The life of Ramanujacharya : the exponent of the Visishtadvaita philosophy

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THE

LIFE OF

RAMANUJACHARYA

THE EXPONENT OP THE

VISISHTADVAITA PHILOSOPHY

BY

A A A

Alkondaville Govlndacharya

AUTHOR OF

Bhaguvadgita with Bdmdnuja's Ceminentaries, The Lives

of the Drdvida Saints, The Devine Wisdom of the

Brdvida Saints, The Vidanta and the

Panchama Question, ^-?., ^c, ^■c.

/IDa&ras :

S. jMUHTHY & CO.,

305, TUUMBU CKETTY STREET.

1906.

{Copyright Eegistered.^

^4cAj:

MADRAS :

PR9SIED AT THE KAPALEE PRESS,

305, THUMBi; CHKTTY STREET.

PI ^6

X

INSCEIBED
(by pebmissiok)

TO

Mis Highness, Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar Bahadur

MAHARAJA OF MYSORE

BEING

A DEVOUT DISCIPLE

OF

SRI RAMANUJACHARYA

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

ITHACA, N.Y. 14853

South Asia Collection
KROCH UBRARY

THE

LIFE OF RAMANUJA

AND OTHERS.

INTBODUCTOBY.

After the Azhvars come the Acharyas. The former we
have called " Saints," and the latter we shall designate as the
" Sages." Both Saints and Sages possess the two-fold
characteristics of " Knowledge " and " Love " i.e., Knowledge
of God and Love to God. Whereas the Saints are pre-emi-
nently of the order of Lovers of God, the Sages are of the
order of Knowers of God. Both Saints and Sages are Servants
of God.

We have written the Holy Lives of the Saints already.
And now by God's grace, we write the Holy Lives of the
Sages. These are headed by the Blessed 2^athamani(ga]),
(ranking as the Eighteenth in the Hierarchic 2'able attached to
oar Lives of the Azhvara). The substance of the present work
is the Life of Ramanuja.

TUB lilFE OF UAMANUJA. CU. I.

CHAPTP]R I.

NATHAMUNI.

A long time elapsed between tlie Azhvars (Saints) and the
AchS,ryas (Sages). At tlie date 916 A.D. or when the Sage
Yamunacharya was born, Nathamuni, his grandfather, was
alive. We have in record, thai Isvara-bhatt-Azhvar was the
father of Natha-muni ; and Isvara-muni was his (Natha-
muni's) son. All the three together lived in Viranarayana-
puraui' where exists the Holy Shrine of Mannar KOil ; the
Sesident Deity, there manifest, being Mannanar ( = Lord
Krishna or Raja-Gopala).

God so manifest was their household Deity. One day, the
father, son (Nathamuni) and grandson went to the Shrine, and
submissively petitioned of Mannanar to permit them to under-
take a pilgrimage to the North of India, where they were
anxious to visit all those Holy Shrines to Himself, or at which
He bad incarnated* in various forms, in order to accomplish
the threefold object of saving the good, punishing the wicked,

' This place is about 15 miles go any change in His essence or

from Chidambaram (Chitrakutam substauoo. KS.manuja has ex-

aud where the famous tank Viraiiam plained this in his preface to Gita

(abbr : for Vira-n3,rayanapuraiji} is ''''••'^ = — " He, being the vast Ocean

Bitnate. Sri-ranga-Nathamuni is °.^ '"^""° Mercy and Condescen-

^, , ,, • . .r e ^'°"' ^°™ ^"°- J^ointyi willed to

the fall name of the Sage. assume (material) forms similar to

3 Much has been written on the those of His creatures, icithout

subject of Divine Incarnations in "fcoidomtiij His own essential divine

the works (l)' Tathia-traya and Ra- (immaterial) nature [Pp : 8-9.]

tiorwXe of Image Worship by Partha- 'fbe same that we say of our Lords

sarathi, Yogi^ (2) Our Bhagavadgita, Matsya, Krishna, &c., the Christians

(3) Lives oj Azkvdrs, and (4) Divine say of Lord Jesus Christ. " We can

MisdomofDr&tida «««««. We again no more" sav they, "gaze upon

call the attention of our readers His ineffable 'brightness than we

to verse If. Lee, IX ot oi.r Gita; can look upon the noon-day sun

and Tishnn-Pnrana verso ^IRnWTg^ Then God in His boundless Mercv

&c. [v. J. 51, and v. 9. 23 to 25] shaded his brightness in the clouds

and state further that by " Incarn- of hiimam nature — veiled H is face

ation " we do not mean that God so that through the veil of human

who is everywhere and eternal, flesh, human deeds and human

changes His place, nor at one mo- words, we might look upon God and

ment He is in Heaven, and at ano- live." {_Epiphauy. P. 6, Jan : 10th

ther on Earth ; nor does He under- 1903].

CH. I. NATHAMUNI. '3

and establishing virtue in the land {vide Bbagavad-G ita. IV-8),
— such Shi-Ines as Mathiir.i, Gokala, Brindavaiia, the Holy
banks of Yamuna (Jumna), Gfjvardhana, Dvai-aka, Ayodhya,
Salagrama, EadarikaSrama, NaimiSaranya, Nrisimlia-giri and
otliers.

Lord IMannanar. deigned. to give them permission tti do 1=0.
They started forthwitji with their families, and in the course
of. their holy peregrinations, they came upon a place called
G-yvardhana-pura, situate on the banks of Holy Yamuna, and
there paid their homage to Lord. Krishna, known to the Dravi-
dians as Yaniunai-t-tarai'Dan [yido Tiruppdvai hy St. And-Xl v.
.5]. The Lord and all the surroundings were so fascinating as
to induce them to decide to spend the rest of their days here.
Time agreeably sped thus. But on a certain night. Sage ICatha-
.muni had a dream in which Lord Manuanar appeared and
commanded his devotee to return to Vlra-NA.rayanam.

The Sage was vividly impressed by this experience, and
resolved to return to his Native Land. He accordingly sub-
mitted his desire to Yamunai-t-turaivan, who gladly accorded
his sanction and honored the sage with the Holy fh-tha and
prasiida.

Bidding adieu to 'the place, they bent their steps to the
Paroshottama-Kshetra, where Lord Jagannatha is resident.
After paying reveren;e to the Lord here, thej- next went on to
Simh-adri or Ahobilam where Lord Nrisimha slteddeth liis
saving radiance around , and thence they pursued their journey,
till they arrived at the Sacred Hill of Tirupati, celebrated as
the abode of Lord Sriuivasa,— the abode on this earth which He
i.s said to have particularly chosen as His centre for the salva-
tion of mankind, after having alighted tliereon from His celes-
tial abode Sri Vaikuntha, or what is called Paramapada,
Param-S,kasa, &o. This locality again was so prepossessing
that it bid Nathamuni to dwell there permanently ; but
Mannanar's commands, imperiously required his return liome.
The Sage could not resist this ; and so left the Holy Tirupati,

THE LIFE OF RAMANUJA. CH. I.

and en mite visited, among others, the holy spots known as
Ghatikachala (of Lord Nrisimha), Hastigiri (or Kanchi of
Lord Varada-K-aja), Tiruvahindra-pura ( — near modern Cudda-
lore — of Lord Deva-Nayaka), Tii-ukkovalilr (of Lord Trivik-
rama), Srlrangam (of Loi'd Ranganatha), Tirukkudandai
( — or Kumhhakonam — of Lord Ara-v-amudu or Sarungapani) ;
and finally returned to his native place Vlra-Xarayanapuram.
Here the sage received an ovation from the holy inhabitants,
and was conducted in procession to Mannanar. The Lord was
highly pleased and made His -wishes known to the assembled
community that thenceforward, they must look upon the Sage
as His specially blessed devotee, provide him with suitable
lodgings, and all other necessaries of life ; and take such other
care of him as his favourite deserved. All this they gladly
did. And Nathamuni(gal) made a flower-garden fortbe Lord,
and employed himself in its care, serving the Lord with the
offerings of garlands, scents, lights ; and in suchwise use-
fully spent his time in the company of wise and holy men, in
the cultivation of Divine Knowledge and its pi-opagation.

One day, there came a party of Sri-vaishnavas from the
uplands (or the table-lands to the north of Trichinopoly), to
visit Mannanar, and they were heard to sing the sacred Hymn,
" Ara-v-amudu" or the Decad : V-8 of St. Xammazhvar's
Tirnv&y-Mozhi, and ending with the 11th verse of the same, in
which it is said : " This Ten out of the Thousand, sung by Kuru-
gitr Saihagopar.'^ Nathamuni, hearing this, begged of the
visitor to repeat the " One Tlwusand." But they said' they
only knew this fragment of Ten and no more. On being again
asked whether any one else knew the same, or whether there
were written records preserved of the same, they confessed
that they knew nothing whatever of it. The sage dismissed
them with the usual holy Tirtha and Prasdda from Mannanar.

Natha was anxious to trace out the rest of the Prabandha
(the Dravida Hymns of the Saints are so called) ; and surmised
that they might in all likelihood prove recoverable in the
Kurugn Land (=Azhvar Tirnnagari near Tinnevelly). He

en. 1. NATHAMUNI.

travelled south to this place, and paid due honors to St. Nam-
raazhvaf, and Lord Polindu-ninra-Piran (or Adinafcha) and set
about inquiring for the missing Prabandlia. He met Paran-
kuSa Dasar, a disciple of Madhurakavi(gal)' ; and asked him
for information. He said : — ' Sire ! Not only the Tiruvay-
Mozhi of St. Namm5,zhvar bat the Prabandhas as well of the
other Azhvars have almost been forgotten, as a very long time
has elapsed since the daj-s of their composition. My
Acharya, St. Madhurakavi(gal), has left this message that
whosoever will concentrate his mind, fixing himself in a Toga-
posture before St. Nammazhvar's (Holy Image) and repeat
the ten-versed Hymn, the Kanninun-Sirutlambu, twelve
thousand times, all the time devoutly dwelling on the Holy
feet of the Saint, will place himself en rapport with the Saint,
who will then bless the devotee with the vision of himself.

Nathamuni was rejoiced to hear this. He fell at the feet
of ParankuSa-Dasar and implored him to teach the (Mantra-like)
Kanninun-Siruttambu. Dasar finding Nathamuni a fit soul for
the communication, taught him this Decad ; and Nathamuni
with due preparation and in all austerity, sat down in medita-
tion for the term required, and duly invoked Nammazhvar by
the twelve thousand-times-repeated Mantra, as enjoined.

Entitled as he was to an exti-aordinary revelation, by the
qualifications he possessed of a true- disciple, viz. -. '■ Faith,
virtue, devotion to God, serenity, AvLsdom and courage' ", Sri,
the Universal Lady of Mercy, commanded St. NammS.zhar
to appear to Nathamuni. As if a voice came from Heaven,
the holy Image of the Saint opened iis mouth and asked
Nathamuni the object of his invocation. Nathamuni submitted
to him his prayer : to recover the lost knowledge of the Pra-
bandha. Thereon the Saint was pleased to dictate to him — i.e.,
present to his spiritually opened sight, like the sight Lord

^ See his life in onr Holy Lives of the Azhvars.

" anrem *r45rff5ra ^ffera^^'ii^w^- ' I'^fl'sg^f tow^ f^srwffqt ii

[PancharWra]

THE LIFE OP RAMAN UJA. CH. I.

Krishna gave to Arjana' — the Holy Tiravay-Mozhi of 1000
verses, a.s well as tlieSOOO versos of Hymns suug by the otlier
fsaints who appeared before and after Sfc. NammazhvS,r ; and
in addition taught liim the holy Doctrine of the Three
Rahasy^s [Vide P. xxi-xxii of Intro : to Lives of Azhvars],
as well as the secrets of Yoga (or tlie physio-phycliologioal
way of approaching God.)"

N"fithanmni(ga1) felt himself blessed; and x-emained in
Tirnnagari absorbed in the services of Azhvar and Adiaathq,.
But lord Mannanar again appeared to him in a dream, which
was to the effect that what Nathamnni(gal) learnt should be
rehearsed before him. He comniunicated the dream to Lord
Adin3.tha and Azhvar, whereupon he was permitted to return to
his native place and was further enjoined to spread the instruc-
tion lie had received, among such Srivaishnavas as were fitted
by their spiritual character, viz., virtues such as savid and
dama (or conquest of the senses and the mind).

N'athamuni(gal) bent his ste})S homewards and on the way
visited many Holy Shrines and learnt much of the traditional
lore connected, with them, and finally reached Viranarayana-
puram. Here he went to Lord Mannanar and as commanded
in the dream duly recited all the Prabandhas, he had now
received, beforp Him.

The Lord after thus giving audience to N&tha thought to
Him.self thus: — "That the souls may liave life, We provided
them with bodies and senses ; We gave them Sastras to guide
them in the right direction ; We ourselves often took upon Us
flesh (incarnations) ; and yet Oui* work (of wholesale salvation)
remains incomplete. The Prabandhas of the Azhv§,rs are a
valuable means by which to efEect this regeneration. They

i^[Bh : Gita. Xl]^ Cp : Bh:Gi: IV-1 to 3. Also

i^^^ilPr rf ^%- ^^ WlHK'iiK. ^^das are often lost, recovered, or
Divine knowledge is thus often revealed again and again : —
lost and often recovered. g^F^ff^li^lsCR^RreraH, 'ItljT: II

' See note on Yoga further on.

CH. I. NATHAMUNI.

therefore ought never again to be allowed to fall out of use.
So thinking, He commanded N'athamuni(ga]) to set them to
music and in this manner disseminate Holy Knowledge.

In obedience to this command, Nathamuni(gal) set the
Holy Pi-abandhas to ransic— celestial music, it is written —
with the help of his nephews Kizhai-akatt-Azhvan and Melai-
akatt-Azhvan ; and the Prabandhas being now like the Vfidas,
associated with the three-fold intonation of Uddtta, AniuhUta
and Svarita, spread from that time onwards far and wide in
the land.

King Chola is said to have ruled in those days in a place
called Gangai-konda-chozha-puram, when two courtesans came
to him. One could sing according to the mode called deva-gdna
(celestial mode) ; the other according to the mode called manu-
shya-gdna (human mode). Each thought she excelled the
other ; and the object of their aj)proaohing the king was to
have the dispute settled between them as to who actually was
the better. The king ordered a council to meet, before which
the singers were made to perform their parts. The dispute
was decided in favour of the mamishya-gdiia ; and rich presents
were bestowed on that performer, while the other was con-
sidered to have failed.

The lady of the deva-gdna thought thus : — " My method
of singing, these manlings cannot appreciate ; and I shall con-
secrate the same therefore to the ddvds (celestial beings)."
So she went from one Holy Shrine to another, everywhere dis-
playing her art to the Deity therein manifest. She in due
course reached Vira-narayanapuram and as was customary
with her she went to the Shrine of Mannanar and there sang
her song in the audience of our sage Natbamuni(gal). He
heard and understood her mode ; and mightily pleased, vouch-
safed to her as a mark of his appreciation, the tirtlia andprasdda
of Lord Mannanar. She now purposely retraced her steps to
king Chola and spoke thus : — " There is one soul, at least, O ,
King, who can understand the beauties of my deva-gdna. He

8 THE LIFE OP EAMANUJA. CH. I.

is by name Nafchamniii(ga]), the blessed votary of Lord Man-
nanar at Vira-narayanapuram."

The king's curiosity was roused. He sent messengers to
Nathamuni(gal), begging him to deign to visit his court. He
on his side, on receiving the invitation, thought thus : — " We
have set the Blest Prabandhas to exquisite music. Let us visit
the king's court, and take this opportunity of making these
known to the world." Thus he directed his steps to the king's
court. On his arrival, the king rose and welcoming the Sage
with every mark of honor, offered him a suitable seat. Whereon
the Sage blessed the king, and inquired as to his object in
inviting him. The king said : — " Holy Sage ! canst thou
distinguish between the deva-gdna and the m,anushya-gdn,a of
these minstrels ?" The Sage then requested that the perform-
ance be given before him. When this was done, he addressed
the king thus : — '• Ye men have ears for the inanushya-gdna
only. Only the Devas can understand the other." " But ", the
king respectfully asked, "how, Sire, can we be made to
hear it ?" Thereon the Sage directed that the 400 kinds of tdla
(rhythm) be marked, and explained to the king the rate of
each. The king understood from this explanation the regular
harmonical progression and symphony which this method lent
to the deva-gdna music, which produced in him a bliss never
before experienced. It is also related that a pair of cymbals was
placed near a consecrated post, and the ddva-gdna was sung,
when it was found that the post began to melt. They stopped
the music, and when they attempted to lift the cymbals, they
stuck to the post ; and when they began the music and lifted
them, they came off. The king went into raptures over this, and
falling at the feet of the Sage propcsed to reward him abund-
antly. But the Sage, to whom even the offer of Lordship over
Worlds was no temptation, politely declined the presents
offered ; and blessing the king, returned to Vira-narayana-
puram.

Eight • disciples had oiir Sage : — (1) Uyyokkondar,
(2) Kurukai-k-kaval-appan, (3) Nambi Karunakara Dasar,
(4)Ern-tiini-vudaiyar, (5)Tiru-k-kanna-maiigai-andau,(6)V5,na-
piamalai Devi-y-andan, (7) Urup-pattur-Acchan-pillai, and

CH. I. NATHAMUKI.

(8) Sokattur-Azhvan. They were disciples of the description
given in Jaya-Samhita (of Paiicharatra) : —

" He indeed is a true disciple
Who owns, sole for the Guru's sake,
All riches — all wisdom —
All works — his body itself !"

Such deserving disciples then, Nathamuni(ga]) initiated
into all the Holy Mysteries of Religion, taught them theDivya-
Prabandhas, and left a legacy of works, like the Pnrusha-
nirnaya, and Nyaya-tatva treating of Sublime Truths of Reli-
gion, beginning with Grod, the Lord of the Kosmos ; and also a
work on Ydga (or the art of communian with God), called the
Ydga-rahasya. He himself retired from active habits of life and
became immersed in the contemplation of the Blessed Deity
fixing His resplendent Form ever before his mental gaze.

This samddhi stsite of the Sage came to be known to the
outside world and finally reached the ears of king Ohftla. To
see the wonderful Sage and pay homage to Lord Mannanar as
well, he left his capital and, accompanied by his consorts,
reached Vira-Narayana-puram. There he saw Nathamuni(ga])
absorbed in Y6ga (meditation) and, lost in respect and wonder
at this unusual sight, was quietly retracing his steps. Bui the
sage took them for Loi-d Krishna and His Holy Consorts ;
that they had been pleased to visit him. Thus fancying in his
delirium of Y6ga, he ran after them. Uyyakkondar and others,
his disciples, observing this divine hallucination, pursued the
Sage and meeting him at Gangai-konda-Chozhapuram besought
an explanation from him as to the apparently insane nature of
his conduct. He told them that in his eyes, they appeared as
Lord Krishna and His Consorts and this vision threw him intb
a frenzy of love. The disciples reminded him that sei-vice to
God and the Godly were the highest aim, and that when this
demanded waking life on his part, he was not to allow himself
to be ecstasized in this manner to the prejudice of such service.
He came to himself and returned to his -Divine Service at Lord

Manhanar's.

2

10

THE LIFE OP 11Am5kUJA.

CU. I.

Matters went on thus for a certain length of time, and the
Sage became more and more absorbed in liis illumination.
On a certain day he called in his disciple Kurugai-k-kaval
Appan, and commanded him to learn the Eight -limbed Yoga^,
and taught him the same.

The Sage now called his other intimate disciple Uyyak-
kondar and asked him also to practice the Yoga metliod. But
he humbly answered the Sage : — " Holy Sii-e, while I still
carry the corpse with me, how is marriage possible ?° It will
be time for me to consider the matter when I am about to give
up my body." " Then ", said the Sage, " employ thyself in the
dissemination of the Sastras and the Prabandhas."

' This Yfiga is not on the lines of
the Ydgii iis taught by Fatanjali,
iuasiuuch as tlie latter is repudi-
ated as uii-Vedic in the Brahma
Sutra :—" Etetia Yogah pratyiilctak "

[II-l. 3], and inasmuch aj it
pustulates God as but the instru,-
7ncntal cause of the Universe, thus
detracting from the omnipotence
of the God-head ; and at the same
time looking upon God as but the
Means of procuring Kaivalya, or re-
alization of one's own soul, not as
the Evd itself to be aspired after.
The True Eight-limbed Y6ga of the
God-aspirant (bhnkta) is described
iiiPp: 119-120 of the Ist Volume
of the Bhagavad Tishaya, Telugu
Edition, 1871, Madras ; but vre
can subjoin here only an abstract of
the same : The Eight are (1) Tama,

(2) uiyaiiia, (3) (iaana, (4) prancU
yaina, (5) pralydlidra, (6) dlmrana,
(7) dliydna, (8) samddhi. The lower
four are external processes, the
upper three are internal; (I) and
(i) are as described in the Vishnu-
purana VI, 7 = Celibaoy or conti-
nence ! Harmlessness ; Truthful-
ness ; Non-covetousness ; Non-ac-
ceptance of gifts ; Scripture-read-
ing; Purity (outer and inner) ; Con-
tentment ; Austerities (such as
fasts) ; Inclining the inind to God.

(3) is Postures (Asaiui) described

as Padvidsana &c., which help to
produce comfort, attention and
steadiness of mind, [as described
by Vasishtha and others]. (4) is
the regulation of breath (Prdnd.
ydma) divided into Bedtaka, Ptiraka
and Kiimbhaka [as described in the
Vayu-purana]. These processes
help to steady the wandering mind.
(5) is Sense-conquest (Pratydhdra),
or makingthe senses obey the mind,
not the mind the senses, as des-
cribed by Parasara [Vishnu-Pu.
VI, 7]. (6) is fixing (Dh'drana)
the mind on the Pure Person of
God [as described by Saunaka].
(7) is concentration, (Dhydna) or
the continued £«tnre of the mind
on one subject, [as described in
Vishnu-Pu. VI, 7, 91]. And this
is of five kinds. (8) is absorption
or immersion, (Sumdd/it), or realiza-
tion of God [as described in Vish-
nu-Pu. VI, 7, 921.

* Marriage means Union (i.e.
Y6ga) with God. This is not pos-
sible so long as the body hangs
on the soul like a corpse. The
God-ward always look on the body
as a detestable corpse to be cast
away as soon as possible. Read,
" Mey kundamaka virumbnvare,'
&c.," [4th Tirn-vandadi, averse T&J.

Cfl. I. NATHAMUNI. 11

The Sage now called his sou Isvara-Mani and said : —
" Son, thou shalt have a son. The naule ' yamunai-t-turaivar ',
thou shalt give him." And he eommaaded his disciples
Ujyakkondai' and K. Appan to communicate in due course to
this vfould-be son, all the knowledge of the Sastras and the
Y6ga he had imparted io them. Leaving his instructions thus,
he resumed his Toga.

Time passed. King Chola had gone out into the country
with his followers on a hunting excursion, and he happened to
pass by Viranarayanapuram on his journey back. Our Sage's
young daughter watched the grand cortege, with bows arrows,
female attendants monkeys and what not. But to her it all
seemed like a vision, which, running up to her father, she
described as if two men with bows, a woman and a monkey'
called at his place and inquired for Nathamuni(gal) and went
their way. And our Sage at once construed this (in his Divine-
filled imagination) as if Lord Rama himself, with His brother
Lakshmana following Him with bows and arrows (as His body-
guard), -with Queen Sita between them, condescended to visit
him, — as de.scribed in Ramayana [III. II.] : —

" Rama went foremost of the three,
Next Sita followed, fair to see,
And Lakshman with his bow in hand
Walked hindmost of the little band."

Forthwith he started from his Yoga-seat and went in
.search of this Holy Band, and asking those whom he met on the
way, for traces of their journey. They said : " Go this way, go
this way," evidently fancying that he was in search of the
king and his retinue. He increased his speed and arrived
in the vicinity of Gangaikonda-S-puram ; and asking the
residents there to direct him further on the way where the
Holy Band went, they said they had not seen any. He looked
f arwai'd and far out and sideways, and seeing nothing of what

12 THE LIFE OP RAMANU.TA. CH. I.

liis heart yearned for, heaved a deep sigh, wept and swooning
away, fell on the ground and departed from this world.

^ \t<*lH'A\km ¥^ ^'l.HiJiyiTT: I

wMi-^flH'-jrH?qr: s^rair^ ^f^^ ii

The disciple!? and the son, of our Heaven-departed Sage,
received the tidings of this extraordinary ti-anslation and
could not boar the pain of separation; but fate must be sub-
mitted to by all. So they travelled to where the Sage -was
lying in state, and after prostrating themselves before the
dead body, duly cremated him according to the Brdhma-medha
ritual prescribed in the Vedas. Returning home, all the rest
of the ceremonies were duly performed by Isvaramuni(gal),the
son. And Kurugaval-Appan selected a place near where his
Master was accustomed to sit in Yoga, and steadily practised
Toga. The Sage is said to have lived 540 years.^

The memorial verse to him runs thus : —

' Adam lived 930 years and so on. Read the Chronological index
to the Old Testament. See Genesis V. 5.

CH. II. UYYAKKONDAR AND MANAKKAL-NAMBI. 13

CHAPTER II.

UYYAKKONDAK ANB MANAKKAL-NAMBI,

Uyyakkondar is the same as Pundai*ikaksha(r)' Ujyak-
kondar is a name which has an interesting stoiy connected
with it. Once on an occasion, Vangi-purafct-Acchi, the father-
in-law of Nathaniuni(ga]), sent a request to his son-in-law to
send his wife (i.e., Acchi's daughter), Aravinda-Pavai ou a
visit. Nathamuni(gal) sent her, escorted by Pundarikaksha(r),
his trusted disciple. Some of the dependents of Acchi looked
down upon him as of an inferior caste, he being a piirva-sikhi
(that is, of that class among Brahmans, whose custom is to
wear a tuft of hair right on the crown of the head) ; and there-
fore they fed him on stale food. But he never resented this
treatment. He, on the other hand, considered it as the
greatest blessing that was conferred upon him. He returned
home, and pressed by Nathamuni(gal) to narrate all that took
place at Acchi's residence, related with joy the happiness he
derived from eating stale food ; when asked how it could be so,
he answered that it was certainly so on the principle ex-
plained by St. Tondaradippodi-Azhvar : —

" If but their broken bread the saints will grant
Indeed it shall my nature purify."

[TirumSlai, verse 41. J

On hearing this, Nathamuni(ga]) embraced his disciple
and exclaimed : " Thou art my saviour." Thus Uyyakkondar
means : he who practised the highest precepts of religion
taught by his Master.

Such was Uyyakkondar or Pundarik-aksha. He had
many disciples under him with whom he was happilj- engaged
in the delightful study and exposition of the Utterances of the

1 Born at Tiravallarai, A.C. 826, Vide No. 19. Hierarchic Table, in
our Lives of Axhodrs.

U THE LIFE OP RAMANCTJA. CH. II.

Holy Azhvars. The chief of these disciples were five, viz.,
(1) Manakkal Nambi, (2) Tiruvallikkeni Panperumal Arayar,
(3) Sottaip-pCl3i-Sendalankarar, (4) Sri Paiidatika-dasan, and
(5) Ulagu-perumal Nangai. Of these disciples, Manakkal-
Nambi or Sri Rama-misra(r) was the greatest, inasmuch as
he bore to his Guru (Uyyakkondar) the relation of Lakshmana
to his Master and Brother Sri Ramachandra'. This was so
much the case that when the Guru's wife Andajamma died,
Raina-misra did all the menial services that thus necessarily
devolved on him in the household of the Guru. In illustration
of this implicit servitude to his master, it is recorded that on a
certain occasion, he accompanied the two daughters of his Guru
on pilgrimage to a bathing place. They were returning and
the damsels shrank at a small stream in their path, because it
was sloughy. Rama-misra saw the situation and immediately
coming to their rescue, stretched himself at length across the
channel, and let them walk over on his back ! The Guru heard
this incident, and drawing the disciple to him with exclama-
tions of joy, touched his head with his feet — a favour not
bestowed on all indiscriminately. " Is there any thing more
that I can do to thee ? " further asked the Guru. " What
more can I ask," said the disciple, " than that, having already
attained my highest ambition, viz., that of serving at your
Holy Feet, this service should be continued to me for ever " ?
Uyyakkondar was overcome with this exemplary attitude
and in his irrepressible wish to do to his disciple the highest
good, commended to him once more for meditation the Dvaya-
Mantra', the efficacy of which has been described thus in the
Pancharatra : —

«**!<*!! Hhi'u ^mmh 5Hm^ ii

' if^^^+R'qFT'f 3HMcIW4?f«l% 1 [fiamayaiia.]

* ride page xxii. Introd : to The Holy Lives of the Azhvdrs.

CH. II. UYYAKKONDAK, AND JIANAKKAL-N AMBl. 15

Uyyakkondat-'s sojoui'n in this earth was now approaching
its end and B.ama-misra(r)', reverently broached to him the
subject of who after him was to bear the apostleship /or their
Blessed Btspengatlon. " Well, my son," said he, " I had hoped to
carry out myself the behests of iny Holy Master Nathamum(gal),
communicated to me when he was passing away, viz., to expect
the arrival of a grandson for him, (J.e., son to Isvara-muni(ga])),
to whom to impart all the Mysteries of our Eaith, naming him
Yamunai-t-turaivar, as my Guru willed ; but Providence has
willed it otherwise. This duty therefore devolves on thee, the
next and my most trusted disciple, and thou therefore wilt
beqeath our mysterie.s to posteritj' in the Holy Sottai line of
descent." So delivering the message, Uyyakkondar left his
body, seating himself in the Padtn-dsana posture, and uniting his
heart with the Holy feet of his Acharya, Sri Nathamuni(gal).

Neither Ra.ma-misra(r), nor his brethren, could bear this
pang of separation, but gradually they recovered and girded
themselves to carry out the last services and sacraments for
the departed ; which they did with all due ceremony and
solemnity. The memorial verse dedicated to him on the
occasion is thus recorded : —

Eiama-misra was now, with his disciples, engaged in the
work of furthering his holy mission, all the time in eager
expectation of the hoped-for holy son to be born to Isyara-
muni(gal). This happy event came about in the month of Adi
under the asterisk Uttarcida. Joy overspread their countenances,
and they forthwith went about administering to the child all
the sacraments fit for the occasion, through the medium of the
father, ending by naming the child Yamunai-t-tui-aivar
(according to the wishes of Nathamuui) and observing all the

1 Vide No. 30, Hierarchic Table to our Lives of Azhvars.

16

THE lilFK OF BAMANOJA.

CH. II.

needful preliminaries prescribed for the Vaislinavas according
to the Eaiicharatra text: —

Who was this holy child, but Yamunacliarya' (the Sams-
krit synonym) ; Alavandar (the Tamil name), — the famous
forerunner of Sri Ramanuja, who was to come"

' We were mucli amused to read
in Svami Day3.uanda Sarasvati's
Satyartha- Prakasa, Ttimitjutctidnja
transmuted into TavaiMchdrya
who — it is further naively added —
is " born of a Greek or Moslem
family " !!! [Vide p. 62, English
translation by Durga Prasad of
Lahore, 190G]. And again in page
73, it is written :—" The first
teacher of this faith (Yaishnavism)
was Satbakopa, who according to
the BhaktamallL written by Nabha,
was of the Doom (low caste) tribe.
I'or, it says that the Yogi Satha-
kopa used to make and sell winnow-
ing fans (f^rq^j^ R^^K^PTt),
that is to say he was born of the
tribe of Kanjar. When he had
wanted to read with the Brahmins
or to hear their Scriptures, they
must have treated him with con-

tempt. He then might have coin-
ed new things against the Brah-
mins and their Scriptures such as
the forehead mark, cauterising the
forearms with the discus, &o. His
disciple was Uunibahan, born of a
Chandal or low caste family. He
had a, disciple, named Yavan4-
chiirya, born of a Moslem or Greek
family. But his name was changed
to Tamnnacharya." Our readers
have onlv to read the Lives of

AzhvS,rs written bj' us and this
life of YAmuna, and then he may
more than smile at the ridicnious
account given by Hayanand.

" This is very much parallel to
John the Baptist preceding Jesus.
Vide No. 21 Hierarchic Table in
our Lives of Azhrart:, Born 916 A.C.
at Knppangali, one mile from
KiittumannAr-koil.

CH. III. ALAVANDAlt. 17

CHAPTER III.

ALAVATfDAR.

Suoli was the advent of Alavandar, which had been foreseen
by his predecessors ; — an advent destined to inaugurate ^a sys-
tem of thought which was thenceforward to grow, amplify
and vivify the nascent religious sense in man. Alavandar
•signified literally : " He who has come to reign " i.e., to reign
in a system of religious thought, which was to glow in man's
heart uplifting him to God in love.

Duly were performed, as he grew, the sacred rites of
anna-prdsana, chaula and upanayana ; and the life of the student
began in earnest. Alavandar would attend the school for a day
and stay away at home. Questioned by his fellow-students as to
the cause of his absence, he would tell them : — " Ye are learn-
ing the same things again and again." Questioned by his
parents, lie would .say : — " They are reading the same thing
over and over ; but I have learnt it all already." A preco-
ciously clever boy thus, Alavand&r was ; and he was excused
regular attendance at school. He finished his student's career
rapidly ; and the next stage of life, wedlock, was duly entered
into. By this time the end of Isvara-muni(gal) drew near,
and he bid farewell to all with the consoling reflection of having
left a model son for the service of the world. The noble son
had all the sacramental routine for his departed parent strictly
gone through ; and now set out to fulfil his own vocation.

Grammar, logic, philosophy and allied subjects were taken
up. And he studied them assiduously under Maha-bhashya-
bhatta. There was at this time an Akki-y-Szhv£ln, residing in
the court of the monarch of the country as Pandit and royal chap-
lain. He was thus, in his own opinion, the head of all the literary
men in the country, from whom he assessed tributes as a recog-
nition of his suzerainty. The tribute was dasahandham or one-
tenth of the income of each learned man. A demand for this
was sent out to M-bhatta, who thereon was troubled in mind.
On Alavandslr inquiring and being told all the circumstances
of Bhatta's discomfiture, he received the demand-notice and

3

18 THE LIFE OP KAMANUJA. CII. HI.

tore it into pieces in the presence of the royal messengers who
had conyeyed it. They returned and narrated the occurrence
to Akki, who again sent men to Bhatta to know whether it
was a new poet or a man of letters, who had dared so to affront
him. Alavandar again interfered between his teacher and the
men and sent them back with the answer : —

*liMsJHWlR<)H.«!H+ilil'-l ftTTHH^TTT:!!"

Akki had felt his pride already piqued and now tlie second
message set him aflame with rage. " Is there a scholar to
oppose me ?", cried he frantically, and appealed to his king
for protection and redi-ess against the insult he had received.
It was not Mahabhashya Bhatta, butan insolent boy of his party,
who had thus insulted him, — was of course the repoi-t of the
men. The king now despatched some messengers with a written
command to the boy to come to his presence ; but the proud
boy as unceremoniously destroyed the royal mandate, and let the
messengers depart. The king was duly told of the indignity so
offered. He reflected a moment and thought to himself that it
must be no ordinary person who could command courage to
slight even royalty ; he would therefore send envoys with
escort and letters — a formal invitation — to the extraordinary
boy to come and grace the royal court with his august
presence. This was appropriate to him, and so the boy
accepted the invitation and arriving, alighted in the royal hall
of audience with all honors paid. All assembled to receive
the curious visitor. Akki of course was present to witness the
prodigy, of a boy come in this style, and feverishly fearing
what the next event would prove to be. His fears were well-
founded however, for it was like a bomb bursting before him,
when a scrap of paper was thrown by the distinguished visitor
before the royal pandit. It was at once a gauntlet and chal-
lenge. The scrap contained this famous verse : —
3ri^NKK*-i1N<«!l*«<!t'-4'iilHvi-^i|*^il

='flHl«ii<iiM^'*<-MHRioi»j^i "ipm irntts=q: n

CH. III. ALAVANDAR. 19

' Find, if yon will, than me a second soul,

Who wots entire all Vedic dogmatics,

In all the stretch from Um(S,)-tread Hiraalay,

To Rama's bridge —the joy of Sita's soul —

Or East to West, which mountain ranges bound,

With sun and moon in turn, their crests adorning. '

On reading this, Akki's wrath grew : turning to the king : —
" My royal patron ! ", implored he, " permit me to argue this
boy out of his intolerable vanity, and crush him before ye all."
The kino' gently asked the boy if he was capable of standing a
combat such as his pandit would give. '• Most certainly, your
Maiesty ! give me leave," answered he, " but you will not be
capable of judging between us and deciding as between the
winner and the loser ; nor can we own to you our mutual victory
or deleft. Appoint, pray, judges versed in the matters of
our contention." " Well said," agreed the king and selected
fit umpires to adjudge the issues of the intellectual contest
pending. It was an unparalled and exciting scene. And so
the king and his consort both took their seats to watch the
interesting proceedings.

The queen saw the boy an-l with her keen insight and
penetration decided to herself that he was going to be the
victor. " My lord ! she said, addressing the king, " if this boy
wins not, throw me to the dogs." " If he wins," exclaimed the
king in his turn, " I will part with half my kingdom for him."

Anon, Akki spoke :— " Vain stripling ! No drawn contest
between us is needed. A mere trick suffices to put thee down
before this august assembly, "witness ye all!" he said to
the assembly, and turning to Alavand&r said : " if thou, proud
boy shouldst say ' yes ' in any matter, I will prove the ' no '
of it • and vice versa, ' yes ' to thy ' no ' ; and the winner in the
end 'shall touch the head of the loser with his foot."
•' Agreed," promptly retorted Alavandar ; and without further
ado made three short statements and challenged Akki to

20 THE LIFE OP BaMAXUJA. CH. III.

negative them if he could. Listen, proud pedant, to these and
disprove if thou canst : — -

(1) f^^lTrfl =r W^-^ = =Thy mother is not a barren woman.

(2) tn^rr HRHtt: = =This king is paramount.
(•^) USfCTJifr TT^strff = =This queen is a good wife.

Akki wa.s simply stupefied, as he could not dare to dis-
]ji"ovo tliese fact;? ; and therefore kept helplessly silent.

They now entorsd Hie arena of literary debates ; and here
also Akki was beaten. Alavandtlr addressing his opponent
said : — " As for the victor touching the head of his victim,
Pandit! — for that was our agreement — I shall desist from so
base an act, though agreed to by thyself and in consideration of
thy grey hairs and thy eminent status as Guru in the Royal
liousehold." On hearing this declaration, the learned assembly
applauded Alavaudar's attainments and noble demeanour and
worshipped him with the honors of a Brahma-ratlia ( = a
triumphal procession, &c.)

The Queen was overjoyed to find that her insight had not
belied her as to the results of the combat and drawing the con-
queror-hero to her breast exclaimed : — ' Yennai Alavandiro i.e.
' Didst thou come to fulfil me ' ? Alavatiddr thus means : " He
who came to fulfil " i.e., (1) fulfil his spiritual mission on earth,
and (2) fulfil the queen's prevision of his success. With the
king, tha queen, — AlavandsLr with her — entpred the inner
apartments, her joy kno\ving no bounds.

The monai-ch, true to his promise, invested Alavandar
with half his kingdom. In royal bliss thus did Alavandar and
Ms holy wife, who by this time joined him, remain.

CH. IV. ALAVANDAK'S SPIRITUALIZATIOX. 21

CHAPTER IV.
ALAVANDAR'S SPIBITUALIZATION.

Rama-Misra was -watcliing silently the eminence which
Alavandar had readied so rapidly; and when he heard of
Akki's ignominious defeat, and Alavandar becoming a king,
his joy knew no bounds and he danced with flags in hand.
He now thought of carrying into effect the commission he
had received, of making Alavandar the future Apostle of the
Faith. So, he went to the palace, but the guards obstructed his
entrance. He found his way however into the kitchen where
contracting friendship with the cooks,' he ascertained from
them the potherbs that pleased Alavandar most. Tuduvalai,
Sir^'ieir or jso-^az&rr '•' he daily took to the kitchen for
a period of six months ; and yet no notice was taken of it.
Wearied, he stopped away for a few days. Alavandar
finding his favourite dish missing from his dinner so sudden-
ly, enquired of the cooks the reason. They informed him of
an old Brahmana having, for six months uninterruptedly,
brought the green herb and having stopped the supply for a
few days. " If he should return again," commanded the king,
after chiding them, " inform me at once." Rama-misra thought
he would try again, and so put in his appearance with the
favorite vegetable, after some interval. The king was im-
mediately informed ; and he ordered the venerable man being
conducted into his presence. When he duly arrived, the king
rose, and making obeisance, seated him with every mai-k of
respect; and asked how he may reward him for his services, — by
money or by lands. Misra said : — " Good king, these riches
I do not need from thee ; for I have precious riches, amassed
by your ancestors, to give thee ; and I shall show thee where
they lie treasured up. Till I put thee in possession of these,
let me be admitted to thy presence without hindrance by the
guards at thy gates." Ajavandar was taken oat of himself by

' In Hindu households in India, ca8te,and they must be holy people,
the cooks must be of the same caste holier than the rest of the house-
as the employer, or above their hold.

- A thorny shrub bearing edible frnit.

22 THE LIFE OP RAMAN CJA. CH. IV.

this unexpected revelation, and placed his men under instruc-
tions to admit the worthy visitant freely witlioat caring for
ceremony.

Misra now began to teach Alavandar the BhagavadgilA,, —
the essence of all the Upanishads. As Alavandar listened
attentively through the eighteen hooks of this Sublime Poem^
his spiritual sense was awakened, and a craving caused in his
heart to realize God, as is spoken therein. " How sliall I
realize Him ?" asked he of his Acliarya. " That is taught in
the Great Charama Slfika' ", promptly responded the teacher and
taught its significant mysteries. The more AlavandS,r meditat-
ed on these, the more they entered deep into his heart. The sav-
ing Grace tajjight therein made him more and more inclined to
surrender himself to God, and more and more cultivate the sense
of resignation t-o His will. His soul bent more and more to Him
with the nourishment the teachings gave, just as the ripening
grain-stalks bend as they receive more milk. As days passed,
his love for the Merciful grew warmer and warmer ; and as
this love increased, his attachment to other things became
weaker and weaker. The Teacher watched the spiritual progress
of his disciple, and thought the time was ripe for leading hiin
to where his promised patrimonial wealth lay hidden. Hp
led him therefore to the Holy Shrine of Srfrangam, where,
pointing to God reposing therein in the serene glory of His
presence, to all worshippers accessible, he said : — " H-«j^)HV-lti^ %
T^^^'-^H'TNtH, I aWlnf ^V^m ^\'m^i\^H\^'. * I.e., " WJio will
not worship Rangam, the most Holy, — if he he wise ? for doth
not wisdoDi blossom here and keep Yama (death) out of sight ? "
This is your trove, your heritage, and my trust, which I here
discharge on this auspicious day."

Alavanda,r, with the spiritual vision with which he was
by God's Grace endowed, saw in the Holy Image of Banga

_ > The 66th verse Bk. XVIII, Bh : GI. Vide p. xxii, Introd : Z.ws of
Azhi-drf.

^ Srtranga-M&liatmya, I, 80.

GH. IV. ALAVANDAB'S SPIRITUALIZATION. 23

the Treasure oi the Universe cnshi-ined ; and exclaimed, with
(a) feelings of remorse in his heart for past days, which had
been spent withont this Blessed Vision, and (6) feelings of
bliss overflowing in streams of loving tears, at the fascinating
sight he enjoyed : — ' O Blissful God ' exclaimed he, ' many days
have I lost in the vain pursuits of the world. I mourn for this.
Now I have seen Thee reclining on Thy SSsha.' I serve Thee
for evermore. I find myself reclaimed from the death of worldly
enjoyments, and initiated into the life of Thy service.

" wftrfJm% tT^^TW 2^ra?KT: M^filiy^ift i

' Lord ! lands and friends and riches,
Sons and wives, cattle and houses, —
To him who has thy service tasted.
Hateful objects hecome tJiey.'

After this, a determination came to him to renounce the
world, and don the robes of the Sanyjisin, inasmuch as the love
of the world and of God were incompatible with each other.
Thenceforward he devoted himself to divine contemplation
and service.

Alavand sir's spiritual fame attracted to hini many disciples,
of whom the following were notable : — Periya-Nambi, Tiruk-
kottiyur-Nambi, Periya-tirumalai Nambi, Mfiraneri-Nambi,
Tiruk-kacchi-Nambi, Alavand5r-Azhvar, TirumAlai-y-andan,
Vfiinamamalai-y-Jtndan, Taiva-v8lri-y-and4n, Isan-3>nd§.n, Jiyar-
anditn, Tiruk-kurugilr-Appan, Tii-umohur-Appan, Tirnmohur-
misratn, Taiva-p-perumftl, Vakul-abharana-Somayajiyar, Tiru-
k-kurugur-dasar, TirumEil-iruiijolai-dasar, Vada-madui-ai-piran-
dar, Alkondi-ammangi, twenty in all. They were all learned
and became evangelists as well of the Faith.

1 For a lucid description of the have in the text a representation of
Bvinbolisin conveyed by this name one modeof <J/i»/dTi« or contempla-
iind representation of the Godliead, tion,in which the thoughts are more
the readers are referred to p. 31 ff. readily concentrated by being ad-
Esoteric Hinduism, Fart I. Wilson dressed to a sensible emblem.
says in his Viishvu purdrm: — We instead of an abstract trnth."

" Brahma Purdua, 8, 32.

/. ■

24 'i'UE LIE'E OP EA.MANUJA. CH. IV.

Manakkal-Nambi (Rama-misra), who liad five disciples, viz.,
Alavandar himself, Taivattuk-k-araSu-Nambi, Gomathattut-
tiru.vinriagai--appan, Sirup-pullur-udaiya-Pillai, and Vaiigi-
p.uratt-acciii, was now to deliver his la.st me.ssage to Alavandar.
" To Kurugai-k-k4val-appan has been entrusted another Mystery,
viz., the Yoga {i.e., the proce-ss by which to know God, — not
merely to conjecture or believe — by deep introspective medita-
tion), which thou shalt learn from him," said he to Alavandar,
and explained, when the latter asked why he could not him-
self impart the Mystery : — " My Guru Uyyakkondar to whom
your grand sire !N'athamuni(ga]) wished to impart this science,
expressed himself as unworthy to receive the same in the
words : — " When the corpse lieth, where is wedlock." ? ' I did
not therefore receive the science. Nathamuni entrusted it
to his other intimate disciple K. Appan. Learn it from him.
And I am now going to depart ; to my disciples, give all learn-
ing and instruction, and make Srirangam your capital, and
pass on to posterity the Faith bequeathed to us by Nathamuni,
your spiritual as well as bodily grandsire." So deliver,
ing himself, he passed away, with his heart fixed upon the holy
feet of his Guru. His memorial verse runs thus : —

Time pas.sed with AlavandAr happily in the work of pro-
pagating the faith and writing works, of which those that are
extant are the Stutra-ratna, Siddhi-traya and Agama-prdmdnya,
—the bulwarks of the Visishtadvaita-VedEinta. At this stage he
bethought of visiting Kurugai-k-ka,val-appan. Accompanied by
his disciples, he proceeded thither and finding Appan was
absorbed in Yoga, approached the sanctuary with the utmost
caution and reverence, and planted himself by the wall on the
other side of Avhich Appan was seated. Withal, Appan
exclaimed :— " Is there one of the SoUai-race (i.e., descendant
of Nathamuui) standing there ? '* Surprised and with fear,

' Qorptse means body, Wedlock means tbe union of soul with God or Yoga,

OH. IV. ALAVANDAR'S SPIRITOALIZA.TION. W

Alavand&r vehtured to speak thus: — " Holy Sire, yes, I am a

most hamble sciou of that race ; my name is Yamunai-t-turaivar

(Yamun&charya). I am come here to do thee obeisance."

So saying, he went forward and fell at Appan's holy feet.

Rising, after being blessed, he asked of Appan, how despite

caution on his part, he had been discovered by him. To which,

Appan said : — " Son, when God is with me, He so loves me

as to be listless to all else ; even Sri, His Spouse, is unable to

withdraw His attention while He is so engaged ; but now He

looked away from me three or four times. I concluded thence

that none other than a child of Sottai race was close by."

At which account, Alavand^r was delighted ; and entreated

Appan that the Yoga-Mystery might be revealed to him, as

directed by his Guru Manakkal-Nambi ; for he had come in

quest of it. "Certainly it is intended for thee, son," said Appan,

" But I can only impart it at the moment of my death. That

moment comes the next Pushya-month, Guru-pushya-yoga,

Abhi jin-muhurta. Take this scrap on which the time is noted so

as to put thee in mind of it. Come precisely at that moment."

Prosti-ating to Appan, Yamuuicharya returned to Srirangam.

Adhyayan-otsava, or one of the great annual festal celebra-
tions, in connection with the Holy Temple here, came round.
It is the festival when all the 4000 Prabandhas of the Azhvars
are sung antiphonally. In the course of this recital, the
Araiyar, ' or the chief chorister of the Temple sang the verse
of Tiruva,y-mozhi', viz. Kaduvinai (X. 2. 8), in which occurs the
passage : — Nadamino namargal ullir etc., meaning : —
' Speed, good souls, to Ananta-Sayana,'
Hemind We this — speed-, oh speed.'

J Th-u-r-aranga-p-p3ruma,l Arai- purna or Periya-tiramalai-Nambi,

,-„r „ Ti- ^oir'vui the maternal uncle of R.im^naia

vnr Ron of Yamuna, it maj' "^ / ., t»a * . , i.j. \ *

'not^d here that while Yamuna was (v'de Eamanuja's hfe).

a Grihi he had four sons : Teyvatta- « gge our Azhvar's Lives, pp. xxii,

k . karasu - Nambi. Pillai - ai-isn- 205 and 222, aud our Dhnne Wisdom

K. it.cuo:^u , _ , Dr&vida Saints.

Nambi; Sottai-Nambt and T.ruva. J^ ,^,^^ ^^^^ ^^^,^^ ^^ ^^^^^^

ranga-p-peramy. The son of the p^m^.jjabha (Trevaudrum, Tra-

first of these sons is Srl-saili- vancore.)

4

26 THE LIFE OF KAMAN0JA. CH. IV.

This passage reiterated by Araiyar was taken by Tftmunii-
cliarya as a sign that a shrine so dear to Saint NammazhvSr '
viz., AnantaSayana, was one, which' to visit became impera-
tive on him. He immediately rose and, placing his disciple
Teyvavari-y-andA.n in charge of his matham (monastery),
went on a pilgrimage to AnantaSayana, where he visited the
Lord SeshaSayanaby way of the three-doored sanctum. Some
time passed thus. He suddenly remembered the scrap given
him by Appan, and calling for it found to his surprize
that it was the very moment he ought to have been with
Appan for receiving the Toga-Mysteries. With sorrow indes-
cribable, he chid himself for his forgetfnlness and wished, in
his agony, for a Pushpaka-vimdna ' to waft him instantly to
Appan ! Helpless and in sheer anguish he left AnantaSayana
and started back for Si'irangam.

In Srirangam, meanwhile, Teyva-vari-y-ind&n was unable
to bear the separation of his Guru, YamunScharya, and conse-
quently became ill and wore away daily. Physicians were
brought by his friends to examine the patient. They all
declared that some deep mental affliction was at the root of
his illness. But asked the friends : " Is it wordly affliction
of any kind, — may be woman — gnawing at your heart ? "
" No affliction,'' said he, " troubles me, but affection which I
have for my Guru ; hence, if I am conducted, to him promptly,
I may hope to live." Despairing of his life, the friends laid
him on a stretcher and carried him towards AnantaSayana.
As they proceeded on their journey, Andan daily picked up
strength and revived sufficiently to be able to go on foot. At
Karaimanai river-side, the Guru and the disciple met. The
latter fell flat on sighting his Guru, — overcome by joy. The
Guru, finding him thus lying motionless, addressed him thus :
" Sri E.S,ma was a Master, hence He had the power to make
his brother Bharata carry out his behest, (viz., to stay at
Ayodhya till he returned from his exile in the forest) ; but I

' See his life in Lives of Aehv&rs,
° A aerial vehicle Buch as that ney from Lanka to Ayodhya
nsed by BS,niachandra for his jonr- , [B&mftyana.]

CH. IV. ALAVANDAE'S MISSION. 27

seem no such master to thee, as I am powerless like Rama
to exact obedience from thee." This sarcastic remark penetrat-
ed deep into the heart of And^n, and he felt that by trans-
gressing the commands of his Guru to i-emain in Srirangam,
he had disobeyed him. Speechless thei'efore he lay.

. The Guru taking compassion — ^his anger at the disobedi-
ence of Andan abating by this time — said : — "I believe, son,
thou desirest to re-establish with me tlie relationship of mas-
ter and disciple. If so I bid thee rise." On hearing this, An-
dan rose, tx'embling with fear and stood dumb. The good men
standing near remarked that Andfi,n's temperament was like
that of Lakshmana, who said that his separation from Rama
would be like taking the fish out of the water [Rslmayana II.
5:i. 31. J. Tamun£icha.rya hearing this said : — " And§.n ! disciples
constituted like thee are rare. I am proud of thee. But oh,
much distress I find in thee. Take courage." So saying, he
softly stroked him and bid him go "and visit Anantasayana.
" Thou art my Anantasayana. I know no other ", burst out
Andin, opening his month for the first time. T&munacharya
was struck with the extraordinary character of his disciple
and taking him to be for one who answers the description : —

" That Teacher is all who Faith bestows on Ms disciple
He is Vaikuntha itself, the Milk-sea and the Dvd/raka '.,"

led him back to Srirangam, which they all reached in due
course.

In the company of his faithful followers, YEbmunEicharya
was here engaged in the prosecution of his spiritual mission ;
but a thought now began to hawass him that to carry on the
good work he had begun, no competent soul was yet found
among his disciples.

' Vaikuntha is Parama-pada or the the Nebula, said to be the source of

Spiritual Universe ; MiVk-gea is the all Systems). Dvaraka is the place

centre which in the Material Uni- where Krishna, one of the lucar-

verse, God has made for Himself, nations, established Himself on

and which is the source of all In- earth and in India,
carnations (like the Milky Way or

28 THE LIFE OF KAMANUJA. CH. V.

CHAPTER V.

BAMANUJA.

His birth and sliulies.

Yamun^harya was tlius troubled in his mind as to a com-
petent successor to whom to hand.'j^n/ the Torch of Faith for

posterity His disciple Nambi oi-MatApurna ' had proceeded
to The Holy Mount of Tirupati to live there for a time in the
service of the Lord seated therein (VenkatSchala-pati). He had
two sisters, Bhumip-pirsitti and Periya-pir&tti, or Bhu-devi and
Srx-devi. The elder Bhu-devi was maiTied to Asuri KeSavap-
perumal, the performer of many Yagas,— i-esiding at Sri-
perumbudur.^ Sri-devi'was married to Kamalanayana-bhatta
of the Vatta-mani clan, residing at AJazhalai-mangalam.

Of Bhu-devi * was born RS.tnanuja, the Great Keformer and
Religionist of the 1:2th century,'' just as RSima was born of
Kansalya and Krishna of Devaki. Of him it is written :

" It is the First Atlanta that became Lakshmana next.
And Balabhadra next, again the One next in Kali."

And this One was the Great Rfijna,nuja born in the Kali
J Age, as the Spiritual Sun to dispel the darknes of sin and
ignorance, reigning rampant as said in the verse : —

11% ^% ?i3T% #-rrT ^i^m Tmr \tw- 1

' See No. 23, Hierarchic Table, Lives of Azhvars.

" Near Madras.

' Also called Dyatimati.

* Also called Kautiinatt.

* See No. 27, Hierarchic Table to our Lives of Azhrars, (A. C. 1017).
'' Yadavagiri-iltahtitmya, I, 32.

' Jihamshyat-purdna.

CH. V. HIS BIRTH AND STUDIES. 29

" The Scriptures are lost, and so this Trdditional Laws,
The twice-horn have become degenerate.
The allied sciences as well are wrecked,
Oh, how Kali {Iron age) groics in power ! "

To Harita Rishi was also, by God, foretold the coining of
the Great Luminary, Racnanuja, as follows : —

iKW ^l 1fR?4 ^?INI<siri tT^T!f[>?i:: I sPTtTT 'ST^iRrq ^ ^ HR^fT II'

In thy line, Harita ! will he horn Saha himself —
My Own — fm- tcorlds' Salvation.

Thus then was ushered into the world a Great Saviour, in
the fulness of his own age.

Tirumalai-Nambi" (the disciple of Yamun&charja) got
tidings of this birtli, and forthwith proceeded to Sri-pernmbu-
diir (10 miles from the station of Tiruvallur, Madras Railway),
to visit the child. Seeing his friend Asiiri K6sava, he con-
gratulated him on the auspicious event and said : — " Friend, I
see the blessed child. He is above his kind. Thfe light in his
face indicates this. He possesse.^, iu embryo, all the qualities
which shall make him a sage, learned and wise. Name liim
therefore Lakshmana as he will be to God as Lakshmana was to
Rama. Lakshmana (llaiya-perumal) is incarnated as Rama-
nuja, (llai-Azhvar). As tlie illustrions child grew, the several
sacraments binding on the Brahmanas were duly administered
till he came to be full sixteen years of age ; and by that time,
he had pas.sed through the student's course, viz. the learning of
the Vedas and all that appertains to that study. He was now
married ; or as the Vaidikas say, he duly entered into the
Order of the Householder after Brahmacharya. He left his
home in search of a competent teacher who would teach him
the Vedsbiita and found one in Tadava-prakasa, living at
Tiru-p-putkuzhi in the neighbourhood of Pernmal-k6il, or
KancMpuram (Conjivaram) ; and hex e he joined other students
learning under that teacher.

1 BhiltapuH-mdftdtmya, III, (104-5).

' Galled Sri-Baila'pArna, tha maternal uncle of BdmS^nuja.

30 THE LIFE OF EAMANOJA. CH. V.

Meanwhile, Kamala-uayana-bhatta at Mazlialai-manga-
laiu/ became the father of a boy, the mother being his wife
Sri-devi as noted. Tirumalai-Nambi receiving the news, has-
tened to the place and congratulating Bliatta on the happy
event, foretold that the child was one of great promise ; be
would grow to be very wise and good and unworldly, and an
ardent Champion of Beligion. He was to be named Govinda."
All the Samskaras (sacraments) were regularly administered
in his case. He came of age and also entered the order of the
householder. Hearing of his cousin-brother studying under
Ysidava-prakaSa, he gladly joined him to prosecute studies
in his good company.

In the course of their landings, Yadava came aci-oss the
passage:—^ ^^ -q^ ^ [Taitt : Up: II, 1. /] and be ex-
plained it in a way most repugnant to the spirit of the
passage itself. For the passage means : —

" Brahman (God) is Truth {sattyam). Knowledge
(jridnam), and InBnity {anatitaiii)."

But Y&dava said that the attributes of Truth, Knowledge
and Infinity could not co-exist in Brahman, inasmuch as broken-
horn-ness, horn-les»ness, a,ndj ull-hornuess, could not co-exist in a
cow, for example ; i. e a cow cannot have broken horns, no
horns and be fully horned at one and the same time ; and
therefore Brahman cannot simultaneously possess vaj-ious
attributes. Brahman with attiibutes was therefore a logical
impossibility. Bd,manuja protested with his teacher that this
Upanishad passage could not be thus misinterpreted and
so tortui-ed as to suit his own imaginary Brahman. Challenged
by the teacher to furnish his own explanation, Kamanuja
argued thus : — " To begin with, a sentence cannot mean other-
wise than what it is intended to mean. " That Brahman is
Truth etc." i.s what is evident in this passage. It does not
run thus : — " Bi-ahman is not Truth," so as to make Brahman

' Now known as Madhnra-mangalam (near Coojivaraan.)

' Or Embar, No. 31 of Hierarchic Table in our Its Lives of Azhvare.

CH. V. HIS BIRTH AND STUDIES. -31

devoid of any alti-ibute, thus reducing It to a non-entity.
And tlien, if there is Brahman, It mu.st have attidbutes ; for an
attributeless Brahinan can have no existence (fnt^/i). A tiling
must be some-thing, not no-t\nng. And thirdly the attributes
Truth &c. are not inconsistent with each other so as to pi-eclude
their co-existence in Brahman, such as the inconsistency of
light and darkness co-existing in space for example. The
attribute Truth is meant to show that Bi-ahmaii exists not at
one moment merely, and ceasing to exist beyond that moment.
Brahman is Truth is therefore intended to establish Brahman's
existence in eternity, or Its eternality in time. Brahman is
Knowledge is next intended to establish that Brahman is Spirit,
iovKnowledge means Thougt. Thought means Intelligence, Sensate-
ness and so on. And thus Knoieledge is an inseparable adjunct
of Brahman, for otherwise Brahman would be no Spirit, but
simple non-intelligent or non-seusate or non-thinking stuff like
lifeless matter. Brahman is Knowledge therefore establishes i
that Brahman is Spirit or Life. Brahman is Infinity is next
intended to establish that Bi-ahman is without limits or con-
ditions, or Its infinity in space and mode. Truth therefore is
the term which characterizes Brahman as Eternal, distinguish-
ing It from what is reo» eternal ; Knoicledge is the term which
characterizes Brahman as Spirit or Life, distinguishing It from
what is Mon-spirit or wra-life ; and Infinity is the term which
chai-aclerizes Brahman as Infinite, distinguishing It from what
is non-infinite (or conditioned by space-limits or mode-limits).
And these attributes and infinite others can co-exist in Brahman
without mutual contradiction, as redness, softness, perfume &c.,
can harmoniously co-exist in the Eower. The analogy of the
cow is not appropriate in this case ; the analogy of tlie flower
as quoted, or the sun having light and heat co-existing, ate!
appropriate. And therefore to try to postulate an attributless
Brahman, or a Brahman in whom different attributes cannot
co-exist, is neither logical nor consistent with the affirmatory
character of the Vedic passage in question." Yadava after
hearing this, simply said in disdain: ''Thou, to argue with
me ?" and kept silent. '

32 THE LIFE OF RAMANUJA. CH, V.

On another day, R£injd.nuja,' — disciple as he was-^was
anointing his Guru Ytldaya with oil; when YMava took into
his head to descant on the Vedic verse : —

?T^ ?nrT ^W 5'ra't)^ n^ TIwT [Chhand, Up. I, 6, 7]

• 'Brahman,' he said, '(or He who is the Golden-hued in the
Sun), has his eyes -red likie the posteriors of the naonkey."
When Rim&nuja heard this, he felt a pang shooting across his
heart to find that he should hear noble Vedic passages thus
abused and ill-treated by YEidava. His grief was so keen that a
hot tear stole in to his eye, and dropped on the lap of Y4dava,
as Bdimanuja was bending over him to rub his head with oil.
The drop scorched Yadava. He started and looked up. See-
ing RS,raanuja troubled, " What ails thee ? " asked he. " I am
grieved," he said, " that beautiful Vedic lines are so awkwardly
construed." " What is thy interpetation, then ? " angrily
vociferated YMava. " Sir," cried Relm^nuja, " can you not see
that ka means leater, and pibati means to drink. Water-drinker
is thus kapi, the snn, or the \ot\xs-stalk. Asa is to open (vitca-
tane) or to rest {upariuane) . Pundarika is the lotus. And there ■
fore God in the Sun is He whose eyes are like the lotus which
blooms under Ihe balmy beams of the snn, or lottis which rests on
its stalk below ? It is to repudiate God to deny Him Person ; and
when Vedas postulate such a Personality, it is doubly to
repudiate Him by reading blasphemous similes into the
Vedas, where reverential gravity and grandeur are intended.
Such constructions betoken nothing short of heresy." YMava
heard this irresistible oration of Ramanuja, and flared up
saying :— " Haughty youth ! if thou canst not abide by my
instruction, thou must leave me." Raaiauuja spoke not a
Syllable in reply, but took his departure.

The surprising intelligence of Rama,nuja. his original ways,
and divinely disposed heart, all combined to set YMava

' Unfortunately, even Sankara, had liked, seen through the blindg.

whopreoededYadava.persisteinthis He however adds a clause in his

offensive interpretation thongh commentary that this illnstration

as a Vedio scholar he could, if he '^ "o*- 'ueant in derision..

CH. V. HIS BIRTH AND STUDIES.

thinking ; and his cogitations landed him in vice inasmuch as
he believed that Rd/nisLnuja was a rival, who would any day-
be his superior in learning, subversive of his philosophy of
advaita (monism) ; in short an oddity who may injure his re- i/
putationas the teacher in the land, and a possible revolntionisb
whom it was expedient to put an end to.

Thus thinking, he called together those disciples who wei-e L-
after his ways and said : " Look, all of you do quietly subscribe
to my views, but this RS-manuja alone is adverse and perverse,
and entertains opinions opposed to mine. He is likely to
become our declared enemy. Can you devise some means by
which to do away with him ?" They suggested many ways of
disposal, but none of them recommended itself to Tadava, as
it meant sinning, for which Sfi/stras declared that one must
expiate and suffer ; and secondly in whatever way Bslmanuja
was to be done away with, that must be above suspicion.
After much consultation and deliberation, they pitched upon a
plot, viz., to invite Ram&nuja back into their fold, treat him as
their best friend — as one without whom they could not live —
and then they would start on a holy pUgrimage to V4r§,na8i
( Benares) and there drown Bam4nuja in the Ganga (Ganges)
river, near Manikarnik£l-gha.t— the ostensible object being '^
pilgrimage, the real one being E,fi,mS,nuja's death — death
which, taking place in the Holy Ganga, would be counted as
an affair of merit, which they thought would not involve the
actors in sin ! What travesty of spiritual ethics, by Tadava !!
A veritable whited sepnlchi-e he must have been.'

Into a hellish conspiracy such as this then, TMava and
his accomplices entered, even as Duryodhana did as regards
Dharmaputra and his brothers, whom he had contrived to kill
in a wax -house. They therefore invited ReLmdnuja to join
them as without him they said they felt uncongenial, and
begged of him to prosecute his studies as he willed, undis-
turbed. Some time passed thus.

1 Probably Yadava's moral (ira- of the world, wh{ch thus seems to
moral) sense took refage in his pan- provide no strong motive -for
theistic theory of M&ya, or illusion strenuous effort after holiness.

34 THE LIFE OP liAMANUJA. CH. V.

Tadava now announced liis intention of going on a pilgri-
mage to Kasi (Benares) ; and making due preparations, started
on the jouraej- with Ramdnuja of course, Govinda-bhatta.,
Rfl,ma,nuja*s maternal cousin, following. Goviuda someliow got
scent of the evil designs of Tarlava on EamAnuja. The other
disciples too had their suspicion that Govinda might divulge
and defeat their machinations. They took care therefore to
keep him and R§.mS.nuja apart as far as possible. They had
now arrived at the Vindhya-range of hills, and while cro.<;King a
valley, Eiiii&nuja stopped a little behind for purposes of nature.
And Govinda contrived to tarry with him The others were
a little in advance. Govinda took advantage of this seclusion
to disclose to Ramanuja the designs of Yadava in as few words
as possible and advised him to escape. So saying he left
RfiimEinuja.

Rjbmanuja taking the hint, left the main path and turned
aside, soon hiding himself in the wilderness of the Vindhya.
He roamed about in the jungle aimlessly, the fierce sun beating
upon his head, and stones and thorns hurting his feet, drawing
forth blood. Wandering away thus into unknown regions for
some tinje, he was fagged out ; and hungry, thirsty and footsore,
■was unable to advance further. " Only greatest sinners,"
he cried, " deserve this fate. Hence it is written : — ft^ ^'-ikJ'Mfff
^\§ g'»ti*li<'(lRn: I f EtSRrfrif sipp^ '^frPflT ^l=^roiTI|i e.g. " Those who
steal others^ laml are born in tiie tvaterless wilds of the Vindhya,
as dark snaJces lodging in dry anthills.''' He was bewildered,
not knowing where to go and what to do. He looked round
for help, mind-troubled and heart-sick. While he was in this
state, all on a sudden burst upon his sight a Fowler and His
Wife.
V

Godhas defined himself as One who can have no jay itrithotd His
faithful ones ■■ i^]%^\r^f^ JTRUt ^Tlf^ WrgRl^); and Otie who incar-
nates with how, arrow, sword and even a wife, to befriend His faith-
ful in times of peril : (^rk W%5PT: J^f^TTO^ij; I *IN^ I HM<.HH ! f
MlR<l« 3Hll?T=ll " Seeing them, Ramanuja heaved a sigh and was

1 rishnu-Dharma, 62, 31. « BrahmAnda-Purdim.

CH. v. His BtRTH AtJD STUDIES. 33

comforted at the thought that some one had come ox- been
deputed by God to succour him in his distress. Raraanuja ac-
costing them asked who they were and whither they were going.
" We are Fowlers coming from Siddha-Srama in tlie North and
are wending our way to Satyavrata-kshotra' in the South,"
said they. "May I accompany you to that Holy shrine?"
asked Ramanuja. " Most willingly ", said they, " follow us."
They leading, Ramfbauja trudgedon, till Vindhya was now out
of sight, and the sun was setting. Ramanuja performed his
evening prayers. And as it was getting dax-k, all the three sat
down under the shelter of a big tree, and were sinking into the
soft embraces of sleep. The Fo\vlei-'s wife addressing her hus-
band said: — "Dear, can you get me a drink of water to allay
my thirst ?"■ " Wait a little," answered the husband, '' directly
it dawns, I promise to find you close by a beautiful pond, full
of cool and fragrant water." E£lm£inuja overheard this con-
versation and thought : " Oh, if only it were in my power to do
this kind Pair a service now, at least as a requital for their
kindness to me ! But. I am in unknown regions." And he
dozed away in such reflections.

The night had now nearly worn away, a flush sufEnsed the
East, and a morning breeze gently began to blow. RsLmanuja
rose with thoughts of God in his breast, and ofierred up his
morning prayers. After this he looked round for his Guides,
in order to pursue the journey, but to his amazement he did
not find them. He called for them aloud and searched in
every direction, but all to no purpose. He proceeded a few
steps in alarm, not knowing whither he was going. But by
this time the sun had appeared above the Ea.stern horizon.
Ramanuja could see his suiTOundings better; and he heard
peoples' voices. He took heart and, a few steps more, dis-
covered a pleasant garden, a pond' and a few men standing
by. "What a contrast this day is with yesterday," gladly

1 The ptirdnic or legendary name of Conjeevaram .

2 This is called Sdlai-k-Kinar, still existing and from which water
daily brought to Lord Varada'rlijaBvanii for ablution.

36 THE LIFE OF KAMAXUJA. CH. V.

cried lie, astonished. " What country could this be ? Is there
any town close by ? " he asked himself.

The people gazed at him wonderiugly, saying : " Art thou
mad, Brahmana ? Dost thou not see before thee the bright Punj-a-
koti-vimanam ?" At this Ramanuja looked up and saw the high
Gopuram (or cupola) of the Temple of Lord Varadaraja, the
worshipful Deity of K4nchipnram. He was struck dumb with
, delight and astonishment. It now dawned upon him that He
who had directed his steps in the Vindhjan wilds was no other
than God himself, who not only guided him but miraculously
transported him over a distance of nearly 1,000 miles in a
night !! Like the joy that thiilled Sita when she heard of
Ravana's fall, like the joy that ravi.shed R&ma when he heard
Hanumdn say : "I have found Sita ", like the joy of Hanuman
when he entered the Madhuvana on his return from Lanka, was
RAm&nuja's joy after the wonderful adventures be had recently
passed through. He simply fainted away with delight, espe-
cially when he reflected how God descends to the weak and
helpless, even as Saint Parsbnkusa fainted when he reflected
how Krishna, though God, submitted to be bound by a rope
by YaSoda ! Charmed into ecstasy, he cried : — "ToArjuna, O
God ! Thou revealedst Thy Beatific Form,' but to me Thou
hidst Thyself under the guise of a Fowler. I took Thee for a
mere Fowler and I beseach Thy pardon for taking Thee for an
ordinary creature. Even as Arjuna besought Thee, so do I : —
" Krishna ! Y4dava ! Achyuta ! Overlook it, if taking Thee for
friend, I called Thee by names such as these, unmindful of
Thy Greatness as God ; remit, O God ! any slight I may have
unwarily shown Thee, while we moved together, sat together
and ate together and joked together, as equals." ^ Ramanuja
was thus drowned in rapturous delight after the wonderful
experiences he had. Out of sheer joy he fell prostrate, rose,
fell again, shed tears of joy, was bathed in perspiration — in
short, felt his whole being divinely transported beyond him-
self. Prom that day on, he carried water daily from the holy
well {sdlai-k-hinar) to the Lord Varadaraja.

1 Bhagavadgita, Xltli Book. » Bhagavadgill XI. 41, 42.

CH. VI. YADAVA, GOVINDA AND BAMANUJA. 37

CHAPTER VI.

YADAVA, GOVINDA AND BAMANUJA.

Y^dava-prakdiSa and Lis disciples, finding that Ild,inaDuja
did not follow, stopped and waited for him for some time.
Govinda came up however and joined them. " Tou have come,
but where is Ram^^nuja h'" asked Tadava. " I never stopped
with him," said Govinda in reply, " I walked my own way,
and so I am not aware of what has become of him. Tadava
sent his disciples in search, but they returned unsuccessful.
" What could have happened to the poor youth, Oh !" thus did
they all feign grief. Baulked thus in their intentions, they
continued their journey sullenly to on Kasi.

They duly arrived there. It was the month Magha, and
they went to bathe in -the Holy Ganga. While bathing,
Govinda found a Sivalingam (phallus-stone) floating up into
his hand. He showed this to Tadava, who said : — " Ton are a
most fortunate man. Gangadhara (Siva) liimself has appeared
to you. From this day you are most dear and venerable to us.
Tour name from this daj' shall be : — " Uljangai-konamda-
Nayanar (he who brought in his palm)." They all now started
homeward for Kanchtpuram, visiting on their way Jagannatha,
Ahobilam and other shrines. Before reaching Kanchi,
U. Nayanjtr took leave of Tadava, saying he would instal the
Sivalingam in a suitable place and then join them. T4dava
permitting, Nayan^r went to his birth-place Mazhalai-
Mano-alam, and there with the help of the learned men of the
place installed tlie Sivalingam, and remained in its staunch
service. Kalahasti is a place sacred to Siva. It is written
that this Siva appeared to NAyanar in his dream commanding
him to join his Temple-service at K&lahasti- A dream was
dreamt by the Temple-authorities of the place also, commanding
them to proceed and bring jSTayanar with honors. They did
so and bringing Nayanar in festive fashion, made him the
dignitary of their temple, investing him with the signet-ring
and other insignia of that office.

38 THE LIFE OF llAMANUJA. CH. VI.

Yadava-prakasa, as already said, had airived at Kanchi.
Here to his astonishment he found Raraaauja, who he had
l)elieved had been lost in the jungles. He feigned joy however
at .seeing . him and .said : — ■" Our grief at your loss in the
Viudhyan wilds, was very gi-eat ; at seeing you now, it has
given place to boundless joy." Ramanuja narrated to him
how lie lost sight of them as they were much in advance, how
he lost his way ; and how while wandering sick and sore in
the mazes of the forest, a Fowler broke upon his sight sud-
denly; and how He guided his steps so that to his wonderment,
he found he had traversed a great distance while he thought
he slept under a tree, but waking up to find he had been brought
to Kanchi. This account made Ydidava to stare at Kd.m&nuJH
in combined fear and wonder ; whom he now looked upon as
a being not of the ordinary run of mankind ; not to be despised
but looked upon as one deserving reverential regards ; and
feeling remorse in his heart for his evil intents towards him.
He could not therefore but turn his hate into love for him ; and
therefore invited Bft.md.nuja to grace his school with his presence
and to complete his studies if he so willed.

While these events were passing at KAnchi, two Sri
Vaishnavas' of KAnchi travelled to Srirangam, to pay their
devotions to Ranganatha, which they did and then went to
Alavand4r (YamunftchEbrya), the great apostle of the Faith who
was there teaching at fhe time". After due exchange of
courtesies, Yamunacharya asked them for any news of an in-
teresting natui-e at Kftnchi. They related to him how a youth
REbmanuja by name, born at Bhiitapuri (Sri Perumbudur)
came to Ksbnclii to read Vedanta under a uni-stafEed' Sany^si,
Yft,dava-prakd,3a ; how in the course of their readings, differ-
ences rose between them as regards intepretations of Veda-
texts, — Yft.dava contending for a quality-less God, and Rama-
nujS. for a quality-full One, and so on — , and how, on a certain

1 Devout followers of Vishnu. the Advaita School, and the Tri-

' ride his life. staffed to the Visihtadvaita school-

5 l7«»-sta£Eed Sany4sins belong to The staff is made of bamboo sticks.

YADAVA, GOVIND.V AND KaMANUJA. 39

day, a certain blasphemous exegetic by Y&dava of a Veda-
passago excited and pained Ramauuja and drew forth burning
tears from his eyes, which accidentally fiiUing on Yadava's
ihigh scorched liini like fire ; how on liis challenging, Ranianuja
gave his beautiful interpretation that the pa.S:-age meant that
God's eyes resembled the lotus opening under the sun's i-aya,
and how this and other disputations of the sort led to their
separation; Y&dava's plot on his life and the rest of events,
adventurous and miraculous, which followed thereafter in
succession.

YamunachElrya heard this account with rapt attention and
exclaimed : —

" The bad are legion like fire-sparlcs in a furnace.

But the good, ij jound in the fire, are like lotuses therein."

So saying he felt a great longing to immediately go and
see liam&nuja. . He repaired to the Lord Ranganatha and taking
leave of Him, left Srlrangam with his followers. On his way,
paying houor.s to God Nayanar and the Three First Azhvars at
Tirukkoilur', reached Kanclii in due tirat!.

Tirukkacchi-nambi,'' on hearing his Acharya coming,
gathered together the holy people of Kanchi, and with Sri
Sathagopa, Tirthaanl Praidda of the Holy Temple of Varada-
raia, went forward to meet and welcome him. Yamunicharya
received the Holy gifts of God, and seeing Tirukkacchi-Nambi,
his disciple, lying prostrate at his feet for joy and veneration
for the Guru, lifted him up with affection and inquired:—
"Gajendradasa!" art thou steady at thy fanning service to
Lord Var.ida ? '' " By your grace, Sire, The Lord is accept-
ing my humble services," said he. And then they proceeded

1 See Lives of AzhvlLrs.

2 No. 36, Ibid, Hierarchic Table. Here read pp. 3499, Vol.VII.
Bhagavadvishaya :— AmudaUav .

s A Sanskrit name for Tirukkacolii-Nambi.

40 TKE LIFE OS RAJIANUJA. CH. VI.

together to the Temple, where Y£imui£l3ha,rya paid due honors
to the Lord Varada.

While he was thus employed, Yadava-prakasa came on a
visit to t}ie temple, with his followers. Yamunitcharya saw
them, and asked who among his followers was Ramanuja.
They pointed him out. " That bright and glorious central
figure," said they, " possessing those line shoulders, broad and
long, like RiLma Himself, — that is R£imS.nuja." YamunacliEirya
drank him in with his eyes, and sent his prayers after him, as
the host was moving away.

YamunstchEirya now mounted up to the Central Shrine of
Lord Varada (called Hastigiri) and standing before the Deity
sent up a prayer to Him thus : — " Great Lord ! grant me a
boon. Thou art V'ara-da (Boon-Granter), for q^q si0R3i5r^ ^W

%^ ^ ?Wf IWfSfiT II i.e. ' By thy favour, the deaf hears, the lame
runs, the dumb speaks, the Hind sees, and the barren bears. I
have sought Thee.' Grant me then, that this Ramanuja shall
become the bearer of the Toi-ch of our Faith." An uv^ent call
from Srirangam now obliging Yamunachftrya to return im-
mediately, he found no leisure to do anything more, nor time
even to say something to Tirukkacchi-Nambi, about his wishes
and future plans. I'o Srirangam thus he returned.

CH.VII. RAMA.NUJA— CONTROVERSIES AND MIRACLES. 41

CHAPTER VII.
KAMANUJA-CONTROVERSIES AND MIRACLES.

TSdava-prakaSa was conducting Lis Vedftnta classes as
usual. It fio happened that the princess of the then RAja' of
tlio dominion.'!, lo which KS,nchi had then belonged, became
obses.scd with an evil spirit {brahina-ralshas). The Raja was
endeavouring to find an able exorcist of demons. He was told
that Y&dava was well versed in such loi-e. The Rdja sent men
to invite him. They went and told him the state of affairs
with the princess and that he was wanted. Yftdava said to
the men : — " Go ye back and tell the spirit : " Yiidava com •
mandeth thee to leave the princess." Tliey retui^ned and
delivered the message : " Y&dava commandeth. Leave thou
the princes.'?," they demanded of the spirit. " Go back,"
bellowed the rakshas, " and tell YSidava from me, to depart from
this country." The Raja's men ran to Y&dava again and
delivered this message from the rakshas. Yfidava now went him-
self with a ti"oop of his disciples, and stationing himself before
the obsessed princess, began to mutter potent magical incanta-
tions and showing his fist, bid the devil depart. But the devil
(i.e., princess) stretched its legs and pointing them towards
YSdava said, in sovereign contempt of him : — " Thinkest thou
Y&dava ! that I do not know thy magic and magical formula; ?
Knowest thou not I am nbrahma-rakshas ? Neither thy mantra
nor thy person can be efficacious as against me. Thou hast no
knowledge of me, nor hast knowledge of thyself. Get thee gone."
' ' But," put in Yadava, " hast thou knowledge of me, and of
thyself as thou boasteth ? " " Learn then from me," retorted
the rakshas, " thou wert a guana in thy past birth, living in
the holes of the bank of the Madhurfi,ntaka tank. A batch of
Sri-Vaishnavas were travelling to Tirumalai (Tirupati) on a
lioly pilgrimage. They stopped at the tank, cooked, ate and left
the place. They had left the leavings of their food, and had
spilt some water. Thou didst then scamper to the place and

» VlraWljendra nnd his successor time in possession of Conjeveram
rarakesari Varma; as also the [Suitt-'i Indian Inscription Vol. II.
Western Chalukyas were ahout this p. 1 17 f f .J

6

42 THE LIFE OF EAM^NUJA. CH. VII.

ate of that food and drank of that water. This foitaitous merit
brought theo.to this present janma (birtli) of tliine as a
Bi-ahmana with learning. As for myself, I was a Brahmana
in mj past birtli. I began to perform a Yuga (a Brah-
nianic sacred ritual), but there were omissions in the regular
chanting of the mantras, and tlic acts connected thcrcwitli.
And henco the rdkshasa-janma has devolved on me. Sec.«;t
thou iiow / have knowledge, and thou hast not " ? " Very
good,'" said TSdava, " tell me then who will make thee dislodge
from the princess ? " " There," said the devil, pointing with its
hands folded in fear and worship, " in thy ranks there is that
angel from Heaven incarnate among men, whom thou hast fhe
glory of counting as tliy student, and whose name is Bam&nuja.
At his bidding I must flee' ". Y4dava turned to Ramanuja and
begged of him to command the evil spirit to leave. B&m&nuja
did so. " But I will not ", it said, " unles.s, Holy soul, thou
place thy Holy Poet upon my head." B&m&nuja did so. " I
now salute thee Holy Kftm4nuja,"said the spirit in a loud tone,
" I am leaving the princess." " But stay," said Ra,in4nuja
" how .shall we know that thou hast left ? " By this sign "
replied the spirit, " into that asvattha tree yonder, I shall
enter, the evidence thereof shall be the breaking of a branch."
And so it happened. Tlie Raja was overjoyed, and loaded
them with presents and honors. Y&dava-prakfi,Sa showered
plaudits on R4ma,nuja and glad at least that his prestige -was
somewhat saved by his noble disciple, returned to his retreat.

In Srirangam, Yftmunftcharya was in the meanwhile con-
ducting his expo.sitions of The Faith, of which the Four-Thou-
sand Prabandlia-s" constituted tlie chief documents. When lie
came across St. Nammfl,zliv3,r's verse {Tlru-viii-mozhi IV. 10. 5)
which proclaims that there is but One God, " On whom, all
ye, Laingas, Samanas and Sakyas", shall believe ", he felt

' Cp. Lnko IV.33— 35. And in the synogogiie...an unclean devil &c.
Also Luke X. 38 ft.

' See our Azhv&j's tires.

'i(iiH3fl.5 = Saivas, Samo»ins=^Jainas, S(il-i/ns = Bauddhas.

CH.VII. lUMANUJA— CNNTEOVKRSIBS AND MIEACliKS. 43

more anxious thau ever to find a capable successor ; and still
more fervently prayed to Lord Varadarsbja to wean fiS^manuja
from the lierotical associations of Tadava, and appoint him for
The Faith. In answer as it were to his ardent petition, a crisis
was preparing.

For, Yadava was one day explaining the Vedauta-texts
^ jfTfl^ ^^,' and %? ^ ^srefT 1%^=!,''' as if tliey meant that soul
(man) and God were identical". The first passage means : — AH
this iiideed is Brahman, and the second means : — There is not
the least diversity here. According to Yadava, the first passage,
meant that all this Gosmos is God ; the second passage meant
that all the diversifies that are seen in the Cosmos are illusory.
Ramanuja took objection to these interpi-etations and said that
the cosmos can never be identical with Brahman (God) nor can
it be proved unreal. For the first passage: all this indeed is
Brahman meant that the cosmos is permeated with His Spirit,
i e. full of God; in other words the cosmos has no existence
independent of God ; it exists by His will. He is its Creator,
Preserver and Destroyer. He is its liuler and rules by His
immanence. And the .second passage meant that the diversity
is of the cosmos and real inasmuch as it is sustained by the
Unity of God ; that therefore whoso sees the diverse cosmos
as severed from God sees not aright. There is but One God,
neither two nor many. In Him is all. That is the meaning
of the text. Cosmos is not denied inasmuch as its existence
is eternal substantially, though it exteriorly undergoes adjec-
tival change. It is an axiom that nothing can come out of
nothing : ah nihil nihil fit. The cosmos is real. It is iu God,
who is thus one only, not many. This passage is thus an asser-
tion, not a negation, of the cosmos.

1 C/i/uMidofft/a Upaiiishad. III. 14-1.

2 BrihaMranya. Up. VI. 4-19.

' A Christian writer says :— " To centuries has been leading India

sav that man, with all his passionate ever fiirthei- along the path o£

tempers, hia deceitful wavs, his foni decadence." [Epiphavy. p. 146 Vol.

imaginations, his hard uncharitable XXII. 1904.] We Visihtadvaitins

thoughts, is God, is the f^ital and say exactly the same thing, but

destructive error which for so many which the Christian knows not yet.

44 THE LIFE OF BAMANUJA. CU. VII.

As obstinately as Y&dava preached his pautheism, so
obstinately did EilinsiDuja rebut him. Yadava got em-aged at
last. " No more can you read with me, Sir " he cried, " you
must henceforth find your own congenial teacher.''

Bamauuja was glad to leave this teacher of impossible and
absurd pilosophy. Straight home went he, and informed his
mother Sri-D6vi of all that happened. " Enough of thj'
studies,- son ! " said she ; there is Tirukkacchi-Nambi who is in
great favour with Lord Varada-Raja. Seek his advice and
service, and abide by his will. That will do thee all the good."
KA,md;Uuja at once sought T. Nambi and besought him to employ
him in divine services in the Temple, even as Lakshmana
besought of Rama: —

I%zfrrn^if%Hf^ \_Bwmdyana III. 18. 7.]

" RS.ma ! say : ' do,' and I am thy servant."

S. Nambi said : — " Lord Varadaiaja much likes the water
from the S«Zat-well you were once bringing him. Fetch the
same daily and serve Him." Thus therefore did Ram&nuja
employ himself.

CH.viii. Alavandau'S last days akd last words. 45

CHAPTER Ylir.

ALAVANDAR'S LAST DAYS AMD LAST WORDS.

We shall foi* a moment turn to Srirangam. Tamnna was
aging now. He became ill. Tiruvaiangapperumal Avai^-ar^
approached him, followed by Yamuna's disciples Tirnkkotti-
yiir-Nambi^ and Periya-Jfanibi" . The latter pi-ayed to him to
give them the best salvatory advice. Ydmuna spoke thus : —
" Good souls, look upon the shrine of Kangauatba as your very
life ; the Great God enthroned in that shrine as yonr Saviour ;
make Tirupp-anazhvar, — the Panchama Saint* — -who is the
beloved of this Great God, your ideal for loving contemplation.
This holy Saint is to God IJanga (of Srirangam) as Kurnmba-
rutta-Nambi'— the potter — is to God VenkateSa (of the Tiru-
pati Hill) ; as Tirukkacchi-Nambi — the Vaisya" — is to God
Varada-Raja (of Kiinchipurain). This Saint, to yon, sire,"
addressing Avaiyar, " is your very soul." And continued : —
What is dear to you. Holy Sire, is dear to me ; the means of
your salvation, are my means fi,s well. Avaiyar, prostrating
to Yamuna said : " Sire, you now seem to lalk as if you are
envisaging tmths as exist in Nitya-vibhuti ('=: Eternal or
Unvarying Cosmos^Heaven). It makes me almost envious to
study you thus." " Sire ", Y&muna said, " how can you be
envious of me, if I go to Nitya-vibhuti before you do ? (Jan
great and good men like you be envious of others' foi-tune ?
So, if I leave 3'on all in advance, reconcile yonrselves thus."
Now to all his disciples, he administei-ed general instructions
thus: — " Hear me, sons ! A p-apanna is he who has absolutely
i-esigned himself to God. If after professing so, he should
still entertain doubts as to whether his soul is at all in the safe

• Vide No. 22 Hieraroliic Table, TAres of Azln'ara.
2 Vide No. 24. Ihid.

-■' ritU No. 23. Ihid.

* See Ilia Life and foot note to page 137 Iliid., and om- recent Lecture
on the Fancliainas.

^ See Yenkatachala M^batmya. He is called liliiiua, tbe potter
" The third lower caste from the Brahniana.

46

THK LIFE OF IIAMANOJA.

CH. Vlll.

keeping of God, that very doubt is proof of his want of trust in
God. A true believer in God is only he who feels quite sui-c
of his soul's safety in His arms, and that his body is a tempo-
rary form begot by Karma,^ ceasing when Karma ceases. A
prapanna is thus one who has intellectually divested himself
thus of all concern, either as regards his soul or his body, Iwth
being in the ■ keeping of two divergent determining agents.
This i-esigned attitude of the mind constitutes the true prapanna
(believer). Dwell on the sense contained in the Holy Name
NArfiyana, as it contains the sum of all divine wisdom. It is

^ KariftO' means act. This is the
inherent will in the eouI. This
will is subjective. This shapes out
an objective, for which matter is
associated with. Like God, Soul is
eternal, like theetcrnality of God's
attributes, — because of God's etcr-
nality. Kariiia, or will which is
innate in the soul, iseteroal with it.
A Christian might say : ' that this
dogma puts a limit to God's power,
inasmuch as Karma or soul is some-
thing which He. did not make,
and therefore, circumscribing the
sovereignty of God. Karma be-
comes therefore another "Unknown
God ", containing in itself possibili-
ties for the soul's future, and there-
fore the soul can Birire for itself
without or independent of God. In
short, by the dogma of Karma, God
is made dependent, if not altogether
rendered iiug.atory. Karma there-
fore is incompatible wich an inde-
pendent sovereign God." To this
we say, that Karma, by itself as a
fact inherent in the soul, eternal
with it, and as operative oa the
destinies of the soul, is all that, by
virtue of an eternal God eternally
so willing. If God is capable of
willing something in fnne, his capa-
bility is all the more greater, when
lie can will things from all eternitij.
This is oallcd the yiitija-sankalpa
power of God. With this basis
then. of God's eternal will, there is
nothing conlvadiotary or iuterfor.
ing with God's paramouutcy. If

the Christian in order to invest
God with all-power, demurs to Car-
ina being owned by the soul, is he
then prepared to transfer all Karma
to God, and in order to maintain
that God must create soul, Karini
and all iu time ? Then the soul is
exonerated of all personal responsi-
bility. It has neither merit nor
demerit ; rewards and punishments
are not for it. A non-eternal will,
as creation supposes, therefore dero-
gates from God's power rather than
enhance and glorify it, as when
He is endowed with eternal will.
Time-limitations on God is thas as
bad atheism, as that of identifying
man with God, postulated by
monism. Karma in soul, not origi-
nating in time, and its being so by
God's eternal will, reconciles at
once, soul's responsibility for his
acts (Karma), and God's supreme
power to rule over this state of
things as long as He maj' please,
and reserving to Himself the power
which may bo called grac«, by
which to annul Karma in toto, and
gather His flock to Himself. Eter-
nal Karma therefore is compatible
with sovereign God's Oneness, His
unrestricted Power and His nncon-
ditional Grace. To call in question
therefore the power of God to
eternally order things is to limit
Him. To endow Him with eternal
will is to truly conceive of His
Intiaite nature. If it still be con-
tended that Karmri, even when eter-

CH. Vlir. ALAVANDAR'S LAST DAYS AND LAST WORDS. 47

the Name signifying : — " We are in Flim, and He is in us." '
" He is in us proves the bond between Him and Fiouls, (he bond
by whicli He is boand by His Grace to save ns. We are in Him
proves that we caj'i {reely and wliolly trust Him for all our
welfare. Anything less than this trust .savours of diflidence,
or which otlierwlsc constitutes the reboUious attitude of tlie soul.
On the other hanl, to cjinpel God to .save us by our impor-
tuiiitios, also savours of disobedience and to think that God
must 1)3 ono at our beck and call, is equally impious and dis-
loyal. Absolute tru.st i.s when we think of ourselves as des-
tined by Him to serve some mighty |,urpo.se of Hi.S, and as
mere instruments, required in willingness to do His bidding
.so that what His purposa may be, may be fulfilled. There is
no purpose of our own as apart from His. God is the Pro-
prietor and we are His property, of which He alone has the
full power of disposal ; in other words, He is the Master and
we are His vassals." The disciples asked again ; •' Sjre, what
are our Means and onr Goal?" The Master said: — "Your
Saviours arj the iiieam, but do not think I am one. In this
matter, it is not for me to dictate, j-qu must use your own
judgment. Again Your Saviours are the goalsLS well. To serve
them eternally is the goal. And these Saviours are one with
God as their minds are eu rapport with Him, so tliat to serve

nally willed by Goil maljos God Gol shows grace, we cannot say

a dependent Bains;, «.e., di'pendeut He is depeiideiif upon his grace to

on Karma, then it m.ay be e(|iially save us. Again this eternal Karma

jirgued that a potniakci- who him- is quite compatible with a most

self collects a!l inateriaU to make a independimt God. Karma, we said,

pot with, is ilepcii-'eiit on those w.is act. \Vc must bo undeMtood

materials ; an enjoyer of food, who to mean by this term the inherent

himself aeiiuircs all tho'ingredienti capacity or potency in the sonl to

for the food is dependent on the act. This is free-will (will atualizod

food; a donor of sifts to a needy into act) in other words; and this

person, movod to pity by the donee's is bestowed on the soul by God from

petition!!, is dependent on his pity eternity. If it is pertinent to say

or the donee's petition ! If God is that Karma cannot be eternal, it is

still thought dependent, how can as well pertinent to say that God

He have "the power of annulling must have been created by some-

Karma ; in other words possess the body. See Srtrangaraja-Stava II,

sovereign gift of grace ? When 43 ■■ gvddhiii'e."

1 Equivalent partially to, ' Wo live and move and have our heing in

Him.

48 THE LIFE OP KAMANUJA. CH. VIII.

tliem is to serve Him, and what pleases them pleases Him.
Find your temple of bliss {blioga) in the Tirumantra, your
temple of flowers {pushpa) in the Charainasloka and your
temple of bounty (t.y'iga) in the Disuya}. I echo but what our
Saints have said before.'" On hearing (hese, T. Araiyar
said: — "Oh, Sii-e, after your dcparfni-e to Paraiiia-pada ( =
Heaven), what matters it, if worms, like us, die ?" Yilmunn,
hearing this, made no reply to such a token of affection ; and
fearing lest such praise inflame his pride and destroy humility.

T. Araiyar, Periya-nambl and others went to the Temple
and there in the presence of Lord Ranganatha stood x-evolving
in their minds as to what had transpired. Pei-iya-nambi and.
others said they had decided to give up their lives, if Yftmnna
passed ,away, for they could hardly bear such sepai-ation.
Ranganatha read their thoughts and a voice came : — " I con-
jure yo'h all not to think in this wise. You must abide by
My will as to how long it may please Me to keep men on earth
and when I may choose to dismiss them from there. Take
Avaiyar for your guide after Ya,mana's departure." They all
heard this divine mandate, and speeding to Yfl,muna related to
him the extraoi-dinary occurrence. He said : — " I echo the
mandate. Grudge me not that celestial bliss into which I am
about to enter, nor grudge the service which Ranganatiia will
deuiuad of you for some time to come after me. But if over-
come by grief at having to leave me, you persist in your inten-
tions to give up your lives on my account, it will be most
hostile to the will of our Masters, Uyyakkondar and others,
that a continuous succession of spiritual teacliers of your faith
shall be mainfalncd. Do not then lose heart. Resigned to His
will, live on." They were still unpacified. To put heart
into them, the Master continued : — " Know these truths again.
Endeavour to see no difference between God and God's saints.
In God's saints, God Himself is present. On the other hand,
know that when you do a. service to your disciples, you shall
take no credit to yoni-selves for doing it. The credit belongs

> Consult our iii'e* of AzhvarB and Dieine Wisdom of DrdvUla Saints
for explanation of these mysteries.

CH.VIII. AliAVANDAR'S LAST DAYS AND LAST WORDS. 49

to the Masters of whom know you are the accredited agents.
And when you serve God, think yonr .services are transmitted
to Him by the Saints and Sages, whom you succeed. Far-
ther, wlien you dispense to youv disciples, let the motive for
such dispensing (i.e., imparting insti-uction or bestowing gifts
<tc.) bi3 not one of selfi.^hnoss (i e., for a return from them of
m.oney, or satisfaction of a worldly end). If a spiritual
preceptor has such motives, and if lie ever consider himself
superior in the midst of an assembly of holy men, he deserves
to be discarded." The disciples were still dejected, and the
Master again continued his di-scourse thus : — " Fi-t your hearts
on Lord Rangansitha. He is your sole End and Aim. Enough,
if the first thing you do every morn is to lay a flower at His feet.
Here are three objects for your worship : — God, the Guru,
and His Faithful. In the middle of these three terms centres
the ideas of the first and the last terms. This concentering in
a Guru who is sensibly present, will be your means to cross
the sea of this world. I consign yon then, dear disciples,
into the hands of T. Araiyar." T. Araiyar now addressed the
disciples: — "Heai'kento the pai-ting words of our Master.
Take courage. I also lay it upon yon not to think of dying,
because the Master leaves us. If yon break these commands,
you shall forfeit both the Land of Bliss and the Union with
the Blessed. After hearing these assuring words of Araiyar,
Y4mnnacharya found peace in his soul.

Yamunlicharya recovered somewhat ; and took his bath of
health. For joy, they made j^reat feast and in a body proceeded
to the Temple to pay honors to Lord Ranga,' accompanied by
Yamuna. The curtain acro.ss the sanctum was drawn aside.
The congragation was fall. Yamuna stood silent for a wliile
before the Deity with folded hand.^, and then spoke thus :—
" Sti-ange, is this Heaven ? Am I among the Celestials,
the Angels ?" As he uttered this, the garland of flowers from
Lord Rangahatha's neck slipped and dropped on the ground.
T. Araiyar promptly picked it up anfl put it on Alavandar's
neck, saying:— " I suppo.se, sire, your wishes are now fulfilled."
Dismis.sed by Ranganatha' with tirtham and prasiUam, they all
• Banga is abbroviation for ttanganatha.

50 THE LIFE OF EAMANUJA. CH. VIII

i-eturned to Alavandav's monastery. Here, after seeing evei-y
one partake of hoi}- food, AlavandAr prostrated before tliem all
and asked forgiveness of them all for any wrongs. " How can
you do wrong. Sire, and what is there for us to foi'give ? " So
saying, T. Ai'aiyar raised him up in reverence. The master
now took his food, and went on saying many precious things,
knowing that his end was fast appi-caching.

Something more was yet in store, bef'n-e God was pleased
to take to himself this Pioneer of the Visishtadvaila Faith.
XewE reached Kanchi of the critical state of yamunilcharya's
health. Two Sri Yaishnavas hastened to Srirangam to vi.sit
the sage, pei-haps for the last time. Yamuna received the
visitors with great earnestness and asked them to tell him how
things were going with Ramftnuja. They infoi-med him
that owing to an altercation between YAdava and Ramanuja, the
latter had sevei'ed his connection with him and was emphjyed
solely in the services of Lord Varadaraja. " God has granted
my fervent prayers then, and be He praised", cried Yamuna,
elated with joy. He called Periyanambi (=:Mahflipurna) to
his presence and said :— " Here ai-e glad tidings for ns. R&md,-
nuja is happily disconnected from Yadava. Go forth at once to
Kanchi and bring him to me." Mahapiirna immediately left.

But Y&muna in the meanwhile got worse, despite his
will to live till R3,ma.nuja's arrival. And all the disciples were
made uneasy, and hoped against hope that the Master might
live. It was the month Vaijasi, and the usual temple-jubi-
lations of the season were proceeding. The avdbhrita ' (clos-
ing) day came ; and YtimuncT, went to the Temple, and paid
liis last worship and homage to Kanganatha, whom, as well
as Saint Tiruppanazhvar, stationed at His feet, he devoured
with his eyes fi-om toe to top, and top to toe. Receiving
tirtha ■' and prasdda, " he returned to his monastery ; and

^ Ablution after a sacrificial ceremony.

= Walrer consecrivted to the Hiety during tlie worship and distri-
buted to the devotees.

» Flowers, food &c., offered to God and distributed to the Faithful.

CH. Vlll. ALAVaNDAU'S LAST DAYS AND LAST WOEDS. 51

gathered togethei- all his disciples and temple-authorities
i-ouiul him. He fell pro&trate l)efore the assembly, and once
more craved their pardon for all his faults. In one voice they
cried: — " Holy Sire, wliy speakest thou of faults ? " He now
addressed them thus : — " I beseech ye all to take care of the
venerable Avaiyar. ye officers of Ranga's Shrine ! I pray
to j'ou to conduct all the several items of ■worship, such as
mantrapushpa ' to Lord Ranga, punctually ; and distribute holy
food to all your gurus and holy souls of the place, and to all
pilgrims coming from all quarters to visit the Shrine." " These
must be his Last words," thought all, soirowing much in their
hearts. Turning to Ysbmuna, they said : — "All shall be done
Sire, as yon wish." Sri Y&muna now assumed the padmasana^
posture, held his breath, and fixing all his mind and heart on
tlie Holy feet of his Achdrya ^ Manakkal-Nambi, commanded
the disciples to repeat loudly the BrahinavaUi,^ Bhriguvalli ^
Ptirusha-siikta,' Archirddi* Sitzh-viRumhu" &c. And as the
n\oment Abhijifc (midday), coupled with Sravana constellation
arrived On the sixth day of Vaiyasi, and as trumpets began
to blow, the Holy Sage was elevated to Nitya-vibhiiti (Eternal
Realms).

Hov; Alavanddr u-as interred.^

Tiruvaranga-p-perumal Avaiyar and others fell to the
ground senseless with grief at this bereavement which was so
hard to bear. But they had to perform all the services for the
departed ; and rallying therefore to the task, they bade the

^ See any work on Yoga.

' Spiritual preceptor and guide ; called also Guru.

5 See Taittiriya Upanisbafc.

< See Cliandogya Up. and one of the 18 Babasyas of Lokaoharya.

° Tiruvai-rnozhi, X, 9-1.
•"' We liad tliouglifc of omitting the Orienlal Scholars, we hare trans-
details of this last sacrament ad- laled the same as best as we can.
ministered on Sanyasins (monas- Also it is a study in Indian " Mag-
tics). But thinking that an ac- netics " which may be interesting
count maybe of much interest to to thaumatiivgists.

52 THE LIFE OF BAMASUJA. CH. VIII.

son of the Sage {i.e., son before he took the ix)be of Sanjasin)
to do what was necessary.

Thej sprinkled water over the place {sthala-sitddht) after
sweeping; constructed a fore-poled iiiantapam (booth or
bower)', and adorned it with festoons of darhha (sacred
grass), and sengazhu-nlr flowers ; silk hangings were hung and
chiiinaras (chovries or streamers) were arranged in tassels. To
the four posts were tied young plantaiu trees with bunches of
green areca-nut at the capitals. Fruits of different kinds were
hung from tlic canopy, and a flag hoisted at one corner. To
tlic four faces, East, South, West and North, were hung respec-
tively festoons of tender foliage, of pahisa, asvattha, khddira,
and udumhara. Paddy grain was spread on the floor (of the
bier), and pili-na-kumbha (water-filled vessel) was planted in
its midst, and four others at the corners. Twelve more vessels
were placed outside the bowei-, at different corners, repeating
the Twelve Holy Names, Kesava &c. Their necks were wound
with kttsa, diirvd, darhha, vishnu-krdntha, and various flowers ;
these were worshipped after repeating the Vvaya-vmntra along
with the names of the gurti-parampard (the apostolic series),
and with the Twelve Holy Names, KeSava tfcc, they were
consecrated. Leaving the vessel in the /saH^o-quarter (North-
East) called the Sankarshana-vessel, the four others were taken
up, and with them they laved the body of the Sage after the
panch-Amrita (the five articles of milk, butter, honey, curds
and cocoanut-water) ablution was over, repeating the Purusha-
sukta all tlie time. The gentry of the place (rnudalis) now
took up the remaining twelve vessels outside the bier, and
ablutions were performed with these after presenting the
assembled magnates with rolled betel and nut (jpun-supdri)
and obtaining their permission, after dextro-ambulating them.
The place at the outer-door wa.s next cleaned with cow-dung,
and over tlie space .so consecrated, rice grain was spread. A
mortar and pestle were brought and sacrificially washed with
water, and new pieces of cloth were tied to them. Turmeric

The bier of the Aryans.

CH.VIII. ALAVANDAIl'S INTEBMENT. 63

\

was placed in the mottar. Basis (or maid-seivants) stamped
with the holy Ghakra and SanJcha — thus consecrated to "Vishnu
— draped themselves in washed garments and decked them,
selves according to the occasion, and going round tlie Holy
Trivikraman Street, approached the door ; and prostrating
before the holy assembly, with their leave, the Mcru-god-
representing pestle was taken np, and repeating the Twelve
Holy Names, the turmeric in the mortar was pounded, called
Sri-Ghnma. Now came Avaiyar and others. They drew on
the i)addy a figure of earth with its nine divisions {bharata-
khaufja Sfc). At the eiglit corners of this space were placed
eight vessels filled respectively, with holy powdei'S, holy un-
guents, holy scents, holy flowers, holy liija (fried rice), holy
milk, holy curds, and holy water -, and decked with the buds
of darbha, asvaltha &c., repeating Dvaya-mantra all tlie while.
To the East, they placed a winnow-basket filled with hnskless
Icija ; <o Ihe West a vessel filled with Sri-Vaishnava-foot-
washed water ; to the North, money and other presents to be
distributed to the Sri-Vaishnavas ; to the South, a golden
platter filled with the garland, raiment, &c., worn by Lord
Ranganatha. Then prostrating to the sanctified image of the
Sage, they went round it, and rehearsed Tiru-p-pallandu,
Kanninun-sivuttambu, Suzh-visumbani mnkil.' Avaiyar then-
went round the holy streets of Srirangam with music, chanting
the Tiiu-virnttam and coming back to the monastrey, sang the
finishing hymns. Then the eight vessels of holy milk &c., were,
emptied over the Sage's bodj*, which was then adorned with
Lord Ranga's gifts of garland, raiment and other things. They '
all then distributed among themselves as prasdda, the remnants'
of all that was offered to the sage, and earnestly gazed at his
figure .so as to distinctly retain it in their hearts for ever
afterwards. They then threw themselves at the Sage's feet
which they devoutly pressed against their eyes, hearts and
heads ; and now completely overcome, gave vent to their grief
which they could not control, by toi-rents of tears trick-

• See onr Lives of Azhviirs.

54 TUE LIFE OF liAMASUJA. CH. VIIl.

ling down their cheeks, and tent forth loud lamentations.
'J'he worthies of the place pressed roiiiKl the mourners, and by-
kind words assuaged tlieir grief. Tliey tlien lifted the bier,
the Sage seated in it, on to a stretolier (or litter), which they
bore reverently on their shoulders, and carried in splendid
pi-ocession in the streets, conches blowing, music discoursing,
and men and women setting up a sacred dance. The Praban-
dhas were i-ecited in the front, Veda-parayana bringing up
the rear. White cloths were laid in the streets in front of the
procession, the member.s of which bore sugar-cane sticks in
their hands, and carried bright vessels filled witli water on
their heads. "As the procession wended its way, laja flowers
and scented powders were broadly sliowcred over all, the
vestal virgins of the sanctuary bearing torches aloft and
leading. Chdmaras (chowiies) waved on cither side, and white
cloths were brandifhed in the air.' And to crown all, bugles
and trumpets proclaimed as it were : — " The Great Sage Ala-
vandar, the Defender of our Faitli, has gone forth to Heaven."
After thus pei'egrinating the Holy Streets, the Sage was
carried to TiruhkararnhaH-lurai, a spot close bj'' the South,
bank of Coleroon (KoUadam) liver in the North, and there
purifying the spot with the unused water of the Sankarshana
vessel (kept in i-eserve), all the sacramental litual enjoined for
Sanyasins (monastic order)* was gone through punctiliously.
The Sage was now duly installed in a cavern made in the
ground. We shall leave the elders and dignitaries of the temple
thus busy, and luni for a moment to events which were in the
meantime transpiring in Kancht.

' GlotU is folded at one end and held in the hand, the other end
flourished in the air, producing a circle or the figure of an umbrella.
^ Consult YalidliarinaSainacchaija by Yadava.

CH. IX. alavandXh and RAMANUJA. 55

CHAPTER IX.

AIiAVANDAK AND RAMANUJA.

We saw Mall ilpClrna sent to invite Ba,manuja to Srirangam
to join the holy fold of <he Faithful. He duly reached Kftnchi,
and delivered the message of his Ach/lrya to Kanehi-purna, in
whose holy company, he duly paid hi.s devotions <o Loid Varada-
raja ; and taking the ])ath leading 1o Sdhn well, — from which
ll3.mfl.nuja was bringing his customary water for the service
of Lord Varada-7— he went on reciting his Achiirya Yamuna's
hjniu : —

" Ndrayana ! , ivho, in Vedas versed, will difpute Thy Natural
Qreatuess and Sovereignty, vast ; for Imow tKey not that Brahma,
Siva, Indra and cehitiaU all, are but as drops nf foam upon
the Ocean of Thy Gloiy ? "

Rfl>m&auja was coming from Ihe well and lie heard this
recitation. Not only was his attention arrested by it but was so
sti'uck with its bcant}-, sense, pathos ami literacy,' that he
anxiously inquired of the recifcr (whom he did not know yet^
of course) who was its worthy author. " Whose could such
words be save my Acharya YAmuna-muni's ? " readily res-
ponded i! ahapurra. " I must then visit this great .soul," said
R&manuja. "I .shall certainly take you to him," replied
Pdrna, jubilant at the success of his mission.

The tiru-manjanam (holy ablution) water, Ramanuja
duly delivered at tlio Shrine ; and he .sui>mittod to Lord Varada
his ' treat wish to visit Yamuna ; and taking His leave as also
Kanchl-plirna's, ho imraediatoly proceeded in Malia-piirna's
company and by forced marches, reached the Kaveri river.
They saw from that distance great crowds gathered, and
employed evidently in very serious work. " What is all
the bustle about ? " asked Ra,maauja anxiously of some way-

* The beauty of this can only be realized by those who can under
stand the ovifjitml. It sutifers in the translation,

56 THE LIFE OP liAMANUJA. CH. IX.

farers Thej said tliat Tarauna was no more. Tin's news
made Maba-piivna and RElmannja distraught, and the shock
prostrated them and struck tlicm senseless. Recovering
somewhat, they wept inconsolable tears, as all their plans
were foiled, and hopes blasted. An irreparable loss, it was.

Mahapurna found Ramanuja disconsolate, and fearing worse
consequences, forgot his own gi'ief for the moment in order
to pacify Ramannja, in the manner, it is sad, that 'inlhc
sword-cut, the sjj.-pi ).i-3tia>' is fji-j^jf^j.!.' RiDvjring
breath somewhat, he exhorted him thus : " Take heart, RAmA-
nuja ! knowest thou not the saying :— '^qfW«(gRi||R H^PSPR^HITl'^ I
WVi|itlH4'i<i frrNi(lFflRwir|*r: ' i-e. "Obstacles to viitue attach even
great men ; but when vice sets in, obstacles flee soinewliere ! " and
raising Ramanuja in his arms, led him by the hand to where the

Sage Yamuna was lying in. state. " I have at least been
al)le to see this," said Ramanuja, and drank as it were, with his
eyes, the Holy Figure ; but as he scanned it up and down, he
discovered to his surprise that three of the five fingers of the
right palm of the Sage were closed. He turned round to the
assembly and questioned them about this strange sight. " We
never marked this before. Sire," they said. Ramanuja reflect-
ed for an instant, and imagining that the Sage might have
some ardent wish in his mind unsatisfied, which he pro-
bably 60 indicated, asked the bystanders if they wore aware of
any specific wishes of the Sage expressed to them at any time
in the course of his religious talks with them. " We are not
particularly aware of any such directly," they said; " but
indirectly we know that he often used to say that he wished
v«ry much to see three things perpetuated. Firstly, gratitude
i^iust be shown to the memory of Krishna- Vyfi,sa and ParaSai-a.
Secondly, a tribute of love should bo paid to St. NammazhvAr.
And thirdly, Vyasa-Siltras or Brahma-Sutras mu.st be com-
mented on to bring out the real Visishtadvaita sense contain-
ed in them." '

' Vhhhtddratui means, organic nuja's commentaries, Pro. M. Han -

monism ; in othern-ords, — if it may g^ohirya's Srl-Bhashya, and Dr.

be so called,— a Trinity in Unity. Tliibaut's Introdnction to Vedanta-

Bead our Bhagavadglta witli IWmft- Sfttras, Sankara-bhlshya.

CH. IX. ALAVANDAU AND llAMANUJA. 57

RAmanuja lieavd this and said : — " Holy Sage," address-
ing his Figure, " if this is thy mind, I promise I shall
carry it out, provided I have the health, provided thy grace is
on me, ami provided God"grants m_v prayers." No sooner this
was said than the thrte bent fingers of the Sage opened out,
as if to say • ' 03-0 " ! The whole assembly was witness to this
miracle, and in one voice they all declared : — " Sire, doubt not
that the Sage's grace is fully on you ; the very power and glory
of his spirit will enter into you; you are the next fit successor
to him for the evangelical work of our Faith. We all anoiut
you here for the task." Ra,mauuja lovingly and steadily
gazed at thq Holy Figure of the Sage, and contemplating Him
to his fill, pressed His feet to his heart and eyes, and bathing in
the river — as the last service rendered to the departed — took
leave of Maha-Purna and started immediately back for Kfi.nchi,
not caring to visit Lord Ranga, on account of the sore dis-
appointment which had been caused. It is chronicled of
RAmanuja that he often used to express to his holy assembly
that if he had but been permitted for one single day to be in
the living company of Sri Y&muna, he would have construct-
ed a staircase to Heaven and procured free admission to all
thereto.

The magnates of the place then did ths remaining part of
the interment, conducted with due obsequial litm-gy and in due
course raised a cenotaph {brinddvanamy and mantapam '■' over
the site. Memorial verses were thus sung : —

1 An ornamental sliort pedestal with a basil plant planted on top.
= A stone pavilion over (1).

58 tkh: life of uamasuja. cu. x.

CHAPTER X.
RAMA NU J A AND KANCHI-PtrRNA.

Rclmtoiija, jvitli a lieavy heai-t readied Kanclii, and
recounted the events lie liad first witnessed, to KiXnchl-purna.
Pfirna mourned much over the loss of liis Ach'irya, aggravated
])y the tliouglit that all the projects they had formed in their
minds were thus frustrated ; but reviving, coniforted RaraS/-
nuja Ijy saying : — " Lord Varada is all-kno%ving and all-power-
ful. Let us submit to His -will. He will make good our loss by
appointing you in his stead, for our Faith." So saying, lie
conducted Sri-chihna-paripnlana,^ and Tiru-v-adhyayana' for
his AcJidi-ya.

R&mtouja again employed himself as before in the Tint-
maiyana' service to I;crd Varada, and as friendship and respect
for K^nchTpurna deepened, he found much spiritual worth in
this .'jtannch devotee of Lord Varada. One day, Rama,nuja
earnestly begged of him to become the sponsor for his soul.
" Come, Holy Ramftnnja ! " .said Pui-na, " You desire this of me,
because ymt, think I am worthy of such position, but know
that I am an unworthy non-entity, whom Lord Varada has per-
haps chosen to think of as some body. And you are evidently
intent on acting on the principle : —

' Yogis (or spiritual men) are born among all castes ; and no
caste-odium shall hold in their cases, for they have seen their
souls' Lord.

This dictum holds good as regards our soul-relation, but
it cannot be applied as regards our external conditions of
birth and social polity as ordained by the Scriptures (Vedas).

* The ceremony of tlie turmeric-powder {vide p. 53), applied to the
face.

* The f aneral ceremonies of the Srt-vaishnavas, when the Prabau-
dbas are recited antiphocally, and a great feast is given.

" Carrying water-poi:s for ablntion-ceremony to the Deity.

* Bharadrhja-Samhila, T, 44.

CH. X.

rXmANUJA and KANCHt-PftRNA.

59

You shall not therefore externally profess to me bonds which
militates against the typical social system of Varna ' and
AsramaJ' Years is Bnikmana-hody and mine a Vaisya-hody,
and as lonji; as these last, we must respect temporary distinc-
tions for the sake of the safety of our social fabric, which we
cannot violate without injury.

" Varna=the four typical castes
of Brdhnuina, Kshatriija, Vaisyaand
Siidra. Asraina=the four typical
orders of life, viz., Bralunacharya
(Student), Grihastlia (householder),
Ydnaprastha (anchorite), and Saii-
nycisa (monastic). A recent speech
by Mr. N. N. Ghose at the Hare
Anniversary Meeting (1904) is im-
portant as bearing on the vexed
question of caste in India, which
the Christian will not under-
stand. He said:— -'The division
into castes cannot be understood by
any one who does not realise that
all Hindu institutions were inspired
by one principle. It was not politi-
cal expediency, not social conve-
nience, not the happiness of the
greatest number, not the develop-
ment of fighting capacity. Mate-
rial good was a subordinate end.
The ruling principle was the spirit-
ual evolution of man, the perfec-
tion of character, realisation of
the self. For the porposes of
spiritual evolution, a segregation of
classes and occupations was con-
sidered necessary. The Brahmans,
for instance, were to be devoted to
religious work and meditation and
the function of teaching, and so on
with other castes. It was no mere
division of labour that was thus
accomplished. It was an institu-
tion meant to prevent the spiritual
degradation of men by the mixing
up of finer and courser spiritual
natures. The four leading castes
were marked off from each other
by characteristics that could not
be misUken. The division was not
arbitrary. All experience shows

that men are not equally endowed
on the spiritual side. Then it has
to be remembered that the law of
Karina was one of the root concep-
tions of the caste-system. Men
were born into a particular caste
by their Karma of a previous life.
Men of lower castes could go up to
tlie higher in another life if they
had made spiritual progress enough
in this life. No mere intellectual
qualifications or material conditions
would raise a man to a higher
caste. Each man was born into
the caste for which he was destin-
ed by his own susceptibilities.
There was room enough for ad-
vancement and usefulness within
the limits of his own caste. But
he was not to be perm.itted to spoil
his own breed by marrying in a
lower spiritual plane, or spoil the
breed of a liigher caste by marry-
ing on a higher plane. Modern life
may make it difficult or impossible
to carry out these ideas. But in
them is to be found the interpreta-
tion of an ancient system which
has puzzled and provoked men
whose ideals are different from
those of our ancient ancestors.
Not muscles and intellect, not
liappincss, not political ascen-
dancy, but spiritual perfection and
purity were the only end." The
warning voice against promiscuous
intercourse and admixture of
castes is found in the Bhagavad-
Grtta, I, 40 to 44 ; which may be
read by all the devotees of this
Holy Bible, and laid to heart before
venturing to anathematize the
caste-institution of India,

60 THE Lli-E OF KAMAKUJA. CH. X.

Batn4nuja admitted the legality and expediency of the caste
system, and yet he felt it ought to be disregarded in special
cases -where such spiritually adv^anced souls as Kanchi-purna's
were concerned. He therefore resolved the next day to invite
Purna to his house for a repast. " Accept, Sire, an entertain-
ment in my hut," prayed Ramanuja. " Most gratefully ", said
Piiina, not to disappoint liira. Ramanuja was rejoiced at the
prospect of obtaining the remnants of food eaten by a spiritual
elder, albeit he belong to a low class in society. Going home,
lie ordered his wife to prepare a sumptuous meal for a distin-
guished guest. And he himself bathed, performed all the
ceremonies ordained for the householder, carried- the dailj"-
service-water to Loi-d Varada, and performing worship to his
household Lord, also Varada, left home to bring his guest
to his door. He went by the South Sti:eet, and turned West
towards the retreat of Purna. But Pilrna had already left
his place, taken anotlier direction, prayed to Lord Varada as
usual, and doing his daily services there, had proceeded to the
cottage of Ramanuja. Here, not finding liim, be begged the
wife to give him food immediately as he had to return to the
Temple for urgent service. She did so, and lie left. She then
pushed away the leaf, from which Purna had eat€n, by means
of a stick, purified the place with water and cowdung and con-
sidering herself impure by this act, bathed again. Ramanuja
finding Purna absent from his cloister had retraced his steps to
liis hut, and finding that his wife had bathed for a second time,
asked her why ? She said : — " Sire, your Sdtldda (non-Brah-
man) guest came and having eaten is gone. Being a low caste
man, I have purified the place where he ate, and have myself
bathed." " Ignorant woman ! " he cried in anger " what
hast thou done ! How thou hast frustrated my plans ! "

" What shall I do rext ? "' Ramanuja pondered, " what 1
had wished has failed. Peihaps it is God's will that I should
not violate rn.'tte rrstiicfions even in special cases. Be it so."
.And lie again Lttock himfclf io Pinna's cloisfer. "Sire!
pardon me for ronslrainiiig jou to do a thing against your will,
lui now do me ai;olhtr favoui-. I have a i'tw doubts in my

CH. X. KAMANUJA AND KANCIli-PUJiNA. Gl

mind. I beg of j-ou to have them solved by Lord Varada,
whose beloved worshipper you ai-e." " Willingly I sliall submit
them to Him," he promised Kamiiiiuja That nigbt, when all
the formal duties of tlio temple were over, Mahapurna stood
before Lord Varada in silent contemplation, hands folded. " I
think thou hast something to ask of me," Lord Varada said.
" Yes, Most High ! Ramanuja has a few doubts, which lie has
asked me to submit to you and obtain answers, — some doubts,
he has not told me what." " I know them," said Varada,' " ho
is asking me these doubts, in the manner 1 myself once asked
Sandipani* for knowledge. He knows the sweets of God-service
by birth-right, and knows my will and acts up to it. He has
learnt many things and in many quarters. Now he has six
doubts in hi.s mind. Here are the six answers thereto : —

1. I am the Supreme Truth (para-talvam),

2. / and souls are different (bheda),

3. By faith shall men reach Me, their scdvatlmi.

4. I'hought of Me at time of death {antinia- smriti)

is not compukory {on My faithful),

5. Release from bondage{m.oksha) follows iinmedi'ately

on death (of body),

6. Choose Mahupurna for your AchCnya?

Kauchi-purnareverenth' received this message and with-^
drew. The next moj-ning, he hailed Ramannja with intense
ji)y and communicated to him the divine message. " Were
these your doubts, Sire!" he asked. "Yes, your Holiness
I pi-ostrate to you for it most heartily," said Ramanuja.
Purna wa.s struck by this strange coincidence, and henceforth,
(suiting the action to the vvoi-d) looked upon Kamannja as the
destined Saviour.

^ Uead Krishnavatdia in Vislinn-parina.
^ This is put iu a verse thus : —
(1) ^^H-JMldH (2) <:('|iJH<H^^ I

(3) 3iiiq3Sfqi%?p?ra: (4) ^tpcpi^fh^'l..

(5) l.tl'H^HHN ? (6) flfiq^MH^PJ^ II

62 TUB Life of eXmAnuja. ch. xr.

CHAPTER xr.

BAMAWUJA'S CALL PO SKIBAITGAM.

Leaving Ramanuja at Kanclii for a wliile, we shall turn
back to Srirangam. The Faithful of the place felt now a great
blank aniongfet themselves and in their hearts, after the pass-
ingaway of A'avandar, their Spiritual Guide. How to fill
up this vacancy, was their haunting thought. Tliey resorted to
Mahapurna and prayed to him to devise proper means for a fit
successor. Mahapurna looked at them and said : — " Forget
ye the past signs given us ? Did not Alavandar himself,
while lie was in Kancht, point out Ramd/uuja to us as his succes-
sor ? Do ye not remember the miracle of the closed
fingers of that Sage, opening at his utterance V Ramanuja
then is our successor. Our Aoharya could not have been mis-
taken in his wise selection." " Well said, well said," cried the
whole community, " we pray to \-on. Sire, to bestow your serious
thought on this matter, kindly seek out Ramanuja and prepare
him for liis high office, and conduct him hither, to Srirano-am."
Mahapurna gladly assented, and immediately made prepara-
tions to start. His wife was to accompany him. He went to
Lord Ranga, and obtaining his leave to proceed on the holy
errand left Srirangam, and reached by rapid marches Madhu-
rantakam (near KauchI), and there stopped for the day in the
Shrine of Eri-lci'itta-jperumul, or He who protects the tanh} '

' This tank is notci as under Llio looked to by many a villao-e around

special protection of the Local for the watering of their "recn

Deityj Srl-ltama, and hence He is fields. "

called the "Tank-Guard." Even Its storage capacity was iin-

rccently, a story is thus told : — mense, and every year, after the

"The incident to be related hap- copious rainfall, the vast volume of

pended about 25 years ago, at water would wash away the Kalin-

MadhiirAntakam, » small town, a gal (waste-weir) on the rough

few miles to the south of Matlras. stone-built outlet of tlic tank thus

Those were the days of John Com- defying every effort to find the

pany, and a Collector of the name needful element to the required

of Mr. Price ruled the district of quantity. More than once durin«-

Chingalpot, of which MadhurAnta- his regime, Mr. Price re-huilt the

kam is a Talnk. Soon after he thing stronger than of old as he

came to his Office, he had to super- thought, but all fo no purpose - the

intend certain repairs in the big uc»t rains would mercilesslv laugh

reservoir of the place, which was away the nascent structure '

GH. XI.

KAM.VXLiJA'S CALL TO SltiUANUAM.

63

Rauiaiuija also bad in tlie meantime resolved to proceed to
Siii'aiigam and accept MaliApurna his Aclohya for having been

While this was the case here, tlie
Colloctor happened to visit the iii-
t<rloi' i>f the town, accompanied by
the Tahsildar ami other fubonli-
iiates. While approuchiii'; the
small, neat-lookitg town-pond in
the' nijddle, ho saw an old, vener-
able-looking temple of modest di-
mensions, situated to the west of it.
When he came before its front, he
stopped, and knowing the deep
conservation of his subjects in
matters religious, he askrd his
Tahsildar whether he might ven-
ture in. By this time, manj' BrSh-
maiias that were inside the shiine,
knowing that the great Collector
Sahib was waiting outside, rushed
out and seeing that he wanted to
come in, told him that : " his Honor
need not fear any objection to enter
the outer precincts of the temple."
The Collector, glad of the conces-
Bion granted, entered in with his
men with an amused smile. What
a place of worship ! How different
from the ones he was accustomed
to ! Instead of the " long-drawn
aisles " and " fretted vaults," the
magnificently wrought pillars and
ravjshingly^ stained windows of his
splendid abbeys and churches, he
sees before him a hamble edifice of
stones, imposing only by its great
age, evidenced by the hoar}- moss-
grown parapet and the half-crr.m-
bling cupola. The structure is a
pretty large parallellogram, a
third of it intercepted tp form the
inner " holy of holies,' while the
rest is vacai t, the roof upheld by
stone-pillars. Bight against the
entrance is the invariable Dliraja-
utanihham or the flag-staff, a huge
timber raised perpendicularly, with
rough ornamentations thereon.
Observing all this in a few loinnteF,
the kind Officer turned to the left
of the main building, into the open
clearing about 50 feet broad that

runs round the sanctuarj'. At the
end of it thero stood another sniiill
building, and in front of it many
iicwly-hown stones and slabs were
gathered, thus showing tome con-
struction war on hand. The Officer,
observing this, turned round on
the priests, when they hastened to
explain that they h.id wanted tJ
enlarge the Devi's Shrine, but that
funds falling low, they had to
stop work. Then another began to'
expatiate on the great merits of
their Janaki-Devi (I>ama'^ Queen),
how she chased away sormw,
poured plenty on all, and was ever
solicitous for her devotees ; graci-
ous — " hold ", cried the Knglish-
man smiling, " if, as you say, your
Devi is all that is ascribed to her,
let me propose here one thing. I
am very much put out by the con-
stant collapses of your great tank's
Kalingal. Even now it is being re-
built. If this would stand the rush
of the next showers, then I should
attribute it certainly to your Devi,
and I myself will build Her the
needed shrine. If it happens other-
wise, then you all should allow
that She does not deserve the en-
comiums you heap on her." Asto-
nished beyond bounds, that even
thus half in play, their Sircar Lord
should condescend to notice their
Devi, and half-doubting if all this
were not a pleasant raillery on the
part of their ruler, " agreed," cried
they, merely to put an end to the
colloquy. Mr. Price, passed out
#««»*. X few months passed.
The new outlet was built and
fini^hed. The rainy sea.-on began,
and it began in earnest. Great
masses of clouds canopied the land,
and poured nniutermittenl showers
on the terrified earth below. Taiikf,
ponds, rivers, all conceivable hoi
lows were glutted, and miles
aroniid the land was inundated

64

TUK LIFE Oe ilAMANUJA.

CH. XI.

so commanded bj Lord Varada. Taking leave of Him and
Kanclii-purna, lie arrived at Madliurantakam. They met.

forming local seas, and all living
beings sliut tliBinsclvcs into their
liomos and tliivpvetl.

Two d:iys before this rain, Mr.
Price came and camped at Madhn-
rAntakam, anxious to ti-st the
Kalingal's fate for the fourth time.
He had not forgotten hia speech
at the temple a few months
ago. Indeed long ago, occasional
rumours had reached him through
his menials, that the people at
large believed that the oft-re-
carring danger to the lake was
duo to the disreputable lack of
supervision of the lemple-managers
over its affairs. This was in part
what induced him the other day
to say the words he said, even
thong'h lightly. Well he was
thinking of all this, as he was
toising on his bed on the thirJ
night of the storm. It was a tre-
mendoiis downpour that day.
Ever since noon there had been
no intermission. News was brouglit
to Mr. Price that evening that the
big reservoir was nearly full. It
was eleven at night. It must ba
overfull. Indeed a hoarse, thun-
derous noise as of the great rush of
vast volumes of water reached his
cars. lie was sure it was the
breaking np of the outlet. At twelve
the storm's fury lessened. He
could restrain his impatience no
longer. He wanted to see how
great the damage was. Year after
year this work was proving futile ;
and a waste of money to the Gov-
ernment, a waste of lands of the
ryots, besides danger to public
security were the results. This
year he had employed experts and
great care had been bestowed in
the work. He would go and see.
Amidst all these, the small leaven
of curiosity was working in him
anent the promise made by the
Brahmanas, of the Devi's protec-

tion. " Bah, what a fool I am,"
cried ho, and started to the scene
(if turmoil. Ma;i\' of his servants
r.iu before him hoiiiing hiuips atiil
leading the way. ,\ll the camp
clerks about Iiini got up too and
followed him out of respect. It is
pitch dark. The deep noise of roll-
ing waters smites their ears as they
come nearer the bund. But it is
that of the majestic roll of waters
contained within bounds, and not
thatof giant masses dashing beyond
control. Somewhat reassured, the
Collector eagerly straining his eyes
in the direction of the new built
outlet, could descry a blue, ethe-
rial radiance playing lambent above
the Kaliiigal. He felt surprised and
a little thrilled. He advanced and
when near the place— what did he
behold ! He stopped short, his
whole frame thrilled, and lie was
spell-bound. Large drops of sweat
stood on his brow. Not master of
himself then he threw down his
umbrella, with one arm he swept
his hat off, and in the wet, oozy
ground overrun with pools of water,
he suddenly fell on his knees, and
prayed, prayed, fervently and long
all the time not removing his eyes
from the place. His servants
observing the sudden action of
tlicir master were thunderstruck.
They thought he was suddenly gone
mad. They -rushed to him, throw-
ing off their fear, to raise him.
Then he seemed to recollect them.
He got up and cried out: "Don't
you see ; see, see, see there, you
idiots ! Why do you stare at me so ?
Don't you see those glorious, trans-
ceudant beings standing there, on
either side of the Kolivgal with
drawn arrows ? How splendid they
are ? What magnificently propor-
tioned men ! How Inminona their
faces! They smile at—. Oh, they
have vanished."

OH. Xt.

KAMANUJA'S CALL TO SlltilANGAM.

65

Ramaauja was thrilled with joy and stu-prise at this unexpected
meeting. He exclaimed : — "O my heart! seest thuu how thy •
desire has met thee ? " and prostrated before Mahapurna.
Mahapurna was equally overjoyed at finding that liis mission
was so soon and so readily to be fulfilled, and raised Ramanuja,
fondly holding him to his breast. " Here and now," prayed
Ramanuja, " admit me as your disciple and teach me all that
is good for my soul " Mahapurna said : " So near are we to
the Holy Hastigiri " ', where Lord Varada resides, we shall go
there for the initiation you so much desire." " No, Sire, not a
moment is to be lost,'' said Rd,manuja, " is not the example of
our Yamunacharya still fresh, viz., his having breathed his last
just when I was about to see him ? This is a warning against
waste of time. Are not our lives here of lightning duration ? "
So saying, he dropped at his feet again. Purna raised him up

(Note from page 84 — contd.)

The truth dawned after all on the
men. How could it be otherwise ?
They were Hindus, the time, place,
the fact of the Collector's wager
with the Brahmanas, all combined
to flash on them the truth ! The
Englishman has seen the blessed
vision of glorious RAma and Laksh-
mana , espousing the Devi's cause ;
" Jai, Jai, Sita-Kama " cried they j
"our Lord hath seen the vision."
And so crying, they rushed into the
sleeping town. The inhabitants
awoke. " What devil's riot is this ?"
cry they. Then the fact becomes
known. And all, crying in a body,
"Jai, Jai, Sita-RAma," rush to the
Collector's camp. There he is
seated in the front, bright light
before him. He seems composed
now. Grave and dignified he looks.
Some of the important people that
throng to hira, he receives and
makes them sit. " Gentlemen," says
he, "why come in this night here,
and why so much excitement ? The
outlet is not broken, nor will it
ever be. I solemnly tell you I
"'4iave received a lesson to night, that

I will never forget. I always more
or less believed that God was not
the monopoly of the Christian
Church. 1 am sure of it now. So
do you all go to your homes. Early
in the morning shall the Devi's
temple begin to rise."

So said he and dismissed them.
The temple was built, and now in
its front it has engraved on it on
a stone, how it was built by Mr.
Thomas Price, Collector, in the year
18S4(.''). — And thereare greybeards
now, who talk of it solemnly of an
evening, from one of whom the
writer learnt it. [K. E. Central
Hindu College Magazine, p. 173 £f.
Vol. IV. 1901].

The following inscription appears
on the stone beam of the Devi's
Temple in Tamil : — Inda darainam
Kiunpini jdgir Kalektar Lionel Price
diirai avergaladn (Collector Lionel
Price) and another inscription is
near the waste weir. [Read the
kindly letter to me dated 13th
October 1904, by Mr. P. Seshagiri
Bow, Tahsildar of Madhurautakam.]

' Kanchi^ (Conjeveram).

66 THE litB'E OF RA.MA.NUJA. CII. XI.

iovingly. " What zeal ! indeed," lie said, " it shall be as you
wish ." And leading him to the Holy Vakula tree near the
(Tank-Guard) Temple, and placing him on his right, perform-
ed all the sact-iiments of initiation as laid down in the Pancha-
ratra-Sastra.' That process is briefly thus : —

' Preparatory discipline for mantric initiation requires the
mark of the discus {Ghakra), or of the five weapons (of
Vishnu, viz., Ohakra, Sankha, Gadd, Kliadga and CMpa) being
stamped (on the several parts of the body), with appropriate
mantras. This is enjoined for the sake of rendering the manfras
imparted, efficacious. The wearing of these chakra and other
marks, is to signify that the soul has been wedded to God,
as the wearing of bangles i&c by a dame, signifies that she is
joined in all faith to a husband. The disciple (or the postulant)
shall sit before the Guru, humble, with joined palms. The
Guru shall meditate on his Guru and all the others preceding
him apostolicall^', aad impress the chakra symbol on the disci-
ple's right shoulder ; and then placing his right palm on the
head and the left palm on the heart of the disciple, and look-
ing at him with eyes beaming with grace, shall repeat the
Gem of Mantras (jmanlra-ratna), and make the disciple repeat
the same with him, along with the Ohhandas and the Itishi
attached to the mantra}' In this manner, Mahapurna, placing
Ranianuja to his right, called to mind his Guru Alavandar's
feet, and speaking in the right ear of Ramanuja, imparted to

Tfd=fdlHIH-Hft ^5rqrftit>i,'^*!!H, II
"jfSf ??rf5|K^JT 3T%^H<N«!H^ II

wwi%<.M--in^r srcF^m^tTO'^ ii

» We had again tliouglit of omit- saoraiiients make a formal or exter-
tins theae details; but Oriental nal Srivaishnava, like the sacra.
Scholars may require to know what meat of the Christian Baptism, &e

CH. XI. .KAMA.SUJA INITIATED. 67

lum the Mantra-Gem (Dvayani) witli all it.s adjuuetp, and
solemnly ordained hiui thus: — "I adjure tliee, holy son, most
solemnly, to deetn thyself as the next appointed of Yamuna.
He lias departed, know thou, placing his holy feet on thy head,
consecrating thee to fulfil His holy Mission on earth, in the same
way as Eania, placing His sandals on the head of Bliarata,
departed to the forest to carry on the work of His Kingdom."
Next to Ta.mun{lch9.rya tlius, succeeded Ramanuja, Maha,purna
playing but the part of an instrument of the former in ordain,
ing Rtima,nnja. This succession, Pillai Amudanar or Tivuva-
rangatt-amudanir ' recorded in his R&mannja-nuttandadi.^ Ea-
manuja, reverently asked Mahapurna to explain to him the
triplicit}-, viz. (1) Praindna (2) Praniaya and (3) Pramuta, or
literallj-the (1) measure,(2) the measured, and (3) the measurer.
Purna explained thus : — " Pramdna, or the measure of God-
knowledge, is the authoritative Revelations, the essence of
which is contained in the Dvaya-Mantra, (or the Mantra which
explains the dual nature viz., the Mother-Father, of the Deity) ;
Prainp.ya or that which is measured by this measure of Revela-
tions, is God Himself, the Mother-Father ; Pramata or the
measurer is the propliet or seer, who knows God and so know-
inc, makes others to know Him. This measurer is yourself."
So saying, they both paid obeisance to Rama, the Tank-Guard,
saying : — " Thou art really liama, or He who delights the
world. By Thy blessing, there shall be one undivided faith in
the world, so that all men may love each other and live in peace.
This is Bama." They now both left for K&nchi to visit Lord
Varada. K§,nchi-purna met them on the way in due humility
and conducting them to Kanchi and to the Hastigiri Shrine,
invoked Lord Varada to manifest Himself to the worthy visi-
tors even as Rama-misra called upon Ranga to manifest Him-
self to Alavandar." They were blessed with the Beatific
Vision of God which they rapturously enjoyed.

» Disciple and contemporary to K4inS.nnja.

' Bead Verse 21 : — " Nldiyai etc." Tliia work sets forth the glory
of Eamannja and his mission on earth.
» Read yamnnaoharya's Life, ante.

68 THE LIFE OP BAMANUJA. CH. XI.

Rdm&nnja led his Giirii Mahd,piirna and liis consort to his
house, and accommodated them in the upper etoi'y, providing
all other comforts necessary. For six months, Bamanuja sat
at the feet of his Guru, and received from him important les-
sons on the Dr§.vida Scriptures and other Mystery-lore of the
Srl-vaishnava Faith.

On a certain morning two Sri-vaislinavas came to RS.ma-
nuja, and did him the service of anointing witli oil. They asked
for food as they were hungry. R^mRnuja inquired of his wife,
if she had any food remaining from over-night. " No, not so
much as a grain of it," she said ; but Ram&nuja suspected her
sincerety, and bidding her go on other business, entered into
the cook-room and examined the vessels, and lo, he found food
hidden away. He called his wife and angrily spoke to her
thus : — " Art thou capable of this, that when hungry souls are
waiting at the door, thou liest ? Is there worse meanness than,
in this wise, refusing food to tho.se who come in dire need ?
And a lie added to the meanness ! Oh, sin ! "

On another day, R^mA.nuja was out for his morning ablu-
tions. His -^vife and the Guru's wife met at a well for drawing
water. An altercation ensued between them as to the com-
parative purity of the pots they held. Purna was observing
this. As soon as his wife returned home, he thought it -wise
to pack up immediately and actually left K&nchi for Sriran-
gam, after soundly chastising his wife for the unpleasant
occui-rence, of which he held her to be the cause. Ri,mjlnuja
returned home, and as usual went to visit his Guru, but
he found him not. He asked the people about the place to
account for his sudden absence. They said : — " Sire, your lady
and your Guru's lady had a quarrel near the well over a pot.
The Guru took his wife to task for giving occasion for this, and
thinking that if he stayed longer under your roof, her conduct
might again give rise to unpleasantness, he considered it
expedient to leave the place forthwith. Ra,m£lnuja was white
with rage on hearing this, and recovei-ing, addressed his wife
thus : — " Thrice art thou sinner, base woman ! My Guru
Kanchipftrna came and took his food under my roof in my

OH. XI. uamA^nuja becomes sanyasin. 6§

absence, and thou tookesfc the very leaf from which he ato
as unholy and polluting. This was thy first guilt. Hungry
souls came craving for food. Thou didst deny it and tboii^
didst lie. This was thy second guilt. And now thou hadst- i
had the audacity to ^ick a most unseemly quarrel with my
venerable teacher's coiisoit. This is thy third and crowning
crime. N"o more art thou fit to remain with me. Thou art
a worldly woman, blind to spiritual interests. Tajce all this
money, for that ia thy meet share. That is the stuff that well-
suits a shrew and a scold like thee.^ Well do' the Sastrar
say : — " Woman is at the bottom of all crime." * They further
declare: — "When house-keeping suits not, enter the monas-
tery" ' ; for that is the true house where strangers and guests
find a ready welcome ; but thou hast defiled my i-oof by thy
unworthy conduct offensive to my sense of propriety and
decency. It is meet therefore that thou shouldst return to
where thou earnest from." So saying he swiftly despatched
her to her parents' abode.

" This world is hateful. Indeed, I miist abjure all cort-
cern with it," thus did R&m&nnja seriously reflect. It is said: —
"Bathe in the holy pond called Ananta-saras, shadowed ly the
cupola of the Holy Temple, resolving that nothing in the world
bestows i-eal bliss. All sins shall depart. Seek Lord Vax-ada
as the Refuge ; and one shall gain the blessed regions of
Vishnu."* And so Rfi,manuja bathed in the Ananta-pond, and
resolved to become a Sanyasin. It is laid down: "One shall
receive the holy order of the Sany3.sin either from a mendi-
cant Sanyasin or from God direct." ' And thus resolving

1 Cp. Yajtiavalkya and his two wives in the Brihadaranya: Up.
' M I MH I HI'hi f^- LGaruda-Purdna]. These incidents show how
Ramanuja was against caste-pride,
s " Illaram-allel tiira-v-aram."

l ^Wt1<^H II '(T l ^ ^IWHif: II [BrdJime, Hdi!tig!ri-Mdhdtmya,15-tAf[]
'T^tTiWWPT^ M''M'ii^ [Yati-dharma samucchaya].

70 THE LIFE OP BAMANUJA. CH. XI.

B4md>iiuja betook himBelf to Vara^la, and there prostrating
before Hiiu, prayed tlius : " Granter of boons ! Warder of
death ! Bestower of the Land of the Angels! I have seen
enough of all the varieties of worldly delusions, fathers and
mothers, wives and children and all worldly goods. I -feel
sure that these ties block one's way to Thee, Tliine and Spiritual
Preceptors. I value them not ; I value Thee and Thj' Holy
Blessed feet alone. Grant me deliverance from those and
service to these. Invest me therefore with all the insignia of
the Vaishnava ascetic ; the Triple-staff, the Holy-thread, the
ITnder-cloth, the Loin-cloth, the L~pper-cloth and the begging
hoop (or rope-swing for receiving alms)' " So did HamSinuja
supplicate. Lord Varada was pleased, and through His official
agent- (archaka), He was pleased to grant his prayers, and gave
him from that day the name of RfLmEinnja-muni. " My own
Ramanuja, thou shalt don the robe of the Sanydisim and serve
Me ", was the command given through Kilnchi-purna. Receiv-
ing this command in due humility, Ra,mfi,nnja retired and
became a Sanyasin from that day.

f|R^[^iWR^?R:,l%^irP?l^?J5^ll irati-iJhnrma-sa'mucchaya'}.

CH. Xll. liAUANUJA'S CHIEF DISCIPLES. 71

CHAPTER XII.

RAMANUJA'S CHIEF DISCIPLES, &c.

So Ramauuja had now weaned himself fi-om the world.
The discipliae and daily routine ordained for monastics, he
went through punctiliou.sly ; and was glad within himself to
find that Yamunacharya's eyes of grace, which had fallen on
him, liad wrought wonderful results in removing all obstacles
in the way of serving God alone, and in causing all conveni-
ences for leading such a life. It was time now to think how best
to carry out the (post-mortal) wishes of that pioneer-sage of the
Faith, Sri Yamuna. Alone, lie could not accomplish it; ho
wanted a competent colleague. He could think of no one better
fitted than Govinda-Bhatta, who had all the threefold qualifi-
cationr. of fidelity (to him), abdication (of the world), and
enthusiastic faith (for spiritual science). But he had turned an
arrant Saiva ; a zealot in Siva's service at Ealahasti as already
related. Which saint was there to show him that the palra
which touched the linga was really stinking ? Who would show
him that there was the One God whom Scriptures declared as :
•' All-scent and All-savour ?" ' So he mused, and his thoughts
lighted on Tirumalai-Nambi (Srifaila-Purna), the venerable
worshipper of Vcnkatesa at Tirupati, learned in the Vedas,
versed in the nectareous Prabandhas, and otherwise possessing
spiritual qualities calculated to influence men of Govinda's
stamp and redeem tliem from their wi-ong ways. He des-
patched a confidential Sri Vaiahnava accordingly to Nambi,
(Purna) ; and to deliver to him a message thus : — " Holy sire !
your nephew Vatta-mani Govinda-Bhatta was my school-mate.
Influenced by evil associatiouE. his mind went wrong. He is
now lost in the thick tangle of the Kalabasti-wilderness. I
pray you for my sake to extend your gi-ace (o him ; and
redeem him to your blessed feet."

In the meanwhile, Kurattazhvan, called Tirumaru-marban
of the Ha,rita-family, and Mudali-y-andsba of the Kandadai-
family, heard of Ramanuja having joined the monastic order.

' ^4' 1 'Wt^ ^i tf - IGhh : Up : III. ]4. 2]-

72 THE L1FJ5 OF lUMANUJA. CH.'XII.

They were rejoiced and forthwith proc3eding to Kanchi, fell
at his feet anl prayed that the\- may hs taken into tlie Sri-
Vaishnava fold by the sacrament of Pancha-samsh'ira &,c.
RaraEbnuja welcomed them, a'ld ordained them as they desired.
And as stilted in : " After receiciiig tin viintra, the Bcija shall
v:orship his Achdiya, and in all ■purity eusr remain implicitly in
his sorvic;"^ they remained devoted to Ramilnaja. (In the
sequel, we shall use the Sanskrit names of these disciples, viz.,
Kiiranatha or KureSa for KCirattAzhvan, and Dji^arathi'^ for
Mudali-y-£i,ndAn). A coterie of pupil.s were thus gathering
round the future Pontiff of the Vaishnava Church.

As to Yadava-praka^a, a new chapter in his life was
about to open. For his mother was a good woman. She was
a frequent visitor to Lord Varada ; and had won the good
graces of Sage KS,nchl-purna. She had fiiendly conversation
often too with R3,manuja. All these forces combined to mould
her disposition for the New Faith ; and at last made her to
wish that her son Y&dava had also belonged to this band.
With this wish strong in liiT, she was one day mounting the
steps to Lord Varada's Shrine, when she overheard some one
ejaculating : " so be it." She construed this to be good augury
for her ; and on returning home informed her son of what had
happened, and exhorted liini to give up his single stafE of the
advaitin and wear, like Ram4nuja, the triple-staff, sacred thread,
and .sikha, (tuft of hair on the head), thereby embracing the
Vaishnava faith. For a long time, Yadava had begun to doubt
the soundness of advaitisni. Ramanuja's reasonable and decent
interpretations of Vedic texts as against his own, were workino'
sti-ongly in his mind; and, of the greatness of Ramanuja himself,
the Brahma-rakshas, or the spirit which had possessed the prin-
cess, had clearly proved. The divine succour which God, disguis-
ed as Rama, liad rendered to Rsimanuja, whom he had bec^uiled
on the sanctimonious pretext of a Kasi-pilgrimagc, and the

^ Soo 30, Hierarchic Table in our Lives of Aehcdrs.
Q&saratLi is nephew (on sister's side) to Ramanuja.

CU. XII. YAUAVA BECOMKS VAISQNAVA. 73

sinceie exliorlations of his own mother to boot, had further all
contributed to dispose his heart, 'there he was converted, but,
'• Mother " he said, " as a monk of tie advaita-persuasion, I had
divested myself of the tuft and lio)y thread (royrao^a-fffa) ; to
wear them again, a penance has to bo performed by me ; and that
is laid down to be a journey round the world . I am old and unfit
for such a task. Indeed I know not how to go." Yadava was
hari-owed by these thoughts, day after day. But one night
he had a dream. The Lord Varada appeared and said: —
There is no need to go round the world, Yadava ! That is done
by going round our Ilamjinuja Do it then and bear the insignia
of the New Faith which he may present to you." YMava woke
but had yet no faith in the dream. So he betook himself to Kan-
chi-purna, and begged of him to consult Lord Varada — Purna
being a favourite votary of Him — as to some matters agitating
his mind. That same night, Kanchi-Purna submitted to Lord
Varada, Yadava's petition. "I know it all," said Lord Varada.
" His mother had already persuaded him to become a thx*ee-
staffed Sanya.sin, but a doubt as to how it was possible to amend
the past by hhu-pradaksMna, preyed upon his mind and I have
by a dream quieted him by suggesting that instead, he need
but go round KamElnuja. Being a dream as it was, he lacks
faith and refei-s it to thee again." The following morning,
Purna delivered this message to YMava, who was now satisfied.
Straightway he went to R&m£inuja, and asking his forgiveness
for all the past, begged to be ordained as a monk and admitted
to the New Faith. "But propitiation before conversion is
demanded by our Laws, and that in this case is circumambu-
lating the world once," said R^mEbnuja. " Enough to go round
thee, sire, so commandeth Lord Vai-ada," explained Yadava
penitently, and putting the same in execution without waiting
for a reply, stood before Rsimanuja with folded hands. KureSa
and Dasarathi, the new disciples, watched these events in in-
finite wonderment and exclaimed : — " 7/ some reach God by love,
others reach Him by hate as well ? "^ 'May he join our holy

10

74 THE LIFE OF RAMANUJA. CH. XII.

band.' ' " Bsbmdinuja was mightily pleased at the valuable ad-
herent won to his cause, made Yadava undergo all the
sacraments ft«' the Brahmana over again, sach as Ghaula
and Ij'panayaiia, invested him with the triple-staff, &c., aud
named him Govinda-jiya, stamped him with the holy symbols
of Sankha and Ghakra, gave him the Holy Mantra, and enjoined
him to write a work on Yati-dharma^ (or the Institutes of
monks), showing the harmony that exists among various texts.
Govinda-jiya accordingly wrote a work of eleven chajit^rs,^
each chapter treating of an aspect and submitted the same to
B&mS,nuja. He read it and expressed his approval of the same-
Xot long however was Govinda-jiyar spared to serve his
AcharyS, ; for he soon after left the earth and drew himself away
to the Great Beyond.

Kuresa and DSiSai-athi were much attached to REima,nuja,
who took them thi-ough a course of the Two MimamsS/S (the two
Exegeses on the i-itualistic and the contemplative Divisions of
the Veda). While such studies were being prosecuted, the
tidings travelled to Srirangam of the assumption by Kd<manaja
of the Sanyalsin order, and other events i-apidly succeeding it.
Mahapurna and other disciples of Yamnnach4rya received the
tidings with joy, and longed for RA,manuja's coming to Sriran-
gam, making it his permanent quarters. But they were helpless ;
and Eamanuja too had once before in grief and despair, returned
from the place without even visiting Lord Rauga, being dis-
appointed at the sudden death of Yslmnna,. So, they went
in a body to Lord Ranga and petitioned to Him to prevail
upon His Type at Zanchi,— the Lord Varada— to spare Rama-
nuja for them. So a message from Lord Ranga, who granted
their petition, was sent to Lord Varada. But a reply came to
the effect :— " If it is possible for one to forego his love, I too

ft^^^Rfranr Wfe^gr^^g^: ll \_R&mdyanu VI. 18. 38].
' Called Yati-dhartaa-Samvjxhaya.

itTWrflHtiHiK' f?q^iK?l#F: II [Op .- Cit. 1. i-S.J

CH. XII. RAMANDJA'S CALL TO SRIranGAM.

can part with my Ramanuja." On hearing this, Maliiipiirna
and otlier worthies were much disconcerted, hut after some
deliberation, determined to depute an elder in person to approach
Lord Varada and persuade Him by hymns to grant them
Ram&nuja inasmuch as the Lord's very name Yarada meant:
" Grranter." They besought accordingly Tijuvaranga-p-
perumal Araiyar, the Venerable Elder of the place ', to
march to Ka,nchi on their behalf, and so extol Lord Varada
as to make Him condescend to grant them Ramanuja. Arai-
yar immediately left Srirangam on this holy erranH, after
obtaining leave to do so from Lord Ranga. On his nearing
Ejinchi, hie relative there by name Varantarum Perumal Arai-
yar met him and escorted him to the Holy City, and tended him
under his roof as befitted a distinguished visit-oi-. Tlie next
morning, in due fashion, Araiyar proceeded to ihe Temple.
Lord Varada had that day taken His august seat in the pavilion
called. KacchikTcu-vayttan, surrounded by the Holy Assembly ;
Ktochl-purna stationed before the Lord reverently doing his
allotted service of fanning. Rebmanuja stood by his side devoutly
uttering the Devaruja-Ashtaka hymn sung by Purna. Raraanuja
saw Araiyar, went forward and received him most cordially.
" May I be allowed to pay my obeisance to Lord Varada ? "
enquired Araiyar. Purna led him to His august presence, in
full Holy Council seated, and Araiyar fell prostrate before
Him, repeating Yamuna's verse ; " Oh, when, O Strider of the
Three Spheres, will Thy Lotus-Feet, decked with all, the signs
such as the discus, bedeck my head ? " ^. Rising, he was
honored with tirtha, prasdda and Sri Sathagopa. Araiyar then,
.set to celestial music {devdgdna), chanted a select number of the
Lyrical Psalter of the Azhvars (Saints) ; and as be sang, danced
and went into raptures.

" When His faithful sing and dance for joy, God Himself
keeps time," it is said. So, Lord Varada was pleased with

1 See Life of Yamuna. He is also called Banga-uatha-Gayata, (I'ide
No. 22, Hierarchic Table to our Lives of Saints).

• •^R^H r^OTP^3R?t l^iqgjfr^cTffts^ II ISMra-ratna.]

THE LIFE OF KAMAXUJA. CH. XII.

the devotion of Gayaka, and vouchsafed to Him all the honors
belonging to His Shrine. " Why do I want these P" said
Gd^yaka, '' my wish is not for these. Pray grant me a boon,
as Thou art, God, famous as the " Boon-Giver.'" And so saj--
ing, he continued his song and dance with more fervour.
Pleased, Lord Varada spoke thus: "Ask, my beloved, any-
thing, except Me and My Consorts." " Him, pray gi-ant,"
readily replied Gayaka, pointing to Eamacuja, who was close
by. " Oh lost," exclaimed the Lord '• I wish I had the fore-
thought to include R&mElnuja on the side of exceptions. How-
ever, son, except RamAnuja, ask for any other boon." " But,"
remonstrated Gayaka, " dost Thou retract also like mortals ?
Are not Thy own words these : " Rftma hath no two tongues" ' ?
On hearing this. Lord Varada had no alternative but to reluct-
antly say: — " Well, we grant you Ramanuja ; take him. And
we bestow on him the title, Yatiraja." No sooner was this said,
than almost convulsively Gayaka grasped Ra,m9,nuja by the
hand and said: — " Proceed, Sire ". R&manuja said not a word.
He fell prostrate before Lord Varada, and saying : " Thy will
be done, " he, immediately started, not even caring to enter
his cloister. As he went, he merely ordered his pupils KureSa
and Dslsarathi to bring up his chapel image, Varada. Rama-
nuja thus followed G&yaka to Srirangam KiireSa after
escorting R^mftnuja some way, i-eturned to Kanchi, but D^sa-
rathi accompanied. Dasarathi was Ramanuja's sister's son, but
he was the only relative whom he retained.

Looking steadily towards Srirangam, his future home— a
home, the vestibule of the Eternal Home — with joy bounding
in his heart, went Ramsbnuja. In due time the north branch
(Kolladam=Coleroon) of the K^veri, encircling the Holy Island
of Srirangam, was reached. Ramanuja tarried here to take a
holy bath and deck his body with the twelve marks, consecrated
by the Holy ISTames of KeSava and so forth. In the mean-
while, news had sped to Srirangam of the arrival of the Holy
Personage. Maha,purna and other disciples of Yamnn4chS,rya,

CH. XII. RAMANUJA'S RECEPTION. 77

the elders of the place, the monks aud a,colyte.s (chlngts) arid
others were rejoiced at this good furtune, and proceeding in a
body to the Temple, delivered the tidings to Lord Ran^a.
Thereupon His Comnaand issued thu-s : " 0, my faithful, marcli
ye forth in full congregation, oflfice-bea,rerK and all men, laic
and cleric, with all the holy paraphernalin of my Temple and
every honor, to meet and receive my Bamanuja. " The popu-
lace formed itself into a grand procession, which with music
discouring and flags flying, headed by Vishvak.sena ( = S6nai-
mudali),' streamed forth towards KoUadam even as the celes-
tials and angels, headed by Cherubs and Seraphs' go forth
from the gates of Heaven to the shores of the Virajd ' river, to
meet and welcome the faithful, who have finished their pil-
grimage on earth, and are reaching the portals of the Reful-
gent City of God. They met R4mfl,nuja ; and after mutual
exchanges of religious courtesies, the procession turned towards
Srirangam. Thus led, Ramainuja crossed the river, neared the
Tinkodi rampart, and the Dainodaran turret, where he laid
himself at full length on the ground ; then rising, he rever-
ently threaded the Tirumalai-tanda-Peruih<U Street, (begin-
ning always from the east and turning to the west, by south
■=pradaksMna), and again he went round the inner Trivih-
7-aman-Street, reaching in due course the big sacrjfice-altar
(bali-piiha), where he prostrated himself again ; then he went
to the Mother's shrine, paying homage to Mother Sri-ranga-
N&yaki, the blessed Consort of Sri-Ranga ; next the Chandra-
pushlkarini pond was reached, where he sipped the holy water;
and then wheeling round, the next southern entrance was
reached, guarded by Xayanars (gate-watchers), and all the
Saints from St. Nammazhvar downwards — who are called the
Prospering hidoltnts * — were visited in order, not omitting <he
numerous other shrines dotted round the Temple. Next the

' See 13. p: Iviii, of Oar Lives of Azhvdrs.

' These terms ive appropriate, as our terms have no equivalents.

» This is the ultimate river-houndary between the material and the
spiritual spheres, where all sins get washed ; heuce vi-rajd.

* This is the phrase used in verse 38 of St, Tondaradi-p-podi's Tim.
tn&lai. It means the " Saints who are dead to the world, but alive to God.

78 THE LIFE OP RAMANUJA. CII. XII.

courtyard called tlie Ani-y-arangan-Tirnmuttam was entered,
where Baind.naja prostrated again, and wheeling round tlie
inner corridor, loving eyes fixed on the Pranava-\\k.e viina'na,
(the gold-covered cupola over the sanctum sanctorum), the
shrine of Vishvaksena was reached, where making obeisance,
he was no»v in the precincts of the central. Father's shrine. In
this place, which goes by the name of Azhagiya-manaviUan-
tirumantapam, the Lord Banga (the moveable Image called
N amber unidl) came forth in advance to meet Bfi,manuja, even
as the Lord in Heaven leaves His Throne of Glory to go and
embrace and welcome the souls who are Ba.ved and are ariving
at the golden gates of Heaven. BElmdinuja was thrilled with
joy. Bliss possessed him. He fell down, rose, fell again and
held his hands up, fell again, and rose ; thus did he reverently
pace up to the Holy of Holies, where supporting himself a.gainst
the mana-t'tun pillar, he saw the blessed figure of Banga
reclining on His xl«arafa-couch,' and rivetting His eyes on the
Holy Figure, enjoyed tho Blessed vision in the manner enjoyed
by St. Tirupp&n&zhv£ir in his Amalaii ddippirdn" ; and recited
in accents of bliss the Tiruppall-dndu of St. Peri-y-Elzhv&r,'
and the following bewitching verses of Y&monSich&rya : — r

Bow to Thee, Bow to Thee, beyond reach of word and thought ;
Bote to Thee, Bow to Thee, reachable by word and thought ;
Bow to Thee, Bow to Thee, Infinite in Riches ;
Bow to Thee, Bow to Thee, Infinite in Mercy*
Know I not virtue, aye, blind to my soul.
Nor do I love Thy Holy Blessed Feet ;
Wayless and Goal-less, T, Befuge !
Meekly seek and fall at Thy Holy Feet.'

The Lord Banga was enchanted witli these outpourings of
BftmEtnuja's heart, and was pleased to place on his head His

'Thismeana "God, the cosmic Dramatist on the stage of Eternal
Time." For symbological explanation, refer to p. U. and Hi of our Lives
of Azhvdrs,

' Read this Saint's Life in oar Lives of Azhtidrs.

" Read his life in our Lives of Azhvdrs,

• Stotra-raHa, verse 21. s Ibid, verse 22,

CH. XII. ramAnuja. installed. 79

lllessed Feet, ^ -which Ramauuja received in humility as the
greatest honor and blessing conferred on a mortal ; and stood
transfixed with the thought that from that day on-vvards he had
become one whose life was to be solely dedicated to the service
of God. As he was thus ruminating, Lord Ranga ( = Periya Pe-
rumS,!, or Lord stationary resting on Serpent Sesha) spoke thus :
" All the riches of our Kingdom here and of Our Upper Regions,
are given to thee, and to thy followers. The title TJ(jayavar ' is
conferred on thee. Take charge of Our household here, of which
We appoint thee guardian and trustee, and manage all its aflairs
wisely." RS,manuja received the mandate humbly and turning
to Maha-purna said : — " What blessings belong not to those who
have trusted Acharyas like you, Sire ? To mj- spiritual con-
nection with you, is due the extraordinary favour Loi-d Ranga
has bestowed upon me this day." Puma said : " noble pupil
of mine, the prophecy of St. Nammazhvar, to which we were
keenly looking forward, has tliis day come to pass. The pro-
phecy is that contained in his verse : " Men, learn that Kali
will soon come to an end" ^ ; and this is with reference to
yourself. Pray then enter on j-our holy duties without further
thought." R&manuja obeyed, and assumed charge of hia^
exalted position. Taking his seat in the Hall called the Periya
Tirumandapam, he instituted searching enquii-ies as to whe-
ther the weights and measures used in the Sri-bhaiKJ.dra (stores)
were correct ; whether the flower '-service, sandal-paste '
service, food "-service, light '-service, and all such services
were all duly done ; whether the Temple-servants were carefully
selected and cared for ; whether the public works ° of the
Shrine's noble structures were duly attended to ; whether the
flower gardens ° attached to the Temple were properly tended
and conserved ; and whether the land " and other properties

' Called the Satha-Gopa.

= Literally " He who has got," raeauing " He who has been given the
Kingdom of God, as his property."

» Tiru-vdy-Mozhi. V. 2. ' Tiru-vilakku.

* Tirumalai. " Tiru-madil-tirnppani.
' Ssittu-p-padi. " Tiru-v-ananda-vanam.

" Amudu-padi. '" Tiru-vilaiyattu-cchimai.

80 THE LIFK OF kAmAXUJA. CU. Xlt

pertaining to tho Temple wire well looked after. And thus
from day to day was Raaianuja engaged in ru-storiug order aud
system in the vast concerns of tiie Temple. He picked out
Akalanka-NiiU-Azliv&n, ' and making liim his disciple, set
him over the Temple as his assistant ; and .saw to the strict
aud punctual dischai'ge of all the ceremonial duties counected
with the daily, fortnightly, monthly and yearly festivals of
the shrine.

' His wife is 2'rij)Hnkic(i', vide p. 2009. Vol. IV. BJmgavud-iishuijum
(1st Telugu Edition.)

en. XIII. KtfRESA JOINING rAmAnUJA.

81

CHAPTER XIII.

KURESA JOINING RAMANUJA.

Kurfe^a having de.spatched Ramanuja, returned to Kfinclu.
From here he went to hi.s village Kura, abont three miles to
the we.st of K&nchi. Being the lord of this village and verj-
rich, he was called Kiiran&tha or KureSa. He was as bonnteous
as rich. From morn till late in the night, the blind, lame,
poor and disabled were freely served with food and clothing.
One night, when the day's duties were over, the brass-made door.s
of his mansion were closed violently. This made such a ring-
ing noise that it was heard at Kanchi. Loi-d Varada's Consort'
Lakshmi questioned Him as to the cause of the noise. The. Lord
explained to Her the greatness of KureSa. " Then I wish to
see him,'" said She. Kjtnchi-purna was commanded to go and
fetch him. Purna duly came and was welcomed with every wor-
ship due to such a distinguished guest. Purna then disclosed
the object of his mission, resulting from the delibex-ations which
Varada and Lakshmi held on hearing the creaking of his brass
doors. Ku.re.sawa? dismayed on hearing this. "What!'' he
cried, " a sinner like me, a wretch, a worm, to appear so big
in the Lord's Bye. Crawling insect that I am ! My doors to
create disturbance in God's House! Pride hampers salvation ;
humility paves the way for it." So reflecting, Kuresa
formed a resolution to forsake all and join Rd.m4nuja at Sri-
rangam. He put his resolution into execution at once by
abandoning all his riches, houses and lands, Mvhioh he gave
away in charity to all that came, and bidding his wife Andal-
amma give up every article dear to her without regret and
accompany him, left Kura.

Purna returned to Kflnchi, and recounted the extra-
ordinary deeds of sacrifice following on repentance, and the
departure, of KureSa. Lord Varada was astonished at such

' Gp. " Soli all thou hast and giv-o to tho poor and follow mc, and I
will give you peace " [Matt. 19-21.]

' Give up all and follow Clirist, &."

11

82 THE LIFE OP RAMANUJA. CH. XIII.

swift operation of His Grace on Kuresa's heart, and told his
Consoi-t: "Well, j'ou have had your wish fulfilled now."

; Kuresa was now well on his W113'. Without fear he trud-
ged on. They were, wife and husband, threading their way
tlirongh a thick forest, and night also fell over them. The
wife, unaccustomed to travel in this manner, dreaded thieves
in such forsaken tracts, and turning to her husband asked him
trembling, 'whetlier there was no fear in such places. He
quickly answered : — " Dear, if thou hast stuff anywhere hidden
in your person, there is fear. Fish feed on water-worms.
Fowls feed on land-worms. Death feeds on life. And so
thieves feed on riches. I suspect, dear, thou hast some-
tliing with thee, though I commanded thee to relinquish
all behind." " Pardon me, lord," said Andftlamma, " I have
left all behind, but thinking you might need a cup to drink
from, on your long journey, I secreted but a golden cup." So
saying, she unfolded the vessel from her cloth, and shaking
with fear, handed it to her husband. He took it and threw it
away into the jungle, and said to his wife : " Now, lady, walk
on. Thy fear has been cast out." Thus did this matchless pair
travel on and in time reach Srirangam. Ramanuja was jubi-
lant at his arrival ; and sent out his pupils to receive him
with every mark of respect, and conduct him to his Math.
R^m^nuja, on his approach, rose and, warmly enfolding him in
his arms, welcomed him to Srirangam,to himself, and to all the
great work that jointly they were destined to accomplish in
the near future. KureSa thus forsook his rich home and all at
Kura, and made Srirangam henceforth his permanent residence,
subsisting here by alms. Thus did a great and most import-
ant personage for the life-work of Ramanuja, join him. We
shall leave him for a time and see how fared Govinda at
K&lahasti.

CH. XIV. GOVINDA'S CONVERSION. 83

CHAPTER XIV.
GOVINDA'S CONVERSION.

A Sri-vaishnava had been despatched, it will beremembci-r
ud, to Sri-saila-Purna (= Tirnmalai Namhi), to deliberate on
the mode of reclaiming Govinda, who had acciJentalhj become
a Saiva, and had been made the director of the Kalahasti-
Temple. The messengers returned with a joyful countenance
to Ramanuja. Before they broke the tidings, Ramanuja saw
by his face there was success, and bade him recount what
had taken place. He began thus :—" Holy Sire, with your
holy leave, I reached Tirnpati in due time, and making obei-
sance to Purna, conveyed to him the intelligence you had
entrusted me with. Purna was rejoiced to find that what he
himself had contemplated doing with regai-d to Govinda, was
Ramfi,nuja's wish as well, and that his own intention was there-
by sweetened. So saying, he immediately started with a knot
of followers, including myself. We reached Kalahasti, and
Purna seated himself under a tree near the Temple-pond.
Ullangai-Konaranda-Nabyanar " (= Govinda) came there with
vessels to the pond in order to carry water for the ablution-
ceremony of Siva, all the time chanting songs of His praise.
Puma said: — " What fruit will you get, hy cold-bathing the Konrai-
decked Thing ? ' Govinda heard this, looked up in Purna's face,
smiled and went his way. " This will do for once. Let God
work upon his heart," Purna exclaimed to himself, and return-
ing to Tirupati, attended to his usual studies and teachings.

Sri-saila-Purna now made another venture. He went to
the same tree and pond as before in Ka,laha.sti. N^yanar
( = Govinda) was coming as usual with vessels to fetch water.
Purna thought he would try a plan even like the plans of God,
who works without being seen, and is unknown by men as the
Planner. To the world, God seems as if sleeping, but He is all
wakeful. So reasoning within himself, Purna wrote his Guru
Yamuna's verse :

1 This was the name he bore as a Saiva. It means : " he who found
the livga in his palm." See Chapter VI.

2 Meaning Siva who is fond of IwirHi-flowers.

84 THE LIFE OF BAMANUJA. CH. XIV.

SvilbJiAvikdnavadMkij, &c. [See p. 55.]

on a piece of palm-leaf, and allowed it to lie in the path of
Nayan£l.r, who of course was unaware of the design. He came.
The piece arrested his sight. He took it for curiosity, read it
but threw it away and went on his errand. But as he was
returning with his pots full, he felt an impulse to pick up the
piece again, and read the contents once more deliberately. He
did so and looked round. There we were seated under the tree,
He came near and said: — " ' The wail has turned into verse,' '
said Valmiki, and like him reflecting over his spontaneous utter-
ance, I have been reflecting over the meaning of this cbance-
fonnd strip. Did you, sire, throw it ? Is this your property ? ''
addressing Purna. On this the following conversation
ensued : —

Ndyandr : Have you lost you property ? "

Pilrna : We cannot lose our property. Others only lose
tlieirs (meaning, we cannot lose our God. You have lost our
God).

N. Never mind that. How is it you are all assembled in
one body {i.e., you are all belonging to one cult, and seem to
pursue a peculiar path).

P. Well, we have been brought tDgether, as various ways
meet here (i.e., the Path to God we are pursuing is the One
Path into which all other paths issue).

N. But is there a Path for those who stand aloof like
j-ou ? (i.e., aloof -ness or isolation or Kaivahja is the state of
souls which on the one hand have eschewed material fetters
but on tlie otlier liand have not recognized God. This isola-
tion is what in modern days called the JEonic suspension of
souls, equivalent to eternal damnation.).

' ^JmWiWr^tfTim- Ittdnmyann II. 40]. i.e., Vaimtki uttered a cry
of difiti-esa when lie saw n fowler killinR an innocent curlew but V&l-
mtkt to his surprise found he had uttered a verse.

' The whole conversation has Tamil words having double meanings.
\Vc have tried to make it as clear as possible bj' parenthetical explana-
tions.

CH. XIV. GOVINDA'S CONVEUSION. 85

P. We are not aloof in your sense. The aloof are those
who have discarded tlieir real property (God) ; but we hold
our property (God) firm in our hands. We are thus God-sided
(i.e., God-partisans) if you please.

A'^. Never mind this. Have you now come here to leave
your relatives ? {i.e., to leave more converts like me for Siva).

P. No. We have come here lo buy kiue ? (t. e., to
reclaim or convert tho.se who belong to the bull (kine)-riding
God (Siva) ).

N. Is not the dust of kine said in the Sastras to be sacred
or sia-pnrifying ? (hinting that Siva's bull is thus a sacred
animal, whose hoof-dust is purifying to all men).

P. No dust is sacred except it be beaten up by kine of the
Sacred Land (of Vishnu) ' ; but not that beaten up from the
unholy burning (or cremation) ground, where Siva dwells.

N. Never mind that. What diflerence is there between
horizontal and vertical ? (t. e., is it not immaterial whether we
paint our foreheads horizontally or vertically).

P. Yes, there is as much difference between as between
beast (horizontal) and man (vertical) "-

N. I suppose, this is the language and cult of a New
Style {i.e., a New Dispensation ? )

P. Nothing new is ours. It is as old as time, and sanc-
tioned by authority (Veda, &c.,) {i.e., our Vai.shnavJsm is not
born to-day. It is as old as the Vedas )

JV". But if we inquire into Sacred Authorities, it is found
to embody all sorts of cults.

iLike Dvinddvana &c, the Holy Laud of the Holy ueat-heard
Krishna.

2 Beast walks horizontally, man walks erect. It is a significant fact
that in all paintings and scnlptnres, where the Dev-dsum war, or war
between Gods and Demons, is represented, marks hori/.ontal {Hryalc-pitv .
d^a) are shown on the foreheads of Demons, and upright mnrka (Vrdhva-
piindra) on the foreheads of Gods.

66 THE LIFE OP UAMXnUJA. CH. XIV.

P. Exactly. And that is the reason why you should
fully inquire, dive into the very depths of knowledge as to what
is the Highest Truth in the Universe; and diving, bring up
the Pearl of truth from all the mud and ooze, (i.e., find out
Nariyana fi-om all the tangled skein of the Vedas.)

N. Nayanar thus was dumb-founded. He simply nodded
his head, scanning Purna all the while from top to toe, and went
his way with clear signs of serious thought in his heart visible
in his countenance. '

Purna now thought thus : " Yes, his heart has now quick-
ened, ^ the rest is God's own work. I consign the troubled
soul there to Him." So saying he returned to the Holy Hill
(Tirumalai = Tirupati)."

Thus did the Srivaishnava narrate to Rilmanuja the re-
sult of his mission to reclaim Govinda to Vaishnavism. Rama-
nuja on hearing this, went into a paroxysm, of joy, and turning
to D&Sarathi and other disciples, said: — "Look, how our great
Guru YsimnnSi's Holy voice has found its entr'y into Govinda's
heart; and bow Govinda played a burlesque and spoke to our
Srt-saila-Purna thereon in sarcastic quibbles. And see how
our Piirna retorted to Govinda in the same clever sarcastic
style. Being well versed in Sastric lore, see how Govinda
acknowledged Piirna's significant sarcasms, and allowed him-
self to be beaten into silence. What a polemical victory ?
And hear me now expound to you tlie meaning of their cypher-
i*epartee. I simply cite a number of authorities bearing on the
question."

(1) " There are two things Kshara and Ahshara. Kshara
is all this being ; Akshara is liberated souls. And diffei-ent from
these is Purushottama, Mj'self, the Person par excellence <fcc."
{Bhagavad-Gitd, XV. 16 to 19].

^ Keadors are iuvited to the perusal of Bhuguidi-ishayam. Vol. IV
or Tim-vay-inozhi. Onriim-tecuui.

" TOKfinif^Tni ZSdtvata-Samlata]

' The reader must bo satisGcd with reading' the citations merely.
This is uo place {or expansiou thereof.

CH. XIV. GOVINDA'S CONVERSION. 87

(2) " He (Vishnu) is the fii-st of the Immoi-tals, and
Prior to them " [^Prabandha].

(S) "The Soul of those who walk virtue's path"
[^Ndradiya].

(4) "' He is the Door to Salvation " 'Prabandha].

(5) " Hardly one knows Me truly " [Gita : VII-3].

(6) " 1 am Thine, and Thou art mine " [T. V. Mozhi,
II-9-9].

(7) " He must be classed with beasts who has no know-
ledge (of God)." [Hltopadesa^ '

(8) " How else will they spend their time, (if not by
thinking of Vishnu) ?" {Periya-tiru-v-and<ldi, v-86].

(9) " Those who wear vertical marks on their foreheads,
<tc., are Vaishnavas " " [SrUBhagavata\.

(10) " Sprinkle the Holy Dust of the feet of godly men "
[T-vay-Mozlii, IV. 6-5].

(11) " All twice-born shall wear vertical marks " '
[ Yajnya-valkya] .

(12) " Vedas are the .source of authoritj' * [Manu. II-6].

(13) " Sat, O Saumya, was in the beginning'" [Aitareya
Up: VI-2].

(14) " Atraa, Saumya, was in the beginning " " [Aitareya
Up:I-l].

'q^inra^raga^ ^faRRiMr- "^^ra«n2T>«i% 5T«f^l53;r: I
^^if ^gtNKNiid ?rf =^^ = sit^'irm w^^m Tftgnf^ n

88 THE LIFE OF BAMANUJA. CII. XIV.

(15) Brahman, Sauinya, was in the beginning "' [Vaja-
sanej-a : I [1-4].'

And if it be asked who is the Sat, the Atnia, tlie
BraJiinan.

(16) "Indeed, it is the one Nilrayana'"' [Mahopani-
shat: 1].

(17) (Narayana or) Vishnu is the highe.st God ; and
Agni is the lowest. All other gods go between "" [_Aita7-eya
Brdhmana, I-l-l].

(18) " The Pranava is the bow, Atmfi, is the arrow, and
Brahman is the Target. The wise man shall hit the Target'
and become filled with It " * [Mund: Up: 11-4],

(14) " From Narayana is Brahma born, from Nftrftyana
is Rudra (Siva) born "° ^Narayana Up.].

And Smritis, Purjinas. and Itihasas support these autho-
rities, for see Bhagavad-Oita, X-2, XI -37, IX-10 ; Manu-Sviriti
1-8, XII-132 ; Vishnu-Purana I, 1-32, I, 2-20, IV, 1-39, I, 22-64
and 78, VI, 4-10; Mahd-Bhdrata, Sdnti-Moksha, 168-78 and
79 ; 169-19, 30 and 31, Udyoga, 67, and Hanvamsa, 32, 223-39,
279-47, &c., &c.

' HKwrra^5iT3rm i ^TKrwri^Rirqw ii

Note :— From (3) to (6), it may portant to us than tbe greatest con-
be observed how the conception of quests of the Kings of Egypt or
God evolved from the term Sat up Babylon. Not one of our greatest
to Ndrdyana. If our readers are explorers has unearthed with his
etymologists, they will at once un- spade or pickaxe more splendid
derstand the splendid discovery of palaces and temples, whether in
Hamanuja in the intricate windings Egypt or in Babylon, than the ety-
of the Vedas. Says Max MuUer :— mologist. Every word is the palace
"Every new work was a discovery, of a human thought." [P 17
and these early discoveries, it but Vol. I, Trans : of the Ninth Interna-
properly understood, are more im- tional Congress of Orientalists].

CH. XIV. govinda's conversion.

When therefore Sri-saila Purna answered N^yanar in his
own riddles, he was convinced inasmuch as he was well-versed
in Sastras. And Purna feeling sure that NELyan^r was well on
the way towards conversion, returned to Tirumalai. How
clever of Purna ! " So saying, Ramanuja congratulated tlie Sri-
Vaishnava who had returned. " And what nest ?" asked lie.

" Sire," continued the Vaishnava, " listen to the results
of the third sally of Purna. He made obeisance to Lord
Srinivtlsa of Tirupati and entered tlie purlieus of Kalahasti
and camping there in a tope, spent his time in teaching his
disciples the commentaries on Tirnvdy-mozM, (i.e. Bhagavad-
Vishayavi). N£iy4nS,r came that way and got up a trumpet-
flower tree (jiddiri to cull flowers for Siva's worship). Purna
had taken up Tinnan-vidu or Cent : II, Dec. 2 of St. Nam-
m&zhvar's Tiru-vfly-mozhi, for comment ; and as he went on
reciting and explaining, Nayanar attentively pursued the dis-
course. Purna came to the fourth verse thereof, which ended
with i^' Except the One God {Krishna), which other deserves
flower or worship ?" On hearing this, Nayanar jumped down
the tree at once, flung away his flower-reticule, tore away the
rudrdksha ' beads he was wearing, and fell at the feet of Ptlrna,
overcome with emotion, and exclaimed : — " No, no ; no one else
can deserve. Holy Sire ! I am an ignoramus, and apostate
and am unclean and wallowing in the mire of worldliness.'*
Save me, save me. Alas that when God of the two Universes,
(Nar&yana) has been, I professed fealty to the ' Nude deity of
the Dishevelled Hair (Siva) ' ; when we have had the ' Love-
beaming Lotus-Eyed (Vishnu),' I placed my afFections on
' Fire-vomitting Ugly-Eyed (Siva) ' ; when we have had
Krishna, the sea-and-land Swaliower, I worshipped the ' Poi-
son-dark-necked ' (Siva) ; when we have had the Kalpaka-
tree which had saved the herds and herdsmen from Indra's
hail and storm (Krishna), I honored the ' Dead-skull-handed
(Siva) ; when we have had the Sri-breasted (Vishnu), I bowed

' The berries of Usocarpus Ganitrue, sacred to Siva,

[_Ndradiya.']

12

90

THE LIFE OF rXmXnUJA. OH. XIT.

to the ' Beggar (Siva)' ; when we have had the glorious ' Silk-
mantled (Vishnu)', I was an abject slave to the ' Tiger-skin-
mantled (Siva)' ; when we have had the ' Gang4-toed (Vishnu)',
I circummabulated tlie ' Grave-yard-stalker (Siva)' ; when we
have had the God of the fragrant Tula-n \ I resorted to the
' J?i7«P-fond.(3iva)' and wasted my strength by pouring pails-
ful of water over the vile phallus " So went on Nayanftr,
now really Govlnda, going through the wliole gamut of the
Vishnu-Siva legends ; and very contrite at heart for his vag-
rancy, supplicated Purna to save his soul, lost in the wilds of
false faiths. Govinda thus lay prostrate. Purna looked at
his disciples and saying : " Repentance has washed this soul
ckan, and Alavandar will now accept the purged heart," lifted
him up with loving hands, patted him on the back and dis-
coursed to him in soothing tones, " drinking Govinda, as it
were, with his gracious eyes, and hugging him as it were to
his heart." "

The Sivite residents of Kalahasti came to know of N^ya-
nfta-'s )-emorse, recantation and redemption and hemming round
Purna, remonstrated with him thus : — " How canst thou
entice, Sir, our NayanElr, by mesmerizing him with charm-
dust.^ ? " Why do ye ask me ? " retorted Purna, " there is
your Nayanir ; ask him. Know, our ways ai'e hidden to you,
ind we never swerve to others' ways." Then thoj- turned to
NAyanar, and seizing his hand, " Come," said they. Govinda
swiftly snatched his hand away from their clutch and said in
a,nger : — "How dare ye pollute my hand with your touch ?
Here, take away the temple-keys, the signet-ring and other
articles of your cult and creed, ily connection with you

' The basil sacred to Vishna (read p. Ivii. of our iire.-- Azhrdrs.)
^ JSgle Manneloi, leaves of — sacred to Siva.

' Ammdn-podi in Tamil, a magic-dnst supposed to possess the pro-
perty of subjugating another's -vrill to one's own.

on. XlV. dOVtJfbA*g CONVERSIOIf. 91

has "from this moment ceased; and I have notliing more to do
with you. I am entirely rid now of old shackles." So saying,
he suited action to word, by clapping his hands,' and turned
his face away from them. Thus beaten they said to Purna, : —
■" Sire, we had known all this yestei-day ; and yet we thought
we would go to you and make a stand and try to force or
persuade Nayana,r back to us, but it is hopeless, we find. Hear,
however, the dream whicli we had. Our God of Kfilahasti
(Siva) appeared to us and spake thus : — " Listen, my faithful !
In the old days, the Vedas and S&stras suffered at the hands of
the Pashandins, BauddhAs and Ch&rvakas. They were restored
by the three-staffed Sanyslsin, Dattatreya. Again now, as of
old, the Vedas have suffered by heretical vandalism. To re-
establish them, the celestials Vishvak.sena, Ananta and Vaina-
teya have become incarnate on earth, under the names of
Y3.muna, Ramanuja and Govinda. To help them, the Divine
Symbols of Vishnu — the Conch and the Discus — have appeared
as Dasarathi and Kur6.?a, respectively. So, the Vedic Vaishna-
vism which is going to revive under these Masters is a system
which is after my own heart. Govinda had entertained a
wish once for living in Kasi ; and this desire I fulfilled by
appearing as the linga in his palm, and giving him thus a
chapter of Saivism ; so that he may be in a position to show
and prove to others the comparative merits of the two sys-
tems, which can best be done only after personal experience.
Vaishnavas are a free people. Interfere not. Let them alone."
' Such was our dream,' the Saivas represented, ' and so, Sirs,
you are free, and we return.' Purna's plans were thus worked
out. He took Govinda to his home at Tirupati, and has had,
as expiatory, the tonsure, &c., performed as also the five-fold
Sacraments^ of the Vaishnavas — on the shores of the Holy
Pond, called the Svami-Pusbkarini — administered. After this
the Holy Teachings contained in the Prabandhas of the Saints
(Azhvars) were duly imparted, and the Five Fundamental

• This means : washing one's hands off.

?92 THE LIFE OF rA.mA.NUJA. CH. XIV.

Truths ' of reUgion wei-e explained to him, thus making Govinda
an all-round Vaishnava for evangelistic work with R^mEinuja.
Govinda looked upon Purna, his Master, as God Himself. He
knew of no other God except his Saviour, Purna, to wliom he
was a servitor, in thought, speech and deed, even as Laksh-
mana was to Ramachandra.^

And I, Master, remained with them so long, enjoying their
company as well as studies." Thus related the Vaishnava to
Kamanuja.

On hearing this, Ramanuja rajjtnrously eyed the Srivaish-
nava and uttered blessings. The first successful evangelistic
work of Rfi.manuja had thus been accomplished, by the recovery
of Govinda from his aposfasj'.

' Tlie Artha-panchaka, or the nature of (I) God, (2) Soul, (3) Goal
(4) Means, (5) Sin. A separate treatise on this topic comprises one of
the eighteen Mystery- Books of Sage Piljai Lokllcharya.

' 5rW^^ra;[Fr JtrsTfTO^'m^ II [_Ttdmd : II. 31. 27.]
' Thou shalt with thy Videhan spouse,
Eeelinc upon the mountain's brows ;
Be mine the toil, be niiuo to keep
Watch o'er (heo, walking or asleep.' [Griffith.']

CH. xv. rIm^ndja and mantra. S3

CHAPTER XV.

BAMANUJA AND MANTRA.

Sri RS,ni^nuja had not yet formally seen his Guru Sri
Mahapurna, at his residence, after his arrival at Srirangam from
Kanchi. And, two, through his-wife, he had possibly offended
him. But he had abandoned her on that account and donned the
Sannyasin robes. Was this sufficient amends^lq. appease the
Guru? Such thoughts embarrassed Ramfiinuja. He wonld how-
ever go and tender ample apologies. So he walked on to his
Guru's dwelling. In an attitude of veneration and humility,
he prostrated liimself, and telling him how he had made expia-
tion for his past conduct, begged of him to pardon that for
which he was not personally responsible. Pui'iia said lie never
knew there was anything to pardon, but that on the other hand
Ramanuja was daily growing in his estimation. "Sire," said
Ra,manuja, rising, " to fill the blank causd by YsLmuna's sudden
departure, to supply yourself the lack caused by my having,
by a hair's breadth, missed conversing with hira on matters
spiritual, deign to impai-t to me all the mysteries of religion, that
great Guru of mine has entrusted to you for the pui'pose."
" With the greatest delight," replied Purna, " I have been
eargerly looking out for an occasion like this. There shall be
no more delay. The essence of our Holy Faith, know, is embed-
ded in the Dvaya-mantra. ' 0, its greatness ! its power and
strength ! A gem, eternal, holy, — the very gist of the Vedas !
Purifying, meritorious ! Rich, world-winning, and healing '.'.
So saying, he briefly imparted to Ramanuja the essentials of
religion contained in it, viz.. There is but One God. He is All-
merciful, and is therefore our Way. He is All-hnomng and
All-inighty, and is therefore Our God. The souls' end and aim is'
therefore eternal living service at His Holy Feet. There are
glorious amplifications of this truth yet. Learn these at the

S4 THE LlB'E OP UAMANUJA. Ctt. XV.

feet of Tiru-k-kofrtiyur Nambi ( = Goshtlu-Puina), who was
an intimate disciple of Yamuna.

E/Elindinuja took leave and proceeded to Tiru-k-kottiyur
(near Pndukdta); and, on arriving there asked the passers-by
where Gdshthi-Purna was living. " There, in that poor low
hut," said they, pointing. Kamanuja fell on his knees, and all
the way from where he stood up to the hut, he went prostrate.
Only those knew Nambi well, who knew how not to see defects
in their Masters, but only saw perfections, and these to exag-
geration.' R&md.naja approached Nambi and falling at his
feet prayed: " Teacli me, Holy Sire, all the recondite doctrines
of our Faith. I am the humble feef' of Maha-piirna." In order to
test the strength of Ramaunj'a professions, Goshthi-Purna said
in an ofE-hand manner: " What have I to tell, and to whom ?,"
and gave him no countenance. Ramanuja never spoke another
word, either of supplication or of reproach ; but simply pros-
trated himself and returned to Koil (— Si-irangam).

G. Purna had to visit Srirangam for the season's festivi-
ties connected with that Holy Fane. He came and paid homao-e
to the Lord Rauga, who was pleased to dower him with all
honors, and commanded, through the officiating priest, : "In-
struct our Ramanuja in all the occult lore of the ITaith." " But
O. Gloiious God ! ' said G. Purna, " It is Thou who hast
ruled : Tell not those toho have not been apprenticed at least for a
year.* Reveal not high truths to the non-serious, non-dutiful,
icho love me not, 8fc. ' ? So that if I have to carry out the
strict letter of Thy law, I must wait and try Thy Ramanuja."

' See Hierarchic Tabic, No. 24 in our Lives of Azhvars.
' This attitude of mind towards a these things prepare the soul to
Teacher constitutes a real disciple ; recognise his Guru when he au-
and only then is his successful pears. Many a ouc misses his
spiritual career assured. "The teacher by 'the mental habit of
glad and cordial recognition of ex- Hxing the attention on blemishes
cellence," says A. Besant, " wlier- rather than on beauties bv seeing
ever found, the checking of the only the sun-spots aAd not the
critical and carping spirit that Sun." [,\'ttlueofDevotimi. p 263 f
fixes on defects and ignores virtues, Theos : Review. Vol. XxVll

» This is the Indian idiom for a " true disciple." Let our readers
become accustomed to it. o<»"ciis

' f^fpmm^iPT [B/i. Gi. XVI11-S4.]

en. XV. RAMANUJA AND MANTRA. 95

" Not so in his case," answered Ranga, " as lie is fully quali-
fied according to the requirements of the text : —

Body, wealth, mind, life itself, belong to the Guru, ^'c, ' and
therefore he may be instructed.

" (Jome to my place," Faid G. Purna to Ramanuja, and left
Srirangam. Ktlmanujawent all the way, as directed, to T. Kotti-
yur again. But when he went there ; " Not thi.s time ; can you go
now and come again ?" told Purna. Rslmanuja never thought of
a protest, and never felt irritated, but simply obeyed the com-
mand, and returned to Srirangam. Eighteen times,' thus, it is
chronicled, did RsLmanuja journey to T. Kottiyur and return,
each time being told the same thing. G. Purna had at the
same time no other idea excejst that of testing R3,m&nuja's
faith and zeal, and testing him through an ordeal of novitiate
probation, to see if his spirit was strong and capable of over-
coming passions of the mind. Had his will been weak, he
would long ago have given up his endeavor as unworthy of
of pursuit. Had he succumbed under the weight of disap-
pointment and cliagrine, that would have proved liim an un-
worthy disciple, to whom it would have been useless to reveal
occult truths. Such were Purna's thoughts. And on the other
hand, R£lmS.nuj:i's tenacity of purpose was raising him every
time in Purna's estimation. When he returned to Srirangam
for the eighteentli time, however, he felt somewhat, and was
moved to tears at the futility of his repeated efforts, and was
found deeply revolving in his mind, as to what he should do
next ; when a disciple of G. Purria chanced to come from T.
K&ttiyur, and came on a vi.sit to RS.in3.nuja. Ramanuja, bid-
ding him be seated, and after preliminaries were over, poured
before him his bitter grievances, and consulted him as to how
he should make him.self worthy. And he finished the consulta-
tion by saying : — " Is not God pledged to save us from evil,
and grant us bliss ? Even so are God's regents on earth. How
am I to become worthy, if by the worthy, my unworthiness is
not effaced ; and unless the benefactor gives, how is the receiver

4^<j^ifv||< q'q^ WI?|w}'HH«*'id= II ISdtvaia'Samhitd.']
2 See Mumuhshwppadi, Intro : to Charama-Sloka.

96 THE LIFE OP EAMANUJA. CH. XT.

to be blessed?" The disciple returned to T. Kdttiyur, and told
his master how Rsimanuja was pining for knowledge. " Has
he sach keen appetite ? Then I must at once feed him. A
moment's delay more on my part brings sia. Let Rftmanuja
come to me alone with liis staff and pennant.' So did G. Piirna
exclaim ; and bade the same disciple go fortli at once and bi-ing
Ramanuja to him. Swiftly came he, and prostrating himself
before RamAnuja begged of him to proceed. He started
immediately, taking his two intimate disciples with him,
KilrSsa and Dii?arathi ; and fell at Purna's feet. " These
instead of thyself alone, as I had commanded ! " e.'sclaimed
Purnairate. "Holy Sire!" explained R^imtouja, "■'come
with stafE and pennant' was thy order. So I have come."
" Staff and pennant !, which is thy staff, which is thy pennant ? "
a.sked Purna, " Sire, DilSarathi is my staff ; Kurfisa is my
pennant. I am never without them, nor they without me."
Purna'.s irritation vanished and he was moved by Rslmanuja's
exemplary conduct and astuteness. " Well," spoke Piirna — -who
by the bye had been commanded by Lord Rauga in a dream
again, to unbosom Holy secrets to R4m&nuja, as the latter was no
other than Adisesha himself incarnated — " I make exceptions of
these, thy Inseparables ; I command thee that to no others
shalt thou impart the sacred truths I am going to divulge to
thee." So saying, he led Ranianuja to a secret corner of his
hut, and there revealed to him the hidden truths of the Tim-
mantra, or the Mantra of the AshtAkshara-Upanishad, the eight-
syllabled aiid three-worded Mantra, the gravity of which is thus
described : — " PranavaiXie first ; Namas the middle ; and Xdrd-
yana the last. So runs the Eight-syllabled Mantra, to be
ever used in prayer by seekers after God. It is the gi-anter
of every boon, and promoter of devotion and disjjassion." '

' Staff is the Trtdaiifiu of the Sanya,sin, and pennant is the colored
piece of cloth attached to its top.

WmHiHSJSfcJt ^rraUKSl^^ II ISdtvata-Samhm..']

Also see our Lives of Saints and Wisdom of Saints for detailed
explanations.

CH. XV. RAMANUJA'S PROCLAMATION. 97

" Tliis," he said, " is the Mantra which all our Saints and
Sages constantly recited and pondered over. It is the best-
ower of eternal bliss." llamanuja reverently received the
teachings, and considered himself now as regenerated and
saved. But lie could not contain the truths within him, though
imparted under pledge of secrecy. " Why are such trnths so
jealously guarded from all mortals ? If God is not for sinners,
from whom is He ? And therefore is not His Holy Word a mes-
sage for all ? Why should mortals be denied its saving power ?
But I shall not make a secret of it. I shall divulge it to all
regardless of consequences." So did Hamsbnuja reflect and
reason. Compassion for all men burned in his heart. So- he
made up his mind to proclaim the Word to the public.

The next day, he entered into the big and elevated hall '
of Terk-k^zhvaba, or the Lord Nrisimha, Resident of Tiru-k-
kfittiyiir, invited all to assemble there ; and his full heart flowed
to them in the revealing of the precious truths relating to Spirit,
which he liad learnt from G. Purna, under vow of secrecy.
This news reached and roused the indignation of G. Piirna.
He commanded Rftmelnuja to appear before him ; and asked
in tones of anger: — "Culprit! did we not strictly enjoin
thee not to reveal our noble truths of religion to the
undeserving vulgar ? How durst thou misbehave, and outrage
promises m.ade ?' " Revered Sire," submitted R£im4auja,
" I confess I am guilty of disobedience. But I taught the truths
to others to glorify thee and thy lore." " That is not it," retorted
Purna, " the disobedience on thy part is the question. That, thou
hast glaringly shown. W^hat is thy punishment for it ?" " My
punishment is certainly hell, Sire," submitted Ramanuja.
That thou well knewest," protested Purna, " and yet what made
thee to violate my law ?" " Sire," said Raraanuja, " pray
listen to me calmly. Disobedience surely deserves hell. I
must be sent there, no doubt. But, holy Sire, may I submit
that it is but little sacrifice for one sinner to make, inasmuch

'This is called tlie gopuram or pinnacle, as sung by AnnS.-v-aappangar
in liis Ea,mannja-a<Mnd»Ks/ia-stai'0 : —

13

98 llAMANCfJA'S DEfEXCK. CH. XV.

jas it brings salvation to many.' Moreover all the merit of that
whole-sale salvation goes to you, because of the Holy Secret
having emanated from your great self ? These reasons embol-
dened me to infringe thy lioly command. It was compassion
for mankind that rendered me blind to thy injunctions.' I ask
forgiveness. Do with niP, holy Sire, wliat thou wilt." G. Purna
was struck dumb at this reasoning and his own heart moved.
' Oh, that this idea never entered my crippled heart," said he
excitedly, " my heart, which would not ere this warm with
love for naankind. I am hated. Strange I never felt the all-
embracing love of Il4manuja. Rimftnuja! Yaiiraja! Indeed
thou art He, come on earth. I see it all now." Thus
vehemently venting forth the new and strange emotions stii-r-
ing in his bi-east Pfirna rushed forward and embracing B4m§.-
nuja continued : — " Holy son, thou art mine, my own indeed
art thou. Thy name shall henceforth be Emberuiniindr, The
creed that I gave thee was hitherto known as the Greed of
the High Veddnta, but henceforth it shall be known to the world
as the Greed of Einberumdndr . Not only tliat, which thou hast
already heard from me, shalt thou proclaim from the house-tops,
but more shalt thou hear from me. Secrets there are yet. Come,
wilt thou be, or art thou, satisfied, as thou seemest, with what
thou hast got ?" So went on Purna, in the exuberance of his
strangely awakened love for BamMuja. " Holy Sire," softly said
Ribmanuja", lam not to lay down law for you. Had I in the least
thought that there were yet other Secrets than those you have
already so graciously divulged, and therefore stood in need, that
would prove lack of trust in me ; i.e., as if I harboured doubts
as to your sincerity. But if I say now : ' I need no more,' that
would prove that I had not well understood the bearings of the
first set of secrets given me. So I hold my peace. It is for you
therefore. Master, to decide in these circumstance and from
events which have transpired, what I deserve." My own sou
Rdim&nuja, dear !" said Purna, " then let it be deferred. Go

' Cp. tliis what B4niauuja ((. e., Lakshmana) said : —

" q+tMHi^HHS^ ^»i?«%TW^" [Dttara E4m ; 105-8].
2 Read Pp. 3561. Bhagavadvighayam..Vol. VII. End. (Telugu edition.)

OH. XV. FURTHER MYSTERIES.

99

now and come again, but mind, come alone." Ramanuja
stretclied liimself before his Guru, rose and left for Srirangam
with his • staff and pennant.'

Some time after, Eamjlnuja journeyed, a.s bidden, to liis
Master for f artlier instructions, aud humbled himself before
him. " Come uow," said G. Purna, cla.spiug Riimanuja's liand
lovingly. Taking him to a sequestered spot and adopting every
precaution that no one may disturb them, " touch my feet "
said he, and promise thou wilt not venture on further dis-
closures of our most cherished secrets." On Ramanuja solemnly
plighting his word, Purna began in the manner of Lord
Krishna : —

' Listen, Arjuna, again, to My lofty speech, the Secret of
Secrets. I say it as it is good for thee, and as thou art my friend
and devotee.' [Bh : Gi. XVIIL 64.]

" It is the Last Word {Charama-sloka) of the spiritual
science, contained in the Lord's verse " said Piirna. Thus : —

" Gice up entirely all other Ways,

Choose Me alone as Thy Way ;

Thee, from all sins, I will absolve, •'

No more tJien shalt thou mourn." [Bh : Gi. XVTIf. 66. J

" Son, reveal not these Holy Truths to the unprepared, un-
deserving, unserving, and haters of God (Me)." {Bh: Gi. XVTII.
67.] Ramanuja, if you value these Truths, then let not atheists i
and heretics hear them. Guard them against such.

" Let it be, Sire, as thou wilt '" said Ramanuja, " but may
I not make exceptions of such worthy God-loving souls as
Kiirfisa. How can f conceal from him ? " " He may, be worthy"
enjoined Purna," but our Sastras lay conditions such as : —

" One year, half year, quai-ter year at least, shall the postulant
be examined in every way ; and then shall the Guru initiate him.

100 KtTRESA TAUGHT. CH. XV.

graciously, disinterestedly} And therefore, after putting him
to test and .seeing that he really craves for knowledge during
this trial-period teaclie him." RftmSinuja received these com-
mands and returned to Srirangam as a victor returning home
after a successful campaign. He thought to himself that even
like the Eighteen Chapters of the Gita preached by Sri Krishna,
before the Last Word (Gharama-shka) was revealed, in order
to test Arjuna's mind, were tlie eighteen trips imposed upon
him by his Guru. "I am Crown Prince now," he exclaimed
rapturously, *' and I am heir to the Kingdom of God."

KiireSa was now longing to learn this Truth. He was
anxiously waiting for an opporluiiity to declare his mind. He
found one and throwiug himself at the feet of Eanianuja said :
" Holy Sire ! how I realise the effects of Yamuna's petitions to
Lord Varada. By them have you become tlie Pioneer of our
Fiiitli after discarding all wordly concerns. A holy band is
gathering round you. I am happily one. See, how again
Yamuna's disciple, G. Pftrna, has dowered you with his special
grace. May I not be so blessed by you in turn ? " " Son,
beloved," said Bam4nuja, " you must bide your time one year.
That is mj"- command." " Master," humbly submitted Kurfisa,
" One year ! Ah, it is intolerably long. Can 1 stand it ? Shall I
live so long, so long ? I have heard that one month's fasting and
lying at the door of the Master, is considered a good equivalent
for the year's probation " So saying, Kiirfesa put his word
immediately into execution. Bamanuja was moved by pity, and
at the end of the month, he initiated him into the final princi-
ples of the GitA."

Da,Saratlii was watching all the while. He found no rest
for his mind till he learnt the saving truths. So he approached
Ramanuja- and fell at his feet. " Teach me, also, I pray.
Master," said he. " Son, my permission was for KureSa only.
You must go to Piirna and obtain his ptrmis.sion." Dasarathi
ran to T. K«)ttiyiir, and threw himself before Piirna. But
Purna never gave him countenance. D-Asarathi held to his

1 Soe Chapter VI, p. 10.

^ Soe MumuJcehuppadi, IntioA : io Charama-Sloka.

CH. XV. DA.SARATHI TAUGHT. 101

resolve, and repeated his importunity ; but Piirna as i-esolutely
turned away from him. This went on for six months. If
D&Sarathi had any pride of hirth or learning, this probation
was good for him. He humbled himself again. Purna now
glanced at him. "You are one of Rftmsbnuja's favoured, I
surmise," asked he. "Yes, Sire ! I am known as Dasai-athi; I
am come to learn the cream of Gita-teachings from you." Purna
said : " Let every trace in thee cease, of the threefold egotism
which troubles mankind, that of talent, wealth, and ancestry.'
Ramanuja will be the best judge of thee in these matters. Go
to him and wait on his will and pleasure. He will bless thee."
" Be it as you will. Sire," said DaSarathi and humbly retired to
Srirangam. DabSarathi'.s return, Raraanuja was watching, and
when became and fell at liis feet, and related all that took
place at T. Kotfciyur, Ramanuja, in the midst of many assembled
disciples, said : — " Do 3'ou see ? DaSarathi is now a changed
person. If he had any notion of self-esteem before, how it hath
disappeared now ! What a transformation effected by my Guru !
Rise, DS.Sarathi ! thou art now qualified to hear high lessons
of the Spirit. I will reveal them at once." So saying, he
communicated to him the quintessence of the Gita-teachings,
and exclaimed joyously. " Aye, now indeed, I may claim as
my own, my Staff and Pennant.''^

' I.e., the two close disciples, Kurosa aud Dasarathi.

102 RAMASUJA'S INTERPRETATIONS. CH. XVI.

CHAPTPJR XVI.
RAMANUJA'S INTERPRETATIONS.

Some time elapsed thus. Goslitlii-Purna came on a visit
to Si-irangam, where he met his college friend Tiiumalai-
Anda,n (Maladhanx) .' He took him with him and went to see
R4manuja in his retreat. Ramanuja on seeing his Gnru come,
rose and receiving him with due respect, entered into conversa-
tion. " RamAnuja ! " he addressed, "you are now to hear the
utterances of our Holy Saints, the Tiru-vay-mozhi of St. Nam-
mftzhvar, to begin with. I commend you to the care of my
friend Maladhai-a, who has been full well instructed in that
lore by Yaraunaeharya." So saying, ho placed Ranianuja's
hands in those of Maladliaia, and begging of the latter to take
his trust through a course of the Pi-abandhas, left for his own
town.

They began the new course of studies. But as Maladhara
gave out the explanations of each verse as he bad heard them
from bis Guru, Yamuna, Ramanuja gave expanded or im-
proved versions of the same. Maladhara used to say that he
never remembered such explanations given out by Y&muna.
" But they are right. Sire ! and Yamuna's mind was really
that," Ramanuja used to I'eplj-. In due course, they came to
the ver.se: Ariyu-h-kdlaltu [T. Vsiy-mozhi II, 3, 3]. Mala-
dhara explained it thus : — God, ivheu I teas igiiorant, thou
gacest me the knouhdge nf my relation to Thee, and yet Thou
hast confined me in this carcwe which destroys this knowledge '
" This cannot be, Sire ! " pi-otested Ramd^nuja, " if you consider
the trend of the whole decad heie [II, 3], it is an acknowledg-
ment of all the manifold good, God did to the Saint. While
so, one verse in the middle of the Uccad cannot convey an
accusation against God. So, by a transposition of the terms of
the verse in question, the meaning becomes : — " Whilst 1 was
yet confined in this carcase irhich destroys knoii'ledgu, thou, were
pleased to bestow knowledge of my relation to Thee, God ! " " "I

• See No. 25, Hierarchic Table, in onr li'ces of Azhvdrs.
^ Readers ouglit to read tlie origiuul of this in the Snd Volumo of
Bhaguiad-iishuyuiii, if tliey with to fully enjoy this intellectual banquet.

en. XVI. JIAMANUJA'S IXTBllPUETATIOXS. 103

don't remember Yamuna so explaining to me,"' expcstalated
Maladhara, " I like not sucli interpretations from tliee." So .say-
ing, he ceased teaching further. The news of this interruption
of .studies reached the ears of G. Piii'iia. He journeyed tliereon
to Srirangam to inquire into the cause. Meeting Maladhara, he
asked for an explanation: — "Compeer!'" began Maladhara,
" our studies never go on smoothly, for Ramanuja, I find, is too
ranch for nie. He has an eternal store of new interpretations.
For instance, we had a pas.sage-at-arms over St. Nammazh-
var's ver-se Ariyd &a. [II. 3. 3.]. Whereas I construed it as
conveying a spirit of invective against God for His ways of
dealing with souls, Ramanuja construed it as an expression of
gratitude to God, so as to make verse 3 harmonize with the
other verses of this Decad. Such a protesting spirit seemed
to me a violation of a disciple's decorum, while his constructions
also seemed at variance with our Yamuna's mind. Hence I had
to stop studying with an eccentric pupil like Ramanuja." " But,
pardon me," interrupted Piirna, " IlamAnuja is right, for I
remember our Yamuna having so explained. You seem to have
forgotten. Friend ! Ramanuja is incapable of going wrong.
If any one knows Y3,muna's mind, it is he. Look upon him as
like another Krishna who went to Sandipani ' for instruction.
You are but a pretence. He knows all. No more be under the
delusion that you are teaching him truths not already known to
him. So, permit me as a friend, to laj- it on you henceforth
as a sacred duty to continue the Tiru-vay-mozhi from where
you dropped it ; even if, to do so, it were necessary on your part
to wait on Ramanuja, instead of his waiting on you. He is
such disciple as his Gurus must go to him." So saying,
G. Piirna went to Ramanuja's monastery, accompanied by
Mdl&dhara and Mahd,piirna. Seeing them, RAraaijuja rose
exultingly, au'I prostrating himself, welcomed them all.
G. Purna thus made peace and saw to the Prabandha-.studies
being again pursued in right earnest.

They sat to the study again under these terms of concilia-
tion. A passage was again being explained by MalSdhara. " Not

' Consult Vishnu-Purdna.

104 llAMASUJA'S GREATNESS. - CH. XVI.

SO, Sire ! " intei-rupted Ramaauja. Yaoiuua meant it another
way." " How dost tliou know Yamana ? " excitedly queried
Ma,ladliara, of Rilmanuja, " thou hast never conversed with him
once in thy days. Thou but sawst him after his death. And
yet Thou darest to interpret his mind to me ! " " With thy leave,
Ifaster," submitted Rainanuja, " look upon me as the Ekalavya'
to YS,muna. That will explain how I understand him." " I
understand thee now, Holy Rsimanuja. I find the words of my
friend Gr. Purna indeed confirmed by my own experience of
thee. Thou art even an Avat&ra. To me art thou teacher, not
I to thee. I have learnt from thee many things that I had not
learnt fron Y&muna." So saying, Malaiihara rose and made
obeisance to Ramanuja.

Thus, without further impediments to pi'ogress, the study
of a course of the Prabandhas was in due time completed.
]!ilah£ipurna now suggested to Ramtouja that there were other
mysteries yet, which if he so desired, he might learn from the
venerable Tiruvaranga-p-peruma] Ayaiyar. R&mdinuja took
the hint at once, and from that day forward engaged himself
for six months to offer milk daily to Avaiyar as a premium for
learning. And to this he added the service of preparing for
Avaiyar a turmeric-paste (viaiijal-kilppii) for ablution-purposes,
when the ad%ai/aHa-festival came round in the year. One day
the preparation was found not quite to Avaiyar's liking. Rjb-
msinuja threw it away, and immediately prepared it anew.
Araiyar was watching this solicitude on RamSinuja's part.
" He loves me as one may love God. He loves me, a son of
God, as God Himself incarnate," ihought Ayaiyar. "Come,
noble disciple," said he, " you are fit to know the highest my-
stery. By your services to me you have earned it. So you
laj' claim to all that I have. Know then that God's apostles
and representatives on earth are God Himself visible in that
form. Our Sa,stras hence proclaim : —

' See 132nd Adhyaya, Adi-Parva, Mah&bliarata for the Story. Eka-
lavya made a mud-imago of Drdna, and learnt from this mere image of a
Garn, all the science of archery.

OH. XVI. SAVIOUR'S GUEATNESS. 105

" The Guru is Parabrahman Himself; is one's real Wealth;
is the Object of love, and our Befuge. He is our Wisdom and the
Way. "niio preaches such a Saviour, is tlie Saviour of Saviours." ^
" Know that God asleep is the Garu awake ; God invisible is the
Guru visible and moving. The Gurus bring messages of God.
They are God's mouthpieces. Through them, God chooses (o
teach mankind. Look upon the Guru (Saviour) then as God
Himself on earth. Look upon him as St. Madhurakavi ' looked
upon St. Nammazhvar, as Laksbmana upon RS;ma and
Satrughna on Bharata'. This is called the Pauchamopuya,' or
the fifth and ultimate means of reaching God." Thus did
Araiyar descant on the greatness and virtue of Saviours, as
the constituted channels through which God becomes most
accessible to mankind. " They are appointed and sent by God
to perform the functions of salvation. They are empowered
mediators between man and God. Who reject them reject God,
and their salvation is imperilled thereby. This truth is hard to
be realized by mankind, which is apt to deny the Saviour by
the very fact of His moving with them, living with them and
sharing with them all their joys and sorrows. The very inti-
macy breeds contempt. Those only steer clear of this danger
of denial, who can pierce through the veil of the visible sym-
bol of the Guru. Ri.m£inuja ! seriously reflect over this truth
and be blessed." Obtaining this truth, RamEinuja became
supremely happy.*

[Ka xyapa -Sam hitd] .
?n^§Wfl?WraT^^^'?r^?rq': [Panclmratra'].
^ Eead his life in our Lives of Azhvdrs. [See No. 10 in the Table,
76»"d].

•"• The other four Means being Karma, Jndim, Bliakti and Prapatti.
It is also called the GItaruma-parva. See Table of Soteriology, pp.
573-574, our Bhagavad-gttd,

* I and my Father are one, said Christ. Our Upanishads eay : —

?^^TO?ra ^H ' MT<^ rm \ ilt f [.Siihdla: Up.cuA^.
That this is an old Indie doctrine may now be understood by all
who may have doubted it ere this.

14

106 MANY GURUS EXPLAINEU. CII. XVI.

Here it may be asked, how one disciple can have more than
one Guru ? It was Mahapurna who acted the first sacramental
Guru to Rftmanuja, at iladhurAntakam, as already narrated.
And yet we find R&manuja resorting to many Teachers for
instruction. There is no serious spiritual objection to sucli a
procedure, it is stated. For a king may entrust more than
one minister of his, with the wealth of his realm, to be made
over to his heir when he comes of age. Each minister dis-
charges his particular trust in due season. Such was the case
with R&mfi,nuja. For the great YS.muna had made many, the
custodians of Spiritual Truths, which were to be imparted to
Rilni^nuja, each in his turn. R3,manuja was to have received
them directly from Yamuna, but fates had ordained otherwise.
Ra,mS.nnja's hopes, which had been dashed to the ground when
Y&muna suddenly passed away, were now fulfilled. Yslmuna
had signified to his disciples that R&maviuja was to be the
High Pontiff of their resu.scitated Ancient Church ; and the
deposit of spiritual truths he had left with them was to be
placed in his hands. The Gurus of Rama,nuja therefore were
thus bound to dischai-ge their sacred trust. When they did so,
each in his time, they were relieved and happy. It may be
the teacher or the disciple. The canon laid down is that
whoso is qualified to receive spiritual truths must be told them,
regardless of formalities otherwise prescribed, for the disciple
to wait on the teacher and so on. A teacliei*, it is even said,
becomes a teacher only when he has found a fit pupil, only
when he has transferred to him his wisdom. Thus Rslmanu-
ja's teachers became entitled to that honor only after teaching
RS,ma,nuja, and disciples became true disciples only after be-
coming disciples of Ramanuja. Ramanuja is therefore des-
cribed as the Central Gem in the precious necklace made up of
the gems of Teachers and Disciples of the Vaishnava apostolic.

CU. XVll. UNiTV OF GUDHOUD. 107

CHAPTER XVII.

BAMANUJA'S MINISTRY BEGINS.

Iiaia&,nuja,'s stiidentsbip was now complete. Ho was
already spiritual before intellectual. The naturally spiritual
man wa.s by means of intellectual accomplishment.'!, to bequeatli
a legacy to the world in the shape of written wovks. He com-
posed three in the beginning embodying the principles and prac-
tices of the Vaishnava faith. These were the gadya-traya (The
Thi-ee Proses), the Daily Worship-Manual called the Nitya,
and the Commentaries on the Bhagavad-Gitcl} The cardinal
doctrine established by him in these works is the Unity of
Godhood expi'essed by the term NfirElyana of the Taittiriya
Upanishad and others.^ And Il§.manuja disseminated the
doctrines among many who wei'e gathering about him ; and
thus did his ministry begin.

It was the practice of Ramanuja, as a mendicant who had
abandoned the world, to visit seven houses daily and collect
alms. Only upon this is the Sanyslsiu to subsist, according to
the Yati-dharina. Alms-begging is enjoined on the principle that
the ascetic has nothing to call, or ought not to own, any wordly
goods as belonging to him, as such owning begets a series of
attachments necessarily and weds him again to wordly interests ;
and to show to the world that the world to the spiritual man is
beggared before God ; in other words, beggary means death to
the world in order to live unto the spirit. This is the spiritual
interpretation of the donee's mendicancy compassing eleemosy-
nary merit to the donor. Both are abused in India. The world-
ly man ought not to beg, and the spiritual man ought not to
bestow, — this is reversed in modern times. The law is: the
material man is the custodian of the spiritual man's body,
and the spiritual man, of the material man s soul. The com-
modities of exchange between the two are substance and spirit.
Bach party has his laws and conditions for the exchange.
Hence a spiritual-beggar is no burden upon society. Other

I This is the one we have English-translated.

^ Vide Introduction to our Lives of Saints, and Topic 84 in our Divine
Wisdom, for a disquisition. _ .

108 llATIONALE OF BEGGING, Ac. CH. XVII.

beggars are indeed so, and ought to be interdicted from their
professional preying upon others' honest labour. A spiritual
beggar is a benefactor inasmuch as his very presence among
men, not to say of the influence of his words on them, is a
great moral and spiritual influence, elevating them from the
gross to the etherial, from the fleeting to the lasting. Such a
monk-mendicant was our Ramanuja.'

We have said above that JilamSinaja's main endeavour was
to establish the Unity of Godhood. In doing so, he did not
abstract God from His Universe, — a process tried by monism
ending in negation — , but restored God to His Universe in
all the fullness of His InGnite nature, so to say. By his
practice, he illustrated it, even when he went about his begg-
ing excursions. For it is chronicled that R4maDuja, while so
engaged one day in the thronghfares of Srirangaui, a few boys,
form mere frolic, waylaid him and pointing to a figure like man
which by their toes they drew on the dust, said : " Boasted
friar, here is your God. If He is everywhere, hero He must
be. Worship Him then." Bamanaja was delighted to hear
the boys sermon to him thus. Anon he put his bowl down,
prostrated himself befoi-e the Figure on the floor, and thank-
ing the boys went his way.

On another occasion he came aci-oss a number of boys in
the streets. They were enacting all that they saw their elders
doing in the Temple. They had described in the dust a diagram
of the Srirangam Temple, with several chambers allotted
therein for God, for His Consort, His Saints and so on. Regular
worship they commenced, and it was now time to offer food to
the several Deities. The boys procured the food easily ; for

' Apastamba iu his Dharma-SAtras, says [II. 5, 101 :

^lV-<'-i'l^-<4<:M!lH^'!!HHIHTlH^t :m^% Il3ll
The gist of this is that unless conditions stated are present, begging
is to be discouraged. Bead infra, K&mannja's explanations toTCongil-
piratti, on why great men go to poor houses making begging but a
pretext.

CH. XVII. BAMANUJA-POISONEU. 109

they gathered the road-dust, made it into convenient heaps,
and offered the same to their God pictured on thegiound.
Food so consecrated should be distributed next, to all the
worshippers. That is the rule. So the boys did ; and finding
Hamdiuaja in their midst: "Grod's food, Sii-e, take," cried they.
Bamd<nuja fell reverently on the floor, and rising, as reverently
stretched his hands and received the food and went his way.

Ramelnuja's stewardship in the Temple necessarily gave
rise to bickerings on the part of the priests. They were
jealous of his discipline and his growing power. Why not do
away with this Sanydsin, and let us fi-eely revel in corruption ?
thought they. They would poison him, decided they. To
one of the seven houses which Bamanuja was found frequenting
for aluis, they went and prevailed upon the owner to mix
poison with the alms and give it to him. In India, the house-
wife is to perform the duty of doling out alms. So the husband
told the house-wife to do the nefarious deed. She objected, but
he persisted. She was obliged to obey. Kamanaja came. With
hands somewhat trembling, she doled out poisoned food to him,
and prostrating herself before him, abniptly retired with eyes
downcast. Her manner, he obsei-ved, was somewhat peculiar
that day. This raised suspicion. He thought he would place
the food before a dog. He did, and lo ! it made the dog sick and
giddy ; it; fell and died. " This is food with poison {sa-gara)"
cried Ramanuja: " Let the poison {jgara) go to its birth-place
(sdgara)." * So saying Avith a pun on the word sagara, he cast
the food into the waters of the Kaveri river close by. '

Prom that day Bfimanuja would fast, but soon news of this
flew to G. Purna who left from T. Kottiyur for Srirangam to set
matters right before it was too late. Purna had neared Sriran-
•'ani and was crossing tlie dry bed of the Kaveri river in the
midday sun, which was scorching the head and the feet.
B^iBiannja, with his chosen, went to meet the Guru, and fell
orostrate before him on the burning sands. Purna did not bid

1 This has reference to the Churning of the Milk-See Legend, wheu
poison was one of the products of that sea.

110 KIUAMBI-ACCllAN. QH. XYII

him rise. Kidambi-Acchan by name, a disciple of Bamanuja,
who loved him much and who had accompanied him, watched
this with painful expectancy. Finding the suspense insuppoiii-
able, and provoked beyond patience, he cried to Purna : " Sire !
are these the exactions of civilities between Teachers and Dis-
ciples ?_Doth thy code of etiquette permit such infliction of cruel-
ty ? Doth thy stony heart demand, that a tender flower like my
Raman uja should be fried |and roasted before thee like this ?
Hast thou sense ? Hast thou the milk of humanity ? I care not
for thy absurd regulation." Thus fulminating his objurgation
at the Guru, he swiftly raised E.a.m£lnuja and hugged him to his
breast. A moment of the most painfnl anxiety and Suspense,
it was too, for Purna ; for he was by this means trying to find
out the person, who truly loved Bamd.nuja. Looking now at
Acchfln with eyes beaming with approbation, Purna said :
" Acchan, thou art the sort of person I have been looking for.
Now that I have found thee, my fears for ilsLma,nuja's future
safety are dispelled. I appoint thee his body-guard ; and no
one but thyself shall cook for R&m£tnuja. Thou alone slialt
discharge that most important and holy duty henceforth.''
Kid^mbi-Acchan became thus the Mahdnasdchdrya, or B^ma-
nuja's Master of the Hearth.

Thus shielded from schemes against his life, RabmEinuja
was spiritedly diffusing to all earnest comers, the philosophy
of true religion. An important event came about at this junc-
ture. A profound Brahman scholar there was, by name
Yajna-murti. Wherever he went, he entered into debates with
learned men on knotty points of the VedAnla, invariably
carrying off the palm of victory. He went for a bath in holy
Gaaga, and there also he entered the arena of Vedantic dis-
cussion and vanquished the disputants. He became the one-
staffed Sanyasin, — a proclamation this that he was professor in
the successful establishment of the Mdyd-vdda, or the illusori-
ness of the Kosmos.

Fascinated by subtilities of his sophistry, many became
adherents to his cause ; and he rose in fame, and pride as well.
But he was told that there was a Ramanuja at Srirangam, and
until he crossed swoi-ds with liim, his victory would not be

CH. XVII. YAJNA-MUllTl. Ill

complete. This roused his vanity. Mightily did he prepare
himself for the contest. Ue armed himself with heaps of
books and arguments, and came down to Srirangam, with his
band of disciples, and with all the ostentation and demonstration
of a big Pandit. IJashing up to Raraanuja in all the style of
an egotist, he invited him to an intellectual warfare. R3,ma-
nuja declared he was ready. " What is the wager for our
combat ? ", he asked of the savant. " If I am defeated," he
said, " I will embrace your faith." " If you win," said Rd,ma.
nuja, " I shall give up my ministry in the world." So staking,
they fixed eighteen days for the discussion. For sixteen days
it waxed hot i and yel there appeared no odds between them.
But on the seventeenth daj--, the balance began to swing in
favour of Yajna-murti, RAmanuja having felt the want of an
argument fo overpower the fiery array of them on the side of
the adversary. Yajna-murti, reading the signs of discomfi-
ture, and pufEed with pride, left RamEinuja in that situation,
as if in contempt, and stalked out of the monastery for that
day. R^maauja felt the situation keenly, and poignant grief
entered into his heart. Tortured with thought, he shut himself
up in the chapel, and after worshipping his own Lord Varada
there in the usual i-outlne, prayed to Him thus in agonj-^ ;
— " Holy God ! if I, a weak mortal, am repulsed in the fight,
Thy Cause can never be repulsed — a cause which has been esta-
blished on earth of yore, by such saints as Nammazhv^r and
sages as Yamunacharya. So far, the success attending our Dis-
pensation is because of Thy will. By Thy Holy Word (Reve-
lations), Thou hast been justified and demonstrated in all Thy
variety of manifestation as well as essence. Now it hath
pleased thee to pitchfork a false prophet on Thy world-stage
and let him dance. Let it be, if such is Thy will." Imploring
thus, Ramanuja fasted and slept. The Lord Varada appeared
to him in a dream and thus spoke : — " Beloved, be not vexed.
We are giving thee an able adherent to help Thy mission.
To-morrow, the last day, level at Yajna-murti all the quiver-
full of arguments against mdydvdda, to be found in the works
of thy Grand-Guru Yamuna. Ramanuja bounded with joy,
and performing all the routine duties of the day, and prostrat-
ing to his chapel-God, ventured forth into the debating hall.

jjj^ YAJNA.ilUUTI. CU. XVII.

Yajiia-murti was already there. Ramaauja's dignified man-
ner, stately gait, and glory of countenance, struck terror
into him. A presage of defeat, it seemed to him ali-eady.
" What a contrast," exclaimed he, " between the state in which
I left him yesterday, and that in which I see him this day !
He is advancing towards me in all the majesty of a mad ele-
phant. This is surely extraordinary. He must be more than
human." So thinking tj himself, he instinctively rose, and
advancing towards Rsimanuja, cried : " Sire, no more words
between us, I pray. I confess I am beaten." As he said, he
placed Ram4nuja's sandals on his head, and implored him to
deign to gather him to his holy fold." '• What i| this ? " said
Ramslnnja, surprised, " I never expected this from you. Oar
case is still contested. Let us argue it throngli and see where
it will land us." " Pardon me, Siie," submitted Yajfia-murti,
" no more fight. When I actually see you are one with God,
I dare not open my mouth again." "And yet," rejoined
Rd,manuja, " I wish to say that the Mdydvdda or illusion-doc-
trine necessarily strips God {Para-hrahman) of any attribute.
But from our Scriptures we derive no support for an attribute-
less God. Such texts as that ' God is Truth ' <fec., become
untruthful. But if you justify the God of attributes, became
of His becoming so conditioned by avidya (ignorance), then
' how is such a God, who allows His Light to be eternally
obscured by such ignorance, ever to get rid of it ? ' * If
you say, what of it, then you will thrust yourself into a
position from which there is no escape. For, you will have
postulated two eternal things : God and Ignorance, or knowledge
and non-knowledge, which is dualism and therefore antagonistic
to monism. In your attempt to establish monism or non-
dualism, you necessarily negate every thing else than Brahman ;
but in that very act, you posit a duality, viz., ignorance, which
eternally thwarts that Brahman ! The pampered elephant of ad-
vaita (monism) therefore gets all unawares, stuck in the mire of

■1
4I^IH^M<t*qfe[. =l):srH?<Tm^ li {.Ram&nuja .?]
Tbis is the controversy turning round the term 'personality, again
and again cropping np in all Yisishtadvaita works.

en. XVII.

M.\YA-VAU.V.

113

dualism.' Thus did Raniauuja preach. Yajiia-murti fol-
lowed the speech in rapt attention, aud when it ended broke
his staff aud bending himself before Riiniitnuju implored his
blessings. Ramanuja drew Yajiia-murti to his breast, and
blessing him. took him through a series of expiatory ceremo-
nies ", as the latter liad discarded the holy thread &c., and con-

frora the earth or gold. The same
is true of Brahman. Tlie world does
not exist in its present form, and it
does not exist apart from Brahma.
It is not an crroneons appearance,
as that of a rope mistaken for a
snake, but it has no individual or
separate existence. This is per-
haps the great csror into which the
later Vedantis have fallen, and
which has been the caase of their
teachings not gniding popular
religion. In fact, the second Siitra
of ¥yasa, which is that Brahman is
that from which the origin, snbsis-.
tenee, aud dissolntiou of this world
proceed, does not at all support the
illusion-theory. The SAtra proves
that the world owes its existence
and subsistence to God ; that it
dissolves into Him ; that while the
real nature of Brahman is satyatn,
jndnam, and anantam, the true, the
intelligent, the limitless, the crea-
tion, Ac., of the world are only such
of his attributes as reside within
Him at certain times and not at
others. It also proves that the
world, differentiated by names and
forms, containing many agents
and enjoyers, the abode of the
fruit of actions, these fruits having
definite times, places, and causes,
and the n.ature of wliose arrange-
ment cannot be conceived by the
mind, cannot proceed from any but
a Lord possessing the above quali-
ties." [Pp. 63-64, Vol. I. Trans :
of the Ninth International Congress
of Orientaliftf, London, in 1892.]

' Our readers may be curious to
know what the iii&ijd-r&da is. We
shall let Lala Baijnatli, Chief
Justice of Indore speak:— "The
later Ved3,ntic philosophers of
India, including Sankar&charya,
ha%'e, however, pressed these teach-
ing to mean that the world is
" Maya," a baseless illusion to be
destroyed by knowledge. This is,
however, not the tnie phiUisophy
of the Upanishads. In none of
them, except the Sveta.«vatara-
Upanishad, does the word ifdyA,
which supports the illusion-theory,
occur, and even in the SvetS.svatara,
the word mdyd is used synony-
mously with pral'riti, undifferent-
iated matter. •' Know the MftyS,
to be Prakriti, and the Lord of
MAva to be Mahe.jvara ; this whole
world is pervaded bv power which
are his parts" [Sv5t. Up : IV, 10].
To say that the objects of the
world are as unreal and have as
intangible an existence as those of
dreams, the great doctrine preach-
ed by Sankaraeharya and his fol-
lowers,' or that the world does not
really exist, is therefore wrong.
The Upanishads do not support a
parindma-vdda. The process of
manifestation of the universe is
according to them u, real and not
an illusory process. When they
say that all name and form are
merely nominal, that earth in jars,
pots, '&c., or gold in every orna-
ment, is only true, they mean, not
that pots or ornaments do not exist,
but that they do not exist apart

TO t^'|<h l <H l i'-M ^'T#T^ftT^n^ II I'^ati-dharma-Samucchaya^.

15

1J4 DKVAliAT INSTALLEU. CH. XV,^!.

ferred on liim all the sacraments of a Vaishnava,' ani tlie name
of Arulala-p-peramal Ember amanar, which was his own name
combined with that of the Lord Varada, by whose grace he was
enabled to acquire a golden convert to his Faith. The Saniskrit
of this is Devaraja-muni or Devarat. Ratnanuja led him to
Ranga's temj)lc, where he was made a recipient of all the
honors due to a member of the Faitli, and brought him back to
his monaster}-, where he was introduced to the worship of liis
Lord Varada, and conseci-ated food thereof given him. Tlie par-
taking of food completed the initiation and the convert became
a part and parcel of the Vaisbnava community. A course of
studies relating to the Prabandhas and other esoteric teachings
was gone through ; and the love-religion of the Vaishnavas was
thus spread before him, at which his heart melted and the
intellect bowed.

Ramanuja liad in Devarsit a great access of strength. His
addition made his flock brilliant. He joined the other two
jewels of Ramslnuja's band, DaSarathi and Kilr63a. Classes in
philosophy &c., were ably conducted with these members.
Ra,ma,nuja's fame went abroad. Anand-Elzhvan or AnantasAri,*
Ecchan, Tondanur •■'-Nambi and Marudiir-Nambi, hastened to
become his disciples. When they came, he directed these to
Devarat for initiation into the Faith. He obeyed but declared
that Ramanuja was thus trying to hang lieavy stones to the
neck of a poor sparrow ! " Beware ", he said to the new di.sciples,
" I am but his vassal, his tool. Ramanuja is your real Saviour.
Me, forget; but him, i-emember."

= No. 28,5Hierarchic Table, [see our Lives of AzhvArs.] IIo
born in KiranfjCir, near Srlrangapatna, Maisur.

« A holy place near Melkote where the big Motltaiav pearhUnk
IS situated. See infra when Ramanuja comes to this place.

was

CB. XVXII. ANANTA-StriB. US

CHAPTER XVIII.
bama;nitja's first TOTJR.

RSiiuanuja's school was tliiis filling. A course of studies
in the Prabandhas was being conducted, and the vevse in
St. Nammazhvar's Tiru-vay-mozhi : Ozhivil-kalam, was reached.
This verse is of the Decad III. 8, addressed to Lord Venkata-
pati or SrinivJbsa of the Holy Tirupati-Hill. It says : —

Ever joined to Thee at all ti'mes.

Services all, loe must render Thee,

Father I and Light of the Hill,

From which liinpid rills trickle down !

On reading and explaining this Ranijinuja went to the
Sacred Hill, called Pushpa-viantapa'^ in ecstatic thought, and
glancing on the assembly of scholars before him, asked : " Is
there any one amongst ye, prepared to stay in Tirupati, make
flower-gardens, and daily serve Srinivasa with flowers thereof ?"
Ananta-Suri stood np, " Bid me go. Sire,*' said he and quickly
went to Tirupati and there getting up a flower-garden, carried
flowers daily to the Lord there. He called the garden Bdrtid-
nujam.

Ramannja was informed of all this from time to time, and
he longed to visit Tirupati himself. For this purpose, he
swiftly went through the Tiruvdymozhi course, and jproceeding
to the Temple, prayed to the Lord Ranga therein to permit him
to go on a tour to Ksinchl, Tirupati, and other shrines.
" Granted, but return soon," was the reply that came.

Obtaining thus the holy permission of Lord Ranga, Rama-
nnja left Srirangam with his disciples on a tour, the first of
the kind after his anointment as the Pontiff of the rising Vaish-
nava-faith. On his way north, he visited Mahita-ksh^tra, and
other shrines, arriving at Dfehali-Nagara, or Tiru-k-kovalur ,
where he rendered homage to Lord Trivikrama, who appeared
to the Three First Azhvars.'' Thence he proceeded to Chitra-

' See p. 206, for this and other ternia, of our Lives of Azhvars.
" See their account iu our Lioes of Azhvdre.

116 YAJNBSA AND VAllADA. CH. XVIII.

kuta or Chidambai-am, but liearing that it was infested with
the most bigotted Saivas, left tlie place ihinking that it would
not be possible for hiui to introduce any reform in the place
in a hurry.

He next an-ivecl at Aslita-Kahasra-griinia, where he had
two disciples by name Yajnesa and Varadarya.' Of these,
YaiuSSa was very ricli and Varada very poor. To the former
Kamauuja sent two of his disciples to announce his arrival, and
ask him to be his good liost during his halt. Yajn6.Sa, when
the disciples came, was in an arrogant mood and heeded them
not ; thinking that when Ramanuja cliose to come himself to
his doors, he would receive him in proper form. At this cold
treatment, the disciples returned to Ramanuja with fallen faces
and reported to him the conduct of YajiieSa. " Then we shall
not enter his doors," said R£im4nuja, " we ihall go to our poor
disciple Varada at once and without notice." So saying, they
threaded their way to Varada's lowly hut. But he was absent
on his daily begging rounds. His wife, the good Paratti-k-
kollai, espied them coming. She wished to step forward and
welcome them, but slie had such a thread-bare garment to
cover her — owing to abject poverty — that she conld not with any
decorum show hei'self to any. So, she sheltered herself behind
a door, and clapped her hands so that Raniftnuja might take it
for a signal of welcome, and not go away elsewhere, as that
would be disastrous to her soul's welfare, inasmuch as RAmS,-
nuja's condescension in having come to her poor house would
prove profitless. R£lma.nuja at once understood the delicate situ-
ation in which the poor lady was placed, and taking off the
colored cloth which covered his head, flung it through a window
into the house. She picked it up and wearing it, approached
Rftmanuja whom, in welcoming to her house, she prostrated
most humbly and said :— " O my gracious Guru, you are most
welcome to my humble cottage. Pray accept this water for

1 The latter's fuU name is Parutli-l-loUai Vnvadlushkrya, and his
wife is the famous Paruili-k .kollai Kacchiyir, Saiiskritized into Karpls-
SiriUiiamba.

CH. XVIII. PARUTTI.K.KOLLAI. 117

washing your liands and feet ; and he seated here." She then
thought to herself like this : — " What mighty merit must mine
have been what austerities must I have done, what gifts must
I liave bestowed, in order that Ramanuja, wlio is Vishnu
Himself incarnate, come on earth to save mankind, should come
to our house. Divine grace has descended upon our undeserving
selves. For the Guru (Saviour) is God Himself, He is the Good-
All our goods, body and soul are His. The true disciple is lie who
thinks and acts thus. So do our Scriptures say. But I have
not a handful of grain in my house, nor a single coin where-
with to worship the worthy Sannyasin. My husband is out on
begging, but his petty pickings will not suffice for the woi-thy
guests. To honor a guest like Raai3.nuja, I will even sin-
St. Parakala, in the old days, robbed and cheated people in
order to serve God. He ensconced himself in fastnesses,
waj'laid men, stripped them of their goods, and offered them.
to God. Even Lord Ranga Himself was once eased by him of
all his precious jewels ; and with them feasts were given to the
faithful.' Creatures whirl round ihe wheel of Samsdra, but
the Guru comes with his teachings, and extricates them from
this ; and gives them God. To repay the Guru for this is
impossible. Hence I will even sell my body and worship him
wherewith. Foi- God Himself has said : — " If for My sake thou
sinnest, it becometh merit ; all merit without reference to
Me becometh sin." " The Gurn is even greater than God.
Therefore I shall have recourse to the rich merchant of this
place, who has been casting his adulterous eyes on me for
a long time. I shall now let him have his wish, let him feed
on this wormful body. The wealth he will on this account
bestow on me, shall all be used for the entertainment of my
honored guests." So thinking she addressed Bamanuja thus : —
" Holy Sire, rest here but a moment. By your grace, you shall
anon see my house filled with articles to feast you and yours
with." So saying, the virtuous lady left the house and hur-

• Read bis life in our Lives of Saints.

118 VAllADlllVA. CH. XVIII.

ried to the mercliant, and forcing a inost bewitching smile into
her face to please him, fsaid : " Good man, time has now arrived
for the fulfilment of thy long -cherished desire. Mj Guru
is pleased to come to my house. And I have to entertain
them, for which all food-stuffs and vessels are wanted. Please
order them at once." The merchant, studying the standing
beauty more than ever, and inflamed at the overtures she her-
self made this time, obeyed her commands without a word, and
sent an abundance of things with her. The good woman stood
before Ramanuja in all humility with these things. He was
struck with her devotion and commanded that she should her-
self cook for him, — a great privilege, indeed, bestowed on a
woman by a holy person (in India). She did so. And RSimS.-
nuja and his disciples, after bathing and worshipping God,
partook of the holy food, offered him in love, and rested in her
house, his whole being pulsating with blessings for her.

While thus Bdim&nuja was resting in his loving votary's
house,Yarad§.rya, the husband, returned home after his begging.
The good wife related to him all the circumstances beginning
with the Guru's arrival and up to the repast which she was able
to spread before liim during his absence, and the worship and joy
which she, in his absence, was able to give to the illustrious
guest. " Madam," said the liusband jubilant, " though thou art
young, thy wits are eld ; else how couldst thou have done such
a grand task ? Thou art not a wife, but a goddess I ken thee.
Nor art thou a nominal disciple, for, for thy saviour, thou hast
sacrificed all, even thy woman's honor." Applauding Ler thus
he went to Ktlmanuja and clasped his feet firmly ; then rising
and with palms joined, praised him thus : " Prince of men !
King of ascetics ! a thousand salutations to thee. For the
redemption of things life-ful and lifeless, thou art born amongst
us, Vishnu Himself, the Lord of the Universe. Thou art all-
knowing, and all-wise, and art the very reflection of Hari. As
in a deep dark well, wallow creatures entangled in the meshes
of their varied deeds, who else but thou art able to lift them
from this dismal abyss ? who but the magician can draw the
venom out of the cobra-bitt<jn person ? who but the s>m can
dispel darkness ? what but cool water can allay a man's thirst ?

en. XVia. PENITENT MERCHANT. 119

The sams,(ro- smitten sinner finds relief only by worshipping
thy holy feet. Pi^iise be to my Guru, by whose magic the
evil spirit left the princess and itself was redeemed. Hadst
thou not appeared amongst us, how conld a sinner like me
have been saved? Learned men thete are by the hundred, but
their ways arc pdshandii, leading them downward. How
gracious! thy holy slops were directed to the abode of a poor
creature like myself. The very sight of tliee has absolved me
of all my sins. I am content. I rest in peace ; and so do my
ancestors." Eamanuja blessed him and giving liim the Sn-
p'lda-tirtha, let him partake of food {prasdda). He was
struck with joy at the unity of heart and purpose, this excellent
pair posse.ssed, and dwelt with them for some time.

The pair now thought of returning the kindness of the
mei-chant. They both went with Ramannja's t'lrtlia and pra-
scida, and delivering them to him, a.sked him to partake of the
same, and then do what he liked with the wife. He left. The
merchant's heart leapt with joy, but when he drank the holy
water and ate the holy food, he felt within him a strange revolu-
tion. His carnal intent for the damsel gave way to wisdom and
worship. He walked round her and threw himself before her,
and with hands upi-aised in devotion said : — " Madam, thou art
my mother, and thy husband is my father. The darkness of un-
wisdom had ovei"spread my mind, making me a fool and lusting
after thee. I fall at thy feet, mother. Pardon me. Protect me.
Take me to your great Guru and throw me, a slave, at his holy
feet. Subject me to any penance by which my sin may be ex-
piated. Let me walk in the path of righteousness any-
how." The good dame told her husband of all this remor.seful
confession and begged him to quiet the convulsed soul of
the merchant. All this was marvellous. Anon Varadarya
bent his steps to the penitent man and leading him to EdmS,-
nnja, cast him at his feet. REimanuja, who inquired how all
this came about, was told all. His surprize was equal to his
joy. He had made a good disciple, to whom therefore he duly
administered all the five Vaishnava sacraments.^ It is chroni-

^ i.e. The Pancha-8amslcdra,a\.TeaAy described. Cp: "He shall
tivptize you with *^hc_Holy Ghost ai4 ?in [5. lyalse, III. 16.]"

120 YAJNESA REl'ENTANT. CH. XVIII

cled that this disciple theiicefoi-ward .slioue as bn'glit as the
summer moon, having placed all his wealtU at the disposal of
li^milnnja, whose fame thus spread all over the country.

YajiiSSa, the rich disciple, knew nothing of all this.
Whereas he expected Ra.mannja would be coming to him ;
probably he was on his way. So he liad gathered together many
things at home to feast his Guru ; and was prepared in other
ways to receive him, as he thought. He waited thus with his
relatives, but there was no sign of Ramanuja coming. This set
him pondering, and he left home in quest and despatched other
men also. They learnt that Ramanuja had bent his steps <o
Varad&rya's hou.se, after the indifferent manner in which his
two messengers had been treated by Yajii6.Sa. These tidings
carried thej' to Yajnesa. On hearing it, he fell to weeping ;
aud hurrying to Varadfirya's house, cast himself at the holy
feet of RS,manuja, beseeching his pardon. R3,m&nuja lovingly
lifted him up and read to him a sermon thus, calcdated
to be useful to the whole world : " YajnSsa, listen. What I
utter is good for thy soul. A Vaishnava should require the
five Samskaras, should know the five Truths, and follow
his saviour. But more than all this is the service to those
who are godly. The two messengers that came to thee were
Vaishnavas, godly men. They came as guests beside.«!,
and were way-worn. But them thou didst eject from thy
thre.shold. This did not become thee. Thou shouldst have
welcomed them, washed their feef, fanned them, fed them
and woi-shipped them in every way befitting Vaishnava-
visitors. They are Vi-shnu Himself in that foim. After they
had eaten, thou shouldst have eaten what was left as thy
prasdda. When this course is strictly followed, that shows areal
Vaishnava. But when it is followed for the sake of show,
fame or gain, it is as good as not done. Hou.sesof show, fame
or gain, Yajnesa, are not our houses. What pleases God is
sacrifice made without motive {sAMka-ddna)." YajneSa heard
this and was ashamed. "Lord," he prayed lowly, "I am
undone, extend to me forgiveness, and accept me." "Son
listen," said Ramanuja, " thou shalt make amends by daily
washing clean 4be clothes of the Vaislinavas here, and thus be

CH. XVIII. VISIT TO KAXCHI. 121

saved." So commandins", Rfi.raa,nuja left Ashta-sahasra-grsbma
with his disciples and by way of Tirukkdvaliii.' or DShali-
nagara, — where he visited the ancient shrine of Trlvikrama and
the Three First Azhvars ' — reached Kftnchi. He first entered
the monastry of KS,richi-piirna, who was still living, and pros-
trated himself before the venerable sage, dedicating a verse
to his memoiy : —

The joy of Piirna at seeing Ea,manuja covered with glory,
knew no bounds. He led him lovingly to the Temple of Lord
Varada — the God of KAiichi, it will be remembered, who granted
Bam&nnja to Lord Eanga of Srirangani. As he revei-ently
walked, he fell on the floor before the entrance-cupola, (the
Gopura) and the Anai-kcUta deity there. He entered the gate
and washed himself in the holy pond Ananta-saras. With the
twelve holy names of God he consecrated his body next, and
visited Judna-p-pirdn (Vara.ha) in the outer enclosure. Pro-
ceeding further, he bowed successively to the Azhvars, Bali-
pitha, and the Jaya-vijayds, the celestial Door-keepers. Wind-
ing round, he saluted Adi-sesha or Ananta, and the Holy Ant-hill,
and the great hall to the east of it where Yamuna's gracious
eyes had for the first time descended on him and elected him as
the future Minister of the Faith. Here he repeated the memo-
rial verse for YamunJl : —

sRT^wg^nr MiaHP-HHi^- 1

:T#r%tT3=TFT '■^liiHI'mWT: II
Thence he visited Kariya-mdnikyat-t-emberumdn and
looked up reverently to the vimdna (tower) over the Holy of
Holies, then bowed to the goddess of the culinary apartments,

' See their acoouut in our Lives of Azhv&rs.

16

122 VISIT TO TIRUPATI. CH. XVIII.

and then Perun-devi, the Consort of Lord Varada, dedicating to
Her the verse : —

Thence Ghakra-tt-dzhvdn (the Archangel Discus), Ganitmdii',
called the Large-foot {Pcriija-tiruvadi), Vishvakascna, the Lord
of Hosts, and then ascending tlie steps of the Hasti-Giri (or
Elephant-Hill), Lord Yarada was reached, Kanchi-purna all
the time leading, and Ramannja following. Ramanuja threw
himself before Iiis old Patron God, and receiving t'trtha, pi-asdda^
and Sathaki'ipa, returned witli mind steeped in divine bliss.

He informed Purna of his intention te proceed north to
Tirupati to visit the Lord Venkata. Purna congratulated EamS,-
nuja on the jojf that was in store for him by the intended trip,
and bade him god-speed. He was journeying on thus with liis
adherents, when he lost his way. On looking round, a man
was found drawing w-ater from a well. " Show us the way,
good man," he asked. "This way, gentlemen", said he
showing the way. " In what way can I show my gratitude to
this person ?" Questioning himself thus, Ra,manuja prostrated
himself before the pikotta-man. Seeing this, all the disciples
did the same, astonished though at R9.mfi,nuja's spiritual views
of men and things, — uncommon of course to other men. The
track shown was a straight one, and led unmistakably to the
foot of the Holy Tirupati Hill. Here the Ten AzhvEirs are
enshrined. Due obei.sance was made to them and the Holy Hill
itself, rising from there in sacred grandeur. Rd^manuja would
not mount the hill for fear of desecrating it with the touch of
his feet ; and so remained at the foot for some time, when.

' Meaning: — Spouse beloved of Varada, praise to Thee.

— In traits Three, perfect,^— In Lotus ever abiding,
— Mother of all the worlds.
The Three Traits are jlimiu/drftaf- God." These are mysteries of ro-
ra, Ananyaseshafra , and Ananya- ligion which can never be properly
hhogatva, meaning the Three re- understood by means of oven the
lationships in which souls stand to best translations. Our first difll-
God, i.e. " Destined for God,"" Dia- culty is the want of appropriate
posable by God," " Enjoyable by words.
'^ The Kerub.

CH. xviir. KING vitthala-d£:va.

123

Vif.fchala-DSva, tlie king of the Toudii-a country, struck with
the fame of Ra,m£inuja, became his disciple, and brought to bin?
abundant wealth, with which he established a village of thirty
houses, wiih thirty small estates attached to each, and granting
them to thirty deserving families attached to his band,
named the village Ila Mandayam. The news that R&manuja
had arrived reached the ears of the venerable Srisaila-Purna
and others residing on the Hill. They swiftly descended and
heartily greeting Eflmanuja, asked him to go up the hill with
them to see the Lord Venkata (Appan). " Look, Sire," Rama-
nuja addressed Purna, " the Ten Azhvars have remained at
the foot witliout daring to tread on the Hill. How can I do so
now ? It satisfies me quite to remain with the Azhvars here,and
do them services. " If you won't go, Ramanuja," said Purna
"neither shall we go." "Then be it as you will, Sire," so
saying, Ra,manuja bathed, and proceeding to the Tamarind tree,
at the foot of the Hill, did obseiance to the Holy Hill ; and say-
ing : " By the foot, he ascends," ' ti-emblingly climbed he. As
he crossed the seven hills and dales, he enjoyed the charming
panaroma of nature presented to his fight, the rills trickling
down the hill slopes, vegetation low and high adorned with
flowers of all imaginable colors and the hills and the valleys
teeming with animal life — the most interesting and mischievous
of these being the monkeys. Purna had gone in advance, and
by the time Ramelnaja reached the Tiru-p-panyatta rock, he
returned with Lord Venkata's tirtha and prasdda, to welcome
him. " Could not some youngster be deputed for this work, vene-
rable Sire, instead of yourself coming to do me these honors ?"
asked R3.manaja of Piirna. He replied : — " Sire, I searched all
the four corners of this place for one younger than myself. I
could not find one. I am the youngest, hence I have come- to
welcome you." On hearing this language of humilit}' on the
part of a venerable person like Piirna, RamSnuja and his fol-

' TT^rfl^^Wl^ ParyanJca-vidyd to Vaiknntham is Eaid to 'place

is oue of the ' God-meditations his foot on the Holy Seat of God,'

taueht by the Upanishads [tide even as a child fearlessly treads on

No.U.inthe Table of theYidyas, its mother's lap. See Kaushitaki

p. 129 of our Bhagavad-GIta]. The Upanishat, 1st Chapter,
aspirant to God, when be proceeds

X24 TIBUPATI. CH. XVIII.

lowers expressed wonder, and humbly accepting the honors
that had been brought, proceeded to the stone-fencing, where
all the monks, recluses, acolytes, the elders and all tlie estab-
lishment attached to the Holy Fane, met him in a great body,
and escorted him. RamAnuja now came in sight of the Fane
itself, and prostrating himself before the Vaikuniha-gSite, bathed
in the Konilri (a tank), decked himself with the Twelve
Holy Marks, went i-onnd the four streets, drinking in with his
eyes the handsome dwellings of the Faithful, — the ramparts,
cloisters, coUonnades, — then saw the flower-garden tended by
Ananta-suri ' who had gone to live there, upon his direction ;
there, from sheer delight, he embraced his faithful disciple,
saying : " having nursed thee, I now reap the fruit." He
enjoyed the surrounding scene of gardens thick with Vakula,
Pdtala, Punndga and other trees, fragi-ant and flowing with
honey, affording eternal shade to weai-y travellers, and delight-
ing their vision with bunches of flowers hanging from their
branches, and entertaining their ears with sti-ains of music
poured forth by bees and all kinds of beautiful-plumaged
birds. Here and there embosomed in the gardens, were cool
ponds, covered with white and violet lotuses, in the midst of
which swam and danced cranes and storks and all sorts of
water-birds, in all the voluptuousness of nature's bounty.
Passing on from these bewitching scenes and songs, he went to
Varftha's Shi-ine, before which he bowed and then to the gate
of Avdr-ara-cchuzhnddn and the Atldni Tamarind Tree, and
then the BaZj-pillar, and then the pavilion called Yamunai-
ttuvaivar. He then sipped the holy water of Svdmi.Pushkarini,

1 Some inscriptional infornia- was a disciple of the reformer Ba-

tion may be useful to our readers : raanujacbarya, and the only one

[P. 24, VuJ.III, Eplgraphin Carna- amonghisdisciples who volunteered

taca,hy li. L. Rice]:— "It records to accept the duty of daily prepar-

the grant of Mandya, otherwise ing the garlands for the 6< d Ven-

called Krishnarayapnra,to Govinda- fcatefa of Tirnpati. This ' he did

Kaja, a descendant of Anant^ch&r- solely from bhaktt or devotion to

ya,onwbom(thegod) Venkatesa(of his sriirit." His memorial verse is

Tirnpati) had placed the garland, as follows : —
Auantioh&rya (or Sflri) it appears,

" ?ri'-ti'Hqi-qi*)iH'i'H^?TT 'i?I^N^^^'^7^I^?r|fv^T^T i

CH. XVIII. TIRUPATI. 125

entered the gate Sanbaka, visited in order Madai-ppalli (cook-
rooms), Ydga-sdla and Tiru-mcl-mani-maiulapcL, Vishvaksena
and Vengad,a-tt-ari (Ifvisimha). Here he looked up reverently
at the Anandanilaya vimana., (cupola over the Holy of Holies),
crossed the Kulasekhara threshold, until at last his vision
was blessed with the Blissful Image of Srlniv&sa within — the
God in the Heart — resplendent with all the Holy Weapons and
Ornaments, and Sri in His Bosom.' " Abode of Grace (Srini-
vSsa) ! " R^manuja exclaimed, " I have fallen at Thy Holy
Feet," and so saying, he stretched himself before God, and
rising, stood transfixed before the Beatific Spectacle, withliands
raised and folded. Tirtha and prasdda were given, which he
received in all humility and stayed to see the ablution-cere-
mony (Tiriiviaujanavi), and the SaZt-festival of Azhaga-p-pirdn.
" This is indeed Heaven," he cried, " this is indeed the abode
of angels ; I must not stay here long lest I desecrate the Holy
Place." " But three days in a Holy Shi-ine, the visitor ought
to stay," remonstrated Purna. " So be it," said Ramsinuja,
and after three days were over, he walked into the Shrine, Pftrna
leading, to take leave. As he stood before Lord Si-in!vd.sa, a
voice came from Him (I'.e , the Image) : " Have we not already
conferred on thee in our Southern House (=Srirangam) both
the kingdoms, the material as well as the spiritual (Uhhaya-
.vibMti) ? " " Thy pleasure. Almighty ! " responded Ramanuja j
and descended the Holy Hill with Purna.

In the Lower Tirupati, Ramanuja sojourned for a year in
the house of Srisaila-purna, partaking of his food there and
reading with him the Rdmdyana, the first of the Itihdeas.
Here he found Govinda — his maternal couein^engaged in doing
all kinds of services to Purna. One day, R4manuja found him
prepare the bed for his Guru, and sleep on it first himself.
He reported this strange conduct of Govinda to Purna, who
seut for him and asked for an explanation, enquiring further
what punishment a disciple, who so behaved, deserved ?

• Sri=the Logos=the Sophia =the Son in the bosom. Cp : John T,
18: " The only-begotten Son who is in the losim of the Father." See
Topics 135 and 137 in our Divine Wisdmn.

126 GOVINDA'B DEVOTION. OH. XVltt

Govinda submissively said : " Sucb an act, Site ! sux'ely
deserves perdition, but listen. If by my trying your bed
myself beforehand, I make myself sure there be nothing in
it rough or knotty which may press against your soft body,
sure there be no insect to bite and disturb you when you sleep,
it matters little if I go to hell." Kaniflnuja was delightfully
astonished at this strange explanation, and his love towards
Govinda increased.

On another day, R&mannja had gone out on a visit to
Purna's Holy Garden ; while he was returning, on the way he
observed Govinda put his fingers into the fangs of a snake
and withdrawing them go to bathe, and proceed to Purna's
house to perform the usual services. Feeling curious at this
unusual act of Govinda's, he questioned him. He explained
that he saw^ the suake open its mouth as he approached and he
found, on examinination, tliat it had a thorn on its tongue. He
extracted the same from it to relieve the suffering creature, and
then went about his business, " What a tender heart posses-
sest thou, Govinda!" said Kam4nuja to him, struck with
wonder.

The reading of the Holy Ramayana was now finished.'
And R&manuja humbly begged Purna's permission to return to
Srirangam. You have come so far, noble soul," said Purna
" what have I done for you ? " " Sire," answered Ramanuja,
" when I learnt that our dear Govinda went astray, it caused

* The following iuscriptional charya, thnt one dar when he was

notes will be useful :— [pp. 28-29, engaged in the service of God

Vol. III. Epigraphia Carnataca, Venkatfea at Tirup.iti, the God was

by B. L. Rice] : — " The grant in heard to say to him, " Give me

this case was made, it is said, to a water, Tata ! " whence he acquired

grandson of Srisailapurna or T3,tA.- tlie name of T4tacharya.
chirya, who had received the name The following memorial verse,

of Ttlta from (the God) Venkatesa recited even now by all Srivaish-

(of Tirupati), and was guru to the navas before comnienciug'i?<ijH(ii/a.

author of theBh&shya; (meaning Tia, was dedicated to Purna: (i j^m^

:tTX vShtfaf^v-ed Jta? f^WI^q^^ ^%^-^^^T I
bhishya). The reference hercis to VW^Itilt.lTm^n^mir '^^^t^inqTRr
the story- about Siisailapiirna, ^ni^rT II He is said to have ex-
known as BhAri-Srifailapurna (in plained the Mnidyava in 24 differ-
Tamil, Periya Tirunialai Nambi), ent ways, or witli 24 different
the maternal uuole of Bamanuji- ineauiugg, to KSmanujacIi&rya.

CH. XVni. GOVINDA. 127

me heartache ; I was pondering how to reclaim him, when you,
Sire, fulfilled my heart's wish by circumventing the poor heretic,
by preaching to him the True Faith, pointing out to him the
dangers of the path lie had stra3'ed into and otherwise convinc-
ing him of the Truths of our Religion : and thus by destroy-
ing the perverse notions he had formed in his wandering
mind, restored him to our holy fold. What better achieve-
ment can be effected than this ? Permit me to ask yet
another favour of you, Sire, — -can you part with him, and let
mehavehim?" Without a moment's thought, " come, Govinda,"
called Pur na, "thou art from this moment, RamsLnuja's own.
I make a free gift of thee to him. Go with him and be to
him, I command, all that thou hast been to me. Nothing less
will please me."

Govinda said not a word, but followed Rd.m£lnuja, after
pro.strating himself before his Guru. They all now left Tiru-
pati, and visited on their way home the Holy Places of GhatikS.-
chalani, Tiru-p-putkuzhi — where the holy well Gridhra Saras
and other holy waters are situate — , and Tiruvehka, and in
due course reached Kanchi, whereto he was welcomed as usual
by Sage Kafichi-purna.

Govinda was found to gi-ow cheerless, and was day by day
losing health. Ramanaja was watching him decline ; and
divining that separation from his beloved Acharya must be
gnawing at his heart, producing all the outward symptoms of
grief, he thought it prudent io send him back to Tirupati. So,
he bade him depart, giving him two Srivaishnavas as escorts to
see him safe to his destination. Govinda reached Tirupati,
and stood outside his Acharya's house, in mute devotion. The
attendants entering informed Srisaila of the return of his old
disciple, — who was standing at the door. Purna was displeased
and indignantly cried : — " Let the mad fellow depart. He
ought not to cross my threshold." Piirna's wife watched tliis
and interposing begged her husband that one wtio had come
so far and hungry and tired, should not be so summarily dis-
missed, but that he might be permitted to have rest and food
" No," gruffly said tlie husband, " no such considei-ation can

128 RETUEN TO SUiBA.N(IAM. CH. XVIII.

be Bhown to a sold thing. A sold cow cannot be gireu grass.
Let him be off."

Govinda spoke not a word, and tired and hungry as he
was, he left with the two Srivaishnavas imniediateh-, and
reaching Kafiehi — where R3,md,nuja was still sojourning — stood
before him like a dumb statue. The Srivaishnavas told Rami-
nuja all that had taken place at Tirupati. Eamanuja admired
the farsightedness on the one hand of SriSaila, and on the other,
the Implicit obedience of Govinda, whom he gradually won
over, with kind treatment and sage counsels to himself.
Govinda thus became in time reconciled to his new environ-
ments.

Ramsinuja now bade adieu to KAnchi and Ptlrna, and duly
taking leave of Lord Varada, left the place, and in due time
returned to Srtrangam. He was met by all the notables,
elders and dignitaries of Ra.iiga's Pane, and conducted thereto
with joyful ceremony. " Hast thou, beloved, visited My Noi-tli
Abode (Tirupati) ? " thus enquired Lord Ranga of Ramilnuja
who stood reverently at the door ; and bestowing on him tirtha
and prasdda, bade him go to his old monastery and resume liis
holy ministry to the growing congregation.

CH. XIX. GOVINDA'S CHARACTER. 129

CHAPTER XIX.

GOVIITDA'S CHARACTER.

Thus did EAmrlnuia make hi.s first holy pilgi'iraago, and
was now settled again for another term in Srirangain, impart-
ing instruction to hi.s followers on the holy science of VedS,nta,
lioth in Girvdna and Drdvida. Govinda, amongst them, di'ank
deeply of lliis knowledge, and felt more and moi'O attracted to
R3jmfl,nuja, iu mind as well as in heart, — an attachment which
was enhanced moreover by the fascination of Rd,m3,nuja"s
gloi-ious person and services rendered to him, with unflagging
solicitude.

One day, RamElnuja was conducting his ministry in a large
as-sembly of tha faithful, when the latter applauded Govinda
for his estimable qualities, such as wisdom devotion, self-
abnegation, and devotedness to his spiritual preceptor. Govin-
da, all the while, nodded assent. B^manuja obsei-ving, ques-
tioned : " How is it, Govinda, whilst it is seemly for othors to
heap plaudits on thee for thy perfections, thou dost not think
it unseemly to accept them all ? When others exalt us, we
must not allow ourselves to be piqued, but profess humility.
That would be more becoming indeed!" "Noble Sire," said
Govinda, " pardon me if I explain to you why I nodded as-
sent. Their praise means: — 'Dog, thou a.i-t, — ganitrus seeds
round thy neck,— running hither and thither with pot-fulls of
water to Kalahasti-gods !, To this I mud nod ' yes.' Their
praise next means : — ' Divine thou art, that thou hast been
redeemed from evil paths by our Saviour llamanuja — a very
God on earth. Not like ourselves, but sunk as thou wove in
abysmal depths of rottenness, thou hast been lifted by Rama-
nuja, and elevated to a state where thou hast good reason to
exclaim : ' Who is equal to me on earth ? Who is equal to
me in heaven ? ', Heart ! good, good, glory thou hast won.'
To this again I muht nod ' yes.' For where their eulogy of mo
is but commendation of yourself and your glory on earth, I
liave no other alternative but to say ' yes.' On hearing this,
Ramanuja was simply enchanted with Govinda, and saying,
'good, good', drew him warmly to his bosom, and cried: —

17

130 GOVINDA'S CHARACTER. CII. XIX.

" Govinda ! embrace me that I may become as enliglitened as
thou t,i-t. By this embrace, convey to me some of thy grace."

One day, Govinda was found standing at the door of a
strumpet's, stupefied as it wei'e. T)iis looked strange to peo-
ple who passed that way. News of it reached Ramiinuja. He
sent for him and asked : " what made thee, brother, linger at
the doors of infamy ? " " Sire," he said, " the inmates, there
whoever they were (I do not know), were singing your praises.
This fascinated me so niuch that I was rooted to the spot, and
so long as the music of your praise rang in my ears and lifted
me into bliss, I could not stir from the spot." RS,manuja
made inquires whether they were really hymning his praises
there {tdldttu), and found it was true. " An angel on earth,
thou art, Govinda ! can sucli love as thine be found on this
dust ? " exclaimed R&manuja.

It is written that Govinda was an extraordinary soul
who had realized in his life what it was to lead a spiritual
life. This was further displayed in a crowning event in his
chapter^ of life. In Kamelnuja he realized God, ever-present-
This presence made him ever feel that there was neither soli-
tude nor darkness. God in R&manuja's form ever filled his
outer eye as well as his mental vision. Hence he felt no soli-
tude. Constant spiritual illumination and light of God filling
all space made anything like night or darkness impossible for
him. He never left Ramanuja, and was ever engaged in listen-
ing to his expositions of the Divine Science. One day, while
they were so engaged, Govinda's mother found occasion to
enter the hall and within Ra,mauuja's hearing informed her son
that his wife had come of age. Govinda told her : " If so,
mother, let her come when there is solitude and darkness."
But the mother waited for days and failing to find her son in
' solitude ' and in ' darkness,' complained to Ra,ma,nuja about
his waywardness and probable unwillingness to keep house
with his wife, in the manner of the world. Ramanuja thereon
called on Govinda to abide by his mother's pleasure, and for
one night at least, to remain with his wife. He bowed assent.
And they made feast for the nuptial ceremony, and put Govinda

Gil. XIX. GOVINDA'S CHARACTER. 131

aucl wife together in a bed-room and went their way. Left
alone with his wife, he began a discour.se on theology and
theosophy, and all the night through preached to her, God and
Hi.s Glories, His Riches and His Wonders, His Blissful Pre-
sence in the heart and His Love to His Creatures, and so on
himself, as he preached, revelling in the rapturous enjoyment of
God. It was now morning, and relatives came to offer congra-
tulations on the happy state of the couple. But the mother wa.i
aware, by overhearing, what had all niglit transpired within
doors. " How is it, son," remonstrated the mother, " 3-ou seem
to have been engaged oth.erwise with your wife. We could hear
a regular religious sermon in a nuptial chamber ! " " Mother,"
replied Govinda, " when God is in my heart, and is everywhei e
present, and ever watching me, how can I escape from Him,
and feel lonely enough to be able to do any other work than
that of His contemplation, and praise ? With no solitude, no
secret act is possible ; with no darkness, no dark act is possible."
This interview between son and mother was reported to BSimdi-
nuja. " Govinda," he said, calling him to his side, " so, thou
hast passed the greatest or deal which can be put upon a pure
soul like thee. TIiou canst never be a worldiug, seeing how
thou hatest things of that sort. But, come, Ssbstras require
every man to belong to some one definite Order ^ ; and a.s thou
canst not be a householder, be of the Order of the SannySrsin.
This was exEictly the wish of Govinda, and he begged that he
be so ordained at once. It was done, and Ratmanuja conferred
upon him his own name of Ernberumdndr. " That, noble Sire,"
said Govinda, " is too great an honor to put upon an humble
creature like me. Bless me with a name which a shadow like
me deserves. " Then", gracefully said lUmanuja, "let it be
Emhdr, the shadow (or abbreviated form) of Emb{erumdn)dr."

^ ^rWf l' i ^wii^ lYati-dharma-sama-ccliaya.]

132 DEVAKAT. CD. XX.

CHAPTER XX.

DEVAB.AT.

"^Vitli Kamanuja and Ins exemplary adlierents, like Govin-
da, days were tLus passing in Divine Discourses, Divine Inci-
dents, and Divine Occupations. In a previous cliapter we left
Yajna-murti, re-named A. P. Emherumdoiar,^ after liis conver-
sion by Eamumija. To this sage some incidents haispened
about this time. A number of Srivaishnavas from a foreign
land came on a visit to Srirangam and inquired of the street-
goers where the monastery of Emberumanar was located.
" Which Emberumtoar ? " tliey asked. The travellers feel-
ing strange, asked whether there were ttco such sages for
the Faith? "No, but here is A. P. Emberumanar bearing
that name, a name after R4manuja. Hence our question. If
you mean Ramanuja himself, there is his monastery." So
instructed, the travellers found their way to REtmanuja. This
conversation however accidentally reached the ears of A. P.
Emberumanar ; and it grieved him much to think that he
should be confounded with Ramanuja. " No such con-
fusion," he thought, " would have arisen, had I not lived
"apart from Eamanuja in a separate monastery ; and that with
his name, as if I were a rival here set up against him ! My
dwelling hence ought not to stand." So saying, he immedi-
ately pulled it to pieces ; and hastening to Eamanuja, clasped
his feet, crying: "Oh, my Holiness! was it not enough
that this sinful soul of mine had in all the past eternity
been estranged from Thy Holy Feet, and why should this
alienation yet persist?" "Beloved," said Ramanuja, "thou
art talking in riddles ; what is the matter with thee ? Why art
thou in such great affliction ? "Holy Sire," said he, after nar-
rating to him the street-conversation of travellers " and how it
affected his reputation, " no more can I live apart from Thee
—a contingency this, which gives occasion for mistakes which
are injurious to the well-being of mj soul, and which jeopardize
Its eternal interests. My soul can only thrive by being made to
live ever with thee and move about as the marks of thv sole

» Called DevardJa-muni,oi- Dcvardt in Samstrit.

CH. XX. DBVAR^T. 13S

and as thy shadow ; and to be allowed to do tliee every service."
"Be it as thou wiliest," said Ramftnuja, graciously lifting the
prostrate form of Devartlt, for whom he composed a work
called Nityavi, or the method of worshipping God, and appointed
him to the daily-worship-duty in the math. Prom that day
forth, he never left Ramatiuja's side, and drank deep all
the precious truths of philosophy and i-eligion which flowed
like honey from RS,m9,nnia'a holy lips. These sterling truths
of the Vedanta, he embodied in two short treaties of his, com-
posed in Tamil verse, called Jndna-sdra, and Framcya-sdra}
The substance of these works is (1) that to the true disciple,th&
Teacher himself is God visible, and (2) that services at his feet
are the crowning joy of the soul.

' These have been latterly commented on by MaiiavS,]a MahS,-munl-
gal £A.. C. 1370. No. 39 in the Hierarchic Table of our Lives of Azhvar^.J

134

DISCUSSIONS. Cn. XXI.

CHAPTER XXI.
SBI-BHASHTA AND OTHEE WORKS.

Of the most tried fidelity and consummate learning, were
now his four di.sciples, viz., Kurfesa, Dasarathi, Devarat and
Emb&r (Govinda). There were countle.s others, of course,
in his congregation. Daily classes on theological subjects
were conducted. As they were reading St. Nammazhvar's
TiruTaymozhi, they came across the verse : — T-lingat-t.iUa-
purdnattiruvi, Samanarum Sdkh'yaruin &c., [IV-10-5.] i.e.
Diverse faiths, as taught by the Liiiga-jJ'irdnci { = Saiva), the
Savianas {Jainas) and Sdkyas (Batiddhas), &c. And they
discussed the defects of these systems, as also those of the
advaita dictum that liberation (moksha) is made sure on the
mere knowledge of the meaning of such Vedie texts as Tattva-
masi, — Thou art That, i.e. Thou, Soul, art That, Ood ; of the
system of those who maintain that not mere knowledge alone,
but works as well as knowledge, combined, bring about deliver-
ance (moksha). None of these systems, they argued, have hit
the true spirit of the Vaidika-religion, i.e., Vedanta and that
where they have hit the truth, it is partial. The final verdict
of the Vedas is : By love to God is emancipation (moksha) to
be won. Love to God or God-love is what is intended by such
terms as Vedana, Dhydna, Updsana and BhaJifi. Such love is
fostered by good works and knowledge of God. Mere know-
ledge of God as learnt from Vedie texts is ineSicacious, as also
are good works done without a heart for God. Whereas know-
ledge and good works are calculated to lead to love, and love
alone secures salvation (moksha), knowledge or good works,
without love, jointly or separately, cannot directly lead there-
unto. Thus they discussed, and arrived at a decision that a
true interpretation of the Vedanta, accordant with these views,
should be systematically made and E.£Lm8lnuja accordingly sat
down to prepare a standard work embodying an exhaustive
refutation of monism {advaita) and similar theories and a
consequent defence of Visishtddvaita or qualified monism.

KureSa was selected to help Kamanuja in this grand
task. Befoi-e he began, Ramajnuja enjoined upon Kurfiaa that

oil. XXI. KURESA AND LEIGESHTP TO GOD. 135

if in the course of his reducing to writing his dictation, he
Fihould find anything not agreeing witli liis views, he should
cease writing. Thus was Sri Bhashya, the stupendous stan-
dard work on Visishtadvaita philosophy of tlie VeJaiita — or a
commentary on Brahma-Sutras — begun to be written. As the
work was progressing, Ramanuja dictated a passage wherein he
gave the definition of soul (dtmd=jh'dtrnd) as that which is
conscious or that which has cognition alone as its distinguishing
attribute. Here KurSsa ceased writing, for to him such a defi-
nition, though valid, w^as as good as no definition, inasmuch
as the most essential characteristic of the soul, namely, its
allegiance or leigeship to Qocl {Seshatva), was a serious omis-
sion ; and that such an all-important omission was tantamount
to defining tlie soul as identical with the body itself ' ; for
no basis for true religion was raised by merely apprehending
the soul as that which is characterised by consciousness, unless
the soul is also the sole properly or possession of the Uni-
versal seal, God. Defining soul as that which has consciousness
merely, without any reference to its being essentially related
to Godj as quality is related to tiling, or as property to a base,
or as mode to substance, as light to the sun, or scent to the
flower, amounted to tacitly ignoring such essentail relation-
ship ; and that without this relation to God first emphatically
asserted and defended, anything said of the soul was ineffec-
tive, inasmuch as a soul without God is non-existent, in the
same way as without the sun, light is non-existent. What
made the soul really soul was its indiscerptible relation to
God, otherwise it is non-existent. And where was the beauty
or utility in loading such a separated soul, or soul orphaned
of God, with any number of attributes such as consciousness
and bliss ?' Such was the train of thought running in the
mind of Kurfesa and hence, when Ramanuja defined the soul
as that which is conscious, he stopped transcribing the same.
But Ramannja was absorbed in his thoughts ; and continued

1 Similarly the identity of Universal Soul with Individaal Soul, of
the Advaitin, is as good as materialism.

' We iiivite our readois to peruse the Chapter on soiti, or Chit-
praUaruna iu the TatBa-traija by Yoj;! S. Parthasa,rathi.

136 KUllESA'S EXEMPLAHY TEMPEU. CH. XXI.

dicfcafciag further bat KufS>a ha;l come to a full stop. This
incensed Ramanuja, who cried : — " Sir, if ynii mean to write the
commentary ou the Vydsa-Si'iiras (= Brahm S'ltras), you may
do so," and kicked him and ceaned dictating. But KurfiSa was
neither taken aback nor ruffled but remained im[)eitarbably
cool and collected. But friends vexed him with the question:
" How dost thou view this affront ? " " Comrades," he replied,
I have no view otlier than that I am my master's property
(chattel), which he is at liberty to use or treat in any manner
he thinks fit.'' R4manuja, by this time, reflected over tlie
whole position in his retreat; and it flashed on him that his
omission to define the soul as that which is a belonging of God, was
a grave mistake ina.smuch as this essentiality of soul was the
vei'y foundation of his theology. If that were missed, all the
superstructure was built on air. KiireSa did well in ceasinc
to write to Ramaauja's dictation, but it was at variance with
the right view of the question which Kiiiesa knew, being a
perfect savant as he was. Also KurSsa's own behaviour after
the harsh ti-eatment was an actual illustration of the view he
so rightly entertained. These thoughts converted Ramsinuja's
rage into repentance ; and calling KureSa at once lovingly to
his side, " Son, you are right," said he apologizingly ; " now
pray write down the true nature of the soul as that which is
God's, and let us proceed with the rest of our work."

In this manner did Ramanuja compose the standard works :
Srl-Bhdshya, Veddnta-Btpa, Veddnta-Sdra, Veddrtha- Sungraha,
and Bhayavad-Gitd-hhdshya. And thus did he fulfil one of the
wishes of Yamunacharya.'

' Head p. oG.

en. XXII. KAMANUJA'S TRAVELS. 137

CHAPTER XXII.

EAMAWUJA'S TRAVELS.

The worthies of Ramanuja's congregation, who had so long
listened to his teachings and who had the good fortune as well
to see all the tenets of his faith perpetuated in treatises, rose
one day and reverently bowing to Samfl,nuja said ;— " Holy
Master, your system is now perfect, and it must be made
known to the world at large. The ways to God are direrse,
and confusing. Let the true way, you have discovered to us,
be made accessible to all. Pray then undertake a tour of
ministry and as a tour, it shall have the added object of visit-
ing Holy Shrines." " So be it," said Rjimanuja, and repre-
senting his intention to Lord Ranga, he obtainsd his permission.
With his elect, he left Srirangam, and visited Tiru-k-kudandai
(Kumbhafconum) and other places in the Chola-maudalam,
and won victories there by theological disputations. Thence he
bsnthis steps to TiruvMi-Tirnnagari, the nativity of St. Parak&la
or Tirumangai-Azhvar.' Here an interesting incident happened.
Efiimanuja was devoutly making his round of several holy
shrines encompassing the Central Shrine Tiruaagari, when he
met a Chaad&la woman approaching. Ram^inuja, in order to
avoid pollution by her proximity, commanded her to hold off,
so that he might pass on. But she without moving away
addressed Rslmanuja aud said : — " Sire, which side shall I
move ? Here before me stands thy holy self, a Brahman
•whom I cannot approach lest I pollute thee by my nearness.
Behind me is the Holy Shrine Nil-nilebmuttam (=Tiruk-kanna-
puram) ; to my right are the Tirumanan-koUai (where St.
Tirumangai waylaid the Lord) and Tiruv-araSu (the Pipal
tree used by the St. as his watch tower) ; and to my left is Lord
TiruTaii-Manavalan. There is thus purity ail about me here,
which side then can my impurity turn ? " Relmanuja was
struck dumb at this unexpected answer from an unexpected
quarter. " Forgive me, madam," he said," nor did I divine
such spirituality in a low-caste woman as thou art. But for
all that thou art holier than myself. So saying he administered

' Head our "Holy Lives of the Saints."

18

138 RAMANU.TA TEACOES GOD.- CH. XXII.

to her the holy Vaishnava sacraments ; and allotted her
a place in the Shrine, where her image is to this day seen
and reverenced hy all the visitors. Thence he turned
to the south, going to Tirumal-irun-jfilai (10 miles north of
Madura), and other Shrines, in the Pfi,ndya-mandala and held
disputations there with the learned on philosophy and won
laurels. Thence he travelled to Tiru-p-pull£i,ni (Darbhasayanam
near ES,mnM), S6tu (or E&m&'s Bridge), and returned to Tiru-
nagari, the birth-place of St. Namm&zhv^r,' before whom he
reverently repeated the Kanninun-Siru-t-tfl,mbu of St. Madhura-
KavigaP. The Saint was delighted with R4m3,nuja's devotion
and blessed him with tirtha, prasdda, and other honors. And
Rd-mftnuja, dedicating the verse :

took leave of the Saint after visiting the Holy Tamarind Tree
under which he is enshrined, and Lord Adin9,tha resident there-
The various Shrines in the vicinity were all visited, engaging
in polemic controversies wherever he went and overthrowing
his opponents.' Duly he reached Tiru-k-kurungndi (Kuranga-
nagari about 20 miles south of Tinnevelly), and visited the Lord
Nambi. A voice came from him thus : — " Rftmanuja, we have
often incarnated on earth, as Eama, Krishna, and so on in
order to save mankind ; but we have never been able to persuade
people to Our ways as thou hast done. How dost thou do it ? ''
" Almighty," said Ramanuja, " if thou wilt ask me in the way
that a disciple or a pupil is required to ask his teacher or
tutor, I will answer thee." jSTambi under.stood Ram&nuja, and
commanded a throne being brought and begged Rama,nuja to

', ° Bead tlio Livps of these iiuja when hnwas asleep to a rook

Saints in our Lives of Azhi-drs. (called Varidhdna-mla) on an islet

^ Another version has that Bama- in the Sindhu river, a mile from

nuja went from here to Tiru-v- KuranKa-Nagari. Finding himself

anantapuram (Trivendram) first, alone, ho called for a disciple of his

And here he wished to introduce by name Nambi. But Lord Narabi

the Paficharatra mode of worship, appeared in the guise of this dis-

bnt the Nambudri Brahnians, the ciple, served him and led him to

priests of the Temple, objected, the Temple, where however Ho va-

Banianuja persisting, the Lord iiished out of sight, to KAmfuiuia's

Ananta-padnianabha, siding with great astonishment.
His old priests, transported Kama-

en. XXII. TllIP TO JiOUTU AND KASUHIR. lo9

be seated there and from that position answer the question,
EsLuiAnuja mentally placed his Acliilrya, ilahapurna, on the
throne and taking his stand before it, whispered into Lord
Nambi's right ear thus : —

" Of all the mantras, the Mantra-ratna, and the Bvai/a arc
great. Easily do they carry one to the Supreme State. Tlicso
teach that tlie way of Resignation or Surrender to God vari-
ously called nyasa, prapatti, RaranAijati, is the mofit bencfioial
to man and compasses tor him every good." ^

" Thus, Great God," said Ramanuja, " by Thy own best
instruments of salvation, have I prevailed upon the heai-ts of
men." Lord Nambi was mightily pleased with this declaration^
and proclaimed that He was henceforth Rdmdnujanai-udmjdii?
Ramanuja gave Nambi the Holy Name of Srivaishpava-Xauibi
and tendering his apologies " for what had occurred, loft
Kuranga-nagari.

From here R&m&ouja entered into the Malayalam (Jlala-
bar) country, visiting the Shrines Tkuvan-parisa,ram, Tiruvattar,
and others and paid homage to Lord Ananta-padma-nabha in
Tiruvanantapuram (Trivendram), through the three doors of
this Sanctum, and left the place after overcoming opponents
and establishing a R4m§.nnja-irath there with the help of the
then kino-, who became a disciple of his. He proceeded north
alonf the western sea-coast of the Peninsula to sucli Holy
Shrines as Mathura (Muttra), Nanda-vraja, Govardhana,
Briadavana, aud others and Saiagrama, Muktinatha-Ktshetra,

On Mantra-rutna .and Dvaya, consult Pp. xxii. Introcl : to oiu- Livcf nf
Azlivdrs.

2 Means : " We who have Eamanuja as Our own."

3 This is embodied in the verso :

140 KAMANUJA AND SAUASVAtI. CH. XXII.

Gandaki-river; (" Salagrama Hill " is stated in another
work. It must be a part of the Himalaj'as. Vaikundam,
Dv§,raka, and Ayodhya, Badarik-asrama), Naimisft,ranya and
Pushkara, and thence on to Bbatfci-maudapa; (this is pro-
bably Bhatti-mandala near Lahore), and Kashmir, the seat of
Sarasvati, the Goddess of Learning, was now reached. Saras-
vati requested Eam^niija to expound the meaning of the
Vedic passage : tT^<15jRf'--ifRf]5^2tr^^'p^^jff%i!fy_i Esbmanuja did so
at great length and embodied it in the verse :—

On hearing this, Sarasvati said : — " Ramannja ! Sankara had
ere this unhappily interpreted this as " monkey's posteiiors"'''
and I was much grieved at his perverse understanding and
warped heart. Thou hast now wiped my tears " So saying,
she placed E&mauuja's Sri-Bhashya* on her head, drew E^ma-
nuja to her breast, and gave him the title Bhdsliya-hdra and
handed him the Image of Haya-griva for worship.

The pandits of the place, on seeing these special favors of
Sarasvati bestowed an E4m&nnja grew envious, and called npon
him for a disputation. This was granted and in the end they
•were routed. The king of Kftshmir silently watched these
events ; and when he found the pandits discomfited, he looked
upon E&m&nuja as no ordinary mortal and permitted himself
to be enlisted into his fold. The king asked ES,m§,nuja to ex-
plain the Traditions on which he based his Visishtildvaita
interpretation of the Brahma-Sutras. Eama,nnja said that the
old Traditions were the Bodhajana-Vvitti, and the glosses by
Tanka, Guhadeva, Kapardi, Bharuchi, and others. The king
went with him and the pandits into his library, and had a search

1 Chdndogya Up. 1-6, 7. The fuU-blown beautiful lotna is tlina

readers are referred to p. 32, where a simile for the beautiful eyes of

the controversy with Yadava is God.

fully explained. « Read Saukara-bhasliya on the

= Snn is called Kapi, because he Cli : Up : 'here. His interpreta-
drinks (pilati) water (lam). Sruti tion is a reproach on his reputation
itself explains Kapi to mean sun's as a Vedic scholar,
r-ays :— " Kapii gahhasti tejanam." * Eam&nnja Bliftshya on Brahma-
Kapy-dsa is then that which, by si'Uras was' so named, i.e., Sri-
rays, is blown {asa = iiidsane=^to Bhash^-a. ' '
expand) j and that is the lotus. A

CU XXII. KUllESA AND bodhAyana-vritti.

141

made foi* aach woi ks. They were found, and on a perusal it -nas
found that R:\m3,auja's exposition was correct. Elbm&nuja and
Kurfi^a took this opportunity of Studying the Bodh&yana-Vritti
Letter, as the Pandits -would not allow the work to be taken
away by him. ESmanuja was anxious to secure the work, but
objections to his taking the book away were insurmountable.
He felt grieved, but Kur&Sa assured him that he had retained
the cardinal pa-ssages in his memory, and could reproduce the
saoie whenever wanted. This allayed Il£im3,nuia's anxiety ; and
he allowed the V'l'itti, though very reluctantly, to be restored to
the Library, at the King's request, as the latter knew his Pandits
would otherwise give trouble and would not hesitate even to
kill Ram3,nuja.' And yet the Pandits resented all this, as their
prestige suffered bo much ; but being powerless to openly harm
RamEbnuja, as the king was already on his side, they entered
into a dark conspiracy to kill KS,m3,auja by black magic. This

' The following extracts from Max
Muller's Theos'ophy or Psychological
Religion are interestin;!; to tlio stu-
dent of philosophy : — " **Eam§,iiTi3a
does not represent himself as stat-
ing a new theory of the Ved^uta,
bnt he appeals to BodhS,yana, the
anthor of a Vritti or explanation of
the Bhrania-sutras, as his authority,
nay he refers to previous com-
mentaries or Yyitti-k2ir3,s on Bodh^-
yana as likewise supporting his
opinions. It has been supposed
that one of these, Dramida, the
author of a Dramida^bl»3,8hya or a
Commentary on Botiteyana, ia the
same as the DrS.vida whose Bha-
shya on the CbhS.ndogya-XJpa-
nishad is several times referred to
by Sankara in his commentary on
that TJpanishad, and whose opinions
on the Tedanta-Siitrds are some-
times supported by Saukara (See
Thibant S.B.E. XXXIV, p. xxii)"
[P. lOO.j

•'»#» We have thirdly the com-
mentaries of Sankara, Bodh&yana,
K4mS.nnia and many others. These
commentaries, however, are not
mere commentaries in oar sense of
the word, thyy arc really philoso-

phical treatises, each defending an
independent view of the Sfitras,
and indirectly of the Upanishads."
[P. 101.]

" * * I hare generally followed
the guidance of Sankara, as
be seems to me to carry the Ve-
danta doctrine to the highest
point, bnt I feel bound to say that
Professor Thibaut has proved that
ES-m^niija is on many points the
more faithful interpreter of the
Ved^uta. Sutras. * * * * Nor was
Bamanuja a mere dissentient from
^ankara. He claimed for his in-
terpretation of the VedSinta the
anthority of philosophers more
aucient even than Sankara, and, of
course, the authority of the Ve-
d^nta-Sutras themselves, if only
rightly understood. E5.mS,nnja's
followers do not posses now, so far
as I know, manuscripts of any of
these more ancient commentaries,
but there is no reason to donbt that
Bodhayana and other philosophers
to whom Bam^nuja appeals were
real characters and in their time
influential teachers of the Ve-
danta." [P. 313.].

142 KAMANUJA'S KKTUllX SOUTU. CU. XXU.

came to his knowledge ; but spiritual giant as lie was he re-
mained undaunted, and simply watched how events would
develop themselves. They resorted to bhick magic, but
instead of their plans succeeding, it liad a coutr:iry eltect; for
they wei-e all suddenly seized with madness, and began to rave
and play such antics, as to be ridiculed by all. The king saw
this, and pitying the poor wretches, approached Ramiinuja, and
falling at liis feet, implored him to relieve them, as he could
not look on their sufferings. Ramanuja, by a simple act of his
■will, cured them; and the king made them members of the
Faith, and escorting Ilam4nnja with all his staff, a few stages
on his return journey, took leave and joined his capital.

RamEbnuja took the road towards Varanasi (Benares),
which he reached in due time, and bathing in the Holy Gangfl,
(Ganges), and visiting the Lord of Kandamennum Kadinagar ^
proceeded south to Purushottama-Kshfitra (Jagann3.tha or
PAri, on the east-coast of the Indian Peninsula) . Here also
were disputations held on philosophy and religion, Eam3,nuja
coming off victorious ; and a R3,manuja-Math also was estab-
lished. Here, on his attempt to introduce the worship, as la.id
down in the Panchari,tra, into the Temple there, the priests
objected ; but as RJlmSinuja still resolved to reform the practices
prevalent there which were not cleanly and to his liking. Lord
Jagann3,tha is said to have appeared to him in his dream and
prevailed upon him not to attempt the reforms, as his priests
were much attached to Him with their old wiiys of worship,
which therefore he might not disturb. And when RAmanuja
awoke, he found to his surprize he had been ti-ansported all
the way to Srl-Kurma. Here he paid homage to the Lord in
the Kurma-form and journeyed on to Simhagiri (Ahobila),
and other shrines. Winning his way throughout by polemical
triumphs he finally arrived at Tirupati. Here a Saiva-Vaish-
nava controversy of a curious character had been waging.

St. P6ya,zhv3ir, who lived centuries before R^.manuja, had
sung of the Lord of Tirupati, as wearing both the Saiva
emblems, such as matted locks and serpent girdle, and the

' Devrt-prayfl.K on llio way from llaridvar to Badariuath.

CH. XXTI. TIKUPATI-GOD— VISHNU OR SIVA? 143

Vai'^linava ones, such as the Discus and the golden girdle, and
the Saint expressed his wonderment at Vishnu having- chosen
to appear to him in this dual character of Hari-IIarn, or
Visliiiu-Siva.' On the authority of this rerse, in all prohabi-
lity, the Saivas made an attempt to claim Tirnpati as their
own exclusive Saiva Shrine ; but EamElnuja contended it was
Vaishnava, but the Saivas would not give in. Ramanuja
i:iroposed that both Saiva and Vaishnava emblems, such
as Trisilla and Damaruka, and OhaJcra and SanTcha, be
placed in front of VenkateSa's Image in the sanctum sane-
forum, and the doors be closed and securely locked, after
carefully examining the chamber that no one lay hidden there ;
and the character of the Deity might be determined by the
choice of the emblems made by Him. This test was gladly
agreed to by all. The emblems were accordingly prepared and
placed before the Image. Next day, both the parties came in
a body with eager expectations of their own opinion being
realized. But when the doors were thrown open in full day -light
and in the presence of the whole assembly, it was found that
the Lord had assumed the Vaishnava-emblems, with the Saiva
emblems lying unused on the floor. E8.ma,nuja's joy knew no
bounds. He sang and danced, eyes streaming with tears of
delight at the miraculous event and the Beatific Vision pre-
sented to his view. The Saivas were thus ousted.'.

I Read verse 63 of 3rd Tfruv- phist to Government [1903-

andadi : " Tazh-Sadaiyum, &c." 1904 A-C ]

Narayana includes Siva. In N&ra- The Epigraphist has meanwhile
yana's (or Vishnn's) body, a, place inferred from a sot of very dubious
is assigned to Siva in the same conclusions as to the mined temple
manner as his navel is assigned to and TirnehchSiniir, that Tirnpati
tlie four-faced BrahmS,, and his temple was perhaps originally
bosom to Sri or Lakshml (Logos). Saiva in character. From the fact
Head Bhagavad-G£taxi-15. Pas!/(i)jw', that the temple is mentioned in
4'c., and numerous other authorities, the inscriptions as Itaugoyil and
So then this dual appearance proved that the same word is nsed in the
Vishnu, not Siva exclusively, as Saiva Periyapitrdnam and in another
Saivas thought. inscription as the name of a tem-
ple which must certainly have been
* A piece of Epigraphic Infer- Saiva and that another inscription
mation is here annexed (or tlie use says that the temple now in ruins
of our readers : — was bnilt as an accompaniment to
"We have received this year a very the shrine at Tirnpati, he first in-
interesting report from the Epigra- fers that the Tiruchchanur temple

144

TIRUPATI-GOD— VISHNU OR SIVA?

cri. XXU.

(Contmued) foot note on page

must be Saiva and tliat a Jortiori
the slirine at Tirtipati for wliicli the
former was meant as an accompani-
ment, must also be a Saivirc one.
We fear every link in this argu-
ment is hopelessly weak. Mr.
Veukayya has not sho»-n satisfac-
torily that the Tiruchchanur ruined
temple was as a matter of fact,
built as an accoinpanimeiit to the
Tirupati temple whatever that ex-
pression may mean. The Ganga-
Pallava inscription of Dautivikrama
Varman which, is said to prove this,
he neither quotes from r.or gives
the contents of. This example will
emphasize the necessity of the
Government insisting upon a publi-
cation of all the inscriptions col-
lected every year, so that independ-
ent scholars might work at. tkcm
and deduce from them all the his-
torical connection they are capable
of yielding. Again it is cot quite
so certain that the TiruclichS,n<ir
temple was soleh- Saiva. It might
most probably have been a combi-
ned Saiva-and- Vishnu templeas the
one at Chidambaram and many
other places. It is a fact that
many important Saiva temples have
a shrine of A'islinu towards the
west, generally meutioued in the
inscriptions as Melai Sri Koil. At
any rate tho Tirupati temple was
undoubtedly Vaishnava in the 4tli
century during the reign of the
Chola king ll4jir<1ja, the great, who
gave grants to the Vaishnava God
there. It must certainly have been at
least claimed as Vaishnava during
the times of the tlireo grcit Saiva
Saiuts, the authors of the Tevaram,
Sambandar, App.ar and Suudar.ir,
who sang Thirnpparauknnrani.
Tiruvanmiyur, Kalahasti and other
places in the neighbourhood, and
omitted all reference to Tirupati.
That there was a long standing
dispute as to the real character of
the Deity of that place is certain.
The old Vaishnava Saint, Peyazhvur,
sings in the lyarppS, that the God
of Tirumalai wore the symbols of
both Siva and Vislinu and it is

143.

noticeable in his verse that he
.nlwa\'s mentions the Siva euibl'tn
firit. This dual ohar.ioter seems
to have continued till the time of
RaniS.niiJM in the 12th century,
when ilii^ curious incident is re-
lated by the Tamil ItAmS,nujarya-
Div\acliarita <f PillaiIokanjiy;ir to
have taken place. Ram^^nnja wa-i
annoyed that owing to this di.al
character of the Deity, the Sivites
worshipped h.im as their Nayanar or
God. He therefore proposed a
scheme by which to test which way
the God leaned and said that
the emblems of both Siva and
Vishnu should be placed in the
innermost shrine which was to lie
carefully locked up till the morning
and that according to the emblems
the God should be found wearing in
the morning, his real character was
to be judged. When the GarhUa-
griha was opened in the morning
the God was seen resplendent wiih
the conch and the Siva embli nn
were found carelessly thrown :it
his feet. After this explicit decla-
ration by tho divinity himself thc;e
could be no question as to his mil
nature and he has continued A'aish-
navito over since. The facts go !o
show that if tho Tiinpati Temple
was at all exclusively Sai\'a, wl icli
seems to be unlikely, it must have
been so considerably prior to the
authors of the Tevaram. [Hindu.l

AnoUter extract : — "In his
latest Keport on Epigraphy, Mr.
Venkayyahas opined that there is
an air of truth in the popular belief
that the temple on the Tirumalai
wa5 oi-iginally a Siiivite o'-o. ]n
his "lyarpa," stanza 03, Pt'y-*/hvar
distinctly mentions (lie dual ap-
pearance of the Imago. The stanza
referred to might bo rendered into
English thns : —

'• How wonderful ! our Lord who
is on the Sacred Hill (Tirupati)
which is bathed by the great moun-
tain streams surrounding it on ail
sides conibines in himself the two
forms (of Siva and A'ishnu) by his
appearing' with Cowing 'natttd

ca. XXII.

VISIT TO OTHER SHRINES.

145

R&m&naja made the circuit of the Sbrine,' and descending
tlie Holy Mount, did homage to the AzhvajiB eii.shiintd at its
base, and thence pi-oceeding to Kftfichi and other Shrines such as
Sri-perumbiidur (his birth-place), Tiruvallikkeni (Triplicane)
and Tiru-nir-malai, and thence cros.sing over to Madhur&nta-
kam and the Holy Vakula-tree there, tinder which his Guru
MahApurna gave him the first initiation, and thence on to
Tiru-vayindra-puram (Tirn-vendi-puram near Cu.ddaloro),
where he tendered hia salutations to Lord Deva-nslyaka, aiid
vanquished disputants wherever met, and thence on to Vira-
nElrilyanapuram, the Holy Place of sage Natha-muni [the place
where he ,safc for Toga (meditation)] and Lord Maana-narthere,

Poot note on page 144— (coatinued).

locks and high diadein, with the
beautiful Mazhu , . aud discus and
"vvith a serpent and a golden waist-
cord entwined (round hia waist.)."

Therefore, it is evident that the
God of Tirumalai was worshipped
as Vishnu in the days of the early
Vaishnavite Saint Pey-A.zhv§,r.

Clearer still is the allusion to the
Vaishnava nature of the deity, in the
classical Tamil posm " Silappadiga-
ram," IstCentury, A.C.where the au-
thor describes the god as " standing
on the top of Vfingadam, like a blue
cloud with the conch and discus
(which are compared to the sun and
moon)" (Kadukin-Kadai, 11. 41-51)

" M. N,", in his reply to Mr.
Venkayya's rejoinder in the Hindu,
has proved that in the days of the
DSvSram Hymners, the temple
might not have been Saiva, and
that Bajardja, the great Ch6la King,
himself a SS.iva, has made grants
to the Vishnu on the hill.

In the face of these explicit
statements in early Tamil litera-
ture; it is really incredible how
Tirumalai could be doubted to have
perhaps been S^iva. Let us hope
that in tlie examination of the in-
nermost prdidra, more light will bo
thrown on this rather important
question. [A. Vaishnava in Mad-
ras Mail, 9th December 1904.]

' There is a legend related here.
There was a person by name TU-
pakkam Channayya. He was a
favourite of God Srinivasa of this
Shrine, so much so that when ho
sang hymns to Him, Ho kept time
by dancing to it. B4mS,nn]a came
to know this, and asked the de-
votee to kindly ascertain from
his God whether he (BamS,nnia)
may hope for Moksha (Salvation).
Channayya, when he next sang and
the God'danced to him, reverently
submitted to him ES,mS,nuia's peti-
tion. God answered : — " Certainly
he shall 1>e saved." " And I, Lord ?"

asked Channayya. " No " was the
answer."ButhaveInotsung toThee,
Lord, all thosedays?, protestedChan-
nayya. " But have I not danced to
thee, son, asoften as thou sangest? "
retorted He. " Then I am undone, O
Lord ! Pray show me the way of
salvation. By no means can I forfeit
that state." The Lord answered :
" Go to that SanySsi, our Eamanuja,
fall at His Holy Feet and win it.
He is fit to give Moksha to whom-
soever he will." This story illus-
trates that salvation is won, not by
bargain, but by grace.

19

146 RETURN TO SRtllANGAM. CII. XXtl.

returned to his head-quarters, SrirangaiQ. He proceeded to the
Temple to visit Lord Ranga, announcing his arrival ; and after
the usual ceremonies, Banga'^s voice came inquiring : " Ai't
thou satisfied ? ". RamS.nuja answered : " Holy Lord, how can I
be otherwise, when thy Blessed Vision is ever reflected in my
mental mirror ■wherever I may he. I hare but fulfilled Thy
holy errand on earth." Ranga commanded tlrtha and prasdda
to be given him. Rilmfl,nuja thence bent his steps to his owe
monastery, his soul steeped in peace and bliss-.

OH. XXIII. Kt'EESA'S FAST. 147

CHA.PTER XXIir.

THE BIRTH O? VYASA-BHATTA AND
PAEASABA-BHATTA.

Thas kad our Bhsbshya-kara' accomplished his second
pilgrimage through Bharata-khanda. Those were days of
religious rejuvenescence in India brought about by the inspired
personality of our RaniAnuja. For his influence spread from
house to house, village to village and throughout Bharata-
land, and his spirit fanned the fire of religion, smouldering in
human hearts.

Kur&Sa was the very soul and shadow of BS,mS,nuja. In
erudition he was a savant ; in conduct, he was a para,gon of
excellence. Never a day was he found remiss in all the duties
«f the day, classed as AhMgamana, JJjpdd&na, Ijyd, Sv&dhy&ya
aad Yoga^-

"We have already told our readers that Kfire3ft lived by
alms ; because he had given away his all at Kura and oome
to Srlrangam to live with Raminuja.* One day, it rained all
the morning till it was past the Semgava or the Upddivaa time,
which is set apart for ezcursions for collecting alms. Kuresa'a
strict rule it was, to beg each day's requirement at the
houses of virtuous folk, and never to store a second day's pro-
visions in his house. Prevented then by the rainy day from,
stirring out, KureSa and his pious wife And4lamm^a fasted,
after taking the usual bath, performingthe vnornmg sandhyd and
other ceremonies and offering to his Chapel God, a fruit and
s ome water,* which latter, sipped, being sacramental. It was now
evening, and KuvSsa, performing the evening sandhyd, never
bestowed a thought for his hungry stomach, but devoutly went
throuo-h a reading of the Tiru-v3.y-mozhi (Prabaudha) consider-
ing this as his manna, and thus went to sleep- But the wife

* See page 140 for Ramanuja winning tliis name.

* A work recently published in Madras (1904) by D. T. Srinivasa-
cliirya, called Paiiclia-liala-praiMsa, gives full details of these five-foW
iday-occnpations.

»• See Cliapter XIII. * See Bhagavad-Glta, IX, 28.

148 KUBESA AN0 HIS WIFE. CH. XXIII.

was awake and was sore grieved at heart that her god- like
husband was fasting. As she sat, she heard the temple drum.g
and bugles announcing that Lord Ranga was having his niglit-
offering of food, called the Periya-avccsara-m. This dibturbed
her musings ; and she gave vent to her feelings thas : —
" Banga, when thy bhakta is fasting, how canst thou revel thus
in feastings ?" A cry of distress like this was of coarse heard
by the Lord ; and the cry, it is said, pierced his ears like
arrows.

Uttamanambi, a temple-functionary, was asleep on a
pial ; and he dreamt a dream in which Banga appeared to him
and commanded him thus : — " Nambi, my bhakta Kui-esa is
fasting ; rise, go to my Temple, and carry on thy head the holy
A}-avanai-iood which has just been offered me, in right proces-
sional style from the Temple to his honse. Uttama-Nambi
awoke, startled, and hastening to the Temple, did as com-
manded. As the music and other din of the procession reached
Kur6sa's doors, he was disturbed from his sleep, and awoke^
wondering what was happening at that hour of the night; met the
processionists and inquired of them what brought them there.
Uttama-Nambi said : " Sire, Lord Banga bid me carry you
His holy food. Pray accept." Kurfesa received the same devoutly
but he would not have the whole quantity. He said to the
messengers = — " Holy sires, I .should not deprive the Lord of His
income by disposing of this food as nsnal. But I cannot refuse
it altogether, as it has been so graciously sent by Him. I
should but take two morsels, one for myself, and the other for
my wife. Lord Ranga has so fully made me His own that I
do not stand in need of anything on earth. I thank you,
sires ; please retire with the remaining food to the Temple."
After thus dismissing the Temple servants, Kurfesa sat down
and asked his wife whether she thought of any thing in particu-
lar when he was asleep. She confessed to him she did so. She
said she envied Ranga en joying his last sumptuousconrseof food
for the day, while His hhakta was hungry. " Good lady," said
Kuresa petulantly, " you should not have been thus guilty.
Do not this again." And they both devoutly partook each,
one of the two morsels that had been retained ; and Kur6sa

CH. XXIII. ramAnuja blessing the babies. 149

went to bed again, soinewliat out of humour with his wife. But
he had a dream. Lord Hanga appearing spoke to him : " My
beloved, the two morsels you have eaten, will be the seed for
raising two precious sons in your family. They shall be consi-
dered as my own sons. As sons, I myself choose to appear in
furtherance of my own future purpose, in the same manner as
I chose to appear as Bama, the son of DaSaratha, and Krishna
the son of Vasuclfiva." The dream was over. Kuresa awoke,
and related it to his wife and others, and attended to his duties,
quietly expecting events to develop in their own good time.

Some time went by. In due course, two sons were born
to Kui6.sa as predicted by Lord Ranga. The ten days of
puerperal sutaka were over, but KureSa never concerned
himself about Ihe name-giving and other sacramental rituals,
which the Vedas require to be administered to new-born
infants. His idea was that to his Ramanuja's spiritual family
the children belonged, an 1 it was for Rslm&nuja therefore
to do the needful. RaniilQuja, however, now made his
appearance, accompanied by Govinda ; and commanded him to
bring the little ones to him. Govinda sped in all earnestness
to Andftlamma, and lovingly hugging the two gems of babies,
ran to Rftni&nuja, muttering all the way the Holy Dvaya-
Mantra as a protective shield for tlie babies against evil inftu-
euces ; and lovingly lifted them up to Ramanuja. lid/mauuja
graciously scanned them witli his love-moi.stened eyes, and
observing the splendid ajjpearauce and glorious looks of the
infants, bleSiSed them licartily, and addressing Govinda, said: —
" Brother, what didst thou ? The smell of the Dvaya-Mantra
comes to me from the babies." " Sire, yes, " replied Govinda,
" as I was conveying the precious charges to you, I shielded
them with the power of that Mantra." " Then brother,"
commanded R&manuja, " as thou hast constituted thyself the
guardian of the bodies of these gems, thou shalt be the guar-
dian as well of their souls. And these two infants are no
other than the two sentences of the Dvaya itself, made mani-
fest in their persons thus." So saying he stroked the infants
with his hands, adorning them with the Panch--dyudha orna-
ment ; and in due time made Govinda administer the FaPcha-

150 YAMUNA'S WISHES FULFILLED. CH. XXIII.

satngk&ra, naming tlie infants ParaSara Bliatt&rya,* and
VysLsa-Bhatt3,rya,* thus f allfilling another of the three wishes
of his Great Guru, Yamnnaicharya." Thus were two great
luminaries for the Faith ushered into the world — in the wake
of B4mS.nuja.

Uttama-Nambi, in a work called Lakshmi-Edvya, oonijjosed
by him, sings of them thus ; —

Another event also occurred about this time enabling
R&m&nuja to fulfil the remaining wish of his Great Guru
Yd.mana : to name some fit person by the name of Par'lnkuSa or
Namma.zhv&r in perpetuation of the memory of the Saint of
that name.

The reader will recollect the redemption of Govinda by
SriSaila-Purna of Tirupati, described in a previous chap-
ter. When Govinda joined the Vaishnava-band, he felt so
blessed in his regenerate life that he would not allow his newly
awakened delight to rest in himself alone. So, he sono-ht
out his own brother by name Siriy-Govindai-p-peremal, and
explained to him the beauties of the New Faith. He
brought him to Purna, who graciously accepted him as
his disciple. Govinda and G. Perumal had thus become
spiritual associates as well, and had both come to live with
Bamanuja at Srirungam.

The event which came about was tliat G. Perumal had a
son born to him, and this, to Bamanuja, was another v^aluable
acquisition to his Faith. So he hurried to Penimal's place
and blessing the child, named him Parankusa^-Nambi. Thi.s

^ See No. 32, in the llierarcliic Table of our Lives oj Azhvdrs.

' Sri-ltdiua-ppillui is another name.

' See pago 56. * raraukufa=St. Natniuazbvai-.

CH. XXIII. YAMUNA'S WISHES FULFILLKD. 151

fulfilment of Yamuna's third wish' was recorded by Uttama-
Nambi in his Lakshmi Kdvya, thus : —

Ji'lR'«.MI-=mi('W'lM TTT

We shall close this chapter by asking our readers to re-
member the " three-finger-miracle " of TS.muna, related in
chapter IX and that the three fulfilments thereof by Ramanuja^
on whom had derolred that sacred duty, were, in order, the com-
position of Sri-BhUshya, the Commentary on the Brahma-
Sutras ; the naming of two children in memory of Par&sara and
Vyasa ; and a third child, in memory of St. NammUzhv&r.

• See page 56.

162 HOW THE nnATTARS GREW. CH XXrV.

CHAPTKR XXIV.
BHATTARYA.

Oar readers, in this Chapter, will he treated to the interest-
ing traits which the new luminary Pari\S.ira Bhatttlrj-a, or
simply Bhattarya, displayed as he gi-ew.

Lord Ranga commanded the two little brothers to be con-
veyed to His Fane, and adopting them, as fashion required, as
his own sons, had cradles swung there in His own chamberi
called the Manattiln and Himself and His Consort Lakshmi
takingcareof them inevery way. The Lord had >villed that before
He accepted the courses of daily food offered to him, the children
should be first served ; nay, that they should help themselves
to what dishes they pleased by allowing them to toddle about
to the place where the food in several dishes was spread before
Him.

One day the children, as usual, stole about at pleasure and
helped themselves to the viands that had been placed before
Ranga that day as the special service of the Rftja who then
ruled. The priests were offended that day at the conduct of
the children, and handling them somewhat roughly, conveyed
them outside the Temple premises. That night the RS.ja had
a dream. The Lordlappearing to him, declared : "I had just
tasted your food-service. When the fools of my officiating
priests interfered with my childx-en, the Bhattars, preventing
them from having their full share, and treated them roughly,
I could not partake of thy food any more. I am this day not
pleased with thee." The Rd<ja awoke and making inquiries,
found his dream to be correct, and strictly decreed that services
should thenceforward be conducted in the manner which best
pleased the Lord.

Bhattarya was now a boy of five years, and showed siwns
of extraordinary intelligence for his age. His father Kur6sa
was one day reciting the Decad of St. Nammlizhvflir, beginninij
•with Nedumdrk-adimai (viii. 10. 1). In this Decad, the
greatness of God's Saints is described. In the third verse, the

Clt. XXIV. IJITATTAKYA. 153

desci'Lptioa runs thus: S'Tu-vid-nianisar" i.e. God's Saints are
small-great. The boy, who was attentively listening to the
reoitatioa, stopped the father at this place, with the eager
query : " Father, how can a thing he both small and great at
one and the same time, for thou saidst small-great " " My
deai-«st, what an unexpected que.stion from a stripling like thee !
But it would be a bard task on my part to convince thee of
the justness and beauty of the apparently contradictory terms,
by resorting to learned discourses on it, based on Sastras. But I
shall try by other easier means to make thee understand this
puzzling passage of our Holy Saint. Dost thou see our Sages
of Sx-irangani, Siriy-acchfln, A. P. Emberumanar and others
like them ? See, they are small in stature, but very great in
knowledge and wisdom. So, dost thou now see how contradic-
tory things like small and great can yet be harmoniously
combined in one and the same thing ?" The young questioner
was satisfied.

The boy was a budding genius, as became evident froiu
another incident which happened at about this time. There
was a learned man by name Sarvajfia-bhatta, who was proud
of his erudition, and had successfnlly carried on a warfare
of polemics in VS,rana3i and other places ; and who had now
arrived at Srirangam. To show to all how great a man he
was, he installed himself in a sedan chair and paraded himself iu
the streets, with his followers before and behind, proclaiming
his fame and titles, and announcing that he was the Sarvajiia-
bhatta, meaning mie who is all-knowing. Bhattar, the boy, was at
this time playing with the dust in the street. He heard the
name Sarvajiia dinning in his ears, and he got irate at it.
" What !" exclaimed he, " while there are such all-knowing
giants amongst us, as RamSinuja, KArfeSa, DaSarathi, D6var£Lt
and others, who dare call himself by the proud name Sarvajiia,
all-knowing ?" So saying he took a handful of dust in his hand,
and running up to the sedan, in which the Pandit was seated,
spoke mockingly at him thus :— Halloo, man, stop, and answer
me this before you step further. If you are all-knowing, as
you call yourself, tell me what quantity of dust I have ia my
hand." This sudden and curious interrogation, by a mere boy,

20

154 WHATTARYA. CH. XXIV.

ckecked the Pandit, and he was bo confounded and confused
that he could not compass a ready answer " I see," cried the
'^'^Ji "yon are dumbfouadeJ by the paltry question of a boy.
Cowld you not say: " you have a handful of dust?' you don't
deserve the title all-knowing." So saying, the impertinent
little Ijoy turned to Sarvajfia's attendants and asked them never
more to exhibit t'aeir poor master pompously in the sti-eets, and
exhorted them in the sweet words of five, to drop the insignia
they were carrying, and cease blov/ing the trumpets."' The sur-
prize of the Pandit at this strange behaviour and talk of a mere
urcliin, now tui'ned ii^to wonder and admiration. He inquired
of the by-standers wliose son was this prodigy ? They said: —
" Sire, he is the sou of KuiSSa, the soul of our Guru RSimSuuja,
the Poutiil of our Faith." Sarvajfia exclaiming : " The fledge-
ling surely flies, not creep.';," lovingly lifted the little marvel
into his sedan, and moved on till the procession approached the
house of KurfiSa. Pon-nsbycchiystr or Kanak3,mba, the good vrife
of Dhanurdflisa,' was standing at the door watching. Espying
the boy Bhatta,rya seated in the sedan with a stl^nge person,
she ran up, and di-awrng him from the vehicle, covered him
■with her garment, and rushed with him into the house, mut-
tering the Bvaya-Mantra, and delivering the precious load
unto the arms of its mother Andalamma, chided her for having-
allowed her gem to stray out thus into the streets and expose
himself to 'evil eyes '; :ind anxiously sprinkled him with R§,mEE-
nuja's Sri-pdda water," to ward oS evil influences which might
have injured tlie boy. She also vaguely feared, lest such a
prodigy as her boy would be allowed to live long on earth !!

Bhattarya grew older. About eight he was now, and the
holy-thread ceremony, Tfpanayana, wa.s duly made; and he was
sent to school to learn the Vedas and oiher subjects. The boy
attended the first day and learnt some Veda. The second day,
when he went to school, he found the teacher repeating the
same lessons as those of the previous day to the boys° He
therefore left the school and went to play. His parents finding

• Eead next chapter.

^ Holy wattr waslied off tlie feet of EamSniija ; water thus oonseorat
«a 18 <x.nBidorod an autidoto to every. Uiad o£ evil, material or spiritual.

CH. XXIT. , BnATTA.RT,\. 155

him thas employed, questioned him as to why he did not attend
school. "I did attend, father," said he, "but they were read-
ing the same lessons again, and so I left it." " But did yon
leai'H the lesson in one day ? " asked KureSa. " Yes," was
the ready answer. " Then let me hear it," demanded the
father. The boy repeated his lesson without a flaw, even in
the difficult intonations of the Vedio syllables, called the uddtta,
anuddtta and svarita. The precocity of Bhattarya terrified the
parents, who seriously thought of delaying his education for
some time. In due course, however, the boy rapidly picked up
all learning, Kur6Sa and Govinda personally instructing him in
the artha, and the tatva, Sastras.

It has already been said that Lord Kanga and His Consort
Lakshmi were tlie adoptive Father and Mother of Bhattarya.
As a child and boy, he really looked upon them as such. But
he had now grown up into youth, and was taught that Ranga
and Lakshmi should be adored as God and Goddess of the
cosmos. Well, the youth was once on a visit to the Temple,
when B.aaga and Lakshmi were having their retired moments
after all the bustle of the day's worship had subsided. Ranga,
in feigned anger, bade Bhattarya depart. The youth went a
few paces, when Ranga ordered him back. He obeyed. And
Ranga asked him : " when thou didst visit us now, what didst
thou think us to be.? " " As God and Goddess of the universe.
Lord," meekly replied Bhattarya. "But," asked Ranga,
" what didst thou think us to be before this ? " " As my
Father and Mother," responded he. " Think of us in this
relation always. That pleases us more than the relationship
of Gjd and slave." The reader will gather from this that
God is more in search of men's hearts than their heads.

Another incident is related about this time. A Smarta
pandit took it into his head to test Bhattarya. He entered as
the latter was seated in his house, and after pi-eliminaries asked
him to explain how a Vaishnava is distinquished from a
Smarta. BhattSirya did not care to enter into an elaborate
controversy with his adversary on this question, delicate in
ius much as it is a bone of contention between the two great

156 BIIATTAUYA. CII. XXIV.

divisions of Brabmanas in India, tlie Smai-tas (atlvaitins) and
the Vaishnavas {visisht-cidvaitim) ; bnt siiuply called the ques-
tioner's attention to the signs of Chaki-a and Sankha inscribed
on both his arms — a sacrament enjoined by Sastras on all
Vaishnavas. " I see ", the Pandit said ; " but what authorities,
master, can you quote from the Sastras, justifying you to
set to yourself this kind of custom ? " queried be. "Sir,
replied Bhattarya," I shall not trouble you with all that, for
when I shall quote one authority, to which we in common
profess allegiance, you shall go satisfied. Hast thou not learnt
the first sutra of Apastamba-Dharaia, which says ia^WvIJPT:'T'IW,
^2Cra^, i.e., the wise practices vj our wise elders are our hesf
authority ; then come the Vedas ? 3Iy father Kiirfesa observed
the sacrament in question and therefore I do. Enough ; for do
you not follow in the footsteps of your eldei-s ? " The Pandit
was thus silenced and went his way.'

The young student's course was now finished and it was
time that a mate should be found for him. As the reader
knows, Kurfesa had left his kith and kin in the K^nchi land
and had adopted Srirangam for his country. So, when the
marriage-question of his boy came up, Kur6sa did not know
where to bring a girl from. " Hence," appealed he to RamS,-
nnja : " sire, not only have I no relations of mine in these parts,
but those others who may willingly offer a girl belong to a lower
rank in society. Contracting matrimonial alliance therefore
with them can only be distasteful to us as unworthy of our
status. What shall we do in this £Lx ? " Such was the great
social question which Ramanujahad to solve in those days. (We
know how this same question is still unsolved in our days).
R&m&nuja said:— "We have our Mahapiirna and his people. We
must choose from them. As for Siltra, Sakha, Brdhmana and
Vaishnava, our two clans agree. But they are of the Briha-
echarana set." This is the only difference, which I think may

' See ChakrS,nkai!a-vijaya aud other works on this Vaishnava Sacra-
t. It is like the fire-sacraiuent which obtained among the priini-
Christians.

" The Mahapiirnas belong; to this druomination. The Vadamas have
no consanguinity with them. Marriages now take place between the
Jihattars and Periya-Xambis.

nient.

tive Christians

CH. XXIV. BHATTAliVA. 157

he overlooked. These coDsiderations satisfied t]\cra and tliey
applied to this clau for a girl But tliey could not give one, said
they, with impunity, for the hard and fast harriers dividing
clan from clan for a long time, would not permit it, though
they would heartily wish for a junction with such a worthy
clan as that to which Kur6Sa belonged, and considering mor-
ever the exemplary personal character of KurfiSa himself,
apart from every other consideration. So here was a stumb-
ling block though there was willingness on both sides. No
further steps were taken ; they could not in the face of such
insuperable sentimental difficulties. But Bhattar was advanc-
ing' in years, and must be married at once or all thought of it
must once for all be abandoned His mother Andeblamma vraa
in a perplexity. She made bold to twit her husband on
his stolid indifference in such an important affair. " Our
neighbours are laughing at us, Sire," she finished. But Kurfisa
told her in a careless way • " Chafe not, old lady ! I am help-
less in the matter. Knowest thou not that our children belong
to Lord Banga ? I have resigned them to His care. Let His
will be done, whatever it be." With these soothing words, he
left his wife and going to the Temple, laid the case before
The Lord and returned home. That night, Mahapurna's rela-
tives had a dream, in which Ranga commanded them to make
matrimonial alliance with KurSsa without ado. They rose
aad what they had rejected when proposed by, they now
voluntarily offered to, Kur6?a. For, two maidens by name
Akkacchi and Manni were gladly given in marriage to our
Bhatt&rya. A social question — a very hard one indeed — was
thus solved in those days ; and our hero of this Chapter was
thus installed in the order of the householder.

158 DHANUBDASA. CH. XXV.

CHAPTER XXV.

DHAHrUBDASA.

In the last Chapter, appeared two new charactorB, as our
readers aie aware. They are KaiiakS.ngarja,' who w.i,s .staadiiig
at the door of KiirSSa's house, and her husband Dlianurdasa,
(in Tamil, Pi]lai-Urang£i,-villi-dfl,sar). They became disciples
of R4manuja. How they became is what shall he narrated in
this Chapter.

In Nichulapuri or Modern Uraiyur (near Trichinopoly)'
dwelt DhanurdsLsa, so called because he was a good athlete and
archer, belonging to the Malla" caste. To his caste-men, he
looked as terrible as death. He loved a girl by name Kana-
kamba, who was very beautiful. So much was he enamoured
of her that he never left her side for a moment and never took
his eyes oS her moonlike face. The Chaitra festivities of Lord
Banga now came round. Kanak^mba was anxious to witness
them, and so she left Uvaiyur. The lover of course would not
let her go alone. So he accompanied her, and walking by her
side, held his coverlet over her head in great solicitude to screen
her handsome face from the sun's rays. Not a ray should
even steal in. So eagerly did he watch her face.

RsimEinuja was returning from his ablutions in the Kaveri
river, surrounded by his disciples, to join the procession of
Lord Bauga. As he was coming, his eye fell upon this loving
pair, and wondering at the intense care the lover was bestow-
ing upon his beloved, turned to his disciples and said : — " Sons,
look at this curious spectacle. Here is a despicable specimen
of humanity who is the slave of a woman ! Shameless, in
the public streets, see, he pays such attentions to a courtesan !
Man may be blind with love for a girl ; but he generally keeps
it all a secret ; but here it is a bold outrage on public decency.
It is interesting to me however to see how love can be blind.

' Or Kauakamba, the Tamil uame being Pon-nS,yoohi3'4r.
= See St. Tiruppaiiazlivar iu own Lives of Azlivars.
" A nii.\ed tribe (wrestlers), by an out-casto Kshatriya on a Kthji-
triya woman.

CH. XXV. DHANUKUASA. 153

Let me try to turn this man's love from the gii-1 to Lord Elanga.''
So saying, he sot a few disciples to shadow the pair and find
where *hey lived ; and return with news. On his disciples
Lringing liim the necessary intelligence, R&manuja sent for
DhanurdSisa, and looking on him most graciously, asked who he
was and what brought him to Srirangam. The looks of Bslinai-
nuja, filled with kindness, acted on him like a spell ; for Dlianur-
dsisa made obeisance and explained that his residence was IJrai-
yur, where he was a renowned gymnast, and that he came to
Srirangam on a holy visit to Ranga. " But," said RstraEinnja,
" wilt thou allow me, son, to chide thee for thy open violation
of public morality ? Thou sayest thou art a powerful gymnast ;
but how is this consistent with thy open love-makings to a girl,
shamelessly ? A sense of shame stole on Dhanurdftsa at this
Avell-meant rebuke, but he replied : " Holy Sire, how can I help
it ? She is so lovely, this dear KanakEbmba. Her eyes are more
beautiful than the lotus. My heart and those eyes are one. The
least exposure to the sun, how can those charming eyes bear ?
Did they fade, my heart would burst. This is the truth, O
Saint; now tell me if I am wrong." R^m^nuja listened to this
guileless speech, in silence, and looking on Dhanurdasa with
pity, said : — " But, son, if I could show you better eyes than
those ? " — " Ah, Sire," interrupted Dhanurdasa, " if so, it
were a great gain to me ; and that by your favour." "Come
then at once " ; so saying, Rsbmanuja led him in to the Temple,
and showing him Ranga's Figure, recumbent on His couch,
S^sha, " look at those bewitching eyes," said he, catching hold
of his hand, "they are the eyes of Ranga, Lord Ranga,
the Fatber of this universe ; look steadily and study their
beauty." Dhanurdasa did so, and he saw something there
extraordinary, divine, and he found he could neither stir
from the spot where he stood, nor move his eyes from the
Vision before him. He was completely hypnotized as it were.
" God's grace has descended on this person," murmured
Relmanuja to himself, as he watched and left for his
monastery Dhanurdasa gave up food and sleep from that day
and was daily found in the temple, looking on Ranga with
straining eyes. Ramanuja, now sent for him and asked him

jgO DHANUKDASA. CH. XXV.

haw he felt. He said. "Master! how can I be grateful
enough to you for the bliss into which you have deigned
to steep a wretch like myself. Make me thy slave and
complete the work of salvation you have, unasked, taken
into your hands." Rftmann-ja smiled and conferring on him
the sacramental Pancha-samsMra, took him into his flock.
Kanakamba came to know of all this, and a wish rose in her
mind to become herself a disciple. So she sped to Kamanuja,
and repentantly implored him to take her also into his Vaish-
nava fold. Ramanuja, overcome by her solicitations, did so,
and joining her with her lover, — now as wife to husband,—
blessed them both, and allowed them to work in his math as
his most dutiful servants. It is chronicled that the wife
even excelled her husband, in wisdom and all other spiritual
prefections, by the wonderful grace shed by the Holy Feet of
RS,maauja. Like Hanuman, who did every service to Rama
was this pair to Ramanuja.

Dhanurdasa had so far been metamorphosed, that he
became the greatest favourite of Ramanuja ; so rare too was his
piety, that though he belonged to a lower caste, he had privi-
liges conferred upon him. For often, Ramanuja was found
returning from his river-bath leaning on the shoulders of Dha-
nurd&sa ; though when he went to the bath he lean on DAsarathi,
a Brahm3.ua. A Brahm&na is unclean before bath, and clean
after it; and thus Dhauurddisa as a SAdra, and Dasarathi as a
Brdihm^ua must have changed places. But RS.m^unja had it
the other way, as told above, which much exercised the minds
of his Br8.hmana disciples. They once made bold to ask him
for an explanation, which he condescended to tender thus : —
" O VaishnavfiiS, have ye not heard that learning, riches and
high -birth swell a fool with pride, but adorn a wiseman ?,*
This Media is utterly destitute of this threefold vice, but ye are
not. Hence he is fit enough to be touched by me and to prop
on". On hearing this, the disciples bent their heads in shame,
and dared make no protest ; but all the same, malice rankled in

CH. XXV. brXeimana and SUDRA. 161-

their breasts against Dlianurdasa, that he a Sirdra should stand
so high in their master's estimation, their own prestige
as BrSihnianas being jeopardized thereby. Ramsbnuja was
aware of this and wished to care his Brahmfi.na disciples
of the disease, which in his opinion was spiritually fatal.
To convince them of their error, he resorted to a device. He
called one of liis intimate disciples privately, and ordered
him to secrete all the clothes of the objectors, at night when .
they were asleep — clothes which it is our custom daily to
wash and hang up to dry. The order was duly cai-ried out.
The disciples rose in the morning, and finding their clothes
were missing, fell foul of each other and made a great hub-
bub. ReiimElnuja was witnessing all this fracas, unseemly to a
Brahmana in his opinion ; and smiled. To put a stop to fur-
ther disturbance, he called them all to order, and putting on
the mien of a judge, listened to their complaint, and condoning
them for thei.: loss, advised them to be reconciled to each other,
and wait for better luck whenever it might please Providence
to send it them. He let some time pass thus, and one night, lie
called Dhanurdsisa to his side, and was engaged in conversation
with bim alone for some time. He now called the aggrieved
parties, and in the hearing of Dhanurdlsa, spoke to them thus :
" Sons, I remember well your grief and strife at the loss of
your clothes some time ago. I will now tell you something
which will fetch. you much profit. Indeed it will very much
more than compensate for your loss. See, Dhanurdasa is with
me. I will keep him here engaged. You will proceed to his
house unobserved. As it is very late in the night, you will
find his wife Kanakamba drowned in sleep. She has a lot of
precious jewels about her person. Go and clsverly strip her of
them all and come away." Taking these orders, the Brah-
manas stole to Dhanurdasa's house like thieves. They effected
entrance, and to their joy found KanakEimba. fast asleep on her
bed, decked out in all her splendid finery. They appi-oached
her softly, and deftly stripped her of all her jewels on one side,
as she lay sideways. As they were doing it, she awoke, but
just opening her eyes a little, closed them again, lest they
might flee away in fright. Nor did she move a limb, lest they
might be disturbed in the middle of their work. For she saw

21

162 KANAKAMBA. CH. XXV.

they wdre Vaishnavas, for whom she had notliing but love
and reverence. She was g\ad they were taking away but their
own property ; for wliatevcr effects she owned in this world
were not really hers but entrusted to her for their sake. This is
how property is to be spiritnally viewed ; and wo have al-
ready said that in spiritual perfections, Kanakamba excelled
even her husband. Well, she lay thus quiet till every one of the
jewels was removed iroin one side. She was now anxious that
the Vaishnavas should complete their work, and not go away
with only half work done. She therefore gently rolled over
to lier other side, as if in sleep. This movement however
created fright and put the thieves to flight. They returned.
E.d.m^nuja seeing them back, gave leave toDhanurdasa now to go
home, as it was unusually late. As soon as he went a few
steps, Rftmanuja called the robber-disciples, and taking from
them the jewels, bid them dog the footsteps of Dhauurdasa in
the dark, unobserved by him, and watch all that might take
place in his house and report the same to him correctly. They
did so. In the house, Kanak^mbS, was expecting her husband
back from his rather long absence that night, and when she
heard bis footsteps, she rose and washed his feet and welcomed
him home. He looked at her, but she looked very strange witb
one side of her bare and the other side only decked with orna-
ments. " What is this, lady ? " he cried, taken aback. " Noth-
ing wrong. Lord," said she soothingly, " I will explain all and
you will be pleased. The Br£lhmd.nas, who you know are our
Gurus, came here, and I was lying as if asleep. Tliey laid
hands on me and took all the jewels on my rio-ht side. Our
effects are theirs. Sire, as you know. So to let them have
all, I quietly turned round on to my left side. With all mj'
care in doing so, — to make them believe I was fast in the arms
of sleep — it gave them alarm, and they, to my great regret,
ran away." On hearing this, Dhanurdisa flew at her in rage,
saying:— " Foolish woman! thou jhast spoiled the work. It
was thy duty to have lain quite motionless. If thy jewels
were theirs, theirs also was the liberty to take them in their own
way. But instead of letting them exercise that liberty, thou
didst dare exercise it in allowing thyself to move just when they
h»d done half their work. They would probably have turned

Cit. XXV. VIRTUE MOUB THAN CASTE. 163

thee round, liad.st thou been perfectly still. Well, thou hast
spoilt it all. At any rate, half thy jewels have been well
invested ; the other half is vanity." Thus half consoled as it
were, he went to sleep, with his thoughts fixed on the Holy
Feet of Ramanuja.

The Vaishnava Brjbhmanas who were outside, eavesdrop-
ping, heard all this conversation and hurrying back to Rama-
nuja, gave liini a full report of it. RaniElnuja on receiving it
addressed them thus : — " wiseacres, do you now see ? Some
fellows, fools very likely, made away with your clothes some
time back. But on that trifling account, you fell to quarrel-
ing and, calling each other names, made sucli an inglorious
uproar. But here is DhanurdA.sa, whose mind was not in the
least disturbed, albeit lie lost so many valuable jewels. Please
tell me, sirs, whose wisdom is great, yours or his F Know
then that caste is of no importance. It is virtue that is most
prized." Thus did Ramanuja sermon to the disciples who bore
a grudge against DhanurdEisa. They were crest-fallen and
spoke not.

The night was spent thus. The next morning, he sent for
DhanurdElsa, and drew from him an account of all the incidents
which took place in his house, and restoi-ing to him his jewels,
blessed him. Dhanurdasa never refused what was given him,
for, if he did so, it -would be like opposing his Guru which,
behoves not a true disciple. Unquestioning obedience to the
spiritual preceptor is one of the most important canons laid
down by Vaishnavism. And this, the hero of this chapter
observed to the very letter. It is recorded that DhanurdAsa's
regenerate life was full of such incidents. One such interesting
event is recounted by Periya-v-acchanpillai in his commentary
on St. Namniazhvsir's Tiruviruttam, v : 99 : " Inacchol ".
Kuresa read Tiruvaymozhi, and Dhanurdasa, who heard it,
melted into tears. Observing this passionate ebullition of
feeling, Kur6sa exclaimed: " Fie on us, beloved Dhanurdasa!
We are known to fame as very clever dialectic gymnasts over
knotty questions of philosophy and all that sort ; but none of
us can claim the privilege of thy birth which brings to thee
a love-lorn heart, which we so hardly struggle to possess." It

164

uilMANUJA. niJS BAVIOUB. OH. XXV.

is related again in the 36,000 commentaiy on Tii-uvaymozbi
(VII -4-1 " Azhi)" that Dhanurdasa was called '■ Mahamati "
by the worthies of Srirangam, inasmucli as his love for Ran-
ganatha was so intense that whenever, the Lord was taken in
processions in the streets, ' Mahamati ' walked in front with
his sword drawn, so that he may cut any who dared to do any
act, in the least offensive to the Deity. Viduiu of the Maha-
bharata fame was called Mahsbmati, inasmuch as his love for
Krishna made him to examine the seat, which he had himself
prepared for him in his own house, lest he might have unwitt-
in<>-ly allowed any danger to lurk in there. ilaha.mati literally
means wiser than wisdom, this expression having the force of
wisdom blinded by love for God. Dhanurdasa also was thus so
wise, /. e., so love-blind as to fear danger for one (God), who
is above all dangers.

Kanakamba, the wife of Dhanurd&sa, proved to be an
exemplary devotee of Bamanuja, for she looked upon him as
the Saviour. It is related that a number of disciples approa-
ched the lady one day and expressed to her their doubts as to
whom they should look upon as their true saviour, for it was
in their experience that many professed themselves as saviours,
and they also severally owed to more than one preceptor the
spiritual knowledge which they had received and the good-
conduct which they had adopted in their life ; and it was thus
evident that if Rflim§.nuja was to be looked upon as saviour,
there were others as well to whom a measure of this qualifica-
tion was ascribable. Kanakamba on hearing this, simply
flourished her locks and gathering them together inio a knot,
tied it up with a red thread, and kept silent. The disciples
understood what she meant to convey by this behaviour. The
numerous black hairs signified many teachers but the saviour
was Ramanuja alone, represented by the red thread, — RamElnuja
who crowned them all and bound them all together into his
representative self ; in other words united into his unique
person, all the functions of minor teachers who went before
and came after him. The disciples wondei-ed at her steadfast-
ness and fidelity to Ramslnuja, and went away congratulating
her on her spiritual eminence.

en. XXVI. dAsabathi. 165

CHAPTER XXVI.

DASARATHI ; MABANERI-lfAMBI.

SucU were the additions tliat were being daily made to
RamS,nuja's holy hand.

We have seen in a previous chapter that Mudali-y-andan
or DaSarathi was Ramanuja's sister's son. A few particulars
about this sage are related at this juncture. We have seen in
the last chapter that when Ramanuja went to the river Kaveri
for his daily bath, he would lean on DaSarathi for support,
and when returning' from the bath he would lean on Dhanur-
dasa. One day RfLmanuja was asked why, when he donned the
robes of the Sannyasin (ascetic), he did not give up Dsisarathi,
inasmuch as that order demanded that all kith and kin should
be renounced. Ramstnuja said that DaSarathi was an excep-
tion to this rule, for he was to him as valuable as his triple-
staff (tridanda). When he went to K6ttiyur to receive instruc-
tions from G6shthi-Purna, he had told the latter the same
thing. " So, gentle-folk," said he to the questioners, " if it is
possible for me, an ascetic, to give up my staff, only then can
DaSarathi leave me. He, though a bodily relation, is yet a kin
to my .soul."

Ramanuja was once teaching DaSarathi Tiru-vdy-mozhi, in
all his leisure moments. One day, as he was teaching it from
his couch, DaSarathi was so overcome by the sentiments of love
to God contained therein, that he stopped repeating the verses
with Ramanuja as is usually done. Ram^-nuja saw this and
was glad to see Dasarthi so sensitive to devout emotions,
such as characterize real mystics. " Son," he said, "it is no
wonder our love-saints so move your heart. For the Vedas
themselves have been given out to the world in the shape of
the Dravida-Prabaudhas, even as ' the Vedas themselves are
said to have incarnated as Ramstyana, when the Lord of the
Vedas himself incarnated on earth as RAma ' " '.

166 DASAIIATHI. CH. XXVt.

Thus were niauy daj's spent in useful occupation, and in
thinking out projects for the amelioration of the woi-ld. One
day, Attuzhav, the daughter of IMahilpurna, left her niother-
in-laws's house to her father'^. " What is the matter, daugh-
ter ?," he asiced lier. "Father," she complained, "you know
we women have to goto the river to bathe, after our monthlies.
I asked my mother-in-law to accompany me, girl as I am and
having to go alone. But she chose to be ill-tempered and
further taunted me by saying : ' Tour pai'ents have indeed
sent so many .servant girls as a part of your trous.seau {str'ul-
Jiana) ; why not take one of tliem with you instead of asking
me ' ! I felt this jeer so kneely that I have come to you."
" I do not know anything of these matters, poor girl ! " said
he coaxingly, " go and inform .Ram4nuja, who is our Head."
So Attuzhay hastened to RclmS,nuja and laid her grievance
before him. •' Oh, I see your motlier-in-liiw wants a servant
for thee at her house," said RAm&nuja, " here is one, take
him." So saying, he called Dasarathi and bid him accom-
pany the young lady, and work under her orders, consider-
ing himself as part of her stridliana. DS,Sarathi immedi-
ately obeyed, and following the young lady to the river
where she bathed, worked in her house like a slave. The sud-
den advent of DaSarathi, and that for purposes of menial ser-
vice, excited the curiosity of the members of the household,
for they knew him as a venerable person attached to Ra,ma-
nuja, and for whom they had devout regards. So, they
asked him to say what made him leave REimanuja and come
to their house unasked, and that for gratuitous service ?
" Friends," he said, " I am not master of myself, nor can I
judge why my Master Ramanuja wishes me to serve in your
household. He bid me go with this maiden and be at her
service. I have done so. For reasons and motives, if you are
particular, I mn.st refer you to our Ramanuja." They all ran
to the monastery and humbly falling at the feet of Ram&nuja,
besought him to say why such a high personage as DaSarathi
was directed to go to their humble dwelling for drudgery. They
submitted further that this measure impei-illed the safety of
their souls inasmuch as they were put to the necessity of using a

CH. XXTI MARANERI-NAMBI. 167

saint as a slave. " Wc are already sinners, Sire," pleaded they,
" pray let not this addition be made." Raraannja simply an-
swered :" Good men, we sent our DaSaratlii as a part of our
bride's outfit, for the little Attuzh^y is my guru's daugliter,
and therefore our daughter. If you are not willing to accept
what, in duty bound, we have sent, you are welcome ti return
it." They returned home and bsgged Da,?arathi to kindly
return to Ramanuia.

At tliis time another momentous question turned up. One
of Yftmuna's disciples was Mai-aii6ri-Nambi of Mjlranfiri, of the
PtLndya country. He was a Siidra i. e., a member of the
fourth caste of tlie Hindu social system. He lived with
MabsLpurna, who was a disciple himself of Tfl.mnna, and a
BrS/limana. Maranfiri being a beloved disciple of Yamuna,
Mahsbpuuna had great regards for his master's man. MS,ran6ri
fell sick. He prayed to Maliapiirna thus : — " Sire, though my
body is of the Sudra, it is one which by service to my ma.ster
Tamuna, is sacred. It is goinfi to die now. Pray cast it not
to dogs. Who will throw to dogs the oblations (purodasa) set
apart for Devas ? My body :belongeth to Yamuna." Piirna
quieted him by saying that he need have no anxiety on that
account ; tliat all would go well. Witli this assurance, Mara-
neri breathed bis last, and Piirna cremated him — instead of
burying, which is the custom for the Sudras— and had the
Brahmaniedha rites performed, which is only ordained for the
Br&hmanas.

Ramanuja, — Purna's disciple,— came to know this. Though
he was himself a reformer, yet, in his opinion, time was
not yet ripe for extending all Br&hmanic privileges to Sudras.
They must be gradually raised, first in spirit, i. e., in prin-
ciples and customs and morals, and then only such social
privileges granted, as may not outrage at once the com-
munal sense of the composite body of the Aryans. Rama-
nuja was doing this work cautiously, even so having to
face much obloquy from the higher caste-men. While so, for
Mahapurna.to have extended the liighest privileges of a Br^h-
roana, viz., the Brahma-Medha obsequies, io a Sudra, however

Igg MARANERI-NAMBI. CO. XXVI.

high he may be spiritually, was a shock to the communal feel-
ing which it was not expedient to deliver. RaingLnuja going to
MahElpurna, and making due obeisance, argued with him in
this manner and finished by saying : " Sire, I am huilding a
system, but you are pulling it down." To wliich, Purna an-
swered thus : — " Ramanuja, I admit the force of your objections.
But I am for radical reforms, not half -measures, and then, we
ought to have a margin for signal exceptions like Maraneri.
Besides, have I not precedents to justify my present act ? Am
I superior to Rama, the Hero of the Ikshv&ku race, ? Is
M&ran6ri infei'ior t,o the Bird Jat4yn, for whom Rama perfor-
med tlie Brahmamedha ? ^ Am I greater than Dharma-putra ?
and is Mfl.ran6ri lower than Vidura, to whom the same Sams-
kara was administered ? And are the truths uttered by
St. Nammflizhv^r, in his Tiruvaymozhi : " Payilnm " [iii-7]
and " Nedumftil " [viii-10], descanting on the greatness of godly
men, irrespective of caste and color, mei-e .senseless babble?."
On hearing this, Rlmd.nuja was silent. " But in my turn •
1 have to propose to you one question," began Pilrna " and
that is this. How is it that I found Maranferi, uttering neither :
'Ranga is myrefuge,' nor 'TS.muna is my i-efuge,' when he died?
You know this is what is enjoined on all the Faithful at time
of death," R&m§,nuja said : " Such an omission is no ground of
accusation against him. For I know he had abandoned himself
entirely at that moment \a God, trusting Him in His promise
that : ' at the time of death, it is not for the dyinw nian to
remember or say anything, but for God to remember the dyinw
man and do the needful.' ^ " But " retorted Purna, " this
is a Pi'omise made by Varaha, when he when he was con-
sumed with love for His Consort Bhu. How can such a
Madman's Word be depended upon ? Rftmanuja answered :
" Know you not, Sire, that our salvation is sure when our

■ Bamayana, 111-66.—

" Libations of the stream they ponrcd
In honor of the vnlture lord,
V/ith solemn ritual to the slain,
As scripture's holy texts ordain."

^ [Vardha Pur&na]

CH. XXVI. DUMB MAN. IQQ

Father and Mother are ever together .?"' Purna was pleased
with this apt and iutcliigent answer.

At this time happened another incident. Sri Ramanuja
was one day observed leading a poor dumb man witli liim and
shatting him.self up with him in the monastery in a private
chamber. Kflr§Sa was wat-cliing this unusual conduct <m the
part of the high pontiff; and looking through a chink in the
clewed door, observed Ram-amijii, showing rhe dumb man hy
means of sign.s, his own holy feet, and making liini under.stand
thereby that their contemplation would be the sole moans of
his salvation, KurSsa, on seeing this supreme act of grace,
soliloquized to himself thus: "Alas that I have been born
Kur6sa, a man of learning and wisdom ; I had fain been born
dumb and boorish to have de.«:orvod such pi'ocious free grace as
this man ! " It is said, that Kurfisa .=iwooned away under the
weight of this reflection.

About this time, Ramanuja 'undertook a journey toT. Kot-
tiyiir on a visit to his Acliarya Qoshthi Purna. He was found
seated in a high loft in his hou.sc absorbed in contemplation.
R£Lm4naja waited for an opportunity and submissively asked
what it was he so intently dwelt on ; in other woBds what was
the mantra he muttered to himself and the dhydna or object of
his thought. Purna said : — " Noble son, my only mantra is
the Holy Name of Tfi.muna and my only dhydna is his blessed
iigure (vigraha) which fascinated me as I studied it when he
was bathing in the holy Kaveri waters . "The Guru's Holy
Name is our hymn and his image the object of our loving con-
temj)lation " " as saj- the Sastras. Ramauuja prostrated him-
self before his Guru and returned to Siirangam.

' " 'When the son is ever with the Father," as » Chri.stian would say.

2-^

170 SAIVA BIGOTRY. CH. XXVII.

CHAPTER XXVIl.
CHOLA'S PEBSECUTIOM'S.

It is written : " When the gracious eyes of a good Guru
fall on a person, his salvasion is sure, be he dumb or deaf, fool
or wise, old or young." " Rftniftnuja was .showering his graces on
all in this way ; and was holding hie Vedanta-discourses in
splendid style with a splendid array of disciples, headed by such
illustrious personage.s as KurSsa, Dftsarathi and Devarafc. The
Chola-king, for the time being, happened to be a most bigoted
Saiva. He was bent upon destroying Vishnu temples, and
otherwise prosecuting Vaishnavas, though his son (Vikrama
Ohola. 1113 — 1128 A.C), wisely hinted that he had set to him-
self an impossible task, inasmuch as he could never destroy
the two strong props of the Vaishnavas, the Ttrucdyinozhi of
St. Nammazhvftr and Edmdyana of V4Imiki. The Saiva system
is anti-Vedic, and Vaishnavas condemn it as un-Aryan and
erroneous. The king, then resident at Chidambaram (or Gan-
gaikonda Cholapuram) was so bigotted an adherent of this sys-
tem that he adopted coercive measures to bring men of all
other faiths into its fold. For this purpose, he had a procla-
mation issued in which was wi-itten : " There is no (God)
greater than Siva ;" ' and every one, especially every learned
man, was commanded to affix his signature to the docunient in
proof of his assent to this proposition. Many obeyed either for
fear of being punished, in case of refusal ; or on grounds of con-
science, or enticed by hopes of rewards of land and money from
the king ; and others deserted the country and hid themselves.
Nftlurftn, a disciple of KurSsa, happened to be the king's minis-
ter. " What is the use, your Majesty !" said he " of yonr obtain-
ing signatures fi-om all men indiscriminately. No good purpose
is served thereby. If you can obtain the signature of the two
veterans of the Vaishnava faith, KurSsa and Ram&nuja, living
in Srirangam, that will be a capital stroke of policy, and your
declaration about Siva's pre-eminency will only then have

CH. xxvrr. ramAndja's anxiety. 171

received irrefutable testimony." Chola immediately directed
messengers to go to Srirangam and bring Ea,m-a.uuja. They
arrived and standing- before the gate of the monastery, declared
their errand, and said that Riimanuja must go with them to-
tiie King's Court forthwith. The door-keepers rushed inside'
and whispered the news softly to Kur§3a, • who was then
engaged in serving- bath-water to Eamanuja. Kftr^sa foresaw
the dangers of persecution that threatened ; and without tell-
ing R§,m5,nuja what he meant doing, he donned the colored
robes of RSimanuja, and taking up his tridanda, emerged from
the monastery ; and saying : " I am Rsbmanuja, proceed," to the
King's men, stepped on. M§,h4purna, observing this, followed
Kurfisa on this ominous expedition.

RS,manuja, coming from his bath, called for his colored robe
and staff, but Dasarathi told him that Kui-fisa had worn them
and departed with the King's messengers, who had come for
EamS,nuja, in order to compel them to sign a declaration-
paper maintaining Siva's superiority over all other gods. On
hearing this, Ramanuja exclaimed in sore distress of heart
thus : — " Oh, what will become of KurSsa and Mah&pui-na, in this
war of bigotry ! Pray let me wear the white garments of Kui-63a,
that I may not be discovered by that heretic-chief's myrmi-
dons !" " You must not. Holy Sire, even remain in this spot,"
sabmitted DaSarathi in fear, " lest harm should come to your
valuable life." R§,m§inuja'B fears were further aroused, but he
knew not how he should act in such an emergency ; and so he
hurried to his Chapel — Deity Varada, and made supplication to
him meltingly to ward off the evil which threatened to engulf
them all and to obliterate, by one stroke, all the good work that
had for years been so patiently done. And in giving vent to his
feelings, be prayed in the fashion of St. Bhaktanghri-Renu '
thus : —

"If the luckless Buddhas, Jains and those,
That follow Rudra's feet, in poignant words,

• Read Topic 146 Pp. 161 ff. in our "Divine Wisdom of Dravida
Saints."

' Be<ad his life in our Live? cf Azhvdrs. The verse is the 8th in hie
TiruinS.lai : — " Verupjjodu Samavar, Src"

J72'. i^Ama.vuja priJPCED. en. xxvu.

Do hateful talk of Thee, 0, Lord I Thy slaves,
AVith angnish keen |nerced, sure sickening die.
Hence Tliou, that .swellest. Rana-iiT^i hviic, priiy list^
If chance e'er throws atbwsrt rnv fai-ious patli,
Such God-denyinp souls, but righteous wor-k I wct'ii,
I then antl there their head.s lay low."

" Good God," •• said lie " the Ghola king is very powerful just
Tiow. I leave to Thee how and when thou wilt do away with
him. I will now leave this country : and elsewhere, I will, if
necessary, resort to measures which will liasten this tyrant's
destruction." So saying, he looked nortliward in the direction
of Melkote,' and taking his disciples with him, left Srirangam
with a heavy heart. In the meanwhile, Chola's men coming
to know that It was not the real BAminuja who was trapped,
came in pursuit. B3' this time Ramanuja was crossing a
broad sandy river ; and sighted the pursuers. " What shall
we do P " he cried, addressing his disciples, " let us take hand-
fals of sand and with this maatra ' repeated over it, throw
them in their path as we proceed ; and leave the rest to God.""
They all did as he said. When the royal emiasaries trod oa
the enchanted sand, their feet stuck, and their pursuit was thua-
checked, " Ab, these BrAhmanas have used magic against
us " exclaimed they, and beat back in confusion. Ramfmuja
proceeded now on his way v.-ith Lord Banga for his help.

They threaded their way through ti-aekless wilds and
before they arrived at the. base of the Nilagiri Hills, RamSjiufa
sind his disciples missed each other in tlie wilderness. They
were wandering in search of each other, when one disciple met
a few forest men busy ploughing land. These happened to be
the disciples of Tirumalai Nalian Chakravarti,— an old disciple,
of Ritmanuja. Meeting a Srivaishnava, they naturally felt
thom.selves attached to him; and accosting him asked;—
" Sire, whence art thou coming ?" " From Srirangam, good folk,"

'Or Srl-NarSyaria-puram, on .a hill,. 30 miles north of the city o£
Maisflr.

»The 4th verso: " Kadul-huUht^u" of Pcrivdzhvfir'a Tmmsjf.;
[V-4-4.I

CH. XXVII. UAMAXUJAS WANDKHINGS. 173

he replied. " There, is onv Eamaauja doing well ? Is all going
on well with our blessed Lord Ranga ?" asked they. " Good folk,
where is God ? 'What do we care for His blessed state ? Know
that our Master Raman uja had to desert Sriraugam on account
of Chola's persecutions, and we know not whither he has
strayed away in this wilderness ", replied they in grief. On
hearing thi.«!, the men ceased their work in the fields, and for
six days searched for Ram3.nuja without food and water. On the
sixth night, in the gloom, they heard men's voices. They were
sure the voices were like the voices of Brahmanas. They
listened. Rfl,mfi,nuja's party also had sighted a fire which the
seai'ching party had lit on a field to warm themselves. For it
was a dark night, rainy and chilly. Ramanuja had reached
the foot of a hill and his other disciples had joined him. They
were all wet and hungry and shivering with cold. And Ramsl-
nuja, after descrying the light, was asking his disciples tot
carry him thither. The search-party guessed already they
must bo the objects of their search ; but of course were riot
sure ; and so, as soon as they heard their conversation, cried
out : — " Hither, sirs, come hither, we shall show you the way."
They joined one another. The guests were led to the blazing,
fire and warmed ; dry clothes were provided and every service
was gladly rendered to make them comfortable. And then they
inquired : " Whence are you all coming, sirs ?" " From Sri-
rangam," they said. " What is our Ramajiuja doing there ?"
they queried. Ra,mauuja kept silent, but his disciples asked ; —
" How do ye, good men, know Eamsinuja ?" " Sirs," they said,
'• our guru is Nallftn Chakravarti. ' The last advice he left
with us was that R&mS,nuja should be cherished in our hearts
as the Grand Guru ; and that His holy feet alone were our Way
to salvation. Thus we know Ramfinuja." " Then here he is."
So saying, they pointed out Ramanuja amongst them. On this

^ This- was the personage who performed oreination to. a Chandila's.
dead body which came floating down the Vaigai river near K4nchi, inas-
much as the body bore the marks of Discus and Conch, the Bymbofs
of Tishnu. The townsfolk resented this, but Lord Varada said. —
' ibinl®s^uQuiT60&iirm, isu>iQis&ieiiirair,^ i.e., "He ia bad to you^
tut good to me."'

174

FOllEST-MEN AND KONGIL. CH. XXVll.

discovery, they fell on their faces and clinging fondly to his feet,
wept for joy. They then hi-oughfc grain and honey in abund-
ance ; and new pots, in which to fry the former, pound it into
powder, and mix with honey and eat it. Ramanuja and his
men gratefully partook of the same, after having been greatly
exhausted by journeys and elemental inclemencies ; nnd retired
for a long-wished-for rest.

The next morning, they were all up and prepared to
continue their journey northwards towards the hills and
beyond. One of the forest-men and one disciple ' were
chosen to carry tidings to Srlrangam and inquire how it fai-ed
with KurSaa ; and the rest— forty-five disciples, it is written—
journeyed noi-thward, guided by the forest-men. They perform-
ed about six days' journey and i-eached a certain fastness in
the heart of the Nilagiri Hill range, where the chief of the
forest-men lived. The chief was gone out hunting. The guides
conducted their holy party however to his house, where they
were introduced to the chief's wife, whom, as their high mis-
tress, they addressed thus : — " Madam, these holy men are our
Gurus ; we commend them to your care. Pray attend to all
their wants, and whatever it may cost, debit it to us and write
off the same in the accounts against wages due to us by your
master." Thus entrusting their holy burden to good hands,
they departed. The chief now returned from his hunting, and
was told all. " How can we eat, while these good men are
hungry," he said, and despatched his men to conduct them to
a neighbouring village, to the house of a Br&hmana, named
Kattalai-v&ri, sending an abundance of provisions to entertain
them with, without the least delay. The messengers saw this
done and returned and reported the same to their chief.

The wife of Kattalai-vari was the reputed Kongil-piratti
or Chel^iichal&mba '. She prostrated herself before them
and asked whether she might not cook for them. They replied
in the negative. " To whose feet, sirs, do ye belong ?" she

' This is said to be Maruti-y-^nddu. Another, Ammangi-amm^l, is
said to have also accompanied them.

' For brevity, we shall call her Kovgil,

CH. XXVII. KOSGIL'S ACCOUNT. 175

inquired. " R§,ma,nuja," they replied. " Doubt not, sirs, I
also belong to liim," rejoined she. " Strange, pray give an
account how that came about," asked, the guests. ."Sirs,"
she began, " once rains failed, and famine was on the land. We
therefore left our native land and went to Srirangam ; where
myself and my husband engaged a house, living on the second
floor thereof. I was daily watching Rstmanuja emerging into
the streets, after his morning's duties in the temple were ful-
filled, for the sake of entering seven houses to collect his daily
alms. As his holiness strolled in the streets like a very god on
earth, many people fell at his feet ; among the number I parti-
cularly observed Akalankanatt-azhv4,n, the husband of Tripurab-
d6vi. One day, Eam9,nuja entered my poor house. Observing
it, I ran down the stairs and stood behind a door, attentive.
" Good dame, " what is in thy mind," he asked me^ and I
humbly said: — "Holy Sire, thou comest a-begging to poor
peoples' houses, whilst I see kings fall at thy feet in the
streets. Please solve this mystery for me." He said : — " Dear
daughter, I tell these men bits of news about God ; and they be-
come attached to my person. And it is my duty to go to poor
houses, and go anywhere where there may be people who wish
to hear good tidings of God." Then, Holy Father," said I.
" may I not be the recipient of a little of it ?" " Surely," said
he, " and he told me what was good for me and took his depar-
ture. Now rains fell, and famine had left our land, and we
resolved to join our native country; but I had forgotten
the good advice given to me by Ramanuja. I was troubl-
ed and did not know what to do. As I was pensive how-
ever, RS,m§-nuja suddenly dropped into our poor house
again. I ran down the stairs to meet him and excusing
myself for my bad memory, begged of him to tell the
tidings of God once more to me, as I was about to leave Sri-
rangam for my native village . Looking upon me graciously,
he impressed upon me once more the Dvaya-mantra, along
with the Holy Names of all the Apostles of our faith, God
downwards and ending with himself. He was leaving me ; but
I entreated him to stay a while and bestow on me something
which I might carry in remembrance and which 1 might

176 KOXGII/S TKSTS. CH XKVII.

worship as my saviour. And he was so kind as to grant me his
holy sandals. And then myself and my husband returned
honie with this blessed gift- Never since have I liad the joj-
of seeing RamSiUuja again. It is many years ago now.'' Rania-
nuja heard all this, but he was half in cognito, wearing the
white garments of KArfiSa and many daj'S had gone past, so
that Kongil had not recognised him yet. Learning, as he did,
the account given, he gave her permission to cook and com-
manded a disciple of his to watch her performances. She left and
her procedure was thus : — By repeating : ' Blessed be Rania-
nuja,' she sprinkled her head with water .so consecrated. She
washed the whole house with cowdung and water, took fresh
pots, and wearing a clean washed cloth, cooked meaLs, all the
time mutturing the holy prabandha, and after placing the viands
in clean baskets, entered into her chapel. Hei-e she placed
RS.mEi.nuja's sandals on a raised dais, and repeating ; " Rama-
nuja's Holy Feet are my sole refuge," ofEeied the viands she
carried, and returning to the guests, begged them to wash
their feet and get ready to discuss the meals before it became
cold. The disciple, told out to watch her, was now called aside
by RSimanuja to give an account and he recounted exactly all
that she did, but he said : — " It was dark in the chapel. There
were two black objects, which looked long, which she worship-
ped and to which she offered food." " Danghter," called her
RSimanuja, " please let us see what you worshipped in the dark."
She brought them and said :— " Holy Sire, these are the sandals
of my Rdimdinuja, which he gave to me at Srirangam. I daily
worship them and eat only after offering food to them. And
this day I did the same. Nothing more." Ramanuia mea-
sured them with his feet, and said :—" Carious enough, they
suit me ; but come here, daughter." She appi-oached and he
whispered into her ears thus : — " Daughter, know that these
disciples of mine are very strict. They see the sandals suit my
feet, but this does not quite satisfy them however, please let me
hear what B^mflnuja taught thee." Kongil repeated the mantra
taught her before. " Good, but dost thou discover Ramanuia
in this band ? " asked Ramanuja. Kongil returned inside and
bringing a light examined RamauujVs feet, and exclaimed :--

C«. XXVli. nAMA.NOTA JOURNEYS ON. J??

" Sire, Toui- feet are indeed like Ramanuja's, but you wear wliite
robes which he did not and could not as a SanyAsin. I am con-
fused, Father." RS,mS.nu.ja, moved by her anxiety and no longer
wishing to hide himself from her said : — " Dear daughter, I
am Raminuja." On hearing this, her confusion turned into joy
and wonder. She fell on her face and nestling to his feet,
wept for joy. " ]Dif3ciples," said R&.m4nuja, turning to them .
" now there need be no more hesitation on your part to eat her
food. Sri Krishna ate Vidura's food, for it was pure and
gooii. ' Such is our Kongil's food. Go and eat." Tliey did
so, but RamS.nuja did not. So Kongil was troubled and cried :
" But how about you, father ? " " Daughter," he said, " you
Rteo the food has been offered to my sandals. So I cannot eat
that.'* " Then, father," said she, " I shall bring milk and
fruits ; offer them to your God and eat." R'imanuja did so,
and all then rested, steeped in tliss.

The devout Kongil collected the remnants of food left,
after they all ate, and taking it and the joot-washed water of
Il3,m£iinuja to her husband, who was sleeping aloft, roused him
and let him eat. But he saw her fasting. " Why dost thou
not eat, dear ?" asked he. " Lord," she answered, " EAmS,-
nuja and his disciples have come to our house from Sri-
rangam, and they have slept away without taking food."
" What can I do, lady ?" he asked. " Cannot you, Lord, be-
come Eamanuja's disciple ?" " If yon please," said he. On
obtaining this promise on the ruse, she ate and went to rest
after her bard day's loving labour. Next day, she awoke and
approaching Ea,manuja, entreated him to stay yet longer, and
deign to take her husband to his fold by administering to him
necessary Vaishnava-sacraments. He gladly consented and
did every thing needed and reading to them many a useful
lesson for their future welfare, sojourned in. their good home
for a few days, and taking leave of the good pair by blessing
them, pui-sued his journey.

' r?5U5nf^^ l^rWSir^ifEr. LHaMbhdrata, Udycga: 90-42.]

17S SALIGRAltil. CPl. XXVIII.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

RAMANUJA AND MAISUB.

The Nilagiri Range "was thus traversed, and threading their
Tvay with toil north-west, * they reached Vahni-Pushkarini °.
Resting here for a few days, they made their way to MithilS.-
Saligr&ma.' Here they found the place full of VJra-Saivas, or
staunch adherents of Sivaism, who gave the new arrivals scant
or no welcome. R§,m§inuja hit upon a method to turn their
minds. He called DS.Sarathi to his side and said: — "Son,
here is the fountain fi'Om which the village folk carry their
drinking vrater for their households. Unnoticed by them, dip
your feet into the water and watch the efEect." He did as bid.
The villagers drank the water and their hostility for the new
comers turned into civility. They even went so far as to
become R&m§.nuja's followers in Faith. A memento of this
incident of the water, magnetized by the holy feet of the best of
his disciples, effecting a miracle, is to this day still preserved in
the shape of a small shrine erected on the spot, in which are in-
stalled the feet of RS,md.ntija for devout worship by all, and
the holy fountain is close by, connected with the shrine by a
flight of steps, by which every pilgrim descends into it and
reverently sprinkles the waters over his head. " The town
deserves the name of Sdligrdma, i. e., the stone symbol of
Vishnu," said R^md.nuja in joy, on account of this strange event.

Of the many who embraced the Faith here, the chief was
Vadu'^'a-nanibi or Andhra-parna, * who became a most devout
and intiiiiate foiioT^-sr Eamanii^a taught him all the arcane
tri-,tr:s of vel-gion for days, in the Temple of the Lord Nara-

'iie exact route is not recorded » Novr known as Mirle and Sk\U

},-, ''!^ "'•'' °"'" information goes, grama, two villages, about 30 miles

ir'^iiiL;r>'jja Beems to have followed west of Mysore.

The coin>.- of the KS,veri as far as * The Shrine above named belongs

v^atyamangaiam, then taking a to the descendants of this disciple

uliord line, reach Kfi,v6ri again at who are related to myself, the writer

Kamanathapurara. of this book. The village is reput-

" Kamnathpur, on the K^veri ed to be unaffected by cobra-poison

Kiver, about 40 uiilee west of for Ramauuin is Scsha '
Mysore.

oil. XXVni. KING VITIIALA-DEVA. 179

simha, in the outskirts of the village. And here also, it is
chronicled, IiS,m§,nuja prayed fervently to Lord SrinivS,sa of
Tirupati to put an end to the cruel Parintaka or the Chola king
and heretic, his tormentor, persecutor and the declared enemy of
the Srivaishnava-faith. It would appear that this intense
invocation to the Doity produced its efEect inasmuch as Ch6la
found a carbuncle — the Icing's evil — forming on the nape of his
neck, festering with worms, and eventually killing him after
much torment. Hence he is known as Krimihantha ChSla, or
v!07-m-necked Ch6]a.

R&m&nuja now left Sfijligrebma and proceeded eastwards
to Tondanur, which seems to have been then the capital or a
capital outpost of the Hoysala Ballala kings of the Jain
persuasion ruling at Dvsbra-samudra or HalSbid.^ Vithala-
Deva-Raya was the name of the ruling king and he had his
head quarters at the time, at Tondanur." He had a daughter
whom an unclean spirit had taken possession. The king had
called many physicians and magicians to treat her, but it was all
in vain , and he was very grieved. There v/as a good man
in the town by name Tondanur-Nambi, who lived by alms. He
used to frequent the palace, and one day finding the queen, SS,n-
ta|a-D6vi ° in grief, asked her the cause thereof. She explained
that it was due to the condition in which her daughter was
found, who even shamelessly ran about the streets naked, and
did other antic things, all in consequence of the devil which
had entered into her. T. Nambi said : " Noble Queen, may
I tell you that a great and holy man, by name Sdmslnuja,
has arrived at our town. I have become his disciple ; and
I have learnt that he once treated a similar case to that
of your daughter, and succeeded in delivering a princess
from an evil spirit — a Brahma-rakshas.^ If you will get him

' Vide Rice's Gazetteer of Mysore.

^ Known now as Tonnur, about 16 miles north, of Mysore on the
way to Melukote. Even so late as 1316 A.O. the kings used to retire ta
Tondanur. [Pp : 241-2 Vol. I Rice's " Mysore Gazetteer."]

' See p. 41 Introdi : Eic&'s " Belagola Inscriptions."

* See pages 41, 42.

2gO KING'S ixviTATioT*. cn. xxvirr.

to see your daughter with his graeioas eyes, I hare hopes of a
speedy cure for her." The queen -was ovei'joyed at this revela-
tion and commuuicated it at once to her royal spouse. He
said:— "Lady, if Hamsbniija will cast the devil out of our
daughter and restore her to a sense of shame, we shall fall at
his feet aud accept him as our guru."

In the meanwhile, the Icing intended to give a feast to liia
caste-nicn, the Jainas who ahounded in the country. The queen
however warned her husband thus: — "Lord, thou givesfc a
feast no doubt, but thy castemen, the Jainas, will reject thy
invitation on the score- that thou art wanting in a finger of thy
hand." " How can they dare refuse a king's invitation 'i"
said the king irritated, and consulted his kinsmen about
it. Tlioy said : — " King, the Turushka ' emperor of Dellii,
captured tliee and thy counti-y ; and set a mark on thee to
show that thou hadst lost thy independence and sovereignty,
by depriving thee of a finger. But our custom does not allow
•us to eat in the house of a finger-less man. Dost thou forget
thou art called Bitti-ihva,, " or the_^»g'ea--Lord ?. We refuse to
eat in thy house." This greatly incensed the king and be
vowed vengeance against them.

The queen approached Bitti-deva and said : — " Lord, why
art thou concerned thus ? What care we for our kinsmen ? Let
US dissociate ovrselves from their community and join the
Vaishnava ranks by becoming disciples of EfLm^nnja. Hast
thou forgotten what our Nambi told us about him ? Aud is
not our mad daughter also to be set right ?" " Well said, we
shall at once send for Esbmsinuja," said Bitti-deva, and sent out
men to invite RSmanuja to his palace. But when the men
delivered their message to KS,manuja, who had camped outside
the town limits, he told them that he would not plant his foot
in kings' cities. Nambi was there at the time. He rose and.
falling before Efl,m3inuja, pleaded thus : — " Holy Sire, we
beseech thee not to be so determined, but enter the king's hoiise.

' Or Turk, a g^eneral name for all foreign invaders, except ihe Yava-
uas aiul the Fcrin-jhecs. Eead A. BartU'g ReligioriS of India •■ P. 211.
'Coiiverleil inio Sanskrit as I't'fffiafa-deva.

en. XXTIII. VISUNU-VARDHANA-KAYA. 181

He will be an iuvalaablc gain to our faith. Melukote or Tiru-
Na,rayana-piiram,^ about •which thou hast been dreaming, is
sibilate in this king's donainions. Thy desire is to restore this
old and forgotten place of worship. To do this we want
a king to espouse the cause. So we earnestly pray thee
not to reject the king's overtures. Enter his house and
■shower on him thy graces." Riim&nuja was won by this
persuasion and immediately made his entry into the city and
tlie king's mansion. Bitti-deva was elated with joy, and as the
holy sage advanced, he ran to him and threw himself at his
feet. E3im3.nuja made kind inquiries, and entering the royal
apartments was told the sad plight in which the king's daugh-
ter was. He commanded his disciples to have the girl brought
before him and sprinkle her with the water made holy by the
washing of his feet. This they did. And lo, the evil spirit
left her ; she was no more demented but returned to a sense
of shame, ran into the inner apartments and shrouding herself
in garments, returned and fell before RamS-nuja, saying : " Holy
Saint, thou art no ordinary mortal. Thou art a celestial being
descended from heaven. Else I should not have recovered.^
Praise be to thee. I bow to thee." Vitthala-deva was simply
carried out of himself on witnessing these miracles, and need-
less to say, at once became a disciple of RamS/Uuja, and
devoted himself to his service for ever. BimElnuja bestowed on
him the name of Vishnu-Vardhana-R&ya.*

' Baminuja knew of tMs from the all the indms, destroyed 790 Baati

Tddavagiri-Mdhdtmya contained in temples, and set up Pancha NarS,-

the Ndrada and the MatsyaVuT^na,s. yanas, viz: — Chennigi-Narayana at

^The Indian Antiquary Vol. II. BMiiru, K{rti-Nfi,r4yana at TalaHdu,

May 1S73 quotes a passage from Viiaya-KS,rS,yana at Gadugu, and

Sr^vana Belagula Sthalapnrana Lakshmi-Nar3,yaiia at Haradana-

thns : — "In Saka year 1039, Dur- halli, transferring to these all the

TOuklii ( = lli7 A. C), Betta-var- si-dstfcv»s or iu^™s that had former-

dhana, under the taunts of his ly been given to the Basti temples,

favourite ooncnl)ine(?)and the argn- He built the tank at Tondauuru

ments of Eam§.nujachArya, received from the stones of the destroyed

Tapta-mudra (mark of religion) and Basti temples and called it Xiru-

thus became a convert to the Vaish- malasHgara.^ Having ^ abolished

rvava religion. He then changed his different kinds of .Jaina indms

iame to Vishriu-vardhana, andwith * * * he established below

a bitter hatred against this (Jaina) this tank Tirnmalas^gara chatra for

religion, discontinued or abolished the feeding of the Eamannja-kuta,

18-2 VICTORY ovan .iaixas. ch. xxviu.

The Jainas rose in rerolfc against RAmAnuja. It is said
that a body of 12,000 of them marched to R-Ebrailnuja, who had
taken his abode in Lord Nrisimha's temple at Tondanur, and
demanded of him that he should first argue with them on
religion and philosophy, before he interfered with their king.
Rfi,m4nuja seeing this tremendous onslaught of an infuriated
crowd, thought to himself thus : — " In order to escape from
lightning, I have courted thunder ; fearing the scorpion, I
have fallen a victim to the fangs of a cobra ; breaking awaj'
from fetters, I have thrust myself into stocks. What is tiie
way now ? " Nambi, finding his guru thus embarassed, said : —
" Holy Sire, thou art no ordinai-y mortal. Is not it thy
worth while at such a crisis to reveal thy true celestial nature ?
May not all men realize thy greatness and be saved ? " Ramd.-
nuja, saying : "let it be so then," retired into an ante-chamber
in the temple, and commanding a curtain to be hung up
between him and the crowd, became a thousand-headed sej--
pent,' and argued with the Jaina disputants in a thousand
ways, vanquishing them completely. This incident is memo-
rialized to this day by means of a painting of R^mtknaja, over-
shadowed by the thousand heads of Sdsha, on a wall in the
I^risimha temple, existing to this day in good repair in Tonda-

<Contiiiued) foot note on page 181.

He gave the name of MelukSte and A. C). So ES,m§,nuja must have

7irun&r&yanaparam to the village lived tor not leas than 20 years in

of Doddaguruganahalli, constrncted the Mysore country. Mudally&n-

several temples and places, and d&n (Oisarathi) was deputed to

caused steps to be erected to the Belfir (=Velapura) to inaugnrate

liill of Melnkote." According to the NS,r4yana there. So sings the

BelAr inscription : N&rayana Pra- verse :—
tishthft took place in ' 1039. S '(1117

^^■fQeiasrsx ^^esn^eam ujr^eiBmwu^^Q^isurr yearns

[P : 218. Kam&nuja-Divya-Charitam J

iKamannja being known as the Xdi-S^aka, is the Lakslimana of Eima-
yana, and Ealarama of Maha-Bhfirata [See p : xiv.— onr Jthagavad-gitA
with It4m&nnja's commentary .J

en. xxvin.

TANK COSSTRDCTED.

183

nur (calledCliaturvedi-mangalam.) Most of them embraced
the Vaishnava faith by becoming the disciples of E.&m3,nuja.
Vishnu- Vardhana, the king of the Poysala (Hoysala) oountry
became more and more attached to Etlmanuja. Out of the
materials of Jain temples pulled down, he got a tank con-
Btructed, intercepting the drainage of the river YS.dara coming
down from M61uk6te or Y&davSigiri, 10 miles to the north.'

* A few notes bearing on these
events may be of use to the reader.

(A) Bice'B Mysore Qaeetteer Vol. II,
p. 274 [1897] :— " Moti Tal&b" or
lake of pearls, a large tank at Ton-
nAr in Seringapatua Talnq. It is
formed by an embankment carried
across a gap between two rocky
hills, which stems the water of the
Yfidava-hadi and other mountain
torrents that there unite their
Btrenms. The mound, whose di-
mensions are given as 78 cubits
high, 150 long, and 250 thick at the
base, is said to have been constrnot"
ed by Eftmannjftchftrja, the Sri
Vaishnava Br&hman reformer, who
had taken tip his abode at the neigh-
bouring town of MSluk6te. He
named the tank TirumalasAgara."

(B) Ihid, Vol. I, p. 4,74, .— " He
(BAmanuja) then travelled over
great part of Southern India, de-
fending and expounding the Vaish-
nava creed. He established seve-
ral_mathB, the principal one being
at Ahobala. He also converted or
restored many Siva temples to the
worship of Vishnu, among others
the celebrated temple of Tirupati.
The Chola King Karikala Chola,
in whose dominion Sri Banga was
situated, was an nn-compromising
Baiva, and on Eam&nujach§rya'8
return thither after these religions
successes ho was required in com-
mon with all the Brihmans to
subscribe to a declaration of faith
in Siva. To escape persecution
he fled to the Hoysala kingdom in
Mysore. Here he converted from
the Jain faith the king thencefor-
ward known as Vishnuvardhana,
the date assigned to this event

being 1117 (?). Having put down
the Jains by the severest mea-
sures, be settled under the royal
favour and protection at Melukdte,
and there established his throne,
which is still occupied by the gam
known as the ParakS,lasv3,mi (?)
After twelve years, onthe death of
the Chola king, he returned to Srt-
ranga and there ended his days."

(C) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 338.— An im-
portant event in his (Ballala or
Bittideva) career was his conver-
sion from the Jain faith to that of
Vislinu by the apostle EimS,nnj&-
chS,rya, who had taken refuge in
the Hoysala territory from the
persecutions of the Chola king, an
uncompromising Saiva. This step,
accompanied by a change of his
name to Vishnuvardhana, by which
he is principally known, was pro-
bably taken in about 1117 (?). Diffe-
rent reasons are given for it. One
is that he had a daughter who was
possessed : the Jains being unable
to efiect her cure, it was underttiken
by Bam4nnja, who cast out the evil
spirit, and further, in eighteen days
of public disputation, refuted tha
Jains and convicted them of heresy g
those who after this would not
submit being ground in oil-mills (?)
Another version is, that the king
had a Vaishnava wife who, by in-
stigation of BamS.nuja, hinted to
him that the Jaina priests were so
haughty they would not even accept
food at his hands. He was indig-
nant at the idea and resolved to put
it to the proof. Now the king had
lost a finger, a mutilation that
would prevent the Jain priests from
eating with him. When, therefore,

134

GAZETTEER NOTES.

CU. XXV III.

(Continued) foot note on page 183.

ho found himself dishonoured by a
refusal of his invitation, he went
over in resentment to the other
side, and abandoned the Jains to
persecution. ]lj.m3,naja demolished
nearly all the Jain temples at the
capital, said to have been 720 in
iinmher, and used the stones in
embanking the large tank."

(D) Ibid, rol. II, p. 295 :— "« *
Subsequently, about 1117, (?) R5,ma-
nuj^charya, the celebrated apostle
of the Vishnuvite sect, on fleeing
from Dravida to avoid a confession
of faith prescribed by the ChoK
llaja to be ma4e by all his subjects,
which was to establish the supe-
riority of Siva over Vishnu, took
refuge in the Mysore country,
where he succeeded in converting
from the Jain faith the powerful
Hoysala king, Bitti-Deva, thence-
forth known as Vishnuvardhana.
This royal convert conferred on his
apostle and his followers the tract
of country on each side of the riVer
Kaveri at Srirangapatna, known
by the name of Ashtagrama or
eight townships, over which he
appointed his own officers under the

ancient designations oE Prabhus
and HebbSrs."

(B) Rice's S ravana lielr/ola Inscrip-
tions (No. 53)! P. 4S :— (Sautala-Devi,
Queen of Vishnuvardhana). " Some
details are also given of lier family,
from which it appears that her
father was the senior preggado
Narasinga, a Saiva, while her
mother was Machikabbe, a devoted
Jaina. The conflict between lier
own position as a Jaina and as the
queen of the now Vaishnava
monarch Vishira-vardhana is recon-
ciled by the suitement that Jinaud.-
tha was her favourite and Vishnu
her God."

Rice's Mysore Gazetteer Vol. II, P.
850.— "Belur, in the Pura,nas and
ancient inscriptions, bears the name
of Velapura and Vclnr, and is
styled the Dakshina V4raji3isi or
Southern Benares. Its sanctity is
due to the celebrated temple of
Chenna-Kesara, erected and endow-
ed by the Hoysala King Vishnuvar-
dhana, on the occasion of his
exchanging the Jain faith for that
of Vishnu, in the beginning of the
12th century."

OH. XXIX. M:ELDK0TE or SRt-NARAYANAPUllAM. 185

CHAPTER XXIX.

MELITKOTE OR SBi-NARAYANAPURAM.

Ramanuja was thus employed. He not only expounded
the profound truths of tlie Ved4nta in Nrisimha's temple at
Tondanur, but with those truths converted thousands of alien
faiths to the royal roads of Vedantic Vaishnavism. While
thus employed he ran short of Tiruman,^ or the holy white
earth, with which Srivaishnavas are required to illumine their
foreheads. To go without this distinguisliing mark " is the
greatest misfortune to Sri-Vaishnavas. Naturally therefore
Ramanuja was much concerned. He had a dream in which Lord
Sri-NSriyanaof Melukote appeared and spoke thus : — " I am very
Eear thee, RaniEinuja, on the Yadugiri hill, awaiting thy arrival ;
and there thou shalt have thy TtTuman ' also as well. Come
soon." R&manuja awoke and related his wonderful dream to all
his comrades, and sending for Vishnu-Vardhana, the king,
delivered to him the message. The king marvelled and im-
mediately ordered gangs of men to clear the forests in the
direction indicated by Ramsinuja, and as Ramebnuja advanced,
the king devoutly followed him behind. Steadily progressing
thus, they arrived at the foot of the Yadugiri hill, and ascend-

^ Some notes from Rice's Epiqra- digging the Vf hole substance out of
phica Carnataka Vol. III. p .- 20, are the beds in which it lies, and throw-
here added : " — Inscription 80 Sr. ing it into l^rge vessels of water,
records the grant of the title to the it is stirred about; and while the
sacred earth at Melukote, which, it mica swims, the iagments of quart*
is said, was discovered by Emberu- remain at the bottom and are taken
mlinar, or Ramanujacharya, the out by the hand. The mica is then
great Vaisliiiava reformer. It is a allowed to subside and forms into
iine white clay or decayed schistose a mass, which is divided into small
mica, which is used by the Srivaish- pieces, and afterwards made into
nava Urahmans for making the balls by being moistened in water.
iiAina or sectarian marks on their Tiiese are sold for use, and are per-
foreheads; and is in such demand fectly white" ^Buchanan, I. 34S].
for this purpose, on account of its ° Cp. (a) " We sign the sor-
purity, that it is transported to vants of God in their foreheads "
distant places, even as far as [Rev. 7. 3J.

Benares. It is fabled to have been (b) " Which have not the seal of

brought to Melukote by Garutm§,n, God in their foreheads" [Rev. 9. 4].

the bird of Vishnu, from SwSta- (c) "Having his Father's name

dvlpa in the Kshirasamudra or written in their foreheads" [Rev,

milk-oeeaii. 14. 1].

" Somo Vaishnavas work it by

M

186 NAEArANA DISCOVERED. CH. XXIX.

ing it, arrived at the fountain called Vedapuslikarini, and
sighting the holy slab, (jparidhdnasila). wlsci-e of yore Dat-
tatreya had worn his ascetic i-obes, RamSnuja bathed in the
fountain and laying aside KurSsa's white ivbes, worn when leaving
Srirangam, put on his colored ascetic robes. The date of entry
into Yadugiri is chronicled as the Ba,hudbanya year, in the month
of Tai (or about 1090 A. C, or when Bamjinuja was about 80
years of age).' From the VSua-pushkarini, they silently
walked forward in search of where LordKarayana (I'.e, His statue)
lay hidden. They failed that day to find the place R&manuja
however saw in a vision vouchsafed to him that He lay covered
up in an ant-hill, between a Champaka and a Vakula tree on
either side, and to the south-west corner of the Kaiy9.ni-pond,
and that the ant-hill was overgrown with the sacred basil. He
also saw that the place where tiruman was deposited lay to the
north-west corner of the same Kaly§,ni-pond, and he also heard
as if Nflj.-8yana telling him that fragments of basil leaves would
be strewn along the path which lay between R&manuja and the
places indicated, Rfi,m&nuja awoke from his reverie and followed
the directions given. This led to Kalyani, and thence on to the
ant-hill. This was covered with basil as prophesied. RSjmanuja.
was transported with joy and prostrating himself before the
place, removed the earth, andlo, the statue of Narayana was-
found underneath. Inexpressible joy animated the devout band
who were privileged to be present on this most auspicious and
blissful occasion ; and the divine sight to intoxicated them that
they deliriously danced, chanted praises, sent forth peals of
hand-clappings and ejaculations, and with king Vishnu-vardhana
in their midst, celebrated the occasion with a blast of trumpets
and a beat of tom-toms and a burst of instrumental and other
music — all, a united outburst and demonstration of the intense
spiritual glow in which they had become enveloped by an event,
the most unusual and extraordinary in the annals of mankind.
Pails of milk were brought and emptied over the Holy Statue

• Mr. Kice puts 1117 A.C., as the year of Bitti-Deva's conversion.
This must be wrong. Bahiiclhaiiya tallies with 1099, A.C., when ES,-
mSiiiuja was exactly 82 years of ago.

en. XXIX. UAMAPIUVA AT UELHI. 187

followed by a detail of ritual prescribed by the Pancharatra
S&stra. Ramslnuia himself personally worshipped the Deity for
three days, and Narayana was thus reinstalled after ages of
oblivion, and the decad of St. Nammazhvar, beginning with
Oru-ndyaJcam [Tiruvilymozhi, v-i], was dedicated to this God,
inasmuch as R§,ma.nuja was the rightful inheritor of all the
spiritual wealth of the apostles preceeding him, ' and was thus
the authority to interpret forgotten traditions.

R4m§,nuja next proceeded to the north-weH* corner of the
KalyS.ni-pond, and made a furrow on the ground with his holy
staff. It revealed white beds of clay, and thus was another act
of his vision realized, to the marvel of all present. Ramanuja
thus obtained the holy earth he wanted, (described in the begin-
ning of this Chapter), with which he signed himself on the
twelve parts of the body jDrescribed, and to his great delecta-
tion.

The jungle over the summit of the Melukota (T&davagiri)
hill was cleared away, streets were aligned, rows of houses
built, a temple erested for Lord Ni.rSyana over the ant-hill ;
and a series of festivals, monthly, annual and so on were insti-
tuted. But an utsava (processional) image was wanting — an im-
age cast of a compound of five select metals in fixed proportions.
But this was difficult of accomplishment, and Etoijinuja fell to
musing deeply as to how this difficulty was to be overcome. He
was again given a vision, in which Warayana appeared to him
and spoke thus : — " Ram&nuja, our moveable representative is
alive, named Ramapriya, which is now in Delhi with the Turk
Emm§.du Raya. Proceed there and bring it. R§,m4nuja
accordingly made preparations and journeyed all the way to
Delhi and there meeting the Raya or king, prevailed upon him
to grant his request. The Turk king gave oi-ders that Ram4-
nuja be taken to the apartments where his plundered treasures
were hoarded. There were many idols, but Ramanuja failed
to find among them Ramapriya; and he fell into a reverie as he

1 Read vorse : ejijis/S Qu;§isiSit^^ [Uamannja's Umlyaii by Auaii-
dizhvaii oi" Ariuritasuri.]

188 SAMPATKUMAttA INSTALLED. CH. XXIX.

pondered how to trace it. He was given a dream in which
Eamapriya appeared and said : — " I am with the daughter of
the king. She has made a plaything of mo. To her dally-
ings and caresses, I am a living per.son. Come thei-e and find
me." RAm&nnj.i awoke and reported to the king that the idol
he sought was with the Sult^ni. The king's curiosity was
roused at the revelations, a foreign SanyS,sin of a different
persuasion was making to him; and not only curiosity but respect
and adoration for the holy saint. The King took the Sanyiisin
Ramftnuja into the seraglio, where no other man dared enter ;
and wonderful f o relate, R^mapriya was there found, fondled by
the Sultftni, his daughter, to whom He played the husband.
Ramtouja, entering, called Him by His name, and lo, the Image
■jumped down from the couch on which the Sultani had placed
Him, and walked to where Rftm&nuja Stood, in all the glory and
grace of an incarnated deity, embellished accoi-ding to all the
ideals of taste natural to Aryan imagination. RamS<nuja
embraced the advancing Divine Beauty with all the fondness of
a parent finding his long -lost son ; and in commemoration of the
discovery, called him by the endearing name of Selva-p-pillai,
which in Samskrit is Sampatkumfira, by which name the Image
is still called. The king, who witnessed all this procedure was
simply astonished beyond measure, and loading Rftmanuja with
gifts and honors, sent him back from the scene of his holy
mission.

The daughter Snltfi,ni would not bear the separation from
the, to her, living doll. She wanted it back for herself. But
the father said : " It is their god, daughter ; how can we claim
Him ? " " Then," cried the Sultani piteously to her father :
" Send me with my God. " Most cheerfully," said the father,
and allowed her to depart with untold wealth and other
things, telling Ram^nuja : — " Holy hermit, thy God goes
not alone, but with a wife as well — a precious wife. I con-
sign her to thy care." RamSaiuja proceeded with his Divine
treasure, and reached TS/davagiri in due time. Here he
inaugurated Sampat-kumftra in all ceremony, and instituted all
the festivals which must be celebrated throughout the year,
with the necessary establishment to conduct them for all time to

CH. XXIX.

THE MOSLEMS (EMMAD)

189

come.' And Ra,mS,nuja assured all who made Yadavagiri their
holy residence, that they would be entitled to attain to the
same spiritual state as himself. By the name Narayan&dri in

' Our readers, we are sure, would
like to have some historical light
thrown on this most curious inci-
dent in the life of Kflmauuja. We
shall try how far it can be thrown.
The word Emmadu is n, clue, — a
philological clue which comes to
our help. EmmS4u is a most pro-
bable corruption of the word Ma-
hommed, Mahmud, Ahmed, Masiid
or Modild. These are the names
of the Turk Kings of Ghazni and
Malimiid of Ghor, at the period
between about 1090 and 1102, A 0.
1090 A.C., is the probable year of
KS.in^nuja'B entry into Yadavagiri
or Melukote ; and the probable j'ear
in which or before which the Jain
King of the Hoysalas, Vittala-dera,
was converted to Vaishnavism, re-
ceiving the name of Vishnu-var-
dhana. The death of this king was
about 1133 A.C., as we learn from
Rice's Srslvana Belagola Inscrip-
tions. '[Introd : p. 23].

Pur&nas (read Y&iavagiri-M&h&t-
mya) tell us that BUmapriya, the
image descended as a holy heritage
from B4ma of the Solar Eace to
Kusa his son and came to Krishna
of the Lunar Kace, as dowry, who
worshipped Him as his tutelary
God.

Mahmud (^Emmddu ?) or Mahom-
med of Ghazin's various expedi-
tions into India are known, and His
foundation of the Musulman Em-
pire at Lahore in A.O. 1022 [See
p. 6, Oh. II, Lethbridge's History
of India], the sack of the SomnS,th
Temple in A.C. 1026-27, when Raj-
put princes from all parts flocked to
defend their holiest shrine assem-
bled In the sacking and booty
obtained thus from various parts,
Ramapriya appears to have been
carried away. How He was car-
ried away from Melnk&te is buried
in the obscure tradition of pre-
historic days. MahmM died in
A.C. 103a Ahmed {Emmdda?)

succeeded him, and then came
Masud the Second (Emviddu?) in
A.O. 1098 who resided chieflj' at
Lahore, and whose generals carried
his arms beyond the Ganges [vide
p 305, Elphinstoue's History of
India]. Then comes Modud (Em-
mad ?), and lastly Mahmud (Em-
mild) of Ghor. The latter establish-
ed the Delhi empire no doubt in
1131, but he had exploited often in
India. But he might be left out
of account for our purpose;

Eamapriya's image seems tohav&
been carried hither and thither iu
these days of turmoil, and thrown
into lumber in Delhi or perhaps
Lahore gaurded by some king, a
general or viceroy of any of the
Emmddus, at the time BS,mannja
visited the place.

It is probable that by the chief
name Mahmfid (or Emm&du), any
king, or his general or viceroy
who stationed himself at the time
at Delhi, was known in the far
south. And even a Hindu sove-
reign at Delhi might have been
called by that name, if there wsts
one at the time, inasmuch as he
was subjected to the onslaughts of
Musalmans of the period. But an
account given by Buchanan [p. 351,
Vol. I], confirms what otherwise!
would be a mere conjecture. He
says : — " Near the place (Tanda-
niir), there is a monument dedi-
cated to one of the fanatical fol-
lowers of Mahmud Qhazni, who had
penetrated this length, and had
here suffered martyrdom." By
this it is clear that Mahmud
Ghazni's depredations had extend-
ed as far as Melukote, the temple of
which he would surely have dese-
crated and despoiled of its riches.
If all this is not quite satisfac-
torily tenable, we must speculate
upon Ramanuja'a visiting Lahore or
Ghazni itself ; but then we have no
tradition to that e&eet unless by

190

THE PANCHAHaS.

cii. xxrx.

the Krita-yagc, Vedadri in the Trita-age, and Y^davadri or
Y&davagiri in Dvflpara age is the holy hill of Melukote known,
and in the Kali-age, as having been restored by the Yati
(asectic) Ranianuja, it is called Yati-Saila. Thus it is written
in Sdtvata-Samhita} (Pailcharabtra).

Foot note on page 189— (continued).

the general term Delhi, any chief
city or even the couatry generally
of the Musalmaus in the far north-
west of India, was understood by
the far Soutlierus of India in those
days.

Bachanan's account of this in-
cident given in his Journals, I,
342, is very interesting, and deals
with what became of the Moslem
Sultani as soon as she arrived at
Melukote 5 and how the Pariahs or
Ghamars or Panchauias who assist-
ed B^mS.naia were given by ES,m3,-
nuja the honorific title of Tiru-lc-
hiUattdr, &o. This word means :
The blessed caste. Kamanuja gave
them the privilege of entering into
the Holy Temples of Melkote, Sri-
rangam and Belur (in Mysore^ once
in the year. B&i l)&s, a Faritih or
Chamar, and a disciple of R4m4-
nandi, the disciple of £amS<nuja,
set afoot a movement for tlie re-
generation of his class, between
1820 and 1830, in the district of
Chattisgarh. They called them-
selves Satnamis. Readers are re-
ferred to Pp: 206, ff. of Theoso-
phist. Vol. XI, 1890, for an account
of this reform. We refer our
readers to our pamphlet on the
Paiichamas, and also to pp. 272-3,
of Eioe's Gazetteer, Vol. II, 1897,
where other interesting informa-
tion as regards Melukote Temple

and its endowments is given, as
also the fact of the Mahirajas of
Mysore having been Vaishnavas.
We shall add an interesting account
which may be of some philological
use, even though the account may
not be true. A work called Yavani-
parinaya has been written by Pra-
bhakara, the subject matter being
the mairiage of Sampat-kumara
with the Sultani. It is usual in
Uiiidn-marriages to read the lineal
pedigree of both the bride and the
bridegroom. For Sampat-kumsLra,
Earita-gotra is assigned as He is the
holy son of B4mS,nuja, and for Sul-
tani, who is Yavani, G4rgya-gotra
is assigned. To Hindus, all foreig-
ners are Yavanas and Mlecches.
So the Turk-girl is Yavani. The
philological interest to us here con-
sists in introducing Bishi G&rgya.
Yavanas proper are Greeks; and
G5,rgya is said to have begotten
Kfi,la-Yavana ; and thus Gargya
(Greek) becomes the patriarchal
progenitor of the Greeks. Vishuu-
purftna V. 23, 4 and 5 : — " ^ ;ti | g)i|e) -

'HTT ^sq^q^^ijT: I sTpri^r^siR^-

Tmf 5^Ti?jSw%^: II ri'hlom<<Hq |ir,
&c. Also see Harivamsa: 115-15 :

tttlKsmqil^If SrS^^Wfl^cT: II "
See also Asiatic Researches Vol VI
p. 506; Vol. XV. p. 100.

[47-48, Yadavagiri-Maiiatmya.] Also in tsvara Samhita, 20-278 ft -.-

f^Hnrir^Tf ^^>T?f^itw II

CH. XXIX. THE PANCnAMAS. 191

[In the stupendous work involved in the institution of this
Holy Shrine, and the, in those days, hard joui-neys to distant coun-
tries -which had consequently to he undertaken, the Pafichamas
or the Pariahs or those low-caste Hindus who are relegated to
a place in the Hindu Society beyond the pale of the law-sanc-
tioned Ghntur-varnya {i.e., the four constituted memhers of the
Hindu polity, the BrEthmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Sudra),
were, so says our tradition, of great help to Sri Ramsiinuja.
He gave them the title of " Tirukkulattar " or the " Blessed
Descendants," and further allowed them the privilege of entering
into the Holy Temples to certain limits, viz., the outer gate
near the altar (Dhvaja-Stambha, or Bali-pitha), this practice
remaining in force even up to this day, in the Temples of
Srirangam, Melukote, and Belur (Hassan District). They are
allowed to bathe in the Holy Ponds attached to the Temples,
to which on other days than those allowed, this privilege is
strictly disallowed; and the highest class, viz., the Br^hmanas
cannot during the privileged days allotted to the Tirnk-kulat-
tflirs, complain of contamination when they may chance to
rub shoulders with each other in the holy streets. Ramsbnuja
opened the doors of religious instructions for these classes, as
well as certain modes of ritual and other privileges peculiar
to Sri-Vaishnavas, such as the Paficha-Samskara or the Fine
Holy Vaishnava Secraments. It is thus evident how seriously
had Ramanuja bethought of elevating the low-classes as
regards their eligibility for salvation. Rsimanuja had already
confirmed too in his own days, what his predece.ssors had
ordained, viz., the enshrinement of saints in the Temples, to
whatever caste they might belong.']

^ Bead St. Tiruppani Azhv&r'a immortal founder of the Vaishnava

life in the Lives of Dr^vida Saints. sect, went to Melkote in the Mysore

Becently a Pandal was erected in Province, the Pariahs made them-

Batigalore bearing the inscription : selves so nsef ol to that sage that

" Tirukkulattar," to greet Their he felt for their hard lot. To ele-

Royal Highness (5th February vate them socially be gave them

1906), and the following remarks the name of Tirukkulattar, which

were 'recorded by the Hindu of means people of high or noble des-

this date : " * * * nothing cent. His great aim was to abolish

is of greater historical interest the word Pariah and thus to put a

than the word Tirukhulattdr. * * stop to the degradation of a section

When Sri Kamanujacharya, the of the people of this country. He

192

yatirXja-math:

CH. XXIX.

RamfLnuja also established a see of his at Yati-Saila, called
the Tatiraja-math, where a Sanyslsin is always to live and
manage the affairs of the Fane. The building still exists intact,
and the monastery has had a line of illustrious successors to this
day. An old badari tree still lives in it.

During the time Ramanuja was so installed in hi.i high
pontificate, he is said to have gone to Padmagiri,' and engaged

Foot note on page 191 — (continued).

also awarded to them the rare and
valued privilege of visitiufi; the
temple at Melfcote three days in the
year. 1'hiis the emancipation of
the Pariah commenced long B,f;o,
and if it has noc been yet accompli-
shed, the cause is not solely the ab-
sence of consideration for the class
on the part of some of the most illus-
trioas founders of religious sects in
India. Though at tlie present dr.y
tho foUowers of Sri R3,m.\nuj3,-
chariar form probibly the most
exclusive among the Brd.hmau com-
munity, stiU the fact remains that
the founders of the sect laboured
for the elevation of the depressed
and despised castes * * * the
hallovred name of Tirukknlattar
carries us back to those good old
days when the practice and the

^ The Banddhas and Jainas are
grouped together in the one cate-
gory of anti-Tedio. But Bauddhas
seem to be the first who came to
Maisiir, followed by the Jainas, as
the Sravana Belagola Inscriptions,
by Rice, tell us. Padmagiri appears
to be one of the names of this place.
The following extract is from Rice's
Belagola Inscriptions: — [P. 37].
"We now come to a series of ins-
criptions connected with Ganga
Baja. The first of them are the
last lines in Nos. 75 and 76,
which state, in Jaina, Mahara-
shtri and Hale Kannada respec-
tively, that Ganga Raja had the
enclosure or cloisters round (^siittd-
layam) made for the colossal statue
of Gumatesvara. TLe inscriptions

preaching of religion meant really
the elevation of men, and the
greatest of saints considered it a
part of their duty to minister to
the religious ci-avings of the lowest
classes of people."

In these days we have the spec-
tacle of a Mlrad3,8 a Mahomedan,
who lias embraced Vaishnavisni,
and is performing Harikat'has all
over the country and of aChenchu>
das, (a TirukkulattAr), at Kolar
(Mysore State,) who is working for
the religious elevation of his class,
by establishing temples, Muths and
Bhajana-kfitas, and to whom his
spiritual guru, of Tirukkovalur, has
delegated the privilege to adminis-
ter himself, to his men, the Pancha-
sa.nsk&ra sacraments and receive
dues called the Paucha-kanikas.

are on either side the image, im-
mediately below those of Chamnnda
Baya, and in characters to corres-
pond. Their date, for the reasons
already given (p. 23), is fixed as
A.D. 1116. The erection of this
enclosing parapet walls and other
buildings ariiund has certainlv
detracted from the imposing and
picturesque effect the gigantic
image must previously have pre-
sented when standing alone in its
naked sublimity on the summit of
the hill. But probably the walls
were now required for its protec
tion from injury. p„r when it was
erected the Jainas were in the
ascendant, and Jainism was the
state religion. But, with the con-
version to tho Vaishnava faith of

ClI. XXIX.

VICTORV OVER JIADDDHAS

193

there with the Bauddhas in a philosophical controversy. He
succeeded in vanqui.shiug the atheist.s, and owing to a wager
made evidently by theiii that, in the event of defeat, they would
submit themselves to be ground in an oil-mill ', in case they
were not willing to beconie adherents to the new faith, they
seem to have been allowed to undergo the self-imposed punish-
ment.

Foot note on page 192 — (continued).

the Hoysala king Bitti Oeva (sabse-
cjuently called Vishnu Vardhana),
in piobably this very year, by
the reformer Eamaiinjich&rya,
great animosity was excited a<^ainst
the Jainas, albeit they were too
powerful to be altogether set aside.
There are even stories of Ramaiiuja-
ch3.rya's having; mutilated the image,
so as to ruin it as an object of wor-
ship. No trace remains of such
injury, unless it be that the fore-
finger of tUe left hand which is
shorter than it should be, had a
!>iece struck off below the lirst
joint and was afterwards sculptur-
ed into a perfect finger again. This
particular form of revenge would
easily have suggested itself if it be
true, as one tradition states, that
the change of the king's religion
was in some degree brought about
by the refusal of his Jaina guru
to take food with him because the
king was mutilated, having lost
one of its fingers.

> As for the grinding in oil-mills,
this seems to have been a stock-
punishment, either true or an alle-
gory to express the total overthrow
of "the disputants in wordy war.
Such oil-mill-g'inding accounts are
commou as between Bauddhas and

Jainas, and Jainas and Saivas.
[Vide p. 45, Rice's Sravana- Bcla-
gola Inscriptions and p. 471, Vol.
I. Rice's Mysore Gazetteer lfi97
iu the latter Kumarila having
ground Baudhas and Jainas to-
gether]. If this was literally true,
then we have parallels in Jesus
Christ, of whom we are thus told
in the Epiphany, p 14, Jany, 5^4,
1903, Vol. XXI, Calcutta :—" The
hands that worked loving miracles
of mercy, lifted also the lash of
cords, to scourge the sacrilegious
and the covetous out of the temple
courts. Terrible words issued from
those lips so full of grace. * * *
' Depart ye cursed into everlasting
fire prepared for the devil and his
angels ! ' Such were some of the
sayings of the Incarnate Love of
God. — Actions, utterances, which
those who seek to emasculate that
Character Into an ' Oriental Christ,'
destitute of everything but a %veak
tolerant benevolence, are fain to
ignore or obscure, as scarcely to be
fitted into their imagined scheme
of human perfection." So if Rama-
nuja is not to be emasculated^ we
may also credit him literally witli
the mill-grinding story !

2?,

194 K[NG CUOLA AND KURESA. CH. XXX.

CHAPTER XXX.
CHOLA'S PERSECUTIONS.

Twelve years, it is written, did Ramanuja stay in the
Maisur Country, with his head-quarters at Sri-Xarayanapura
(MSlukSte). All this time he had no news of what events
transpired at Srii-angam, which he had left owing to the Sivite
king Krimikantlia-Chola's persecutions. Now a Sri-Vaishnava
arrived, and fell with his face flat befox-e Ramanuja. Raising
him, RSim&nuia eagerly inquired :— " Is all going on well with
Lord Ranga and all His holy affairs ? " " All is well, Sir'e,"
said he, " save that you are very much missed." " But," asked
Ramanuja with a fluttering heart, " how did KurSsa and
Mahapurna fare, who were forced to appear before the apos-
tate Chola ? " " Sire," he began, " the two good men, as you are
aware, wei-e taken to Chola's presence, and Chola commanded
them to set their signatures to the written declaration ; No
higher being than Siva exists. But Kur63a poured out before
him voluminous authorities from the Vedas, Upanishads,
Smritis and Puranas, proving that Narayana was the Highest
God, being the Cause of the cosmas, as also its Author for
creation, sustention, and dissolution, and therefore the only
Object of worship and contemplation ; and that Chatur-mukha
BrahmSi and Rudra were respectively His son and grandson ;
and cited other verses to demonstrate his position '. But
Chola after all said in angry tones : — " Look here, thou art
indeed a very clever person, and therefore capable of interpreting
authoritative t^exts to suit thy own preconceived prejudices. I
will not hear all this. Here is my circular containing the
statement: "There is no higlier than Siva." I command thee
to sign it without another word of protest". Kiiresa took the
paper, but before attaching his signature thereto, wrote :

' Two are cited here for the nse of our readers :

[Bha-;ivatii. Ul. 28-22.]

CU. XXX. EYES PLUCKED. igg

' Dronam asti tatah param,' and then signed hia name under it.
The meaning of this pa.ssage is : " But drona is higher than
that." This, and " Sivdt parataram ndsti," meaning : ' there
is no higher than Siva,' together make a couplet in San.skrit
verse. Taken togther, they read :— " There is no higher than
Siva ; but Drona is higher than that (Siva)." By this KurS.sa
implicated a pun on the terms Siva and Drona ; Siva meaning
a small measure, and Drona, a greater measure. This play on
words was taken as a slight and affront which necessarily
threw the king into a rage, who exclaimed : " Pull out the
eyes of this daring jester." " But " exclaimed KiirSsa in
return, " thou needst not take that trouble, tyrant ; I will
do that act with my own hands, for my eyes ought not to
remain after seeing a sinner like thyself." ' A martyr to the
cause of Vaishnavism, KurSsa, so saying, gouged out his eyes,
striking terror into all who witnessed this blood-curdling scene.
The cruel king now turned to the venerable old dcMrya
Mahapurna, and cried : — " Now, Sir, will yon sign this circular
or no ? " Piirna said he could not, supporting his refusal by
citations from various scriptures. On this, the king commanded
his myrmidons to catch the dissenter and pluck out his eyes.
This cruelty having been inflicted the king drove the two
martyrs out of his palace.

Blood streamed out of the eye-less cavities of old Purna, and
the poignant agony consequent may be better imagined than des-
cribed. Purna's daughter Attuzhay-amm&l had followed the
martyrs unobserved. When they emerged from the palace with
gore dripping and drenching their persons, she ran to them, and
leading them by their hands, passed out of sight, and comforted
and consoled them as best as she could, wiping their bloody
faces, bathing with water, and thus doing her best to stop the
blood and alleviate their terrible sufferings. Kiir6sa was
middle-aged, and had besides a strong will, which he further
strengthened by the reflection : " Ah, God, what grace of Thine
indeed that thou, hast phosen me as Thy vessel to give eye for

' For otiier particulars of conversation, see Topic 101, in our
Pivine Wisdom of Dravida Saints, p. 118.

im MAnAI'LKXA'S UEATir. «»• ^^X.

eye," the second ej/e meaning faith — the Vaishnava-faith. Thus
he fcore the pain with a coui-age, sapet-humau But Pui'iia was
in his declining years, and tottering as he was in the weakness
of old age, found the pain beyond his powers of endurance, and
therefore laid himself down on the Avay in the open, his head
resting on the lap of KurfiSa ; and his feet on his poor daugh-
ter's lap. " Holy Sire," said they to him, " what cruel fate
has befallen ns, and you in particular. Your birth-place is
Srirangam, your God is Ranga, and your disciple is Ramaiiuja
himself ; and yet to think that destiny should have ordained
your grave in an out-of the w.ay field near Gaugai-
konda-Sozhapuram ! Does this cause you grief?" To thi&,
Purna said : — " My beloved children, have ye not heard that
' wherever a Vaishnava may chance to die, tliere God is
present with him ' ' even as Blessed Rama was present
at the dying of Jatayu, in the wilderness ? ' And have ye not
. heard that, " the best place for a Vaishnava to die is on a
Vaishnava's lap or in a Vaishiiava.'s house ? ' ' And this beside&
is holy land too where I am dying, for it is where our holy
ances-tors Nftthamuni and Kuragai-kaval-appan died. Also
know that if we grieve, because we did not die at Srirangam
itself, all our posterity will think that for salvation, death in
Srirangam alone is necessary. No, no, our rule is that a good
soul, which has capitulated to God {prapanna) may meet his-
death anywhere, and yet be sure of G^d beside him there." So
speaking, MahS,purna expired with his last thoughts lovingly
fixed on Yftmun&ch§,rya, his Guru, and sped to ineffable Rest
in the bosom of God.*

According to custom, Purna had to be cremated with due
ceremony and honors. There came some way-farers and said :

1

'T^^^'3Ts?m?;?T%«J!!%i?mo'n< i

" Rdmdyana 111, 69.

* A place called Fanupati Koil, about 7 miles from Kandiyur
(Tanjore District) is pointed out as the place where MahS,puriia breathed
his last.

CH. XXX. NARRATION TO RAMANUJA. 197

" man, you have a corpse, and we help those who are aban-
doned by all, as you evidently are." KurSSa cried : — " Sir.s,
Grod is 'with us ; so proceed on your way and succour those who
are really abandoned. These searches, then, after andtha-pretas
(helpless corpses) went their way. And now turned up sud-
denly Srivaishnavas, people of KurfeSa's own faith, by the
help of whom he cremated Purna by the special rite called the
Brahma-niedha.

Kur6sa was now gently led to a shelter, and after resting:
there for a while, after the tremendous trials he had undergone,
was brought to Srirangam by night-marches to elude pursuit
by the king's emissaries, if he still did intend to persecute
the fugitives. KurSsa was spending weary days lamenting
over what had happened, and grieving that he was denied the
privilege of dying with the veteran MahS,purna.

One day, Kur6sa desired to visit Lord Banga, for the first
time after the chapter of disastrous events related above.
Being blind, he slowly groped his way to the shrine. But king
Chola had strictly decreed by his royal mandate that none
should be allowed to enter it, who was a follower of B^lmanuja.
When then Kurfesa was about to step into the Temple, the
guards said : " Sire, our orders are strict. No one belonging to
RamSiunja are to be admitted. But you are a good man par ex-
cellence, and so we make of you an exception. Enter, but pray
make an avowal that you have seceded from R^mSitiuja." On
hearingthis, KurSsa closed his ears and said : " Good guards,
what have I heard ? If I have to secede from RamElnuja, and
recant as you wish, I had better give up this God Ranga.
Without Ra,mS.nuja, no God exists for me." So saying, Kur6sa
groped his way back, bent with grief, and fell on the ground
weeping, uttering, in despairing tones, the holy verses of saints.
Soon after, he left Srirangam, with his two children, to Tiru-
m§.lirunjolai (near Madura) to spend his days there in grief
and solitude.

Such was the narrative given by the guest who had
arrived at Melukote from Srirangam. RS.m4nuja listened to the
bitt«r tale, which was to him like molten lead poured into his ears-

198 GOSHTHt-PtTRN/VS DEATH. CH. XXX.

With difficulty he suppressed his rising emotions ; and at last,
containing himself no longer, burst into a passion of gi'ief,
dropped on the ground like a felled tree and rolled in the dust,
wetting it with his burning tears. His disciples gathered
round him and did their best to console him. And he resigned
himself at last, thanking God that KurSsa at least was alive,
whom thus he had yet a chance to see, though the thought of
the loss of his eyes was to him unbearable.

Mahapurna, being his Guru, all the sacraments to be
celebrated after death were duly performed such as Sri.-chilrna-
paripdlana, and memorial verses ' were dedicated to him.

RfiimsLnuja's heart was wrung with agony. He called
M. M. And4n ' to his side, and directed him to proceed to Sri-
rangam, carrying condolences aud a budget of news to KurSsa,
and return with all the intelligence of that place ; and engaged
himself more vigorously than ever in prelections on the
VedSiuta which he delivered to his devoted audiences.

About this time, Goshthi-purna, one of the Gurus of
B.§,m3,nuja, also died. His diciples gathered round him and'
asked him what were his thoughts in his last moments. He^
said he was thinking of his Guru Yamun&chS,rya, and the
meaning of his verse : —

' Rdma Great, tcho forgave the miscreant Kdka !
Krishna Cheat, who forgave the miscreant Chaitya !
Hote can my sin persist against such grace of Thine ?
So saying Purna died. And Terk-AzhvAr, his son, performed

^H<!li4ia*<rqi<!!y<!!l»JrT|;(5f5qT I

^rrar^^Jig^w^^^nrTWMHi'rjii^siitTHMra
=tf®-iHM-^i«ww<!.WM<;iHi<'ifl<7^f'iirr?i^ I

'Vi CKI<t1rj.<^iai'-qqffT *<-<^d'*)t l' j.^H I <?<i II
^ Fall name: — Mar-anri\.\4,-ii&rxiii-y-&nda,n.

CH. XXX. OTHER GURUS ALSO PASSAWAY. 199

all the funeral ceremonies. Memorial verses were dedicated to
him.'

Tirumalai-Andan", Tiru-v-aranga-p-perum§il-Araiyar,' Srl-
saila-pHrna,' and K8,iichi-pfirna, ' the other gurus of Bdimanuja
also soared to the Etermal Regions, at this time ; and memorial
verses were dedicated to them as custom demanded.

Thus ends a black chapter.^
[It is chroniched of Kafichi-purna that it was a very dark
night at the close of a day, when he had finished his services to
Lord Varada, and had to go home. A torch-hearer by name
Arulalan attached to the Temple was found on the premises.
Purna begged of him to conduct him back to his relreat light-
ing the dark way with his torch. But he excused himself say-
ing he was much tired that day, and slipped away, to sleep
snuo- in a corner. Purna thought he would find his way in the
pitch-dark night as best as he could ; but hardly had he crossed
the threshold of the Temple-gate, when there was found a torch-
bearer with his torch, ready to conduct him home. Purna was
glad that the man had kindly changed his mind for his sake.
The next morning, however, when Purna came to the Temple
to do the round of his duties, the torch-bearer ran towards

vrn^'Ti^ig^ti^ «,i5i^'i*(-j\ 1^1% II
JTTsrwn^^ ^raf^mra<w, ii
a^q4^jf5=^t M'ni=iftrKr%^iH: ii

* l M ^ m^V-4 I Nr -l d l H? PT Ml^rf^l<i<l'4»gtM<P-< I

" Yes they are gone, and round us, too, the night,

In ever-ueariug circle weaves her shade." [Matthew Arnold,']

200 CnRONICLES OP KANC!Ul-r<JRNA. CH. XXX.

liim, and with a look of great repentance, fell at his feet crav-
ing pardon for his refusal, the previous night, to light liim home.
Purna was taken aback at this demonstration, for he had had
him actually the previous night. It now however flashed upon
his mind that it must have been Lord Varada Himself after all
(whose tamil name is ArluAlan alBo), who had personated the
torcli -bearer. "VVith joy bubbling in hie breast at this addi-
tional evidence of God's love for his humble votaries, he dis-
missed the real torch-bearer, of course forgiving him.']

[A tradition also has been handed down, with regard to
Arulalan that he was the favorite of KElnchipurna, so much so
that he daily received from the latter the remains of Varada-
offered food in the temple, after having been eaten by him.
One day Purna gave the food on a leaf to Arul&lan. Somehow
a leaf had found its way into one of the holy vessels with which
food was offered to Lord Varada ; and Purna was shown this.
He identified it with the leaf he had given to Arulalan ; and
the latter, when asked, said he could not explain how it found
its way into the shrine and into a holy vessel. Of course the
temple-officials resolved to perform a great purificatory cere-
mony. But Lord Vanida declared to them that he -would
brook no such ceremony, inasmuch as Arulalan was such a dear
servant of his, and Purna was a sacred person, whose touch of
the food and Arulalan's touch of it again made the leaf so holy
that he would rather have the day's food served to him with
the leaf. This was accordingly done and no purificatory ritual
customarily binding, was gone through. It is said that Ra,ma-
nuja had come to learn the extraordinary sanctity of Purna and
of all that concerned him and of the esteem in which Lord
Varada held him ; and that it was ou this account R&manuia
had been eager to partake of the food first taken by Puma. It
was for this purpose, it may be remembered, that Ramanuja
invited Purna to his house ; but he was thwarted in the design
by the indiscretion of his wile — which has already been related
on page. 70.]

' This account fortuilously [a miracle 1 should say] fell into iiiv
haiids ou tho day of uiy paying a ohaiicc visit to the Holy Shrine of
Koviladi (Tanjore District) on the 21st February 1<JU5, vide Vrapaitch".
Mitrau (Tamil) dated I'riday 17th February 1905.

CH. XXXI. NEWS OF CHOLA'S DKATH. 201

CHAPTER XXXI.

RAMANTJJA'S RETUBIT TO SBIKAKGAM:.

M. M. Andan, who was despatched by E&mS.uuja to Sri-
rangam, arrived there in due time and making obeisance to
KurfiSa, announced himself to the now blind but heroic martyr.
Kur6sa fell into ecsta.<!y and looked upon Andan as Ramanuja
himself arrived, and hurriedly asked, in anxious tremulous
tones, how it was faring with RamS,nuja. Said And4ii : —
" He is well enough ; but his grief at what has happened
here and especially at the loss of your eyes, is inconsolable.
He has sent me to tender you his heart-felt sympatliies ".
" Good," said KurSsa, " but inform my master that so long as.
his life has been saved from the bigot Chola — a Jife which
sustains the world — the loss of my eyes is of no account what-
ever."

Intelligence arrived at this time that king Chola bad died '
of a carbuncle on his neck, festering with worms. Andftn, to
make sure of this, journeyed to Gangai-konda-Sozhapuram
(near Chidambaram ?), and obtaining corroboration of the glad
news, hurried on to Melukote, taking with him Ammangi-
ammSl, whom he met on his way.

In due course they arrived at Melukote, and finding RamS,-
nuja busy at the time batliing in the holy pond Kaiyani, fell
before him, and shedding tears of joy, related to him the news
of Chola'a death, RS,mannja was transported with joy at the
death of the sworn enemy of his Faith, and raising up the two
disciples, embraced them, himself shedding tears of joy and

' From inscriptions it is made Iloysala, who is found at Yadava-

oat that Kulottunga Chola I or para (Mdlukote) in 1125 A.C. (No.

Vira-Chola or Baja-Eajendra Cho- 16, Inscription, Mysore.) He ia

la's tiins was 1064 to 1113 A.C. And also known as Krimi-kantha and

he is said to have died a few years also KarikS.la, as is seen' in the

earlier than Vishnu Vardhana of verse : —

LfeSlsoiUjaStjrssBrt trsu^u^ ugbI—^^s

siruu^Qiodir si—Qesrenrsn^ir^^

[Kalingattnpparani.]
26"

202 KAMANUJA LEAVING MELUK(JTE. CH. XXXI.

said: — 'O faithful sons, how far indeed have you travelled,
bearing bo many hardsliips dimply to carry me this joyful mes-
sage ! How can I sufficiently reward you ? The best that I
can give you is the Holy Dvaya-mantra. Receive it So say-
ing he initiated them in the Holy Formula ; and looking round
to the group of followers who had surrounded liira, addressed
them thus: — "Omy faithful, our bitterest foe is gone. Our
faith has stood this most severe and crucial trial. This holy pond
Kalyani is really kalydiit, au.spicious , and this Mfl,ruti-Aud3,n
is really mdruti, Hanuman.'" "Yea," all cried jubilantly.
In a body they all mounted the saci-ed Hill of Lord Nrisimha,
rising from the edge of the pond. Prostrating himself before
Nrisimha, Kamanuja praised him thus : — " O Slayer of Hira-
nya, of yore, even now hast thou slain Chola, the demon. Even
as thou savedst thy devotee Prahldda then, hast thou saved
KurSsa now." Tirlha and prasdda were duly bestowed on
Ild>manuja who thereon descended the hill, and entering the
adytum of Nar&jana, asked leave of Him to return to Sriran-
gam, now that his work was completed. NSrSiyana returned
no answer for a long time, when Rd,manuja urged his request
again : " Almighty, Banga's command was that I should stay
for ever in Srirangam. Owing to une:cpected calamities, I was
forced to leave the place. Now that all has been accomplished
here, may I not return ?" Lord N5.rJLyana's voice now came ;
" Be it so, then."

RSimanuja had established in Melukote, fifty -two officers
{Aimbattiruvar) for the restored Fane of NflirAyana. These
magnates, hearing that Rd.mEi,nuja was about to leave them,
fell at his feet weeping, and said : " Holy Sire, how can we live
■\\rithout you ?" BSimSiUUJa raised them up lovingly and brush-
ing away their tears, said : — " Take heart, sons, I shall let an
image be cast after my own likeness, and leave it here, filled
with my power. It shall answer all your purposes. Further,
I lay it on you all to take care of our Sampat-kdmSira brought
from Delhi. He is like my son standing near the brink of a
well. Such is my love for Him. See to the proper discharge

I The messenger who bronglit Bama the joyful tidings of Sit4.

CH. XXXI. INSTRUCTIONS AND PROOFS. 203

of all the sacred functions connected with NS.rS.yana's Temple.
See that you do not cheat God of what is due to Him, or cheat
each other. Remain ever firmly friendly to one another, and
he not remiss in your loving services to God whom we have
installed in this country."

Leaving besides a detailed code of temple-procedure, he
left M6Iukote, after passionate grief had been displayed, by him
on the one hand at having to part from his beloved Sampat-
kumS,ra and his disciples, and on the other hand by his disci-
ples and all at having to part from their cherished master
and pontiif. Rftmanuja's progress thus from the Temple
"ivas very slow for some distance out of the town. He
looked back at every step, drinking in -with his eyes, the
sight of the temple, its tutxets, corridors, the streets, and
the homesteads which had risen all round, and with a heart
overflowing with kindness for all that he was going to leave
behind. Nor would the townsfolk allow him to depart quietly.
After he had gone some way forward, they waylaid him and
cried : — " Sire, how can we be sure you are in your Image ?
Give us evidences ; else you cannot leave us in bereavement."
" Beloved men," said he, " return, and standing before my
image, call me by my name." They ran back and did so.
" R£Lmfi,nuja, our Lord !", cried they. " Tes, T am here and for
ever,"' came the voice from the Image. They were satisfied, and
running back to RamjLnuja, fell before him and after a vehement
outburst of grief and of gratitude, and consolation by Raminuja,
he was allowed to bid adieu to them all.

In rapid marches, — ^love for Sampat-kumara restraining
him, but prospect of seeing Lord Ranga urging him forward —
he arrived at the banks of Kaveri at Srirangam. He stopped
there to bathe and decorate himself with the twelve holy
marks and make other preparations before planting his foot on
the sacred land. In the meanwhile, the magnates of Sriran-
gam were apprised of his arrival. Their joy was indescribable.
They all ran up to him in breathless excitement, and wel-

* Cp. " For where there are two gathered in my name, there am I
in the midst of them". [Mat: XVIII, 20]. "Behold lam with yon all
days, even to the consummation of the world "' [Mat. XX VIII. 20],

204 SBIbANGAM— MEETING KURESA. CH. XXXI.

corned him back home with a salvo of greetings. After having
been away for nearly twentj'- long years, he was now making
triumphal entry in the midst of a seething crowd,- — all eyes
and hearts turned to him — alter having undergone so many
hardships and trials for the Faith. A ceremonial enti-y was
made into the adytum of Kanga, with prostrations at every
step. " Son," said the Lord, opening His mouth, " thou hast
l)een away from Us far and long ; sure thou must be very tired.
" Merciful God," replied R&m&nuja, " while Thou art alive with
Thy elect by Thy side, there is no fatigue to me or all the
universe put together." Banga was pleased and commanded
tirtJia and prasdda to be administered, and granted him leave
to go and join his m.on.astery and rest after his toils and trials.

But as Rsbm&nuja threaded his way round the streets of
Srirangam, whei-e he gladly wituessed t!ie charming scenes
which he had long missed, his thoughts were occupied with
Kiiresa, and the first thing that he would, and did, do was to
step into his dwelling. Of course blind Kuresa, who had ere
this returned from Tirttm.alirunjolai (near Madura), was inform-
ed beforehand of his master's return ; and as he heard SsbmSi-
nuja approach, rushed forward from his door, and prostrat-
ing himself, firmly clasped RS.m£LTiuja's feet, and bathed them
in a flood of tears, and lay there speechless like one bewitched
and stricken. Rimftnuja was himself greatly moved. He gently
lifted up KurSsa, and tirmly embracing him, was himself made
speechless by the mingled sentiments of joy and grief shak-
ing the very foundations of his soul, vrith great difficulty, ob-
structed by tears and by voice made tremulous with emotion and
refusing utterance, spoke the one phrase : " KurfiSa, thou
hast given thy eye — the eyeof our faith — for the faith !" Kur63a
who had lost his voice so long, recovered somewhat, and was
able to say : — " Master, beloved ! I must at least have sinned
by thinking, 'this man's niark on the forehead is crooked.'
Hence my punishment is deserved." Ramannjasaid^ "Beloved,
thoa, to sin ? Rather mine must be the sin, for which thoa
hast atoned. Come, let us go." So saying, Ramd,nuja reached his
own monastery, leading Kurftsa lovingly by the liand, followed
by the immense host of devotees and others mustered thick.

CH. XXXII. CHITRA'KUTA AND TILLAI. 205

CHAPTER XXXII.
SHOUT EXCURSIONS AISTD INCIDENTS.

After twelve (or some say^ fourteen) years ' of absence,
RAmfiiQuja had returned to iiis central see, the centre of his opera-
tions. The faithful gathered round him. Love and veneration
for him liad multiplied and deepened; and thy all said: —
"Worshipful master, by the loss of Mahapurna, a blank has been
created in our hearts, and by the loss of our KureSa's eyes, a
sore. Have we lived to see yon, — a salve for our ills ? Listen,
master, the apostate (infidel) Cho-a not only persecuted us and
our leEiders, but cari-ied his vandalism to great excess by
destroying our Vaishnava temples everywhere. He had
thus demolished the Vishnu Images in Chilrakuta, — about
which you shall anon hear more, and was on his way to Sri-
rangam to do the same. But when he halted for the night in
a village, he wa.s suddenly taken ill, a fatal sore burst out on
his neck," and killed him after terrible suffering, Srirangam,
the centre of our faith, was thus miraculously saved. Listen
now to what happened at Chitrakuta (Chidambaram). The
place, as you are aware, is infested with Saivas, and their leader
Chola, had torn up Lord Grovinda-rS,ja from His seat — both the
mUla and the utsava Images — , and had directed their being cast
into the sea. But there was a courtesan by name Tilya (or
Tillai) who is a staunch Vai.shnava devotee. She managed to
divert the king's attention at the time, so far as to enable tlie
Vaishnava adherents of the place to avert the sea-grave form
their Lord, and secretly make away with Him to Tirupati up in

1 Like Bilma who '.vonld not R3,mamija's entry into Melukote as

return to Ayodhya for 14 years about; 1093 A.C., it gives 18 years

in spite of Bharata's prayer, the for Earaanuja's sojourn and plas 2

Lord Ranga would not fulKl Rama- years for travel, makes in all

nuja's prayers to end Chola's per- 20 years as the interval between

secution, till ho also (being Kama's Ramanuja actually leaving Srlraii-

brother) travelled for 14 years, gam and rejoining it, 6 years being

According to a Belur inscription allowed for his travels to other

(vide foot note 1, p. 182) D&Barathi Shrines &o., after leaving and

established the Belur Templein 1039 again joining Srirangam.
Saka, (A.C. 1117), so that taking

' This is said to have been ^caused by God Yenkaj e=a striking his
neck with the discos, ia answer to Rim&nnja's prayers.

206 GOVrXDARAJA. CH. XXXII.

the north." E.4md/nuja heard all this vandalistic tale with a
troubled heart, and hot tears rolled down his cheeks. " Beloved
disciples, take heart and be comforted, I will set matters right."
So saying, he again girded himself up for action, though now
very old and exhausted.' " Start," commanded he, " let us go
to Venkat63a." So they all went to Tirupati, arriving at which
place, Bamdinuja had a temple built at the foot of the hill, by
the h Ip of a Yadava-r&ja or Kattiyadeva,' and had Govindaraja
of Chitrakuta installed there. He called Him by the name
Tillai- Govindaraja, ' and created a town round the Temple,
Goviudaraja-pattana"(PMapuri), which is still flourishing at the
present time. Kamannja now recollected the old Saint's verse : —

and wondered how prophetic it was of the Saint to have sung
the Shrine of Tirupati along with the Shrine of Chitrakutam

> RamSiimjarra-Divya-Cliarita of gives the date of the destruction
this Tiahon Shrine by Kulottunga Cholaas: —

i.e., 1009 Saka = lOS7 A.C., so have also their etymological aigni-

that it mast have been just im- fications and assouiatioua. We are

mediately or after llamanaja left thus rigid monotheists. It is the

Srirangam for the table-land of One God under different symbols

Mysore. and images, one Light lighted from

1L17A.C. finds Raminnjaat Melu- another Light as we say: Dl'pdd-
kote, and thns he must have now utpanna-pradipavat; — one God pro-
been past his centenary,- when he lating or hvpustaaixing so to s.iy.
was back at Srirangam 20 years 'Jhis remind's us of what Dionysius
more brings it to 1137 A,C., the the Areopagite said, though he said
year of his death. ' it with reference to another matter,

» See p. 86, Venkatachal-etihaaa- — " That light is one and entirely

Tnala. Bis capital is said to have the same through all things and

been Na,ra,yan».pQra. although there is diversity of ob-

rhe reader will perhaps run jeots, the light remains one and

away with the idea that the Vaish- undivided in different objects so

navaa are polytheists— not mono- that, without confusion, variety

theists as we profess— inasmuch as may be assigned to the objects

we speak of God Kanganatha, God identity to the light " fP 474

Varada,God Venkatesaand so forth. Ua.x.UaneT' a Psychological Religion!

Theaenamesatevanoas names given See Topic 171 in our Divine

to but one God, a different name Wiadom.
for a different Shrine. The Names

CH. XXXU. THE NITYA. 207

in one verse.' He then ascended the High Holy Hill of Tiru-
pati to pay his homage to the Lord Venkafccsa. Here, E.ama-
nuja imparted the Art of worshipping Grod in His Images
(Aradhana), — r;alled the Nitya — to his two disciples Kur63a and
Hanumad-Dsisa. There was another disciple Vangi-p-Purattu
Nn.mbi, to whom, he had promised this knowledge for some
time, but an opportunity had not presented itself so far. As
however he was conclnding his instructions, V. P. Nambi sud-
denly presented himself before R4manuja, who felt somewhat
diflScult therefore in the delicate situation, viz., his unbosoning
secrets to some, while he had not done so to those whom he had
promised ; but Ramdiunja excused himself to Nambi thus : —
" Listen, Nambi ! Hitherto I could not solve to myself the
riddle how Lord Krishna who is God all-powerful, submitted
himself to be bound by a rope by an ordinary woman YaSoda.
To-day I find the solution inasmuch as by the importunity of
my disciples Kiii-esa and Hanumad-Das, my own strong will
bent to impart knowledge to them though I had promised
it thee first. My own experience then, of how supplication
made my own will to give in, supplies me with the key how even
God -will allow his resolve to melt before the fire of His
votaries' love. So saying, he gave the promised knowledge to
Nambi.'

Rimanuja took leave of the Lord and descending the Holy
Hill, wended his way back to Srirangam via KS,nchi. Settled
thus in his see, the High Pontiff dispensed his teachings to
crowded audiences, who received them, it is said, as cool
showers and balmy zephyrs lulling their parched souls to
heavenly rest.

Kttlottunga Chola II (1128 — 1158 ?) or Vikrama-Ch61a
(1113 — 1128) who perhaps was also called Kulottunga, the son

1 Consult pp. 87 ff. of Venkata- Varahe]. Ou Venkatesa, see Rig

chaletihasamaia for fnrthei details. Teda VIII, 8, 18. ^ilft+i^R+ilJi-

Henoe in the Ashtottara Hymn to f<Jli^ti<M I Rl^KS^Wr^s^IH-

Srinivasa (Venkatesa), His name ^^^j^pj^^ jj

is coupled with Go vinda thus:— , y.^^ Commentaries on Tiru-

^(^^[^^♦flHfif ^H=IWWdH*<"- II monhi 57, 4.
[P. 78, Venkataohala-JMahatmya-

208 TEMPLE AUillNISTllATION. f!H. XXXII.

of Kriniika:it)ia-Ch6lii, who was a pro-Vaishnavite and wlio
had in vaiu tried to convince his father of the futility of his
schemingR agaicstthe Vaishnavas inasmuch as their strongliolds,
the E&mayana and the MahabhArata could never be i-epressed,
thoagh he might demolish all the Vaishnava temples on earth,
and had also suffered reverses of fortune ' on nccount of Ihe
sins of his father, heating of Ra,manuja's arrival, repaired to
Srirangam in haste, taking with him the PAndya and Chera
Kings. Approaching Ra.mS,nuja, he fell at his feet and craved
pardon for his father's faults. From the largeness of his heart,
BamSiQUJa granted it ; and took Kulottnnga, by his request,
into the Vaishnava fold by administering due Sacraments and
made him a disciple of DaSarathi. " No more ", cried the king,
"shall I exei'cise any jurisdiction over the Temples August
Sire. I pray you to assume the entire control yourself from
this day." Bamanuja consented, and calling Dasarathi, had
the entire administriition of tlie Temple formally bestowed on
him as a gift in the manner prescribed by the Sastras. It is
written in the work, called Koil-ozhugu, that a stone inFcrip-
ton to this effect was caused io bs installed at the Arya-bhat-
tal gate.' Bdimsinuja is stated to be past his centenary by this
time.

' These reverses appear to have pp. 97-99, it may be seen that the

been an invasion by the P3,iidyaiis, prant of Vira-Chola, or son of

and subsequent vassalage under the Kulottnnga I gives more than 245

kings of Vijayanagaram. [Fide p Vaislmava names ; showing how

37, GontrCbiitionf to the hnperial Sri-Vaishnavism had been well

Gazetteer, Trichinopoly, IQOl A.C.] established and its adherent? vene-

' See No. 23, Map of Temple tj rated. And Tithala, » Madhva

the second collection of Papers re- sang of Kamanuja thus:— (Rev.

lating to Srlrangain, 1S94, A.C. Kittel's Translation in ludian Anti,

From Epigraphica Indica, Vol. V, quary Vol II).

Refrain.
SAm&nnja, Doctrine-supporter !
Rod for the great mountain of Dark heretics !

Sons'.

" They say the Chola put up a post (Kambha) saying:—

' He with the eye on his forehead (Siva), and no other Godhead

there js ' !
The Master of the Tatis (Yatipati) seized and flayed him alive

GH. XXXH. KURES.VS PRAYER FOR EYESIGHT. 209

Rainanuja was sore at hea.rt at Kurfesa's liaving become
blind. One day, he called him anxiously to his side and
said: — " Son, beloved ! Lord Varada of Kanchi is, as we know,
a ready granter of wishes. I enjoin thee to sing a hymn to
Him to bestow sight on thee a^gain." " Sire," submitted KuiSsa,
" this niatei'ial sight, I desire not." " But, beloved, do as I
desire," often exhorted Eamanuja. Kur^Sa accordingly sang
the hymn khown as Vaiadardja-stava — one of the five stavas —
beginning with : —

??iwi'^frmH*:d'5i«fHW'piHici,HR(«'srafiT: i

' Hari ! who deck the top of the Hasti-Hill, whom tlie Vedas
declare as to have neither equal nor superior, "bless me.' And
in the twenty -third stanza, he prayed : —

' Hasti-Lord of bluish hue ! Recliner on Ananta 1 I beseecli
Thee to ever let my sight Fee Thy bewitching beauty.' That
very night, the Lord appeared in his dream and said : •' granted,"
Kui€sa rose next morning with a joyful heart, and after per-
forming the day's ablutions, &c., finished the stava, and pro-
ceeding to Ramanuja, repeated before him the whole stava, and
said :— " Sire, the previous night, the Lord appeared in mj
dream and he has granted me such spiritual sight as is able
ever to enjoy his Beatific Vision — Vision such as obtains in
Vaikuntha, according to the verse : —

(■Continued) foot note on page 238.

And made a Chola Shed <Ohappara, a shed of the Cliola skin) ?

See, my brother ! [yerte 1}
Saying ;— ' It is a Yyasa-T6]u ! they (the Lingayatas), not mind-

Fasten a bnU (Nandi) to a standard (Dtvaja) and worship it.

Hea* !
For one (or, for that one) Vy^sa-Toln, our master (Ayya) [Katna-

iiuja]
SUi] ped of a thousand arms of Siva's followers (Saiana).

adverse i/.]

'■ 27

210 KECOVERY OF SIGHT. CH. XXXII.

'In that Vaikuntha, beyond the visible universe, the
Immortals see the Eternal Lord with their spiritual eyes.'

" My beloved, that is not what I want ; come let ns pro-
ceed to Lord Varada," said BUmanuja, annoj-ed, and went with
him to Kafichi, and bade liim repeat the Stava. Kurfesa began
and as he was proceeding, E,ama,nuja was obliged to leave the
place for a few minutes on some business. But before he re-
turned, Kurfisa had gone to the end of his Stava ; and Lord
Varada having appeared and bidden him to ask what he wanted,
he had absent-mindedly prayed that N&luran might be saved
even as he might be saved.' ' Be it so,' said the Lord. By
this time B/amannja ran in, and learning what had taken place
in his absence, chided Xurfisa thus : — ■' Son, thou hast acted
contrary to my wishes. Thou has spoilt matters. Oh Lord,
canst Thon not deign to grant my jjrayer that Kuresa regain
(physical) sight ?" The Lord wa.s moved at this earnest sppeal
of Ea,m§,nuja, and spoke thus : — " We grant him that sight ;
but except jMe and thee, he shall see no other material object."
UdmSinuja was at least satisfied with this, and immediately put
Kurfisa to test by asking him to look at Lord Varada, and
describe Him. Kurfesa did so. ' And now describe me,' asked
he next. Kvlrfisa, his face lit up with heavenly joy, described
his preceptor's person accurately in all detail. Ramanuja was
satisfied and taking leave of the Lord, returned to Srirangam.

Eamanuja was, after his return, engaged with his disciples,
in reading St. Andal's Hymnal, the Naycchiyar-Tirumozhi ;
and coming to verses IX. 6 and 7 : Naru-narum and Tnru-
vandu, in which the Saintess declared that " she would place
before the Lord Sundara-ra,ja of Tirumaiirnnjolai, one hundred
vessels of nectareous food ; and if He but came down and ale
it all, she would place a hundred thousand more." EamAnnja
stopped at this and looking at his disciples, said: — "Why do
not we proceed to the Holy Slirine at once and caiTy out her
wish?" So saying, they all rose and journeyed to the place,
and spread a great feast before the Deity. Ramanuja pro-
ceeded thence to Sri-villipnttur, the birth-place of St. Audal,

1 This was the person who instigated Chdja to Send for BEmanuja to
sign the Paper of his faith. Be is a disciple of Eiirepa. See p. 170.

CH. XXXIL TIRDKKULUB-AMMAI. 211

and as he was standing before her, lost in devotion, the Saintess,
by the voice of her priest on duty, conferred upon him the title
of Koil-annar.' Rjbmunuja next proceeded to Tiranagari of St.
iJTammazhv&r. Prom Tiruna,gari, Ei,mannja paid a visit to
Tirukkolur, about two miles north of it, the birth-place of
St. Madhurakavi. As he was proceeding, he met a damsel by
name Tiruk-koliir Ammai coming from Tiruk-k6lur. ' Whence
art thou coming ?' asked he of her. " From Tiruk-k6lur," said
she. To this, R4manuja chidingly said : — " I wonder, lady, thou
shouldst emerge from a. Holy Place, into which, according to the
verses of St. Nammilzhvsbr, every one should enter ?" " To this,
Ammai gave the following long reply* : —

Holy Sire ! who am I to deserve to live in such a Holy
Place? for:— )

1. Did I go on such a holy mission as Akmra ?

2. Did I entertain in my house like Vidura?

3. Did I cast off my body like the Eishi's wife ?

4. Did I cause a Ravana fo be killed like S,it§j ?

5. Did I raise the dead like Tondam4a ?

6. Did [ offer a corpse like Ghant4karna ?

7. Did I adorn (a SitS,) like Anasiiya?

8. Did I seek for a Father like Dhruva ?

9. Did I repeat the Three-letterd Name like Kshatra-
bandhu ?

10. Did I get trodden like Ahalya ?

* See Topic 117 and foot note thereunder, p. 133, Divine Wisdom o
Drdvida Saints.

^ Vishnu-Purana.
^ Mah4-bharata, Sabha-Farva. '

s Sri Bh4gavata, X, 23, 38:— FT^+lRscnT^ T'RTmr^tT^ I
g^T^fn^JITf <^*1l3«(''J^T'3!. II Sudarsana of Itihasa-samuoohaya(?)

* Bamayana.

^ Mahalakslimi, Kiirraa's wife, Veukatesa-MahS,tmya (Bharish-
yottara, 14th Adh).
^ Harivamsa.
' Bitmayana.'
° Vishnu-purana.

' 'Vishnn-dharma. The Name is Gp-vin-da; also Bee Timm&lai, 2, 4^
•o Raina,yaTia, or Adhyatma-Eamayana, 14tb Adh.

212 TIItUKKOLCE-AMMAr. CH. XXXn.

11. Did I ripen, while yet i-aw, like Andal ?

12. Did I establish (o? proclaim) Na,i-a,yana, like St. Peri-
y&zhvSr ?

13. Did I ransack religions like St. Tii-umazhisai ?

14. Did I know Him as " the Subtlest " like St. Nanv
inazlivilr ?

1.5. Did I say : " anything," like St. ICalasekhara ?

16. Did 1 say : " I pledge my word," like Krishna ?

17. Did I give clues (to RaniEl), like Kabandha ?

18. Did I reveal secrets lilie Trijata ?

19. Did I recognize God (in Rama) like Mandfidari ?■

20. Did 1 say : " / know Thee," like Visvamitra ?

21. Did I say : " I know of no other God;," like St. Ma-
dhurakavi ?

22. Did I givfr birth to a God like Devakl ?

23- Did I say : " conceal Thy discus," like Vasudeva ?

24. Did I bring up a Cowherd like Yasoda ?

25. Did I do a mite (of service) like the sq,uirrels ?

26. Did 1 take fried rice like Kuehfela ?

'' A precocious prodigy in divinity. Bead he» life in our Lives of
A.zhvdrs.

^ Kead his life in our Lives of Azhvirs.

^ Do. do. , and verse Pimil-dya in TirUi

cchanda-viruttam.

" Do. do. Also v. 75 " Puviyam " of Peri-

ya-TiruvandS,di may be read.

^ Do. do. verse IV, 10. PerumaJ Tiru-

mozhi.

1" Bhagavad-gita' XVIII, 65: ^T^qWjHl'^r^WiTflB^. -^l^o Bhirata
s(jory is referable, where a dead boy vras restored to life by Krishna —
afl others having failed. He is said to have spoken thus : — ^T^ IJ»|$)t4-
if^TR^ ^firg^lr^Irr l 4l^|^cf;<W^ a^l^g^ra^: ll AIso see Afvame^^
dlia-Parva, 70 and 18. ff. beginiung with ;jsff(ig=ff^fl[si[j ^rF!IKtTlvR^^?H%. *<5-

17 18. 10 Bamayana.

» Do. 'Sf^rTir. I, 19, 14.

^ Verse Tivu-matt-ariyin in Kannlnun-Sirultamb u.

n 23, u Vishnu-Pnraiia.

" Padma-pui&na (?). Aka v. 27, Tirumoli.

^ Sri Bhitgavata.

CH. XXXII. TIKUKKOLOK-AMMAr: 213

27. Did I bestow weapons like Agastya ?

28. Could I eater the seraglio like Sanjaya ?

29. Could I, by ' works ' obtain bliss like Jauaka ?

30. Did I bite tbe toe and see Him like St. Tirumangai ?

31. Did I become the umbrella and .so on, like Adi-S6sha ?'

32. Did I carry Him, like Garutman ?

33. Did 1 keep promise, like Nam-paduvtin ?

34. Did I behold God in a nook, like the Fii-st Azhvars ?

35. Did I guard two princes, like Valmiki ?

36. Did I offer two garlandsj like St. Tondaradippodi ?

37. Did I obtain truths, like Tiru-k-kacchi-nanibi ?

38. Was I absorbed into God, like St. Tiriip-p£lnazhv£br ?'

39. Did I say : " send," like Vasishtha ?

40. Did I worship sandals, like Kongil-piratti ?

41. Did I offer clay -flowers, like Kui'uva-nambi ?

42. Did I vociferate : " Oh : The Origin !," like Gajendra ?

43. Did I offer scents, like the hunch back Kubja?

44. Did I offer wreaths, like the Maifi,kara ?

*' B4inS.yaTia.

^^ Sri Bliagavata and BhS.rata.

^ Bliagavad-gita, III, 20, Karmanaivahi, &c.

^ Bead his life in our Lives of Azhvars.

"1 Stotra-Eatna v, 40 ; and v. 53, Saiindl, Ist Tiruvandadi.

^ See Gajendra-Moksha, Bhagavata.

^' Kaisika-purana.

** See our Lives of Azhvars.

'5 B§.mayaiia, the two princes being Lava and Kusa.

^ Bead his life in our Lives of AzhvS,rs. Flower-wreath and Hjmu-
^ wreath (Tirumalai).

^' See Life of Bamannja.

S8 See his life in our Lives of Azhvars.

^ Bamayana (sending B^ma with Vifvamitra)..

♦» Bead Life of Bamannja. (Bamanuja's Sandals), p^ 176.

1 Kariiva-nambi or Bhlma. [Venjcatesa llahSiniya, Bhavishyottaiii^
ilth Adh.3

« Bhagavata.
''*• and ** VisbTiu-pnrina.

214 TIRUKKOLUR-AMMAI. CH. XXXIl.

45. Did I keep my assigned place, like Bharata ?

46. Did I serve on the way, like Lakshmana ?

47. Did I land on the other shore, like Guha ?

48. Did I fight with the demon, like Jatayus ?

49. Did I land on this shore, like Vibhiahana ?

50. Did I offer sweet fruits, like Sabari ?

51. Did I say : " Hei-e He is," like Prahiada ?
62. Did I hide (Krishna) like Dadhibhanda ?

53. Did I go to the forest, like BS>ma ?

54. Did I praclaim discovery (of Sita), like HanumS.n ?

55. Did I relinquish both hands, like Draapadi ?

56. Did I say the excuse: "milk boils over," like
Vaduga-nambi ?

- 57. Did I hold my throat, like Selvappillai ?

58. Did I deserve the command: " stop here," as JdaiyS-
itru-k-kudi Nambi ?

« « «; 48^ ffl and so BMnayana.

*• Vishnu-purana.

^ This is said to be related in Af^neya, Mahabh3.rata or BriiHlS,vana-
MS,hS.tinya? DadiiibfaS,nda was a cnrd-seller. He is said to hare ^iven
shelter to Lord Krishna when He was hotly pnrsaed after by His associa-
tes in the play called hide and seek and when Krishna asked the cnrd-
seller to ask bis reward, he asked for JfoKsha for himself and for those
who belonged to him, down to the curd-pot in which Krishna bad hid
himself. This was granted.

«'-« EamS,yana.

™ MabS,bhS,rata, SaXthk-Parva.

™ Vaduga-nambi alias Andhra-pnrna. See bis life p . 221.

'' It appears one day very hot milt was offered to the Lord at
Tirunarayanapuram (Melukote). Selvappillai, who was a great devotee
felt the milk scorch his throat ; and hence held it in pain. Also the
incident of Lord Sampatknmara embracing Bim&nuja is referable. '

^ By oversight we omitted this Topic in our Divine Wisdom of
the Ddvida Saints. I. K. Nambi was a regular visitor to Srirangam
when festivities of Lord Eanga came on. After one set was over and
before another came on, he constantly dwelt in the interval in his inind
on the happy scens which he witnessed during the previons festivities.
ATiother season of celebrations came romnd. Bat Nambi had grown
nearly a hundred years old, and could not go to the first day of th&
ceremonies (Ankwr-^pana}. But Lord Eanga was never happy without
his devotee being present. Pe was however aWe to attend on th »ixth

CH. XXXir. TIRUKKOLUJR-AMMAI. Sl5

59. Did I carry the message : " He is dead," like Maruti-
y and an ?

60. Did I oro in pursuit (of God) like Nathamunigal ?

61. Did I say : " I want Him not," like Kurfesa ?

62. Did I refute Advaita, like Ramsbnuja ?

63. Did I see the discus, like Nallan ?

64. Did I go to Anantapuram (Trivendram), like Ala-
vand&r ?

65. Did I feel separation like Teyva-variyandan ?

66. Did I compose AndMi like Anindaii&r ?

67. Did I give counsel, like M alyavan ?

68. Did I opine : ' mere ocean-roar,' like Mahapurna ?

Poot note on page 214— (continued).

day, when the Lord asked : " what can we do for thee, beloved ? "
" Lord," he said, " so long has the body, Thou gavest me, served me well ;
now it is so old and worn out that it cannot serve any good purpose. It is
on that account that I have this season been for five days absent." " In
that case return no more from Us," said the Lord. And by the time the
Lord's procession approached the middle entrance of the Temple, Nambi
had shuffled oS his mortal coil.

^ Read R£lmS,auja's Life. He refers to Krimikantha-Ch6]a [Bhaga
vad-vishaya Vol. Til, p. 3538, rdykkum VII, 10, 4.]

«> Bead his life.

^ Where KAresa refused to enter Lord Banga's Shrine [Page 1973.

^ See Bimanuja's Life.

^ Nallan was a Brahman disciple of Ram^nuja, and a great devotee
of Lord Varada of Kanchi. He saw a corpse floating down the river
Vaigai which bore on its arms the Vaishnava symbols of discus. ' This
was enough for Nallan to drag it to shore and perform funeral rites.
The Brahmanas of KiLnchi resented this and declined to eat with him.
But Lord Varada put on a Brahmana's disguise and attended the funeral
meals. The Lord thereon gave him the title : NaltuMu polldn, Namdkku
nallan' i.e. ' Though the whole world is against him, we are for him,'

"' See Yamunacharya's Life.

<^ See Yamuna's disciple who wasted away without his guru.

^ Disciple of Ilim§.nuja who composed Ramanuja-Nutt-andadi in
praise of Ram4nuja.

«' Ramiiyana. Malyavan's advice to Ravana.

63 See BAmJlnnja's Life, with reference to funerals performed on a
Sndra, Maranferi-Nambi, which when Ramanuja objected, Purna declared
all the ordinary regulations on the subject, having strict reference to caste
etc., were as useless as ths ' roar of the ocean.' [Pp : 167-168],

216 TIEtJKKOLTJB^AMMAr.- CH. XXXil.

69. Did I exact) promif^e, like Gftshfhi-Purna ?

70. Did I obtain mercy like the dumb-person ?

71. Did I give up my body, like Tiru-naraiyur-araiyar ?

72. Did I profess insignificancy, like Srisaila-purna ?

73. Did I thrust my finger into the snake's mouth like
Embar ?

74. Did I vanquish (a Pandit) by showing marks ou
arms, like Bhattarya ?

75. Did I seek a secluded spot like Villiputtur Bhagavar ?

76. Did I jump into water like Kanapuratt-ammai ?

On hearing this, B3,manuja was thnnderstruck and takino-
Ammai with him back to Tirukkolur, rested under her roof,
and partook of the food prepared by her as a token of his
admiration and appreciation of her spiritual enlightenment and
attainments evinced by her most erudite discourse. Before

•^ Rain^nuja's Life, where Parna exacted a promise of secrecy from
KAmannja not to divulge religious secrets, but which Bama,n"nia in-
fringed. [P. 97.]

™ E4inannja's Life where he gave salvation, unsolicited, to a poor
dumb creature. [P. 169,]

" See Sri-Vachana-Bhushan I. In order to qnench the flames in
which the Lord's car had by accident been enveloped, he rushed into
the flames with his sons and perished in the act.

. " Kam4nuja's Life where Sri Saila came in advance to meet
Kam^nuja on the Tirnpati-Hill.

'" See Ramauuja's Life.

" See page 166.

™ He was a Sanyasin. When he went to a bathing place which was
resorted to by all, he left the crowds and sought out a secluded spot
JMna-Sara of A. P. Emberumanar, verse 13 : " Panda " and Periva Jiyar's
Comment thereon, may be consulted.

™ This lady is said to have been a disciple of Sage Yamuna Ha
was once crossing the Kaveri in full flood-from Utta.narkoil (Karam-
Vanur) to Snrangam, in . boat. The boatman complained of too much
load. He was rowing in midstream with all his might, and now feared the
boat would sink. K. Ammai. in order to save the life of her guru and
Q hers ,n the boat, undertook to ease the boat by jumping into the river
The boat, thus relieved, was rowed away in safety to the shore. But Pro"
T^denoe saved the lady's life, for when she jumped, she found herself
iaudmj; ou a rock just below the wUt<;r-BUii:acc.

OH. KXXII. THE WASHEHMAN. 217

returning, he blessed her, and saw to the due perforniance of
all festivals connected with Lord Nikshepavitta and St. Mad-
hurakavi. R&mabnuja now returned to Srirangam.

An interesting incident is chronicled ' as having occnred
about this time. The washerman employed to wash the clothes
of the Srivaishnavas of Srirangam, one day washed Lord
Ranga's garments as well. He brought them and showed to
Ram&nuja. Bam9,nuja was so pleased with him that he took him
to the Lord in the Temple and prayed to Him thus : " Lord,
deign to notice the careful way in which this washerman has
washed Thy garments. Indeed, with these wound round Thee,
Thou wouldst appear to such advantage." Lord Kanga accept-
ed the recommendation and replied to RamsLnuja thus : — " For
the loving services rendered to us this day by this washer-
man, we forgive the ofEence of his ancestor, the •vyasherman of
our Krishna-avatar." " To this day it is the custom for the
Lord to receive the clothes from the washerman just as he
brings them and use it for the Lord. This is a privilege inas-
much as in Indie Society, the woisherman is a low-caste man and
the clothes brought by him have to be washed again before a
Brahmana will wear them.

It is here chronicled that there was a disciple of RamELnuja
called Pattini-p-perumal. He is said to have been of low-
caste. He lived away from the sacred town of Srirangam, in
an out-of-the-way hut ; and used to drown himself in the joy
of singing the psalms of the Holy Azhvfi,rs. Ram^nuja's way
from the river Kaveri to Srirangam lay where this disciple
thus lived. One day he was returning from his bath accom-
panied as usual by a large number of his followers. He stopped
short at the hut, and bidding his followers leave him and pro-
ceed to Srirangam, entered the hut, and spent the time with
the disciple as long as it pleased him, in the sweet ecstasy
brought on by the singing of the Holy Hymnal. Had an ordi-
nary person consorted thus with a low caste man as Rama-

' Vide Bhagavad-vishaya, on Tiraviymozlu V. 10, 6, Ninra-vdrum
also Topic 53 of our Divine Wisdom of Vrdvidd SainU.
' Read the story in foot-note, op. cit.

28

218 PATTINI-P-PEKUMAL. OH. XXXII.

nuja did, he would have been outcasted, but they dared not
utter a syllable of reproach against Ramanuja's doing it — ano-
ther illustration of the canon that great men alone can do such
things, as laid down in the IJIiariiia-Sastras, ^pffl^TIrTfU. ' the
daring acts of the Mahatmas,' and ^jffq'HR^Krr'T of Srimad
BhS/gavata. No reproach thus attaches to the character of
glorious souls. Such incidents thougli trivial in themselves,
are fraught with great significance and important issues as
affecting and moulding the organic-character of anew com/nu-
nity which would at the time be taking definite shape and
acquiring special functions in the -hod _v- politic of the Aryan-
Dravidas.

This new community of Sri-Vai.shnuvas waf not confined
exclusively to the Brahmanas. It was catholic and entertained
in its fold every man and woman regardless of caste or color.
The community was growing fast and counted millions, of
which a definite number as constituting the elite, and as calcu-
lated to carry on thie evangel set on foot by BAmariuja, is memo-
rialized in the verse :— fl-^JTWnWT?K?Tr ■J^§^i l ci < ^ HI d l HW'Hflr = I
5r=#cl^ff7Rs^>T% W^MTf TW!IR%^: II ie. " The King of the asce-
tics, Ramanuja, had in his following (700) seven hundred Tatis
(ascetics), (74) seventy-four (episcopal) Thrones, known as the
Ach^r;^a-purushas, and countless others, — (12,000) twelve-
thousand Bkangis (monks of all claEKe.s), (300) three-hundred
Kctti-an^pais (nuns), many kings, and other.s both 'of the
Holy Thread' and ' the Threadless (Sattadavar). ' A list of the
names wjll be given separately. And here, only the chief
members with the work allotted to tliem in the immediate
establishment attached to the sec, will be noted. KureSa
Dasarathi, Nadadur Alvan and the Bhattars were to attend
Sri-Bhashya Discourses; Yajna-miirti (Arulala-p-perumal-
Emberuraanar) was to attend to the worship of the chapel ;
Kidambi-p-perumal and Kidambi-acehan were to superin-
tend the culinary department; Vatn-puina or Andhra-purna
(z^Valduga-nambi) was for oil -bathing and other sundry ser-
vices to Ramannja ; Gomatham Siriy-alvan was to carry the
kamaudalu (vessel) and sandals ; Dhanurdasa was to be the
treasurer, Ammangi was to boil milk; TJkk;al-alvan was tq

OH. XXXII. ll^MAXCJA'S FOLLOWING. 219

.serve meal.s ; Ukkalammal vs'as to fan ; Marati-p-periyS,ndEin
was to minister on oocasions of natural impulses ; MaronrillS,-
Msirati-y-3,ndaji was to lie the steward ; Tuya-muni-velam was
to be the waterman ; Tiru-v-aranga-mSiligai was to be the
storekeeper ; Vandar and Sundar were to take service under
kings and fill the see-coffers ; Ramanuja-vfelaikkarar was to be
the body-guard ; and Akalank.i-nslttalvan was to. win polemical
victories over di.ssenters.

220 VATU.PtTBNA. CH. XXXIII.

CHAPTER XXXIII.
VATU-PURNA OH. ANDHRA-PDBNA.

Vatu-purna or Andhra-purna, wliose first entry into our
liistory may be remembered a.s having taken place when RamS,-
naja was at Saligrama (Mysore),' is known, above all other dis-
ciples, to have .been the closest attached adher'ent of RamSoiuja,
and the staunchest follower of the Path, known as the Paiicha-
mopaya, or the Fifth Path — the Acharyabhimana," in other
words, unswerving faith placed in the Saviour, who is incar-
nated on earth, and never dividing such faith between a saviour
who has taken on humanity, and God who ever remains Divine.
Vatu-purna was not a mere theoretical believer in this mode of
.salvation, but exemplified it forcibly by his personal example.
In the exclusive worship he paid to R4manuja's Holy Feet, he
excluded all thoughts of God. His Saviour was his God. He
recognized no other rival Saviour-God to his visible human
Saviour. Once on an occasion, RamiLnuja went to the Holy
shrine Tiruvellarai (about 10 miles north of Srirangam).
Yatu-purna followed him of course, caiTying the Tiruppul-
kudai 'containing washed clothes, images, articles of worship,
&c. Ramanuja, after reaching Tiruvellai-ai, went to bathe and
i-eturning, opened the cover of the wallet to find to his surprise
and chagrin that his own sandals had been placed on the top

» The descendants of this dis- Aoharya-stuti, and many songs in

oiplo are close relatives to the wri- Sanskrit, Telugu and Kannada.

ter of this work ; and to this day Their descendant Kamacbarva ha^t

enjoy the rights and privileges of been winning laurels in the court of

the shrine bnilt over Rainanuja's the Baroda Maharaja and has made

Holy Feet at tliis place— a place of many disciples in Bombav and

holy pilgrimage to this day. In Gnzerat side. Their memorial

the days of Krishna-raja Odeyar, vere is thus sung :— ^frircTiiiTrwiwr

two brilliant lights of this family ^jn. .. .^..Tj,?^, , ^2 ^ • n "

known as Sidlaghatta Sndarsana- ^'^'^'I?^!^ ' '"^^^'TT^^tT^-

charya and Eangacharya (brothers) 'T?pi(>i«!rtt<'nici: II

shed their Vaidio glory in his ^ For which, see our Soteriogical

court ; and wrote many works such Table, pp. 573-4 of our Bhao-avad-

as Charara&rtha-vivriti, Ghata-Kar- gitA,. That Vatu-purna is an illus-

para-Bhedi, Fada-renuk§.-8aha8ra, trious example of this Path is pro-

B4manuja-Sslrva-bhauma-S a t a k a, minently sliown in LokachHrya's

Yftdavadri-viiasa, a Si^tra-Bh4shya, Srlvaohana-BhAshana, and Periya-

KamalS,pta-kar&nvaya, Bhaj«-yati- TSyar's Arti-prabandh'a.

r&ja-Stotra, Bhaje-bh&shyak&ra ' A kind of wallet or portman-

Stotra, Siddh^nta-bheri (uatak,) teau made of reeds.

CH, XXXIII. VATU-PIjENA. 221

of all other things. Ii-ate, he called Purna and asked him to
explain this sacrilege — the sacrilege of placing liis sandals over
the heads of his holy Images of worship ! " Sire," promptly
ausvrered Purna, " how is my God inferior to thine ?"

Eamanuja went to visit the Lords in the temples, but
Piirna's gaze was s^^^eadily fixed on RS,mamija's handsome per-
son. RSiOiElnuia often marked this ; and once remarked : "Son,
why dost thou not direct thy sight to the charming eyes of the
Lord ?" Purna then looked at the Loi-d and looked at Eama-
nuja alternately for a few seconds and then exclaimed ; " Sire,
the eyes that have seen thee cannot see other objects." '

R§,manuja used to hand over the remains of food, after he
had eaten, to Purna to eat ; the latter, after eating, wiped his
soiled hands on his head. Eamanuja fretfully chided him for
tliis slovenly habit and directed him henceforth to wash his
hands with water- " Yea," said Purna. The next day,
Bamanuja handed over to him to eat consecrated food given to
him in the Temple. Purna ate and washed his hands with
water. " What hast thou done, son ;" exclaimed Rsbmanuja,
" the Lord's food is too holy to be thus washed away, thou
oughtest to wipe it on thy head." " Sire," reported he, " I
have done as thou badest me yesterday." Ramanuja simply
said : " Son, thou hast overcome me."

On another occasion Purna was busy boiling milk fo*"
Ramanuja in the Math, when Lord Ranganatha was conveyed
in procession, decked in all the glory of decorative art
Ramanuja rose to go, see and pay homage to the Deity, calling
Purna, as he went, to come and do the same with him. But
Puma, immediately excused himself saying : " Holy sire, if I
come out to see thy God, the milk that is on the fire for my
God (Ramanuja) will boil over."

At one time, some kinsmen of his came to his house as
guests, and used his cooking pots for preparing their meals.
But as soon as they left him, Purna broke them all and threw
them into the rubbish heap ; and picking up cast-away pots in

GiasresrnfiQ'iesissemi—seimsar u>pQ(itfasr(Si^einssir^s^Qeii.

222 VATU-PUBNA. CH. XXXIII.

the backyard of DaSaratlii, brought them home.and used them ;'
thus shoving that everything that belongs to the Saviour is
holy, and all else is unholj'. This demeanour proves the
acme of the state of a spiritually risen soul dissevered from
all touch of worldliness (vairagj-a.)

Purna was strict as regards ths taking of Sri-pada-tirtha, for
he sipped no water washed off any other's foot save that "of his
Saviour, Ram&nuja. He memorialized this faith, of his, by shap-
ing au image of his feet and setting them iip for worship for
all time to come at th^ village of Sfi.ligr£ima — as the most
cherishtfd treasui'e for himself and all posterity' ; and that it
must be looked upon as such by all the coming generations, was
the most solemn trust which he imposed on those near and dear
to him, at the time of his translation from the mundane. Vatu-
purna is thus assigned a place in the inner circle of Ramanuja's
hierarchical institutions, called the Ashta-diggajas, or the
Eight Elephants of Faith to guard the eight cardinal points of
the coinpass." This sage it was who sang the famous hymn to
Bditfianuja, called the RS,mannj-asthottara-Sata-nama, sung
every day by every Sr! vaishnava. The last verse runs thus : —

' The meaning of this is that tliern, or sisters, or father, or mo-

wheu a spiritual relation with ther, or wife, or children, or lands

spiritual jnen is established, that for my name's sake &c." [Mat.

btcomrs holj-, and all affections XIX, 29] ; and " if anj man come"

contracted with kinsmen who are to me and liate not his' father, and

worldly are contaminations. Their mother &c." [Luke XI V, 26]. '

Tory touch is considered as antago- =Tlie Ijoly descendants of Purna,

nistic to the growth of the new mentioned on page 220, foot note ']

spiritual relation. The parallel to have sung thus in their Yatiraja-

thisidea is Jesus saying :— " Every sarva-bliauma-Sataka — ^TFtra^irr

one that hath left house, or bro- ^g^^nf^TTPsg^ &c.

CH. XXXiy. ANANTA-SUIU. 223

CHAPTER XXXIV..
ANANTA-STTRI OB ANAWTACHARYA:

Some interesting incidents in the life of Anant&rya,
another staunch disciple of Raman uja, are related tlins. From
previous pages it is known that he was tlie person who had
undertaken to settle in Tirupati and do all tlie ser.riccs of Loi'd
Srinivasa. It may also be remembered that he had created a
flower garden to which he was paj'ing personal atlcntion. He
now wished to construct a ismall rosorvoir for water for that
purpose. He began excavating it by his own manual labour.
But a Brahmacharin suddenly put in his appearance and
saying : " Aged sire, the task is too much for thee. Let me help
and lighten it," stretched his hand to take off his head the
basket, in which he was carrying earth. Anantarya airested the
boy's hand and said : — "Son, if I resign my ba.sket, I shall
faint; if you take my basket, you will faint." But he was a
stubborn boy and rejoined : — " No fear of that. Sire, trust me."
Anantarya remonstrated and .''aid: — " Son, Ihis service is my
life ; if yon also want life, go, fetch j-our own basket, and
carry it." The boy disappeared for the present. Anantarya
went on with his work and pi'es.sed his poor wife into the
service, though she was pregnar.t at the time. She was em-
ployed in carrying loads of earth and emptying the same on to
the bank. Her returns were at fii-st slow, but they became soon
rapid. Anantarya remarked it with surprize and asked her to
explain how she managed to return .so rapidly. She naively
said: — " A Brahmacharin boy " sire, "meets me half the way,
carries the load for me r^nd brings me back tlie basket. Hence
Sire, your work is done more speedily."' " Wiio is that imperti-
nent urchin meddling w ith my work, uninvited ! " fulmi-
nated Anantarya in angci-, and running after the boy, gave
him a poke under the.ubin with his crow-boar, .saying:
" Take that for thy trouble, and get thee gone " Tlie boy
took to his heels as if in fright. But the temple autliorities
found, and Anantaiya too after, that Lord Srinivasa in the
shrine was profusely bleeding in the ohin. This they stopped
by stuffing camphor into the wound. [This is done even to this
day, and the camphor is distributed to deyoteog as prascidaj.

224 ANANTA-SUBI. CH. XXXIV.

As Anant§,rya was fast progressing with his work, he was
one day bitten by a cobra. But he went simply to the holy
Svfiimi-Pushkarini pond, bathed and returned to his work.
People observed to him that he should put himself under treat-
ment, unless he meant to die. But he quietly remarked : " No
treatment is needed." Ho now went to the Temple on a vi.sit
to Lord Srinivasa, when the Lord remarked : — " Son, beloved,
what was thy thought when thou woaldst do nothing to ex-
tract the fatal poison from thy system ?" " Lord,'' .said he, " if
the bitten serpent {i.e., I) is more powerful, it will simply
bathe in thy holy pond and do service here below ; but if the
biting serpent is more powerful, the bitten serpent (i.e., I) will
bathe in the ViraJ£l-Sti-eam and do service there above (in Thy
Heaven). This was my thought when the cbbi-a bit me."

Anantarya, once upon a time, left Tirupati to go to his
native land, Posala-.country ' taking food for the journey.
After doing a stage, feeling hungry, he sat down to di.scuss it ;
but lo, when he opened the box, he found the food swarming
with ants. "Curse me, I havesiAned," cried he, vexed. "The
best Saints have desired to live on the H0I3' Hill of Tirupati,
even as stocks and stones.'' And I a sinner, have deprived
these holy ants of their holy abode." So saying, he carefully
closed the box and retracing his steps, hun^rv as he was
released the ants on the hill, and went his wav.

Tamunai-t-turaivan is a chamber in the Tirupati Temple
premises, named after sage YamunachS,rya. AnanlJLrya sat here
usually to make flower-garlands for tlie Lord. Wlien he was
once thus busy and had not finished, lie was called to atten d on
some other work in the Temple, but lie refused to stir. And
when he went there with the finished garland, the Lord asked

him to explain his disobedience. Anantiirya said : " What

have I to do with Thee, Lord, when my flowers are jUst blos-
soming, and I should not delay stringing them together lest
their fragrance be lost for Thee." The Lord said:—' what if we

> Present Mysore. His birth place is Kirangfir (Siruputtflr) near
Srirangapatna.

Cp-St. Kulaj.*kliar.A.hvar'B Tirumo.hi : " eiwQuQsw^iir Qu^ek -

CH. XXXIV. ANANTAKYA'S CliAIM. 225

dismiss thee from this place ?" " Lord, our Saints have sung
that Thou art a sojourner on this Hill ' like myself ; Thou
mightest have come to stay here a little earlier than myself ;
a,nd that is all the difference between us. This Hill is there-
fore not Thine, it is our common pi'operty. Thou hast no
authority therefore to dispossess me of it." Tho Lord was
mightily pleased with His curious devotee, which Ananta,rya
■was.

226 KURESA OBTAINS SALVATION. CH. XXXV.

CHAPTER XXXV.
THE SAtiVATION OF KURESA.

Tradition horo t.ikes up tlie fmi.sUing epi.sodes in the life
of Hie mcst exemplary disciple and martyr Sri KiiifiSa. It i.s
said that liis figure forms the alto-relievo in the Life of llamA,-
nuja, and his exit from the world's stage takes 2ilace in advanoa
of that of hi.s revered Ma.ster. Sil (i^nianuja as will appear in
the sequel.

Bsimanuja must have been about 110 years and even more
by this time. As redoubtable as he was in his cfiampionship of
Vaishnavisrn, he was in his strength and zeal unfl:igging. A
recluse, in quiet seclusion, lie was importing to his hosts of
disciples the quintessence of flie doctrines it was his mis.sion to
propagate. One day, Kurfesa went to visit Lord RaiiganfLHia
all by himself. " Thou seenist as if thou hast sometliing in
thy heart to tell me," said the Lord. Kur6?a broke out into
praise which took (he shape of a splendid Sanskrit verse, —
gifted poet as he was — whicli he explained at great leno-th
by his own commentaries. The Lord was so pleased as to
press Kuresa to ask any favour of him. But Kurfesa humblv
Said that he had every favour bestowed on him ; there was
nothing more to ask. '" No," said the Lord, " once more ask
and ask for more, if not for thee, for the love that I bear to my
beloved Spouse, Sri, and love for my Ramftnuja. Kurfisa
submitted his wish that he be released from the prison of
the body, and be gathered to His Feet. " Ask some other
thing than that," the Lord said; but KiirSSa declared
that he could think of nothing else.' "Let it be so then"
the Lord said ; " what thou askest shall not only be boon
for thee, but a boon conferred on every one that has any sort
of relation with thee." KiirfiSa, receiving this messao-e.
walked out from the sanctum in all tJie dignity and glory of a
crown-prince, soou destined to occupy the throne in the Kinc-
dom of Parama-pada ; and instead of going to his own hou.se
sped beyond the outermost rampart of the Temple and took

' ^nw(?euem(SLD,xn-iMQwairLL®iisi^^. [2nd T. Andddi, 92]

ClI. XXXV. RAMANUJA'S JOT AXD G&IEF. 2^?

shelter in Azhvar's (liis father P) house. Intelligence soon
reached Rama,imja as to what had liappcnod. Agreeably
startled, he stood up, and Hung his upper garment into tlie air
— an expression of infinite joy. The disciples who watched
this, failed to understand what Efti-uanujiT, meant by this act,
and humbly asked him to explain. " My faithful," he said
" I bear al.so relationship with Kiiresa. My salvation, about
which I may have doubts, ' is thus made safe and sure." This
explains the important consequence that follov,s from the spiri-
tual relation into which a Master and his disciples may enter;
and that is, that saving power is as truly vested in a qualified
disciple with regard to his Master, as is in a qualified master
with regard to his disciple. Bat EAmanuja's joy soon gave
way to grief, at the impending prospect of sep.iration from his
dearest disciple and associate, Sri KureSa, the like of whom
there was none ; and he forthwith left his Math with all his
assembly to meet KuieSa ensconced in the Saint's .shrine. They
met and ES,mannja chidingly remonstrated with Kur&sa for hav-
ing done an act without previously taking counsel with him.
KureSa kept submissively silent. " Why dost thou not speak,
Azhvan," addressed EstmAnuja, " What was thy object in asking
tlie Lord to let thee go to the Blessed Realms in advance of
me 'i " '" Holy Sire," now spoke Kurfesa. " My object was to
preserve the order of precedence there." " Speak not, beloved,
in conundrums," i-eturned Eamanuja, " explain thyself."
" Sire," began KureSa, " the .saint's hymn . ' niudiyudai ' tells
us that the angels who are our elders in Heaven come out of
its gates to welcome those younger brotliers of theirs, who pro-
ceed thither from here. This is out of order ; for younger ones
sliould always go and welcome the elders. This is the order
I wish to preserve. Hence I go in .advance and welcome m3'
Master when he conies." R&ni&nuja said : — " My most beloved,
thou forgettest the rule that obtains in lieaven ; JT^n^Jppp^^TT:,

' How could RaraAnuja, himself a obej'ed, by revealing the mysteries

Saviour, doubt his own salvation ? of religion kept so long sacred, and

is a question which will naturally this doubt vanished by the Lord's

arise. The doubt had come to him gift to Kure.=a, to whom Ramaiiuja

on the occasion of his incurring the bore spiritual kinship. Read verse

displeasure of his guin of Goshthi- at the end of this chapter.

piirna (vide P : Ch.), whom he dis-

228 RAmInWA'S GIUEF FOE KURESA. CH. XXXV.

all differences »nd distinetioi:s disappear there ; and yet thou
desirest to perpetuate even there the relation that obtains here
between us as master and disciple. In all the spheres, is there
a soul to match thee ! " So broke out Ramanuja, and could not
restrain tears trickling down his cheeks, attended by so ; but
observing that Kiirfisa had little time now, checked himself and
approaching closer, hugged him to liis bosom and whispered
into his ear the Holy Dvaya-Maiitra ; and turning to the
spectators, whose curiosity was evidently roused by this act of
his, spoke thus : — " Understand me, sirs. Our Kurfesa does not
need a saci-ament of any kind, and yet I administer it in the
last moments, lest our spiritual prince Kili-6sa miss the bliss
of hearing the sacramental formula from my lips, even like the
roj-al scion asking for his after-dinner aromatics, though he
had chewed it a thousand times before. To our Kuresa, the
Dvaya is his daily nutriment; and I must serve it for the last
time." " Dear son, beloved Azhvan," he said, now turning to
Kui-6sa, " thou art my very soul, how can I part with thee ?
Canst thou not be kind to thy Master ? Take him with thee to
Heaven. Why leavest him behind to suffer cruel pangs of
separation.? How canst thou enjoy Heaven without him ?
[On page 2527, Vol. V" of the Telugu Edition of the Bhaga-
vadvCshaya, the conversation is thus recorded : — " While T
am yet here, son, how wert thou anxious for Heaven ? " Sire,"
said Kur6?a, " in the depth of my thoughts for the miseries of
earthly existence, I forgot this point. Pray forgive nie."
Bdimanuja said, " if Lord Ranga could gi-ant thee a boon, he
could grant me one too. So I will go and ask him to stop thee
here." So saying, R&mEinuja, went a few paces towards the
shrine, but stopped abruptly, and reflected thus : — " God's will
is unalterable. What audacity on my part to go and force
Him to change it ? Peocavi. Let me submit and be resigned
to the inevitable." So saying, he retraced his steps. Then
followed the further conversation with KurfeSa]. How can I
exist here without thee ? Alas, the Lord in Heaven has
attracted thee, though oui- Lord Rangauatha here possesses
every attraction. So then, thou wilt sever thyself from thy
Ranga ? Happy is the Lord in Heaven and happy His celestial

CH, XXXV. KljRESA TAKING FINAL LEAVE. 229

hosts to claim thee as their own ! Luckless are we here and
this sleeping Lord here, Raiiga, to lose thee ! But let me not,
my dearest, change thy mind and disturb thy plans. Be it as
thou wiliest. All hail to thco, my son ; go, go to the Blessed
Eternal Kingdom and rule there in eternal peace and bliss !! "
So saying, Ramanuja drew liim closer into his embrace and
fondly stroking him on the back, continued : —

" Azhvan ! I salute thee ; thou hast now my leave to
depart." Kuie?a spoke not a woi"d. " His heart was too full
for expression. He fell at R§,niauaja's feet like a senseless
block of wood. RSimanuja speedily raised him up, when
Kur6sa pressed his holy feet on his head and to his breast, and
prayed for the administration of the holy water washed of his
feet. Ram&nuja administered it in serene solenuiity and Kuresa,
took it ' after addressing the memorial verse : —

" Ramanuj.i's Holy Feet are my Refuge — Ramanuja, my
blessed guru ; the Ocean of Mercy,— Rdmanuja who so loves
the gold of God's I'eet that all else to him is di-oss."

Ramanuja made a move now towards his Math, towards
the North River (KoUadam), KureSa following him a little
distance. " Pray stop now," enjoined Ramanuja and KureSa
with folded liaiids retraced his steps to a pandal close by
Azhvar's house. He now called his wife Andal-ammai lo his
side and asked her what her wish was. She said : " August
Sire,, thy wish is my wish. My own, I have none." So saying
she fell on his feet with folded hands. He now called his sons
Bhattarya and Sri-Rama-p-pil;ai to his side, and counselled
them thus: "Dear children, ye have no bereavement to be-
moan, for ye have Lord Ranga, your Father, and His Holy
Spouse is your ilother. By them ye have been brought up. But

1 Wasliing the feet of lioly men among the Srivaishnavasisdone in

is an oriental ceremony, whicli order to imbibe the magnetic in-

Chritt himself did to his disciples, fluence of the Epiritnal person as

The sipping of the water (known a, cure both for physical as well as

as Sripfidatirtha) which prevails psychical ills.

230 k6resa passes away. ch. xxxV.

forget not that Eamanuja is yoar Saviour. Be obedient to
And5.1. By thought or speech or deed sin not against Holy
Men; on the other hand ever seek their company." The sons
wept and fell at their father's feet. " Weep not, dear cliildi«n,"
cried KiirSsa, fondly raising tliem, " for if your grief is caused
on account of temporal relationsliip, yc meddle with spiritual
relationship, \-e hold with Ramanuja ; but if it is due to our
Roul-relationsliip, then ye call it in question by such grief.
Either way j-e have no cause for regrets. Cease then and rise
above such worldly weaknesses." So exhorting, KureSa laid
himself down, — head towards the Temple, resting on the lap
of Pillai-p pillai-Azhv£in, and feet resting on the lap of Andal
ammai — and dismissing from his mind every other thought
than that of tlie Holy Feet of Ilamannja, winged liis way into"
the ethereal spaces. Ramanuja was soon apprised of the
event. He at once hastened to the spot and consoled Bhattjirya
who was weeping, and telling him that no tears should be shed
over an auspicious event, directed him to attend to the funeral
cei-emonies.* The Brahma-medha ritual combined with
that of the Vaishnava, was duly performed ; ' and the fol-
lowing verse was composed to his memory : —

'("X^^^'^^'^^^^iTIS^ff-WS- tliat to mourn over the good fortune

^=1 ^mi^^^^^m^^^^ Voltes 'j^rhiZu^rpir if t

[YainyavalkyaSuiiiti.]ll!Mr.Lead. apparent separation from that

beater says:— 'All the ghastlj' para- friend, becomes, as soon as it is

pUornalia of woe— the mutes, the recognized, a display of selfislmoss "

plumes, the black velvet, the crape, [Pp. 59.(50. o^tlh.e of Theosophyl

the mourning garments, the black- (c) Bead St. Paul's Epistles to the

edged note paper— all these are Thessalonians IV, 12 to 17 of which

nothing more than advertisements 12 runs thus:— "And wo will not

of ignorance on the part of those have you ignorant, brethern con-

who employ them. The man who cerning them that are asleep, that

begins to understand what death you be not sorrowful &c And 17 ■

is at once puts aside all this mas- "Wherefore comfort you one an-

querade as childish folly, seeing other with these words."
1 The followiug^autliorities may of be use to our readers on this subject :
^W^THTO^^ J||i)'5(ftM!!^^-cr I

OH. XXXV. MEMORIALS. 231

Our Elder.s repeat the following beautiful verse in praise
of Kur6sa on his birth day every year : —

'How can Kurfisa be fitly praised, bj- |\vhom oven Ramfl-
nuja's salvation is made sure, — Rfl,manuja, who is the sui'e
passport to others' salvation .^ ^

Tradition says that while Ram&nuja or (Lakshmanaoh&rya)
is Lakshmana him.self of the RsiinEiyana fame, Kurfisa is
Rama himself, born again to render back to Lakshmana, all
the services which Lakshmana rendered to him in those by-
gone days.

It is said that without Kui-63a, Rfbmanuja would not have
been what he has been. A. P. Emberuraanar snng the praises
of R3,mfiinuja in his Dravida RamA.nuja-nuttran-dadi, in imita-
tion of Andhra-Purna's Samskrit RsLmAinuj-Ashtottara ; but
when RS,m§.nuja heard it, he rejected it as it contained no re-
ference to Kur63a. Verse 7. " Mozhiyai " was then introduced.
Then the hymn was sanctioned and assigned a place along witli
the 4,000 Prabandhas.

Foot note on page 230— (continued).

sT?m^^w gRrf»T-9f5f?T?ft: i
^SPTpiwfTRfff sfi^^^rmfSTTTq: ii

SHi^ltJT^^ fl^HtT^HI^ I
sr^HRim^ 5Tf»fSW¥fflfrlT I

wy^'qrftsr^ iitra'i'^i^rrsi^fr ii
^v^Tfcntr^ir^pff 5;fw#i'Rwft?rT i

inni^'TRRWf ^PTTiT^^r^3[ i
'W^^'iw^ss i'ifr?^^iTE?r^«cw II

' See foot note 1 on page 275.

232 BHATTARYA TO SUCCEED. CH. XXXVI.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

BAMANUJA'S LAST DAYS.

ParaSava-BhaM.arya, or Bliatt^arja shortly, tlie son of KureSa,
iiad now come to the e.state of hLs father ; — apiritaal e.state.
RftratXiiuja of course knew from the moment of llliattarya's
entry into this world, that ho was destined to be the apo.stle of
the Visisht&dvaita Dispensation — having been presented to the
world by Lord Ranganatha Himself as His own (God)son.
Providence designed that KuiSsa should make his exit from the
episcopal stage — for he was too saintly and retired from the
world to be an active worker, the requisite for a propiigandist.
Bhattarya was of this type. So Rilmanuja led the budding
young man one morning to tjie Holy Temple, to present him
formally to the Lord, so as to make him the anointed, to
aiithoritatively transmit to posterity the great Me.ssage he had
brought from Heaven. Ramanuja led then this juvenile
apostle-delegate to the Lord, and presented him. " We again
repeat and confirm our God-fathershiji to thee, son. We
consecrate it by giving thee this turmuric-water to drink.
Grieve not for the loss of our Kilrfisa, thy Father, for we
.stand to you in that position, more so even." So spoke
the Lord. Rftmanuja interrupted ; — " Majestic Lord ! Bless
this scion with long life ; and I will give him all education."'
Lord Ranga did not deign to reply, but simply gsive them
leave with his blessings, symbolized by the serving of ti.rtha
and prasdda. Ramftnuja returned to his S3e and calling limbar
(Govlnda-Jiyar), assigned tj him the sacred task of preparing
Bhattarya thoroughly for the position ho was to occupy, by a
complete course of studies, in doctrine as well as discipline.
After thus discharging tiie sacred trust which had been vested
in him, Ra,m3,unja settled down once more quietly, to spend his
time usefully in imparting instruction to his large congregation
in Bhtehya and Bhagavad-vishaya.

Kandadai-Andl,n, the son of DaSaiathi, one day approached
Rsbmanuja reverently and said :— " Holy Sire, thou art to us in
this Kali- Age, God Himself incarnate, come on this earth to
establish Dharma, like Lord Kri.shna in DvS,para-Age. If

CH. XXXVT. RAMANUJA'S IMAGE. 233

qftSTftTT* is said to Him, thou art : jJCqi'^HrsiTtwwqr qiT-^Pa^TTPT^ I
^TRrfi^Oi^RHr y*<l45rR<<l*<: ll Ramanuja the Sun, ineai-nated, to
open the lotus of virtue, and dissipate the darkness of vice." So,
Holy Father, permit us to instal in Sri-Perumbudur (Bhiita-
puri), thy image, that all po.stei-ity to the end of time may be en-
abled to know thee, love thee and serve thee as their Saviour, and
secure their .salvation." Eamilnuja granted tlie prayer. Andfln
accordingly brought a statuary to study Ramftnuja's figure
and reproduce it in metal. This was done and shown to Kilma-
nuja. He scanned it closely from top to bottom. Being satis-
fied,^ he embraced the statue pouring into it all the spiritual
power and grace he had posses,sed, for the benefit of posterity
and commanded that it be installed in Bhuta-puri in the month
of Pushj'a when Jupiter v.ould be in that constallation." Andin
cai-ried the Image in state to Bhuta-puri, and installed it along
with the Mula or fixed Image, sculptured out of stone, exactly
in the month and on the day fixed by Ramanuja. As the installa-
tion ceremonies were being proceeded witli at Bhuta-puri,
RSimtLnuja at Srirangam was suddenly taken ill. He was
startled at this, but recollecting that tliat was tiie moment his
Image was being inaugurated at Bhuta-puri, understood the
meaning of his illness. This he also took as a foreboding of the
end of his stay on earth and the completion of his vocation. He
therefore sent a message to And^n to return immediately.
And^n obeyed the summons and joined Ramanuja.

Ramanuja had thus all his band of disciples and devotees
remain by his side, and gave them the quintes.sence of hi.f
teachings thus : — "Listen, sons beloved," began he ; "Men are of
three distinct types, the (iod-ward (anukilla), the God-against
{pratikiUa) and the God-indifferent {anuhhaya). The first type

1 Bhagavad-gita IV 8.

2 The figure answered the description :—

It is of this Image,— the fronfispiecc to this work.

"This star it is significant, is tho star of Sri li&ma'a coronation.

30

i/

234 FINAL TKACHINGS. CH. XXXVI.

are fcbe Sri-Vaisliriavas ; the second are the antithcists ; and
the third are the wordly (sanusarins) . If you meet with the
men of the first class, joy as if you found flowers, scents,
aromatics and so forth ; as if the blush of moonshine spread
about you, and zephyrs softly crept over yon ; as if j'ou
met 3'our own most near and dear kith and kin. If you come
across men of the second stamp, fear as if j'ou faced a venomous
reptile, fire and so forth. If jou chance to meet men of the
third description, mind them not as you would not mind the
stocks and stones that lie on your way. If you discover wil-
lingness in them, teacli them tilings of the spirit ; if otherwise,
treat them with pity. Why these men are tui-ned away from
God is because of their love for lust and lucre.

If out of pi-ide consequent on lust and luci-e, men con-
demn Sri-Vaishnavas it is nothing short of contempt for
God Himself. If to such pride, holy men descend to
paying courtship, it is like the king's wife wandering in the
streets for begging. If to samsdrim, holy men allow themselves
to be lured on account of their wealth and so foi-th, vain is
their wisdom, as they have not learnt to distinguish between
gem and glass^ "n%?m^5q^, <1<-H=(-M^ H?I^RR;frTli'fi?^->jT, WRf^^fg?-

There are si.\ ways by which you can usefully spend your
days : 1. Read Sri Bha.shya and teach it to others. 2. If that is
above your level, read Tiruvaimozhi and make others read it.
3. If that is beyond your ken, build a hut in any holy land,
and live there. 4. If that is impracticable, do services in a
Temple. 5. If that is inconvenient, dwell ever on the profound
truths contained in the Holy Dvaya-Mantra. 6. If that also
is difficult, take shelter or service under a holy man.

Iiamanuja now sent for all the servants of the Blessed
Fane of Ranga, and addressed them thus : — " Faithful
Servants of our Lord, my time is over, and my services in
your company have to come to an end. In the performance
of my duties with yon, I may have offended some and pained
others. As I am now about to leave you, it is seeming that I
ask of you, one and all, to forgive me for my short-comings."
" Holy Sire," said they all in one voice. " W!iy do you speak

ClI. XXXVI. ADVIOB TO TEMPLE SEUVANTS. 238

thus tons j'onr humble servants ? yoar speech is strange — ^not
only strange, but drives fear into our breasts ! Tou, beloved
father, to leave us orphans ? You, the soul of the worlds, to
leave us lifeless corpses ?" " Speak not so, sons," said Bamd.-
nuja, comforting them : — '"Ye lose nothing by losing me; for
there is Your Lord Ranga here, ever present, and who never
leaves you. He is safe sleeping on his serpant-couch and
steadily gazing to the South, — for his Bhakta, Vibhishana
dwells there. Never be sparing in your services to Him. Be
vigilant and devout. I wish you all the constant company of
the Lord's own elect, — the Sri-Vaishnavas. Farewell." So
exhorting them and assigning to select disciples the care
of the different sections of his large tollowing, Sri Ram&nuja
led Bhattarya to Lord Ranga's presence, and lot him receive
the tlrtha and prasdda, prior to hiui — signifying by this act
that Bhattarya was to be the Head of the Srivaisbnava Church
after his departure — and turning to his disciples, said : — "Gen-
tle folk, lie shall be next to me in succession. Look upon him
as such." Turning to BhatUrya, he said : — "Sou, there is a
servant of repute, by name Vedauti in the uplands (Mysore).
Go there, win him by polemics, and convert him to our Faith."
After tiius consecrating BhatUrya, Ramsinuja returned to his
Math, and once more addressing the assembly of his disciples,
commanded them not to stray from the Path when he passed
away ; not to take his loss so much to heart as to interfere
with the due performance of duties falling to their share,
" for," said he, " you will then forfeit your connection with
me, Mahapurna and Ya,muna ; and you will moreover act con-
trary to the will of our St. Stahagdpa. Approach me, then,
each of you, and swear by m'y holy feet, that you will carry
out my behests, and will never swerve from the lines of virtue,
I have marked out for you all."

Ram&nuja now commanded that they should retire and
return after eating of the consecrated food prepared for them.
They obeyed ; and when they retui-ned, Sri Ramanuja gave
his last words and last blessings ; and withdrawing himself
gently, -as if he was falling into a quiet natural sleep— closed
his eyes, and laid himself dawn, his head turned towards the

236 KAMANUJA'S EXIT. CH. XXXVI.

Temple, and rested on tlie lap of EmbsLr, and feet placed on
the lap of Vata-puraa (Aiidlira-pflrna).

The whole Srirangam and his wife crowded to the Math
to witness the last moments of the Great Ramanuja. A party
of the elders, in solemn tones, sang the Brahmavalli and the
Bhriguvalli of the Vedas ; and another pavtv sang the hymns
of the Dravida-Prabandhas. As they watched Ramanu-ja
lying in state, their hearts heating with the importance of
the supreme moment, the crown of his head (at the pineal-
gland)' bitrst and the holy Ambassadar of God winged his
way back to the Native Land the feed souls, the Empyrean of
the perfect.

Like the niighty trees of the forest, upixioted and blown
down by the fierce blasts of the hurricane, did the assembly
fall flat on the ground, senseless ; when to recovering sense
only to feel all the more the keen agony of their irrepai-able
loss, followed by an uproarious outburst of grief, unparalleled
by any other event of the kind. Torrents fell from their
blinded eyes, and they ejaculated inarticulate words from their
choked throats shaking with passion ; and in short, tbeir
limbs lay as if bereft of motion by the paralytic stroke dealt
by ReLmanuja's passing awaj' from the sphere of his labours,
up to Heaven, — His Native Home, — to enjoy that unutter-
able rest there— the rewai-d of all the benefactors of mankind.
" Indeed," cried they, " have we realized the truth of wsvfr,'
and vr^^: II i.e., when you sprang into our midst, we obtained
the ' light of knowledge' ; and now your exit envelops us in
the ' gloom of evil.' " ■''

When Ramanuja's Grand Guru Yamuuacharya ascended
to Heaven, a routine of observances and sacraments, proces-
sions and interment was gone through as prescribed by the
Sastras for a Vaislinava and a Sanyasin. All. this, even to
minuter elaborations, and greater detail was solemnly gone
through. Thus passed away the Great Ramanu-ja.

' The Brahma-raudlira.
2 This is a muemograin indicatiug the birth-date of Raiiuiuuia
Saka, 939 (1017 A.C.) ■'

« .Another muemogratn enshrining the date of his departure • Saka
1059 (1137 A.C.) -

CH. XXXVII. ISAMANUJA'S GREATNESS. 237

CHAPTER XXXVII.

RAMANUJA'S GREATNESS.

" Endless are the incidents in the Chapters of Ramanuja's
life. It would be impossible to recoi-d them all. Only the
salient features have been recorded," so says our chronicler, Pin-
balagia-PerumJLl-Jiyar. He collects now in one summarized
compass all the evidences eloquently testifying to the great-
ness of Ramanuja.

1. Lord Ranga declared with his own lips that all the
riches of the Kingdom of Heaven as well as of earth were
placed at Ramanuja's disposal.

2. Lord Srinivasa confirmed this grant by His holy word
also ; and to prove that tliis was not mere flattery, it is written
that a milkmaid by name Tumbaiy fu- Kondi, was supplying curds
to Ramanuia. When he was once on his way to Tirupati,
the woman appeared and presented her bill for payment.
Ramanuja, commanded Kidambi-Acchan to give her food
in the Math. She ate and coming to Ramanuja, prosti-a-
ted to him and submitted to him that she had a favour to
ask. He bade her ask it. She said:— "Holy sire, I desire
not payment in coin for my cards, but grant me Mokeha
instead." '

" But that power I possess not," replied Ramanuja, " Lord
Si-iniva.sa alone can grant thy prayer." " Then give me a
written permit, sire, to take to the Lord" asked she. RAmannja,
over-come by her faith, gave her one. She forthwith ascended
the Sacred Mount, but she had hardly reached the summit,
before the Lord Himself met her on the way, and receiving the
permit, gave her Moksha on the spot.

3. Lord Varadaraja of Kanchipura proved Ramanuja on
two occasions, when He appeared once in Yadava-prakasa's
dream and commanded that circumambulation of the world
enjoined for a would-be San.'^yasin was accomplished by
once circumambulating round Ramanuja ; and when hot de-

Liberation.

238 hAhXnuja's gueatness. ch, xxxvii.

bates on philosophy waged between RUmanuja and Yajna-
niiirti, and the latter was scoring jioints for victory, the Lord
appeared in Ram&nuja's dream and suggested certain Vedic
passages' being quoted as those would level the adversary
to the ground. Next morning the oppenent was vanquished.

4. Lord Narayana of Melukote, proved Ramanuja by His
showing the way for Rd.maciUJa's future in a dream when he was
f taj-ing at Tondanui'; and further condescending to assume the
position of a loved Son to Ramanuja — Sampat-kumara.

5. Lord Sundai-a-Raja of the Azhagar-Hill near Madura,
proved by summoning one day all the disciples of Ramanuja
before Him. They obeyed, but the kinsmen of Maha-purna
(the Acharya of Rd.manuja), stopped away. Purna asked them
why. " We ai-e your kinsmen, ai-e n't we? And Ramanuja is
our disciple therefore," said they. The Lord on hearing this
spoke : — " Your taking Ramanuja for a disciple is only matched
by DaSarathi and Vasudeva taking R&ma and Krishna for
their sons respectively. On another occasion Kidambi-acchS,n

repeated before the Lord the verse : Aparddha i' in which

the expression agatiin : ' wayless ' occurs. " How darest thou
utter this," interrupted the Lord, "when thou hast Ramanuja
for thy ' way ' ?"

6. Nambi, the Lord of Tiru-k-kurungudi, proved by
expre.ssing surprise that Ramanuja should be able to bring
many souls to God's fold, while He Himself could not ac-

[Muncl-Up. II, 2-4. Dhyaua-B. Up. ig.]

[Stotra — Ratna by Y4muiiH.]
" Freighted alas ! with a thonsand sins,
X wreck in the dreadful sea of death, I pine !
Loft ie my way, O Lord, my God !
I yield luc up to thee ;
Thy grace alone must save.
Ah ': make me thine,"

OH. XXXVII. RAMANUJA'S GBKATNESS. 239

complisli so much, despite His repeated Incarnations ' on earth ;
and He retired every time sad with the thought that souls
were more prone to roll down and down into the depths of
samsdra, than climb up to Him." " Wouldest Thou know
the secret, Lord ?", saiA RamAnuja, 'then put thyself in (he
position of a disciple." Namhi did so, and RAmannja whispered
the secret of his success into the Lord's ear ; and ever after-
wards, Nambi prided Himself on this kind of spiritual tie
establi.shed witli RamAnuja.

7. St. NammAzhvar felt so much compassion for the
sinful world that he laid a wager with God Himself. "See,
Lord, I shall convert the world unto Thee.'" " Know they
not Thy Greatness, that I should tell?'" and so forth. But
when he saw the world averse to his preaching, he retired dis-
appointed, crying : — " Is it possible for me to coiTect this large
world?"'; "Enough, myself and my mind have yielded to
Him." ' But again when he looked forth into ihe future, he
saw hope and exultingly cried . — " This dark world shall yet be
set right. Yet, this dark age shall bring salvation " ' Thus did
this Saint ; refer to the advent of RamAimja, as the coming
Messiah. Sage Nathamunigal prophesied RamAnuja's advent
by saying : ' A plash may quench a spai'row's thirst ; but a loch
will feed a vale.' ' By loch he symbolized R&raanuja. Em-
bar sang this by the following beautiful metaphor :

> ^iHK^imratf^ *'o- 1^^- ^''^' ^^''' ^-^

°- ^mCfqi^'imiT &C-. [Bh- Oita, XVI, 20 j

'. Sdrs^^€ULle^.sQ'iJ(Lg!^uu(Sear. [T. Viruttam IG.]

* g ! u/rajii U!rQu>] [T- Vaymozhi, II, 2-2,]

= ^_s^L.^eafiuJinr,rdji^ ^Si^CS^peonOSfi! [P. T. Andadi, 26.]

^ ,^',r^0u)sirGsBr©*</i?a.*/^0^Ti4/«(?^/rii [P. T. Andadi, 20.]

''. ssSl^MaQihaeAnQQsTehiB^. [T. Vay-mozhi, A- . 2-1,]

240 rA.MANU.TA'S fiREATNESS. CH. XXXVri.

8. TAmunachfLrya when lie was at K&nchi-pura on a visit,
and saw RELmflinuja, following in the train of yi!idava-praka.sa,
pointed him out to his disciples, saj-ing; :—" Look, He will be
the first leader of our faith."

9. Mah&piirna proved llatnanuja's greatness thus : — One
day he and his daughter AttulAy-amnia, were seated in their
house, when llamilnuja happened to enter with his train of
disciples. MSihitpiirna at once got up and prostrated him.self
before him. His daugliter asked him how he could do such
an act of obeisance to Kaminuja, who was his disciple. Purna
replied : " Those feet and this head are a match to each other."
Another day RAmAnuja was returning from his bath in the
K3,veri, when MahApuriia meeting him did obei.sance. But
Rimanuja stood erect instead of returning this customary
homage, and simply lifted up his Guru. Ra,manuja's disciples
asked him to explain his unusual conduct. He said ; " My
Guru wishes to please him.SL'lf by honoring me. If that is his
pleasure, it is my pleasure. I should not cross him ." The
disciples next asked Purna to explain his unusual behaviour.
" He said : — " Sirs, I saw in RaiiiJlnujamy own Guru — Yamuna
after my own Gum, all the perfections of a Guru find their
haven in Ramitnuja." And Pilrna made liis own son Pundari-
kftksha the disciple of R4mAnuja.

10. It has already been related, that Goshthi-purna — the
second Guru of Ramanuja, — revealed the secrefs of religion to
Rimanuja by exacting a promise that he would not impart the
same lo others; but tliat Rftniaiiuja broke the promise auon by
openly declaring the secrets (o all in the Temple ; that Purna
became wroth on coming to know this and demanding an expla-
nation from Ramfiuuja, the latter confessed his fault, but sub-

' Satliajit the cloud, from Si-isa's Sea of Grace
Drunk deep, rains down on Natha-Hill;
R5,ma, Padmaksli, two rills thence rippling down
Unite in Yiinuu-Hi'ook, to gulf
Yatiraja's Lotus-Lake, by countless Floodgates
To flood the Pastures of iiarohed souls.

CH. XXXVII. RA.MiNUJA'B G11EA.TJ?ESS. 241

mitted that if his disobedience did eutail on him hell, he had
the sitisfaction of thinking that thousands were saved — a
great price to get in return — ; and that Purna, on hearing
this embraced Ramanuja exclaiming : " What a large heart
thine for others ; my shallow heart did not warm like this !
Thou art no other than lie (Yiimuna) ." And he made his sou
Terk-alva,r, R4m9,nuja's disciple.

11. Tirumalai-Nambi or Srisaila-Purna — anothei- Guru —
it has already been narrated, replied, — when qnestionei^. by
B&mauuja why an elderly person like himself came to meet
him on his way up the Holy Hill of Tirupati, when there were
many young persons, any one of whom he could have des-
patched, — that with respect to RamS.nuja, he could find no
other person younger than himself. And further Purna made
a gift of Emb3,r to Ramanuja, and made his .son Ramanuja to
become his disciple.

12. Tirumaiai-Andan or Maladhara — another Guru — was
teaching Tiravaymohzi to Ramanuja. When the verse ' Ariyak-
kalattu ' [II. 3 3], was explained, Rtimaauja gave his own
interpretations. This gave offence, the Guru ceasing to teach.
Goshthi Purna, coming to hear of this speedily appeared on
the scene, and gave Maladhara to understand that RAmanuja's
interpretations were correct, as they were those of Yamuna-
charya ; and that he must look upon Ramanuja in the light of
such a disciple as Lord Krishna was to Sandipa. On another
occasion, when Ramanuja, gave out an explanation, which, he
said, was according to Y§.muna, " thou hast never spoken to
Yamuna, how dost thou know ? " cried Malfidliara. " Sire "
replied Ramanuja, " am I not Ekalavya to Y&muna ? " The
Guru anon fell on the ground, saying: "Indeed thou art an
avatara," and made his son Sundarabfiiiu, Ramannja's disciple.

13. Ramanuja did humble service to the venerable
Tiruvaranga-p-perum£bl-Araiyar, when the latter, one day,
said : — " The price of thy services, Rftmanuja, is my all", and
he taught him the secrets of the Fifth Way (Pancham-opaya),
and made his son Tirnvaymozhi Araiyar his disciple.

14. Andhra-Purna was a firm believer in this Fifth Way,
•which to him was the Holy Feet of Ramanuja.

31

242 BAMANDJA'S GKEATNESS. CH. XXXVlt.

15. Kanijanur Siri-y-acchan, declared on oath (i.e., when
remaining half iuimersad in water) that faith in Ramannja was
the only road to salvation.

16. yajiiauiurti (a convert from Advaiti.sm), wliom Rama-
nnja .set up in si .separate see, a.s abbot, and to be looked upon
as a second Raiuanuja, declaimed to his intimate disciples,
Ecchan, Anandftlvan, Tondanur-Nambi and Marudftr-Xambi
that R&mi,nuja Avas tlie real Saviour, and his second R3,manuja-
sliip was only a gracious honor bestowed on him, inasmuch as
he felt it as a millstone hung round a sparrow's neck.

17. Pi1]ai-p-pil|ai-y-£izhvan became the disciple of
KiireSa. The latter when asked hi.s pastoral fee (acharya-
dakshina), stated it as the curbing by him of his three
instruments of thought, speech and deed against ofEeuding
holy men. But the disciple found it very difficult to carry
this advice into practice, and evinced great perplexity.
Kur6sa observing it, called him and said: — " Hei-e is a
way out of thy difficulty, son ! Thou canst avoid hurt by
deed, for thy foe will i-etum it, or the king will punish for it.
Thou canst avoid hurtful speech, if thou wishest to keep peace
with the world ; for so says a stanza: — 'RT-iTO^^^ Jl^hWi-l^i -
^1 I TOT^KH^q^qt irra^'flll^^Kif. This is to thy advantage.
There remains now thy thought which is difficult to curb.
Hence if ihou wishest thy mental sins not to offend God,
trust to R4manuja's feet for reconciliation.

18. Milag-azhvan challenged Dibsarathi for a debate.
The latter consented and asked for a wager. " If I am beaten,"
said Azhvan, " I will carry thee on my shoulders." This was
agreed to ; and DaSarathi won. Azhvau, true to his woi-d lifted
the victor on to his shoulders, lun a few paces, and setting
him down asked forgiveness for liis impudence. DaSarathi
lead him to Ramanuja, and said : " There is thy forgiveness —
his lioly feet."

19. Embar counselled BhatUrya thus : — " Son, vaunt
not thyself that thou art the Godson of Lord Ranga, Km-esa's
son, and a servant. Faith in Ramanuja alone will save thee."

CH. XXXVII. UiMANUJA'S GKEATNESS. 243

20. Bhattstrya counselled Nanjiyar thus : — " Son ! pique
thyself not on being a great Vedantist, on thy becoming my
disciple, and on thy giving up all thy wealth to me, as my fee.
But firmly believe in R^imanujaas our Saviour."

21. Nanjiyar warned Nambillai thus : — " Gi-ow not haughty
that the w«rld calls thee : ' World- teacher ' (LokAcharya) ; that
thou art a clever expert in expounding tlie Prabaiidhas.
Ram3,nuja's feet alone can save thee.

22. One day Nambi.lai took hold of the liand of Siva-k-
karai-p-pi]]ai, to go out ; and as he crossed the tlireshold of
his house, he discovered a holy man -asleep on the pial out-
side. S. pijlai called out to him to withdraw liis legs as his
master was there. Nambiliai immediately let go his hold of
S. piljai saying : — " Son, our saints have declared that the
legs of holy men are lioly legs. To call them " legs " in deri-
sion is against thee a proof of disrespect and ignorance. Be-
gone from me : " S. pillai went to his village in disgrace
and set up loud wailing, and cried : — " Oh master ! thou
hast cast me away like the stone in a sling, from <hy holy place
between the two rivers." K^ambillai on hearing this repen-
tance, sent for him and enjoined : — " Trust in Ram§.nuia, all
thy faults are remitted."

2.3. Tiru-k-kurugai-p-pira n Pillan was once in a place
called Siru-p-puttur. Sdmasi-y-Andtin read Sri - Bhashya
under him three times. PiJlsin left tlie place for his native
country, when Andan pleaded : Sire, I live in this country-
far from you. Deign to tell me the choicest article of
faith for my life." To this Pillan replied :—" Son, keep off
intumescence that comes of thy ability to descant on the
science of Purva-Mimsbmsa, and to discour.se on Sri- Bhashya ;
but place implicit faith in our Saviour Ramanuja." And
Gomathatha-p-pillan bade in a similar manner his disciple
K&kkai-p-padi-y-acchan-Pillai.

24. " When God was angi-y with you, what didst thou do?"
a.sked Engal-AzhvAn of K. P. A. Pillai " I i*esortad at such
times to the appeasing power vested in our Saviour, RamEi-
nuja ;" he replied.

244 EAMANUJA'S GHEATNESS. Oil. XXXVII.

25. A coterie of disciples read Sri-Bhashya under NadA-
dur-Ammal. Tiiev asked: — " Fatlier, Bhakti (lovo to God),
we find is a hard tiling to do." Animal taugbt tliem tlie way
of Prapatti (faith in God). They again pleaded : " Sire, it is
hard to get faith." " Then," taught Animal, " your onl^- ^\-a3-
is to depend on Rdmannja." Naduvil AziiTan administered
similar instructions to his disciples Viiiigipuralt aochi and
others.

26. " This is a mighty torrent, this Sri-Hha.shya," com-
jilained the Aimbatt-iriivar (52) magnate.s of Tirunarayanii-
pnram (MMnkote) when Veda-vyasa-Bliattar expatiated on it
before Ram3.nuja's shrine in the Temple. " Then," said
Bhattar, " trust solely to your household-God Kftmanuja,
and that is enough." So again did Jfaduvil-Tiruvidhi-p-pil lai-
Bhattar comfort his disciple Elaiya v-alagiyar.

27. Andhra-pin-na often repi-oached KurSsa and DaSa-
rathi for double-heartedness inasmuch as they wavered in their
devotion between God and R4manuja, the Saviour; whereas
he was single-hearted as being linn in his trust in the latter
alone.

28. The devil Braiima-rakslias signilied RamAnuja's
greatness, bj- so declaring it to Yildava-piakasa.'

29. The dumb lad was another illustration. He was born
in K^richipuram, dumb. After his fifth year he was found
missing for two years. He suddenly appeared again. People
surrounded him and que.'stioncd him as to whither lie lind gone.
Ho replied that he had been charmed away to Kshiiabdhi
(Milky Sea). " What is the news tlicrc," asked they. " The
only news of any importance," said he, " wa.-s tliat on earth
an avatar in the .shape of Rilmanuja has descended." The boy
was not seen again, after he delivered this inessage. Thi.s
story, the holy Bhagavat-senapati-Jiyar took pride in often
relating, io vouch further for tiie greatness of Ramanuja.

30. As among Divine Incarnations, tho.se of Rama and
Krishna are notable ; Vy^sa, ParAsara, Suka, and Saunaka
among the Rishis ; Srirangam, 1'irupati, Kknchi and Melukote

CH. XXXVri. RAMANUJA'S GREATNKSS. 245

among the Holy places ; St. NamraAzhvar among the Saints ;
so is R8,mauuja among the Acharyas (Apostles), such as Nitha-
niani.

31. The importance of i{S.ni-Avatai'a. consists in Rama's
declaring the Divine Gift of Free Grace to all who may ap-
proach Him, irrespoclive of caste or creed, color or condition ;
in seeking friendship of liumb'e folk like Giiha : in performing
the obsequies of a Hrahraana for Jatayn ; in iiccepting food
frona the hands of a Sabari ; in eating in the company of
Hanum9,n ; and so forth.'

The importance of Kvislin-.4vatara consists in Krishna's
delivering the Apocalypse of Bliagavad-gita, with its Cliara,ma-
Sloka -j^ in rejecting the hospitality of Bbishma and Drona
for that of Vidura ;" and so forth.

The reputation of Srirangam comes of Lord Ranga's
having mixed with the (Pariali) Saint Tiruppanar, as inti-
mately as body and soul ; that of Tiiupati comes of Lord
Srinivasa's having spoken to and moved freely with such souls
asBhima, (Kurnmb-arutta-nambi), the pottei', and Tondaman;
that of Kanclii (PerumM-koil) comes of Lord Varada's having
been so intimate with KA,riclii-purna ; that of Melukote, of Lord
Karayana's having eaten of tlie food offered by Sucharita's
son ; and of His having deigned to become the .son of Rarnanuja
— hence called Yatiraia-sauipar-kumara.'

Tlie distinction earned by Veda-Vya.ca is becnu.se of his
Vedftnta-Sutras an<l the Satvika Puranas, liy all of which he
pi'oclaimed the Ultimate Trutii by Iris finishing stiinza : —

'I declare, once, twice, thrice.

• See Ramayaiia.

« Gi(A, XVIII, 6G.

' %<M I Hjg 5r S^(H!P!r?Pfr^. ^o-. [Cliaiata, Udyoga Parva.J

246 kamAnuja'S geeatxess. ch, xxxvn.

There is no Scripture like the Veda, nor God like K^savS..'
that earned by ParaSara is because of his Vishnn-pnr&na,' in
which he gives a clear deGnition of the Three Eternal Verities,
God, Soul and Matter, — hence styled by Sage Yamuna as
' The Magnificient ;'^ that earned by Suka is by his Bh&gavata
by declaring in it the greatness of Vishnu and his earning
immediate mukli, g^f^^:; that earned by Saunnka is by his
famous work Vishnu-Dharma; that earned by Nflrada is
because of his declaration as the slave of the lioly Vaish-
navas.' The distinciion of St. Nammazhvar arises from
his composing four Prabandhas analogous to the Four
Vedas, thus popularising Scriptures, and liis revealing to
Sage Nithamuni the Four-Thousand Prabandhas, tlius estab-
lishing the Vaishnava Despensation. But above all towers the
reputation of Rsim&nuja, inasmuch as he unbosomed to all,
the Holy Sense of the Charama-Sloka, made clear the obscure
and abstruse texts of the Vedas, made manifest the truths of
St. NammazhvJir's Tiruvaymozhi, wrote exegetics on Brahma-
Sutras according to the Canons established by Sages Nsltha-
muni and Yftrauna in their Treatises ; wrote other indepen-
dent works such as the Gadyatraya; won victories over false
prophets and philosophers ; thus bequeathing to postei-ity a Sys-
tem pre-eminenth' known as lldmdmija' s system, though it is a
system of thought co-eternal with God Himself.

32. Rimannja was one day conducting his ministry in
his congregation, taking up the Docti-ine of God's Free Grace
to frail humanity, as illustrated by Rjimiyana. Vibhishana
though born among the demons (llakshasas), was ano-elic in
nature. He tried to dissuade his brother Kavana from his evil
ways, but he would not listen ; so he severed himself swiftly

■ tl"l^i<h«N'Cl'a<rlc^'^ HI'I!4<^^ti^MI'^J|tfl*<.l<: I

CH. XXXVII. ramAnuja's greatness. 247

from all connection with him, and soaring into the sky, cros-
sed the ocean with four attendants and coming to Lord Rama>
who was encamped with his army on the other shore, cried
thus : —

' O R&ma,' thus he cried, ' in me

Vibhishan, Ravan's brother, see.

By him disgraced tliine aid I seek.

Sure refuge of the poor and weak.

From Lanka, friends, and wealth I fly.

And reft of all on Thee rely.

On Thee, the wretch's firmest friend.

My kingdom, joys and life depend. [Ramayaua, VI, 19.]

*
* *

I left niy children and my wife

Ami fly to Raghu's son for life. [R'cbmd.yaua, VI, 17.]
And yet the V9.nar-chiefs of Lord Rd.ma said to Him : —
' Rama!

We wait thy word : the order give

And these thy foes shall cease to live.

Command us, mighty king, and all.

Lifeless upon the earth shall fall. [Ramayana, VI, 17.]

On hearing this, Dhanurdsisa stood up and cried : —
" Godsire, if Vibhishana, who left wife, children and all in
order to seek refuge with Rama, deserved to be stoned by
RsLma's Vflinar-chiefe, how much more indeed do I deserve that
treatment, — I, who have made no renuncication at all like
Vibhishana!!" "Peace," cried RamAnuja, "Listen to me,
my son, 1 will unfold to thee the secrets of salvation. Sri, the
Bpouse of Lord Narayana, ever stands by Him as our Mother-
mediator. She is the personification of the most exalted
attribute of God, viz., Grace or Mercy'- When our Lord
through Sri is ever anxious to shower His mercy unstintingly
on His erring children on earth, what fear is there for us ?

^ Sri also symbolizes love of God for man and love of man for God,
Slie ever dwells in the bosom of God, like the Christ, the Sou [Johu I.
13.]

bAmAnuja's (JREATNESS. CH. XXXVIX,

We have an unbroken chain of apostles, reaching down to us
from God, of which the first link is God, and His Grace, Sri,
the next. St. Sathagopa is the next important link; and he
has declared in unmistakable terms that lie has obtained
Heaven (moksha)'. If he has won it, Nathamiini has
won ; if Nathamuni has won, Ya,muna has won ; Yamuna
winning, my next guru above me, Mahapurna, has won. If
Piirna has won, I have surely v/on. When I iiave, ye have all
indeed won. Take comfort then from this thought. Dvaya-
Mantra, which I have taught thee, declares, as thou art aware
he indissoluble unity of God with His Gi-ace, Sri ; and an
unbroken chain binds God and His creatures in one bond, from
which it is impossible to escape and stand aloof. With me
goes my flock. What I share it undoubtedly shares. The
areca tree is watered by the gardener, but tlie plantain trees
round it take the moisture as well. I and my church are
linked together for one testing. My destiny shall invariably
be its destiny. When Viijhishana was after all allowed to
approach Lord Rama, no separate invitation to the four
Rakshasa-men, whocompanied with him, was needed, nor when
the Vanar-chiefs wished to diive him awa}-, did they think of
driving those four persons separately . In other words, the
four persons counted with Vibhishana as one, in gains or
losses. Even thus counts my flock with me. ' Hence, son '■
thou mayst rest assured that if Heaven is mine, it is thine
without question. As St. Bhaktisara has said; ' the flock has
even moi-e merit than the shepherd,' ' Satrughna has more
merit in following Bharata, than Bharata, Lord Rama; St. Mad-
hurakavi than St. Sathagopa; St. Andal than St. Vishnn-
Chitta, her father; and so forth.

I ^suireiip^ ^®Qupp ■Fi-Qanussr.

■* Cp. («) " Whera I am, there al.«o shall my minister bo. If any man
minister to me, him will my Father honor."

[John, Xri, 26.]
(b) " And I, if I be lifted np, will draw all men unto ine."

[John, XII, 32.J
^ (Sia^u9(r^Liuirss)irQa!s\j^Qiri-LDpmeii(S!>jrs=
sir^^iSQ^uunir^peuw. [4th T. Audadi, IS.]

OH. XXXVn. E.^MA.N0JA'S GREATNESS. 249

33 Hence Amudan3,r in his immortal work Ramiintija-
nftU-Anfiadi, sung daily by all the Vaishnavas tmd in all the
Vishnu. Temples, testifies to Rauia;nuja'R grcatnos.s a.s Saviour
of mankind, thus : —

" Our elders aver that God dwells in His Holy Shrines
in heaven and on earth, but His Holiest Shrine is the Holy
Heart of Ramanuja. Hence Nve worship God by worshipping
Rd.mfi.nuja; by resorting to Ramfiinuja we shall have resorted
to all the Holy Shrines.'"

34. Nadadiir Amm&l declared, that the way to salvation
is not by works (karma), not by knowledge {Jndna or gnosis),
not by devotion (bhakti), not by faith (prapattt), but by implicit
trust placed in REbmElnuja ; and this was the ultimate truth
proclaimed to all by Amudanar in his R. N. Andadi. "

35. " Here are two Holy Names," KureSa often said,
" namelj-, Na-ra-ya-ua and Ra-ma-nu-ja, each is made up of
four Syllables. But Narayana as denoting God, can both save
and damn, but Ramanuja as Saviour, can only save. In this
consist.s our stay, strength and safety.

36. " Rfimfi,nuja," exclaimed Amudanar, " it matters not
where I am, hell or heaven, but let thy Beauteous Figure
haunt me ever. To this bliss, I will forego even the Lord
whom thou canst show upon thy hand." " " Where those great
souls, Ram&nuja's servants, dwell, that is my Empyrean." *
" Ramanuja," said he addressing him directly, " My very
bones may split in agony, but let me at all times and all places
indulge in love for Thy servants."" It is chronicled that so
addressed, Ramanuja looked on Amudanar with eyes beaming
with benevolence and passed on. And Amudanar put a finis to
his hymnal by the verse : — " I seek Sri, the spouse of Ranga,
that she may bless me with the bliss of crowning my head with

1 Op. cit., 106 : " ^0ul9i-w &c."

« Op. cit., 76 : " SmjoeusBsrSirs!^ &c." and '15 : '•' QuQ/yr/'asrs)!
tnpiSeoiiso."

' 4 < B. N. Andadi, 105, easuS&isetM.
= Do. 107, ^^i-fPP-

32

260: kXmAnuja's greatkess. ch. xxxvil

the blooms of Rd,md<nuja's Feet — blooms of the plant of love
growing in my heart." ^

Lord Ranga declared : " Both Heaven and ]<!arth are
granted thee, Ramanuja." °

37. One day St, Kiilasekhara's vcr.«e : appQwsoe^irili was
Being read. Thi.s meant that when Rftnia left Aj-odhya for the
woods, the vvhole Ayodhya's kith and kin of Rama accompanied
liim- But some one in the auditory objected :" They only
accompanied a little way off and then returned. How theii
did'this Saint '^ay they compahied with him througliont ? "
RiamS,nuja ansfrered : "-When Lakshihana who said : " All
services I shall So,'" followed, it is as if all followed, referring
to himself thds.

Thus was the greatness of Ramanuja.

1 B. N AndSdi, 108, ^'^^iL:eo.

'Op Jesus saying : — " All power is given rinto mo in heaven and in
eai-th " [Mat. XXVIII, 18.]

» "Aham sarvam karishyami." [R&m. 11,31,25.] This is iiri-tn.
direct reference to himself,

CHAPTER XXXVIII.
ANCIENT AUTHORITIES ON RAMANUJA.

m.^H, II ^TfTfgsTifTTJfi'ij^r'TrJiTCii^tT^rr'^ i T?R-?frr'T«Tf^5^«riT?f?Tfi'tf n

W^qoT 11 ?TK^riTKKr?T?':ii' II 1. 32 II

f rfrcT^'itr ii f rciJf'-rra^ir^K n ^5R?fra'S'tw >th^h^irw i w"^-

> ,. ^?ri*!.3«i<R*r^iTn^'^ii Tf^fwrrsffjifiiT^^f^^^^g: i M'lTmrgjT -
^qTsprms'-Hfl^flia^. n ftw?i5ri<i-ii'aHm4i<.^arrm: i Hr«tRifiRmf=^TO;5rmn-

'nW<l'dd<^Rra:, " f?^r^MI<:H'J.NKI«IM*H:fIr<<<i^: I W?:i=?T5q?i^^rHi%^-
H.Fta<l*il€F':q^ II 3-104-5.

sT^raW 29 ?r II ;?rf^i'^!ii*<i(i4WMfHtiff5r;!;i f^i?^nT?r%:

<TrHciiv^i<-!iH=3=i= II ^f^f^^T^iCr^injjSirtRmimnra; i ^fwssrRfprrn! sfTTa'

.?'T3?i'^f! II qTrf?r:Wv^i^^:^AiHi:i^rfi5:.i'iT|^f=4^c5?Tjrs;ipiw^ ii

'jfnn'iT'j^ II

=H'krmHiiwR[,# ?r^5«irfpT??i'q-| i tm?rf?^r%s't vi'ri^^'mi?!^: ii

3nt%HjiH^<;<Hiwdt»iKi4WMgc!it4iw+ra3: 1 Kwrinrast^'jRT-

^^.- tlHJ*lri|!idWr<(4(W|JrM'KU^: I Wrf^Rfl^ffg^:nm: II

APPROXIMATE DATES IN THE CHIEF
EVENTS OP RAMANUJA'S LIFE.

1. Birth at Sriperambudur ... A.C. 1017 (Sa,liv3;hana

Saka 939) .

2. Study with Yadavaprakasa A.C. 1033

3. Pii'st entry to Srirangam to see AlavaadS,r. „ 1042

4. Taking holy orders „ 1049

5. Plight to Mysore (under King Chola's

pei-secution) „ 1096

6. Convension of Bitti-deva, the King of the

Hoysala Country (Maisiir), and

naming liim Vi.shnu-vnrdhana ... 1098

7. Installing Lord Srl-N^rayana at Melukote. „ 1100

8. Stay in this Conatry up to ... ... ... 1116

9. Return to Srirangam ... ... ... 1118

10. Finis to earthly career ... ... 1137

Total length of life, year.s 120

SUCCESSION LIST OF RAMANUJIYA ACHARYAS.

Ist. NaminazKvar.

. !

2 Madliurakuvi-AKiiviir (Disciple of I.)

•1 ParankiiKadrtSit (Disciple of 2.)

4 XHIiamuni (Disciple of 3.)

5 isvnminuiii (son of 4.)

Ti Alavaniliir idioa Yainmia or Vaiiuniiu-liriiyn (son of T.,)

8 Feriya-uanibi aliuf

Mahapiirna.

(Disciple of G.)

y Tirukkottiyur-nunibi

alius Goshtliipuriia

(Disciple of C)

10 Tiruiualai-ai.diiii
(Disciple of ti.)

7 liaimuiuja atia^ Si-i lihashyu-
kara, U<iaiyava,r, Kinberu-
iiianar, Yatltidra or Yatiraja,
and llitiyazlivar (Disciple of G)
iudircctly and of 8, U, 10, 11
and 12 diioctlv
[See 27 ill our Hierar-
chic Table, in tlic
Urc^ (if A-. } I va )■•<.}

11 Tirukkaccbi-

iiaiiibi alias Ci;ijciidra-

dasia, Kaucliipi'iru;i,

(Antiior of \'iirada-

rajastava.)

12 I'eriya-Tirunia'.ai-

:ianibi (Disciple of

and maternal uncle

of?.)

12-A Enibar oli<
Guvinda.

13 Tiruvarangappeni

iiial Araiyar, sou nf

G and disciple of

the same.

37 Kitlambi-Acchan

alia.-' Pranatartibara

(Disciple of 7.)

39 (K) Itamauuja
Piljau (sou of 37
Disciple of 4C.)

33 Tirukkiii ni^aip-
ptranpillau (Disciple
and spiritual son of 7.)

14 KnraLtazlivau u'ms Kurt'>^a.

Kuranatiia, Srivatsacliinbanii^ra

(Disciple of and atsistant

to Ramannj;! in frettinfr up

the Sri^BIiiishya

X Andal. '

34 Mudaliyfindan alius

Dilsarathi (sister's mm

of 7 anddisciple of

the !=;inic.)

34 A. Vatu|»nrua

aliiu-< Andbra-

purna.

I

. . J. .
35 Nndadur Alvan

alias Varada Vis-hnu

(Discipio and sister's

son of 7.)

45 (N.) Devaraja-
pcrauiai (sou of 35.)

3G EnRalalviiti alios

Yatis^ekharabliarati

(Disciple of 7, a SoH

nralnnana.)

I
I

4G Nadadxir
Amuial.

36 li. Yadava-
prakiisa (con-
verted) Goviuda.

3G C- Yajnanuirti
(couvertcd)

Arulala-p-perutniil
Embciunianar.

And
others.

40 (K) Padmauabha
alias Sri Ramanuja
pijlau (son of 39.)

41 Llauianuja pillaii

(son of 40) (Appiijan.)

Son.

TotarambS^, daugbtcr
of 40 = Anautacharvy.

42 Vcdinta-Desika
(son of tbo above.)

Daup;hter.

15 Sri Parasara Bhuit.a- I

or simply lihattar (son of

14 and successor of 7)

(studied under Enibar

alia^ Govinda-.liynr.)

IG Vedanti a/iV/s Xanjiyar

(Madhava), disciple of

15, after being converted

by the same.

17 Nauibillai alias Naiu-

buri Varadaruja, Tiruk-

kalikanridasar, Luka-

ohavya (Disciple nf 16.)

29 Sri Eam:i Pilla
(sou of 14.)

30 Naduvil Tiruvidi-

pillai alias Vagvijava

lihattar (son of 29')

31 Sri Vedai'yasa

Bhattar, bettci known

as Sudarsaiu'icharya

and Srutaprakilsika-

chArya (son of 30.)

32 Vedantacharya

alias Uddauda"

bhattar.

33 Para^^ara
lihattar II.

•IG Kadadur Ainma)
(sou of 45 and dis-
ciple of 36.)

39 Kidainbi

Kaniauuja

Pi Man,

42 Vcdaut&charya alia^
Vedanta-Dcsika, Desi-

kacharya, Vcnkataua-
tha, Tuppil-Pijjai

Sarvatantrasvataiitra
aud Kavitarkikastmha.

I

43 Xainard-

cbarra, sou

of 42.)

44 Brabuia-

tantra Jivar
(Disciple of 42.)

18 Piljai tiOkficliarya

(sou of 48, disciple

aud successor of 17.)

47 Alagij'amanavalap-

peruma] Kiyauar I

(son of 48.)

48 Vadakku Tiru-
v.'di Pillai.

19 Tiruiualaiy&Iv
51, dij " •
80r <

mozhippijlai, Sri.^ailana-
tha, SrisailcPaJ

iruiualaiy&Jvar, ^on of
disciple and succes-
• of 52) alias TirVav-
.i.:«»;ii»: c_r ii_lji

51 An

52 Kurakulot*
taina Diisar
alias UdAra.

20 AzbagiyamanavlLla

Peram^l Nayaolir II altats

Saumja-Jam&trlmuni,

Itauiyaj&iu&tri-iuuni.

Yatlndrapravanar,^

Manav&la- MAmuni ,

Periya-JIyar, or Jiyar,

(grandBon of 63.)

Deva Pcrum&I

(sisters' son of

and adopted

by 19.)

4y Periya
Piljai aliaslK

4y Periyavdccliau

f Krishnasuri,

50 Pinba]a|;iya
Peruin;*il Jiyar.

4'J A. Naini'ir-Accliaii
Filjai (adopted son.)

I
49 li. Parakaladasa.

49 C. SrirauRi-
charya.

53 Kollikavalad^ar

(Disciple of li) alias

Kottur Alagi^-ia Matia-

vala PiUai.

4 Sri ran-r;^ua- X Tijra/.hakkidandSn-
chcLiySr Tiruuavirudaiy&.-

I Pir&u -Tatarannar.

20 Azbagiyj.ma-
nav&Ia Pen mil
' N&yanAr 1 1 '
alias Manavi ,1a-
mAmuni (s( d).

55 Nammayyan
Ram&najan
(son of 20.)

Jfyar N&yan&r alia»
AhbirAma (son of 55. V

21 VanamriniLikii-

Jiyar (Discipio

of 20.)

Periyazhvir
(son of 55.)

I

22 P.ir,i\aatii

Pli.itf irpirSn

Ji'jrir (Discipio

ofl'n.)

23 Perij-aji3'ar of
Tinipati (Dis-
ciple of 20.)

2i KiJjil Kandil-

dii Annan
(Discipio of 20.)

2.5 Prativadi
hliayankarutn
.\niiait (Dis-
cipio of 20.)

Nvtc.—We arc indebted to Sri T. A. Gopinatha Kow for initiating this tabulation.

2G Erninbiyil
Appa (Disci-
ple of 20.)

27 Appill.ai (dis-
ciple of 20.)

28 Appilhin (Dia
ciplo ol 20.)

THE BHAGAVAD-GITA-'

\\'n'ir

Sri E<amaniija's Goiiimeiitary . r

(Fuiiy Translated into English)

TrariBliteration Sclieme— GGneological.-tj-es, p£ Lunar
Jj'iiastj^— Table' of the 33 principal modes of Meciitation as
laid in the UpanisL ads— Table of Cosmology [according , to
Visislitadv-aita Philosophers — Table of the A\'ays of Salva-
tion: (S6teriolog'v)''formulated:bv the Piamttnui a- School, -vi/

600pp.— Stiff Board Rs. 5.

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XTbelbol^ Xives of IDiaviba
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Table of Saints and Sages from God downwards-
Table of all Holy shrines sacred to tlie Visishtadvaitins.

CONTENTS.

ITagiology.

Tiicarnation and other Holy-

■ Mysteries;
Myracies arid Myths.
Symbol.

.Age of the' Saints:
Lives of the Saints.
St. Tondar-adi-ppodi

Azhvar.^
St. Peri-y-Azhvar.

St. Andkl.

St. Poygai-^zhvAr.

St. Piidatt--4zhvar.

St Vhy-Aih.v^v.

St. Tiru-liIozhi«ai-4zlivar

St. Kula-jSekhar L4zhv.§,.r.

St. Tiru-p-paM-.4zhvEir.

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St. Madiiuta-KavigaZ.

St. Nammi,zliv^r.

^o^

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Bivine Ximisbom of the Bvaviba
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►!.->- -

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THE RATIONALE

IMAGE WORSHIP

BY ' • ' "

YOGI S. PARTHASARAiFHIENGAR: m

In PREPAItATipj^

r • A .A A A A

1. ■' Tliig I^ife df Yesdanta Desifcicliaiyai,
2. : : ITlie: Life- ©±^ Maaiavala- Mahuiiliini.
3.'. 'iSTai-arana-'pr ;tlie .,iriu-\:ersal Eelifrion^

TH E " xApJ^tyH "■' ' pftBss; -^kfiiBXS^iSO? ;