinium on the edge of one eye; and
Mamestra dentina £'sf., with a pollinium on one eye.
820. Ophrys L.
Partly fly flowers. Frequently automatic self-pol-
lination. Inflorescences unilateral in consequence of
twisting of the ovaries.
2624. O. muscifera Huds. (= O. myodes /acg.).
(Darwin, op. cit., p. 45; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I,
pp. 285-91 ; Kirchner, op. cit., p. 172.)—The elongated,
velvety labellum in this species is blackish-purple in
colour, marked with an almost square, glabrous, pale-
bluish central patch; it secretes small drops of nectar
Fic. 373. Platanthera chlo- J : 5 .
rantha, Cust. (after Pitzer). 4. down the middle in a longitudinal furrow for a short
a Ae ate Soa time immediately after the flower opens; later on there
labellum; s/ sé, lateral sepals; is merely a thin, shining, damp layer, which disappears
sm, upper sepal ; sf, spur. B. : : 5
A pollinium, seen from the side. immediately. A button-shaped process, with an almost
metallic gleam, situated on each side of the base of the
labellum, serves as a further attraction. It seems, therefore, that the fly flower is
a deceptive one adapted to the visits of carrion-flies.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed Sarcophaga ; insect-visits, however, are so
few, that the flowers generally remain unpollinated. The same observer also saw
a fossorial wasp (Gorytes mystaceus Z.) on a flower, without obtaining anything,
however, or removing pollinia.
ORCHIDEAE 405
2625. O. apifera Huds. (Robert Brown, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, xvi,
1833; Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot., London, xxiv, 1888; Darwin, op. cit., p. 52;
Kirchner, op. cit., pp. 172-3.)—The dark-brown, velvety labellum of this species
possesses a yellowish marking, and at the base there is a crescent-shaped, purple-
brown patch. Insect-visits must be very rare, for none have yet been observed ;
propagation is therefore effected by automatic self-pollination, the pollinia on their
very long caudicles hanging out of the anther-loculi soon after the flower opens,
and sinking so far down that they touch the
stigma. Darwin states that autogamy is en-
tirely effective.
2626. O. arachnites Lam. (Darwin,
op. cit, p. 51; Eckstein, ‘Eigent. Befrucht.
b. Ophrys arachnites’; Cromans, Just’s bot.
Jahresber., Leipzig, (1884) 1886, p. 682.)—
Eckstein and Cromans say that this species
also is propagated by means of automatic
self-pollination. Eckstein states that the pol-
linia possess rather long caudicles, coiled like
a lepidopterid proboscis, and attach themselves
firmly to the stigma, when the spirals unroll.
i : = Fic. 374. Ophrys aptfera, Huds. (after
2627. O. oestrifera Bieb. ( =0. hls Darwin). A, Side view of flower, with the
Stev.).— Kerner says that in this species the upper sepal and the two upper petals removed.
c i One pollinium, with its disk still in its pouch,
two hollow cones situated on the upper lip is represented as just falling out of the anther ;
: G Fae and the other has fallen almost toits full extent,
serve as supports for insect visitors. Gonoune ng whe Widdew edema (eclarsedi.. «a,
I have watched numerous species of anther; 2/, labellum. 8. Pollinium in the
Ophrys on the island of Capri, but have never eae es i ce a alla
seen insects visit them; Appel says the same
of O. Bertolonii A/orett and O. arachnites Zam. in the neighbourhood of Riva
and Gargnano on Lake Garda.
821. Herminium L.
Small-insect flowers.
2628. H. alpinum L. (=Chamaeorchis alpina Rzch., and Ophrys alpina Z.).
(Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 73-5.)—Herm. Miiller supposes that the small,
odourless, greenish-yellow flowers of this species are visited and crossed by small
ichneumon-flies and mirute flies or beetles. He also states that automatic self-
pollination is rendered difficult.
Visitors.— Vide supra.
2629. R. Monorchis R. Br. (= Ophrys Monorchis Z.). (Darwin, op. cit.,
p- 59; Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 72-3; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1,
II, p. 256.)—The flowers of this species are adapted for pollination by small insects
or ichneumon-flies (cf. Vol. I, p. 137). They are small and greenish-yellow in
colour, with a strong odour of nectar.
406 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
VisiTors.—George Darwin saw minute Hymenoptera (particularly Tetrastichus
diaphanthus Wa/k.), flies and beetles (Malthodes brevicollis Pay&.). Herm. Miiller
observed dwarf ichneumon-flies. The pollinia cling to the joints of one of the
fore-legs of the insects, and, after having bent downwards, are pressed against the
stigma of a flower visited later.
822. Aceras R. Rr.
As Orchis.
2630. A. anthropophora R. Br.
(=Ophrys anthropophora Z.). (Darwin,
op. cit., p. 26.)—Darwin states that the
flower mechanism of this species agrees
essentially with that of Orchis mascula
and its allies.
823. Epipogum S. G. Gmel.
Bee flowers.
2631. E. aphyllum Sw. (Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed.1, I, pp. 226, 257;
Rohrbach, ‘Epipogium.’)—The flowers of
this species possess a vanilla-odour, and
the perianth is yellowish in colour with
a flesh-red spur. The labellum is arched
Uf
HH)
Yi
Fic. 375. Hermintus alpinum, Lindl. (after Herm. Miller). 4. Side view of a flower that has
been over for a considerable time. 8. A young flower after removal of all the perianth leaves except the
labellum, seen directly from the front. C. A somewhat older flower, which has already lost its pollinia.
D. A still further developed flower, seen from the side (x 7). £ and F. Pollinia, seen from the front and
from the side. G. The middle of a young flower, seen from the front (x 35). a, anther; a’a’, vestigial
anthers; av and a/, right and left anther-lobes; 47, bract; c, caudicle; 4, nectar; ov, ovary; #’, labellum;
po, pollinium ; yr, rostellum; sf, stigma.
ORCHIDEAE 407
like a helmet, directed upwards, and secretes nectar on its inner side. The five
other downwardly directed perianth leaves are long, narrow, and slightly bent
upwards, thus enclosing a space, in the middle of which the column consisting
of stigma and anther is situated; this slopes gently upwards and forms an alighting-
platform. Kerner states that humble-bees probing for nectar touch this platform
with the under-side of their bodies in climbing upwards over it. On the downwardly
directed end of the column are situated first the anther, next the rostellum, with very
sticky papillae, and finally,
still higher up, the stigma,
forming a steep wall. The
ovoid pollinia are united
to the sticky papillae of
the rostellum by long,
tough threads, and covered
by a membranous cap
belonging to the anther.
The wood humble-bee
(Bombus lucorum JZ.)
found in shady woods,
uses the column as an
alighting - platform, and
from its lower edge probes
for nectar in the galeate
labellum; it does not
immediately come into
contact with the concealed
pollinia, but the sticky
apill f Fic. 376. Herminium Momnorchis, R. Br. (after Herm. Miller).
be eas the rostellum A. Flower, seen from the side. B. Do., from the front, with the perianth
adhere to the under-side _ leaves forcibly separated. D. Do., in the natural position, seen from
of its body. When the the side (x 7). D. Pollinia. £. Reproductive organs and base of
labellum (x 32). aa, anther-lobes; a@/a’, vestigial anthers; dr, bract;
insect leaves the flower Alki, disks; ov, ovary; ~#f, lateral petals; #’, labellum; ss, lateral
‘ , sepals; s’, upper sepal; sf, spur; sé, stigma: x 2x, recesses below disks; the
the cap covering the pol- arrows in B indicate lateral accesses to spur.
linia springs back, so that
the two pollinia clinging to the disks are torn out and carried away. At the same
time they turn over, so that they now hang downwards from their caudicles like two
cherries on their stalks. The whole of the structure thus torn out elongates somewhat,
so that the pollinia can be deposited on the stigma of another flower. The stigma is
situated above the rostellum, and if the pollinia did not possess long caudicles,
they could not be pressed on it by humble-bee visitors.
Rohrbach, who has described the flower-mechanism very minutely, states that
the spur and the upper margin of the labellum serve as an alighting-platform for the
insect, whence it creeps on to the labellum round its tip. It then reaches the down-
wardly directed perianth leaves, raises it head, and clings comfortably to the labellum,
with the intention of emptying the nectary, and bores into the inner surface of this to
suck out the juice. When leaving the flower, the insect must climb down the down-
wardly directed column, and thus strikes against the rostellum, causing its epidermis
408 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
to burst, when the mucilage exudes. This fixes the caudicles to the fore-part of the
insect’s head, so that the pollinia are drawn out of their recesses. In order to prevent
tearing of the pollinia, which are firmly surrounded by the anther lobes, the original
tip of the anther is situated on the rostellum.
When the insect has come into contact
with the epidermis of the latter, and the
caudicles have become fastened to its head
by means of the sticky exuding secretion,
it immediately strikes against the tip of the
anther in raising itself erect. This is thus
slightly raised, forming a broader cleft,
wide enough for the pollinia to be drawn
out uninjured. As the insect leaves the
flower immediately after removing the pol-
linia, an extremely rapid hardening of the
adhesive liquid is necessary in order that
they may not be torn from the insect’s
head as it flies.
Both pollinia are usually removed
simultaneously by the visitor; should one,
however, remain in its recess, pollination
is not prevented, as a small part of
a pollinium is enough to effect it. The
pollinia cling between the eyes and the
forehead of the insect; their caudicles are
extremely slender, and are drawn down
by the weight of the pollen until they lie
flat on the insect’s head, the pollinia thus
projecting forward like a pair of club-
shaped feelers, On visiting another flower,
the insect bends its head slightly outwards
towards the nectary and brushes against
Fic. 377. Epipogum aphyllum, Sw. (after the projecting stigma, so that a part of
Pfitzer). 4. Entire plant. £. Flower in longi- . . oe .
tudinal section. C. Column in longitudinal sec- the pollinia Tepialns clinging to it and
tion, — D. Pollinia. pollination is effected.
824. Limodorum L.
2632. L. abortivum Sw. (=Orchis abortiva Z.). (Pedicino, Rend. Acc. sc.,
Napoli, xiii, 1874, pp. 118-20; Freyhold, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xix, 1877,
pp. 23-8.)—Pedicino states that automatic self-pollination takes place regularly in
this species. On a garden specimen Freyhold observed only closed flowers, which,
however, were otherwise normal in form and colour; these fertilized themselves and
also set abundant fruits. The plants growing wild in the neighbourhood of Freiburg
i. B. seemed to behave similarly. On this plant, which is remarkably rich in pollen,
ORCHIDEAE 409
Freyhold frequently observed the presence of supernumerary stamens, sometimes
belonging to the inner, and sometimes to the outer staminal whorl.
Fic. 378. Epipogum aphyllum, Sw.(after P. Rohrbach). (1) Flower, seen from the front. (2) Do.,
from the side, after removal of the helmet. Insects creep down on the line between spur and labellum
(x 4h). (3) Longitudinal section of a flower. The ovules have been removed from the ovary. The
ridge at the base of the spur is cut through. Vascular bundles are indicated by dotted lines (x 5).
(4) Column and ovary of an open flower. (5) Do., in longitudinal section. (6) Do., after removal of
the anther (x 10). a, anther; af, tip of do.; ¢, caudicle; cé, clinandrum; /, labellum; 7, nectary;
P, petal; p/, placenta; Zo, pollinium; 7, retinaculum; s, sepal; s?, stigma; ¢, conducting tissue; x, true
nectary.
825. Cephalanthera Rich.
2633. C. pallens Rich. (=C. grandiflora S. #. Gray). (Darwin, op. cit.,
p- 80; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.174; Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot., London,
410 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
xxiv, 1888.)—Darwin, Ridley, and Kirchner describe the flowers of this species as
autogamous. The pollen is loose and friable. The single grains are almost entirely
separate from each other and are only united by a few threads. The anthers dehisce
before the flower opens, when the-pollinia fall on the upper margin of the stigma
situated below them, so that automatic self-pollination takes place. Cross-pollination
by means of insects is, however,
possible. In this case the anterior
part of the labellum, bent at right
angles to the rest, serves as a platform
for them. The visitor then scatters
the pollen broadcast into the upright
flower, gets dusted with it, and may
transfer it to the stigma of another
blossom. After pollination has taken
place, the terminal lobe of the labellum
erects itself and closes the entrance
to the flower.
2634. C. ensifolia Rich. (=C.
xiphophylla Rezchd. f.). (Kirchner,
‘Beitrige,’ pp. ro-11 ; Delpino, ‘ Ult.
oss.,’ II, p. 149.)—The white flowers
of this species possess a yellow-brown
patch at the tip of the labellum,
which is continued behind by several ~
ridges of the same colour, running
Fic. 379- Cephalanthera pallens, Rich. (after Dar-
win). 4. Flower, seen obliquely from the front. B. .
Column seen from the front after removal of all the down into the flower base. Nectar
perianth leaves. C. Do., from the side: a pollinium : + th
can be seen above between anther and stigma. a, anther; 1S probably secreted in the sacculated
Z, terminal lobe of labellum; 0, vestigial anther; 7,
pollinia ; s, stigma.
posterior part of the labellum. The
anterior part of the labellum, of
which the edges are turned upwards, can be easily pressed down, and it then
springs back into its original position by elasticity. Delpino therefore concludes
that this species can only be pollinated by means of insects, and describes the
manner somewhat as follows:—The column is so bent downwards in the mouth
of the flower, that the visitor, backing out to fly away, smears a short length of its
back and head with the abundant tenacious mucilage of the stigma. The part thus
covered comes into contact immediately with the pollinia, fastening them firmly to it.
When the insect visits another flower, a part of these pollinia is deposited on the
stigma. It is easy to imitate this proceeding: if one touches the stigma with
a needle, some of the stigmatic mucilage adheres to it, and if the pollinia are
immediately touched with it, they cling sufficiently firmly. If they are then brought
into contact with the stigma of the same or another flower, they remain adhering
to it. Insect visitors obviously bring about the pollination of this species in
a similar manner. That insect-visits are adequate appears from the fact that in
many spikes all the pollinia are removed. Automatic self-pollination seems to be
excluded.
ORCHIDEAE 4ur
2635. C. rubra Rich. (Kirchner, ‘Neue Beob., p. 12, ‘ Beitrige, p. 12,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart.’\—The mechanism of the beautiful purple-red, rarely white
flowers of this species agrees essentially with that of C. pallens, The anterior
expanded part of the labellum, serving as a platform for insects, is however longer
than in that species. The reddish pollinia are situated on the posterior margin of the
stigma, and free themselves from the loculi. The stigma is very sticky. Near
Ueberlingen, Kirchner observed
that the pollinia were removed
from many flowers, insect-visits
having therefore taken place.
Warnstorf describes the pollinia
as sessile, but separate to their
bases. The pollen-grains are not
cemented together, but distinct,
and only loosely connected,
rounded tetrahedral, pale bluish
in colour, tuberculate, on an
average 31 p in diameter.
826. Epipactis Rich.
Nectar half-concealed.
2636. E. palustris Crantz.
(Darwin, op. cit., p.93; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 176;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 324-5.)—
In the horizontal flowers of this
species, the part of the labellum
projecting beyond the other
perianth leaves serves as a plat-
form for insect visitors, It is
united by a joint to the lower
part, which forms a cup contain- Fic. 380. Eptpactis palustris, Crantz (after Darwin). A. Side
ing nectar, is elastic and movable, view of a flower, after removal of the lower perianth leaves. B.
Do., with the front part of the labellum pressed down in the same
and somewhat bent upwards. way as by an insect visitor. C. Flower from the side, after
* s removal of all the perianth leaves except half the labellum (further
The lower part of the stigma 1s enlarged). D. Column from the front, after removal of all the
bilobed; a small, almost globular perianth leaves: the rostellum is actually situated somewhat higher
2 (further enlarged). a, anther with its two loculi open; a’, vestigial
rostellum projects somewhat anthers; J, labellum; 7, rostellum; s, stigma.
above it, and is covered with a
soft, elastic cap, viscid internally. This can easily be lifted off by pressure from inside
and below. The anther dehisces longitudinally before the flower opens, so that the
two sessile pollinia are exposed. Their pollen-grains are united into small packets
by elastic threads, and the threads are joined into cords which are fastened to the
posterior lobes of the cap covering the rostellum.
Insects alighting on the front part of the labellum press it downwards, so that on
412 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
entering the flower they do not touch the rostellum. They only come into contact
with this when creeping back, as the lower part of the labellum has sprung upwards
again in the meantime. The insects then remove the pollinia on their heads or
backs, and on visiting another flower deposit them on the stigma and so effect
crossing.
Visirors.—W. E. Darwin (Isle of Wight), beside the honey-bee, which is the
regular pollinator, observed flies (Sarcophaga carnaria Z., and Coelopa frigida Fadl.)
and a fossorial wasp (Crabro brevis v. @. Z.).
2637. E. latifolia All. (Darwin, op.cit., p. 100; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 177; MacLeod, loc. cit.; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 253-5;
Webster, ‘ Fertlsn. of Epipactis latifolia’; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—This
species bears wasp flowers. It occurs in two forms: (a) ver¢dans Crantz, with
a broad, ovo-cordate, reddish-violet labellum, the raised parts of which are smooth,
or slightly furrowed, or altogether absent; (5) varians Crantz (= E. viridiflora
Reiché.), with an ovate labellum, reddish in colour with white spots, of which the
raised parts are indistinct,
usually smooth, and some-
times absent. Both forms
possess the same flower
mechanism, corresponding
exactly to that of the type
species. The terminal lobe
of the labellum, however, is
smaller, and possesses no
Fic. 381. Eprpaciis latifolia, All. (after Darwin). Flower from joint but is fastened firmly
the side, after removal of the perianth leaves, except the labellum R :
(enlarged). a, anther; /, labellum; 7, rostellum; s, stigma. to the basal region. In cor-
respondence with this the
rostellum projects still further beyond the stigma, Automatic self-pollination is
therefore excluded, but Webster says that insect visitors effect self-pollination more
frequently than crossing.
VisiTors.—These are almost entirely wasps :—Darwin records Vespa sylvestris
Scop.; Kerner, V. austriaca Pz.; and Knuth, V. vulgaris Z.; Loew (Brandenburg,
‘ Beitrage,’ p. 42) V. rufa Z., ¥, skg. Webster observed humble-bees as well as
wasps. Gersticker (central mountains of Germany) and Schletterer (Tyrol) saw
Bombus hortorum ZL.
Hermann Miller asserts (‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 532) that E. viridiflora Reichd. (=E. lati-
folia Ad, var. (a) varians Crantz (cf Max Schultze, ‘D, Orchid. Deutschlands,
Deutsch-Oesterreicus u. d. Schweiz, Gera, 1894) has entirely lost the advantages
of a viscid rostellum ; only minute pollen-clumps can occasionally be carried away
by small insects on this account, and autogamy consequently takes place to a still
larger degree than in the next species (E. microphylla).
2638. E. microphylla Sw. (Darwin, op. cit, p. 102; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 532.)—Self-pollination takes place regularly in this species, though
crossing may also be effected by insects, a part of the pollen adhering to the visitor
by means of the mucilage contained in the rostellum.
ORCHIDEAE 413
2639. E. atrorubens Schult. (= E. rubiginosa Cran/z). (Ridley, J. Linn.
Soc. Bot., London, xxiv, 1888; Knuth, ‘ Blitenbiol. Beitrage.’)—The flowers of
this species are dark purple-red in colour, and possess a vanilla-odour with an
accessory fragrance of pinks. Like those of the two preceding species, they possess
a cap over the rostellum which can easily be removed by a light pressure from below,
as I found from numerous examples on the Dunes of Usedom. At the time (in 1883),
however, I made no further notes; I also observed no visitors then. Ridley states
that the plant is autogamous, pollen-tubes growing directly from the pollinia into
the stigma.
827. Serapias L.
2640. S. longipetala Pollini. (Delpino, ‘ Applicaz. d. teor. Darwin.’)—
VistTors.—Delpino observed bees in Liguria.
2641. S. occultata J. Gay. (Nicotra, Malpighia, Genova, i, 1887, pp. 460-3.)
—Nicotra says that this is autogamous, but heterogamy is not excluded.
2642. S. Lingua L.—In this species autogamy is rendered very difficult by
the position of the pollinia, as the falling pollen cannot reach the stigma. Both
this species and the previous one resemble Epipactis to some extent in their flower
mechanism. 7
828. Listera R. Br.
Nectar exposed.
2643. L. ovata R. Br. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 406-11 ; Darwin, op. cit.,
p- 115; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 295; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
lii, 1891, Pp. 309-10, v, 1893, pp. 326-8; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 178.)—
Fic. 382. Listera ovata, R.Br. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Part of a virgin flower, seen from the side.
(2) Flower from the front, after the pollinia have been removed from the anther and the foliate rostellum
has bent over and partly covered the stigma (on half the scale of (1)). (3) The pollinia attached to
a needle (x 20). (4) A specimen of Grammoptera laevis with numerous pollinia attached to the front of
its head. a, anther; &, viscid matter; 7, nectar-groove; ov, ovary; pA, lateral petals; #’, labellum; fo,
pollinia ; », rostellum; ss, sepals; s¢, stigma.
This species bears ichneumon-fly flowers (cf Vol. I, p. 121). They are inconspicuous
and greenish-yellow in colour, possessing a long, nectar-secreting groove in the
414 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
middle of the long, narrow, downwardly curved labellum. The large, thin, leaf-like,
pointed rostellum contains mucilage, which exudes in white, tenacious drops at the
slightest touch. The anther situated behind the rostellum dehisces while the flower
is still in the bud, so that when it opens the pollinia are freely exposed, lying on their
backs with their apices converging to the upper end of the rostellum, which then
curves slowly over the stigmatic surface.
The smaller visitors, consisting largely of ichneumon-flies, use the lower end of
the labellum as an alighting-platform, creep slowly upwards, licking all the nectar out
of the groove from the bottom to the top, and ultimately strike their head against the
rostellum, which immediately exudes two small, white drops of mucilage. These run
together and fasten on one hand to the side of the head and on the other to the tips
of the pollinia, so that the latter are carried away by the visitor. During this process,
the rostellum curves quite over the stigma, thus preventing autogamy. It then
moves slowly back, leaving the stigma once more exposed. In the meantime this
has become very sticky, and the emptied nectar-groove again fills with nectar.
Should the insect now visit a flower from which the pollinia have already been
removed, the stigma is struck by the pollinia, part of which adhere to it. Crossing
is therefore always effected, and usually between separate stocks.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as united into tetrads, and 50-6 » in
diameter.
Visitors. —The following were recorded by the visitors, and for the localities
stated.—
Sprengel saw ‘a small beetle with black head and scutellum and brown elytra,
which had taken such a head-adornment (pollinia) from a flower.” This was
apparently the regular visitor Grammoptera laevis /. He also repeatedly observed
an ichneumon-fly ‘bearing a pair of pollen-clubs in its head.” Herm. Miiller saw
Braconids and Ichneumonids effect pollination. Kaltenbach identified these as—
(a) Braconidae: 1. Alysia sp., one; 2. Microgaster globata Z., var. rufipes Mees;
(3) Ichneumonidae: 3. Campoplex sp., one; 4. Cryptus, 8 individuals of 3 sp. ;
5. Amblyteles uniguttatus Grav., one; 6. Phygadenon sp., 2; 7. Tryphon sp., 2.
Miiller also observed the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /., nect-lkg., but not removing
pollinia. MacLeod (Belgium), a bee (Andrena sp.), 2 other Hymenoptera, and
a beetle. Plateau (Belgium), the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z.; (Pyrenees), the
beetle Rhagonycha fulva Scop. (= R. melanura /.), nect-lkg. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 309). Darwin (England), 2 ichneumon-flies (Hemiteles sp., and
Cryptus sp.) with pollinia attached to the front of the head.
2644. L. cordata R. Br. (Darwin, op. cit., p. 124.)—Darwin describes the
flower mechanism of this species as agreeing essentially with that of L. ovata.
Visitors.—Darwin says there are small Diptera and Hymenoptera.
829. Neottia L.
Flowers with exposed to half-concealed nectar.
2645. N. Nidus-avis Rich. (= Ophrys Nidus-avis Z.). (Herm. Miller,
‘ Fertlsn.,’ p. 531; Darwin, op. cit., p. 125; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 179;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 195; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
p- 344.)—Kerner says that the pale yellow-brown colouring of the plants of this
ORCHIDEAE 415
species is enough to bring them out in relief against the dark ground of the wood,
thus rendering them conspicuous. Loew objects to this that the colouring resembles
FIG. 383. Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich. (after Herm. Miller). (1) Flower, seen from the side.
(2) Side view of the labellum. (3) Front view of do.; the small circles represent drops of nectar.
(4) The column, seen from the side. a, anther; d”, bract; co, corolla; ov, ovary; #, lateral petal;
?’, labellum ; #0, pollinium; 7, rostellum; s, sepals; sé, stigma.
that of the dead leaves, and the plant therefore is often difficult to distinguish among
them. In his opinion the colouring is less for display than for protection.
The flower mechanism agrees essentially
with that of Listera ovata, but the nectar is
concealed in a labellum which forms a shallow
bowl, and is therefore not quite so exposed
as in Listera. Also the pollinia adhere less
completely and securely. If insect-visits fail,
therefore, automatic self-pollination frequently
takes place, the very crumbling pollen falling perm Sane fg Meat Rich (after
automatically upon the stigma. @, anther; 7, stigma ; r, rostellum.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed a nect-lkg. fly (Helomyza affinis Mg.), which
took up pollen in the most anterior part of its thorax.
830. Spiranthes Rich.
Nectar concealed.
. 2646. S. autumnalis Rich. (=Ophrys spiralis Z.). (Darwin, op. cit., p. 106 ;
Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 180-1.)—The small, whitish, horizontal flowers
of this species possess an odour of hyacinths. The reflex part of the labellum serves
as a platform for visitors, which find two globular nectaries on the lower part of the
organ, their abundant secretion being collected in a small receptacle situated below
them. The access to this is rendered very narrow by the nectaries and the
projecting margin of the stigma. The rostellum, forming a long, thin, narrow
process, is united with the stigma by two diverging shoulders. The middle part
of the posterior side of the rostellum forms a somewhat elongated receptacle for
mucilage. A longitudinal line on the anterior side is slightly hollowed over the
middle of this receptacle. Slight contact ruptures this anterior side longitudinally,
so that some mucilage exudes. The slit then extends to the back of the rostellum,
416 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
and the cavity of the anther is exposed. Each loculus contains two very crumbling
pollinia, which are separated above, and united in the middle by elastic threads.
The upper part of the loculi, pressed against the back of the rostellum, dehisces
before the flower opens,
the pollinia thus coming
into contact with the back
of the mucilage-receptacle.
The oblique surface of the
stigma projects below the
rostellum. Darwin ob-
served humble-bees as
visitors; the mucilage-re-
ceptacles with the adherent
pollinia cling to their pro-
boscides; thus only the
lateral, furcate parts of the
rostellum were left. After
FiG. 385. Spzranthes autumnalis, Rich.(after Darwin). 4. Lateral the flower has been open
view of a flower, after removal of the two lower perianth leaves; the one or two days, the Ja-
c
labellum is fringed anteriorly. 8. Do., enlarged still more, after re-
moval of all the perianth leaves. The position of the labellum and the bellum moves away a little
upper sepal is indicated by dotted lines. C. Stigma and rostellum, with
the embedded, central, boat-shaped disk, seen from the front. D.Do., from the rostellum, thus
after removal of the disk. £. Disk, removed from the rostellum, greatly
enlarged, viewed posteriorly, with the attached elastic threads of the widening the approach to
pollinia; the pollen-grains have been removed from the threads. a, anther; the stigma. which is now
el, edge of clinandrum; 2, nectar receptacle; #, pollinia; 7, rostellum; bd 2
s, stigma ; ¢, threads of the pollinia. encountered by humble-
bees bringing _ pollinia.
Not only crossing of separate flowers, but usually also of separate stocks is thus
effected, as humble-bees are in the habit of sucking nectar from the inflorescence
from below upwards.
831. Goodyera R. Br.
Nectar concealed.
2647. G. repens R. Br. (=Satyrium repens Z.). (Darwin, op. cit., p. 103;
Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 75-7; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 179-80.)—
The horizontal flowers of this species are small, whitish in colour, and feebly fragrant :
they are united into unilateral spikes of about 20 flowers. The shield-shaped, almost
square rostellum projects a little beyond the stigma. On being lightly touched the
surface of this projection exudes mucilage, and is easily pressed upwards, when it
carries with it a membranous strip to the posterior end of which the pollinia adhere.
The anther-lobes dehisce while still in the bud, the pollinia clinging with their
anterior sides to the back of the rostellum, and being thus almost entirely exposed.
The posterior, excavated part of the labellum contains nectar; the anterior grooved
part is bent downwards and serves as a platform. In consequence of the narrowness
of the entrance to the stigma between the labellum and the rostellum, the proboscis
of an insect probing for nectar strikes against the latter and removes the pollinia.
ORCHIDEAE 417
When the insect visits a somewhat older flower, in which the labellum has moved
away a little from the column, the pollinia are brought into contact with the stigma.
FIG. 386. Goodyera repens, R. Br.(after Herm. Miller). 4. Flower, seen from the side. 2. Do.,
after removal of the two lateral sepals and the glandular hairs. C. Inner surface of the upper sepal.
D. Exterior of the right petal. £. Reproductive organs and labellum, in their natural position, seen
from the side. F. Reproductive organs, after removal of the pollinia and mucilage (x 7). G. Stigma
and rostellum, seen from below. #. Lateral view of the reproductive organs(x 24). J. Pollinia with
mucilage, seen from below (x 35). a, anther; a’, vestigial do.; co, corolla; 7, nectar receptacle ;
ov, ovary; #, lateral petals; 7’, labellum; Zo, pollinium; », rostellum; s, lateral sepals; s’, upper sepal;
st, stigma.
Visitors.—So far only humble-bees have been observed, e.g. Bombus pra-
torum Z., by R. B. Thompson (North Scotland), and B. mastrucatus Gers?., by Herm.
Miiller (Alps). The latter is inclined to think, however, that the true pollinators are
small short-tongued insects, to which the structure of the flowers is adapted.
832. Corallorrhiza Hall.
Nectar concealed.
2648. C. innata R. Br. (=Ophrys Corallorrhiza Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 77-8.)—The flowers of this species are greenish-yellow in colour with
a white labellum, and are dotted with dark-red in the throat. It may be concluded
from their small size that they are visited by small insects, which use the anterior
downwardly bent part of the labellum as an alighting-platform, and creep thence to
the nectar secreted and concealed at the steeply downwardly bent base of this organ.
In doing so they strike against the projecting rostellum, remove the clinging pollinia
on their upper-side and transfer them to another flower.
833. Malaxis Soland.
Small, inconspicuous, insect flowers,
2649. M. paludosa Sw. (=Ophrys paludosa Z.). (Darwin, op. cit., p. 129.)—
The labellum of the small, inconspicuous, greenish flowers of this species serves
DAVIS. HI Ee
418 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
as an alighting-platform, and is directed upwards in consequence of the twisting of the
ovary. Its lower margin surrounds the column, so that a tube-shaped flower-entrance
Fic. 387. Corallorrhiza tnnata, R.Br. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower, seen from the front.
B. Side view of do., after removal of all the perianth leaves except the labellum. C. Labellum spread
out. D. Front view of ovary and column, after removal of all the other parts. co/, colamn;
n, nectary; ov, ovary; Pf, lateral petals; #’, labellum; 7, rostellum; ss, lateral sepals; s’, upper sepal.
is formed. The stigma and anthers are partly protected by the position of the
labellum. The column is divided into three parts longitudinally. The middle part
of the upper half is the rostellum. The upper margin of the lower part of the
column projects at the point where it is fastened to the base of the rostellum as
a deep fold—the stigmatic hollow—like a vest-pocket. The middle part, the rostellum,
is a long membranous projection covered with thin mucilage, and hollowed out
slightly at the back; a small, tongue-shaped, viscid mass projects beyond its crest.
The column with stigma and rostellum is united on both sides with a green,
membranous expansion, arched outside and hollowed inside. These two membranes
are connected with the lower ends of the pollinia and form in this way a deep
cup to protect the pollen.
The anther dehisces while still in the bud and then shrivels up, so that in the
fully open flower the pollinia are fully exposed, with the exception of their broad
lower ends, each of which is situated in a little cup. The upper end of the pollinia
rests on the crest of the rostellum.
When an insect inserts its proboscis or head into the narrow space between
the vertical labellum and the rostellum, it cannot avoid touching the small, projecting
viscid mass and carrying away the pollinia which are already firmly fastened to it,
but are otherwise free. This can be easily seen by experiment. When another
flower is visited, the very thin pollinia, which are fastened on the proboscis or head
of the insect, are pressed in, and their broad ends force their way into the pocket-like
stigma.
In spite of their smallness and inconspicuousness the flowers are extremely
attractive to insects.
ORCHIDEAE 419
Darwin always found the flowers of a spike, except one or
two immediately below the buds, to have been robbed of their pollinia; he also
noticed pollinia on the stig-
mas of numerous flowers,
but was unable to discover
visitors.
834. Microstylis Nutt.
Darwin states that the
flower mechanism is similar
to that of Malaxis.
835. Calypso Salisb.
Perhaps humble-bee
flowers.
C. borealis
Salisb. (Lundstrém, Bot.
Centralbl., Cassel, xxxviii,
1889, pp. 697—700.)—The
flowers of this species possess
a vanilla-odour, and are only
rarely visited by insects.
The pollinia are discoid and
unstalked.
2650.
Visitors. — Lundstr6m
(at Piteaa in Norway) once
observed transfer of a polli-
nium by a humble-bee. He
repeatedly failed to produce
ripe fruit by artificial polli-
nation. These are but rarely
set in the natural way.
836. Stanhopea Frost.
2651. S.tigrina Batem.
(Willis, ‘Contrib. to the Nat.
ne
ae
Wii ‘ANN
el No
Pic. 388. Malaxts paludosa, Sw. (after Darwin's figure, which was
partly copied from Bauer). 4. Lateral view of perfect flower, with the
labellum in its natural position, upwards. 4. Front view of column,
showing the rostellum, the pocket-like stigma, and the anterior lateral
portions of the clinandrum. C. Back view of do., from a flower-bud,
showing the anther with the included pear-shaped pollinia dimly seen,
and the posterior edges of the clinandrum. DY. Back view of an
expanded flower, with the anther now contracted and shrivelled, ex-
posing the pollinia. Z. The two pollinia, attached to a little transverse
mass of viscid matter, hardened by alcohol.
Hist. of the Flower,’ (2).)—Willis states that the flowers of this species in the
Cambridge Botanic Garden are self-fertile.
Visitors.—Willis (Cambridge Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee, species
of Bombus, and hover-flies.
Labellum strongly ventricose.
837. Cypripedium L.
The species of this genus are pollinated by
bees, flies, and perhaps also by snails.
Ee€2
420 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2652. C. Calceolus L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 539; Baxter, ‘ Fertlzn.
of Cypripedium’; Webster, Trans. Bot. Soc., Edinburgh, xvi, 1886, pp. 357-60;
Darwin, op. cit., p. 226; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 245, 249.)—In
flowers of this species the slightly contracted labellum is yellow in colour, and the rest
of the perianth leaves purple. This colouring and an odour of nectar attract small bees
of the genus Andrena, which creep into the dilated labellum, finding on its under-side
juicy hairs which sometimes perhaps also secrete minute drops of nectar; these they
lick or gnaw. There are three openings serving as entrances to the cavity of the
labellum, one to the right and one to the left of the column, and a wider, oval median
one in front of it. Insects choose the latter exclusively as an entrance. When small
bees have satisfied themselves in the cavity, they try to get out of it again; the walls
FIG. 389. Cypripedium Calceolus, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Flowcr, with its parts in the natural
position, seen in front and from above. (2) Do., in longitudinal section, after removal of the lateral
petals: the labellum is bent slightly downwards, to show the opening ex clearly. (3) The reproductive
organs from below. aa, anthers; a’, vestigial anther; ex, exit; z, entrance; ov, ovary; pf, lateral
petals; #’, labellum ; s, sepals; s¢, stigma.
of their prison, however, are so strongly arched that they cannot escape by the
entrance, but finally squeeze themselves, after having crept under the stigma, through
one of the two narrow lateral openings. In doing so they brush with one shoulder
or the other against the soft, viscous pollen of the anther which forms the inner
boundary of the selected exit. In a second flower they deposit the pollen on the
broad, rough stigma in creeping under it, while in creeping out of the cavity they
take up fresh pollen, so that crossing is regularly effected. The juicy hairs at the
base of the ‘labellum make it easier for them to creep out, as they use them as
a climbing surface (cf Vol. I, p. 131).
VistTors.— Herm. Miiller gives the following list :—
Five bees—species of Andrena—i.e. 1. A. albicans A7Zi//. 9; 2. A. atriceps K. ¢
(=A. tibialis A); 3. A. fulvicrus K. 9; 4. A. nigroaenea K. 9; 5. A. pratensis
ORCHIDEAE 421
Nyl.9. The smaller bees are too weak, and the larger flies too bulky to make their
escape, and so remain as prisoners. Andrena parvula X. 9 and several flies (Empis
punctata /., Cheilosia sp., Anthomyia sp., and Spilogaster semicinerea Wed.) were
often found dead in the labellum. Small beetles (Meligethes) are often able to creep
freely out of the labellum, but sometimes they are held fast by the sticky pollen and
remain to perish.
2653. C. barbatum Lindl. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 176, 229, ‘Applicaz. d.
teor. Darwin.,’ pp. 19-20.)—Delpino says that this species is apparently pollinated
by flies, as he found them in the labellum of hot-house specimens, and also observed
the setting of fruits there.
838. Selenipedium Reichenb. f.
2654. S. caudatum Reichenb. f. (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.’ p. 177.)—Delpino
supposes that this species is pollinated by snails.
839. Angraecum Bary.
2655. A. sesquipedale Thou. (Darwin, op. cit., p. 162; W. A. Forbes,
Nature, London, iii, 1873, p. 121.) Darwin says that this species possesses such
a long spur that an insect must have a proboscis about 25 cm. long in order to reach
the nectar. W. A. Forbes has discovered such an insect.
840. Masdevallia Ruiz et Pav.
2656. M. muscorum Reichb. J. (F. W. Oliver, Ann. Bot., Oxford, i, 1888.
pp. 237-53-)—F. W. Oliver states that this species possesses a sensitive labellum,
which imprisons the small insect visitor in a cavity, from which it emerges covered
with pollen. On visiting another flower it dusts the stigma.
841. Bulbophyllum Thou.
2657. B. macranthum Lindl. (Ridley, ‘Ann. Bot.,’ Oxford, iv, 1889-91,
pp. 327-36.)—Ridley says that this species is pollinated by a small fly.
842. Zygopetalum Hook.
2658. Z. maxillare Lodd.—The flower mechanism of this species is described
in detail by an anonymous writer in the Ill. Monatsschr. fiir d. Gesamtinteressen
d. Gartenbaues, ii, and Neubert’s D. Garten-Mag., xxxvi, 1883.
843. Nephelaphyllum Blume.
2659. N. pulchrum Blume.—As No. 2658.
844. Dendrobium SW.
2660. D. sanguinolentum Lindl.—As No. 2658. An abstract will be found
in Justs bot. Jahresber., Leipzig, xi, (1883) 1885, pp. 492-3.
422 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Darwin describes more or less minutely species of the following genera of other
foreign orchids :—
(a) Epzdendrae: Cattleya Lindl, Epidendrum Z., Coelogyne Lzndl., Sophronitis
Lindl., Barkeria Knowles et Westc., Laelia Lind/., Leptotes Zind/., Phaius Lour.,
Evelyna Poepp. ef Endl., Bletia Rutz ef Pav.
(b) ALalaxideae: Pleurothallis R. Br., Stelis Sw., Masdevallia Ruzz ef Pav.,
Microstylis Vué/., Bulbophyllum 7how., Caleana R. Br., Dendrobium Sw.
(c) Vandeae: Maxillaria Ruzz ef Pav., Aérides Lour., Oncidium, Sw., Rodri-
suezia Ruiz ef Pav., Phalaenopsis Blume, Calanthe . Br., Acropera Lindi,
Catasetum Rech, (with Myanthus Zzvd/. and Monachanthus Lind/.), Mormodes Lndi.,
Cycnoches Lznd/., Sarcanthus Lznd/., Galeandra Lind/., Vanda /ones, Cymbidium
Sw., Trichopilia Zznd/., Odontoglossum H. B. ef K., Brassia R. Br., Miltonia
Lindl., Stanhopea Fros/ (S. devoniensis Zznd/. is described in an appendix by the
German translator G. H. Bronn), Warrea Lnd/., Zygopetalum Hook., Lycaste
Lindl.
(d) Ophrydeae: Bonatea Wild.
CVI. ORDER SCITAMINEAE R. BR.
(Including Zingiberaceae Zrnd/., Marantaceae ZLzndi., Cannaceae Zink, and
Musaceae Lznd/.)
845. Roscoea Sm.
2661. R. purpurea Sm. (Lynch, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., London, xix, 1892.)—
Lynch says that the flower mechanism of this species resembles that of Salvia.
846. Hedychium Koen., and 847. Alpinia L.
Litrrature.— Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.,’
p-. 22, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,” p. 573; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
xxv, 1867, p. 277.
In species of these genera lepidopterous visitors touch first the stigma and then
the anthers, thus effecting crossing.
848. Zingiber Adans.
2662. Z. officinale Rosc. (Hildebrand, ‘Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 69.)—
Hildebrand states that when insects visit the flowers of this species, cross-pollination
is ensured by the projecting position of the stigma.
849. Maranta Plum.
The style is held firmly by a hood-shaped perianth leaf on the lower side of the
almost horizontal flower, and pollen is deposited on the capitate stigma while still
in the bud. When visited by an insect, the style springs out of the hood and bends
in such a way that the pollen brought by the insect reaches the stigmatic papillae,
and the insect dusts the under-side of its body with fresh pollen.
SCITAMINEAE 423
2663. M. (Calathea) Zebrina Sims, and 2664. M. discolor Lindl. have
been examined by Hildebrand (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 617-20).
2665. M. bicolor Ker-Gawl., and 2666. M. cannifolia have been examined
by Delpino.
850. Thalia L.
2667. T. dealbata Fras.—Delpino describes the flower mechanism as similar
to that of Maranta.
Visitors.—Delpino observed the honey-bee at Florence.
851. Canna L.
Delpino (‘Sugli appar. de fecondaz. nelle piante autocarp.,’ p. 23) says that in
species of this genus the pollen deposited by the anthers on the stylar disk is removed
by insects and transferred to the stigmas of other flowers. Hildebrand (Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxv, 1867, p. 277, ‘Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 69) states that automatic
self-pollination frequently takes place when the pollen is shed.
852. Strelitzia Ait.
2668. S. Reginae Ait—lIn this species insects touch the stigma in alighting,
and as they force their way into the flower the two inner, lower petals surrounding
the five anthers are pressed apart, and the pollen dusts the under-side of the
visitors. A. Wagner (Ber. d. bot. Ges., Berlin, xii, 1894) has treated the anatomy
and oecology of the flowers in detail.
Visitors. — Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ p. 232, ‘Applicaz. d. teor. Darwin.’ p. 4;
Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvii, 1869, p. 508, suppose these to be humming-
birds, and this is confirmed by Darwin’s observations.
CIX. ORDER HAEMODORACEAE BENTH. ET HOOK.
LiteraTuRE.—Pax, ‘Haemodoraceae,’ in Engler u. Prantl., ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam..,’
Il, 5, pp. 92-6.
853. Wachendorfia Burm. Wachend.
2669. W. paniculata L.—J. Wilson describes the species as dimorphous
(Trans. Bot. Soc., Edinburgh, xvii, 1887, pp. 73-73 Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
ii, 1890, p. 158).
CX. ORDER JRIDEAE JUSS.
In addition to the two brightly coloured perianth whorls the three petaloid
stylar branches sometimes serve to increase the conspicuousness of the flowers.
854. Crocus L.
Protandrous lepidopterid flowers.
2670. C. vernus All. (=C. albiflorus Azz, and C. sativus, var. (b) vernus Z.).
(Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 68-9 ; Ricca, Atti soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, 1870;
424 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’ p. 547, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 56-9; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen.’)—The plants of this species occur in two forms :—(a) parvzflorus J. Gay,
with smaller, usually white flowers, and
stigmas shorter than, or the same length as
the stamens; (b) grandzflorus J. Gay, with
larger, white (or in garden plants violet,
heliotrope, or striped) flowers, with stigmas
usually longer than the stamens. The first
form can therefore pollinate itself towards
the end of anthesis, but this only takes
place exceptionally in the second form.
The access to the nectar secreted by
the ovary is only possible to the long, thin
proboscis of a lepidopterid, as the long,
narrow corolla-tube is almost entirely filled
by the style. Vertical hairs situated at the
place where the filaments diverge, serve to
protect the nectar, which fills the tube so far
up, that long-tongued humble-bees can suck
the uppermost part of it.
The stigmas are at first concealed
between the filaments, so that only the
_ Fic. 390. Crocus vernus, All. (after Herm. pollen-covered anthers are touched by visi-
Miiller). A. Flower after removal of half the i a
perianth (natural size). 2B. The three stigmas. tors. The stigmas project later on, so that
See ee so percaven val ard crossing is effected by insect-visits. Should
perianth (x 7). such visits 'fail, automatic self-pollination
takes place. Kerner says that the anthers
turn outwards towards the end of anthesis, while the perianth tube and anthers
elongate to such an extent, that the latter brush against the edges of the stigmas
and effect pollination.
ae
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 Lepidoptera, 2 humble-bees, a beetle, and a hover-fly.
Ricca, bees, humble-bees, and Lepidoptera. Knuth (on garden plants, 29. 3.’94
and 21.3.’96), the honey-bee, freq., actively po-cltg. Appel (Gossensass, April,
1898), several humble-bees ; (Val di Ledro, 14 days later) extremely numerous bees
flying from flower to flower (recorded in a letter to Knuth). Alfken (Bremen), the
bee Podalirius acervorum Z.. Friese (Innsbruck), the bee Osmia bicolor Schr. 9,
po-cltg.; (Mecklenburg), the bee Podalirius acervorum JZ., freq., po-cltg. Burkill
(Yorkshire coast), the honey-bee, skg. and po-cltg.; by great efforts it seemed to
teach the surface of the nectar (‘Fertlsn. of Spring Fils.’). Heinsius (Holland),
the bee Anthophora pilipes #. 6, skg., and the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 9,
po-cltg. (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, pp. 117-18).
2671. C. reticulatus Steven (= C. variegatus Hoppe ef Horn.).—
Vistrors.—Schletterer observed 6 bees at Pola—
1. Eucera longicornis Z.: 2. Halictus calceatus Scop.; 3. H. malachurus A’;
IRIDEAE 425
4. Podalirius acervorum Z.; 5. P. retusus Z., var. meridionalis Per.; 6. Xylocopa
violacea LZ.
855. Gladiolus L.
Protandrous humble-bee flowers. Treviranus says that autogamy finally take
place by the bending back of the style.
2672. G. segetum Ker-Gawl. (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’ p. 384; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 279, 282, 297; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
pp- 347-8; Grassmann, ‘D. Septaldriisen’; Urban, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, iii,
1885; K. F. Jordan, Inaug.-Diss., Halle, 1886.)—The purple-red flowers of this
species possess, like those of the following one, a nectar-guide on the three lower
perianth lobes in the form of white streaks edged with purple-red. The flower is
35-45 mm. long. Loew says that the perianth lobes split a little at the edges, and
project more on the lower side than on the upper. The slightly bent flowers, with
perianth tube about 10 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, are adapted by form and size for
pollination by humble-bees, which find them conveniently large. In flowers in the
first stage of anthesis, these visitors brush off the pollen from the anthers situated
below the roof-shaped upper perianth lobes with their backs, and transfer it to
flowers in which the stigmas have been brought into the line of access by elongation
of the style; these are membranous, strongly papillose, and expanded downwards
and forwards. Grassmann describes the accesses to the nectar secreted by the ovary
as being right and left openings bounded by the filaments. Jordan says that the two
lateral stamens twist round their pollen-covered sides towards these two openings.
The anterior stamen is also at first turned outwards, but later on bends over back-
wards, so that the style is pressed against the posterior perianth lobe. Urban has
given detailed descriptions of the latter torsion of the flowers, and the relation of their
position to insect-visits.
Besides hermaphrodite flowers, Delpino observed purely female ones.
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed humble-bees, skg. normally
and effecting pollinations; also smaller bees (Apis, Andrena sp.) as useless guests.
2673. G. triphyllos Sibth. et Sm.—
Vis1Tors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Gardens) observed the honey-bee, vainly skg.
2674. G. Gandavensis Van Houtte (=G. cardinalis Cur/., and G. psittacinus
Hook.)—This hybrid is pollinated by long-tongued humble-bees, which remove
pollen on their backs and transfer it to the stigma (Magdéscsy-Dietz, ‘A névénbiologia
K6rébdll ’).
2675. G. palustris Gaud. (Herm. Miller, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 283; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen."\—This species possesses the same flower mechanism as
G. segetum.
Visitors.—Borgstette (Tecklenburg) and Knuth (Gardens at Kiel) observed the
humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. §, skg.
2676. G. communis L. (Herm. Miiller, loc. cit.)\—
VisiTors.—Buddeberg (Nassau) observed 2 bees (Osmia rufa Z. 9, and O. adunca
Lir. 6, skg.), and Schletterer (Tyrol), 2 bees (Bombus argillaceus Scop. and
Xylocopa violacea Z.).
426 ANGIOSPERMAE— MONOCOTYLEDONES
856. Iris Tourn.
Lirrrature.—KGlreuter, ‘ Vorlaufige Nachricht, p. 21; Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,
pp. 69-78.
Herkogamous humble-bee or hover-fly flowers with large, arched, petaloid
stylar branches.
2677. I. Pseudacorus L. (Sprengel, loc. cit; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertlsn.,’ P 5433
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v. 1893, pp. 315-16; Ludwig, Biol.
Centralbl., Erlangen, vi, 1887; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 80; Knuth, ‘ Bloemen-
biol. Bijdragen.’)— The large, yellow, odourless
flowers of this species possess a nectar-guide
on the sepals in the form of a dark-yellow
patch bordered by a brown, zig-zag line ; lines
of the same colour also lead to the inside of
Fic. 391. Jrds Pseudacorus, L. (1-3. after Herm. Miller, 4. from nature). (1) Transverse section
through the perianth tube. (2) Do., through the perianth, at the point where the sepals and petals become
free. (3) Transverse section somewhat higher than (2), showing the boundaries of the nectar-passages.
a, style; a’a’a’, petaloid stylar branches ; 4, nectar-passages; ¢, adherent part of filament; ddd, sepals ;
d'd' a’, petals; eee, ridges on sepals. (4) Flower from the side (x 2): one of the three petaloid stylar
branches is lifted up to show an anther (a) and a stigma (s); #, sepal with nectar-guide; #, petal.
the flower, where nectar is secreted by the base of the perianth, and stored in the tube
between this and the style. The only means of access is found between the three large
sepals, which serve as platforms, and the three petaloid stylar branches situated above
them. Each of these three entrances is divided into two separate tubes by the fila-
ments, which are fused with the sepals. Visitors seeking nectar creep forward on the
platform under the stylar branch, bending back the upper side of the little stigmatic
lappet in doing so, and dusting it with the pollen brought from another flower. In
creeping further, the insect brushes against the anthers, which have dehisced down-
wards by two longitudinal slits, and dusts its back with fresh pollen. After having
extracted nectar it creeps out backwards, but is unable to brush against the upper
side of the stigmatic lobe again, as it has once more sprung upwards. Cross-pollina-
tion therefore takes place regularly, and occasionally also self-pollination as an
exception ; the latter, however, cannot occur automatically. A proboscis 7 mm. long
is necessary to reach the nectar, and 15 mm. long to suck it all out.
The flowers occur in three oecological forms :—
(a) dombophila Knuth. The stylar branches are situated 6-10 mm, above the
corresponding sepals. This distance corresponds to the height of a creeping humble-
IRIDEAE 427
bee, while smaller insects, especially certain frequently occurring hover-flies (Rhingia
rostrata £.), neither bend back the stigmatic lappet nor touch the anthers. Such
a visitor, as Hermann Miller describes, and I have often observed, walks on one
of the sepals to the nectar-entrances, inserts its proboscis (11 mm. long), first into
one, then into the other, and after drinking, goes some steps backwards, to eat
also. As soon as the insect comes beneath the anther, it raises its head, stretches
its long proboscis up to it, and devours pollen, Its visits to flowers of this form are
thus not only useless, but actually injurious.
(b) syrphophila Knuth. The stylar branches are situated close to the corre-
sponding sepals. Small entrances to the spaces thus enclosed are left below the
stigmatic lappets, owing to the arched form of the stylar branches. These are large
enough to admit a hover-fly of medium size, and especially the Rhingia men-
tioned above, while a humble-bee cannot force its way in. In form (b) a hover-fly
behaves exactly like a humble-bee in form (a), creeping under the stylar branch,
first brushing against the stigmatic lappet and then the anthers with its back, drinking
from both nectar-passages, backing out of the flower without devouring pollen, and then
flying to another. Humble-bees are equally injurious visitors for form (b) as Rhingia
for form (a). Hermann Miiller observed a large parasitic humble-bee (Psithyrus
vestalis Fourcr. 9, 25 mm. long and ro mm. broad) going round the flower
repeatedly, inserting its proboscis and sucking laterally above the base of the free
part of a sepal into one of the two nectar-passages, so that neither anthers nor
stigmas were touched.
(c) zxfermedia Knuth. The distance between the sepals and the stylar branches
is intermediate between those given for (a) and (4). This form is rare.
According to Hermann Miiller’s observations, humble-bees do not creep out of
form (a) backwards, as Sprengel has described, and as I have frequently seen, but
after sucking all the nectar from one of the three double tubes in each flower, they
shorten the way to another considerably by gripping one of the two adjacent sepals
laterally and climbing on to it. They then force their way under the stylar branch,
suck nectar, and proceed in the same way with the third nectar receptacle. They
next fly to another flower, to behave in the same manner; thus cross-pollination only
is effected in doing this. Hermann Miller only saw humble-bees back out of flowers
of form (c) to settle on another sepal of the same or a different flower. This
intermediate form combines the disadvantages of the other two, for it is neither
protected from theft of pollen by Rhingia nor from theft of nectar by Bombus. This
accounts for its comparative rarity. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow
in colour, globular when examined in water, with a network of tubercles, very large,
on an average 125 p in diameter.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Knuth (Kn.) observed the following.—
A. Hymenoptera. Afzdae: 1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (Kn., H. M.), vainly looking
for nectar, or at most reaching the top of it; then backing out sideways; 2. Bombus
agrorum /. 9 and § (Kn., H. M.), skg., observed by Kn. more frequently than
the following ; 3. B. hortorum Z. 9 and ¥ (Kn., H.M.), do.; 4. B. rajellus A. 9
(H. M.), do.; 5. Osmia rufa Z. 9 (H. M.), do., but too small to effect pollination ;
6. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. 9, stealing nectar. B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 7. Rhingia
rostrata Z. (Kn., H. M.), skg. and po-dvg.
428 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2678. 1. xiphioides Lhrh.(=1. pyrenaica Bub). (MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’
pp. 306-9.)—The large flowers of this species belong to class Hb. They are blue
in colour, with yellow stripes on the sepals as nectar-guides. Their mechanism
agrees with that of the preceding species, but a proboscis only 7 mm. long can suck
all the nectar. No oecological forms, however, can be properly distinguished as in
I. Pseudacorus, as numerous transition-forms occur between flowers with a larger
or smaller distance between stylar branches and the sepals.
VisiTors.—MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. ¥,
which backed out of the flowers when leaving them. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden)
saw the honey-bee, vainly ske.
2679. I. pumila L. (Warnstorf,Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896, pp.55-6.)—
In flowers of this species the anthers are sometimes situated below the stigmatic
lappets, and sometimes project beyond them. In the former case the visitors on
creeping in must first touch the papillose inner surface of such a lappet, while in the
other flowers they only come into contact with the outwardly dehiscing anther and
dust their upper-side with pollen. Anthesis lasts only one day. The large pollen-
grains are very irregular, white in colour, with prominent tubercles often united into
ridges, up to 100 mw in diameter.
2680. I. graminea L. (Knuth, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxv, 1898.)—In this
species the distance between the stigmatic lappets and the large sepals marked with
nectar-guides is so small that the honey-bee can only force its way through with
difficulty to get to the nectar. It brushes the stigmatic lappet in doing so, and
dusts the downwardly bent upper-side of this with foreign pollen, gathering a fresh
supply on going further into the flower by brushing against the dehisced anther. The
nectar-tube is 5~5% mm. long, and therefore corresponds exactly to the length of the
honey-bee’s proboscis, which is about 5-6 mm.
I saw the beautiful, violet-blue flowers, which possess an odour of nectar
(resembling that of plums, according to the Plant Catalogue), on June 18, 1898,
in the garden of the Oberrealschule in Kiel visited by numerous individuals of Apis
mellifica Z. ¥, which effect pollination as has been described above. They usually
crept out of the flower sideways after sucking nectar, but in many cases, where the
lateral entrance was narrow, also backwards out of the entrance; this, however,
apparently caused them considerable trouble.
2681. I. sibirica L. (Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 346-7; Dodel-Port,
‘Tris sibirica.’)—-The fragrant blue flowers of this species possess arcuate sepals,
46-51 mm. long, with a beautiful marking as nectar-guide. They are blue, with
darker forked veins, and yellow at their greatly contracted base, with violet cross-
veins, some longitudinal veins of a medium blue, and blue streaks on a white ground ;
further up there is a larger white patch with blue veinings, There is a white border
about 3 mm. high, with bluish markings, on both sides of the base of the sepals; it
rests on each side against a small, tooth-like projection of the narrowed base of the
petals. These are erect, and blue in colour, delicately veined. The three petaloid
stylar branches are situated fairly close to the sepals and project 6~9 mm. beyond the
stamens below them.
Loew and Dodel-Port describe the flowers as protandrous. The anthers are
IRIDEAE 429
dehisced when the flowers open, while the upper surface of the triangular stigmatic
lappets are still pressed against the stylar branches covering them. Later on, each
stigmatic lappet bends downwards, so that the papillose upper-side is brushed against
and dusted by a humble-bee creeping in; this cannot happen in the first stage, only
the pollen-covered anther being then brushed against. Cross-pollination is thus
ensured,
VisiTors.—Loew (Bredower Forest near Nauen) observed 2 humble-bees—-
Bombus variabilis Schmzedekn., and Psithyrus campestris Pz. (op. cit., p. 391): (Berlin
Botanic Garden), the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 9, skg.
2682. I. germanica L.—
Visitors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
hortorum Z. 9, skg.
857. Aristea Ait.
2683. A. pusilla Ker-Gawl. (Francke, ‘ Inaug.-Diss.,’ Halle, 1883.)—Francke
describes flowers of this species as homogamous, but autogamy is excluded by the
position of stigma and anthers. Pollination is effected by means of wind or insects.
858. Sisyrinchium L.
Hansgirg describes all the species of this genus examined by him as bearing
flowers which last only for a single day (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xliii, 1890).
2684. S. anceps Lam. (Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 346; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 190, 391.)—Flowers of this North American species last
for only one day; Kerner states that they open between ro-11 a.m., closing again
about 4-5 p.m. The perianth lobes are blue, with green-yellow spots at the base,
and are flat when expanded. They unite to form a tube about one mm. long, which,
according to Kerner, secretes nectar internally ; Loew states, however, that this does
not exude in free droplets. The filament-tube surrounding the style bears the
outwardly directed anthers, which dehisce while still in the bud and are at first
exceeded in length by the stylar branches. Autogamy is possible towards the end
of anthesis, the perianth then elongating so that the stigmas come into contact with
the pollen adhering to the inner side of the perianth. Kerner states that in
unfavourable weather automatic self-pollination takes place pseudo-cleistogamously,
as the flowers remain closed.
Visitors. — Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed small bees (Halictus
minutissimus A’. 9, skg.).
859. Tigridia Juss.
2685. T. Pavonia Ker-Gawl.—Duchartre says that the flowers of this species
usually begin to open between 5-6 a.m. and are full-blown at 10 am. Between
2 and 3 p.m. they begin to fade, and are completely withered at 5 p.m.
860. Hermodactylus Tourn.
2686. H. tuberosus Mill. (Arcangeli, Boll. Soc. bot. ital., Firenze, 1895,
pp. 182-4.)—Arcangeli describes the flowers of this species as odourless; he says
430 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
that they bloom in February, and are marked with dark spots which in the distance
look like larger bees.
Visirors.—The bee Xylocopa violacea Z. is attracted by the mimicry just
described, and effects cross-pollination.
CXI. ORDER AMARYLILIDEAL RB. BR.
Litrrature.—Konuth, ‘Grundriss d. Blitenbiol.,’ p. 99; Pax, ‘Amaryllidaceae,’
in Engler u. Prantl, ‘D. nat. Pfanzenfam.,’ II, 5, pp. 100-117.
The two whorls of the superior petaloid perianth serve to render the flowers
conspicuous. In Narcissus and Tazetta this is further increased by a corona, which
at the same time serves to conceal the nectar more deeply.
861. Narcissus L.
Homogamous to feebly protogynous humble-bee or lepidopterid flowers, secreting
and concealing nectar at the base of the perianth tube. Sometimes dimorphism to
polymorphism.
Loew (‘Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, p. 84) distinguishes the following groups
according to pollination mechanisms.
(1) Humble-bee flowers: corona large, bell-shaped; perianth expanded at the
end like a funnel, only slightly or not at all narrowed by the anthers. N. odorus Z.,
N. Pseudo-Narcissus /.
(2) Intermediate stage between humble-bee and lepidopterid flowers: corona
cup-shaped, tolerably deep; perianth tube narrow, moderately long; upper anthers
projecting from, and lower ones enclosed in it. N. triandrus Z.
(3) Lepidopterid flowers: corona shaped like a flat dish, with crenulate margin ;
perianth tube long, very much narrowed by the anthers. N. poéticus Z., N. biflorus
Curt.
(4) Humble-bee and lepidopterid flowers: corona cup-shaped ; perianth tube
moderately long, slightly expanded at the top; flowers small; perianth lobes
shorter than the tube. N. Tazetta Z., N. polyanthos Zozse/., N. primulinus Haw.
(5) Lepidopterid flowers: corona shaped like a shallow dish; perianth tube
very long and thin, and narrowed still more at the entrance by the anthers.
N. Jonquilla Z.
2687. N. poéticus L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 73; Kerner, ‘Nat.
Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 311.)—The white, pendulous flowers of this species are
adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera. They possess a strong odour of pinks and
are rich in nectar, with a greenish-yellow, dish-shaped corona, possessing a crenulate,
vermilion-red margin. Kirchner describes them as homogamous, Kerner as feebly
protogynous. The perianth tube is about 30 mm.long. The six anthers are situated
in the entrance in two whorls, one close under the other, the upper three being
smaller than the lower three. They all dehisce introrsely, and must be touched
by visitors as well as the stigma, for they fill the flower entrance almost completely.
The stigma is situated in the entrance to the perianth tube between the three upper
anthers, so that automatic self-pollination must take place if insect-visits fail. Kerner
AMARYLLIDEAE 431
says that the anthers, originally about 11 mm. long, contract after dehiscence to
a length of about 4 mm.
2688. N. biflorus Curt. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, p. 82.)—The flower
mechanism of this species agrees with that of N. poéticus, but the perianth tube is
only 26 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at the top, and 4 mm. at the bottom. The species
seems, therefore, to be adapted for pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera.
2689. N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. (Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Burkill,
‘Fertlsn. of Spring Fls.’)—The flowers of this species are adapted for pollination by
humble-bees ; they are pale yellow in colour, with a golden-yellow, somewhat funnel-
shaped corona. Burkill says that the perianth is 40-50 mm. in diameter, its tube
45 mm. long, and 15 mm. broad at the opening. The stamens and the stigma
projecting 4-5 mm. beyond them are surrounded by the perianth. The anthers
dehisce introrsely immediately after the flower opens, and shed part of their pollen
upon the style. Larger insects on entering the flower first touch the stigma, and
later on the pollen-covered anthers and the style. As the flowers are homogamous,
one insect visitor is enough to pollinate a single flower. The entrances to the three
nectaries at the base of the flower are situated between the filaments; they are
1-14 mm. wide, and 6 mm. distant from the nectar, so that a proboscis of that
length can reach it. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour,
irregularly ellipsoidal, tuberculate, up to 63 » long and 30 mw broad.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth (gardens at Kiel), the long-tongued bee Anthophora pilipes 2”. 9, which
forced its head and thorax into the flowers, and was able to secure the honey with its
proboscis (19-21 mm. long), and effected crossing. Also the beetle Meligethes deep
within the flower, either as an unbidden guest, or else very occasionally effecting self-
pollination. Hoppner (Bremen), the bee Osmia rufa Z., skg. Schenck (Nassau),
the bee Osmia rufa Z.é. von Fricken (Westphalia and Kast Prussia), the Nitidulid
beetle Epurea aestiva Z. Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.’), a long-tongued bee as pollinator.
Burkill (Yorkshire coast).—A. Acarina. 1. An undetermined sp. creeping about
the flowers. B. Diptera. (a) Aluscidae: 2. Phorbia muscaria AZg., vainly seeking
nectar in all parts of the flowers, and apparently sometimes effecting self-pollination ;
3. One other Muscid, searching for nectar. (0) Syrphidae: 4. Eristalis pertinax Scop.,
searching for nectar. C. Hymenoptera. <Afrdac: 5. Andrena clarkella K. 9,
vainly searching for nectar. D.Thysanoptera. 6. Thrips sp.
2690. N. calathinus L. (=N. reflexus Lovse/.; and N. odorus Z., according to:
the Index Kewensis). (Crié, ‘Sur le polymorph. fl. du Narcisse.’)—Plants of this
species occur in three forms in the Glenan islands; one long-styled, one short-styled,
and a third with three normal and three reduced stamens.
2691. N. triandrus L. (Wolley C. Dod, ‘Polymorphism of organs in Nar-
cissus triandrus’; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, pp. 81-2.)—Loew describes the
flowers of this Spanish species as protandrous, with a mechanism adapted for both
long-tongued bees and Lepidoptera. Dod also describes the species as polymorphous,
and distinguishes three chief varieties with regard to the relative length of stamens and
styles.
2692. N. odorus L. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 348-9.)—The flowers.
of this species are adapted for pollination by humble-bees. The perianth tube of
432 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
the sulphur-yellow flower is 19 mm. long, and funnel-shaped above. The bell-shaped
corona, provided with six blunt lobes, is 12 mm. long and 17 mm. broad. As the
stigma is situated above the anthers, it is brushed against by suitable visitors before
the latter. Both organs project far into the corona, and thus do not bar the entrance
to the perianth tube, which conceals the nectar at its base.
Visitors. — Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the long-tongued bee
Anthophora pilipes /.
2693. N. Jonquilla L. (Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, pp. 83-4.)—The
perianth tube in this species is very long (30 mm.) and narrow (2 mm.). The three
upper anthers project about 2 mm. beyond the stigma, leaving free only three very
narrow entrances into the tube; the tips of the lower ones are about 4 mm. distant
from the entrance. The protogynous flowers are undoubtedly adapted for pollination
by Lepidoptera.
2694. N. polyanthus Loisel. (=N. Tazetta Z., according to the Jndex
Kewensis).—
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Anthophora
pilipes 7. 9.
2695. N. primulinus Haw. (Loew, loc. cit.)\—The anthers of the three
upper stamens in this species leave only three narrow entrances to the flower,
and project about one mm. beyond the stigma, which is somewhat longer than
the lower anthers, situated rather deeply in the perianth tube.
2696. N. juncifolius Req. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl. Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 378.)
—Kerner describes the flowers of this species as being at first horizontal, and
becoming erect later on, so that autogamy can take place by fall of pollen.
2697. N. Tazetta L. (Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ p. 59;
Arcangeli, ‘Compend. d. FI. ital.’ p. 677; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, p. 83;
Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The fragrant flowers of this species are yellow
or white in colour, with a yellow or orange corona. The three upper anthers project
rather more than the three lower ones. They close up the throat except for six
narrow entrances. Loew says that the stigma is situated rather deeply below the
anthers. Arcangeli describes the style as only slightly shorter than the upper
stamens. Loew found the flowers protogynous.
Vistrors.—Delpino believes these to be chiefly nocturnal or crepuscular
Lepidoptera, but he observed the bee Anthophora pilipes #. I also saw the
same bee on garden plants in Kiel.
862. Crinum L.
The white, fragrant protandrous flowers of species belonging to this genus
are 15 cm. long, with strongly exserted stamens and stigma. Delpino saw them
to be visited by Lepidoptera at Florence. He supposes that in the native country
of these plants nectar-sucking birds also take part in their pollination.
863. Pancratium Dill.
2698. P. maritimum L. (Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ p. 56.)—
Delpino states that flowers. of this species conceal nectar so deeply that only
AMARYLLIDEAE 433
long-tongued crepuscular and nocturnal Lepidoptera and the bee Anthophora pilipes
occur as visitors (at Florence).
864. Leucojum L.
White flowers, marked with green spots below the tip of the perianth leaves,
apparently secreting no free nectar, but possessing a ridge of juicy tissue at the base
of the style.
2699. L.vernum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 181-2; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist.
Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 170, 190, 201, 274; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Bot.
Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxiv, 1898, pp. 161-5.)—The inner parts of flowers of this species
are protected from rain by the pendulous position and the roof-like arrangement
of the perianth whorls. Sprengel considered the middle part of the style the
nectar-secreting organ. He says: ‘I have found nectar in this part in all flowers
except the very old ones. Though this use for the style
is very unusual, its form is equally so, and only to be
explained by this theory, being so thick, as is also the
green nectar-guide with which it is decorated at the tip.’
Kerner describes the fleshy base of the flower as the
nourishment offered to visitors. As all the petals are
longitudinally streaked, and the colourless streaks converge
to the base of the flower, this supposition, though I cannot
confirm it from direct observation, becomes still more
probable. Since the petals are also a little swollen at
their bases, and are situated on the margin of the swelling
into which the stamens are also inserted, it is not improb-
able that the whole tissue of the flower-base contains sap , Fear Pore desc
and is bored by visitors. I was never able to recognize flower, after removal of the peri-
‘ : hate anth and three stamens (x 2).
secretion of free nectar. Regarding the probable position 2, anthers; 4, spongy sugar-
of the nectary cf. L. aestivum. The younger flowers eee peaiel
have a rather strong odour of violets, the older an
unpleasant smell distantly resembling that of bitter almonds.
The pendulous flowers are homogamous. The anther-lobes of the six stamens
dehisce downwards, and when lightly touched allow a small quantity of yellow
pollen to fall out, so that insect visitors must be dusted with it as soon as they enter
the flower. As the stigma projects slightly beyond the anthers it is touched first
by visitors, and is thus cross-pollinated. In widely opened flowers the anthers
are at first so far from the stigma that autogamy cannot take place. This, however,
occurs when the flowers close in the evening, the anthers and the usually pollen-
covered inner sides of the petals then coming into contact with the stigma.
ee
vn
TIE
VisiTors.—Knuth observed numerous skg. and po-cltg. honey-bees, and also
(21. 3.’96) the butterfly Vanessa urticae Z., skg. MacLeod (Flanders) also noticed
the honey-bee (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 315).
2700. L. aestivum L. (Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 349; Knuth,
‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen,’ Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxv, 1898.)—The flower mechanism
of this species is the same as that of the preceding one, but the style is considerably
DAVIS. 111 Ff
434 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
thinner and rather longer, so that the tip of the stigma projects 3 mm. beyond the
anthers. It follows that cross-pollination by insect-visits is even more effectually
ensured than in L. vernum. Should these fail, automatic self-pollination can take
place when the flower closes, the pollen left clinging to the perianth leaves being
then pressed against the stigma.
I looked for the nectary in the same way as in L. vernum, treating the whole
of the flower, however, instead of the individual parts, with Fehling’s solution, and
with the Hoppe-Seyler sugar reagent O-nitro-phenyl-propionic acid, which precipitates
indigo when heated with reducing substances (Zs. physiol. Chemie, vii, p. 83). By
treating a number of excised green parts of the plant I had found that each freshly
cut surface effects reduction of the reagent and deposits upon it either copper
oxide or indigo. When I treated the whole flowers with the reagent I avoided
freshly cut surfaces, the exuding juice of which had effected reduction’. I then
found that the flowers of L. aestivum showed a deposit of copper oxide and of
indigo respectively (when treated with Fehling’s solution and the Hoppe-Seyler
Teagent) only in the middle of the perianth leaves below the green patches on
their tips. This was also the case on a smaller scale with the whole style below
1 T have also examined in this way a number of other flowers in which the position of the
nectary is doubtful. Entire flowers were soaked in the reagent for twenty-four hours, then heated to
the boiling-point, and finally well washed with cold water. The following results were obtained.—
(1) Tulipa sylvestris Z.: the hairs at the bases of the filaments showed a marked deposit of pigment,
especially on their inner sides, and the mature stigmatic papillae were covered with indigo.
(2) Tulipa Gesneriana Z.: the bases of the perianth leaves were permeated by indigo for a distance
of about 14.cm.; the tips of the filaments and the stigmatic papillae also turned blue. (3) Orchis
latifolia Z.: in flowers treated with the reagents the spurs only became filled with indigo or cuprous
oxide respectively: the presence of sugar in the tissues was thus demonstrated. (4) Maianthemum
bifolium Schmzadt: this only sometimes presented a deep blue colouration of the base of the
flower, ovary, and stigma, from which it must be concluded that the secretion of nectar of
flowers from the same station is variable. (5) Polygonatum officinale 4//.: the tissue in the
upper part of the corolla, beneath the green terminal nectar-guides, became deep blue or red
from precipitated indigo or cuprous oxide, respectively, indicating the position of the nectar:
there was no precipitation in the wall of the ovary. (6) Convallaria majalis 7.: the base of
the flower and the perianth showed a rich deposit of colouring matter, proving the presence
of sugar-containing tissue. (7) Nymphaea alba Z.: the stigmas of flowers treated with the
reagents showed a deposition of colouring matter. (8) Cytisus Laburnum Z.: the swelling
surrounding the insertion of the vexillum in front became dark blue from precipitation of indigo
after treatment with nitro-phenyl-propionic acid, so that juicy tissue is here present. (9) Vitis
vimifera Z.: all the parts of the flower (except the anther-lobes) were strongly charged with
colouring matter after treatment with the above-named acid: with Fehling’s solution the nectaries
became dark and the stigma pale brick-red, while the remaining parts remained colourless. The
conclusion may probably be drawn that the nectaries are the chief seat of secretion. (10) Symphori-
carpos racemosa Mic2x.: after treatment with nitro-phenyl-propionic acid all the tissue of the base
of the flower, including the hairs, and also the tissue of the ovary surrounding the ovules showed
strong precipitation of indigo. This indicates the seat of nectar to be obtained by boring.
(11) Solanum Dulcamara Z.: in flowers treated with the reagents there was a strong deposit
of colouring matter in the tissue of the flower-base surrounding the ovary, so that the presence
of sap in that region must be inferred. (12) Glaux maritima Z.: flowers treated with nitro-phenyl-
propionic acid took on a violet tint, which was strongest in the central part of the perianth leaves,
where these adjoin the ovary. The position of sugar-containing tissue is thus indicated. A detailed
account of these investigations and the conclusions drawn from them will be found in ‘Uber den
Nachweis von Nektarien auf chemischem Wege’ (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxvi, 1898).
AMARYLLIDEAE 435
its thickened greenish tip. It may be inferred that secretion of nectar takes place
in the parts mentioned.
It thus appears necessary to examine once more the whole flowers of Leucojum
vernum Z., and also of Galanthus nivalis Z., sections of which I had treated with the
reagents mentioned.
Visirors.—In gardens at Kiel Knuth observed the honey-bee as a visitor and
pollinator of L. aestivum, but could not discover the manner in which it worked. In
the Berlin Botanic Garden Loew noticed the bee Podalirius acervorum Z. 9, po-cltg.
865. Galanthus L.
As Leucojum. Nectar-guide only on the tips of the petals.
2701. G. nivalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 177-80; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertilisation,’ p. 589; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 176; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
p- 315; Stadler, ‘Beitrage’; Delpino,
Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxxix, 1889,
p- 124; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 73; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen,’
Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Ixxiv, 1898.)—
The white flowers of this species are
homogamous. Each of the short petals
possesses a yellow-green, lunate, trans-
verse band outside, and a number of
green, longitudinal lines inside as nectar- GIG NGs. eae panies trek kab ot
guides. Hermann Miiller and Kerner Lateral view of a flower, after removal of half the perianth.
F 5 &. Do., with ovary in longitudinal section, after removal
state that the nectar is secreted in ofthe perianth and three stamens. C. Astamen, further
the grooves: I have examined transverse Ce eae ppm tEy Pr eel
sections of the latter under a microscope,
but could find no secretory cells there. There is a layer of strongly projecting
cells externally, bearing colourless protoplasm and causing the white colour of the
outside; beneath this is found assimilation-tissue. The upper and lower sides of
the petal are connected by parenchymous mesophyll with small vascular bundles. On
the lower side there is a row of thinner, air-containing cells, through which the
assimilation-tissue is visible. In the indentations there is, however, no chlorophyll
to be found in the posterior cells, which causes the alternate green and white
streaking internally. Stadler considers the disk surrounding the style as a nectary
without free secretion. LDelpino thinks that the cordate green spots and the 6-7
green, longitudinal lines on the inside of the petals are nectaries. There is also
a small quantity of nectar produced by a circlet of very small pits at the base of
the style. Sprengel supposes the petals to be both nectar-receptacles and glands;
‘They do not, however, secrete nectar on the whole of their inner surface, but
only in the middle as far as they are green.’
In unopened snowdrops brought to my laboratory at 8 a.m. I could find no
free nectar. As the flowers opened after some time in consequence of the warmth of
Ff 2
a B E
436 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
the room, I observed a distinct secretion of nectar in the depressions on the inner
sides of the petals, and could also perceive it by taste.
The inner parts of the flower are protected from rain by its pendulous position.
The anthers form a downwardly directed sprinkling-cone surrounding the style.
They dehisce by means of a down- and inwardly directed, lancet-shaped opening.
Each ends in a brush-like elongation, which is struck against by insect visitors,
so that some pollen falls off upon them. As the stigma projects a little beyond
the anthers, it is touched first, so that insect-visits effect cross-pollination. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as dark golden-yellow in colour, ellipsoidal to nearly
bean-shaped, on an average 37 » long and 25 » broad, without visible germinating
processes.
VisiTors.— Sprengel observed honey-bees. In sunny weather they may be
seen in swarms searching for the pollen and nectar. In such weather the sepals,
which usually closely surround the petals, diverge so that the green nectar-guides
may be seen. Hermann Miiller describes in detail how the honey-bee uses one
of the sepals as a platform, and turns thence to the entrance of the flower.
When collecting pollen it inserts its head and fore- and middle-legs into the
flower, and clings firmly with its hind-legs to the outer side of a petal. In this
position it brushes against the anthers with the tarsal brushes of its fore- and
middle-legs, and deposits the pollen thus obtained in the collecting-baskets of
the hind-legs. When sucking it also generally holds fast to the perianth leaves
from outside with its fore- and middle-legs.
866. Sternbergia Waldst. et Kit.
2702. S. lutea Ker-Gawl. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl., Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 373.)—
Kerner states that the flowers of this species are protogynous, so that at first
insect-visits are necessary for pollination. After the anthers have dehisced, insects
probing for the nectar found at the base of the flower first brush against the stigma
and dust it with foreign pollen; on penetrating further they receive fresh pollen from
the anthers. The flowers close in the evening, and pollen is then deposited on the
inner side of the perianth leaves. This is transferred to the stigma on the following
evening, for the perianth lobes elongate greatly during the day, so that their pollen-
covered parts are then on a level with the stigma, enabling autogamy to take place.
867. Agave L.
2703. A. lurida Ait. (=A. Jacquiniana Schwit.). (Stadler, ‘ Beitrige.’)—
Stadler describes flowers of this species as markedly protandrous, so that autogamy
is excluded.
Visirors.—These are Muscids.
CXIIl. ORDER ZACCACEAE BENTH. ET HOOK.
868. Tacca Forst.
2704. T. cristata Knuth (=Ataccia cristata Jack). (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss.,’
pp. 13-16; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 589.)—In this species
TACCACEAE 437
the stigma closes up the flower-kettle except for some small openings, into which,
according to Delpino’s supposition, small midges creep and dust themselves with
pollen. If they then fly to another flower, they touch the stigma first, thus effecting
cross-pollination.
869. Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.
2705. A.elatior Blume. (Buchenau, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867, pp. 220-2.)
—This species possesses a similar flower mechanism to that of Tacca cristata. It
was not explained by Buchenau.
CXIII. ORDER DIOSCOREACEAE R. BR.
870. Tamus L.
2706. T. communis L.—This species bears greenish flowers.
VisiTors.—Plateau observed 2 bees (Apis and Andrena sp.), a Muscid (Calli-
phora vomitoria Z.), and a Scarabaeid beetle (Trichius abdominalis Mez.).
CXIV. ORDER ZIZLIACEAE DC.
LiteraTurE—Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’ pp. 548-59; Knuth, ‘Grundriss d.
Bliitenbiol., pp. 99-100.
In species of this order the two whorls of the inferior petaloid perianth serve,
often together with the stamens, to make the flowers conspicuous. When small
they are aggregated into racemes, capitula, umbels, or spikes.
The individual species partly bear pollen-flowers, and partly those secreting
nectar either at the base of the carpels or the perianth leaves. The pollen-flowers
attract either pollen-collecting or pollen-devouring insects (species of Tulipa, Con-
vallaria, Narthecium) or are perhaps deceptive flowers attracting stupid, carrion-
loving flies (Paris). Flowers secreting nectar by the ovary or provided with juicy
tissue in that region may be arranged in the following classes :—
E: Tofieldia, Anthericum ;
EC: Ornithogalum ;
C: Allium, Hyacinthus (in part) ;
Hb: Hyacinthus (in part), Muscari, Polygonatum (in part) ;
Hb: Polygonatum (in part);
L: Paradisea.
Flowers secreting nectar at the base of the perianth leaves may be similarly
classified :—
E: Veratrum, species of Gagea, Lloydia ;
EC: species of Gagea ;
C: Fritillaria ;
L: Lilium.
871. Tulipa L.
Partly homogamous pollen-flowers, partly flowers with concealed nectar.
2707. T. sylvestris L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 56; Kerner, ‘ Nat.
438 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 120, 203, 240, 379; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
Pp- 353-43 Mattei, ‘I tulipani di Bologna.’)—The fragrant yellow flowers of this
species are homogamous. Kerner says that they secrete nectar at the base of the
stamens, the outer side of each filament being provided with a pit, by which nectar is
secreted and stored. This pit is completely covered by a tuft of hairs, so that an
insect probing for nectar must raise the stamen. Kirchner also considers this spot
a nectary, and Mattei states that free nectar is found there. Loew has examined the
North German plants of this species, and observed no secretion of nectar at the base
of the stamens’. He found that in bright sunshine the flowers expand to a star
about 8 cm. in diameter, and that the stamens also diverge almost at right angles
from the ovary. The filaments are provided with a tuft of hairs not only on the
hollowed lower side of their base, but also on their upper side; but no free nectar
could be discovered here. The yellow stigma, however, which is the highest part of
the flower, often secretes minute drops of liquid, and small bee visitors (species of
Andrena and Halictus) flew first to this, and afterwards to the anthers, which are
situated lower down and are less conspicuous, on account of their darker colouring,
to collect pollen. They thus effected cross-pollination regularly. Loew never
observed such visitors searching for nectar at the base of the stamens, but they
sometimes probed at the base of the ovary. Besides these bees there were some-
times some flies also, which licked the small drops off the stigma.
Kerner says that should insect visits fail, autogamy may take place, the flower
stalk ultimately bending down so far that the stigma is brought into the line of fall
of the pollen.
VisiTors.—Loew (‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrige,’ II, pp. 72-3) observed small po-cltg.
bees (Andrena fulva Schr., A. extricata Sm., and Halictus sp.), and po-dvg. flies
(Eristalis numorum Z., Syrphus ribesii Z., Myopa testacea Z., and Anthomyia sp.).
2708. T. Oculus-solis St.Amans. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 5; Knuth, ‘ Bloe-
menbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Kirchner has described the flower mechanism of this South
German species in plants run wild from the Hohenheim Exotic Garden. They
bear homogamous pollen-flowers, devoid of nectar, and possessing a feeble fragrance
resembling that of Taraxacum. They ate erect, with scarlet perianth leaves, glossy
at the base and marked with a large, black, yellow-edged spot; the three petals also
possess a yellowish median streak. he filaments are glabrous, yellow at the base,
and blackish at the tip; the antherg contain black pollen. The stigma is usually at
the same level as the tips of the ghthers, but the latter not infrequently project about
5 mm. beyond it. Automatic /self-pollination is excluded by the position of the
flowers, in addition to the eat there is a distance of 5-8 mm. between stigma
and anthers. .
Vistrors.—Knuth (gardens in Kiel) observed the honey-bee, po-cltg.
2709. T. Gesneriana L. (Van Tieghem, ‘ Recherches’; Knuth, op. cit.)—
The feebly fragrant flowers of this species, rendered very conspicuous by the vivid
colouring of the perianth leaves, expand in sunshine like a star. They are homo-
gamous pollen-flowers, though Tieghem states that nectaries are indicated in the
1 Cf. the foot-note to Leucojum aestivum Z.
LILIACEAE 439
ovary, but do not open to the exterior’. The flower mechanism agrees essentially
with that of the preceding species, but automatic self-pollination becomes possible
when the flowers close in dull weather.
Visitors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee (26. 4.’69),
po-cltg., but not touching the stigma.
2710. T. Didieri Jord.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a Scarabaeid beetle (Octonia
mirata), po-dvg. in the base of the flowers, and a bee (Halictus cylindricus /. 9),
lying in the base of the flower, and thickly covered with pollen.
872. Gagea Salisb.
Flowers odourless, green externally and yellow internally, being thus only
conspicuous when open. Nectar exposed to half-concealed, and secreted at the base
of the perianth leaves in the angle between them and the superposed stamens.
Schulz states that the stamens or the style are sometimes absent in almost all species.
Usually protogyny.
2711. G. fascicularis Salisb. (= G. lutea Ker-Gawl., and G. sylvatica Loud.).
(Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 274; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II,
Pp. 93, 391; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Hermann Miller says that the
open flowers of this species are feebly protogynous. When they open, the stigmas
are provided with long papillae, but the anthers dehisce soon afterwards, both they
and the stigmas remaining functional, throughout anthesis. Kerner describes the
anthers as being only about a third of their original length after dehiscence. Cross-
pollination is ensured by insect-visits in the first stage of anthesis; and in a later
one, self-pollination may be effected with equal facility; this may then also take
place automatically. Kerner states that autogamy occurs pseudo-cleistogamously
in flowers remaining closed in bad weather.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Westphalia), small beetles and bees; in one flower there were
no less than three individuals of the beetle Meligethes, each in a nectar-secreting
angle, while a bee (Halictus nitidus Schenck 9) flew away from a fourth such angle:
3 bees (one Andrena gwynana X. 9, and 2 Halictus leucopus KX. 9), nect-skg., were
seen in a second flower. Knuth, the honey-bee, freq., skg. Wistnei (Alsen), the
bee Andrena chrysosceles X.
2712. G. stellaris Salisb. (= G. arvensis Schult.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit.
Beob.,’ I, pp. 274-5; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Warnstorf
says that the flowers of this species are protogynous. The stamens are sometimes
longer, sometimes shorter than the style, and sometimes the anthers are at the same
level as the stigma.
Visitors.— Herm. Miiller observed the following in Thuringia.—
A beetle (Meligethes sp.), nect-lkg. ; an ant (Lasius niger Z. $) remaining in
the same nectar-secreting angle, and being an unbidden guest; 7 bees—1. Andrena
albicrus K. 4, skg.; 2. A. gwynana K. 9, do.; 3. Apis mellifica Z. §¥,do.; 4. Halictus
1 Cf the foot-note to Leucojum aestivum Z.
440 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
albipes F. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 5. H. cylindricus /. 9, do. ; 6. H. flavipes /. 9, do.;
4. H. nitidiusculus X. 9, do.
2713. G. bracteolaris Salisb. (= G. pratensis Schu/t.). (Warnstorf, op. cit.)—
Warnstorf describes the flowers of this species as feebly protogynous. The stamens
are at the same level as the stigma or somewhat lower; when the flower closes
(after 5 p.m.) autogamy can easily take place. The pollen-grains are golden-yellow
in colour, almost ellipsoidal, up to 90 » long and 37 » broad. When treated with
sulphuric acid the protoplasmic contents ooze slowly out of one pole.
Visitors.—Loew (Brandenburg, ‘ Beitrige,’ p. 34) only observed the bee
Andrena albicans Jill. 3, skg.
2714. G. saxatilis Schult. (Schulz, ‘Beitrige.’)—This species is also feebly
protogynous, and pseudo-cleistogamous autogamy takes place in dull weather. At
times no fruits are set.
2715. G. Liotardi Schult. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen, p. 43.)—The
flower mechanism of this species agrees with that of G. fascicularis, but the flowers
are homogamous. Autogamy takes place if insect-visits fail, but in sunny weather
visitors are numerous.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed 3 Hymenoptera, 17 Diptera, 2 Lepidoptera,
and Thrips.
2716. G. spathacea Salisb.—
Vistrors.—Alfken (Bremen) observed 4 bees—r. Andrena albicans JZull. 9 ;
2. A. parvula KX. 9 andé; 3. Halictus minutus X. 9; 4. Nomada fabriciana Z. @.
873. Fritillaria L.
Large, protogynous flowers with concealed nectar secreted by the perianth-
leaves. Sometimes inclined to andromonoceism (F. imperialis Z., and F. atropur-
purea).
2717. F. Meleagris L. (Knuth, Humboldt, Stuttgart, vi, 1887, p. 393, viii,
1889, p. 355; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 353-.)—I was able to examine the
mechanism and visitors of the beautiful flowers of this species in Wulfshagen near
Gettorf, where they grow in thousands in a meadow. Loew describes the large,
pendulous flower-bell as being 37 mm. long and 20 mm. broad; it is contracted
below into an ovoid shape. It is here commonly called ‘plover's egg’ (‘snake’s-
head’ in England), on account of its shape, size, and marking. There are small
light- and dark-purple squares on a white-reddish background, arranged in vertical
and horizontal rows. I rarely found flowers which were pure white in colour, or had
purple spots on the flower stalk. The inner parts of the flower are protected from
rain by its pendulous position, and the close apposition of the perianth leaves.
Nectar is secreted in a longitudinal groove on each perianth leaf, beginning about
8 mm. above the base of the leaf and continuing as a shallow furrow almost to its
tip. At Wulfshagen the flowers were protogynous; Loew found the same to be the
case in cultivated specimens in the Berlin Botanic Garden. The stigmatic papillae
are developed when the flower opens, while the anthers are still closed.
Kerner states that if cross-pollination does not take place during the five days of
anthesis, autogamy is effected as a last resort. One of the six stamens then usually
LILIACEAE 441
elongates, so that its anther is at the same level as the still receptive stigma, and then
dehisces, while the other five remain shorter and have already scattered their pollen.
Automatic self-pollination by fall of pollen from the latter is excluded, because the
papillose stigmatic surfaces are situated on the inner side of the stylar lobes.
Besides these normal flowers occasional blossoms with a gamophyllous perianth
occur at Wulfshagen. The circumference of these is the same from stalk to tip, so
that they are cylindrical ; they are easily distinguishable from normal flower-buds, as
the latter are conical in form. Humble-bees cannot pollinate these abnormal flowers,
as the entrance is too small to admit them. It is therefore possible that this is
a cleistogamous accessory type of the normal flower; I have, however, been unable
to determine whether such flowers are fertile.
VisiTtors.—Knuth makes the following remarks on these.—
During one hour on the rgth of May, 1887, I observed in more than 20
cases Bombus terrester Z.9 and ¥, This humble-bee alights on the outside of a
perianth-leaf, then creeps round on its lower margin into the inside of the flower
and climbs up on the inner surface of the leaf until it can lick nectar conveniently.
In doing so it brushes against the already receptive stigma in younger flowers with
its back and dusts it with pollen brought from older flowers, thus crossing separate
stocks. In older flowers also cross-pollination is ensured by insect-visits, because the
stigma projects a little beyond the anthers, and is therefore brushed against first
by a humble-bee visitor, which in climbing higher dusts its back with fresh pollen.
This was the most usual way in which the humble-bee behaved in visiting
a flower, but I also observed another method ; the insect did not then creep up
on the inner surface of the perianth leaf, but climbed up the style and the stamens
and sought in vain at the base of the latter for nectar. It thus brushed against the
stigma and anthers with the lower-side of its body and effected crossing.
2718. F.imperialis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., pp. 189-91 ; Herm. Miiller,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 275; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Borbds, Ost. Bot. Zs.,
Wien, xxxv, 1885.)—Borbas observed heterostyly in this species.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Borgstette (Nassau), the honey-bee. It uses the stigma as an alighting-platform,
creeps over the anthers into the nectariferous base of the flower, and then flies
straight away to another flower, upon the stigma of which it deposits pollen. Knuth
(Kiel Botanic Garden), the honey-bee, freq. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the
honey-bee and 3 other bees—r. Anthophora pilipes F. 9, skg.; 2. Bombus hortorum,
L£.9, do.; 3. Andrena fulva Schr. 9, po-cltg. (‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, p. 68).
2719. F. kamtschatcensis Ker-Gawl.—
Visitors. — Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the Muscid Calliphora
erythrocephala A%g., creeping down to the nectaries, and creeping out again with
its thorax yellow with pollen.
2720. F. latifolia Willd.—
Visitors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Andrena fulva
Schr. 9, creeping right into the flowers, po-cltg.
2721. F. lutea Mill.—
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
terrester Z. 9, creeping into the flowers, po-cltg.
442 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
874. Lilium Tourn.
Homogamous or feebly protandrous or protogynous lepidopterid flowers,
secreting nectar in a furrow at the base of each perianth leaf.
2722, L. Martagon L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh., pp. 187-9 ; Delpino, * Ult.
oss.,’ I], pp. 283-4; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 47-8, Nature, London, xi,
1875, pp. 50-1, Kosmos, Leipzig, ili, 1878, ‘ Weit. Beob.” I, pp. 275-7; A. and
C. Dodel-Port, ‘ Anatomisch-physiol. Atlas d. Botanik’; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.
Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 311; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The nodding flowers
of this species are chiefly adapted for pollination by moths, and in a less degree by
butterflies. They are homogamous, or, according to Kerner, incompletely proto-
gynous. During the day they are only feebly fragrant, and butterflies are attracted
by the dirty-bright-purple perianth, marked with darker purple spots, very occasionally
merged into one another; moths are, however, attracted by the odour of nectar,
which becomes much stronger in the evening.
At the base of each peri-
anth leaf there is a nectar-groove
10-15 mm. long, which closes
up by the folding together of its
edges and a thick growth of red-
dish hairs, into a narrow, nectar-
filled tube. At the outer end
there is an opening one mm. in
diameter.
When nocturnal hawk-moths
searching for nectar alight on the
flower, they first touch with the
under-side of their bodies the
Fic. 394. Lelium Martagon, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A.
Lateral view of a flower of the natural size and in the natural stigma projecting a little beyond
position. &. A single perianth leaf (x 2). @, anthers; 2, 2
nectary ; sé, stigma. the anthers and then the pol-
len-covered anthers themselves.
These are, as in Lonicera Periclymenum, only united at one point with the filaments,
and therefore swing freely when touched by the legs of the lepidopterid sucking nectar
without alighting on the flower, and dust the lower-side of its body with fresh pollen.
Butterfly visitors are less successful cross-pollinators, as, according to Hermann
Miiller’s observations in the Alps, they creep round on the flower and settle to suck
nectar. They only effect crossing occasionally.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may take place by fall of
pollen. Kerner says that this happens towards the end of anthesis by the bending
of the style until the stigma comes into contact with one or two anthers; such
crossing, however, does not take place if cross-pollination has already been effected.
This autogamy is effective, as was already realized by Sprengel. Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains as red-brown in colour, biscuit-shaped, with a furrow and a net-
work of ridges; 31 w broad and 100 long.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
LILIACEAE 443
Herm. Miiller (Vosges and Alps), the humming-bird hawk-moth (Macroglossa
stellatarum Z.); also 10 other sp. of Lepidoptera in the Alps. Knuth (gardens at
Kiel) saw the same hawk-moth flying continuously from flower to flower, and
pollinating a large number. Delpino observed a hawk moth, probably Deilephila
euphorbiae Z.
2723. L. bulbiferum L. (Sprengel, op. cit., p. 189; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 45-7; Focke, ‘ Beob. an Feuerlilien’; Neubert, Tagebl. 52. Vers. D.
Natf. in Baden-Baden, 1879; Kerner, op. cit., II, p. 461; Knuth, op. cit.)}—The
flowers of this species are adapted for pollination by butterflies. In spite of the
flame-coloured perianth, which gleams very brightly in sunshine, the odourless
blossoms very rarely attract butterflies to the nectar abundantly secreted in the nectar-
grooves of the perianth leaves. Anthers and stigma mature simultaneously and are
at the same level; the latter is slightly bent down below the former. A lepidopterid
Fic. 395. Lilium bulbtferum, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. Partly dissected flower (x 4).
B. Basal part of a perianth leaf (x 14). C. Transverse section through the base of a perianth leaf
(x 58). A, nectar-groove ; Av, hairs closing do.; /, ridges bearing do.; , nectary; sé, stigma.
alighting on the lower perianth-leaf and probing thence for nectar will first brush
against the stigma and then touch the anthers, thus regularly effecting cross-
pollination.
Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination is sometimes possible by
contact of anthers and stigma; this, however, is rare or ineffective. Neubert says
that the species is always self-sterile. Focke (Ost. Bot. Zs., Wien, xxvii, 1878)
describes the variety croceum Chx. as self-sterile, and infertile even when dusted with
pollen from plants of the same origin, being only fertile when the pollen comes from
those of different origin. Crossing is effective in the variety Buchenavit Focke, which
as regards fruit is a sub-species between L. bulbiferam and L. croceum. In explana-
tion of this behaviour on the part of croceum, Focke supposes that the self-sterile
plants have all arisen from a single specimen by vegetative means. Kerner states
that the variety sets fruits and germinable seeds regularly, but produces no bulbils in
the axils of the foliage leaves; this occurs almost regularly in the type species, which,
444 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
however, rarely sets fruits. Maximovicz says that when L. dahuricum and the variety
croceum are crossed, the latter produces fruits corresponding to those of the former,
and vece versd.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated. —
Knuth (Gardens at Kiel), the peacock butterfly (Vanessa io Z.). Herm. Miiller
(Alps), skg. butterflies belonging to the genera Polyommatus and Argynnis, and of
the same colour as the flowers of the species.
2724. L. candidum L. (Knuth, op. cit., “Beitrage,’ VI.)—I illustrate the
flower mechanism of this plant, which has been grown in cottage gardens for
centuries, from specimens obtained in gardens in Kiel. The very large, white
flowers are infundibulo-campanuliform and horizontal. They are faintly fragrant by
day, much more strongly so in the evening, almost like lilies of the valley. The base
of each petal is green and contracted into a sort of groove, in which a rather large
drop of nectar is secreted. Automatic self-pollination is excluded in spite of
homogamy, as the stigma projects 20-5 mm. beyond the anthers. The white colour,
greater fragrance in the evening, and versatile anthers indicate that the flowers are
adapted for pollination by noc-
turnal hawk-moths, especially
as no other insects correspond
in size to the flowers, and there
is no platform provided for
visitors. When a visit takes
Fic. 396. Lilium candidunt, L. (from nature). The perianth place, the insect cannot avoid
and 4 of the 6 stamens are removed. The receptive stigma A F :
projects about 25 mm. beyond the anthers (natural size). touching the stigma, which
dominates the entrance of the
flower, owing to a slight upward bend in the terminal part of the style, and dusts it
with pollen if another flower has previously been visited. On penetrating further
into the flower, the anthers, 14 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, and very rich in pollen,
brush against the front part of the under-side of the insect’s body and dust it again
with pollen; the pollen-grains are yolk-yellow in colour, with a network of tubercles,
on an average go » long and 60 mw broad. Tinzmann describes the plant as
self-sterile.
Visttors.—Knuth makes the following remarks on these.—
In spite of careful watching on warm, still summer evenings, 1 have never
observed hawk-moths, the characteristic and legitimate pollinators. In Rigen
(July, ’96) I saw a hover-fly (Syrphus pyrastri Z.) dvg. the pollen that had fallen
in the perianth, without touching the stigma or anthers. In Kiel Botanic Garden
(August, 98) I saw Apis mellifica Z. ¥, occasional, po-cltg., also numerous flower-
beetles (Meligethes), small black ants, and Thrips. These guests could only occa-
sionally effect self- or cross-pollination.
2725. L. testaceum Lindl. (Knuth, ‘Beitrage,’ VI.)}—The mechanism of
this species agrees essentially with that of L. Martagon Z., but the flowers are pro-
tandrous. They are feebly fragrant, and face obliquely downwards in consequence
of a strong curving of the peduncle. In plants which I observed in the Botanic
Garden of the Oberrealschule in Kiel, the perianth leaves were rolled back and
provided internally with a longitudinal groove, bright wax-yellow in colour, and
LILIACEAE
445
marked towards the base with numerous small, projecting, longitudinal streaks of
dark-orange colour.
perianth leaves. The anthers are about
16 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, and depend
from filaments 30-5 mm, long; soon after
the flower opens they are thickly covered
with orange-red pollen, the grains of which
are on an average 80 yw long and 50 p
broad, agreeing with those of the preceding
species as regards shape and surface.
At the beginning of anthesis the stigma
is still immature, and is situated on a
vertical style between the already dehiscent
and pollen-covered anthers. Later the
Nectar is secreted fairly abundantly at the bases of the six
Fic. 397. Lelium testaceum, Lindl. (from nature).
Flower in the second (hermaphrodite) stage of anthesis.
The perianth and 3 stamens have been removed. The
mature stigma projects but little beyond the anthers,
which are somewhat reflexed (natural size). The sta-
mens have been displaced to some extent, and the
anthers hang down more in actual specimens.
style elongates a little, and bends so that
the now mature stigma projects laterally from the stamens, and though in pushing
through the latter, it gets covered with pollen, if it subsequently receives foreign
pollen this always proves prepotent in action.
VistTors.—I have not observed any, but they may be diurnal hawk-moths (i.e.
Macroglossa) as there is no platform and the nectar is only accessible to long-tongued
insects hovering in front of the flower without settling.
2726. L. chalcedonicum L. (Knuth, op. cit.)\—The flowers of this species
open in the morning. The scarlet perianth leaves, which are rolled backwards,
possess raised longitudinal streaks from the curved region inwards, and secrete
nectar at their grooved bases. In other respects also the flower mechanism agrees
essentially with that of the last species, though protandry is but slight, and the stigma
remains in contact throughout anthesis with the pollen-covered anthers, 14 mm. long
and 5 mm. broad, so that automatic self-pollination takes place still more certainly.
The pollen-grains are orange-red in colour, with a network of tubercles, on an average
go w long and 50 » broad.
VisiTors.—As the last species.
2727. L. tigrinum Ker-Gawl.—In this species the orange-red perianth leaves
are reflexed, marked with numerous black-purple spots, and provided with almost
prickly papillae on the way to the nectar secreted in the usual place. The large,
dark-brown stigma at the tip of a style 6 cm. long, is situated at first between the
6 anthers, which are 2 cm. long and 4 mm. broad, and thickly covered with dark-
brown pollen. Automatic self-pollination, however, cannot take place, as the anthers
are several centimetres cistant from the stigma, and the line of fall of the pollen
passes this by. Later on, the style bends upwards, so that the stigma comes into
contact with one pollen-covered anther, and autogamy can be effected. In bending
upwards thus the style appears to make rotatory movements, rendering it still easier
to bring the stigma into contact with one of the two upper anthers.
The species provides for vegetative propagation by producing large, black
bulbils in the leaf-axils.
VisiTors.—I did not observe any on the hot, calm morning of August 16, 1898,
446 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
in the garden of the Oberrealschule in Kiel. Even the honey-bee and Bombus
terrester Z. ¥, which visited the adjacent flowers of other plants busily sucking and
collecting pollen, despised the odourless ones of this lily. In its native countries
(China and Japan) it may be pollinated by diurnal hawk-moths.
2728. L. auratum Lindl.—Stadler (‘ Beitrage’) states that the flowers of this
species are protogynous, and adapted for pollination by crepuscular and diurnal
Lepidoptera.
2729. L. philadelphicum L. (=L. umbellatum Pursh),— Stadler (op. cit.)
says that this species agrees with L. bulbiferum Z., and L. Martagon JZ. as
regards the structure of its nectaries.
875. Lloydia Salisb.
Protandrous flowers with exposed nectar.
2730. L. alpina Salisb.
(=L. serotina Sweet). (Ricca,
Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiil,
1870; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpen-
blumen,’ pp. 43-5.) —The flowers
of this species are adapted for
pollination by flies. Hermann
Miiller describes them as feebly,
Ricca as markedly, protandrous,
and therefore favourable to cross-
pollination by insect-visits. Nectar
is secreted by a thick ridge at the
base of each perianth leaf, and is
accessible to short-tongued insects.
Automatic self-pollination takes
place now and then.
Fic. 398. Lioydia alpina, Salish. (after Herm. Millen, A. Visitors.—Herm. Miiller
Partly dissected flower (x 5). B. Base of a perianth leaf, with (Alps) observed 7 Diptera a
its nectary (x 7). a@, anthers; d, dark-yellow swelling ; 7z, nectary
with its secretion; ov, ovary ; #0, pollen; s¢, stigma. beetle, and 3 short-tongued Hy-
menoptera.
876. Erythronium L.
Bee and lepidopterid flowers.
2731. E. Dens canis L. (Calloni, Malpighia, Messina, i, 1886-7, pp. 14-19;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, I], p. 311; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
pp. 354-5-)—This species is indigenous to the mountain forests of Carniola,
Steiermark, Bohemia, Hungary, &c., and bears bright-purple, more rarely white
pendulous flowers. The perianth leaves are reflected above, and fold together at
the base like a bell, thus forming a short, nectar-holding tube. Each of the
petals possesses a basal swelling, divided into projections by furrows. Calloni
says that this is the nectary; Loew, however, considers that this collar-like ligular
structure is only a nectar-cover, preventing the nectar secreted at the base of the
LILIACEAE 447
perianth below it from trickling down, which would otherwise happen in consequence
of the pendulous position of the flower. Loew states that narrow grooves in the
middle of the petals and covered by the filaments serve as nectar-passages.
Calloni describes the flowers as homogamous, Kerner as incompletely proto-
gynous. The former considers the plant anemophilous on account of its long,
projecting stamens and broad stigma, and at the same time entomophilous because
of the bright colouring of the flowers and their secretion of nectar. Loew is of the
opinion that the whole flower mechanism indicates only entomophily, and that the
difficulty of access to the nectar points to the visits of the more skilful bees and
lepidoptera.
Briquet (Mém. soc. sci. nat., Cherbourg, xxx, 1896) has re-examined the flower
on account of the differing opinions of Calloni and Loew regarding ils mechanism,
and essentially confirms Loew’s view, writing as follows.—‘ The brilliantly coloured
perianth possesses distinct nectar-guides. A pit-shaped nectary is situated at the
base of each of the three sepals, and is related to the nectar-passage formed by
the bases of the petals. A collar-shaped ligular structure at the base of the petals
forms a nectar-cover, which at the same time covers the nectar-passage.’
VisiTors.—These are bees, which chiefly effect cross-pollination, this being
favoured by the feeble protogyny of the flower.
2732. E. Smithii Hook.—Briquet (op. cit.) describes the flowers of this
species as possessing a similar mechanism to E. Dens-canis. Some American
species, however, diverge in certain respects.
877. Dracaena Vaud.
2733. D. Goldieana Hort.— Marion (‘Note sur la floraison du Dracaena
Goldieana’) says that this species bears night-flowers. They open their white
perianths towards evening, and diffuse a penetrating, pleasant odour of lilies. They
are markedly protogynous.
878. Yucca Dill.
Riley (vzde Bibliography, Vol. 1, pp. 336-7, Nos. 2934-6, 2941-5, 2947, 2950-1)
states that the pollen is stuffed into the stigmas of all capsular species of this genus
by the Yucca moth (Pronuba yuccasella #z/ey) in order that the larvae, on emerging
from the eggs, may obtain the nourishment necessary for their sustenance. The
moth lays her eggs in the pistil of the flower, in the neighbourhood of the ovules
(cf. Vol. I, pp. 102-3).
879. Eremurus Bieb.
2734. E. spectabilis Bieb——Hildebrand (Flora, Marburg, xxxix, 1881) says
that the flowers of this species lose their colour before the anthers and stigma
mature.
Regarding this Hermann Miiller says (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xl, 1882).—‘ The
flowers lose their conspicuousness before the maturation of the stigmas and anthers.
As in the case of Weigelia, Lantana, and many other flowers undergoing a colour-
change, the gain here is that the less intelligent and useless guests are attracted away
to the more conspicuous flowers which contain no treasure for them.
448 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Visitors.—Hildebrand (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, x, 1892), in the Freiburg i. B.
Botanic Garden, observed the honey-bee, skg.; it may therefore be concluded that in
its native country the plant is pollinated by bees.
2735. E. altaicus Pall.; 2736. E. caucasicus Stev. (=E. spectabilis B72d.,
according to the /ndex Kewensis); and 2737. E. tauricus Stev—Dammer saw the
first of these species pollinated by Syrphus pyrastri Z. (Flora, Regensburg and
Marburg, Ixxi, 1888). Kerner says that in all three species (‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,
Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 327) the perianth leaves roll up as soon as the anthers dehisce,
fade, and form a dirty red-brown crumpled mass, from which the juicy midribs
at the backs of the leaves project as six thick, greenish swellings. These resemble
aphides in appearance, and a hover-fly, Syrphus pyrastri Z., seems to take them
for such, for it pounces upon the curled-up flowers in exactly the same way as it
attacks such insects. In doing so it becomes covered with pollen from the anthers
situated in front of the flower, and transfers it to the stigmas of others. Kerner
(op. cit., II, p. 326) adds that in the case of E. caucasicus geitonogamy sometimes
takes place, for the stigmas situated at the tip of the elongating style may come
into contact with the pollen-covered an-
thers of flowers situated higher on the
inflorescence; many, however, do not attain
such contact and, as insect-pollination is
rare, but few fruits are set. In order to give
pollination the best possible chance, the
stigmas are extremely persistent, remaining
receptive from the moment the flower opens
until long after the fading of the anthers
and the curling up of the perianth leaves.
880, Paradisea Mazzin.
Moth flowers, with nectar secreted
by the ovary.
2738. P.Liliastrum Bertol. (Herm.
Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 48-50; Ker-
ner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 301.)
—lIn the snow-white flowers of this species
the stigma projects beyond the anthers,
so that insects on alighting touch it first,
Fic. 399. Pavradssea Liliastrum, Bertol. (after
Herm. Miller). A, Flower after removal of the
right half of the perianth; seen from the right side
(natural size). 8. Transverse section through the
lower part of a flower, at the level of the ovary.
a, anterior stamen (in section); 4”, bract ; ov, ovary;
py petals; s, sepals; s#, stigma; x, probable nectaries.
and so effect crossing.
Vistrors.— Herm. Miiller observed
the moth Plusia gamma Z., also, as un-
bidden guests, a bee, a saw-fly, a Muscid,
and 2 beetles.
881. Anthericum L.
White flowers with exposed nectar, secreted by the upper part of the ovary.
Kerner (‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 304) says that in Phalangium /uss.
LILIACEAE 449
(=Anthericum Z.) the stigma is at first situated in front of the anthers at the
end of the greatly projecting style, so that an insect visitor must brush against it
first; later on the style bends laterally at an angle of 80-g0°, the stigma being
thus removed from the line of approach to the nectar, and insect visitors enabled
to touch the pollen-covered anthers.
2739. A.ramosum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 196-8; Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 552, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 282; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 65;
Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The homogamous (or, according
to Warnstorf, protogynous) flowers of this species expand to a star about 25 mm. in
diameter. The stigma projects a little beyond the anthers, so that insects probing
for the exposed nectar first touch this and then the anthers, cross-pollination being
thus favoured. If insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination can take place by fall of
pollen in flowers which are directed obliquely downwards. Warnstorf describes the
pollen-grains as large, ellipsoidal, with pointed poles, and a network of tubercles up to
87 w long and 39 » broad.
Visirors.—Herm. Miller observed the following in Central Germany.—
A. Coleoptera. (a2) Cerambycidae: 1. Strangalia bifasciata Jul, skg.
(6) Zelephoridae: 2. Dasytes flavipes F., skg. (c) Ocedemeridae: 3. Oedemera
virescens Z., skg. B. Diptera. (a) Empidac: 4. Empis livida Z., freq., skg.
(6) Muscidae: 5. Anthomyia, sp., skg. (c) Syrphidae: 6. Merodon aeneus Mz., skg.
and po-dvg., also 7” copuld; 7. Volucella bombylans Z., skg. C. Hymenoptera.
(2) Apidae: 8. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very common, skg. and po-dvg.; 9. Bombus
pratorum Z. ¥, skg.; 10. Halictus albipes #. 6, do.; 11. H. longulus Sm. 4, do.;
12. H. maculatus Sm. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 13. H. pauxillus Schenck 6, skg.
(6) Formictdae: 14. Formica fusca Z. ¥, nect-lkg.; 15. Lasius niger Z. ¥, nect-lkg.
(c) Sphegzdae: 16. Cerceris quinquefasciata ossz, skg.; 17. C. variabilis Schr.
D. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 18. Coenonympha arcania Z., skg.; 19.
Melitaea athalia Ro/t., do.; 20. Papilio machaon Z., do.; 21. Pieris rapae Z., do.
(4) Sphingidae: 22. Ino globulariae Hén., do.; 23. Zygaena achilleae £sp., do. ;
24. Z. lonicerae £'sp., do.
2740. A. Liliago L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 282; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 66.)—The flower mechanism of this species agrees entirely
with that of A. ramosum, but the flowers are larger, their diameter being 35-40 mm.
Ricca (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871) states that the stigma projects a little
beyond the anthers, and that nectar is scanty.
panier following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Ricca, bees. Herm. Miiller (Thuringia)—A. Coleoptera. lateridae: 1.
Agriotes gallicus Zoc., skg. B. Diptera. LZmpidae: 2. Rhamphomyia sp., skg.
C. Hymenoptera. Ajidae: 3. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg. MacLeod
(Pyrenees), a hover-fly (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 304).
882. Asphodelus L.
White, usually protogynous flowers with concealed nectar secreted by the
ovary; they are arranged in racemose inflorescences.
2741, A. ramosus L. (=A. albus Af7//.). (MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl.,’ pp. 301-4.)—
In flowers of this species the six stamens broaden at their bases, and their apposed
margins form a nectar-receptacle, surrounding the fluid abundantly secreted by the
DAVIS. WI G e
450 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
three corners of the ovary. There are six entrances to this at the base of the style,
one between every pair of stamens. These entrances to the nectar are so narrow
that MacLeod is inclined to put the flowers into class L. They are feebly
protogynous. At first the perianth lobes are close together, so that only the
stigma is touched by visitors. They soon diverge, however, and the anthers
dehisce after the filaments have bent widely outwards. As the stigma projects
about 4 mm. beyond the anthers, self-pollination is no doubt excluded.
Visitors. — MacLeod (Pyrenees) only observed 2 flies, and did not see the
normal visitors (Lepidoptera).
2742. A. fistulosus L. (Knuth, ‘Blitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Capri.’)—The
flowers of this species are very little visited by insects on the island of Capri, as
the many-flowered, branching inflorescences always set but few fruits. Automatic
self-pollination is therefore impossible or ineffective.
883. Asphodeline Reichb.
2743. A. lutea Reichenb. (=Asphodelus luteus Z.). (Francke, Inaug.-Diss.,
Halle, 1883.)—Francke says that the flowers of this species are protogynous for
some hours, and then homogamous.
884. Ornithogalum L.
Lirerature.—Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.58; Grassmann, ‘Die Septaldriisen.’
Flowers pale yellow-green in colour, or white inside and mostly green outside,
with half-concealed nectar secreted by three septal glands in the ovary. These
contract above and form a narrow passage leading outwards, through which the
secretion exudes and trickles down the furrows of the ovary. Sometimes gynodioecism,
2744. O. umbellatum L. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 311;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 59; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv,
1892; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)—In flowers of this
species the perianth leaves are milk-white inside and green outside, with a narrow
white margin. In sunny weather they expand to a star 30-45 mm. in diameter.
They are protogynous, but the stigma is still receptive when the anthers dehisce.
Kirchner states that of the six stamens the anthers of the three outer ones dehisce
first, and then those of the three inner ones. At first all the stamens are stretched straight
out; after dehiscence the upper halves of the filaments bend gradually outwards,
while the lower halves remain apposed to the ovary. In this way six narrow canals
are formed, of which the three apposed to the septal glands contain nectar. The
flowers close after midday and in dull weather, so that automatic self-pollination
now takes place in older flowers by contact of anthers and stigmas. According
to Kerner’s description, on the contrary, the anthers of the three inner, longer
stamens dehisce a day earlier than those of the outer, shorter ones, and I can
confirm this from plants in the garden of the Oberrealschule in Kiel. Insect-
visits are necessary for pollination at first, in consequence of the 2 mm. distance
between anthers and stigma; towards the end of anthesis the stamens bend so
far inwards that anthers and stigma come into contact, and automatic self-pollination
takes place. Kirchner observed stocks bearing flowers in which the anthers always
remained ‘closed, these being therefore functionally female. Warnstorf describes the
LILIACEAE 451
pollen-grains as bright-yellow in colour, feebly tuberculate, ellipsoidal, longitudinally
furrowed, up to 70 w long and 30 » broad, adhering for a long time to the walls of
the anther-valves.
Visitors.—MacLeod (Flanders) observed the honey-bee, 3 short-tongued bees,
an Empid, and the beetle Meligethes.
2745. O. nutans L. (=Myogalum nutans Zam.) (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’
pp. 189-91; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 415.)—The protandrous
flowers of this species are vertical while in the bud, and horizontal during the
first stage of anthesis, only becoming pendulous towards its end. The anthers
of the three stamens situated in front of the small, nectar-secreting pits of the
ovary are also dehiscent when the flower opens, and in such a position that they
must be brushed against by nectar-seeking insects.
In a later stage the stigma is receptive, and the stamens bend back against
the perianth leaves, so that they leave the way clear for visitors. Insects dusted
with pollen from younger flowers now brush the stigma in searching for nectar,
and thus effect crossing.
In the third and last stage of anthesis the peduncle bends so that the blossom
becomes pendulous. The stamens are now again bent towards the middle of the
flower, and the stigma is situated just below the anthers of the shorter stamens,
which still contain pollen, having dehisced during the second stage of anthesis,
and so moved their position that nectar-seeking insects were unable to rob them
of pollen. The anthers next gradually shrivel up, automatic self-pollination still
taking place by fall of pollen. Should insect-visits still take place either cross-
or self-pollination is possible.
2746. O. Boucheanum Aschs, (=O. nutans Z., according to the Index
Kewensts).—
Visrtors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the Telephorid beetle
Cantharis rustica /ai/., settling.
2747. O. affine Schult—
Visrrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 bees—1. Anthophora
pilipes #. 4, inserting its proboscis between the anthers; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥,
skg., inserting its proboscis to the bases of the widened anthers.
2748. O. refractum Willd.—
Visirors.— Schletterer (Pola) observed the small bee Andrena parvula £.
2749. O. pyrenaicum L. (=O. sulfureum Schuls.).—The flowers of this
species are pale-green in colour.
Visirors.—Plateau (Belgium) observed 2 bees—the honey-bee and Prosopis sp.
885. Scilla L.
Flowers generally blue, rarely lilac or white in colour; homogamous or
protogynous; with exposed to half-concealed nectar, secreted by the septal glands
of the ovary, and collecting between this organ and the bases of the filaments.
2750. S. bifolia L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 59.) —The oblique or
horizontal flowers of this species expand to a star about 20 mm. in diameter. The
anthers, covered with grey pollen, are at the same level as the simultaneously maturing
stigma, but so far removed from it that automatic self-pollination does not at first
Gg2
452 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
take place, cross- and self-pollination being effected by small insects. The flower
closes when it fades, autogamy then taking place by contact of stigma and anthers.
VisiTors.—Kirchner observed small flies.
2751. S. sibirica Andr. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob., I, p. 279; Knuth,
‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)—
Warnstorf describes the flowers of this species as protogynous. The three rows of
diverging stigmatic papillae are situated at the same level as the beautiful blue,
introrse anthers. The filaments are inserted into the middle of the backs of the
anthers. The pollen-grains are blue, opaque, irregularly ellipsoidal, up to 65 p» long
and 30 yu broad.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (Thuringia), the honey-bee, freq., skg. Knuth (Kiel Botanic
Garden, 29. 3.’94), the honey-bee Apis mellifica Z. ¥, and (21. 3.’96) the butterfly
Vanessa urticae Z., both freq., skg. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the honey-bee,
boring for sap at the base of the ovary with the blades of its maxillae. Alfken
(Bremen), 8 bees—1. Andrena albicans J/u/. $; 2. Bombus jonellus X. 9;
3. B. lucorum Z. 9; 4. B. pratorum Z.9; 5. B. terrester Z.9; 6. Osmia cornuta
Ltr.9; 7. O. rufa Z. 9 and $; 8. Podalirius acervorum Z.%. Friese (Baden), the
bee Andrena gwynana &., very freq.
2752. S. verna Huds.—
Visirors.— MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed a bee and 3 flies (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 306).
2753. S.amoena L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 195-6.)—
Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee— Apis
mellifica Z. ¥—boring for sap with its maxillary blades in the base of the ovary.
2754. S. cernua Hfigg.—
VisiTors.—As S. amoena.
2755. S. hispanica Mill. (=S. campanulata 47z7.).—
Visirors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a hover-fly (Eristalis
arbustorum Z., po-dvg.), and the honey-bee, behaving as in S. amoena.
2756. S. italica L—
Visitors. — Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a Muscid (Scatophaga
merdaria F., resting on the outside of the corolla), a hover-fly (Eristalis aeneus
Scop.), and the honey-bee, behaving as in S. amoena.
2757. S. festalis Salisb. (=S. nutans Sm.).—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 hover-flies, po-dvg.—
Eristalis nemorum Z., and Syritta pipiens Z.
2758. S. patula DC. (=S. hispanica AZ, according to the Index Kewensts).—
VisiTors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed a humble-bee (Bombus
hortorum Z. 9, apparently skg.), and a butterfly (Pieris brassicae Z.) clearly
inserting its proboscis into the base of the ovary.
2759. S. tricolor Baker.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee, boring for sap.
LILIACEAE 453
886. Urginea Steinh.
2760. U. Scilla Steinh. (=Scilla maritima Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
I, p- 378.)—
VistTors.—Herm. Miller, jr., observed the following ro bees, all skg., at Jena.—
1. Anthophora aestivalis Pz. (= A. haworthana X.) $ and 9, po-cltg.; 2. An-
drena parvula K. 9; 3. Chalicodoma muraria Retz. 6; 3. Eucera longicornis Z.
$ and 9; 5. Halictus maculatus Sm. 9; 6. Melecta luctuosa Scop. 6 and é; 7. Osmia
aenea Z.5; 8. O. aurulenta Pz. 9 and $; 9. O. fusca Chr. (=O. bicolor Schr.) ;
10. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9.
887. Brodiaea Sm.
2761. B. laxa S. Wats. (Borzi, ‘Contrib. alla biol. veget.,’ II, Fasc. 2,
pp. 3-4.)—Borzi describes the flowers of this species as protandrous. Nectar is
secreted at the base of the flower.
VistTors.—Small po-cltg. bees (Halictus sp.).
2762. B. Douglasii S. Wats. (Borzi, op. cit., p. 4.)—Borzi describes this
species as possessing a similar mechanism to B. laxa.
2763. B. lutea Lindl. (Borzi, op. cit., pp. 4-6.)—Borzi states that in this
species there are two kinds of nectary in the same flower differing in position,
time of development, and origin, one being present in the male and the other in
the female stage. So far as our present knowledge goes this is a unique case.
2764. B. multiflora Benth. (Borzi, op. cit., pp. 7-8.)—In this species the
narrow passage to the nectar secreted at the base of the flower leads between
the perianth wall and the ovary. The three inner stamens are modified into
three small, petaloid staminodes, alternating with the three fertile stamens, and
turning their concave sides to the middle of the flower. A mechanism is thus
formed which agrees largely with that of Asclepiads.
2765. B. ixioides S. Wats. (Willis, ‘Contrib. to the Nat. Hist. of the Flower,’
2.)—The flowers of this species are protandrous.
Vistrors.—Willis (Cambridge Botanic Garden) observed the beetle Meligethes,
Thrips, and flies.
888. Brevoortia Wood.
2766. B. Ida-Maia Wood. (Borzi, op. cit., pp. 8-9.)—This species possesses,
a similar flower mechanism to that of Brodiaea ixioides.
889. Stropholirion Torr.
2767. S. californicum Torr. (Borzi, op. cit., p. 9.)—This species possesses
a similar flower mechanism to that of Brevoortia Ida-Maia, being only distinguished by.
its shorter perianth tube.
890. Allium L.
Protandrous (rarely protogynous) flowers, usually aggregated into conspicuous
globular umbels; the nectar is concealed, and Grassmann states that it is secreted
454 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
by three double septal glands in the ovary and exudes by canals situated about
half-way up that organ. The nectar then collects in the spaces between the base of
the ovary and those of the three inner stamens. It is also sometimes secreted at the
base of the ovary. Many species, such as A. Schoenoprasum, A. vineale, A. Chamaemoly,
A. carinatum, A. oleraceum, A. sativum, bear bulbils in the axils of the upper bracts.
2768. A. Victorialis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 187; Herm. Miiller,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 50-1; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, pp. 283, 327.)—
In the yellowish-white flowers of this species, aggregated into globular umbels, the
pollen-covered anthers project in the first stage of anthesis, and the stigma in the
second, so that a nectar-seeking visitor touches one or other, and thus effects
crossing. Self-pollination is excluded by marked protandry.
Kerner’s description differs from the one above given by Hermann Miiller.
He says that the pollen clings to the stigma before its papillae are mature, and
in a condition to stimulate the growth of pollen-tubes. He also describes each
Fic. 400. Allzum Victorialis, L. (after Herm. Miller). A. Lateral view of a flower in the first
(male) stage of anthesis. | 2. Do., in a further stage, after removalof part of the perianth. | C. Repro
ductive organs in the second (female) stage. D. Pistil of a flower in the first stage. a! a‘, stamens ;
#, filament; gr, style; 4, nectar; ov, ovary; f, petals; s, sepals; sé, stigma.
umbel as containing flowers in varying stages of maturation. In younger flowers
the anthers are still closed and hidden by the perianth leaves, while the stigmas
are already mature and project from the perianth. In the older flowers of the
same umbel, however, the pollen-covered anthers are situated above the perianth,
so that when the younger, short-stalked flowers are raised by the elongation of
their stalks, their stigmas brush against the pollen-covered anthers of the older
ones,eand are therefore geitonogamously pollinated. Thus according to Kerner’s
description the flowers examined by him were markedly protogynous, while those
described by Hermann Miiller in the Heuthal on the Bernina were strongly
protandrous.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps) observed a beetle, 25 Diptera, 4 Hymenoptera,
and 11 Lepidoptera. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw the honey-bee, skg.
2769. A. ursinum L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ p. 553; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 60-1.)—The snow-white perianth in flowers of this species
expands in the form of a star. There are six stamens; the anthers of the three
inner ones dehisce first, and then those of the three outer. During this time the
style, which is at first only 2-3 mm. long, elongates to 6 mm., and the stigma
LILIACEAE 455
matures. Insects probing for nectar touch the upwardly dehiscing anthers with
one side of their bodies and the stigma with the other, so that cross-pollination
is most favoured. Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may be effected
in individual flowers by the bending over of the style towards the anther.
Visitors.— The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Westphalia), the humble-bee Bombus pratorum Z. 9, quickly
flying from flower to flower, inserting its proboscis into each to suck nectar, and
taking to the wing scarcely 2 seconds later. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the
honey-bee, skg. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), the honey-bee, very freq., also several
Muscids and Dolichopodids (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 172).
2770. A. angulosum L. (= A. acutangulum Schrad.). (Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’
I, p. 98, II, p. 165.)— The rose-red, rarely white flowers of this species are rich in
nectar and protandrous to a varying degree; feebly so at Halle, and very markedly
at Bozen. There are six stamens, the anthers of the inner ones dehiscing first, and
those of the outer later. At Halle, Schulz usually observed self-pollination in the
closed flower.
VisiTors.—Schulz (Halle) observed flies, bees, and Lepidoptera.
2771. A. fallax Schult. (=A. senescens Hos/., and A.montanum F. W. Schmid!).
(Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 165 ; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of
this species are of the same colour as those of A. angulorum, and Schulz found them
to be feebly protandrous at Bozen. The anthers and stigma project beyond the
perianth. Automatic self-pollination is easily possible on account of the proximity
of these organs while the flower is closed.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Schulz (Bozen), flies, bees, and Lepidoptera. Knuth (Kiel), the honey-bee, skg.
MacLeod (Pyrenees), a humble-bee and 3 flies (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii.
1891, p. 306).
2772. A. nutans L. (Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
Visirors.—Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), the bee Podalirius vulpinus Pz. 9, skg.
2773. A. Porrum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 186; Kirchner, ‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 63.)—The whitish or bright pink flowers of this species are aggregated
into very large, globular inflorescences, measuring up to 12 cm. in diameter, and
consisting of 2-3000 bell-shaped individual blossoms. The flowers possess six
stamens, the inner anthers first dehiscing in succession, and then the outer ones.
They project about one mm. beyond the perianth. During dehiscence of the
anthers the style is short, and concealed in a depression of the ovary, but later on,
when the dehisced stamens bend outwards, it elongates to about 3 mm., so that it
projects about 2 mm. beyond the perianth.
Vistrors.—Kirchner observed the honey-bee and beetles.
2774. A. rotundum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob., I, pp. 279-82.)—The
small, fragrant, protandrous flowers of this species are purple-red in colour, and
crowded into globose umbels 30-40 mm. in diameter. The nectar, secreted by
450 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
three shield-shaped, hollowed, nectar-glands at the base of the ovary, is deeply
concealed, being completely covered by the broadened inner filaments. First the
three inner anthers, and then the three outer ones dehisce in succession. The style
does not reach its full length until the latter three have faded, and the stigma is then
receptive. ‘The possibility of automatic self-pollination is retained, however, should
insect-visits fail, for pollen still adheres to the three outer anthers, which are borne
upon narrow filaments, when the stigma is mature. It is then easily possible for the
latter to come into contact with the pollen automatically by elongation of the style, or
to be dusted by fall of pollen.
A visitor inserts its head from above behind the nectar-cover, and thus in
younger flowers touches the pollen-covered anthers, and in older ones the receptive
stigma, so that crossing is ensured.
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed the following in the Miiklberger Schlossberg
in Thuringia.—
A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Bruchus olivaceus Germ., not infreq.
(2) Zelephoridae: 2. Danacea pallipes Pz., not infreq. B. Diptera. (a) Aluscrdae :
(3) Gonia capitata Deg., undoubtedly skg.; 4. Ocyptera cylindrica /., do.; 5. Oli-
vieria lateralis Pz., do.; 6. Ulidia erythrophthalma J/g., vainly searching for nectar.
i Tabanidae: 4. Tabanus rusticus /., freq., skg. (?). C. Hymenoptera.
a) Apidae: 8. Andrena labialis, X. 4, skg.; 9. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.;
1o. Halictus leucopus KX. 9, skg.; 11. H. maculatus Sm. 9, skg. and po-cltg.;
12. Prosopis angustata Schenck $, skg.; 13. P. communis JVy/. 9 and 4, freq., do. ;
14. P. obscurata Schenck 5, do. (6) Formicidae: 15. Lasius niger Z. ¥, creeping for
a long time over the flowers, without finding its way in. (c) Sphegzdae. 16. Cerceris
labiata /. 4, freq., skg. D. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 17. Lycaena damon
S. V.,skg. (6) Sphengidae: 18. Zygaena achilleae Lsp., do.
2775. A. sphaerocephalum L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 52 ;
Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 165-6.)—The red-violet or rose-red flowers of this species
are still a little less markedly protandrous than those of A. rotundum, for though the
style is still short when the inner anthers dehisce, it has elongated by the time the
outer ones are mature and the stigma receptive. When the perianth is closed,
therefore, automatic self-pollination takes place easily.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers and for the
localities stated.—
Schulz, Hymenoptera, flies, Lepidoptera, and beetles. Herm. Miiller (Alps),
a bee, 2 flies, and a lepidopterid. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the Sphegid
Lindenius albilabris 7. 9. F. F. Kohl (Tyrol), the wasp Eumenes unguicu-
lata, Vell.
2776. A. Chamaemoly L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 303,
386.)—The small. white flowers of this species possess a fragrance of nectar, and
grow very close to the ground on short stalks. The mouth of the flower is at first
upwardly directed, and the blossoms are therefore almost concealed among the
ribbon-like foliage leaves. The ovary secretes nectar abundantly in three grooves.
Kerner states that the flowers are protogynous, thus differing from all other species
of Allium hitherto examined. In the first stage of anthesis, the stamens, with anthers
still closed, are pressed against the perianth leaves, and the receptive stigma is
situated in the entrance of the flower. In the second stage all the stamens bend
towards the middle of the flower, the anthers dehiscing at the same time, so that
LILIACEAE 457
a close tangle of pollen-covered anthers is situated there, which is touched by that
part of the body of an insect probing for nectar with which it brushes against the
stigma of a flower in the first stage. Insect-visits therefore ensure crossing. Finally,
in the third stage, the peduncle curves downwards so that the flower lies on the earth
and automatic self-pollination becomes possible by fall of pollen, or by means of
such grains as lie on the perianth leaves.
2777. A. vineale L. (Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 143-4,
167; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Plants of this species bear
almost spherical inflorescences 24 cm. in diameter, on scapes about 4 m. high,
composed of numerous dark-violet protandrous flowers mixed with bulbils. The
acutely ovoid flower is closed by the inwardly inclining perianth leaves, and is 5 mm.
long and 3 mm. wide at its broadest part. In the first (male) stage the filaments,
with transverse anthers, project about 3 mm. from the flower, while the style, with
still immature stigma, is concealed. After the exserted parts of the filaments have
faded, and the completely emptied anthers have withdrawn into the perianth, the
stigma on the elongating style projects, so that it is finally situated 3 mm. above the
flower. Nectar is found at the base of the ovary in both stages, collected in a little
pocket at the bottom of the perianth leaves. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains
as bluish-white in colour, delicately tuberculate, ellipsoidal, about 44 » long and
23 » broad.
Visirors.—Knuth observed 2 humble-bees, skg. (Bombus lapidarius Z., and
B. pratorum Z.): also Muscids, which did not go to the nectar, but crept about
testing different parts of the flower, and occasionally transferred pollen.
2778. A. oleraceum L. (Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 98; Warnstorf, Verh. bot.
Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The flowers of this species are at first greenish-white
in colour, but during anthesis they become dark-pink. Like those of the other
species of the genus they are protandrous. They possess six stamens, the anthers
of the inner ones dehiscing first; their filaments elongate a little, and the anthers
project beyond the edge of the flower-bell; then those of the outer whorl mature
in succession. At this time the style is still short and the stigmatic papillae still
immature, the former only reaching its full length after 8-10 days, during which
time the flowers remain uninterruptedly open (Warnstorf). The pollen-grains are
white in colour, ellipsoidal, very delicately tuberculate, about 56 » long and
25 p broad.
2779. A. carinatum L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 183-6.) — Sprengel
recognized this species as protandrous. He observed the honey-bee as a
visitor.
2780. A. Schoenoprasum L., var. (4) sibiricum Willd. (Sprengel, op. cit.,
p. 185; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 98; Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’
p- 353; Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871.}—The flowers of this species
possess an odour of nectar, and are feebly protandrous in the Riesengebirge,
automatic self-pollination being therefore possible, as they close at night.
Ricca found the variety (c) alpinum to be protandrous, and visited by
numerous small Lepidoptera of the genus Crambus, even at an elevation of 2000
metres.
458 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2781. A. Cepa L. (Sprengel, op. cit, p. 184; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’
P- 553; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 62; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
The whitish flowers of this species are markedly protandrous; the thin inner
anthers dehisce first, and then the outer ones, projecting straight out of the widely
opened perianth. The style, at first only one mm. long, elongates to 5 mm.
during dehiscence of the anthers, and the stigma only matures when these have
withered.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the honey-bee, skz., and the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z., po-dvg.
Herm. Miille.—A. Diptera. Empidae: 1. Empis livida Z. B. Hymenoptera.
(a) Apidae: 2. Bombus terrester Z. 5; 3. Halictus cylindricus /. 6; 4. Prosopis
punctulatissima Sm. (4) Sphegidae: 5. Miscus campestris Zr. All skg. Alfken
(Bremen), 3 bees—1. Prosopis brevicornis JVy/. 9, rare; 2. P. communis JVy/.
g and 4, very common; 3. P. pictipes Wy/. and P. punctulatissima Sm. F. F. Kohl
gardens in Bozen), 4 Chrysididids—1. Chrysis rutilans Ozv.; 2. C. distinguenda
Spin.; 3. Parnopes grandior Pa//.; 4. Ellampus spina Zep. (= E. productus Dahlé.),
7 wasps—1. Vespa rufa Z.; 2. Eumenes pomiformis / (Tyrol); 3. E. unguiculata
Vill.; 4. Leionotus dantici Rossz; 5. L. bidentatus Zep.; 6. Epipona spiricornis
Spin.; 7. Ancistrocerus parietum L.
2782. A. fistulosum L. (Sprengel, op. cit., pp. 183-6.)—This species is
also protandrous.
VisiToRS.—Sprengel observed the honey-bee.
891. Hyacinthus L.
Bee flowers with juicy tissue at the base of the ovary, or with concealed
nectar secreted there.
2783. H. orientalis L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 200; Herm. Miller,
‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 554, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 278; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’ ;
Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)— Sprengel states that in
this species the ovary possesses three whitish spots on its upper side, each secreting
a small drop of nectar. Warnstorf also says that nectar is secreted in three large
spherical drops on the upper part of the ovary, in three furrows alternating with
the sutural grooves of the carpels. Hermann Miiller, however, could find no free
secretion of nectar, but he describes the base of the perianth as juicy, and therefore
probably bored by long-tongued visitors. The perianth tube is 12-15 mm. long.
Its lower third surrounds the ovary with its short style and three-lobed stigma.
It is slightly contracted above this, and its middle third bears the anthers, which
mature simultaneously with the stigma, An insect probing at the base of the flower
touches the anthers with one side of its proboscis and the stigma with the other, thus
favouring cross-pollination. Automatic self-pollination is prevented by the usually
horizontal position of the flower, and can in any case only take place in flowers
which are by chance vertical. The pollen-grains are ellipsoidal, sulphur-yellow
in colour, very finely papillose, on an average 75 » long and 25 mw broad.
Visttors.—Hermann Miiller (H. M.), Buddeberg (Budd.), and Knuth (Kn.)
observed the following.—
LILIACEAE 459
A. Coleoptera. itidulidae: 1. Meligethes, in great numbers, apparently
po-dvg. (H. M.). B. Diptera. Syrphcdae: 2. Cheilosia sp., vainly searching
for nectar (H.M.); 3. Eristalis sp., po-cltg. (H. M.). C. Hymenoptera. <Apzdae:
4. Andrena albicans A@d//. $§ (Budd.); 5. A. fulva Schr. 9, skg.; 6. Anthophora
pilipes /. 9 and 4, freq., skg. (H. M., Budd.); 7. Apis mellifica Z. ¥ (Kn., H. M.);
8. Bombus hortorum Z. 9 (Kn.), one, skg.; 9. B. terrester Z. 9, skg. (H. M.);
10. Halictus albipes /. 9, po-cltg. (Budd.); 11. Osmia cornuta Zr. 4, skg. (Budd.) ;
12. O. rufa Z. 9 and 4, very common, skg. (H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. 13. Rho-
docera rhamni Z., freq., 1 skg. (H. M.); 14. Vanessa io Z., skg. (H. M.); 15. V.
urticae Z., not infreq., skg. (Kn.).
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Alfken (Bremen), 5 bees—1. Andrena albicans (/#//.8; 2. Bombus pratorum
L.9; 3. B. terrester LZ, 9; 4. Osmia rufa Z. 9 and; 5. Podalirius acervorum Z. 6.
Friese (Mecklenburg), 3 bees—z. Melecta armata Pz.; 2. Osmia rufa Z., freq. ;
3. Podalirius acervorum Z., do. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee
Melecta luctuosa Scop. $. Burkill (Yorkshire coast), 2 bees (Apis mellifica Z., skg.,
and Bombus terrester Z., do.) and the butterfly Vanessa urticae Z., skg. (‘ Fertlsn.
of Spring Fils.’). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 3 bees—r. Andrena fulva
nae 8, skg.; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. or (?) boring for sap; 3. Osmia rufa Z.
, do.
2784. H. amethystinus L. (MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’ pp. 45—7.)—The blue,
slightly overhanging flowers of this species are protandrous. The perianth tube is
about g-11 mm. long, the lobes about 2-5 mm. In the first stage of anthesis the
anthers of the three longer stamens dehisce; they project 2-5 mm. beyond the
stigma, so that in consequence of the pendulous position of the flowers, automatic
self-pollination is excluded. In the second stage, the anthers of the three shorter
stamens have dehisced, and are now situated at the same level as the maturing stigma
by means of the elongation of the style, so that automatic self-pollination must take
place. Secretion of free nectar has not been observed.
Visitors. — MacLeod observed 2 flies (Eristalis sp., and Bombylius sp.) and
a lepidopterid (Aurora sp.).
892. Galtonia Decne.
2785. G. candicans Decne. (=Hyacinthus candicans Baker). (Knuth, ‘ Bloe-
menbiol. Bijdragen.’)—This South African species is found with us as a garden plant
with markedly protandrous flowers. At first the pollen-covered anthers bend together
towards the centre. After they have dropped off the filaments bend back towards
the perianth. The style, which was previously surrounded by them, thus becomes
free, and the terminal stigma develops its papillae; the latter are now in the position
previously occupied by the anthers, so that crossing must be effected when insects of
suitable size visit the flowers. These use the stamens as alighting-rods in the first
stage and the style in the second. Nectar is abundantly secreted by the lower side
of the ovary and stored in the base of the flower. Six nectar-passages about 8 mm.
deep, are situated between the broadened roots of the filaments.
Visitors. —Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee and the
humble-bee Bombus terrester 9 and ¥, both skg. persistently.
460 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
893. Gloriosa.
2786. G. (Methonica) superba L. (Delpino, ‘Sugli appar. d. fecondaz.
nelle piante autocarp.,’ pp. 23-4; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867.)—In
the downwardly directed flowers of this species the stamens and style diverge
horizontally outwards and serve, Delpino supposes, as alighting-rods for insect
visitors. Hildebrand supplements this by asserting that in younger flowers the
style, and in older ones the stamens, serve this purpose, so that the former are
dusted with pollen from the latter.
894. Muscari Tourn.
Bee flowers with juicy tissue at the base of the ovary and the perianth. Grass-
mann says that nectar is secreted by the septal glands of the ovary. At the tip of
the inflorescence there are usually brightly-coloured, long-stalked flowers, which
often remain closed like buds, and are asexual, serving only as an attraction.
2787. M. botryoides Mill. (= Hyacinthus botryoides Z.). (Herm. Miiller,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, pp. 277-8; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 65.)—In this species
a number of bright blue flowers, directed obliquely upwards, and remaining closed
with reduced reproductive organs, are found above the dark-blue ones with whitish
teeth, which are pendulous to horizontal, and possess well-developed stamens and
carpels. They serve to heighten the conspicuousness of the inflorescence. When
the perfect flowers open, their anthers and stigma are mature. The almost spherical
flowers have contracted small openings, and the anthers dehisce introrsely, so that
visitors boring the juicy basal tissue touch some of them with one side of their
bodies and the stigma with the other, thus as a rule effecting cross-pollination.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, the honey-bee. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the hover-fly
Eristalis aeneus Scop., settling on the outside of the corolla, and 2 bees—1. Andrena
fulva Schr. 9, skg.; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, boring for sap.
2788. M. comosum Mill. (=Hyacinthus comosus Z.). (Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Beob. a. d. Ins. Capri,’ pp. 25-7; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 170; Sprengel, ‘ Entd.
Geh.,’ p. 201.)—The plants belonging to this species that I examined in the island of
Capri possessed an inflorescence which, during the bud stage, was only a few centi-
metres long, and was contracted into a spike; later, however, by elongation of the
axis, a raceme of 20-30 cm. was developed. The upper 20-30 flowers remain
sterile; they are deep-blue in colour, and develop upwardly directed stalks, 1-2 cm.
in length, of the same colour. They are completely closed and asexual. Below
them are some open flowers with reduced pistils and finally, below these, 30-40
blossoms with fully developed stamens and carpels. Schulz describes the colouring
of the perianth (at Bozen) as pale greyish-yellow, marked with bright metallic brown
towards the edge. The flowers examined by him possessed a perianth 7-12 mm.
long and 4-12 mm. wide; those at Capri are 8 mm. long on an average. They are
homogamous, the anthers being situated close under the stigma, so that automatic
self-pollination takes place if insect-visits fail. Otherwise cross-pollination is favoured.
LILIACEAE 461
VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Schulz (S. Tyrol), Lepidoptera and long-tongued bees. Knuth (Capri, early
April, ’92), 2 bees—Anthophora femorata Ozv., and A. pilipes #. 9 and 4. With
extended bodies and loudly humming they flew very rapidly about in the mature
flowers, usually only touching them for a moment with their forelegs (more rarely
clinging to them), and probing them deeply with their long, widely extended proboscis,
They did this with great rapidity, and as quickly hurried away to visit a distant plant
of the same species. To catch some of these bees was a very tedious matter. Friese
(Fiume), 2 bees—Andrena julliani Schmzedekn., and A. tscheki JZor.
2789. M. tenuiflorum Tausch (= M.comosum Jil, according to the Index
Kewensis). (Schulz, op. cit., I, p. 99, II, p. 200.)—In this species the grey-greenish-
brown flowers, with a touch of violet, are feebly protogynous. As the stigma is
situated just beneath or between the anthers, automatic self-pollination is easily
possible. There are also flowers with reduced pistils above those with complete
stamens and carpels, and other apical, long-stalked, bud-like ones, completely closed,
and serving only for attraction.
2790. M. racemosum Mill. (=Hyacinthus racemosus Z.). (Herm. Miiller,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 278; Schulz, op. cit., II, pp. 168-70.)—The perianth in this
species is about 6 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, and dark-violet in colour. The
flowers are protogynous, the stigmas being mature before anthesis. The anthers
are at first apposed to the perianth, and bend later towards the stigma, so that
automatic self-pollination takes place. Insects searching for the sparingly secreted
nectar at first effect cross-pollination more easily, touching stigma and anthers with
opposite parts of their bodies. Above the normal flowers are partially reduced ones,
and at the top 3-9 completely neuter open ones.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), the honey-bee, freq., skg. or po-cltg., and the
butterfly Vanessa urticae Z., occasionally skg. Schletterer (Pola), the bee Eucera
longicornis Z. Friese, Fiume (F.), Trieste (T.), and Hungary (H.), 8 bees—
1. Andrena albofasciata Ths. (F.); 2. A. croatica Friese, freq. (F.); 3. A. julliani
Schmiedekn. (F.); 4. Eucera caspica Mor., very freq. (H.), var. perezi AMocs., freq.
(H.); 5. Halictus fasciatellus Schenck 9 (H.); 6. H. obscuratus Afor., not infreq.
(F., H., T.); 7. Nomada fabriciana Z.; 8. N. verna Mocs. (F., H.). Loew (Berlin
Botanic Garden), 2 bees—Apis mellifica Z. §, boring for sap, and Osmia rufa L. 4, do.
2791. M. neglectum Guss.—
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Osmia rufa Z. 6,
boring for sap.
2792. M. Lelievrii Bor. (=M. botryoides Afi, according to the Index
Kewensis).—
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Andrena fulva Schr.
9, skg.
2793. M. pallens Bess.—
Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the honey-bee, boring
for sap.
462 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
895. Hemerocallis L.
Flowers with infundibulo-campanulate, short-tubed perianth, storing nectar at its
base, which is only accessible to long-tongued butterflies.
2794. H. fulva L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 43, 203; Kerner, ‘Nat.
Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 212, 218, 402; Maximowicz, Vést. ob8¢. sadov.,
St. Petersburg, Protok. 324, 1888.)—The red-yellow, fragrant flowers of this
species bloom for one day only; Kerner says that they open between 6-7 a.m.
and close between 8-9 p.m. They are protogynous for half an hour only. The
mature stigma projects from the still closed perianth. When the latter opens about
half an hour later, the anthers dehisce. The style projects considerably beyond
them, however, as Baillon (Bull. soc. linn., Paris, 1881, pp. 295-6) points out, so that
self-pollination is excluded, while insects probing for the nectar store at the base
of the perianth first brush against the stigma and dust it with foreign pollen, and
then dust themselves afresh. Kerner states that the nectar is only accessible to
long-tongued butterflies, in spite of the shortness of the perianth tube (2 cm.), because
the entrance is so contracted that only a thin, bristle-like proboscis can be inserted.
Such visitors have not yet been observed in European gardens. According to
Sprengel’s assertion, which Kerner confirms, the plant never sets fruits here, so
that it is highly probable that in its original home (East Asia) it is pollinated by
such butterflies, which are not to be found in Europe. Maximowicz states that
artificial pollination is also ineffective; the flowers do not produce mature seeds
in Europe. Sprengel, who pollinated the flower artificially with its own pollen, also
obtained no fruits.
2795. H. flava L. (Sprengel, op. cit., p. 202; Kerner, op. cit., II, p. 213.)—
The flowers of this species, as of the preceding one, are laterally directed, yellow
in colour, and odourless. They also possess the same mechanism; autogamy is
therefore excluded. Anthesis lasts more than six days. The species is self-sterile,
according to Focke.
2796. H. Dumortieri Morr., and 2797. H. serotina.— Focke describes
these species as self-sterile.
896. Funckia Spreng.
Kerner (op. cit., II, p. 304) states that in species of this genus the stigmas are at
first concealed behind the stamens; later on the filaments bend backwards, so that
the stigmas are freed.
897. Narthecium Moehr.
Homogamous pollen flowers. Filaments beset with hairs directed obliquely
upwards.
2798. N. ossifragum Huds. (Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’
pp. 142-3, 167; ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 239.)—In the North
Frisian islands the inflorescences of this species are spikes made up of 8-15 yellow
flowers with red anthers. No nectar is secreted, but the flowers possess a fragrance
resembling that of Habenaria bifolia. Soon after the flowers open anthers and
LILIACEAE 463
stigma mature simultaneously, but automatic self-pollination is excluded, for these
organs do not come into contact, there being about 3 mm. distance between them.
So long as I observed the honey-bee only as quite a casual visitor, I was of opinion
that regular autogamy was probable as well as pollination, by means of the extremely
violent wind prevailing in the islands. The filaments are 3-4 mm. long, and beset
with very numerous dense yellow hairs, almost one mm. long and directed obliquely
upwards, which not only increase the conspicuousness of the flowers, but also serve
as hold-fasts for insects, and as weels for catching pollen. Sometimes this is
temporarily deposited here when it has missed the stigma of the same flower until
it is carried to it by a fresh gust of wind, when automatic self-pollination is effected,
and sometimes the pollen is carried by the wind to a flower of an adjacent plant,
when it is again caught first by the filament-hairs and transferred thence to the
stigma when occasion offers, crossing thus being brought about. It may be seen
that this latter occurrence is not exactly rare from the fact that numerous pollen-
masses—sharply distinguished from the yellow filament-hairs by their yellow-red
Fic. 401. Narthectum ossifragum, Huds. (from nature, diagrammatic’. (1) Flower, seen from
above. (2) Do., from the side, after removal of some stamens and part of the perianth (x 23).
a, anthers; /, perianth; s, stigma.
colour—are to be found not only on the inner sides of the stamens, but are also
often found caught by the hairs on the outer sides of the filaments; this latter
must therefore be foreign pollen. Having at a later date observed various bees
and flies as busy and constant visitors of these flowers in the North Frisian Islands,
I am now convinced that the anemophily just described must be considered only as
an exception, and that pollen is as a rule transferred by insects. Kerner states
that autogamy takes place towards the end of anthesis by fall of pollen.
Willis and Burkill’s description (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ I, p. 267) of
the flower mechanism for Central Wales agrees with mine for the North Frisian
Islands; they, however, frequently observed automatic self-pollination, the flowers
opening so late that the anthers had already dehisced and had dusted the stigmas.
The reason for this might have been that the plant was almost at the end of the
flowering season. The tissue at the base of the filaments is, according to Willis and
Burkill, juicy, and is perhaps bored by bees, if they visit the flowers.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
464 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Borgstette (Borg.), Tecklenburg (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 274), and
Knuth (Kn.) Fohr.—A. Diptera. J/uscidae: 1. Cynomyia mortuorum Z., skg.
(Borg.); 2. Lucilia caesar Z. (Borg.); 3. Pyrellia cadaverina Z. (Borg.). B. Hy-
menoptera. Apidae: 4. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, po-cltg. (Borg., Kn.); 5. Colletes
daviesanus A’. 9 (Kn.); 6. Halictus albipes /. 9, po-cltg. (Borg.); 7. H. cylindricus
F. 9, (Kn.): 8. H. malachurus X. 9, po-cltg. (Borg.); 9. H. rubicundus Car. 9, do.
(Borg.). Willis and Burkill (Central Wales, ‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ I,
p. 267.—A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Anthomyia radicum Z., freq., po-dvg.;
2. Hydrellia griseola Fal/., do.; 3. Hylemyia lasciva Ze¢t, do. (6) Syrphidae:
4. Platycheirus manicatus J/g., po-dvg. B..Hemiptera. 5. One sp., rare.
C. Hymenoptera. (a) Formicidae: 6. Myrmica rubra Z., po-dvg. (6) Ichneu-
monidae: 7. One sp.
898. Asparagus Tourn.
Dioecious, rarely hermaphrodite flowers with concealed nectar stored at the
base of the perianth.
2799. A. officinalis L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 548, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’
I, pp. 282-3; Breitenbach, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxxvi, 1878, pp. 163-7; Schulz,
FIG. 402. .1lsparagus officinalis, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (1) Male flower, from below.
(2) Do., after removal of half the perianth; from the side. (3) Female flower, from below. (4) Do.,
after removal of half the perianth; from the side. a, vestigial stamens; 4, vestigial ovary.
‘Beitrage,’ II, p. 199; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 662; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The whitish-green,
pendulous flower-bells of this species possess a characteristic odour. Most of the
stocks are unisexual, but every flower possesses vestiges of the other sex. The male
flowers, which are first visited by insects, are larger, and therefore more conspicuous,
than the female ones; their perianth is 6 mm. long, that of the latter only 3 mm.
Breitenbach first pointed out that besides purely male and purely female stocks,
hermaphrodite ones also occur, which, however, do not bear hermaphrodite
flowers alone, but also other transition forms showing various degrees of reduction
of the pistil. Breitenbach, however, observed no intermediate forms between
female and hermaphrodite flowers, and thus no stocks which besides hermaphrodite
flowers bore others possessing vestigial stamens devoid of pollen. Schulz states
LILIACEAE 465
that purely male and purely female, more rarely also purely hermaphrodite
stocks, or hermaphrodite ones bearing either male or female flowers, occur in the
same habitat. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as reddish-yellow in colour,
ellipsoidal, almost smooth, about 37 » long and 19—21 yw broad.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth, the honey-bee, freq., skg. and po-cltg. Herm. Miiller, 5 bees—1. Apis
mellifica Z. Y, very common, ske. and po-cltg.; 2. Halictus sexnotatus X. 9, po-cltg.;
3. Megachile centuncularis Z. 9, skg.; 4. Osmia rufa Z. 9, skg.; 5. Prosopis
dilatata K. 9, skg. Plateau (Belgium), the bee Megachile ericetorum Zep. Friese
(Hungary), the bee Andrena rufohispida Dours. Loew (Silesia, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 32),
3 bees—1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.; 2. Halictus sexnotatus K. 9, skg.; 3. Megachile
octosignata Wy/. $, skg.; (Berlin Botanic Garden), the bee Halictus sexnotatus K. 9,
skg. von Fricken (Westphalia and East Prussia), and Redtenbacher (Vienna), 2
Chrysomelid beetles—Crioceris asparagi Z., very common, and C. duodecimpunctata
L., infreq.
2800. A. acutifolius L.—The flowers of this species are pale green in colour.
Visitors.—Plateau observed the bee Megachile ericetorum Zeg., and small
hover-flies,
2801. A. scaber Brign. (=A. amarus DC.).—
Visttors.—As last species; also the honey-bee.
899. Ruscus L.
2802. R. aculeatus L.— Hildebrand (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896)
describes this species as monoecious.
goo. Rohdea Roth.
2803. R. japonica Roth.—This species, which should perhaps be placed here,
was observed by Delpino (‘Ult. oss.,’ pp. 239-40; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig,
xxviii, 1870) to be visited and pollinated by snails (Helix aspersa Mz//., H. vermicu-
lata Muli, and others). ‘They devoured the thick, fleshy perianth, and then crept on
to another inflorescence. Fruits were only set in flowers visited by snails.
Baroni (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xxv, 1893) says that perhaps earthworms
pollinate this species as well as snails and insects. Artificial pollination was effective.
go1. Convallaria L.
Feebly protandrous pollen flowers, possessing juicy tissue at the base of the
ovary’. Septal glands absent, according to Grassmann.
2804. C. majalis L. (Hildebrand, ‘D. Geschlecht-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 62;
Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’ p. 549, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 54; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,
Eng. Ed. 1, I, pp. 109, 119, 200-1; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v,
1893, pp. 310-11; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 167-8; Ludwig, D. bot. Monatsschr.,
Arnstadt, i, 1883, p. 106; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 70; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol.
Bijdragen’; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The flowers of this
species are devoid of nectar’, but possess a delightful fragrance. In the small,
1 Cf. foot-note on Leucojum aestivum Z.
DAVIS, LI Hh
466 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
pendulous bells the style projects up to 2 mm. beyond the anthers. Pollen-collecting
bees therefore first touch the stigma and then the anthers, so that cross-pollination is
ensured by insect-visits. Should these fail, automatic self-pollination takes place by
the fall of pollen upon the papillose edge of the stigma.
Besides the usual form with bright
yellow anthers and pure white perianth,
Ludwig observed another in Thuringia
with vivid yellow anthers and certain
parts of the flower coloured red, such
as the base of the perianth, hypogynous
disk, or the base of the filaments. Lud-
wig states that this large-flowered form
secretes free nectar on the disk situated
o Bie ton Congalaras mals Laie Herm. Male). below the ovary, 50 that it appears to be
the side after removal of half the perianth with three of the entomophilous to a greater degree than
epipetalous stamens. a, anthers; /r, ovary; 2, stigma; :
sé, filaments. the ordinary one. Schulz, however, says
that this is not the case, as in both forms
the flowers are of the same size, and the hypogynous disk is provided with sugary
juice without secretion of free nectar.
Visitors.—Knuth observed the honey-bee, freq., po-cltg. Herm. Miiller records
the honey-bee, and also (in the Alps) the Cerambycid beetle Acmaeops collaris Z.
g02. Polygonatum Adans.
Homogamous humble-bee or bee flowers, white in colour, with a greenish tip.
Nectar secreted, usually in large quantities, by the septal glands of the ovary, and
stored at the base of the perianth.
Fic. 404. Polygonatum verticillatum, All. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower, seen directly from
below (x 7). B. Do., in longitudinal section. C. Pistil. 4, nectar; ov, ovary; p, petals: s, sepals;
st, stigma.
2805. P. verticillatum All. (= Convallaria verticillata Z.). (Herm. Miller,
‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 52-3; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage,’ II, pp. 166, 224; Grassmann,
LILIACEAE 467
‘D. Septaldriisen ’; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 71.)—The flowers of this species
are adapted for pollination by bees. The vertically pendulous flower-bells are
8-10 mm. long. They secrete abundant nectar at their base. Bees searching for
this cling to the lower side of the flower, and touch the introrse anthers with one side
of their bodies, and with the other the stigma, which matures simultaneously, and
is situated at the same level as the anthers, thus effecting cross-pollination. Nectar-
sucking lepidoptera do not necessarily touch both organs with their thin proboscis.
Should bee-visitors fail, automatic self-pollination takes place in consequence of the
proximity of anthers and stigma.
Visirors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps) observed 2 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera.
Schulz noticed numerous Hymenoptera and small Lepidoptera: also perforated
flowers.
2806. P. officinale All. (= Convallaria Polygonatum Z.). (Sprengel, ‘ Entd.
Geh.,’ p. 198; Herm. Miiller, op. cit., pp. 53-4; Grassmann, op. cit.; Almqvist,
Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxxviii, 1889, p. 663; Kirchner, op. cit., p. 70.)—The
flowers of this species are adapted for pollination by humble-bees. They possess
an odour of bitter almonds, and conceal the nectar? in the base of the perianth bell
(14-17 mm. long), so that it is only accessible to the longest-tongued bees. The
flower entrance is almost filled up by the stigma. As the anthers are situated about
3 mm. above the latter, it is touched by humble-bee visitors before the pollen,
crossing being thus brought about. Should humble-bee visits fail, automatic self-
pollination is effected by fall of pollen. Almqvist found no free nectar in flowers
examined by him at Stockholm, but the walls of the ovary and perianth contained
sweet juice, which could only be extracted by boring’.
In the Alps the perianth tube is often perforated, and the nectar stolen, by
Bombus mastrucatus. The hole made by this humble-bee is then used by other
insects also to steal nectar. I have never observed perforation in flowers in North
Germany.
VisiTors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the humble-bee Bombus
lapidarius Z. ¥, skg.
2807. P. latifolium Desf. (= Convallaria latifolia /acg.). (K. F. Jordan,
“D. Stellung d. Honigbehilter.’)—In this species the entrance to the flower is
situated between the introrse anthers and the stigma, so that suitable visitors must
chiefly effect crossing.
2808. P. multiflorum All. (= Convallaria multiflora Z.). (Herm. Miiller,
‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 550, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 283; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent,
v, 1893, pp. 311-13 ; Grassmann, ‘ D. Septaldriisen’; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 71; Almgvist, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xxxviii, 1889, p. 663; Warnstorf, Verh.
bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Knuth, Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of
this species are adapted for pollination by humble-bees. The perianth tube is
11-18 mm. long, and its base, which secretes a little nectar, is only accessible to
long-tongued bees, especially as the entrance to the flower is closed by the stigma
and the anthers closely surrounding it, and the filaments are beset with hairs.
1 Cf. the foot-note on Leuco;um aestivum Z.
Hh 2
468 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Humble-bee visitors touch the stigma with one side of their bodies and some of
the pollen-covered anthers with the other, thus regularly effecting cross-pollination.
At the same time, however, they press the opposite side of the stigma against the
anthers, and thus bring about self-pollination also. This takes place automatically
when suitable visitors fail.
In this species Almqvist could find no free nectar, but only sugar-containing tissue.
Warnstorf could find no nectar in the flowers. He says that the stigmatic
papillae are receptive while the flowers are still closed. The style varies in length;
it may be short, or reach to about the middle of the perianth tube, or even attain the
same level as the anthers. Stocks bearing hermaphrodite and male flowers are not
rare. The pollen-grains are white in colour, ellipsoidal, smooth, on an average
65-70 » long and 31 w broad.
Geisenheyner (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, xiii, 1895) observed a tendency to the
formation of male flowers at Kreuznach and other places.
Vis1Tors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (Lippstadt), the hover-fly Rhingia rostrata Z., very freq.,
po-dvg., and 3 bees—1x. Andrena fasciata Wesm. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 2. Bombus
agrorum /. 9, skg.; 3. B. hortorum Z.,do. MacLeod (Flanders), a humble-bee.
903. Maianthemum Wigs.
Protogynous flowers with little or no secretion of nectar at the base?! of the
flower. Ovary with septal glands (Grassmann).
2809. M. convallaria Wigg. (= M. bifolium Schmzd/, and Convallaria
bifolia Z.). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p.69; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 313-14; Schulz, ‘Beitrage,’ II, p.168.)—In the small, white, fragrant
flowers of this species the perianth lobes and stamens at first diverge widely; the
anthers are still closed, but the stigma already receptive. The perianth lobes then
bend backwards again and the anthers of the stamens directed obliquely upwards
dehisce introrsely. When insects visit the flowers, cross-pollination is favoured by
the distance between stigma and anthers. Should insect-visits fail, pollen can easily
fall upon the still receptive stigma, in consequence of the almost vertical position of
the flower. Automatic self-pollination is thus easily possible. Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal, almost smooth, up to 50 » long and
19 » broad.
Visitors.—Schulz observed small flies.
904. Streptopus Michx.
Homogamous or feebly protogynous bee flowers, secreting nectar at the base
of the perianth leaves.
2810. S. distortus Michx. (= S. amplexifolius DC., and Uvularia amplexi-
folia £Z.). (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xvi, 1886, pp. 39-40; Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ 1, pp. 98-9, I], p. 224.)--In this species the whitish, pendulous flowers
are sprinkled or blotched with red on the inside and on the edges of the sepals which
' Cf. the foot-note on Leucojum aestivum L.
LILIACEAE 469
project beyond and enclose the petals. There are six stamens, the three outer
possessing two lateral teeth above the base. In species examined by Schulz, in the
Riesengebirge, the anthers mature at the same time as the stigma, but Warming
describes those in Greenland as feebly protogynous. In a later stage of anthesis
the stigma projects a little beyond the anthers. Self-pollination by fall of pollen
is easily possible in consequence of the position of the flower. Access to the nectar
can only be obtained through three narrow canals, which indicates humble-bee
pollinators, although the normal visitors have not yet been observed.
go05. Paris L.
Markedly protogynous pollen flowers, which Hermann Miiller describes as
deceptive.
2811. P. quadrifolia L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 557, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I,
p- 283; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 87, 341; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 3143
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 72.)—
Flowers of this species perhaps belong to
class Fd (cf Vol. I, p. 135). They are
devoid of nectar and fragrance, and the
stigmas are mature when the flowers open;
the yellow anthers do not dehisce until
some days later, but the stigmas still
remain receptive. In the first stage of
anthesis the inconspicuous flowers offer
no nutriment to insect visitors, but
carrion-flies are attracted to them by the
sometimes shining, but generally dull, Fie: doe eueee Guede; etiam taaey
dark-purple ovary and stigma, which Flower, natural size, in its first (female) stage: the
‘ stigmas (s) are already mature, the anthers (a) still
deceptively suggest the presence of putre- closed. ca, sepals; co, petals.
fying flesh. Later they produce powdery
pollen, which floats away in a small cloud when the stamens are lightly struck.
As the stigmas are still receptive, self-pollination can also take place; Kerner says
that this is effected by contact of anthers and stigma.
Female flowers sometimes occur with stamens devoid of anthers; these then
resemble the petals in form and colour.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellow in colour, irregular, roundish to
ellipsoidal, finely tuberculate, about 40-50 » long and 35 » broad.
Visitors.—These are rare. I have watched the plant under favourable
conditions, and never seen any. Herm. Miiller observed flies (including Scatophaga
merdaria /.), and Kirchner a moth.
906. Trillium L.
Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, IJ, p. 311) describes all the species of this
genus as protogynous, so that cross-pollination is favoured at first. In T. grandi-
florum Sa/isd. (op. cit.), two anthers are situated in each of the three angles formed
470 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
by the diverging stigmas, and in every dehisced anther only the pollen of the lobe
turned inwards is devoted to autogamy, while that of the lobe facing outwards may
be removed by insects after autogamy has been effected.
2812, T. erectum L.—Loew (‘Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ II, pp. 78-9) describes
this species as bearing nauseous flowers.
2813. T. grandiflorum Salisb—The flowers of this species possess no
unpleasant odour.
2814. T. sessile L.—
Vistrors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the beetle Cetonia aurata
L., dvg. the stamens in the base of the flower.
907. Kniphofia Moench.
2815. K. aloides Moench (= Tritoma Uvaria Ker-Gaw/.).—Stadler (‘Beitrage
zur Kentniss d. Nektarien,’ pp. 1-5) describes this species as first protogynous and
then homogamous.
Visrrors.—Errera and Gevaert (Bull. Soc. roy. bot., Bruxelles, xvii, 1878) states
that these are butterflies,
908. Aphyllanthes Tourn.
2816. A. monspeliensis L.—Kerner (‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 341)
says that in this species the anthers do not at first touch the stigma, because the
stamens diverge. Later on, however, these bend inwards, so that the anthers of the
three shorter ones come into contact with the three lower stigmatic lobes and those
of the three longer ones with the three upper lobes, autogamy being thus effected.
909. Veltheimia Gled.
2817. V. viridiflora Jacq. Bailey (Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl., New York, xiii, 1886,
p- 62) describes this series as protandrous.
gio. Camassia Lindl.
2818. C. Fraseri Torr.—Loew (‘ Bliitenbiol. Beitrage,’ pp. 236-7) has described
the flower mechanism of this species.
VisiTors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the following.—
The Telephorid beetle Cantharis fusca L., settling in the flowers, and 2 bees—
1. Apis mellifica Z, ¥, po-cltg. and boring for sap at the base of the ovary; 2 i
fulviventris Pz. 4, boring for sap.
ou. Albuca L.
2819. A. corymbosa Batt.—Wilson (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891)
states that in flowers of this species humble-bees press the petals outwards, force
their thorax between the inner anthers and the stigma, and effect cross-pollination.
Autogamy is excluded. It was proved by experiment that the pollen of the inner
anthers produced the best results.
LILIACEAE 471
2820. A. fastigiata Dryand.—(Wilson, op. cit.}—In this species autogamy
is excluded. Artificial self-pollination is ineffective.
g12. Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.
2821. A. elatior Blume.—Delpino regards this species as micromyophilous (¢/.
Vol. I, p. 15), but J. Wilson (Bibl. No. 3662) is of opinion that snails effect pollination ;
these slip through small openings in the flowers and usually bring about autogamy.
913. Colchicum L.
Protogynous flowers with concealed nectar, secreted by the thickened outer
sides of the proximal ends of the free part of the filaments, and stored in furrows,
3-5 mm. long and covered with woolly hairs, at the bases of the perianth leaves.
2822. C. autum-
nale L. (Sprengel,
‘Entd.Geh.,’ pp. 206-8 ;
Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertili-
sation,’ p. 556; Kirch-
ner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p.67; Schulz, ‘Beitrige,’
I, pp. 99-100; Kerner,
‘Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng.
Ed. 1, II, p. 374;
MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v,
1893, pp. 307-8;
Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol.
Herbstbeob.,’ ‘ Bliiten-
biol. Notizen’; Warn-
storf, Verh. bot. Ver.,
Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)
= . as Fic. 406. Colchicum autumnale, L. (from nature). a, Flower (natural
In the large, bright size) after removal of a sepal and a petal with their attached stamens: the
violet flowers of this three stigmas project beyond the anthers. 4, A petal (natural size), with its
z . stamen, and the thickened, nectar-secreting part (7) of the filament: behind is
species the stigmas are seen the nectar-storing furrow of the petal.
usually mature before
the stamens, but remain receptive until the latter are ripe. If insects visit the
flowers early, therefore, cross-pollination is ensured; if later, self-pollination is
also possible, although rendered more difficult by the fact that the anthers turn
their pollen-covered surfaces outwards and the stigmas often project later beyond the
stamens, which were at first of the same length. Automatic self-pollination is possible
when the flower closes or when the stigmas and anthers are at the same level.
In these flowers, which open and close periodically, being open from about
9 a.m. until 6 p.m., homogamy or even protandry have been observed as well
as protogyny. Kerner also observed heterostyly, and distinguished between flowers
with long, medium, and short styles. The perianth leaves elongate later to such
an extent that in long-styled flowers the three longer perianth lobes increase by
472 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
9 mm., and the three shorter by 12-6 mm. In the medium-styled forms the
corresponding elongations are respectively 13-5 and 18-5 mm., and in the short-
styled ones 10 and 15 mm. In the last form automatic self-pollination takes
place towards the end of anthesis, not only by means of the pollen which has fallen
on the inner side of the perianth lobes, but also by immediate contact of the stigma
with the tips of the pollen-covered anthers.
Warnstorf also found the style in the flowers of the same bulb sometimes
as long as, and sometimes longer than, the stamens, with a short apical, violet
stigma, slightly bent downwards. The anthers were easily movable on conical,
stiff filaments, and dehisced laterally. The pollen-grains were golden-yellow in
colour, oily, clinging, irregularly tetrahedral, tuberculate, up to 43 » in diameter.
The flowers are generally bilaterally symmetrical, one perianth leaf being longer
and broader than the others, with the shortest one placed opposite to it.
Visttors.—The following were recorded as stated.—
Herm. Miiller observed the humble-bee Bombus hortorum JZ. 4, skg. In doing
so it brushed against the stigmas with one side of its body and the anthers with the
other, thus effecting cross-pollination. Knuth observed the honey-bee in particular.
It was not content with searching for nectar in open flowers, but forced its way
through the narrow entrances of flowers just opening, and dusted their already
mature stigmas, having come completely covered with pollen from flowers with
dehisced anthers. I also saw Musca domestica Z., skg.(?), and numerous minute
muscids 13 mm. long, as well as two butterflies (Vanessa io Z. and V. urticae L.)
creeping about the flower. On 9.9.’97 Knuth observed numerous po-dvg. hover-
flies (Eristalis tenax Z.; Syritta pipiens Z.; Syrphus arcuatus Fal. ; S. corollae L. ;
S. pyrastri Z.). The Lepidoptera and flies did not touch the stigmas regularly
in alighting, but generally flew straight to the anthers of the perianth lobes; this
occasional touching of the stigma was enough, however, to pollinate all, for I found
the stigmas of all open flowers thickly covered with pollen-grains. Self-pollination is
also frequently brought about by the small muscids mentioned: it could not take
place automatically in the flowers I observed, on account of the great projection
of the stigmas beyond the anthers. Knuth also noticed a slug, Limax cinerea (?)
(cf Vol. 1, p. 79, foot-note).
914. Uvularia L.
Kerner describes all the species of this genus as protogynous.
2823. U. grandiflora Sm.—This species agrees exactly with Trillium
grandiflorum Salisd. (p. 470).
2824. U. perfoliata L. (=U. flava Sm.).—
Vistrors.— Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the small bee Halictus
cylindricus /. 9, po-cltg.
915. Tricyrtis Wall.
2825. T. pilosa Wall. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, U, p. 351.)—
Self-pollination is at first excluded in this species by protogyny, and by the distance
between stigma and anthers, and only cross-pollination by means of insects possible.
Autogamy can take place later by the bending down of the style.
LILIACEAE 473
916. Merendera Ram.
Homogamous flowers with concealed nectar, secreted near the base of the
outer side of the epiphyllous filaments, and collected at the bottom of a cleft
situated on every perianth leaf.
2826. Merendera Bulbocodium Ram. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 298-301.)—The flowers of this species are pale-pink in colour,
with very long claws to the perianth leaves; the relative position of anthers and
stigmas changes. At first the stigmas are situated above the extrorse anthers, so
that automatic self-pollination is excluded. The anthers are then raised to the
level of the stigma by subsequent elongation of the perianth leaves, and at the
same time turn somewhat inwards, enabling autogamy to take place.
Visitors.—MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed 2 humble-bees, a lepidopterid, and
a fly.
g17. Veratrum L.
Protandrous flowers with exposed nectar, which is much sought by flies
(muscids). It is secreted by the thickened bases of the perianth leaves. Sometimes
andromonoecism to androdioecism.
2827. V. album L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen, pp. 41-3; Schulz,
‘Beitrage’; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—The flowers of this species are
of a dull dirty-yellow colour. In the Alps protandrous hermaphrodite flowers
occur. There are six stamens, the anthers of the three outer first and then
those of the three inner ones dehiscing outwardly and downwardly, so that the
heads and backs of nectar-seeking insects are dusted with pollen. The stamens
then become vertical, and the three styles bend their mature stigmas outwards and
downwards, so that the pollen-covered visitors must brush against and dust them.
Besides the hermaphrodite flowers, andromonoeciously and androdioeciously
distributed male ones occur. Schulz says that the variety (b) Jodelianum Bern.
possesses the same flower mechanism as the main type in the Alps, but it is
sometimes homogamous also. Automatic self-pollination then takes place in
consequence of the vertical position of the flowers.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, 4 beetles, 13 Muscids, an ant, an ichneumonid, and 5 Lepido-
ptera; but no bees nor hover-flies. Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden), the Muscid
Musca corvina /. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee
Bombus hortorum Z.
2828. V. nigrum L.—
Visrtors.—Plateau (Ghent Botanic Garden) saw 3 Muscids—1. Musca domestica
ZL.; 2. Lucilia caesar Z.; 3. Calliphora vomitoria Z.
918. Tofieldia Huds.
Protogynous or homogamous yellowish flowers, with half-concealed nectar secreted
at the bases of the three furrows between the carpels.
474 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2829. T. calyculata Wahlenb. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen, pp. 39-40;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,? Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 334.)—In the yellowish flowers of this
species the stigmas mature before the anthers, so that cross-pollination is brought
about if insects visit them at the proper time. Should such visits fail, automatic
self-pollination takes place as a last resort by the fall of pollen on the still receptive
stigmas.
Fic. 407. Veratrum album, L. (after Herm. Miller}. 4. Hermaphrodite flower in the first (male)
stage, after removal of half the perianth (x 38). B. Reproductive organs of A, seen from above.
C. Do., in longitudinal section. D. Reproductive organs of a flower in the second (female) stage (x 7).
£. Male flower, seen directly from above (x 3). F. Do., in longitudinal section (x 7). @ and d, anthers;
7, Glaments; 1, nectaries; ov, ovules; fe, petals; sé, stigmas.
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps) observed three beetles, 6 flies, 2 bee, an ant,
and 3 Lepidoptera.
2830. T. palustris Huds. (=T. borealis Iahlend.), (Herm. Miiller, op. cit.,
p- 40; Kerner, loc. cit.) —The flowers of this species are smaller than those of the
preceding one, and therefore receive fewer visits, although they secrete nectar in
the angles between all six stamens and the ovary. Hermann Miller states that they
LILIACEAE 475
are homogamous, and not protogynous, so that automatic self-pollination is possible
from the beginning of anthesis. Kerner, however, describes the flowers as proto-
gynous. If insects visit them, cross-
pollination is favoured, as the visitor
generally brushes against a stigma with
one side of its body and the anthers
with the other. Fresh specimens ob-
served by Vanhdéffen in Greenland bore
white flowers (cf Abromeit, ‘Bot. Er-
geb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’
P- 79).
VisiTors.— Herm. Miiller (Alps)
observed 2 Muscids and a small lepi-
dopterid. Fic. 408. Zofieldia calycu.ata, Wahlenb., and T-
palustris, Huds. (after Herm. Miller). A. Flower of
2831. T. coccinea Rich. (Abro- T. calyculata. B. Do. of T. palustris, towards even-
‘ : 2 ing. C. Do., in the morning (x 7). @ and a’, closed and
meit, Op. cit., pp. 79-80.)—This SPECI€S dehisced anthers; 7, nectary; st, stigma.
has denser inflorescences than the last
one, and the flowers are typically of a purple-red colour.
gig. Zygadenus Michx.
2832. Z. elegans Pursh.—The flowers of this species are dirty-white in colour,
with green blotches.
VisiTors.—Plateau observed ants, other small Hymenoptera, and hover-flies.
CXV. ORDER PONTEDERIACEAE BENTH. ET HOOK.
920. Monochoria Presl.
Kuhn (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867) states that some species of this genus bear
cleistogamous flowers.
921. Pontederia L.
Fritz Miiller describes species of this genus as trimorphous (Jenaische Zs. Natw.,
vi, 1871, pp. 74—-8).
922. Heteranthera Ruiz et Pav.
2833. H.reniformis Ruiz et Pav. (Herm. Miiller, Kosmos, Leipzig, vii, 1880;
Hildebrand, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, i, 1883.)—Herm. Miiller says that this species
possesses two kinds of stamens, one long one with pale-blue anthers, and two short
ones with yellow pollen. When the small white flower opens, the former bends to
the left, and the style to the right. Should insect-visits fail, self-pollination takes
place. Hildebrand confirms the latter statement.
2834. H. zosteraefolia Mart. (Hildebrand, Jahrb. f. Syst., vi, 1885.)—In this
species automatic self-pollination is at first excluded, but can take place later when
476 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
the flower closes. The anther of the long stamen is yellow, like those of the
shorter ones.
2835. H. Kotschyana Fenzl (=H. callaefolia Rezchd.).—Kirk states that this
species possess cleistogamous flowers. Solms-Laubach also found these in several
other species of Pontederiaceae, some indigenous to America and some to Africa.
CXVI. ORDER COMMELINACEAE BENTH. ET HOOK.
923. Commelina Plum.
Lirerature.—Herm. Miiller, Kosmos, Leipzig, i, 1883, pp. 241-59; Breiten-
bach, op. cit, iii, 1885, p. 40 et seq. Cf on division of labour of the stamens in this
genus and Tinnantia, Vol. I, p. 108.
2836. C. benghalensis L—Weinmann (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863) says
that this species possesses subterranean cleistogamous flowers.
2837. C. tuberosa L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, ii, 1890,
pp- 118-47.)—This species, and others of the genus (C. Karawinskii(?), C. com-
munis (?)), are fertile at Ghent.
Visitors.—MacLeod observed 3 bees (1. Apis; 2. Bombus agrorum /.; 3.
Halictus sp.), 2 hover-flies (Syritta sp., and Eristalis tenax Z.), and the butterfly
Pieris napi Z.
2838. C. coelestis Willd.—Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 357)
says that in the ephemeral flowers of this species autogamy finally takes place by the
rolling up of the filaments and styles.
924. Tradescantia Rupp.
Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 171) states that when the flowers of
species belonging to this genus fade their petals become pulpy, i.e. their surface is
covered with a thin layer of liquid by the exuding of cell-sap from the tissue,
which flies seek and lick off; in doing so they dust the stigma with foreign
pollen.
2839. T. crassula Link et Otto, and 2840. T. virginiana L.—Kerner (op.
cit., p. 308) describes these species as protandrous.
CXVII. ORDER /UNCACEAE BARTL.
This order has been so thoroughly examined and described by F. Buchenau
in his memoirs ‘Monographia Juncacearum’ (Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, xii, 1890,
pp. 1-495), and ‘U. d. Bestaubungsverh. b. d. Juncaceen’ (Jahrb. wiss. Bot., Leipzig,
xxiv, 1892, pp. 363-424), that I follow him entirely in my statements, which form
an abstract from these works, supplemented by some additions from Hermann Miiller
and O. Kirchner.
The Juncaceae bear anemophilous flowers. Self-pollination is usually prevented
and cross-pollination made possible by protogyny (in some South American genera,
JUNCACEAE 477
Distichia, Oxychloé, Patosia, by dicliny or dioecism). Homogamy seldom occurs.
Schulz (‘ Beitrage,’ IJ, p. 171) describes Juncus squarrosus Z. as homogamous—‘ as
the anthers of the three stamens dehisce immediately after the opening of the flower.’
Kirchner (‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 10), however, says that the species is feebly protogynous.
He states that Juncus arcticus Wald. is decidedly homogamous (at Zermatt), but with
such short filaments that the tips of the anthers do not reach the stigma, self-
pollination being thus prevented.
In protogynous species, the length of the first (female) stage of anthesis varies
greatly ; according to Buchenau (‘Bestaubungsverh., p. 367) from a few hours
(Juncus tenuis Wild.) up to several days (species of Luzula flowering in spring).
After this female stage there is generally a hermaphrodite one, though in some
species (Luzula campestris DC., L. spadicea DC.), the stigmas have long been
withered when the anthers dehisce, so that first a neuter and then.a male stage
follow the female one. A period sometimes follows closely on the hermaphrodite
stage during which the stigmas are still receptive when the pollen has all been
scattered and—in chasmogamous flowers—the perianth has closed. Then, if a part
of the stigma is shut in, automatic self-pollination may take place by means of the
pollen remaining on the perianth leaves.
Cleistogamy sometimes occurs. F.von Miiller states that the Australian species
Juncus homolocaulis /. dwell, and perhaps also the North American species
J. setaceus Rostk. and J. repens Michx., seem to flower entirely cleistogamously.
Cleistogamous flowers may also be found in Juncus bufonius Z. (frequently),
J. Chamissonis Auth, J. capitatus Wergel, J. capillaceus Zam., Luzula purpurea
Link (occasionally), and probably in other species.
In cleistogamous flowers, the style and stigmas must be but short. As a rule
the three inner stamens also disappear—Buchenau (‘ Bestaubungsverh.,’ p. 371) states
that the importance of their absence lies in the fact that the opening of the perianth
depends upon the turgescence of the floral receptacle, including the bases of the
stamens, so that when the inner ones are absent, this turgescence is lessened.
An extremely curious thing in many species is the intermittent flowering.
Buchenau (‘Monographia,’ p. 41) states that during anthesis a large number
(one-fifth up to even one-third) of the flowers are found open on one day, then,
in spite of favourable weather, not a single open one for 10, 12, 14, or even
21 days, then again a large number open on one day, and so on. No connexion
between this mode of flowering and the weather can be traced. It does possess
oecological importance, however, for it greatly assists crossing by the numbers of
flowers open at the same time (Buchenau, ‘ Bestéubungsverh.,’ p. 369). This may
also explain the fact that this method of flowering does not occur in species
with crowded inflorescences, such as most of those belonging to Luzula, while it
is seen most plainly in species of Juncus bearing single flowers, and in those with
few-flowered capitula.
Buchenau (‘Monographia,’ p. 41) describes the course of anthesis in large
inflorescences, and also inside the single capitula, as ascending; but the terminal
spikelet or the terminal capitulum is mature before the lateral ones. Also where the
flowers are solitary the terminal one is mature before the associated lateral ones.
The length of anthesis is (Buchenau, ‘ Bestaubungsverh.,’ p. 370) very variable,
478 ANGIOSPERMAE— MONOCOTYLEDONES
sometimes being only a few hours (Juncus tenuis W2i/d., J. filiformis Z., J. Chamissonis
Kunth, J. balticus Willd.), generally one day, but may extend over nine days or perhaps
more (Luzula campestris DC.).
Each flower opens only once. Buchenau (‘ Monographia,’ p. 41, ‘ Bestaubungs-
verh.,’ p. 372) says that the opening depends on a usually very temporary turgescence of
the floral receptacle, the bases of the filaments, and the inner surface of the perianth
leaves, the swelling being shared very unequally by these organs in different species.
All species of Juncaceae do not bear inconspicuous flowers, for a large number
possess brilliantly coloured ones. Buchenau enumerates 41 such species (‘ Bestau-
bungsverh.,’ pp. 373-4), and these are therefore probably entomophilous, as they
form abundant masses of pollen and are well adapted to attract insects by the
brightly-coloured, shining, juicy cells at the base of the flower (pseudo-nectaries).
Luzula lutea DC. and L. nivea DC. are almost the only ones of our Central
European species possessing a brightly coloured perianth, and they are visited by
insects. In Graubiinden Hermann Miiller (‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 38-9) saw the
former visited by a po-cltg. humble-bee and a po-dvg. hover-fy; a hawk-moth
(Zygaena) rested idly on the flowers. At Chur he frequently saw Luzula nivea DC.
visited by a flower-beetle (anthobium).
Buchenau (‘Bestdubungsverh.,’ pp. 378-9) gives the following account of the
flower mechanisms actually occurring among Juncaceae.—
I. Autogamy.—Fertilization of the flower with its own pollen certainly
takes place very frequently and effectively.
(a) Cletstogamous Flowers, usually also cryptantherous.—Apparent exclusively in
Juncus homalocaulis /. Afwell., perhaps also in J. repens A/ichx. and J. setaceus Rosée. ;
associated with chasmogamy in J. bufonius Z., J. capitatus Wergel, J. pygmaeus Rzch.(?),
J. Chamissonis Kunth, J. capillaceus Zam., Luzula purpurea Zink, and probably
other species also.
(b) Chasmogamous Flowers.
(1) Those with stigmas and anthers very near together (flowers often opening
but little): Juncus tenuis Wr//d., J. Chamissonis Kunth, J. pygmaeus Aich., J. tri-
glumis Z., Luzula purpurea Zzz4, Prionium Palmita £. Mey.
(2) Those in which the stigmas are still receptive when the perianth closes, and
then come into contact with the pollen-grains of the same flower strewn on the
perianth leaves: species of Luzula.
(3) Those with stigmas and anthers not very near each other, in which during
the hermaphrodite stage pollen reaches the stigma of the same flower when the
anthers dehisce, or by means of the wind or of being shaken: numerous species.
II. Geitonogamy, more rarely Kenogamy.—These can, of course, only
occur in chasmogamous flowers, and are greatly assisted by protogyny (more or
less marked). Geitonogamy is necessary in the case of Luzula campestris DC.
{and L. spadicea DC. (?)), where in consequence of complete heterogamy the flowers
are first female, then neuter, and finally male.
(a) Anemophily.—Pollen is transferred to the stigmas of adjacent flowers by
means of the wind or mechanical shaking acting in the same way; this certainly
JUNCACEAE 479
occurs frequently, and is indicated by the transparent stigmatic papillae, which are
as a rule of unusual length and generally associated with smooth, powdery pollen.
(b) The stigma of one flower projects into the cavity of an adjacent one and
there comes into contact with the anthers; this occurs frequently in Luzula.
(c) The pollen rolls down into the glabrous hollow tubes formed by the
perianth lobes, and so reaches the stigmas of flowers situated at a lower level:
Luzula nivea DC., L. albida DC., and certainly other species.
(d) L£xntomophily.—Insects are attracted by the considerable size and vivid
colouring of the flowers, and also by the abundant pollen and the shining turgescent
tissue ; these convey the pollen to other flowers of the same or another plant of the
same species: numerous Alpine species of Juncus, especially from the Himalayas:
Luzula nivea DC., L. lactea 2. Mey., L. elegans H. B. ef K., and others.
III. Dioecism.—Xenogamy is necessary: Patosia, Oxychloé, Distichia.
Vanhéffen (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 80-5)
observed the following species flowering in Greenland during June and August.—
Juncus biglumis Z., J: triglumis Z., J. castaneus Sm., J. arcticus W7l/d., Luzula
confusa Lindeb., L. hyperborea R. Br. (=L. arctica Bly//), and L. spicata DC.
Andersson and Hesselman (‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens v. Beeren
Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’ pp. 82-3) made observations on the times of flowering and
fruiting of the following species in Spitzbergen.—Luzula Wahlenbergii Rupr.
L. arcuata Summ. L. arcuata var. hyperborea R. Br. L. nivalis Beurl., Juncus
biglumis Z., J. triglumis Z., and J. castaneus Sm.
925. Juncus L.
2841. J. acutiflorus Ehrh.—Anthesis, no doubt, lasts but one day in this
species, which is markedly protogynous, being usually female in the morning and
hermaphrodite after midday. It probably flowers in a distinctly intermittent
manner. The stigmas are bright purple-red or rose-red in colour, with long,
transparent papillae.
2842. J. alpinus Vill., var. genuinus Buchen.—In this species the female
stage usually lasts two days. In the following hermaphrodite one the flowers
open early in the morning or before midday, and close after midday or in the
evening. The male stage then begins, and lasts two or even three days.
2843. J. anceps Laharpe, var. atricapillus Buchen.—The flowering of this
species is distinctly intermittent. Anthesis usually lasts less than 24 hours, and
sometimes scarcely 12. The stigmas are greenish, with very long transparent
papillae.
2844. J. arcticus Willd.—Intermittent flowering is marked in this species.
The female stage begins in the early part of the day, and lasts 2-3 hours; then
the perianth opens, and the anthers dehisce shortly afterwards. Towards evening
the flowers close again completely, so that anthesis is ended in one day, and, on
account of the fewness of blossoms, flowering does not take place for more than
two or, at the most, three days. The stigmas are pale pink with transparent
papillae.
450 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2845. J. atratus Krocker.—Flowering is distinctly intermittent in this species.
Anthesis lasts 30-2 hours, the female stage occupying about 25. The stigmas
are pale purple-red with transparent papillae.
2846. J. balticus Willd—This species flowers intermittently in a very marked
way. Open flowers can only be found on a few days. Anthesis lasts one day.
2847. J. bufonius L.—(Batalin, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxix, 1871, pp. 388-92 ;
Ascherson, op. cit., pp. 551-5; Haussknecht, op. cit., pp. 802—7.)—Batalin states that
in Russia this species possesses only three stamens and always fertilizes itself clei-
stogamously. At Halle a. S. Ascherson observed hexandrous, open, lateral flowers
as well as triandrous, cleistogamous, terminal ones. The occurrence of chasmogamous
flowers was to some extent confirmed by Haussknecht, who found hybrids between
this species and J. sphaerocarpus /Vees, which is also chasmogamous. Buchenau
says that more flowers open in bright weather than when it is dull and damp.
Between the star-shaped open hexandrous flowers and the closed (cleistogamous)
usually triandrous ones there are transition forms, many flowers opening slightly,
but fertilizing themselves cryptantherously, while others remain closed, but their
‘anthers dehisce and phaenantherous self-fertilization takes place. In the chas-
mogamous flowers (which do not always open intermittently) the stigmas remain
in the perianth. This opens between 5-6 a.m., after a female stage lasting
about two hours the hermaphrodite one begins; towards midday the flowers
are closed again. Automatic self-pollination is then possible, the closing perianth
leaves depositing the pollen lying on their inner surface upon the stigma. The
pollen is white or pale pink in colour, with very long transparent papillae.
2848. J. capillaceus Lam.—This South American species possesses triandrous,
cleistogamous flowers, in addition to the hexandrous, chasmogamous ones.
2849. J. capitatus Weigel—This species is partly cleistogamous with quite
a short style, and partly chasmogamous with a style half as long as the ovary.
In the chasmogamous flowers anthesis lasts one day. There are also transition
forms. These imperfectly cleistogamous flowers open a little, so that one can
see the tips of the stigmas from above. When the anthers dehisce, their pollen
falls upon the stigmas. These are yellowish-white in colour, with transparent
papillae.
2850. J. castaneus Sm.—The flowers of this species only open like a funnel,
and their anthesis lasts from 2-3 days: on the first morning the stigmas project, and
on the second the anthers dehisce.
2851. J. Chamissonis Kunth.—The flowers of this species are more or less
cleistogamous, but phaenantherous. All the stages are over in one morning. In the
most widely opened flowers the tips of the perianth leaves diverge so far that the
upper halves of the stigmatic branches become visible, so that although cross-
pollination is not impossible it is extremely improbable.
2852. J. compressus Jacq., and 2853. J. Gerardi Loisel.—These species
usually flower intermittently, but some flowers are always open on the intervening
days. Anthesis lasts one day. The stigmas are purple-red in colour, with transparent
papillae.
JUNCACEAE 481
Warnstorf states that J. compressus possesses hermaphrodite flowers opening
only in sunshine, and possessing very long stigmatic branches which are spirally
twisted and persistent. The stamens are short, being only of the same length as
the ovary, so that autogamy is excluded. The pollen-grains are tetrahedral, feebly
tuberculate, on an average 27 » in diameter.
2854. J. effusus L.—This species flowers with well marked intermittence.
Anthesis lasts only a short time. The perianth opens before 5 a.m. and the
stigmas diverge; about 7 a.m. the anthers dehisce, and at 3 p.m. most of the
flowers have closed again, and the pollen-grains have sent out long tubes into
the stigmatic tissue. Schulz (‘ Bestaubungseinricht., II) describes the flowers as
homogamous. The stigmas are bright purple in colour, with widely projecting
transparent papillae.
2855. J. fasciculatus Schousb.—In this species the ovary is drawn out
into a long style, so that the stigmas protrude beyond the perianth when the
flower opens.
2856. J. filiformis L. (Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’
p. 38.)—Axell recognized and figured the protogyny of this species. Intermittence
is less marked than in J. balticus We/d. and J. effusus Z. Anthesis is of short
duration. The female stage lasts from 5-6 or 6.30 a.m.; towards midday the
perianth leaves are again firmly closed. Schulz describes the flowers as homogamous.
The stigmas are pale-red in colour, with transparent papillae.
2857. J. Fontanesii J. Gay.—There is no intermittence in this species.
The flowers open early in the morning, the female stage lasting until 10 a.m.
The anthers dehisce between 10 and 12. In the evening the perianth closes,
but the projecting stigmas remain receptive a day longer. In cool, damp weather
the flowers remain open for two days, and the female stage then lasts 24 hours.
2858. J. glaucus Sibth.—Intermittence is very marked in this species. The
course of anthesis resembles that of J. effusus Z., but the flowers remain open
longer. In damp, cool weather cleistogamy also undoubtedly occurs. The stigmas
are of a beautiful purple-red colour, with transparent papillae projecting on all sides.
2859. J. homalocaulis F. Muell.—Plants of this species raised from seeds
sent by Ferdinand Miiller to Buchenau were strictly cleistogamous and cryptantherous.
Buchenau never observed the perianth lobes open until they were pressed apart by
the ripening of the fruits. The stigmas are white in colour.
2860. J. Jacquini L.—Intermittence is very marked in this species. Anthesis
lasts one day. The stigmas are dark and pale purple-red in colour, though the long
papillae cause them to appear rose-red.
2861. J. lampocarpus Ehrh.—This species flowers partly intermittently and
partly normally. The female stage usually lasts only from early morning until
midday. In the evening the flowers close again, but the stigmas still project
and remain receptive until the next day. Schulz pointed out (‘Beitrige, II,
p. 171) this marked protogyny, and concludes from it that autogamy is probably
rare, but cross-pollination by means of the wind frequent. The stigmas are
whitish or pale-red in colour, with long transparent papillae.
DAVIS, III li
402 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2862. J. lomatophyllus Spreng.—Intermittence is extremely marked in this
species. Anthesis lasts three days. A short female stage follows the hermaphrodite
one of the second day. The stigmas are purple-red in colour, with widely projecting
transparent papillae. ;
2863. J. maritimus Lam.—No intermittence can be observed in this species.
Anthesis last about 36 hours.’ The female stage lasts the whole day. The stigmas
are of a beautiful purple-red colour, with velvety papillae.
VistTors.—Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire) observed a wasp (‘Flora of Dumfries-
shire,’ p. 175).
2864. J. obtusiflorus Ehrh.—The plants of this species flower with marked
intermittence, there being intervals of three to four days when no flowers open.
Anthesis lasts one day; the female stage two to four hours. The stigmas are
white in colour with a faint reddish tinge. The papillae are moderately long.
2865. J. pelocarpus E. Mey.—Buchenau examined herbarium specimens of
this North American species; it possesses numerous flowers opened in the shape
of a star, so that the plant probably blooms distinctly intermittently. Before the
perianth opens the elongated stigmas project from the closed flower.
2866. J. punctorius L.—The anthesis of this species resembles that of
J. obtusiflorus Zzrh. Distinct intermittence has not been observed. The stigmas
are like those of J. obtusiflorus.
2867. J. pygmaeus Rich.—The flowers of this species open between 6—7 a.m.
and close again at midday; the anthers dehisce about 9 a.m. The fully opened
flower is tulip-shaped. When the perianth closes the stamens and stigmas are
pressed so closely together that the flowers appear to be cleistogamous, but real
cleistogamy occurs. The stigmas are bright purple in colour, with long, projecting
papillae.
2868. J. repens Michx.—This species is indigenous to Cuba and the southern
United States of North America. Buchenau examined herbarium specimens. It
seems to be cleistogamous.
2869. J. setaceus Rostk—This species is indigenous to the south-eastern
United States and seems (from herbarium specimens) to be always cleistogamous.
2870. J. squarrosus L.—This species flowers distinctly intermittently. An-
thesis lasts less than 12 hours. Early in the morning the open flower is female,
the anthers dehisce after 8 a.m., and the blossom closes again soon after midday.
The stigmas are brick-red in colour, with long, transparent papillae. Schulz
(‘ Beitrage,’ I, p. 102) states that in the Riesengebirge the flowers are homogamous
or very feebly protogynous. The stigma often only matures completely after the
opening of the perianth. It is generally receptive until after the dehiscence of
the anthers. In dull weather the flowers do not seem to open much, and many
then fade pseudo-cleistogamously.
2871. J. striatus Schousb.—There is no intermittence in this species. The
stigmas project from the closed flowers. This female stage lasts one day. The.
hermaphrodite one in the opened flower is over in less than 12 hours. On
the third day the flower opens again and is once more female, and on the
JUNCACEAE 483
fourth day it fades. The stigmas are pale-purple in colour, with long
papillae.
2872. J. supinus Moench.—In this species intermittence is obvious. The
stigmas do not project from the perianth lobes. Anthesis lasts 4-14 days, and
the female stage for about 2 hours. The stigmas are pale-red in colour, with
very long transparent papillae.
2873. J. Tenageia Ehrh.—No distinct intermittence can be observed in this
species. The stigmas do not project from the perianth. Anthesis lasts one day,
the female stage three or more hours. Cleistogamy probably occurs sometimes, but
phaenantherously. The stigmas are pale yellowish-white in colour with transparent
papillae.
2874. J. tenuis Willd—This species flowers distinctly intermittently. Anthesis
is extremely brief (from about 7-8 a.m. until 12 noon). The female stage lasts one
hour. The stigmas do not project from the perianth.
2875. J. trifidius L—This species is markedly protogynous, with a female
stage lasting two days; the hermaphrodite one is probably of the same length. The
stigmas are greenish-white in colour, with long closely-set papillae.
2876. J. valvatus Link.—This Portuguese species does not flower inter-
mittently, but continuously. The blossoms only open into the form of a funnel, and
are female the first day, hermaphrodite the second, and then female again with
a closed perianth for one or several days longer. The stigmas are white in colour
with transparent papillae.
2877. J. triglumis L.—Kerner (¢es‘e Buchenau, ‘ Monographia,’ pp. 398-9)
describes this species as protogynous. Allogamy is possible in the first stage; in
the second (hermaphrodite) one autogamy takes place by contact of the stigmas
and anthers.
926. Luzula DC.
2878. L. campestris DC., var. vu/garzs Gaud.—There is no intermittence in
this species. Anthesis begins with the projection of the long, greenish-white stigmas
from the tip of the still-closed perianth. This female stage lasts one or several
days. Before the flower opens the stigmas almost always fade completely, and
a neuter stage, lasting several (4-7) days, follows, so that the perianth does not
open until 5-9 days after the projection of the stigmas. On the following (the
6th to the gth) day the anthers dehisce, and the pollen is scattered about when
the flowers are shaken. The perianth is therefore open fully 36 hours, and
usually closes during the night following the 6th-9th day. Meehan (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia (Pa.), 1868, p. 156) has already described the chief points,
which are also accurately given by Schulz (‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 102).
2879. L. nigricans Desv. (=L. campestris DC., var. sudetica DC.). (Schulz,
‘ Beitrage,’ I, p. 103.)—-Schulz describes this species as less protogynous; most of
the stigmas fade only a little at the tip before the flower opens, but many remain quite
receptive. The anthers dehisce immediately after the flowers open, and as their tips
are at the same level as those of the perianth leaves, automatic self-pollination no
doubt almost always takes place.
484 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2880. L. Hostii Desv. (=L. flavescens Gaud.).—There is no intermittence in
this markedly protogynous species. The tips of the yellow-green stigmas, beset with
transparent papillae, project from the perianth while it is still firmly closed. This
female stage lasts 3-4 days, the perianth then opens in the form of a star and the
flower is hermaphrodite for some hours.
2881. L. Forsteri DC.—There is no intermittence in this species. After
a purely female stage lasting 4-5 days, the perianth opens for some hours; the
anthers then dehisce, and finally, after 5-6 hours, the flower closes again. The
stigmas are white, pale-yellowish or greenish in colour. Schulz (‘Beitrage,’ II,
p. 171) states that in North Italy the flowers show all stages from marked to
feeble protogyny.
2882. L. glabrata Desv.—No intermittence can be observed in this species.
The flowers are first female with closed perianth for 1-3 days. Then the perianth
opens for 24 hours at the most. When it closes again the papillae of the white
stigmas shrivel.
2883. L. lutea DC.—The pale golden-
yellow flowers of this Alpine species are female
1-2 days, the perianth then opening and a her-
maphrodite stage of 2-4 days’ length following.
After 3-4 days the pale greenish-white stigmas,
beset with short velvety papillae, are no longer
receptive, so that the flowers are ultimately purely
male.
During the hermaphrodite stage there is
ample opportunity for autogamy or geitonogamy,
dew ae ee ihe. pollen being shaken about in clouds, and
Herm. Miiller). 4. Flower just opening. rolling down to flowers situated lower, or reaching
ey Ovary D, petaley a cepales or eheacti the stigmas of adjacent flowers by direct contact
of the anthers.
Hermann Miiller (‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 38-9), however, states that protogyny
scarcely exists; the stigmas are not completely mature when the flower begins to
open, and are only receptive when it is entirely so. The anthers dehisce soon after,
so that automatic self-pollination is easily possible. The flowers then close again,
and the stigmas shrivel. The smooth, loose pollen-grains are easily carried away by
wind, but they also cling to insects’ bodies, so that pollen can sometimes also be
transferred by this means. Hermann Miiller, as already stated, actually observed
some visitors.
2884. L. albida DC. (=L. nemorosa £. Mey., and L. angustifolia Winder),—
Buchenau found this species (and also the variety rubella Hoppe in the Riesen-
gebirge) to be markedly protogynous. The female stage lasts one or two, perhaps
sometimes even three days. The flowers then open in one or two hours, and the
following hermaphrodite stage regularly lasts two days. On the third morning the
stigmatic papillae are shrivelled. Autogamy is therefore possible, but geitonogamy
more probable. It is also possible that the white inflorescences attract insects.
Schulz (‘Beitrage,’ I, p. 102) gives a very different description. He says that
JUNCACEAE 485
protogyny is very feeble, and that the flowers open very soon, after the short stigmas
have projected a very little from the flower. The anthers dehisce soon after. In
many cases the flowers do not open very widely, and as the anthers do not project
beyond the perianth leaves, the pollen can only be removed from the flower by a very
strong wind.
Schulz observed the variety ruédella to be often completely homogamous in the
Riesengebirge, the stigmas maturing only when the flowers opened, and the anthers
dehiscing soon afterwards. The stigmas are white in colour, with short velvety papillae.
2885. L. nivea DC.—The female stage in this species lasts 1-3 days, the
ensuing hermaphrodite one 1-4 days, and a male stage sometimes follows. The
stigma is like that of the preceding species. Autogamy is possible, but geitonogamy
by contact of the stigmas of one flower with the anthers of an adjacent one is
undoubtedly more frequent. Kerner also asserts that pollen-grains can easily
roll down the smooth, hollow inner side of the perianth leaves and reach the stigmas
of flowers situated at a lower level. The snow-white perianth leaves also occasionally
attract visitors, so that pollen may be transferred by this means.
Visirors.—Hermann Miiller (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 39), as already mentioned,
frequently observed a small flower-beetle in the blossoms.
2886. L. pedemontana L.—The stigmas of flowers belonging to this species
resemble those of L. albida DC.
2887. L. vernalis DC. (= L. pilosa Wid/d.). (Hildebrand, ‘ D. Geschlechts-
Vert. b. d. Pf.’ p. 18; Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.)—
Hildebrand mentioned the protogyny of this plant. Buchenau says that the female
stage lasts several (up to 7) days; the ensuing hermaphrodite one ends on the day
on which the anthers dehisce. The stigmas are greenish-white in colour, with long
transparent papillae. Warnstorf states that the three stigmatic branches project
considerably beyond the anthers before the flower opens, and are beset with long
papillae. As the branches of the inflorescence are for the most part bent downwards
when the anthers dehisce, autogamy can easily take place. The pollen-grains are
whitish in colour, tetrahedral, smooth,-about 37 » in diameter.
2888, L. purpurea Link.—This species flowers continuously. Some of the
blossoms are entirely cleistogamous but phaenantherous. The chasmogamous
flowers open early in the morning, and are then female for a short time ; the ensuing
hermaphrodite stage is also brief. The flowers are firmly closed at 3 p.m. The
stigmas are pale-green in colour, with very long transparent papillae.
2889. L. rufescens Fisch.—Judging from herbarium material of this species,
anthesis takes a similar course to that of L. vernalis DC. and L. Hostii Desv.
2890. L. maxima DC. (= L. sylvatica Gaud.).—This markedly protogynous
species does not flower intermittently. The stigmas project widely and completely
from the still-closed perianth. This female stage lasts one or two days. The
flowers then open and the anthers dehisce. When the perianth now closes the
stigmas are still quite or partially receptive, so that a second female stage seems
to follow the hermaphrodite one. The stigmas are pale-green in colour, with short
transparent papillae.
486 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
2891. L. spadicea DC.—Schulz (‘ Beitrage,’ II, p. 171) and Buchenau state
that plants of this species growing in the open air pass through a rather long female
stage which, however, ends when the perianth opens, so that after a short neutral
interval a male stage follows. In plants cultivated by Buchenau, on the contrary,
the hermaphrodite stage followed the female one without any interval, The stigma
is greenish-white in colour, with rather short, but not velvety papillae.
927. Distichia Nees et Meyen.
2892. D. muscoides Nees et Meyen; 2893. D. filamentosa Buchen.; and
2894. D. tolimensis Benth. et Hook. These Andean species, which grow near
the snow-line, are dioecious. The female flowers are very inconspicuous. The male
flowers of the first two species are unknown, those of the last possess a perianth of
dark-brown colour, and open into the form of a funnel.
2895. D. Philippi.—This species, native to the desert of Atacama, is dioecious ;
the female flowers possess short stalks and the male longer ones ; both forms appear
to open into the form of a funnel.
928. Patosia Buchen.
The dioecious plants of species belonging to this genus are indigenous to the
cordilleras of Chili. The female flowers are completely concealed in the axils of the
foliage-leaves, the stigmas projecting at the end of a very long style. The male
flowers possess slender stalks.
929. Prionium E. Mey.
2896. P. Palmita E. Mey.—This Cape shrub bears hermaphrodite flowers,
which open into the form of a shallow bowl.
930. -Rostkovia Desv.
2897. R. sphaerocarpa Desv. (= R. magellanica Hook. 7.).—This species
is indigenous to Tierra del Fuego, and bears large hermaphrodite flowers which
open apparently in the form of a star.
2898. R. grandiflora Hook. f. (= Marsippospermum grandiflorum /o0s.),
and 2899. R. gracilis Hook. f. (= M. gracile Buchen.).—The very large flowers
of these antarctic species open into the form of a funnel, and are apparently
protogynous.
CXVIII ORDER PAZAIAE BARTL.
931. Sabal Adans.
2900. S. Adansoni Guerns.— Delpino (‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’
p- 61) describes this species as entomophilous. He saw the nectar-bearing, proto-
gynous flowers, with a milk-white perianth, visited and pollinated by Hymenoptera
(Halictus sp., and Polistes gallica Z.).
932. Chamaedorea Willd.
Species of this genus (Delpino, op. cit.) are also entomophilous.
PALMAE 487
933- Cocos L., and 934. Syagrus Mart.
Species of these genera are anemophilous (Delpino, op. cit.).
935- Phoenix L.
zgo1. P. dactylifera L.—This species is anemophilous. The ancient
Assyrians probably understood artificial pollination of the female flowers by pollen
from the male cones. (E. B. Tylor, ‘Fertlsn. of the Date-Palm in Ancient
Assyria’; C. Sterne, Prometheus, II, pp. 675-8.)
936. Chamaerops L.
2902. C. humilis L—-This species is anemophilous. In the year 1751,
Gleditsch (Hist. Acad., Berlin, (1749) 1750, pp. 103-8) described an experiment on
the artificial pollination of the Palma dactylifera folio flabelliformi, by which we under-
stand this palm. Gleditsch says (Sachs, ‘ History of Botany,’ p. 393), ‘‘‘ Our palm in
Berlin is a female, and may be 80 years old; the gardener asserts it has never borne
fruit, and I have myself never seen fertile seeds on it during fifteen years.” As there
was no male tree of the kind in Berlin, Gleditsch procured some pollen from the
garden of Caspar Bose in Leipsic. In the course of the nine days’ journey, the
greater part of the pollen escaped from the anthers, and Gleditsch feared that it
was spoilt; but he was re-assured by the Leipsic botanist Ludwig, who had had
experience in Algiers and Tunis, that the Africans usually employ dry pollen that
has been kept for some time for the purpose of fertilisation. Though the flowering
of the female tree was nearly over, he strewed the loose pollen on its flowers, and
tied the withered inflorescence of the male plant to a late blowing shoot of the
female. The result was that fruit ripened in the following winter, and germinated
in the spring of 1750. A second attempt conducted in a similar manner produced
an equally favourable result.’
CXIX. ORDER 7V¥PHACEAE JUSS.
Lirerature.—Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 139; Engler and
Prantl, ‘Typhaceae,’ in ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam..,’ II, 1, p. 185.
Monoecious wind flowers, arranged in capitate or cylindrical spikes. The male
flowers, which are situated above, mature later than the female ones below. Engler
and Prantl describe Typha and Sparganium as protandrous.
937. Typha L.
Monoecious protogynous wind-flowers, arranged in cylindrical spikes.
2903. T. latifolia L. (Knuth, loc. cit.; Kronfeld, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel,
xxxix, 1889, p. 21.)—The male flowers of this species do not dehisce until the
stigmas have shrivelled, and still contain pollen when the female flowers have set
fruits. Kronfeld observes that this species tends to produce unisexual plants, and
that Dietz observed a purely male specimen in the Pesth Botanic Garden. Warnstorf
describes the sulphur-yellow pollen-masses as being up to 50 y in diameter,
488 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
and composed usually of four, more rarely of two or three roundish, opaque
grains.
2904. T. angustifolia L. (Knuth, loc. cit.\—The flower mechanism of this
species is the same as that of the preceding one. Unisexual plants have not yet
been observed.
2905. T. minima Hoffm. (= T. Laximanni Lepech.). (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist.
Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 313.)—Kerner says that the interval between the maturation
of the female and male flowers in this species is about nine days.
938. Sparganium L.
Protogynous, monoecious wind flowers, arranged in globular spikes. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as of the same size and shape in all the species, yellowish
in colour, rounded, tetrahedral, with a network of tubercles, on an average 20 pw in
diameter.
2906. S. ramosum Curt. (=S. erectum Z.). (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 83; Knuth, loc. cit.)\—The globular female spikes in this species are situated
below the male ones and mature before them; the stigma begins to shrivel when the
anthers of the small male spikes dehisce. The anthers are one mm. long and are
adnate to movable filaments about 3 mm. long. Each male spike possesses some
hundred stamens, and each female one 100-150 stigmas. Pollination is easily
effected by the wind, because the stigmatic branches are 3 mm. long, situated on
a style 2 mm. high, and therefore project widely. The diameter of the female
spike is thus increased to 14 cm.; that of the male one is only about half as much.
2907. S. simplex Huds. (W. J. Behrens, Flora, Marburg, New Ser., xxxvii,
1879; Knuth, loc. cit.)—The flower mechanism in this species is the same as that
of the preceding one, but the male and female spikes are smaller, and composed of
fewer flowers.
CXX. ORDER AROIDEAE JUSS.
LireraTure.—Engler and Prantl, ‘Araceae,’ in ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam..,’ II, 3,
pp. 108-9; Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 94.
The hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are closely crowded on a fleshy
axis, and form a spadix generally surrounded by a spathe. Insects are attracted
partly by this, partly by the inflorescence, and partly by a coloured, club-shaped
elongation of the spadix, or by several of these simultaneously.
939. Arum L.
Monoecious, protogynous, pitfall flowers.
2908. A. maculatum L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 17-21; Hildebrand, Bot.
Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 589, 591; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’ p. 562 ; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 292-3; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 86; Christy and Corder, ‘Arum maculatum’; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—
In this species the upper part of the spathe, together with the thick, dark-red end of
AROIDEAE 489
the spadix projecting from it, serve to attract minute midges, particularly those of
the genus Psychoda. The decomposing, urinous smell of the inflorescence during
anthesis is a further attraction. The ventricose lower part of the spathe forms
a temporary prison for the small visitors. As they creep downwards on the
projecting, red-brown end of the spadix, they reach several rows of stiff bristles
situated close above one another at the top of the contraction in the spathe,
which stretch from the narrowed spadix to the inner surface of the spathe. The
midges creep through them in order to reach the warmth and the red-brown
colouring of the inner surface of the spathe, which from this point widens into
a pit. They cannot at once escape from this. The threads would not hinder their
creeping back through them, but
the insects try to fly out, and fail
to escape by this means, as they
are only struck back by the fence
of bristles when they fly towards
the bright upper part of the pit.
The small prisoners find the
mature stigmas in the first stage
of anthesis, and deposit foreign
pollen upon them in the attempt
to gain the open once more. The
stigmas then shrivel up, and in
the place of each appears a minute
drop of nectar, as compensation
to the insects for their delay and
their work of pollination. The
Fic. 410. drum maculatum, L. (after Herm. Miller).
VI. External view of inflorescence. VII. Do., with the trap
cut open (x4). 1X. Trans-
anthers now dehisce and let their
pollen escape, so that it fills the
base of the pit, and the small
visitors are dusted with it. Mean-
while the bristles barring the en-
VIII. Do. (almost natural size).
verse section just above the trap-hairs. a, Upper part of
spathe; 4, dark-purple tip of the spadix, serving as an attraction
and conducting-rod ; c, trap-hairs (vestigial stamens); @, still
immature male flowers (anthers); ¢, vestigial female flowers
(ovaries), without any known function, possibly degenerate by
correlation of growth with the upper stamens; 7, female flowers
(ovaries), in a receptive condition.
trance have become limp, and the
spathe opened out, and the visitors can now leave their temporary prison without
difficulty. I have often observed that on cutting open a spathe the midges imme-
diately fly to another plant and again creep down into the trap. On leaving the
flower, therefore, they will go to another, and dust the stigmas with the foreign
pollen.t
! After completing my manuscript I have written as follows in the ‘ Illust. Zs. fiir Entomologie,’
iii, 1878, p. 201 :—I had already found hundreds of specimens of Psychoda phalaenoides Z. in the
trap of Arum maculatum Z., at Iserlohn in Westphalia, and at Eutin. But in plants sent me on
June 8 of this year from the Castle Garden of Plon I have observed a larger number of these little
midges than I have previously seen. The traps were so full of them that free movement must have
been impossible, so closely were they packed together. In one trap there were no less than 6 cc. of
midges. These I spread out as evenly as possible on a surface of one sq. m., and counted those
occupying one sq. cm. as being forty on an average. There must, therefore, have been some 4000
midges in all within one trap.
The extraordinary eagerness with which these midges visit the inflorescences of Arum is shown by
490 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller often observed hundreds of individuals of Psychoda
phalaenoides Z. (identified by Winnertz, and = P. nervosa Mg., perhaps also
Tipula nervosa Schr.). I have also noticed similar numbers of the same species in
woods near Eutin.
2909. A. italicum Mill. (Delpino, op. cit.; Knuth, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d.
Ins. Capri,’ pp. 16-21.)—The flower mechanism in this species corresponds exactly
to that of A. maculatum. While in the bud stage the inflorescence is firmly sur-
rounded by the large spathe, which is still green in colour, this gradually becomes
lighter and its upper part unfolds so that the yellow tip of the spadix becomes visible.
In the mature stage the spadix of plants in Capri reach a length of 8 or even 10 cm.,
and two-thirds or three-quarters of it are yellow in colour and up to 1-5 cm. in
diameter, while the lowest third or quarter is contracted into a sort of stalk 6 mm.
long and concealed in the narrow part of the spathe.
Below the narrowest part of the spadix there are several whorls of vestigial
flowers, attached to a thickened region, and produced into stiff bristles 5 mm. long
and directed obliquely downwards. They touch the wall of the trap. A piece of the
spadix only a few millimetres long divides them from the numerous male flowers,
arranged in 5~7 whorls, and each consisting of but a single stamen. Immediately
below these are situated several whorls of vestigial female flowers with almost vertical
style-like processes about 5 mm. long, and finally, below these, the female flowers,
also arranged in 5-7 whorls. Each of the latter consists only of an ovary directed
obliquely upwards, with a stigma on the outer side, which has the appearance of
a roundish spot not quite one mm. in diameter.
The female flowers mature before the spathe opens, while the male ones do not
shed their pollen until after the ovary has shrivelled. The stigma, hitherto of a
whitish-yellow colour, scarcely distinguishable from the ovary in colour, is then of
a brownish tinge, while a large mass of pollen fills the base of the trap. After the
anthers have scattered the pollen, the spathe fades, and the upper, yellow part of
the spadix then usually falls off. When the trap-hairs shrivel, the lower narrowed
part of the spadix with the female flowers falls off also, the spathe withers entirely,
and the fruits ripen.
Arcangeli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xv, 1883) states that the inflor-
escences open towards 1 p.m. and reach full maturity between 3-5 p.m. The stages
of maturation are the same as those of Dracunculus vulgaris Schott. The odour is
not perceptible. Arcangeli describes it as a mixed smell of mice, lemon, and decayed
vegetable matter. The spathe also possesses an odour of magnolia or fruit at
its base.
The pollinators are small flies which feed on decayed vegetable matter.
Arcangeli counted 239 small Diptera in 56 inflorescences, 159 of them belonging
to the genus Psychoda. Only 17 were dusted with pollen, the others having already
deposited theirs on the stigma.
With regard to the flowers of A. italicum, Arcangeli states that the increase of
the fact that, when a trap was cut open, all the contained insects flew out and made their way into
the trap of a second specimen held in readiness. It must be added that all the Arums so filled with
Psychoda were in the second (male) stage of anthesis, with shrivelled stigmas and dehiscing anthers.
AROIDEAE 491
temperature is perceptible at 9 a.m., several hours before the opening of the inflor-
escences: the maximum, 40° C., is reached between 6-8.30 p.m. The spadix loses
weight considerably during the increase.
Kraus (Abh. nat. Ges., Halle, xvi, 1884, pp. 35-76) observed that the evolution
of heat inside the spathe rises to 40-44-7° C. in an air temperature of 17-7° C. This
increase of temperature usually begins at the tip of the spadix, and spreads thence to
its base. The oecological significance of this increase is that it induces the pollen-
transferring midges to descend into the warm trap. As the visitors use the tip of the
spadix as an alighting-platform, this becomes warm first and most strongly. The
increase of temperature only takes place during the first (protogynous) stage of the
inflorescence, and ceases when this is over.
Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Delpino (‘Ult. oss.’), 6 Diptera (identified by Rondani)—1. Ceratopogon pictellum
Rond.; 2. Chironomus byssinus Schr.; 3. Drosophila funebris #.; 4. Limosina
pygmaea Ze//. (= L. crassimana Hal.); 5. Psychoda nervosa Schr.; 6. P. nervosa
4Mg.; Knuth (Capri), numerous minute Diptera, and a staphylinid 4 mm. long.
2910. A.ternatum Thunb. (= Pinellia tuberifera Zenore). (Breitenbach, Bot.
Ztg., Leipzig, xxxvii, 1879, pp. 687-92; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertlsn.,’ p. 564.)—The
inflorescences in this species are protogynous. The pollen of the male flowers falls
upon the small imprisoned insects (probably flies) which can then escape by a small
opening.
291. A. crinitum Ait. (Schnetzler, C.-R. Acad. sci., Paris, Ixxxix, 1879,
pp. 508-10.)—The flower mechanism of this species resembles that of A. maculatum.
Carrion-flies are attracted by a strong smell of putrefying flesh. The smaller visitors
cannot escape from the trap, but are held there firmly by sticky hairs and digested
by their secretion.
Arcangeli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xv, 1883) observed flies more
particularly as visitors; in one spathe there were 385 Diptera, 107 of them belonging
to the species Lucilia caesar Z. The upper part of the spathe is bent like a knee, so
that only the lower part forms the ‘bridal chamber.’ The upper part bears closely
situated purple-red weel-bristles, directed obliquely downwards. The stigmas are as
short-lived as those of Dracunculus vulgaris.
The plant is therefore adapted for pollination by Diptera. Such crowding of
visitors into a single spathe as Arcangeli observed probably does not occur in
a natural state; but in the plants examined was the result of the small number
cultivated. This excess of visitors is indeed injurious to the plant, as they injure one
another and die in the ‘bridal chamber,’ only a small number therefore emerging
again during the fourth stage of anthesis.
2g12, A. pictum L.—Arcangeli (Ric. ist. bot., Pisa, Fasc. 1, 1886, pp. 108-9)
found 95 insecis in one inflorescence in the Pisa Botanic Garden, consisting of
86 Borborus (Copromyza) equinus /a//., 3 Aphodius melanostictus Schmzd/, an
Oxytelus nitidulus Grav., 4 other smaller flies, and one hymenopterid (probably
a parasite of Borborus).
The visitors were plainly attracted by the dark-purple colouring of the spathe
492 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
and the end of the spadix, and by the smell of the inflorescence, which resembles
that of decaying fruit.
Martelli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xxii, 1890, p. 129) adds that the
protogynous inflorescences open in the morning. The stigmas are then receptive,
but the anthers have not yet dehisced. The faecal odour is at its strongest in the
upper part of the spadix, on which visitors alight. On the following day the anthers
dehisce ; the male flowers are situated on an inflorescence covered by a hood-like
spathe.
2913. A. Dioscoridis Sibth. et Sm.—Caleri says that the spathe in this species
opens early in the morning; between 8-9 a.m. it is visited by numerous flies
(particularly muscids). The spathe then closes, the odour disappearing at the same
time. On the second day the prisoners are set free. The stigmas of the protogynous
flowers are therefore receptive for a very short time only.
940. Arisarum Tare. Toz.
2914. A. vulgare Targ. Toz. (= Arum Arisarum L.). (Delpino, ¢ Ult. oss.,’
pp. 21-2; Knuth, ‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins, Capri,’ pp. 18-25.)—While in the
island of Capri during March 1892
I could not observe the first stage
of anthesis of this interesting
species, because the plant was
too far matured, but the flower
mechanism was still easily dis-
tinguishable. Insects are attracted
by the striped spathe and the pro-
jecting end of the spadix, and are
temporarily imprisoned. At an
early stage these two organs are
of a greenish colour, the spathe
below its arched tip being greenish
with white longitudinal streaks.
In a later stage the curved tip of
the spadix, projecting 1-5-2 cm.,
FIG. 411. Avitsarum vulgare, Targ. Toz (from nature). is of a faint brownish tinge, and
A. ee with spathe intact. B. Do., after removal of the hitherto greenish parts of the
mae spathe assume the same colour,
so that the upper, arched part of it appears to be brown, and the lower, cylindrical
part is marked by about twenty brown and white streaks. Insects are attracted
to the nectar, however, by the offensive, putrid smell of the inflorescence.
The spathe is about 4 cm. high, and the same in circumference. It is slightly
contracted above, and roofed over by a pointed, dark-coloured lobe, bending over
like a helmet, which keeps light from penetrating into the trap.
About ten female flowers are situated at the base of the spadix. Above them,
loosely arranged for a distance of 1-5 cm., are the much more numerous (up to 40)
male flowers, each consisting of a single short-stalked anther. The inflorescence is
AROIDEAE 493
protogynous, but the stigmas are still receptive when the anthers dehisce, so that
autogamy is possible by fall of pollen. The insects attracted reach the trap either by
creeping along the projecting spadix or along the inner surface of the spathe.
As a rule they are unwillingly detained there for some time, because they cannot
find the opening again, this being, as already described, overhung and shadowed by
the dark-coloured roof. In endeavouring to reach the open air once more, they
always fly against the ten bright streaks on the spathe, through which the light
shines, and after many attempts usually only regain their freedom by chance, when,
wearied out, they begin to creep slowly to the top of the spadix. This barrier is so
effective that the plant may be carried about for some time without the escape of
a single insect from the trap, though if it is cut open they fly quickly away through
the slit.
When pollination has been effected, the projecting part of the spadix shrivels
up, while the arched lobe of the spathe folds down and completely closes the entrance.
The offensive odour disappears at the same time, the spathe assumes an inconspicuous
pale-reddish colour, and finally falls off, together with the upper part of the spadix.
Visitors.—Knuth (Capri) observed minute flies and midges, small ants, and an
earwig (Forficula decipiens Gene’).
2915. A. proboscideum Savi.—Arcangeli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze,
xiii, 1895) states that this species is pollinated chiefly by fungus-midges (Myceto-
philidae). The upper part of the spadix serves partly to prevent the escape of
insects, and also partly, no doubt, as nourishment for them later.
941. Dracunculus Adans.
2916. D. vulgaris Schott (= Arum Dracunculus Z.).—Delpino (‘Ult. oss.,’
p- 2380) states that the flowers of this South European species are visited and
pollinated by flesh-flies.
In Italy, however, Arcangeli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xv, 1883) observed
carrion-beetles as the chief visitors ; in five inflorescences there were 463 beetles, 377
of them belonging to the species Saprinus nitidulus #.; he therefore describes the
plant as ‘necrocoleopterophilous.’ As in Arum italicum J///., four stages of anthesis
may be distinguished :—
(1) The spathe opens, the anthers being closed ; the stigmas are receptive and
are pollinated by beetles, which hasten, covered with pollen, to the flowers, attracted
by the smell of carrion.
(2) The stigmas fade ; the anthers still remaining closed.
(3) The anthers dehisce at the beginning of the second day; the carrion-beetle
visitors dust themselves again with pollen.
(4) The lower part of the spadix, hitherto smooth as a mirror, becomes wrinkled,
so that the carrion-beetles can climb up on it, reach the open air, and then pollinate
other flowers.
Delpino and Mattei (Malpighia, Genova, iii, 1889-90, p. 38) assert that flies
(Calliphora vomitoria Z., Sarcophaga carnaria Z., Lucilia sp. and so forth) may
actually be considered pollinators, so that the plant is sapromyophilous. They also
state that only flies are found in the traps of plants growing sporadically in woods.
494 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
Smooth beetles, not very skilful in flying, would scarcely be capable of transferring
the pollen of this apparently adynamandrous plant. The wild plants visited by flies
are, according to these investigators, very fertile, while the garden plants or garden
escapes visited almost exclusively by carrion-beetles, remain sterile. The presence
(smell ?) of carrion-beetles seems to be the reason that flies do not visit such plants.
The beetles appear to be attracted more by the imprisoned flies than by the putrid
smell, and to have accustomed themselves later to the species because they find booty
here. (Cf Ludwig’s abstract in ‘ Bot. Centralbl.,’ Cassel, xlvi, 1891, pp. 38-9.)
Arcangeli, on the contrary, asserts (Malpighia, Genova, iv, 1890, p. 492) that
he has observed several cases of direct pollination by means of beetles. Vinassa
(Atti Soc. tose. sci. nat., Pisa, vii, 1891, p. 317) confirms this.
The maximum temperature in the spathe is reached about 2.30 p.m., when it is
27°C. (as against 24-6° C.) air temperature.
In a later investigation (Boll. Soc. bot. ital., Firenze, 1897, pp. 293-300)
Arcangeli found the maximum temperature between 8-10 a.m., when it was 28°C. in
the spathe. A second maximum was observed in the afternoon. The air temperature
at these times varied between 20-5°C. and 21-8 C.
Of these insects imprisoned in the ‘ bridal chamber’ (149, 21, 200) this time
only a decreasingly small number were beetles; most of them were Diptera, par-
ticularly the following 3 species—1. Limosina simplicimana Rond.; 2. Borborus
equinus Fall.; 3. Sphaerocera pusilla ///., upon which the transfer of pollen
devolved, while the presence of some Braconids was of secondary importance.
Arcangeli did not observe ripe fruits.
Visitors. Vide supra—yJ. J. Walker (Gibraltar, Ent. Monthly Mag., London,
XXv, 1888-9, p. 33) observed carrion-flies (Calliphora vomitoria Z., and Scatophaga
sp.), and carrion-beetles (Creophilus maxillosus Z., Dermestes vulpinus /., and 3 sp.
of Saprinus).
2917. D. canariensis Kunth.—This species is self-fertile in the Pisa Botanic
Garden; Arcangeli, however, says (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xv, 1883) that
cross-pollination is not excluded. Fruit-devouring insects, probably carpophilous
beetles (Cetonia, Oxythyrea, and others), may be considered pollinators, as an odour
of pine-apple and melon is perceptible during anthesis.
942. Arisaema Mart.
E. Baroni (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, New Ser., iv, 1897) describes extra-
floral nectaries in some species of Aroideae belonging to this genus, which were
indigenous to China and cultivated in the Florence Botanic Garden. Nectar-
receptacles are here found in the angles of the individual leaf-segments, which are no
doubt of importance in cross-pollination. These species possess, particularly at the
ends of the leaf-segments, appendages resembling the end of the spathe.. The insects
creep easily in the direction of the appendage to the nectaries, while others, misled
by the similarity of the structure, reach the spadix by creeping over the spathe to
that point on its inner surface where it is touched by the former. They creep thence
on the spadix into the ‘bridal chamber,’ where they deposit and collect pollen.
(Cf. Solla’s abstract in Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, Beihelt vii, 1897-8, pp. 99-100.)
AROIDEAE 405
2918. A. filiforme Blume.—The remarks made by Delpino in No. 2925 apply
here also.
943. Helicodiceros Schott.
2919. H. muscivorus Engl.—Arcangeli states that this species is pollinated
by flies (species of Somomyia and Calliphora) : 378 insects (371 flies and 7 beetles)
were observed in one inflorescence. In opposition to Schnetzler, Arcangeli is of
Fic. 412. Helicodiceros muscivorus, Engl. (after A. Engler). Lower part of spadix and spathe.
The upper part of the former (not figured) resembles the lower part.
opinion that insects visiting the inflorescences only effect crossing, and do not serve
as nourishment for the plant, as the necessary secretory organs are absent from the
inflorescences, and the fly-larvae developing in it live for some time.
944. Sauromatum Schott.
2920. S. guttatum Schott.—Delpino (Malpighia, Genova, iv, 1890) states
that the flower mechanism of this species resembles those of Arum italicum J/77/. and
A. maculatum Z.
945. Amorphophallus Blume.
2921. A. Rivieri Dur.—Pirotta (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xxi, 1889,
p. 156) says that a plant of this species cultivated in the Rome Botanic Garden is
necrocoleopterophilous, for 122 carrion-beetles were once found in the inflorescence,
these belonging to nine species and six genera: Saprinus nitidulus /. (65) was the
most numerous, and S. aeneus /’, (30) came next.
2922. A. Titanum Becc. (Beccari, Bull. R. soc. tosc. ort., Firenze, xiv,
496 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
1889.)—In this species, bearing ‘the largest flower in the world,’ there is a huge
spathe in the form of a bright green funnel, white above, with a rich wine-red inner
surface. The cream-yellow spadix, attaining a length of 14 m., projects from this
cup (1-20 cm. broad), its penetrating smell of flesh attracting swarms of flies in
its native place, Sumatra. These enter the lower part of the spathe and effect
pollination.
2923. A. campanulatus Blume (= Arum campanulatum Ro.xd.).—Delpino
(‘ Ult. oss.,” p. 238) supposes that this East Indian species is pollinated by flesh-flies.
Arcangeli (Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, xv, 1883) says that the visitors are
almost exclusively carrion-loving beetles of the genera Saprinus, Dermestes, and
Oxytelus.
2924. A. variabilis Blume.—Delpino (op. cit.) supposes this species to be
pollinated by snails.
946. Typhonium Schott.
2925. T. cuspidatum Decne.—Delpino (op. cit.) supposes this species to be
pollinated by snails, which are attracted by its pleasant odour, creep through a narrow
opening to the female flowers, which are surrounded by the spathe and mature first.
The snails will pollinate the stigmas if they come from inflorescences in the second
stage with mature anthers. After pollination has been effected, the opening which
leads to the female flowers closes, and the snails still present in the cavity are killed
by a caustic (corrosive) liquid now secreted inside the spathe, being thus prevented
from devouring the inflorescence.
947. Pinellia Tenore.
2926. P. tripartita Schott (= Atherurus tripartitus B/ume)—As No. 2925.
948. Anthurium Schott.
Species of this genus agree with No. 2925.
2927. A. Pothos.—Delpino (‘ Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ p. 62) describes
this species as protogynous, with short-lived stigmas.
949. Alocasia Neck.
2928. A. odora C, Koch.—As No. 2925.
950. Ambrosinia L.
2929. A. Bassii L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 230-1.)—In flowers of this
species the stigmas are situated outside at the end of the spadix, and the anthers
inside the spathe, so that fly visitors must first touch the former and then the latter,
thus always effecting cross-pollination.
951. Stylochiton Lepr.
2930. S. hypogeum Lepr., and 2931. S. lancifolius Kotschy et Peyr.—
Engler (‘ Pflanzenleben unter d. Erde’) states that the inflorescences in these species,
consisting of male and female flowers, are surrounded by a spathe and remain below
the ground. Only the tip projects, and the insects effecting pollination creep down
from this to the male and female flowers below.
AROIDEAE 497
952. Biarum Schot., and 953- Cryptocoryne Fisch.
The flower mechanisms of species belonging to these genera resemble that of
Nos. 2930 and 2931.
954- Calla L.
Protogynous, hermaphrodite flowers, closely crowded on a fleshy spadix, with
a shallow spathe.
2932. C. palustris L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, pp. 283-4; Warming,
‘ Smaa biol. 0. morfol. Bidrag’; Engler u. Prantl, ‘ Araceae,’ in ‘D. nat. Panzenfam.,’
II, 4; Knuth, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, li, 1892, pp. 289-91, ‘ Beitrage,’ I.\—The
large, externally greenish spathe in this species surrounds the short-stalked
inflorescence during the bud stage. When
it unfolds it is about 3 cm. broad and 4 cm.
long, and ends ina cornet-shaped tip almost a
cm.long. Thislarge, ovoid plate, white inside
with a faint greenish tinge, serves as a ‘sign-
board.’ The conspicuousness is still further
increased by the short-stalked spadix, which i
is about 1-5 cm. long and o-8 mm. in
diameter. Herm. Miiller describes the
flowers as nauseous, on account of their \Y
disagreeable odour.
The flowers are markedly protogynous.
The 30-50 stigmas appear in the first stage
of anthesis as small, whitish circles, strongly
papillose and viscous, on the ovaries. Those
of the lower ones are receptive immediately
after the opening of the spathe. The anthers
Fic. 413. Calla palustris, L. (after Herm.
Miiller). III. Inflorescence (x 3). IV. Single
only dehisce when some stigmas have shrivelled.
In the first stage they are sessile; in the
second they develop short stalks, so that they
are raised to the level of the stigmas. Engler
points out that the anthers dehisce quite
without order, those of flowers situated above
and below dehiscing simultaneously, while the
flower in the first (female) stage: the anthers are
still closed, the ovary (ov) ends in an ovoid one,
the truncated end of which forms the stigma (s¢) ;
this is now fresh, greenish in colour, and recep-
tive. V. Single flower in the second (male)
stage: the stigma (s¢) has become brown; the
anthers are partly closed (a'), partly dehisced and
covered with pollen (2%), while one (a*) is already
empty; the ovary has swollen so much that at 44
it has become feathered by pressing against the
ovaries of adjacent flowers. (x 5.)
stigmas always mature from below upwards,
and in such a manner that the stigmas of the uppermost flowers and those facing the
spathe can be self-pollinated, while the lowest are limited to cross-pollination.
VisiTors.—The following were recorded as stated.—
Knuth, a few small flies: also (4. 8.97, in the Kiel Oberrealschule Garden)
a young individual of Helix hortensis Z., creeping over the inflorescence. Examination
of its foot showed the presence of pollen-grains, and demonstrated the possibility of
malacophily in this species. Herm. Miiller, numerous small Diptera, e. g. Drosophila
graminum ///., Hydrella griseola Fa//., and species of Chironomus and Tachydromia;
also, as casual visitors, a few small beetles—Cassida nobilis Z., Aphthonia caerulea
Payk., Meligethes sp., Hypera polygoni Z., and Sitonasp. Warming mentions snails
Kk
DAVIS. HI
498 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
as occasional visitors; they creep over the crowded anthers and stigmas forming
a continuous surface, and easily transfer pollen to the latter.
955- Acorus L.
Protogynous, sessile, hermaphrodite flowers, arranged on a spheroido-cylindrical
spadix.
2933. A. Calamus L. (Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.) Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 402;
Ludwig, ‘Zur Biol. d. phanerog. Siisswasserflora,’ p. 128; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt.
a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 139—40.)—The spadix of this species, up to 10 cm, long and
14cm. thick, is completely covered by several hundred (700-800) closely-crowded
flowers, each possessing a sessile, punctiform stigma and six stamens, 12 mm. long.
Formation of the berry-like fruits has never been observed in Europe, though they set
in Japan and India. Ludwig ascribes this to the circumstance that all European
Calamus plants are supposed to have been derived from a single stock, introduced
by Clusius. According to this, the species is adynamandrous.
This attempted explanation seems to me more probable than the one given by
Kerner, who says that the species of Calamus set no fruit in Europe because the
insects which pollinate them are absent. Autogamy is completely excluded by marked
protogyny; and Kerner says that geitonogamy cannot take place automatically by
fall of pollen, this being adherent, but can only be effected by the help of insects.
Judging from the construction of the spadix, all our native Diptera and Hymenoptera
would be able to transfer pollen; but insect-visits have not yet been observed in
Europe. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as yellowish in colour, very small,
ellipsoidal to oval, glabrous; about 12 » broad and 18-22 » long. (Cf Loew,
‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 363.)
CXXI. ORDER LEMNACEAE LINK.
956. Lemna L.
Litrrature.—Ludwig, ‘ Siisswasserflora,’ pp. 38-40; Trelease, Proc. Soc. Nat.
Hist., Boston (Mass.), xxi, 1882, pp. 410-15; Hegelmaier, ‘ Lemnaceae,’ in Engler
u. Prantl’s ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ II, 3 ; Delpino, Riv. bot. dell’ anno 1880; Knuth,
‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 138 ; Warming, Verh. bot. Ver., xxxviii, 1896.
2934. L. arrhiza L. (= Wolffia Michelii Schled.); 2935. L. trisulca L. ;
2936. L. minor L.; and 2937. L. gibba L—Hermaphrodite or monoecious
species, seldom flowering in Germany. Propagation is therefore almost exclusively
effected by the sprouting of the thalloid, usually lens-shaped, floating stem. L. arrhiza
does not flower at all in Germany, but only in warmer regions. The accounts of
the flower mechanism given by different investigators are contradictory in part, but
may, in Ludwig’s opinion, all be correct, as the mechanism of the same plant may
vary in different regions.
As I have never had an opportunity of observing species of Lemna in flower,
I will give Ludwig’s description of the oecology of L. minor, as he observed them in
a room, and in a sheltered pond in the neighbourhood of Greiz from May to July.
The monoecious inflorescence consists either of one short-styled pistil above and two
LEMNACEAE 499
stamens situated at a lower level, and upwardly directed like it, or pistil and stamens,
surrounded by an irregularly torn involucre, all situated on different parts of the
thallome.
The two stamens mature successively, considerably earlier than the stigma.
Automatic self-pollination is excluded by this protandry, and also by the relative
position of stigma and anthers. It is incredible that the wind plays a part in
pollination, on account of the shortness and stiffness of the stamens and the small
quantity of pollen. In spite of its entire lack of attractions Ludwig considers the
flowers entomophilous, and to be visited by insects which play on the surface of the
water, particularly the gregarious water-measurers (species of Hydrometra), which
propel themselves by fits and starts with a rowing move-
ment. The structure of the pollen-grains favours the
theory of entomophily, for they are prickly and beset
with numerous processes. The diameter of a pollen-
grain is 26 and the length of its spines about one p.
The grains cling easily therefore to the bodies of insects
brushing over the anthers, and can be conveyed by them
to the somewhat concave stigmatic disk. Insects playing Fic. 414. Lemnatrisulca, L.
(after A. Engler). Inflorescence
on or between the Lemna clumps at once touch both _ in two successive stages.
anthers and stigma, so that the plant needs no special
means of attraction and no equivalent reward (perhaps the offering of a firm
substratum may be considered as such). Species of Lemna therefore attain
what ordinary ‘flowers’ gain by the development of bright colouring, nectar, and
fragrance.
Trelease found the plant protogynous. He thinks that the Lemna clumps are
crowded together by currents of water and wind in order that the little plants in the
female stage may easily come into contact with those in the male stage, and pollination
be thus effected. He also says that self-pollination is not excluded in the plants
observed by him, as one stamen matures three days later than the stigma, and the
latter is then still receptive ; the second stamen dehisces after three days more.
Hegelmaier also describes L. minor as protogynous; but the stigma is still
receptive when the anthers dehisce, so that automatic self-pollination takes place,
while crossing is improbable.
Delpino agrees with Ludwig’s explanation of the mechanism ; he supposes that
water snails must also be considered as pollinators.
Kalberlan (Zs. Natw., Stuttgart, Ixviii, 1894, pp. 136-8) describes Lemna as
protogynous and probably pollinated by insects.
L. Vuyck (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vii, 1895, p. 72) found flowering plants
of Lemna in Holland in the summer of 1894. These were always protogynous-
dioecious. The inflorescences agreed exactly with the description given by Hegel-
maier, but Vuyck found that the funnel-shaped stigma secretes a fluid containing
a great deal of sugar, so that it acts as a nectary. The division of labour is not very
far advanced in this small, simply-constructed plant, for here one organ serves
purposes divided among several in other flowers.
According to this the flower, or rather the inflorescence, is entomophilous ; but
Vuyck observed no insect-visits. The fact that the pollen-grains are beset with
Kk 2
Ara B tz
500 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
spines also points to entomophily. Propagation by cross-pollination, however,
scarcely ever occurs on account of the rareness of flower formation; it is therefore
very extensively carried on by vegetative means. Although the plant may be thus
self-propagated, Vuyck considers it doubtful whether cross-pollination is not necessary,
after some asexual generations, in order to maintain the vigour of the stock.
Warnstorf describes the small primary stem in German species of Lemna as
presenting two lateral basal notches when propagating vegetatively, from which
proceed symmetrically two equivalent lateral shoots, that behave like the primary one.
The continuous chain of connected individuals which we see in L. trisulca is thus
formed. In flowering specimens this tendency to shoot-formation is considerably
less prominent, and the lateral shoots are very limited in number. L. trisulca,
L. minor and L. gibba generally develop only one secondary leaf-shoot from the
notch on the right or left side, and in L. trisulca (unlike its condition in sterile plants)
this is always sessile ; the corresponding lateral shoot on the other side is fertile, and
modified into an inflorescence enclosed in a delicate involucre, and consisting of
a terminal pisti] and two stamens situated immediately below the ovary. In rare
instances the inflorescence is absent altogether, or the pistil or stamens only may be
present.
The delicate style with its funnel-shaped stigma always protrudes first from the
notch in the thallome, and as it bends upwards, the stigmatic funnel raises a little
drop of water, that rests upon it like a crystal globe. The style only projects about
3% mm. above the surface of the water, and has usually disappeared by the time the
first stamen is mature and protrudes; the stigma, however, sometimes remains
receptive, and in that case autogamy can easily take place. The second stamen does
not project from the notch until the anther of the first has scattered its spinose,
adhesive, tetrahedral pollen-grains, which are about 25 » in diameter. While the
flower of the primary shoot fades, the lateral shoot situated opposite projects more
and more from the notch in the thallome, and matures a second inflorescence
resembling the first. If the secondary vegetative shoot was developed in the right
notch, this new inflorescence appears in the left one, and conversely. Warnstorf
never observed the development of more than one inflorescence. It is striking that
the upper half of the primary shoot in flowering plants of L. trisulca is always curved
downwards in the form of a bow and is submerged, while the middle and lower
parts float.
By close observation of flowering duckweed in an aquarium Warnstorf proved
the following.—
(1) German species of Lemnaceae (L. trisulca, L. minor, and L. gibba) are
markedly protogynous.
(2) The stigma is sometimes still receptive when the first stamen has dehisced,
so that in this case autogamy can easily take place.
(3) In consequence of the gregarious habits of lemnaceous plants, pollen from
flowers in the second (male) stage can easily reach those in the first (female) one by
mutual contact of different plants, and cross-pollination thus take place.
(4) The wind can easily wash the floating pollen into the funnel-shaped stigma
or bring plants in different stages so near that mutual pollination can be effected.
LEMNACEAE 501
(5) There is also a possibility of pollination by small water-spiders, water-
beetles, and snails (Planorbis).
Thus in the pollination of species of Lemnaceae, wind, water, and animals
perhaps play equal parts; cross-pollination without outside help, however, and even
autogamy are in no way excluded, as a result of the gregarious habits of plants of
the species.
2938. L. polyrrhiza L. (= Spirodela polyrrhiza Sch/edd.). (G. Engelman,
Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl., New York, 1870, pp. 42-3 ; H. Gillman, Amer. Nat., Boston
(Mass.), xv, 1881, pp. 896—7.)—Engelman describes this species as protandrous.
Gillman observed that the stamens, which dehisce about 4 p.m., move back at night,
and open again the next morning between 7~9 a.m.
CXXII. ORDER AZISMACEAE JUSS.
LitEraTure.—Knuth, ‘ Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 133.
Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious, rarely dioecious. The inner or both
perianth whorls are petaloid, and therefore serve to attract insects.
957. Alisma L.
Flowers hermaphrodite and
homogamous, white or reddish in
colour ; with half-concealed nectar
secreted by a ring at the base of
the stamens.
2939. A. Plantago L.
(Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’ p. 565;
Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 183; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt.
a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 133 ; Warns-
torf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin,
XxXxviii, 1896.)— The homoga-
mous flowers of this species are
arranged in pyramidal panicles,
and possess a yellow nectar-guide
at the base of each of the three
white or reddish petals; they
expand to form a surface about
ro mm. in diameter. Hermann
Miiller says that nectar is secreted
in twelve small drops by the inner
side of a fleshy ring formed by the
union of the broadened bases of
the six filaments. The stamens Fic. 415. Alisma Plantago, L. (after Herm. Miller). (1)
Flower seen directly from above. (2) Lateral view of do., after
are directed obliquely upwards and removal of the petals. a, droplets of nectar; 4, stigmas.
outwards, and turn their pollen-
covered surface outwards, while the stigmas stand erect in the middle of the flower.
Tne most frequent visitors are hover-flies, which by flying to the centre effect
502 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
cross-pollination, if they come from another flower, but are able, on the other hand,
to bring about self-pollination if they alight on a petal. Warnstorf describes the
pollen-grains as yellow in colour, polyhedral, on an average 25 » in diameter.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Knuth (Kn.), 7 hover-flies, skg. and po-dvg.—
1. Ascia podagrica /. (H. M.), very numerous; 2. Eristalis arbustorum Z. (Kn.);
3. E. sepulcralis Z.; 4. Melanostoma mellina Z. (Kn., H. M.); 5. Melithreptus
scriptus Z. (H. M.); 6. Syritta pipiens Z. (Kn., H. M.); 7. Syrphus ribesii Z.
(Kn.). MacLeod (Flanders), a short-tongued bee, 4 hover-flies, and 5 Muscids
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 289), Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a short-
tongued bee, 8 hover-flies, 5 Muscids, and a Lepidopterid (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’
p. 164).
958. Echinodorus Rich.
2940. E. ranunculoides Engelm. (= Alisma ranunculoides JZ.).—In
flowers of this species the three petals are white with a faint tinge of pink and a
basal yellow blotch; they are about 8 mm. long and so mm. broad at the widest
part; the diameter of the flower is therefore about 15 mm. As only a few such
flowers are united into a panicle and the secretion of nectar is small, visitors are
naturally rare. Automatic self-pollination is therefore ensured, the six short, vertical
stamens projecting beyond the stigmas, which mature simultaneously with them,
autogamy by fall of pollen being thus inevitable. Should insects visit the flowers,
however, cross-pollination is also possible.
959. Elisma Buchen.
2941. E. natans Buchen. (= Alisma natans Z., and Echinodorus natans
Engelm.).— Hildebrand (‘ D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 90) and Kerner state that
submerged flowers of this species fertilize themselves pseudo-cleistogamously.
960. Sagittaria Rupp.
Monoecious pollen-flowers (?).
2942. S. sagittifolia L—vThe diameter of the male flowers of this species
was about 2 cm. in the plants which I examined near Kiel; female flowers may be
at once distinguished by their smaller size. The white petals possess a brilliant red
nectar-guide at their base, which suggests the presence of juicy tissue. When treated
with Fehling’s solution and orthonitrophenylpropionic acid (4% Leucojum aestivum Z.)
there was no deposition of colouring matter in the male flowers.
The plants in the neighbourhood of Kiel seemed to be protogynous, for the
female flowers were already faded when the pollen-flowers opened. Fruits are set
scantily.
Kélreuter pointed out (‘ Dritte Fortsetzung ’) that anemophily is improbable or
at least very doubtful. Hildebrand (op. cit., p. 9) observed a plant of which the
male and female flowers were not normal. He says (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, li, 1893)
that the male and female flowers are situated in separate whorls.
Warnstorf (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896) says that the lower female
ALISMACEAE 503
blossoms of the inflorescence open first, and then the pseudo-hermaphrodite pollen-
flowers above them, so that the species is protogynous in the neighbourhood of
Neu-Ruppin. The anthers are of a beautiful dark-brown colour, and dehisce
laterally. The pollen-grains are yellow, rounded polyhedral, closely beset with short
spines, and therefore clinging to the dehisced anther-lobes, about 27-31 mw in
diameter.
Warnstorf distinguished the following variations in the inflorescences at Ruppin.—
(1) The lowest of the trimerous whorls contains female flowers only, and the one
above this 1-2 such flowers, while the rest are entirely composed of pseudo-
hermaphrodite pollen-flowers.
(2) One of the female flowers of the lowest whorl is replaced by a branch bearing
pseudo-hermaphrodite pollen-flowers; otherwise as (1).
(3) There is only one female flower in the lowest whorl, the other two being replaced
by branches bearing pseudo-hermaphrodite pollen-flowers only. This is rare.
(4) The lowest whorl possesses one female flower, a single pseudo-hermaphrodite
pollen-flower, and two branches bearing pollen-flowers only.
(5) Instead of the one female flower in the lowest whorl there is a pseudo-herma-
phrodite male flower with a branch in the axil of its bract bearing flowers of
the same kind.
(6) The lower whorl consists of one female flower, three male flowers, and two
flower-branches bearing male flowers. Very rare at Ruppin.
Visitors.—MacLeod observed 3 Muscids in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,
Ghent, v, 1893, p. 288).
961. Butomus Tourn.
Flowers homogamous to protandrous, with half-concealed nectar secreted at the
base of the ovary.
2943. B. umbellatus L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 234; Herm. Miller,
‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 293; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ pp. 182-3; Schulz,
‘Beitrage, I; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 133-5.}+-The flower
mechanism of plants belonging to this species seems to vary in different districts, for
the descriptions of Sprengel, Hermann Miiller, and A. Schulz differ considerably.
I will therefore first give an account of the mechanism as I have observed it in
Schleswig-Holstein. About twenty flowers form a terminal umbel, and the diameter
of each flower is about 4 cm. Both sepals and petals are pale-pink in colour, darker
in the middle and towards the base. The stamens and, in the second stage of
anthesis, the carpels also, are dark-red; they thus help to make the flowers con-
spicuous. In the island of Féhr and near Kiel I observed rather marked protandry.
There are nine stamens, and the anthers of the six which are not superposed on the
petals dehisce first, their filaments at the same time bending backwards and outwards.
When these six have withered, the anthers of the other three dehisce, but their
filaments remain fairly erect. The carpels now mature. The ovaries, hitherto pink
on the outer margin only, become dark-red, and the stigmas appear in the form of
slits, which expand gradually to such an extent that they are brought below the still
pollen-covered anthers of the three stamens which matured last. In the first part of
504 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
the hermaphrodite stage, therefore, cross-pollination will be effected by insect-visits
if visitors bring foreign pollen and alight on the stigmas in the middle of the flower.
In the second part of this stage both cross- and self-pollination may be brought
about by insect-visits; autogamy takes place by fall of pollen should such visits fail.
I could observe the latter in plants which flowered in my laboratory; the pollen of
the three inner stamens fell so plentifully on the carpels that not only were the
stigmatic papillae thickly covered with it, but a large portion rolled down the inner
side of the ovary into the base of the flower. In the first (purely male) stage such
masses of pollen may always be found in the trough-like hollows of the sepals and
petals, whence it is removed by gusts of wind. The shallow form of the stigmas,
however, renders it scarcely possible for the pollen to be deposited on them by such
means.
Nectar is so abundantly secreted on the carpels that there is always a large drop
in the cleft between each two adjacent ovaries.
Fic. 416. Butomus umbellatus, L. (from nature). (1) Flower in the first (male) stage: 6 stamens
have developed, diverging from the centre and opening their anthers; the stigmas are stiJl immature.
(2) Do., in the second (hermaphrodite) stage : all the anthers have dehisced, but the innermost stamens have
only diverged slightly ; the stigmas have become receptive. The pollen in the dehisced anthers is not
indicated. _—_s, stigmas.
Sprengel’s account differs from mine in stating that all nine anthers have
already lost their pollen when the stigmas mature, so that automatic self-pollination
seems to be excluded. Hermann Miller, on the contrary, says that all nine anthers
remain well covered with pollen until the stigmas are fully receptive, and come into
contact with them partly automatically, autogamy being brought about in this way.
A. Schulz found flowers near Halle to be usually homogamous or feebly pro-
tandrous, more rarely markedly protandrous. There the stigmas are frequently
divergent and papillose when the flower opens, but usually they only become fully
receptive by the time some of the anthers have dehisced. The stamens are curved at
the base and shorter than the pistil; the laterally dehiscing anthers are therefore
situated 2-4 mm. below the stigmas, so that in the usually upright flowers automatic
self-pollination seems to be excluded, as a rule, and is only possible in occasional
cases, when stigmas and anthers are at the same level.
ALISMACEAE 505
Jordan points out turther that the three petals form an alighting-platform, from
which the entrance leads between the stamens to the middle of the flower. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as saffron-yellow in colour, biscuit-shaped, closely tuber-
culate, about 25 » broad and up to 37-5 p» long.
Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miiller, the fossorial wasp Gorytes fargei Schuck. (=G. campestris Z.)
, skg. Knuth (‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 167), 3 hover-flies, several bees,
and 2 Lepidoptera. Heinsius (Holland)—A. Diptera. (a) Empzdae: 1. Empis
livida Z. 3. (5) Muscidae: 2. Anthomyia sp.é; 3. Onesia floralis R-D.5; 4. Pyrellia
cadaverina Z. 9; 5. Scatophaga stercoraria Z.9. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apzdae:
6. Halictus leucopus K. 9. (6) Sphegzdae: 7. Crabro cribrarius Z.§ and 9 (Bot.
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892, p. 68). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 2 humble-
bees—Bombus subterraneus Z. ¥, and B. terrester Z. & (Ned. Kruidk. Arch.,
Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), 2 hover-flies (Bot. Jaarb.
Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 291). Schiner (Austria, /es/e Egger), the hover-fly
Melithreptus formosus Zgg.
CXXIHI. ORDER NAZADACEAE LINK.
962. Naias L.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious and adapted for pollination by water. The
pollen-grains possess no extine, are globular or ellipsoido-cylindrical in the closed
anther, and tube-shaped when examined in water.
2944. N. major All. (Magnus, ‘Sur les phénom. de la pollin. dans les pl. du
gen Najas’; Jonsson, ‘Om Befrukt. hos Slagtet Najas, etc.’; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,
Eng. Ed, 1, I, p. 105.)—The flowers of this species are dioecious. The male
blossom consists of one stamen only, bearing a terminal four-lobed anther, and
surrounded by a two-layered, closed involucre, the outer layer produced into a toothed
beak, while the inner is united to the wall of the anther almost to the tip. This inner
layer splits into four lobes which roll backwards, and the pollen then escapes into the
water. J6nsson states that the pollen-grains, owing to the large number of starch-
grains which they contain, are heavier than water, and so sink down and are caught
by the stigmas of the female-flowers, which consist only of an ovary with 2-3 stigmatic
branches. Magnus says that the pollen-grains have already developed tubes in the
dehisced anther.
2945. N. flexilis Rostk. et Schmidt (= Caulinia flexilis W7d/d.), (Jonsson,
op. cit.; Magnus, op. cit.)—The flowers of this species are monoecious. The male
blossoms, according to Jonsson, are situated higher on the plant and are more
numerous than the female ones. The inner involucral layer of the former, united to
the wall of the anther, splits into two valves. The female flower bears two stigmatic
branches and two spiny ones.
963. Scheuchzeria L.
Flowers probably anemophilous and protogynous.
2946. S. palustris L. (Buchenau, in Engler’s ‘ Pflanzenreich,’ Leipzig, Heft
16.)—The dull-brownish green perianth leaves of flowers belonging to this species
506 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
are irregularly expanded. The upwardly tapering filaments bear inverted anthers,
which contain smooth, easily scattered pollen. The stigma forms a bipinnate brush
with long, transparent papillae, and springs from a little below the tip of the ovary.
The stigma no doubt matures before the anthers.
964. Triglochin Riv.
Lirzrature.—Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’ p. 38; Knuth,
‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 135-6; Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II,
p- 148; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 291.
Protogynous wind flowers. The hexaphyllous calyciform perianth serves as
a temporary receptacle for pollen falling from the stamens situated above. The
anthers of the lower staminal whorl dehisce first, and then those of the upper one.
Kerner says that the stigmas mature 2-3 days before the anthers.
2947. T. maritimum L. (Knuth, loc. cit.\—During the first stage of anthesis
in this species the somewhat pinnate papillose stigmas protrude from the perianth
leaves, which at first still remain closed like a bud. The latter are carinate in form,
and greenish in colour with reddish tips; later on they are forced apart by the
swelling of the ovary, and the three sepals bend slightly backwards, but in such
a way that their tips, which gradually become brown in colour, always remain in
contact with the ovary. In this way three crescentic pockets are formed, behind
each of which an anther dehisces, part of the pollen falling into it. On being lightly
touched, and by every gust of wind, the pollen is scattered from the pockets and
also from the anthers if they still contain any. The sepals, which have become dry
and skin-like, become loose, and are carried away by gusts of wind with the pollen
lying in them and the anthers united to their bases. When the calyx has been
removed in this manner the same process takes place with the corolla. Warnstorf
describes the pollen-grains as yellowish-white in colour, very irregularly tetrahedral,
tuberculate, 25-31 in diameter.
2948. T. palustre L. (Knuth, op. cit., p. 136.)—This species possesses the
same flower mechanism as the preceding one. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains
as whitish in colour, spheroidal to ovoid, closely tuberculate, 31 » in diameter on an
average.
A very delicate small-flowered variety of this species, with slender stems, occurs
in Greenland (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 78).
965. Potamogeton L.
LiteraTurE.—Axell, ‘Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,’ p. 38; MacLeod,
Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 283-5; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d.
nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 136-7.
Aquatic plants bearing protogynous, anemophilous, hermaphrodite flowers.
Perianth absent, but replaced by four scale-shaped connectives. Kerner states that
the pollen falls first of all into a cavity in the connective (at any rate in P. crispus Z.).
NAIADACEAE 507
2949. P. natans L. (Knuth, op. cit., p. 137.)—In this species the closely-
crowded spike consists of some 50 flowers about
4-5 mm. in diameter. In the first (female) stage it
is about 4 cm., in the second (male) one about 6 cm.
long, and just projects from the water. The four
green perianth-like connectives are at first closed like
an envelope, with only the four brush-shaped stigmas
projecting. These are dusted by means of the wind
with pollen from adjacent flowers already in the male
stage. The connectives then diverge, and the eight
sessile anther-lobes dehisce and empty their abundant Fic. 417. Potamogeton natans,
ZL. (from nature). Flower in the
dusty pollen. first (female) stage, seen from
2950. P. perfoliatus L. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. above. # scaletike cone
Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, 1896.)—The stalks of the connec- (x about 6).
tive-plates of the protogynous wind flowers belonging
to this species are vertical to the ovary when the pollen is mature, while their ex-
panded parts are parallel to it. In this way is constituted an excellent arrangement
for catching the pollen carried by the wind. The pollen-grains are ovoid to ellipsoidal,
white in colour, slightly transparent, delicately retiform-tuberculate, about 44-50 p
long and 37°5 » broad.
2951. P. crispus L. (Warnstorf, op. cit., xxxvili, 1896.)—The flowers of this
species are protogynous and the anthers extrorse. The pollen-grains are white,
spheroidal to ovoid, almost glabrous, from 37-47 » in diameter. MacLeod (Bot,
Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 284-5) gives a detailed description of the
flower mechanism, corresponding for the most part with my account of P. natans.
2952. P. lucens L. (Warnstorf, op. cit.)}—The pollen-grains in this species
are whitish in colour, irregularly tetrahedral, from 25-8 y» in diameter.
2953. P. gramineus L., var. (a) gramineus Fr. (Warnstorf, op. cit.)—The
pollen-grains in this species are white in colour, irregularly tetrahedral, almost
retiform-tuberculate, from 31-5 m in diameter.
2954. P. pusillus L. (Warnstorf, op. cit.}—The pollen-grains in this species
are flour-white in colour, tetrahedral, closely tuberculate and opaque, varying in size,
on an average 25 mu in diameter.
2955. P. filiformis Pers. (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlands-
exped.,’ p. 78.)—Vanhéffen observed nearly ripe fruits of this species in Greenland.
966. Ruppia L.
Flowers hermaphrodite, hydrophilous, and usually protandrous. The pollen-
grains possess no extine.
2956. R. maritima L. (=R. spiralis Dumort.). (Delpino u. Ascherson,
‘ Corrispondenza’; H. Schenck, ‘Biol. d. Wassergewachse,’ p. 123 ; Roze, Bul. soc.
bot., Paris, xli, 1894, pp. 466-80.)—The flowers of this species possess no perianth,
and consist of two stamens and four carpels. The spadix is made up of only two
such flowers, situated on opposite sides of the axis. In the first stage the spadix is
male; it is then short and scarcely projects from the sheath of the bract. The
508 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
anthers empty their pollen-grains under water; these are cylindrical in shape and
bent like a knee; they possess no extine, and their specific gravity is so small that
they rise at once to the surface of the water.
In the second (female) stage of the spadix its stalk has elongated so greatly that
the now mature ovary reaches the surface of the water, where the pollen is blown to
it by the wind. Much as in Vallisneria the stalk of the spadix draws back below the
surface of the water when pollination has been effected, and the fruits mature there.
2957. R. rostellata Koch. (Delpino u. Ascherson, op. cit.; H. Schenck,
op. cit.)—The construction of the flowers and the course of maturation of the stigmas
and anthers are the same as in the preceding species, but this one is also described
as homogamous or protogynous. The stalk of the spadix remains short and straight
and does not curl up spirally. Pollination is no doubt again effected by floating
pollen, but no direct observations have been made.
967. Zannichellia Mich.
Flowers monoecious and hydrophilous. The pollen-grains possess no extine.
2958. Z. palustris L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 130-2;
Roze, J. Bot., Paris, i, 1887, pp. 296-9.)—Tritzschke states that the pollen-grains
possess no extine, hence it is highly probable that the species is hydrophilous. The
male flower consists of one exposed stamen, the female of a cup-shaped involucre
with four carpels, possessing short styles, and stigmas uniting to form a crooked
funnel. As long as the pollen-grains remain in the closed anthers they are spheroidal
in shape, but as soon as they leave those receptacles they become tubes which force
their way to the stigmas. Each of the latter is a triangular, rather large lobe; Roze
says that three or four such lobes meet, forming a funnel to catch the floating pollen.
968. Zostera L.
Flowers monoecious and hydrophilous. The pollen-grains possess no extine.
2959. Z. marina L. (Clavaud, ‘Fécond. du Zostera’; A. Engler, Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxxvii, 1879, pp. 654-5; H. Schenck, op. cit., p. 127; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’
II.)\—The numerous unisexual flowers of this species possess no perianth; they
are sessile on a membranous foliar axis, and surrounded by an involucre, which is
produced into a linear expansion. The flowers are arranged on the axis as single
anthers and ovaries in two longitudinal rows, the male flowers alternating with the
female ones above and at the side. This position also makes it possible that each
two adjacent anthers and ovaries together form a hermaphrodite flower. The
inflorescences are protogynous. In the first stage, the two filiform furcate stigmas
project 3 mm. from the involucre, while the anthers are still closed. The anthers
then suddenly dehisce and shed all their pollen-grains simultaneously. These possess
no extine, and form thread-shaped clumps which float about on the surface of the
water, and are caught by the stigmas of plants still in the first (female) stage. The
stigmatic branches are made up of wedge-shaped, outwardly curved cells, which
become soft at the spot where a pollen-grain adheres and render it possible for the
pollen-tube, hitherto a short, blunt process, to penetrate. When poliination has been
effected the styles fall off.
NAIADACEAE 509
2960. Z.nana Roth. (Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 138.)—The
flower mechanism of this species no doubt agrees with that of the preceding one, but
hitherto I have never been able to find it in flower, although I have examined an
extremely large number of plants, particularly near the Halligen. The species there
propagates very abundantly in a vegetative manner.
969. Posidonia Kon.
The flowers of species belonging to this genus are protogynous. (Delpino,
‘Ult. oss.,’ II, pp. 67.)
CXXIV. ORDER CYPERACEAE JUSS.
(Numerous memoirs by Appel must be added to the bibliography for this order.)
All the species of this order are anemophilous. In all species so far examined
cross-pollination by protogyny, more rarely by protandry or dioecism, is favoured.
The Danish species of Cyperaceae examined by Raunkjer (Bot. Tids., Kjében-
havn, xvili, 1893, pp. 19-23) are all protogynous, though to different degrees. He
mentions the following species :—Carex digitata Z., C. caespitosa Z., C. stricta Good.,
C. montana Z., C. pilulifera Z., C. remota Z., C. cyperoides Afurr., C. axillaris Good.
(= C. Boenninghauseniana Wezhe), C. paniculata Z., C. paradoxa Willd., C. teretiu-
scula Good., C. vulpina Z., C. muricata Z., C. elongata Z., C. pallescens Z., C. flava
L., C. sylvatica Huds., C. distans L., C. fulva Good., C. chordorrhiza Z., C. arenaria L.,
C. disticha Huds., C. incurva Lighif,, C. dioica Z., C. vulgaris #'rzes (= C. Goodenowii
J. Gay), C. gracilis R. Br., C. praecox Jacg. (= C. verna Viill.), C. ericetorum Poll.,
C. panicea Z., C. flacca, C. limosa Z., C. rostrata Z., C. vesicaria Z., C. paludosa
Good. (=C. acutiformis Lhrh.), C. riparia Curt, C. filiformis Z., C. hirta Z.,
Rynchospora fusca Azf., Cladium germanicum Schrad. (= C. Mariscus R. Br.),
Eriophorum polystachion Z., E. angustifolium Roth (=E. gracile Sm.), E. vaginatum
L., Scirpus sylvaticus Z., S. pauciflorus Ligh/f, and others.
I can confirm Raunkjzr’s statements with regard to the species of this order
native to Schleswig-Holstein. Those collected in this province which I have in my
herbarium are all more or less protogynous. This applies to the flowers of the
hermaphrodite and the inflorescences of the monoecious species. They are the
following :—
Pycreus flavescens eand. (= Cyperus flavescens Z.), Cyperus fuscus Z.,
Cladium germanicum Schrad. (= C. Mariscus Z.), Rynchospora alba Vah/, Eleocharis
palustris R.Br, E. multicaulis Sm., E. acicularis R. Br., Scirpus caespitosus Z.,
S. pauciflorus Lighif., S. nanus Spreng., S. fluitans Z., S. setaceus Z., S. lacustris L.,
S. triqueter Z., S. pungens VaAl, S. maritimus Z., S. sylvaticus Z., S. radicans
Schkuhr, S. Caricis Retz., S. rufus Schrad. Eriophorum alpinum Z., E. vaginatum
L., E. angustifolium Roth, E. latifolium Hoppe, E. gracile Koch. Carex dioica L.,
C. pulicaris Z., C. arenaria Z. (= C. ligerica 7. Gay), C. disticha Huds., C. muricata
L. (=C. virens Lam.), C. vulpina Z., C. paniculata Z., C. teretiuscula Good.,
C. paradoxa Willd., C. Schreberi Schrank, C. remota L., C. echinata Afurr. (= C,
stellulata Good.), C. leporina Z., C. elongata Z., C. canescens Z., C. stricta Good.,
510 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
C. caespitosa Z., C. acuta Z., C. vulgaris Frzes (= G. Goodenowii /. Gay), C. Bux-
baumii Wahlend., C. limosa L., C. pilulifera Z., C. praecox Jacq., C. ericetorum Poll,
C. montana Z., C. panicea Z., C. glauca Scop., C. sylvatica Huds., C. strigosa Huds.,
C. pendula Huds., C. pallescens Z., C. digitata Z., C. flava Z., C. Oederi Revz.,
C. extensa Good., C. Hornschuchiana Hoppe, C. fulva Good., C. distans Z., C. ampul-
lacea Good., C. hirta Z., C. filiformis Z., C. Pseudo-cyperus Z., C. vesicaria Z.,
C. paludosa Good., C. riparia Curt.
Kerner states that all monoecious species are protogynous.
Hermann Miiller (‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 293) describes Scirpus lacustris L.,
S. maritimus Z., and Eriophorum angustifolium Ro/h as protogynous.
Kirchner (‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 10) says that Carex brizoides Z. and C. praecox
Jacq. (= C. verna Charx ef Vill.) are feebly protogynous.
Axell describes the following as protogynous :—Scirpus lacustris Z., S. maritimus
L., Carex pallescens Z., C. Oederi Re/z., C. panicea Z., C. atrata Z.,C. alpina Z., C.
aquatilis Wahlenb., C. vulgaris Fries (= C. Goodenowii /. Gay), C. vaginata Tausch,
and other species of Carex ; Eriophorum alpinum, E. angustifolium Ro/f, E. latifolium
Hoppe, and E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe. (Most of these species have already been
mentioned.)
Kirchner also describes all German species of Eriophorum as protogynous, and
MacLeod all species of Eleocharis.
Appel arrived at somewhat different results. At Schaffhausen he not infrequently
observed for several years protandrous plants mixed with numerous protogynous
stocks of Carex montana Z. and C. praecox /Jacg. He was able to confirm this
observation lately on Carex digitata Z. and C. humilis Zeyss., also in the neighbour-
hood of Wurzburg.
While, however, in the latter district the carices of the woods and meadows were
always predominantly protogynous, the marsh and water species were almost entirely
homogamous to protandrous; Warnstorf confirms this statement, at least with
reference to C. caespitosa Z. and C. vulgaris Frzes (= C. Goodenowii 7. Gay).
The distribution of sexes is particularly multifarious in the genus Carex, and is
subject to variation. Appel speaks as follows on the subject :—
It is usual to divide the Carices into three groups—Monostachyae, Homostachyae,
and Heterostachyae. This division is not a natural one if consistently carried out, as
there are species which are not easily classified, and have therefore been inconsistently
placed, as is the case, e.g. with C. Buxbaumii Wahlend. Besides this the system
does not always take into account the natural relation of larger groups, as may be
plainly seen in the division of Monostachyae, which is made up of entirely different
elements.
In Monostachyae are included the species bearing a single terminal spikelet.
This may either combine both sexes, e.g. in C. pulicaris Z., or may be unisexual,
so that the plant is dioecious, as, e.g. in C. dioica Z. In these dioecious species,
however, it is not unusual to find individual plants uniting both sexes arranged
alternately in one spikelet, and sometimes, though rarely, others in which there are
small lateral spikelets in addition to the chief one. In the monoecious species, on the
contrary, individuals now and then occur with exclusively male or female spikelets.
In the group of Homostachyae are included those species possessing several
CYPERACEAE 511
spikelets, in which, however, both sexes are arranged variously; it is divided into
three groups, e.g. Acrarrhenae, in which all the spikelets are male at the tip and
female at the base; Hyparrhenae, with male spikelets at the base and female at the
tip; and Holarrhenae, in which the middle spikelets are male, while the terminal and
basal ones are female.
Here also we find a great tendency to variation, particularly in the last group
with its species of C. disticha Huds., C. arenaria Z., and C. pseudo-arenaria. The
division of the sexes is not only found in quite different parts of the spikelet, in which
first one then the other sex predominates ; but the relative position of the sexes may
also vary.
Finally the group of Heterostachyae includes those species which typically
possess one or several terminal male spikelets and several lateral female spikelets.
C. Buxbaumii Wahilend. is also reckoned in this group, as it bears female flowers at
the tip of the male spikelet. This arrangement is, however, not infrequently found
in other species also, e.g. in C. glauca Scop. But the reverse, i.e. terminal spikelets
which are female at the base, are not rare. The female spikelets very frequently
contain a number of male flowers, sometimes at the tip (especially frequent in
C. glauca Scop., and sometimes at the base, as in C. vulgaris #7zes, or distributed
over the whole spikelet.
Compound spikelets are also not rare, and are particularly frequent in C. sylvatica
Huds. and C. glauca Scop.
The number of stigmas, which is also considered in systematics, is not quite
constant. In species normally bearing three stigmas flowers are not infrequently
found bearing only two, e.g. C. paludosa Good. and C. glauca Scop.; on the other
hand, though more rarely, styles with three stigmas (e.g. in C. acuta Z.) are found in
spikelets of species with two stigmas.
Speaking generally, therefore, the distribution of sexes in the genus Carex is on
the one hand very numerous, but on the other hand very variable.
A fact connected with the process of fertilization, but not yet satisfactorily
explained, may also be mentioned. Completely or partially sterile axes and stocks
are often found, which are not hybrids. I observed this to be particularly striking
in C. glauca Scop. at Winterthur, C. vesicaria Z. in the Binninger Rind (South
Baden), C. panicea Z. at Wiirzburg, and other species in a more or less marked
degree. The assumption seems justified that such occurrences may be explained
by the absence of fertilization in consequence of unfavourable weather in species
dependent on dryness and wind for pollination.
Andersson and Hesselman (‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren
Eil. Karlvaxtflora,’ pp. 77-82) observed the flowering and fruiting times of the
following species in Spitzbergen.—Carex saxatilis Z., C. misandra R. Br., C. salina
Wahlenb. var. subspathacea Drej., C. vulgaris Fries (= C. rigida Good.), C. ursina
Dewey, C. lagopina Wahlend., C. glareosa Schkuhr, C. incurva Lighif., C. dioica L.
var. parallela Laest., C. nardina Fes, C. rupestris A//., Eriophorum angustifolium
Roth var. B. triste Fries, E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe.
Vanhoffen (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 85-95)
observed the following species flowering and mostly fruiting in Greenland during June
to August.—Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe, E. polystachion Z., Kobresia caricina
Willd., Carex nardina Fries, C. capitata Z., C. scirpoidea Afichx., C. microglochin
Wahlenb., C. rupestris AZ, C. incurva Lightf, C. glareosa Schkuhr, C. bicolor A//.,
512 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
C. alpina Sw. C. ustulata Wahlend., C. misandra R. Br., C. salina Wahlend. (= C.
hyperborea Dre.), C. vulgaris Fries (= C. rigida Good.), C. capillaris Z., C. rariflora
Sm., C. pedata Z., C. saxatilis Z. (= C. pulla Good).
The species of this order also receive occasional visits from pollen-devouring or
pollen-collecting insects, which sometimes effect crossing.
VistTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Herm. Miller (‘ Fertilisation, p. 567, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 293), the hover-fly
Melanostoma mellina Z., po-dvg., on the spikelets of Eleocharis palustris R. Br.
(= Scirpus palustris Z.), and the honey-bee, po-cltg., on Carex hirta Z. and C. mon-
tana Z. Kirchner (‘Neue Beob.,’ p. 10), the honey-bee, po-cltg., on Carex praecox
Jacq. (= C. verna Vil/.). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the beetle Cantharis fusca
Z., dvg. the anthers of C. Fraseri Azdr. Appel (Schweinfurt), numerous beetles,
busily po-dvg., on the 6 spikelets of Carex acuta Z. and C. vulgaris Pres (= C.
Goodenowii /. Gay). The same author states that many species of Cyperaceae, and
particularly of the genus Cyperus, e.g. Carex baldensis Z., are adapted by their
brightly coloured, closely crowded inflorescences to attract insects.
Some special examples will illustrate these general remarks.
970. Cyperus L.
2961. C. fuscus L.—The flowers of this species are protogynous; but some-
times the stigmas are still receptive when the pollen of the same flower is mature,
and autogamy is thus possible. As a rule when the flower is in the female stage, the
two mature anthers of the one next below it on the spikelet project on stiff filaments
a little above the bracts so that geitonogamy can easily take place. The species is
never anemophilous. The pollen-grains are white in colour, four-sided pyramidal,
the surface of the base arched, feebly tuberculate, up to 30 » long.
971. Rynchospora Vahl.
2962. R. fusca Ait—The flowers of this species are protogynous; the
pollen-grains are pale-yellow in colour, irregular, very variable in size, tetrahedral
or three-sided pyramidal, the surface of the base arched to a hemispherical curve or
. less, and the tip bluntly rounded, closely papillose, up to 43 » long and 31 mw broad
(Warnstorf).
972. Scirpus L.
2963. S. caespitosus L.—Schréder (Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, xi, 1890, p. 513)
says that in this species male and female stocks occur besides those bearing only
hermaphrodite flowers. Raunkjzr also states that the plant shows a tendency to
gynodioecism.
2964. S. supinus L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, i, 1889,
p- 513-)—This species was observed by Jackson with underground cleistogamous
flowers.
2965. S. lacustris L.—This species is markedly protogynous. When the
pollen is mature the stigmas of the same flower are already brown and shrivelled, so
that self-pollination is excluded. As the flowers of individual plants, however, open
very irregularly, specimens may be found during anthesis with flowers in the 9 (first)
CYPERACEAE 513
stage and others in the 6 (second) stage at the same time; this brings about dioecism,
so that cross-pollination by means of wind can take place very frequently. Besides
this, however, small staphylinid beetles, which I frequently found thickly dusted with
pollen in the spikelets, seemed to effect cross-pollination. The pollen-grains are pale-
yellowish in colour, irregularly tetrahedral to bluntly-triangulo-pyramidal, about 37-5
to 43-7 » broad and 62-5 mw long.
In addition to normal flowers with three stigmas, others with two sometimes
occur.
2966. S. Caricis Retz. (=S. compressus Pers.)—In this species the pollen-
grains are pale-yellowish in colour, rounded tetrahedral, feebly papillose, 37-5 to 44
in diameter.
2967. S. sylvaticus L.—This species is strongly protogynous, with persistent
stigmas. The stamens do not mature until some days later than the latter. The
pollen-grains are yellowish in colour, tetrahedral with small tubercles, about 91 » in
diameter.
973. Eriophorum L.
2968. E. polystachion L.—This species is protogynous. The flowers are
hermaphrodite or purely female ; specimens with only female ones are often found in
sheltered stations. The style of the female flower, bearing 3 long stigmatic branches
closely beset with papillae, projects far beyond the bracts. The pollen-grains are
sulphur-yellow in colour in the mass, tetrahedral, tuberculate, on an average 37-40 pu
in diameter (Warnstorf).
I. M. Normann (Bot. Not., Lund, 1868, p. 13) states that in the north of Norway
this species is sometimes hermaphrodite and dioecious.
2969. E. vaginatum L.—Raunkjer says that this species is sometimes com-
pletely gynodioecious.
974. Kobresia Willd.
Pax describes the spikes as consisting of some two-flowered spikelets, in which
the terminal one is male and the lateral female.
975. Carex L.
2970. C. dioica L., and 2971. C. Davalliana Sm.—In these species individuals
bearing single or more numerous female flowers, at the base or in the middle of the
male spikes, are not rare.
2972. C. baldensis L.—The yellowish-white, capitate inflorescences in this
species, formed by the grouping together of the spikelets, are extraordinarily con-
spicuous, and undoubtedly attract insects, which effect crossing. At Riva, Appel
observed gnats, and a few small beetles. The size of the inflorescence varies greatly,
and its conspicuousness is affected by the presence or absence of the largest part of
last year’s dark-green foliage during anthesis. Appel observed that these conditions
varied according to the altitude in the neighbourhood of Lake Garda.
DAVIS. IIL L 1
514 ANGIOSPERMAE— MONOCOTYLEDONES
2973. C. paradoxa Willd——This species is sometimes purely male; such
stocks, since their spikelets in later stages are devoid of fruits, have not infrequently
occasioned crosses with the hybrids of C. paradoxa Wild., C. teretiuscula Good., and
C. paradoxa Willd. or C. paniculata Z. Appel says that large sods are often found,
of which the inner spikelets are normal composed, but surrounded by a belt of male
stems, so that the female flowers are pollinated in whatever direction the wind may be.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as pale-yellowish-white in colour, tetra-
hedral, tuberculate, on an average from 37 p» in diameter.
2974. C. Schreberi Schrank (= C. praecox Schred.).—Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains in this species as yellowish in colour, spheroidal-tetrahedral, closely
beset with small tubercles, about 30 w in diameter.
2975. C. leporina L.—Appel not infrequently observed pollen-collecting
insects, especially flies, on the spikelets of this species, which indicates the possibility
of entomophily. The varieties argyroglochin Hornem., with its straw-yellow, and
atrofusca Chris#, with its dark-brown, almost blackish spikes, may also be of
oecological significance.
2976. C. vulgaris Fries (= C. Goodenowii /. Gay), and 2977. C. stricta
Good.—lIn these species purely male stems occur not infrequently, or spikelets with
female flowers becoming male at the tip.
The pollen-grains are pale-yellow in colour, tetrahedral, with rounded corners,
delicately tuberculate, from 37-43 » in diameter. (Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’
p- 364.)
2978. C. praecox Jacq. (= C. verna V22/.).—This species, besides C. glauca
Scop., is probably one of those in which variations in the position of the spikelets
most frequently occur. From the variety gymobas’s Spenn., which bears a basal
spikelet on a long, slender stalk, there are all transitions to the type in which one
terminal male spikelet is present with one to three female ones close below it.
The pollen-grains are sulphur-yellow in colour, markedly conical to pear-shaped,
tuberculate, about 37 uw long and 30 p» broad.
2979. C. montana L.—In addition to the most usual form of this species with
red-brown spikelets, one with straw-yellow male ones is also frequently found.
2980. C. digitata L.—The pollen-grains in this species are sulphur-yellow in
colour, tetrahedral, tuberculate, 30-7 » in diameter (Warnstorf).
2981. C. glauca Murr.—This is one of the most variable German species.
Besides the normal female flowers with three stigmas, others with two occur fairly
frequently. Appel says that the following forms are also found :—
(1) A single terminal male or female spikelet ;
(2) A basal long-stalked female spikelet, otherwise normal ;
(3) All female spikelets with short stalks and distributed over the upper two-thirds
of the stem;
(4) Female spikelets with long stalks, hanging over when the fruit ripens, and
inserted more or less widely apart ;
(5) Female spikes are either all, or the terminal one only, male at the tip;
CYPERACEAE 515
(6) Female spikelets provided at the base with lateral spikelets, which may be
either purely female, or else male at the tip.
2982. C. panicea L.—This species is homogamous; the pollen-grains are
pale-yellow in colour, tetrahedral, smooth, about 37 » in diameter. Warnstorf
observed the following variations in the inflorescences of this species at Ruppin :—
(1) Two or three female spikes are crowded closely together immediately below
the terminal male spike, and one female spike is situated about 3-5 cm. deeper.
(2) One thick, ovoid, crowded female spike is situated at the tip of the stem, and
one purely male or partly female on one slightly lower ;
(3) One ovoid, crowded female spike is situated below the terminal male spike.
Warnstorf also saw a very robust variety, 40-50 cm. high, around and in moor-
pools not far from Lindow. It bore one very dense clavate terminal male spikelet,
and several normal female spikes. The plant gives the impression of being quite
foreign by the form of the male spikes and the breadth of the leaves.
2983. C. sylvatica Huds.—This species frequently occurs with compound
spikelets.
2984. C. Pseudo-cyperus L.—In this species also numerous variations in the
distribution of the sexes are found, and Appel in particular often observed spikelets
which were male at the base and female at the tip.
CXXV. ORDER GRAMINEAE JUSS.
Cf. Kornicke, ‘D. Arten u. Varietaten d. Getreides,’ 1885, a memoir omitted
from the bibliography.
All species of this order are distinctly anemophilous. The flowers of grasses
are, as De Candolle observed, ephemeral, opening only once; this usually takes place
in the morning during favourable weather. The opening of the flowers, caused by
the divergence of the glumes, is effected by the two lodicules, according to Hackel
(Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxxviii, 1880, pp. 432-7). These become fleshy and succulent,
and usually spheroidally swollen at the base, by which means they overcome the
resistance of the elastic outer glume and move it outwards. After fading, which
occurs at the latest in 1-2 hours, the lodicules shrivel up again into small thin leaves,
thus bringing the outer glume once more into its former position. This is particularly
plain in Arrhenatherum elatius Mer/. ef Koch, Turgidity increases very quickly as
the flower opens, and may therefore be traced to the absorption of water; a pin-prick
actually causes a small drop to exude.
Rimpau (Landw. Jahrb., Berlin, xii, 1883, pp. 875-919) has carefully investigated
the flowering of cereals. He confirms the fact first pointed out by Hackel, that the
opening of the glumes is affected by the swelling of the lodicules. The rapid growth
of the filaments on the opening of the flowers in many species, first observed by
Askenasy, is also confirmed by Rimpau.
Hackel (‘ Gramineae,’ in Engler u. Prantl’s ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ II, 2) states
that grasses are usually protandrous, more rarely protogynous (Alopecurus, Antho-
leg
516 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
xanthum, Pennisetum, and Spartina). The anthers empty most of the pollen at once
by turning completely over. When the stigmas project laterally from the pendulous
or nodding spikelet, they bend upwards and are thus only dusted with the pollen of
flowers situated above. Rarely they project from the tip of the spikelet ; this occurs
in protogynous and monoecious species. Cleistogamy is not infrequently found,
according to Kieffer, e.g. in Leersia oryzoides Sw., Festuca Myuros L., F. bromoides
L., F. ciliata Pers., and others (Bul. soc. bot., Lyon, viii, 1890).
This process is not seen in other genera. The glumes in species of Alopecurus,
Anthoxanthum, Mimbora (verna), Crypsis, Nardus (stricta), Phalaris, and Phleum,
open scarcely or not at all during anthesis. In these cases stigma and anthers project
outwards through a narrow slit. Phleum and Phalaris possess vestigial lodicules ;
in the other genera named they are quite absent.
Ludwig (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, viii, 1881, p. 87) says that the succulent, shining
lodicules of many grasses, serving as expanding bodies, sometimes seem to attract
flies, which are imprisoned by the rapid closing of the glumes. He repeatedly
observed flies imprisoned in this var., and already partly destroyed, on Molinia
caerulea Moench; these had all been caught by the proboscis, which was firmly
gripped by the glumes below the lodicules.
Ludwig (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xviii, 1884, p. 123) subsequently found his
supposition only partially confirmed. At Greiz he observed thousands of hover-flies
(sp. of Melithreptus, Melanostoma, Platycheirus) on Molinia caerulea AZoench, most
of them dead and swollen out of shape, some still living, but suffering from the
Entomophthora disease. On the flowers (with blue anthers) of Phleum pratense Z..,
Avena pubescens Huds., Dactylis glomerata Z. (and Plantago lanceolata), there were
also flies suffering from this fungoid disease, but much more rarely than on Molinia.
A large number were adhering to the flowers (many being fastened to the anthers in
Molinia), but still more were trapped in the manner described above. The flies observed
earlier seemed to be quite free from fungus. In the cases noticed later it may have
been the result of the fungoid disease that the Molinia was so closely covered with
flies. Their frequent adherence gave the impression that they had been compelled
by thirst to seek the juice of the lodicules, and overtaken by death while sucking it,
the proboscis being then fastened in later as the outer glume closed.
Sprengel (‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 26, 79-80) evidently also observed the lodicules, as
he speaks of the ‘nectar-glands’ of the grasses; the apparent presence of nectar
in flowers of grasses, which otherwise possess all the distinguishing marks of
anemophily, was a problem which he could not solve.
Many grasses are protogynous, so that self-pollination is frequently prevented ;
automatic self-pollination does, however, often take place, and cleistogamous flowers
are also tolerably frequent (e.g. in Oryza, Stipa, Bromus, Hordeum, Cryptostachys,
and others.
Kiefer states that Festuca Myuros Z., F. bromoides Z., and F. ciliata Pers. bear
cleistogamous flowers.
Andersson and Hesselman (‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren
Ejil. Karlvaxtflora,’ pp. 70-8) have determined more or less accurately the flowering
and fruiting seasons of the following species :—Festuca rubra Z. var. arenaria Os6.,
F. ovina Z. vars. violacea Math. and vivipara Z., Glyceria angustata Z. Fries,
GRAMINEAE 517
G. vilfoidea 7. Fries, G. Vahliana 7. Fries, G. Kjellmanni Lange, Phippsia algida
R. Br, (= Catabrosa algida Fries), Catabrosa carcinna 7. Fries, Colpodium latifolium
R. Br., Arctophila Malmgreni Azd., Graphephorum psilosanthum Fourn. (= Dupontia
Fischeri #. Br.), Trisetum subspicatum Seauv., Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv.
(= Aira caespitosa Z.) var. borealis Zrauéw., D. alpina Roem. et Schult. (= Aira alpina
L.), Calamagrostis stricta Har/m., Alopecurus alpinus Sm., Hierochloé alpina Roem.
et Schult.
Vanhoffen (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 95—-
105) observed the following in Greenland from June to August, flowering and mostly
fruiting.—Elymus arenarius Z. vars. f. villosus £. ey. and y. compositus zov. var.,
Alopecurus alpinus Sm., A. geniculatus Z. (= A. fulvus Sm.), Hierochloé alpina
Roem. et Schult., Agrostis rubra L., Deyexxia sylvatica Kunth (= Calamagrostis
purpurascens &. Br.), Calamagrostis stricta Har/m. var. B. borealis Laes/ad., Trisetum
subspicatum Seaxuv., Colpodium latifolium R. Br., Glyceria Borreri Bad. (perhaps
introduced), G. vaginata Zange, G. maritima Mert. ef Koch, G. vilfoidea 7. Frzes,
Poa abbreviata &. Br., P. alpina Z., P. pratensis Z., P. flexuosa Muhl., Festuca
ovina Z. subsp. borealis Lange and vars. 8. tenuifolia Lange (?) and y. alpina Koch,
F. rubra Z. var. 8. arenaria Rink.
VisiTors.—Insect-visits to the flowering grasses may be occasionally observed,
as already stated. The hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z., especially, is fond of
seeking out Molinia caerulea Afoench, and other anemophilous flowers, in order to
devour their pollen.
The secretion of the fluid so eagerly sought by flies may be undoubtedly traced
to Sphacelia segetum, the conidial stage of Claviceps purpurea, which forms the
so-called ‘ergots’ on cereals and other grasses. Fly visitors convey this disease to
healthy stocks of Ammophila in flying from one plant to another. It is perhaps also
possible that Sprengel was misled into the opinion quoted above by the presence of
this so-called ‘ honey-dew’ in the flowers of grasses examined by him.
The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.—
Knuth (Kiel and the North Frisian Isl., ‘Bliitenbesucher,’ I, p. 9), several
individuals of the hover-Ay Melanostoma mellina Z., on Alopecurus pratensis Z.,
Phleum pratense Z., and Anthoxanthum odoratum Z.: (dunes of Helgoland)—
a beetle (Psilothrix cyaneus O/zv.), a hover-fly (Syrphus arcuatus Fail., freq., po-dvg.),
and 5 Muscids—1. Calliphora erythrocephala A/g., very freq., po-dvg. and licking up
a sweetish fluid present on the spikes; 2. C. vomitoria Z.(?), do.; 3. Lucilia caesar Z.,
do.; 4. Coelopa frigida /a//., in great numbers, po-dvg.; 5. Fucellia fucorum
Faill., do. Von Fricken (Arnsberg), the Phalacrid beetle Phalacrus corruscus Pays,
MacLeod (Ghent), on Secale cereale Z. and Agropyrum repens Beauv., the Muscid
Spilogaster duplicata A/g., very freq., po-dvg. Herm. Miiller (Westphalia, ‘ Fertilisa-
tion,’ p. 568, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 292), the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z. on
Alopecurus pratensis Z., Phleum pratense Z., Anthoxanthum odoratum Z., and
(Fichtelgebirge) Agrostis alba Z.; (Westphalia, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ I, p. 292), on Bromus
mollis Z., 4 or 5 individuals of the beetle Leptura livida #.: after flying in long
curves, as it often does before settling on a flower, this insect settled on a flowering
spike from which the yellow stamens hung out, crept rapidly above the inflorescence,
moving its jaws, but taking no notice of the anthers; after visiting almost all the
spikelets it flew away to another plant and repeated the performance: (Thuringia,
loc. cit.), the beetle Malachius viridis /., Brachypodium pinnatum Beauv., obviously
attracted by the golden yellow anthers, and dvg. both anthers and pollen.
518 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
976. Zea L.
2985. Z.MaysL. (C/G. Krafft, ‘D. norm. u. anorm. Metamorph. d. Maispfi.,’
1870.)—Hildebrand (‘ Bestaubungsverh. d. Gramineen’) says that the terminal male
panicle of this species has already dehisced when the stigmas of the lateral female
spikes diverge ; Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 313) describes the species
as protogynous. I can confirm Hildebrand’s statements from observations of culti-
vated plants in the Oberrealschule Garden in Kiel.
Warnstorf describes the maize as protandrous to homogamous. The anthers
dehisce apically only by a short, lateral slit. The pollen-grains are sulphur-yellow in
colour, resembling a short, blunt pyramid with a rounded base, very large, up to
100 w« long and 70 » broad. Female flowers are not infrequently found in the male
panicle, and male spikelets in the female spike.
Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 115) states that the dehiscence of the anthers
continues until the stigmas mature, so that crossing is favoured at first, and geitono-
gamy may take place later.
Hildebrand (‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 10) says that single female
flowers sometimes occur on the male inflorescences, more frequently the female
inflorescences end in a male spike. Penzig (‘Studi morfol.,’ I) gives a similar account ;
he often observed female spikelets in the male panicle and male spikelets in the
female spikes, besides hermaphrodite flowers and stamens transformed into carpels.
Krafft (op. cit.) describes a number of such variations.
The plants cultivated in gardens in Kiel are markedly protandrous, the male
flowers arranged in terminal panicles dehiscing before the stigmas of female flowers
on the same plant protrude, but (perhaps only in very sheltered stations) enough
pollen-grains remaining over to fertilize the later projecting stigmas of the same plant
by fall of pollen. This is proved by the fact that a single plant which grew up
spontaneously in my garden set abundant fertile fruits, although no other maize-plant
grew for a considerable distance round. The species is therefore self-fertile, but only
imperfectly so, perhaps from scarcity of pollen; each of the two female spikes of the
plant contained about 630 ovules, of which in the older one only 103 (16 %) and in
the younger only 25 (4 %) fertile fruits were set. The male flowers possess (like
many grasses) an odour of cumarin; the female ones are odourless (Knuth, ‘ Bliiten-
biol. Notizen’).
977. Andropogon L.
2986. A. Ischaemum L. (Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 71.)—In plants of this
species growing in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden there are always two spikelets,
each consisting of one flower, which are situated together at the same level on the
spicate part of the inflorescence, of which one is sessile and hermaphrodite and the
other stalked and male. All the sessile (hermaphrodite) spikelets on the inflorescences
now mature simultaneously, and after they have faded all the stalked (male) spikelets,
again simultaneously. The whole inflorescence is therefore hermaphrodite at first,
and purely male later. The hermaphrodite flowers are homogamous; their dark-red
stigmas are in the form of a cylindrical brush. All the anthers are black-red and
attached to thin, limp filaments.
GRAMINEAE 519
978. Panicum L.
2987. P. sanguinale L. (= Digitaria sanguinalis Scog.). (Hildebrand,
‘ Bestaubungsverh. d. Gramineen,’ p. 757.)—In this species self-pollination only is
possible at first, in consequence of the simultaneous protrusion of stigma and anthers,
but crossing may be effected when the anthers have fallen, as the stigmas are
persistent.
2988. P. Crus-galli L.—Hildebrand (op. cit.) says that this species agrees
with the preceding one.
2989. P. miliaceum L. (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 119.)—The flowers
of this species are homogamous. Stigmas and anthers protrude simultaneously from
their fairly wide entrance. The anthers dehisce along their entire length. Although
the filaments are rather thin, the stamens are not pendulous, but approach the
stigmas when the glumes close. Crossing is therefore favoured at first, and automatic
self-pollination possible later.
979. Setaria Beauv.
2990. S. italica Beauv.—This species, according to Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ p. 119), possesses the same flower mechanism as Panicum miliaceum.
980. Phalaris L.
2991. P. arundinacea L. (= Digraphis arundinacea Zm.). (Hildebrand,
op. cit., p. 756.)—In this species the stigmas, which project a little from the glumes,
can at first be dusted by the pollen of older flowers only, then by their own, and
finally by that of younger ones. Warnstorf (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896)
says that the flowers are feebly protogynous to homogamous; the anthers are dirty-
reddish in colour, and their filaments still stiff when they dehisce; pollen is scattered
during the morning. The pollen-grains are white in colour, irregular, resembling
a blunt, usually five-sided pyramid with a rounded base, up to 43 w long and 25-31 p
broad.
2992. P. canariensis L. (Hildebrand, op. cit.; Kérnicke, op. cit.; Kirchner,
‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 121.)—When the flowers of this species open the outer glume
spreads out, but the inner ones only open widely enough for anthers and stigmas to
force their way between them. In doing so the anthers often protrude on the side
turned away from the axis, but the stigmas on that facing it, so that self-pollination
is then prevented. The filaments either remain erect or tip over, and in the latter
case the anthers partly dehisce before and partly after this upsetting. Crossing is
therefore favoured at some times and self-pollination at others, while the latter is
sometimes inevitable. It may also happen that the anthers do not project between
the glumes at all, but that their dehisced tips protrude, while the rest of them remains
entirely concealed. Ké6rnicke states that the flowers open between 12 to 4, but
Hildebrand only observed this to take place towards evening. It never seems to
occur in the morning.
981. Pennisetum Rich.
2993. P. spicatum Korn.—Kornicke describes the pollination of the species
as follows:—the inflorescence matures from the middle outwards (not above the
520 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
middle), sometimes a little irregularly. The glumes remain closed; the stigmas push
slowly forward on the tips of the latter, the stamens forcing their way out of the tips
of the hermaphrodite flowers (before and not after midday, apparently), only when
all the stigmas of the same inflorescence are faded. The filaments are long and stiff
(as in Dactylis glomerata Z., with widely opened flowers), and the anthers dehisce
along their whole length. The stamens of the male flowers do not elongate until
later. This species therefore belongs to the protogynous grasses, and cross-pollination
always takes place. In warm climates, however, the whole process is probably
effected more quickly than with us.
982. Hierochloe S. G. Gmel:
2994. H. odorata L. (Hildebrand, op. cit.}—This species is andromonoe-
cious. In the two-flowered spikelet the lower flower is male and the upper one
hermaphrodite.
983. Anthoxanthum L:
2995. A. odoratum L. (Axell, ‘Om Anord. fér Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.’ ;
Hildebrand, op. cit., p. 745; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 297;
Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 312; Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 122.}—Axell describes the flowers of this species as markedly protogynous, while
Hildebrand states that self-pollination is excluded. The anthers of the whole
inflorescence do not protrude between the glumes and dehisce until the stigmas
have faded, so that only cross-pollination is possible. The anthers are usually yellow,
rarely red. They dehisce, according to Kerner, between 7-8 a.m.
Warnstorf (op. cit.) describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, rounded,
rendered opaque by small, crowded tubercles, 14 » in diameter.
Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Knuth and Herm. Miiller, the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z. Scott-Elliot
(Dumfriesshire), a Muscid (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 188).
984. Alopecurus L.
2996. A. pratensis L. (Hildebrand, op. cit., p. 745.)—This species possesses
the same flower mechanism as Anthoxanthum odoratum Z. The usually whitish,
more rarely bright-grey anthers become rust-red in colour after dehiscence. Kerner
says that they dehisce between 7-8 a.m. Warnstorf states that this takes place at
Ruppin between 10-11 a.m.
VistTors.—Knuth observed the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z.
2997. A. agrestis L.—This species, according to Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ p. 124), possesses the same markedly protogynous flower mechanism as the
preceding one.
2998. A. geniculatus L. (=A. fulvus Sm.). (Axell, op. cit.; Kirchner,
‘Beitrige,’ p. 7.,—This species is markedly protogynous.
Visitors.—MacLeod (Flanders) observed a po-dvg. beetle (Malachius sp.)
(Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 365).
GRAMINEAE 521
985. Phleum L.
2999. P. pratense L.—Axell and Kirchner describe this species as markedly
protogynous, Warnstorf as homogamous. The yellow or violet anthers dehisce about
7-8 a.m. (Kerner).
Vistrors.—Ludwig observed flies, and Knuth the hover-fly Melanostoma
mellina Z.
3000. P. alpinum L.—Schroter describes this species as protogynous with
impeded self-pollination.
3001. P. Michelii All.—This species is described by Schréter as protogynous.
3002. P. Boehmeri Wibel.—Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 8) states that this species
possesses the same mechanism as the other species of this genus.
986. Leersia Soland.
3003. L. oryzoides Sw. (= Oryza clandestina A. Br.).—This species bears
cleistogamous flowers (Walz, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxii, 1864, p. 145). Duval-Jouve
(Bul. soc. bot., Paris, x, 1863, pp. 194-7) says that the cleistogamous flowers occur
in the lateral panicles, which remain concealed in the sheath. Ascherson states that
the projecting terminal panicle frequently forms only sterile spikelets, but fertile flowers
may also be present.
987. Oryza L.
3004. O. sativa L. (Kérnicke, op. cit.}—In this species the panicle begins
to open at the tip and appears to continue during the whole day. As the glumes
open, the closed anthers on their slender filaments protrude laterally and bend
outwards. Later on the filaments curve over so that the anthers become pendulous.
These then dehisce, at some distance from the glumes, from top to bottom, and the
dry pollen falls into the air. After the protrusion of the anthers the glumes open
more widely, the stigmas project or remain between the widely divergent glumes, but
are accessible to foreign pollen. Later on the exserted stigmas draw back between
the glumes. They often, however, remain outside even after the closing of the latter.
The species is therefore allogamous.
Roxburgh (‘FI. Indica’), in the description of his var. 2, states that the male,
neuter, and female flowers are mixed with hermaphrodite ones. He also says that
female flowers are present in his var. 1.
988. Agrostis L.
3005. A. rupestris All.—Schréter states that self-pollination in this species is
at first impeded. Kerner says that the pollen is dehisced about 11 a.m. The other
species of the genus agree with this one.
goo6. A. alba L.—
Visttors.—Herm. Miiller observed the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z.
3007. A. vulgaris With——Warnstorf states that the flowers of this species
dehisce before noon.
522 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
989. Apera Adans.
3008. A. Spica-venti Beauv. (= Agrostis Spica-venti Z.). (Godron, ‘Flor. d.
Graminées,’ 1873.)—This species is dependent upon self-pollination, the glumes ‘
diverging widely, but the anthers being closely apposed to the feathery stigmas during
anthesis. Warnstorf describes the flowers as homogamous, and says that those in
the upper branches of the panicles mature first, their glumes diverging before 6 a.m.,
and the greenish anthers dehiscing; the stigmatic branches are vertical, and the
anthers at first situated on stiff filaments, so that autogamy can easily take place.
g90. Calamagrostis Adans.
In flowers of species belonging to this genus Kerner states that the pollen is
scattered about 12-1 o’clock.
300g. C. neglecta Gaertn. Mey. et Schreb.—The flowers of this species are
homogamous; they dehisce between 6-7 am. The pollen-grains are yellowish in
colour, irregularly tetrahedral, almost glabrous, on an average 37 » in diameter
(Warnstorf).
991. Ammophila Host.
goro, A. arundinacea Host (= Calamagrostis arenaria Rofh).—This species
is feebly protogynous; the stigmatic branches do not protrude, and are receptive
within the still closed glumes, while the undehisced anthers already project slightly
from their tips. The filaments do not usually elongate until after the pollen has been
shed, when they tip over, so that autogamy generally takes place. The pollen-grains
are pyramidal, up to 50 » long and 37 «% broad (Warnstorf).
gou. A. arenaria Link (= Psamma arenaria Roem. ef Schult.; and A.
arundinacea, according to the Judex Kewenszs).—
Vistrors.—Knuth (Helgoland dunes) observed many flies.
992. Milium L.
goiz. M. effusum L.—This species is feebly protogynous, according to
Kirchner (‘ Neue Beob.’).
993. Stipa L.
Kerner states that the species of this genus (not including Aristella) are some-
times cleistogamous. Hansgirg describes them as pseudo-cleistogamous.
3013. S. pennata L.—Hildebrand describes this species as homogamous, and
about equally dependent upon cross- and self-pollination.
994. Phragmites Trin.
3014. P. communis Trin. (= Arundo Phragmites Z.)—Deichmann says that
this species is subject to cross-pollination.
995. Sesleria Scop.
3015. S. coerulea Arduin.—Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 8) describes this species
as markedly protogynous.
3016. S. argentea Savi (=S. elongata Hos/).—Hildebrand states that this and
other species are protogynous, so that self-pollination is excluded.
GRAMINEAE 523
996. Koeleria Pers.
3017. K. cristata Pers.—Hildebrand and Kirchner describe this species as
homogamous. Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 8) states that the stigmas protrude laterally
between the divergent glumes, and the blue-black anthers are situated on stiffly
vertical filaments 6 mm. long, so that automatic self-pollination can easily take place.
Hildebrand says that crossing is possible later on, for the receptive stigmas still
project for some time from the already closed glumes.
997. Deschampsia Beauv.
3018. D. caespitosa (= Aira caespitosa Z.).—Kerner states that this species
sheds its pollen between 5 and 6 a.m.
go1g. D. flexuosa Trin. (=Aira flexuosa Z.)—Kirchner (‘Beitrage,’ p. 8)
describes this species as homogamous, but the flowers are still open and the stigmas
receptive after the blue-black anthers have fallen. Only cross-pollination, therefore,
can then take place. Kerner says that the anthers dehisce between 5 and 6 p.m.
998. Holcus L.
3020. H. lanatus L.—Hildebrand (‘Bestéubungsverh. d. Gramineen’) describes
this species as andromonoecious. Each spikelet contains two flowers, one herma-
phrodite homogamous and one male. Cross- and self-pollination are about equally
favoured. Hildebrand states that the flowers open at midday; Kerner says that the
flowers of this and other species of the genus may open twice on the day of flowering
if the weather is favourable and the temperature 14°C., i.e. at 6 a.m. and 7 p.m., but
this anthesis lasts only 15-20 minutes.
Kérnicke says that in this species the chief flowering time is in the evening,
while that of the morning is of a secondary nature ; this order is exactly reversed in
H. mollis Z. Ké6rnicke, however, thinks it not improbable that the secondary
flowering may be suppressed.
Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour when examined in
water, globular, smooth, about 31 yw in diameter.
3021. H. mollis L_—MacLeod (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p- 301)
says that in this species the arrangement of flowers in the spikelet is the same as in
the preceding one.
999. Arrhenantherum Beauv.
go22. A. elatius Mert. et Koch. (Godron, ‘Floraison d. Graminées,’ 1873 ;
Kirchner, ‘ Beitrage,’ p. 89; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893,
pp. 299-301; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl. Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 297.)—This species is
andromonoecious. Each spikelet contains two flowers, one hermaphrodite homo-
gamous and one male; the two open simultaneously. The filaments then fall over
immediately, so that the anthers hang downwards. The latter dehisce at their tips,
so that automatic self-pollination is usually excluded (Kirchner). When they dehisce
the anthers project widely, according to Kerner, owing to the great elongation of the
filaments, which increase their original length three to four times in ten minutes.
The filaments, at first stiff, now become limp, the anthers tip over and dehisce at
their downwardly directed apices. The anther-lobes diverge in opposite directions,
524 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
each forming a boat-shaped cavity, in which the pollen rests while the air is calm.
When the anthers are shaken by wind, this is removed little by little, until the loculi
are completely empty.
Fic. 418. Arrhenantherum clatius, Mert. et Koch (after Kerner). (1) Undehisced anther. 2)
Dehisced do. (3) Spikelet with open glumes, and anthers hanging down in still air. (4) Do., when
the air isin motion. The anthers of one flower are shedding their pollen, those of another have already
done so (and one has dropped from its filament), those of a third have not dehisced and are pushing their
way out from between the glumes.
1ooo. Avena L.
3023. A. Scheuchzeri All.—Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 8) describes this species
as homogamous, but the stigmas remain receptive and hang down between the
glumes when the anthers have fallen.
3024. A, pubescens L.—This species, according to Kirchner (‘ Flora v. Stutt-
gart,’ p. 134), is feebly protogynous with persistent stigmas. The anthers do not
dehisce until a short time after the divergence of the glumes, while the stigmas are
GRAMINEAE 525
mature at the beginning of anthesis. These remain receptive within the still divergent
glumes when the anthers have fallen. Cross-pollination is therefore possible at the
beginning and end of anthesis. Warnstorf says that the anthers dehisce between
4 and 7 p.m. for the second time.
3025. A. sativa L.—This species is homogamous. Godron states that the
flowers open between 2 and 4 p.m.; and that the stamens fall over before the anthers
have dehisced, so that pollen cannot drop on the stigma of the same flower.
Although Godron thus considers that crossing predominates, Rimpau seems to
think that automatic self-pollination is very certain, as the filaments elongate very
slowly and the anthers dehisce close to the stigma. Rimpau observed several times
that the anther-walls suddenly contract actively, and part of the pollen is thereby
flung immediately upon the stigma. When cross-pollination is excluded the species
is entirely fertile. Allogamy seems to occur as an exception in the smaller, upper
flowers. (Cf. Hackel, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxxviii, 1880.) Hildebrand considers that
crossing is favoured rather than self-pollination. He states that in dry weather the
flowers open in the afternoon or towards evening. In unfavourable weather the flower
remains closed and pseudo-cleistogamous autogamy takes place. Von Liebenberg
also describes the species as self-fertile.
Appel (in a letter to the author) considers the existence of transition-forms
between A. sativa Z. and A. fatua Z.a proof of the occurrence of cross-pollination,
at least in individual species. Haussknecht does not consider these transition-forms
to be of hybrid origin, and infers that A. sativa is a cultivated form of A. fatua,
produced by centuries of breeding, but Kérnicke and Appel (the latter of whom
observed these forms in large numbers near Coburg, Wiirzburg, and Schaffhausen)
are more inclined to suppose that they are really hybrids. This opinion is strengthened
by the fact that when further cultivated the plant becomes variable, even if cross-
pollination is excluded.
Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 133) says that anthesis begins in the afternoon
when the weather is favourable, and lasts until evening, proceeding from the apex
of the panicle to its base. The lower of the two flowers of each spikelet opens first,
and the other shortly after if the weather is favourable; as the flowers are usually
pendulous the anthers sway in front of the stigmas during anthesis. If they dehisce
before the stamens have finished elongating, self-pollination is effected freely, if later,
this is prevented. Pollination takes place almost regularly within the flowers of the
same panicle, and rarely crossing, which occurs only in the small flowers at the top
of the spikelet.
According to Kérnicke many varieties, besides opening in the afternoon, do
so also, rarely or frequently as the case may be, in the morning, beginning in
favourable weather before 8 a.m., and continuing for some hours. The bulk of the
flowers, however, always open after midday.
The time of anthesis is, however, altogether subject to certain external influences ;
it may be delayed during hot dry weather by sunshine and the dryness of the soil.
A brief shower can then cause a rapid opening of many flowers. Damp warm
weather induces earlier anthesis.
3026. A. orientalis Schreb., and 3027. A. nuda L.—Hildebrand describes
526 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
these species as homogamous, and says that they open their flowers like A. sativa in
favourable weather, and are pseudo-cleistogamous when it is unfavourable.
3028. A. sterilis L._—This species is homogamous.
1oo1. Trisetum Pers.
302g. T. pratense Pers. (= T. flavescens Beauv.).—Kerner states that the
anthers of this species dehisce about 7-8 a.m., and Warnstorf thinks this takes
place 6-7 am. The pollen-grains are pyramidal, about 37 yw long and 25-8 p
broad. The flowers are homogamous.
1oo2. Eleusine Gaertn.
3030. E. coracana Gaertn.—K@rnicke (op. cit.) says that the flowers of this
species open. The tips of the stigmas reach those of the glumes. The longitudinally
dehiscing anthers are situated on the same level as the stigmas, and as both mature
simultaneously, are directed upwards, and are more or less apposed, self-pollination
takes place, though crossing is not excluded.
1003. Poa L.
3031. P. abyssinica Jacq. (= Eragrostis abessinica Z.). (K6rnicke, op. cit.)
—In this species fertilization usually takes place pseudo-cleistogamously, as the
anthers hang against the stigmas, and, at least in the forms observed by Kérnicke,
the flowers do not open.
3032. P. pratensis L.—Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 141) describes this
species as homogamous with persistent stigmas, which depend laterally out of the
flower when the blue-grey anthers are emptied. Kerner says that species of this
genus dehisce between 4 and 5 a.m. Beijerinck states that they are self-fertile.
3033. P. nemoralis L_—This species is homogamous, and the anthers dehisce
towards midday. The pollen-grains are up to 37 » in diameter (Warnstorf, Verh.
bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896).
3034. P. annua L.—
Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z.
1004. Briza L.
3035. B. media L.—Hildebrand (‘ Bestaubungsverh. d. Gramineen,’ p. 758)
describes this species as homogamous. The anthers dehisce for the first time early
in the morning, and for the second time between 6 and 7 p.m. The pollen-grains
are pyramidal in form, about 40 » long and 31 » broad (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver.,
Berlin, xxxviii, 1896).
1005. Glyceria R. Br.
3036. G. fluitans R. Br. (=G. plicata /rzes)—Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 9)
says that this species is protogynous with persistent stigmas. The two white, brush-
like stigmas are mature when the glumes diverge. After the filaments have then
elongated, the stamens bend over, and the bright-yellow anthers dehisce. After
GRAMINEAE 527
a short time the glumes close again and grip the stamens and stigmas in doing so,
the former with the emptied anthers at the tip, and the latter on both sides at the
base of the flower. The stigmas seem to be still receptive when the anthers have
fallen. Automatic self-pollination is excluded.
Warnstorf says that this species has dehisced by 6 a.m. Besides plants in which
the glumes are closed by this time and the empty yellow anthers hang far out, there
are others with widely opened glumes, and stigmatic branches and stamens situated
within them ; self-pollination is inevitable in this case.
3037. G. aquatica Wahlenb.—This species is homogamous, and the anthers
dehisce between 5 and 6 p.m. (probably for the second time). The pollen-grains
are whitish in colour, pyramidal in form, up to 50 » long and 35 m broad (Warnstorf,
Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896).
3038. G. distans (= Festuca distans Awn/h).—This species is homogamous.
When the glumes diverge the anthers are situated on relatively short, stiff filaments,
and project little beyond the long stigmatic branches, autogamy thus being easily
possible. The anthers dehisce at 6 a.m. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin,
XXXVili, 1896).
1006. Molinia Schrank.
3039. M. caerulea Moench.—For the interesting observations on this species
by Ludwig, see p. 516.
1007. Dactylis L.
3040. D. glomerata L.—Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 9) describes this species as
freely protogynous with persistent stigmas. The filaments have not yet completely
elongated nor the anthers dehisced when the stigmas are receptive and protrude
laterally between the divergent glumes. When the filaments have reached their full
length they do not bend downwards but remain stretched out rather stiffly, so that
automatic self-pollination can now easily take place. The stigmas appear to be still
Teceptive after the anthers have emptied their pollen. Hildebrand (‘ Bestaubungsverh.
d. Gramineen,’ p. 756) describes the flowers as homogamous, but states that cross-
pollination is favoured. Kerner says that the flowers open between 6 and 7 a.m.,
but according to Warnstorf this takes place between 6 and g a.m.
VisiTors.—Ludwig observed flies.
1008. Cynosurus L.
3041. C. cristatus L.—Hildebrand (‘ Bestaubungsverh. d. Gramineen,’ p. 758)
describes this species as homogamous. Cross- and self-pollination are favoured to
about the same extent. The yellow or violet anthers are at first situated on long, stiff
filaments, but soon become pendulous ; the stigmatic branches project widely. The
anthers dehisce between 6 and 7 a.m. The pollen-grains are pyramidal in form,
irregularly whitish in colour, up to 37 # long and 31 » broad (Warnstorf, Verh. bot.
Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896).
Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 143) describes the anthers as partly red, partly
yellow in colour.
528 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
1009. Festuca L.
Beijerinck describes species of Festuca as self-fertile. Herm. Miller observed
the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z. as a visitor.
3042. F. elatior L. (=F. pratensis Huds.)—Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p- 143) says that the anthers are partly red, partly yellow in colour. Hildebrand
describes this species as homogamous, with cross- and self-pollination about equally
possible. Warnstorf says that the stigmatic branches project far out of the divergent
glumes; the yellow anthers, pendulous on long filaments, usually dehisce after
projecting, more rarely inside the tips of the outer glumes as they bend downwards.
3043. F. pulchella Schrad., and 3044. F. varia Haenke (=F. pumila Chazx).
—As the filaments in these species do not bend downwards, but remain rather stiffly
stretched out, self-pollination easily takes place (Schréter).
3045. F. rubra L., var. fallax Thuill, and 3046. F. rupicaprina Hack—
The filaments in this species bend downwards, so that self-pollination is excluded
(Schréter).
3047. F. ovina L.—
VistTors.—Delpino (Florence) observed beetles (Henicopus hirtus Z. (= H.
pilosus Scop.) and Nemognatha sp.) flying with great rapidity from one inflorescence
to another (‘ Ult. oss.,” II).
3048. F. arundinacea Schreb.—This species is homogamous, and its anthers
dehisce in the morning. The pollen-grains are white in colour, pyramidal, up to
50 pw long and 31-4 yw broad (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896).
3049. F. gigantea Vill—This species is feebly protogynous; the glumes
diverge and the stigmatic branches project widely before 6 a.m., while the anthers
are still vertical and closed; these protrude between 6 and 7 a.m.anddehisce. During
the morning the glumes close again, and only the empty anthers hang out. The
pollen-grains are pyramidal in form, about 43 yw long and 37 pw broad (Warnstorf,
op. cit.).
1o1o. Brachypodium Beauv.
3050. B. pinnatum Beauv.—Kirchner (‘Flora y. Stuttgart,’ p. 149) says that
the stigmas still hang out of the glumes when the anthers have fallen. Warnstorf
(Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvili, 1896) describes the flowers as homogamous; the
glumes diverge before 6 a.m., and the stamens dehisce between 6 and 7 am. The
stigmatic branches project widely, and the anthers are pendulous on long filaments,
autogamy being therefore excluded. The pollen-grains are whitish in colour,
pyramidal, up to 46 » long and 31-5 pw broad.
VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller observed a beetle.
1ou. Graphephorum Desv.
3051. G. arundinaceum Aschers. (= Scolochloa festucacea Zink, Festuca
borealis J/ert. ef Koch, Fluminia arundinacea /7zes, and Arundo festucacea W7/d.).
—Hildebrand (‘ Bestaubungsverh. d. Gramineen’) says that this species is homoga-
mous, but the still receptive stigmas project between the already closed glumes after
the anthers have dehisced.
GRAMINEAE 529
1o12. Bromus Dill.
3052. B. secalinus L.—Hildebrand (‘Bestéubungsverh. d. Gramineen’)
describes this species as homogamous. Self- and cross-pollination are possible to
about the same extent. In favourable weather the flowers remain closed, and pseudo-
cleistogamous fertilization takes place. Beijerinck describes the species of Bromus
as self-fertile, and in Holland usually cleistogamous.
3053. B. erectus Huds.—Kirchner (‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 9-10) says that this species
is homogamous. The orange-yellow anthers bend downwards, however, directly
after the divergence of the glumes, and also dehisce in that direction, so that as
a rule self-pollination is not effected.
3054. B. mollis L.—The flowers of this species are usually only cleistogamous;
chasmogamous ones have only twice been met with, between 7 and 8 a.m., and 10
and 11 a.m., closing again after a few hours (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin,
XxXvill, 1896).
VistTors.—Herm. Miiller observed a beetle.
3055. B. sterilis L.—This species has only been observed bearing cleistogamous
flowers (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896).
3056. B. tectorum L.—This species usually bears cleistogamous flowers, and
has only once been observed (at 6 p.m.) with open flowers and projecting stigmas
and stamens (Warnstorf, op. cit.).
1013. Triticum L.
3057. T. vulgare Vill—Delpino states that in this species the glumes diverge
rapidly and suddenly. The anthers project laterally at the same time, dehisce, and
empty about one-third of their pollen on the stigma of the same flower, while the
rest is scattered into the air. This happens in about one minute, and after a quarter
of an hour the glumes again close.
Delpino’s experiments show that automatic self-pollination results to the setting
of good fruits. He and Kérnicke state that each flower remains open only about
a quarter of an hour, but anthesis lasts four days, so that only a small number of
flowers are found open at any one time (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertlsn.,’ p. 568).
Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 155) says that the homogamous flowers gradually
open so widely that the tips of the glumes are about 4 mm. apart. The anthers
dehisce apically at the same time, and about one-third of their pollen falls into the
flower. They project after this and scatter the rest into the air. Self-pollination
therefore takes place regularly, but cross-pollination by means of the wind is not
excluded. The anthesis of a spike lasts four days.
Hildebrand states that self-pollination is rendered difficult by the tipping over of
the anthers after the divergence of the glumes.
The flowers of the wheat resemble those of the rye as regards anthesis.
Godron says that the flowers open at 4.30 p.m. at 16° C., closing again at
6.30-7 p.m. Ifthe anthers tip over quickly when the flower opens, the stigmas of
the blossom are not as a rule dusted with their pollen. Under less favourable
circumstances anthesis takes place more slowly, and the stigmas do not project until
DAVIS. HI Mm
530 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
they have been dusted with pollen from the same flower. At a low temperature
(12-13° C.), or after several days’ rain, the flowers remain closed, and pseudo-
cleistogamous fertilization takes place.
Rimpau says that at a temperature of 12-13° C. the glumes do open a little,
but not completely under 16° C. This is not, as Godron asserts, limited to the
early morning hours, but may take place at any hour of the day or even in the
evening. The length of anthesis depends on the temperature and the dryness of
the air: at 23° C. the flowers closed again in 15-20 minutes; ata lower temperature
this took place much more slowly. Rimpau found that the anthers dehisce before
they have reached the upper margin of the glumes by elongation, so that automatic
self-pollination is regularly effected in every flower; Godron observed the opposite.
Rimpau and von Liebenberg also found that the species is fertile when cross-
pollination is excluded. If self-pollination does not take place, crossing is sufficiently
ensured, according to Rimpau’s experiments, for out of 85 flowers from which
the anthers were removed, 50 set fruits. Even in the fourth generation the results
of crossing showed a distinct superiority over those produced by autocarpy as regards
the average number of haulms formed (cf Hackel, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxxviii, 1880).
Kerner states that the anthers dehisce between 5 and 6 a.m. Warnstorf describes
the pollen-grains as white in colour, ellipsoidal or ovoid, smooth, opaque, about
56 p broad and 75 » long.
3058. T. Spelta L.—This species possesses the same flower mechanism as
the last one (Hildebrand, Kirchner). Askenasy states that the flowers remain
pseudo-cleistogamously closed in unfavourable weather (Hansgirg).
3059. T. monococcum L.—The flower mechanism of this species resembles
that of T. vulgare, but the glumes diverge more widely and the whole spike fades
more quickly. The glumes diverge in the morning (Kirchner, ‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’
p. 156). Beijerinck also found the flowers to be self-fertile.
3060. T. dicoccum Schrank.—Hildebrand states that in this species the
pollination of the stigma is only possible for a few minutes when the glumes diverge
slightly, the anthers having then scattered only a part of their pollen.
3061. T. polonicum L.—In this species pseudo-cleistogamous fertilization
predominates. In very many flowers the anthers always remain within the glumes
and are then apposed to the stigmas. The glumes, however, do diverge for a short
time, but only to a distance of about 2 mm. Kérnicke says that the anthers usually
dehisce at the tip only.
3062. T. ovatum Rasp. (= Aegilops ovata Z.).—Godron says that the flowers
of this species, which is indigenous to South Europe, Croatia, &c., open between
9.30 and 10 ain. When the temperature is about 20-1° C. anthesis takes place
rapidly, and the anthers tip over before they have dehisced, so that self-pollination is at
that time impossible. If the temperature is lower anthesis is so slow that single flowers
which have not been fertilized remain open until next day, and can then be dusted
with the pollen of flowers belonging to other species, which open 2-3 hours
earlier. Godron considers that this explains the fact that at Nancy, which is
comparatively northerly, such hybrids arise automatically more easily than in more
southerly districts. (According to Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 372.) Closely
GRAMINEAE 531
related species (i.e. those sometimes included in the genus Aegilops) agree with
T. ovatum in their manner of flowering, but Kirchner only rarely observed flowers
still open after the proper period of anthesis.
3063. T. cylindricum Ces. Pass. et Gibb (= Aegilops cylindrica Host).—
Hildebrand states that the homogamous flowers of this species, which is indigenous to
Hungary, Slavonia, &c., open towards midday. After a slight divergence of the
glumes, the dehiscent anthers tip over downwards; simultaneously the stigmas
project laterally a little at the base of the flower, so that self-pollination can take
place. The stigmas remain receptive and the flowers remain open for some time
after the anthers have fallen, so that cross-pollination is now possible. (Loew, loc. cit.)
1o14. Agropyron J. Gaertn.
3064. A. repens Beauv.—
Vistrors.—MacLeod observed a Muscid (Spilogaster sp.).
3065. A. caninum Beauv.—The flowers of this species are protogynous and
chasmogamous ; the glumes diverge and the stigmas project at 8 a.m., the anthers do
not dehisce until towards midday, and scatter their pollen when they protrude from
the glumes. The pollen-grains are pyramidal in form, yellowish-white in colour,
almost smooth, on an average 50 p» in diameter (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin,
XXXvill, 1896).
1015. Secale L.
3066. S. cereale L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 79-80.)—Hildebrand
states that in this species the anthers first project between the still partially closed
glumes; when they have protruded to their bases they tip over, a part of the pollen
falling out at the same time, so that the stigma of the same flower cannot be dusted.
Later on the glumes diverge widely for some hours, and the stigmas now bend
forward for the first time. Meanwhile the anthers have dehisced more fully and the
pollen is gradually shaken out, reaching the stigmas of other flowers more easily,
because the anthers are situated below the stigmas. Cross-pollination is therefore
favoured, but autogamy not excluded (cf Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 372).
Godron and Kerner state that the flowers open between 6 and 7 a.m. The
former says that the anthers tip over immediately under favourable conditions, so
that self-pollination cannot take place. In colder regions (northern latitudes or
high mountain levels), cleistogamy or, according to Hansgirg, pseudo-cleistogamy,
occurs.
Askenasy (Verh, nat.-hist. Ver., Heidelberg, New Ser., ii, 1879) states that after
the divergence of the glumes the stigmas first bend rapidly downwards, and the
stamens elongate, while the anthers dehisce simultaneously. Autogamy is, however,
not completely excluded, but xenogamy or geitonogamy by means of the wind is
generally effected.
Rimpau says that single flowers open at a temperature of 124° C. The period
of anthesis is not so limited as Godron asserts, but is distributed over the whole
morning. Cross-pollination is ensured by projection of the stigmas for some time
after the closing of the glumes. The self-sterility of the species described by
Mm 2
532 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
von Liebenberg as rendering the action of foreign pollen effective is, in Rimpau’s
opinion, not general; he considers that self-pollination takes place even if few fruits
are set.
Beijerinck also describes the rye as self-sterile.
Rimpau (Landw. Ztg., Wien, xxx, 1880, p. 333) states that fertilization is certain
and effective in proportion as the pollinated flower and the pollen with which it is
dusted are of dissimilar origen.
Kirchner (‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 158) describes the flower mechanism of the
species as follows. The flowers are homogamous, but the anthers do not dehisce
until they project from the widely divergent glumes and have bent downwards. The
stigmas protrude between the glumes, and remain outside for some time after they
have closed again. Cross-pollination is thus usually effected, autogamy only rarely
taking place with self-sterility as a result. In favourable weather the flowers begin to
open after sunrise, and anthesis lasts until evening. The first flowers to open are
situated at a height of two-thirds of the length of the spike; each remains open for
a quarter of an hour. In unfavourable weather the flowers do not open, and
fertilization is excluded.
1016. Elymus L.
3067. E. sabulosus Bieb.—The flowers of this species are homogamous, but
Hildebrand says that the receptive stigmas project from the flower for some time
after the closing of the glumes.
1017, Hordeum L.
3068. H. vulgare L.—Delpino states that in this species the flowers of the two
middle rows never open, but fertilize themselves cleistogamously, while those of the
four outer rows are homogamous, with a course of anthesis resembling that of wheat,
so that the possibility of cross-pollination is not excluded. Darwin (‘ Diff. Forms of
Fls.’) says that species of this genus also possess cleistogamous flowers.
Von Liebenberg states that the flowers are alreadly self-pollinated before the
spike protrudes from the leaf-sheath.
Godron asserts that the flowers of all six rows open.
Kerner states that the pollen is scattered between 5 and 6 a.m. According to
Rimpau the flowers open at a temperature of 124° C. He says that the middle
spikelet seems to fade almost always with closed glumes, the latter only diverging
extremely rarely. The lateral spikelets, however, open regularly. The possibility
of cross-pollination is therefore slight.
3069. H. distichon L.—Delpino states that in this species only the flowers
of the two middle rows are hermaphrodite, those of the four others being male, or,
according to Hildebrand, neuter. Delpino says that the hermaphrodite flowers
usually remain closed, pseudo-cleistogamy then taking place. Sometimes single
larger ones open a little, however, so that cross-pollination by the male flowers
becomes possible.
Godron says that the hermaphrodite flowers of the two middle rows only open
if the temperature between 8 and 10 a.m. is favourable (18-20° C.).
Rimpau found that either the flowers all open together and their anthers project,
GRAMINEAE 533
or else the anthers remain enclosed between the glumes during anthesis. But even
in the first case automatic self-pollination is almost inevitable on account of the slight
opening of the flowers and the early dehiscence of the anthers ; it seems to be much
more general than in wheat.
Kirchner (‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 159) says that the flowers of the two middle
rows never open, but fertilize themselves pseudo-cleistogamously. Those of the
lateral spikelets, on the contrary, open regularly ; they are homogamous, and possess
the same mechanism as those of wheat, so that automatic self-pollination usually
takes place.
3070. H. hexastichon L.—Rimpau states that the flowers of this species open
at a temperature of 124° C. The middle spikelet seems to fade almost with closed
glumes, but it sometimes opens; the lateral spikelets always open. Godron states
that the flowers of all six rows of spikelets are hermaphrodite and fertile.
3071. H. Zeocriton L.—Rimpau says that the anthers of this species always
dehisce while the glumes are completely closed. Godron also observed only
cleistogamous flowers. Hansgirg describes them as pseudo-cleistogamous.
3072. H. murinum L.—Hildebrand says that in this species the flowers of the
two middle rows of spikelets remain closed, and fertilize themselves. Those of the
lateral ones are male. Their anthers project widely, so that their pollen can
fertilize any hermaphrodite flowers which are opening. The lateral male flowers
scatter their pollen between 6 and 7 a.m.; the blossoms of the middle spikelets are
hermaphrodite and cleistogamous. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)
3073- H. bulbosum L.—Hildebrand says that in this species two lateral male
flowers are situated near each hermaphrodite one, and their anthers dehisce later.
When the hermaphrodite flowers open, the anthers first force their way through the
glumes. The stigmas then project downwardly to right and left through a slit in
the latter on the side facing the axis of the spike. After the anthers have turned
over, their dehiscent tips are situated below the stigmas, which remain receptive for
some time after the pollen has been scattered. Cross-pollination may therefore easily
take place, and can be effected by the pollen scattered from the lateral male flowers,
the anthers of which dehisce subsequently. Wittmack considers the latter impossible ;
in specimens which he cultivated he found the pollen of the middle flowers completely
ineffective. Sexual reproduction has undoubtedly been rendered superfluous by
vegetative propagation, effected by means of the bulbous base of the stem. (According
to Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 370-1.)
1018. Sorghum L.
3074. S. vulgare Pers. (= Andropogon Sorghum Broz.). (Kérnicke, op. cit. ;
Kirchner, ‘ Neue Beob.,’ p. 11.)—K6rnicke says that the flowers of this species open
in the morning, when the glumes separate a little and stamens and stigmas protrude
simultaneously. The filaments then bend over, but the anthers do not dehisce for
some time, and the stigmas are usually pollinated before this takes place. Autogamy
by retention of the reproductive organs between the glumes is not excluded.
Kirchner describes this species as protogynous. He says that as soon as the glumes
begin to diverge, the brush-like stigmas project laterally from between them. When
534 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES
the flowers open more widely the anthers dehisce. The stigmas remain outside even
after the glumes have closed, and they then gradually shrivel.
3075. S. saccharatum Pers.—Kirchner (op. cit.) describes this species as
feebly protogynous. ‘The stigmas and anthers project from the tips of the slightly
diverging glumes, the ends of the two stigmas protruding at the beginning of
anthesis.
1o1g. Lolium L.
3076. L. temulentum L.—Hildebrand (‘Bestéubungsverh. d. Gramineen,’
p- 758) describes this species as homogamous; cross- and self-pollination are
favoured to about the same extent.
3077. L. perenne L.—This species, according to Kirchner (‘Flora v.
Stuttgart,’ p. 161), is feebly protogynous, according to Warnstorf, feebly protogynous
to homogamous ; the glumes remain closed and the stigmas usually project from
them rather earlier than the yellow or violet anthers, which hang downwards on long
filaments. The pollen is scattered early in the morning.
3078. L. multiflorum Lam.—Kirchner (op. cit.) says that in flowers of this
species the bright-yellow or grey-violet anthers do not dehisce until they are hanging
outside the flower, so that automatic self-pollination does not take place.
1020. Nardus L.
3079. N. stricta L.—Axell describes this species as markedly protogynous.
1o21. Arundinaria Michx.
3080. A. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. (C. Schréter, Neujahrsblatt d. natf. Ges.,
Ziirich, 1886, quoted by M. Mobius, Mitt. aus d. bot. Gart. zu Frankfurt a. M., Ber.
Senckenb. Ges., Frankfurt a. M., iii, 1898, pp. 81-9.)—Schroter states that all the
plants of this species cultivated in the Botanic Gardens of Paris, Sceaux, Marseilles,
and other places, bloomed in 1867, and ‘in such a way that the oldest and youngest
shoots were equally affected; even buds just emerging from the ground at once
became flowering shoots.’
go81. A. Simoni A. et C. Rivitre—This species flowers and fruits under
cultivation without dying down like other bamboos.
1022. Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc.
3082. P. nigro-punctata—Although this species flowers and fruits freely only
two seedlings have been obtained. A plant six feet high blossomed abundantly after
a few years.
1023. Bambusa Schreb.
3083. B. vulgaris Schrad—M. Mobius (op. cit, pp. 81-9) observed a
characteristic method of flowering in a plant cultivated in the Frankfurt a. M. Botanic
Garden. In several successive years fresh flowers were developed on the remains
of the spikelets of the preceding season. The stock in question had grown for at
least thirty years in the open air, and was transplanted into a flower-pot before it
GRAMINEAE 535
began to blossom. Vegetative development was more and more checked during
flowering, and in the third year a shoot about 60 cm. long was developed from the
rhizome, which bore no leaves but only flowers. A lateral shoot was formed on an
older haulm. The appearance of new flowers between those of the previous year
may be explained by supposing that either some of those formed during that year only
obtained their full development a twelvemonth later, or that young spikelets were
formed as buds in the axils of the lower glumes of the first year spikelets, and attained
maturity the next season.
When the sexually mature flowers open the red anthers of the six stamens
project from between the glumes. In this species the anthers are not versatile, but
fixed between the downwardly directed corrucate processes of the anther-lobes. The
style divides above into three densely villous branches. Fruits were not set in the
plants observed.
GYMNOSPERMAE.
CXXVI. ORDER GNETACEAE ENDL.
1024. Ephedra Tourn.
3084. E. campylopoda Mey. (Cavari and Rogasi, Rendiconti Congr. bot.
di Palermo, 1902, abstracted in Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xci, 1903, pp. 5-6.)—This
species appears to be polyembryonous. Cavari and Rogasi state that pollination takes
place in Cagliari towards the end of June or in July.
Strasburger observed a secretion of fluid at the tip of the micropyle, and a canal-
like cavity at the end of the nucellus.
1025. Welwitschia Hook. f.
3085. W. mirabilis Hook. f.—In this species the curious stigma-like expansion
at the tip of the ovule indicates an adaptation of the margin of the integument to
insect-visits (Strasburger).
1026. Gnetum L.
3086. G. scandens Roxb. (G. Ula Brongn.). (Lotsy, Flora, Marburg, xcii,
1903, Pp. 397-403.)—Lotsy, after examining a not quite complete lot of material,
thinks it probable that in this species (unlike G. Gnemon Z.) a large number of
embryos are parthenogenetically developed in the upper part of the embryo-sac.
Only a few of these come to maturity.
CXXVII. ORDER CONIFERAE JUSS.
All species of this order are anemophilous, the flowers being generally dioecious,
more rarely monoecious. The male ones form a large quantity of very light, dry,
mealy pollen, sometimes particularly adapted for removal by wind by appendages
resembling little bladders filled with air. The pollen is sometimes so abundant that
536 GYMNOSPERMAE
during anthesis of the flowers in fir- or pine-woods it is often carried some distance
by the wind and when washed to the ground by rain produces the phenomenon
known as ‘sulphur showers.’
The micropyle of the ovule secretes a drop of fluid during anthesis (Delpino,
‘Ult. oss.,’ II, 1870), which catches the pollen-grains brought by the wind and draws
them into the micropyle as it dries up.
During pollination the apex of the nucellus becomes loosened, and usually
excavated, being thus prepared to receive the pollen-grains and to render it easy for
the pollen-tubes to penetrate the nucellar tissue. In Taxineae the pollen-grains,
driven by the wind, reach the ovules directly ; in Cupressineae they are partly guided
to the orthotropous ovules by the ovuliferous scales ; in Abietineae there are special
organs for guiding the pollen, and in Pinus sylvestris Z., P. Pumilio Haenke, and
Picea Zznk, the ovuliferous scales, and in Larix and Abies the carpels do this.
A keel situated, in the first two species named, on the ovuliferous scale, in Larix
Tourn, and Abies Z. on the carpel, indicates the right way for the pollen-grains. In
Picea the keel is absent, but the scales are so formed that pollination is easily effected
without it (Strasburger).
Each pollen-grain of some monoecious species possesses, as has been mentioned
above, two air-sacs, which render them very easy to move. Hartig (Bot. Ztg.,
Leipzig, xxv, 1867) assumes that these occur in pines, firs, and spruces, because the
female flowers mature at the top of the tree very markedly in the two first and
predominantly in the last, and the air-sacs therefore help the pollen-grains to move
upwards and so reach the female flowers. This assumption does not, however, at all
explain the presence of air-sacs in species of Podocarpus Pers., Tsuga canadensis
Carr, and others. Strasburger is of opinion that the facility of motion imparted to
the pollen-grains of some species is attained by those of others in different ways,
i.e. by great dryness and special smallness of the grains.
Strasburger points out another peculiarity of the cones: at the time of pollination
they are usually of a beautiful bright-red colour, and become later an inconspicuous
green or brown. Such colours are known to serve as attractions for insects in
angiospermous plants. Such a significance is, however, impossible for the colouring
of cones, as pollen is always removed by wind and transfer by insects has never yet
been observed.
In angiospermous plants, Strasburger continues, the colouring of the perianth is
an inherited peculiarity which is useful for pollination. But what of the coloration
in Coniferae? It cannot be an inherited peculiarity, for the Coniferae cannot be
derived from entomophilous plants. There is therefore no alternative but to take the
red colouring of the cones during anthesis as a coincidence called forth secondarily
by increased vitality at that time, and disappearing again later. We may suppose,
says Strasburger, that the analogous colouring of the perianth in angiospermous plants
also owes its origin to a similar cause, and was only found to be of value and further
evolved as the result of insect pollination later on.
These last opinions I have extracted from Strasburger’s memoir ‘ D. Bestaub. d.
Gymnospermen’ (Jenaische Zs. Natw., vi, 1871, pp. 249-61). He gives a detailed
description of the methods of fertilization in his memoir ‘ D. Befrucht. d. Coniferen,’
Jena, 1869.
CONIFERAE 537
The references given in the following descriptions are to the former work.
1027. Taxus L.
3087. T. baccata L. (Strasburger, op. cit., p. 253.}—In this species the
micropyle of the ovule secretes a small drop of fluid, which catches the pollen-grains
scattered by the lightest wind, so that each drop becomes filled with them. The
drops then gradually evaporate and withdraw slowly into the micropyle, there being
nothing to be seen of them towards evening. The pollen-grains have also been
drawn into the micropyle and so reach the open tissue at the tip of the nucellus where
they germinate. Kerner says that the shield-shaped connectives on the male flowers
at first close up closely together like a little head, and cleft-like openings are formed
between them, through which the pollen escapes into the air in dry weather, while in
damp air the slits close up again. C.Sanio (D. bot. Monatsschr. Arnstadt, i, 1883,
Pp. 52) States that the yew is not always dioecious, but sometimes monoecious.
Warnstorf (Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896) describes the pollen-grains as
whitish-yellow in colour, irregularly tetrahedral, closely beset with small tubercles,
25-30 p in diameter.
The pollination drops investigated by Schumann (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xliv,
1902, pp. 5-80) perhaps contain, according to K. Frizi, glycose, together with
a calcium compound and an unknown substance which reduces phospho-molybdic
acid (Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, xxi, 1903, pp. 211-17). If the drops are wiped off
fresh ones can be secreted. ;
1028. Ginkgo L.
3088. G. biloba L. (= Salisburia adiantifolia Sm.). (Strasburger, op. cit.,
Pp. 253-4.)—This species exhibits the same method of fertilization as Taxus. A clear
drop of fluid is secreted during pollination on the margin of the micropyle, in which
the pollen-grains are caught and drawn to the nucellus by evaporation later on. The
tissue at the apex of the nucellus is open at this time, even partially dissolved, so that
a deep canal is formed, leading almost into the middle of this region. The pollen-
grains which find their way into this cavity can easily force their tubes between the
loose cells. The process again lasts several days. When pollination is over the
edges of the micropyle thicken, so that this is closed.
1029. Juniperus Tourn,
3089. J. communis L. (Strasburger, op. cit., p. 255.)—This species is
dioecious. At the time of pollination the three ovules with elongated necks project
between the three basally united carpels, and excrete a watery fluid; the margins of
the micropyle are somewhat expanded, delicately indented and wide open, so that the
pollen-grains can easily find their way in. The apex of the nucellus is hollowed out
and ready for the reception of the pollen. After pollination the margin of the
micropyle and the apex of the nucellus shrivel. Kerner says that the anthers of the
male flowers dehisce as in Taxus. At Stockholm and on the Dovrefjeld Forsberg (Bot.
1 Ikeno and others describe the formation of two mobile spermatozoids in the end of the pollen-
tube.—TR.
538 GYMNOSPERMAE
Centralbl., Cassel, xxxiii, 1888, p. 91) found the relative numbers of male and female
stocks varying greatly according to the nature of the soil; to roo male plants he
found 63 female ones in a light fir-wood; while the proportion was 100 : 143 on the
poor sandy soil of the Dovrefjeld.
3090. J. rigida Sieb. et Zucc. (Strasburger, op. cit.)—This species possesses
the same flower mechanism as the last one.
3091. J. Sabina L.—As Nos. 3089 and 3090.
1030. Pinus L.
3092. P. sylvestris L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 432-33; Strasburger,
op. cit., pp. 251-3.}-This species is monoecious. The young female cones are
situated close to the tip of the youngest shoot, before the unfolding of the double
needles ; they are arranged singly or several together in a vertical position, so that
they are accessible from all sides. The ovuliferous scales possess a projecting,
elongated keel in the middle and diverge a little during anthesis, in consequence of
the lengthening of the axis of the cone. Two ovules are situated, one to the right
and one to the left, at the base of every scale, and that margin of their micropyle
which is turned towards the axis has now grown into two long, lateral processes,
formed of colourless, transparent cells turgid with fluid, and secreting abundantly.
If the pollen-grains, which are scattered in large dust-clouds by the lightest breeze,
fall'on the young cones they slip down the vertical scales on each side of the keel,
reach the fluid-secreting processes, and are gradually drawn to the ovules. The keel
of the scale causes the pollen-grains to slip down on the smooth, dry surface and
easily reach the ovules. Those which fail to do this fall into one of the passages
running right and left round the axis in consequence of the narrow insertion of the
scales, and may then pollinate more deeply-placed ovules. After pollination has been
effected the scales thicken rapidly and close up together, the resin secreted at their
edges helping them to adhere. The keel does not develop further, but dries
gradually. The original beautiful brownish-red colour disappears, and the cone
gradually becomes pendulous. The micropyle still remains open for a long time,
and is only closed much later by the extensive thickening of its edges. Kerner says
that the pollen on being scattered is first deposited in two shallow grooves on the
back of the anther next below, whence it is then removed by the wind.
VisiTors.—Redtenbacher records the following beetles.—
(Austria)—(a2) Alleculidae: 1. Omophlus amerinae Curt. (6) Telephoridae :
2. Dasytes obscurus Gy//.; 3. Haplocnemus pini Reds; 4. H. pini Reds, var.
serratus Red/.; 5. H. tarsalis Sah/d. (Vienna)—(c) Curculionidae: 6. Brachonyx
indigena Hdst.; 7. Magdalis violacea LZ.
3093. P. Pumilio Haenke. (Strasburger, op. cit.}--Strasburger says that this
species possesses exactly the same pollination mechanism as the last one.
3094. P. Pinaster Ait. and 3095. P. rigida Mill.—These species agree with
the two last.
3096. P. resinosa Ait.—This species is similar in all respects, except that the
keel is directed inwards. (Strasburger, op. cit., foot-note.)
CONIFERAE 539
3097. P. Strobus L.—Agrees with No. 3098.
1031. Picea Link.
3098. P. excelsa Link (= P. vulgaris Zzmk, Pinus Abies Z., P. Picea Duror,
and Abies excelsa Poir.). (Strasburger, op. cit., p. 253.)—This specimen is
monoecious. The pollination mechanism agrees essentially with that of Pinus
sylvestris. The young female cones develop singly from the terminal buds of the
branches of the current year branch; they are considerably larger than those of
Pinus sylvestris, and therefore project between the mature needles of the branch.
Only the inner halves of the obovate ovuliferous scales are vertical, the outer halves
being almost horizontal. They possess no keel, so that the pollen is guided down-
wards between the projecting middle and the two slightly-inwardly curved edges of
the inner halves of the scales. The ovules follow the same course as those of the
pines, and the mechanism also agrees in other respects with that of Pinus sylvestris.
After pollination the cones, hitherto of a beautiful red, become brown and green in
colour, and pendulous in position; the scales become gradually vertical and adhere
closely. Kirchner (‘Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 53) says that the female inflorescences
of the same tree mature somewhat earlier than the male, so that cross-pollination is
favoured.
Visttors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities
stated.—
Redtenbacher (Austria), the Cantharid beetle Cantharis tristis #., and the weevil
Otiorhynchus multipunctatus #. Von Fricken (Westphalia), the Anthicid beetle
Ptinus dubius S¢rm.
3099. P. alba Link, and gioo. P. nigra L.—These species, according to
Lambert (‘A Description of the Genus Pinus,’ London, 1803), and drawings by
Parlatore (‘ Stud. organograf. sui fiori e sui frutti d. Conif.,’ Firenze, 1864), agree with
P. excelsa.
1032. Tsuga Carr.
gio1. T. canadensis Carr. (= Pinus canadensis Z.).— As Nos. 3099 and 3100.
1033. Cedrus Mill.
gioz. C, Libani Barrel. (Strasburger, op. cit., pp. 253-4, foot-note.)—As
Nos. 3099 and 3100.
1034. Larix Tourn.
giog. L. europaea DC. (= L. decidua A//., Pinus Larix Z., Abies Larix
Poir.). (Strasburger, op. cit., pp. 254—5.)—-This species is monoecious. The carpels
are highly developed and make up the bulk of the cone during anthesis, while the
ovuliferous scales then consist almost entirely of the two ovules only; the former
must therefore guide the pollen. They are violet or purple-red in colour, ovoid,
rounded above, vertical and slightly bent outwards; there is an indication of a keel
in the middle, which is produced outwards by itself for a short distance. As the
lateral margins of the carpels are curved slightly inwards, a groove is formed on each
side of the keel, in which the pollen-grains slide down to the small ovuliferous scale :
540 GYMNOSPERMAE
they are guided to the left or right on the margins of the latter. Corresponding to
this mechanism the pollen-catching process of the ovule is unilateral, and forming
a broad lobe directed up- and inwards, and curved in like a helmet, in which the
pollen-grains sliding down the side of the scale must fall. After pollination the cones
remain vertical. Kerner states that the anthers of the male flowers dehisce in the
same way as those of the pines. Warnstorf (Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896)
describes the pollen-grains as pale-yellow in colour, hemispherical, smooth, 75-87 pu
in diameter.
1035. Abies L.
gt04. A. pectinata DC. (=A. alba Afi/., Pinus Picea Z., and P. Abies Duro7).
(Strasburger, op. cit., p. 255.)—This species is monoecious. The pollination
mechanism closely resembles that of the larch; here again the guiding of the pollen
is performed by the carpels. These are provided with a long keel, while the small,
fleshy ovuliferous scales remain concealed in the axils of the carpels. There is also
a similar unilateral galeate lobe to each ovule for catching the pollen-grains. After
pollination the cones remain vertical.
3105. A. balsamea Mill. (= Pinus balsamea Z.).—This species possesses
a similar pollen mechanism to those of larch and silver firs, according to Richard
(‘Commentatio botanica de Conifer. et Cycad., 1826).
1036. Thuya L.
3106. T. orientalis L., and 3107. T. occidentalis L. (Strasburger, op. cit.,
p. 256.)—These and other species possess a similar mechanism to that of the larch.
The young female flowers are vertical, and the ovules are situated fairly deeply
between the ovuliferous scales, but the micropyle always projects so far during
anthesis that the pollen-grains can easily fall upon it, or can be guided to it by the
scales,
1037. Oxycedrus Hart. (= Juniperus Zowrn., according to the Zndex Kewensis).
Similar to Larix.
1038. Callitris Vent.
3108. C. quadrivalvis Vent.—This species resembles Thuya.
1039. Dacrydium Soland.; 1040. Phyllocladus Rich.; 1041. Torreya Arn.,
1042. Cephalotaxus Sieb. et Zucc.; 1043. Saxegothaea Lindl.; and
1044. Podocarpus Pers.
Species of these genera most closely resemble Taxus and Ginkgo (Salisburia).
(Strasburger, op. cit.)
1045. Cupressus Tourn.
Similar to Thuya.
giog. C. sempervirens L. (Strasburger, op. cit., pp. 256-7.)—In this species
the cone is formed by a large number of decussate ovuliferous scales, at the base of
CONIFERAE 541
each of which are situated numerous vertical ovules close together. The upwardly-
directed scales assist in guiding the pollen, though this is not conveyed to each
individual ovule, the separate grains sliding down the inner surface of the scales and
falling on the ovules, so that large numbers of these are pollinated at the same time.
1046. Cryptomeria D. Don.
guio. C. japonica D.Don.—This species agrees with those of Abietineae.
Three vertical ovules are situated at the base of each ovuliferous scale. The pollen-
grains are directed straight to them by the scales.
1047. Taxodium Rich.
gu. T. heterophyllum Brongn. (= Glyptostrobus heterophyllus £7d/.).—
This species and those of Taxodineae in general agree with No. 3110. (Strasburger,
Op. cit., p. 257.)
CXXVIII. ORDER CYCADEAE C. RICH.
1048. Cycas L.'
giz. C. revoluta L.—Schenck says that all the ovules of this species secrete
drops of fluid during anthesis. This characteristic seems therefore to be peculiar to
all gymnosperms. (Strasburger, op. cit., p. 257.)
1 Various investigators have described two ciliated spermatozoids as being formed in the tip of
the pollen-tube in species of this genus.—TR.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Mentioned in Vols. II and III; arranged alphabetically, with
the names of plants visited.
Synonyms in italics. Cross-references are given from entries under usual names to
synonyms, and conversely. In some cases the length of the proboscis is stated in
parentheses after the name of an insect. The following symbols are employed to indicate
the nature of visit to some of the more important plants :—
F + 1-+ Useful to both flower and insect.
(F + I+) Sometimes ditto.
F + I + Useful to flower, but useless to insect.
F +1 + Useless to both flower and insect.
F — I + Useless or harmful to flower, useful to insect.
F —I — Harmful to both flower and insect.
+ Casual visit.
{| The insect merely observed settling.
* Insects which effect all three kinds of legitimate pollination in Lythrum
Salicaria L.
I. ARACHNIDA
1. Acarida
1. Genus et sp. ? Narc. Pseudo-Narc. +t
A. Trombidiidae.
2. Rhyncholopus phalangioides Deg.—Gal. Moll.
A. Philodromidae. 2. Araneida
3. Philodromus aureolus Clevch.—Ulex europ. F+A+. (A=Arachnid.)
B. Thomisiidae.
4. Thomisus onustus Walck.—Convolv. arv.
5. Xysticus pini Hahn.— Tussil. Farf., Bellis per.
II. COLEOPTERA
A. Alleculidae (=Cvstelidae).
6. Cistela murina L. (=Gonodera murina L.,cf. No. 9).—Ranunc. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., Geran. pyren., Rosa centif., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegopod.
Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv.
7. C. sulphurea L. (= Cteniopus sulphureus L., cf. No. 8).—Heracl. sibir., Daucus
Car.
8. Cteniopus sulphureus L. (cf. No. 7).—Castan. sativa, Conium mac., Pimpin.
Saxifr., Peuced. Oreosel., Mentha piper.
9. Godonera murina L. (=Cistela murina L., cf. No. 6).—Sinap. arv.
10. Hymenalia rufipes F.—Veron. Cham.
11. Omophlus amerinae Cuvt.—Pinus sylvestr.
12. O. longicornis Bert. (=O. dilatatus Fald.).—Vit. ripar.
13. Podonta nigrita F.—Anthemis arv.
B. Anisotomidae.
14. Anisotoma obesa Schmidt.—Viburn. op.
C. Anobiidae.
15. Anobium paniceum F.—Crat. Oxyac.
16. A. Striatum O/.—Apocyn. androsaemif. F+I+.
COLEOPTERA 543
D. Anthicidae.
. Ptinus dubius Stvm.—Picea excelsa.
. Notoxys cornutus F, (=N. trifasciatus Rosst).—Vit. vinif.
. N. monoceros L.—Vit. vinif., Potent. rept.
E. Anthribidae.
. Urodon conformis Suffy.—Res. luteola.
. U. rufipes Oliv.—Res. luteola, R. lutea.
F. Bruchidae.
. Bruchus olivaceus Geym.—Bupleur. rotundif., Allium rot.
. B. pisi L.—Vicia sep. F+I+.
. B. seminarius L.—Caltha pal.
. B. villosus F.—Saroth. scop. F+I+.
. B. sp.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv., Anthem.
arv., Cirs. arv.
. Spermophagus cardui Sfev.—Helianth. vulg., Dianth. Carthus., V. vinif., Vit.
ripar., Rubus frutic., Potent. verna, Aegop. Podagr., Bupleur. rotundif.,
Daucus Car., Orlaya grandifl., Tanac. corymb., Carduus acanth., Sonchus
arv., Conv. arv., Rheum undul.
G. Buprestidae.
. Acmaedora flavofasciata P7l/.—Res. odor.
29. Agrilus coeruleus Ross?.—Prenanth. purp.
30. Anthaxia millefolii F.—Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
. A nitidula 2.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Helianth. vulg., Rosa can.,
Crat. Oxyac., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Tanac. corymb.,
Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos.
32. A. quadripunctata L.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Helianth. vulg., Potent.
arg., Doron. austr., Thrinc. hirta, Scorz. hispan., Lact. vimin., Hierac. Pilos.
. Coraebus elatus F.—Potent. arg.
. Sphenoptera Rarelini Falderm.—Alkagi camel.
. Trachys nana Hbst.—Geran. sanguin.
H. Byrrhidae.
. Byrrhus pilula L.—Sedum album.
. Cistela sericea Forst.—Veron. Cham.
. Pedilophorus aeneus F.—Batrach. aquat.
J. Carabicidae.
. Amara familiaris Dujt.—Cerast. triv.
. A. sp.—Cerast. arv.
. Carabus cancellatus J//.—Thymus serp.
. C. violaceus L.—Aegopod. Podagr.
. Lebia crux-minor L.—Cirs. arv.
K. Cerambycidae.
44, Acmaeops collaris L. (cf. No. 73).—Heracl. Sphond., Convall. maj.
45. Anaglyptus mysticus L. (=Clytus mysticus L., cf. No. 54).—Vit. vinif.
. Aromia moschata L.—Heracl. Sphond.
. Callidium violaceum L.—Aegop. Podagr., Chaeroph. Villarsii.
. Callimus cyaneus F. (=C. angulatus Schy.).—Heracl. Sphond.
. Cerambyx cerdo L.—Ligustr. vulg.
. C. scopolii Fuess/.—Sorbus Auc.
. Clytus arietis L.—Rosa centif., Rubus frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Sorbus Auc., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Cornus sang.
. C. figuratus Scop. (cf. No. 56).—Vit. vinif., Ulmar. pentapet.
. C. massiliensis L.—Res. odor.
. C. mysticus L. (cf. No. 45).—Crat. Oxyac., Heracl. Sphond.
. C. ornatus Hbst.—Res. odor., Vit. vinif., Centaur. rhen.
. C. plebeius F. (=C. figuratus Scop., cf. No. 52).—Centaur. rhen.
. Gaurotes virginea L. (cf. No. 77).—Ulmar. pentap.
. Grammoptera levis F (=G. tabacicolor Deg., cf. No. 60).—Asper. odor., Listera
ovata. F+I+.
. G. ruficornis F.—Anem. sylv., Prunus Padus, Rosa centif., Fragaria vesca,
544
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Ulmar pentapet. Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Aegop.
Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Ceref., Myrrhis odor.
. Grammoptera tabacicolor Deg. (cf. No. 58).—Cornus sang.
- Judolia cerambyciformis Schr. (cf. No. 75).—Rubus fructic., Ulmar. pentapet.,
Pimpin. Saxifr., Symphoricarp. racem. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Chrysanth. Leuc.
. Leptura livida F.—Sinap. arv., Cerast. arv., Rubus frutic., Ulmar. pentapet.,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegopod. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Oenanthe
aquat., Anethum graveol., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph. tem., Cornus sang.,
Galium saxat., Knaut. arv., Bellis per., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem.
arv., Matric. Chamom., Chrysanth. Leuc., Hier. Pilos., Jas. mont., Conv. arv.,
Euphorb. Gerard, Bromus mollis.
. L. melanura L. (=Strangalia melanura L., cf. No. 90).—Orchis. mac. F+I+.
. L. maculicornis Deg.—Rubus frutic., Ulmar. pentapet., Sedum album, Heracl.
Sphond., Knaut. arv., Chrysanth. Leuc., Jas. mont.
. L. sanguinolenta L.—Aegopod. Podagr., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv.
. L. testacea L.—Libanot. mont., Heracl. Sphond., Galium sylv., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Mentha aquat.
. L. virens L.—Sambuc. racem., Polygon. Bistorta.
. Molorchus minimus Scop.—Ulmar. pentapet.
. M. minor L.—Crat. Oxyac., Libanot. mont.
. Obrium brunneum F.—Ulmar. pentapet., Chaeroph. tem.
. Oxymirus cursor L.—Anthrisc. sylv.
. Pachyta clathrata F.—Polygon. Bist.
. P. collaris L. (=Acmaeops collaris L., cf. No. 44).—Anthrisc. sylv.
. P. lamed L.—Heracl. Sphond.
. P. octomaculata F. (=Judolia cerambyciformis Schr., cf. No. 61).—Rubus Id.,
Aegopod. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc.
sylv., Chaeroph. tem., Cornus sang., Knaut. arv., Chrysanth. Leuc.
. P. quadrimaculata L.—Ulmar. pentapet., Aegopod. Podagr., Pimpin. magna,
Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthnisc. sylv.
. P. virginea L. (=Gaurotes virginea L., cf. No. 57).—Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl.
Sphond., Cirs. arv.
. Phytoecia nigricornis F.—Euphorb. Cypariss.
. Rhopalopus insubricus Gerym.—Sorbus Auc.
. Stenocorus tnquisitor F. (=S. mordax Deg., cf. No. 81).—Rosa can.
. S. mordax Deg. (cf. No. 80).—Ulmar. pentapet., Heracl. Sphond.
. Stenopterus rufus L.—Sedum alb., Achill. Millef.
. Strangalia annularis F. (=S. arcuata Pz., cf. No. 84).—Heracl. Sphond.
. S. arcuata Pz. (cf. No. 83).—Aegopod. Podagr.
. S. armata Hbst. (= S. maculata Poda., cf. No. 89).—Rubus frutic., Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Sedum alb., Angel. sylv., Peuced. pal., Heracl. Sphond.,
Siler tril., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Cornus sang., Knaut. arv., Chrysanth.
Leuc.
. S. atra Laich.—Rosa centif., Rubus frutic., Carum Carvi, Cornus sang., Knaut.
arv., Orchis mac.
. S. attenuata L.—Rosa centif., Ulmar. pentapet., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S.
ulmif., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Cornus sang., Knaut. arv., Matric.
Chamom., Chrysanth. Leuc.
. S. bifasciata Mul/—Rubus frutic., Ulmar. Filip., Libanotis mont., Peuced.
cervar., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Orlaya grandifl., Galiium verum, G.
boreale, Knaut. arv., Inula hirta, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct.,
Tanac. corymb., Plant. med., Antheric. ramos.
. S. maculata Poda (cf. No. 85).—Rosa can., Anthrisc. sylv.
. S. melanura L. (cf. No. 63).—Rubus frutic., Epil. angust., Sedum alb., Pimpin.
Saxifr., Libanot. mont., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph. Villarsii,
Galium ver., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Tanac. corymb., Chrysanth.
Leuc., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Jas. mont., Polygon. Bist., Euphorb. Gerard.
. S. nigra L.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Sinap. arv., Helianth. vulg.,
Rubus frutic., R. Id., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Pimpin. Saxifr.,
Heracl. Sphond., Plant. med.
. S. quadrifasciata L.—Ulmar. pentapet., Libanot. mont., Sambuc. racem,
. Tetropium luridum L.—Chaeroph. Villarsii.
. Tetrops praeusta L.—Prunus avium.
. Toxotus meridianus L.—Anthrisc. sylv., Knaut. arv.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114,
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
D
COLEOPTERA 545
L. Chrysomelidae.
Adoxus obscurus L.—Epil. angustif.
A. obscurus L., var. vitis F.—Vit. vinif.
Agelastica alni 2.—Batrach. aquat.
A. halensis L.—Galium verum.
Aphthona caerulea Payk.—Calla pal.
A. nemorum L.—Teesdal. nudicaul.
Cassida murraea L.—Pulic. dysent.
C. nebulosa L.—Teesdal. nudicaul., Solid. trifol.
C. nobilis L.—Crucianella angustifol., Calla pal. t
Chaetocnema concinna Marsh.—Teesdal. nudicaul.
Chrysochus pretiosus F.—Hier. Pilos.
Chrysomela cacaliae Schr., subsp. senecionis Schumm.—Adenost. Alb.
C, varians Schall.—Hyper. perfor.
Clytra affinis Hellw.—Vit. vinif.
C. cyanea F.—Crat. Oxyac.
C. diversipes Letz.—Polygon. Bist.
C. musciformis Géze.—Vit. vinif.
C. quadripunctata L.—Chrysanth. Leuc.
C. scopolina L.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Peuced. Cervar.
Colaphus sophiae Schall.—Sisymbr. Sophiae.
Crepidodera ferruginea Scop.—Daucus Car., Succ. prat., Centaur. nigra,
Mentha aquat.
Crioceris asparagi L.—Asparag. off.
C. duodecimpunctata L. (cf. No.140).—Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv., Asparag. off.
Cryptocephalus bipunctatus L.—Cirs. pal.
C. duodecimpunctatus F.—Rosa can.
C. flavipes F. Euphorb. Cypariss.
C. hypochoeridis L.—Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off.
C. lobatus F.—Crat. Oxyac.
C. moraei L.—Genista tinct. F+I-+, Cirs. pal., Hier. Pilos.
C. sericeus L.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Chelidon. maj., Hyper.
perfor., Genista tinct. F+I+, Rosa rubigin., Ulmar. pentapet., Heracl.
Sphond., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct.,
Cirs. arv., Carduus acanth., Centaur. Scab., C. rhen., Leont. aut., Crep. bien.,
Hier. Pilos., H. muror., Jas. mont.
C. violaceus Laich.—Crataeg. Oxyac.
C. vittatus F.—Saroth. scop. F+1I+, Genista tinct. F+I+, Chrysanth. Leuc.,
Cirs. pal.
Donacia dentata Hoppe.—Nuph. lut.
D. discolor Hoppe.—Caltha pal.
D. sparganii Ahy.—Nuph. lut.
Galeruca calmariensis L.—Myrrhis odor.
G. nymphaeae L.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
Gatrophysa polygoni L.—Tarax. off.
Gonioctena olivacea Forst. (=Phytodecta olivacea Forst.).—Saroth. scop.
F+I+.
Haltica oleracea L.—Oenoth. grandifl.
H. sp.—Prunus avium, Euphorb. Cypariss.
Helodes marginella L. (=Prasocuris marginella L.).—Caltha pal.
Hi. phellandrti L. (= Prasocuris phellandrii L. cf. No. 148).—Batrach. aquat.
Lema cyanella L.—Valerian. olit.
L. duodecimpunctata L. (=Crioceris duodecimpunctata L., cf. No. 118).—Toril.
Anthrisc.
Lochmaea sanguinea F.—Sorbus Auc.
Longitarsus fuscicollis Foudr. (= L. atricillus Gyll., cf. No. 149).—Ranunce. Fic.
Luperus circumfusus Marsh.—Euphorb. Cypariss.
L. flavipes L.—Rosa can., R. rubigin., Galium bor.
Mantura fuscicornis L.—Malva sylv.
Prasocuris glabra Hbst., and var. aucta F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
P. junci Brahm (=P. beccabungae J//.).—Jeron. Beccab.
P. phellandrii L. (cf. No. 138).—Oenanthe aquat.
Thyamis fuscicollis Foudr. (=Longitarsus atricillus Gyll., cf. No. 142).—Tussil.
Farf.
AVIS. UT Nn
546 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
M. Cleridae.
150. Trichodes alvearius F.—Rosa can.
151. T. apiarius L.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Ulmar. pentapet., Sedum alb.,
Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Toril. Anthrisc., Anthrisc. sylv., Chry-
santh. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Ligustr. vulg.
N. Coccinellidae.
152. Coccidula rufa Hbst.—Oenanthe aquat.
153. Coccinella bipunctata L.—Vit. ripar., Peuced. pal., Prangos ferulacea, Tanac.
vulg., T. tanacetoid., Doron. caucas., Senec. macrophyll., Mentha piper.,
Leonur. lanat.
154. C. Conglobata L. (=C. quattuordecimpunctata L., cf. Nos. 158 and 165).—
Berb. vulg., Pyrus comm., Parnass. pal.
155. C. impustulata L. (=C. octodecimpunctata Scop., var. impustulata L., cf. No.
157).—Chrysoc. Linos., Diplopapp. amygdal., Anthem. tinct.
156. C. mutabilis Scvib.—Daucus Car., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Onopord. Acanth.
157. C. octodecimpunctata Scop. (cf. No. 155).—Medic. med.
158. C. quattuordecimpunctata L. (cf. Nos. 154 and 165).—Ranunc. lanugin.,
Astrant. major, var. involucr., Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Antenn. dioica, Helichrys. aren., H. bract., Ammob. alatum, Achill. filipend.,
Anthem. tinct., Polygon. Bist.
159. C. quinquepunctata L.—Daucus Car., Antenn. dioica, Helichrys. bract.,
Tanac. vulg., Hier. umbell.
160. C. septempunctata L.—Berb. vulg., Arab. alb., Sinap. arv., Cak. marit., Vit.
tipar., Erod. Cicut., Parnass. pal., Conium mac., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel.
sylv., Peuced. pal., Ferulago montic., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph.
hirs., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Cirs. arv., Tarax. off., Euphorb. dendroid.
161. C. undecimpunctata L.—Conium mac., Salix rep.
162. C. variabilis Hbst.—Berb. vulg.
163. Epilachna globosa Schneid.—Vit. vinif.
164. Exochomus auritus Scrib.—Heracl. Sphond., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
165. Halyzia quattuordecimpunctata L. (=Coccinella quattuordecimpunctata L.,
ef. Nos. 154 and 158).—Senec. nemor., Apocyn. androsaemif. t
166. Micraspis duodecimpunctata L.—Adon. vern., Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
167. Rhizobius litura F.—Cydon. jap.
168. Subcoccinella 24-punctata L. (=Epilachna globosa Schneid., cf. No. 163).—
Vit. vinif.
O. Colydiidae.
169. Coninomus nodifer Westw. (=Lathridius nodifer Westw.).—Ranunce. Fic.
170. Corticaria gibbosa Hbst.—Chrysospl. alternif.
P. Cryptophagidae.
171. Antherophagus nigricornis F.—Senec. Jac.
172. A. pallens Ol.—Digit. purp.
173. A. sp.—Camp. Trach.
174. Cis hispidus Payk. (=Sphindus hispidus Payk.).—Vit. ripar.
175. Cryptophagus vini Panz.—Ulex europ. F+I+.
Q. Curculionidae.
176. Anthonomus rubi Hdst.—Rubus Id., Matric. inod.
177. Apion apricans Hbst.—Adoxa moschat.
178. A. columbinum Germ.—Adoxa moschat.
179. A. marchicum Hdst.—Achill. Millef.
180. A. miniatum Germ.—Diplopapp. amygd.
181. A. nigritarse K.—Potent. steril., Veron. hederif.
182. A. onopordi K.—Chrysospl. alternif.
183. A. striatum A.—Bellis per.
184. A. ulicis Forst.—Ulex europ. F+I+.
185. A. variipes Germ.—Chrysospl. alternif.
186. A. sp.—Sorb. Auc., Tarax. off.
187. Apoderus erythropterus Zschoch. (=A. intermedius J//.).—Ulmar. pentapet.
188. Baris abrotani Germ.—Res. lutea.
189. Brachonyx indigena Hbst.—Pinus sylv.
190. Ceutorhynchidius floralis Payk.—Medic. lupul., Prangos ferulacea.
191
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
COLEOPTERA 547
. C. pumilio Gyl/.—Teesdal. nudicaul.
Ceutorhynchus suturalis Faby.—Vit. ripar.
C. sp.—Barbar. vulg., Stenophr. Thalian, Alliar. off.
Cionus blattariae F.—Verbasc. Thaps., V. Blatt., Scrophul. nod.
C. hortulanus Marsh.—Verbasc. Lychnit. flore albo, Scrophul. aquat.
C. scrophulariae L.—Scrophul. nod.
C. solani F.—Solan. Dulcam.
C. thapsus F.—Verbasc. Thaps.
C. verbasci F.—Verbasc. Thaps.
Coeliodes geranii Payk.—Geran. prat., G. sanguin.
Gymnetron beccabungae L.—Veron. Beccab.
G. campanulae L. (=Miarus campanulae L., cf. No. 211).—Camp. rot., C.
“bonon., C. Trachel., C. persicif., C. barb.
G. linariae Panz.—Linar. vulg.
G. pilosum Schénh.—Linar. vulg.
G. tetrum F.—Verbasc. Lychn. flore albo.
Hypera polygoni L.—Calla pal. t
Larinus jaceae F.—Cirs. arv., Carduus acanth.
L. obtusus Schénh.—Cirs. arv.
L. senilis F.—Carl. acaul.
Magdalis violacea L.—Pinus sylvestr.
Miarus campanulae L. (cf. No. 202).—Geran. prat., Knaut. arv., Camp. rot.
M. graminis Schénh.—Geran. sanguin., Saxifr. granul.
Nanophyes lythri F.—Lythr. Sal. (F +1+).
Otiorhynchus ovatus L.—Camp. rot.
O. multipunctatus F.—Picea excelsa.
O. picipes F.—Cornus sang.
Phyllobius maculicornis Germ.—Sorb. Auc.
P. oblongus L.—Carum Carvi.
P. urticae Deg.—Anthrisc. sylv.
Rhynchites aequatus L.—Pyrus comm.
Sitona lineatus Schénh.—Salix rep.
S. puncticollis Steph.—Leont. aut.
S. sp.—Calla pal. t
Tychius venustus F.—Saroth. scop. F+I+.
R. Dermestidae.
. Anthrenus claviger Er. (=A. fuscus Lty., cf. No. 226).—Arunc. sylv., Crat.
Oxyac., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium bor.
A. fuscus Ltr. (cf. No. 225).—Rosa centif.
A. museorum L.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., Arunc. sylv., Rheum undul.
A. pimpinellae F.—Lepid. sat., Rhus Cotin., Rosa can., R. centif., Fragar.
vesca, Ulmar. pentapet., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Arunc. sylv.,
Crat. Oxyac., Philad. coron., Astrant. maj., Conium mac., Aegopod. Podagr.,
Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. Ceref., Chaeroph. tem.,
Chrysanth. Leuc.
A. scrophulariae L.—Anem. ranunc., Rosa centif., Fragaria vesca, Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Arunc. sylv., Crat. Oxyac., Saxifr. granul., Ferulago
montic., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Ceref., Chaeroph. tem., C. aureum, Myrrhis odor.,
Moloposp. Peloponn., Prangos ferulacea, Tanac. macrophyllum, Doron.
Pardal., D. plantag., Myosot. alp., Veron. gentianoid., Euphorb. pal.,
E. salicif.
A. verbasci L.—Merc. annua.
A. sp.—Rheum tartar.
Attagenus pellio L.—Berb. vulg., Spir. sorbif., S. ulmif., S. salicif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Sorb. Auc.
A. schaefferi Hbst.—Arunc. sylv.
Dermestes vulpinus F.—Dracunc. vulg.
D. sp.—Amorphophall. campan.
Hadrotoma nigripes F.—Crat. Oxyac.
Tiresias serra F.—Anthrisc. sylv.
S. Elateridae.
238. Adrastus humilis Evy.—Vit. vinif.
239. A. pallens F., Ey.—Oenanthe aquat., Valer. off.
Nn2
548
240.
241.
242.
243.
244,
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264
265.
266.
267
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Agriotes aterrimus L.—Sorb. Auc., Aegop. Podagr.
A. gallicus Lac.—Genista tinct. F+I+, Daucus Car., Chaeroph. hirs.,
Galium ver., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Cirs. arv., Antheric.
Liliago.
A. obscurus L.—Daucus Car.
A. pallidulus J7/. >—Phyteum. spic.
A. sputator L.—Lotus corn. F+I+, Daucus Car.
A. ustulatus Schall.—Vit. vinif., Genista tinct. F+I+, Heracl. Sphond.,
Daucus Car., Asper. cynanch., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Chrysanth. Leuc.,
Cirs. arv., C. pal.
Athous haemorrhoidalis F.—Ranunc. lanug., Anthrisc. sylv.
A. niger L.—Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv., Cornus sang., Anthem. arv.
Chrysanth. Leuc.
A. subfuscus Mul/.—Arab. aren.
A. vittatus F.—Viburn. Op.
Cardiophorus cinereus Hbst.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
C. griseus Hbst.—Salix rep.
Corymbites aeneus L.—Rubus frutic., Euphorb. Cypariss.
C. castaneus L.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
C. holosericeus Oliv.—Trif. rub., Sorbus Auc., Heracl. Sphond., Cirs. arv.,
Carduus acanth.
C. purpureus Poda (cf. No. 256).—Heracl. Sphond.
C. haematodes F. (=C. purpureus Poda., cf. No. 255).—Tarax. off.
C. quercus Oliv.—Anthrisc. sylv.
C. sjaelandicus Mzd/.—Rhamn. Frang.
C. sulphuripennis Geym.—Oenoth. bienn. ? F+I+.
Cryptohypnus minutissimus Germ.—Euphorb. Cypariss,
C. pulchellus L.—Viburn. Op.
Dolopius marginatus L.—Sorb. Auc., Corn. sang.
Elater balteatus L.—Rhamn. Frang.
E. pomonae Steph.—Rhamn. Frang.
Lacon murinus L.—Rubus frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegop.
Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv., Rheum hybrid.
Limonius aeruginosus Oliv. (=L. cylindricus Ross?t.).—Salix rep.
L. bructeri F.—Vit. ripar.
L. cylindricus Payk.—Batrach. aquat., Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Rubus
frutic., Sorbus Auc., Valerian. olit., Doron macrophyll., Tarax. off., Salix rep.
L. lythrodes Germ.—Vit. vinif.
L. parvulus Pz.—Teesdal. nudicaul., Sorb. Auc., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
Sericus brunneus L.—Rhamn. Frang.
Synaptus filiformis F.—Anthrisc. sylv.
T. Eucnemidae.
273.
Throscus elateroides Heer.—Pariet. off.
U. Histeridae.
274,
275.
276.
Saprinus aeneus F.—Amorphophall. Rivieri.
S. nitidulus F.—Dracunc. vulg., Amorphophall. Rivieri.
S. sp.—Dracunc. vulg., Amorphophall. campan.
V. Hydrophilidae.
277.
278.
Cercyon haemorrhoidalis F.—Salix rep.
Paracercyon analis Payk.—Teesdal. nudicaul.
W. Lagriidae.
279.
Lagria hirta L.—Spir. sorbif., Salix salicif., S. ulmif., Solid. fragr.
X. Meloidae.
280. Mylabris floralis Pad/.—Centaur. rhen.
281.
Nemognatha sp.—Festuca ovina.
Y. Mordellidae.
282. Anaspis flava L.—Anthrisc. sylv. : .
283. A. frontalis L.—Anem. nem., Rosa can., Ulmar. pentapet., Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Anthrisc. Ceref., Myrrhis odor., Asper.
odor., Nepeta nuda.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
COLEOPTERA 549
A. maculata Fourcr.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
A. melanostoma Costa.—Vit. rup., V. cand.
A. pulicaria Costa.—Vit. vinif.
A. ruficollis F.—Rosa centif.
A. rufilabris Gyl/.—Anem. sylv., Stenophrag. Thalian., Caps. Bursa-past.,
Res. lutea., Prunus Padus., Sorb. Auc., Carum Carvi, Chaeroph. tem.
Mordella aculeata L.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Helianth. vulg., Rosa
can., R. centif., Rubus frutic., Fragaria vesca, Ulmar. pentapet., Philad.
coron., Daucus Car., Galium verum, G. boreale, Anthem. tinct., Tanac. corymb.,
Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Euphorb. Gerard., E. Cypariss.
M. fasciata F.—Lotus corn. F+I+, Sium latif., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car.,
Orlaya grandifl., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium verum, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Anthem. tinct., Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Crep. vir.
M. pumila Gyll. (=Mordellistena pumila Gyll., cf. No. 294).—Carum Carvi,
Bupleur. falc., Anthrisc. sylv.
M. pusilla Dej. (= Mordellistena parvula Gy//.)—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Carum Carvi.
Mordellistena abdominalis F.—Crat. Oxyac.
M. pumila Gyll. (cf. No. 291).—Anem. nem., Myrrhis odor., Euphorb. Gerard.
Z. Nitidulidae.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
Brachypterus gravidus J//.—Ranunc. rep., Stell. gramin., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Linar. vulg.
B. urticae F’.—Urtica urens.
Cercus pedicularis L.—Ligustr. vulg.
C. rufilabris Lty.—Daucus Car., Achill. Millef.
Cychramus luteus O/iv.—Rubus Id., Ulmar pentapet.
Epuraea aestiva L.—Caltha pal., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph. tem., Salix rep.,
Narc. Pseudo-Narc.
E. melina Ev.—Ulmar. pentapet., Pimp. Saxifr.
E. sp.—Alliar. off., Sorb. Auc., Anthrisc. sylv., Myrrhis odor.
Meligethes aeneus F. (=M. brassicae Scop., cf. No. 304).—Ranunc. rep., R.
lanugin., Schiever. podol., Cak. marit., Hyper. perfor., H. tetrapt., Erod.
Cicut., Medic. lupul., Potent. Anser., Ulmar. pentapet., Sorb. Auc., Parnassia
pal., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph. tem., Myrrhis odor., Knaut. arv., Aster
Tripol., Pulic. dysent., Doron. Pardal., Senec. palud., Phyteum. spic.,
Origan. vulg., Salix rep.
M. brassicae Scop. (cf. No. 303).—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Alliar. off.,
Brass. nig., Crambe marit. (F+1+), Raphan. Raph., Vit. vinif., V. ripar.,
V. ariz.
M. coracinus Sturm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Viola can., Anthrisc.
sylv.
M. lepidii Mzl7.—Lepid. Draba,
M. obscurus Evy.—Pulic. dysent.
Meligethes pedicularius Gi//.—Vit. ripar.
Meligethes picipes Sturm.—Ranunc. Fic., Caltha pal., Cochlear. off., Oxalis
Acetos., Ulex europ. F+I+, Parnass. pal., Daucus Car., Succ. prat., Eupat.
cannab., Tussil. Farf., Pulic. dysent., Tarax. off., Prim. vulg. F+I+.
M. symphyti Heer.—Symphyt. off.
M. tristis Sturm.—Echium vulg.
M. viridescens F.—Crambe marit. (F +1+), Medic. sat. F+I+, Rubus frutic.,
Ulmar. pentap., Succ. prat., Pulic. dysent., Centaur. nigra, Jas. mont.
M. sp.—Thalictr. aquilegif., Pulsat. vulg., Anem. nemor., Adon. vern., Ranunc.
acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. auric., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Nuph. lut., Papav.
Rhoeas, P. somnif., P. dubium, Glaucium flav., Chelidon. maj., Nasturt. off.,
N. amphib., N. sylv., Barbar. vulg., Arab. paucifl., Cardam. prat., Stenophr.
Thalian., Alliar. off., Erysim. crepidifol., Brass. oler., B. Rapa., Sinap. arv.,
Kernera saxat., Cochlear. Armorac., C. off., Camel. sat., Biscut. laevig.,
Isat. tinctor., Cak. marit., Crambe marit., Raphan. Raph., R. sat., Viola odor.,
V. tric. arv., Viscar. vulg., Moehring. trinerv., Stellar. gramin., S. Holost.,
S. med., S. nem., Malach. aquat., Cerast. arv., Malva sylv., Geran. Robert.,
Oxalis Acetos., Impat. Noli-tang. F+I-+, Saroth. scop. F+I+, Ulex
europ. F+I+, Cytis. Lab. F+I+, Ornithop. sat., Persica vulg., Prunus
spin., P. Padus, Rosa can., R. centif., Rubus frutic., R. caes., Geum riv.,
550 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser., P. rept., P. arg., P. verna., P.. frutic.,
Ulmar. pentapet., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Arunc. sylv., Pyrus
comm., Sorb. Auc., Epil. parvifl., Lythr. Sal. (F +1+), Philad. coron., Saxifr.
granul., Sanic. europ., Conium mac., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Peuced.
pal., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Ceref., Cornus
sang., Viburn. Op., Asper. odor., Valer. dioica, Valerianella olit., Knaut.
arv., Tussil. Farf., Bellis per., Achill. Millef., Matric. Chamom., Chrysanth.
Leuc., Doron. austr., D. caucas., Senec. Jac., S. vern., Tragopog. prat.,
Scorz. hum., Tarax. off., Lact. mur., Crep. bien., Camp. rot., C.bonon.,
C. Trach., C. persicif., Ligustr. vulg., Apocyn. androsaemif. F+I+,
Menyanth. trif., Phacelia tanacetif., Conv. arv., C. sp., Symphyt. off.,
Myosot. alp., Dat. Stram., Verbasc. nigr., Linar. vulg., Digit. purp., Veron.
Cham., V. hederif., Mentha aquat., Nepeta nuda, N. Glechoma? F+1 +, Stach.
pal. F+I+, Marrub. vulg. F+I+, Trient. europ., Prim. veris, Statice Lim.,
Plant. med., Polygon. Bist., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Calla pal., Cyprip.
Calc. F+I+, Narc. Pseud.-Narc. F+I+ (F+I+), Gagea lutea, G. arv.,
Lilium candidum, Brodiaea ixioid., Hyac. orient.
314. Pria dulcamarae J//.—Solan. Dulcam.
315. Thalycra fervida Gyll. (cf. No. 316).—Heracl. Sphond.
316. Thalycra sericea Sturm. (=T. fervida Gyll., cf. No. 315).—Cornus sang.
AA. Oedemeridae.
317. Anoncodes rufiventris Scop. (=Nacerdes rufiventris Scop.).—Siler. tril.
318. Asclera coerulea L.—Crat. Oxyac.
319. Chrysanthia viridis Schmidt.—Aegop. Podagr., Galium Mollugo.
320. C. viridissima L.—Siler tril.
321. Nacerdes austriaca Ggb.—Vit. vinif., V. ripar., V. rup., V. candic.
322. N. melanura L.—Cak. marit.
323. N. viridipes Schmidt.—Lepid. Draba.
324, Oedemera coerulea L. (=O. nobilis Scop.).—Sedum album.
325. O. flavescens L.—Sedum album, Peuced. Oreosel., Chaeroph. hirs., Galium
sylv., Anthem. tinct.
326. O. flavipes F.—Sedum album, Peuced. Oreosel., Knaut. arv., Hypoch. rad.
327. O. lurida Marsh.—Vit. ripar., Peuced. Oreosel., Hierac. Pilos.
328. O. marginata F. (=O. subulata Oliv., cf. No. 330).—Tanac. corymb., Plant.
med.
329. O. podagrariae L.—Dianth. Carthus., Ulmar. Filip., Aegop. Podagr.,
Peuced. Oreosel., Galium Mollugo, G. verum, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. arv.
330. O. subulata Oliv. (cf. No. 328).—Peuced. Oreosel.
331, O. virescens L.—Thalictr. minus, Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Papaver
Rhoeas, Helianth. vulg., Stell. Holost., Rubus frutic., Aegopod. Podagr.,
Peuced. Oreosel., Heracl. Sphond., Bellis per., Tanac. corymb., Senec. Jac.,
Hypoch. rad., Jas. mont., Conv. arv., Echium vulg., Antheric. ramos.
BB. Phalacridae.
332. Olibrus aeneus F.—Pyrus comm., Chrysospl. alternif.
333. O. affinis Sturm.—Moehr. trinerv.
334. O. bicolor F.—Knaut. arv.
335. Phalacrus corruscus Panz.—Solid. canad., Bromus mollis.
CC. Scarabaeidae.
336. Aphodius contaminatus Hbst.—Potent. sylv.
337. A. melanostictus Schmidt.—Arum pictum.
338. Cetonia aurata L.—Thalictr. aquilegif., T. glaucophyll., Magnol. grandifl.,
Viola tric. alp., V. tric. versic. F+1+, Rosa can., R. centif., Ulmar. pentapet.,
U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., S. digit., Crat. Oxyac., Sorb.
Auc., Aegop. Podagr., Libanot. mont., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond.,
H. sibir., H. pubesc., Chaeroph. aureum, C. hirs., Myrrhis odor., Moloposp.
Peloponn., Sambuc. niger, Galium verum, Valer. offic., V. altiss., V. allariif.,
Centrant. ruber F+1+, C. angustif., Solid. laterifl., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Tanac. macrophyll., Chrysanth. Leuc., Echinops exalt., Cirs. arv., C. oler.,
Centaur. caloceph., C. rup., Ligustr. vulg., Rheum undul., Euphorb. pal.,
Tulipa Didieri, Trill. sessile.
339. C. floricola Hbst.—Sorb. Auc.
COLEOPTERA 551
340. C. floricola Hbst., var. metallica F. (cf. No. 342).—Anthrisc. sylv.
341. a hiviella L. (=Oxythyrea funesta Poda., cf. Nos. 343, 350, and 353).—Ranunc.
ulb.
342. C. metallica F. (=C. floricola Hbst., var. metallica F., cf. No. 340).—Rosa can.
343. C. stictica L. (auct.) (=Oxythyrea funesta Poda., ci. Nos. 341, 350, and 353).—
Papaver somnif.
344, C. sp.—Camp. medium, Dracunc. canar.
345.
346.
347,
348,
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
Gnorimus nobilis L.—Aegop. Podagr., Sambuc. niger, Chrysanth. Leuc.
Hoplia argentea Poda.—Aegop. Podagr., Fraxin. Orn.
H. philanthus Su/z.—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv,
H. praticola Dujt.—Anthrisc. sylv.
Melolontha vulgaris F.—Rosa centif., Sorb. Auc.
Oxythyrea funesta Poda. (cf. Nos. 343 and 353).—Magn. grandifl., Papaver
Rhoeas, Vit. vinif., V. ripar., Heracl. Sphond.
O. hirta Pota.—Heracl. Sphond.
O. squalida Scop.—Cist. salviif.
O. stictica L. (=Oxythyrea funesta Poda., cf. Nos. 341, 343, and 350).—
Rosa can., Crat. Oxyac., Siler. tril., Sambuc. niger, Viburn. Op.
354, O. sp.—Dracune. canar.
355, Phyllopertha horticola L.—Anem. sylv., Barbar. vulg., Brass. nig., Sinap.
356.
357.
358
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364,
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.
arv., Cak. marit., Vit. vinif., Rosa can., R. pimpinellif., R. centif., Rubus
frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., S. digit., Philad. coron., Aegop.
Podagr., Heracl. sibir., Sambuc. niger, Viburn. Op., Hier. Pilos., Rheum
tartar.
Rhizotrogus solstitialis L.—Valer. Phu.
Trichius abdominalis Men.—Viburn. Op., Rheum Tartar.
. T. fasciatus L.—Clemat. recta, Thalictr. aquilegif., Rubus frutic., Ulmar
pentapet., U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., Sp. salicif., S. ulmif., Conium mac., Aegop.
Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latif., Oenanthe fistul., Angel. sylv., Heracl.
Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Sambuc. niger, Viburn. Op., Knaut.
arv., Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Carduus acanth., Polygon. Bist.
DD. Silphidae.
. Necrophorus vespillo L.—Aneth. graveol., Achill. Millef.
EE. Staphylinidae.
Gen. et sp. ?>—Arum ital., Scirpus lacustris.
Anthobium abdominale Grav.—Saroth. Scop. F+I+.
. florale Grav.—Saroth. scop. F+I+.
. minutum F.—Ranunc. Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
. (Eusphalerum) primulae Fauv, (=A. triviale Ev.).—Prim. vulg. FLI+.
. robustum Heer, (=A. excavatum Er.).—Prim. integrif.
. sorbi Gy/l,—Phyteum. spic.
. torquatum Marsh.—Medic. lupul., Lotus corn. F+I+.
. Sp.—Geran. Robert., Camp. rot., Luzula nivea.
Anthophagus spectabilis Heey.—Polygon. Bist.
Creophilus maxillosus L.—Dracunc. vulg.
Lathrimaeum atrocephalum Gy//.—Chrysospl. alternif.
Omalium florale Payk.—Cardam. prat., Cerast. arv., Oxal. Acet., Tussil Farf.,
Pulmon. off., Prim. elat. |
Oxytelus nitidulus Gvav.—Arum pictum.
O. sp.—Amorphophall. campan.
Philonthus sp.—Valerian. olit.
Quedius bodéps Grav.—Achill. Millef.
Staphylinus sp.—Hepatica triloba.
Tachinus fimetarius Grav.—Carum Carvi.
Tachyporus chrysomelinus L.—Chrysospl. alternif.
T. hypnorum F.—Caltha pal., Potent. Anser., Salix purp.
T. obtusus L.—Alliar. off., Daucus Car., Phacelia tanacetif.
T. solutus Ey.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Carum Carvi.
T. sp.—Potent. Anser.
Xantholinus linearis O/.—Solid. graminif.
FF. Tenebrionidae.
PPP Papp
385. Microzoum tibiale F.—Sorb. Auc.
552
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
GG. Telephoridae.
386.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
393.
394.
395.
396.
397.
398.
399.
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
414,
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424,
425.
Anthocomus equestris F.—Tommas. verticill.
A. fasciatus L.—Hesper. matron., Lepid. sat., Rosa can., R. centif., Carum
Carvi, Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Ceref., Myosot. alp., Plant. med.
Axinotarsus pulicarius F.—Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.
Cantharis albomarginata Mdrk.—Habenar. conop.
C. alpina Payk.—Heracl. Sphond.
C. fulva Scop. (=Telephorus melanurus F., cf. Nos. 395, 426, 427, and 434).—
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Parnass. pal., Conium mac., Sium latif.,
Daucus Car., Galium Mollugo, Achill. Millef.
C. fulvicollis F. (cf. No. 431).—Aegop. Podagr.
C. fusca L. (cf. No. 432).—Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Rheum tart., Camass.
Fraseri, Carex Fraseri.
C. haemorrhoidalis F.—Crat. Oxyac.
Cantharis melanura F. (=C. fulva Scop., cf. Nos. 391, 426, 427, and 434).—
Aegop. Podagr.
C. nigricans Mzll.—Aegop. Podagr.
C. rustica Fall. (cf. No. 438).—Isat. tinctor., Rubus frutic., Crat. Oxyac.
C. testacea L. (cf. No. 430).—Crat. Oxyac.
C. tristis F.—Picea excelsa.
C. sp.—Crat. Oxyac., Euphorb. Cypariss.
Danacea nigritarsis Avst.—Vit. vinif.
D. pallipes Pz.—Dianth. Carthus., Malva sylv., Rosa rubigin., Daucus Car.,
Orlaya grandifl., Asper. cynanch., Tanac. corymb., Verbasc. Lychnit. flore
albo, Allium rot.
Dasytes alpigradus Kiesw.—Potent. aurea, Chaeroph. Villarsii.
Dasytes flavipes F. (=D. plumbeus Miill., cf. No. 407).—Anem. sylv., Geran.
Robert., Impat. Noli-tang. F-+-I+, Rubus frutic., Fragaria vesca, Potent.
frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Sorbus scand., Aegop. Podagr.,
Carum Carvi, Pimpin. Saxifr., Peuced. Oreosel., P. pal., Tanac. corymb.,
Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. heteroph., Lactuca per., Pyrola min., Phacelia
tanacetif., Polemon. coer., Nepeta nuda, Antheric. ramos.
D. niger L.—Rubus Id., Aegop. Podagr., Campan. persicif.
D. obscurus Gyl/,—Pinus sylv.
D. plumbeus Mull. (cf. No. 404).—Alyss. mont., Lepid. sat., V. vinif., V.
ripar., V. cordif., V. rup., Geum urb., Anthrisc. sylv.
D. subaeneus Schh.—Orlaya grandifl., Asper. cynanch.
D. sp.—Cerast. arv., Prunus Padus, Rosa centif., Philad. coron., Bryonia
dioica, Asper. odor., Digit. purp., Melamp. nemor.
Dictyoptera rubens Gyll. (cf. No. 411).—Aegop. Podagr.
D. sanguinea Scop. (=D. rubens Gyill., cf. No. 410).—Galium sylv., Cirs. arv.
Dolichosoma lineare Ross?.—Galium Mollugo.
Ebaeus thoracicus Oliv.—Asper. cynanch.
Haplocnemus pini Red. and Var. serratus Redt.—Pinus sylv.
H. tarsalis Sahlb.—Pinus sylv.
Henicopus hirtus L. (=H. pilosus Scop.).—Festuca ovina.
Malachius aeneus L.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Vit. ripar., Geran.
pyren., Sorb. Auc., Toril. Anthrisc., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Ceref., Chrysanth.
Leuc., Plant. med.
M. bipustulatus L.—Anem. sylv., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Cochlear.
Armorac., Lepid. sat., Cerast. arv., Vicia Faba F+I+, Rubus frutic.,
Fragaria vesca, Ulmar. pentapet., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat.
Oxyac., Philad. coron., Aegop. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv.
Chaeroph. hirs., Knaut. arv., Cichor. Int., Tarax. off., Polygon. Bist.
M. elegans Oliv.—Vit. vinif., V. ripar., V. rup., V. ripar. vinif., V. ripar.
labrusca, Crat. Oxyac., Tarax. off.
M. geniculatus Germ.—Vit. vinif., V. ripar.
M. gracilis Mill. (=M. affinis Men.).—Tarax. off.
M. viridis F.—Conv. arv., Brachypod. pinnat.
M. sp.—Sonchus arv., Alopec. genicul.
Psilothrix cyaneus Ol. (=Dolichosoma nobilis Rosst).—Cak. marit., Cirs. arv.,
C. lanceol., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Ammophila aren.
Rhagonycha denticollis Schumm. ( =Cantharis denticollis Schumm.).—Chaeroph.
Villarsii.
COLEOPTERA 553
426. R. fulva Scop. (=Cantharis fulva Scop., cf. Nos. 391, 395, 427, and 434).—
Pimpin. Saxifr., Listera ovata.
427. R. melanura F. (=Cantharis fulva Scop., cf. Nos. 391, 395, 426, and 434).—
Eeueed Oreosel., Aneth. graveol., Anthrisc. sylv., Cirs. arv., Listera ovata
+I+.
428. R. nigripes Redt. (=Cantharis nigripes Redt.)—Chaeroph. Villarsii.
429. R. terminalis Redt. (=Cantharis terminalis Redt.).—Anthrisc. sylv.
430. R. testacea L. (=Cantharis testacea L., cf. No. 398).—Anthrisc. sylv.
431. se ie tad fulvicollis F. (=Cantharis fulvicollis F., cf. No. 392).—Anthrisc.
sylv.
432. T. fuscus L. (=Cantharis fusca L., cf. No. 393).—Aegop. Podagr., Carum
Carvi, Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Moloposp. Peloponn.
433. T. ee L. (=Cantharis livida L.).—Carum Carvi, Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc.
sylv.
434. T. melanurus F. (=Cantharis fulva Scop., cf. Nos. 391, 395, 426, and 427).—
Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Peuced. pal., Heracl. Sphond.,
Daucus Car., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Cirs. arv.
435. T. obscurus L. (=Cantharis obscura L.).—Anthnisc. sylv.
436. T. pellucidus F. (Cantharis pellucida F.).—Carum Carvi, Cornus sang.
437. T. rufus L. (=Cantharis rufa L.).—Anthrisc. sylv.
438. T. rusticus Fall. (=Cantharis rustica Fall., cf. No. 397).—Carum Carvi, An-
thrisc. sylv., Ornithogal. Bouchean.
HH. Trixagidae.
439. Byturus fumatus F. (=Trixagus fumatus F., cf. No. 440).—Anem. sylvest.
Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanug., Actaea spic., Alliar. off.,
Geran. pyren., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Geum urb., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif., Sorbus Auc., Anthrisc. sylv., Corn. sang., Aegop. Podagr.
440. st fumatus F. (=Byturus fumatus F., cf. No. 439).—Rubus Id., Aegop.
odagr.
III. DIPTERA
A. Asilidae.
441. Asilus albiceps Mg.—Trif. arv. 9 and 6 F+I+.
442. Dioctria atricapilla Mg.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Anthrisc. sylv.
443. D. flavipes Mg.—Aegop. Podagr., Knaut. arv., Centaur. Cyan.
444. D. oelandica L.—Rubus frutic.
445. D. reinhardi Wiedem.—Heracl. Sphond.
446. Ispogon brevirostris Mg.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
447, Laphna flava L.—Vacc. Myrt.
448. Lasiopogon cinctus F.—Ranunc. mont.
B. Bibionidae.
449, Bibio hortulanus L.—Anem. sylv., Cochlear. Armorac., Isat. tinctor., Bunias
orient., Acer Pseudoplat., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Carum Carvi,
Ferulago monticola, Anthrisc. sylv., A. Cerefol., Chaerophyll. aureum,
C. hirsut., Moloposperm. Peloponnes., Polygon. Bist., Euphorb. palustr.,
E. pilosa.
450. B. johannis L.—Salix cin., S. capr., S. aurit.
451. B. laniger Mg.—Viburn. Lant.
452. B. lepidus Léw.—Mentha aquat.
453. B. marci L.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., Crat. Oxyac., Anthrisc. sylv., Tarax.
off., Euphorb. palustr., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep.
454. B. pomonae F.—Senec. Jacob., Hypoch. radic.
455. B. sp.—Anthrisc. sylv.
456. Dilophus albipennis Mg.—Tarax. off.
457. D. femoratus Mg.—Armer. elong.
458. D. vulgaris Mg.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., Alliar. off., Moehr. trinerv., Crat.
Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Parnass. pal., Peuced. pal., Anthrisc. sylv., Solidago
juncea, Achill. Millef., Tarax. off., Call. vulg., Armer. elong., Euphorb.
palustr., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. amygd., S. rep.
459. D. sp.—Valerian. olitor., Senec. Jacob.
460. Scatopse brevicornis Mg.—Myos. minim., Medic. lupul., Parnass. pal., Matricar.
inod., Mentha aquat.
554 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
461. S. inermis Ruthe. (=S. soluta Loew.).—Aristol. Clemat. F+I+.
462. S. nigra Mg.—Aristol. rotund. F+I+.
463. S. notata L.—Stell. med., Salix Capr., S. rep.
C. Bombyliidae.
464. Anthrax flava Mg.—Hyper. perfor., Aegop. Podagr., Bupleur. falcat.,
Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Galium Mollugo, G. verum,
Cirs. arv., Thym. Serp.
465. A. hottentotta L.—Nasturt. sylv., Heracl. Sphond.
466. A. maura L.—Hyper. perfor., Peuced. Cervar., Aneth. graveol., Galium sylvat.,
Convolv. arv.
467. A. morio L.—Alchem. acutiloba, Tanacet. corymbos.
468. A. paniscus Rossi.—Chaerophyll. Villarsii, Knaut. arv.
469. A. sp.—Sagin. nod., Thym. Serp.
470. Argyromoeba sinuata Fail.—Lepid. sat., Silene rup., Hyper. perfor., Galium
sylvat., Carduus deflorat.
471. Bombylius canescens Mikan.—Stell. Holost., Hyper. perfor., Vicia sep.,
Sedum album, Chrysanth. Leucanth., Hierac. Pilos., Convolv. arv., Veron.
Cham., Salvia prat. F+I-+, Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Nepeta Catar.,
Galeops. Ladan. F+1+.
472. B. discolor Mikan.—Anem. ranunculoid., Corydal. cava F+I+, C. solida
F+1+, Cardam. prat., Viola odor. F+I+, V. sylvat., V. canina ?F+I+,
Vinca min., Pulmon. off., Nepeta Glechoma (F+I+), Prim. elat. F+1+
(F+I+), P. Veris F+I+ (F+I-+).
473. B. major L.—Corydal. cava F+I1+, C. solida F+I+, Cardam. prat., Viola
can. F+I+, Stell. Holost., Prunus spin., Pyrus Malus, Myrrhis odor.,
Tussil. Farf., Syringa vulg., Vinca minor, Anchusa off., Pulmon. off., Myosot.
intermed., Nepeta Glechoma (F+I+), Lam. purp. F+I+, Prim. elat.
?F+I+, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep.
474. B. medius L.—Prim. vulg. F+I+.
475. B. minor L.—Silene rup., Centaur. rhen., Veron. off., Thym. Serp.
476. B. sp.—Calamintha alpina, Ballota nigra F+I+, Ajuga rept. F+I+4,
Hyacinth. amethyst.
477. Exoprosopa capucina F.—Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Anthem. tinct., Leont.
aut., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont., Thym. Serp.
478. E. cleomene Egg.—Buphthalm. salicif.
479. E. picta Mg.—Asperula cynanch.
480. Lomatia beelzebub F.—Chrysanth. Leucanth., Anthem. tinct.
481. Phthiria canescens Loew.—Cak. marit.
482. P. gaedii Mg.—Centaur. Scab.
483. Ploas grisea F.—Orlaya grandifl.
484. Systoechus sulphureus Mikan.—Malva mosch., Linum cathart., Medic. falc.,
Trif. prat., Potent. sylv., Asperula cynanchica, Galium Mollugo, Centaur.
then., Leont. aut., L. hastil., Camp. rot., Call. vulg., Convolv. arv., Verbasc.
nigr., Euphras. off., Thym. Serp., Calamintha Acin.
D. Cecidomyidae.
485. Cecidomyia (?) atricapilla Rond.—Aristol. rotunda F+I+.
486. C. sp.—Myosur. minim., Chrysospl. alternifol., Tussil. Farf.
E. Chironomidae.
487. Ceratopogon aristolochiae Rond.—Aristol. Clemat. F+1+, A. Sipho. F+I+.
488. C. lucorum Mg.—Aristol. Clemat. F+I+. A. altiss. F+I+.
489. C. minutus Mg.—Aristol. rotunda F+I+.
490. C. niger Winn.—Daucus Car.
491. C. pennicornis Zett,—Aristol. Clemat. F+I+.
492. C. pictellum Rond.—Arum ital. F+I+.
493. C. sp.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Anthrisc. sylv., Armer. elong.,
Aristol. Clemat. F+I1+.
494, Chironomus byssinus Schy.—Myosur. minim., Arum ital. F+I+.
495. C. gracilis Macq. ?—Aristol. pall. F+I+.
496. C. (Cricotopus) tremulus L.—Angel. sylv.
497. C. sp.—Medic. lupul., Chrysosplen. oppositifol., Angel. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Petasit. off., Aristol. clemat. F+1+, Calla pal. F+I+.
498. Corynoneura sp.—UImar. pentapet.
499.
500.
501.
DIPTERA 555
Cricotopus sp. (=Chironomus sp.).—Achill. Millef.
Metriocnemus sp.—Hedera Helix.
Orthocladius sp.—Hedera Helix.
F. Conopidae.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
511.
512.
513.
514,
515.
516.
517.
518.
519.
520.
521.
522.
Conops capitatus Loew.—Pastin. sat.
C. flavipes L.—Lotus corn. F+I+, Galium verum, Chrysanth. Leucanth.,
Cirs. arv., Centaur. Jacea, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Phlox panicul., Thym.
Serp.
Cc. quadeitaschatus Deg.—Aegop. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Heracl. Sphond.,
Knaut. arv., Valer. off., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Carduus
crisp., Mentha sylv.
C. scutellatus Mg.—vValer. off., Senec. nemor., S. pal., Carduus acanth.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
C. vesicularis L.—Vacc. Myrt.
Dalmannia punctata F.—Sinap. arv., Cerast. arv., Geran. molle, Veron. off.,
Salvia prat. F+1+.
Myopa buccata L.—Sinap. arv., Erod. Cicut., Medic. lupul. F+1+., Trif. rep.
(F+1I+), Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep.
M. fasciata Mg.—Knaut. arv., Centaur. rhen., Jas. mont.
M. occulta Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
M. polystigma Rond.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Origan. vulg.
M. testacea L.—Alyss. calyc., Geran. molle, Genista tinct. F--I-++, Medic.
lupul. F+1I+, Tnif. rep. (F+1+), Lotus corn. F+I+4, Sorbus Auc., Thym.
Serp., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Tulipa sylv.
M. variegata Mg.—Buphthalm. salicif., Origan. vulg.
M. sp.—Tussil. Farf., Anthem. tinct., Myosot. sylvat.
Occemyia atra F.—Geran. dissect., Knaut. sylvat., Crep. vir., Hierac. umbell.
Physocephala nigra Deg.—Centaur. rhen., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt.
P. rufipes F.—Nasturt. off., Melilot. albus F+1+, Rubus frutic., Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Knaut. arv., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., Carduus acanth.,
Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., Echium vulg., Melampyr. arv. FiI+, Origan.
vulg., Thym. Serp.
P. truncata Loew.—Centaur. rhen.
P. vittata F.—Knaut. arvens., Centaur. Jac., C. rhen., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Jas. mont., Echium vulg.
Sicus ferrugineus L.—Genista tinct. F-I-+, Trif. prat., Rubus frutic., Potent.
frutic., Aegop. Podagr., Valer. off., Knaut. arv., K. sylvat., Scab. Columb.,
Chrysanth. Leucanth., Cirs. pal., Centaur. Jacea, C. nigra, Cichor. Intyb.,
Leont. aut., L. hastil., Hypoch. radic., Sonchus arv., Crep. vir., Hierac.
Pilos., H. umbell., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
Zodion cinereum F.—Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., Senec.
Jacob.
Z. notatum Mg.—Jas. mont.
G. Culicidae.
523.
524.
Anopheles sp.—Mentha aquat.
Culex pipiens L.—Rhamnus Frang., Lopezia coron. F+I+.
H. Dolichopidae.
525.
526.
527.
528.
529.
530.
531.
532.
Dolichopus aeneus Deg.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Carum Carvi,
Sium latif., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium Mollugo, G. verum.
D. brevipennis Mg.—Anthrisc. sylv.
D. plumipes Scop.—Parnass. pal., Achill. Millef.
D. sp.—Potent. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv., Aster Tripol.
Gymnopternus chaerophylli Mg.—Aegop. Podagr.
G. germanus Wied.—Conium macul., Toril. Anthrisc.
G. nobilitatus L.—Matric. Chamom.
Neurigona quadrifasciata F.—Linnaea boreal. (?)
I. Empidae.
533. Cyrtoma spuria Fall.—Caltha pal., Valerian. olit., Veron. Cham.
524. Empis aestiva Loew.—Camp. med.
541.
642.
543.
544.
545.
546.
547.
548.
549.
550.
551.
552.
553.
554.
555.
556.
557.
558.
559.
560.
561.
562.
563.
564.
565.
566.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. Empis chioptera Fall.—Fragaria vesca, Hotton. pal. F+I+.
. E. ciliata F.—Stell. Holost., Crat. Oxyac., Tarax. off.
. E. decora Mg.—Orchis mac. F+I+.
. E. fallax Egg.—Anthrisc. sylv.
. E. hyalipennis Fal/.—Oenoth. bienn. x O. muric.
. E. livida L.—Ranunc. lanugin., Papaver Rhoeas, Chelidon. majus, Nasturt.
off., N. amphib., N. sylv., Polyg. vulg., Stell. gramin., Cerast. arv., C. triv.,
Hyper. perfor., Linum cathart., Vicia Cracca F+I-+, Prunus Padus,
Rubus frutic., Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus,
Sorbus Auc., Epil. angust., Bryon. dioica, Aegop. Podagr., Oenanthe fistul.,
Heracl. Sphond., Orlaya grandifl., Cornus sang., Asperula cynanch., Valer.
off., Knaut. arv., Succ. pratens., Bellis per., Matric. Chamom., Tanacet.
corymbos., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. palustre, Carduus crisp., Centaur.
Jacea, C. Cyanus, Picris hieracioid., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Jas. mont., Ligustr. vulg., Asclep. syr. F+1-+, Erythr. Centaur.,
Convolv. arv., C. sep., Veron. off., V. Anagall., Mentha aquatica, Origan.
vulg., Thym. Serp., T. vulg., Marrub. vulg. F+I+, Hotton. pal. F+I+,
Polygon. Bist., Butom. umbell., Orchis mac. F+1+, Antheric. ramos.,
Allium Cepa.
E. Nigricans Mg. (=E. rustica Fall., cf. No. 546).—Alliar. off.
E. opaca F.—Caltha pal., Cardam. prat., Stell. Holost., Cerast. arv., Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Lonic. Xylost. (F+I+), Knaut.
arv., Bellis per., Tarax. off., Myosot. sylvat., M. palustr., Salix amyegd. ,
E. pennaria Fall.—Oenoth. bienn. x O. muric.
E. pennipes L.—Valerian. olit., Hotton pal. F+I+, Orchis mac. F+I+.
E. punctata F.—Cochl. Armor., Medic. lupul., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Crat. Oxyac., Sorb. Auc., Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv., Myrrhis odor.,
Tarax. off., Cyprip. Calc. F+I+.
E. rustica Fall. (cf. No. 541).—Batrach. aquat., Nasturt. off., Cerast. arv.,
Prunus spin., P. Padus, Sorb. Auc., Epil. angust., Oenanthe fistul., Valer.
off., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Centaur. Jacea, Mentha aquatica, Origan. vulg.,
Hotton. pal. F+I+.
E. stercorea L.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv.,
Myrrhis odorat.
E. tessellata F.—Ranunce. acris., R. rep., R. bulb., Stell. Holost., Tilia ulmif.,
Rubus frutic., R. Id., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus
Auc., Saxifr. granul., Myrrhis odor., Viburn. Opul., Asperula odor., Knaut,
arv., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Carduus deflorat., Convolv. sep., Veron. Cham.,
Mentha aquat., Polygon. vivip.
E. trigramma Mg.—Ranunc. lanug., Sorbus scand., Valerian. olitor.
E. truncata Mg.—Veron. off.
E. vernalis Mg.—Stenophrag. Thalian., Myrrhis odor., Myosot. sylv., Hotton.
pal. F+1+.
E. sp.—Ranunce. Fic., Sinap. arv., Teesdal. nudicaul., Geran. Robert., Melilot.
altiss. F+I+, M. off. F+I+, Crat. Oxyac., Sium latif., Knaut. arv.,
Inula hirta, Centaur. Scab., Convolv. sep., Calamintha alpina, Rheum
undul., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
Hilara chorica Fall, (?)—Armer. vulg.
H. maura F.—Batrach. aquat., Euphorb. palustr.
H. quadrivittata Mg.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Spergular. sal., Stell.
gramin., Cerast. triv., Potent. Anser., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv., Galium
Mollugo, G. palustre, Bellis per., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Armer. elong.
H. sp.—Valerian. olitor.
Miccophorus velutinus Macq.—Crat. Oxyac.
M. sp.—Myosur. minim.
Pachymeria palparis Egg.—Succ. prat.
Platypalpus candicans Fadl/,—Myrrhis odor.
P. flavipalpis Mg.—Anthrisc sylv.
Rhamphomyia anthracina Mg.—Polygon. Bist.
R. plumipes Fa//.—Camp. rot.
R. sulcata Fal/.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
R. tenuirostris Fall.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
R. umbripennis Mg.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Heracl. Sphond.,
Myrrhis odor.
DIPTERA 557
567. R. sp.—Anem. sylv., Asperula cynanch., Succ. prat., Mentha aquat., Armer.
elong., Antheric. Lil.
568. Tachydromia connexa Mg.—Anem. sylv., Crat. Oxyac.
569. T. sp.—Hyper. perfor., Calla pal. F+1I+.
K. Leptidae.
570. Atherix ibis F.—Oenanthe fistul.
571. Leptis strigosa Mg.—Cerast. arv.
572. L. tringaria L.—Senec. nemor.
573. L. sp.—Potent. sylv.
574. Ptiolina crassicornis Pz.—Medic. lupul.
L. Lonchopteridae.
575. Lonchoptera punctum Mg.—Valerian. olit.
576. L. sp.—Chrysospl. oppositif., Mentha aquat.
M. Muscidae.
577. Genus et sp. ?—Wahlenbergia hederac.
578. Actora aestuum Mg.—Tussil. Farf., Salix Capr., 5. vimin., S. purp.
579. Agromyza flaveola Fail.—Toril. Anthrisc.
580. Alophora hemiptera F.—Pastin. sat., Daucus Car.
581. Anthomyia aestiva Mg.—Cerast. arv.
582. A. albecens Zett,—Eryng. campest.
583. A. aterrima Mg.—Myrrhis odor.
584, A. brevicornis Zett,—Parnass. pal., Daucus Car., Succ. prat., Eupator. cannab.,
Pulicar. dysenter., Mentha aquat.
585. Anthomyia lucidiventris Zett.—Salix rep.
586. A. muscaria (Zett.) Mg.—Anthrisc. sylv., Veron. Cham., Salix rep.
587. A. obelisca Mg.—Ruta graveol.
588. A. pluvialis L.—Crat. Oxyac., Apocyn. androsaemifol. F —-I-.
589. A. pratensis Mg.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Ruta graveol., Limnanth.
nymph.
590. A. Tadicura L.—Ranune. auric., R. Fic., Helianth. vulg., Hyper. perfor.,
Erod. Cicut. var. pimpinellif., Ruta graveol., Potent. sylv., Ulmar. pentap.,
Pyrus comm., Parnassia pal., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Daucus Car.,
Toril. Anthrisc., Anthrisc. Cerefol., Succisa pratens., Eupator. cannab.,
Aster. Tripol., Pulicar. dysenter., Achill. Millef., Matric. inod., Senec. Jacob.,
Centaur. nigr., Leont. aut., Camp. rot., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Myosot. sylv.,
Mentha aquat., Stachys pal., Narth. ossifr.
591. A. triquetra Wiedem.—Carum Carvi.
592. A. sp.—Anem. nem., Adon. vern., Myosur. minim., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc.
Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanugin., R. scelerat., R. Fic., Caltha
pal., Barbar. vulg., Arab. aren., Cardam. prat., Sisymbr. off., S. Soph.,
Alliar. off., Brass. nig., Alyss. mont., Eroph. verna., Thlaspi arv., Caps.
Bursa-past., Viola lutea, Gypsoph. panic., Spergular. sal., Holost. umbell.,
Stellar. gram., S. Holost., S. med., Malach. aquat., Cerast. triv., Hyper.
perfor., Geran. pal., G. pyren., G. alban., G. sibir., Erod. cicut., Med. lupul.,
Prunus spin., Rosa can., Rubus caes., Waldsteinia geoid., W. fragaroid.,
Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser., P. arg., P. aurea, P. frutic., Agrimon. Eupat.,
Ulmar. pentap., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Arunc. sylv., Epil. mont.,
Circaea lutet. F+1-+, Scleranth. per., Sedum acre, S. refl., Astrant. helle-
borif., Eryng. camp., Conium macul., Conioselin. tartaric., Levistic. off.,
Angel. sylv., Peucedan. ruthen., Aneth. graveol., Aegop. Podagr., Bupleur.
rotundif., Carum Carvi, Pastin. sat., Orlaya grandifl., Anthrisc. Cerefol.,
Myrthis odor., Galium Mollugo, G. tricorne, Valer. off., Succ. prat., Eupator.
ageratoid., Tussil. Farf., Aster. Tripol., A. Amell., A. salicif., A. abbrev.,
A. concinn., A. florib., A. Novae-Belg., A. panicul., A. sagittif., A. sparsifl.,
Biotia commixta, Chrysoc. Linosyr., Bellis per., Diplopapp. amygdal.,
Solidago canad., S. ambigua, S. caes., S. glabra, S. latif., S. lithospermif.,
S. livida, S. Ohicens., S. Ridellii, S. rigida, S. ulmif., Bolton. glastif., Achill.
millef., A. grandifl., Anthem. tinct., A. rigesc., Matric. inod., Tanac. alp.,
Chrysanth. Leucanth., Doron. Pardalianch., Senec. vulg., S. nebrod., Cirs.
arv., Carlina vulg., Centaur. Cyan., Leont. aut., Tragop. flocc., Hypoch. rad.,
Sonchus asp., Hierac. Pilos., H. brevif., Camp. rot., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.,
Pyrola min., Apocyn. androsaemifol. F—I—, Limnanth. nymph., Gent.
558
593.
594,
595.
596.
597.
598.
599.
600.
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Pneum., Convolv. sep., Echinosperm. Lapp., Myosot. collina. Verbasc.
Lychnit., Veron. Cham., V. mont., V. Anagall., V. agrest., Origan. vulg.,
Hotton. pal. F+1+, Glaux marit., Chenopod. alb., Rheum undul., Polygon.
Bistorta, P. cuspid., Euphorb. heliosc., E. cypariss., E. palustr., E. Esula.,
E. aspersa, E. nicaeens., Salix rep., Butom. umbell., Cyprip. Calc. F{I+,
Tulipa sylv., Antheric. ramos.
Aricia albolineata Fall.—Cak. marit.
A. basalis Zett.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Knaut. arv., Chrysanth.
Leucanth., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut.
A. denudata Holmgr. (=Spilogaster denudata Holmgr.).—Cerast. alp.
A. dispar Mg.—Ranune. scelerat., Salix rep.
Aricia dorsata Zett. (=Spilogaster dorsata Zett.).—Cerast. alp., Dryas octopet.
A. incana Wiedem. (cf. No. 703).—Ranunc acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Ling.,
R. scelerat., Barbar. vulg., Spergular. Sal., Cerast. triv., Hyper. tetrapt.,
Geum urb., Comarum pal., Potent. Anser., Scleranth. per., Carum Carvi,
Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium Mollugo, Valerian. olitor.,
Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., Jas. mont.,
Gent. Pneum., Myosot. intermed., Hotton. pal. F+I+, Glaux marit.,
Polygon. amphib.
A. lardaria F.—Comar. pal., Hedera Helix, Armer. elong.
A. lucorum Fall.—Angel. sylv., Hedera Helix, Salix rep.
A. megastoma Bohem. (=Chortophila megastoma Bohem.).—Cerast. alp.,
Dryas octopet., Saxifr. caespit.
A. obscurata Mg.—Aegop. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Aster Tripol.
A. serva Mg.—Caltha pal., Crat. Oxyac., Pimpin. Saxifr., Leont. aut.
A. vagans Fall.—Hyper. quadrang., H. tetrapt., Rosa can., Conium macul.,
Oenanthe aquat., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Armer. elong.
A. sp.—Rubus frutic., Potent. Anser., P. arg., Parnass. pal., Sium latif.,
Peucedan. pal., Valer. off., Inula hirta, Anthem. tinct., Tanacet. corymbos.,
Senec. nemor.
Besseria melanura Mg.—Achill. Millef.
Borborus equinus Fall. (cf. No. 642).—Salix rep., Arum pict., Dracunc. vulg.
B. niger Mg.—Adoxa Moschat.
609. B. sp.—Crambe marit. F+I+.
610.
611.
612.
613.
614.
615.
616.
617.
618.
619
620.
621
Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.—Ranunce. rep., R. Ling., Asimina tril., Brass.
nig., Hyper. perfor., Ruta graveol., Euon. europ., E. latif., Rhus Cotinus,
Potent. Anser., Pyrus comm., Sedum acre, Ribes Grossul., Parnass. pal.,
Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Hedera Helix, Valer. off.,
Succ. pratens., Eupator. cannabin., Aster Novae-Angliae, Solidago canadens.,
S. bicolor, S. laterifl., Pulicar. dysenter., Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob., Calend.
off., Cirs. arv., Onopord. Acanth., Serrat. tinct., Tragopog. prat., Tarax. off.,
Call. vulg., Linar. vulg., Veron. serpyllif., Mentha aquat., Polygon. cuspid.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep., Fritill. Kamtschatc., Ammophila aren.
C. vomitoria L.—Anem. sylv., Nuph. lut., Brass. nig., Sinap. arv., Cak. marit.,
Hyper. perfor., Erod. cicut., Euon. europ., Celastr. Orixa, Prunus Padus,
Pyrus Malus, Ribes Gross., Saxifr. granul., Conium macul., Smyrn. Olusatr.,
Sium latif., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Aucuba japon., Aster salicif.,
A. sagittif., Solidago frag., Helianth. scabra, Cirs. arv., Stapelia grandifi.,
Heliotrop. peruv., Polygon. cuspid., Buxus semperv., Dracunc. vulg.,
Tamus comm., Veratr. nigr.
C. sp.—Archangel. off., Helicodic. muscivor., Ammophila aren.
Calobata cothurnata Pz.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Nasturt. amphib.,
Barbar. vulg., Myrrhis odor., Myosot. sylvat.
Caricea tigrina F. (=Coenosia tigrina F., cf. No. 640).—Medic. sat. F+I+,
M. sylv., M. lupul., Angelic. sylv.
Cephalia nigripes Mg.—Viola can.
Chloria demandata F.—Aegopod. alpestre, Conioselin. tatar., Peucedan.
Ruthen., Myrrhis odor., Chrysoc. Linosyr., Diplopapp. amygd., Solidago
glabra, Echinops exaltat.
Chloropisca ornata Mg. (=Chlorops ornata Mg.).—Hedera Helix.
Chlorops circumdata Mg.—Stell. med. :
. C. hypostigma Mg.—Anem. sylv., Myrrhis odor.
. C. scalaris Mg.—Myosot. sylv.
. C. sp.—Medic. lupul., Prunus spin., Anthrisc. sylv., Sherard. arv.
DIPTERA 559
. Chortophila cilicrura Rond. (=Phorbia).—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.
. C, cinerella Fall.—Medic. lupul., Salix rep.
. C. dissecta Mg. (=Phorbia).—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.
. C. floccosa Mg. (=Phorbia, cf. No. 799).—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.
. C. latipennis Zett.—Salix rep.
. C. sepitorum Meade (=Phorbia).—Medic. lupul.
. C. sp.—Medic. lupul.
. Cistogaster globosa F.—Achill. Millef.
. Clairvillia ocypterina R.-D.—Daucus Car.
. Cleigastra flavipes Fal/—Salix rep.
. C. sp.—Nuphar lut., Vicia sat.
. Clytia pellucens Fal/.—Siler trilob.
. Cnephalia bucephala Mg.—Eryng. camp.
. Coelopa frigida Fall.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Brass. nig., Cochlear.
off., Coronop. Ruellii, Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Galium verum,
Bellis per., Matricar. inod., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., Leont. aut., Tarax. off.,
Convolv. arv., Solan. tuberos., Euphorb. heliosc., E. Pepl., Epipact. pal.
F+I-+, Ammophila aren.
. C. pilipes Hal.—Heracl. Sphond.
. C. sp.—Potent. steril., Parnass. pal., Tussil. Farf., Pulicar. dysenter., Mentha
aquat.
. Coenosia decipiens Mg.—Salix. rep.
. C. intermedia Fail.—Myrrhis odor.
. C. tigrina F. (ci. No. 614).—Galium Mollugo, G. verum, G. verum x G. Moll.,
Polygon. amphib.
. C. sp.—Hypoch. rad., Sherard. arv.
. Copromyza equina Fall. (=Borborus equinus Fali., cf. No. 607).—Arum pict.
. Cordylura pubera L.—Myrrhis odor.
. Cynomyia mortuorum L.—Brass. nig., Caps. Bursa-past., Crat. Oxyac.,
Scleranth. perenn., Sedum acre, Ribes aureum, Parnass. pal., Peucedan.
Oreoselin., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium Moll., Valer. exaltata,
Achill. Millef., Cirs. arv., Card. crisp., Tarax. off., Sonchus arv., Hierac.
umbellat., Linar. vulg., Glaux marit., Armer elong., Salix rep., Narth. ossif.
. Cyrtoneura assimilis Fa//.—Asimina triloba.
. C. caerulescens Macq.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
. C. curvipes Macg.—Potent. sylv., Ulmar. pentapet., Conium macul., Oenanthe
aquat., Angel. sylv., Aneth. graveol., Euphorb. palustr.
. C. hortorum Fal/,—Batrach. aquat., Potent. Anser., Crat. Oxyac., Carum
Carvi, Angel. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Euphorb.
palustr.
. C. pascuorum Mg.—Asimina triloba.
. C. podagrica Loew.—Polygon. Bist.
. C. simplex Loew.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Petrosel. sat., Sium latif.,
Anthrisc. Ceref., Achill. Millef., Polygon. Bist.
. C. stabulans Fal/.—Asimina triloba.
. C. sp.—Crat. Oxyac.
. Demoticus plebeius Fal/.—Hypoch. rad.
. Dexia canina #.—Knaut. arv., Eupator. cannabin.
. D. rustica F.—Rubus frutic., Pastin. sat.
. Drosophila funebris F.—Arum ital. F+I+.
. D. graminum Falil.—Cochlear. off., Daucus Car., Hedera Helix, Matricar. inod.,
Salix purp., Calla pal. F+I+.
. Drymeia hamata Fall.—Rubus caes., Pulicar. dysenter.
. Dryomyza anilis Fall.—Anthrisc. sylv.
. D. flaveola F.—Myrrhis odor.
. Echinomyia fera L.—Geran. pyren., Euon. europ., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif, Crat. Oxyac., Sorb. Auc., Sedum album, Eryng. camp., Aegopod.
Podagr., Carum Carvi, Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Moloposperm. Peloponnes., Viburn. Opul., Valer. off., V. alliariif., Succ.
austral., Scab. suaveol., Eupator. cannabin., E. ageratoides, Aster Amell.,
A. abbreviat., A. concinn., A. laevis, A. Lindleyan., A. paniculat., A. sparsifl.,
A. squarrul., Biotia commixta, B. corymb., B. macrophylla, B. Schreberi,
Chrysoc. Linosyr., Diplopapp. amygd., Solidago canad., S. ambigua, S. fragr.,
S. glabra, S. laterifl., Coreops auricul., C. lanceol., Achill. Ptarm., A. Millef.,
664.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Senec. nemor., S. macrophyll., Cirs. pal., Phlox panicul., Plectranth. glauco-
calyx, Mentha piperita, Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp.
. E, ferina Zett—Thym. Serp.
E. ferox Pz.—Siler trilob., Jas. mont., Erica Tetr., Thym. Serp.
. E. grossa L.—Rubus frutic., Sedum album, Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.,
Lact. mural., Call. vulg., Thym. Serp.
. E. lurida F.—Heracl. Sphond.
. E. magnicornis Zett.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Sedum Teleph.,
Heracl. Sphond., Senec. sylv., Mentha sylv.
. E. tessellata F.—Knaut. arv., Anthem. arv., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Senec.
nemor., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbellat., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont.,
Call. vulg., Mentha sylv., Thym. Serp., Stachys pal.
. E. sp.—Adenost. alb., Myosot. sylv.
. Ensina sonchi L.—Mentha aquat.
. Ephydra sp.—Tussil. Farf.
. Exorista fimbriata Mg.—Salix rep.
. E, lucorum Mg.—Peucedan. Oreoselin.
. E. vulgaris Fall.—Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. Cerefol.
. E. sp.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. Frontina laeta Mg.—Angel. sylv., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond.
. Fucellia fucorum Fal/l.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Brass. nig., Coronop.
Ruellii, Honcken. peploid., Aegopod. Podagr., Matric. inod., Euphorb.
heliosc., Ammophila aren.
. Germaria ruficeps F.—Daucus Car., Pastin. sat.
. Gonia capitata Deg.—Trif. arv., Crep. bienn., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Thym,
Serp., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Allium rot.
. G. fasciata Mg.—Salix rep.
. G. ornata Mg.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep.
. Graphomyia maculata Scop.—Crat. Oxyac., Astrant. major, Aegopod. Podagr.,
Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Peucedan. Cervar., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Chaerophyll. aur., C. hirsut., Prangos ferulac., Diplopapp. amygd., Coreops
auricul., Polygon. cuspid., Euphorb. palustr.
. Gymnopa opaca Rond. (=Mosillus opacus Rond.)—Ceropeia elegans F+1I+.
. Gymnosoma nitens Mg.—Achill. Millef.
. G. rotundata L.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Carum Carvi, Bupleur.
falcat., B. rotundif., Peucedan. Cervar., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond.,
Daucus Car., Orlaya grandifl., Toril. Anthrisc., Anthrisc. Ceref., Chaerophyll.
temul., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Tanacet. vulg., Senec.
Jacob., Thym. Serp.
. Helomyza affinis Mg.—Neott. Nid.-av. F+I+.
. H. sp.—Cerast. triv., Tussil. Farf., Bellis per., Tarax. off., Salix vimin.
. Herina frondescentiae L.—Cirs. pal.
. Homalomyia armata Mg.—Medic. lupul.
. H. canicularis L.—Origan. vulg.
. H. pretiosa Schin.—Heracl. Sphond.
. H. prostvata Rossi (=H. incisurata Zett.).—Asimina triloba.
. H. scalaris F.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Knaut. arv., Bellis per.
. H. sp.—Salix rep.
. Hydrellia chrysostoma Mg.—Myosur. minim.
. H. griseola Fall.—Myosur. minim., Batrach. aquat., Medic. lupul., Potent.
sylv., Parnass. pal., Daucus Car., Hedera Helix, Achill. Millef., Matric. inod.,
Leont. aut., Calla pal. F+1I+, Narth. ossifr.
. H. sp.—Salix rep.
. Hydrotaea bispinosa Zett,—Salix rep.
. H. ciliata F.—Ranune. acris, Crat. Oxyac.
. H. dentipes F.—Caltha pal., Stell. Holost., Heracl. Sphond.
. H. irritans Fal/.—Medic. lupul.
H. sp.—Galium Mollugo, Chrysanth. Leucanth.
Hyetodesia incana Wiedem. (=Aricia incana Wiedem., cf. No. 598).—Pimpin.
Saxifr., Succ. prat., Aster Tripol., Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob.
Hylemyia cinerella Mg.—Eroph. verna.
H. cinerosa Zett.—Salix rep.
H. conica Wied.—Ranunc. lanugin., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv.
H. lasciva Zett.—Viola lutea, Potent. sylv., Succ. prat., Narth. ossifr.
708.
709.
710.
711.
712.
713.
714.
715.
716.
717.
718.
719.
720.
721.
722.
723.
724,
725.
726.
727.
728.
729.
730.
731.
732.
DIPTERA 561
H. pullula Zett.—Medic. lupul., Salix rep.
H. strigosa F.—Toril. Anthrisc., Succ. prat., Pulicar. dysenter., Centaur. nigra,
H. variata Fall.—Galium Mollugo, G. verum., G. verum x G. Moll.
H. sp.—Batrach. aquat., Cochlear. off., Ulex europ. F+I+, Galium Mollugo,
G. verum, G. verum x G. Moll., Tussil. Farf., Salix vimin., S. purp.
Lasiops apicalis Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr.
L. cunctans Mg. (cf. No. 883).—Pimpin. Saxifr.
L. sp.—Tussil. Farf.
Lauxania aenea Fall.—Symphoricarp. racem. F+I+.
L. cylindricornis F.—Achill. Millef.
Leucostoma aenescens Zett,—Achill. Millef.
L. analis Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
Limnophora littorea Fal/.—Salix rep.
L. protuberans Zeti.—Tarax. off.
L. quadrimaculata Fal/.—Carum Carvi.
L. septemnotata Zett,—Salix purp.
L. sp.—Hedera Helix, Call. vulg., Myosot. intermed,
Limosina crassimana Hal.—Arum ital. F+I+.
L. pygmaea Zett,—Arum ital. F+1+.
L. simplicimana Rond.—Dracunce. vulg. F+I+.
Lonchaea tarsata Fall.—Aristol. Sipho F+I+.
Lophosia fasciata Mg.—Rhamn. Frang.
Loxocera elongata Mg.—Polygon. Bist.
Lucilia albiceps Mg.—Eupator. cannabin., Mentha arv.
Lucilia caesar L.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Ling., R. auric., R. scelerat.,
Brass. nig., Sapon. off., Spergular. sal., Honcken. peploid., Stell. med., Cerast.
triv., Ampelops. quinquef., Geran. pal., G. molle, Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.,
Ruta graveol., Staphyl. pinn., Prunus Padus, Rubus caes., R. Id., Comarum
pal., Potent. Anser., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Sorb. Auc., Sicyos angul.,
Sedum acre, Saxifr. decip., S. umbr., Parnass. pal., Astrant. major, Eryng.
camp., E. planum, Conium macul., Cicuta vir., Petrosel. sat., Aegopod.
Podagr., Carum Carvi, Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Imperat.
Ostruth., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Myrrhis odor., Prangos ferulac., Cornus sang., Ebul. humile, Sambuc. nigra,
Galium Mollugo, G. verum, Valerianella olitor., Tussil. Farf., Aster Tripol.,
A. salicif., A. azur., A. laevis, A. sagittif., Biotia commixta, Galatella
hyssopif., Bellis per., Solidago Virgaurea, S. canad., S. bicolor, S. glabra,
S. laterifl., S. livida, Achill. Millef., Anthem. arv., A. tinct., Matric. inod.,
Tanacet. vulg., T. macrophyll., Chrysanth. seget., Chrys. Leucanth., Doronic.
Pardalianch., D. austriac., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., Leont. aut.,
Tarax. off., Hierac. umbellat., Convolv. arv., Solanum tuberos., Plectranth.
glaucocalyx, Elssholzia crist., Mentha piperita, M. aquatica, M. sylv., Glaux
marit., Armer. elong., Polygon. cuspid., Asarum europ. t , Euphorb. heliosc.,
E. verrucosa, E. Gerard., E. Pepl., E. pilosa, E. aspera, E. virgata, Salix
rep., Arum crinit., Narth. ossifr., Veratr. nigr., Ammophila aren.
L. cornicina F.—Ranune. Fic., Alyss. mont., Stell. med., Tilia ulmif., Erod.
cicut., Ruta graveol., Euon. europ., Rhus Cotinus, Ulex europ. F+I+,
Potent. sylv., P. frutic., P. steril., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Cydonia
jap., Pyrus comm., Circaea lutet., Astrant. major, Conium macul., Petroselin.
sat., Aegopod. Podagr., Sium latif., Oenanthe aquat., Aneth. graveol.,
Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Cornus sanguinea, Valeriana offic., Succisa
pratens., Eupator. cannabin., Tussil. Farf., Petasit. frag., Aster Tripol.,
A. Novae-Angliae, A. salicif., Bellis per., Solidago canad., Pulicar. dysenter.,
Bidens cern., Anthem. tinct., Matric. Chamom., M. inod., Chrysanth. seget.,
C. Leucanth., Senec. aquat., Echinops sphaerocephal., Cirs. arv., Scorzon.
humil., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Convolv. sep., Veron. Tournefortii,
Mentha arv., M. aquat., Lycopus europ., Thym. Serp., Lam. purp. F+I+,
? F+I1+4, Polygon. Fagopyr., P. cuspid., Salix. Capr.
733. L. latifrons Schin.—Achill. Millef., Cirs. arv., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Linar,.
vulg.
&
134. L. sericata Mg.—Asimina triloba, Medic. sat. F+I+, M. sylvestr., Angel. sylv.,
Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv.,
Salix. rep.
735. L. sylvarum Mg.—Gypsoph. panic., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Ruta
DAVIS. M1 (ome)
562
736.
737.
738.
739.
740.
7A4l.
742.
743.
744,
745.
746.
747.
748.
749.
750.
751.
752.
753.
754.
755.
756.
757.
758.
759.
760.
761.
762.
763.
764.
765.
766.
767.
768.
769.
770.
771.
772.
773.
774.
775.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
graveol., Potent. frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegopod. Podagr.,
Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Boltonia
glastif., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Mentha arv., Lycopus europ.
L. splendida Mg.—Daucus Car.
L. sp. (cf. No. 850).—Nasturt. off., Arab. aren., Sinap. arv., Sperg. arv.,
Rubus frutic., R. caes., Sedum acre, Carum Carvi, Oenanthe fistul., Archangel.
off., Daucus Car., Hedera Helix, Valerian. olit., Succ. prat., Gnaph. lut.-alb.,
Senec. Jacob., Asclep. syr. F+I-+, Thym. Serp., Polygon. amphib., Dracunc.
vulg. F+1I+, Orchis mac. F+I+.
Macquartia chalybeata Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr.
M. nitida Zett.—Aegopod. Podagr.
M. praefica Mg.—Chrysanth. Leucanth.
Megaglossa umbrarum Mg. (=Platystoma umbrarum F.).—Asimina triloba.
Meigenia floralis Mg.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
Melania bifasciata Mg.—Eryng. camp.
M. volvulus F.—Eryng. camp.
Mesembrina meridiana L.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond.
M. mystacea L.—Heracl. Sphond.
Metopia argentata Macg.—Achill. Millef.
M. leucocephala Ross?.—Heracl. Sphond.
Micropalpus fulgens Mg.—Knaut. arv.
Micropeza sp.—Tarax. off.
Miltogramma germari Mg.—Anthrisc. sylv.
M. intricata Mg.—Scleranth. per.
M. punctata Mg.—Astrant. major.
M. ruficornis Mg.—Daucus Car., Achill. Millef.
M. sp.—Gypsoph. panic., Erod. cicut., Sedum acre, Galium Mollugo.
Morellia curvipes Macg.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
M. importuna Hal.—Mentha aquat.
M. sp.—Hyper. perfor., Daucus Car., Pulicar. dysent., Senec. Jacob.
Mosillus arcuatus Laty.—Gypsoph. panic.
Musca corvina F.—Ranunce. scelerat., Berb. vulg., Stell. med., Fragaria vesca,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Pyrus comm., Conium macul., Aegopod.
Podagr., Sium latifol., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Galium Mollugo, Aster Tripol., Bell. per., Solidago canadens., Achill. Millef.,
Chrysanth. Leucanth., Cirs. arv., Serrat. tinct., Myosot. sylv., Mentha aquat.,
Polygon. cuspid., Buxus semperv., Veratr. alb.
M. domestica L.—Eranth. hiem. (F+I+), Clemat. Vitalba, Anem. japon.,
Berb. vulg., Eroph. verna, Cak. marit., Stell. med., Tilia ulmif., Aesc.
Hippocast. F+I+, Euon. europ., Celastr. Orixa, Prunus spin., Pyrus Malus,
P. comm., Sorbus Auc., Lopezia coron. F +I +, Circaea lutet. F+1+, Conium
macul., Petrosel. sativ., Oenanthe aquat., Crithmum marit., Heracl. Sphond.,
Anthrisc. sylv., Valer. off., Tussil. Farf., Bell. per., Solid. Virgaur., S. canad.,
Pyrola rotundif., Vincetox. purpurasc., Digital. purp., Amaranth. retrofl.,
Polygon. Fagopyr., P. cuspid., Buxus Semperv., Veratr. nigr.
M. sp.—Hyper. perfor., Rubus caes., Archang. off., Galium verum, Hierac.
vulg.
Mydaea sp.—Hyper. perfor., Ulmar. pentap., Angel. sylv., Succ. prat., Senec.
Jacob., Mentha aquat.
Myobia inanis Fall.—Medic. lupul., Angel. sylv.
Myodina vibrans L.—Aristol. Sipho. F+I+.
Myopites inulae v. Rosey.—Inula ensifol.
Myospila meditabunda F.—Ranunc. sceler., Potent. Anser., Carum Carvi,
Anthrisc. sylv., Tarax. off.
Nemopoda cylindrica F.—Myrrhis odor.
N. stercoraria R.-D.—Stell. med., Myrrhis odor.
N. sp.—Anthrisc. sylv.
Nemoraea consobrina Mg.—Comar. pal., Jas. mont.
N. erythrura Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr., Pastin. sat.
N. intermedia Zett,—Salix rep.
N. pellucida Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr., Cirs. arv.
N. radicum F.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Pastin. sat., Cirs. arv., Lycium
vulg.
776.
777.
778.
779.
780.
781.
782.
783.
784.
785.
786.
787.
788.
789.
790.
791.
792.
793.
794.
795.
796.
797.
798.
799.
800.
801.
802.
803.
804.
805.
806.
807.
808.
809.
810.
811.
DIPTERA 563
N. rudis Fall.—Thym. Serp.
N. strenua Mg.—Cirs. arv.
N. sp.—Heracl. Sphond.
Notiphila cinerea Fal/—Nymph. alba L.
N. nigricornis Stenh.—Nymph. alba, Nuph. lut.
Ocyptera brassicaria F.—Viola tric. alp., Trif. procumb. F+I+, Eryng.
camp., Sium latif., Peucedan. Oreoselin., Orlaya grandifl., Achill. Millef.,
Anthem. tinct., Tanacet. parthenif., Cirs. arv., Hypoch. rad., Jas. mont.,
Asclep. syr., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp.
O. cylindrica F.—Nasturt. off., Viola tric. versic. F+1I+, Knaut. arv., Chrysoc.
. Linosyr., Cirs. arv., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont., Origan. vulg., Thym.
Serp., Allium rot.
O. pusilla Mg.—Trif. rep. F+I+, T. fragif. F+I+.
Olivieria lateralis F.—Melilot. alb., Peucedan. Oreosel., Heracl. Sphond.,
Achill. Millef., Matric. inod., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Carlina vulg., Jas.
mont., Convolv. arv., Allium rot.
Onesia cognata Mg.—Ranunc. Fic., Berb. vulg., Potent. verna. P. steril.,
Spir. sorbif., S. ulmif., S. salicif., Tussil. Farf., Petasit. frag., Bellis per.,
Call. vulg., Popul. nigr.
O. floralis R.-D.—Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Caltha
pal., Berb. vulg., Nuph. lut., Teesdal. nudicaul., Gypsoph. panic., Potent.
verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Sorb. Auc.,
Carum Carvi, Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaerophyll. hirsut., Valer.
off., Bellis per., Senec. Jacob., S. vern., Cirs. arv., Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off.,
Apocyn. androsaemifol. F—I—, Myosot. sylv., Mentha arv., M. aquat.,
Glaux marit., Euphorb. palustr., Butom. umbell.
O. sepulcralis Mg.—Batrach. aquat., Berb. vulg., Cak. marit., Cerast. arv.,
Rubus caes., Crat. Oxyac., Sicyos angul., Astrant. major, Angel. sylv.,
Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Hedera Helix, Valerian. olit., Eupator. canna-
bin., Tussil. Farf., Petasit. frag., Aster Tripol., A. Novae-Angliae, Chrysoc.
Linosyr., Solidago caesia, S. fragr., Senec. Jacob., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.,
Myosot. sylv., Mentha arv., M. aquatica.
O. sp.—Achill. Millef.
Opomyza germinationis L.—Pyrola min., Myosot. sylv.
Orellia wiedemanni Mg.—Bryon. dioica.
Oscinis aristolochiae Rond.—Aristol. rotunda F+I+.
O. delpinii Rond.—Aristol. rotunda F+I+.
O. dubia Macq.—Aristol. Clemat. F+I+, A. rotunda F+I+.
O. frit. L.—Potent. sylv., Daucus Car., Matric. inod., Mentha aquat.
O. sp.—Myos. minim., Medic. lupul., Jas. mont.
Oxyphora miliaria Schy.—Carduus acanthoid., C. nutans.
Phasia analis F.—Conium macul., Peucedan. Cervar., Aneth. graveol., Heracl
Sphond., Senec. Jacob.
P. crassipennis F.—Peucedan. Cervar., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond.,
Daucus Car., Senec. Jacob., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
Phorbia floccosa Macq. (cf. No. 625).—Pimpin. Saxifr., Achill. Millef., Toril.
Anthrisc.
P. lactucae Bouchée.—Pulicar. dysent.
P. muscaria Mg.—Stell. med., Salix Capr., Narc. Pseud.-Narc. F+I+.
P. sp.—Tussil. Farf., Salix Capr., S. purp.
Phorocera pumicata Mg.—Pastin sat.
Phytomyza geniculata Macq.—Senec. Jacob.
P. sp.—Parnass. pal., Hedera Helix.
Piophila casei L.—Myrrhis odor.
Platycephala planifrons Fabr.—Aster Tripol.
Platystoma seminationis F.—Anthrisc. sylv., Cirs. arv.
Plesina nigrisquama Zett.—Daucus Car.
Pogonomyia alpicola Rond.—Medic. lupul. ?
Pollenia rudis F.—Ranunce. Fic., Eranth. hiem. (F+I+), Thlaspi arv., Stell.
med., Cerast. semidec., Ruta graveol., Pyrus comm., Astrant. major, Daucus
Car., Hedera Helix, Tussil. Farf., Aster Tripol., A. Novae-Angliae, Bellis
per., Helianth. ann., Gnaphal. lut.-alb., Matric. inod., Senec. Jacob., Echinops
sphaeroceph., Call. vulg., Gent. Pneum., Lycopus europ., Viscum alb.
F+I4+4, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit
002
564
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
819.
820.
821.
822.
823.
824.
825.
826.
827.
828.
829.
830.
831.
832.
833.
834.
835.
836.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
P. vespillo F.—Thalict. flav., Cerast. semidec., Potent. verna, Pyrus comm.,
Parnass. pal., Heracl. Sphond., Valerian. olitor., Tussil. Farf., Aster salicif.,
Bellis per., Rudbeckia laciniata, Matric. Chamom., Chrysanth. Leucanth.,
Tarax. off., Myosot. sylv., M. intermed., Polygon. Fagopyr., Viscum alb.
F+I-, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
P. sp.—Achill. Millef.
Prosena siberita F.—Clemat. recta, Trif. med., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Knaut.
arv., Origan. vulg.
Psila fimetaria L.—Anthrisc. sylv., Myrrhis odor., Valer. olit.
P. villosula Mg.—Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv.
Pyrellia aenea Zett.—Cerast. arv., Sedum acre, Carum Carvi, Heracl. Sphond.,
Chrysanth. Leucanth.
P. cadaverina L.—Gypsoph. panic., Coniosel. tatar., Peucedan. ruthen., Aster
Lindleyan., A. panicul., A. panic. var. pubesc., Biotia commixta, B. corymb.,
Chrysoc. Linosyr., Diplopappus amygd., Solid. canad., S. ambig., S. fragr.,
S. glabra, Bolton. glastif., Rudbeck. speciosa, Chrysanth. seget., Senec. nemor.,
S. macrophyll., Camp. Scheuchz., Mentha arv., Butom. umbell., Narth. ossifr.
Rivellia syngenesiae F'.—Cirs. arv.
Saltella scutellaris Fad/,—Achill. Millef.
Sapromyza apicalis Léw.—Aristol. Sipho. F+I+.
S. rorida Fail.—Moehr. trinerv., Anthrisc. sylv.
Sarcophaga albiceps Mg.—Ruta graveol., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi,
Pimpin. Saxifr., Daucus Car., Senec. nemor., Convolv. sep., Lycopus europ.,
Thym. serp., T. vulg.
S. atriceps Zeit. (=Onesia atriceps Zett.).—Valer. capitata.
S. carnaria L.—Clemat. Vitalba, Anem. japon., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc.
Ling., Eroph. verna, Teesdal. nudicaul., Gypsoph. panic., Tilia ulmif., Ruta
graveol., Euon. europ., Staphyl. pinn., Medic. sylv., Prunus spin., P. Padus,
Rubus caes., R. frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Pyrus comm., Sorbus Auc., Ribes Grossul., Parnass. pal., Astrant. major,
Eryng. marit., E. camp., Petrosel. sat., Carum Carvi, Oenanthe aquat.,
Conioselin. tataric., Peucedan. ruthen., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Valer.
off., Aster abbreviat., A. Lindleyan., A. panicul., A. pan. var. pubescens,
A. sagittifol., A. sparsiflor., Solid. canadens., S. fragr., S. glabra, S. livida,
Achill. Millef., Matric. Chamom., Tanac. vulg., Senec. nemor., S. macrophyll.,
S. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Prenanth. purp., Camp. rot.,
Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg., Ledum pal., Stapelia grandifl., Elssholzia crist.,
Mentha piperita, M. aquat., Thym. Serp., Armer. elong., Polygon. Fagopyr.,
P. Bist., P. cuspid., Euphorb. palustr., E. aspera, E. dendroid., Dracunc.
vulg., Epipact. pal.
S. dissimilis Mg.—Anthrisc. Cerefol.
S. grisea Mg.—Eryng. camp.
S. haemorrhoa Mg.—Ruta graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. Cerefol.,
Matric. Chamom.
S. striata F.—Scleranth. per., Sedum acre, Galium Mollugo, Achill. Millef.
S. sp.—Medic. lupul., Parnass. pal., Angel. sylv., Carum Carvi, Daucus Car.,
Anthrisc. sylv., Galium sylv., Leont. aut., Aster Novae-Angl., Mentha aquat.,
M. sylv., Armer. elong., Ophrys muscif.
Sarcophila latifrons Fall.—Eryng. camp., Solidago fragr.
S. meigeni Schin.—Eryng. camp.
Scatella sp.—Heracl. Sphond.
Scatophaga littorea Fad/.—Aster Tripol.
S. lutaria F.—Anthrisc. sylv., Myrrhis odor., Achill. Millef.
S. merdaria F.—Anem. nem., Adon. vern., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. Flamm.,
R. auric., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Barbar. vulg., Sinap. arv., Cochlear. Armorac.,
Cak. marit., Stell. Holost., Cerast. arv., Aesc. Hippocast. F+I+, Geran.
molle, Euon. europ., Prunus spin., Rubus Id., Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser.,
P. frutic., Pyrus comm., Sorbus Auc., Ribes alp., Astrantia major, Aegop.
Podagr., Carum Carvi, Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Myrrhis odor., Galium Moll., Aster Tripol., Valeriana asarifol., Aster Novae-
Angliae, Bellis per., Achill. Millef., Anthem. arv., Matric. inod., M. marit.,
Chrysanth. seget., Cirs. arv., Tragop. prat., Tarax. off., Moloposperm. Pelo-
ponn., Apocyn. androsaemifol. F—I+, Myosot. sylv., Polygon. amphib.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. vimin., S. rep., Scilla ital., Paris quadrif.
DIPTERA 565
837. S. scybalaria L.—Saxifr. decip.
838. S. stercoraria L.—Clemat. Vitalba, Anem. nem., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc.
839.
840.
841.
842.
843.
844.
845.
846.
847.
848.
849.
850.
851.
852.
853.
854.
855.
856.
857.
858.
859.
860.
861.
862.
863.
864.
Flamm., R. lanugin., R. scelerat., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Hellebor. pallid.,
Brass. nig., Sinap. arv., Cochlear. off., Cak. marit., Honcken. peploid., Stell.
med., Cerast. arv., Aesc. Hippocast. F+I+, Geran. pyren., Ruta graveol.,
Euon. europ., Staphyl. pinn., Medic. lupul., Prunus spin., Potent. Anser.,
Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc., Circaea lutet. F+I+, Sedum acre, Ribes alp.,
R. Grossul., Astrantia major, Conium macul., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum
Carvi, Oenanthe aquat., Ange). sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc.
sylv., Hedera Helix, Adoxa Moschat., Galium Mollugo, G. verum, Valerian.
olit., Succ. prat., Eupator. cannabin., Tussil. Farf., Aster Tripol., A. Novae-
Angliae, Bellis per., Pulicar. dysenter., Achill. Millef.. A. Ptarm., Anthem.
arv., A. tinct., Matric. discoid., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Senec. Jacob., Cirs.
arv., C. lanceolat., Carduus crisp., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Call.
vulg., Myosot. sylv., Veron. Beccab., Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg., Armer.
vulg., Polygon. cuspid., Euphorb. dendroid., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. purp., Butom. umbell.
S. sp.—Stell. med., Medic. lupul. F+1I+, Crat. Oxyac., C. monog., Oenoth.
bien. F+I+, Smyrn. Olusatr., Apium graveol., Armer. elong., Polygon.
amphib., Dracunc. vulg.
Sciomyza cinerella Fal/.—Chrysosp]. alternif.
Sepsis annulipes Mg.—Aster Amell. var. Bessarab.
S. atriceps R.-D.—Myosot. sylv.
S. cynipsea L.—Batrach. aquat., Medic. lupul., Potent. Anser., Sicyos angul.,
Scleranth. per., Parnass. pal., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Galium Mollugo, G. pal., Aster salicif., Chrysanth. seget., Mentha aquat.,
Salix rep.
S. nigripes Mg.—Ranunc. Fic., Stell. Holost., S. med., Ulex europ. F+I+,
Potent. steril., Chrysospl. oppositif., Anthrisc. sylv., Adoxa Moschat.,
Tussil. Farf., Bellis per., Tarax. off., Veron. Tournefortii, V. hederifol., Lam.
purp. F+I+, ? F+I+, Salix Capr., S. purp.
S. sp.—Ranune. Fic., Eranth. hiem. (F+I+), Sisymbr. Soph., Alliar. off.,
Cochlear. Armorac., Stell. med., Ruta graveol., Prunus spin., Potent. frutic.,
Pyrus comm., Sorbus Auc., Philad. coron., Conium maculat., Sium latif.,
Peucedan. pal., Aegopod. Podagr., Aneth. graveol., Daucus Car., Anthrisc.
sylv., A. refol., Myrrhis odor., Valerian. olit., Chrysanth. Leucanth.,
Convolv. arv., Euphorb. Esula.
Siphona cristata F.—Lepid. sat., Medic. lupul., Aegopod. Podagr., Sherard.
arv., Aster Tripol.
S. flavifrons Zett.—Salix rep.
S. geniculata Deg.—Viola lutea, Stell. Holost., Medic. lupul., Potent. sylv.,
P. steril., Daucus Car., Hedera Helix, Asperula cynanch., A. odor., Valerian.
olit., Succ. prat., Eupator. cannabin., Pulicar. dysenter., Call. vulg., Myosot.
sylv., Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg., Hotton. pal. F+I+.
Siphonella palposa Fal/.—Glaux marit.
Somomyia (=Lucilia) sp. (cf. No. 737).—Helicodic. muscivor.
Sphaerocera pusilla Fall—Dracunc. vulg. F+I+.
Spilogaster carbonella Zett,—Sedum acre, Achill. Millef., Jas. mont., Apocyn.
androsaemifol. F —I-.
S. angelicae Scop.—Tragop. orient.
S. communis R.-D.—Angel. sylv., Galium Mollugo, G. verum, G. verum x
G. Moll., Achill. Millef., Matric. inod., Jas. mont.
S. depuncta Fall.—Salix rep.
S. duplaris Zett—Galium Mollugo, G. verum.
S. duplicata Mg.—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium
Mollugo, G. verum, G. verum x G. Moll., Arnica mont., Viscum alb. F+I+,
Euphorb. pilosa, Salix rep., Secale cereale, Agropyr. rep.
S. nigrita Fal/.—Matric. Chamom.
S. quadrum F.—Parnass. pal.
S. semicinerea Wied.—Plantag. med., Cyprip. Calc. F+I+.
S. urbana Mg.—Solidago Ridellii.
S. vespertinea Fal/.—Anthrisc. sylv.
S. sp.—Parnass. pal. :
Spilographa meigenii Loew.—Cirs. olerac.
566 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
865.
866.
867.
868.
869.
870.
871.
872.
873.
874.
875.
876.
877.
878.
879.
880.
881.
882.
883.
884.
885.
886.
887.
888.
889.
890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.
897.
Stomoxys calcitrans L.—Hyper. perfor., Toril. Anthrisc., Achill. Millef., Cirs.
arv., Mentha aquat.
S. stimulans Mg.—Galium Mollugo, G. verum, G. verum x G. Moll.
S. sp.—Tarax. off.
Tachina agilis Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
T. erucarum Rond.—Heracl. Sphond.
T. larvarum L.—Angel. sylv.
Tephritis arnicae L.—Arnica mont.
. conjuncta Loew.—Tarax. off.
. elongatula Loew.—Tanacet. corymbos.
. flavipennis Loew.—Achill. Millef.
. pantherina Fall. (cf. No. 890).—Sium latif.
. postica Loew.—Onopord. Acanth.
. vespertinea Loew.—Aster Tripol.
. Zelleri Loew.—Inula Conyza.
Tephrochlamys rufiventris Mg.—Salix vimin.
Tetanocera elata Fy.—Ranunce. acris.
T. ferruginea Fal/.—Sium latif.
Themira minor Hal.—Sisymbr. Soph., Pimpin. Saxifr., Matric. inod., Call.
vulg.
T. putris L.—Teesdal. nudicaul.
Trichophthicus cunctans Mg. (=Lasiops cunctans Mg., cf. No. 713).—Hedera
Helix, Succ. prat., Senec. Jacob., Centaur. nigra, Leont. aut., Erica ciner.,
Mentha aquat.
T. hirsutulus Zett. (=Lasiopus hirsutulus Zett.).—Ulmar. pentap.
Thryptocera spec.—Batrach. aquat.
Trypeta acuticornis Loew.—Cirs. erioph.
T. cornuta F.—Centaur. Scab.
T. falcata Scop.—Tragopog. prat., T. major.
T. pantherina Fall. (=Tephritis pantherina Fall., cf. No. 875).—Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm.
T. ruficauda F.—Cirs. arv., C. pal., Serrat. tinct.
T. tussilaginis F.—Lappa toment., Centaur. Scab.
T. winthemi Mg.—Heracl. Sphond., Cirs. pal.
T. sp.—Hypoch. rad., Armer. vulg.
Ulidia erythrophthalma Mg.—Papav. Rhoeas, Res. lutea, Malva sylv., Potent.
arg., Bupleur. rotundifol., Orlaya grandifl., Asperula cynanch., A. tinct.,
Galium verum, G. boreale, Anthem. tinct., Matric. inod., Tanacet. corymbos.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Convolv. arv., Melampyr. arv., Thym. Serp.,
Euphorb. Esula, Allium rot.
Urophora eriolepidis Loew.—Cirs. eriophor.
U. solstitialis L.—Carduus nut.
BHAA AHY
898. U. stigma Loew.—Achill. Millef., Cirs. pal.
899. U. stylata F.—Carduus nut.
900. Xysta cana Mg.—Daucus Car.
901. Zophomyia Temula Scop.—Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Bellis per.,
902.
903.
904.
905.
906.
907.
908.
909.
910
911
912.
913
Anthrisc. sylv.
N. Mycetophilidae.
Boletina sp.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
Bolitophila fusca Mg.—Hedera Helix.
Campylomyza lucorum Rond.—Aristol. Clemat. F+I+.
Exechia sp.—-Chrysosplen. oppositif., Adoxa Moschat.
Glaphyroptera fasciola Mg.—Angel. sylv.
Platyura sp.—Heracl. Sphond.
Sceptonia nigra Mg.—Angel. sylv., Pimpin. Saxifr.
Sciara atrata Holmgr.—Cerast. alp.
. S, minima Mg.—Anistol. rotunda F+I-+.
. S. nervosa Mg.—Arum ital. F+1I+.
. S. thomae L.—Oenanthe aquat., Angel. sylv., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond.,
Senec. Jacob.
. S. sp.—Myos. minim., Vit. vinif., Chrysosplen. oppositif., Daucus Car., Hedera
Helix, Adoxa Moschat., Valerian. olit., Matric. inod., Leont. aut., Mentha
aquat.
DIPTERA 567
O. Phoridae.
914, Phora carbonaria Zett,—Aristol. pall. F+1+.
915. P. nigra Mg.—Aristol. Sipho. F+I+.
916. Be eee Fall.—Crambe marit. F+I+, Aristol. altiss. F+I+, A. pall.
+I-+.
917. P. pumila Mg.—Aristol. Sipho. F+I+, A. altiss. F+I+.
918. P. sp.—Myosur. minim., Ranunc. Fic., Stell. med., Cerast. triv., Potent.
Steril., Parnass. pal., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Daucus Car., Tussil.
Farf., Veron. Tournefortii, Mentha aquat.
P. Pipunculidae.
919. Pipunculus rufipes Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr.
920. P. ruralis Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
Q. Psychodidae.
921. Pericoma sp.—Daucus Car., Mentha aquat.
922. Psychoda phalaenoides L. (=P. nervosa Mg.).—Arum maculatum F+I+,
A. ital. F+I+.
R. Rhyphidae.
923. Rhyphus fenestralis Scop.—Salix vimin.
924. R. sp.—Adoxa Moschat.
S. Simuliidae.
925. Simulia sp.—Chrysosplen. alternif., Adoxa Moschat., Salix vimin.
T. Stratiomyidae.
926. Chrysomyia formosa Scop.—Ranunc. acris, Ruta graveol., Rubus frutic.,
Scleranth. per., Conium macul., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Bupleur.
rotundif., Aneth. graveol., Chaerophyll. Temul., Plectranth. glaucocalyx.,
Plantag. med.
927. C. polita L.—Epil. angust.
928. Lasiopa sp.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. vimin.
929. Nemotelus notatus Zett.—Parnass. pal.
930. N. pantherinus L.—Hesper. matron., Geran. prat., Anthrisc. sylv., Asperula
cynanch., Anthem. arv., Matric. Chamom., Tanacet. corymbos., Chrysanth.
Leucanth.
931. N. uliginosus L.—Sedum acre, Achill. Millef., Cirs. arv.
932. Odontomyia argentata F.—Caltha pal., Potent. verna.
933. O. hydroleon L.—Aegopod. Podagr., Cirs. arv., Centaur. rhen.
934. O. personata Loew.—Polygon. Bist.
935. O. tigrina F.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Sorb. Auc., Euphorb. palustr.
936. O. viridula F.—Comar. pal., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Parnass. palustr.,
Sium latif., Oenanthe aquat., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium Mollugo, Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Tanacet. vulg., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv.,
Convolv. arv., Mentha arv., Polygon. Fagopyr.
937. Oxycera pulchella Mg.—Rosa rubigin., Melampyr. prat. F+I+.
938. Sargus cuprarius L.—Malva sylv., Impat. Noli-tang. F+I+, Ruta graveol.,
Rubus frutic., R. caes., Potent. frutic., Conium macul., Aegopod. Podagr.,
Sambuc. nigra, Galium Mollugo.
939. S. flavipes Mg.—Melampyr. prat. F+I+.
940. S. infuscatus Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr.
941. Stratiomys chamaeleon Deg.—Aegopod. Podagr., Oenanthe fistul., Peucedan.
Oreoselin., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Polygon. Fagopyr.
942, S. equestris Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
943. S. furcata F.—Crat. Oxyac., Sium latif., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car.
944, S. longicornis F.—Carum Carvi, Peucedan. Oreoselin., Daucus Car., Chaero-
phyll. aureum, Moloposperm. Peloponnes.
945. S. riparia Mg.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Sium latif., Daucus Car.,
Polygon. Fagopyr.
U. Syrphidae.
946. Arctophila mussitans F,—Heracl. Sphond., Succ. prat., Senec. Jacob., Call.
vulg., Mentha aquat.
568
947.
948.
949.
950.
951.
952.
953.
954.
955.
956.
957.
958.
959.
960.
961.
962.
963.
964.
965.
966.
967.
968.
969.
970.
971.
972.
973.
974.
975.
976.
977.
978.
979.
980.
981.
982.
983.
984.
985.
986.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Ascia lanceolata Mg.—Ranunc. lanugin., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Crat. Oxyac., Heracl. Sphond., Tarax. off.
A. podagrica F.—Anem. sylv., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. lanugin., Caltha pal.,
Berb. vulg., Chelidon. majus, Barbar. vulg., Sisymbr. off., Stenophragma
Thalian., Teesdal. nudicaul., Lepid. sat., Caps. Bursa-past., Helianth. vulg.,
Gypsoph. panic., Stell. med., Malach. aquat., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pyren.,
G. molle, G. pusill., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Ruta graveol., Rubus
frutic., R. Id., Agrim. Eupat., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Pyrus comm., Circaea lutet. F+1+, Philad. coron., Bryon. dioica, Saxifr.
Aizoon, S. umbrosa, Aethusa Cynap., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Toril.
Anthrisc., Anthrisc. sylv., Valerian. olit., Bellis per., Matricar. inod., Senec.
Jacob., Lamps. comm., Tarax. off., Myosot. intermed., Solanum nigr.,
Verbasc. Thapsus, Veron. Cham., V. mont., V. Anagall., V. Beccab.,
Elssholzia crist., Mentha aquatica, Origan. vulg., Plantag. med., Rheum
undul., Polygon. Bistorta, P. Persic., P. lapathifol., P. mite, P. avicul.,
Euphorbia verrucosa, E. palustr., Alisma Plant.
Bacha elongata F.—Ranunce. lanug., Circaea lutet. F+1+, Heracl. Sphond.,
Chaerophyll. temul.
Brachyopa bicolor Fai/.—Leont. aut.
B. ferruginea Fall.—Aegopod. Podagr.
Brachypalpus valgus Pz.—Ranunc. Fic., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
Ceria conopsoides L.—Bunias orient.
Cheilosia albitarsis Mg.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanugin.,
Caltha pal.
C. antiqua Mg. (cf. No. 979).—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. mont.,
Arnica mont., Leont. hastil.
. barbata Loew.—Daucus Car., Senec. Jacob.
. brachysoma Egg.—Potent. aurea, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. caerulescens Mg.—Aster alpin.
. canicularis Pz.—Senec. nemor., Leont. hastil., Achyrophor. unifl., Tarax. off.
chloris Mg.—Tarax. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
chrysocoma Mg.—Crep. bienn., C. vir., C. tector.
decidua Egg.—Anthrisc. sylv. (?)
flavicornis F.—Salix sp.
fraterna Mg.—Chrysanth. Leucanth.
gilvipes Zett,—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
impressa Loew.—Daucus Car.
longula Zett,—Call. vulg.
modesta Egg.—Potent. verna, Saxifr. Aizoon, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
mutabilis Fall.—Heracl. Sphond.
nebulosa Verral.—Ranunc. Fic.
oestracea L.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Cirs. arv.
personata Loew.—Knaut. sylv.
pictipennis Egg.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
pigra Loew.—Anthrisc. sylv. (?)
plumulifera Loew.—Tarax. off. (?)
. praecox Zelt,— Potent. verna, Senec. Jacob., Tarax. off., Euphorb. Cypariss.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep.
C. pubera Zett.— Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanugin., Caltha pal.
C. pulchripes Loew.—Pulmon. angustifol.
C. schmidti Zett. (=C. antiqua Mg., cf. No. 955).—Ranunce. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb.
C. scutellata Fall. (cf. No. 982).—Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Chaerophyll.
temul., Solidago canad., Call. vulg., Polygon. Fagopyr.
elelelolelelelolelelelelevelelelelelsrere)
C. soror Zett.—Daucus Car., Senec. Jacob., Hierac. Pilos.
C. urbana Mg. ( =C. scutellata Fall., cf. No. 980).—Salix. cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
C. variabilis Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Daucus Car., Hypoch. rad.
C. vernalis Fall.—Ranunc. auricom., Tarax. off.
C. vidua Mg.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
C. sp.—Ranunc. Flamm., Caltha pal., Pap. Rhoeas, Arab. alb., Stell. med.,
Potent. Anser., P. sylv., Petrosel. sativ., Pimpin. Saxifr., Chaerophyll.
Temul., Tussil. Farf., Senec. Jacob., Leont. hastil., Hypoch. rad., Achyroph.
uniflor., Sonchus arv., Rheum undul., Euphorb. Cypariss., Cyprip. Calc.
F+I+, Hyac. orient.
DIPTERA 569
987. Chrysochlamys cuprea Scop.—Aegopod. Podagr.
988. C. ruficornis F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Camp. Trach.
989. Chrysogaster aenea Mg.—Hesper. matron.
990. C. chalybeata Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr.
991. C. coemeteriorum L.—Fragaria elat., Ulmar. pentap., Conium macul., Aegopod.
Podagr., Chaerophyll. Temul., Achill. Millef.
992. C. macquarti Loew.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Nasturt. sylv., Sinap.
arv., Stell. med., Potent. Anser.
993. C. metallina F.—Ranunc. rep.
994. C. splendida Mg.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Euphorb. palustr.
995. C. viduata L.—Batrach. aquat., Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Picris
hieracioid., Myosot. intermed.
996. C. sp.—Hypoch. radic.
997. Chrysotoxum arcuatum L.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Rubus frutic.
998. C. bicinctum L.—Caps. Bursa-past., Geran. pyren., Genista tinct. F+I+,
Potent. sylv., Angel. sylv., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Melampyr. prat.
999. C. elegans Loew.—Pastin. sat.
1000. C. fasciolatum Deg.—Helianth. vulg., Anthrisc. sylv.
1001. C. festivum L.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Pimpin. Saxifr., Oenanthe aquat.,
Heracl. Sphond., Valer. off., Hypoch. rad., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Convolv.
arv., Plantago med., Polygon. Fagopyr., Euphorb. heliosc.
1002. C. octomaculatum Curt.—Heracl. Sphond., Hierac. Pilos., Call. vulg.,
Melampyr. sylv.
1003. C. vernale Loew.—Chrysophyll. Villarsii, Thym. Serp., Euphorb. Cypariss.
1004. Criorhina asilica Fal/.—Euon. europ., Crat. Oxyac.
1005. C. berberina F.—Crat. Oxyac., Berb. vulg.
1006. C. floccosa Mg.—Crat. Oxyac., Salix sp.
1007. C. oxyacanthae Mg.—Crat. Oxyac., Salix sp.
1008. C. ruficauda Deg.—Salix incana.
1009. Didea alneti Fal/.—Sanguis. off.
1010. D. intermedia Loew.—Hyper. perfor., Rosa can., Potent. sylv., Achyrophor.
uniflor., Mulged. prenanthoid., Plantag. mont.
1011. Eristalis aeneus Scop.—Papaver. somnif., Arab. alb., Sinap. arv., Schiever.
podol., Gypsoph. panic., Hyper. perfor., Fragaria vesca var. semperfl.,
Ulmar. pentap., Ribes Grossul., Carum Carvi, Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latif.,
Heracl. Sphond., Scab. daucoid., Aster Tripol., A. azur., A. concinn.,
A. sagittifol., A. sparsifl., Galatella dracunculoid., Solidago fragr., Achill.
Millef., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Doronic. caucas., Arnica Chamisson., Senec.
nemor., S. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Centaur. nigra, Leont. aut., Hierac. umbell.,
Jas. mont., Mentha aquatica, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Scilla ital.,
Muscari botr.
1012. E. alpinus Panz.—Vacc. Myrt.
1013
. E. anthophorinus Zett.—Sinap. arv., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., Tanacet.
vulg., Leont. aut.
1014. E. arbustorum L.—Clemat. recta, Thalictr. aquilegif., T. flavum, Anem.
sylv., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Ling., R.
lanugin., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Berb. vulg., Papaver somnif., Chelidon.
majus, Nasturt. off., N. amphib., N. sylvest., Hesper. Matron., Sisymbr.
austriac., Brass. nig., Sinap. arv., Berter. incana., Lepid. sat., Bunias
orient., Cak. marit., Crambe pinnatif., Gypsoph. panic., Sperg. arv., Stell.
Holost., S. med., Malach. aquat., Cerast. arv., C. triv., Tilia ulmif., Hyper.
perfor., Acer Pseudoplat., Ulex europ. F+I+, Prunus dom., P. avium,
P. cer., P. spin., Rosa can., Rubus caes., R. Id., Potent. Anser., P. rept.,
P. frutic., Ulmar. pentapet., U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus comm., Sorb. Auc., Oenoth. bien. F+I+, Philad.
coron., Scleranth. per., Sedum acre, Saxifraga longif., S. granul., Parnass.
pal., Astrant. major, Eryng. camp., Conium macul., Petrosel. sat., Aegopod.
Podagr., Carum Carvi, Sium latif., Bupleur. falcat., Oenanthe fistul.,
O. aquat., Conioselin. tataric., Ligustic. pyrenaic., Peucedan. Cervar.,
P. pal., P. ruthenic., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., H. sibiric., Daucus
Car., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Cerefol., Prangos ferulacea, Cornus sang., C. suecica,
57°
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Sambuc. nigra, Viburn. Opul., Symphoricarp. racem. F+I+, Galium
verum, Valer. off., V. dioica, Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Eupator. cannabin., E.
ageratoid., E. purp., Aster Amell., A. Novae-Angl., A. salicif., A. floribund.,
A. laevis, A. lanceolat., A. Lindleyan., A. squarrulos., Biotia commixta,
B. corymbosa, Chrysoc. Linosyr., Bellis per., Erigeron specios., Solidago
Virgaur., S. canad., S. fragr., S. glabra, S. Missouriens., S. rigida, Inula
Helen., I. britann., I. thapsoid., Pulicar. dysenter., Boltonia glastif., Coreops.
auricul., Helichrys bracteat., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., A. dentifera, A.
grandif., A. nobil., Anthem. arv., A. tinct., Matric. Chamom., M. inod.,
M. marit., Tanacet. vulg., Chrysanth. seget., C. Leucanth., Doronic.
Pardalianch., D. austriac., Senec. nemor., S. nebrod., S. macrophyll.,
S. Jacob., Calend. off., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., Carduus crisp., Carlina
acaul., Centaur. Cyan., C. argent., C. orient., Lamps. comm., Thrinc. hirta,
Leont. aut., L. hastil., Picris hieracioid., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Sonchus
olerac., S. arv., Crep. bienn., Hierac. umbellat., Camp. rot., Jas. mont.,
Ligustr. vulg., Syringavulg., Asclep. Syr. F+1+, Erythr. Centaur., Convolv.
arv., C. sep., Myosot. sylv., M. intermed., Verbasc. thapsiforme, V. nigr.,
Linar. vulg., Plectranth. glaucocalyx, Mentha piperita, M. aquatica, M. sylv.,
Orian. vulg., Thym. Serp., Hotton. pal. F+I1+, Plantag. med., Salsola Kali,
Polygon. Fagopyr., P. Bistorta, R. Persic., Euphorb. Gerard., E. Cypariss.,
E. virgata, Mercur. ann., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep., Alisma Plant.,
Scilla campan.
1015. E. horticola Deg.—Sinap. arv., Hyper. perfor., Rosa can., Potent. sylv.,
Ulmar. pentapet., Sorb. Auc., Oenoth. Lamarck., Angel. sylv., Heracl.
Sphond. Carum Carvi, Pimpin. Saxifr., Sambuc. nigra, Valer. off., Knaut.
arv., Succ. prat., Eupator. cannabin., Tussil. Farf., Aster Tripol., Chrysanth.
Leucanth., Senec. paludos., S. Jacob., Cirs. lanceolat., Serrat. tinct., Centaur.
Scab., Leont. hastilis, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Convolv. sep., Mentha
aquat., Origan. vulg., Beton. off. (F+1I+), Orchis mac. F+I+.
1016. E. intricarius L.—Ranunce. sceler., Caltha pal., Arab. aren., Cak. marit.,
Melilot. albus F+I+, Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., Potent. Anser., Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus comm., Oenoth. Lamarck.,
Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Angel. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. ochrol.,
S. daucoid., Artennar. margarit., Achill. Millef., Cacalia hastata, Cirs. arv.,
C. pal., Centaur. Jacea, C. rigidif., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Mentha aquat.,
Nepeta Glechoma F+I-+, Hotton. pal. F+I+, Armer. elong., Polygon.
Fagopyr., P. Bist., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep.
1017. E. jugorum Egg.—Knaut. arv.
1018. E. nemorum L.—Clemat. Vitalba, Thalictr. aquilegif., T. flavum, Anem.
sylv., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Caltha pal., Berb.
vulg., Chelidon. majus, Nasturt. off., Cardam. prat., Hesper. matron.,
Brass. Rapa, Berter. incana, Lepid. sat., Caps. Bursa-past., Isat. tinctor.,
Helianth. vulg., Gypsoph. panic., G. perfol., Aren. graminif., Stell. Holost.,
Cerast. arv., Althaea cannab., Tilia ulmif., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pal., Euon.
europ., Rhamn. cathart., Coron. var., Prunus spin., Geum riv., Fragaria
collina, Potent. frutic., P. chrysantha, Agrim. Eupat., Ulmar. pentap.,
U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., S. digit., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus
comm., Sorb. Auc., Oenoth. bienn. F+I+, O. biennis x O. muric., Circaea
lutet. F+I-+, Sicyos angul., Saxifr. decip., Parnass. palustr., Astrant.
major, A. neglecta, Eryng. camp., Conium macul., Aegopod. Podagr., Sium.
latif., Oenanthe fistul., Conioselin. tataric., Angel. sylv., Peucedan. cervar.,
P. ruthenic., Tommasin. verticill., Imperat. Ostruth., Aneth. graveol.,
Heracl. Sphond., H. Sibiric., Siler trilob., Anthrisc. Cerefol., Chaerophyll.
temul., C. aureum, Myrrhis odor., Moloposperm. Peloponnes., Corrus sang.,
C. mas., Ebul. humile, Sambuc. nigra, Viburn. Opul., Asperula odor., Valer.
off., Cephalaria radiata, Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., S. ochrol.,
Eupator. cannabin., E. ageratoid., Aster Amell., A. Amell. var. Bessarabic.,
A. salicif., A. abbreviat., A. azur., A. floribund., A. laevis, A. lanceolat.,
A. Lindleyan., A. phlogifol., A. sagittif., A. sparsifl., Biotia commixta,
B. corymbosa, B. Schreberi, Galatella dracunculoid., Aster panicul., A.
panic. var. pubescens, Chrysoc. Linosyr., Diplopapp. amygd., Solidago
Virgaur., S.canad., S. ambigua, S. fragr., S. glabra, S. Missouriens., S. rigida,
Silph. conat., S. erythrocaulon, Inula thapsoides, Helen. autumn., Boltonia
glastifol., Helianth. atrorub., H. divaricat., Coreops. lanceol., Achill. Ptarm.,
DIPTERA 571
A. Millef., A. grandifi., A. nobil., Anthem. arv., A. tinct., Matric. Chamom.,
Tanacet. vulg., Chrysanth. Seget., C. Leucanth., Doronic. Pardalianches,
D. austriacum, Senecio nemor., S. sarracenicus, S. nebrod., S. macrophyll.,
S. Jacob., Echinops exaltat., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., Centaur. Jacea,
C. Scab., C. argent., Lamps. comm., Leont. hastil., Picris hieracioid.,
Tragopog. floccos., Scorzon. parvifl., Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off., T. salin.,
Crep. bienn., C. rigida, Hierac. vulg., H. umbellat., H. crinit., Ligustr. vulg.,
Asclep. syr. F+1I+, Myosot. alpestr., Mentha piperita, M. aquat., M. sylv..
M. sylv. var. nemorosa, Origan. vulg., Calamintha Nepeta, Teucr. Scorod.
(F+1+), Hotton. pal. F+1+, Rheum undul., Polygon. Fagopyr., Euphorb.
verrucosa, E. Cypariss., E. palustr., E. aspersa, E. nicaeens., Tulipa sylv.,
Scilla nut.
1019, E. pertinax Scop.—Thalict. aquilegif., Ranunc. Fic., Berb. vulg., Chelidon.
majus, Arab. caucas., Hesper. matron., Sinap. arv., Cak. marit., Hyper.
perfor., Ulex europ. F+I+, Medic. sat. F+I+, M. sylv., Rubus frutic.,
R. Id., Comarum pal., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Sorbus Auc., Philad. coron., Ribes Grossul., Parnass. pal., Angel. sylv.,
Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaerophyll. hirsut., Valer.
off., Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Eupator. cannabin., Tussil.
Farf., Petasit. fragr., Bellis per., Solidago Virgaur., S. canad., Pulicar.
dysenter., Achill. Millef., Matric. inod., Senec. nemor., Cirs. arv., Serrat.
tinct., Centaur. nigra, Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Crep. bienn., Mentha aquat.,
Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Polygon. Fagopyr., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. rep., Narc. Pseud.-Narc. F+I-+.
1020. E. rmpium F.—Pimpin. Saxifraga, Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat.,
Hierac. muror., Polygon. Bist.
1021. E. Sepulcralis L.—Clemat. recta, Thalictr. aquilegifol., T. flavum, Ranunc.
acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Nasturt. off., Sinap. arv., Alyss. mont., A. saxat.,
Lepid. sat., Cerast. arv., Tilia ulmif., Hyper. perfor., Erod. cicut. var.
pimpinellif., Ruta graveol., Rubus Id., Fragaria vesca, F. collina, Potent.
multifida, P. frutic., Ulmar. pentap., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., Sj ulmif., Crat.
Oxyac., Sedum acre, Petroselin. sativ., Oenanthe fistul., Aneth. graveol.,
Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaerophyll. hirsut., Viburn.
Opul., Galium Saxat., Valer. off., Centranth. angustif., Knaut. arv.,
Chrysoc. Linosyr., Bellis per., Pulicar. dysenter., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Anthem. arv., Matric. Chamom., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Senec. nemor.,
S. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Centaur. Jacea, Lamps. commun., Cichor. Intyb.,
Thrinc. hirta, Leont. aut., Picris hieracioid., Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off.,
Crep. bienn., C. tector., Syringa vulg., Myosot. sylv., Veron. Beccab.,
Mentha arv., M. aquat., Satureia hort., Thym. Serp., Polygon. Fagopyr.,
P. Persic., P. lapathif., Alisma Plant.
1022. E. tenax L.—Clemat. Vitalba, C. recta, Thalictr. aquilegif., T. flavum,
T. minus, Hepat. triloba, Anem. sylv., A. nemor., A. japon., Adon. vern.,
A. aestiv., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
R. Ling., R. auric., Hellebor. foetid., Berb. vulg., B. aquifol., Papaver
somnif., Arab. bellidif., Hesper. matron., Brass. Rapa, B. nig., Sinap. arv.,
S. alba, Cak. marit., Crambe marit. (F+I+), Coron. Fl.-Jov., Sperg. arv.,
Stell. gramin., Althaea cannab., Hyper. perfor., Acer Pseudoplat., Geran.
pal., Ruta graveol., Euon. europ., Staph. pinn., Trif. arv. F+I+, Lotus
corn. F+I-+, Coron. varia}, Ornithop. sat., Amygd. comm., Prunus dom.,
P. avium, P. cer., P. spin., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Potent. verna, Alchem.
acutilob., Agrim. Eupatorium, Ulmar. pentap., U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., S.
salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sorbus Auc., Epil.
hirs., Oenothera bienn. F+I+, Lythr. hyssopif., Philad. coron., Bryon.
dioica, Sedum acre, S. refl., S. spectab., Ribes Grossul., Saxifr. androsacea,
Parnass. pal., Astrant. neglecta, Eryng. camp., E. plan., Cicuta virosa,
Petroselin. sativ., Aegopod. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Conioselin. tataric.,
Peucedan. Cervar., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Scandix
Pecten-veneris, Chrysophyll. Villarsii, Hedera Helix, Cornus sang., Sambuc.
nigra, Viburn. Opul., Sherard. arv., Valer. off., V. alliariif., Centranth.
angustif., Cephalar. radiata, Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., S. austral., Scab.
Columb., S. ochrol., S. atropurp., Eupator. cannabin., E. purp., Adenostyl.
hybr., Tussil. Farf., Aster alpin., A. Tripo]., A. Novae-Angliae, A. concinn.,
A. floribund., A. lanceolat., A. Lindleyan., A. sagittif., Biotia Schreberi,
572
1023
1024.
1025.
1026.
1027
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Chrysoc. Linosyr., Bellis per., Diplopapp. amygd., Solidago Virgaur.,
S. canad., S. frag., S. Missouriens., Silphium asterisc., S. dentat., S. erythro-
caulon, S. gummifer., S. perfoliat., S. terebinthinac., Pulicar. dysenter.,
Helen. aut., H. decurr., Boltonia glastif., Helianth. mutifl., H. atrorub.,
H. lactifl., H. trachelif., Chrysostemma tripteris, Coreopsis lanceol.,
Rudbeckia laciniata, Antennar. dioica, A. margaritacea, Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., A. tinctor., A. rigescens, Matric. inod., Chrysanth.
seget., Arnica Chamissonis, Cacalia hastata, Senec. nemor., S. Jacob.,
S. erucif., S. aquat., Calendula off., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., C. pal., Carduus
crisp., C. acanthoid., C. nutans, Centaur. Jacea, C. nigra, C. Scab., C. rhen.,
C. caloceph., Cichor. Intyb., Thrinc. hirta, Leont. aut., L. hastil., Picris
hieracioid., Tragopog. floccos., Scorzon. humil., Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off.,
Sonchus arv., Crep. bienn., C. virens, C. rigida, Hierac. Pilos., H. vulg.,
H. umbellat., H. bupleuroid., H. crinit., H. viros., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.,
Asclep. syr. F+1I-+, Phlox panicul., Convolv. arv., C. sep., Solanum tuberos.,
S. Dulcam., Veron. Beccab., Elssholzia crist., Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg.,
Lophant. rugos., Stach. sylv. F+1I+, Ajuga rept. F+I+, Hotton. pal.
F+I+, Armer. elong., Polygon. Fagopyr., P. amphib., P. Persic., Daphne
Mez., Euphorb. heliosc., E. Cypariss., E. Esula, E. Pepl., E. dendroid.,
Mercur. ann., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. purp., S. rep., Stratiot. aloid.,
Commelina tuber., Allium Cepa, Colchic. aut.
E. sp.—Adon. vern., Nasturt. off., Erysim. orient., Cochlear. Armorac.,
C. danica., Caps. Bursa-past., Cak. marit., Trif. rep. (F+1+), Circaea
interm., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Eryng. Bourgati, Carum Carvi, Oenanthe
aquat., Symphoricarp. racem. F+1+, Lonic. Periclym., Adenost. alb.,
Helianth. ann., Matric. inod., Echinops sphaeroceph., Centaur. Scab., Cichor.
Intyb., Jas. mont., Erica Tetr., Erythr. Centaur., Convolv. arv., Myosot.
sylv., Calamintha off., Verben. off., Armer. elong., Plantag. med., Polygon.
amphib., Daphne Mez., Hyacinth. orient., H. amethyst.
Eumerus ovatus Loew.—Peucedan. Oreoselin.
E. sabulonum Fall.—Gal. Moll., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont.
E. sinuatus Loew.—Pastin. sat.
Helophilus floreus L. (cf. No. 1058).—Clemat. recta, Anem. sylv., Batrach.
aquat., Berb. vulg., Eschscholtzia californ., Nasturt. off., Sinap. arv.,
Lepid. sat., Tilia ulmif., Geran. pyren., Ruta graveol., Euon. europ., Rhus
Cotinus, Medic. sat. F+I+, Rubus frutic., R. caes., R. Id., Potent. frutic.,
Ulmar. pentap., U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., S. digit., Crat.
Oxyac., Sorbus Auc., Philad. coron., Parnass. pal., Astrant. major, Eryng.
camp., Conium macul., Petrosel. sat., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Sium
latif., Aethusa Cynap., Conioselin. tatar., Angel. sylv., Peuced. pal.,
P. ruthen., Aneth. graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Chaerophyll. temul., C. aureum, Prangos ferul., Ebul. humile, Viburn.
Opul., Symphoricarp. racem. F+I+, Valer. off., V. Phu, Scab. Columb.,
Eupator. purp., Aster Amell. var. Bessarab., A. salicifol., A. laevis, A.
Lindleyan., A. sagittif., A. sparsifl., A. squarrul., Biotia commixta,
Diplopapp. amygd., Solid. canad., S. fragr., S. glabra., S. Missouriens.,
S. rigida, Helenium autumn., Boltonia glastif., Rudbeckia laciniata,
R. speciosa, Achill. grandif., A. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem tinct., Chrysanth.
Leuc., Doronic. Pardalianch., D. austriac., Senecio macrophyll., Hierac.
Pilos., H. umbellat., H. brevifol., H. crinit., Convolv. arv., Verbasc. Thapsus,
Veron. oft., Mentha piperita, M. aquatica, Origan. vulg., Satureia hort.,
Plantag. med., Rheum undul., Polygon. Fagopyr., Laurus nob., Euphorb.
salicif.
1028. H. hybridus Loew.—Centaur. Jacea, Linar. Cymb.
1029.
1030.
1031.
H. lineatus F.—Malach. aquat., Comar. pal., Veron. Anag., Utric. vulg.
F+I+.
H. lunulatus Mg.—Limnanth. nymph.
*H. pendulus L.—Batrach. aquat., Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Berb.
vulg., Chelidon. majus, Cardam. prat., Brass. Rapa, Helianth. vulg., Sperg.
arv., Stellar. gram., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pal., G. sanguin., G. molle,
G. iber., Erod. cicut., Rhus Cotinus, Melilot. albus F+I+, Prunus spin.,
Rubus frutic., R. caes., Potent. Anser., P. frutic., Crat. Oxyac., C. monog.,
Sorbus Auc., Lythr. Sal. F+1I+, Ribes Grossul., Saxifr. umbrosa, Parnass.
pal., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc. sylv., Cornus suec., Viburn. Opul., Valer. off.,
1032.
1033.
1034.
1035.
1036.
1037.
1038.
1039.
1040.
1041.
1042.
1043.
1044.
1045
1046.
1047
1048
1049
DIPTERA 573
Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. lucida, Aster Novae-Angl., A. salicifol.,
A. Lindleyan., Solid. canad., Helichrys. bracteat., Achill. Millef., Anthem.
tinct., Chrysanth. seget., C. Leucanth., Doronic. Pardal., Senec. Jacob.,
Cirs. arv., Centaur. Jacea, C. Cyan., C. Scab., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic.,
Tarax. off., Hierac. vulg., H. bupleuroid., Jas. mont., Erica Tetr., Convolv.
arv., C. sep., Lycopsis arv., Euphras. off., Mentha aquat., Armer. elong.,
Plantag. lanc.
*H. trivittatus F.—Brass. nig., Hyper. perfor., Medic. falc., Sorb. Auc.,
Lythr. Sal. F+1I+, Levistic. off., Knaut. arv., Scab. Columb., S. Dal-
laportae, Sc. daucoid., Aster alp., A. Lindleyan., Galatella dracunculoid.,
Solid. fragr., Helianth. tracheliifol., Senec. macrophyll., Tarax. off., Hierac.
Pilos., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Mentha aquat., Armer. elong., Salix rep.
H. sp.—Cerast. arv., Myosot. sylv., Scrophul. aquat.
Leucozona lucorum L.—Melandr. rubr., Tarax. off.
Mallota fuciformis F.—Prunus spin., Crat. Oxyac.
Melanostoma ambigua Fal/.—Caltha pal., Sperg. arv., Salvia off. (F+I+),
Plantag. med.
M. barbifrons Fall.—Daucus Car., Galium sylv.
M. gracilis Mg.—Raphan. Raph., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Astrant.
major, Aster salicif.
M. hyalinata Fal/.—Anthrisc. sylv., Lonic. Periclym. ? F+I+, Echium vulg.
M. mellina L. (cf. No. 1042).—Myosur. minim., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc.
acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. auric., R. lanugin., Chelidon. majus, Arab.
aren., Cardam. prat., Stell. gramin., Cerast. arv., Hyper. perfor., Erod.
cicut. var. pimpinellif., Staphyl. pinn., Lotus corn. F+I+, Geum urb.,
Sanguis. minor, Agrim. Eupat., Ulmar. pentap., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus
comm., Sorbus Auc., Circaea lutet. F+I-+4, C. interm., Lythr. Sal. F+I+.
Saxifr. umbrosa, Parnass. pal., Carum Carvi, Heracl. Sphond., Chaerophyll.
temul., C. aur., Aster alp., A. concinn., Chrysoc. Linosyr., Filago minima,
Gnaphal. luteo-alb., Artem. Dracunc., Anthem. rigesc., Tanacet. vulg.,
Senec. vulg., Carduus crisp., Leont. aut., Mulged. macrophyll., Adenoph.
styl., Jas. mont., Vincetox. Med., Apocyn. androsaemifol. F —I—, Veron.
Cham., Mentha aquat., Galeops. Tet. F+1+, ?(F+I1+), Plantag. lanc.,
P. med., P. mont., P. aren., Beta vulg., Euphorb. heliosc., E. Cypariss.,
P. palustr., Salix rep., Listera ov. F+1+, Alism. Plant.
M. quadrimaculata Vevall_—Anem. nemor., Ranunc. Fic., Ulex europ.
F+I-+, Chrysosplen. oppositif., Adoxa Moschat., Tussil. Farf., Petasit.
fragr., Bellis per., Coryl. Avell., Salix Capr., S. vimin., S. purp.
Melanostoma scalave F. (=Melanostoma mellina L. cf. No. 1040),—Daucus
Car., Succ. prat., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Stachys pal.
M. sp.—Cichor. Intyb., Plantag. lanc.
Melithreptus dispar Loew.—Cerast. arv., Agrim. Eupat., Jas. mont., Mentha
sylv.
s Me foeniosus Egg.—Butom. umbell.
. M. menthastri L.—Sperg. arv., Geran. molle, Erod. cicut., Fragaria vesca,
Potent. Anser., Sedum acre, Parnass. pal., Heracl. Sphond., Galium Moll.,
G. sylv., Anser prenanthoid., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Veron.
Cham., Teucr. canum, Polygon. mite, P. avicul.
. M. nitidicollis Zett,—Statice Limon.
. M. pictus Mg.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Caps. Bursa-past., Gypsoph.
panic., Hyper. perfor., Geran. prat., G. pyren., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.,
Ruta graveol., Agrim. Eupat., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Polygon.
mite.
. M. scriptus L. (cf. No. 1096).—Adon. vern., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Arab. aren., Caps. Bursa-past., Crambe grandifl., Helianth. vulg., Cerast.
arv., C. triv., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pal., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.,
Medic. sat. F+I+, M. sylvestr., Desmod. canad., Geum urb., Potent. sylv.,
Agrim. Eupat., Saxifr. Aizoon, Parnass. pal., Aneth. graveol., Daucus
Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaerophyll. temul., Asperula taur., Galium Moll.,
Knaut. arv., Aster sagittif., Chrysoc. Linosyr., Bellis per., Silphium erythro-
caulon, Pulicar. dysent., Boltonia glastif., Helianth. divaricat., Coreops.
lanceol., Gnaphal. lut.-alb., Senec. sylv., Centaur. Cyan., Picris hieracioid.,
Hypoch. radic., Crep. vir., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.,
Asclep. syr. F+1+, Convolv. arv., Myosot. alpestr., Solanum nigr., Mentha
574
1050.
1051
1052
1053.
1054.
1055.
1056.
1057.
1058.
1059.
1060.
1061.
1062.
1063.
1064.
1065.
1066.
1067.
1068.
1069.
1070.
1071.
1072.
1073.
1074.
1075.
1076.
1077.
1078.
1079.
1080.
1081.
1082,
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
arv., M. aquat., Lycopus europ., Salvia Verben., Stachys recta, Polygon.
Fagopyr., P. Persic., Salix rep., Alism. Plant.
M. strigatus Staeg.—Sperg. arv., Cerast. arv., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Parnass. palustr., Jas. mont.
M. taeniatus Mg.—Ranunc. Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Chelidon.
majus, Lepid. sat., Caps. Bursa-past., Helianth. vulg., Gypsoph. panic.,
Geran. pyren., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Potent. sylv., P. frutic.,
Agrim. Eupat., Lythr. Sal. (F+1I+), Sedum acre, Parnass. pal., Aegopod.
Podagr., Carum Carvi, Aster Tripol., Bidens tripart., Anthem. tinct.,
Tanacet. vulg., Chrysanth. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., L. hast., Picris
hieracioid., Tragopog. prat., Tarax. off., Crep. vir., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Camp. rot., Asclep. syr. F+1I+, Convolv. arv., Euphras. off., Mentha arv.,
Origan. vulg., Stachys pal., Polygon. Persic.
M. sp.—Nasturt. off., Teesdal. nudicaul., Melilot. albus, Trif. arv. ? F+I+,
Galium Moll., Bellis per., Chrysanth. Leuc., Hier. umbellat., Myosot.
alpestr.
Merodon aeneus Mg.—Helianth. vulg., Geran. sanguin., G. dissect., Galium
Moll., Thym. Serp., Antheric. ramos.
M. albifrons Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
M. analis Mg.—Eryng. camp.
M. cinereus F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Leont. hast., Tarax. off.,
Thym. Serp.
Microdon devius L.—Anthrisc. sylv., Echium vulg.
Mytatropa florea L. (=Helophilus floreus L., cf. No. 1027).—Origan. vulg.
Orthoneura nobilis Fal/.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
Paragus bicolor F.—Fragaria vesca, Potent. arg., Chrysanth. Leucanth.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
P. cinctus Schiner et Egg.—Aethusa Cynap.
P. tibialis Fal/.—Medic. lupul., Senec. Jacob., Jas. mont.
P. sp.—Daucus Car.
Pelecocera scaevoides Fall.—Potent. aurea.
P. tricincta Mg.—Geran. sanguin., G. pyren., Oenoth. Lamarck.
Pipiza bimaculata Mg.—Camp. glomer.
P. chalybeata Mg.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Lepid. sat., Echium
rosulat., Salvia sclareoides, Nepeta macrantha F+I-+, Lam. mac. ?F+I+.
P. festiva Mg.—Sisymbr. austriac., Knaut. arv., Scab. ochrol., S. daucoid.,
Hierac. folios.
P. funebris Mg.—Anem. sylv., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Daucus Car., Hypoch. radic., Polygon. Fagopyr.
P. geniculata Mg.—Aegopod. Podagr.
P. lugubris F.—Chrysanth. Leucanth.
P. noctiluca L.—Leont. hast. (?)
P. notata Mg.—Ranunce. lanug., Crat. Oxyac.
P. quadrimaculata Pz.—Ranunce. acris.
P. tristis Mg.—Caltha pal.
P. sp.—Geran. sanguin., Fragaria vesca, Jas. mont.
Pipizella annulata Macq.—Bupleur. falcat., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car.
P. virens F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. auric., Vit. ripar., Medic.
lupul., Potent. Anser., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Angel. sylv.,
Heracl. Sphond., Lycium vulg., Salix rep.
Platycheirus albimanus F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Brass. Rapa,
B. Nap., Melandr. rubr., Stellar. Holost., Hyper. perfor., Erod. cicut. var.
pimpinellif., Medic. sat. FI+, M. lupul., Prunus spin., Parnass. pal.,
Aegopod. Podagr., Daucus Car., Toril. Anthrisc., Anthrisc. sylv., Pulicar.
dysenter., Doronic. Pardalianch., Centaur. nigra, Hypoch. radic., Call.
vulg., Erica ciner., Mentha aquat., Stachys pal.
P. clypeatus Mg.—Stell. med., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Potent. Anser.,
Galium Moll., Salix rep.
P. fasciculatus Loew.—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif.
P. manicatus Mg.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Caltha pal., Cerast. arv.,
C. triv., Medic. sat. F+I+, M. sylv., M. lupul. F+I+, Succ. prat., Eupator.
cannab., Aster Tripol., Pulicar. dysent., Bidens tripart., Achill. Millef.,
Cirs. arv., Centaur. nigra, Leont. aut., Achyrophor. uniflor., Hierac. umb.,
Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Gent. Pneum., Mentha aquat., Salix rep., Narth. ossifr.
1083
1084.
1085
1086.
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093.
1094.
1095.
1096.
1097.
1098.
1099.
1100.
1101.
DIPTERA 575
P. peltatus Mg.—Ranunce. scler., Papaver somnif., Alliar. offic., Stellar.
Holost., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pal., G. sylv., Potent. Anser., Carum Carvi,
oe sylv., Knaut. arv., Centaur. Scab., Limnanth. nymph., Prun.
grandifl.
P. podagratus Zett.—Papaver Argem., Cak. marit., Cichor. Intyb.
P. scutatus Mg.—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Medic. sat; FLI+, M. lupul.,
Chaerophyll. aur., Sherard. arv., Adenoph. styl., Apocyn. androsaemifol.
F—I-—, Gent. Pneum., Mentha aquat., Salvia prat. var. varieg. |
P. sp.—Erysim. orient., Scleranth. per., Parnass. pal., Tussil. Farf., Serrat.
tinct., Jas. mont., Verben. off., Stachys sylv. F+1-+, Armer. elong.
Pyrophaena ocymi F.—Ranunce. scelerat.
P. rosarum F.—Potent. Anser.
P. sp.—Carum Carvi.
Plocota apiformis Schr.—Crat. Oxyac.
Rhingia campestris Mg.—Cak. marit., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Centaur. Jacea,
Convolv. sep., Echium vulg., Scrophul. aquat., Utric. vulg. F+I+, Primul.
viscosa.
R. rostrata L.—Clemat. Vitalba, Thalictr. aquilegif., Anem. sylv., Ranunc.
acris, R. rep., R. Ling., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Berb. vulg., B. aquif., Chelidon.
majus, Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt. amphib., Barbar. vulg., Turrit. glabra,
Cardam. prat., Hesper. matron., Stenophragma Thalian., Alliar. off.,
Brass. oler., Sinap. arv., Berter. incana, Cak. marit., Raphanus Raphan.,
Viola tric. arv. F+I+, Coron. Fl.-cuc., Agrost. Gith., Stellar. Holost.,
Malach. aquat., Cerast. semidec., Malva sylv., Geran. pal., G. sanguin.,
G. pyren., G. rotundif., G. molle, G. pusill., G. Robert., Erod., cicut.,
Saroth. scop. F+I+, Prunus dom., P. avium, P. Cer., P. spin., Rubus
frutic., R. Id., Geum riv., Fragaria vesca, Potent. verna, Agrim. Eupat.,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, P. comm.,
Sorbus Auc., Lythr. Sal. F+1I+, Philad. coron., Bryon. dioica (F+I+),
Anthrisc. sylv., Lonic. tatar., L. Xylost. (F+I-+), Asperula odor., Valer.
dioica, Knaut. arv., K. sylv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., Bellis per., Cirs.
pal., Centaur. Jacea, C. nigra, C. Cyan., Tarax. off., Camp. rapunculoid.,
C. Trach., Phyteum. nigr., Jas. mont., Erica Tetr., Syringa vulg., Phacelia
tanacetif., Convolv. sep., Symphyt. off., Pulm. off., Echium vulg., Litho-
sperm. arv., Myosot. sylv., M. versicol., M. sparsifi., Solan. Dulcam.,
Verbasc. phoenic., Veron. Cham., V. mont., Mentha aquatica, Melissa off.
F+I+, Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Lam. alb. F+I+, L. mac. F+I+,
L. Galeobd. F+I+, Stachys sylv. F+I+, S. pal., Ballota nigra F+I+,
Ajuga rept. (F+1+), Hotton. pal. F+I+, Plantag. med., Polygon. Fagopyr.,
P. Bist., Iris Pseudac., Polygonat. multifl.
R. sp.—Crat. Oxyac., C. monog., Lonic. Periclym. F+I+.
Sericomyia borealis Fall.—Rubus frutic., Angel. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ.
prat., Leont. aut., Achyrophor. unifl., Tarax. off., Call. vulg., Thym. Serp.
S. lappona L.—Leont. hast., Vacc. uligin.
Sphaerophoria scripta L. (=Melithreptus scriptus L., cf. No. 1049).—Potent.
sylv., Parnass. pal., Pimpin. Saxifr., Daucus Car., Succ. prat., Eupator.
cannab., Pulicar. dysent., Achill. Millef., Matricar. inodora, Senec. Jacob.,
Centaur. nigra, Leont. aut.
Sphegina clunipes Fal/.—Moehr. musc., Saxifr. rotundif.
Spilomyia diophthalma L.—Anthrisc. sylv.
S. speciosa Rossi.—Paliur. acul.
S. vespiformis L.—Tarax. off.
Syritta pipiens L.—Clemat. recta, Thalictr. aquilegif., T. flavum, Anem. sylv.,
A. japon., Ranunc. Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Ling., Chelidon.
majus, Nasturt. off., N. amphib., N. sylv., Turrit. glabra, Arab. hirsuta,
Sisymbr. Soph., S. austriac., Erysim. orient., Brass. Rapa, B. nig., Sinap.
arv., Alyss. calyc., A. mont., Berter. incana, Lunar. ann. (F +1I+), Cochlear.
Armorac., C. danica, Lepid. sat., Caps. Bursa-past., Isat. tinctor.,Cak. marit.,
Crambe marit. F+I+, C. pinnatif., Raphan. Raph., Res. odor., Viola tric.
vulg. F+I+, Gypsoph. panic., G. perfol., Sperg. arv., Spergular. sal.,
Stell. gramin., S. med., Malach. aquat., Cerast. arv., C. triv., C. tetr., Hyper.
perfor., H. quadrang., Aesc. Hippocast. F+1+, Vit. ripar., V. rup., Geran.
al., G. molle, Erod. cicut., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Ruta graveol.,
Ptelea trifol., Euon. europ., Rhus Cotinus, Medic. sat. F+I+, M. falc.,
576
1102
1103
1104
1105,
1106
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
M. sylv., M. lupul., Phaca alp., Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Fragaria
vesca, F. vesca var. semperfl., Potent. rept., P. sylv., P. verna, P. frutic.,
P. chrysantha, Alchem. vulg., Sanguis. offic, Agrim. Eupat., Ulmar.
pentapet., U. Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Arunc. sylv., Crat.
Oxyac., C. monog., Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sorbus Auc., Lythr. Sal. F+1I+,
Philad. coron., Sedum acre, S. Teleph., Ribes alp., Saxifr. decip., Parnass.
pal., Astrant. major, Eryng. plan., Conium macul., Apium graveol.,
Petroselin. sativ., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium
latif., Bupleur. falcat., Oenanthe fistul., O. aquat., O. crocata, Conioselin.
tataric., Angel. sylv., Peucedan. ruthenic., Imperat. Ostruth., Aneth.
graveol., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Siler trilob., Daucus Car., Orlaya
grandifl., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Cerefol., Chaerophyll. temul., C. aureum,
Symphoricarp. racem. F+1+, Asperula cynanch., A. odor., Galium Moll.,
G. sylv., G. sylvest., G. verum, G. Aparine, G. saxat., Valer. off., V. asarifol.,
Centranthus ruber ? F+1I+, Valerian. olit., Knaut. arv., Eupator.cannabin.,
E. ageratoid., E. purpur., Aster Amell. var. Bessarabic., A. Nov.-Angl.,
A. abbreviat., A. azur., A. concinn., A. floribund., A. Lindleyan., A. Novi
Belg., A. paniculat., A. phlogifol., A. sagittifol., Biotia commixta, Chrysoc.
Linosyr., Bellis per., Diplopapp. amygd., Solidago Virgaur., S. canad.,
S. ambigua, S. fragr., S. glabra, S. laterifl., S. Ridellii, S. rigida, Silphium
Asteriscus, Pulicar. dysenter., Helenium decurrens, Boltonia glastifol.,
Helianth. divaricat., Coreops. auricul., C. lanceol., Rudbeckia laciniata,
R. speciosa, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., A. filipend., A. grandif., A. tanacetif.,
A. tanacetif. var. dentifera, Anthem. tinct., A. rigesc., Matric. Chamom.,
M. discoid., Tanacet. vulg., T. (Pyrethrum) partheniifol., Chrysanth. seget.,
C. Leucanth., Doronic. Pardalianch., D. austriac., Senec. vulg., S. nemor.,
S. sarracen., S. nebrodens., S. macrophyll., S. Jacob., Echinops sphaeroceph.,
Cirs. arv., Serrat. tinct., Centaur. Cyan., C. caloceph., C. ruthen., Cichor.
Intyb., Tragopog. floccos., Crep. bienn., Hierac. umb., H. crinit., H. hirsut.,
Lobel. Erin., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Ledum pal., Syringa vulg., Apocyn.
androsaemifol. F—I—, Echinosperm. Lapp., Echium rosulat., Lithosperm.
arv., Myosot. sylv., M. intermed., M. versicol., Solanum tuberos., S. Dulcam.,
S. nigr., Verbasc. thapsiforme, V. nigr., Scrophul. nodosa F+I+, Linar.
vulg. F+1+, L. striata, Veron. Cham., V. off., V. mont., V. Anagall.,
V. Beccab., Mentha arv., M. piperita, M. aquatica, M. sylv., M. sylv. var.
Abyssin., Lycopus europ., Salvia Verbenaca, Origan. vulg., Satureia hort.,
Thym. vulg., Melissa off. (F+1I+), Nepeta Catar. F+I+, Lophanth.
rugos., Ballota nigra F+I+, Teucr. canum, Verben. off., Lysim. vulg.
F+I1-+, L. thyrsifl., Samolus Valerandi, Armer. elong., Salsola Kali, S. Soda,
S. crassa, Rheum undul., Polygon. Bist., P. Persic., P. lapathifol., P. mite,
P. avicul., P. Convolv., Elaeagn. angustif., Buxus semperv., Euphorb.
heliosc., E. Gerard., E. palustr., E. platyphyl., E. salicif., E. segetal.,
Mercur. ann., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Alism. Plant., Commelina tuber.,
Scilla nut., Colchic. aut.
. S. sp.—Eryng. camp., Lonic. Periclym. F+I-+.
. Syrphus albostriatus Fal/,—Sisymbr. austriac., Cephalar. radiata, Echinops
banat., Hierac. umbell.
. S. annulipes Zett.—Geran. sylv., Knaut. arv., Chrysanth. Leuc., Leont. aut.,
Achyrophor. uniflor.
. S. arcuatus Fal/.—Cak. marit., Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Potent. rept.,
Sedum refl., Cirs. arv., Sonchus olerac., Crep. vir., Echium vulg., Urtica
dioic., Colchic. aut.
. S. balteatus Deg.—Clemat. Vit., Thalict. aquilegif., Anem. jap., A. japon. fl.
purp., Ranunc. Ling., Berb. vulg., Chelid. majus, Erysim. orient., Cochlear.
Armorac., Caps. Bursa-past., Res. odor., Gypsoph. panic., Sperg. arv.,
Stell. Holost., Malva Alc., Kitaib. vitif., Hyper. perfor., H. quadrang.,
H. tetrapt., Aesc. Hippocast. F+I+, Geran. pyren., Erod. cicut. var.
pimpinellif., Impat. parvifl. F+I+, Medic. sat. F+I+, M. falc., M. sylv.,
M. lupul., Vicia pisiform. F+1+, Pyrus Malus, Epil. Fleisch., Lythr. Sal.
F+I+, Bryonia dioica, Sedum acre, Parnass. pal., Conium macul., Aegopod.
Podagr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Cornus sang., Sym-
phoricarp. racem. F+I+, Valer. off., Cephal. radiata, Succ. prat., Scab.
ochrol., S. Hladnik., Vernon. fascicul., Chrysoc. Linosyr., Diplopapp.
amygd., Solid. bicolor, S. glabra, S. Ridellii, Dahlia Cervantesii, Helen.
1107.
1108.
1109.
1110.
1111.
1112.
1113.
1114,
1115.
1116.
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124.
DIPTERA 577
autumn., Bidens tripartit., Helianth. atrorub., H. decapetal., Coreops.
lanceol., Rudbeckia lacin., Achill. Millef., Senec. nem., S. Jacob., Echinops
exaltat., Cirs. arv., C. olerac., Carlina vulg., Centaur. Jacea, C. nigra,
C. Scabiosa, C. Fontanesii, C. orient., Cichor. Intyb., Thrincia hirta, Leont.
aut., L. hast., Picris hieracioid., Sonchus olerac., Tragopog. prat., T. floccos.,
Scorzon. hum., Hypoch. radic., Mulged. prenanthoid., Sonchus arv., Crep.
vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. cymos, H. prat., Camp. Trach., Phyteum. canesc.,
Call. vulg., Erythr. Centaur., Convolv. arv., C. sep., Lycium vulg., Solanum
tuberos., Verbasc. thapsiforme, V. Thapsus, V. nigr., Veron. Cham., Mentha
arv., M. aquat., M. sylv., Origan. vulg., Melissa off. (F+1+), Stachys
densif., Ajuga rept. F+1I+, Lysim. vulg. F+I+, L. nemor., Plantag. med.,
ge aad Polygon. avicul., Euphorb. heliosc., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
. aurit.
S. cinctellus Zett.—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Potent. sylv., Angel. sylv.,
Pastin. sat., Senec. nem., Echinops banat., Achyrophor. unifior.
S. cinctus Zett.—Pastin. sat.
S. confusus Egg.—Leont. hast. (?)
S. corollae F.—Anem. japon. fl. purp., Sperg. arv., Stell. med., Erod. cicut.
var. pimpinellif., Impat. parvifl, F+I+, Medic. sat. FtI+, M. sylvest.,
M. lupul., Trif. rep. F+I+, ? F+1+, Sorbus Auc., Saxifr. umbrosa,
Eryng. plan., Aegopod. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv., Symphoricarp.
racem. F+1I-+, Scab. ucranica, Eupator. ageratoid., Aster Tripol., A. Amell.,
Diplopapp. amygd., Helianth. divaricat., Coreopsis lanceol., Rudbeckia
lacin., Achill. Millef., Cacalia hast., Echinops banat., E. exaltat., Cirs. olerac.,
Centaur. Endressi, C. ruthen., Hypoch. radic., Achyrophor. uniflor., Hierac.
umbellat., Lobel. Erin., Jas. mont., Convolv. sep., Pulmon. angustifol.,
Linar. vulg. FiI+, Mentha piperita, M. aquat., Stachys pal., Polygon.
avicul., Euphorb. heliosc., E. Pepl., Mercur. ann., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
Colchic. aut.
S. decorus Mg.—Alliar. off.
S. diaphanus Zett.—Peucedan. Oreoselin. (?)
S. excisus Zett,—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Parnass. pal.
S. glaucius L.—Aegopod. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond.
S. grossulariae Mg.—Rubus frutic., Aegopod. Podagr.
S. lasiophthalmus Zett,—Ranunc. Fic., Daucus Car., Tussil. Farf., Bellis per.,;
Salix vimin.
S. laternarius Mill.—Aegopod. Podagr.
S. lineola Zett,—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Aegopod. Podagr., Pimpin.
Saxifr., Centaur. rhen., Tarax. off.
S. luniger Mg.—Ranunce. acris, Medic. falc., M. sylvest., Centranthus ruber t¢ ,
Aster floribund., Coreops. auricul., Lactuca perenn., Veron. off., Melampyr.
sylv., Nepeta Mussini.
S. lunulatus Mg.—Clem. Vit., Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanug.,
Ribes rubr., Achyrophor. uniflor., Melampyr. sylv., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit.
S. maculatus Zett.—Tussil. Farf.
S. nitidicollis Mg.—Ranunce. lanugin., Cardam. prat., Ruta graveol., Aegopod.
Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Knaut. arv., Chrysanth. Leuc., Leont. aut., Tarax.
off., Hierac. umbellat., Convolv. arv.
S. pyrastri L.—Clemat. recta, Ranunc. acris, R. rep. R. bulb., Sinap. arv.,
Cak. marit., Helianth. vulg., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Cerast. arv., Geran. pyren.,
Erod, cicut. var. pimpinellif., Trif. rep. F+1+, ? F+I1-4, T. arv. F+I+,
Vicia Faba F{I+ Potent. frutic., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Lythr. Sal.
F+I1+, Parnass. pal., Aegopod. Podagr., Levist. off., Angel. sylv., Aneth.
graveol., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Valer. mont., Knaut. arv., Succisa
prat., Chrysocoma Linosyr., Helianth. multifi., Echinops exaltat., Cirs.
arv., Centaur. rhen., C. dealb., Leont. aut., Achyrophor. uniflor., Tarax. off.,
Sonchus arv., Crep. bienn., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Convolv. sep., Echium
vulg., Veron. Cham., Mentha aquat., Salvia off. (F+I+), Origan. vulg.,
Nepeta macrantha F+I+, Teucr. canum, Polygon. Fagopyr., Buxus
semperv., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Lilium cand., Eremur. altaic.,
Colchic. aut.
S. ribesii L.—Clemat. Vitalba, Anem. japon., Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
R. Ling., R. lanugin., Berb. aquif., Papaver Rhoeas, Glaucium flavum,
DAVIS. II Pp
578
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130.
1131
1132
1133.
1134.
1135.
1136,
1137-
1138.
1139
1140.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
G. cornicul., Chelidon. majus, Eschscholtzia californ., Sinap. arv., Berter.
incana, Crambe marit. (F+I+), Raphan. Raph., Helianth. vulg., Sperg.
arv., Stell. Holost., S. med., Hyper. perfor., H. quadrang., Acer. Pseudoplat.,
Geran. pyren., Impat. parviflor, F+I+, Ruta graveol., Euon. europ.,
Staphyl. pinn., Medic. sat. F+I+, M. sylvestr., Rubus frutic., R. caes.,
R. Id., Potent. Anser., Agrim. Eupat., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Crat. Oxyac., Epil. angust., Gaura bienn., Lythr. Sal. F+1+, Philad. coron.,
Sicyos angul., Ribes Grossul., Parnassia palustr., Astrant. major, Eryng,
marit., E. camp., Conium macul., Aegopod. podagr., Carum Carvi, Pimpin.
Saxifr., Sium latif.. Oenanthe crocata, Heracl. Sphond., Siler trilob.,
Dauc. Carota, Anthrisc. sylv., Chaerophyll. aur., Sambuc. nigra, Sym-
phoricarp. racem. F+I+, Galium Moll., Valerian. olit., Cephalar. rad.,
C. uralens., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., S. ochrol., Eupator.
cannab., E. purp., Aster abbrev., A. Amell. var. Bessarab., A. lanceol.,
A. panicul., A. pan. var. pubescens, Biotia commixta, Chrysoc. Linosyr.,
Diplopapp. amygd., Solidago canad., Silphium terebinth., Inula thaps-
oid., Pulicar. dysenter., Boltonia glastif., Helianth. multifl., Coreops.
auricul., Artem. Absinthium, Anthem. tinct., Tanacet. vulg., Cacalia hast.,
Senec. nemor., S. Jacob., Calend. off., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Carduus nutans,
Serrat. tinct., Centaur. microptilon, Cichor. Intyb., Leont. aut., L. hast.,
L. asper, Tarax. salin., Sonchus arv., Crep. vir., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Jas. mont. Convolv. sep., Myosot. palustr., Verbasc. Thapsus, Veron.
longifol., Euphras. off., Mentha arv., M. aquat., Lycop. europ., Origan.
vulg., Plantag. lanc., P. med., Polygon. Bist., Hippoph. rhamn., Salix
cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep., Alism. Plant., Tulipa sylv.
S. seleniticus Mg.—Heracl. Sphond.
S. topiarius Mg.—Hyper. perfor., Senec. Jacob., Achyrophor. uniflor.
S. tricinctus Fa//.—Cirs. pal., Tarax. off.
S. trilineatus L.—Rubus caes., Parnass. pal.
S. umbellatorum F.—Papaver Rhoeas, Sinap. arv., Cak. marit., Eryng.
marit., Heracl. Sphond., Daucus Car., Serrat. tinct., Cichor. Intyb.
S. venustus Mg.—Ranunc. lanugin., Brass. Rapa, B. Napus, Tarax. off.
S. vitripennis Mg.—Origan. vulg.
S. vittiger Zet#,— Anthrisc. sylv., Tarax. off. (?)
Syrphus sp.—Thalictr. minus, Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., Caltha pal., Papaver somnif., Nasturt. sylv., Raphan. Raph.,
Malach. aquat., Hyper. perfor., Geran. Robert., Frag. vesca, Potent. verna,
Circaea lutet. F+1+, Sedum acre, Apium graveol., Carum Carvi, Oenanthe
aquat., Lonic. Periclym. F+1+, Scab. atropurp., Solid. Virgaur., Cirs.
arv., Leont. aut.,Crep. bienn., Lobel. Erin., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Solanum
Dulcam., Scrophul. aquat., Euphras. off., Ballota nigra F+14+4, Verben. off.,
Hotton. pal. F+I+, Plantag. med., Rheum Rhapont., Euphorb. dendroid.
Tropidia milesiformis Fal/.—Cak. marit., Comar. pal., Aegopod. Podagr.,
Galium boreale.
* Volucella bombylans L.—Raphan. Raph., Dianth. delt., Coron. Fl.-cuc.,
Stell. gramin., Tilia ulmif., Melilot. albus F+I+., Trif. rep. F+I-+, T. prat.,
T. med., Rubus frutic., Potent. Anser., P. rept., P. frutic., Ulmar. pentap.,
Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Philad. coron., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Chryso-
phyll. Villarsii, Valer. off., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Cirs. arv.,
C. pal., Centaur. Cyan., C. rhen., Leont. aut., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Erica
Tetr., Solan. Dulcam., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Stachys Beton. (F+I+)
Armer. elong., Orchis. mac. F+I+, Antheric. ramos.
V. bombylans L. var. bombylans Mg.—Crep. bienn.
*V. bombylans L. var. plumata Mg. (cf. No. 1141).—Onobr. viciif., Rubus
frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Lythr. Sal. F+1I+, Knaut. arv.,
Cirs. arv., Jas. mont.
V. haemorrhoidalis Zett. (=V. bombylans L. var. haemorrhoidalis Zett.).—
Erica Tetr.
V. inanis L.—Rubus frutic., Aegopod. Podagr., Valer. off., Inula Helenium,
Senec. nemor., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Mentha sylv., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp.
V. pellucens L.—Ranunc. lanugin., Hesper. matron., Tilia ulmif., Rubus
frutic., R. Id., Potent. frutic., Ulmar. pentap., Philad. coron., Aegopod.
Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Corn. sang., Valer. off., Dipsac. sylv., Cephal. ural., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat.,
’
DIPTERA 579
Scab. ochrol., S. Hladnik., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Cacalia hast., Cirs.
arv., Leont. hast., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg.,
Thym. Serp., Plantag. lanc., P. med.
1141. V. plumata Mg. (=V. bombylans L. var. plumata Mg., cf. No. 1137).—Coron.
Fl.-cuc., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Erica Tetr., Origan. vulg.
1142, Xanthogramma citrofasciata Deg.—Euon. europ., Alchem. vulg., Petroselin.
Sativ.
1143. Xylota femorata L.—Myrrhis odor.
1144, X. florum F.—Heracl. Sphond.
1145. X. ignava Pz.—Clem. recta, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Anthrisc. sylv.
1146. X. lenta Mg.—Clem. recta, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Anthrisc. sylv.
1147. X. segnis L.—Erod. cicut. var. pimpinellif., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Crat. Oxyac., Heracl. Sphond., Syringa vulg.
1148. X. sylvarum L.—Stachys sylv. F+1I+.
1149. X. triangularis Zett.—Tarax. off.
1150. X. sp.—Senec. nemor.
V. Tabanidae.
1151. Chrysops caecutiens L.—Sinap. arv., Gypsoph. panic., Potent. frutic., Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Pimpin. Saxifr., Thym. Serp.
1152. Haematopota pluvialis L.—Knaut. arv.
1153. Silvius vituli F.—Eupator. cannabin.
1154. Tabanus auripilus Mg. var. aterrimus Mg.—Daucus Car.
1155. T. borealis F.—Imperator. Ostruth., Chaerophyll. Villarsii.
1156. T. bovinus L.—Tilia ulmif.
1157. T. bromius L.—Peucedan. Oreoselin., Cirs. arv.
1158. T. infuscatus Loew.—Angel. sylv.(?), Peucedan. Oreoselin., Daucus Car.
1160. T. micans Mg.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.
1161. T. rusticus £.—Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Cirs. arv., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Thym. serp., Allium rot.
1162. T. tropicus L.—Ajug. rept. ? F+I+4+.
1163. T. sp.—Thym. Serp.
W. Therevidae.
1164. Thereva anilis L.—Potent. Anser., Aegopod. Podagr., Carum Carvi, Anthrisc.
sylv., Galium Moll.
1165. T. microcephala Loew.—Euphorb. Cypariss.
1166. T. nobilitata Faby.—Galium Moll., Angel. sylv.
1167. T. praecox Egg.—Crat. Oxyac.
1168. Xestomyza kollari Egg.—Rubus frutic.
X. Tipulidae.
1169. Pachyrhina crocata L.—Aegopod. Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv., Galium Moll.
1170. P. histrio F.—Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.
1171. P. pratensis L.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Anthrisc. sylv.
1172. P. scurra Mg.—Carum Carvi.
1173. P. sp.—Euphorb. heliosc.
1174. Ptychoptera contaminata L.—Anthrisc. sylv.
1175. Tipula oleracea L.—Rubus frutic., Parnass. pal.
1176. T. sp.—Carum Carvi, Aneth. graveol., Myrrhis odor., Valer. dioica.
IV. HYMENOPTERA
T
T
ab
1159. T. luridus Fal/.—Valer. off.
T
T
A. Apidae.
1177. Ammobatus vinctus Gerst.—Centaur. Biberst.
1178. Andrena aeneiventris Morv.—Orlaya grand.
1179. A. aestiva Sm. (=bicolor F., cf. No. 1190).—Campan. rapunculoid., Erythr.
Cent., Polygon. Fagop.
1180. A. albicans Muill., 9 3-33, $ 2-21 mm.—Clemat. Vitalba, C. recta, Anem. nem.,
Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulbos., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Berb. vulg., Papav.
nudicaule, Nasturt. sylv., Arab. aren., Cardam. impat., Hesper. matron.,
Brass. oler., B. Rapa, Sinap. arv., Cochlear. Armorac., Iber. amara, Viola
odor., V. tric. vulg. F+I+, Polyg. com., Stell. med., Cerast. arv., Acer
Pseudoplat., Rhus Cotinus, Cytis. Lab. F+1+, Persica vulg., Prunus dom.,
Pp2
580
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
P. avium, P. Cer., P. cerasif., P. insititia, P. spin., Rosa can., Rubus frutic.,
R. Id., Potent. Anser., P. verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., S. opulif.,
Crat. Oxyac., C. monog., Cydonia jap., Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sorbus Auc.,
Philad. coron., Ribes alp., R. Gross., Astrant. maj., Aegop. Podagr., Carum
Carv., Anthrisc. sylv., Corn. sang., Viburn. Opul., Lonic. tatar., Valer. off.
var. altiss., Valer. dioica, Valerianel. olit., Tussil. Farf., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., Vacc. Myrt., Myosot. sylv.,
M. interm., Linar. Cymb. F+I+, Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Lam. alb. g
F+I+, Polygon. Bist., Euphorb. aspera, Salix Capr., S. cin., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil., S. triand., S. vimin., S. rep., Cyprip. Calc. 9 F+I+,
Gagea bracteol., G. spath., Scilla sibir., Hyac. orient.
1181. A. albicrus K. 3 mm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Cheiranth. Cheiri,
1182
Nasturt. sylvest., Arabis paucifl., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv.,
Iber. amara, Viola odor., Sperg. arv., Stell. med., Genista tinct. F+I+,
Prunus Cer., P. spin., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Potent. Anser., P. rept.,
P. verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aruncus sylv., Crat. Oxyac.,
Pyrus Malus, Sorbus Auc., Aegop. Podagr., Tussil. Farf., Hypoch. radic.,
Tarax. off., Crep. rubra, Hierac. Pilos., Campan. rot., Echium vulg., Polygon.
Fagopyr., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., S. triand., S. vimin.,
S. rep., Gagea stell.
. A, albofasciata Thoms.—Muscari racemos.
1183. A. albopunctata Rossi (=A. funebris Pz.).—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt. lippic.,
1184
1185,
1186
1187
Res. lutea, Malva sylv., Lotus corn., Rubus frutic., Thym. Cham., T. dalm.
. A, alpina Mor.—Campan. rot., C. Trach.
. A, angustior K. (=A. symphyti (Per.) Schmiedekn).—Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos.
. A, apicata Sm.—Sorbus Auc., Ribes aureum, Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off., Salix
cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil.
. A. argentata Sm. 2-24 mm. (cf. No. 1238).—Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap.,
Cerast. arv., Prunus Cer., Potent. sylv., P. verna, Heracl. Sphond., Achill.
Millef., A. Ptarm., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Jas. mont., Call.
vulg., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., S. rep.
1188. A. atviceps K. (=A. tibialis K., cf. No. 1304), 3} mm.—Berb. vulg., Prunus
spin., Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc., Tarax. off., Vacc. uligin., Salix cin., S.
Capr., S. aurit., Cyprip. Calc. 9 F+I1+.
1189, A. austriaca Pz. (cf. Nos. 1283 and 1314).—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
1190
1191
Paliur. acul., Rubus frutic., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Cirs.
arv., Salix sp.
. A. bicoloy F. (=A. gwynana K. (2nd gen.), cf. Nos. 1179, 1239-41).—
Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Polygon. Fagop.
. A. bimaculata K. (cf. No. 1213),—Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., Succ. prat.,
Cirs. arv., Picr. hierac., Salix sp.
1192. A. braunsiana Friese.—Linum austr., Veron. spic.
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
. A. bucephala Steph.—Acer Pseudoplat., Prunus spin., Salix sp.
. A. carbonaria L. (cf.-No. 1275).—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt. lippic., Sisymbr.
orient., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv., Lepid. sat., Myagr.
perfol., Raphan. sat., Trif. arv. 6 F+1+, Coron. Emerus, Prunus spin.,
Rubus frutic., Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Tordyl. apul., Cornus sang.,
Bellis per., Tanac. Parth., Senec. Jacob., Centaur. aren., Tarax. off., Eric.
arb., Ligustr. vulg., Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Rosmar. off., Marrub. vulg.
Tee M. candidiss., Ajug. genev., Armer. elong., Salix aurit., S. alba,
S. fragil.
. A. cetit Schr. (=A. marginata F., cf. No. 1255).—Succ. prat., Scab. Columb.,
S. ochrol., Onopord. Acanth.
. A curyecbyes Schenck.—Stell. Holost., Crep. tector., Hierac. Pilos., Veron.
am.
. A. chrysosceles K.—Brass. Rapa, Stell. med., Crat. Oxyac., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Tarax. off., Veron. Cham., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. purp., Gagea fascic.
. A. cineraria L. (cf. No. 1235), 4mm.—Ranunc. Fic., Arab. aren., Cardam. prat.,
Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Stell. Holost., Cerast. arv., Melilot. albus F+I-+,
Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Tarax. off., Prim. elat., Salix Capr., S. cin.,
S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. rep.
. A. cingulata F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanugin., Arab. aren.,
Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv., Stell. Holost., Geran. pusill., Potent.
1200.
1201
1202
1203
1204.
1205.
HYMENOPTERA 581
verna, Sorbus Auc., Bryon. alba, Sedum acre, Tarax. off., Conv. arv.,
Veron. Cham., V. arv.
. A. clarkella K.—Ranunce. Fic., Ulex europ. F+I+, Potent. steril., Tussil.
Farf., Bellis per., Tarax. off., Veron. Tournef., Salix Capr., S. cin., S. alba,
S. fragil., S. vimin., S. monandr., Narc. Pseud.-Narc. F+I+.
. A. coitana K. (=A. shawella K., cf. No. 1294).—Malva mosch., Geran. prat.,
Ulmar. pentap., Heracl. Sphond., Cirs. pal., Leont. hast., Hierac. vulgat.,
Campan. rot., C. Trach., C. pat., Jas. mont., Digit. purp., D. ambig., Thym.
Serp., Galeops. Tetr. F+1I+.
. A. colletiformis Mor.—Paliur. acul.
. A. collinsonana K.(=A. proxima K., cf. No. 1280).—Pyrus comm., Anthrisc.
sylv., Valerian. olit., Senec. Jacob., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. A. combinata. Car. (cf. No. 1216).—Nasturt. lippic., Brass. Rapa, Prunus avium,
Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Aegop. Podagr., Dauc. Car., Symphoric. racem.
F+I+, Artemis. Absinth., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Pentstem. pubesc.,
P. orat., P. procer., Salix sp.
. A. congruens Schmiedekn.—Prunus spin., Tarax. off., Salix aurit.
1206. A. connectens K, (=? A. convexiuscula K.),—Crat. Oxyac., Tarax. off., Salix
1207
1208
cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. A. convexiuscula K, (=A. afzeliella K., A. similis Sm., and A. xanthura K.).—
Aquileg. vulg., Nasturt. lippic., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, Thlaspi praec., Res.
lutea, Cist. vill., Sperg. arv., Genista angl. F +1+, Cytis. sagitt., Medic. sat.
QF+I1+, M. lupul. ?F+I+, Melilot. altiss. F+1+, Trif. prat.?F+1+,
$ FLI+, T. med., Lotus corn. ? F+I+4, Vicia sep., V. Faba $ F+I+,
V. hirs. F+1+, Lathyr. mont. § andé F+1+, Pyrus Malus, Sorbus Auc.,
Ribes Gross., Dauc. Car., Symphoric. racem. $ F+I1+, Valerian. olit.,
Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Senec. Jacob., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Hierac.
Pilos., Phyteum. nigr., Vacc. Myrt., Veron. Cham., Thym. Cham., Lam.
alb., Stach. sylv., S. arv., Prun. vulg., Empetr. nigr., Euphorb. Cypar.,
Salix alba, S. fragil., S. rep.
. A. convexiuscula K. var. fuscata K.—Res. lutea, Dorycnium hirs., Anthem.
arv., Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Stach. recta, Ajug. genev.
1209. A. croatica Friese.—Salix sp., Muscari racemos.
1210. A. curvungula Thoms. (cf. No. 1244).—Aquil. vulg., Astrag. Onobrych.,
1211.
Campan. rot., C. glom., C. pat.
A. cyanescens Ny/,—Cist. vill., C. monspel., C. salviif., Lotus corn., Potent.
verna, Anthem. arv., Hierac. Pilos., Veron. Cham., Stach. ital.
1212. A. deceptoria Schmiedekn.—Thlaspi praec., Myagr. perfol., Raphan. sat., Lotus
1213.
1214.
1215,
corn., Prunus spin., Vinca min., Thym. dalm.
A. decorata Sm. (2nd gen.), (=A. bimaculata K., cf. No. 1191).—Sisymbr.
orient.
A. denticulata K.—Sinap. arv., Medic. falc., Trif. arv. 6 F+1+, Potent.
sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Solidag. Virgaur., S. canad., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. pal., Centaur. nigr., Thrinc. hirt., Leont.
aut., Hypoch. radic., Prenanth. purpur., Crep. bien., C. vir., C. tector.,
Hierac. vulgat., H. muror., Jas. mont., Veron. Tournef., Euphras. Odont.,
Lysim. vulg.
. A. distinguenda Schenck. ( =A. lepida Schenck.,cf. No. 1252).—Caps. Bursa-past.
1216. A. dorsata K. (2nd gen.), (=A. combinata Chr.,cf. No. 1204), 3 mm.—Papaver
Rhoeas, Cardam. prat., Sisymbr. off., S. austriac., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap.,
Sinap. arv., Stell. med., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pal., G. pyren., Lupin.
polyph., Melilot. altiss. ? F+1+, Trif. med., T. pannon., Astrag. monspess.,
Vicia onobrychoid., Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., Fragaria vesca, Potent.
arg., P. verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc.,
Philad. coron., Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Anthr. sylv., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., C. vir., Jas.
mont., Call. vulg., Verbasc. phoenic., Nepeta Muss. F+I+, Polygon.
Fagop., P. Pers., Euphorb. aspersa, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
1217. A. dragana Friese. (=A. spinigera K., cf. No. 1298).—Salix sp.
1218.
A. dubitata Schenck.—Cist. salviif., Geran. molle, Dorycnium herbac.,
Trif. rep. F+1+, Heracl. Sphond., Thym. Cham., Salix aurit.
1219. A. eximia Sm. 3} mm.—Stell. med., Prunus spin., Centaur. Scab., Eric.
carn., Salix aurit., S. Capr., S. cin., S. alba, S. fragil., S. purp., S. monandr.,
S. pentandr.
582
1220
1221
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. A. extricata Sm. (cf. No. 1221).—Ranunc. Fic., Barbar. vulg., Brass. oler.,
B. Rapa, Medic. sat. $6 F+I+, Prunus spin., Tarax. off., Salix aurit.,
S. Capr., S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., Tulipa sylv.
. A. fasciata Wesm. (=A. extricata Sm., cf. No. 1220) 3-4 mm.—Stell. med.,
Medic. med., Trif. prat. 9 F4+I4, 3 F+I+, Prunus Armen., P. spin.,
Philad. coron., R. Gross., Aegopod. alpestre, Doronic austriac., Tarax. off.,
Myosot. interm., Euphorb. pal., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Ornithog.
umb., Polygon. multifl.
1222. A. ferox Smith.—Crat. Oxyac.
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228,
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233.
1234
1235
1236
1237.
. A. flavipes Pz. (cf. No. 1233).—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Fic.,
Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt. lippic., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv., Caps.
Bursa-past., Myagr. perfol., Bunias Erucago, Raphan. sat., Geran. molle,
Paliur. acul., Spartium junc., Onon. spin. ? F+1I+, Melilot. albus F+1+,
Trif. rep. F+I+, T. nigresc., Lotus corn., Coron. Emerus, Prunus spin.,
Sorbus Auc., Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond., Tussil. Farf., Achill. Millef.,
Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Jas. mont.,
Veron. Cham., Salvia Bertol., Thym. Serp., T. dalm., Rosmar. off., Ajug.
genev., Salix Capr., S. alba, S. fragil.
. A. figurata Mor.—Conium mac.
. A. flessae Pz.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Brass. Rapa, Res. lutea, Melilot. altiss.
e +I+, Fragaria vesca, Crep. bien., Thym. Serp., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
. aurit.
. A, florea F. 3 mm.—Sisymbr. off., Stell. med., Rubus frutic., Bryon. dioica
$ and $ F+I-4, B. alba 9 and $6 F414, Cirs. arv., Card. nut.
. A. florentina Mg.—Brass. Rapa, Bellis per.
. A. floricola Ev. (cf. No. 1282).—Brass. Rapa, Stell. med., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit.
. A. fucata Sm.—Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Rosa can., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Coton. integ. ?F+I+, Bryonia
alba, Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Tarax. off., Crep.
vir., Vacc. Myrt.
. A. fulva Schr. 3 mm.—Berb. vulg., Viola odor. F{I-+, Polyg. Chamaeb.,
Trif. prat., Prunus dom., P. avium, P. Cer., P. spin., Crat. Oxyac., Cydonia
jap., Pyrus Malus, Sorbus Auc., Ribes rubrum, R. Gross., Tarax. off., Vacc.
uligin., Forsyth. virid., Scopolia atrop., Verbasc. phoenic., Nepeta Glech.
F+I+, Dodecath. integrif., Euphorb. pal., E. pil., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit., S. nigric., Tulipa sylv., Fritill. imper., F. latifol., Hyac. orient.,
Muscari botr., M. Lelievrii.
. A. fulvago Chr.—Polyg. com., Geran. pyren., Aegop. Podagr., Thrinc. hirt.,
Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., C. vir., C. palud., Hierac. Pilos.,
H. muror., Jas. mont.
. A. fulvescens Sm. (=A. humilis Imh.) d 33 mm. (cf. No. 1245).—Ranunce. auric.,
Brass. oler., Genista tinct. F+I+, Pimpin. Saxifr., Thrinc. hirt., Leont.
hast., Hypoch. radic., H. glabra, Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos.,
H. vulgat., Jas. mont.
A. fulvicrus K. (=A. flavipes Pz., cf. No. 1223), 3-3} mm.—Anem. nemor.,
Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Berb. vulg., Papaver Rhoeas, Brass. oler.,
Helianth. vulg., Stell. med., Malva sylv., Hyper. perfor., Geran. pal., Saroth.
scop. F+I-+, Genista tinct. F+1+, G. angel. F+1+, Medic. falc., Melilot.
albus ? and 6 F+I4+, Trif. rep. ? F+I1+, T. prat. ? F+1+, Prunus spin.,
Potent. verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Philad.
coron., Bryonia dioica ? F+I+, Carum Car., Heracl. Sphond., Tussil.
Farf., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob.,
Cirs. arv., Cichor. Int., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Crep. tector.,
Campan. Trach., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Echium vulg., Veron. Cham.,
Mentha aquat., Nepeta Glech., Polygon. Fagopyr., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit., S. vimin., Cyprip. Calc. ? F+I+4.
. A. fulvida Schenck.—Rubus Id., Hierac. Pilos., Euphorb. Cypar., Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit.
. A. fumipennis Schmiedkn. (2nd gen.) (=A. cineraria, cf. No. 1198).—Epil.
angust., Cirs. arv.
. A. fuscipes K. (cf. No. 1281).—Trif. arv. F+I-+, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Senec. Jacob., Call. vulg.
A. genevensis Schmiedekn.—Potent. verna.
HYMENOPTERA 583
1238. A. gracilis Schenck. (=A. argentata Sm., cf. No. 1187).—Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit.
1239. A. gwynana K. (cf. Nos. 1240 and 1241) 24 mm.—Clemat. recta, Pulsat. vulg.
1240,
1241
F+4I+, Ranune, acris, R. rep., R. bulbos., R. Fic., Cardam. prat., Brass.
oler., B. Rapa, Lunar. ann. F +I+, Raphan. sat., Holost. umbell., Stell.
Holost., S. med., Malva sylv., Geran. prat., G. dissect., G. molle., G. Robert.,
Erod. cicut., Prunus spin., Acer Pseudopl., Rubus frutic. F+1+, Potent.
steril., Spir. salicif., Crat. Oxyac., Cydonia jap., Pyrus comm., Ribes alp., R.
Gross., Chrysosplen. alt., Knaut. arv., Solid. Virgaur., Tussil. Farf., Petas.
off., Bellis per., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Card. crisp., Tarax. off., Hierac. umbell.,
Campan. rot., C. Trach., C. persic., C. pat., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin.,
Erythr. Cent., Pulm. off., Atropa Bell., Verbasc. nigr., Linar: vulg., Veron.
Cham., V. triph., V. Tournef., V. hederif., Prim. elat. F+1+, P. veris
F+4I+, P. vulg. F+I4, Salix aurit., S. Capr., S. cin., S. alba, S. fragil.,
S. purp., S. rep., Gagea fasc., G. arv., Scilla sibir.
» A. gwynana K. var. aestiva Sm. (2nd gen.) (=A. gwynana K., cf. No. 1239).—
Melilot. alb. F+1I+, Valerian. olit.
. A. gwynana K. var. bicolor F. (2nd gen.) (=A. gwynana K., cf. No. 1239).—
Aneth. grav.
1242. A. hattorfiana F. 6-7 mm.—Libanot. mont., Dauc. Car., Knaut. arv.,
1243
1244
1245,
1246
1247
K. sylv., Scab. Columb., Jas. mont., Echium vulg.
» A. helvola L. (cf. No. 1309).—Berb. vulg., Prunus spin., Geum riv., Crat.
Oxyac., Aegop. Podagr., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Polyg. Fagop., Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit.
. A, hiviipes Schenck. (=A. curvungula Thoms., cf. No. 1210).—Campan. glom.,
Phyteum nigr.
. A. humilis Imh. (cf. No. 1232).—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Brass. oler.,
Crat. Oxyac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., H.
umbell., Thym. dalm., Salix sp.
. A. hypopolia (Pér.) Schmiedekn.—Sisymbr. orient.
. A. julliani Schmiedekn.—Muscari comos., M. racemos.
1248. A. korleviciana Friese.—Trif. prat., Lysim. vulg.
1249. A. labialis K.—Res. lutea, Geran. molle, Trif. prat. $ F+I+, o (F+I-+),
1250,
Lotus corn. § F+I+, Onobr. viciif., Vic. Faba F +1+, Rosa can., Crat.
Oxyac., Bryon. alba, Anthr. sylv., Viburn. opul., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos.,
Campan. pat., Asperug. proc., Echium vulg., Thym. Serp., T. dalm., Ajug.
rept. ? F+I+, Allium rot.
. A. labiata Schenck. (cf. Nos. 1288 and 1291).—Nasturt. sylv., Stell. Holost.,
Lotus corn., Bryon. alba, Cornus sang., Tarax. off., Veron. Cham.
1251. A. lapponica Zett,—Tussil. Farf., Vacc. Myrt., Salix sp.
1252. A. lepida Schenck. (cf. No. 1215).—Conium macul., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
1253. A. limbata Ev.—Sisymbr. orient., Dorycnium herbac., Melilot. altiss. F+1I+,
Sedum acre, Salv. off. F+1I+, S. Bertol., Thym. Cham., T. dalm.
1254. A. lucens Imh.—Myagr. perfol., Melilot. altiss. F+I+, Trif. nigresc., Potent.
hirta., Aneth. grav., Dauc. Car., Card. pycnoceph., Centaur. Jac., Thym.
Cham., T. dalm., Salix cin.
1255. A. marginata F. (cf. No. 1195).—Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb.,
Scab. suav., Onopord. Acanth., Leont. aut., Hierac. Pilos., Jas. mont.
1256. A. minutula K. (2nd gen.) (=A. parvula K., cf. No. 1272).—Rubus frutic.,
Petrosel. sat., Carum Car., Peuced. Cerv., Inula Hel., Anthem. arv., Veron.
Cham., V. Beccab., Salix sp. ;
1257. A. mitis (Pér.) Schmiedekn.—Acer Pseudoplat., Salix sp.
1258. A. mixta Schenck. (=A. varians K. var. mixta Schenck., cf. No. 1310).—
1259.
1260.
1261.
1262.
Tarax. off.
A. morawitzi Thoms.—Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off., Campan. rot., Salix Capr.,
S. cin., S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. rep.
A. morawitzi Thoms. var. paveli Mocs. (cf. No. 1273).—Salix Capr., S. cin.
A. morio Brull,—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Symbr. orient., Myagr. perfol., Res.
lutea, Cist. monspel., Saroth. scop., Dorycnium hirs., D. herbac., Melilot.
altiss. F+1I+, Prunus Mahaleb, Eric. arb., Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Teucr.
Pol.
A. nana K,.—Nasturt. lippic., Arab. aren., Brass. oler., Sinap. arv., Bunias
Erucago, Raphan. sat., Cist. vill., C. monspel., C. salviif., Tun. saxifr.,
Paliur. acul., Melilot. altiss. F+I+, Trif. prat., Potent. rept., P. verna,
584
1263.
1264.
1265.
1266
1267.
1268.
1269.
1270.
1271.
1272.
1273.
1274.
1275.
1276.
1277.
1278.
1279.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Saxifr. umbrosa, Carum Carvi, Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., Cirs. arv., Hypoch. radic., Conv. cantabr.,
Myosot. interm., Thym. dalm., Polygon. Fagop., Euphorb. Pepl.
A. nasuta Giv.—Melilot. albus, Anchusa off.
A. neglecta Dours.—Alyss. mont., Lam. purp., Salix purp.
A. nigriceps K.—Hyper. perfor., Trif. rep. F+I+, T. arv. F+I+, Sedum
acre, Succ. prat., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv.,
Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Mentha sylv., Thym. Serp.
A. nigroaenea K. 3-3} mm.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. Fic., Papaver
nudicaule, Chelidon. majus, Arab. aren., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap.,
Res. luteola, R. odor., Acer camp., Genista angl. F+I+, Onobr. viciif.,
Prunus avium, Rubus Id., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Pyrus comm., Sorbus Auc., Deutzia crenata, Bryon. dioica $ andé F+I+,
Ribes aur., R. Gross., Carum Carvi, Tussil. Farf., Anthem. arv., Chrys.
Leuc., Tarax. off., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., Cynogloss. off., Thym. Serp., Lam.
purp., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep., Cyprip. Calc. ? F+I+.
A. nitida Fourcr. 3} mm.—Adon. vern., Ranunc. acris, Papaver nudicaule,
Chelidon. majus, Sisymbr. austriac., Alliar. off., Brass. Rapa, Coron. Fl.-cuc.,
Prunus spin., Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc., Philad. coron., Ribes Gross.,
Aegopod. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Asper. taur., Valerian.
olit., Bellis per., Doronic. caucus., Centaur. nigresc., Tarax. off., Symph. off.,
Pulm. off., Veron. Cham., Lam. alb. F+1+, Ajug. rept. ? F+1I+, Euphorb.
pal., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. vimin.
A. nobilis Mor.—Sisymbr. orient.
A. nycthemera Imh.—Salix sp.
A. ovina Kilg. (cf. No. 1277).—Tarax. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. vimin.
A. parviceps Kriechb.—Salix sp.
A. parvula K. (cf. No. 1256).—Anem. nemor., Adon. vern., Ranunc. auric.,
R. lanugin., R. Fic., Papaver nudicaule, Nasturt. lippic., Arab. aren.,
A. alb., Cardam. prat., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Schiever. podol., Eroph. verna,
Thlaspi arv., Lepid. sat., Caps. Bursa-past., Isat. tinctor., Myagr. perfol.,
Res. lutea, Helianth. vulg., Cist. salviif., Tun. Saxifr., Holost. umbell., Stell.
Holost., S. med., Cerast. brachypet., Malva sylv., Geran. pyren., G. molle,
Erod. cicut., Medic. lupul., Trif. nigresc., T. minus, Lotus corn., Coron.
Emerus, Prunus Armen., P. spin., P. Padus, Rubus Id., Potent. sylv.,
P. verna, P. cinerea, P. opaca, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat.
Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sedum acre, Ribes alp., R. rubrum, R.
Gross., Chrysosplen. alt., Petrosel. sat., Aegop. Podagr., Carum Carvi,
Pimpinella magn., P. Saxifr., Oenan. aquat., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond.,
Tordyl. apul., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., Chaeroph. tem., Valerianel. olit.,
Tussil. Farf., Bellis per., Solidag. Virgaur., Calend. arv., Leont. aut., Tarax.
off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg., Myosot. interm.,
Verbasc. Thaps., Veron. Cham., V. Beccab., V. agr., V. hederif., Salv.
Bertol., Thym. dalm., Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Ajug. genev., Salix cin., S.
Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., Cyprip. Calc. FLI+, Gagea spath.,
Ornithog. refract., Scilla marit.
A. paveli Mocs, (=A. morawitzi Thoms. var. paveli Mocs., cf. No. 1260).—
Salix sp.
a. pectovalis Per. (2nd gen.) (=A. thoracica F., cf. No. 1303).—Veron.
pic.
A. pilipes F. (=A. carbonaria L., cf. No. 1194), 3 mm.—Melilot. altiss. F+1+,
M. offic. F+1+, M. albus F+I+, Prunus avium, Potent. Anser., Sorbus Auc.,
Aegop. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Aneth. grav., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Cirs.
arv., Centaur. Jac., C. rhen., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Vacc. uligin., Myosot.
sylv., Verbasc. nigr., Mentha aquat., Nepeta Glech., Polygon. Fagop.,
Salix aurit., S. cin., S. Capr.
A. polita Sm.—Hierac. Pilos.
A. pratensis Nyl. (=Andrena ovina Kig., cf. No. 1270).—Tarax. off., Salix rep.,
Cypriped. Cale. F+I+.
A. praecox Scop. (cf. No. 1297).—Berb. vulg., Iber. amara, Viola odor., Sorbus
Auc., Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Salix Capr., S. cin., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin.
A. propinqua Schenck.—Sisymbr. austriac., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap.,
Bunias orient., Melilot. albus F+1+, Coron. var. ? F+1+, Prunus Cer.,
HYMENOPTERA 585
Rosa can., Rubus frutic., Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Aneth. grav., Centaur.
Scab., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Hierac. staticefol., Campan. rot., Jas. mont.,
Salix alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. rep.
1280. A. proxima K. (cf. No. 1203).—Potent. Anser., Aegop. Podagr., Anthr. sylv.,
a Ceref., Chaeroph. tem., Leont. hast., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Euphorb.
ypar.
1281. A. pubescens K. (=A. fuscipes K., cf. No. 1236).—Call. vulg., Eric. tetr.
1282. A. punctulata Schenck. (=A. floricola Ev., cf. No 1228).—Brass. Rapa.
1283. A. rosae Pz. (=A. austriaca Pz., cf. No. 1189).—Ranune. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., Caps. Bursa-past., Eryng. camp., Pimpin. magn., Heracl. Sphond.,
Salix sp.
1284. A. ruficrus Nyl. (=A. rufitarsis Zett., cf. No. 1285).—Tussil. Farf., Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit.
1285. A. rufitarsis Zeét. (cf. No. 1284).—Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off., Salix alba, S. fragil.,
S. triand.
1286. A. rufohispida Dours.—Asparag. off.
1287, A. rufula (Pér.) Schmiedekn.—Acer Pseudoplat., Salix sp.
1288. A. schencki Mor. (=A. labiata Schenck., cf. Nos. 1250 and 1291).—Scab.
Columb., Ajug. rept. F+I+.
1289. A. schlettereri Fyviese.—Cheiranth. Cheiri.
1290. A. schmiedeknechti (Mg.) Schmiedekn.—Rhamn. alatern.
1291. A. schrankella Nyl. (=A. labiata Schenck., cf. Nos. 1250 and 1288) 4 mm.—
Malva Alc., Trif. prat. ? F+I+, T. procumb. ? F+I+, Prunus spin., Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Saxifr. gran., Imperat. Ostruth.,
Heracl. dissect., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., Chrys. Leuc.,
Onopord. Acanth., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
1292. A. scita Ev.—Sisymbr. orient.
1293. A. sericata Imh.—Salix sp.
1294, A. shawella K. (cf. No. 1201).—Hyper. perfor., Potent. sylv., Chaeroph. tem.,
Leont. aut., L. hast., Campan. rot., C. Trach., Jas. mont.
1295. A. simillima Sm.—Call. vulg., Thym. Serp.
1296. A. sisymbrii Friese.—Sisymbr. orient.
1297. A. smithella K. (=A. praecox Scop., cf. No. 1278) 2 mm.—Stell. med., Crat.
Oxyac., Sorbus Auc., Ribes rubr., R. Gross., Valerian. olit., Tarax. off.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
1298. A. spinigera K. (cf. No. 1217).—Lam. mac., Salix sp.
1299. A. suerinensis Friese.—Sisymbr. orient.
1300. A. symphyti (Per.) Schmiedekn, (=A. angustior K., cf. No. 1185).—Symph.
tuber.
1301. A. taraxaci Giy.—Tordyl. apul., Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off., Salix sp.
1302. A. tarsata Ny/.—Potent. sylv., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Jasion. mont. -
1303. A. thoracica F. (cf. No. 1274).—Raphan. sat., Melilot. altiss. F+I+, Prunus
spin., P. Mahaleb, Rubus frutic., Potent. hirta, Tussil. Farf., Bellis per.,
Tarax. off., Call. vulg., Anchusa panic., Echium vulg., Ajug. genev., Salix
alba, S. fragil., S. rep.
1304. A. tibialis K. (=A. atriceps K., cf. No. 1188).—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Berb. vulg., Sisymbr. austriac., S. orient., Brass. Nap., Cytis. Lab. F+I+,
Prunus dom., P. avium, Rubus frutic., Potent. sylv., Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus
Auc., Philad. coron., Ribes Gross., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond., Siler
trilob., Chaeroph. hirs., Moloposp. Peloponnes., Viburn. Opul., Tussil.
Farf., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Lam. purp., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil.
1305. A. tridentata AK.—Senec. Jacob.
1306. A. trimmerana K.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Berb. vulg., Brass.
oler., Acer camp., A. Pseudoplat., Rubus frutic., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., C. monog., Philad. coron., Ribes sanguin., R. Gross.,
Aegop. Podagr., Tarax. off., Ajug. rept., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil.
1307. A. tscheki Mor. (=A. nigrifrons Sm.).—Alliar. off., Alyss. mont., Thlaspi
praec., Salix sp., Muscari racemos.
1308. A. varians K.—Ranunc. Fic., Prunus spin., Rubus Id., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus
Malus, P. comm., Sorbus Auc., Ribes aur., R. Gross., Tussil. Farf.,
Tarax. off., Vacc. Myrt., Myosot. sylv., Polygon. Fagopyr., Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil.
586
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319,
1320
1321
1322
1323
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. A. varians K. var. helvola L. (=A. helvola L., cf. No. 1243).—Prunus avium,
Sorbus Auc., Ribes Gross., Salix sp.
. A, varians K. var. mixta Schenck. (cf. No. 1258).—Ribes Gross., Salix sp.
. A. ventralis Imh.—Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. amygd., S. rep.
. A. ventricosa Dours.—Erod. cicut.
. A. xanthura Schmiedekn. (=A. lathyri Alfken.) 3-53 mm.—Genista tinct.
F+I-4, Cytis. Lab. F+1+, C. nigric., Medic. lupul., Trif. prat. 8 F+I4,
T. arv. § F+1-+, Lotus corn. 2 F+I+4, Vicia sep. F+I+, Lathyr. mont.
? and §’ F+I+, Potent. verna, Chrys. Leuc., Hypoch. radic., Crep. vir.,
Hierac. Pilos., Veron. Cham., Salix alba, S. fragil.
. A. zonalis K. (=A. austriaca Pz., cf. Nos. 1189 and 1283).—Crepis bien.
. A. sp.—Aquileg. atrata, Corydal. cava F+I1+, Trif. rep. F+I14, Vit. vinif.,
Geran. sylv., Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Saxifr. oppositif., Crucian. angust.,
Valer. asarif., Bidens trip., Tragop. prat., Lobel. erin., Echinosp. Lapp.,
Myosot. vers., Salv. prat. F+1+, Ongan. vulg., Plantag. med., Euphorb.
dendroid., Salix amygd., Listera ov. F+1+, Gladiol. seget., Tamus comm.
. Anthidium cingulatum Lty.—Onobr. viciif.
. A. diadema Ltr.—Res. lutea, Paliur. acul., Marrub. candidiss., Teucr. Cham.,
T. flav.
. A. florentinum F.—Teucr. Cham.
. A. interruptum F.—Anchusa off.
. A. laterale Lty.—Centaur. aren.
. A. lituratum Pz.—Sedum refl., S. album.
. A. manicatum L. 9-10mm.—Delphin. Consol., Geran. Robert., Lupin.
polyph., Ononis spin. ? and 6 F+I-+, O. rep., Medic. Sat. ? and 6 F+I+,
Trif. prat. ? and 6 F+1I+, Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Coron. var. $ F+I+,
Onobr. viciif., O. mont., Vicia Cracca ? F+1+, V. villosa var. varia, Pisum
sat. ? F+1+, Lathyr. odor., Glycine chin. 6 F+I+, Semperviv. mont.,
Inula Hel., I. brit., Centaur. nigr., C. Scab., C. aren., Symph. off., S. peregr.,
Echium vulg., Antirrh. maj. F+I+, Linar. vulg. F+I+, Digit. purp.,
Lavand. vera, Salv. prat. ? and 6 F+I+, S. prat. var. varieg. 6 F+1+4,
S. off. ? F+I+, S. verben., S. Bertol., S. Baumg., S. lanata, Thym. Cham.,
Calam. Acin., C. alpina, Clinop. vulg., Nepeta Muss. 9 and 6 F+I-4,
N. melissif., N. macr. ? F+I-+, N. granat., Lam. alb. § and $6 F+I+,
L. purp. F+I+4, L. gargan., L. flexuos., Stach. sylv. ? and$ F+I+, S. pal.
F+I4, S. recta ? and Pe Lr. S. ital., S. germ. ? and 6 F+I-+, S. germ.
var. villosa F+1-+, S. cretica, S. lanata, S. longispic., S. ramosiss., S. setif.,
S. Beton. 2 and 6 F4+I4, S. grandifl., S. Alopecur., S. hirsut., S. densif.,
Phlom. tuber. F+I-+, P. armen., Siderit. scordioid., Marrub. vulg. F+1I+,
M. propinqu., Ball. nigr. ? and é F+1+, Leon. lanat., Scutell. galer. F+I+,
S. hastif., Prun. grandifil., Ajug. Chamaepyt., Teucr. Scorod. F+I+,
T. Botrys, T. canum.
. A, montanum Morv.—Lotus corn. F+I+.
1324. A. oblongatum Ltvy.—Res. lutea, R. odor., Ononis rep., Lotus corn. 9 and $
1325
1326.
1327
1328
F+I1-+, Sedum acre, S. refl., Centaur. nigresc., Borago off. §andd F+4+I-4,
Echium vulg., Ajug. Chamaepyt.
. A. punctatum Lir.—Res. odor., Genista tinct. (F +1-++), Ononis spin. ? and é
F+I1+, Lotus corn. and é F+I +, Sedum refl., Cichor. Int., Thym. Serp.,
Nepeta nuda, Ball. nigr. $ F+I14, Teucr. Botrys.
. A. septemdentatum Lty.—Card. pycnoceph., Salv. Bertol., Origan. vulg.,
Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Calam. Acin., Stach. recta F+I+, Marrub.
candidiss., Ball. nigr. F+I+, Ajug. genev.
. A. septemspinosum Lep.—Centaur. aren.
. A. strigatum Panz.—Res. odor., Dorycnium herbac., Melilot. altiss. F+1+,
M. off. F+I+, Lotus corn. 2 and 6 F+1+, Centaur. Jac., Leont. hast.,
Jas. mont., Phlox pan., Prun. vulg., Verben. off.
1329. A. variegatum F.—Paliur. acul., Anchus. off., Clinop. vulg., Teucr. Cham.
1330
1331
1332
. A. sp.—Pentstem. campan., Ocymum.
. Anthophora acervorum L. (= Podalirius acervorum L., cf. Nos. 1339 and 1777).—
Prim. vulg.
. A. aestivalis Pz. (=Podalirius retusus L., cf. No. 1795).—Coryd. lutea, Acer
Pseudoplat., Trif. prat. F+1+, Vicia sep. $ F+I1-4, Prunus avium, Anchus.
off., Lycium vulg., Melamp. arv., Salv. prat. 6 F+I+, S. off. ? F+I+,
1333
1334.
1335
1336.
1337
1338
1339
HYMENOPTERA 587
Nepeta Glech. 6 F+I-+, Lam. mac. ? and $ F+I+4, Ball. nigr. F+1+,
Ajug. rept. F+1+, Scilla marit.
A. femorata Oliv. ( =Podalirius femoratus Oliv., cf. No. 1785).—Cerinthe maj.,
Muscari comos.
. A. furcata Pz, (=Podalirius furcatus Panz., cf. No. 1787).—Knaut. arv.,
Echium vulg., Atropa Bell., Salv. verticill. ? F+I+, Nepeta melissif.,
Stach. sylv. $ and éF+I-+, Ball. nigr. 9 and F+1-+, Prun. vulg. F+I+.
. A. haworthana K. (=Podalirius retusus L., cf. No. 1795).—Veron. mont.,
Melamp. arv., Scilla marit.
. A. nidulans F. (=Podalirius quadrifasciatus Vill., cf. No. 1792).—Echium
vulg.
. A. parietina F. (=Podalirius parietinus F., cf. No. ed ene pannon.,
Nepeta Muss. ? and $é F+I+, N. melissif., N. Glech. 6 F+I+.
. A, personata (Ill.) Er. (=Podalirius fulvitarsis Brulle, cf. No. 1786).—Delphin.
elatum, Glycine chin. ? and 6 F+I+, Symph. off., Salv. prat. $ and é
F+I+, Lam. alb. 2? and 6 F+I+4, L. Galeobd. 2? F+I+.
. A. pilipes F.( =Podalirius acervorum L., cf. Nos. 1331 and 1777) 19-21 mm.—
Hellebor. foetid. F+I+, Delphin. elat., Chelidon. maj., Diclyt. spect.
F+I+4, Coryd. cava ? and 6 F+14, C. solida F+1+, C. bract., C. Kolpa-
kowsk., Cheiranth. Cheiri, Lunar. ann. F+1+, Viola odor. 6 F+I-4, V.
canina ? F+I4, V. tric. vulg. F+I+, V. tric. arv. $6 F+I +, Polyg. Cha-
maeb., Trif. prat. F+1+, Coron. Emer., Vicia sep. ? and 6 F+1I+, Lathyr.
mont. $F +14, Crat. Oxyac., Cydon. jap., Pyrus Malus, Ribes aur., Bergenia
subcil., Syring. vulg., Symph. off., S. tuber., S. grandiflor., S. caucas., S.
peregr., Pulm. off., Cerinthe maj., Lithosp. purp.-coer., Mertensia pulmonar.,
Salv. prat. ? and 4 F+1I+, Nepeta Muss. ? F+I+, N.Glech.?andéF+I+4,
Lam. alb. ? and $ F+1+4+, L. mac. $ and $ F+I4, L. purp. and 4, L.
amplex. ? and 6 F+I4, L. incis. ? and $ F+I+4, L. gargan., Ajug. rept.
F+I-+, Prim. elat. F+1+, P. veris F+I-4, P. veris var. color., P. vulg.
F+I+, Daphne Mez., Croc. varieg., Pancrat. marit., Narc. Pseud.-Narc.
F+I4, N. odor., N. polyanth., N. Tazetta, Fritill. imper., Ornithog. affine,
Hyac. orient., Muscari comos.
1340. A. quadrvimaculata F. (=Podalirius vulpinus Panz., cf. No. 1801) 9-10 mm.—
Malva rotundif., Trif. rep. ? F +14, T. fragil. ? F+1+, Lotus corn. ? F+1+
Cirs. arv., Anchus. off., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg., Lavand. vera, Nepeta
nuda, N. Muss. ? F+I+, N. melissif., N. macr. ? F-+1+, N. granat., Lam.
purp. ? and 4, Stach. sylv. $ and $6 F+I4, S. pal. ? and 6 F+I4+, Ball.
nigr. ? and $ F+I+, Teucr. Scorod. F+1I+4, T. canum.
1341. A. retusa L. (=Podalirius retusus L., cf. No. 1795) 16-17 mm.—Trif. rub.,
1342
1343.
Veron. mont., Pedic. sylv.
. A. sp. (=Podalirius sp.)—Lathyr. sylv. F+I+, Digit. ambigua, Lam. alb.,
Teucr. Cham.
* Apis mellifica L. (=A. mellifera L.)¥ 6 mm.—Clemat. Vit., C. recta, C. Vitic.,
Thalictr. aquilegif., T. flav., Hepat. tril., H. angul., Pulsat. vulg. F+I-+,
P. prat. F+I+, Anem. sylv., A. nemor., A. ranunculoid., Adon. vern.,
A. aestiv., A. autumn., Batrach. aquat., Ranunc. Flamm., R. acris, R.
rep., R. bulb., R. auric., R. lanugin., R. Fic., Caltha pal., Eranthis hiemalis
F+I1+, Hellebor. foetid. F+I+, H. virid. F+1I+, H. niger. F+I+,
H. atrorub., H. cyclophyll., Nigella arv. F+I+, N. damasc. F+I+,
N. sativa F+1I+, Aquileg. vulg. F+I+, F+1+, Delphin. Consol. F+I+,
D. Ajacis F+I+, Berb. vulg., Epimed. alp. F+1I+4, Nymph. alba, Papaver
Rhoeas, P. somnif., P. bracteat., Glaucium flav., Chelid. maj., Sanguin.
canad., Diclyt. spectab. F+1+, Coryd. cava F+I+, C. solida F4I+
C. capnoides F+I1+, C. clavic., Fumar. off. F+I+, Cheiranth. Cheiri,
Nasturt. off., N. amphib., N. sylv., Barb. vulg., Arab. alp., A. paucifl.,
A. aren., A. alpest, A. albida, Cardam. prat., Hesper. matron., Sisymbr.
austriac., S. strictiss., Stenophrag. Thalian., Alliar. off., Brass. oler.,
B. Rapa, Sinap. arv., S. alba, Aubret. Column., A. spathulata, Lunaria
annua F+I+, L. rediv., Schiever. podol., Eroph. verna, Cochlear. off.,
Thlaspi arv., Caps. Bursa-past., Isat. tinctor., Cak. marit., Crambe marit.
F+I4,C. pinnatif., Raphan. Raph., R. sat., Res. luteola, R. lutea, R. odor.,
Helianth. vulg., Viola odor. F+I+, V. tric. vulg. F+I+, V. tric. arv.
F+I+, Polyg. vulg., P. Chamaeb., Sapon. off., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Melandr.
rubr., Sperg. arv., Aren. graminif., Stellar. Holost., S. med., Cerast.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
semidec., Malva sylv., M. rotundif., M. negl., M. Alc., M. mosch., Lavat.
thuring., Althaea rosea, A. off., A. cannab., Malope grandifi., Tilia ulmif.,
Hyper. perfor., H. quadrang., H. commutat., H. tetrapt., H. pulchrum,
Acer platan., A. camp., A. pseudoplat., A. dasycarp., Aesc. Hippocast.
(F+I-+), A. Pavia, A. macrostach., Ampel. quinquef., Vit. vinif., V. ripar.,
Linum usitat., Geran. pal., G. sylv., G. prat., G. sanguin., G. pyren., G.
phaeum, G. molle, G. Arnottian., G. iber., G. iber. var. platypetal., G. pseudo-
sibir., G. reflex., G. striatum, Erod. cicut., Oxalis Acetos., O. stricta,
Tropaeol. majus F+I+, F+I+, Impat. Balsam., I. glandulif. F+I+,
Ruta graveol., Dictamn. albus, Ptelea trifol., Rhamn. Frang., Rhus Cotinus,
R. typhina, Cercis Siliquastr., Saroth. scop. F+I+, Genista tinct. F+I+,
G, angl. F+1+, G. pilosa F+1+, Ulex europ. F+I+, Cytis. Lab. F+I+,
Lupin. lut. F+1I+, L. angustif. F+1+, L. polyph., Ononis spin. F+I+,
O. arv., Medic. sat. F+I+, M. falc., M. sylv., M. lupul. F+I+, Melilot.
altiss. F+I+, M. albus F+I+, M. caerul. F+1+, Trif. rep. F+1+, T. rep.
var. atropurpur. F+I+, T. hybr. F+I+, T. fragif. F+1I+, T. mont.
F+I4, T. prat. F+I4+, F+I+, T. med., T. arv. F+I+, T. pallesc.,
T. agrar. F+I+, T. camp. F+1I+, T. procumb. F+I+, Anthyll. mont.,
Lotus corn. F+I+4, L. uligin. F+1I+, Amorpha frutic., Colutea arboresc.
F+I+ and F+I+, Glycyrrhiza grandifl., Robinia Pseudacacia F+I+,
R. viscosa, Oxytropis pil., Astrag. glycyph. F+I+, Coron. var. F+I+,
Ornithopus sat. ? F+I1+, Hippocrep. com., Hedys. obsc., Onobr. viciif.,
Vicia Cracca F+I+, V. dumet., V. sep. F+I+, V. Faba F+1+4+, F+I+,
V. hirs. F+I+, V. tetrasp., Lens escul., Lathyr. prat. F+I+, L. sat.
F+I+4+, L. sylv. F+I+ and FiI+, L. tuberosus F+I1+, L. latif., Glycine
chin. F+I+, Phaseol. multiflor. F+I+, Persica vulg., Prunus dom.,
P. avium, P. Cer., P. spin., Rosa can., R. rubigin., Rubus frutic., R. caes.,
R. Id., R. spectab., R. serp., Geum riv., G. inclin., Fragaria vesca, Comar.,
pal., Potent. Anser., P. verna, P. caulesc., P. frutic., P. rup., P. Delphinensis,
P. Kurdica, P. chrysantha, Agrim. Eupat., A. odor., Ulmar. pentap., U.
Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., S. digit., Crat. Oxyac., C. monog.,
Cydonia jap., Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sorbus Auc., S. scand., Epil. angust.,
E. Dodon., E. hirs., E. parvifl., Oenoth. bien. F+I+, O. grandifl., Gaura
bien., Lythr. Sal. F+1I-+, L. Sal. var. angustif., L. hyssopif., Philad. coron.,
Deutzia crenata, Bryonia dioica (F+I1+), Sicyos angul., Cucumis sat.,
Cucurbita Pepo, Sedum Teleph., Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. sanguin.,
R. Gross., Saxifr. umbrosa, S. (Bergenia) crassif., Bergenia subcil., Heuch.
cylind., Tellima grandifl., Astrant. maj., Eryng. marit., E. camp., E. planum,
Conium macul., Petrosel. sat., Aegop. Podagr., Sium latif., Levist. off.,
Angel. sylv., Archang. off., Tommas. vertic., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond.,
H. sibir., H. pubesc., Siler trilob., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., A. Ceref.,
Chaeroph. tem., C. hirs., Moloposp. Peloponnes., Cornus mas., Ebul.
humile, Symphoric. racem. F+I+, Lonic. tatar., L. Xylost. (F+I+),
L. nigra, L. iber., Asper. odor., A. styl., Valer. off., V. off. var. altiss.,
Ceph. rad., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., S. ochrol., S. Dallap.,
S. dauc., S. atrop., Eupat. can., E. purp., Vernon. fascic., V. praeal., Tussil.
Farf., Petas. off., Aster Tripol., A. Novae-Angliae, A. abbrev., A. conc.,
A. panicul. var. pubesc., A. sagitt., A. sparsifi., Galatel. hyssopif., Bellis
per., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag. Virgaur., S. fragr., Dahlia variab., Silphium
Asteris., S. erythroc., S. trifol., Helen. autumn., H. decur., Bidens cern.,
Bolton. glastif., Helianth. an., H. atror., H. decapet., H. divar., H. maximil.,
Rudb. lacin., R. specios., Anthem. arv., A. tinct., Matric. Cham., Tanac.
vulg., T. macroph., Chrys. Leuc., Doronic. caucas., Cacal. hast., Senec.
nemor., S. sarrac., S. macroph., S. Jacob., Calend. off., Echinops sphaeroc.,
E. bannat., E. exalt., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., C. pal., C. heteroph., C. olerac.,
Card. crisp., C. Person., C. nut., Lappa min., L. toment., L. maj., Carl.
acaul., Saussur. albesc., Centaur. Jac., C. nigr., C. mont., C. axill., C. Cyan.,
C. Scab., C. dealb., C. Fisch., C. orient., Cichor. Int., Leont. aut., L. hast.,
Helminth. echioid., Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off., Prenanth. purp., Mulged.
alpin., Sonchus arv., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbell., H. austr.,
H. brevifol., H. bupleur., H. crinit., H. pulmonarioid., H. viros., Lobel.
Erin., Campan. rot., C. Scheuchz., C. rapunculoides, C. Trach., C. Erinus,
C. Rapunculus, C. glom., C. latif., C. carpath., Hedraeanth. tenuif., Phyteum.
spic., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., V. Vit.-Id., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr.,
1344.
1345
1346
1347.
HYMENOPTERA 589
Rhodod. praec., Kalmia polif., Ilex aquif., Ligustr. vulg., Syring. vulg.,
Forsyth. virid., F. susp., Asclep. syr. F+I+, Vinca min., Limnanth. vulg.,
Gent. Pneum., G. germ., Phacel. tanacetif., Hydroph. virgin., Polemon.
coerul., Phlox rept., P. Subul., Conv. arv., Heliotrop. peruv., Cynogloss. off.,
C. column., Borago off., Anchusa off., A. Semperv., A. ochrol., Symph. off.,
S. tuber., S. grandifl., S. asperr., Pulm. off., P. angustif., P. angustif. x P. off.,
P. mont., Cerinthe min., Echium vulg., Caryolopha semperv., Lithosp. arv.,
Myosot. sylv., M. alpestr., M. interm., Lycium vulg., Solan. Dulc., S. nigr.,
Nicrandra physal., Atropa Bell., Nicot. Tab. F+1+, Physochlaena orient.,
Verbasc. Thaps., V. phoenic., Scroph. nod. F+I+, S. aquat., S. umbr.,
S. Scopol., S. orient., Antirrh. maj., A. Oront., Linar. vulg., L. striata,
L. Cymb., L. genistif., L. purp., Pentstem. campan., P. pubesc., P. orat.,
P. procer., Veron. Cham., V. mont., V. Beccab., V. longif., V. spic., V.
triph., V. agr., V. hederif., Melamp. prat., M. nemor., Pedic. sylv., P. rostr.,
Rhinan. maj., Euphras. Odont., E. off., Orobanche specios., Ocymum,
Plectranth. glaucocalyx, Lavand. vera, Mentha arv., M. piper., M. aquat.,
M. sylv., Salv. prat. var. varieg. F+I-+, Salv. sylv. F+I+, S. sylv. var.
nemor. F+I1+, S. virgat., S. off. F+1I+, S. verticill, F+1+, S. Verben.,
Monarda did., M. did. var. mollis, Origan. vulg., O. maj., Satureia hort.,
Thym. Serp., T. vulg., Calam. Acinos, C. alpina, C. off., C. Nepeta, Melissa
off. F+1+, Hyssop. off., Nepeta nuda, N. Muss. F+1I+, N. Glech. ? flowers
F+I+, ¥ flowers F+1+, and F+I-+, Lophanth. rug., Lam. alb. F+I+,
L. mac. FiI+4, L. purp. F+1+ and F+1+, L.amplexic. F+I4, L. incis.,
L. Orvala, L. gargan., L. flexuos., L. Galeobd. F+1I+ and (F+I+), Galeops.
Tetr., Stach. sylv. F+1I+, S. pal. F+1I4+, S. arv. F+1I+, S. recta F+I+,
S. germ. F+I+, S. grandifl., Siderit. hyssopif.. Marrub. vulg. F+I+,
M. peregr., Ball. nigr. F+I+, Leon. Card., L. Marrub., L. lanat., Prun.-
vulg. F+1+, Ajug. rept., Teucr. Scorod. F+I+, T. mont., T. Scord.,
Blephil. hirs., Verben. off., Lysim. Numm., Prim. elat.t, P. vulg. F+I+,
Hottonia pal. F+1I+, Cyclam. repand., C. iberic., Armer. elong., Plantag.
lanc., P. med., Rumex Acetosa, Polygon. Fagop., P. Bistorta, P. amph.,
P. Convolv., Daphne Mez., D. Laureola, Laur. nob., Elaeagn. angustif.,
Thesium prat., Viscum alb. F+1I+, Buxus semp., Euphorb. pal., E. Esula,
E. virgat., E. amygdaloid., Mercur. perenn., Ulmus mont., U. camp., Castan.
vesca, Coryl. Avell, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. triand., S. fragil.,
S. nigric., S. rep., S. cin. x S. purp. ?, S. cin. x S. nigric. 2, S. Capr. x S. siles. 5,
S. retusa, Popul. pyram., P. trem., Hydroch. Mors. ran., Commel. tuber.,
Orchis latif. F+1+, O. Morio F+I+, Epipact. pal. F+I-+, Stanhop.
tigr., Thalia dealb., Croc. vern., Gladiol. seget., G. triphyll., Iris Pseudac.
F+I+4+, F+I-+, I. pyren., I. gramin., Leucoj. vern., L. aest., Galanth.
niv., Tamus comm., Tulipa Ocul.-sol., T. Gesn., Gagea fascic., G. arv.,
Fritill. imper., Lilium candid., Erythron. denscanis, Eremur. spect.,
Antheric. ramos., A. Liliago, Ornithog. umb., O. affine, O. pyren.,
Scilla sibir., S. amoena, S. cernua, S. campan., S. ital., S. tricol.,
Allium ursin., A. fallax, A. Porr., A. rot., A. carin., A. Cepa, A. fistul.,
Hyac. orient., H. candic., Muscari botr., M. racemos., M. pallens, Narth.
ossifr., Asparag. off., A. amar., Camassia Fraseri.
Biastes brevicornis Pz.—Conv. arv., Echium vulg.
B. emarginatus Schenck.—Thym. Serp., Ball. nigr.
B. truncatus Nyl.—Thym. Serp.
* Bombus agrorum F., ? 13-15 mm., ¥ 12-13 mm., 6 10-11 mm.—Ranunc.
acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Fic., Aquileg. vulg., Delphin. elatum, Aconit.
Nap., A. varieg. F+1+, Epimed. rubr., Chelidon. majus, Corydal. lutea,
C. clavic., Brass. oler., Raphan. Raph., Helianth. vulg., Viola sylv.,
V. Rivin., V. can., V. tric. arv. F+I+, Polyg. Chamaeb., Thym. serpyll,
Sil. infl., S. acaul., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Malva sylv., M. rotundif., Althaea rosea,
Tilia ulmif., Hyper. perfor., H. quadrang., Aesc. Pavia, Geran. Robert.,
Impat. grandulif., Dictamnus albus, Rhamn. Frang., Saroth. scop. F+I+.
Genista angl., Cytis Lab. ? F+I+, C. austr., Lupin. lut. ¥ F+I4+, L.
angustif. §¥ F+I+, Ononis rep., Medic. sat. ? and ¥ F+1+, M. falc.,
M. lupul. F+I+, Trif. rep. ¥ F+1+, T. hybr. F+I+, T. prat. 2, ¥, and é
F+4I-4, T. incarn. F+1I4+, T. med., T. rub., T. arv. § F+I+, Anthyllis
Vuln. § F414, A. Vuln. var. marit. ¥ F+1+, Lotus corn. 9, ¥and$F+I+
L. uligin, F+I+, Robinia Pseudac. F+1+, Astrag. glycyph. $ F+I+,
599
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
A. Cicer., A. dan., A. exscapus, A. monspess., A. glycyphyl., Coron. var. ¥
F+I+, Ornithop. perpus. ? F+1I+, Hedys. sibir., Onobr. viciif., Vicia
Cracca ? and § F+I+, V. dumet., V. sep. ?and ¥ F+1+, V. sat. 6 F+14,
V. angustif. F+I+, V. Faba ¥ F+I+, V. Orobus, V. onobrychoid.,
Lathyr. prat.¥ F+1I-+, L. marit. 9 F+I4,L. sylvest. 9 F+I-+4, L. hetero-
phyll. F+1+, L. pal. F+I+, L. latif., L. mont. 2, L. niger ? F+I+,
L. brachypt., L. cirrhosus, L. incurvus, L. rotundif., Orobus aureus, O. hirs.,
Prunus Cer., Rubus frutic., R. caes., R. Id., R. spectab., Gerum. riv., Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Cydonia jap., Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sorbus
Auc., Epil. angust., E. hirs., Oenoth. bien. F+I+, O. Lamarck., Lythrum
Sal. 9, 9 and 6 F+1I+, L. Sal. var. angustif. $6 F+1+, Philad. coron.,
Sedum Teleph., Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond., Weigel. ros., Symphoric.
racem. ¥ F+I+, Lonic. Pericl. F+1+, Lonic. Xylost. § F+1+, Sherard.
arvens., Asperul. cynanch., Dipsac. sylv., Cephal. ural., Knaut. arv.,
Succ. prat., Scab. Colomb., S. lucida, Tussil. Farf., Aster Tripol., Solidag.
Virgaur., Dahlia variab., Helianth. an., Cacal. hast., Senec. Jacob., Cirs.
arv., C. lanceol., C. pal., C. heteroph., C. olerac., Card. crisp., C. acanth.,
Onopord. Acanth., Lappa min., L. toment., Carl. acaul., Serrat. tinct.,
S. quinquef., Centaur. Jac., C. nigr., C. Cyan., C. Scab., Thrinc. hirt.,
Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Tragop. prat., Tarax. off., Hierac. australe,
Campan. rot., C. bonon., Phyteum. spic., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin.,
Arctostaph. Uva-ursi, Call. vulg., Erica Tetr., E. cin., Hypopit. multif.,
Asclep. syr. 6 F+I4+, Vinca min., V. maj., Limnanth. nymph., Gent.
pneum., Conv. sep., C. Soldan., Anchus. off., A. ochrol., Lycops. arv.,
Symph. off., S. peregrin., Pulm. off., Cerinthe min., Echium vulg., E. rosul.,
Lithosp. arv., Myosot. vers., Lycium vulg., Solan. Dulc., S. nigr., Atropa
Bell., Hyosc. nig., Verbasc. thapsif., V. Thaps., V. nigr., V. phoenic.,
Scroph. nod. 9 and $ F+I4+, Antirrh. maj., Linar. vulg., L. striata, L. purp.,
Digit. purp., Veron. agr., Melamp. prat., M. nemor., Pedic. sylv., P. palustr.,
Rhinanth. min., Euphras. odont., E. off., E. lutea, Lathr. Squam., Mentha
aquat., Salv. prat. ? and ¥§ F+I4, S. glutin. $ F+I4, S. off. § F+I4,
S. Bertol., S. lanata, Monarda var. purpur. F+I+, Thym. Serp., I. Cham.,
Calam. alpina, C. Nepeta, C. umbr., Clinop. vulg., Melissa off. 6 F+1+,
Rosmar. off., Nepet. Cat. § F+1+, N. nuda, N. lophantha, N. Glech. and
% F+I+, Dracoceph. mold., Lophanth. rug., L. anisat., L. scroph., Lam.
alb. ? and ¥§ F+1+, L. mac. $ F+I+, L. purp. ? F+1+, L. amplexic.
$ F+I1+, L. Galeobd. ? F+I+, Molucella laev. 6 F+I+, Galeops. sp. ?,
G. Tetr. 9 and § F+I+, G. Ochr. F+1+, G. Ladan. F+I+, G. versic.
F+I+, Stach. sylv. F+I+, S. pal. F+I+, S. recta 9 F4+I4,S. germ.
$F+I4+, S. longispic., Beton. off. ? and § F+1+, Phlom. tuber. § F+I+,
P. Kashm., Physostegia virgin., Ball. nigr. ?, § and 6 F+1+, Leon. Card.,
L. Card. var. villos., L. lanat., Prun. vulg. F+1I+, Ajug. rept. F+I1+,
A. pyram., Teucr. Scorod., T. Cham. F+1-+4, T. canum, Verben. off., Prim.
elat. F+I+, P. veris F+1+, Armer. elong., Salix aurit., S. vimin., Commel.
tuber., Orchis latif, F+I-+, O. masc. F+I+, O. Morio F+I-4+, O.
wee F+I4+, Listera ov. F+I+, Iris Pseudac. F+I+, ;Polygonat.
multifl.
. B. agrorum F. var. arcticus Acerbi.—Salix nigric., S. glauca, S. lapp., S.
phyllicif.
. B. agrorum F. var. tricuspis Schmiedekn.—Melamp. prat.
. B, alpinus L.—Trif. rep. F+1+4, Astrag. alp., Lathyr. marit.$, ¥andéF+I-4,
Rubus Chamaem., Tarax. off., Phyteum. Scheuchz., Vacc. uligin., Rhodod.
hirs., Pedic. lappon., Salix nigric., S. glauca, S. lapp., 5. phyllicif.
. B. alticola Kriechb. $ 11-13 mm., ¥ 9-12 mm., 6 8 mm.—Pulsat. alp. F+I+,
Aconit. Napell. F+1+, F+I+, A. Lycoct., Trif. rub., T. alpin., Astrag.
alp., Arnic. mont., Senec. cord., Cirs. spinos., Vacc. uligin., Call. vulg.,
Cerinthe alp., Linar. vulg., Veron. spic., Pedic. palustr., P. verticill.,
Barts. alp., Stach. sylv. § F+1+, Soldan. pusilla.
. B. arenicola Thoms.—Viola can., Malv. sylv., Ononis spin. ? F+I+, Trif.
rep. § F+I+, T. prat. ? and ¥ F+1+, Lotus corn. ¥§ F+1+4, Vicia Cracca
? and ¥ F+I+, V. sep. ? F+1+, Lathyr. prat. § F+I+4, Epil. angust.,
Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succis. prat., Cirs. arv., C. olerac., Card. nut.,
Thrinc. hirt., Tarax. off., Call. vulg., Symph. off., Echium vulg., Rhinanth.
maj., Euphras. Odont., Thym. Serp., Lam. alb. ? F+1+, Galeops. Tetr.
1353.
1354.
1355.
1356.
1357.
1358.
1359.
1360.
1361.
1362
1363,
1364.
1365.
HYMENOPTERA 591
? and ¥ F+1+, G. ochr. ? F+1+4, Stach. sylv. ? and ¥ F+I+, Prun. vulg.
F+I-+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Teucr. Scorod. ? F+1+.
B. argiliaceus Scop. (=var. of B. hortorum L., cf. Nos. 1365 and 1392).—
Cheiranth. Cheiri, Dorycnium hirs., Prunus Mahaleb. Cydonia jap., Lonic.
etrusca, Arbut. Uned., Vinca maj., Veron. spic., Salv. prat. F+I+,
S. glutin. F+I+, S. off. F+1+4+, S. clandest., S. Bertol., Satureia mont.,
Lam. alb. ? F+I+, L. mac. F+1+, Galeops. Tetr. 9 and ¥ F+I+,
G. Ladan. F+I+, Marrub. vulg. F+I+, M. candidiss., Gladiol. comm.
B. autumnalis Schenck (=B. terrester L. var. autumnalis F.).—Beton. off.
Baie Se Thoms. (=B. mastrucatus Gerst., ci. No. 1376).—Aconit. Nap.
+I1+.
B. cognatus Steph. (=B. muscorum F., cf. No. 1381).—Viola tric. vulg. F +1+,
Genista tinct. F+I+, Lupin. lut. ¥ F+1+, L. angustif., Trif. rep. F+1+,
Lotus corn. %, § and 6 F+I+, Vicia angustif. F+I+, V. Faba ? F+I+,
Oenoth. bien. x O. muric., O. Lamarck., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Dipsac. Sylv.,
Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., Gent. pneum.,
Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg., Rhinanth. maj., Ball. nigr.
F+I+, Ajug. rept. F+I+, Teucr. canum.
B. confusus Schenck 12-14 mm.—Coryd. lutea, Trif. prat. ? and ¥§ F+I+,
Astrag. Onobr., Onobr. viciif., Vicia sep., V. Faba ¥ F+I+, Geum riv.,
Epil. angust., Solidag. Virgaur., Heliops. pat., Card. crisp., Carl. acaul.,
Centaur. Scab., Thrinc. hirt., Tarax. off., Prenanth. purpur., Vacc. uligin.
Call. vulg., Echium vulg., Solan. Dulc., Thym. Serp., Nepeta Glech. 3
F+I+ Stachys Beton., Scutell. albida, Prun. vulg. F+I+, Ajug. rept.,
Prim. elat. ?F+1+, Orchis latif., O. masc. F+I+, O. Morio F+1I+4.
B. consobrinus Dahlb.—Aconit. Lycoct. F+I+.
B. cullumanus (K.) Thoms.—Card. crisp.
* B. derhamellus K. (=B. rajellus K., cf. No. 1391) 2 13, § 10 mm.—Cardam.
prat., Brass. oler., Helianth. vulg., Viola odor., V. can., Malva sylv., Trif.
rep. 9, 8% and 6 F+I4, T. prat. ih and 6 F+I4, T. arv. ¥, Lotus corn.
$ and ¥ F+I+, Vicia Cracca ¥ and 6 F+I+4, V. Sep. ? and ¥ F+I+,
Lathyr. prat. ?and § F+I-+, L. sylvest. 6 ? F+1+, Prunus Cer., Rubus Id.,
Cydon. jap., Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal. § F+1+, Ribes Gross., Symphoric.
racem. 3 and ¥§ F+I+, Lonic. tatar., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Solidag.
Virgaur., Tanac. vulg., Cirs. arv., Carl. vulg., Centaur. Scab., Leont. aut.,
Tarax. off., Campan. rot., Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., Gent. Pneum.,
Symph. off., Antirrh. maj., Rhinanth. maj., Salv. prat.? F+1+,S. glutin. ?
F+I1+, Thym. Serp., Nepeta Glech. 9 F+1+, Lam. alb. 2? F+I1-4, L. purp.
Sand ¥F+I-+, L. Galeobd. 9 and § F+1-+, Galeops. Tetr. g, ¥ and éF+I1+4+,
Stach. sylv. ? F+1I+, Ajug. rept. F+I+, Salix Capr., S. alba, S. fragil.
B. distinguendus Mor. ¥ io mm.—Saroth. scop. F+I+, Ononis spin. ?
F+I-4, Trif. rep. ? and § F+I-+, T. prat. ?, ¥ and 6 F+1I-+, Lotus corn.
¥F+I4, Vicia Cracca $ F+1+, Lathyr. prat. ? and ¥ F+1+, Geum riv.,
Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal. ? F+1+, Eryng. marit., Lonic. Xylost. ? F+I+,
Knaut. arv., Cirs. pal., Card. nut., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Hierac. umbell.,
Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., E. cin., Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg.,
Rhinanth. maj., Thym. Serp., Lam. alb. ? and ¥§ F+I+, Galeops. Tetr.
9,¥% and 4 F+I4, Stach. pal. F+1I+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Armer. elong.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. rep., Orchis latif. F+I+.
B. elegans Seidl. (=B. mesomelas Gerst., cf. Nos. 1378 and 1386).—Echium.
vulg.
B. eerabieeien Mor. (cf. No. 1383).—Aconit. Nap. F+I+, A. Lycoct. F+I+,
A. Anthora ¥ F+I+, Gent. asclep.
B. haematurus Kriechb.—Echium vulg., Salv. Sclar.
B. hortorum L. (cf. Nos. 1353 and 1392), ? 19-21mm., ¥ 14-16mm., 3
15 mm.—Pulsat. vulg. F+1+, P. prat. F+1I+, P. patens, Anem. nemor,
Aquileg. vulg. F+1I+, A. chrysantha, Delphin. elat. F+I+, D. Consolida
F+I-4, D. Ajacis F+1I+, Aconit. Nap. ? F+1+, FiI+4, A. variegat. %, ¥
and $6 F+I4, A. Lycoct. 9 and § F+I1+, A. Lycoct. var. pyren. F+I+
A. Cammar., Chelidon. majus, Diclytra spectab. F+I+, Arab. alb.,
Brass. oler., Sinap. arv., Viola odor., V. tric. vulg. F+I+, V. tric. arv.
F+I+, Polyg. Chamaeb., P. serpyill., Dianth. plumar., Sil. nut., Melandr.
rubr., Malva sylv., Althaea rosea, A. off., Hyper. perfor., Acer. Pseudoplat.,
Aesc. Pavia, A. macrost., Geran. sylv., G. phaeum, G. Robert., Tropaeol.
592
1366
1367
1368.
1369,
1370
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
majus F+1+, Impat. Noli-tang. F+I+, I. Balsam., Saroth. scop. ? F+I+,
Cytis. Lab. § F+I+, Thermopsis fabac., Lupin. hirs., Medic. sat. F+I+,
M. falc., M. sylvestr., M. lupul. F+1+, Melilot. off. F+1+, Trif. rep. ¥
F+I+, T. prat. 2, ¥andé F+I-4, T. pann., Anthyll. Vuln. ? and ¥ F+I+,
Lotus corn. ? and ¥ F+I-+, Astrag. glycyph. ?, § and 6 F+I+, A. dan.,
A. exscapus, A. alopecuroid., A. narbon., A. Onobr., Coron. var. F+I+,
Hedys. obsc., Vicia Cracca ?, § F+1+, V. Sat. F+1+, V. Faba ? F+I4,
V. unijuga, Lathyr. marit. § F+1I+4+, L. sylvest. ? and § F+1I+, L. mont.
SF4I4+,L. varieg., L. vernus, L. cirrhos., Orobus Jordani, Phaseolus vulg.
@ F+I-+, P. multifl. 2? F+14, Prunus dom., P. avium, P. Cer., Rubus
frutic., R. Id., Geum riv., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Epil. angust., Oenoth.
bien. § F+1-+, O. biennis x O. muric., O. Lamarck., Saxifr. (Bergenia) crassif.,
Dauc. Car., Symphoric. racem. ¥§ F+I-+, Lonic. Pericl. ? and ¢ F+I+,
Cephal. alp., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Helianth. an., Senec. Jacob., Cirs.
arv., C. lanceol., C. heteroph., C. spinos., C. glabr., Card. nut., Onopord.
Acanth., Carl. acaul., Saussur. albesc., Centaur. nigr., C. mont., Tarax.
off., Crep. bien., Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., V. Vit.-
id., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., E. carn., Syring. vulg., S. pers., Vinca min.,
Phacel. tanacetif., Polemon. caerul., Caccinia strig., Arnebia echioid.,
Anchus. off., A. ochrol., Lycops. arv., Symph. off., S. tuber., S. grandifi.,
S. peregr., Pulm. off., P. angustif., Echium vulg., E. rosul., Lycium vulg.,
Solan. Dulc., Verbasc. Thaps., Scroph. nod. ¥ F+I+, Antirrh. maj., A.
sempervir., Linar. vulg., Digit. purp., D. lutea, D. ambig., Melamp. prat.,
M. arv., M. nemor., Pedic. sylv., Rhinanth. maj., Euphras. off., Lathr.
Squam., Clandest. rectifl., Acanth. spin., Mentha aquat., Salv. prat. § and 3
F+I4, S. glutin. ? F+I+, 6 (F+1+) FLI4, S. off. ? and ¥§ F4+I-4,
S. verticill. F+1+, S. Bertol., S. Baumg., S. controv., S. sclareoid., Origan.
vulg., Thym. Serp., Calam. alpina, Nepeta melissif., N. macr. ¥anddF+I-+4,
N. granat., N. Glech. 9 and ¥ F+I-4, Melitt. Melissophyll. F+I+, Lam.
alb. ? and § F+I+, L. mac. $ and ¥§ F+I+4, L. mac. var. hirs. § F+I+,
L. purp. ? F+I+, L. amplexic. ? F+1+4, L. Orvala, L. gargan., L. flexuos.,
L. Galeobd, ? F+I+, Galeops. Tetr. ? F+I+, G. ochrol. ? and 6 F+I+,
G. Ladan. 6 F+14, G. versic. ? F+1+, Stach. sylv. F+1I+4, S. pal. F+I+,
S. Beton., S. orient., Phlom. tuber. § F+1+, P. Russel., P. armen., Ball.
nigr. F+I+, Leon. Marrub., Scutell. alp. ?, S. peregr., Prun. vulg. F+I+,
Ajug. rept. F+I+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I+, T. Cham. F+I+, Prim. elat.
2 and § F+I14, P. veris, P. vulg. F+1I+, Statice Limon., Polygon. Pers.,
Daphne Mez., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Orchis latif. F+1+, O. masc.
F+1+, O. Morio F+I+, O. trident., Epipact. pal. F+1+, Gladiol. pal.,
Iris Pseudac. F+1+, I. pyren., I. sibir., I. germ., Fritill. imper., Scilla patula,
Hyac. orient., Polygonat. multifl., Colchic. aut., Veratr. alb.
. B. hortorum L. var. nigricans Schmiedekn.—Tropaeol. majus F+1I+, Impat.
Noli-tang. F+1+, Trif. prat. § and 6 F+I+, Succ. prat., Call. vulg.,
Linar. vulg., Calam. alpina, Lam. alb. 9 F+4+I+.
. B. hyperboreus Schénh.—Oxytrop. camp., Astrag-alpin., Pedic. sudet.
. B. hypnorum L. $ 11-12 mm., ¥ 8-10 mm.—Geran. sylv., Rhamnus cathart.,
Astrag. alp., Rubus frutic., R. odor., R. Id., Geum riv., Epil. angust.,
Ribes nigrum, R. Gross., Cephal. radicata, Knaut. arv., Scab. atrop.,
Tussil. Farf., Solidag. Virgaur., Helianth. an., Senec. nemor., Echinops
exalt., Cirs. pal., Card. crisp., C. nut., Onopord. Acanth., Tarax. offic.,
Prenanth. purpur., Campan. rot., Call. vulg., Asclep. Syr. F+1+, Vinca
min., Conv. sep., Anchus. off., Symphyt. off., S. peregr., Echium vulg.,
Solan. Dulc., Rhinanth. maj., Thym. Serp., Lam. alb. $ F+1+, Ball. nigr.
F+I+, Prun. grandifl., Teucr. Scorod. $ and $6 F+I+, Salix nigric.,
. glauca, S. lapp., S. phyllicif.
. B. jonellus K. (=B. scrimshivanus K., cf. No. 1393), $12, $ 93-112 mm.—
Aconit. Lycoct. F+1+, Viola odor., Rhamn. Frang., Rubus frutic., R. Id.,
R. spectab., Epil. angust., Ribes Gross., Symphoric. racem. ¥ and 6 F+I+4,
Succ. prat., Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off., Vacc. Myrt., V. Vit.-Id., Call. vulg., Eric.
Tetr., Veron. Cham., Salv. verticill. F+I+, Thym. Serp., Nepeta Glech.
$ F+I-+, Lam. alb. 2 and § F+1+, L. Galeobd. ? and § F+I+, Prun.
vulg. F+1I+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Salix alba, S. fragl., S. rep., Scilla sibir.
. B. italicus F. (=B. pascuorum Scop., cf. No. 1384).—Indigof. macrostach.,
Lobel. syph., Asclep. syr. F+I-+, Acanth. spin.
HYMENOPTERA 593
1371. B. kirbyellus Curt, (=B. nivalis Dahib., cf. No. 1382).—Geran. sylv.
1372. * B. lapidarius L. ? 12-14 mm., § 10-12 mm., $ 8-10 mm.—Thalictr. flavum,
Pulsat. vulg. F+1I+, Hellebor. foetid. F+1+, H. viridis F+I+, Nigella
damas. ¥ andé F+1+,N. sativa ¥ and$ F+I+, N. arv. § F+1+, Delphin.
Consolida F+I+, Berb. aquif., Papaver Rhoeas, Chelidon. majus, Corydal.
lutea, Barbar. vulg., Arab. alb., Hesper. matron., Brass. oler., Sinap. arv.,
Lunar. ann. $ and ¥§ F+1+, Iber. amara, Cak. marit., Raphan. Raphan.,
Helianthem. vulg., Viola odor. § F+I+, V. can. ? F+I+4, V. can. var.
flavicorn., V. tric. vulg. F+1+, Polyg. vulg., P. Chamaeb., Sil. infl., Coron.
Fi.-cuc., Malva sylv., M. Alcea, Tilia ulmif., Hyper. perfor., Acer Pseudoplat.,
Aesc. Hippocast. ? F+1+, Geran. pyren., G. phaeum, G. Robert., G. iber.,
Impat. Noli-tang., I. grandulif. F+1I+, Dictamn. albus, Saroth. scop.
F+I1+, Genista tinct., G. germ., Ulex europ. ? F+1+, Cytis. Lab. 2 and ¥
F+I-+, C. sagitt., Lupin. lut. 9 and ¥F+I1+, L. angustif. § F+I+,
L. polyph., Ononis spin. ? and §F+1+, Medic. sat. F+1I+, Melilot. albus ¥
F+I14, Trif. rep. ?, ¥§ anddé F414, T. fragif. § and 6 F+I+, T. prat. ? §
and $ F+I+, T. incarn. § F+I+, T. arv. § F+I+, Anthyllis vuln.
§ F+I4, Lotus corn. 2 and$¥ F+I+, Tetragonol. siliqu., Colutea arb.
¥F+I1+4, Robinia viscosa, Caragana arboresc., Astrag. glycyph. § F+I+,
Coron. var. § F+I1+, Hippocrep. com., Hedys. obsc., Onobr. viciif.,
Vicia sep. 2? and ¥ F+I+, V. sat. ? and § F+I+, V. pannon., V. Faba
? F+I4, V. pisiform. § F+I+, V. unijuga, Lathyr. prat. § F+I+,
L. marit. § F+I+, L. mont. ¥§ F+I+, L. nigr. § F+I1-4, L. vernus, L.
brachypt., L. cirrhos., Orobus aur., Persica vulg., Prunus dom., P. avium,
P. Cer., P. spin., Rubus frutic., R. caes., R. odor., R. Id., Geum riv., Pyrus
Malus, Epil. angust., Oenoth. bien. F+- 1+, O. Lamarck., Lythr. Sal. ¥, ¥ and
$ F+I4, L. hyssopif., Philad. coron., Deutzia crenata, Sedum Teleph.,
S. Aizoén, Ribes Gross., Astrantia maj., Eryng. marit., E. camp., Sym-
phoric. racem. ¥ F+I+, Lonic. caerul., L. iber., Dipsac. sylv., D. Full.,
Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., S. luc., S. dauc., Eupat. can.,
Vernon. fascic., Aster Trip., A. Novae-Angl., Solidag. Virgaur., Dahlia
variab., Pulic. dysent., Actinom. helianth., Helianth. an., Rudb. lacin.,
Matric. inod., Cacal. hast., Senec. Jacob., Echinops sphaeroc., Cirs. arv.,
C. lanceol., C. pal., C. rivul., C. olerac., Card. crisp., C.-acanth., C. nut.,
Onopord. Acanth., Carl. acaul., C. vulg., Centaur. Jac., C. nigr., C. mont.,
C. Cyan., C. Scab., C. Calcitr., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic.,
Tarax. off., Mulged. alpin., Sonchus arv., S. asp., Crep. bien., Hierac.
umbell., Campan. rot., C. rapunculoid., C. Trach., C. Rapunc., C. barb.,
Phyteuma spic., P. nigr., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., V. Vit.-id.,
Androm. polif., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., E. cin., Syring. vulg., Vinca min.,
Gent. Pneum, Polemon. caerul., Anchus. off., A. ochrol., Symph. off., S.
tuber., S. grandifl., Pulm. off., Cerinthe min., Echium vulg., Lithosperm.
arv., Lycium vulg., Solan. Dulc., Atropa Bell., Hyosc. nig., Scroph. nod.
% F+I+, Antirrh. maj., A. Oront., Linar. vulg., Pentstem. campan.,
Melamp. prat., M. nemor., M. cristat., Pedic. sylv., Euphras. Odont., E. off.,
Lathr. Squam., Mentha aquat., Salv. off. 2,8 and 6 F414, Origan. vulg.,
O. maj., Thym. Serp., Calam. off., Clinop. vulg., Hyssop. off. 6 F+I+,
Nepeta Glech. ? and § F+I+, Dracoceph. mold., Lam. alb. ? and¥F+I+,
L. alb. var. verticill. § F+1I+, L. mac. § F+I1+, L. purp. $ F+I-, L.
Galeobd. 2? F+I+, Molucella laev. 6 F+I4, Galeops. Tetr. $F+I+L,
G. ochr., ? F+14, G. Ladan. F+1+4, Stach. sylv. ? F+1+, S. pal. F+14,
S. germ. var. dasyantha F+I+, S. cretica, S. Beton. ? F+1+, Siderit.
scordioid., Ball. nigr. § F+1+, Leon. Card., Prun. vulg. 9, ¥ and é F414,
Ajug. rept. F+1I+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I+, Prim. elat. ? F+1+, Armer.
elong., Plantag. med., Polygon. Fagop., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil., S. rep., Orchis latif. F+I+, O. masc. F+1I+, O. Morio
F+I1+4, Allium vin., Polygonat. off.
1373. B. lapponicus F., 12-13 mm., ? 9-12 mm., 6 10mm.—Sil. acaul., Trif.
rep. ¥ and é6F+I+4, Astrag. arg., Tanac. vulgar., Tarax. off., Vacc. uligin.,
Call. vulg., Pedic. lappon., Polygon. vivip., Salix nigric., S. glauca, S. lapp.,
S. phyllicif.
1374. B. latreiilellus K. (=B. subterraneus L., cf. No. 1399).—Viola tric. vulg.
F+I+, Trif. prat. ?, § and 6 F+I+, Cirs. olerac., Vacc. Myrt., Gent.
asclep., Anchusa off., Salv. prat. F+1I+, Ball. nigr. F+1I+.
DAVIS. WE Q q
594
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. B. lucorum L. (=var. of B. terrester L., cf. No. 1401).—Chelidon. majus,
Iber. amara, Cak. marit., Viola odor., Aesc. Pavia, Medic. sylvestr., Trif.
rep. §¥ F+I+, T. prat. $ and ¥ Fil4, T. arv. § F+1+4+, Lathyr. prat.
¥F+1+4+, Rubus frutic., R. caes., R. Id., R. spectab., Cyton. jap., Pyrus
comm., Ribes Gross., Symphoric. racem. ¥ and 6 F+1+, Lonic. tatar.,
Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Petas. off., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., Tarax. off.,
Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Eric. tetr., Symph. off., Lycium vulg.,
Antirrh. maj., Thym. Serp., Lam. alb. F+I+, F+I+, Stach. pal. F+I1+,
Ball. nigr. F+1I-+, Salix alba, S. fragil., S. rep., Epipog. aphyll., Scilla sibir.
. B. mastrucatus Gerst. (cf. No. 1355), # 10-124 mm., ¥ 9-10 mm.—Aconitum
Nap., Corydal. cava F+1I+, Polyg. Chamaeb. ? F+1+, FLI+, ¥ F+I+4,
Sapon. ocym., Cytis. nigric., Melilot. off. F+I+, Trif. mont. 6 F+I+,
T. prat. 6 F+1I+, Lotus corn., Oxytropis camp., Astrag. alp., Vicia sep.
F+I+, V. Orobus, Lathyr. mont. ? F+1+, L. vernus, Epil. angust.,
olidag. Virgaur., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. spinosis., Prenanth. purpur., Crep.
aurea, Phyteuma hemisph., Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg., Rhodod. hirs., Gent.
campestr., G. obtusif., Linar. vulg., L. alpina ?, Melamp. nemor., Pedic.
sylv., Rhinanth, maj., R. major. var. hirs., Salv. prat. F+1+, S. glutin.
F+I1+4, Calam. alpina, Hormin. pyren. F+1+, Lam. mac., Galeops. Tetr.,
Ball. nigr., Prun. grandifi., Prim. visc., Orchis sambuc., Goodyera rep.
. B. mendax Gerst., 13-17 mm., § 11-13 mm.—Aconit. Nap. F+1+, Oxytrop.
+
ural., Rhodod. hirs., Veron. off., Ball. nigr. ?, ¥ and 6 F+I+.
. B, mesomelas Gerst. (cf. Nos. 1362 and 1386), 15-18 mm., ¥ 12-14 mm.,
$ 9-10 mm.—Trif. prat. §,¥ and 6 F+I+, Scab. Columb., Cirs. heteroph.,
Card. nut., Salv. verticill, F+I-+, Lam. alb.
. B. montanus Lep.—Rhodod. hirs.
1380. B. mucidus Gerst.—Trif. alpin., Salv. verticill. F+I+.
1381
. B. muscorum F. (=B. cognatus Steph., cf. No. 1356), ¢ 15 mm.—Viola tric.
vulg. F+1+, Saroth. scop.F+I+, Genista angl F+I+, Trif. rep. ¥,
-F+I4, Trif. prat. 9, § and ane T. incarn. F+1+4+, T. arv. § F+14,
Anthyll. Vuln. § F+1-+, Lotus corn. ¢ and §F+I1+, Vicia Cracca 9 F+I+,
V. sep. ? and ¥ F+I4, V. angustif. § F+I+, V. Faba $ F+I1+, Lathyr.
prat. 9 F+I4, Symphoric. racemos. $F+4I-4, Valerian. olit., Dipsac. sylv.,
Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Eupat. can., Tanac. vulg., Senec. nemor., Echinops
Sphaeroc., Onopord. Acanth., Carl. acaul., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic.,
Tarax. off., Sonchus. arv., Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V.
Vit.-id., Androm. polif., Call. vulg., Eric. tetr., Gent. Pneum., G. acaule,
G. verna, Anchus. off., Pulm. off., Lycium vulg., Digit. purp., Melamp. sylv.,
Pedic. sylv., Rhinanth. maj., Euphras. Odont., E. off., Lathr. Squam.,
Salv. prat. F+I+, Thym. Serp., Calam. Acin., Nepeta Glech. ? F+I+,
Lam. alb. ? and § F+I+, L. purp. $ F+I+, L. amplexic. ? F+I4,
L. Galeobd. ? F+I+, Galeops. Tetr. ? and § F+1+, Stach. pal. F+I+,
S. recta F+1+, S. Beton., Ball. nigr. ¥ F+1+, Prun. vulg. F+1I+, Ajug.
rept. F+I+, Teucr. Scorod., Salix alba, S. fragil., S. rep., Orchis latif.
F+I4.
1382. B. nivalis Dahlb. (=B. kirbyellus Curt., cf. No. 1371).—Oxytrop. camp.,
Lathyr. marit. § and 6 F+1+4, Comar. pal., Polygon. vivip., Salix nigric.,
S. glauca, S. lapp., S. phyllicif.
1383. B. opulentus Gerst. (=G. gerstaeckeri Mor., cf. No. 1363), 2 21-3 mm.—
Aconit. Lycoct. F+1+.
1384. B. pascuorum Scop. (=B. italicus F., cf. No. 1370).—Althaea rosea, Agrim.
Eupat., Centaur. Jac., Rosmar. off., Ball. nigr. $6 F+4+I+.
1385. B. pomorum Pz.—Corydal. lutea, Cardam. prat., Polyg. Chamaeb., Medic.
sat. 6 F+I4, Trif. prat. 9,9 and $6 F+I+4, T. arv. § F+1+, Vicia sep.
F+I1+, Epil. mont., Lonic. Xylost. § F+I+, Viburn. Lant., Eupat. can.,
Helianth. an., Card. crisp., Carl. acaul., Echium vulg., Linar. vulg., Digit.
ambig., Salv. off. ? F+1+, Stach. pal. F+I-+.
1386. B. pomorum Pz. var. elegans Seidl. (=B. mesomelas Gerst., cf. Nos. 1362 and
1387.
1388.
1378).—Trif. alp. F+I+, Anthyll. Vuln., Oxytropis camp., Lonic. Xylost.,
Carl. acaul.
B. pomorum Pz. var. rufescens Ev.p—Lam. mac. F+I1+.
B. pratorum L., 2 12-144mm., ¥ 8-12 mm., 6 —10mm.—Anem. nem.,
Aconit. Nap., Berb. vulg., Chelidon. maj., Diclyt. spect. F-I1+, Raphan.
Raph., Viola odor., V. tric. arv., Polyg. Chamaeb., Malva sylv., Geran.
HYMENOPTERA 505
sanguin., Medic. sat. F+1-+, Trif. rep. and § F+I+, T. mont. 8F+I+.
T. prat. ? and § F+I+, T. camp. ? F+1+, Lotus corn., Astrag. arenar.,
Onobr. viciif., Vicia unijuga, Lathyr. marit. § F+1+, Prunus Cer., Rosa
rubigin., Rubus frutic., R. odor., R. Id., Geum riv., Cydonia jap., Epil.
angust., Fuchsia sp., Philad. coron., Ribes nigrum, R. sanguin., R. Gross.,
Saxifr. (Bergenia) crassif., Symphoric. racem. ¥§ and 6 F+I+, Lonic.
Xylost. F+I+, Valer. off., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb.,
Petas. off., Aster Tripol., Helianth. decap., H. mollis, Heliops. laev., Senec.
nemor., S. Jacob., Cirs. pal., C. olerac. var. amar., Card. acanth., C. nut.,
Centaur. Jac., C. nigr., C. mont., C. Scab., C. atropurp., C. leucol., Leont.
hast., Tarax. offic., Campan. rot., C. latif.. Phyteuma spic., Vacc. Myrt.,
V. uligin., Call. vulg., Eric. cin., Rhodod. hirs., Forsyth. virid., Vinca min.,
Polemon. caerul., Cynogloss. Column., Borago off., Anchus. off., A. ochrol.,
Symph. off., S. off. var. coccin., S. peregr., Pulm. off., Echium vulg.,
Lycium vulg., Solan. Dulc., Atropa Bell., Scroph. nod. §F +1+, Veron. mont.,
Melamp. prat., M. nemor., Pedic. palustr., Rhinanth. maj., Euphras. off.,
Salv. prat. 9 F+I+, S. off. ? and ¥§ F+I-, S. verticill. SF+I+, Origan.
vulg., Thym. Serp., Nepeta nuda, N. Glech. § F+I+, Lophanth. Tug.,
Lam. alb. $ and ¥§ F+1I+4+, Lam. purp. ? F+I-4, L. Vis, 2 F+I-4, L.
gargan., L. Galeobd.? and ¥F+I+, Stach. sylv. F+1+, Ball. nigr. F+I+,
Leon. Card., L. Marrub., Prun. vulg. F+1+, P. grandifl., Ajugarept. F+I+,
Teucr. Scorod. F+I+, Verben. off., Prim. elat. F+I+, Plantag. lanc.,
Polygon. vivip., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. vimin., S. nigr., S. glauca,
S. lapp., S. phyllicif., Orchis masc. F+I+, O. Morio F+I+, O. macul.
F+I+, Goodyera rep., Antheric. ramos., Scilla sibir., Allium ursin., A. vin.,
Hyac. orient.
1389. B. pratorum L. var. subinterruptus K.—Symph. off.
1390. B. proteus Gerst (cf. No. 1398), ? 13-14 mm., ¥ 11-13 mm.—Malva sylv.,
Rham. Frang., Trif. rub., Rub. frutic., R. Id., Epil. angust., Knaut. arv.,
Succ. prat., Cirs. arv., C. olerac., Lappa min., Leont. aut., Campan. rot.,
Phyteuma spic., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., V. Vit.-id., Call. vulg.,
Linar. vulg., Thym. Serp., Lam. alb. F+1I+, Stach. pal. F+1+, Teucr.
Scorod. F+I+.
1391, B, rajellus K.(=B. derhamellus K., cf. No. 1360), 2 13-14 mm., $ 12-13 mm.,
10-11 mm.—Chelidon majus, Diclytra spectab. F+1-+, Corydal. lutea,
Viola tric. arv. F+I+, Polyg. Chamaeb., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Hyper. perfor.,
Acer Pseudoplat., Geran. phaeum, Lupin. lut. ¥ F+I+, L. angustif.,
Dorycn. hirs., Trif. rep. F-+I+, T. prat. ? and § F+I+, T. arv. ? and ¥
F+14, T. alpin., Lotus uligin. § F+I+, Astrag. glycyph. ? F+1+, Coron.
var. ? F+I+, C. mont., C. glauca, C. minima, Hedys. sibir., Onobr. aren.,
Vicia Cracca ¥ F+I+, V. sep. $ and § F+1+4+, V. Faba ? F+I4, V. pisi-
form. ? and § F+1+, Cydonia jap., Epil. angust., Oenoth. bien. x D. muric.,
Sedum acre, Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Cirs. pal., Centaur.
rhen., Hierac. vulgat., Phyteum. betonicif., Eric. Tetr., Anchus. off., Lycops.
arv., Pulm. off., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg., Linar. vulg., Melamp. arv.,
M. nemor., Pedic. sylv., Rhinanth. maj., Salv. prat. $ F+I+, S. off.
9 F+I4, Nepeta Glech. $ F+I+4, Lam. alb. ? F+1+, L. mac. ¥§ F+I4,
L. purp. 2 F4+1+, L. incis. ? F+I1+, L. Galeobd. F+1+, Galeops. Tetr.
9% and 6 F414, Stach. pal. F+1+, Ball. nigr. QandéF+I4, Prun. vulg.
F+4I1+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Prim. off. F+1I+, Salix Capr., Iris Pseudac.
F+I+.
1392. B. ruderatus F. (=a var. of B. hortorum L., cf. Nos. 1353 and 1365), ¥ 22 mm.
—Cak. marit., Aesc. Pavia, Cytis. Lab. ? F+1+, Trif. prat. ?, ¥andé F414,
Vicia Faba g F+I+, Knaut. arv., Dahlia variab., Helianth. an., Cirs. arv.,
Card. nut., Tarax. off., Symphyt. off., Echium vulg., Linar. vulg., Salv.
rat. F+1+, Lam. alb. ? F+1-+, Galeops. ochr. ¥ and $F+I4, G. versic.
F+4I-4+, Stach. pal. $F+I+.
1393. B. scrimshivanus K. ( =B. jonellus K., cf. No. 1369), ¥ 10 mm.—Aconit. Lycoct.
F+I+, Trif. rep. ¥ and éF+I4, Astrag. alp., Onobr. viciif., Vicia Cracca
9 Sands F+I1-+, Lathyrus heteroph.F+1+, L. pal. F+1+, Rubus frutic.,
R. Chamaem., Geum riv., Comar. pal., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Epil. angust., Ribes Gross., Tanac. vulg., Cirs. pal., Centaur. nigr., Leont.
aut., Tarax. off., Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg., Limnanth. nymph., Lycops.
arv., Verbasc. Thaps., Pedic. sylv., P. palustr., Rhinanth. maj., Lam. alb.,
Qq2
596
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
and § F+I+, Galeops. sp. ?, G. Tetr. F+1+, Polygon. vivip., Salix cin.,
. Capr., S. aurit., S. nigr., S. glauca, S. lapp., S. phyllicif.
1394. B. senilis F. (=B. variabilis Schmiedekn. and B. muscorum F.), $ 14-15 mm.,
1395.
1396.
1397
1398
1399
1400
% 10-12 mm., 6 10 mm.—Delphin. elatum L., Echium vulg., Scroph. nod.
F+I+.
*B. sylvarum L., ? 12-14mm., ¥ 10-12 mm., 6 9-10 mm.—Aconit. Nap.,
Brass. oler., Polyg. Chamaeb., Malva sylv., Trif. rep. ? F+1+, T. fragif.
¥ F4+I4, T. prat. ?, ¥ and 6 F414, T. rub., Anthyll. Vuln. § F+I+.
Lotus corn. § F+1+, Onobr. viciif., Vicia Cracca ? and ¥ F+I4, V. sep.
F+I+4, V. sat. 2? F+I+, V. angustif. 9 F+4+I1+4, V. Faba SF+I4,V. pisi-
form. ? F+1I+, Lathyr. prat. ? and § F+I4, L. sylvest. § F+I-, L. latif.
var. intermed., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Geum riv., Epil. hirs., Oenoth. bien.
9 F+I+, Lythr. Sal. ¥ F+1+, Sedum Teleph., Ribes Gross., Lonic. tatar.,
Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Helianth. an., Calend. offic., Echinops sphaeroc.,
Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., Card. acanth., C. nut., Lappa toment., Carl. acaul.,
Centaur. Jac., C. Cyan., C. Scab., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Tarax. off.,
Hierac. vulgat., Jas. mont., Vacc. uligin., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., Gent.
Amarella, Anchus. off., Symph. off., Pulm. off., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg.,
Antirrh. maj., Linar. vulg., Melamp. prat., M. arv., Pedic. sylv., Rhinanth,
maj., Euphras. Odont., Mentha aquat., Lycop. europ., Salv. prat. and §
F+I4, S. off., ? F+I+, S. verticill. 2 and ¥ F+I+, Origan. vulg., Thym.
Serp., Nepeta Glech. 9 F4I +, Lam. alb. OPT a purp. FEL +,
L.amplexic. ? F+1I+, L. Galeobd. ? F+I+, Galeops. Tetr.? and ¥ F+I1+,
G. Ladan. $? F+I+, Stach. sylv. ? F+I+, S. pal. F+1I+4, S. recta F+1I+,
Ball. nigr. ? F+I+, Prun. vulg. , ¥ and é F+1+4+, Ajuga rept. F+I+,
Teucr. Scorod. F+1+, Prim. elat. F+1I+, Orchis Morio F+I+.
. B. sylvarum L. var. albicauda Schmiedekn.—Vicia Cracca ? F+I+.
. B. soroénsis F.—Aconit. Nap. F+I+, Polyg. Chamaeb., Epil. angust.,
Eryng. marit., Scab. Columb., Eupat. can., Senec. Jacob., Card. crisp.,
Hierac. muror., Campan. barb., Call. vulg., Euphras. off., Salv. prat.
SF+I4, Origan. vulg., Prun. vulg. F+I+.
. B. soroénsis F. var. proteus Gerst. (=B. proteus Gerst., cf. No. 1390).—Viscar.
vulg., Tilia ulmif., Trif. arv. § F+1+, Rubus frutic., Knaut. arv., Cirs. arv.,
Leont. aut., Hierac. Pilosel., H. muror., Campan. rot., Euphras. off., Thym,
Serp., Prun. vulg. F+1I+.
B. subterraneus L. (cf. No. 1374).—Brass. nig., Viola corn., V. tric. vulg.
F+I+4+, V. patens F+I+, Coron. Fl.-cuc., Trif. prat. 3,9 and $6 F+I4+,
Lotus uligin., Rubus caes., Heracl. Sphond., Succ. prat., Cirs. arv., Card.
crisp., Lappa toment., Centaur. Jac., Leont. aut., Hypoch. glabra, Crep.
vir., Hierac. umbell., Call. vulg., Rhinanth. maj., Euphras. Odont., Salv.
prat. F+I+, S. verticill, F+I+, Nepeta Glech. ? F+I+, Lam. alb.
?F+I1+4, Prun. vulg. F+I+, Ajug. rept. F+I+, Butom. umb.
. B. subterraneus L. var. borealis Schmiedekn.—Ballota nigra F+1+.
1401,
* B. terrester (terrestris) L. (cf. No. 1375), ? 9-10 mm., ¥ 8-9 mm.—Clemat.
recta, C. angustif., Pulsat. vulg., Anem. nemor., A. japon., Adon. vern.,
Batrach. aquat., Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. lanugin., R. Fic., Caltha pal.,
Hellebor. foetid., H. viridis F+1+, Nigella sativa § F+1+, N. damasc.
YF+I+, Aquileg. vulg. F+1I+, Aconit. Nap. ? F+14+, F+I+4, A. Lycoct.
F+I1+, Paeon. off., Berb. vulg., B. aquifol., Papaver Rhoeas, P. somnif.,
Chelidon. majus, Sanguin. canad., Diclytra spectab. F+I+, Corydal. cava
F+I4, C. solida F+1I+4,C. clavicul., Cheirant. Cheiri, Cardam. prat., Brass.
oler., Sinap. arv., Eroph. verna, Iber. amara, Cak. marit., Viola odor., V. can.
éF+414, V. tric. vulg. F+I4, V. tric. arv., Polyg. vulg., P. Chamaeb., Sapon.
off., S. ocym., Viscar. vulg., Cor. Fl.-cuc., Melandr. rubr., Malva sylv., Alth.
ficif., A. off., Tilia ulmif., Hyper. perfor., H. quadrang., H. commutat.,
H. tetrapt., Acer Pseudoplat., Aesc. Hippocast. 9 F+I+, A. flava, Geran.
pusill., G. Robert., Oxalis Acetos., Impat. Noli-tang. F+I+, I. Balsam.,
I. glandulif. F+I+, Rhamn. Frang., Saroth. scop. § F+I-+4, Genista tinct.
F+I+4+, G. angl. F+I+, Ulex europ. § F+I4, Cytis. Lab. ¥ F+I+,
C. sagitt., Sophora flavesc., Lupin. lut. § F+I+, L. angustif. ¥F+I1-+,
Ononis spin. § and ¥ F+1+, O.rep., Medic. sat. F+I+, M. lupul., Dorycn.
hirs., Trif. rep. ¥ and $ F+I+, T. hybr. § F+I14+, T. fragif. ¥ F+I4,
T. prat. ? and ¥ F+I+, T. med., T. arv. ?,¥ and 4 F+I4, T. alpin., Lotus
corn. ¥F41+and F4I+4, Astrag. dan., A. exscap., A. alp., Onobr. viciif,
HYMENOPTERA 597
Vicia sep. $ and ¥ FLI+, V. sat. FLI+, V. Faba ? F+1+, Lathyr. prat.
F+I+, L. latif., L. niger F+1I+, L. vern., L. brachypt., Phaseolus vulg.
F+tI+, P. multiflor. F+I+, Amygd. comm., Persica vulg., Prunus dom.,
P. avium, P. Cer., P. spin., Rosa pimpinellif, R. rubigin., Rubus frutic.,
R. caes., R. Id., Geum riv., G. urb., Potent. Anser., P. verna, Agrim. Eupat.,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., C. monog., Cydonia jap.,
Pyrus Malus, P. comm., Sorbus Auc., Epil. angust., E. hirs., Oenoth. bien.
F+I1+, Fuchsia sp., Lythr. Sal. 9, § and 6 F+1+, L. hyssopif., Deutzia
crenata, Sedum Teleph., Ribes nigrum, R. sanguin., R. Gross., Saxifr.
(Bergenia) crassif., Astrant. maj., Eryng. camp., E. gigant., Levist. off.,
Ligustic. commut., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Viburn. op.,
Symphor. racem. F+I+, Valer. mont., V. alliariif., Dipsac. sylv., D. Full.,
Cephal. alp., C. ural., C. ural. var. cret., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab.
dauc., Eupat. purp., Vernon. fascic., V. praeal., Adenost. alp., Tussil. Farf.,
Petas. off., Aster Tripol., A. Amel., A. Nov.-Angl., A. salicif., A. panicul.
var. pubesc., A. sagitt., A. sparsifi., Bellis per., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag.
Virgaur., S. ambig., S. fragr., S. laterifl., Dahlia variab., D. Cerv., Silph.
Aster., S. connat., S. erythroc., S. gummif., S. trifol., Bidens cern., Helianth.
an., H. atror., H. decap., H. Maximil., H. moll., Echinac. purp., Heliops.
lacr., H. Scab., Rudb. lacin., Tanac. vulg., Chrys. Leuc., Cacal. hast., Senec.
nemor., S. Jacob., Echinops sphaeroc., E. bannat., E. exalt., Cirs. arv.,
C. lanceol., C. olerac., C. acaulexC, olerac., Card. crisp., C. acanth., C.
deflor., C. nut., Onopord. Acanth., Carl. acaul., C. vulg., Alfred. cern.,
Serrat. quinquef., Centaur. Jac., C. nigr., C. Scab., C. astrach., C. atro-
purp., C. atropurp. var. ochrol., C. conglom., C. rup., C. ruthen., C.
salicif., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Tarax. offic., Sonchus arv., Crepis
vir., Hierac. vulgat., H. umbell., H. brevifol., Lobel. erin., L. syph.,
Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., V. Vit.-Id., Arbut. Uned., Call. vulg.,
Eric. Tetr., E. cin., Rhodod. praec., Syring. vulg., Asclep. syr. F+1+,
Vinca min., V. maj., Gent. Pneum., G. obtusif., Hydroph. virgin., Polemon.
caerul., Conv. arv., C. sep., C. Soldan., Cynogloss. off., Omphalod. verna,
Anchusa off., Symph. off., S. asperr., S. peregr., Pulm. off., P. angustif. x
P. off., Onosma Stell., Cerinthe min., Echium vuig., E. rosul., Lycium
vulg., Solan. Dulc., S. nigr., Atropa Bell., Hyosc. nig., Verbasc. Thaps.,
V. nigr., Scroph. nod., Antirrh. maj., A. Oront., Linar. vulg., L. pyren. ?, L.
ital, Digit. purp., D. lutea, D. ambig., Veron. longif., Melamp. prat., M. arv.,
M. nemor., Pedic. sylv., P. palustr., Rhinanth. maj., R. min., Euphras.
Odont., Lathr. Squam., Acanth. spin., Mentha arv., Salv. sylv. F+I+,
S. off. Ft1I+, S. Bertol., Monarda did., M. fistul., M. fistul. vars. mollis.
albicans and purpur., Origan. vulg., Satureia mont., Thym. Serp., T. dalm.,
Calam. alpina, C. off., C. Nepeta, Clinop. vulg., Melissa off. § andé F+I+4,
Hormin. pyren. FLI+, Nepeta Cat. ¥ F+1+.N. Glech. ? flowers F+1+
and F+I+, ¥ flowers F+I+, Rosmar. off., Hyssop. off., Dracoceph.
mold., Melitt. Melissophyll. F+1I+, Lam. alb. F+I+, L. mac. F+I-4, L.
purp. ? and § F+I4, L. amplexic. § F+I+, L. Galeobd. F{I+, Galeops.
Tetr. F+I4, G. versic. 9 F+I1+, Stach. pal. § F4+I+ and F+I-, S.
germ. 9 and $6 F+I+, S. lanata, S. rubic., Phlom. Russel., Siderit. hyssopif.,
S. scordioid., Marrub. vulg. F+1I-+, M. candidiss., M. anisod., Ballota mgra
F+I1-+, Leon. lanat., Scutell. galer. F+1I+ and F+I14, S. albida, Prun.
vulg. ¥ F+I14, P. grandifl., Ajuga rept. F+I+, Teucr. Scorod., T. Cham.,
T. canum, Verben. urticif., Prim. elat. F+1I+, Armer. elong., Statice Lim.,
Plantag. lanc., P. med., Polygon. vivip., Daphne Mez., Salix aurit., S.
Capr., S. cin., S. aurit. S. purp., S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. nigric.,
S. rep., Butom. umb., Orchis latif. F+I+, O. masc. F+I+, Croc.
varieg., Fritill. Meleagr., F. lutea, Scilla sibir., Allium Cepa, Hyac.
orient., H. candic.
1402. B. terrester L. var. audax Harr. (=B. virginalis Fourcy.).—Antirrh. maj.
1403. B. tristis Seidl. (=B. variabilis Schmiedkn. var. tristis Seidl., cf. No. 1405).—
Knaut. arv., Carl. vulg., Thrinc. hirt., Anchus. off., Lycium vulg., Salv.
verticill. ? F-+1+, Stach. pal. F+1+, S. recta F+1I+, Ball. nigr. ¥F+I1+,
Leon. Card., Teucr. Cham.
1404. * B. variabilis Schmiedkn., ? 13 mm,—Raphan. Raph., Medic. sat. § F+I+,
Trif. prat. $, ¥ and 6 F414, T. incarn. F+1+, Lotus corn. § F+I4,
Astrag. alp., Vicia sep. F+ 1+, Rubus frutic., R. caes., Lythr. Sal. F+I+4+,
598
1405,
1406.
1407
1408.
1409.
1410.
1411.
1412.
1413.
1414.
1415.
1416.
1417.
1418.
1419.
1420.
1421.
1422.
1423.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Succ. prat., Eupat. can., Echinops sphaeroc., Centaur. Scab., C. rhen.,
Thrinc. hirt., Hierac. Pilos., Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., Echium
vulg., Veron. spic., Melamp. arv., Euphras. Odont., Salv. prat. F+I+,
Thym. Serp., Calam. Acin., Lam. alb. $F+I4, L. purp. F+1I+, Galeops.
Tetr. ¥ F+1+, Stach. recta F+1I+, S. Beton. F+1+, Prun. vulg. F+I1+4,
Teucr. Scorod. F+1I+, T. Cham., Iris sibir.
. B. variabilis Schmiedekn. var. tristis Seidl. (cf. No. 1403).—Cytis. sagitt.,
Ononis rep., Trif. rub., Astrag. glycyph. § F+1+, Vicia sep., Echium vulg.
. B. vorticosus Gevst.—Symphyt. asperrim.
. B. zonatus Sm.—Teucr. Cham.
Bombus sp.—Clemat. Balear., Lotus uligin. F+I+, Astrag. glycyph. F+1I+
Lathyr. mont. FiI+, Passifl. caer. F+1+, Persica vulg., Eryng. Bourgati,
Conium macul., Cicuta virosa, Oenan. crocata, Ebul. humil., Lonic. nigra,
L. caerul., Valer. off., Dipsac. Full., Homogyne alp., Bidens trip., Matric.
Cham., Tanac. vulg., Chrys. Leuc., Cirs. erioph., C. heteroph., C. acaule,
C. monsp., C. ochrol., Card. acanth., C. Person., Lappa min., L. maj., Carl.
Acaul., C. acanth., C. vulg., Saussur. alp., Centaur. nigr., C. axill., C. Mireti,
C. Cyan., C. Scab., C. nerv., Aposer. folt., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., L. hast.,
Picr. hierac., Tarax. off., Mulged. alpin., Sonchus olerac., S. arv., Crep.
vir., Hierac. albid., H. vulgat., H. muror., H. umbell., Campan. rot.,
Phyteuma paucifl., Conv. arv., Nicot. rusticax N. panicul. F+1+, Pedic.
Oederi, P. rostr., P. asplenif., P. foliosa, P. verticill., P. tuber., Rhinanth.
alp., R. min., Barts. alp., Ocymum, Stach. annua, Prun. alb., Teucr. pyren.,
Cyclam. persic., C. repand., Salix herbac., S. polar., Spiranth. aut., Calypso
bor., Stanhop. tigr., Gladiol. seget., G. Gandav., Allium fallax, Polygonat.
multifl., Bulbocod. aut.
Camptopoeum frontale F.—Centaur. Biberst.
Ceratina albilabris F, (=C. cucurbitina Rossi, ci. No. 1412).—Jas. mont.,
Echium vulg.
C. callosa F.—Nigella damasc., Knaut. arv., Hierac. Pilos.
C. cucurbitina Rossi (cf. No. 1410).—Res. lutea, Cist. monspel., Erod. cicut.,
Paliur. acul., Orlaya grand., Card. pycnoceph., Centaur. rhen., Conv
cantabr., Echium vulg., Ajug. genev., Teucr. flavum, Verben. off.
C. cyanea K.—Melilot. off. F+I+, Rubus caes., Knaut. arv., K. sylv.,
Hierac. Pilos., Campan. glom., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Verben. off.
C. gravidula Gerst.—Centaur. rhen.
C. nigroaenea Gerst.—Card. nut., Thym. Cham.
Chalicodoma manicata Gir. (=Megachile manicata Gir., cf. No. 1625).—
Thym. Serp., Rosmar. off., Ajug. genev.
C. muraria Retz. (=Megachile muraria Retz., cf. No. 1628), § 1omm.—
Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Onobr. viciif., Salv. prat. ? and 6 F+I+, Ajug.
genev.
Se renee Lep. (=Megachile pyrenaica Lep., cf. No. 1633).—Trif. prat.
+I+.
Chelostoma campanularum K. (=Eriades campanularum K., cf. No. 1482),
3 mm.—Malva sylv., Geran. prat., G. molle, G. Robert., Sedum album,
Card. acanth., Cichor. Int., Sonchus asp., Crep. bien., C. vir., Hierac. folios.,
Campan. rot., C. bonon., C. rapunculoides, C. Trach., C. persic., C. carpath.,
Jas. mont., Polemon. caerul., Conv. arv., Salv. off. ? F+1I-+.
C. florisomne L, (=Eriades florisomnis L., cf. Nos. 1421 and 1484).—Leont.
aut., Tarax. off., Hierac. vulgat., Campan. bonon., Lam. purp. 9 F4I-4.
C. maxillosum L. (=Eriades florisomnis L., cf. Nos. 1420 and 1484).—
Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Tarax. off.
C. nigricorne Nyl. (=Eriades nigricornis Nyl., cf. Nos. 1486 and 1605),
4-44 mm.—Malva sylv., M, Alc., M. mosch., Geran. pal., G. prat., G. pyren.,
G. Robert., Lotus corn. 6 F+1+, Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal. 9 FAI4,
Valer. off., Inula Hel., Rudb. lacin., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Doronic.
Pardal., Silyb. Marian., Card. crisp., Lactuca perenn., Mulged. alpin., M.
macrophyll., Crep. montan., Campan. rot., C. bonon., C. rapunculoides,
C. Trach., C. persic., C. glom., C. latif. var. serot., C. pat., C. carpath.,
C. rhomb., Polemon. caerul., Conv. sep., Echium vulg., Veron. mont.,
Lavand. vera, Salv. prat. 6 FAI4, S. off. $ F+I+4, Scutell. altiss.
Cilissa haemorrhoidalis F. (=Melitta haemorrhoidalis F., cf. No. 1644),
é 3-4 mm.—Malva sylv., M. Alc., Lotus corn, 6 F+I+, Scab. ochrol.,
HYMENOPTERA 599
Campan. rot., C. bonon., C. rapunculoides, C. Trach., C. pat., Prun. vulg.
F+I1+ and F+I-+.
1424, C. leporina Pz. (=Melitta leporina Pz., cf. Nos. 1426 and 1646), 3} mm.—
Ononis spin. $ F+1+, O. rep., Medic. sat. ? and $6 F+I+, M. falc., Trif.
rep. and é F+I1+,T.hybr.§F+I+, T. prat.6 FLI+, T. arv. ? F+I+,
Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Cirs. arv., Jas. mont., Atropa Bell., Thym. Serp.
1425. * C. melanura Nyl, (=Melitta melanura Nyl., cf. No. 1647), 3-4 mm.—
Hyper. perfor., Lythr. Sal. ? and 6 F+I-+, Thrinc. hirt.
1426. C. iricincta K. (=Melitta leporina Pz., cf. Nos. 1424 and 1646), 3} mm.—
Medic. med., Dorycnium hirs., Lotus corn. 9 F+1I+, Sedum acre, Achill.
Millef., Card. acanth.
1427. Coelioxys acuminata Ny/.—Rubus caes., Knaut. arv., Helianth. an., Calend.
off., Carl. vulg., Leont. aut., Jas. mont.
1428. C, as Nyl. (=C. quadridentata L., cf. Nos. 1432 and 1439).—Campan.
glom.
1429. C. afra Lep.—Stach. recta.
1430. C. aurolimbata Foerst.—Dorycn. herbac., Thym. Cham., Stach. recta,
Marrub. candidiss., Leon. Marrub., Teucr. Cham.
1431. C. brevis Ev.—Jas. mont.
1432. C. conica L. (=P. quadridentata L., cf. Nos. 1428 and 1439).—Melilot. off.
F+I+, M. albus F+I+, Centaur. nigr., Teucr. Scorod.
1433. C. conoidea Ill. (=C. punctata Lep., cf. Nos. 1438 and 1445).—Malva sylv.,
Geran. prat., Onobr. viciif., Rubus frutic., Knaut. arv., Inula hirt., Cirs.
arv., C. lanceol., Card. crisp., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Scab., C. rhen.,
Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Asclep. syr. F+1I+, Anchus. off., Echium
vulg., Lavand. vera, Origan. vulg., Stach. recta F+1+, Teucr. Cham.
1434. C. elongata Lep. (cf. Nos. 1442 and 1443).—Malva sylv., Geran. prat., G.
phaeum, G. rubell., Melilot. altiss. F+1I+, M. off. F+I+, M. albus F+I+,
Lotus corn. F+1-+, Rubus frutic., R. Id., Sedum refl., Aster chin., Rudb.
lacin., Ligul. specios., Senec. Jacob., Stach. recta.
1435. C. mandibularis Ny/.—Lotus corn. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Jas. mont.
1436. C. octodentata Lep. (=C. rufocaudata Sm., cf. No. 1441).—Melilot. off. F+I+,
Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., Echium vulg.
1437. C. polycentris Foervst.—Marrub. peregr.
1438. C. punctata Lep. (=C. conoidea JUl., cf. Nos. 1433 and 1445).—Anchusa off.,
Echium vulg., Marrub. vulg. F+I+.
1439. C. quadridentata L. (cf. Nos. 1428 and 1432).—Geran. prat., Melilot. altiss.
$ F+I4, Trif. prat. 6 F+I+, T. arv. 2? F+1+, Lotus corn. ? F+I+4,
Lathyr. mont. § F+I+, Rubus Id., Knaut. arv., Carl. vulg., Centaur.
mont., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Thym. Serp., Stach. recta.
1440. C. rufescens Lep. (cf. No. 1444).—Malva sylv., Geran. pal., G. prat., G.
Robert., Medic. sat. 6 F+I+4, Trif. rep. ? and $6 F+1I+, Lotus corn. ?
F+I+, Vicia Cracca § F+1+, Rubus frutic., R. caes., R. Id., Liban,
mont., Knaut. arv., Inula Hel., Sonchus asp., Hierac. muror., Echium vulg.,
Verbasc. nigr., Lavand. vera, Salv. verticill. $ and 6 F+I4+, Origan.
vulg., Stach. germ. var. interm., S. lanata, Leon. Card.
1441. C. rufocaudata Sm. (cf. No. 1436).—Res. odor., Melilot. altiss. F+I+, Stach.
recta.
1442. C. simplex Nyl. (=C. elongata Lep., cf. Nos. 1434 and 1443), 44 mm.—
Bryon. dioica $ F+I+, Aster chin., Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Echium
vulg.
1443. C. inricuspidata Foerst. (=C. elongata Lep., cf. Nos. 1434 and 1442).—Echium
vulg.
1444, C. umbrina Sm. (=C. rufescens Lep., cf. No. 1440).—Onobr. viciif., Echium
vulg.
1445. C. wees Curt. (=C. conoidea JiJ., cf. Nos. 1433 and 1438).—Marrub. vulg.
F+I-+.
1446. C. sp.—Melilot. albus F+I+, Lotus corn. F+I+, Jas. mont., Asclep. syr.,
Polemon. coerul., Thym. Serp.
1447. Colletes balteatus Ny/.—Trif. rep. F+I+, Campan. persic.
1448. C. cunicularis L. 33-4 mm.—Brass. oler., Potent. Anser., P. sylv., Tarax. off.,
Vacc. uligin., Armer. elong., Empetr. nigr., Salix cin., S. Capr., 5. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. rep.
1449. C. daviesanus K., ? 24-3 mm.—Malach. aquat., Genista tinct. F+1+, Trif.
600
1450
1451
1452.
1453.
1454
1455,
1458.
1459
1460
1461.
1462.
1463.
1464.
1465.
1466.
1467.
1468.
1469.
1470.
1471.
1472.
1473.
1474.
1475.
1476.
1477.
1478.
1479.
1480.
1481.
1482.
1483
1484.
1456.
1457.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
med., Oenoth. bien. ? F+1+, Aegop. Podagr., Peuced. Oreos., Anthr. sylv.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., A. tinct., Matric. Cham., M. inod.,
Tanac. vulg., Chrys. Leuc., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Narth. ossifr.
C. fodiens Fourcr. (K.), 2} mm.—Malva sylv., Melilot. albus F+1+, Trif.
prat. § F+I+, Lotus corn. ? F+1+, Peuced. Oreos., Achill. Millef., A.
Ptarm., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob., Thym. Cham.
C. hylaeiformis Ev.—Thym. Serp.
C. impunctatus Ny/.—Achill. Millef., Euphras. off.
C. lacunatus Dours.—Res. lutea, Cist. monspel., Paliurus acul., Dorycn.
herbac., Vicia villosa var. varia, Thym. Cham.
C. marginatus (L.) Sm.—Trif. rep. F+1+, T. arv. 8 and 6 F+1I+, Rubus
caes., Achill. Millef., Anthem. tinct., Tanac. vulg., Jas. mont., Euphras. off.
C. nasutus Sm.—Trif. rep. F+I+, Anchusa off., Echium vulg.
C. niveofasciatus Dours.—Res. lutea, Thym. Cham., T. dalm.
C. picistigma Thoms.—Rubus caes., Achill. Millef., Matric. Cham., Tanac.
vulg., Senec. Jacob.
C. punctatus Mocs.—Nigella arv.
C. succinctus L.—Call. vulg.
C. sp.—Medic. sat. F+I+4+.
Crocisa histrio F.—Knaut. arv.
C. major Mor.—Sedum acre, Centaur. Calcitr., C. solstit., Conv. cantabr.,
Echium vulg., Lycium vulg.
C. ramosa Lep.—Echium vulg., Lycium vulg.
C. scutellaris F.—Dipsac. sylv., Lobel. Erin., Lycium vulg., Lavand. vera,
Lam. alb. F+I+, Ball. nigr. 3 F+I4+4, Ajug. rept. F+I+
C. truncata Pey.—Echium vulg., Lycium vulg.
Dasypoda argentata Pz.—Knaut. arv., Jas. mont.
D. argentata Pz. var. braccata Ev.—Scab. Columb. var. ochroleuca.
D. hirtipes F. (=D. plumipes Pz., cf. No. 1469), 5 mm.—Knaut. arv., Cirs.
arv., Card. acanth., Rhapont. pulch., Centaur. Jac., Cent. rhen., Cichor.
Int., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax off.,
Crep. bien., C. vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbell., Jas. mont.
D. plumipes Pz. (cf. No. 1468).—Knaut. arv., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac.,
Hypoch. radic., Chondrilla junc., Sonchus arv., S. asp., Crep. vir.,
Hierac. Pilosel., H. muror., H. umbell., Jas. mont., Armer. elong.
D. thomsoni Schlett.—Knaut. arv.
Dioxys tridentata Ny/.—Teucr. Cham.
Diphysis servatulae Pz, (=Trachusa serratulae Pz., cf. No. 1869), 6 7-8 mm.—
Viola tric. arv. F+I+, Hyper. perfor., Genista tinct. F+1+, Cytis. sagitt.,
Trif. prat. ? F+1+4+, T. arv. 6 F+1+4+, Lotus corn. 2 and 6 F+14, Vicia
Cracca 9 F+I4, Lathyr. prat. § F4+I+4+, Rubus frutic., Knaut. arv.,
Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Hierac. Pilos., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Echium
vulg.
Dufourea alpina Mor.—Phyteuma Scheuchz.
D. halictula Nyl. (cf. No. 1842).—Senec. Jacob., Hierac. nemor., Jas. mont.
D. vulgaris Schenck.—Ranunc. Flamm., Potent. sylv., Thrinc. hirt., Leont.
aut., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., H. glabra, Crep. bien., C. vir., C. tector.,
Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Digit.
ambigua,
Epeoloides caecutiens. F.—Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Ball. nigr.
Epeolus fasciatus Friese (=E. tvansitorius Friese).—Nigella arv.
E. productus Thoms.—Tanac. vulg., Thym. Serp.
E. tristis Sm. (teste Schletterer) (=E. scalavis Iil.).—Paliurus acul.
E. tristis Sm.—Thym. Serp.
E. variegatus L.—Trif. arv. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Inula Hel.,
Inul. brit., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob., S. erucif., Leont. aut., Hierac.
Pilos., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Anchusa off., Euphras. off., Origan. vulg.,
Thym. Serp.
Eriades campanularum K. (cf. No. 1419).—Papaver somnif., Paliurus acul.,
Heracl. Sphond., Anthr. sylv., Campan rot., C. Rapunculus, C. glom.,
Jas. mont.
E. crenulatus Ny/.—Centaur. arenar.
E. florisomnis L. (cf. Nos. 1420 and 1421), ? 44 mm.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., R. lanug., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv., Malva sylv., Rubus
1485.
1486.
1487,
1488.
1489.
1490.
1491.
1492.
1493.
1494.
1495.
1496.
1497.
1498.
1499.
1500.
1501.
1502.
1503.
1504.
1505.
1506.
1507.
1508.
1509.
HYMENOPTERA 601
Id., Crat. Oxyac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., Veron. verna,
Salv. verticill. F+I-+, Lam. alb.
E. grandis Ny/.—Leont. hast.
E, nigricornis Nyl. (cf. Nos. 1422 and 1605).—Ranunc. rep., R. acris, R. bulb.,
Sisymbr. off., Sinap. arv., Malva sylv., Geran. Robert., Epil. angust., Lythr.
Sal. F+I+, Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob.,
Cichor. Intyb., Campan. rot., C. Trach., C. persic., C. pat., Jas. mont.,
Echium vulg.
E. truncorum L. (cf. Nos. 1606 and 1870).—Papaver somnif., Malva sylv.,
Geran. prat., Melilot. altiss., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Oenanthe fist., Knaut.
arv., Scab. luc., Bellis per., Pulic. dysent., Helen. autumn., H. decur.,
Helianth. multifi., Heliops. patul., Rudb. lacin., Helichrys ang., Achill.
Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., A. tinct., Matric. Cham., Tanac. vulg.,
T. parthenif., Chrys. Leuc., Doronic. Pardal., D. austriac., Arnica Chamiss.,
Senec. vulg., S. Doronic., S. nemor., S. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Card.
acanth., Leont. aut., L. asper., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Crep. bien.,
C, vir., C. Tector., Hierac. bupleur., Campan. pat., Ligustr. vulg., Verbasc.
nigr.
Eucera. Species marked ¢ belong to the subgenus Macrocera.
Eucera albofasciata Friese.—Rindera tetrasp.
T . alternans Byrul/.—Dorycn. herbac., Trif. prat., Stach. recta, Marrub. vulg.
+I1+.
+* E. armenica Mor.—Salv. sylv. F+I+.
7 E. basalis Mor, (=E. salicariae Lep., cf. Nos. 1516 and 1868).—Lythr. Sal.
F+I-+.
E. bibalteata Dours.—Anchusa off.
E. caspica Mor.—Coron. Emer., Rosm. off., Muscari racemos.
E. caspica Mor. var. perezi Mocs.—Muscari racemos.
E. chrysopyga Pev.—Anchusa off., Nonn. pulla.
E. cinerea Lep.—Hippocrep. com., Knaut. arv.
E. clypeata Evichs.—Raphan. sat., Dorycn. herbac., Vinca maj., Nonn. pulla.
E. curvitarsis Mocs.—Anchusa off.
E. dalmatica Lep.—Echium vulg., E. altiss.
+* E. dentata Klug.—Lythr. Sal. 6 F+1+, Centaur. aren.
E. difficilis (Duf.) Pey.—Geran. molle, Trif. rep. F+I+, T. prat. 2 and é
F+I1+, Lotus corn. ? and é F+I+, Vicia Cracca? F+I+, V. sep. ?F+I+4,
Lathyr. prat. ? and 6 F+1+, Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Nonn. pulla, Teucr.
Scorod. F+1I+.
+ E. graja Ev.—Centaur. Biberst.
E. hispana Lep.—Dorycn. hirs., Salv. Bertol., Marrub. candidiss., Teucr.
flavum.
+ E. hungarica Friese.—Medic. sat., Centaur. Cyan., Anchusa off., Nonn.
ulla.
Be ing eee Baer.—Coron. Fl.-cuc., Dorycn. hirs., D. herbac., Lotus corn.,
Coron. Emer., Vicia hybr., Rubus caes., Helichrys. ang., Anchusa off.,
Nonn. pulla, Salv. Bertol., Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Stach. recta, Ajug.
genev., Teucr. Cham.
E. longicornis L., 10-12 mm.—Papav. Rhoeas, Corydal. lutea, Cheiranth.
Cheiri, Caps. Bursa-past., Raphan. sat., Res. lutea, Polyg. com., Coron.
Fl.-cuc., Saroth. scop. F+I+, Medic. sat. ? F+1+, Trif. prat. ? and é
F+4I4, T. incarn. § and 8 F+I4, T. alp. 9 and 6 F+I+4, Anthyll. Vuln.
9 F+I+, Lotus corn. ? and 6 F+1+, Oxytropis pil., Astrag. Onobr.,
Coron. Emer., Onobr. viciif., Vicia Cracca ? and $6 F+I1+, V. hybr., V. vill.
var. varia, V. sep. 9 and 6 F+I+, V. sat. 2 and é F+1I+, Pisum sat.
F+1+, Lathyr. prat. ? F+I+, L. latif., L. cirrhosus, Phaseolus multifl.
?>F+41+4+, Crat. Oxyac., Symphoric. racem. 6 F+1+, Syring. vulg., Vinca
maj., Anchusa off., Symph. off., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg., Veron. mont.,
Salv. prat. Sand $6 F+I4, S. off. 2? and $F+I1+, S. Bertol., Thym. dalm.,
Lam. alb. 6 F+I+, L. mac. 6 F+1+, L. purp. 6 F+I-4+, Ajug. rept.
F+4+I+4+, A. genev., Teucr. Scorod., Plantag. med., Orchis latif. F+I+,
O. Morio F+I+, Scilla marit.
+ E. Malvae Rossi.—Malva Alcea, Conv. scp.
E. nigrifacies Lef.—Onopord. Acanth.
E. nitidiventris 17ocs.—Borago off., Anchusa off., Nonn. pulla.
602
1510
1511
1512
15138
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521.
1522
1523
1524
1525.
1526,
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
E. pavadoxa Mocs. (=E. seminuda Brull., cf. No. 1518).—Anchusa off.
E. parvicornis Mocs.—Nonn. pulla.
E. parvula Friese.—Trif. nigresc., Vicia vill. var. varia, Thym. Cham.
} E. pollinosa Lep. (cf. No. 1867).—Knaut. arv., Scab. ochrol., Centaur. rhen.
TE. ruficollis Brull. (cf. No. 1609).—Dorycn. herbac., Vicia villosa var.
varia, Salv. off. F+1+, S. Bertol., Thym. Cham.
} E. ruficornis F.—Melilot. albus F+I+.
T* E. salicariae Lep. (cf. Nos. 1491 and 1868).—Melilot. albus F+I+,
Lythrum Sal. § and $6 F+I+.
+ E. scabiosae Mocs.—Scab. ochrol.
E. seminuda Brulle. (cf. No. 1510).—Trif. prat. ? F+1+, Anchusa off.
E. semistrigosa Dours.—Anchusa off.
7 E. similis Lepb.—Echium vulg., Salv. Sclar.
7 E. spectabilis Mor.—Echium vulg., Salv. Sclar.
7 E. tricincta Evy.—Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Salv. sylv. F+I+.
} E. velutina Mov.—Rindera tretrasp.
E. spec.—Lathyr. sylv. F+1I+.
Halictoides dentiventris Ny/., 3-3}mm.—Dryas octopct., Hierac. Pilos.,
Campan. rot., C. rapunculoides, C. Trach., C. persic., C. pat.
H. inermis Ny/.—Leont. aut., Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.
H. paradoxus Mor.—Phyteuma Scheuchz., Euphras. Rostkov.
Halictus albidulus Schenck (=H. tomentosus Schenck, cf. No. 1595).—
Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
H. albipes F. (cf. No. 1535).—Adon. vern., Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
R. auric., R. Fic., Brass. Rapa, Stell. Holost., S. med., Malva sylv., Geran.
pal., G. prat., G. phaeum, Genista tinct. F+I+, Onobr. viciif., Prunus
spin., Rosa pomif., Rubus frutic., Fragaria vesca, Potent. verna, Sedum
album, Ribes Gross., Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Foenic. vulg., Heracl.
Sphond., Dauc. Car., Knaut. arv., Chrysoc. Linos., Bellis per., Pulic. dysent.,
Achill. Millef., Tanac. vulg., Chrys. Leuc., Senec. Jac., Cirs. arv., Card.
crisp., C. acanth., Centaur. Jac., Cichor. Int., Leont. hast., Picr. hierac.,
Tarax. off., Lactuca mural., Crepis bien., Hierac. muror., Campan. rot.,
C. rapunculoides, Jas. mont., Syring. vulg., Echium vulg., Linar. Cymb.,
Veron. off., V. arv., V. hederif., Salv. verticill. ?andé F+I+, Origan. vulg.,
Lam. purp., Stach. recta, Ball. nigr., Prim. veris, Plantag. med., Polygon.
Pers., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., Gagea arv., Antheric. ramos., Hyac.
orient., Narth. ossifr.
H. albipes F. var. affinis Schenck.—Vit. vinif., Rubus frutic.
H., alternans Ill, (=H. scabiosae Rossi ? cf. No. 1582).—Helianth. an.
H. brevicornis Schenck, ¢ 34mm.—Berter. incana, Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic.,
Salix alba, S. fragil.
H. calceatus Scop. ? 34mm. (cf. No. 1541).—Clemat. Vit., Ranunc. illyr.,
Papav. hybrid., Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt. Lippic., Arab. aren., Sisymbr.
off., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Eroph. verna, Cak. marit., Raphan. sat.,
Res. lutea, Helianth. vulg., Cist. monspel., Viola odor., Cerast. glomer.,
Geran. molle, Erod. cicut., E. malacoid., Paliur. acul., Melilot. altiss.
F414, Lotus corn. ? F+1I+, Rubus frutic., R. Id., Fragaria vesca, Potent.
cinerea, P. opaca, Cydon. jap., Pyrus Malus, Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal.
(F+I+), Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Knaut. arv., Succ.
prat., Scab. gram., Bellis per., Solidag. Virgaur., Anthem. arv., Senec.
Jacob., Calend. arv., Card. nut., Centaur. solstit., C. nigresc., Cichor. Int.,
Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Tragop. prat., Urosperm. Dalechamp., Hypoch.
radic., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilosel., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt., Call. vulg.,
Veron. Cham., V. Beccab., V. arv., Satureia mont., Thym. Serp., Lam.
purp., Stach. arv., Ajug. genev., Lysim. vulg., Euphorb. heliosc., Salix
Capr., S. vimin., S. rep.
H. calceatus Scop. var. elegans Lep.—Crat. Oxyac., Tarax. off., Salix alba,
S. fragil.
Hi, calceatus Scop. var. obovatus K. (=H. albipes F., cf. No. 1529).—Cist. vill.,
Dorycn. herbac., Laur. nob.
H. canescens Schenck (=H. lineolatus Lep., cf. Nos. 1552 and 1598).—Eric.
Tetr.
H. carinaeventris Mor. (=H. cariniventris Mor.).—Thym. Serp.
H. cephalicus Mor. (cf. No. 1597, certainly =H. gemmeus Doutrs.),—Conv. arv.
HYMENOPTERA 603
1539. H. clypearis Schenck.—Ball. nigr.
1540. H. costulatus Kviechb.—Foenic. vulg., Campan. Trach.
1541. H. cylindricus F. (=H. calceatus Scop., cf. No. 1533), 3-4 mm.—Thalictr.
aquilegif., Pulsat. vulg. F+I+, Anem. nemor., Adon. vern., Ranunc.
Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. auric., R. Fic., Papaver Rhoeas,
P. somnif., Chelidon. majus, Arab. Turrita, Cardam. prat., Brass. oler.,
Viola odor. F+I+, V. bifl., Stell. Holost., S. med., Cerast. arv., Malva
sylv., M. Alc., Hyper. perfor., Linum usitat., Geran. pal., G. prat., G. san-
guin., G. pyren., G. Robert., G. Ruthen., Erod. cicut., Impat. Noli-tang.
9 (F+I+), Genista angl. SF+I4, Trif. prat. ? (F+1+), FLI+, Amygd.
comm., Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., Potent. rept., P. verna, Crat. Oxyac.,
Lythr. Sal. ?(F +1+), Bryon. dioica ? F+1+, Ribes Gross., Heuch. cylind.,
Eryng. camp., Aegop. Podagr., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Symphoric.
racem. 6 F+I4, Asper. odor., Gal. ver., Cephal. rad., Knaut. arv., Succ.
prat., Scab. ochrol., Aster prenanth., Biotia corymb., Chrysoc. Linos.,
Bellis per., Diplopapp. amygd., Solidag. canad., S. fragr., S. glab., S. livida,
S. Ridel., Pulic. dysent., Helen. autumn., Coreops. auric., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Matric. inod., Chrys. Leuc., Doronic. Austriac.,
D. macroph., Senec. nemor., S. macroph., S. Jacob., Echinops sphaeroc.,
Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., C. pal., Card. crisp., C. acanth., C. nut., Onopord.
Acanth., Lappa min., Carl. acaul., C. vulg., Centaur. Jac., C. micropt.,
Cichor. Int., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., L. hast., Picr. hierac., Tragop.
floccos., Scorzon. humil., S. parvifl., Hypoch. radic., H. glabra, Tarax. off.,
Crep. bien., C. vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. vulgat., H. umbell., H. brevifol.,
H. crinit., H. viros., Campan. Trach., Jas. mont., Vacc. uligin., Call. vulg.,
Asclep. Syr. F+I+, Conv. sep., Pulm. off., Echium vulg., Caryolopha
semperv., Atropa Bell., Hyosc. nig., Physochlaena orient., Verbasc. Thaps.,
Scroph. nod., S. aquat., Linar. Cymb., Digit. purp., Veron. Cham., Plectranth.
glaucocalyx, Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Lam. purp.
F+I+, L. incis., Physostegia virgin., Verben. off., Prim. veris, Plantag.
med., Rumex obtusif., Polygon. amph., Daphne Mez., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit., Tulipa Didieri, Gagea arv., Allium Cepa, Narth. ossifr., Uvularia
flava.
1542. H. fasciatellus Schenck.—Ranunc. illyr., Nasturt. lippic., Brass. oler., Bunias
Erucago, Cist. vill., Potent. hirta, Anthem. arv., Hierac. Pilos., Thym.
Cham., T. dalm., Muscari racemos.
1543, H. fasciatus Ny/., ? 34 mm.—Jas. mont.
1544. H. flavipes F. (=H. tumulorum L., cf. Nos. 1583 and 1596).—Ranunc.
Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. lanugin., Papav. Rhoeas, Arab.
aren., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Teesdal. rudic., Raphan. Raph., Res.
odor., Stellar. Holost., S. med., Malva sylv., Geran. pal., Genista angl.
$ F+I+, Medic. lupul. § F+I+, Trif. prat. ? F+14+, T. arv. ? F+I1+,
T. agrar. ? F+1I+, T. procumb. ? F+1+, Lotus corn. $ F+1I+4, Ornith.
perpus. § F+I+, Onobr. viciif., O. hirs. 6 F+I+, Prunus spin., Rubus
frutic., Potent. Anser., P. rept., P. verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.,
Epil. angust.,.Sedum album, Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond., Chrysoc. Linos.,
Solidag. Virgaur., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Card. crisp., Cichor. Int.,
Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Sonchus arv., Crepis
bien., Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., Campan. rot., C. bonon., Jas. mont., Vacc.
Myrt., V. uligin., Gent. Pneum., Scroph. nod. $F+I1-4, Veron. Cham., V.
Beccab., Mentha sylv., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Nepeta nuda, Verben.
off., Polygon. Convolv., Euphorb. Cypar., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil., S. vimin., S. rep., Gagea arv.
1545. H. fulvicornis K. (=H. levis K., cf. No. 1551).—Knaut. arv.
1546. H. interruptus Pz.—Brass. Rapa, Lepid. Draba, Res. lutea, Cist. vill.,
C. salviif., Paliurus acul., Trif. prat. $ F+I4+, T. nigresc., Vicia hybr.,
Rosa pomif., Potent. cinerea, P. opaca, Sedum album, Bupleur. falcat.,
Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Echinops sphaeroc.,
Card. acanth., Centaur. Jac., Cichor. Int., Thym. Serp., T. dalm.
1547. H. leucopus K.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Papaver Rhoeas, P. somnif.,
Arab. aren., Hesper. matron., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Stell. med., Genista
angl., Lotus corn. F{I+, Rubus frutic., R. Id., Fragaria vesca, Potent.
arg., P. verna, Lythr. Sal. 9 (F +1+), Heracl. Sphond., Weigel. ros. ?>F+I1+,
Succ. prat., Eupat. can., Inula Hel., Centaur. Scab., Leont. aut., Tarax. off.,
604
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., Atropa Bell., Verbasc. Lychn., Veron. Cham.,
V. hederif., Salv. verticill. ? F+I+, Lam. purp. F+I+, Prun. vulg.
(F+1+), Daphne Mez., Butom. umb., Gagea fascic., Allium rot.
1548. H. leucozonius Schr., 4 mm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Aquil. vulg.
1549
1550
1551
1560
F+I-4, Sinap. arv., Cerast. arv., Geran. prat., G. striatum, Erod. cicut.,
Paliur. acul., Lotus corn. ? ?F +1+, Prunus Armen., Rubus frutic., Potent.
rept., Oenoth. bien. x O. muric., Philad. coron. F+I+, Lythr. Sal. ? and
(F+I+), Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Aster.
brumal., Bellis per., Solidag. Virgaur., Silph. Asterisc., Helichrys. ang.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Chrys. Leuc., Doronic. austriac., D. plantag.,
Cirs. lanceol., Card. crisp., C. acanth., C. nut., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur.
Jac., C. Calcitr., C. rhen., Lamps. com., Cichor. Int., Thrinc. hirt., Leont.
aut., L. hast., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., C. vir.,
C. palud., Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., H. umbell., H. australe, H. crinit.,
Campan. rapunculoides, Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Conv. arv., Veron. Cham.,
Salv. verticill. F+I+, Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Clinop. vulg., Rosmar. off.,
Lam. purp., Stach. arv., Orchis latif. F+I+.
. H. leucozonius Schr. var. nigrotibialis D.-T.—Hedys. coron.
. H. levigatus K.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt. lippic., Myagr. perfol., Cist.
vill., Trif. nigresc., Lotus corn. 9? F+I1+, Potent. cinerea, P. opaca,
Tordyl. apul., Tanac. Parth., Senec. Jacob., Card. nut., Picr. hierac., Tarax.
off., Campan. pat., Thym. dalm., Rosmar. off., Lam. alb. ? F+I+.
. H. levis K. (cf. No. 1545), ? 14-2 mm.—Brass. oler., Cochlear. Armorac.,
Rubus frutic., R. Id., Crat. Oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Petrosel. Sat., Dauc.
Car., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Tarax. off., Crep. aurea, Jas. mont., Salix
Capr., S. alba, S. fragil.
. H. lineolatus Lep. (cf. Nos. 1536 and 1598).—Eric. Tetr.
. Halictus longulus Sm.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Papaver Rhoeas,
Geran. pal., Eryng. camp., Silaus prat., Valerianel. aur., Pulic. dysent.,
Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Card. acanth., Lappa min., Centaur. Jac., Cichor.
Int., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilosel.,
Phyteuma spic., Conv. arv., Veron. Cham., Mentha aquat., Salv. verticill.
F+4I1+, Antheric. ramos.
. H. lucidulus Schenck.—Teesdal. nudicaul., Lepid. sat., Aren. serpyllif.,
Geran. prat., G. pusill., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Fragaria vesca, Anthem. arv.,
Card. acanth., Centaur. Jac., Cichor. Int., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Veron.
hederif., Nepeta Glech. F+I+.
. H. lucidus Schenck.—Ranunc. Fic., Senec. nemor., Crep. vir.
. A. lugubris K. (=H. laevigatus K.).—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Onobr. viciif.. Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Chrys. Leuc., Thrinc. hirt.,
Hypoch. radic., Sonchus arv., Crepis bien., Lam. mac., Verben. off.
. H. maculatus Sm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulbos., Papav. Rhoeas,
Nasturt. off., Malva sylv., Geran. prat., G. sanguin., G. pyren., Dorycn.
herbac., Trif. rep. F+1+, Prunus avium, Potent. rept., P. arg., P. verna,
Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Carum Car., Orlaya grand., Myrrhis odor., Pulic.
dysent., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Tanac. vulg., T. corymb.,
Chrys. Leuc., Senec. Jacob., Echinops sphaeroc., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., Card.
acanth., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Jac., C. Scab., Thrinc. hirt., Leont.
aut., Picr. hierac., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., Jas. mont.,
Mentha aquat., Salix fragil., Antheric. ramos., Scilla marit., Allium rot.
. H. major Nyl.—Vicia sep., Pimpin. magn. var. ros., Veron. Cham., V. spic.,
Calam. off., Teucr. Cham.
. H. malachurus K.—Clemat. Vitalba, Sinap. arv., Lepid. Draba, Caps. Bursa-
past., Raph. sat., Sperg. arv., Hyper. perfor., Trif. prat. ? F+1+, Rubus
frutic., Potent. cinerea, P. opaca, Epil. angust., Saxifr. gran., Symphoric.
racem, 6 F+I+, Valer. off., Knaut. arv., Bellis per., Senec. Jacob., Cirs.
lanceol., Card. nut., Centaur. Jac., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Tarax.
off., Crep. tector., Phyteuma nigr., Jas. mont., Conv. arv., Atropa Bell.,
Veron. mont., V. arv., Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Nepeta nuda, Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit., Narth. ossifr.
. H. minutissimus K.—Batrach. aquat., Trollius europ., Medic. lupul., Epil.
Fleisch., Lythr. Sal. ? (F+1+), Sedum Spectab., Saxifr. gran., Bellis per.,
Echinops Sphaeroc., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Verbasc. Lychn., Euphras. off.,
Daphne Mez., Sisyrinch. anceps.
1561.
1562.
1563.
1564.
1565.
HYMENOPTERA 605
A. minutulus Schenck (= H. nitidus Schenck, cf. No. 1568).—Tanac. vulg.
H. minutus K. (=H. minutus Schv.).—Ranunc. Fic., Brass. oler., Lepid.
Draba, Cist. vill., C. monspel., Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Rubus caes., R. Id.,
Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Anthr. sylv., Cirs. arv.,
Card. acanth., Centaur. Jac., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Tarax. off., Crep.
vir., Hierac. Pilos., Lobel. Erin., Myosot. hisp., Veron. Cham., V. Beccab.,
Thym. dalm., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., Gagea spath.
H. morbillosus Kriechb.—Bunias Erucago, Dorycn. herbac., Melilot. altiss.
F+I-+, Rubus caes., Card. nut., Conv. arv., Anchusa off., Mentha aquat.,
Thym. Cham., T. dalm.
H. morio F. 24-3 mm.—Pulsat. vulg. F+1I+, ‘Adon. vern., Ranunc. acris,
R. rep., R. bulb., R. Fic., Aconit. variegat., Cheiranth. Cheiri, Nasturt.
lippic., Sisymbr. off., Brass. oler., Eroph. verna, Teesdal. nudicaul., Bunias
Erucago, Raphan. Raph., Helianth. vulg., H. salicifol., Cist. monspel.,
Tunica Saxifr., Dianth. delt., Sapon. off., Cerast. brachypet., Malva Sylv.,
M. rotundif., Hyper. perfor., Vitis vinif., Medic. sat. $F+I4, M. lupul.,
Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., Fragaria vesca, Potent. arg., P. verna, P.
cinerea, P. opaca, Crat. Oxyac., Lythr. Sal. ? (F+I+), Bryon. dioica
$ F+I-+, B. alba F+I+, Sedum refl., S. altiss., Saxifr. gran., Petrosel. sat.,
Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Symphoric. racem. F+I+, Bellis per.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Tanac. vulg., Senec. vulg., S. Jacob., Echinops
sphaeroc., Lamps. comm., Cichor. Int., Leont. aut., Tragop. prat., Hypoch.
radic., Tarax. off., Sonchus asp., Crep. vir., Campan. Trach., Erythr. Cent.,
Conv. arv., Echium vulg., Antirrh. maj. F+I+, Veron. Cham., V. triph.,
Salv. prat. F+1I+, Thym. Serp., Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Stach. arv., Prun.
vulg.? (F+I+), Teucr. Scorod.|, Verben. off., Lysim. vulg., Anag. arv.,
Salix alba, S. fragil.
H. nanulus Schenck.—Potent. verna.
1566. H. nigerrimus Schenck.—Malva sylv.
1567. H. nitidiusculus K. $.—Clemat. Vitalba, Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
1568.
1569.
1570.
1571.
1572.
1573.
1574.
R. Fic., Nasturt. sylvest., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Alyss.
mont., Schiever. podol., Eroph. verna, Teesdal. nudicaul., Lepid. sat.,
Raphanus Raphan., Stellar. Holost., S. med., Geran. pal., Erod. cicut.,
Trif. procumb. $ F+I+, Lathyr. mont. FI+, Prunus spin., Geum
coccin., Waldsteinia geoid., W. fragaroid., Potent. verna, Cydon. vulg.,
Sorbus Auc., Ribes alp., Saxifr. gran., Dauc. Car., Chrysoc. Linos., Bellis
per., Anthem. arv., Tanac. vulg., Doronic. cauc., Senec. nebrod., S. Jacob.,
Cirs. arv., Card. acanth., Saussur. albesc., Centaur. Jac., Cichor. Int., Leont.
aut., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., H. glabra, Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos.,
H. brevifol., H. viros., Conv.arv., Pulm. angustif., Echium vulg., Mertensia
pulmonar., Scroph. nod.? F+I+, Veron. Cham., V. hederif., Mentha aquat.,
Salv. prat. FiI+4, S. verticill. $ F+I+, Nepeta Muss. ? F+I+, Lam.
mac. forma hirs., Euphorb. nicaeens., Salix Capr., S. alba, S. fragil., Gagea
stell.
H. nitidus Schenck. (cf. No. 1561).—Geran. molle, Rosa can., Epil. angust.,
Ribes alp., Petrosel. Sat., Pulic dysent., Matric. Cham., Senec. Jacob.,
Cirs. arv., Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Hierac. Pilos., Echium vulg., Verbasc.
Lychn., Veron. mont., Salv. prat. F+I+, S. verticill. 9 F+I4, Origan.
vulg., Verben. off., Daphne Mez., Gagea fascic.
H. obscuratus Mor.—Muscari racemos.
H. patellatus Moy.—Sil. viridifl., Melilot. altiss. F+I+, Coron. Emerus,
Tanac. Parth., Anchusa off., Thym. dalm., Marrub. candidiss.
H. pauxillus Sckenck.—Rubus frutic., Eriger. canad., Tanac. vulg., Senec.
Jacob., Antheric. ramos.
H. politus Schenck.—Valerian. olit.
H. pulchellus Schenck (=Nomioides pulchellus Schenck, cf. No. 1703).—
Jas. mont., Stach. recta.
H. punctatissimus Schenck.—Lathyr. mont. FI+, Tarax. off., Crep. vir.,
Hierac. Pilos., Veron. Cham., V. arv.
1575. H. punctulatus K. (=H. villosulus K., cf. No. 1599).—Brass. oler., Rubus Id.,
1576.
Sedum acre, Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Crep. vir., C. tector.,
Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Prun. vulg.
H. quadricinctus F. (cf. No. 1579).—Cardam. prat., Myagr. perfol., Res.
lutea, Malach. aquat., Medic. falc., Dorycn. herbac., Trif. arv. ? F+I-+,
606
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Rubus frutic., R. caes., Peuced. Cerv., Knaut. arv., Helichrys. ang., Achill.
Millef., A. Ptarm., Echinops sphaeroc., Card. acanth., C. deflor., C. nut.,
Onopord. Acanth., Carl. acaul., C. vulg., Centaur. Jac., C. Scab., Cichor.
Int., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Sonchus arv., Crepis bien., C. tector.,
C. palud., Hierac. Pilos., Campan. glom., Asclep. syr. F+I+, Origan. vulg.,
Marrub. candidiss., Ajug. genev., Verben. off.
. H. quadrinotatulus Schenck.—Rubus Id., Gnaph. lut.-alb., Leont. aut.,
Tarax. off., Verbasc. nigr., Salix alba, S. fragil., S. triand.
. H. quadrinotatus K.—Cist. vill., C. monspel., Potent. cinerea, P. opaca,
Tordyl. apul., Kentroph. lanat., Card. acanth., Card. nut., Tarax. off.,
Spec. Spec.
. A. quadristrigatus Lty. (=H. quadricinctus F., cf. No. 1576).—Knaut. arv.,
Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. rhen., Tarax. off., Echium vulg., Salv. verticill.
2 F414, Ajug. rept. FLI+.
. H. rubicundus Chr. 4-44 mm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Berb.
vulg., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv., Res. odor., Stell. Holost.,
Geran. pal., Genista tinct. F+I+, G. angl., Cytis. sagitt., Melilot. altiss.
F+I4+, M. off. F+I+, M. albus F+1+, Lotus corn. 2 F+1-+, Potent.
Anser., Crat. Oxyac., Cydon. jap., Pyrus comm., Sorbus Auc., Ribes Gross.,
Angel. sylv., Succ. prat., Aster Lindl., Solidag. Virgaur., S. livida, Helen.
autumn., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Matric. inod., Tanac. vulg., Chrys. Leuc.,
Senec. Jacob., Echinops sphaeroc., Cirs. arv., Card. acanth., Centaur. Jac.,
Cichor. Int., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax.
off., Sonchus arv., Crep. bien., C. tector., Hierac. Pilos., Jas. mont., Vacc.
uligin., Call. vulg., Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Salix alba,
S. fragil., S. triand., S. rep., Narth. ossifr.
. H. rufocinctus (Sich.) Nyl.—Tarax. off., Thym. dalm., Salix sp.
. H. scabiosae Ross?.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Myagr. perfol., Cist. vill., C. monspel.,
Malva sylv., Dorycn. herbac., Rubus caes., Helichrys. ang., Card. nut.,
Centaur. Calcitr., Asclep. syr. F+I+, Conv. arv., Thym. Cham., T. dalm.,
Rosmar. off., Ajug. genev.
. H. seladonius Fab. (=H. tumulorum L., cf. Nos. 1544 and 1596).—Tarax. off.
. H. semipunctulatus Schenck.—Potent. verna, Leont. aut.
. H. sexcinctus F.—Melilot. altiss. F+1I-+, Coron. Emerus., Lathyr, tuber.,
Foenic. vulg., Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Scab. Columb., Inula Hel., I.
Conyza, Silyb. Marian., Card. nut., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Jac., C.
Scab., Thrinc. hirt., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Mulged. alpin., Crep. bien.,
Hierac. Pilos., Echium vulg., Thym. Cham., Nepeta Muss. F+I+, Lam.
mac., Marrub. vulg. F+I+, M. candidiss.
. H. sexmaculatus Schenck (= a form of H. sexnotatulus Ny/.).—Veron. Cham.
. H. sexnotatulus Nyl., § 4 mm.—Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Crat. Oxyac.,
Cichor. Int., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Call. vulg., Veron. Cham.
. H. sexnotatus K. 6 4 mm.—Clemat. recta, Thalict. aquilegif., Ranunc. acris,
R. rep., R. bulb., Papav. Rhoeas, Chelid. majus, Arab. hirsuta, Sinap. arv.,
Res. lutea, Sil. acaul., Malach. aquat., Cerast. arv., Geran. pal., G. sanguin.,
Ruta graveol., Rhus Cotinus, Trif. rep. F+1+4+, T. prat. F+1+, Lotus corn.
$> F+I4+, Pisum sat. ? F+I+, Rubus frutic., Geum japon., Ulmar.
Filip., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. oxyac., Pyrus Malus, Philad.
coron., Bryon. dioica ? (F+I+), B. alba ? (F+1+), Sedum refl., Carum
Car., Aneth. grav., Viburn. opul., Weigel. ros. ? F+I-+, Symphoric. racem,
9 F+I+, Knaut. arv., Aster sparsifl., Silph. Asterisc., Heliops. laev.,
Rudb. specios., Doronic. austriac., Card. crisp., Centaur. Scab., Cichor. Int.,
Picr. hierac., Tarax. off., Crep. rubra, Campan. rapunculoides, C. glom.,
Vacc. uligin., Phacel. tanacetif., Borago off., Symphyt. off.. Echium
vulg., Myosot. vers., Verbasc. nigr., V. phoenic., Scroph. nod. 2 F+I-4,
Linar. Cymb., Pentstem. campan., P. pubesc., P. ovat., P. procer., Veron.
Cham., V. mont., Plectranth. glaucocalyx, Salv. off. ? F+I+, S. verticill.
§F+1+, Monarda fistul., Nepeta Muss. ? F+1+, N. lophantha, Lam. purp.
F+I+4, L. gargan., L. flexuos., Verben. hastat., Euphorb. pil., Asparag. off.
1589. H. sexsignatus Schenck.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Sinap. arv.,
Tarax. off.
1590. H. sexstrigatus Schenck.—Batrach. aquat., Chelidon. majus, Teesdal. nudicaul.,
Stell. med., Rhus Cotinus, Prunus Armen., Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser.,
P. rept., P. verna, Spir. sorbif., 5. salicif., S. ulmif., Bryon. dioica 9 (F+I-+4),
HYMENOPTERA 607
Hypoch. radic., Vacc. uligin., Veron. mont., V. Beccab., Salv. prat. F+1-+,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
1591. H. smeathmanellus K. ?.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Aquil. vulg.
F+1+, Papav. Rhoeas, Teesdal. nudicaul., Raphanus Raphan., Res. odor.,
Sil. Otit., Malva sylv., Geran. pyren., Trif. rep. F+1+, T. med., Lotus corn.
? FI+, Prunus spin., Rubus frutic., Epil. angust., Anthr. sylv., Sym-
phoric. racem. $ F+I+, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Tanac. Part., Card.
acanth., Centaur. Jac., C. Cyan., Lamps. comm., Cichor. Int., Thrinc. hirt.,
Leont. aut., L. hast., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Sonchus
asp., Crep. vir., C. aurea, Campan. rot., C. Trach., Phlox pan., Conv. arv.,
Echium vulg., Verbasc. Thaps., Antirrh. maj. F+I+, Veron. mont., Origan.
vulg., Thym. Serp., Lam. purp.
1592. H. subauratus Rosst.—Conv. arv.
1593. H. tarsatus Schenck.—Trif. rep. F+1+, Cirs. arv.
1594. H. tetrazonius Kig. (=H. quadricinctus K.).—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Arab. aren., Cist. vill., Malva rotundif., Ruta graveol., Paliur. acul., Melilot.
altiss. F+1+, Trif. prat. FI+, Vicia pisiform. ? F+1+, Potent. rept.,
Pimpin. magn. var. ros., Heracl. Sphond., Dipsac. sylv., Solidag. Virgaur.,
Inula Hel., Anthem. arv., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. lanceol., Silyb. Marian.,
Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Jac., C. Cyan., Cichor. Int., Tarax. off., Crep.
palud., Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., Phyteum. spic., Conv. arv., Cynogloss. off.,
Origan. vulg., Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Ajug. genev., Euphorb. Cypar.
1595. H. tomentosus Schenck (cf. No. 1528).—Hypoch. radic., Marrub. vulg.
F+I+.
1596. H. flavipes F. (=H. tumulorum L., cf. Nos. 1544 and 1583).—Lotus corn.
$ F+I+, FLI+, Rosa centif., R. pomif., Rubus Id., Potent. cinerea,
P. opaca, Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Jas. mont., Lam. purp.
1597. H. varitpes Mor. (=H. cephalicus Mor., cf. No. 1538).—Cist. vill., Trif.
nigresc., T. parvifl., Rubus caes., Sedum acre, Tordyl. apul., Spec. Spec.,
Conv. cantabr., Echium altiss. Lithosp. off., Scroph. canina, Thym. Cham.,
Teucr. Pol.
1598. H. vestitus (Mor.) Lep. (=H. lineolatus Lep., cf. Nos. 1536 and 1552).—Spec.
Spec., Teucr. Pol.
1599. H. villosulus K. (=H. punctulatus K., cf. No. 1575), ? 4 mm.—Ranunc. acris,
R. rep., R. bulb., Cheiranth. Cheiri, Helianth. vulg., Vit. vinif., Geran. pal.,
Dorycn. herbac., Rubus frutic., Potent. arg., P. hirta, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif., Orlaya grand., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Chrys. Leuc., Senec.
Jacob., Centaur. Jac., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., L. hast., L. asp., L. crisp.,
Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Sonchus olerac., Crep. bien.,
C. -vir., C. tector., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbell., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Conv.
arv., C. cantabr., Veron. Cham., V. Beccab., Salv. prat.|, Thym. Serp.,
T. Cham., Euphorb. Cypar.
1600. H. virescens Lep. (=H. subauratus Rossz).—Sedum acre, Verben. off.
1601. H. vulpinus Ny/.—Foenic. vulg., Tarax. off.
1602. H. xanthopus K.—Aquileg. vulg., Corydal. lutea, Trif. alpin., Knaut. arv.,
Hypoch, radic., Tarax. off., Anchusa off., Salv. prat. 9 F+I4, S. verticill.
?F+1+, Rosm. off., Lam. alb. ?and 6F+1-+ ?, Ajug. rept. F+1I-+, Salix sp.
1603. H. Zonulus Sm., 4 mm.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Chelidon. majus,
Cochlear. Armorac., Res. odor., Malva sylv., Geran. pal., Impat. Noli-tang.,
Saroth. scop. F+I+, Trif. rep. F+1+, T. arv. ? F+1+, Rubus frutic.,
Potent. Anser., P. frutic., Ulmar. Filip., Sorbus Auc., Sedum Teleph.,
Pimpin. magn. var. ros., Knaut. arv., K. sylv., Succ. prat., Solidag. canad.,
Helianth. mult., Chrys. Leuc., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. lanceol., C. pal., Card.
nut., Centaur. Jac., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic.,
Tarax. off., T. salin., Crep. bien., C. vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbell., Vacc.
Myrt., Conv. sep., Borago off., Myosot. hisp., M. vers., Scroph. nod.6 F+1+,
Antirrh. maj. F{I+, Veron. Cham., V.mont., V. arv., Mentha sylv., Ajug.
rept. ? F+1+, Lysim. vulg. ;
1604. H. sp.—Ranunce. Fic., Eroph. verna, Res. lutea, Helianth. vulg., Cist. salviif.,
Holost. umbell., Cerast. arv., Vit. vinif., Medic. lupul., Vicia tetrasp.,
Toril. Anthr., Lonic. nigra, Valer. off., Senec. nemor., Cirs. pal., Carl. acaul.,
Centaur. Cyan., Leont. aut., Lobel. Erin., Trachel. coer., Asclep. syr.
F+I+, Antirrh. majus F+I+, Linar. vulg. F+I+, Digit. ambigua,
Veron. Teucr., Ocymum, Thym. vulg., Clinop. vulg., Ball. nigr., Prun.
608
1605.
1606.
1607.
1608.
1609.
1610.
1611.
1612.
1613.
1614.
1615.
1616.
1617.
1618.
1619.
1620.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
vulg., Plantag. lanc., Euphorb. segetal., Commelin. tuber., Sabal. Adans.,
Tulipa sylv., Seubert. laxa.
Heriades nigricornis Nyl. (=Eriades nigricornis Ny/., cf. Nos. 1422 and 1486).
—Lythrum. Sal. 6 F+1+, Echium vulg.
H. truncorum L. (=E. truncorum L., cf. Nos. 1487 and 1870).—Melilot.
altiss. F+I-+.
Lithurgus chrysurus Fonsc.—Centaur. Biberst., C. solstit., Thym. dalm.
L. fuscipennis Lep.—Centaur. Biberst., C. solstit.
Macrocera ruficollis Brull. (=Eucera ruficollis Brull., cf. No. 1514).—Salv. off.
Macropis frivaldskyi Mocs.—Lysim. vulg.
M. labiata Pz.—Rhamn. Frang., Melilot. albus F +1+, Rubus frutic, R. caes.,
Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Cirs. arv., Picr. hierac.,
Lysim. vulg. F+I+.
M. labiata F. var. fulvipes F.—Rubus caes., Oenanthe fistul.
Megachile analis Ny/.—Lotus corn. ? and 6 F+I+, Phyteum. betonicif.,
Eric. Tetr.
M. analis Nyl. var. obscura A/fk.—Lotus corn. $ F+I+.
M. apicalis Spin.—Lotus corn., Centaur. Calcitr., C. aren.
M. argentata F., 6 mm.—Geran. prat., Ononis rep., Medic. sat. ?and$ F+I+,
M. falc., Trif. arv. ? and é F+I4, T. nigresc., Lotus corn. ? and 46 F+I+,
Onobr. viciif., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., Centaur. Jac., C. Scab., C. rhen.,
Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Salv. Bertol., Thym. Serp.,
T. Cham., Stach. ital., Ball. nigr. ? F+I+, Teucr. flavum.
M. bicoloriventris Mocs.—Stach. ital.
M. centuncularis L., 6-7 mm.—Diclytra spectab. F+I+, Malva sylv.,
Dictamn. albus var. ros., Genista tinct. F+I-+, Lupin. polyph., Medic. Sat.
9 F+I-4, M. carst., Trif. pann., Lotus corn. F+1I+, Coron. var. 9 F+I-4,
Desmod. canad., Onobr. viciif., Vicia Cracca F+I+, Lathyrus sylvest.
$ F+I+4, L. brachypterus, Rubus caes., R. Id., Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal.
$ F+1+, Sedum acre, Heracl. Sphond., Symphoric. racem. 6 F+I+4,
Lonic. tatar., Knaut. arv., Inula hir., I. Conyza, Helianth. multifl., Rudb.
lacin., Doronic. austriac., Ligul. macroph., Arnica Chamiss., Calend. off.,
Cirs. lanceol., C. pal., Card. crisp., C. acanth., Lappa toment., Centaur. Jac.,
C. nigr., C. mont., C. dealb., Hypoch. radic., Tarax. off., Lactuca vimin.,
Sonchus arv., Crep. rigid., Hierac. vulgat., Jas. mont., Conv. sep., Borago
off., Echium vulg., Atropa Bell., Antirrh. maj. (F+1+), Lavand. vera,
Salv. prat. 6 F+1I+, S. Bertol., Thym. Serp., Nepeta nuda, Stach. recta
éF+I1+4, Asparag. off.
M. circumcincta K. °.—Dictamn. albus var. ros., Genista tinct. F+I-4,
G. sagitt., Cytis sagitt., Lupin. lut. ? F+1I+, L. angustif. ? F+I+, L.
polyph., Ononis spin. ? F+1+, O. rep., Medic. carst., Trif. prat. ? F+I+,
T. med., Lotus corn. ? and 6 F+1-+4, Onobr. viciif., Vicia Cracca § F+1+,
V. sep. SFI +, V. pisiform, ? F+I+, V. unijuga, Lathyr. prat.6 F+I-+4,
L. sylvest. $ F+I+, L. tuberosus § F+1+, L. mont. 6 F+1+, Rosa can.,
Rubus frutic., Sedum acre, Lonic. tatar., Knaut. arv., Helianth. an.,
Calend. off., Carl. vulg., Hierac. Pilos., Eric. Tetr., Echium vulg., Melamp.
prat. ? F+1I+, M. nemor., Thym. Serp., Prun. vulg. F+1+, Plantag. med.
M. ericetorum Lep. (cf. No. 1621).—Geran. prat., Lupin. polyph., Lotus corn.,
Hedys. coron., Lathyr. latif., L. varieg., Saxifr. umbrosa, Scab. atrop.,
Centaur. mont., Digit. purp., Stach. recta, Prun. vulg., Asparag. off., A.
acutif., A. amar.
. M. fasciata Sm. (=M. ericetorum Lep., cf. No. 1620).—Ononis rep., Lotus
corn. ? and 6 F+I4, Astrag. narbon., A. Onobr., Coron. var. ¥ F+I4+,
Desmod. canad., Onobr. viciif., O. mont., Lathyr. tuberosus $ F4I-,
L. latif., L. latif. var. ensif., L. latif. var. intermed., L. grandifl., L. brachypt.,
L. rotundif., Orobus hirs., Lythr. Sal. 6 F+I4, Silyb. Marian., Centaur.
rhen., Borago off., Myosot. sylv., Antirrh. maj., Lavand. vera, Salv. prat.,
S. argent., S. Bertol., S. Baumg., Stach. germ. 6 F+I+, S. germ. var.
villosa, S. cretica, S. lanata, Ball. nigr. F+I+.
. M. lagopoda L. (cf. No. 1634), 10 mm.—Ononis spin. ? and § F+I4, Medic.
carst., Colutea arboresc. ? F+I+, Coron. var. ? F+I+. Peuced. cerv.,
Dipsac. sylv., Cirs. lanceol., C. erioph., Card. crisp., C. acanth., C. nut.,
Onopord. Acanth., Carl. vulg., Centaur. Jac., C. aren., C. Fisch., C. ruthen.,
Campan. carpath., Ball. nigr. F+1+.
HYMENOPTERA 609
1623. M. lefeburei Lep.—Echium vulg., Stach. recta, S. ital., Marrub. candidiss.,
Teucr. Cham.
1624. M. ligniseca K.—Malva sylv., Cirs. pal., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Scab.,
Stach. pal.
1625. M. manicata Gir. (cf. No. 1416).—Coron. Emer., Salv. Bertol., Rosmar. off.,
Ajug. genev.
1626. M. maritima K., 8-9 mm.—Lupin. lut. ? F+I-4, L. angustif., Ononis spin.
? and $6 F+I4, Trif. arv. F+1+, Lotus corn. § and 6 F+I+, Hedys.
coron., Vicia Cracca ? F+1+, Pisum sat. 6 F+I-4, Lathyr. prat. $F+I14,
L. sylvest. ? F+1+4, L. latif., Phaseolus vulg. ? ? F+I+, Rubus caes.,
Sedum refl., Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Cirs. lanceol., C. pal., Centaur.
Cyan., C. rhen., Leont. aut., Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Anchusa off.,
Lycops. arv., Echium vulg., Linar. vulg. ’ F+1+, Thym. Serp., Marrub.
candidiss.
1627. M. melanopyga Costa.—Centaur. Jac., C. Scab., C. rhen., Melamp. nemor.
1628. M. muraria Retz. (cf. No. 1417).—Malva sylv., Spart. junc., Dorycn. hirs.,
Trif. rep. F+I+, T. nigresc., Lotus corn., Astrag. Onobr., Coron. var.,
Hippocrep. com., Helichrys. ang., Anchusa panic., Salv. Bertol., Thym.
Cham., T. dalm., Stach. recta, S. ital., S. germ., Marrub. candidiss., Ajug.
genev., Salix sp.
1629. M. nigriventris Schenck (=M. ursula Gerst.).—Trif. alp. F+1+, T. rub.
1630. M. octosignata Ny/.—Centaur. rhen., Asparag. off.
1631. M. pacifica Pz. (=M. rotundata F.).—Res. odor., Cirs. pal.
1632. M. pilicrus Mor.—Centaur. aren.
1633. M. pyrenaica Lep. (cf. No. 1418).—Trif. prat., Lotus corn., Hippocrep. com.,
Campan. persic.
1634. M. pyvina Lep. (=M. lagopoda L., cf. No. 1622).—Medic. sat. F+I+, Lotus
corn. ? and é F414, Pisum sat. 9 and 6 F+I+.
1635. M. sericans Fonsc.—Marrub. vulg. F+1-+, M. candidiss., Teucr. Pol.
1636. M. versicolor Sm.—Genista tinct. F+I+, Ononis spin. ? F-+-I1+, Lotus corn.
F+I14, Vicia Cracca ? F+I1+, V. pisiform. ? F+I+, Lathyrus prat.F+I+,
Epil. angust., Card. acanth.
1637. M. willughbiella K.—Malva sylv., Dictamn. alb., Genista tinct. ? F+I+,
Medic. sat. F+I+, Trif. rep. F+1I+,T. prat. F+I+, Lotus corn. and
F+I+, Astrag. glycyph. 6 F+I+, Onobr. viciif., Vicia Cracca
F+I+, V. onobrych., V. unijuga, Lathyr. prat. ? F+1I+, Glycine chin.
$F+I1+4, Lonic. tatar., Knaut. arv., Card. acanth., Hierac. umbell., Campan.
rot., Echium vulg., Lithosp. off., Lavand. vera, Stach. lanata, Prun. vulg.
F+I1+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I+.
1638. M. sp.—Cytis. nigric., Vicia sep., Polemon. caerul., Salv. prat.
1639. Melecta armata Pz. (=M. punctata K., cf. No. 1642).—Sisymbr. austriac.,
Tarax. off., Syring. vulg., Pulm. sacch., Veron. Cham., Lavand. vera,
Thym. Cham. var. pannon., Nepeta Muss. 9 F+1I+, N. Glech. 6 F+I-4,
Lam. alb. ? F+1+, L. purp. $ and $ F+I+, L. amplexic. F+I+, Ajug.
rept., Hyac. orient.
1640. M. funeraria Sm.—Thym. Cham., T. dalm., Teucr. Cham.
1641. M. luctuosa Scop., ? 11 mm.—Acer Pseudoplat., Colutea arboresc., Astrag.
Onobr., Potent. Anser., Lythr. Sal. F+1I+4+, Cirs. olerac., Anchus. off.,
Lycops. arv., Echium vulg., Lycium vulg., Veron. Cham., Salv. prat.
? F+I+4+, Thym. dalm., Ajug. rept. F+I+, Teucr. Cham. F+I+, Scilla
marit., Hyac. orient.
1642. M. punctata K. (=M. armata Pz. cf. No. 1639).—Nepeta Glech. $ and 3
F+I1+, Lam. alb. F+I1+.
1643. Melitta dimidiata Mor.—Trif. prat. F+I+, Onobr. viciif.
1644, M. haemorrhoidalis F. (cf. No. 1423).—Camp. rot., C. rapunculoides, C. Trach.,
Thym. Serp.
1645. M. haemorrhoidalis F. var. nigra Friese.—Lythr. Sal.
1646. M. leporina Pz. (cf. Nos. 1424 and 1426).—Medic. sat. F+I+, Trif. rep.
9 and 6 F+I4, T. prat. 3 F+I+4, T. arv. § and 6 F+I+, Lotus corn.
$6 F+1+, Knaut. arv., Tanac. vulg., Leont. aut., Hierac. umbell.
1647. M. melanura Nyl. (cf. No. 1425).—Helianth. vulg., Lythr. Sal., Euphras.
Odont.
1648. Meliturga clavicornis Liy.—Trif. rep. F+I+, Lotus corn. F+I+, Onobr.
viciif. F+1-+, Salv. sylv. F+I +.
DAVIS. 111 RT
610
1649.
1650.
1651.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Nomada alboguttata H.-Sch.—Prunus Cer., Hierac. Pilos., Ajug. rept.,
Salix alba, S. fragil., S. rep.
N. alboguttata H.-Sch. var. pallescens H.-Sch.—Sinap. arv., Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit.
N. alternata K. (=H. marshamella K.).—Ranunc. Fic., Brass. Rapa, Stell.
med., Acer Pseudoplat., Genista angl., Prunus avium, P. spin., Ribes
Gross., Tarax. off., Salix alba, S. fragil., S. vimin.
1652. N. armata H.-Sch.—Knaut. arv.
1653. N. bifida Ths. 6 2 mm.—Ranune. Fic., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Stell. Holost.,
Acer Pseudoplat., Potent. verna, Ribes Gross., Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off.,
Hierac. Pilos., Vacc. Myrt., Salix alba, S. fragil., S. vimin.
1654. N. borealis Zett,—Ranunc. Fic., Ribes rubr., R. aur., Tussil. Farf., Tarax. off.,
Vacc. Myrt., S. alba, S. fragil.
1655. N. braunsiana Schmiedekn.—Thym. dalm.
1656. N. brevicornis Mocs.—Scab. Columb., Senec. Jacob., Hypoch. radic., Jas.
mont., Call. vulg.
1657. N. chrysopyga Mor.—Sisymbr. orient.
1658
. N. corcyrea Schmiedekn.—Veron. Cham.
1659. N. fabriciana L. (cf. No. 1668).—Rubus frutic., Potent. arg., Ribes Gross.,
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
Knaut. arv., Tussil. Farf., Senec. Jacob., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Hierac.
Pilos., Jas. mont., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba. S. fragil., Gagea
spath., Muscari racemos.
. N. fabriciana L. var. nigrita Schenck (cf. No. 1678).—Prunus Cer., Cirs. arv.,
Jas. mont.
. N. femoralis Mov.—Thym. dalm.
. N. ferruginata (K.) L.—Medic. falc., Sedum acre, Heracl. Sphond., Ebul.
humil., Senec. Jacob., Hierac. Pilos., Vacc. uligin.
. N. flavoguttata K.—Stell. Holost., Potent. rept., Bellis per., Tarax. off.,
Crep. vir., Hierac. Pilos., Jas. mont., Veron. Cham., Thym. Cham.,
Salix sp.
. N. flavoguttata K. var. héppneri Alfken.—Tussil. Farf., Bellis per.
. N. fucata Pz. (cf. No. 1696).—Ranunc. Fic., Medic. Falc., Senec. Jacob.,
Tarax, off., S. alba, S. fragil.
1666. N. furva Pz. (cf. No. 1676).—Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob., Campan. rot.,
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671.
Lam. mac., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. N. fuscicornis Ny/.—Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Crepis vir., Jas. mont.
. N. germanica Pz. (=N. fabriciana L., cf. No. 1659).—Veron. Cham., Thym.
Serp.
_N. patelitn Schenck.—Geran. sanguin., Anthr. sylv., Veron. Cham., Salix sp.
. N. jacobaeae Pz.—Lotus corn. # F+I+, Potent. sylv., Epil angust., Knaut.
arv., Succ. prat., Scab. suav., Senec. Jacob., S. erucif., Cirs. arv., Centaur.
rhen., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Origan. vulg., Galeops. Ladan. 9? F4I-4.
N. imperialis Schmiedekn.—Salv. Bertol., Thym. Cham.
1672. N. lateralis Pz. (=N. xanthosticta K., cf. No. 1698).—Cardam. prat., Malva
1673
1674
sylv., Hyper. perfor., Rubus frutic., Dauc. Car., Echium vulg., Euphras. off.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. N. lathburiana K.—Tarax. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil.
. N. lineola Pz. (cf. No. 1690), 6 mm.—Ranunce. Fic., Cardam. prat., Sisymbr.
austriac., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Hyper. perfor., Lathyrus latif., Prunus
spin., Rubus frutic., Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Libanot. mont., Knaut. arv.,
Bellis per., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Tarax. off., Jas. mont., Vacc. Myrt.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil.
1675. N. lineola Pz. var. subcornuta K.—Rosmar. off.
1676
1677
1678
1679.
1680.
1681.
1682.
1683.
1684.
. N. minuta F. (=N. furva Pz., cf. No. 1666).—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. N. mutabilis Mor.—Rubus frutic.
. N. nigrita Schenck (=N. fabriciana L. var. nigrita Schenck., cf. No. 1660).—
Jas. mont.
N. nobilis H.-Sch.—Res. lutea, Dorycn. herbac., Anchusa off., Origan. vulg.
N. obscura Zett.—Salix spec.
N. obtusifrons Ny/.—Potent. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.
N. ochrostoma &.—Dorycn. herbac., Lotus corn. F+I+, Rubus frutic.,
R. Id., Liban. mont., Hierac. Pilos., Veron. Cham., Ajug. rept.
N. ochrostoma K. var. hillana K.—Ribes Gross.
N. rhenana Mor. (cf. No. 1689).—Prunus Cer., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob.
HYMENOPTERA 611
1685. N. roberjeotiana Pz.—Trif. mont. F+I+, Rubus frutic., Epil. angust.,
1686.
1687.
1688,
1689.
1690.
1691.
1692.
1693.
1694
1695
1696.
1697
1698
1699.
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704.
1705.
1706
1707.
1708.
1709.
Eryng. camp., Succ. prat., Scab. suav., Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob., S.
erucif., Cirs. arv., Jas. mont., Call. vulg.
N. ruficornis L.—Ranunc. Fic., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Alyss. mont., Stellar.
Holost., Acer Pseudoplat., Trif. mont. F+I+, Lotus corn. F+I+, Rubus
rutic., Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser., P. verna, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif,
S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc., Ribes Gross., Inula hir., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob., S. erucif., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos.,
Jas. mont., Vacc. uligin., Thym. dalm., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil.
N. ruficornis L. var. flava Pz.—Ribes Gross., Vacc. Myrt.
N. ruficornis L. var. signata Juy.—Fragaria vesca, Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc.,
Valerian. olit., Tarax. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
N. rufipes Schenck (=N. rhenana Mor., cf. No. 1684).—Jas. mont.
N. sexcincta K. (=N. lineola Pz., cf. No. 1674).—Vacc. uligin.
N. sexfasciata Pz. 6 8 mm.—Saroth. scop., Fragaria vesca, Senec. Jacob.,
S. erucif., Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Thym. dalm., Rosmar. off., Orchis
latif. F+I+.
N. similis Mor.—Rubus frutic., Jas. mont.
N. solidaginis Pz.—Medic. falc., Potent. sylv., Succ. prat., Scab. suav.,
Solidag. Virgaur., Achill. Millef., Senec. Jacob., S. erucif., Cirs. arv., Leont.
aut., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr.
N. succincta Pz., 64-7 mm.—Cardam. prat., Brass. oler., B. Rapa, Acer
Pseudoplat., Genista angl., Trif. minus, Prunus spin., Potent. rept., Crat.
Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond., Tarax. off., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin.,
icletaa vulg., Rosmar. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil.,
. Tep.
N. trispinosa Schmiedekn. (=N. melanostoma Thoms.).—Tarax. off., Salix sp.
N. varia Pz. (=N. fucata Pz., cf. No. 1665).—Senec. Jacob., Tarax. off.,
Sonchus arv., Jas. mont., Nepeta Glech. ? flowers F+i+.
N. verna Mocs.—Muscari racemos.
N. xanthosticta K. (cf. No. 1672).—Ranunce. Fic., Brass. Rapa, Prunus spin.,
Potent. rept., Ribes Gross., Tarax. off., Echium vulg., S. alba, S. fragil.
N. zonata Pz.—Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Senec. Jacob., S. erucif., Tarax. off.,
Salix sp.
N. sp.—Coryd. cava F+1+, Valerian. olit.
Nomia diversipes Lty.—Res. lutea, Linum grandifl., Paliur. acul., Dorycn.
herbac., Melilot. altiss. F+I+, Thym. Serp.
N. femoralis Pai/.—Onobr. aren., Eryng. camp., Anchusa off., Thym. Serp.
Nomioides pulchella Schenck (=Halictus pulchellus Schenck, cf. No. 1573).—
Jas. mont., Stach. recta.
Osmia acuticornis Duf. et Perr. (=O. dentiventris Moyv., and O. hispanica
Schmiedekn.).—Viola odor., Hippocrep. com., Rubus frutic.
O. adunca Panz., 10 mm.—Geran. Robert., Lotus corn. ? and $ F+I4,
Vicia Cracca ? F+1I+4, Lythr. Sal. é F+I-4, Silyb. Marian., Cichor. Int.,
Campan. glom., Cynogloss. off., Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Lavand. vera,
Salv. prat. 6 F +1+, S. verticill. 6 F+1+, Nepeta nuda, N. Muss. $F +1+,
Lam. purp. $+, Ball. nigr. ? and $6 F+1-+, Gladiol. comm.
O. aenea L. (=O. caerulescens L., cf. No. 1715), 9-Io mm.—Ranunce. acris, R.
rep., R. bulb., Malva sylv., Geran. rubell., Lupinus polyph., Ononis spin.
9 F414, Medic. sat. ?.F +1+, Trif. prat. ? F+1+, Lotus corn. $ and é
F414, Coron. var. ? F+1I+, Onobr. viciif., O. aur., Vicia onobrychoides,
Glycine chin. 9 F+1I-+, Knaut. arv., Card. acanth., Centaur. Scab., Tarax.
off., Crep. palud., Hierac. Pilos., Symphyt. off., Echium vulg., Lithosp.
purp.-caer., Linar. vulg. 9 F+I4+, Veron. Cham., Lavand. vera, Salv.
prat. ? F+I+, S. off. ? and 6 F+4I+, S. verticill. $ F+I+, Nepet.
Cat. ?F+1I+, N. Muss. ? F+1+4, N. Glech. ?F+I+, Lam. mac., L. gargan.,
L. flexuos., Phlom. armen., Ball. nigr. ? F+1+, Scutell. albida, Ajug. rept.
F+I1-+, Scilla marit.
O. angustula Zett.—Lotus corn.
O. anthrenoides Spin.—Malva sylv., Dorycn. herbac., Lotus corn. F+I+,
Hippocrep. corn., Lam. purp. F+I+, Ajug. genev. F+1I+, Teucr. mont.
F+iI-+.
O. aurulenta Pz., 8-9 mm.—Coryd. lutea, Malva sylv., Onon. spin. § F+4I+4,
RIT2
612
1710
1711
1712
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Medic. falc., Trif. prat. F +1+, Lotus corn., Oxytrop. pil. %F+I14, Astrag.
Onobr., Hippocrep. com., Onobr. viciif., Vicia sep. F+1+, Prunus avium,
P. spin., Rubus caes., Potent. verna, Ribes aur., Card. acanth., Onopord.
Acanth., Tarax. off., Echium vulg., Salv. Bertol., Origan. vulg., Thym.
Cham., Nepeta Glech. ? and 6 F+I+, Lam. purp. F+1+, Ball. nigr.
? F+I1+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Teucr. Scorod., Scilla marit.
. O. bicolor Schr. (=O. fusca Chyr., cf. No. 1730), 8 mm.—Pulsat. prat. F+I+,
Anem. nem., Ranunc. lanugin., Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Viola odor., V. can.
$ F+I1+, Polyg. Chamaeb., Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Geum riv., Fragaria
vesca, Potent. verna, P. cinerea, P. opaca, Erica carn., Echium vulg., Ajug.
rept., Salix sp., Orchis latif. F+1+, Croc. vern., Scilla marit.
. O. bicornis L. (=O. rufa L., cf. No. 1754).—Persica vulg., Prunus Cer., Crat.
Oxyac., Ribes sanguin., R. Gross., Lam. alb. ? F+I+, L. purp. F+I+,
Ajug. rept. F+I+, Salix Capr.
. O. bidentata Mor.—Centaur. Biberst., C. solstit.
1713. O. bisulca Gervst.—Sisymbr. orient.
1714
1715,
1716.
1717
1718
1719.
1720
. O. caementaria Gerst. (=O, spinolae Schenck, ci. No. 1758).—Anchus. off.,
eee vulg., Salv. off. 6 F+1+, S. verticill, 2 F+1-+, Pinguic. vulg. 6
F+I+.
. O. caerulescens L. (=O. aenea L., cf. No. 1706), 54 mm.—Ranunce. acris,
R. rep., R. bulb., Sisymbr. austriac., Malva sylv., Geran. Robert., Trif. prat.
$ F+I+, Fragaria vesca, Tarax. off., Crep. bien., Anchusa off., Nepeta
Glech. ? and $6 F+I+, Lam. alb. F+I+, L. purp. F+I+, Stach. sylv.
F+1+, Ajug. rept., A. genev.
O. campanularis Mor.—Hippocrep. com.
. O. cephalotes Morv.—Paliur. acul.
. O. cerinthidis Mor.—Cerinthe maj.
A.
claviventris Thoms. (=O. leucomelaena K.).—Melilot. altiss. F+I+,
M. off. F+I+, Trif. prat. 6 F+I+, Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Inula Hel.,
Centaur. Cyan., Hierac. Pilos., Campan. rot., Echium vulg.
. O. confusa Mor.—Cirs. spinosiss., Card. acanth.
1721. O. cornuta Lty., 8-9 mm.—Coryd. lutea, Viola odor. ? F+I1+, Polyg.
1722.
Chamaeb., Astragal. Onobr., Amygd. comm., Persica vulg., Prunus dom.,
P. avium, P. Cer., Nepeta Glech. F+1+, Salix alba, Scilla sibir., Hyac.
orient.
. O. corticalis Gerst. (=O. nigriventris Zett., cf. No. 1746).—Vacc. Myrt., Nepeta
Glech. F+I+.
1723. O. crenulata Mor.—Dorycn. herbac.
1724. O. dalmatica Mor.—Echium vulg.
1725. O. difformis Per. (cf. No. 1748).—Lotus corn.
1726. O. dives Mocs.—Centaur. Biberst., C. solstit.
1727. O. emarginata Lep. (cf. No. 1745).—Acer Pseudoplat., Anchusa off., Ajug. rep.,
1728
1729
A. genev.
. O. fuciformis Lty.—Lotus corn. ? F+1I+, Lam. alb.
. O. fulviventris Pz.—Sisymbr. austriac., S. orient., Geran. prat., Cytis. sagitt.,
Hippocrep. com., Onobr. viciif., Sedum acre, Valer. asarif., aut. arv.,
Doronic. Pardal., D. austriac., Senec. Doronic., Cirs. arv., C. heteroph.,
Silyb. Marian., Card. crisp., C. acanth., C. Person., C. nut., C. pycno-
ceph., Onopord. Acanth., Jurin. moll., Rhapont. pulch., Centaur. mont.,
C. dealb., C. Fisch., C. ochrol., C. Salonit., Tragop. floccos., Scorzon. hisp.
var. glastif., S. parvifl., Achyroph. macul., Mulged. alpin., Crep. bien.,
C. mont., C. succisifol., Hierac. vulgat., H. muror., H. echioid., H. Retzii,
Borago off., Lavand. vera, Marrub. candidiss., Ball. nigr. $ F+I+, Ajug.
rept. F+I+, Camassia Fraseri.
1730. O. fusca Chr. (=O. bicolor Schr., cf. No. 1710), 8 mm.—Geran. pyren., Saroth.
scop. F+I+, Prunus avium, Rubus frutic., Potent. verna, Tarax. off.,
Vinca min., Pulm. off., Echium vulg., Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Ajug. rept.
F+I+, Daphne Mez., Orchis latif. F+1I+, Scilla marit.
1731. O. gallarum Spin.—Trif. nigresc., Hippocrep. com.
1732. O. giraudi Schmiedekn.—Hippocrep. com.
1733. O. grandis Mor.—Melilot. albus F+I+.
1734. O. insularis Schmiedekn.—Echium vulg., Hippocrep. com.
The species found in the latter plant is—
1735. O. jheringi Ducke (teste Ducke).
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742,
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
HYMENOPTERA 613
. O. latreillei Spin.—Lotus corn.
. O. lepeletieri Pey.—Lotus corn., Hippocrep. com., Echium vulg.
. O. leucomelaena (K.) Schmiedekn. (=O. parvula Duf. et Perr.), 2} mm.—
Linum austr., Lotus corn., Hippocrep. com., Rosa pomif., Rubus frutic.,
Aruncus sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Leont. hast.,
Picr. hierac., Campan. pat., Echium vulg., Linar. vulg. F+I+.
. O. ligurica Mor.—Lotus corn.
. O. longiceps Mor.—Hippocrep. com.
. O. macroglossa Gerst.—Onosma stell.
. O. maritima Friese.—Brass. oler., Viola can., Lotus corn. ? and 3 F+I+,
Phaseolus vulg. ? F+1I+, Potent. Anser., Salix rep.
. O. montivaga Mor. (=O, mitis Nyl.).—Anthem. arv., Teucr. mont.
. O. morawitzi Gerst. (=O. loti Mor.).—Lotus corn., Astrag. alp.
. O. mustelina Gerst. (=O. emarginata Lep., cf. No. 1727).—Anchus. off.
. O. nigriventris Zett. (cf. No. 1722).—Lotus corn. F+I+, Vacc. Myrt., V.
Vit.-id., Rhodod. hirs., Nepeta Glech. F+I+.
. O. notata F.—Anchusa off., Echium vulg.
. O. pallicornis Friese (=O. difformis Per. (teste Ducke), cf. No. 1725).—
Hippocrep. com., Salv. Bertol.
1749. O. panzeri Mor.—Sisymbr. orient.
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
. O. papaveris Liy—Papaver Rhoeas, Centaur. Cyan., C. Fisch., Campan.
glom., Conv. arv., Thym. Cham.
. O. pilicornis Sm.—Viola odor., Lotus corn. ? F+I+, Pulm. off.
. O. platycera Gerst, (=O. villosa Schenck, cf. No. 1766).—Genista tinct. F+I+.
. O. rubicola Friese.—Hippocrep. com., Onobr. viciif.
. O. rufa L. (=O. bicornis Lep., cf. No. 1711), 7-9 mm.—Clemat. recta, Hepat.
triloba, Pulsat. vulg. F+1+, Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. Fic.,
Caltha pal., Epimed. pinnat., Papav. nudicaule, P. Burseri, Diclytra
spectab. FI+, Arab. alb., A. deltoid., Cardam. prat., Brass. oler., B. Rapa,
B. Nap., Iber. amara, Viola odor. ? and 6 F+I+, V. can. 6 F414, V. tric.
arv.t, Coron. Fl.-cuc., Stell. med., Geran. prat., G. Robert., Medic. sat.
? F+1+, Lotus corn. ? and 6 F+I+, Astrag. glycyph. ? F+1+, Hedys.
obsc., Onobr. viciif., Vicia sep. $ F4+I+ and F+I-+, V. Faba $? F414,
V. unijuga, Lathyr. niger 9 F414, L. varieg., L. vernus var. flaccidus,
Glycine chin. 9 F+I-4, Persica vulg., Prunus Armen., P. dom., P. avium.,
P. Cer., P. spin., Rosa can., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Crat. Oxyac.,
Pyrus Malus, Philad. coron., Ribes aureum, R. sanguin., R. Gross., Bergenia
Subcil., Weigel. ros. 9 F+I+4, Valer. Phu, Bellis per., Centaur. Scab., Tarax.
off., Mulged. alpin., Crep. palud., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., Syring. vulg.,
S. pers., Vinca min., Phacel. tanacetif., Polemon caerul., Omphalod. vern.,
Borago off., Anchusa off., A. ochrol., Pulm. off., P. angustif., P. angustif. x
off., P. sacch., Cerinthe min., Echium vulg., Caryolopha semperv., Myosot.
P. sylv., M. alpestr. Antirrh. maj., Pentstem. pubesc., P. ovat., P. procer.,
Veron. opaca, Lavand. vera, Salv. prat. ? F+I+, S. off. ? F+I+, Rosmar.
off., Nepeta Muss. ? F+1I+, N. melissif., N. Glech. ? and 6 F+1+, Lam.
mac. var. hirs. ? F+1I4+,L. purp. $F+414-, L. flexuos., Stach. sylv. SF+I+4,
Ball. nigr. ? F+I+, Ajug. rept. F+1I+, Prim. elat. 6, Daphne Mez., Salix
cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil., S. rep., Orchis Morio F+I+,
Gladiol. comm., Ins Pseudac. F+1I+, Narc. Pseud.-Narc. F+I+, Scilla
Sibir., Hyac. orient., Muscari neglect., M. racemos., Asparag. off.
1755. O. rufohirta Liy.—Malva sylv., Hippocrep. com., Onobr. viciif., Tarax. off.,
Sonchus asp., Salvia Bertol., Thym. dalm., Ajug. rept.
1756. O. scutellaris Mor.—Thym. Cham.
1757. O. solskyi Mor. (=O. leaina K.), 5 6} mm.—Sisymbr. orient., Geran. Robert.,
Hippocrep. com., Vicia angustif. ? F+I+, Cirs. arv., C. olerac., Card.
nut., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. rhen., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Tarax.
off., Crep. bien., C. vir., Hierac. Pilos., Echium vulg., Nepeta Glech. F+I+,
Lam. pu
Tp. :
1758. O. spinolae Schenck (=O. caementaria Gerst., cf. No. 1714).—Trif. arv.
éF+I1-+, Astrag. Onobr., Card. pycnoceph., Anchusa off., Echium vulg.
1759. O. spinulosa K., 5 mm.—Ononis rep., Onobr. viciif., Knaut. arv., TInula
hir., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Senec. Jacob., Centaur. Jac.,
C. Scab., C. Biberst., C. solstit., Cichor. Int., Picr. hierac., Sonchus arv.,
Crepis bien., C. tector.
614
1760
1761
1762,
1763
1764
1765
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. O. tergestensis Ducke.—Hippocrep. com., Onobr. viciif.
. O. tiflensis Mor.—Lotus corn., Hippocrep. com., Onobr. viciif.
. O. tridentata Duf. et Pery.—Tnif. rep. F+I-+, T. nigresc. F+1I+, Lotus corn.
F+I+, Hippocrep. com. F+1I+, Echium vulg.
. O. uncinata Geyst.—Viola odor., Genista angl. F+1+, Hippocrep. com.,
Rubus frutic., Vacc. Myrt., Pulm. off., Nepeta Glech. F+1I+, Ajug. rept.
F+Al+.
. O. versicolor Laty.—Geran. dissect., G. molle, Trif. nigresc., Lotus corn.,
Onobr. viciif., Potent. cinerea, P. opaca, Sedum acre, Thym. dalm., Ajug.
genev.
. O. vidua Gerst.—Thym. Cham.
1766. O. villosa Schenck (cf. No. 1752).—Card. deflor., Picr. hierac.
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772.
1773
1774
1775,
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
. O. vulpecula Gerst.—Lotus corn., Vacc. Myrt.
. O. xanthomelaena K. (=O. fuciformis Lir., cf. No. 1728).—Hippocrep. com.,
Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Lam. alb.
. O. sp.—Melilot. altiss. F+1+, Vicia sep. F+1+, Cynogloss. off., Solan.
Dulc., Thym. Serp.
. Panurgus ater Latr. (=P. banksianus K., cf. No. 1771).—Hypoch. radic.,
Armer. elong.
. P. banksianus K. (cf. No. 1770), 3 mm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Cichor. Int., Leont. aut., Picr. hierac., Hypoch. radic., Sonchus arv., Crep.
bien., C. vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., H. umb., Conv. arv.
. P. calcaratus Scop. (=P. lobatus Pz., cf. No. 1773), 3 mm.—Ranunce. acris,
R. rep., R. bulb., Erysim. cheiranthoid., Oenoth. bien. 2 and 6 F+I+,
Inul. brit., Senec. visc., Thrinc. hirt., Leont. aut., L. hast., Picr. hierac.,
Hypoch. radic., Sonchus arv., Crep. bien., C. vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. vulgat.,
H. muror., H. umbell., H. brevifol.
. P. lobatus Pz. (=P. calcaratus Scop., cf. No. 1772).—Armer. elong.
. P. sp.—Picr. hierac., Scorzon. humil., Hypoch. radic., Lactuca mural., Crep.
vir., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbell.
. Pasites maculatus Jur.—Thym. Serp., Ajug. chamaep.
. P. minutus Mocs.—Centaur. Biberst.
. Podalirius acervorum L. (=Anthophora acervorum L., and A. pilipes F.,
cf. Nos. 1331 and 1339), ¢ 14, 6 15 mm.—Ranunce. Ficar., Corydal. lut.,
Cheiranth. Cheiri, Brass. Rapa, B. Nap., Sinap. arv., Raphan. sat., Viola
odor., V. can., V. tric. vulg., Stell. med., Cytis hirs., Rubus spectab., Pyrus
Malus, Tarax. off., Vinca min., V. maj., Anchusa off., Pulm. off., Rosmar.
off., Nepeta Glech. $ and 4, Lam. alb. F+1+, L. mac. F+I+, L. purp.
F+I4+, Ajug. rept. F+I+, A. genev., Prim. elat. F+I+, Salix Capr.,
S. alba, S. fragil., Croc. vern., C. varieg., Leucoj. aest., Scilla Sibir., Hyac.
orient.
. P. aestivalis Pz. (=P. retusus L., cf. Nos. 1332, 1335, 1341, and 1795).—
Anchusa off., Lycium vulg., Ball. nigr. F+1+.
. P. albigenus Lep.—Anchusa off.
. P. bimaculatus Pz. (cf. Nos. 1844 and 1845).—Trif. arv. 9 and $6 F+I4,
Lotus corn., Centaur. Biberst., C. valesiaca, C. amar., Jas. mont., Eric.
Tetr., Echium vulg., Thym. Serp., Galeops. Ladan. F+I+.
. P. borealis Mor.—Trif. prat. Gand é6F+4I4+4, T. med., Vicia Cracca ? F+I+4,
Salv. sylv. $ and $6 F+1+, Galeops. Tetr. 6 F+I-+, Stach. sylv. ? and 4
F+I4+, S. pal. and 6 F+I+, Prun. vulg. ? and 6 F+I+, Teucr. Scorod.
SanddéF4+I+.
. P. crassipes Lep.—Echium vulg.
. P. crinipes Sm.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Vinca maj., Borago off., Anchusa off.,
Salv. clandest., S. Bertol., Rosmar. off., Lam. mac., Ajug. genev.
1784. P. dufourii Lep.—Salv. prat. F+1-+, S. Bertol.
1785. P. femoratus Oliv. (cf. No. 1333).—Echium vulg.
1786. P. fulvitarsus Bruilé (cf. No. 1338).—Trif. prat. ? F+1+, Astrag. Onobr.
F+I+.
1787. P. furcatus Pz. (cf. No. 1334), 6 12 mm.—Malva sylv., Epil. angust., Jas.
1788
1789
1790
mont., Stach. sylv. ?andéF+I-+, S. pal. and 6 F+I+, Ball. nigr. ? and é
F+I1+, Prun. vulg. ? and 6 F+I+, Teucr. Scorod. ? and éF+I+4.
. P. magnilabris Fedtsch.—Anchusa off.
. P. nigrocinctus Lep.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Raphan. sat.
. P. parietinus F. (cf. No. 1337).—Trif. prat. ? and 6 F+I+, Astrag. Onobr.,
1791.
1792
1793.
1794.
1795.
1796.
1797
1798.
1799.
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807.
1808
1809
1810
1811
FIYMENOPTERA 615
Symphoric. racem. ? F+I+, Scab. Columb., Symph. asperr., Nepeta
Glech., Ajug. rept.
P, pubescens F. (=P. flabellifeva F.).—Anchusa off., Ball. nigr. ? and F+1+.
P. quadrifasciatus Vill. (cf. No. 1336).—Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Ball.
nigr. ? and 6 F+I+.
P. quadrifasciatus Vill. var. garrulus Rossit.—Teucr. flavum.
P. raddei Mor.—Echium vulg., Salv. Sclar.
P. retusus L. (cf. Nos. 1332, 1335, 1341, and_1778), 2 15-18, 6 15-20 mm.—
Brass. oler., B. Rapa, B. Nap., Trif. prat. ? and 6 F-+I+, Astrag. Onobr.,
Vicia villosa F+1+, V. sep., Veron. Cham., Pedic. sylv., Nepeta Glech.
9 and é6 F414, Lam. purp. F+I-+, Galeops. Tetr. 9 and 6 F+I4+, G. ochr.
$ F+I4, Stach. sylv. F+I+, Ball. nigr. F+1I+, Prun. vulg. F+I+,
Ajug. rept. F+1I+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I+, T. Cham. F+I+, Salix sp.
P. retusus L. var. meridionalis Péey.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Raphan. sat.,
Dorycnium hirs., Vicia villosa var. varia, Salv. off. F+1+,S. Bertol., Thym.
Cham., Ajug. genev., Croc. varieg.
P. retusus L. var. obscurus Friese.—Aesc. Hippocast. (F +I+).
P. salviae Moy.—Anchusa off.
P. siewersi Mor.—Teucr. orient.
P. tarsatus Spin.—Cytis. hirs., Colutea arboresc. F+I+, Coron. Emerus
F+I+, Vicia villosa F+I+, V. varia F+I+, Echium vulg., Salv. Sclar.,
Thym. dalm., Nepeta Glech. F+I+, Ajug. genev.
P. vulpinus Pz. (=P. quadrimaculatus Pz., cf. No. 1340).—Oron. spin.
? and 6 F+I+, Lotus corn. ? F+1+, Jas. mont., Anchusa off., Echium
vulg., Lycium vulg., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Lam. alb. F+I+, L. purp.
? and $6 F+I-+, Stach. sylv. ? and 6 F+I4, S. pal. ? and 6 F+I4, Ball.
nigr. ? and $ F+I+, Teucr. Scorod. ? and 6 F+I+, Allium fallax.
Prosopis alpina Mor.—Sedum album.
P. angustata Schenck.—Allium rot.
P. annulavis Sm. (=P. panzeri Foerst.).—Res. odor., Helianth. vulg., Pimpin.
Saxifr., Anthr. sylv.
P. annulata L. (=P. communis Nyl., cf. No. 1811).—Chaeroph. aur., Crep.
tubra, Lam. purp.
P. armillata Nyl. (=P. hyalinata Sm., cf. No. 1816).—Gypsoph. panic., Hyper.
perfor., Ulmar. pentap., Aruncus sylv., Philad. coron., Sedum acre, S. album,
Astrant. maj., Peuced. ruthen., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond., Anthr. Ceref.,
Chaeroph. tem., C. bulb., Solidag. glab., Chrys. Leuc., Doronic. austriac.,
Senec. nemor., Leont. aut., Lactuca vimin., Sonchus asp., Hierac. Pilos.,
H. boreale, Anchusa ochrol., Melamp. arv., Salv. verticill. é F414,
Polygon. Pers.
P. bipunctata F. (=P. signata Pz., cf. No. 1826).—Lepid. sat., Caps. Bursa-
past., Res. luteola, R. lutea, R. odor., Rubus frutic., Aruncus sylv., Achill.
Millef., Tanac. vulg., Anchusa panic., Euphorb. Esula.
P. borealis Ny/,—Potent. verna, Aruncus sylv., Carum Car.
P. brevicornis Ny/.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Gypsoph. panic.,
Potent. Anser., Sedum acre, Carum Car., Angel. sylv., Gal. boreal., Achill.
Millef., Matric. inod., Allium Cepa.
P. clypearis Schenck.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Nasturt. lippic., Res.
lutea, Cist. monspel., Ruta graveol., Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Potent.
hirta, Ulmar. pentap., Arunc. sylv., Sedum acre, Aegop. Podagr., Peuced.
pal., Orlaya grand., Anthr. sylv.
P. communis Ny. (cf. No. 1805), 1-14 mm.—Hesper. off., Brass. Rapa, Lepid.
sat., Bunias orient., Res. luteola, R. odor., Gypsoph. panic., G. fastig.,
Aren. graminif., Malach. aquat., Malva sylv., Geran. pal., G. sylv. var.
robust., G. iber. var. platypet., Rhus typhina, Rosa can., Rubus frutic.,
R. Id., Fragaria vesca, Potent. arg., P. verna, P. Mayeri var. Fenzlii,
Ulmar. pentap., Arunc. sylv., Spir. opulif., Petrosel. sat., Aegop. Podagr.,
Carum Car., Pimpin. Saxifr., Aethusa cynap., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond.,
Siler trilob., Anthr. Ceref., Chaeroph. tem., Asper. taur., Cephal. ural. var.
cretac., Aster lanceol., Galatel. hyssopif., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag.
glab., S. laterifl., S. livida, S. Kidel., Achill. Millef., Tanac. macroph.,
Chrys. Leuc., Doronic. austriac., Echinops sphaeroc., Cirs. arv., Centaur.
dealb., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., Hierac. Pilos., H. muror., Campan.
rapunculoides, C. persic., C. carpath., C. lactifl., Jas. mont., Conv. arv.,
616 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Verbasc. nigr., Veron. spic., Salv. prat. FI+, S. off., Nepeta nuda,
Physostegia virgin., Armer. elong., Allium rot., A. Cepa.
1812. P. confusa Nyl.—Nigella damasc., Sinap. arv., Res. odor., Rubus frutic.,
R. Id., Ulmar. pentap., Epil. angust., Aegop. Podagr., Diplopap. amygd.,
Achill, Millef., A. Ptarm., Tanac. corymb., Cirs. arv., Hypoch. radic.,
Campan. persic., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Veron. mont., Allium Cepa.
1813. P. cornuta Sm.—Achill. Millef.
1814. P. dilatata K.—Res. odor., Malva sylv., Rubus frutic., Succ. prat., Achill.
Millef., Jas. mont., Asparag. off.
1815. P. genalis Thoms. (=P. confusa Foerst.).—Lepid. graminifol., Cist. monspel.,
Rubus caes,, Jas. mont.
1816. P. hyalinata Sm. (=P. armillata Nyl., cf. No. 1806).—Ranunc. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., Sinap. arv., Lepid. sat., Res. luteola, R. odor., Malach. aquat.,
Malva sylv., Geran. prat., Rubus frutic., Potent. rept., Sedum acre, Aegop.
Podagr., Weigel. ros., Cirs. arv., Campan. rapunculoides, C. Trachel.,
C. persic., Jas. mont., Conv. arv., Echium vulg., Veron. mont., Globul. vulg.
1817. P. hyalinata Sm. var. corvina Foerst.—Orlaya grand., Anthem. arv.
1818. P. hyalinata Sm. var. subquadrata Foerst.—Paliur acul., Conv. arv.
1819. P. masoni Saund.—Achill. Millef.
1820. P. nigrita F. (cf. No. 1824).—Res. odor., Rubus frutic., Aruncus sylv., Achill.
Millef., Tanac. vulg., Cichor. Int.
1821. P. obscuvata Schenck (=P. punctulatissima Sm., cf. No. 1823).—Aethusa
Cynap., Allium rot.
1822. P. pictipes Nyl.—Caps. Bursa-past., Res. lutea, R. odor., Malva sylv.,
Paliur. acul., Rubus frutic., Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Allium Cepa.
1823. P. protinqua Nyl. (=P. nigrita F., cf. No. 1821).—Anthem. tinct., Crep. vir.
1824. P, punctulatissima Sm. (cf. No. 1821).—Heracl. Sphond., Card. acanth.,
Allium Cepa.
1825. P. rinki Gorski.—Rubus frutic.
1826. P. signata Pz. (=P. bipunctata F., cf. No. 1807), 14 mm.—Clemat. recta,
Thalictr. aquilegif., Res. lutea, Malva sylv., Arunc. sylv., Sedum album,
Astrant. major, Aethusa Cyn., Knaut. arv., Matric. Cham., Verbasc. nigr.,
Polygon. Bist.
1827. P. sinuata Schenck.—Ruta graveol., Rosa pomif., Petrosel. sat., Aethusa
Cyn., Aneth. grav., Dauc. Car., Cirs. arv., Hierac. Pilos.
1828. P. trimaculata Schenck.—Heracl. Sphond.
1829. P. variegata F.—Cist. monspel., Paliurus acul., Dorycn. herbac., Rubus
frutic., Sedum acre, Sium latif., Oenan. aquat., Dauc. Car., Orlaya grand.,
Toril. Anthr., Achill. Millef.. A. Ptarm., Tanac. corymb., Cirs. arv., Jas.
mont.
1830. P. sp.—Alyss. mont., Res. lutea, Tilia ulmif., Geran. sanguin., Agrim. odor.,
Scleranthus annuus, Astrant. maj. var. involucr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Oenan.
fist., Angel. sylv., Peuced. Cerv., P. ruthen., Gal. verum, Hypoch. radic.,
Hierac. bupleur., Beta marit., Euphorb. heliosc., Ornithog. pyren.
1831. Psithyrus barbutellus K., $12 mm.—Acer Pseudoplat., Aesc. Pavia, Trif.
rep. ? F+I4, Trif. prat. $ F+1+, T. med., Lotus corn., Philad. coron.,
Knaut. arv., K. sylv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., Tanac. vulg., Cirs.
olerac., Card. crisp., C. nut., Centaur. Jac., Lecat. aut., L. hast., Tarax. off.,
Syring. vulg., Lycops. arv., Echium vulg., Veron. off., Rhinanth. maj.,
Salv. off., Thym. Serp., Nepeta Glech. ? F +14, Lam. alb. ? F+I+, Ajug.
rept. F+I+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I+.
1832. P. barbutellus K. var. maxillosus K/g.—Lotus corn.
1833. P. campestris Pz., 12 mm.—Trif. prat. ? F+I+, T. med., Onobr. viciif.,
Rubus frutic., Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Sedum Teleph., Dipsac.
sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb., Eupat. can., Solidag. Virgaur.,
Helianth. an., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. lanceol., C. acaule x C. olerac., C. serrulat.,
Card. nut., Lappa toment., Centaur. Jac., Leont. crisp., Tarax. off., Vacc.
Myrt., V. uligin., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr., Anchusa off., Lycops. arv., Echium
vulg., Mentha aquat., Thym. Serp., Lam. purp. F+1+, Prun. vulg. F+I+,
Teucr. Scorod. F+I1--, Iris sibir.
1834. P. campestris Pz. var. rossiellus K.—Cephal. ural.
1835. P. globosus Eversm.—Aconit. Nap., Vicia Cracca $ F+I +, Knaut. arv.,
Solidag. Virgaur., Cirs. spinosis.
1836
1837
1838
1839.
1840.
1841.
1842,
1843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
1847
1848,
HYMENOPTERA 617
P. quadricolor Lep. 2 and 6 9mm.—Trif. rep. 6 F+1+, Rubus frutic.,
Sedum album, Knaut. arv., Arnica mont., Senec. nemor., S. Jacob., Cirs.
arv., C. pal., Centaur. Jac., Tarax. offic., Jas. mont., Veron. mont., Origan.
vulg., Thym. Serp., Polygon. vivip., Salix Capr., S. nigric., S. glauca,
S. lapp., S. phyllicif.
P. quadricolor Lep. var. luctuosus Hoffey.—Knaut. arv.
P, rupestris F., ? 11-14 mm.—Coryd. lutea, Cak. marit., Trif. prat. 9 F+I4,
T. alp., T. rub., Lotus corn., Onobr. viciif., Rubus Id., Angel. sylv., Dipsac.
sylv., Cephal. ural. var. cretac., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Eupat. can.,
E. purp., Solidag. Virgaur., Helianth. an., Helichrys. bract., Cirs. arv.,
C. lanceol., Card. crisp., C. nut., Onopord. Acanth., Garl. acaul., Centaur.
Jac., C. Scab., C. rhen., C. orient., C. rigidif., Leont. aut., Tarax. off., Crep.
bien., Hierac. umb., Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Vacc. uligin., Call. vulg.,
Anchus, off., Lycops. arv., Echium vulg., Melamp. nemor., Nepeta Glech.
$F+I+, Ball. nigr. ? F+1-+, Leont. lanat., Teucr. Cham., T. canum.
* P. vestalis Fourcy. 12 mm.—Cak. marit., Viola can., V. tric. vulg. 9 F414,
Coron. Fl.-cuc., Alth. ficif., Aesc. Pavia, Cytis. Lab. F+1I+, Trif. rep.
$6 F414, T. prat. $ F+I14, Vicia Cracca $ F+1+, Rubus frutic., Crat.
Oxyac., Epil. angust., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Angel. sylv., Symphoric. racem.
$ F4+I +, Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Eupat. can., E. purp.,
Vernon. fascic., V. praeal., Solidag. Virgaur., Silph. trifol., Inul. brit.,
Helian. atrorub., Senec. nemor., S. macroph., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., C. pal.,
C. olerac., C. olerac. var. amar., C. olerac.xC. acaule, C. serrul., Card.
crisp., Centaur. phryg., C. Scab., C. orient., S. stereoph., Leont. aut.,
Tarax. off., Hierac. hirsut., Vacc. Myrt., V. uligin., Syring. vulg., Vinca
min., Gent. pneum., Lycops. arv., Echium vulg., Veron. off., Melamp.
nemor., Mentha sylv., Salv. glutin., S. verticill., Monarda fistul., M. fistul.
vars. mollis and purpur., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Calam. Nepeta, Nepeta
macr. 6 F+1+, N. lophantha, N. Glech. ?F+1-+, Lophanth. rug., Lam.
alb.? F+1+, Stach. pal. F+1I+, S. germ. F+1+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I+,
T. canum, Polygon. vivip., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba, S. fragil.,
S. rep., S. nigric., S. glauca, S. lapp., S. phyllicif., Iris Pseudac. F+I+.
Rophites canus Ev.—Malva Alcea, Medic. sat. F+I-+, M. falc., Trif. prat.
9 and 6 F+1-+4, Lotus corn. ? and 4, ? F+I-+.
R. caucasicus Morv.—Stachys grandifl.
R. halictula Nyl. (=Dufourea halictula Nyl., cf. No. 1474).—Jas. mont.
R. quinquespinosus Spzv.—Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. tinct., Centaur.
nigr., Campan. pat., Echium vulg., Galeops. ochr. F+1+, Stachys Beton.
F+I-+, Ball. nigr. and éF4I+.
Saropoda bimaculata Pz. (=Podalirius bimaculatus Pz., cf. Nos. 1780 and
1845), 9 mm.—Hyper. perfor., Trif. arv. 6 F+1+, Onopord. Acanth.,
Centaur. Jac., C. Cyan., Call. vulg., Echium vulg., Salv. verticill. 6 F+1+,
Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Stach. pal. ? and 6 F+1I+, S. Beton. and é
F+1-+, Marrub. vulg. 6 F+I+, Ball. nigr. F+I+, Teucr. Scorod. F+I4,
T. Scord.
* S. votundata Pz. (=Podalirius bimaculatus Pz., cf. Nos. 1780 and 1844).—
Vicia angustif. F-+I+, Lythr. Sal. ? and 6 F+I-+, Centaur. rhen., Jas.
mont., Anchusa off., Echium vulg., Thym. Serp., Ball. nigr. F+I+.
Sphecodes affinis Hags.—Matric. inod.
S. ciystt Verh. (=S. fuscipennis Germ., cf. No. 1849).—Achill. Millef., Cirs. arv.
S. ephippius L. (cf. No. 1851).—Teesdal. nudicaul., Gypsoph. panic., Aren.
serpyllif., Cerast. semidec., Erod. cicut., Chaeroph. hirs., Bellis per., Diplopap.
amygd., Solidag. glab., Gnaph. lut.-alb., G. ulig., Tanac. vulg., Chrys.
Leuc., Doronic. austriac., Cirs. arv., Call. vulg., Salix sp.
1849. S. fuscipennis Germ. (cf. No. 1847).—Ajug. rept. F+I +, Teucr. Botrys.
1850.
S. gibbus L.—Stell. med., Geran. pyren., Ruta graveol., Paliur. acul., Dorycn.
herbac., Potent. Anser., P. rept., Alchem. alp., A. fissa, A. pentaphyllea,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Epil. angust., Sedum acre, Ribes alp.,
Astrant. neglecta, Petrosel. sat., Pimpin. Saxifr., Oenan. aquat., Aneth.
grav., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Ebul. humil., Valer. off., Valerian. olit.,
Aster sagittif., Bellis per., Solidag. canad., Gnaph. lut.-alb., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., A. nobilis, Matric. Cham., Tanac. vulg., Chrys. Leuc., Doronic.
austr., Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., Hypoch. radic., H. glabra, Tarax. off., Hierac.
Pilos., H. umbell., Call. vulg., Myosot. interm., Veron. Cham., V. arv.,
618 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Mentha sylv., Thym. Serp., Euphorb. Cypar., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
Scilla marit.
1851. S. gibbus L. var. rufescens Fourcr. (=S. ephippius L., cf. No. 1848).—Jas.
mont., Salix sp.
1852. S. similis Wesm.—Oxytrop. camp., Astrag. Onobr.
1853. S. subquadratus Sm., ? 3 mm.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
1854. S. sp.—Coryd. cava F+1+, Bellis per.
1855. Stelis aterrima Pz., 5-54 mm.—Malva sylv., Geran. prat., Trif. rep. F+1+,
Knaut. arv., Scab. dauc., Inula Hel., Doronic. austriac., Cirs. lanceol., Card.
crisp., C. acanth., Onopord. Acanth., Lappa min., Rhapont. pulch., Tarax.
off., Lactuca vimin., Sonchus asp., Crep. vir., Hierac. porphyr., Jas. mont.,
Asclep. syr. F+1I-+, Conv. sep.
1856. S. breviuscula Nyl. (=S. pygmaea Schenck).—Geran. prat., Rubus frutic.,
R. caes., Potent. arg., Petrosel. sat., Knaut. arv., Inula hir., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Tanac. vulg., Senec. Jacob., Card. acanth., Centaur. Cyan.,
Picr. hierac., Crep. bien., Echium vulg.
1857. S. frey-gessneri Friese.—Centaur. vales.
1858. S. minuta Lep.—Malva sylv., Geran. prat., Tarax. off.
1859. S. nasuta Laty.—Stach. recta, Ajug. rept., Teucr. mont.
1860. S. ornatula Klg.—Picr. hierac.
1861. S. phaeoptera K.—Malva sylv., Geran. prat., G. pyren., G. Robert., Knaut.
arv., Inula Hel., Doronic. austriac., Senec. Doronic., S. nemor., Silyb.
Marian., Card. acanth., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur., Mont., C. Fischer.,
Mulged. alpin., Crep. bien., C. sibiric., Campan. rot., Echium vulg., Veron.
longif.
1862. S. signata Laty.—Res. odor., Sedum refl., Sedum album.
1863. S. sp.—Lathyr. latif.
1864. Systropha curvicornis Scop. (cf. No. 1866).—Linum grandifl., Melilot. albus
F+I1+, Conv. arv.
1865. S. planidens Giv.—Conv. arv.
1866. S. spivalis F. (=S. curvicornis Scop., cf. No. 1864).—Conv. arv.
1867. Tetvalonia pollinosa Lep. (=Eucera pollinosa Lep., cf. No. 1513).—Anchusa
ff
off.
1868. TZ. salicaviae Lep. (=Eucera salicariae Lep., cf. Nos. 1491 and 1516).—Ball.
nigr. 6 F+I+.
1869. Trachusa serratulae Pz. (=Diphysis serratulae Pz., cf. No. 1472).—Ran.
Flamm., Genista sagitt., Lotus corn. F+I+, Lathyr. sylvest. ? F+1+4,
Leont. aut., Campan. Trach.
1870. Trypetes truncorum L. (=Eriades truncorum L., cf. Nos. 1487 and 1606).—
Tarax. off.
1871. Xylocopa cyanescens Brull.—Parkinsonia acul., Dorycn. herbac., Coron. var.
F+I-+, Veron. spic., Rosmar. off., Nepeta Glech. hed. F+I+.
1872. X. valga Geyst.—Veron. spic.
1873. X. violacea L.—Clemat. Balear., Berb. aquif., Glaucium flavum, Matth.
annua, Cheiranth. Cheiri, Raphan. sat., Polyg. myrtif., Spart. junc., Medic.
sat. 6 F+1I-+, Coron. Emerus, Onobr. viciif., Lathyr. prat. § F4I-4,
L. latif., L. varieg., Glycine chin. ? and 6 F+I4+, Amygd. comm.,
Persica vulg., Prunus Armen., Ulmar. pentap., Passifl. coerul. F+1+,
Helianth. an., Helichrys. bract., Chrys. Leuc., Centaur. aren., Campan.
Trach., Phillyr. latif., Syring. vulg., Symphyt. off., Veron. spic., Salv. prat.,
S. glutin. ? F+I+, S. off. 6 F+I+, Nepeta Glech. hed. F+1+, Lam.
alb. ? and 6 F+1+, L. Galeobd., Marrub. candidiss., Ajug. rept., Cyclam.
persic., Salix sp., Croc. varieg., Gladiol. comm., Hermodact. tuber. F+I+.
1874. X. sp.—Lathyr. silvest. F+I+.
B. Braconidae.
1875. Agathis umbellatorum Nees.—Aneth. grav.
1876. Alysia sp.—Listera ov. F+I+.
1877. Bracon castvator F. (=Pseudovipio castrator F.).—Paliur. acul., Lonicer.
etrusc.
1878. B. nominator F. (=Vipio nominator F.).—Paliur. acul.
1879. B. terrefactor Vill, (=Vipio terrefactor Vill.).—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
1880. B. urinator F.—Paliur. acul., Smyrnium Olusatrum, Tordyl. apul.
1881. B. xanthogaster Kvchb.—Paliur. acul.
1882.
1883.
1884,
1885.
1886.
HYMENOPTERA 619
Isomecus schlettereri Kriechb.—Paliar. acul.
pee drm rufipes Nees (=M. globata L. var. rufipes Nees),—Listera ov.
+i+.
M. subcompleta Nees.—Paliur. acul.
M. tibialis Nees.—Paliur. acul.
M. sp.—Anthr. sylv.
C. Chalcididae.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894,
1895.
1896.
Brachymeria minuta L. (=Chalcis minuta L.).—Paliur. acul.
Chalcis sp.—Prunus Armen., Saussur. albesc.
Eulophus sp.—Adoxa Mosch.
Leucospis dorsigera F. (=Leucaspis dorsigera F.).—Paliur. acul., Dorycn.
herbac., Petrosel. sat.
L. gigas F.—Dorycn. herbac., Teucr. Pol.
L. intermedia Ji/.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
Perilampus sp.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
Pteromalus sp.—Erod. cicut., Carum Carv., Adoxa mosch.
Tetrastichus diaphanthus Wa/k.—Hermin. Monorch.
Torymus sp.—Anthr. sylv.
D. Chrysididae.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1924.
1925.
1926.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
1934.
Chrysis analis Spin.—Euon. japon., Pastin. sat., Centaur. Jac., Origan. vulg.
. angustifrons 4b.—Tordyl. apul.
. austriaca F.—Heracl. Sphond., Ribes rubr.
. bidentata L. (=C. viridula L.).—Euon. varieg., Aneth. grav.
callimorpha Mocs.—Dauc. Car.
chevrieri Mocs.—Paliur. acul.
comparata Lepel.—Euon. japon.
cuprea Rossi.—Orlaya grand.
. dichroa (Kig.) Dahib.—Potent. Wiemanniana.
distinguenda Spin.—Euon. japon., E. varieg., Foenic. vulg., Allium Cepa.
. fulgida L.—Dauc. Car., Ribes rubr.
. ignita L.—Cak. marit., Ruta graveol., Ulmar. pentap., Archang. off.,
Heracl. Sphond., Chaeroph. hirs., Euphorb. Cypar.
C. ignita L. v. angustula Schenck.—Anthr. sylv.
C. igniventris Ab.—Paliur. acul.
C. inaequalis Dhlb.—Euon. japon., E. varieg., Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul.,
Dauc. Car.
C. indigotea Duf. et Pery.—Paliur. acul.
C. jucunda Mocs.—Paliur. acul.
C. leachii Schuck.—Euon. japon., E. varieg.
C. neglecta Schuck.—Achill. Millef.
C. pustulosa Ab.—Paliur. acul.
C. refulgens Spin.—Paliur. acul., Orlaya grand.
C. rutilans Oliv.—Euon. japon., Eryng. camp., Orlaya grand., Allium
Cepa.
laTere)
sleletelatelate
C. saussurei Chevy.—Pimpin. Saxifr.
C. scutellaris Faby.—Euon. japon., E. varieg., Foenic. vulg., Orlaya grand.
C. splendidula Ross?.—Euon. japon., Paliur. acul., Dauc. Car.
C. succincta L.—Paliur. acul., Dauc. Car., Cauc. dauc.
C. viridula L.—Euon. japon., Aneth. grav., Dauc. Car., Orlaya grand.
C. sp.—Eryng. camp.
Cleptes nitidulus F.—Dauc. Car., Lycium vulg.
C. semiauratus L.—Heracl. Sphond., Eupat. can., Echium vulg.
Ellampus aeneus F.—Berb. vulg., Prunus Padus, Sambuc. nigr., Euphorb.
Cypar.
E. certs L.—Ulmar. pentap., Tordyl. apul., Orlaya grand., Toril. nod.
E. caeruleus (Paill.) Dahib.—Euon. japon., Heracl. Sphond.
E. productus Dahib. (=E. spina Lep., cf. No. 1932).—Allium Cepa.
E. scutellaris Pz.—Dauc. Car.
E. spina Lep. (cf. No. 1930).—Paliur. acul., Allium Cepa.
Hedychrum longicolle A4b.—Tordyl. apul.
H. lucidulum F. (=H. nobile Scop., cf. No. 1935).—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif., Aegop. Podagr., Peuced. Cerv., Aneth. grav., Dauc. Car., Achill,
620
1935,
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942,
1943,
1944.
1945
1946
1947
1948
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
Millef., A. Ptarm., Matric. inod., Tanac. Corymb., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv.,
Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Melamp. arv., Marrub. vulg. FI+.
. H. nobile Scop. (cf. No. 1934).—Lepid. sat., Euon. japon., Rubus frutic.,
Ulmar. pentap., Eryng. camp., Achill. Millef.
. H. vegium F, (=A. nobile Scop.).—Orlaya grand., Achill. Millef.
. H. roseum Rossi, (=Holopyga rosea Rossi, cf. No. 1945).—Foenic. vulg.
. H. rutilans Dhib.—Euon. japon., Pastin. sat.
. Holopyga amoenula Dahlb. (cf. No. 1944).—Erod. cicut., Paliur. acul., Cirs.
arv., Card. pycnocephal.
. H. chrysonota Foerst.—Euon. japon., Paliur. acul.
. H. coriacea Dahlb.—Scleranth. per.
. H. curvata Foerst.—Paliur. acul., Dauc. Car.
. H. gloriosa F.—Paliur. acul.
. H. ovata Dahib. (=H. amoenula Dahlb., cf. No. 1939).—Potent. Anser., Gal.
verum.
. H. rosea Rossi (cf. No. 1937).—Euon. japon., E. varieg.
. Parnopes grandior Pall.Thym. Serp., Allium Cepa.
. Stilbum cyanurum Foerst. var. calens Faby.—Foenic. vulg., Orlaya grand.
. S. nobile Sulz. (=S. cyanurum Forst. var. nobile SwJz.).—Euon. japon.
E. Cynipidae.
1949
1950
1951
1952
. Blastophaga grossorum Gvav.—Sycom. antiqu. F+I+.
. Eucoela subnebulosa Giy.—Anthr. sylv.
. E. sp.—Stell. med., Chrysosplen. alt.
. Sycophaga sycomori L. (Hasselquist).—Sycom. antiqu. F+I+.
F. Evanidae.
1953
1954
1955
1956,
1957
1958.
1959.
1960.
1961.
1962.
1963.
1964,
1965.
1966.
. Foenus affectator F. (=Gasteruption affectator F., cf. No. 1956).—Potent.
arg., Aegop. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Aneth. grav., Chaeroph. hirs.
. F. jaculator F. (=Gasteruption jaculator F., cf. No. 1958).—Aegopod.
Podagr., Aneth. grav.
. F, sp. (=Gasteruption sp.).—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Petrosel. sat.,
Heracl. Sphond., Diplopap. amygd., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Tanac.
Parth., Jas. mont., Melamp. arv.
. Gasteruption affectator F. (cf. No. 1953).—Ruta graveol., Paliur. acul.
. G. granulithorax Tourn.—Paliur. acul., Smyrn. olusat., Pimpin. peregr.,
Tordyl. apul., Orlaya grand.
G. jaculator F. (cf. No. 1954).—Gypsoph. panic., Ruta graveol.
G. kriechbaumeri Schlett.—Paliur. acul., Cauc. dauc.
G. opacum Tourn.—Paliur. acul.
G. pedemontanum Tourvn.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
G. rubricans Guey.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
G. rugulosum 4Ab.—Smyrn. olusat.
G. terrestre Tourn.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul.
G, tibiale Tourvn.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
G. tournieri Schlett.—Paliur. acul.
G. Formicidae.
1967
1968
1969
1970,
1971
1972
1973
1974.
1975
1976
1977
1978
. Genus et sp. ?—Asclep. syr. F—I+, Anchusa off., Salv. glut. ? F—I-.
. Formica congerens Nyl. (=F. pratensis Deg., cf. No. 1971).—Adon. vern.,
Tarax. off.
. F. exsecta Nyl.—Serrat. lycopif.
. F. fusca L.—Ranune. rep., R. Fic., Potent. Anser., P. steril., Parnass. palust.,
Carum Car., Dauc. Car., Tussil. Farf., Solidag. canad., Cirs. arv., Call. vulg.,
Linar. vulg., Veron. hederif., Antheric. ramos.
. F. pratensis Deg. (cf. No. 1968).—Rubus frutic., Potent. verna, Sorbus Auc.
. F. rufa L.—Medic. falc., Sorbus Auc., Salix fragil.
. F. rufibarbis F.—Serrat. lycopif.
. F. sp.—Rubus frutic., Parn. pal., Euphorb. dendroid.
. Lasius alienus Foerst.—Pulsat. vulg. F+1+, Serrat. centaur.
. L. brunneus Laty.—Myrrhis odor.
. L. fuliginosus Ltv.—Veron. Cham., Salix cin., S. Lapr., S. aurit.
. L. niger L.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulc., Berb. vulg., Res. lutea, Stell.
gramin., S. med., Potent. Anser., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Pyrus
comm., Philad. coron., Scleranth. per., Chrysosplen. alt. F+1I-+, Parnass.
1979.
1980.
1981.
1982.
1983.
1984,
1985.
1986.
HYMENOPTERA 621
palust., Carum Car., Anthr. sylv., Prangos ferul., Serrat. lycopif., Tarax.
off., Conv. arv., Veron. Anag., Gagea stell., Antheric. ramos., Allium rot.
Leptothorax interruptus Schenck.—Pulsat. vulg. F+I-+.
bg eae levinodis Ny/.—Pulsat. vulg. F4+I+, Fragaria vesca, Spir. sorbif.,
. Salicif., S. ulmif., Herniaria glabra, Chrysospl. alt., Carum Car., Bellis
per., Asclep. syr. F—I~.
M. rubra L.—Parnass. palust., Dauc. Car., Gal. Moll., Succ. prat., Eupat. can.,
Senec. Jacob., Narth. ossifr.
M. ruginodis Ny/,—Pulsat. vulg. F+1+, Chrysosplen. alt.
M. rugulosa Ny/.—Carum Car., Gal. Moll.
M. scabrinodis Ny/.—Pulsat. vulg. F+-I+.
M. sp.—Sorbus Auc., Lathr. Squam.
Tapinoma erraticum Laty.—Pulsat. vulg. F1+.
H. Ichneumonidae.
1987.
1988.
1989.
1990.
1991.
1992.
1993.
1994,
1995.
1996.
1997.
1998.
1999.
2000.
2001.
2002.
2003.
2004.
2005.
2006.
2007.
2008.
2009.
2010.
2011.
2012.
2013.
2014.
2015.
2016.
2017.
2018.
2019.
2020.
2021.
2022.
2023.
2024.
2025.
2026.
2027
2028.
2029.
2030.
2031.
Genus et sp.—Veron. hederif., Mentha aquat., Thym. Serp., Salix cin.,
S. aurit., S. Capr., Narth. ossifr.
Acoenites fulvicornis Gy.—Toril. nod.
Alomya ovator F.—Anthr. sylv.
Amblyteles armatorius Foerst. (=A. fasciatorius F.).—Paliur. acul., Tordyl.
Apul., Anthr. sylv.
. fossorius Mzl/.—Pastin. sat.
. funereus Fourcr.—Heracl. Sphond.
. fuscipennis Wesm.—Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond.
laminatorius F.—Sium latifol.
litigiosus Wesm.—Lepid. graminifol.
negatorius #.—Liban. mont.
occisorius F.—Angel. sylv.
oratorius (F.) Wesm.—Dauc. Car.
palliatorius Gy.—Liban. mont.
repentinus G7y.—Dauc. Car.
. sputator (F.) Wesm.—Pastin. sat.
. unigattatus Grav.—Listera ov. F+I+.
Angitia armillata Gr. (=Limneria armillata Gy.).—Pimpin. Peregr., Tordyl.
apul.
Anilasta notata Gy.—Limneria notata Gy.—Tordyl. apul.
A. rapax (Gr.) Ths.—Sedum acre.
Anisobas sp.—Toril. nod.
Banchus falcator F.—Angel. sylv., Salix alba, S. fragil.
Bassus laetatorius F.—Cheiranth. Cheiri, Laur. nob.
B. tarsatorius Pz. (=Homotropus tarsatorius Pz.).—Cheiranth. Cheiri,
Lycop. europ.
Caenocryptus bimaculatus Gvav.—Liban. mont.
Campoplex oxyacanthae Boie.—Chaeroph. tem.
C. sp.—Prangos ferul., Listera ov. F+I4.
Casinaria tenuiventris Gy.—Paliur. acul.
Colpognathus celerator Gy.—Orlaya grand.
Crypturus argiolus Rossi.—Paliur. acul.
Cryptus analis Gr. (=Idiolispa analis Gr.).—Medic. falc.
Cryptus bucculentus Tschek.—Paliur. acul.
C. hellenicus Schmiedek.—Tordyl. apul.
C. viduatorius F.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul.
C. sp.—Listera ov. F+I+.
Exenterus apiarius (Gr.) Thoms. (=Tryphon apiarius Gr.).—Pastin. sat.
Exephanes hilaris Wesm.—Paliur. acul.
Exetastes guttatorius Gr. var. procera Kychb.—Paliur. acul.
Exochus gravipes Gr.—Pastin. sat.
Exyston cinctulus Gy.—Heracl. Sphond.
Glypta ceratites Gr.—Paliur. acul.
G. fronticornis Gy.—Parnass. palust.
G. incisa Gr.—Heracl. Sphond.
G. pictipes Taschenb.—Toril. infesta. ; : Pate
Gravenhorstia picta Bote. (=Anomalon fasciatum Gir.).—Lonic, implexa.
Hellwigia elegans Gr.—Dauc. Car.
>
PPPDDPP PPP >
622 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
2032. Hemiteles septentrionalis Holmgy.—Cerast. alp., Dryas octopet., Saxif.
caespit.
2033. H. sp.—Listera ov. F+I+.
2034. Hoplismenus armatorius Pz.—Paliur. acul.
2035. Holocryptus heliophilus Tschek.—Tordyl. apul.
2036. Ichneumon balteatus Wesm.—Paliur. acul.
2037. I. bilunuatus Gy.—Tordyl. apul.
2038. I. consimilis Wesm.—Paliur. acul.
2039. I. extensorius L.—Anthr. sylv.
2040. I. fabricator F.—Anthr. sylv.
2041. I. finitimus Tischb. (=I. intermixtus Tischb.).—Tordyl. apul.
2042. I. gradarius Wesm.—Heracl. Sphond.
2043. I. leucomelas (Gr.) Wesm.—Dauc. Car.
2044. I. monostagon Gr.—Paliur. acul.
2045. I. pisorius Gy.—Paliur. acul.
2046. I. sarcitorius L.—Paliur. acul., Liban. mont., Salix alba, S. fragil.
2047. I. similatorius (F.) Thoms. (=Amblyteles gigantorius Hgr.).—Pastin. sat.,
Dauc. Car.
2048. I. suspiciosus Wesm.—Salix alba, S. fragil.
2049. I. xanthorius Forst.—Tordyl. apul., Orlaya grand.
2050. I. sp.—Ranunc. Fic., Cochlear. off., Cerast. arv., Malva sylv., Ruta graveol.,
Parnass. pal., Conium macul., Tussil. Farf., Bellis per., Leont. Aut., Tarax.
off., Salix vimin., S. Capr.
2051. Limneria (Angitia) chrysosticta Gy.—Paliur. acul.
2052. L. (Angitia) fenestralis Ts.—Anthr. Ceref.
2053. Linoceras macrobatus Gr. (=Hosprhynchotus macrobatus Gr. var. geniculata
Kyrchb.).—Paliur. acul., Pimpin. peregr.
2054. Lissonota commixta Hgvy.—Parnass. pal.
2055. L. folii Ths.—Paliur. acul.
2056. L. maculatoria (Gr.) F.—Dauc. Car.
2057. L. verberans Gr. var. procera Kriechb.—Paliur. acul.
2058. Mesoleius cruralis Gy.—Pimpin. peregr., Cauc. dauc.
2059. Mesostenus grammicus Gvy.—Paliur. acul.
2060. M. grammicus Gy. var. nigroscutellatus Kriechb.—Paliur. acul.
2061. M. ligator Gy.—Rubus Id.
2062. Metopius dentatus F.—Paliur. acul.
2063. M. micratorius Gv.—Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond.
2064. Microcryptus curvus (Grav.) Thoms.—Dauc. Car.
2065. Onorga mutabilis Hgr. (=Limneria mutabilis Hgr.).—Paliur. acul., Tordyl.
apul.
2066. Ophion (Henicospilus) ramidulus Gr.—Angel. sylv.
2067. O. (Henicospilus) undulatus Gy.—Paliur. acul.
2068. Orthocentrus pedestris Holmgy.—Cerast. alp., Dryas octopet., Saxif. caespit.
2069. Perithous mediator F.—Colutea arbor.
2070. Pezomachus sp.—Stell. med., Adoxa Mosch.
2071. Phygadeuon cephalotes Gv.—Angel sylv.
2072. P. (Campoplex) nitens Gy.—Paliur. acul.
2073. P. sp.—Listera ov. F+I+.
2074. Pimpla examinator F.—Anthr. sylv.
2075. P. illecebrator Ross?.—Paliur. acul.
2076. P. inquisitor Scop.——Lam. mac.
2077. P. instigator (F.) Gy.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul.
2078. P. roberator f.—Tordyl. apul.
2079. P. turionellae L.—Paliur. acul.
2080. P. vesicaria Ratzeb.—Paliur. acul.
2081. Platylabus pedatorius F.—Satureia mont.
2082. Pristomerus luteus Pz.—Res. lutea.
2083. P. vulnerator Gy.—Paliur. acul.
2084. Sagaritis annulata Gy.—Paliur. acul.
2085. S. annulata Gy. var. fuscicarpus Kychb.—Paliur. acul.
2086. Spilocryptus claviventris Krchb.—Paliur. acul.
2087. Stylocryptus vagabundus (F.) Gvav.—Heracl. Sphond.
2088. Trachynotus foliator #.—Paliur. acul., Ammi maj.
2089. Trichomma enecator Rossi.—Paliur. acul.
2090.
2091.
2092.
2093.
2094,
I,
2095.
2096.
2097.
2098.
2099.
2100.
HYMENOPTERA 623
Trychosis plebejus Tschek. var. nigritarsis Krchb.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul.
Tryphon elongator (F.) Gr.—Pastin. sat.
T. rutilator Gy.—Coron. Fl.-cuc., Oenan. fist.
T. trochanteratus Hgy.—Anthr. sylv.
T. sp.—Listera ov. F+I+.
Mutillidae.
Methoca ichneumonides Laty.—Aegop. Podagr.
Mutilla europaea L.—Pastin. sat., Dauc. Car.
M. melanocephala F. (=Myrmosa melanocephala F., cf. No. 2100).—Aegop.
Podag., Aneth. grav., Pastin. sativ.
M. rufipes F. var. nigra Rosst.—Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.
M. viduata Pall.—Vicia villosa var. varia.
Myrmosa melanocephala F, (=Mutilla melanocephala F., cf. No. 2097).—
Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Jas. mont.
K. Pompilidae.
2101.
2102.
2103.
2104.
2105.
2106.
2107.
2108.
2109.
2110.
2111.
Agenia erythropus Kohl.—Dorycn. herbac.
A. hircana F.—Aegop. Podagr.
A. variegata L.—Paliur. acul.
Calicurgus fasciatellus Spin. (=Salius hyalinatus F., cf. No. 2146).—Heracl.
Sphond.
Ceropales albicinctus Ross?.—Melamp. arv.
C. maculatus F.—Aegop. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Oenanth. aquat., Selinum
carvif., Angel. sylv., Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Toril.
Anthr., Gnaph. lut.-alb., Achill. Millef.. A. Ptarm., Tanac. vulg., Carl.
vulg., Jas. mont.
Ceropales variegatus F.—Paliur. acul., Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond.,
Dauc. Car.
Pompilus abnormis Dahlb.—Heracl. Sphond.
P. anceps Sm.—Heracl. Sphond.
P. aterrimus Rossi (=P. samariensis Pall.).—Paliur. acul.
P. cellulavis Dahib. (=P. minutus Dahlb., cf. Nos. 2119 and 2120).—Paliur.
acul,
2112. P. chalybeatus Schjédte.—Cak. marit., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
2113. P. cinctellus Spin.—Aneth. grav.
2114. P. cingulatus Rosst.—Paliur. acul.
2115. P. concinnus DAlb.—Aethusa Cyn.
2116. P. gibbus F. (cf. No. 2130).—Conium macul., Aegop. Podagr.
2117. P. intermedius Schenck.—Dauc. Car.
2118. P. latebricola Kohl.—Paliur. acul.
2119. P. minutus Dahlb. (=P. cellulavis Dahlb., cf. Nos. 2111 and 2120).—Spir.
sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegop. Podagr., Tordyl. apul.
2120. P. neglectus Dahib. (=P. minutus Dahlb., cf. Nos. 2111 and 2119).—Aneth.
2121.
2122.
2123.
2124.
2125.
2126.
2127.
2128.
2129.
2130.
2131
2132.
2133.
2134
grav., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv.
P. niger F. (=P. nigerrimus Scop.).—Dauc. Car., Solidag. canad.
P, nigerrimus Scop.—Paliur. acul., Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.
P. pectinipes v.d. L.—Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthr. Ceref., Chaeroph.
tem., C. hirs.
. plumbeus F.—Cak. marit., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
quadripunctatus F.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Heracl. Sphond.
. rufipes L.—Cist. salviif., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont.
. sexmaculatus Spin.—Tordyl. apul.
. spissus Schjédte.—Aegop. Podagr., Anthr. Ceref., Chaeroph. tem.
. tripunctatus Dahlb.—Orlaya grand.
P. trivialis Dahib. (=P. gibbus F., cf. No. 2116).—Oenan. aquat., Heracl.
Sphond., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm:, Polygon. Fagop.
. P. unicolor Spin.—Heracl. Sphond.
. P. ursus F.—Paliur. acul.
P, vagans (Klug.) Costa.—Paliur. acul.
. P. viaticus L. (=P. fuscus L.).—Paliur. acul., Parn. pal., Oenan. aquat.,
Silaus prat., Peuced. Cerv., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul.,
Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., Gnaph. lut.-alb., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Sneec.
Jacob., Leont. aut., Crep. tector., Jas. mont., Veron. Cham., Thym. dalm.,
Hott. pal., Euphorb. Cypar.
Thacha ba hacha"
624 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
2135. P. wesmaéli Thoms.—Dauc. Car.
2136. P. sp.—Cornus sang.
2137. cas bipunctatus F. (=Salius versicolor Scop., cf. No. 2154).—Peuced.
erv.
2138. P. obtusiventris Schjédte (=Salius obtusiventris Schjédte, cf. No. 2150).—
Peuced. Cerv., Dauc. Car.
2139. P. pusillus Schjédte (=Salius pusillus Schjédte).—Dauc. Car.
2140. Pseudagenia albifrons Dalm.—Res. lutea, Paliur. acul.
2141. P. carbonaria Scop.—Ruta graveol., Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Aegop.
Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Orlaya grand., Helianth. an.
2142. Salius affinis v.d. L.—Paliur. acul., Dauc. Car.
2143. S. elegans Sp7n.—Paliur. acul.
2144. S. exaltatus F.—Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Senec. Jacob.
2145. S. fuscus F. (cf. No. 2153.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul., Orlaya grand.,
Euphorb. heliosc., E. Cypar.
2146. S. hyalinatus F. (cf. No. 2104).—Aegop. Podagr., Pastin. sat.
2147. S. minutus v.d. L.—Jas. mont.
2148. S. notatus Lep. (=? S. notatus Rossz).—Res. lutea, Heracl. Sphond., Senec.
Jacob.
2149. S. notatus Ross?7.—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.
2150. S. obtusiventris Schjédte (cf. No. 2138).—Heracl. Sphond.
2151. S. parvulus Dahlb.—Tordyl. apul.
2152. S. sanguinolentus F. (=Pompilus sanguinolentus F.).—Cirs. arv.
2153. S. sepicola Sm. (=S. fuscus F., cf. No. 2145).—Ranunc. Fic., Aegopod.
Podagr.
2154. S. versicolor Scop. (cf. No. 2137).—Eryng. camp., Pastin. sat.
L. Sapygidae.
2155. Sapyga clavicornis L.—Chaeroph. tem., Chrys. Leuc.
2156. S. quinquepunctata F.—Myosot. pal.
M. Scoliidae.
2157. Myzine tripunctata Rossi.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
2158. Scolia bicincta Rossi (=S. hirta Schv., cf. No. 2162).—Cirs. arv., Asclep. syr.
2159. S. flavifrons F. (=S. hortorum Cyr.).—Asclep. syr. F+I+.
2160. S. flavifrons F. var. haemorrhoidalis F.—Anthyll. Vuln. F+I+.
2161. S. haemorrhoidalis F. (=S. flavifrons F. var. haemorrhoidalis F.).—Thym.
dalm., Teucr. Cham.
2162. S. hirta Schr. (cf. No. 2158).—Dorycn. herbac., Hedera Hel., Helichrys. ang.,
Asclep. syr. F+1I+, Myosot. hisp., Satureia mont., Thym. Serp., T. dalm.,
Teucr. Pol., Polygon. Fagop.
2163. S. insubrica Scop.—Dorycn. herbac., Orlaya grand., Helichrys. ang., Card.
nut., Teucr. Pol.
2164. S. quadripunctata F.—Dorycn. herbac., Dauc. Car., Orlaya grand., Asclep.
syr. F+1I+, Thym. Serp., Teucr. Pol.
2165. S. quinquecincta F.—Teucr. Pol.
2166. Tiphia femorata F.—Cak. marit., Paliur. acul., Parnass. palust., Eryng.
camp., Conium macul., Peuced. Cerv., Aneth. grav., Pastin. sat., Heracl.
Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Dauc. Car.
2167. T. minuta v.d. L.—Nasturt. sylv., Ruta graveol., Dorycn. herbac., Ammi maj.,
Aegop. Podagr., Bupleur. rotund., Peuced. Oreos., Tordyl. apul., Dauc. Car.
2168. T. mono F.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul., Orlaya grand.
2169. T. ruficornis K/g.—Oenan. aquat.
N. Sphegidae.
2170. Alyson fuscatus Panz.—Inula Hel.
2171. Ammophila affinis K. (cf. No. 2315).—Trif. arv., Eryng. camp., Tanac. vulg.,
Jas. mont.
2172. A. campestris Ly. (cf. No. 2282).—Trif. mont. 9 and $6 F+I1-+4, Rubus frutic.,
Knaut. arv., Thym. Serp.
2173. A. heydeni Dahib.—Teucr. Pol.
2174. A. hirsuta Scop. (cf. Nos. 2177 and 2316).—Rubus frutic., Aegop. Podagr.,
Tussil. Farf.
2175. A. lutaria F. (=A. affinis K.).—Jas. mont.
2176. A. sabulosa L., 6 4 mm.—Arab. hirsuta, Geran. pyren., Erod. cicut., Melilot.
2177
2178
2179.
2180.
2181.
2182.
2183.
2184.
HYMENOPTERA 625
altiss. F+1I+, Vicia hirs. t , Rubus frutic., R. caes., Potent. Anser., P. rept.,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Epil. angust., Bryonia dioica F+I+,
Eryng. marit., E. camp., Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond., Symphoric.
racem. F+I+, Gal. Moll., Knaut. arv., Tussil. Farf., Aster conc., A. panicul.
var. pubesc., A. sagittif., Galatel. hyssopif., Solidag. canad., S. Drummond.,
S. frag., S. glab., S. laterifi., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Senec. nemor.,
S. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., Lappa min., Centaur. Jac., Hierac. umbell.,
Jas. ale Asclep. syr. F+I-+, Echium vulg., Mentha sylv., Thym. Serp.,
. vulg,
. A. viatica (L.) Dahib. (=A. hirsuta Scop., cf. Nos. 2174 and 2316).—Campan.
rot.
. A. sp.—Veron.’ mont.
Astata boops Schy.—Paliur. acul., Dauc. Car.
A. minor Koh/.—Paliur. acul., Ononis spin., Dauc. Car.
Bembex integra Panz.—Thym. Serp.
B. rostrata L. 7 mm.—Medic. sat. F+I1+, Knaut. arv., Cirs. arv., Centaur.
rhen., Jas. mont., Anchusa off., Echium vulg.
Cemonus unicolor F. (=Pemphredon unicolor F., cf. No. 2313).—Aneth. grav.
Cerceris albofasciata Rosst.—Eryng. camp.
2185. C. arenaria L.—Res. lutea, Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Melilot. albus
F+I+, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Astrant. maj., Eryng. marit.,
Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Diplopap. amygd., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Cirs. arv., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Echium vulg., Thym. Serp.
2186. C. bupresticida Duf.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
2187. C. conigera Dahib.—Paliur. acul., Teucr. Pol.
2188. C. emarginata Pz.—Res. lutea, Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Orlaya grand.
2189. C. ferreri v.d. L.—Dorycn. herbac. 5
2190. C. interrupta Pz.—Dauc. Car.
2191. C. labiata F. (cf. No. 2193).—Res. lutea, Dorycn. herbac., Epil. angust.,
Eryng. camp., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Chrys. Leuc., Cirs. pal., Jas. mont., Veron. spic., Melamp. arv., Thym. Serp.,
Polygon. Fagop., Allium rot.
2192. C. leucozonica Schett.—Dorycn. herbac.
2193. oe nasuta Ltr. (=C. labiata F., cf. No. 2191).—Heracl. Sphond., Achill. Millef.,
irs. arv.
2194. C. quadricincta Vii/.—Paliur. acul.
2195. C. quadrifasciata Pz.—Res. lutea, Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Orlaya
grand., Thym. dalm.
2196. C. quadrimaculata Duf.—Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac.
2197. Cerceris quinquefasciata Rossi.—Paliur. acul., Rubus frutic., Dauc. Car.,
Toril. Anthr., Achill. Millef., Jas. mont., Veron. spic., Thym. Serp., Polygon.
Fagop., Laur. nob., Antheric. ramos.
2198. C. rybiensis L. (cf. No. 2200).—Alyss. mont., Lepid. sat., Res. lutea, R. odor.,
Dorycn. herbac., Rubus frutic., Cirs. arv., Thym. Serp.
2199. C. specularis Costa.—Res. lutea, Paliur. acul., Dorycn. hirs., D. herbac.
2200. C. vartabilis Schr. (=C. rybiensis L., cf. No. 2198).—Sil. olit., Geran. sanguin.,
Astrant. maj., Eryng. camp., Aegop. Podagr., Dauc. Car., Solidag. glab.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., Tanac. corymb., Chrys. Leuc.,
Doronic. plantag., Cirs. arv., Card. acanth., Thrinc. hirt., Echinosp. Lapp.,
Veron. mont., Mentha sylv., Thym. Serp., Polygon. Bist., Antheric. ramos.
2201. Crabro alatus Pz.—Epil. angust., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., Cirs. arv., Jas. mont., Thym. Serp.
2202. C. albilabris F. (cf. No. 2273).—Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Heracl.
Sphond., Dauc. Car., Leont. aut., Jas. mont., Thym. Serp.
2203. C. armatus v.d. L.—Dauc. Car.
2204. C. brevis v.d. L. (cf. No. 2254).—Res. lutea, Cucumis sat., Aegop. Podagr.,
Pimpin. Saxifr., Oenanth. aquat., Peuced. pal., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.,
Senec. Jacob., Thym. Serp., Euphorb. platyphyll., Epipact. pal. F+I+.
2205. C. cephalotes F, (=C. interrupte-fasciatus Retz., cf. No. 2220).—Anthr. sylv.,
Chrys. Leuc.
2206. C. cetratus Shuck.—Arunc. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthr. sylv.
2207. C. chrysostoma Lep. (cf. No. 2221).—Ruta graveol., Arunc. sylv., Aegop.
Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Anthr. sylv., Campan. Trach.
2208. C. clavipes L.—Ruta graveol., Aegop. Podagr.
DAVIS. III ss
626
2209.
2210.
2211.
2212.
2213
2214.
2215.
2216.
2217.
2218.
2219.
2220.
2221.
2222.
2223.
2224.
2225.
2226.
2227.
2228.
2229.
2230.
2231.
2232.
2233.
2234.
2235.
2236.
2237.
2238.
2239.
2240.
2241.
2242.
2243.
2244.
2245.
2246.
2247,
2248.
2249.
2250.
2251.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
C. clypeatus Schreb. (cf. No. 2245).—Res. lutea, Paliur. acul., Petrosel. sat.,
Tordyl. apul., Dauc. Car., Centaur. Calcitr., C. solstit.
C. cribrarius L.—Epil. angust., Aegop. Podagr., Levistic. off., Angel. sylv.,
Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Toril. Anthr., Anthr, sylv.,
Chaeroph. tem., Anthem. arv., Chrys. Leuc., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv.,
Butom. umb.
C. denticrus H.-Sch.—Aneth. grav.
C. distinguendus A. Mor.—Dauc. Car.
C. dives (Lep.) H.-Sch.—Ruta graveol., Arunc. sylv., Pimpin. magn., Sium
latif., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Chaeroph. tem., Chrys. Leuc.
. elongatulus v.d. L.—Ruta graveol., Dauc. Car., Cusc. Epith.
. exiguus v.d, L.—Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.
. fossorius L.—Conium macul.
. fuscitarsis H.-Sch.—Aegop. Podagr., Angel. sylv.
. gonager Lep.—Heracl. Sphond.
guttatus v.d. L.—Ruta graveol., Heracl. Sphond.
. interrupte-fasciatus Retz. (cf. No. 2205).—Aegop. Podagr.
C. lapidarius Pg. (=C. chrysostoma Lep., cf. No. 2207).—Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Sium latif., Angel. sylv.,
Heracl. Sphond., Euphorb. Gerard.
C. larvatus Wesm.—Ulmar. pentap., Heracl. Sphond.
C. leucostoma L.—Arunc. sylv.
C. lituratus Pz.—Aegop. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Aneth. grav., Heracl.
Sphond.
C. meridionalis Costa.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul.
C. nigritus Lep.—Anthrisc. sylv.
C. palmarius Schy.—Dauc. Car., Leont. aut.
C. panzeri v.d. L.—Thym. Serp.
C. patellatus Pz. (=C. peltarius Schreb., cf. No. 2230).—Heracl. Sphond., Jas.
mont., Echium vulg.
C. peltarius Schreb. (cf. No. 2229).—Rosa centif., Rubus frutic., Aegop.
Podagr., Dauc. Car., Jas. mont., Echium vulg., Thym. Serp., Lysim. vulg.
planifrons Thoms.—Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv.
. podagricus v.d. L.—Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond.
. pterotus F. (=C. scutellatus Schev., cf. No. 2237).—Jas. mont.
. pygmaeus v.d. L.—Dauc. Car.
. quadrimaculatus Spin.—Achill. Millef.
thaeticus Azch. et Kychb.—Liban. mont.
scutellatus Schev. (cf. No. 2233).—Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Sium
latif., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Knaut. arv., Senec.
Jacob.
C. serripes Pz.—Lavatera trim., Malope grandifl.
C. sexcinctus F.—Aegop. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Aneth. grav., Pastin. sat.,
Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., Senec. Jacob., Picr. hierac.
C. spinicollis H.-Sch.—Astrant. neglect., Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.
C. subterraneus F.—Rubus frutic., Conium macul., Aneth. grav., Heracl.
Sphond., Chaeroph. hirs., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont.
C. vagabundus Pz.—Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc.
Car., Anthrisc. sylv.
C. vagus L.—Paliur. acul., Aegop. Podagr., Sium latif., Angel. sylv., Peuced.
Cerv., Heracl. Sphond., Toril. Anthr., Anthr. sylv., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv.
C. varius Lep.—Heracl. Sphond.
C. vextllatus Pz. (=C. clypeatus Schveb., cf. No. 2209).—Aethusa Cyn.,
Peuced. ruthen., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond., Valer. offic., Diplopap.
amygd., Solidag. glab., S. livida, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont.
C. wesmaéli v.d. L.—Nasturt. sylv., Sperg. arv., Ulmar. pentap., Conium mac.,
Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., Senec. Jacob.
C. sp.—Pastin. sat., Toril. Anthr., Tanac. vulg.
Dahlbomia atva F. (=Mimesa atrata F. cf. No. 2276).—Heracl. Sphond.
Didineis lunicornis F.—Dauc. Car.
Dinetus guttatus F. (=D. pictus F.).—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., A. coronop., Tanac. vulg., T. corymb., Cirs. arv.,
Thym. Serp.
Diodontus minutus F.—Geran. pusill., Tordyl. apul., Chaeroph. tem.
elelelelelele)
elelelelotele)
2252.
2253.
2254.
2255.
2256.
2257.
2258.
2259.
2260.
2261.
2262.
2263.
2264.
2265.
2266.
2267.
2268.
2269.
2270.
2271.
2272.
2273.
2274.
2275.
2276.
2277.
2278.
2279.
2280.
2281.
2282.
2283.
2284.
2285.
2286.
2287.
2288.
2289.
2290.
2291.
2292.
2293.
2294.
2295.
HYMENOPTERA 627
D. tristis v.d. L.—Res. lutea, Tanac. vulg., Leont. aut.
Dolichurus corniculus Spin.—Aegop. Podagr.
Entomognathus brevis v.d. L. (=Crabro brevis v.d. L., cf. No. 2204).—Conv.
arv.
Gorytes bicinctus Rosst.—Angel. sylv.
G. bilunulatus Costa.—Heracl. Sphond.
G. campestris Miill. (cf. No. 2260).—Rhus Cotinus, Parn. pal., Conium macul.,
Aepog. Podagr., Carum Car., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.,
Butom. umb. :
G, consanguineus Handi.—Paliur. acul.
G. fallax Handi.—Dauc. Car.
G. farget Shuck. (=G. campestris Muill., cf. No. 2257).—Butom. umb.
G. laticinctus (Lep.) Shuck.—Aegop. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond.,
Anthr, sylv.
G. laevis Laty.—Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.
G. lunatus Dhlb.—Medic. lupul.
G. mystaceus L.—Clemat. recta, Vicia sep., Crat. Oxyac., Bryon. dioica
F+t a Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Valer. off., Senec. Jacob., Ophrys.
muscif,
G. BiGuAPUncTAHs Costa.—Euon. japon., Paliur. acul., Foenic. vulg., Tordyl.
apul.
G. procrustes Handl.—Paliur. acul.
G. quadrifasciatus F. (cf. No. 2271).—Aegop. Podagr., Sium latif., Angel.
sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., Succ. prat., Senec. Jacob.
G. quinquecinctus F.—Viscar. vulg., Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Angel.
sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Cirs. arv.
G. tumidus Pz.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Erythr. Cent.
G. sp.—Heracl. Sphond.
Hoplisus quadrifasciatus F. (=Gorytes quadrifasciatus F., cf. No. 2267).—
Heracl. Sphond.
Larra anathema Rossi.—Paliur. acul.
Lindentus albilabris F. (=Crabro albilabris F., cf. No. 2202),—Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Hypoch. radic., Thym. Serp., Allium sphaero-
ceph.
Mellinus arvensis L.—Heracl. Sphond., Tanac. vulg., Senec. sylvat., S. Jacob.,
Leont. aut., Call. vulg., Eric. Tetr.
M. sabulosus F.—Pimpin. magn., Pimpin. Saxifr., Silaus prat., Angel. sylv.,
Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Tanac. vulg., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Thym.
Serp.
Mimesa atra Pz. (cf. No. 2248).—Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond.
M. bicolor Juy.—Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv.
M. dahlbomi Wesm.—Heracl. Sphond.
M. equestris F.—Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.
M. unicolor v.d. L.—Heracl. Sphond.
Miscophus bicolor Suy.—Aegop. Podagr.
Miscus campestris Livy, (=Ammophila campestris Liv., cf. No. 2172).—Jas.
mont., Allium Cepa.
Notogonia pompiliformis Kohl. (=Larra pompiliformis Pz.).—Chondrilla junc.
Nysson dimidiatus Jur.—Dauc. Car.
N. interruptus F.—Anthrisc. sylv.
N. maculatus F.—Aegop. Podagr., Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.
N. scalaris J//.—Paliur. acul.
N. spinosus Forst.—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.
Oxybelus bellicosus Oliv. (=O. lineatus F., cf. No. 2293).—Toril. Anthr., Jas.
mont.
O. bellus Dahlb.—Lepid. sat., Ruta graveol., Potent. Anser., P. rept., P. frutic.,
Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Arunc. sylv., Aegop. Podagr., Achill.
Millef., A. Ptarm.
O. bipunctatus Oliv.—Aegop. Podagr., Oenan. aquat., Coniosel. tatar., Peuced.
Ruthen., Dauc. Car., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag. glab., Jas. mont.
O. furcatus Lep.—Melilot. altiss. F+1+, M. off. F+I-+4.
O. lineatus F. (cf. No. 2289).—Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Senec. Jacob.
O. mandibularis Dahlb.—Jas. mont.
O. melancholicus Chevy.—Dorycn. herbac.
$s2
628 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
2296. O. mucronatus F.—Aneth. grav., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Sonchus arv.,
Hierac. umbell.
2297. O. nigripes Oliv.—Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm..
Thym. Serp.
2298. O. pulchellus Gervst.—Aneth. grav.
2299. O. quattordecimnotatus Jur.—Gypsoph. panic., Galatella hyssopif., Diplopap.
amyegd., Achill. Millef.
2300. O. sericatus Geyst.—Geran. sanguin., Astrant. neglect., Senec. Jacob.
2301. O. trispinosus F.—Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Chrys. Leuc., Cirsarv., Menthasylv.
2302. O. uniglumis L.—Clemat. recta, Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Lepid. sat.,
Gypsoph. panic., Tilia ulmif., Erod. cicut., Rhus Cotinus, Rubus frutic.,
Fragaria vesca, Potent. Anser., P. procumb., P. frutic., Spir. sorbif.,
S. salicif., S. ulmif., Aruncus sylv., Sedum acre, Astrant. maj. var. interm.,
Aegop. Podagr., Sium latif., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.,
Toril. Anthr., Anthrisc. sylv., A. Ceref., Chaeroph. tem., Aster laevis,
Galatel. hyssopif., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag. caes., S. glab., S. livida,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Matric. Cham., Chrys. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Tarax.
off., Sonchus arv., Jas. mont., Digit. purp., Thym. Serp., Polygon. Bist.
2303. O. sp.—Geran. sanguin.
2304. Passaloecus brevicornis A. Mor.—Aegop. Podagr., Cirs. arv.
2305. P. corniger Shuck.—Aegop. Podagr.
2306. P. gracilis Curt. (=? P. tenuis Mor.).—Veron. mont.
2307. P. insignis Shuck.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
2308. P. turionum Dahib.—Ornithop. perpus. 6 ? F+I1+.
2309. Pemphredon lugens Dahib.—Heracl. Sphond.
2310. P. lugubris Liv.—Aethusa Cyn.
2311. P. rugifer Dak/b.—Anthr. sylv.
2312. P. shuckardi A. Mor.—Paliur. acul., Dauc. Car.
2313. P. unicolor F. (cf. No. 2183).—Sisymbr. off., Lepid. sat., L. graminifol., Paliur.
acul., Ulmar. pentap., Bryonia dioica, Carum Car., Angel. sylv., Heracl.
Sphond., Card. pycnoceph.
2314. Philanthus triangulum F.—Sil. Otit., Astrant. neglect., Eryng. camp., Aegop.
Podagr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
Echinops bannat., Cirs. arv., Jas. mont., Cusc. Epith.
2315. Psammophila affinis K. (=Ammophila affinis K., cf. No. 2171).—Knaut. arv.,
Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Cyan., Jas. mont., Asclep. syr. F+I+, Echium
vulg., Salv. sylv.
2316. P. viatia L. (=Ammophila hirsuta Scop., cf. No. 2174).—Peuced. Cerv.,
Knaut. arv., Senec. Jacob., Veron. spic.
2317. Psen atvatus Pz. (=P. pallidipes Pz., cf. No. 2319).—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif.,
S. ulmif., Aruncus sylv., Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond.,
Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv.
2318. P. concolor Dhlb.—Aegop. Podagr., Anthr. sylv.
2319. P. pallidipes Pz. (cf. No. 2317).—Paliur. acul.
2320. Sceliphron destillatorium J//.—Paliur. acul.
2321. S. omissum Kohl.—Paliur. acul.
2322. S. spirifex L.—Paliur. acul.
2323. Sphex maxillosus F.—Teucr. Pol.
2324. Tachysphex nitidus Spin.—Paliur. acul., Rubus caes., Peuced. Cerv., Chaeroph.
tem.
2325. Tachysphex pectinipes L. (cf. No. 2329).—Peuced. Cerv., Heracl. Sphond.,
Dauc. Car.
2326. T. rufipes Aich.—Paliur. acul.
2327. Tachytes europaeus Koh/.—Dorycn. herbac.
2328. T. obsoletus Rosst.—Dorycn. herbac., Knaut. arv., Card. pycnoceph.
2329. T. pectinipes L. (=Tachysphex pectinipes L., cf. No. 2325).—Aneth. grav.,
Jas. mont.
2330. Trypoxylon attenuatum Sm.—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond.
2331. T. clavicerum Lep.—Aegop. Podagr., Aneth. grav.
2332. T. figulus L.—Ruta graveol., Sedum acre, Aegop. Podagr., Dauc. Car.
O. Tenthredinidae.
2333. Abia sericea L.—Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv.,
Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Chrys. Leuc.
2334.
2335.
2336.
2337.
2338.
2339.
2340.
2341.
2342.
2343.
2344.
2345.
2346.
2347.
2348.
2349.
2350.
2351.
2352.
2353.
2354.
2355.
2356.
2357.
2358.
2359.
2360.
2361.
2362.
2363.
2364.
2365.
2366.
2367.
2368.
2369.
2370.
2371.
2372.
2373.
2374.
2375.
2376.
HYMENOPTERA 629
Allantus albicornis F.—Heracl. Sphond., Anthr. sylv.
A. arcuatus Foerst. (cf. Nos. 2340 and 2446).—Nasturt. amphib., Sedum
Teleph., Aegop. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latif., Liban. mont., Heracl.
Sphond., Dauc. Car., Chaeroph. hirs.
A. bicinctus F, (=A, temulus Scop., cf. No. 2345).—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl.
Sphond.
A. fasciatus Scop.—Res. lutea, Tordyl. apul., Anthrisc. sylv.
A. Koehleri Kig.—Anthrisc. sylv.
A, wer Geis F.—Rhus Cotinus, Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthrisc.
sylv.
A. nothus Klg. (=A. arcuatus Foerst., cf. Nos. 2335 and 2446).—Silaus prat.,
Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv., Sambuc. nigr., Achill, Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Anthem. arv., Chrys. Leuc., Cirs. arv.
A. omissus Foerst. (A. viennensis Pz., cf. No. 2349).—Pastin. sat., Heracl.
Sphond., Dauc. Car.
A. rossii Pz.—Chaeroph. hirs.
A. schaefferi Kig.—Liban. mont.
A. scrophulariae L.—Epil. angust., Heracl. Sphond., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Chrys. Leuc., Verbasc. Lychn., Scrof. nod.
A. temulus Scop. (cf. No. 2336).—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Carum
Car., Pimpin. Saxifr., Aethusa Cyn., Toril. Anthr., Anthr. sylv., Myrrhis
odor., Euphorb. Cypar.
A. tricinctus Chr. (=A. vespa Reiz., cf. No. 2347).—Heracl. Sphond., Scroph.
orient.
A. vespa Retz. (cf. No. 2346).—Carum Car., Liban. mont., Heracl. Sphond.
A. viduus Rosst.—Paliur. acul., Peuced. Oreos., Tordyl. apul.
A. viennensis Pz. (cf. No. 2341).—Peuced. Cerv.
Amasis laeta F. (=Amasis crassicornis Rosst).—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R.
bulb., R. illyr., Cist. salviif., Geran. dissect., Melilotus altiss. F +I +, Potent.
hirta, Tordyl. apul., Orlaya grand., Euphorb. Cypar.
Amauronematus (=Nematus) fahraei Thoms.—Salix alba, S. fragil.
A. histrio Lep.—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba.
A. viduatus Zett.—Salix alba, S. fragil., S. rep.
A. vittatus Lep. (cf. No. 2420).—Anthr. sylv., Salix alba, S. fragil.
Arge (=Hylotoma) cyaneocrocea Foerst. (cf. Nos. 2398 and 2401),—Sinap.
arv., Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul., Euphorb. heliosc., E. Cypar.
A. enodis L. (cf. No. 2402).—Carum Car., Toril. Anthr.
A. melanochroa Gmel. (cf. Nos. 2403 and 2404).—Tordy]l. apul.
A. rosae L. (cf. Nos. 2405 and 2406).—Toril. nod.
A. ustulata L. (cf. No. 2408).—Toril. Anthr.
Athalia annulata F.—Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Anthr. sylv.
A. glabricollis Ths.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul., Anthrisc.
sylv., Tanac. vulg.
A. lugens Kig.—Anthrisc. sylv., Call. vulg.
A. rosae L.—Thlaspi praec., Sium latif., Oenan. aquat., Angel. sylv., Heracl.
Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph. hirs., Myrrhis odor.,
Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Call. vulg., Scutell. albida, Ajug. pyram.
A. rosae L. var. cordata Lep.—Paliur. acul., Tordyl. apul., Gal. Cruciat.,
Ajug. genev.
A. rosae L. var. liberta Kig.—Caps. Bursa-past.
A. spinarum F.—Caps. Bursa-past., Carum Car., Heracl. Sphond., Tordy]l.
apul., Anthrisc. sylv., Tanac. vulg., Ajug. genev., Polygon. Fagop.
Cephus haemorrhoidalis F.—Melilot. altiss. F+1I+.
C. niger Harr.—Carum Car.
C. nigrinus Tis.—Ranunc. repens, Hierac. Pilos.
C. pallidipes K/g.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Stell. Holost., Tarax. off.
C. pareyssei Spin.—Paliur. acul., Pimpin. peregr. .
C. pygmaeus L.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Sinap. arv., Raphan.
Raph., Melilot. altiss. F+I+.
C. variegatus Stein.—Cauc. dauc. ;
C. sp.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Bunias orient., Saxifr. gran., Doronic.
austriac., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos.
Cladius pectinicornis Fourcy.—Geran. molle, Dauc. Car.
Cyphona furcata Vill.—Dauc. Car.
630
2377
2383.
2384.
2385.
2386.
2387.
2388.
2389.
2390.
2391.
2392.
2393.
2394,
2395.
2396.
2397.
2398.
2399.
2400.
2401.
2402.
2403.
2404.
2405.
2406.
2407.
2408.
2409.
2410.
2411.
2412.
2413.
2414,
2415.
2416.
2417.
2418.
2419.
2420.
2421.
2422.
2423.
2424.
2425.
2426.
2427.
2428.
2429.
2378.
2379.
2380.
2381.
2382.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
C. furcata Vill. var. melanocephala Pz.—Dorycn. herbac.
Dolerus coruscans Knw.—Salix alba, S. fragil.
D. eglanteriae F. (=D. pratensis L., cf. No. 2386).—Salix rep.
D. fissus Hig.—Carum Car., Toril. Anthr., Anthr. sylv., Salix alba, S. fragil.
D. fumosus Zadd.—Salix alba, S. fragil.
D. gonager F.—Prunus spin., Pyrus comm., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.,
S. alba, S. fragil.
D. haematodes Schy.—Anthrisc. sylv., Salix alba, S. fragil.
D. madidus Kig. (=D. germanicus F.).—Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit., S. alba,
S. fragil., S. rep.
D. picipes Kig.—Salix rep.
D. pratensis L.—Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Heracl. Sphond., Tanac. vulg.,
Tarax. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
D. puncticollis Thoms.—Salix alba, S. fragil.
D. rugosus Konow. (=D. rugosulus D.T.).—Salix alba, S. fragil.
D. vestigialis K/ug.—Arab. aren.
Emphytes balteatus A/g.—Paliur. acul.
E. cinctus L.—Tarax. off.
Entodecta pumila Kig.—Heracl. Sphond.
Eriocampa ovata L.—Aegop. Podagr.
Hemichroa alni L.—Aegop. Podagr.
Hoplocampa ferruginea F. (=H. flava L.).—Prunus spin.
H. rutilicornis K/g.—Prunus spin.
Hylotoma (Arge) berberidis Schy.—Peuced. Oreos., Ferul. montic.
H. caerulescens F. (=H. cyaneocrocea Forst., cf. Nos. 2355 and 2401).—Carum
Car., Heracl. Sphond., Chaeroph. tem.
H. caeruleopennis Retz. (cf. No. 2409).—Aegop. Podagr.
H. ciliaris L. var. corrusca Zadd.—Aneth. grav.
H. cyaneocrocea Forst. (cf. Nos. 2355 and 2398).—Conium macul.
H. enodis L. (cf. No. 2356).—Carum Car., Heracl. Sphond., Chaeroph. hirs.
H. femoralis Kig. (=H. melanochroa Gmel., cf. Nos. 2357 and 2404).—Carum
Car., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthr. sylv.
H. melanochroa Gmel. (cf. Nos. 2357 and 2403).—Aegop. Podagr.
H. rosae L. (cf. Nos. 2358 and 2406).—Aegop. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr.,
Bupleur. falcat., Moloposp. Peloponnes.
H. rosarum Kig. (=H. rosae L., cf. Nos. 2358 and 2405).—Carum Car., Heracl.
Sphond., Dauc. Car., Anthrisc. sylv.
H. segmentaria Pz.—Conium macul., Chaeroph. hirs.
H. ustulata L. (ci. No. 2359).—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car.,
Euphorb. Cypar.
H. vulgaris Kig. (=H. caeruleopennis Reiz., cf. No. 2399).—Heracl. Sphond.
Macrophya albicincta Schy.—Liban. mont.
M. diversipes Schy.—Paliur. acul., Liban. mont.
M. militaris K/g.—Liban. mont.
M. neglecta AKig.—Paliur. acul., Anthrisc. sylv.
M. quadrimaculata F.—Carum Car., Toril. Anthr.
M.‘ribis Schy.—Euphorb. Cypar.
M. rufipes L.—Heracl. Sphond.
M. rustica L.—Paliur. acul., Rubus Id., Heracl. Sphond., Tordyl. apul.,
Anthr. sylv.
Megalodontes cephalotes F. (cf. No. 2435).—Geran. sanguin.
Nematus capreae L. (=Pachynematus capreae L., cf. No. 2422).—Pyrus
comm.
N. vittatus L. (=Amauronematus vittatus L., cf. No. 2354).—Conium macul.
N. spec.—Carum Car.
Pachynematus (Nematus) capreae Pz. (ci. No. 2419).—Salix rep.
Pachyprotasis rapae L.—Carum Car., Toril. Anthr., Anthr. sylv., Gal.
verum, Tarax. off.
Pamphilius hortorum A/?g.—Anthr. nit.
P. sylvaticus L.—Crataeg. Oxyac.
Poecilostoma luteolum K/g.—Dauc. Car., Anthrisc. sylv.
Pteronus (Nematus) brevivalvis Thoms.—Salix alba, 5. fragil.
P. hortensis Hig.—Ribes rubrum.
P. monticola Ths.—Anthrisc. sylv.
2430.
2431
2432.
2433.
2434.
2435.
2436.
2437.
2438.
2439.
2440.
2441,
2442.
2443.
2444,
2445.
2446.
2447.
2448.
2449.
2450.
2451.
2452.
2453.
2454,
2455.
2456.
HYMENOPTERA 631
. P. myosotidis F.—Anthrisc. sylv.
. P. ribesii Scop.—Ribes Gross.
Rhogogastera viridis L.—Ang. sylv., Anthrisc. sylv., Myrrhis odor.
Selandria cinereipes K/g.—Heracl. Sphond.
S. serva F.—Aegop. Podagr., Carum Car., Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latif., Angel.
sylv., Dauc. Car., Anthrisc. sylv.
Tarpa cephalotes F, (=Megalodontes cephalotes F., cf. No. 2418).—Gal. bor.,
Inula hir., Anthem. tinct., Tanac. corymb., Senec. Jacob., Crep. bien.
T. sptssicornis Kig. (=Megalodontes Klugii Leach).—Tarax. off.
Tenthredo atra L.—Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv.
T. bifasciata Kig. (=Allantus rossii Panz., cf. No. 2342).—Aegop. Podagr.,
Carum Car., Heracl. Sphond.
T. coryli Pz.—Dauc. Car.
T. dispar Kig.—Liban. mont.
T. fagi Pz.—Liban. mont.
T. flava Poda (cf. No. 2443).—Aegop. Podagr., Liban. mont.
T. flavicornis F. (=T. flava Poda, cf. No. 2442).—Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc.
sylv., Myrrhis odor.
T. ignobilis Kig. (=? var. of T. atra L. (teste Konow.)).—Euphorb. Cypar.
T. livida L.—Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc. sylv.
T. notha Kl. (=Allantus arcuatus Foerst., cf. Nos. 2335 and 2340).—Toril.
Anthr.
T. sp.—Hyper. perfor., Melilot. altiss. F--I+, Parn. pal., Conium mac.,
Aegop. Podagr., Oenan. aquat., Selinum carvif., Angel. sylv., Peuced.
Oreos., Aneth. grav., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv., Chaeroph. hirs.,
C. Villars., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Chrys. Leuc., Leont. hast., Polygon.
Bist.
Tenthredopsis austriaca Knw.—Paliur. acul.
T. dorsalis Lep.—Paliur. acul.
T. gibberosa Knw.—Anthrisc. sylv.
T. raddatzi Konow. var. vittata Knw.—Paliur. acul.
T. scutellaris F.—Anthrisc. nit.
T. thomsoni Knw. var. femoralis Steph.—Paliur. acul.
T. thomsoni Knw. var. nigripes Knw.—Paliur. acul.
Tomostethus fuliginosus A/g.—Salix alba, S. fragil.
Trichiosoma betuleti A/g.—Syringa vulg. ¢
P. Vespidae.
2457.
2458.
2459.
2460.
2461.
2462.
2463.
2464.
2465.
2466.
2467.
2468.
2469.
Ancistrocerus parietum L. (=Odynerus parietum L., cf. No. 2496).—Levist.
off., Orlaya grand., Dipsac. sylv., Allium Cepa.
A. venimacula Lep. (=Odynerus parietum L. var. renimacula Lep., cf. No.
2497).—Thym. vulg. :
Celonites abbreviatus Vz//.—Calamintha alpina, Teucr. mont.
Discoelius zonalis Pz.—Heracl. Sphond.
Epipona spiricornis Spin. (=Odynerus spiricornis Spin., cf. No. 2506).—
Allium Cepa.
Eumenes arbustorum Pz. var. dimidiata Brudlée.—Heracl. Sphond.
E. coarctata L.—Melilot. albus F+I+, Aegopod. Podagr., Foenic. vulg.,
Orlaya grand., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag. Drumm., Rudb. specios., Achill.
Millef., A. filipend., A. grand., Centaur. Scab.
E. mediterranea Krchb.—Paliur. acul., Hedera Hel., Lonic. etrusca.
E. pomiformis F.—Res. lutea, Ruta graveol., Euon. japon., Rhamn. Frang.,
Paliur. acul., Rhus Cotinus, Dorycn. herbac., Bryon. dioica 6 F+I1+,
Sedum album, Eryng. ameth., Foenic. vulg., Aneth. grav., Orlaya grand.,
Symphoric. racem. F+1+, Diplopap. amygd., Cirs. arv., Mentha aquat.,
Euphorb. Cypar., Allium Cepa. :
E. unguiculata V2l/.—Foenic. vulg., Orlaya grand., Allium sphaeroceph.,
A. Cepa.
Hopopes levipes Shuck. (=Odynerus levipes Shuck., cf. No. 2490).—Scroph.
nod.
Leionotus bidentatus Lep. (=Odynerus bidentatus Lep., cf. No. 2479).—
Allium Cepa.
L. chevyievanus Sauss. (=Odynerus chevrieranus Sauss., cf. No. 2471).—
Orlaya grand.
632
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
2470. L. dantici Rossi (=Odynerus dantici Rossi, cf. No. 2484).—Orlaya grand.,
Allium Cepa.
2471. L. dufourtanus Sauss. (=Odynerus chevrieranus Sauss., cf. No. 2469).—
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477.
2478.
2479.
2480.
2481.
2482,
2483.
2484.
2485.
2486.
2487.
2488.
2489.
2490.
2491.
2492.
2493.
2494,
2495.
S090000000
29999999
Chaeroph. tem.
. L. minutus F, (=Odynerus minutus F., cf. No. 2492).—Angel. sylv.
. L. parvulus Lep. (=Odynerus parvulus Lep., cf. No. 2498).—Orlaya grand.
. L. rossit Lep. (=Odynerus rossii Lep., cf. No. 2503).—Viburn. Lant.
. L. simplex Fabr. (=Odynerus quadrifasciatus F., cf. Nos. 2494 and 2501).—
Orlaya grand., Anthrisc. sylv.
. L. tarsatus Sauss. (=Odynerus tarsatus Sauss., ci. No. 2507).—Orlaya grand.
Odynerus alpestris Sauss.—Paliur. acul.
. antilope Pz.—Rubus Id. f
. bidentatus Lep. (cf. No. 2468).—Paliur. acul., Sedum album, Foenic. vulg.
. bifasciatus L.—Foenic. vulg., Heracl. Sphond.
. callosus Ths.—Ribes Gross., Tarax. off., Salix alba, S. frag.
claripennis Thoms.—Heracl. Sphond., Linar. vulg.
crassicornis Pz.—Heracl. Sphond.
dantici Rosst (cf. No. 2470).—Paliur. acul., Eryng. ameth.
debilitatus Sauss.—Angel. sylv., Aneth. grav.
. elegans Wsm. ( =O. gracilis Brullé, cf. No. 2489).—Aegop. Podagr., Anthrisc.
sylv.
floricola Sauss.—Euon. japon., Paliur. acul.
gazella Pz.—Heracl. Sphond.
gracilis Brullé (cf. No. 2486).—Aegopod. Podagr.
. levipes Shuck. (cf. No. 2467).—Paliur. acul.
melanocephalus L.—Aquileg. vulg., Malva sylv., Crat. Oxyac.
minutus Fabr. (ci. No. 2472).—Heracl. Sphond., Melamp. arv.
. modestus Sauss.—Euon. japon., Paliur. acul., Foenic. vulg., Teucr. Pol.
. nigripes H.-Sch. (=O. quadrifasciatus F., cf. Nos. 2478 and 2501).—
Syring. chin., Euphorb. virg.
O. oviventris Wesm.—Viola tric. versic. F+1+, Spir. sorbif., Heracl., Sphond,.
Anthrisc. sylv., Knaut. arv.
2496. O. parietum L. (cf. 2457).—Clemat. Vitalba, C. recta, Res. lutea, Viola tric.
2497.
2498.
2499.
2500
2501.
2502
2503.
vulg. F+I+, V. tric. alp., Gypsoph. panic., Ruta graveol., Paliur. acul.,
Medic. sylvestr., Rubus Id., Sanguis. minor, Crat. Oxyac., Sorbus Auc.,
Bryon. dioica ? F+I+, Bergenia subcil., Astrant. maj., Eryng. camp.,
Conium mac., Petrosel. sat., Oenan. aquat., Liban. mont., Silaus prat.,
Angel. sylv., Aneth. grav., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Siler trilob.,
Dauc. Car., Toril. Anthr., Anthrisc. sylv., Symphoric. racem. F+I+,
Knaut. arv., Aster squarrul., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag. Drummond,
S. glab., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Tanac. vulg., T. macroph., Cirs. arv.,
Rhapont. pulch., Centaur. Fisch., Tragop. floccos., Tarax. off., Borago off.,
Echium vulg., Linar. vulg., Lysim. vulg., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
O. parietum L. renimacula Lep. (cf. No. 2458).—Melilot. albus F+I+,
Gaura bien., Pastin. sat., Symphoric. racem. F+I+, Diplopap. amygd.,
Mentha aquat.
O. parvulus Lep. (cf. No. 2473).—Foenic. vulg., Pastin. sat.
O. pictus Curt.—Matric. inod., Senec. Jacob.
. O. quadratus Pz. (Sp. incertae sedis).—Lathyr. latif., Saxifr. umbrosa,
Archang. off. (?), Scroph. aquat., S. orient., Digit. purp.
O. quadrifasciatus F. (cf. Nos. 2475 and 2494).—Gypsoph. panic., Vicia
Cracca F+I+.
. O. quinquefasciatus F, (=O. spinipes L., cf. No. 2506).—Aegop. Podagr.
O. rossii Lep. (cf. No. 2474).—Pastin. sat.
2504. O. simplex Faby.—Astrant. maj.
2505.
2506.
2507.
2508.
2509.
O. sinuatus F.—Rhus Cotinus, Spir. salicif., Arunc. sylv., Foenic. vulg.,
Aegop. Podagr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Dauc. Car., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm.
O. spinipes L. (cf. No. 2502).—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Geran. pyren.,
Rhus Cotinus, Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Pimpin. Saxifr., Anthrisc.
sylv., Cornus sang., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
O. spiricornis Spin. (cf. No. 2461).—Heracl. Sphond.
O. tarsatus Seuss. (cf. No. 2476).—Geran. rotundif.
O. trifasciatus F. (a good sp., teste Morawitz).—Genista tinct. F+1I+, Silaus
HYMENOPTERA 633
prat., Peuced. Oreos., Heracl. Sphond., Diplopap. amygd., Cirs. arv.,
Astrant. maj., Ribes rupr.
2510. O. xanthomelas H.-Sch.—Lotus corn.
2511. O. spec.—Symphoric, racem. F+1+, Syring. vulg., Origan. vulg.
2512. Polistes bighumis L. (cf. No. 2513).—Coton. integ. F+1+, Eryng. camp.,
Bupleur. falcat., Peuced. Cerv., Padtin. sat.
2513. P. diadema Liv. (=P. biglumis L., cf. No. 2512).—Symphoric. racem. F+I+,
Echinops sphaeroc., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., Asclep. syr. F+I+, Lycop.
europ.
2514. P. gallica L.—Res. lutea, Impat. Balsam., Ruta graveol., Euon. japon.,
E. varieg., Rhamnus Frang., Paliur. acul., Dorycn. herbac., Melilot. altiss.
F+I+, Lathyr. prat., Prunus spin., P. Mahaleb, Eryng. camp., E. ameth.,
Petrosel. sat., Aegopod. Podagr., Bupleur. falcat., Foenic. vulg., Liban.
mont., Peuced. Cerv., Aneth. grav., Pastin. sat., Heracl. Sphond., Tordy]l.
apul., Orlaya grand., Anthr. sylv., Hedera Hel., Symphoric. racem. F+I+,
Echinops sphaeroc., Cirs. lanceol., Centaur. Jac., Eric. arb., Asclep. syr.
F+I+, Cusc. Epith., Verbasc. Thaps., Lycop. europ., Satureia mont.,
Thym. dalm., Rosmar. off., Teucr. Pol., Laur. nob., Euphorb. Cypar.,
Sabal. Adans.
2515. Pterocheilus phaleratus Pz.—Pimpin. Saxifr., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
2516. Vespa austriaca Pz.—Aegop. Podagr., Heracl. Sphond., Epipact. latif. F+I+.
2517. V. crabro L.—Tilia ulmif., Euon. japon., Sedum album, Aster Lindl., A.
panicul. var. pubesc., Diplopap. amygd., Solidag. fragr., Salix alba, S. fragil.
2518. V. germanica F.—Anem. jap. var. purpurea, Euon. japon., Crat. Oxyac.,
Pyrus Malus, Ribes Gross., Foenic. vulg., Angel. sylv., Aneth. grav., Heracl.
Sphond., Hedera Hel., Aster Amel., A. prenanthoid., Solidag. fragr., S. glab.,
S. laterifl., S. lithosp., S. Ridel., S. ulmif., Bolton. glastif., Syring. vulg.,
Scroph. nod., Lam. mac. F+I+, Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
2519. V. holsatica F. (=V. sylvestris Scop., cf. No. 2524).—Berb. vulg., Astrant.
maj., Foenic. vulg., Angel. sylv., Call. vulg., Scroph. nod.
2520. V. media Retz.—Impat. Noli-tang. F+I+, Symphoric. racem. F+I+.
2521. V. norvegica F.—Rubus Id., Eryng. ameth., Eupat. can.
2522. V. rufa L.—Berb. vulg., Vicia sat., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc.
sylv., Symphoric. racem. F+I+, Anthem. tinct., Senec. nemor., Scroph.
nod., Melamp. sylv., Epipact. pal. F+I+, Allium Cepa.
2523. Vespa saxonica F.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Euon. japon., Sym-
phoric. racem. F+I+.
2524. V. sylvestris Scop. (cf. No. 2519).—Rhamn. Frang., Vicia sat., Rubus Id.,
Crat. Oxyac., Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond., Toril. Anthr., Anthr. sylv.,
Symphor. racem. F +14, Picr. hierac., Solan. Dulc., Scroph. aquat., S. umbr.,
S. alpestr., Epipact. pal. F+I+.
2525. V. vulgaris L.—Medic. sat., Sicyos. angul., Ribes Gross., Heracl. Sphond.,
Hedera Hel., Symphor. racem. F+1+4, Helichrys. bract., Cirs. arv., Call.
vulg., Scroph. nod., Epipact. pal. F-+1I+.
2526. V. sp.—Amygd. comm., Sanic. europ., Conium macul., Cicuta vir., Aegop.
Podagr., Lonic. alpig., Scroph. aquat., Salix retusa.
V. LEPIDOPTERA
A. Bombycidae.
2527. Callimorpha dominula L., 9-10 mm.—Eupator. cannabin.
2528. C. hera L.—Eupator. cannabin., Origan. vulg.
2529. Dasychira pudibunda L.—Lonicera Caprifol. F+I+.
2530. Euchelia jacobaeae L.—Arab. hirsuta.
2531. Gnophria quadra L.—Dianth. delt., Trif. prat. FI+.
2532. Nemeophila plantaginis L.—Crepis aurea.
2533. Porthesia similis Fuess/.—Lotus corn. F+I+.
2534. Pygaera anastomosis L.—Salix triandra.
B. Geometridae.
2535. Acidalia humiliata Hujn.—Ononis spin. F+I+.
2536. A. virgularia Hbn.—Lavand. vera.
2537. Cidaria hydrata Fry.—Sil. nut.
2573.
2574.
2575.
2576.
2577.
2578.
2579.
2580.
2581.
2582.
2583.
2584.
2585.
2586.
2587.
2588.
2589.
2590.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. Fidonia famula Esp.—Saroth. scop. F+I+.
. Halia brunneata Thnbg.—Vacc. Myrt.
. H. wauaria L.—Lavand. vera.
. Jodis lactearia L.—Hesper. trist.
. Minoa murinata Scop., 4 mm.—Asperula cynanch.
. Odezia atrata L. (cf. No. 2544).—Chaerophyll. Villarsii.
. O. chaerophyllata L. (=O. atrata L., cf. No. 2543), 7 mm.—Polyg. vulg.,
Astrag. glycyph.
. Ortholitha cervinata S.V.—Althaea rosea.
. Timandra amata L.—Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Scroph. aquat.
. Noctuidae.
. Acronycta aceris L.—Centaur. rhen.
. Aedia funesta Esp.—Ligustr. vulg.
. Agrotis castanea Esp.—Call. vulg.
. A. conflua Tvy.—Polygon. Bistorta.
. A. exclamationis L.—Lavand. off.
. A. latens Hbn.—Lavand. vera.
. A. ocellina Hbn., 9-10 mm.—Semperviv. mont., Cirs. spinosis., Crep. aurea,
Phyteuma orbic., Polygon. Bistorta.
. A. pronuba L.—Dianth. chin., Medic. sat. F+1+, Erythr. Cent.
. A. vestigialis Rott,—Eryng. camp., Thym. Serp.
. A. ypsilon Rott,—Salv. prat. F+-I+.
. A. sp.—Symphoricarp. racem. F+I+.
. Anarta melanopa Thnb.—Silene acaul.
. A. myrtilli L.—Chrysanth. Leucanth.
. A. nigrita Botsd.—Silene acaul.
. Brotolomia meticulosa L.—Dianth. chin.
. Charaeas graminis L., 7-8 mm.—Succ. prat., Senec. Jacob.
. Chariclea delphinii L.—Cent. Cyanus.
. C. umbra Hjn.—Phaseolus vulg. F+I+.
. Cucullia chamomillae Schiff.—Sil. nut.
. C. umbratica L., 18-22 mm.—Viola corn., Lonic. Caprifol. F+I+.
. Dianthoecia albimacula Bkh.—Sil. nut.
. D. capsincola Hbn. 23-25 mm.—Lonicera Caprifol. F+1I+.
. D. compta F.—Dianth. Carthus.
. D. filigrana Esp.—Melandr. rubr.
. D. nana (Hujn.) Rott.—Hesper. trist., Sil. infl., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Melandr. alb.,
M. rubr.
. Euclidia glyphica L., 8-12 mm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulbos., Arab.
aren., Sinap. arv., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Cerast. arv., Medic. falc., Lotus corn.
F+I+, Onobr. viciif., Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Cirs. olerac.,
Rhinanth. major.
E. mi L.—Valerian. olitor., Hierac. Pilos.
Gnophos furvata F.—Scrophul. aquat.
Hadena didyma Esp.—Tanacet. vulg.
H. fasciuncula Haw.—Medic. lupul.
H. monoglypha Hufn.—Haben. bif. F+I+.
H. sp.—Hesper. trist.
Hydroecia nictitans Bkh.—Aster Trip., Achill. Millef., Armer. elong.
H. nictitans Bkh. var. erythrostigma Haw.—Cirs. arv.
Hypena proboscidalis Fy.—Asclep. syr.
Luperina haworthii Curt.—Succ. prat.
Mamestra dentina Esp.—Haben. chlor. F+I+.
M. serena (S.V.) F.—Knaut. arv.
M. sp.—Symphoric. racem. F+I+.
Mithymna imbecilla F.—Polygon. Bist.
Phasiane clathrata L.—Medic. sat. F+I+.
Plusia chrysitis L.—Lycium barb.
P. festucae L.—Echium vulg.
P. gamma L., 15-16 mm.—Hesper. trist., Cak. marit., Dianth. Carthus.,
D. chin., Sil. infl., S. Otit., Melandr. alb., Linum usitat., Medic. sat. F+I+,
Trif. rep. FLI+ ? F+I4+, T. prat. F+1I+, Lotus corn. ? FiI+4, Astrag.
depr., Onobr. viciif., Lathyr. sylv. FiI+, Parnass. pal., Toril. Anthr.,
LEPIDOPTERA 635
Lonic. Periclym. F+1+, L. Caprifol., Gall. Moll., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat.,
Chrysoc. Linosyr., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. lanceol., C. pal., Carduus
acanthoid., Lappa min., Centaur. Jac., C. Cyanus, C. Scab., C. rhen.,
Thrinc. hirta, Leont. aut., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Erica Tetr., Asclep. syr.,
Araujia alb., Erythr. Cent., Phlox panicul., Conv. arv., Borago off., Anchusa
off., Echium vulg., Melamp. nemor., Salv. prat. F--I-++, Lavand. vera,
Monarda didyma, Stach. pal., Ball. nigra F+1+, Ajug. rept. FiI+,
Armer. elong., Polygon. Pers., Haben. bif. F+I+.
2591. P. triplasia L.—Coreops. lanceol., Lavand. vera.
2592. P. sp.—Cytis. Lab. F+1+, Symphoricarp. racem. F+1I+, Lonic. Periclym.
F+I+.
2593. Scoliopteryx libatrix L.—Rubus Id.
2594. Toxocampa craccae F.—Vicia sep.
D. Pyralidae.
2595.
2596.
2597.
2598.
2599.
2600.
2601.
2602.
2603.
2604.
2605.
2606.
2607.
2608.
2609.
2610.
2611.
2612.
Botys purpuralis L.—Succ. prat., Tanacet. vulg., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Polygon. Bist.
B. purpuralis L. var. ostrinalis Hbn.—Origan. vulg.
B. sambucalis Schif7f.—Sambuc. nigra.
Crambus alpinellus Hbn.—Artem. camp.
C. furcatellus Zett,—Mentha aquat.
C. pratellus L.—Medic. lupul.
C. sp.—Senec. Jacob., Leont. aut., Centaur. nigra.
Ephestia elutella Hbn.—Verbasc. nigr.
Eurrhypara urticata L.—Lavand. vera.
Eurycreon turbidalis Ty.—Artemis. camp.
E. verticalis L.—Carduus crisp.
Orobena limbata L.—Asperula tinct.
Pempelia ornatella S.V.—Thym. Serp.
Pionea forficalis L.—Hesper. trist.
Scoparia ambigualis Ty.—Ligustr. vulg.
Threnodes pollinalis Schiff.—Saroth. Scop. F+I+, Genista pilosa F+I+,
Cytis. sagitt.
Trifurcula immundella Zed/.—Saroth. scop. F{I+.
Pyralidae sp. ?—Lam. mac.
E. Rhopalocera.
2613,
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623,
2624
2625,
2626
2627
. Anthocaris belia Cr. var. simplonia Freyey.—Sinap. Cheiranth.
. A. cardamines L., 12 mm.—Cardam. prat., Viola sylv., V. can., F+I+,
Ligustr. vulg., Pulmon. off., Hotton. pal. F+1I+.
. Aporia crataegi L. (cf. No. 2691).—Echium vulg.
. Argynnis adippe L., 13-14 mm.—Tnif. prat. F+I+, Cirs. arv., Leont. aut.,
Thym. Serp.
. A. aglaia L., 6 15-16 mm., $ 17-18 mm.—Peuced. pal., Knaut. arv., Scab.
lucida, Achill. Millef., Cirs. arv., Carduus acanthoid., C. nutans, Centaur.
nigra, C. rhen., Leont. aut., Thym. Serp., Armer. elong.
. A. chariclea Schneid.—Ledum pal.
. A, dia L.—Convolv. arv.
. A. ino Rott. Esp., 9-12 mm.—Knaut. arv.
. A. latonia L., 11-12 mm.—Knaut. arv., Scab. Columb., Centaur. Scabiosa,
C. salicifol., Picris hieracioid, Crep. bienn., Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont.,
Conv. arv.
. A. niobe L., 13-16 mm.—Knaut. arv., Cirs. arv., Thym. Serp.
. A. pales S.V., 9-10 mm.—Visc. alb., Oxytrop. camp., Leont. hast., Haben.
angustif. : i
. A. pandora S.V.—Dianth. delt., Ulmar. pentap., Peuced. pal., Achill. Millef.,
Thym. Serp. ;
. A. paphia L., 12-14 mm.—Hyper. perfor., Lupin. lut. FiI+, L. angustif.
F+1I-+, Rubus frutic., Angel. sylv., Peuced. pal., Knaut. arv., Eupator.
cannabin., Cirs. pal., Carduus nut., Leont. aut., Jas. mont., Solan. Dulc.
Origan. vulg., Ball. nigr. F+I+. ;
. A. paphia L. var. valesina Esp.—Rubus frutic., Aegopod. Podagr., Libanot.
mont., Knaut. arv.
. A. selene S.V., 9-10 mm.—Crepis aurea.
636
2628.
2629.
2630.
2631.
2632.
2633.
2634.
2635.
2636.
2637.
2638.
2639.
2640.
2641.
2642.
2643.
2644.
2645.
2646
2647
2648.
2649,
2650.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
A. sp.—Aster Novae-Angl., Centaur. nigra, Rhinanth. minor., Rumex spec.,
Lil. bulbif.
Carterocephalus palaemon Pall.—Rubus frutic.
Coenonympha arcania L.—Dianth. Carthus., Trif. alp. F-I+, Lotus corn.
F+I-+, Vicia pisiform. F--I+, Rubus frutic., Asperula cynanch., Achill.
Millef., A. Ptarm., Ligustr. vulg., Thym. Serp., Antheric. ramos.
C. pamphilus L., 64-7 mm.—Ranunc. Flamm., R. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.,
Raphan. Raphan., Sil. Otit., Trif. rep. (F+I+), T. prat. F+I-4, T. alp.,
F+I+, T. med., T. arv. F+1I+, Lotus corn. F+1+4+, Vicia hirs. F+I+,
Lens escul., Scler. perenn., Orlaya grandifl., Succ. prat., Bellis per., Inula
hirta, Centaur. Jacea, Hypoch. radic., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Jas. mont.,
Call. vulg., Erica Tetr., Ligustr. vulg., Myosot. interm., Mentha sylv.,
Thym. Serp., Ajug. rept. F+1I+, Armer. elong., Polygon. amphib.
pales vooray Curt. (=C. hecla Le}., cf. No. 2634).—Tarax. offic., Phyllodoce
taxif.
C. edusa F., 14-16 mm.—Medic. sat. F+I+.
Colias hecla Lef. (cf. No. 2632).—Pedicul. tuber.
Colias hyale L., 12-13 mm.—Dianth. Carthus., Medic. sat. F+I+, M. falc.,
Tnif. rep. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Centaur. Jacea, Cichor. Intyb., Leont. aut.,
Serrat. tinct., Echium vulg., Ball. nigra F+I-+4.
Colias phicomene Esp., 13-14 mm.—Leont. hastil.
Coltas rhamni L. (=Rhodocera rhamni L., cf. No. 2702).—Lathyr. latif. var.
ensif., Bergenia subcil., Scab. Columb., Echinops exalt.
Epinephele hyperanthus L. (cf. Nos. 2651 and 2703).—Tnif. rub., T. agrar.
F+1+, Valer. off., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Hierac. vulg., Mentha
sylv., Origan. vulg., Clinopod. vulg., Stachys Beton F+I+, Colchic.
aut.
E. hyperanthus L. var. arete Mzill.Thym. Serp.
E. janira L., 10 mm. (cf. No. 2652).—Cak. marit., Dianth. delt., Sil. infl.,
S. Otit., Hyper. perfor., Medic. falc., Trif. rep. (F-+1+), T. prat. F+I+,
T. alp. FLI+, T. procumb. F+1I+, Anthyllis Vuln. F+1-+, Lotus corn.
F+I+, Rubus frutic., R. caes., Comarum pal., Sedum acre, S. refl., Aneth.
graveol., Toril. Anthr., Gal. verum, Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Aster Amellus
var. Bessarabicus, Solid. Virgaur., S. laterifl., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Anthemis tinctor., Chrysanth. Leucanth., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C.
lanceolat., C. pal., Carduus acanthoid., C. nutans, Centaur. Jacea, C. nigra,
C. Scab., C. conglom., Leont. aut., Picris hieracioid., Hypoch. rad., Crep.
bien., Hierac. vulgat., H. umbellat., Jas. mont., J. perenn., Erica Tetr.,
E, cin., Ligustr. vulg., Conv. arv., Echium vulg., Melamp. nemor., Lavand.
vera, Mentha arv., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Nepeta nuda, Armer. elong.,
Teucr. Scorod.
Erebia aethiops Esp., g—~11 mm. (cf. No. 2643).—Knaut. arv.
E. ligea L., 9 mm.—Rubus frutic., Senec. nemor., Cirs. pal., Hierac. vulg.,
Thym. Serp.
E. Medea S.V. (=E. aethiops Esp., cf. No. 2641).—Leont. hast.
E. medusa S.V., 8-9 mm.—Eupator. cannabin.
Hesperia actaeon Rott.—Ononis spin. F+I+.
. H. comma L., 15-16 mm.—Coron. var. F+I+, Rubus frutic., Knaut. arv.,
Cirs. arv., C. spinosiss., Carduus crisp., Echium vulg., Stachys Beton.
F+I1-+, Colchic. aut.
. H. lineola O.—Ranunc. Ling., Dianth. delt., D. Carthus., Agrost. Gith.,
Medic. sat. F+I+, Trif. med., T. agrar. F+1+, Vicia Cracca F+I-+4,
Knaut. arv., Daucus Car., Eupat. cannab., Cirs. arv., Carduus nut., Leont.
aut., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Erythr. Cent.
H. sylvanus Esp., 16 mm.—Dianth. Carthus., Agrost. Gith., Malva mosch.,
Hyperic. perfor., Medic. falc., Trif. mont. F+1+, T. prat. F+1+, T. rub.,
Lathyr. heterophyll. ? F+1+, L. pal. ? F+I14, Cirs. arv., C. pal., Onopord.
Acanth., Leont. hast., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Echium vulg., Prun. vulg.,
Euphorb. Cypariss.
H. Thaumas Hufn. (=H. linea S.V.), 14-15 mm.—Dianth. delt., Agrost.
Gith., Medic. sat. F+-I+, Trif. prat., T. alp. F+1+, T. arv., Pulicar. dysent.,
Chrysanth. Leucanth., Centaur. Jacea, Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Lycops. arv.
H. sp.—Delphin. Cons. F+1+4, Trif. rep. (F+1+), Lathyr. tuber. F+I+,
Cirs. lanceol., Sonchus arv., Hierac. umbell.
2651.
2652.
2653.
2654.
2655.
2656.
2657.
2658.
2659.
2660.
2661.
2662.
2663.
2664.
2665.
2666.
2667.
2668.
2669.
2670.
2671.
2672.
2673.
2674.
2675.
2676.
2677.
LEPIDOPTERA 637
Hipparchia hyperanthus L, (=Epinephele hyperanthus L., cf. Nos. 2638 and
2703).—Cak. marit.
H. janiva L. (=Epinephele janira L., cf. No. 2640).—Viola corn.
Hi. semele L. (=Satyrus semele L., cf. No. 2704).—Cak. marit., Senec. Jacob.,
Parn. pal., Jas. mont.
Leucophasia sinapis L., 10 mm.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Melamp.
nemor.
Limenitis camilla S.V.—Ligust. vulg., Valer. offic.
L. sibylla L.—Rubus frutic., Libanot. mont.
Lycaena adonis S.V. (=L. bellargus Rott., cf. No. 2666).—Origan. vulg.
L. aegon S.V. (=L. argyrotoxus Bgsty.), 7-9 mm.—Trif. mont., F+I+,
T. arv. F+I1+, T. agrar. 6 F+I1+, Lotus corn. F+I+, Onobr. viciif., Vicia
angustif. F+1I+, V. hirs. F-I+, Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Centaur.
Cyan., Jas. mont., Cynogloss. off., Mentha sylv., Thym. Serp.
L. alexis S.V. (=L. icarus Rott., cf. No. 2671).—Origan. vulg.
L. alsus S.V. (=L. minima Fuessi., cf. No. 2672), 5-54 mm.—Chrysocoma
Linosyr.
L. arcas Rott.—Sanguis. offic.
L. argiolus L.—Medic. sat. F+1+, Rubus frutic., Hierac. Pilos., Vacc. ulig.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
L. argus L., 8 mm.—Ononis spin. F-LI+, Coron. arv.
L. arion L., 8 mm.—Vicia Cracca F+1I+.
L. baetica L.—Colutea arbor.
L. bellargus Rott. (cf. No. 2657).—Lathyr. latif., Bupleur. rotundif.
L. corydon Poda, 9-11 mm.—Medic. falc., Trif. mont F+I+, T. rub., Onobr.
viciif., Anthem. tinct., Centaur. Jac., C. Scab., Thym. Serp.
L. damon S.V., 8 mm.—Genista tinct. F+I+, Lotus corn. F{I+, Lathyr.
tuber. F+1I+, Centaur. Cyan., Erythr. Cent., Allium rot.
L. euphemus Hb.—Sanguis. off., Echium vulg.
L. hylas Esp.—Anthyll. Vuln,
L. icarus Rott. (cf. No. 2659), 6 7-8 mm., ? 8-10 mm.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., Dianth. delt., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Medic. sat. F+I+, Trif. procumb.
F+I+, Lotus corn, F+1+, Onobr. viciif., Lythr. Sal. F+1+, Succisa prat.,
Cirs. arv., Leont. aut., Hierac. vulg., H. umbell., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Call. vulg., Myosot. pal., Thym. Serp., Prun. vulg., Verben. off.
L. minima Fuessi. (cf. No. 2660).—Anthyll. Vuln. F+1I+.
L. orion Pall_—Sedum acre.
L. semiargus Rott., 7-8 mm.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Trif. rep.
(F+1+), T. alp. F+I+, T. med., Anthyll. Vuln., Lotus corn. F+I+,
Rubus caes., Eryng. marit., Knaut. arv., Jas. mont., Armer. elong.
L. sp.—Acon. Nap. F+I+, Raphan. Raph., Polyg. com., Trif. alpin., Lotus
corn. F+I+, Eupator. cannabin., Aster alp., Pulicar. dysent., Centaur.
Scab., C. Jac., Crep. bien., Echium vulg., Origan. vulg.
Melanargia galatea L., 11-13 mm.—Dianth. Carthus, Trif. prat. F+I+,
T. alp. F+I+, F+I+, T. med., T. rub., Astrag. glycyph. F+1I+, Vicia
Cracca F+1+, Eupator. cannabin., Anthem. tinct., Chrys. Leuc., Cirs.
arv., Card. crisp., C. glaucus, Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Jac., C. Scab.,
C. rhen., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm., Thym. Serp.
Melitaea athalia Rott., 83-10 mm.—Helianth. vulg., Hyper. perfor., Genista
tinct. F+I+, Medic. falc., Trif. rep. (F+1I+), T. mont. F+I+4, T. alp.
F+I1+, Rubus frutic., Inula hirta, Tanacet. Corymb., Chrys. Leuc., Senec.
Jacob., Centaur. Scab., Crep. bien. Hierac. vulg., Ligustr. vulg., Erythr.
Cent., Melamp. arv., M. nemor., M. cristat., Thym. Serp., Prun. vulg.,
Antheric. ramos.
2678. M. cinxia L.—Echium vulg.
2679. M. parthenie Bkh.—Rubus frutic., Leont. hastil., Thym. Serp., Nigrit.
angustif.
2680. Nemeobius lucina L.—Arab. aren.
2681. Nisoniades tages L.—Lotus corn. F+I+, Ajug. rept. F+I+.
2682.
2683
Papilio machaon L., 18-20mm.—Coron. toment., Lythr. Sal. F+I+,
Centranth. rub. F+1+, Knaut. arv., Centaur. rhen., Syring. vulg., Antheric.
ramos.
. P. podalirius L., 17-19 mm.—Coron. toment., Trif. prat., Centranth. ruber
F+I1+, Syring. vulg., Ajug. rept. F+1I+.
638
2684
2685.
2686.
2687
2688,
2689
2690
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
. Pararge achine Scop.—Ranunc. acris, R. rep., R. bulb.
. P. egeria L.—Eupator. cannabin.
. P. maera L.—Jas. mont., Thym. Serp.
. P. megaera L., 13-14 mm.—Genista tinct. F{ I+, Trif. prat. F+14, Centaur.
Jac., S. salicifol., Tarax. off., Hierac. umbell., Jas. mont., Lycops. arv.
. Parnassius apollo L., 12-13 mm.—Centranth. ruber F+I+.
. P. delius Esp., 10-16 mm.—Carduus deflorat.
. Pieris brassicae L., 16mm.—Anem. japon., Ranunc. rep., Cardam. prat.,
Hesper. matron., Sisymbr. off., Brass. nig., Sinap. arv., Lunar. ann. F+I+,
Cak. marit., Viola sylv., V. can. F+I+4, V. tric. vulg. ? and 6 F414,
V. tric. arv. F+I-+, Dianth. delt., D. barb., Vaccar. parvifl., Viscar. vulg.,
Coron. Fl.-cuc., Agrost. Gith., Malva sylv., M. alc., Medic. sat. F+I+,
Trif. rep. (F+1+), T. prat. FLI+, Lotus corn. F+I+, Desmod. canad.,
Lathyr. latif. var. ensif., L. latif. var. intermed., Prunus dom., P. avium, P.
Cer., Rubus frutic., Lythr. Sal., Philad. coron., Tellima grandifl., Centranth.
ruber F+I+, C. angustifol., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Scab. Columb.,
S. daucoid., S. Hladnik., S. atropurp., Eupator. purpur., Vernonia fascicul.,
V. praealta, Aster Amellus, A. floribund., A. Lindleyan., Biotia Schreberi,
Galatella punct., Bellis per., Silv. Asterisc., S. connat., S. perfoliat., Helen.
autumn., Helianth. divaricat., Chrysostemma tripteris, Coreopsis lanceol.,
Rudbeckia speciosa, Achill. grandifol., Anthem. tinctor., Doronic. austriac.,
Senec. nemor., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., C. pal., C. olerac.x C. acaule,
C. monspessulan., C. serrulat., Carduus acanthoid., Centaur. Jac., C. nigra,
C. Scab., C. rhen., C. Astrach., C. Salonit., Leont. hastil., Picr. hieracioid.,
Scorzon. hum., Tarax. off., Sonchus olerac., S. arv., Hierac. Pilos., H. um-
bellat., Syring. vulg., Asclep. tenuif., Conv. arv., Lycops. arv., Echium vulg.,
Caryolopha sempervir., Lithosperm. arv., Salv. Verben., S. sclareoid.,
Monarda fistul., M. fistul. var. mollis, Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., T. vulg.,
Satureia hort., Calamintha alp., Clinopod. vulg., Nepeta Mussini F+I+,
N. macrantha F+I1+, N. lophantha, N. Glech. (F+1+), Galeops. Ladan.
F+I1+, Stach. pal., S. grandifl., Physostegia virgin., Ball. nigra F+I+,
Ajug. rept. F+1I+, Teucr. Cham., T. canum, Blephilia hirs., Polygon.
Fagop., P. Bist., P. Pers., Scilla sibir.
2691. P. crataegi L. (=Aporia crataegi L., cf. No. 2615).—Rubus frutic.
2692. P. dapldice L.—Centaur. rhen., Anchusa off.
2693. P. napi L., 10-12 mm.—Arab. aren., Cardam. prat., Hesper. matron., Sisymbr.
off., Sinap. arv., Cak. marit., Raphan. Raph., Viola sylv., V. can. F+I+,
V. tric. arv. F+1+, Dianth. delt., Stell. Holost., Cerast. arv., Geran. prat.,
G. Robert., Erod. cicut., Medic. sat. F+I+, Tnif. rep. (F+1+), T. rub.,
Phaca alp., Onobr. viciif., Prunus dom., P. avium, P. cer., Rubus frutic.,
Epil. mont., E. roseum, Lythr. Sal. F+I+, Philad. coron., Aegopod.
Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Gal. Mollugo, Valer. dioica, Knaut. arv., Succ.
prat., Scab. atropurp., Eupator. cannabin., Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.,
Chrys. Leuc., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., Card. crisp., Onopord. Acanth., Cen-
taur. Jac., C. migra, Thrinc. hirta, Tarax. off., Sonchus arv., Hierac.
muror., H. umbellat., Jas. mont., Syring. vulg., Conv. arv., Echium vulg.,
Lithosperm. arv., Myosot. sylv., M. interm., Mentha aquat., M. sylv.,
Salv. sylv. FLI+, S. off. F+1+4, Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Prun. vulg.
F+I-+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Teucr. Scorod., Polygon. Fagop., Commelina
tuber.
2694. P. rapae L., 13-18 mm.—Hesper. matron., Sisymbr. off., Sinap. arv., Cak.
marit., Raphan. Raph., Viola sylv., V. can. F+I+, V. tric. arv. F+I+,
Dianth. delt., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Stell. Holost., Malva sylv., Hyper. perfor.,
Linum usitat., Geran. pal., Erod. cicut., Medic. sat. F+1I+, M. falc., Trif.
alp. F+I+, Oxytropis pil., Vicia Cracca F+1+, Lathyr. sylvest. F+I+,
L. tuber. F1+, Prunus dom., P. avium, P. Cer., Potent. sylv., Epil.
parvifl., Lythr. Sal. F+1+, L. hyssopif., Philad. coron., Eryng. Camp.,
Toril. Anthr., Centranth. ruber F+1I-+, Dipsacus sylv., Succ. prat., Scab.
Columb., Eupator. cannabin., Bell. per., Helen. autumn., Achill. Millef.,
A. Ptarm., Senec. Jacob., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Card. crisp., Centaur. nigra,
Picris hieracioid., Tragopog. prat., Scorzon. hum., Tarax. off., Sonchus
arv., Crep. vir., Hierac. umbellat., Jas. mont., Syring. vulg., Menyanth. trif.,
Erythr. Cent., Conv. arv., Lycops. arv., Echium vulg., Lithosperm. arv.,
Myosot. interm., Linar. Cymb., Salv. sylv. F+1+, Organ. vulg., Satureia
2695.
2696.
2697.
2698.
2699.
2700.
2701.
2702.
2703.
2704.
LEPIDOPTERA 639
hort., Nepeta Glech. (F+I+), Galeops. Tetr. F+I+, Stach. pal., Ball.
nigra F+1+, Ajug. rept. F+1+, Polygon. Pers., Antheric. ramos.
Pieris sp.—Delphin. Cons. FI+, Matth. incana, M. annua, Sinap. arv.,
Thalaspi rotundifol., Res. odor., Prunus dom., Rubus frutic., R. Id., Epil.
hirs., E. parvifl., Astrant. maj., Knaut. arv., Inula viscosa, Achill. Millef.,
Echinops sphaeroceph., Cirs. arv., C. olerac., Lappa minor., Serratula
tinctor., Centaur. Jac., Leont. aut., Hierac. Pilos., Camp. pat., Trachel.
coerul., Anchusa sempervir., Myosot. sylv., Lycium vulg., Digital. purp.,
Salv. prat. F+I+, Lavand. vera, Mentha piper., Thym. Serp., Stachys
Beton. F+I1+, Ball. nigra F+I+, Hotton. pal., Armer. elong., Colchic. aut.
Polyommatus alciphron Rott.—Rubus frutic., Prun. vulg.
P. dorilis Hujfn., 8 mm.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Viola tric. arv.
F+I+, Cerast. arv., Lythr. Sal. F+1I+, Valerian. olitor., Succ. prat.,
Chrysoc. Linosyr., Bellis per., Pulicar. dysent., Tanacet. vulg., Hierac. Pilos.,
H. umbellat., Jas. mont.
P. hippothoé L.—Polygal. vulg., Polygon. Bist.
P. phlaeas L.—Ranune. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., Dianth. delt., D. Carthus.,
Cerast. arv., Medic. sat. F+1I+, Trif. arv. F+1I-+, Potent. Anser., P. sylv.,
Eryng. marit., Angel. sylv., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Aster Tripol., Biotia
macroph., Achill, Millef., A. Ptarm., Matric. inod., Tanacet. vulg., Chrys.
Leuc., Senec. Fuchsii, S. Jacob., Cirs. arv., Centaur. Jac., C. nigra, Leont.
aut., Hypoch. rad., Hierac. umbellat., Jas. mont., Call. vulg., Erica cin.,
perce sylv., Mentha aquat., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Polygon. Fagop.,
alix rep.
P. virgaureae L., 8-9 mm.—Aneth. grav., Achill. Millef., Crep. tectorum,
Phyteuma orbic., Thym. Serp.
P. sp.—Rumex spec., Lil. bulbif.
Rhodocera rhamni L., 16-17 mm. (cf. No. 2637).—Hepat. tril., Glaucium
flav., G. cornicul., Cardam. prat., Raphan. Raph., Viola odor. F+I+,
V. sylv., V. can. F+I+, Dianth. delt., D. Carthus., Medic. sat. F+I+,
Vicia sat. F+1+, Lathyr. sylvest. F{I+, L. latif., Lythr. Sal. F+I+,
Dipsac. sylv., Knaut. arv., Scab. Dallaportae, Tussil. Farf., Silph. Asteriscus,
Cirs. arv., C. serrulat., Hypoch. rad., Tarax. off., Hierac. Pilos., H. umbell.
Pulmon. off., Echium vulg., Salv. sclareoid., Thym. Serp., Lam. purp.
F+I1+, Scutell. galeric. ? F+1+, Ajuga rept. F+I+, Prim. elat. F+I+,
P. veris F+I+, P. vulg. F+I4+, P. Auric. F+I+, Daphne Mez., Hyac.
orient.
Satyrus hypevanthus L. (=Epinephele hyperanthus L., cf. Nos. 2638 and 2651).
—Medic. sat. F+I+, Thym. Serp.
S. semele L. (cf. No. 2653).—Knaut. arv., Thym. Serp., Armer. elong.
2705. Spilothyrus alceae Esp.—Malva Alcea, Dauc. Car.
2706.
2707.
2708.
2709.
2710.
2711.
2712.
2713.
2714.
2715.
2716.
2717
2718
Syrichthus alveolus Hub, (=S. malvae L., cf. No. 2708).—Chrys. Leuc., Tarax.
off., Ajug. rept.
S. alveus Hbd., 9-13 mm.—Libanot. mont.
S. malvae L. (cf. No. 2706).—Dianth. Carthus., Trif. alp. F+I+, Lotus corn.
F+I+.
Thecla betulae L.—Heracl. Sphond., Anthrisc. sylv.
T. ilicis Esp.—Onobr. viciif., Rubus frutic., Solid..Virgaur., Inula hirta,
Anthem. tinctor., Thym. Serp.
T. pruni L.—Ligustr. vulg.
T. quercus L.—Libanot. mont., Eupator. cannabin.
T. rubi L., 8 mm.—Arab. aren., Cardam. prat., Medic. lupul., Sorbus Auc.,
Cirs. arv., Vacc. ulig., Androm. polif.
T. spini S.V.—Lotus corn. F+I+, Tanacet. corymb., Thym. Serp.
T. sp.—Crep. bienn.
Vanessa antiopa L.—Tussil. Farf.
. V. atalanta L., 13-14mm.—Sinap. arv., Astrant. maj., Eryng. marit.,
E. camp., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Aster Novae-Angl., Tanacet. vulg.,
Onopord. Acanth., Stachys grandifl.
. V. calbum L.—Succ. prat., Eupator. purpur., Oenanth. aquat., Nepeta
Mussini F+I+.
2719. V. cardui L., 13-15 mm.—Thlaspi rotundif., Viola odor., Lotus corn. F+I+4,
Lathyr. latif., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. rhen., Erica carn., Anchusa off.,
Ball. nigr. F+1I+.
640
2720.
2721.
2722.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
V. io L., 17 mm.—Nigella arv., Delphin. Ajac. F{I+, Glaucium flav.,
G. cornicul., Berter. incana, Sapon. off., Lathyr. sylv. F+1+, Prunus spin.,
Libanot. mont., Scab. atropurp., Eupator. cannabin., Tussil. Farf., Aster
Novae-Angl., A. salicifol., Chrysanth. seget., Cacalia hast., Senec. sarracen.,
Echinops sphaeroceph., Cirs. arv., Carduus acanthoid., Onopord. Acanth.,
Carlina acaulis, Serrat. tinct., Centaur. Jac., S. Scab., Tarax. off., Hierac.
hirsut., Ligustr. vulg., Ball. nigra F+1+, Plant. med., Salix rep., Lilium
bulbif., Hyac. orient.
V. prorsa L.—Rubus frutic.
V. urticae L., 14-15 mm.—Hepat. tril., Ranunc. Fic., Eranth. hiem. F+I+,
Matth. incana, Arab. alb., Cardam. prat., Hesper. matron., Erysim. Cheiran-
thoid., Sinap. arv., Lunar. ann. F+1+, Cak. marit., Viola odor. F+I+,
Dianth. Arm., D. barb., Medic. sat. F+I+, M. falc., Trif. prat. F+I+,
Lathyr. sylvest. F1+, Persica vulg., Sedum refl., Astrant. negl., Eryng.
marit., Centranth. ruber F+I+, C. angustifol., Knaut. arv., Scab. daucoid.,
Eupator. cannabin., Tussil. Farf., Aster Amellus var. Bessarab., A. chinens.,
Biotia Schreberi, Bellis per., Diplopapp. amygd., Bolton. glastifol., Cacal.
hast., Cirs. arv., C. lanceolat., C. pal., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. nigra,
C. Scab., C. rhen., C. caloceph., C. oriental., Leont. aut., L. hast., Hypoch.
rad., Tarax. off., Hierac. umbell., Lobel. Erin., Campan. rot., Jas. mont.,
J. perenn., Call. vulg., Erica cin., Syring. vulg., Lycops. arv., Echium vulg.,
Veron. Tournefortii var. polita, Mentha aquat., Monarda fistul. var. mollis,
Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp., Lam. purp. F{I+, Ballota nigra F+I-+,
Prim. vulg. F+1+, Polygon. Fagop., Daphne Mez., Salix cin., S. Capr.,
S. aurit., Leucoj. vern., Scilla sibir., Hyac. orient., Muscari racem.
V. sp.—Inula visc., Pulmon. longif. :
. Sphingidae.
Deilephila elpenor L.—Lonic. Pericl. F+1+, L. Caprifol. F+1+, Syring.
vulg., Melitt. Melissophyll. F+I+.
D. euphorbiae L., 25 mm.—Vicia sat., Melilot. Melissophyll. F+I+, Lilium
Martag. (?)
D. galii Rott.—Lotus corn. ? F+1I+, Phaseol. vulg. ? F+1+, Lonic. Periclym.
F+I+.
D. lineata F. (=sp. americ. sept.).—Oenoth. missour. F+I+.
D. porcellus L.—Melandr. alb., Lotus corn., Lonic. Caprifol. F+I+, Syring.
vulg. :
D. sp.—Lonic. Caprifol. F+I+.
Ino geryon Hubn.—Dianth. Carthus.
I. geryon Hubn. var. chrysocephala Nick.—Phyteuma orbic.
I. globulariae Hbn.—Geran. sanguin., Antheric. ramos.
I. pruni Schif?.—Viscar. vulg., Vicia angustif. F+I+.
I. statices L., 9 mm.—Viscar. vulg., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Agrost. Gith., Epil.
angust., Knaut. arv., Achill. Millef., Chrys. Leuc., Cirs. arv., Centaur.
rhen., Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Nepeta Mussini F+1+, Armer. elong.
Macroglossa bombyliformis O.—Salv. prat. F+1I+.
M. fuciformis L., 17-20 mm.—Cardam. prat., Coron. Fl.-cuc., Nepeta Glech.
(F+1I+), Ajug. rept. F+T+.
M. Stellatarum L., 25-28 mm.—Aconit. Nap., Viola calcar. F+1+, Dianth.
Carthus., D. barb., Sapon. off., Oenoth. bien. F+1+, Lonic. Periclym.
F+I+, Gal. verum, Centranth. ruber, F+I+, Onopord. Acanth., Gent.
bavar., G. vern., Erythr. Cent., Phlox panicul., Heliotr. peruv., Echium
vulg., Nicot. Tabac. F+1+, Linar. alp., Nepeta Glech. (F+1+), Galeops.
versic., Ball. nigra, F-+-1+, Prim. longifl, F+1+, Lil, Martag.
M. sp.—Lonic. alpigena.
Pterogon proserpina Pal/.—Sil. nut.
Sesia asiliformis Rott.—Medic. falc., Senec. Jacob., Ligustr. vulg.
S. empiformis Esp.—Lotus corn. F+1+, Thym. Serp.
S. tipuliformis Clerck.—Lepid. sat., Tanacet. Parthen., Thym. Serp., T. vulg.
Smerinthus ocellatus L.—Lonic. Pericl. F+1+.
S. tiliae L.—Lonic. Caprifol. F+I+.
Sphinx convolvuli L., 65-80 mm.—Sapon. off., Lonic. Periclym. F+I+,
L. Caprifol. F+I+, Conv. sep. F+I1+, Melitt. Melissophyll. F+I+,
Mirabilis Jalappa.
LEPIDOPTERA 641
2746. S. ligustri L., 37-42 mm.—Sapon. off., Lonic. Periclym, F+1+, L. Caprifol,
2747
F+I+, Syring. vulg.
. S. Nerit L, (=Deilephila nerii L.).—Nerium odor.
2748. S. pinastri L., 28-33 mm.—Lonic. Caprifol., Haben. bif. F+1+. :
2749. Zygaena achilleae Esp., 10-11 mm.—Knaut., arv., Anthem. tinct., Cirs, pal.,
Antheric. ramos., Allium rot.
2750. Z. carniolica Scop.—Dianth. Carthus., Medic. Falc., Onobr. viciif., Knaut. arv.,
Cirs. arv., Carduus crisp., C. acanthoid., Centaur. Jac., C. Scab., Erythr,
Cent., Veron. spic.
2751. Z. exulans Hchw. et Rein. 10-11 mm.—Potent. aurea, Cirs. spinosiss., Carduus
deflorat., Achyroph. unifl., Phyteuma urbic., Pedicul. tuber.
2752. Z. filipendulae L., 11 mm.—Cak. marit., Sil. Otit., Genista angl. F{I+, Trif.
prat. F+I+, T. rub., Anthyll. Vuln. Fi1+, Lotus corn. FiI+, L. uligin.
F+4I+, Epil. angust., Knaut. arv., Succ. prat., Achill. Millef., Cirs. arv.,
ines crisp., Leont. aut., Campan. rot., Jas. mont., Eric. Tetr., Armer.
elong.
2753. Z. lonicerae Esp., 12 mm.—Dianth. Carthus., Trif. rub., Gal. verum, Knaut.
arv., Carduus nut., Centaur. Jac., Crep. bienn., Jas. mont., Echium. vulg.,
Stachys Beton. F+1I+, Antheric. ramos, Colchic, aut.
2754. Z. meliloti Esp.—Vicia Cracca F+1+, Peuced. Oreosel., Centaur. Jac.,
Melamp. nemor., Stachys Beton. F+I+, Colchic. aut.
2755. Z. minos S.V. (=Z. pilosellae Esp., ci. No. 2757).—Dianth. atrorub., Knaut.
arv., Cirs. arv., C. pal., Carduus crisp.
2756. Z. onobrychis S.V.—Inula salicina.
2757. Z. pilosellae Esp., g-1omm. (cf. No. 2755).—Dianth. Carthus., Ulmar.
pentap., Pimpin. Saxifr., Knaut. arv., Echium vulg.
2758. Z. trifolii Esp.—Dianth. Carthus., Lotus uligin. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Succ.
prat., Chrys. Leuc.
2759. Z. sp.—tTrif. prat. (F+1I+), Lotus corn. F+I+, Knaut. arv., Tanacet.
corymb., Jas. mont., Origan. vulg., Thym. Serp.
G. Tineidae.
2760.
2761.
2762.
2763.
2764.
2765.
2766.
2767.
2768.
2769.
2770.
2771.
2772.
2773.
2774.
2775.
2776.
2777.
2778.
2779.
2780.
2781.
2782.
2783.
2784,
2785.
2786.
2787.
2788
Adela croessella Scop.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
. cuprella Thnb.—Alliar. off., Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
. fibulella F.—Veron. Cham.
. rufifrontella Fr.—Valerian. olit.
. rufimitrella Scop.—Alliar. off.
. tombacinella H.-Sch. (=A. violella Ty., cf. No. 2766).—Achill. Millef.
. violella Tr. (ci. No. 2765).—Caps. Bursa-past., Bellis per.
sp.—Arab. sagitt., Carum Car., Knaut. arv., Lycopsis europ., Salix cin.,
S. Capr., S. aurit.
Asychna modestella Dup.—Stell. Holost.
Butalis aeneospersella Rss/y.—Lotus corn.
B. laminella H.-Sch.—Chrys. Leuc.
Chauliodus iniquellus Wek.—Peuced. Oreosel.
Choreutis myllerana F., 3 mm.-— Achill. Millef., Matricar. inod., Senec. Jacob,
Coleophora lixella Zel/.—Thym. Serp.
C. ornatipenella Hbn.—Salv. off. FLI+.
Depressaria incarnatella Ze//.—Cirs. acaule.
Elachista sp.—Asperula odor.
Ergatis heliacella H.-Sch.—Dryas octopet.
Gelechia distinctella Ze/l1—Thym. Serp.
G. ericetella Hbn.—Call. vulg.
Glyphipteryx equitella Scop.—Sedum acre.
Hyponomeuta sp.—Heracl. Sphond.
Lypusa maurella (S.V.) F.—Pulsat. alp.
Mesophleps silacellus Hbn.—Origan. vulg. ;
Micropteryx calthella L.—Ranunce. acris, R. rep., R. bulb., R. auric.
M. spec.—Plant. med.
Mimaeseoptilus pterodactylus L.—Mentha aquat.
Nemotois cupriacellus Hbn.—Succ. prat.
. N, dumeriliellus Dup.—Anthem. tinct.
Ppp >>>
2789. N. minimellus Zel/.—Succ. prat., Scab. Columb.
2790. N. scabiosellus Scop. (=N. metallicus Poda).—Knaut. arv., Heracl. Sphond.
DAVIS. Il T t
642
2791.
2792.
2793.
2794,
2795.
2796,
2797.
2798.
2799.
2800.
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
N. sp.—Daucus Car.
Pleurota bicostella Clerck.—Call. vulg.
P. schlaegeriella Ze//.—Achill. Millef., A. Ptarm.
Plutella cruciferarum Zel/.—Senec. Jacob., Mentha aquat.
P. xylostella L.—Pulic. dysent.
Porrectavia sp.—Medic. lupul. F+-I+. ;
Simaethis fabviciana Steph. (=S. oxyacanthella L., cf. No. 2798).—Toril.
Anthrisc., Pulicar. dysent., Achill. Millef., Matric. inod., Senec. Jacob., ,
Leont. aut.
S. oxyacanthella L. (cf. No. 2797).—Rubus frutic.
Tinagma dryadis Sigy.—Dryas octopet.
Pronuba yaccasella Riley.
H. Tortricidae.
2801.
2802.
2803.
2804.
2805.
2806.
2807.
2808.
2809.
2810.
2811.
2812.
2813.
2814.
2815.
2816.
2817.
2818.
2819.
2820.
2821.
2822.
2823.
Cochylis dipoltella Hbn.—Artemis camp.
Dichrorampha plumbagana Tr.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
Doloploca punctulana S.V.—Ligustr. vulg.
Grapholitha albersana Hbn.—Lonic. Xylost. ? F+I+.
. asseclana Hbn.—Cytis. sagitt.
. aurana F, var. aurantiana Kollar.—Heracl. Sphond.
. caecana Schldg.—Onobr. viciif.
. compositella F.—Anthrisc. sylv.
. fuchsiana Rssiv.—Cytis. sagitt.
hepaticana Tvy.—Senec. nemor., S. Jacob.
hohenwarthiana Try.—Centaur. Jac.
lacteana Ty.—Artemis. Camp.
mendiculana Tv.—Call. vulg.
microgammana Guen.—Ononis spin. F+I+.
. pupillana Clerck.—Artemis. Absinth.
scopariana H.-Sch.—Genista tinct. F+I+.
succedana Fr6/.—Cytis. sagitt.
. trigeminana Steph.—Senec. Jacob.
Phoxopteryx myrtillana Ty.—Vacc. ulig.
P. unguicella L.—Call. vulg.
Teras aspersana Hbn.—Call. vulg.
Tortrix inopiana Haw.—Eupator. cannabin.
T. sp.—Medic. lupul., Hedera Helix, Leont. aut., Mentha aquat.
AHELEHLAOOHHONO
VI. HEMIPTERA
I. HETEROPTERA
2824. Genus et sp. >—Marrub. vulg. F+I+.
2825. Siphonophora artemisiae Koch.—Medic. lupul.
A. Capsidae.
2826. Calocoris bipunctatus F. (cf. No. 2829).—Bidens tripart., Helianth. ann.,
2827.
2828.
2829.
2830.
2831.
2832.
2833.
2834.
2835.
2836.
2837.
2838.
2839.
Achill. Millef., Matricar. inod., Senec. Jacob., Centaur. nigra, Leont. aut.
C. chenopodii Fa//.—Epil. angust., Anthem. tinct.
C. fulvomaculatus Deg.—Angel. sylv., Achill. Millef., Matricar. inod., Centaur.
nigra, Leont. aut.
C. norvegicus Gmel. (=C. bipunctatus F., cf. No. 2826).—Anthrisc. sylv.,
Tanacet. vulg.
C. roseomaculatus Deg.—Knaut. arv., Chrysanth. seget., C. Leucanth.
C. seticornis F.—Sherard. arv.
C. sp.—Achill. filipend.
Capsus sp. (cf. No. 2834).—Lythr. Salicar. (F+1+), Carum Car., Tanacet.
corymbos., Senec. Jacob., Onopord. Acanth., Centaur. Scab.
Deraeoceris sp. ( =Calocoris sp., cf. No. 2833).—Caltha pal.
Lygus (Orthops) kalmii L.—Astrant. maj.
L. pabulinus £.—Helianth. ann., Chrysanth. seget.
L. pratensis F.—Chrysanth. seget., Statice Lim.
Miris levigatus L.—Leont. aut.
M. sp.—Crithmum marit.
HEMIPTERA 643
2840. Phytocoris ulmi L.—Tanacet. corymbos.
2841. Systellonotus triguttatus L.—Anthrisc. sylv.
B. Cimidae.
2842. Anthocoris sylvestr. L.—Salix rep.
2843. A. sp.—Anem. nemor., Pimpin. Saxifr., Sium latifol., Angel. sylv., Achill.
Millef., Senec. Jacob., Carduus acanthoid., Centaur. nigra, Stach. pal.,
Salix cin., S. Capr., S. aurit.
2844, Thriphleps minuta L.—Salix rep.
C. Coreidae.
2845. Corizus parumpunctatus Schill.—Achill. filipend.
D. Hydrometridae.
2846. Mesovelia furcata Muls. et Rey. (larva).—Trapa natans ? F+I+.
E. Lygaeidae.
2847, Aphanus vulgaris Schil/.—Pulsat. vulg., Potent. Anser.
2848. Lygaeus equestris L.—Adon. vernal., Onopord. Acanth.
2849. Pyrrhocoris apterus L., 4mm.—Malva sylv., M. rotundif., Senec. vulg.,
S. nebrodens, Tarax. off., Lam. purp. F+I+.
F. Pentatomidae.
2850. Aelia acuminata L.—Inula thapsoid.
2851. Carpocoris baccarum L.—Helianth. ann.
2852. C. nigricornis F.—Centaur. aren., Libanot. mont.
2853. Corimelaena scarabaeoides L.—Salix rep.
2854. Eurydema festivum L.—Libanot. mont.
2855. E. oleraceum L. (cf. No. 2864).—Arab. aren., Valer. olit., Libanot. mont.
2856. E. ornatum L.—Sinap. arv.
2857. Eurygaster hottentotta H.-Sch.—Libanot. mont.
2858. E. maura L.—lInula britann.
2859. Gnathoconus albomarginatus Goez.—Salix rep.
2860. Graphosoma lineatum L. (cf. No. 2861).—Conium mac., Aegopod. Podagr.,
Siler Trilob., Libanot. mont.
2861. G. nigrolineatum F. (=G. lineatum L., cf. No. 2860).—Daucus Car., Caucalis
daucoid.
2862. Palomena prasina L.—Libanot. mont.
2863. Pentatoma sp.—Valerian. off.
2864. Strachia oleracea L. (=Eurydema oleraceum L., cf. No. 2855).—Leont. hast.
2865. Tropicoris rufipes L.—Libanot. mont.
G. Reduviidae.
2866. Nabis sp.—Siler trilobum.
2. HOMOPTERA.
A. Cercopidae.
2867. Acocephalus sp.—Senec. Jacob., Leont. aut.
B. Aphidae.
2868. Aphis sp.—Medic. lupul.
VII. NEUROPTERA
A. Planipennia. :
2869. Chrysopa abbreviata Curt.—Conium maculat.
2870. Hemerobius sp.—Anthrisc. sylv., Daucus Car. ro ; ;
2871. Panorpa communis L.—Rhus typh., Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif., Conium
maculat., Aegopod. Podagr., Pimpin. Saxifr., Angel. sylv., Heracl. Sphondyl.,
Anthrisc. sylv., Eupator. cannabin., Solidago canad., Tanacet. vulg., Asclep.
syr., Verbasc. nigr., Mentha aquat. ;
2872. Sialis lutaria L.—Anthrisc. silv., Carum Carvi.
B. Trichoptera.
2873. Phryganea sp.—Nuph, lut.
644 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS
VITI. ORTHOPTERA
1, PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA
A. Odonata.
2874. Agrion minium Harr.—Pyrus Malus, Veron. Cham.
2875. A. sp.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
B. Perlidae.
2876. Perla sp.—Caltha palustris L.
C. Psocidae.
2877. Psocus sp.—Batrachium aquat.
2. ORTHOPTERA GENUINA
A. Blattidae.
2878. Ectobia lapponica L.—Spir. sorbif., S. salicif., S. ulmif.
B. Forficulidae.
2879. Forficula auricularia N.—Anem. japon., Actaea Spic., Papaver Rhoeas,
Brass. nig., Tropaeol. majus (F +1+), Hedera Helix, Helianth. ann., Achill.
Millef., Cirs. lanceolat., Camp. persicif., Conv. sep.
2880. F. decipiens Gene.—Arum Ansar.
2881. F. sp.—Helichrys bracteat.
C. Thripidae.
2882. Thrips sp.—Pulsat. vulg., Anem. nemor., Adonis vern., Ranunc. acris, R. rep.,
R. bulb., R. auric., R. Fic., Glaucium flav., Brass. oler., Caps. Bursa-past.,
Res. odor., Sil. acaul., Stell. Holost., S. med., Malach. aquat., Cerast. arv.,
C. triv., Oxal. Acetos., Ulex europ., Medic. lupul., Lathyr. tuber. F+I+,
Fragar. vesca, Pyrus comm., Cotyledon Umbilicus, Lythr. Salicar. (F +1+).
Chrysosplen. oppositif., Adox. mosch., Succ. prat., Tussil. Farf., Pulicar.
dysent., Antenn. margarit., Tarax. off., Campan. rot., C. persicif., Wahlen-
bergia hed., Arctostaph. Uva ursi, Call. vulg., Erica Tetr., Vinca min., Conv.
arv., C. sep., Cynogloss. off., Atropa Bell., Verbasc. nigr., Digit. purp.,
Veron. hederif., Melamp. nemor., Lavand. vera, Mentha aquat., Lycop.
europ., Melissa off. (F+I+), Prim. vulg., Narc. Pseudo-Nare. F+I+,
Brodiaea ixioid.
D. Thysanura,
2883. Lepidocyrtus sp.—Chrysosplen. oppositifol.
IX. GASTROPODA
(G=Gastropod)
A. Helicidae.
2884. Helix aspersa Muil.—Rhodea jap. F+G+.
2885. H. hortensis (L.) Mw#d/.—Calla pal. ?>F+G+.
2886. H. vermiculata Mill.—Rhodea jap. F+G+.
B. Limacidae.
2887. Limax levis Mull. (=L. brunneus Drap.).—Chrysanthem. Leucanth.
C. Succinidae.
2888. Succinea spec.—Chrysosplen. alternif. F+G+.
Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press by HORACE Hart, M.A.
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