Ye kingdome of Accawmacke; or, The Eastern Shore of Virginia in the seventeenth century

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YE
KINGDOME OF ACCAWMACKE

OR THE

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA

IN THE

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

BY

JENNINGS CROPPER WISE

MEMBER

Virginia Historical Society

THE BELL BOOK AND STATIONERY CO.

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
1911

"is ^ j

F
BO

\^ C'l Copyright, 1911 by

Jennings Cropper Wise

DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF

MY GRANDFATHER

HENRY ALEXANDER WISE

OF

Virginia and Accomack,

WHOSE CHARACTER AND CAREER FIND EXPRESSION IN MS
FAMOUS REMARK:

" I have met the Black Knight with his

visor down, and his shield emd

lance are broken.''

PEEFACE

The author of this volume, which purports to be a History
of the Eastern Shore of Virginia in the Seventeenth Cen-
tury, submits the completed work to the public. He can
only say that he has not failed where others have succeeded,
for the little peninsula has had no former historian. The
task was undertaken, in the hope that the very deficiencies
in his own narrative might urge a more competent pen to
action and inspire a better history of this long-neglected
region of the Old Dominion. If this volume accomplish
no other result than to impress a more able writer with the
valuable material for such a work, if it call attention to
events of all-absorbing interest as yet inadequately described,
and bring to light from among the musty archives of Acco-
mac and Northampton but a few facts bearing upon the
history of our State, then will the author rest content in the
feeling that while he has not succeeded as a historian, yet
he has induced a more accurate portraiture of a country
and a people.

It is an astonishing fact that such historic documents as
the Pledge to the Commonwealth, The Northampton Pro-
test, The Northampton Grievances, Bacon's Appeal to Ac-
comac, and the Accomac Memorial, addressed to Berkeley
after the Rebellion of 16Y6, should all have been utterly
neglected by the historians of Virginia, for these documents
are not simply matters of local interest, but have a direct
bearing upon the general history of the State. Indeed, the
texts of these instruments have never before been collected
in a single volume. Yet, the disregard of such significant
matters in our State annals is no more unaccountable than
the absence from the histories of any mention of the remark-

vi PREFACE

able industrial and trade developmeait of the Eastern Shore
prior to the middle of the Seventeenth Century; of the
flourishing mercantile intercourse between that region and
Ifew England, New ITetherlands, Holland, England and the
West Indies ; of the powerful colony of Dutch, German and
New England citizens upon the soil of Virginia in its
earliest days, and of the fact that the King's forces were
equipped, provisioned and paid with money loaned to the
King by the loyal gentry of Accomac and Northampton in
1676. The author does not demand that matters of purely
local import should fill the pages of a general State history.
He does maintain, however, that no work can justly claim
to be an accurate and complete history of Early Virginia
which disregards such fundamental facts as those above
mentioned.

In the writing of this brief sketch, the temptation was
ever present to dwell upon the genealogy of the people, to
intrude facts of family history and tradition into its pages,
but the author has succumbed only where it seemed neces-
sary to illumine historical facts by reference to family con-
nections, reserving a full genealogical history of the people
for a subsequent work, which will also deal with the period
from 1700 through the War of 1861-65.

To Eastern Shoremen, the death of Mr. Thomas T. Up-
shur, of Northampton, in January, 1910, was a sad loss, for
had he lived to weave into the form of a history the vast
knowledge of his people which he had acquired by a long
life of research among their records, no need of this work
would have existed.

The author desires to express the deepest indebtedness to
Mr. Griffin C. Callahan, of Philadelphia, who, though he
had for years been collecting historical data concerning the
Eastern Shore, unselfishly placed the fruits of his research

PEEFACE vii

at anotker's disposal; to Mr. Philip Alexander Bruce, the
greatest of Virginia's historians, who, besides offering many
valuable suggestions, performed the laborious task of read-
ing and correcting the manuscript; to Mr. Wm. G. Stanard
of the Virginia Historical Society, and Mr. Earl G. Swem,
Assistant Librarian of the Virginia State Library, both of
whom materially assisted the author in the collection of
aiithorities and rendered research in their libraries both
pleasant and simple ; and lastly, to Mr. John Hart, of Eich-
mond, who has been an ever appreciated adviser in many
phases of this work.

It is almost unnecessary to add that the wealth of his-
torical matter, brought together by the tireless energy of .
Mr. Bruce, and placed at the disposal of the student in his
"Immortal Trilogy," has been lavishly drawn upon.
Indeed, no writer of Virginia history may hope to succeed
without trespassing upon those priceless pages.

At the great risk of unduly cumbering this book in the
eyes of the casual reader, the text of many statutes and
abstracts of old records have been set forth verbatim, in
order that the student may have the authorities at hand.
The spelling of various Indian names throughout the work
has been purposely varied in order to illustrate the unset-
tled orthography of native nomenclature. The name selected
for this first volume of Eastern Shore History involves the
title applied to the little peninsula by the Sovereigns of the
Seventeenth Century, who frequently addressed their de-
crees to "Ye Colony of Virginia and Ye Kingdome of Ac-
cawmacke."

And now the author, at the completion of his Preface,
rests his pen, inviting criticism, but with the conceit of
human nature, hopeful that with censure may come some
meed of praise. Jennings Cboppee Wise.

Kichmond, Va., March 1, 1910.

CONTENTS

PAGE

I. Verrazano Discovers the Eastern Shore — 1524.

The Massacre of Gilbert — 1603 1

II. The Coining of the English and Smith's Explora-
tions— 1607-8 11

III. ArgoU's Visit and Dale's Gifi^l613-20 21

IV. The Plantation of Accomack— 1620-34 27

V. The Kingdom of Accawmacke and the Aborigines 49

VI. Origin of the People 68

VII. The County or Shire of Accomack. Kent Island

—1634-42 81

VIII. The Coimty of Northampton. Indian Scares —

1642-1652 96

IX. The Dutch War. The Eastern Shore under the
Coinmonwealth. The Northampton Protest —
1652-1659 124

X. The Quakers. Maryland Boimdary Troubles. The

Assateague War— 1659-1660 153

XI. The Eestoration. Accomack Formed from North-
ampton. The Calvert-Scarburgh Line. The
Pirates— 1660-1674 164

XII. The Arlington-Culpeper Grant. Bacon's Eebel-

lion— 1674-1677 191

XIII. Towns and Courthouses Built. Tobacco Troubles.

Jacobitism— 1677-1700 223

ix

X CONTENTS

PAGE

XIV. The Early Church on the Eastern Shore. Puritan

Ministers. Makemie 250

XV. The Negro and the Slave 285

XVI. Trade. Commerce. Industries 389

XVII. Horses. Stock. Game. Fish, Etc 307

XVIII. Social Conditions. Customs and Traditions 316

Vebkazano Discovers the Eastern Shore. The
Massacre oe Gilbert

Between latitude 37° and 39%° north and running almost
due north and south at about 76° west longitude, is a penin-
sula formed by the Chesapeake Bay, Atlantic Ocean and
Delaware Bay, which embraces the greater part of the State
of Delaware, about one third of Maryland, and two counties
of Virginia. That portion at present included within the
limits of Virginia is about seventy miles in length, extend-
ing from the Pocomoke River, near where it is intersected
by the thirty-eighth parallel of north latitude, to Cape
Charles, and having a mean breadth of about eight miles.
It is a flat and sandy tract, largely covered with pines and
swept by breezes of the Atlantic and Chesapeake, whose
waters lave it on either side. The monotony of the country,
due to the absence of mountains, hills or broken surface, is
relieved by the picturesque bays and creeks which make up
into the mainland at frequent intervals along its coasts.

The Indians gave this isolated peninsula the name of
"Acchawmake," or Accomac,^ which in our tongue signifies
"land beyond the water," a meaning that has reference to
the location of the peninsula, separated as it is from the
mainland of Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay.

"Spelt variously, Accomack, Acoomacke, Accawmake, Acchawmacke,
Accomac, Achomat. (Algonquin for "a broad bay" or "the other side-
land.") Chesapeake — a superior or greater salt bay. Pocomoke —
"Knobby."

2 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

The two counties, which together make up this peninsula,
known as the Eastern Shore of Virginia, are Accomac and
JSTorthampton, the latter lying to the south of and being a
little more than half as large as the former. Together they
formerly comprised that section of Virginia known to the
first English Colonists as "Ye Antient Kingdome of Ac-
cawmake."

On account of the physical character of our little penin-
sula, the English Sovereigns of the Seventeenth Century are
said to have called it by the peculiarly appropriate name of
"Chersonesus Orientalis," for it resembles not only in physi-
cal features, but in fertility of soil, the famous peninsula of
the Thracian Hellespont.

Not only during the period embraced in these pages, but
down to a comparatively recent date, in spite of the salubrity
of its climate, the astonishing fertility of its soil, the fame
of its scholars, soldiers and statesmen, the Eastern Shore
remained a terra incognita, a dim and shadowy land some-
where towards the rising sun. The denizens of this remote
Kingdom were supposed to be a primitive race of fishermen
and oystermen, grown drowsy through years of basking in
the tempered rays of the sun or, like the land itself, over-
come by the ennui of a perpetual sea bath. But no man can
feel the vigorous pulse of its history, without realizing that
the best blood of the "Old Dominion" coursed in undiluted
form through the veins of the Accawmackians.

When Captain Smith wrote that "Heaven and earth seemed
never to have agreed better to have framed a place for man's
commodious and delightful habitation," his mind no doubt
dwelt in sweet meditation upon the little Kingdom which he
described as a place of pleasant clayey soil and for which he
ever evinced a tender affection.

EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGHSTIA HISTORY 3

The soil of the peninsula, which is of post-tertiary formar
tion, is a portion of that great alluvial marine plain, which
extends from Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts along
the Atlajitic coast as far as the Gulf of Mexico. It consists
of .a rich sandy loam that yields with great facility to culti-
vation. Densely wooded by nature, innumerable clearings
had be en made by the natives, along the marg in of creek and
marsh, when the first white men took up their abode there.
Lux uriant fiel ds of Indian com and tobacco fiUed- the clear-
ings and rustled in the breezes from the sea and bay, and
owing to the mildness of the climate and the consequent
length of the growing season, the earth, even with the primi-
tive methods of native husbandry, was able t o produce two
crops in a single year.

From Focomoke to the Cape, the land was as level as the

^ea w hich refreshed it with her cooling breath, nor did stone

or rocks of any kind oppose the plowshare of the planter.

T he somb re fnrpst miTiglpfl tba pnngpnt. nrl pr of pine with

the delicate scent of wild flowers, woven by nature into a
variegated carpet on the ground beneath. Innumerable
sjrrjri ga trickled from the earth, th eir cool water forced up
by the pressure of the tide; the waves which washed the
shores paused not at their watery limits but swept on from
a sea of blue through the boundless meadows of the marge.
The discovery of the Eastern Shore of Virginia was the
result of a long search for a northwestern passage to Cathay.
Early in the sixteenth century there was jn the employ of
Francis the First, King of France, a soldier or sailor of
fortune, named Giovagni_de.V£rrazanOj whom the French-
men of Dieppe called Jean Verrassen, or Juan Florin. Ver-
razano was born about 1480, in Florence, of distinguished
parents. Fired by the tales of adventure and discovery
which filled men's minds at the time, he perfected himself

4 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

in the sciences of navigation and geography, and became a
skilful pilot and a learned navigator. ( He soon entered the
service of France, and with headquarters at Dieppe, suc-
cessfully preyed upon the commerce of Spain, vraming
royal favor by capturing much gold and other treasure.
Columbus had labored under the mistaken belief that the
shores on which he had landed w'ere the shores of Asia, and
his last voyage was made in quest of the Strait of Malacca,
which he believed to be near the Isthmus of Panama. Other
voyages, however, following close thereafter, disclosed an
unbroken coast line from Patagonia to Morida, and the fact
that the land of Columbus was a new world had begun to
dawn upon navigators and geographers by 1521. They saw
in it a barrier between Europe and Asia, and the return of
Magellan's exhausted ecspedition in 1522 satisfied them' of
the impracticability of the Cape Horn route to the East.
/ Verrazano having been commissioned by the French King
to explore the coast of the New World in search of a north-
western passage, in the autumn of 1523 set sail from Dieppe
with two ships. ) After several mishaps, one of which caused
the loss of a vessel, he sighted the coast of North Carolina
on March 10, 1524, and named the country "Dieppa," an
Italianized form of Dieppe. After making a landing a lit-
tle north of Cape Fear, he proceeded northward, ever in
search of an easy route to Cathay, and in some unaccount-
able way passed the Virginia Capes. When Verrazano next
landed, it was upon the Eastern Shore of Virginia, about
ten miles nort h of Cape Charles, and he no doubt has the "
honor of being the first whitejnanj to set foot u pon that soil,
uhless'^receded bythe^^ Vikings, or by the W elchmen"^
"Pring^^Madoc^s" Ban£ who^are saj Tlr) bavp, i nfgHj^^tVipr

nftiVhRnri-ng ahrir^ in thp rlim acrfp ^f j]Tp_j^f,^

EASTEEN SHOEE OE VIEGINIA HISTOEY 5

During the three days which Verrazano spent on the
Eastern Shore, he penetrated inland from the sea coast and
viewed the majestic waters of Chesapeake Bay. This first ■
sight of what appeared to be an almost boundless body of
water led to a world-wide error, requiring three generations
for its correction ; for confident that he had seen the western
sea, Verrazano returned to his ship, La Dauphine, and coast-
ing northward, entered the Hudson and the Penobscot in
quest of the much-desired passage. Disappointed in his
search, but with experience, and just enough knowledge to
mislead the geographers, he returned to Europe and with
his brother Hieronimo or Giralamo de Verrazano, in 1529,
based upon his discoveries a map which exercised great in-
fluence upon subsequent navigation and exploration. This
map and the one of Vesconte Maggiolo, drafted about the
same time, depicted Florida as connected with Mexico and
also with Labrador by a long, narrow isthmus. Between
Mexico and the continental mass to the north, through which
the Hudson and Penobscot were supposed to flow, was rep-
resented an immense sea, a reach of the Pacific ; and at the
point where Verrazano landed on the Eastern Shore, a nota-
tion informs us that here the isthmus is but six miles wide.
This sea of Verrazano, spreading over what is really the
western and central portion of the United States, was re-
garded as a reality for years, and continued to be represented
on maps until the middle of the sixteenth century, when
de Soto and Coronado proved the existence of land from
Florida to California; but even then land was supposed to
continue only to the 40th parallel.^

^For reduced copy of the map of Hieronimo de Verrazano see Windsor,
Narr. and Grit. History, Vol. IV, p. 26. The original is in the college of
the Propaganda at Rome.

6 EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

It has been questioned whetlier Verrazano ever made such
a voyage as he claimed to have made in 1524/ and the
student of history must study the authorities and satisfy
himself as to the soundness of the claims.^ It vdU be
hard, however, to shake the faith of Eastern Shoremen ia
Verrazano's veracity after they peruse the following extract
taken from his letter to Francis the First:

"Departing hence, and always following the shore, which
stretched to the north, we came, in space of fifty leagues, to
another land, wVii^h app^"^"'^ ttpt-j h^'fjpti fnl and full_ of the
largest forests. We approached it, and going ashorewtth
"twenty men, ^S went back from the coast about t wo leagnea,.
and found that the people had tied and hid themselves in
the woods for fear. fBy searching around we discovered in
the grass a very old woman and a young girl of about
eighteen or twenty, who had concealed themselves for the
same reason. The old woman carried two infants on her
shoulders, and behind her neck a little boy eight years of
age; when we came up to them they began to shriek and
make signs to the men who had fled to the woods, j We gave
them a part of our provisions, which they accepted with de-
light, but the girl would not touch any ; everything we offered
to her being thrown down in great anger. We took the little
boy away from the old woman to carry with us to France,
and would have taken the girl also, who was very beautiful
and very tall, but it was impossible because of the loud
shrieks she uttered as we attempted to lead her away ; having
to pass some woods, and being far from the ship, we de-
termined to leave her and take the boy only, ^^e found them
fairer than the others, and wearing a covering m fir*" '^•f fArtai-n^

"'The Voyage of Verrazano. Murphy, N. Y., 1875.
■For authorities concerning Verrazano, collected by Mr. Fiske, see as
follows :

"Verrazano the Navigator," Brevoost, N. Y., 1874.
Asher's Henry Hudson, London, 1860, pp. 197-228.
Kohl's "Discovery of Maine," Chap. VIII.

De Costa, Verrazano the Explorer, N. Y., 1881, with full bio-
graphical note.
Winsor. Narr. and Crit. History, Vol. IV, 1-30.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 7

plante^ which bung r|"wn frnm thr hrfmdir.ti nf tliA trp ^a^
tymg them together with threads of wild hemp ; their heads
are without covering, and of the same shape as the others)
Their food is a kind o f pulse w hich there abounds different in

(color and size from ours, and of a very delicious flavor.
Besides, tbey take birds and fish for food, using snares and
bows made of hard wood, with reeds for arrows, in the end
of which they put the bones of fish and other animals?) The
animals in these regions are wilder than in Europe, from
being continually molested by the hunters. ( We saw many
of their boafejaade,of_onaJxeaJaE£nty_f eet long, four feet
^r oad,^ wi thout the aid of stone or JTon~ or other ~Ei£ d--eJ^
metal , "v in the whole country, for the space of two hundred
leagues, which we visited, we saw no stone of any sort. (To
hollow out their boats, they burn out as much of a log as is
requisite, and also from the prow and stem to make them
float well on the sea. } The land, in situation, fertility and
beauty, is like the other, g^'^i'Tif!iTigl_alsoin_ forests fill ed
witTi -ggTirjji s^ kinds of trees, but not of such fragrance, as i t
I'a Tn^po ^"rth f^n and

"We saw in this country many vines growing naturally,
wBich entwine about the trees, and run up upon them as
they do in the plains of Lombardy. These vines would
doubtless produce excellent wine if they were properly cul-
tivated and attended to, as we have often seen the grapes
which they produce very sweet and pleasant, and not unlike
our ownr^They must be held in estimation by them, as they
carefully remove the shrubbery from around them, wherever
they grow, to allow the fruit to ripen better.^ We found also
TTJld r"n"ifi| rinlrtn, liliu g, and many sorts of plants and— £ra-
gr^f flri-nrora r1iffnTQT<+ f7am m ir Qw m We'csiji uot "Sescribc
their habitations as they are in the interior of the country,
but from various indications we conclude they must be
formed of trees and shrubs. We also saw many grounds for
conjecturing that thev . often sI p^ ^^<^ t^" "p"'^ '^^""^ w^"^'h^i''t
ivnj "^vftrin^ but tVip, sV^r^ Of their other customs we know
nothing; we believe, however, that all the people we were
among live in the same way."^

'Early voyages to America. By Conway Robinson, p. 307.

8 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

It is a strange fact that of the host of navigators who
eagerly sought for a northwestern passage to the East, as a
result of Magellan's voyage, two of the first landed upon
Virginian soil, and are, as far as known, the first white men
to visit Virginia.

About the time Verrazano was cruising along the Atlantic
Coast (in 1524), Lucas Vasquez d'Ayllon entered the Capes
of Virginia in search of the passage. Attracted by the
equable climate and the fertility of the soil, and failing to
find the route to Cathay, d'Ayllon secured from his King,
Charles V, a grant of the new-found land, and in 1526 built
the towa of San Miguel on the banks of the James Eiver,
near where Jamestown was founded eighty-one years later.

The attempt of the Spaniards to found a permanent set-
tlement in Virginia proved abortive. Internal strife and
disease wiped out San Miguel, and the few survivors of
what might be called an expedition, sailed away from Vir-
ginia's shores in search of other adventure, leaving the task
of the colonization of the country to the hardy and enterprise
ing sons of Britain.

One event in the history of San Miguel was ominous of
the future. The first white inhabitants of Virginia suffered
sorely, as a result of the insurrection of negro slaves whom
they brought with them. ISTinety-three years becfore the
Dutch deposited their unfortunate cargo of negroes at James-
town, slavery had existed on Virginia soil, destroying the
happiness of the first white occupants of the land, imperil-
ing their safety, and ultimately leading to the destruction
of their colony. The Dutch, however, are in no wise exon-
erated for having imposed the awful burden of the negro
upon the English Colonists of Virginia, by the mere state-
ment of this fact, a fact too often ignored by the historians.

Whether d'Ayllon set foot upon Virginia soil before Ver-
razano landed on the Eastern Shore is not known, nor is it

EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 9

known whether d'Ayllon or any of his colonists visited the
"Land across the water." It is hardly possible, however,
that Spanish ships passed in and out between the capes with-
out investigating the region to the north, as John Smith did
in 1608, especially when we consider the inquisitive nature
of the early Spaniards, and their practical seamanship and
methods of exploration. Surely d'Ayllon in search of the
northwest passage would never have sailed about the northern
reaches of Chesapeake Bay without landing to obtain water
or to investigate the natives, grea.t numbers of whom usually
l ined the beaches to welcoTr i'^ at.raTij;n riditnrr tn thmr "hprrfi^
Be that as it may, history records nothing in connection with
the Eastern Shore of Virginia until 1603.

The traditions handed down to their sons and grandsons
by the Accawmacke Indians, who welcomed Verrazano to
their shores in 1524, could not have been very pleasant ones.
Perhaps some of that explorer's men had treated the natives
roughly or in some manner imposed upon them ; or perhaps
other white men, of whom we have no knowledge, had landed
upon the peninsula and aroused the enmity of the natives.
Whatever the cause may have been, when the next white
men of whom we know, after Verrazano, landed on the shores
of Accawmacke, they were not received in a friendly or
hospitable way.

Bartholomew Gilbert, the son of the noted Sir Humphrey
Gilbert, after a voyage to the ISTew England coast, which
lasted from March 26th to July 23rd, 1602, was seized with
a great desire to search the more southern coasts of Virginia \ \
for the lost Colonists of Roanoke Island.

Accordingly, he set sail in a bark of fifty tons, manned by
a small crew, and being caught in a storm in July, 1603, off
the Capes of Virginia, entered the bay in quest of a good
iarbor. Seeing to the north an inviting country, lined with

10 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGIISriA HISTOEY

great trees at the mouth of what appeared to be a river/ they
headed for the Eastern Shore peninsula, and anchored about
a mile o£E the beach. Being in great need of water and fuel,
Captain Gilbert, accompanied by Master Thomas Canuer, a
gentleman of Bernard's Inne, as he styled himseK, Richard
Harison,^ the master's mate, Henry Kenton, their "Chiru-
gion," all well armed, went ashore, leaving two small boys
on the beach to care for the boat. The party had gone only
a short distance when the Indians fell upon them, killing
Captain Gilbert and one other. With much difficulty the
rest succeeded in saving the boat and reaching their comrades.
From this unpromising neighborhood, and satisfied in their
minds, no doubt, as to the fate of Sir Walter's unfortunate
colonists, the crew of the good ship Elizabeth weighed an-
chor and reached London, their home port, in September,
1603, only to find the city "grievously infected with a terri-
ble plague."

The superstitious would say that the ill fortune of the
venture was due to the day of landing, which was Friday.
(29th of July, 1603.)'

Trobably Bullock's Channel between Smith's Island and the Main-
land.

''First of the Harrisons in Virginia?

.2j\ Vf^yapje t p Virginia in 1603. Written by Master Thomas Cann er^
See Purcnas's I'ligrmies, p. IHoB, Vol. iV. " ' ~^^~~~

II

The Coming of the English and Smithes Explorations

In the year of our Lord, 1602, one Qaptain Bartholome-w
Gosnold visited tlie new world, and returned to London con-

vinced of the great public, not to say personal, benefit to be
derived from the planting of a Colony on the soil of Virginia.
ITot discouraged by the previous failures of Sir Walter
Raleigh to colonize Virginia, Gosnold secured the support of
■TnhTi LSmith . a soldier of fortune and of great repute, . Edward
Maria Wingfieldi Parson TTnnt, an d others, and together
they parleyed and lobbied about the Court of King James,
spending much time and money among courtiers and influ-
ential persons in the hope of bringing their influence to bear
upon the King. Persistence conquered at last, and o g, Apri l
JLQ. 1606. letters patAnt wctp. ips uedr authorizing th ^ i^atab-.
lishment of two colonies in Virginia.

We shall concern ourselves only with the southern colony,
the plantation of which was entrusted to a company composed

of Sir Thom j)" fi-atpg and pir Cjpnr^p. f^rnnprs^ KTijglrtH- Ricl^-

ard Hackluyt, Clerk^ prebe nd ary nf Westminster^ Edward
]\/r3^.i^ Wingfinld^ an d others, mostly residents of London.
This Company was authorized to plant a Colony wherever
they might choose between 34° and 41° of north latitude;
(and the King vested in them a right of property in the land
extending along the sea coast fifty statute miles on each side
of the place of their first plantation, and reaching into the
interior one hundred miles from the sea coast, together with
all islands within one hundred miles of their shores.

11

12 BASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

At length, three vessels were fitted out for the expedition,

a pinpam nf twfgity tons, and two ships oQ flxt y fmrl nne .

^hundred tons respectively, and placed under the command of

Captain Christopher JSTewport, a navigator experienced in

voyages to the New World.

In the charter granted to Sir Thomas Gates and his asso-
ciates, it was provided that the colony should have a council
of its own, subject to a superior council in England; and on
November 20, 1606, instructions were given by the King for
the government of the two colonies, directing that the council
in England should be approved by the CrowH, and the local
council by the superior one in England. It was further pro-
vided that the members of the junior council were to elect
their own president annually from among their number.
Orders were enclosed in a sealed box, which was put on board
the Commander's ship ; and it was ordered that this box was
not to be opened until a landing in Virginia was effected.

The little expedition set sail from Blackwall. December
19, 1606, a nd after a long and tedious voyage, not without
adventure, however, "God, the guider of all good actions, did
drive them by his providence to their desired port, "_ on April
26, 1607, which happened in this case to be a low and sandy
point, which thev named Cape Henry, after their Royal
Prince. A number of the weary voyagers, who landed upon
the Cape to investigate the new land, were angrily received by
the natives, who showered arrows upon the intruders, wound-
ing two of the party. Justly considering Cape Henry an
inhospitable coast, the expedition departed therefrom in quest
of a suitable spot for their settlement. That night the sealed
orders were opened and it was found that feartholomew Gos-
nold, John Smith, Edward Maria Wingffeld, Christopher
ISTewport, John Eatcliffe, John Martin and George Kendall
were to compose the first council^ For seventeen days the

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 13

expedition cast about for a suitable landing place, and finally,
on May 13, 1607, it w as determined to disembar k upon what
was afterwards known as Jamestown Island. Win^field was
immed iately chose n President ^^-tJife^ counoil, and under Ms
commaxid the work oi settlemen t com m enced. The foregoing
account has been given by way of introduction to Captain
John Smith, who after Verrazano, Gilbert, and possibly
d'Ayllon, was the next white man to visit the Eastern Shore.

It Was very natural that the enthusiastic Grosnold should
desire to enlist Smith's interest in behalf of his colonization
scheme. A man of such great experience and prowess would
be invaluable in the organization and establishment of a se1>
tlement in the wilderness of the New World, for trials and
difficulties calculated to discourage and overcome the average
man would merely lend zest to the venture, so far as Smith
was concerned.

If we read Smith's own account of his adventures in this
and the Old World, while we may admire his courage and
ability as a leader, yet we are forced to confess that he was
somewhat of a braggart and given to self-exploitation. It is
doubtful, however, if Smith were more of a boaster than other
navigators and adventurers of his time, yet he seems to have
aroused the jealousy of his companions, for soon after leaving
the Canary Islands, where the ships replenished their supply
of water on the way to Virginia, he was accused of plotting
to usurp the command of the expedition and make himself
King. For thirteen weeks, he was held in duress, and at the
election of the President of the council, on the 13th day of
May, the day of disembarkation at Jamestown, it was ex-
plained at the meeting why he could not act as one of the
council, to which he had been appointed in the sealed orders.
The Presirlent offered to sen ji-^iraa—bat^ to England w ith
Captain Newport and let the charges against him drop, but

14 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

Smith seeing Wingfield's jealous desire to dispose of him,
refused the offer, and by upright conduct, ajid the invaluable
services which his experience and ability enabled him to per-
form in behalf of the settlement, overcame all jealousy and
suspicion, and disconcerted the machinations of his enemies,
and through the good offices of Parson Hunt, was soon re-
stored to the Council, and a reconciliation ensued.

During the first year at Jamestovm, Smith was busily
engaged in exploring the James River and in negotiating and
making friends with King Powhatan, who had caused his
capture and liberated him at the instance of Pocahontas. In
his dealings with the savages, he had shown a master's hand ;
and having made himself indispensable to the settlers, became
their real leader.

The second of June. 16 08^ .Tnhn SmitVi 1pf t Jamestow n
with a small body of men, bent u pon the exploration of the
p ^rea.t ba.y^ a cross the mouth of which they had sailed the year
before, and upon the investigation of the character of the low
lying land north of Cape Henry.

The company was made up as follows :

"Captain John Smith, Commander.
_JWalter Russell, Dr. of Physicle.

GENTLEMEN

Rolf Murton Richard Fetherston

Thomas Momford James Bume

William ComtriU, Michell Sicklemore

SOULDIEES

Jonas Profit James Watkins

Anas Todkill John Powell

Robert Small James Read

Richard Keale "

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOBY 15

The account of the expedition from now on, as written
or approved hy Captain John Smith himself, is too interest-
ing to omit, so it is inserted in full so far as it concerns the
Eastern Shore. Eeferring to the above gentlemen and sol-
diers, he writes :

"These being in an open barge _neare three tuns burthen,
leaving the Phoenix at Cape Henry, they crossed the bay to
the Eastern Shore, and fell with the Isles called Smiths Isles,
after our Captaines name/ The first people we saw were
two gri ir «'"'^ "tfllt ^alvages up on Ca pe Charlpa^ with Inng
jpolp s liVn Tavpl in g s. headed witnbone. "they boldly demanded
what we were, and what we would; but after many circum-
stances they seemed very kinde, and directed us to Acco-
tuack.^ tTiP hahitatioTi of i■h(^^y_ Werowance. where we werg
kindly intreated. This TCin g wgg tho, fATnl jest, most proper .
civill Salvage we incountered. Hia Cnimt,rY ipi « plppsant
fertile clay so vie, some small creekes ; g""''' hti^^'ioii'-s f^I
"small Jjp -^T^f^i bnt -""t -fpT SkiTO . He told us of a strange
accident lately happende him, and it was, two children being
dead; some extreame passions, or dreaming visions, phan-
tasies, or affection moved their parents againe to revisit their
dead carkases, whose benumbed bodies reflected to th? eyes
of the beholders such delightful countenances, as though
they had regained their vitall spirits. This as a miracle
drew many to behold them, all which being a great part of his
people, not long after dyed, and but few escaped.' They
spa ke the language of Powhata n, wherein they made such

^The island, still called Smith's Island, situated about two miles to
the east of Cape Charles, and which is about twelve miles long and
about two miles broad, must have been the principal island here
alluded to.

''It is evident from Smith's map, inserted in hia book, that this
plppq , above alluded to, denominated_ by him in his said map, _Accow-
V^^ff^i W" situated within the inter ior part of C ape Charles, an d on or
n ear the p lace called Cherryton, m l>lorthamptdh county.

^The medicine men of the tribe may have embalmed the bodies in^
some way. It is probable that the children died of smallpox or some
other contagious disease which was contracted by the curious visitors. I

16 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

descriptions of the Bay Isles, and rivers, that often did us
exceeding pleasure. Passing along the coast, searching every
inlet, and Bay, fit for harbours and habitations. Seeing
many Isles in the midst of the Bay we bore up for them, but
ere we could obtaine them, such an extreme gust of wind,
rayne, thunder, and lightening happened, that with great
danger we escaped the unmerciful raging of that Ocean-like
water. iThe highest land on the Mayne, yet it was not low,
we callea Keales hill,^ and these uninhabited Isles, Russell
Isles. ^) The next day searching them for fresh water, we
could find none, the defect whereof forced us to follow the
next E aster ne channell, which brought us to the river of
Wighcocomoco. The people at first vdth great fury seemed
to assault us, yet at last with songs and daunces and much
mirth became very tractable, but searching the habitations
for water, we could fill but three barricoes, & that such pud-
dles, that never till then we ever knew the want of good
water. We digged and searched in many places, but before
two dales were expired, we would have refused two barri-
coes of gold for one of that puddle water of Wighcocomoco.
Being past these Isles which are many in number, but all
naught for habitation, falling with a high land upon the
mayne, we found a great pond of fresh water, but so exceed-

^From Smith's location of this "hill" on his map, it pin at ha.vp hfifin
some hiph land or risJ Tig gr^nnnrl rm iho hfiy-^rvaat- r.f Northampton
W^ TlTy; pTlltT" °"Tnowhoi-o p,|}f}llt Onaneock. lie appears throughout
his exploration of the Chesapeake to have given names to several places
in compliment to individuals of his crew; probably from some incidental
circumstances attending their discoveries, not mentioned in the narra-
tion of his voyage. Richard Keale, one of his "souldiers," might possibly
have first observed or discovered this "hill," and Smith called it after
him.

^These isles, which Smith called Russell's Isles (probably in com-
pliment to his friend and present companion. Doctor Russell), were the
lowest cluster within the bay. It is a very ordinary circumstance, how-
ever, that in the latest and best maps of Maryland and Virginia a dis-
agreement occurs in the denomination given to these lower Islands. In
Griffith's map of Maryland, published in 1794, they are called Tangier
Islands ; but in that of Virginia, published by Bishop Madison in 1807,
these same islands are denominated Watt's Islands. The later denomina-
tion we may suppose to be the most correct.

BASTEEK SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 17

ing hot that we supposed it some bath; that place we called
Poynt Ployer, in honor of that most honourable house of
Mousay in Britaine, that in an extreame extremities once
relieved our Captaine. From Wighcocomoco to this place,
all the coast is low broken Isles of Moras, growne a myle or
two in breadth, and ten or twelve in length, good to cut for
hay in Summer, and to catch fish and f oule in Winter ; but
the land beyond them is all covered with wood, as is the rest
of the Country.

"Being thus refreshed in crossing over from the mayne to
other Isles, we discovered the winde and waters so much
increased with thunder, lightening, and raine, that our mast
and sayle blew overboard and such mighty waves overrackes
us in that small barge that with great labour we kept her
from sinking by freeing out the water. Two days we were
inforced to inhabite these uniniabited Isles which for the
extremities of gusts, thunder, raine, stormes, and ill wether
we called Limbo. Bepairing our saile with our shirts, we
set sayle for the maine and fell vnth a pretty convenient
river on the East called Cuskarawaek, fthe people ran as
amazed in troups from place to place, and divers got into
the tops of trees, they were not sparing of their arrowes, nor
the greatest passion they could expresse of their anger. Long
they shot, we still ryding at an Anchor without there reatch
making all the signes of friendship we could. The next day
they came unarmed, with every one a basket, dancing in a
ring, to draw us on shore; but seeing there was nothing in
them but villany, we discharged a volley of muskets charged
with pistoll shots, whereat they all lay tumbling on the
grownd, creeping some oneway, some another into a great
cluster of reeds hard by; where their companies lay in
Ambuscade. Towards evening we wayed, & approached the
shoare, discharging five or six shot among the reedes, we
landed where there lay a many of baskets and much bloud,
but saw not a Savage. A smoke appearing on the other side
the river, we rowed thither, where we found two or three
little houses, in each a fire, there we left som e peeces of co p-
per, beads, bells, and looking glasses, an d then went into the

18 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

bay, but when it was darke we came back agine. CEarly in
the morning foure Salvages came to us in their CanoV, whom
we used with such courtesies, not knowing what we were,
nor had done, having been in the bay a-fishing, bade us stay
and ere long they would returne, which they did and some
twcntie more with them ; with whom after little conference,
two or three thousand men, women & children came cluster-
ing about us, every one presenting us with something, which
a little bead would so well requite, that we became such
friends they would contend who should fetch us water, stay
with us for hostage, conduct our men any whither, and give
us the best contentX rEere doth inhabite the people of Sara-
pinagb,__2IflJi se, ArsBas, and ISTantaquak th e best MeVcbantH
o? a JoSierSaivages. They much extolled a great nation
"calle3' Massawomekes, in search of whom we returned by
Limbo; this river but onely at the entrance is very narrow,
and the people of small stature as them of Wightcocomoco,
the Land but low, yet it may prove very cOT rmnndinus , because
it is but a ridge of land betwixt the Bay and the maine
Ocean. Findin g this Easterne Shore, shallow broken Isles.
and for most part without fresh water, we passed by the
straites of Limbo for the Western shore ; so broad is the bay
here, we could scarce perceive the great high cliffs on the
other side ; by them we anchored that night and called them
Eiccards Cliftes; 30 leagues we sayled more ITorthwards
not finding any inhabitants leaving all the Easterne Shore,_ ^
lowe Islandes, but overgrowne with wood, as all the coast
beyond them so farre as we could see.'"

From the foregoing account it will be seen that Smith
and his companions cruised along the western shore of the
Accomack peninsula, which is the Eastern Shore of Chesa-
peake Bay, until they reached what is now called Pocomoke
River, near the present boundary between Virginia and
Maryland. The distance is between seventy and eighty miles.
The reason Smith assigns for the long cruise was the need of

'Smith's History of Virginia.

BASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY 19

fresh water, but to those who know the abundant springs of
A.ecomac and ISTorthampton, this statement is surprising.

Overtaken in the neighborhood of Pocomoke by one of
those summer thunder-storms, which are so prevalent about
the Capes, and which are so terrifying in their suddenness,
Smith's boat was blown across the Chesapeake . This .sguail
caused his companions to lose courage, and to beg to be taken
back to Jamestown, l^othing daunted by the tempestuous-
ness of the elements, our brave Captain deemed it wise to
address his men as follows :

"Gentlemen, if you would remember the memorable his-
tory of Sir Ralph Layne, how his company importuned him
to proceed in the discovery of Moratico, alleadging that they
had yet a dog, that being boyled with Sazafras leaves, would
richly feede them in their returnes; then what a shame it
would be for you (that have bin so suspitious of my tender-
nesse) to force me returne, with so much provision as we
have, and scarce able to say where we have beene, nor yet
heard of that we were sent to seeke ? You can not say but I
have shared with you in the worst which has past; and for
what is to come, of lodging, dyet, or whatsoever, I am con-
tended you allott the worst part to myselfe. As for your
feares that I will lose my selfe in these unknown large
waters, or be swallowed up in some stormie gust; abandon
these childish feares, for worse than is past is not likely to
happen; and there is as much danger to returne as to pro-
ceede. Eegaine therefore your old spirits for returne I will
not (if God Please) till I have seen the Massawomeka,
found Patawomek, or the head of this water you conceiv
to be endless."

Smith's determination, coupled with prospects of fairer
weather, overcame the fears of his crew, .s^he bay w as fur-
ther explored, the Potomac disco yeredp and tken and not

until then was he satisfied to return. On their voyage back.

20 EASTEEK SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

entering what is now called Hampton Roads, and passing by
the low sand-spit, where the ramparts of Fortress Monroe
now frown and the gay summer resorts are built, they stop-
ped at the Indian Village. K"ip,Tcota.-n. located upon the pres-
ent site o f Hampton. Obtaining there a goodly supply of
f ood from the Indians, they returned to Jamestown settle-
, ment. about fort y miles up the river, then called Powhatan,,
no w known as the Tames. "In this, as in all things, the
Englishman appropriated what belonged to the Indians, and
King James supplanted King Powhatan.'"^ ^ , - •

It was on this return voyage that Smith', while practicing
t he art acquired from Kicktopeake, the Accomac King, im-
paled a fish upon Ti-iaawrviv^^Ti +Viq gTialln-^ watp.rs about tJTe_
inouth of the Rappahannock T?,i"ver. ( iTuaware of the danger-
ous character of his captive, he received in his wrist a very
painful wound from the spike-like fin upon the tail of the^
fish.^This wound caused much soreness and such swelling
that he thought he was like to di^ and his whole party going
ashore, laid Smith under a tree where he made his will.
"But," says he, rby night-time the swelling and soreness had
so assuaged that I had the pleasure of eating that fish for
supperT'^^ The next morning the journey was resumed, and
the place where the accident occurred, in remembrance of the
incident, was named Stingray Point. To this day, that point
at the mouth of the Rappahannock River is calle d^Stingare e
^Point . and that fish is still called Stingaree by the people
along Chesapeake Bay.

After this famous cruise, -TrJiii Smitl^ rriFli d'^ b^'^ f^y p^llpTifj^
map of Virginia,_ showing the Capes and Islands, the points
and rivers, which he visited. In this map the Kingdom of
Accawmake occupies a most conspicuous place.

•End of An Era, Jno. S. Wise.

Ill

Akgoll's Visit and I>ale^s Gift

Bearing in mind the stories brought back from the coast by
Smith and his men, Sir Samuel ArgoU , in 1613, d etermined
to visit the Kingdom of Accawmack for the purpose jof aefur-
ing supplies of fish for the starving colonists Rl"Tigf +.Tio. TaTinpa
Biver. The f oUovnng is his own description of the trip :

"I departed out of the Kiver in my shallop, the first of
May, for to discover the East side of our Bay, which I found

to have many small Riv e rs 1T^ it , ^nrl vony gnnd Tmrbnnrg -fnr

Boats and Barges, but not for ships of any great burthen;
and also great store of InhabitantAq, who seftTTifid very desir -
ous of our love, and so much the rather, because thev had

received good reports frnm tTiA TTn^iana rv^' PprnKr-nf^lr T?ivpr^^
of our curt^enua us agp ni ihpvn^ wboTn T fnuTid trading with
mo for cornc, whereof they had groat o taiie. ""Wg^also dijT"
covered a multitude ^ofJplgT"^" T-^ogr ing; good meadow g rnundj
and as I think, Saltmight easily be made there, if there were
any ponds digged, for that I found Salt Kerned where the
water had overflovme in certain places. Here is also a great
atr.Tp n-f fip }i }^^f]^ nlip] fi ^ }^ anrl nthpr So having discovered
along the shore fortie leagues Northward, I returned, etc,

j)i

From this description of the islands and their meadows, it
is quite certain that ArgoU landed upon Smith's Island, upon
the Eastern beach of which the Atlantic hurls her lines of
foaming breakers with appalling fury. At no place along
the coast would the waters be more briny, or less polluted by

f 'Extract from a letter written by Sir Samuel Argoll to Master Hawes
yn June, 1613. Furchaa IV, p p. 1764-65.

31

22 EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

the drift of the inner waterways. In view of the scarcity of
provisions in the settlements of the western shore, it was a nat-
ural consequence of Argoll's discovery, that, in June, 1614,
John Pory, Secretary of the finlony, should send Lieutenan t
firaddock, witli a,hout twenty men, to Smith's Island to boil
the sea water down to salt and catch fis h for the people of the
James Biver. ^ Two years late r^ Rolfe wrote that at Dale's

^fijft. -npgr fiapA nWrTpa^ ihara W(>rA HftVf>Titq eii men Under

Lieutena nt Craddo ck.^ This statement of Rolf el's has led
many to believe that the salt colony was not established until
1616. Much confusion also seems to exist as to whether
this little settlement was located on the mainland or on
Smith's Island. The truth of the matter is that the salt
house or works, as they are frequently styled, were erected
on the Island, and details of men were sent over from the
settlement on the mainland to carry on the work. _ The set -
tlement on the mainland was planted on the banks of what
is now called Old Plantat ion Ureek, which flows into the ba;^
about nine miles north of tbe point of (Jape Charles,. So im-
portant was the work considered, that the detachment of men
at Dale's gift was supported at the expense of the Company.
To what extent the Governor contributed to the erection of
the works is not known, but in the minutes of the Quarter
Court, held February, 1619-20. we find the following sig-
nificant passage :

( "Whereas, during the time of Sir Thomas Dale's residence
in Virginia there was by his means sundry salt works set up,
to the great good and benefit of the plantation, since which
time they are wholly gone to rack and let fall, insomuch that
by defect thereof the inhabitants are exceedingly distempered
by eating pork and other meats fresh and unseasoned; there-

'TV)q fTirat. Tjpp^ihlip. in America, Bro-s ai.. p. 227.
'Rolfe's Relation, in NeiU'a Va. Co. of London, p. 111.

EASTEEN SHORE OE VIRGINIA HISTORY 33

fore it was referred to a committee to consider with all speed
for the setting up again of said salt works, that is to Sir John
Dauers, Sir Nathaniel Eich, Mr. John Wroth, Mr. Dr. Win-
stone, and Mr. Samuel Wrote, to meet at two of the clock at
Mr. Treasurer's house, Mr. Baldwin is desired at the same
time to be there to further the committee with his best ser-
vice."^ ^

Whether or not the Governor contributed more than his au-
thority to the support of this enterprise when it was founded,
t he settlement w as named in his honor, Dale^g_fiiftr-

When Sir Thomas Dale left the colony in 1616. there were A
but t hree hundred and fifty settlers or heads of families, and
the only settlements were those at Henrico, Bermuda, West
and Shirl ey Him d red, Jamest own. Kiquotan and the one at
Oape Ob arlps; °" '^^ "'^ *^^* Dalo'a fi-i-ft. -m-a s rntpi of the o1(^ - ]
est settlements in t he OolnTiy. /

We may well imagine that the task assigned the first salt
boilers was far from being a grateful one to the little band.
Their residence on the far-away peninsula was looked for-
ward to, no doubt, as the equivalent of exile or solitary con-
finement in a dangerous locality. At Jamestown, the set-
tlers were located upon an island. This fact and their num-
bers gave them comparative security from the savages. On
the peninsula, however, the new plantation or post was located
on the shore of a great sea, with trackless, unexplored forests,
to the north and east. So few were the men assigned to this
remote post, that their situation would indeed have been a
perilous one in case of attack, separated from their friends
as they were, by the great Chesapeake. It was therefore,
doubtless, in the spirit of satire that the party named the
place at which they first located upon the Eastern Shore,

"Virginia Company, Va. Hist. Collect., Vol. Ill, p. 47. ^ -^

24 EASTBEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

Dale's Gift.^ At any rate, such was the humble beginning
of that portion of the colony of Virginia, the character of
which has been greatly influenced by the peculiar isolation
of its territory ; such was the inception of a mission destined
to Anglicize the Kingdom of Accawmacke, "the land of the
Myrtle and the Pine.'"
^For the evaporation of the salt water, the men sent to
Smith's Island, in 1614, appear to have relied at the outset^
principally on the heat of the sun. Until ArgoU assumed
the administration of affairs, the people obtained their sup-
plies of salt from this source ;* but in the common wreck pre-
cipitated by his government, the little band of salt boilers
were dispersed and their crude appliances fell into decay."
This led to much suffering, as the settlers were forced to eat
their pork and other meats in a fresh state. The distempers
resulting from such a practise were so severe that action was
taken, as we have seen, with a view to reestablish the work g,
which was done in J,620, and the following year, JSlilea
£irket, a mm skilledi n salt making, was sent to Virginia io
manajre the works. "_ The object which the Company had in
view was not only to furnish the people of the Colony with
the necessary supply of salt, but in time to produce so great
a quantity that all the fisheries on the American coast might
be supplied with the article at a handsome profit to the
Company.' In 1621, John Pory was instructed by Gover-
nor Yeardley to visit the Eastern Shore and select a spot

'End of An Era, Wise,
[he phrase of Henry A. Wise; see Seven Decades of The Union.
Tor following facts as to salt making on the peninsula, see .Bruce's
Sconornic History of Va,- in 17th Cent .
> 'Neill'a Va. Co. of London, v. 180.

-^> "Abstr acts of Proceedings of Va. Co. of London, Vol. I. p. 55w ,,
^ 'Cn^qny q Inciter. Sent. 11. 162 Xi Neill's Va. Co. of London, p. 249.
'Abstra cts of Pro, of Va. Co. of London, Vol. I, p.

EASTEKN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 25

combining the most conveniences for the new works/ what
remained of the works on Smith's Island being soon moved
by Pory. The supervision of the erection of the salt plant
was assigned to Maurice Berkeley, whose principal subordi-
nate was Miles Pirket and whose second assistant was also a
trained salt-boiler.^ In a subsequent chapter, we shall fol-
low the course of salt-making on the peninsula.' Enough has
been said to show that the need of salt brought about the set-
tlement of "Dale's Gift" and the Eastern Shore, plantations
so isolated and remote from the other settlements that the
Kings of England for many years addressed their decrees to
the people of Virginia, "To our faithful subjects in ye
Colonic of Virginia and ye Kingdome of Accawmacke."

Like many another venture undertaken reluctantly and in
ignorance, this settlement upon the remote peninsula proved
to be anything but an irksome and dangerous undertaking.
The party of Dale's Gift foimd the Accawmacke Indians ,
thou gh speaki ng the languag e of the Powhatans, in other
respects totally unl ike their war-like and treacherous con-
federates across the bay. and frnrn that time forth there
never was, not even at the time of the general outbreak of
the Savages, in 1622 and 1644, any serious trouble between_^
the whites and the Accawmac ke Indians. . fChe climate was
also much more salubrious than that of the swampy regions
along the James River, where the brackish water and stag-
nant ponds bred malaria and other fatal diseases. As for
sustenance, they found the place an earthly paradise. In the
light andsajid^-sail^corn, vegetables, and many varieties of

JWorks of Capt. John Smith, p. 567.

'Letter of Gov erno r and Council to Company. January. 1621-22;
Neill's Virginia COttlpany oi Jjondon, p. z»g. Pirket is sometimes

JNeills Virginia LOmpany oi ■Lonaon, P- j^a
. re ierred to as .f ickett, sometimes as .Frickett.

'See chapter on Trade, Commerce, etc.

26 EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

fruit grew in abundance at the cost of but slight labor. Fish
and shell-fish of every description abounded in the ocean,
bays and inlets, as they do to-day. Wild fowls of many
sorts, from the lordly wild goose to the tiny teal, swarmed in
the marshes along the coast. Game in great abundance,
furred and feathered, could be had for the shooting of it
upon the land. Tha fig and the pomegranate th rove upon
this generous soil. The infiuence of the Grulf S tream , whi ch -
in passing the Virginia Oapes, approaches within thirty
miles of theco ast, and then turns abruptly eastward^ made,
as it still makes, residence npon the Eastern Shore of Vir-
ginia most charming and delightful. The exiles of the salt
works, pitied at first, soon became the epicures of the colony
and aroused, by their very failure to complain, the curiosity
of the James River settlers.^ ^ Upon investigation, the latter
found no cause for further pity; the conditions surrounding
the exiles were far from lamentable !

"End of An Era, J. S. Wise.

IV

The Plantation of Accomack

There is a tradition that a number of the early settlers of
Virginia crossed the Chesapeake in a canoe in 1610 and
landed on the Eastern Shore. We are told that these first
comers intermarried with the Nassawattox Indians and were
found living among them in a state of semi-civilization and
savagery when Dale's Gift was first established in 1614/ If
this tradition be founded upon fact, it is strange that no
reference was made to the matter by the discursive John
Smith in his history, nor by Argoll nor Fory, who both
visited the peninsula and wrote of the jr <"^-^QTitn|-pg amn-ng,
and their observations upon, the Indian s. It is most im-
probable that Englishmen could have been dwelling among
the Indians without these writers knowing it. Yet we should
not dismiss the tradition without according it reasonable
weight.

At a Court held, in 1635, in Aceomac County, it was re-
corded, "Forasmuch as Henry William did make it appear
that he had lived on his land twenty years, and did much
service for the country, it was certified to the Grovernor and.
Council, etc.'" At a Court held in 1643 in the same County,,
there was recorded "a deed for land granted by Sir John
Harvey on February 20, 1639, to Henry Williams because
he was an ancient planter in the time of Sir Thomas Dale-

'See an article on Early Episcopacy in Accomack, Va. Mag. of History
and Biography, Vol. V, p. 128.

^See Northampton County Records, Vol. I; Brown's First Republic,
p. 421.

27

/:

28 EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

as evidenced by a grant to him from the Treasurer and Com-
pany in 1618." Williams came to Virginia on the "Treas-
urer" in 1615, and may have settled at Dale's Gift that year,
but, says Dr. Brown, it is doubtful whether he resided on
the Eastern Shore for twenty consecutive years, for in 1625
he was living on his land in the corporation of Charles City.^
Williams can not, therefore, be called the first settler.

It is a remarkable fact that Thomas Savage, said by many
authorities to be the first permanent white settler on the
Eastern Shore of Virginia,^ is the only one of those advent-
urous spirits who came to Virginia in 1607 with Smith,
whose descendants can be authentically traced to the present
generation. Thus the Savages, many of whom live in Acco-
mac and Northampton to-day, represent the oldest American
family in the United States.

Thomas, afterwards Ensign Thomas Savage, came to Vir-
ginia with the first settlers when but thirteen years old, and
in 1608 was p.ven to Powhatan by Captain ISTewport in ex-
change for ISTamotacke, an Indian. ^ He remained for some
years with the Powhatans and learned their language, so that
he was able to render the Colony much service as an inter-
preter.

John Pory tells us how Savage, "with much honestie and
successe served the publique, without any publique recom-
pense, yet had an arrow shot through his body in their ser-
vice." On one occasion, when at Opechancanough's town
for the purpose of securing a captive — Thomas Graves — some
difficulty arising. Savage and three others offered to fight
thirteen of the Indians at once, but the Indians declined the

'First Republic In America, Brown p. 421.
^Flrst Republic in America, Brown p. 421.

'See Smith's History of Va. ; Cradle of the Republic, L. G. Tylerj p.
254. — ^

EASTBEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 39

invitation. Powhatan loved the little white man, which no
doubt aroused Opeehancanough's jealousy. This, coupled
with the unfortunate incident narrated, probably caused Sav-
age to leave Powhatan and move to the Eastern Shore, where
Debedeavon, the Laughing King, gave him, in 1619, a large
tract of land lying between CEerito n Creek and King's Creek,

known as Savage's Neck.^

It is possible that Savage may ha , ve_been living among the
Indies o± the Eastern Shore^^ More 1619) for when Captain
John Martin vis itefTtFeTn iti Aprilj IKIH^ Tip ■fnnTirl Viim Wftll
established in their counci ls. Captain Martin says that being
somewhat cut off from the main, "necessity had made the
natives of the Eastern Shore more industrious than any other
Indians in our bay." He also said that "the trade with the
Indians was discovered not long before Sir George Yeardley
came in by my Aunchient fE nsign ) Thoma s S avage and ser-

VantS, whe n they SJ VZ_at. one time fnW-y n-f ilnmv grpgt ^ annwpg

laden with their cnTm-nndities . andj obtained a sufficient quan-
tity of co rn to relievpi the Colonists," wh o were then in want,
owing to the failure of the crops the previous year on the
Western Shore. So we see that at a very early date the set-
tlers along James River had learned the value of the remote
peninsula as a source of food supply.^

When Jo hn Pr>ry irial'tarl t>]f^ "P.^pfoTTi ,C;iirv^o JT. 1621, hc

found young Savage dw ellin g hap pily am on g tbe^TTiHiaTis and
thoroughly ingratiated in the good-will of the Laughing King,
and of his Prime Minister and brother, Kictopeake. _Han-
nah Tyng. Savage's wife, came to Virginia in 162 1 in the
good ship "Sea Flower," with Captain H amor , and the re c-
o rds show that on December 1, 1627, sh e was granted fifty

^The First Republic in America, Brown, p. 421.
'The First Republic in America, Brown, p. 288.

30 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGIMA HISTORY

acres of land in the Plantation of Accomack, by way of
dividend for having defrayed the expenses of her own trans-
portation. This grant is described as a small neck of land
abutting northward on the main river (Cheriton Creek),
eastward on the creek, called Long Creek, and westward on
Curtaile Creek, dividing the same- Jrom the land of Clement
Dilke. (hm-mas Ravap;Pi r liVrl in 1 fi^Y^ nrl lA-f f, an only son.

Captain Johjl' ^-W^fT^^ "SnTmjrnV 1\Tn.r»V^» >»r^T-n 1 fi9,4 • TRnr-

gpss fn^ Northampton, 1666-1667. Hannah, the widow of
Thomas, married Daniel Cugley. X^aptain John Savage mar -
ried first, Ann Elkington ; second, M ar y^ dan gli+Ar n f Colonel
ObeH i en cp Robins o f-i ^hcrry t onc.^'^ Thomas Savage being
the first settler, this much of his history is not thought to be
out of place.

Among the old records of the Virginia Company for the
year 1620, we find the following item in reference to "The
Allowance of John Pory, Secretary:" —

"Itt was agreed and confirmed att this Court that Mr.
Pory the Secretary and his successors in that place should
have five hundred acres of land belonging to that Office, and
twenty Tenants to be planted, thereupon, whereof Tenn to be
sent this year and Tenn the next yeare and the Secty. then
from henceforward should receive no fees for himself, etc.'"

/ Jn i b n Pnry^ w lin seems to have been much interested in
/ and attracted by the Eastern Shore, at once laid out his lands
I along King's Creek, and sent over his first ten tenants in
\l620, the year of the grant.^

'See Va. Mag. of History and Biography, Vol. I, pp. 443-44. Cheri-
ton, the original Indian name, was corrupted to Cherrytone and is now
called Cherrystone.

I'Records of Va. Company, Vol. I, 1619-1622, p . 249.
"First Republic in America, Brown. ~*

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 31

The following year he sent over his other ten tenants and
Captain John Willeox also planted near the Secretary's set- ?
tlement with a small number of men. ^ V^® ^^^^ '^^ ^^^ ^^^"
retary's se ttlement waa upon the farm now\no s yTi a a "'i'nwTj_
Fields/" which lies between Oheriton or Oherrytone and
King's Creeks , divided by the latter creek from the present
town of Cape Charles City, about 14 miles north of the Cape
or extremity of the peninsula. This aettleonent was called by
it s first tenants. "The Plantation of Accom ack." and for
many years the town went by that name, as a result of which
much confusion has arisen, since tJie writers of the time in
referring to the Eastern Shore at large, even after the penin-
sula was named itforthampton County, had in mind the
single village of the peninsula or the town of Accomack.

Jplft'g rj^ift, "Ti pcY^nn-nt. nf bpiTig tbp pldersettlem^t of the
t wo, was from now on referred to as the old p lgn+atinTi gnrl
hence the name "Old Plantation C reaky upon the shores of
which the first settlement was located.

The new town prospered at the expense of the old planta-
tion, and seems to have absorbed its inhabitants in the course
of a few years, although persons still resided in the older
quarter.

During the same year the generous King Debedeavon gave
to the Governor, Sir George Yeardley, all the land between
Hungar's Creek and Cheriton Creek.

At a Court held, in 1668, in Northampton County:

/ "About Esquire Yardley's and John Savage's Land — The
de]f)osition of Wm. Jones, aged 59, Sayeth, That being at the
house of the late Col. Robins about thirty-five years since
(when Laughing King came annually to visit him in the
Spring) was desired by Col. Robin's to ask the said King,

'First Eepublic in America, Brown.

33 EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

whose land such a neck of land was ? He replied, that he had
given that neck of land from Wissaponson Creek to Hungar's ^
Creek to Sir George Yardley, and the south side of Wissa-
ponson to his son Thomas Newport (that is, Thomas
Savage)."^

(in 1621, when Pory's party visited the Laughing King,
the" old chief described the Eastern Shore to the English,
telling them of the abundance of fish and fowl, and gave
Lieutenant Marmaduke Perkinson some of the earth called
terra lemnia (there to be had in great abundance), which was
said by Perkinson to be as good as that of Turkey.^ /Pory
returned to Jamestown, leaving a hundred men happily set-
tled, through whom he hoped that a flourishing fur trade
would soon spring up.^ But the charms of the country drew
the settlers away from the little settlement and they spread
along the creeks and bays to the north and east, scattering
their homes and clearings over a wide area. Elbow room was
their cry, and since there was nothing to be feared at the
hands of the Accawmacke Indians, there was no reason so
far as they could see why, simply to please the authorities,
they should remain huddled together on the banks of Old
Plantation Creek. By the end of the year 1621, there re-
mained but nine men at the old settlement, and there was no
guarantee that they too would not soon desert. John Pory,
the god-father of the little Colony, in great alarm, petitioned
the Governor and the Council of State for aid, both men and
means, to help maintain the plantation of Accomack, for, as
a result of removals, desertions and deaths, and the great
tendency of his settlers to scatter over the peninsula, there

'First Eepub lip i^i Am erica. Brown, p. 421. ^
■''ffiraf Bppii>)1iV in Arri r ri pii , "Rm' iT TIj vp' 'I fi l I f! "
»Ibid. p:-42a, Va ^ol. Records, 1621-23. Va._Mag. of^istorj
3io^raphy, Vol. XV, pT'M! ^ ^-~~ ^

EASTBEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 33

were but few tenants left and he feared' lest they might be
destroyed by the Indians.^ Owning lands there himself, Sir
George, the Governor, was not disinterested in the plantation,
and very unselfishly took care of the petition; as a result of
which, "certain fees were allowed for the employment and
maintenance of tenants at Aecowmack." Thus the little Col-
ony became one of the plantations of the Virginia Com-
pany."

In June, 1622, the good Sir George himseK, accompanied
by his council and "a number of the greatest gallants in the
land," went to Accomack to inspect the settlement and inci-
dentally his own properties. So pleased was he with what
he found that he spent six weeks on the peninsula, bringing
home with him some corn, but says Smith, "as he adventured
for himself, he accordingly enjoyed the benefit.'" From
this it would seem that the trip was in the nature of a semi-
official excursion. IVom then on, all was prosperity. (We
may be sure that the less fortunate settlers at Jamestow,
Smithfield, Mower de Hundred and the Ealls of the James,
were not long in finding out the delights, of this at first
despised settlement on the Eastern ShoreM Indeed in 1622,
the most trying year to the early colonists, bteset with Indian
tomahawks, starvation and disease, the forlorn and desperate
settlers on the western shore looked with longing eyes upon
the peace and plenty enjoyed by their brothers, the exiles of
Accomack. ]

All through this period of early settlement, the pioneer
days of the Eastern Shore, the Indians there remained the
staunch friends of the whites. They shared with the in-
truder their stores of corn and gave freely of their rich

'Va. Colmiifll TJPPnrt^fi, 1fi91-^3 —

^i ^ilFs Va. Co. of London, p. 282.
'Smith's General History.

34 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

lands to the white brother from across the sea.^^You^g
Savage had won the heart of the old King, who through his

"gfe^t'loVe for the youth, grew to love all of his kind, and
persistently refused to combine with his confederates, the
Powhatans, to work their destruction. Such a task would
have been an easy one, and in view of its very simplicity, all
the more credit is due Debedeavon. In 1621, the old jgar-
rior. alarmed at the perilous position of his whit a_£riends>-
inf ormed Governor Yeardley, through Savage a nd Colone l-
Eobins, both of whom he was accus toTneid to visit at, their ^
Timnf^H, that ma ny Indians had a HfiPmbled at the cermrirmy

_o£_Lli S_ taking up of Powhatan's bones, an.d -ihat Openhaaaa-

_rimi gh had plotted with them for_ a_ffea^ al uprising and
m assacre^ of the w hites, both on the west,ern and eastern

_s hores- lAt first the (lover nor was highly incredulous, but
being furater warned by Savage and Eobins, that the Laugh-
ing King knew whereof he spoke and that his undoubted
affection for them precluded any motive but that of friend-
ship in reporting the designs of Opechancanough, by which
action he compromised himself, the Governor became greatly
alarmed. Thereupon Yeardley himself went in person to
every plantation in the colony, held musters, provided what
arms the general stores afforded, and commanded that strict
ward and watch be kept.^ When charged by the Governor
with the foul design of massacring the English, Op«3hanca-
nough stoutly denied any such intent, and as time wore on
and no overt act occurred to confirm the rumor, the colonists
relaxed their vigilance. The warning, however, and the
prompt steps taken to put the various plantations in a state
of defense, did much to prevent the complete annihilation of
the colony the following year; forVust as Debedeavon re-

^First Republic in America, Brown, p. 4fifi.

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGIFIA HISTOEY 35

ported they -vifould do, the savages rose en masse and fell
upon the whites on the western shore. Ushered in by the
blood-chilling war-cry of the frenzied savages, for days a
reign of terror continued when the torch and the bloody
scalp knives did their horrid work. Few indeed were the
frontier homes unvisited by the murderous red men. But
upon the Eastern Shore the colonists rested secure under the
protecting arm of their native ruler, l^ot only Eastern
Shoremen, but all Virginians, should ever revere the memory
of the "Laughing King of Accowmacke" whose timely warn-
ing and unselfish friendship during the dark days of 1622
saved the whites from a more awful fate, j

( Coincident with this period of massacre was the spreading
ora "foull distemper" among the people of the western shore,
the germs of the disease having been imported with the fresh
supplies of immigrants. The mortality resulting from this
epidemic, which spread with astonishing rapidity through
the plantations, was appalling. Ewp VnmdrBrl persons, or
about half of the inhabitants of ihei colony. diejl _ in a short

sriod of time , and so panic stricken became many of the
survivors that tEe proposition to desert the rivers and their
sickly swamps for the Eastern Shore met with much favor.^ j
At any rate, a commission was issued to Sir George Yeardley*
on June 20th, 1622, to visit the peninsula and make a
thorough survey of the country with such a step in view and
no such action would have been taken unless the step were
at least contemplated, in spite of the fact that the Treasurer
of the Colony, George Sandys, denied any intent of the
authorities to make such a move.^ Be that as it may, the

Letter of Governox_and_Coun-^
siory ol va. in 17th Cent., Vol. I, pp.
"Va. Colonial Records, 1622-23 ; Va. Mag. Hist. & Bio., Vol. XVI, p. 6.

JVirginia Vetusta. N eill, p p. 122-_127. Letter of G>
ojl »t Po tn l^inioii_ C6.; Jan "50," 1623. JJpHVr V
p ?fi7i Pruce's Economic History ol va. m 17th

36 EASTEEIST SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

many advantages offered to the distressed settlers along the
fetid banks of the James by the healthful peninsula, the
fertility of its soil, its delightful breeze-tempered climate,
the friendship of the savages, all together, comprised an in-
ducement strong enough to justify a general migration to its
shores.^

Although an official removal of the colonists along the
James River did not occur, many people of their own accord
moved to the peninsula about this time, among whom was
Lady Elizabeth Dale, widow of Sir Thomas Dale, who left
lands on the Eastern Shore.^

The muster of Lady Dale's plantation on the Western
Shore, just prior to the massacre of 1622, shows twenty
persons, eight of whom were boys. There was very little
ammunition and but six match-locks on the place. This must
have been the condition of many of the plantations at the
time of the threatened massacre and small wonder it is that
many of the defenseless people should have deserted their
homes and sailed across the bay to the kingdom of Accaw-
macke. Whatever the cause, people were beginning to flock
to the peninsula, as evidenced by the following list made out
February 16th, 1623:'

^Brown's First Republic in Am. Neill's Va. Company.
/'""^Neill's Va. Company of London, p. 368. Brown's Genesis of U. S.,
(pp. 452-453-454. For interesting papers relating to Dale, see Appendix.
^ ('Colonial Records of Va. Senate Document (Extra), 1874.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 37

LISTS OF THE lIVIIiTGE & DEAD IN VIKGINIA
AT THE BASTEEN SHOEE

pt. "VV m. Epps

"M"rg Tjpp

William
Edmund Cloake
William Bribby
Thomas Cornish
John Fisher
William Dry
Henry Wilson
Peter Porter
Christopher Carter
John Sunnill (Sumsill)
Mcholas Graunger
James Vocat Piper
Edward
John
Thomas
George

Charles Farmer
James Knott
John Ascomb
Peregree W^attkins
Daniell Watkins
John Blower
Goody Blower
John

A boy of Mr. Cans
John How
John Butterfield
William Davies
Peter Longman
_John Wilkins^
Thomas Powell
William Beane
John Washborne

William

Eobert Fennell
Phillips

Daniel Cu^ y \^
ThoniasGraYes^ V-^
John Wilcocks
Thomas Crampe
William Andrews
William Ooomes
Johij Parsons
John Coomes

ames Chambers

robert Ball
Thomas Hall
Ismale Hills
John Tyers
Walter Scott
Goodwife Scott
Eobert Edmonds
Thomas Hitchcocke
John Evans
Henry Wattkins
Thomas Parke
William Smith
Edward Drew
Nicholas Hoskins
And his child
William Williams
Mrs. Williams
John Throgmorton
Bennanine Knight
Chad Gunston
Abram Analin
Thomas Blacklocke N
"jotn Barnett ""^ \
Thomas Savage V ]
Salomon Greene /
Quills" ^

38 EASTEEK SHOEE OP YTEGINIA HISTOEY

This list shows a total of nearly eis;htY settlers on the
Eastern Shore in 1623. Of those named, many must have
been dead or have wandered off to the northern confines of
the unexplored peninsula very soon after the muster, for the
census of 1624-5 gives "The Eastern Shore over the Baye"
a total of but fifty-one souls. The latter is very probable,
for the untrampled forests to the north must have been most
inviting to the more adventurous spirits. What treasures
of fur, skins, game and fish must they have found, awaiting
the coming of the white man ! (An examination of the names
included in the census of 162^wiU show that a majority
of those listed came fronSBJ^^^Bbay and that they did
not emigrate direct to tlwipHBPHRrom the Old World.V
This census shows that there were on the Eastern Shore at
that time:

"44 males.
7 females.
19 houses.

16 storehouses, sheds, etc.
1 fort.
221% lbs. corn.

5 boats including 1 shal lop.
150% lbs. powder. ^

601 lbs. lead and shot.

3 pieces-fixt. ( match-locks ) .
1 pistoU. ~"^

3 swords.
23 complete armors.
^ 4 coats of mail and head pieces. 'M
In the census given by Brovra as of 1625, the above items
vary slightly and two hogs are included. The population is
reported at the same total figure, but thirty-two free inhabit-
ants, seventeen servants, and two children are specified.^

'Hotten's iTn rm'pTaTif,.;, p. 262.

"First Republic in America, Brown, p. 625.

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 39

It is very likely, as has been said, that this census ap-
plied only to the settlements and their immediate vicinity,
and that there were houses as vs^ell as people in the upper
parts of the peninsula. At this time there were but 1,209
colonists in Virginia, 269 of whom were women. 4

The small settlement on the Eastern Shore comprised "St.
George's Hundred," of which Captain William Epps was the
Commander. St. George's seems to have been the only
"Hundred" on the peninsula.^ It was from this designa-
tion that St. George's Parish in Accomac later took its name.

Captain Epps, no doubt, fought in the first duel between
Englishmen in America, for about 1619 he killed Captain
Stallinge in a private quarrel. In 1633, he moved to Mary-
land, to which quarter there was a general movement at the
time.^

Of the list of the inhabitants of 1624, there are but
twenty-two of the names represented on the Eastern Shore
to-day. These are: Eodgers, Knight, Wilson, Andrews,
Parsons, Hall, Scott, Williams, Edmunds, Evans, Powell,
Parks, Watkins, Davis, Wilkins, Smith, Barrett, Savage,
Fisher, Piper, Parramore, and Gascoyne.^ Many of these
names are quite common at the present time.

The first representatives of Accomack in the Assembly
were Captain John W ilcocksanj^-SoTiry Wgt] ^ns, bot h— «f
wTir^m gi{ynpjapa. per as Burgesses from the E astom S|}^nrc^
in 1 624.^ The plantation, as such, d i d not exist in 1619,

'Northampton County Records, Orders July 28, 1645.

There ia among the Accomac Records (Northampton Court House)
a power of attn'y from Wm. Epps of the Island of St. Christopher, to
William Stone, in regard to Epps' property on the Eastern Shore of Va. ^
It is dated, July 18, 1633, and Epps' name is spelt Epes.

3pa..p PoTiciio vafniTo/^ |p j n Brown's Firs t Re p, in Am.

*Hening I, pp. 121-9; First R ep, in Am., p. S80; V a. Mag. o f Hist ,
and Bio., Vol. VII, p. 189. ^ ' '

40 EASTERN SHORE OF A^EGIFIA HISTORY

when the first Assembly was held. ^ to the year 1626,_ ^e_
only patents of land issued, was one to John Blower for 140
acres, the tract known as Savage's ISTeck, to "Ensia^ Thomas
J^3Y"g'^," ^gllprl Viifi "Divident " : and one for 3,700 acres '
along Hungar's Creek, or Wissaponson Creek, as it was then i
known, by order of th&«Court at James City, to the Governor, j
Sir Greorge Yeardley. )' Certain others have planted there
(on Eastern Shore) but no Pattents have been graunted
them, the Companyes and Secretaryes Tennants were alsoe
there seated, but no land ordered, to bee laid out for them,
as in the 4 Corporacons."^

TVnrnJfi9,fi nj^ Jand pat fijtS -^"^o isSUedJ " great Tn^mbgyg ^_

'Many of those then living on the peninsula received grants
of land and many new settlers began to arrive. Small tracts
of the Secretary's land were leased for short terms, several
of the first lessees being Nicholas Hoskins, yeoman, 20 acres,
Feb. 1st, 1626; Clement Dilke, Gent., 20 acres, Feb. 6th,
1626 ; John How, Gent., 30 acres, Sept. 20th, 1628 ; Wil-
liam Smith, planter, 100 acres, Oct. 15th, 1629. ilost of
the leases were for a period of ten years. Some of the first
paten ts were: Captain Thomas Gravear Ancient, Planter.
JlarcJi 14tJi, 1628, 200 acres ; William Andrews, planter, and
Roger Saunders, mariner, 100 and 50 acres respectively, in
March, 1628. In 1632 John ISTeale received a grant and
Thomas Savage, carpenter, was granted 100 acres.^

By this time, people had begun to flock to the Eastern
Shore and take up the rich land there. The more independ-
ent pushed far up the peninsula and settled along the many
creeks and bays, both on the sea-side a nrl Ki^ y-girlp j-f tliP
peninsula. So numerous had the inhabitants become by 1629

-'Hnt.tpTi'H TTnmigrrgnf.H, Pat.PTita (^}rantp^^_1lJ_tnJ^9g^J^__3j^

^See Abstracts from Va. Land Patents ib Appendix.
There were two Thomas Savages then on the peninsula.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 41

tkat regular representatives were sent to the Assembly from
that time on. In the Assembly of 1629, "For the Easterne
Shoare noe burgesses did appear,"^ but /in the Assembly of
1629-30, Accomac was represented by^ Captain Thomas
Graves, Captain Edmund Scarburgh, Obedience Eobins and
Henry Bagwell. ^^The Assembly of 1631-2 (in which Acco-
mac was representedH)y Captain Scarburgh and John Howe')
enacted a law, restricting intercourse between the people and
the Indians, and imposing a penalty of one month of service
upon any free man and twenty stripes upon any servant who
should break the law. The "Easterne Shoare," however, was
excepted from the scope of this rigid statute, but the com-
manders of the settlements in Accomac were cautioned to be
friendly with the n^ i ives, yet on their guard. ^ This is but
additional evidence of the amicable relation which existed
between the Indians of the peninsula and the whites. \

(Grreat inconvenience was now experienced by the people
■ofVhe Eastern Shore by reason of their having no court. It
was necessary for them to go to James City or Jjllizabetb
X ljty, a monthly cou rt having been psfabliahe d at the latter
place in 1624. whenever they desired to seek redress at the
hands of the lawN As a result of such a condition, poor per-
sons found themselves without redress in many cases, and
their inability to defend themselves being known, they were
frequently imposed upon by their stronger brothers. The
need of local adjudication in small matters, wherein the
parties could ill afford to repair to the courts across the bay,
^ew with the increasing population, and in 1632 a M onthly
Court was established in Accomack.'

'Hening, I, pp. 137-9.
^enlng, I, pp. 147-9.
"Hening, I, p. 153.
*Hening, I, p. 167.
^Hening, I, p. 168.

43 EASTBEN SHOEE OP VIEGINTA HISTOEY

\Tlie Court consisted of a presiding officer, styled at first
the Commander of Acchawmacke, and six Commissioners,
who were his coadjutors. In the absence of the Commander,
one of the Commissioners presided. Obedience Eobins was
the first Commander. ) He was succeeded after several years
by William Eoper and he by Nathaniel Littleton. (At later
periods, Kobins served two other terms as Commander. jThe
first Commissioners were Captain William Claybom e, Cap-
tain Thomas Graves. John Howe, Gent., Captain Edmund
Scarburgh, Roger Saunders, Gent., and Charles Harmer,
Gent.^ Henry Bagwell, Gent., was the first Clerk of Court
and held office continuously until IG-tO. The Commissioners
were assigned to the command of the various plantations or
districts and were men of high military authority, though
there was no such thing at the time as a regular army organi-
zation. ( The Commander, in addition to the performance
of his Court duties, was required to provide ammunition
and to levy forces to repel the attacks of the Indians from
the North; to drill the men under his command, and to hold
musters of the men, women and children of the Plantation
on "holy dayes."^ The form of commission, issued to the
Uommanders or Justices, had quite a military phraseology,
for they were authorized to "command the several planta-
tions and inhabitants within the same." They were also
given the authority "to doe and execute whatever a Justice
of Peace or two or more Justices of the Peace, may doe."^
^The jurisdiction of the Court in which they sat as Justices
was limited to petty cases arising on the Eastern Shore, in
which the amount in controversy did not exce ed one hundred

^Hening, II, p. 170. Also Aecomao County Records, Vol. I, 623-40, at
Eastville and copy in Va. State Library.
"Hening, I, pp. 126, 127, 140, 175.
»Hening, I, p. 132.

EASTBEN SHOES OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 43

pounds of tobacco, an d to the pTmishment of offenses not
''^vn1viT;i^ life nor lini b\(The Court was able, however, to
exercise much ingenuHy m the selection of punishments.
Tines, stripes, ducking, stocks, the piUory, lying neck-and-
heels together at the church door, doing penance by making
confession while standing in white sheets on stools in the
church; these and like devices made up to the Court the
power denied it over life and limb/ j

It is worthy of note that the firsx pages of the Accomac
Court Kecords are not filled with any grotesque decrees. On
the contrary, the first meeting of the Commissioners was
devoted to more lofty matters. Since the following is a|
copy of the first page in the oldest court record in Virginia, 1
and with the possible exception of the Plymouth Kecords,/
the oldest in English America, it is set out in full.

Tth day of jantjaet, 1632

Presen t, Capt. Tbnmaa (ryaves^

Capt. Edmund Scarborrow

[r^ObedieacaJBjoluBa.
Mr. JohnHowe
Mr. Eoger Saunders

"It is ordered by this court that the now church wardens
shall have power to distrayne upon goods and chattels of all
such of the inhabitants of Achawmacke that have not yet
fully paid their duties of corne & tobacco unto the minister
according to an Act made by the last Genall Assembly dated
the 4th of September, 1631, and that the said church war-
dens deteyne the said goods & chattels until satisfaccon be
made according to the tenner and intent of the said Act."^

^Justice in Colonial Virginia, Chitwood, p. 89.

"Accomac County Records, Vol. 1632-40, pp. 1-2 (Eastville and the
copy in Va. St. Library ) .

44 EASTERN SHOEB OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

/ While the oldest records of the County have been burned
or lostj^e proceedings of the Court from 1632, ten years
before the name of the peninsula was changed to IS'orthamp-
ton and thirty years before it was divided into two counties,
have been preservedX and are now, as has been stated, pos-
sibly the oldest couft records in Virginia. Those who ex-
amine these records, says Bishop Meade, are struck with
nothing so much as the p enitentiarv discipline which they
exhibit, more like mat oltfie early ages than is to be found
in Protestant times and countries.^ They abound in legal
curiosities. The court was strict and npver failed to admin-
ister justice to the best of its ability. (The scandal-monger,
the liar, the drunkard and the common scold, fared badly.
The facts of a number of these rem.arkable old cases are given
in order to throw light on the character of the people of the
time. I

V'Itt is thought fitt & soe ordered by this Cort that John
Parramore for his unlawful swearing in a contemptuous
manner in the fface of the Cort shall set by the heeles in the
stockes for the space of one Complete houre" and on June
9th, 1638, it was "Ordered that John Parramore shall sett
by the heeles in the stockes att the tyme ofe Devyne Serviss
upon the next Saboth daye ffor being drunke in the fface of
the Cort." ]

V Upon the 2nd day of August, 1641, Goody Curtis was
try^g to milk her cow in the cowpen of the Widow Taylbr,
but the cow was not used to that pen and became restive.
Goody lost her temper and cross words passed between her
and Mrs. Taylor, who was^ looking on and no doubt making
silly suggestions as women are wont at times to do. There-
upon the good ladies feU to calling each other bad names,

"Meade's Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Va.

BASTBEN SHOKB OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 4?

ending in Mrs. Taylor smacking Mrs. Curtis's face, for
which breach of the peace, the Court "Ordered that the
Widow Taylor shoall pay unto John Curtis or anie other j
for his use, one potte of milk per daye, at the cowpen of the/
Widdowe Taylor until the last of September next, and pay
all charges expended in this suite." j

( On February 19th, 1634, "John Wattam, aged 24, Ran-
dall Eevell, aged 21 years, and John Ford, aged 25 years or
thereabouts, swome and examined, saye they heard Henry
Charlton saye, that if he had had Mr. Cotton (the minister)
without the church yeard he would have kickt him over the
pallyzados, calling of him black rotted raskoU. Upon the
complaynt of Mr. Cotton agst the sayd Charlton, and the
depositions above expressed, it is ordered that the syd Charl- 1
ton shall for the syd offense buyld a pare of stockes and sett 1
in them three sevral Saboth dayes in the tyme of Devyne
serviss, and there ask Mr. Cotton forgiveness." j

In the records for the 8th of September, 1634, we find:

"At this Cort Edward Drew preferred a petition against
Joane Butler for calling his wife . . . and upon a
dew examination & the depositions of John Halloway and
Wm. Baseley who affirmith the same on oath to be true, that
the sayd Joane Butler used these words. Upon dew exami-
nation it is thought fitt by this Board, that syd Joane But-
ler doe acknowledge to have called Marie Drew
& hereby Tf-.mifpRH T jia ve done her manifest wrong e, where-
fore I desire before thisCongregatio'n that the said Marie
Drew will forgive me, and also that this Congregation will
joyne and pray with me that God may forgive me." The
penalty provided by the Court in case Joane should fail to •
retract her rash statements as directed was that she should I
be "drawne across King's Creek, at the stame of a canew." I
She evidently preferred the latter punishment, for at the»
very next Court, Thomas Butler, the husband of Joane,

46 EASTERN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

caused Marie DreVs arrest and upon trial the same sentence
was meted out, "Or else she was to undergo the same pun-
ishment which Joane Butler hath suffered."
( June 3rd, 1642 : "Whereas Eobt. Wyard hath in a most
oisgraceful and barbarous manner blemisht the reputation of
Alice Traveller the wife of George Traveller in the most
base and ignominious language, by which defamation hath
taken away the reputation of the syd Alice. It is therefore
thought ryitt and req uisite and acc ordingly ordered that
the syd Robert Wyard shall stand three several Sandayes in
the time of Devyne serviss before the face of the whole Con-
gregation in a white sheet with a white wand in his hande
which are to be provided by the Church wardens of this
County and there shall aske the said Alice forgiveness in
form and manner as shall be dictated unto him by the min-
ister of this County of ISTorthampton." This same Robert
Wyard later stole a pair of pantaloons and was sentenced to
appear in church for three Sundays with a pair of breeches
tied around his neck, with the word "Thief" written upon
his back. Mrs. Traveller, must have been a very fascinat-
ing woman. She was married four times, in each instance
to a very prominent man ; first, to George Traveller ; second,
to William Burdette; third, to Captain Peter Walker; and
fourth, to General John Custis of "Arlington." She died
about 1658-60. Concerning her second husband, there is a
remarkable entry in the records. "Thomas Butler, aged 27
yeeres ; William Payne, aged 27 yeeres, sworne and examined
as foUoweth: These deponents sayeth that, Mr. George Sco-
vell did laye a wager with Mr. Mountney, 10b. starlinge to
5b. starlinge, calling us to witness the same, that Mr. Wil-
liam Burdette should never mach in wedlocke vsdth the Wid-
dowe Sanders while they lived in Virginia. Soe the syd
Scovell, not contented, but would laye 40b. starlinge more
to 10b. starlinge that the syd Mr. William Burdett should
never have the Widdowe Sanders." \

In 1643 the court inflicted punishment on one Richard
Ruckland for writing a slanderous song on one Ann Smith,

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGIKIA HISTOEY 47

by ordering that "at the next sermon preached at JSTassawat-
tocks, he shall stand during the lessons, at the church door
with a paper on his hat, on which shall be written 'Inimicus
Libellus,' and that he shall ask forgiveness of God and also
in particular of the said defamed Ann Smith."

In 1655 the witch craze seems to have extended to the
peninsula and was duly taken cognizance of by the court,
for at that time the Eev. Francis Dotighty had Barbara Win-
brow brought before the Justices and charged her with the
"guilt of witchery." She had already been acquitted by the
General Court of a charge of sorcery.^

In 1664, Captain John Custis being High-Sheriff, there
were eight presentments for violations of the seventh com-
mandment, one for swearing, one for not attending church,
and two for playing cards on Sunday. For more serious
offenses the accused was sent to James City to be tried by the
Governor and Council, who constituted the Court of Appeals.
There appears to have been but one sentence of death imposed
by the authorities of the Eastern Shore, prior to 1690.

The first board of Commissioners met in a log cabin at
Old Plantation, but soon after the creation of the Monthly
Court in Accomac, the right of trial by jury was instituted,
whereupon the cabin could not conveniently accommodate
the increased number of persons in attendance upon the terms
of court. From this time on, the Dinner or Poynt House
at Old Plantation and the ordinary of "Walter Williflypa af
ITassawattocks, or Bridge town, as it is now call

as temporary court-houses, nnt.i1 tlig ^^p^^^!i-<• nmmty CpiW
Abuses W PTP hmlT." 'I'hp HnlT^nnap^ which stood On the
site of the old Taylor House in Eastville, was frequently
employed as a place of meeting for the Court. The site of

^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1657-64, p. 18.
'See subsequent chapter for building of Court-Houses.

48 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

EastviUg j^"" ^2?'^ known an "TIip. TTm-ns^]_£r^a_jh eJaetJ^ai :
Sung;ar ^s_ CTppTjf npar which it i g aitnatfifj^ Tiaa^rflw o bragfl];^ ^
orhoms. ij . ne one -n pavogt "F!ggfvi11p ^ as called by the JLa-
dians, Wi ssaponson or Wiscaponson Creeky Tip rifhpT^ T?.oc1ry
Branch." ' '

On December 10th, 1633, the Secretary of the Colony
was given power to lease his lands in Accomack for periods
not to exceed twenty-one years; and during the same year
the first land was patented on the sea-side. -It should be
underst ood that lo^lity on the peninsi 2lli is flggigng|p^^^ga^
bay-side or sea-side, ac cording to v^rhic h body _Q f--^ffa teT the

arest creeks flow into. From the earliest times, there have

been thoroughfares known as the bay-side and sea-side roads,
running from Cape Charles into Maryland, which in places
are several miles from either shore.

'Chancery Proceedings, Vol. I, Land Causes, p. 267. Northampton
County Records. Also Deed, March 1688, Vol. XI, Deeds, Wills, Etc.,
p. 207.

The Kingdom of Accawmacke and the Aboeigines

Accomac means the "other-side-place," or "on-the-other-
side-of-water-place."^ In the Massachusetts language
"ogkome" or "akawine" means "beyond"; and "ac," "aki,"
or "ahki," in various Algonquin dialects, means "land."
According to Dr. Wm. Jones, the term is probably akin to
Chippewa "ugaming," "the other shore," and to the Sauk,
Fox, and Kickapoo "ug'amahegi," "ing" in the one case and
"-gi" in the other being variations of the same suffix express-
ing "place where."^

The Virginia peninsula was not the only locality named
Accomack by the Indians, for referring to different places in
JSTew England in 1614, Smith called the present site of
Plymouth, "Accomack." In referring to the various Indian
Settlements along the Ifew England coast, he wrote :

"The next I can remember by name are Mattahunk, then
Tottans, then Accomack, then Chowan.' And in his general
description of the country is to be found the following pas-
sage:

" 'Then come you to Accomack, an excellent good harbor,
good land and no want of anything but industrious people.'*
Later on Smith mentions that Prince Charles changed the
name of Accomack to Plimouth.^ As late as 1640, the name

'Trumbull.

* ^and book of American Indiana. Vol. I . Bureau of American
Ethno logy. " ' ■ ■

°KmiWs History of Virginia, p. 192.
'Ibid. p. 205.
=Ibid. pp. 699-700.

49

50 EASTEEN SHOEE OE VIRGINIA HISTOEY

Accomack as applied to the country atout Plymouth, Massa-
chusetts, was in use among the New Englanders and Indians
as illustrated by the following:

" 'Owsamekin, the sachem of Acooemack on this side of
Connecticut, came to the governor, etc' "^

This similarity in the names of the New England and
Eastern Shore Indians indicates a close relationship between
the Powhatans and the Massachusetts.

It is a remarkable fact that the two oldest sets of court
records in the United States to-day are to be found in the
two Accomacks. Those of Plymouth are said to date from
1629, but are not complete for the first few years, while those
at Eastville, the present seat of Northampton County, Vir-
ginia, date from 1632 without a break.

To the early colonists of Virginia, the Indians of the
Eastern Shore peninsula were commonly known as Accaw-
macks. That one name embraced all of the divisions and
sub-divisions into families through which the peninsula
natives as a tribe had passed. Unfortunately Verrazano did
not mention, in either of the two letters which he wrote in
1524 describing his visit to the Eastern Shore, the name
which the natives bore, nor a single word of their language.^

When Smith first landed at Cape Charles in 1608, he was
met by rEictopeake, the brother and Prime Minister of
Debedeavon, the Werowance, the "laughing King of the
Accomacks," whose p rincipal village. Accomacl^ was prob-
ably located" some distance rn\ajn^_i ynm the, bay on the shore
of CherrysEb"n e__(Jreek.^')~^mith tells us of another tribe on
the Eastern Shore, the Accohanocks, whose t ow n wa s also

^Winthrop's History of New England, Vol. I, p. 317. Ibid. Vol. XI,
p. 476.

^Early Voyages to America. Conway Robinson.
"Jeflferson's Notes.

EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 51

of the tribal name. T he A ccomacks^e say s, were able to
"musteT-si gM y^nd th e Accohanocks forty wamQra.i Both
tribes spoke the language of Powhatan, who ruled over them
as King, but this rule or dominion over them by Powhatan,
though expressly stated by Smith, must obviously have been
more in the nature of an alliance than an absolute dominion.
The breadth of the Chesapeake, at this part of it, between
Powhatan and the Kingdom of Accawmacke, must have ren-
dered his power over it very feeble, especially when we reflect
upon the difficulty of navigating such a water with Indian
canoes. This receives some confirmation by the following
remark, "tbere may be on this Sho re (meaning the Eastern
Shore of Virginia) about fwn +]imif^pTid j;;i££'p1'^ They on
the west would invade them, but that they want boats to
cross the baye."^

It is possible, however, that Powhatan might, at some time
before, have made a conquest of the Accawmackes. He did
not gain them by inheritance,, if it be true, as is said, that
th e cou ntries inherit ed by him from his a ncestors lay on ly
about James River and Pamaunkee/

It is very probable that the ISTantiquaks (ISranticokes) ,*
whom Smith mentions as inhabiting the count ry adj aceiLLto
the Cuskarawaock River (Nantieoke), were once a tribe of
the great Lenape Nation, forced northward by the Powhatans.
From the fact that Smith expressly mentions that the natives
who inhabited that part of the peninsula, which is now a
portion of Virginia, belon ged to the Powhatan flnnf ederacy^
and spoke that language, it would seem reasonable to suppose
that the Indians living in what is now Maryland were not of

'Smith's History of Va., Vol. I, p. 120, ed. 1819.
''Smith's History of Va., Vol. II, p. 64.
'Smith's History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 142.
'Nanticokes — "Tide-Water People." (Hendren.)

53 EASTEKN SHOEE OF VIEGIFIA HISTOEY

the same race. But as Smith did not explore any part of
the present territory of Maryland on the Eastern Shore im-
mediately adjacent to the present division line between Mary-
land and Virginia, nearer than the Nanticoke River, we are
unable to tell exactly how far Powhatan's territories on the
Eastern Shore extended northward, or whether they com-
prehended any of the Indians north of the present Virginia
boundary. Although Beverley tells us that the Indians who
inhabited Gingoteage (Chincoteague Island), in 1705, were
joined vnth a nation of Maryland Indians, he did not men-
tion any difference between their language and that of the
other Indians of Accomac and ISTorthampton.^

ISTow if Verrazano had mentioned the name of the Indians
inhabiting the peninsula in 1624, we would have at least
known whether or not the Powhatans came before or after
that date and whether the natives of his time were of Lenape
or Algonquin extraction.

The student who desires to study the ethnology of the
Accomack and Accohanock Indians will be disappointed and
surprised by the meagreness of the information at his com-
mand. Practically nothing is known of their origin except
that they were of Algon guin descent. ITothing is known of
their history prior to 1608.

When Smith first visited Accomack, Debedeavon, the
Laughing King, was Lord of all he surveyed, for the western
shore, where his overlord Powhatan headed the great Indian
Confederaqy, was just beyond the reach of human eyes. The
occasional glimpse which he caught of Cape Henry served,
no doubt, to remind him of a certain dependency which
otherwise he would have forgotten; The Accawmacke In-

•Beverley's History of Virginia (Edit, of 1722), p. 199.
For full treatment of preceding subject; Bozman's History of Mary-
land, Vol. I, p. 162 et seq.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 53

dians, in their isolated country, were troubled very little by
the cares and worries of their brothers across the bay and
intercourse with them was almost impossible^ for the light
canoes of the natives were not suited to voyages across the
broad, and at times angry, waters of the Chesapeake. The
peninsula Indians were then, though kin by blood and gov-
ernmental ties to the natives of the Western Shore, a tribe
all to themselves. The conditions obtaining in their little
kingdom were such as would naturally calm the fiery and
warlike character. Life with them was not one long strug-
gle for existence against marauders from other regions. They
were not born upon the warpath, reared amidst the din and
strife of contending tribes, nor of necessity tutored from in-
fancy in the cruel arts of savage warfare. Their villages
seem to have been more or less permanent, for their restricted
territory did not afford unlimited acres over which they
might rove. Soon, therefore, the nomadic habits of their
forefathers were out-bred as the result of their territorial
circumstances, and with this element of native character
went many essential qualities of the nomad. They neither
intruded upon the domains of others, nor by reason of their
isolation were they intruded upon; hence the causes which
made a warrior of every native on the mainland were absent
in their case.

The foregoing reasons for the peaceful nature of the East-
ern Shore Indians are not the only ones. Proper weight
must be given to the effect of th e mild climate _of the penin-
sula and thegCTBroussoil, which yielded abundant supplies
of grain and tobacco, with little or no work. And when the
crop failed from some cause or other, they were not forced
to make forays against their neighbors nor send out their-
young men on foraging expeditions into the territory of the'
enemy, a practice which was a potent factor in the training

54 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

of the warrior. What need of such measures when their
whole coast was one long line of o uster rocks and clam banks ;
when every marsh and island was alive with wild fowl ! The
familiar honk of geese had hardly ceased^Bftfore the shrill cry
of the Curlew announced his Northern flight. ^. Ducks of
every variety congregated along the sea-side during the win-
ter, and early in the spring were supplanted by the Willet,
the Plover and the Snipe. Unlimite d shoals of fish^ pass ed
through the inlets, into the creeks and the nets of the natives.
Terrapi n and shri mp ab ounded in the marshes and neighbor-
ing watersl Even deer and bear found their way down from
the Worth.

When we consider then how lightly the iron hand of win-
ter rested upon the peninsula ; how bountifully nature sup-
plied these natives with every luxury ; the absence of enemies
to disturb their quiet and happy life ; it is small wonder that
they differed from their hard-pressed brothers across the
water. As savages, they were degenerates. As a people for
pioneers to come in contact with, their mildness and lack of
resistance made them a most desirable pattern for their race
in the eyes of the white man.

In 1621, when John Pory visited Debedeavon, he found
that. the tractable old fellow shouldered upon himself very
few of the cares of government, but left the management of
affairs almost entirely in the hands of ^ictopeake. his bro-
ther. Perhaps after all the King was more lazy than humor-
ous and befriended the whites because it was easier than
fighting them. / He explained to Pory that, seeing his people
were better controlled by his younger brother than himself,
he voluntarily surrendered the reigns of government and
devoted himself exclusively to husbandry and hunting.^} Ah,

^Observations of Master John Pory, Smith's History of Va.

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 55

indeed, he was a true Virginian of the old school ! Yet ex-
plained the old Indian, ^ictopeake is as faithful and vigi-
lant a councilor, as he is an affectionate brother, bearing the
greater burden in government, though the lesser honour.^ ^

The name o f Okiawampe ap pears frequently in the county
records of the early days, as that of a native ruler. The
Indians were superstitious about their secret or religious
names, and^it may be that Okiawampe was the same person
as Debedeavonhbut the public acts of the two relating to the
whites are so intermingled, that it is difficult to determine
whether they were the same personage, or whether Okia-
wampe was the heir a nd successor of ^ >p>^o^loclTr^T^^ ^v T^iir.t>>^.i
and co-ruler, as was Kictopeake.^ At any rate, O kiawampe
died in 165 7, and his wil l is on record in Eastville. ^ It is a
short but pathetic instrument by which he directed that his
daughter should rule his people, and that certain of his great
men should counsel and advise her so that she might rule her
kingdom well. Even though the poor old King had been dis-
turbed in his hunting by Richard Hill, who pointed a gun at
him,^ he cautioned hi s daughter to pre serve the good will o f
thei r white friends as he had done . What a travesty upon
friendship was that of the white confiscators who were fast
driving his people from the face of the earth! Call it
friendship or good judgment, as you please, on the part of
Debedeavon, his entire energ ies seem t o have been bent upq n
t hf. Tnaintenance of amic a ble relatinp s bp.1;-^fiPTi ln'q ppnplt^
a nd th e whites. This was shown by an instance when a white
man and a boy were killed by some prowling Indians up the ^

'Observations of Master John Pory, Smith's History of Va.

"See address of T. T. Upshur, Va. Mag. of Hist, and Bio., Vol. IX,
p. 91.

^See Vol. 1657-1666, Northampton County Records. Will dated
April 22, 1657.

^Northampton County Records, Vol. Ill, May 7, 1650.

56 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

bay. The King at once sent a deputation of his warriors
from Nandua to Accomack with two Indians as a reparation.
^hp.j T^i'OTight also quantities of roanoke and beaver skins as
a peace offering. When the interpreter delivered the King's
message to the commander, Col. Obedience Kobins, the latter
said, "God forbid that I should take an Indi an for a white
man," and ordered the deputation to embark in their canoes
with the human sacrifices. The Indians hesitated to return
without having complied with the royal mandate, and seeing
them tarry about the settlement for several days, Daniel
Cugley, who married Hannah Tyng, the widow of Thomas
Savage, and at whose place the Embassy had landed, appro-
priated the roanoke and pelts and set the peace Ambassadors
to work on his farm.^ When the Commander heard of Cug-
ley's act, he was funous, arrested Cugley and sent him to
Jamestovm. for trial. Poor Cugley died shortly after this
unfortunate affair, and never forgave the court and Colonel
Kobins for their treatment of him.^

The settlers in turn evidently appreciated the advantage
of Debedeavon's Friendship, as shown by the following:

"Whereas Wathiwamp (the same name as ^kiawampe
and Wachiwampe) Kinge^of j^ Occa hannocks JpHyaTi s, he
sent his complt to this Cort thatiiichard ifill. Overseer unto
Mr. Edm. Scarburgh, his servants inhabiting all Occahan-
nocke, has lately presented a gun at the breast of the Sd
Kinge of Occahannocke, whereby he was disturbed in his
hunting. Upon consideration of ye badd Consequences wch
maye ensue upon such unadvised p'actices, it is thought fitt
& ordered that for future tyme noe Englishman shall dis-
turb, molest, or act anything ag'st the sd Indyan Kinge to
hindr him in his huntinge, as they will answer the same."^

'Northampton County Records, Vol. II.

'Northampton County Records, Vol. Ill, pp. 207-212. May 7, 1650.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 57

Colonel Scarburgh seems to have had the propensity of
disturbing the Indians, and some of his hatred of them was,
no doubt, transmitted to his servants.

As earl.y na 1 fi4 0. the autho ri,tiea Tiarl ahnwn th mr deaire t,n
p rotect the Ia dian&> Jor that year E hilif>-g;iavlnr, nf Ig^nj^
Island famft ...attempted to encroach on a tr act of land along
Mattawa nian^regk which had been laid out f or the In dians. '
Upon their complaint, the Matter was investigated, and we
find the following entry in the court records of the year :

"It is thought fit & ordered by this Court That Philip
Taylor nor any other person or persons belonging to him, the
said Taylor, shall disturb or molest the Indians, formerly
seated at Mattawan Creek, neither for any cause or reason,
to clear or work upon the ground, whereon they are now
seated, by reason Nath'l Littleton, Argal Yeardley, Capt. j
Wm. Stone, Mr. Wm. Stone, & Capt. Wm. Eoper have taken 1
special charge of the place. Therefore if the said Indians be
-displaced of the 2,000 acres of Land, which Mr. Taylor doth
lay claim to, they can in no wise permit; and furthermore
that the plantation of Phillip Taylor, can not be impaired
thereby, he being seated on one side of the Creek & they on
the other side, & not hitherto hath either built on that side
the Indians are appointed to dwell on."

While there were a munbe r of small mrminnTn'l.iea or vil-
lag es of Indians (referred to hereafter, for convenience, as
tribes), the Eastern Shore was real]^_a-Singd(Jlu LUide*-cmg
ruler, who hel d his court at Great JSTusswattock ^, r,r TSTgnrlpa,
as it IS now called. There the King summoned his great
men or tribal chiefs to meet in council ; and there he received
his r ^yal tribute nf e ight ^^""'^iilii iif i"in i iij^g gd three arrow-^
heads per year from ea flT^ tTiKp^ It was at these state coun-
cils that the various policies of the Kingdom were discussed
iind determined upon, and no doubt ambassadors were there

58

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

appointed to attend the court of Powhatan. History tells us
r that in 1622 Opecancanough sent messengers to the Acco-
mack Councils, with orders for his dependents or confeder-
ates to gather a certain pois ono us herb^ whie l i grew^oji tTip
Eastern Sbor e7 and nowhere else, and send it to him, so that
he could poison the wells of the white men.\ But a friendly
policy had already been defined by the King, who not only
refused to aid in the massacre, but informed the whites of thA
impending storm. ^

It seems that the friendship of the natives was further
secured about this time by a promise on the part of the whites
to aid the Accomacks in making war upon their enemies, the
Wicocomocoes, who dwelt far up the great bay.

The disposition of the various families who, in the old
records, are frequently graced with the name of "nations," is
interesting.

JlL_SoEihaai£ton, as now distinguished from Accomac,
were the Gingaskins or Gingascos , probably the largest tr ibe
on the peninsul a and the last to disappear. ^ Their ma in vil-
lage or town was located upon th e "Pocahontas" farm, re-
cenlly in the possession ol

[rs. McNutt; and their territory
ext^idfid ^from the India'n ^^"""^ I^Tr^ing o n that farm, p ast
the present sit e of Eastville Station, some _dis tonce taw ards
the

Very few traces, if any, of these Indians remain, but it is
recounted how as late as 1862, one ]\Iollie Stephens — ^when
she became tipsy, as she frequently did — ^would shout, "I'm
the Ingin Queen !" and persons much older than herself said
that she was doubtless the daughter of the last Gingaskin

^See previous chapter on the Plantation of Accawmacke.
'Eastville.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 59

King — a queen without maids of honor to minister unto
her — a sovereign without vassals or kingdom/

The Gingaskins seem to have had several branches or out-
lying families. First, near Cape Charles, on Magothy Bay,^
was a small band believed to be the Magothas. Though the
name of their King is unknown, their home was on the farm
formerly known as the Edward Fitchett place. Next were
the Mattawames under King Pomoccomon, a very small and
poor band who were settled about Old Town or Hungar'a
Neck. They soon became a charge upon the whites and dis-
appeared. Then there was Eang Tepiapon who ruled the
small band of ISTuswattocks of Elliot's Neck.^

Over the present boundary of the two counties were the-
Accohanocks* and Curratocks,^ the subjects of King Andia-
man. Their villages were near the extremities of Scarburgh's
and Cradock Necks. "Until recently," says the late Mr.
T. T. Upshur, our authority on these Indians, "I have be-
lieved that Craddock Neck was so called in honor of Lieu-
tenant Craddock, who commanded the first detail of salt

'Upon one occasion, when decidedly unsteady from too many pota-
tions of "flre-water," and when she had, judging by the dusty and muddy
appearance of her gown, been down in the road, she came dancing
through the piazza of the hotel in Eastville, where some gentlemen were
sitting. Among them was a certain gentleman, afterwards a judge,
attired as usual, in the most tidy and careful manner in white linen:
trousers and Marseilles vest. As Mollie passed him she shouted, "Ugh!
ugh! I'm the Ingin Queen! I'm the Ingin Queen!" and losing her
balance at that moment, sat down suddenly in his lap. This raised a
great laugh at his expense, and he became so much incensed that he
caused her arrest and incarceration, but soon recovered his temper and
had her released. \

"Pronounced Mag-goty. There is ^ a, beautiful flowering pea whiclt.
grows along the sea-side of .the _li£ nirrsula. known as the Maj-othv ijav
' Bean. Th e blossom is yellow. It is con sidered a valu able" ftil tillzt!!
^ ^en plowed ijihdej^ "~^ " ~~ '

'Nuswattocks7 Nassawaddox, etc. — A stream between two streams
( Brinton ) .

■"Accohanock or Oocohannock — Narrow and winding stream.

''Cruddox.

60 EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

makers at Dale's Gift in 1616, but I have seen an item in our
court records, the original of which was evidently written by
Parson TeaHe — in which he mentioned his plantation on
Ourratock — showing that the same is really the Indian
word."

ISText came th e village of Debedeavon, g ]'<:ng<:pd r^n "NTapdna
Cr eek. State seat of ye Emp eror of ye Ea o tcmc Shoare -and,
King of ye Great JN^usswattocks. as he is styled. Then comes
the village of Ekeeks, King of the Ona ncocks, on the prese nt
Onanc ock Creek. ^

Ekeeks, judging from the frequency with which his name
appears in the court records, was probably the most import-
ant King after Debedeavon, Kictopeake and Okiawampe.

l^owmetrawen ruled the Chesconnessex, on Chesconnessex
Creek. Parahokes was King of the Chincoteagues, on Chin-
coteague Bay. Awascecencas was King of the Kickotanks,
Conantesminoc of the ]Matchateagues, and JIatom of the
Matomkins, their respective localities being indicated by the
tribal names. These were all small bands. ( The sea-side
tribe of Matchipung oes was comparatively large and had
several villages, one at or near Wachapreague, another lower
down the neck, and yet another on the Woodlands and Brown-
ville farms in Northampton.^ y

Altho ugh the Matchipungoes were famous for the manu-
facture of roanoke, or rawrenoke,' estensivel^empioyedfey
the natrTO5~even on~1iie Western Shore ior currency, they
were very poor. ( All along the sea-side the Indians conducted

^Foggy Place.

^Dr. Brinton says that Matehapungo means fine dust, or flies, and,
us the name belonged to Hog Island as well as to the river and to the
Indian tribe, we may reasonably infer, in the absence of anything to the
contrary, that the sand or mosquitoes on Hog Island gave rise to the
name. (Upshur.)

^Eoanoke — ^thing or place of shells. (Hendren.)

EASTEEN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 61

a regular mint for turning out this shell money; yet their!
chief articles of traffic with the whites were heaver skins. ;
The wealth of these poor sea-side savages was all in nature's
storehouse, and while that was filled with luxuries to over-
flowing, the very ease with which life was surrounded
seemed to sap the energies of the sea-side Indians to such an
extent that they were destitute of any material means. , They
lived mainly on fish, oysters and clams, as the p;reflt piles of
shells near the native villages still attest. Yet deer, hears,
wolves, wildcats, and small game were plentiful, and in one
place it is recorded that an Indian sold three moose skins. ^
Game rapidly diminished after the arrival of the whites
with their fowling pieces and shot, and hunting became un-
profitable on the part of the natives.

Lying on the East and extending well north of Chingo-
teague Island, is the Island of Assateague. Between the
upper end of this large Island and the Maryland Shore, is
what was known as Assateague bay, but now called Chingo-
teague Soimd. The Indians who inhabited this region were
unquestionably nearly related to the JSTanticokes and not
connected with the Powhatan Confederates of the lower
peninsula. Being more warlike, they resisted the encroach-
ments of the Accomack settlers from the first. At an early
date they complained to the Land Commission of Maryland
that one William "Whittington, who claimed that the lower
end of Assateague Island was in Virginia, had settled among
them and upon their lands. ^ These Indians appear very
little in the records of Accomac or ISTorthampton, but are
constantly referred to in the Maryland records, for they

'These g^i ri^ Tt^ff- ^"'^'^ heen hrntLg bJi-frftm -t.hr fa. T-W(»t44T.
^ee Iviarylaiid Archives, Proceedings of Council, 1667-1687-8.

62 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGIMA HISTOEY

frequently sought the aid of that province to stop the advance
of the white man from the South.^

An early record describes the -Assateafiiift tribe as composed
of the Assateagues, Transquakin, Choptico, Moteawaughkin,
Quequashkecaquick, Hatsawap, Wachetak, Marauqhquaick
and Manasksons, all under the Emperor of Assateague.^ It
•was these Indians who gave Colonel Scarburgh and the East-
ern Shoremen so much concern in the early days. Then there
was another tribe located along the Pocomoke Eiver and the
northern boundary of Accomac, which gave some trouble to
the whites of the Eastern Shore. These Indians also sought
aid from Maryland. There were five several branches of
this tribe, viz. : Pocomokes, Annamessex, Manoakin, Xasswat-
tox, and Aquintica seated at a place called Askiminokonson.
This Xassawattox branch may have been related to the fam-
ily of similar name in Northampton and Accomac, but at any
rate was separated from it in their alliance with the
more northern tribes. On May 6th, 1686, the Kings of
Pocomoke and Assateague, with other important men of the
northern Indians, presented themselves to the Land Office
Commissioners of Maryland, and after exchanging presents,
etc., complained that Chas. Scarburgh, of Accomac, and
others, had seated upon a part of their lands called Askimi-
nokonson Xeck; that Captain Osbourne and Mr. Whitting-
ton had taken up land within their bounds; and that their
crops were constantly injured by the white men's cattle which
crossed the two bridges over the Pocomoke. (But these In-
dians did not fall back upon peaceful resort to the Maryland
Courts until Conjurer Scarburgh, "the bad wbitA chief/^'
had exhausted their military prowess. His name was a ter-
ror along the border. The mere mention of it cast a magic
spell over the red men. ^

^ilaryland Arcliives, Proceedings of Council, 1667-1687-?, p. 480.
'Ibid.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 63

"In the moon of Roasting-Ears (August) palefaces from
the land of the Accomaeks wanted war. .The black wampum-
belt;__t^ f i m d h atchgt_paiBls ±_Qn it, warTent from chiel''lo~
chief along t he sea-s ide and over bevond to PncnTnn];e . Th?"
King of the bad wHites was angry, and came with horse and
guns. After awhile the cloud went down. The Quackels
(Quakers) came into our land. 'The bad white chief and
his friends had driven them there. They loved peace. But
at one time he put on his war paint and swam the Pocomoke
and followed them to Pocomoke. He hated Quackels. Once
we thought of killing all the whites when in a quarrel and
divided. But the Quackels were kind to Indians. Then the
great father across the bay said the bad white chief must
stay beyond the marked trees."^

The foregoing is supposed to be the narrative of a Poco-
mol:e Chief who refers to Conjurer Scarburgh.^

Th e number of Indians on the Eastern Shore was stated
b y Smith to be about tw' ^thnn"''"^ at the time of his visit in
1608. If this estimate was correct, there was, for natives, a
fairly dense population at the time, when we consider the
size of the peninsula. But as the white men came in ever
increasing numbers, the Indians gradually disappeared. Vice
and disease did their work and the irresistible surge of civili-
zation wore away the native population. ^ In 1667, a sailor'
from the Bermudas landed at Accomack, ill of smallpox.
He was isolated by the chirurgeons and placed in a log house
in the woods ; but in a time of delirium he escaped from the
cabin, and, wandering to the Indian town, inoculated that
tribe or village, and from there the disease spread all over
the Eastern Shore, leading to an awful mortality among the
natives.^ It is said that the Indians ever afterwards believed

'Days of Makemie, L. P. Bowen.
^See Chapters on Maryland Boundary and Qviakers.
^See Order of Sir Wm. Berkeley, Northampton County Records,,
Vol. VIII, p. 19.

64 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

that the sailor had been sent among them by the whites to
kill them.

But if the sea-side Indians were a race of lazy fishermen
and huntsmen, and like the poorer class of clam diggers and
oystermen, pot-hunters and 'longshoremen, who live along
the marshes and on the islands to-day, were improvident and
shiftless, the other Indians of the peninsula were not. ^We
have seen how Captains Martin and Savage found great sup-
plies of grain among them, when the western country was
starving, at a time when it was the custom of the Virginia
Indians in general to raise only enough maize each season to
last through the year\ jThe Eastern Shore Indians alone
seem to have exercised remarkable prudence and foresight
in this respect, and to have laid by generous stores of grain
^_a n^em erg CTLCV supplv. Their met^od&jxLtus^andKy seem
to have been more improved than usual among the natives,
and they exercised far better judgment in the tilling of their
soil. No doubt this was due to the permanency of their resi-
dence. The Indians of the western shore never knew when
an enemy would swoop down upon them, destroying their
crops and seizing their storesA Hence they did not care to
expend any more labor in the cultivation of crops than was
necessary to give them a present supply.

It was not always an Indian enemy who preyed upon the
natives. In ifforthampton, where the Indians were ever
friendly and generous in their dealings with the whites and
gave no trouble even through the dark and bloody days of
1622 and 1644, the settlers so encroached upon their rights,
that in 1654, by general consent of the people, they were
given the fullest protection against all intrusions on their
grounds ; and the right was granted to them to dispose of
their lands by sale, upon certain conditions.'-^ On account,

^Hening's Statutes, Vol. I, p. 456.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 65

quite probably, of the fact that the narrow extent of the
Eastern Shore placed the tribe inhabiting that part of the
Colony more at the mercy of unscrupulous white persons who
were anxious to intrude on their hunting grounds, the assem-
bly exhibited throughout the seventeenth century unusual
care in furnishing them the protection they needed so much.
In 1660, the Indians of Accomac complained that they had
been deprived of their lands to such an extent that they were
in a straightened condition, and they asked tbat proper
measures be adopted to raise a barrier against the further
advance of the English upon their property. The action of
the authorities in response to this petition was highly sig-
nificant. They were not content that the grounds should be
laid off for the Accomack tribe by a surveyor of the Eastern
Shore. Thinking that such a surveyor might perform the
work to the prejudice of the Aborigines, instructions were
given that the services of a resident of the Western Shore
should be obtained, who would have no motive in determin-
ing the lands beyond a desire to execute the task conscien-
tiously. The extent of the country to be assigned was to be
sufficient to afford the Indians an ample subsistence without
regard to what they could earn by hunting and fishing, and
they should have no power to alienate it.^ This prohibition
upon the alienation of their lands was not extended in its
scope to the Aborigines on the Western Shore until 1662.

In March, 1676, when the prospects of an Indian war
greatly alarmed the people, it was provided that all who sup-
plied the natives with arms, powder, and shot, should not
only forfeit their whole estate, but suffer death in addition.
The only persons allowed to furnish friendly Indians with
match-coats, hoes and axes were such as had been nominated

'Hening, Vol. I, p. 456.

66 EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

by the county courts.^ One of the first laws passed by the
Assembly, controlled by Bacon, made all trade with the In-
dians illegal, unless they were serving in the war with the
English, in which case, also, no weapon nor ammunition was
to be given to them.^ In the following year the right of
absolute free trade was granted to the Indian population of
the Eastern Shore.^ Certain places were now appointed as
Indian marts, to which all Indians who were at peace with
the whites were invited to come at specified times. These
marts were situated respectively in Henrico, Isle of Wight,
iSTew Kent, Rappahannock, Lancaster, Stafford, Accomac
and jSTorthampton, and were to be open in March, April and
May and in September and November in the fall of the year,
the occasion for each being restricted to a day. Eor each
mart an account was kept by a clerk appointed by the Gover-
nor.*

In 1677, each of the Indian towns, under the terms of a
treaty of peace with the whites, with whom difficulties had
existed for about twenty-five years, paid three Indian arrow-
heads for their land, and twenty beaver skins for protection
from the Indians of Maryland.^

The peaceful Indians of the Eastern Shore, among whom
the first colonists of the peninsula settled, had greatly dimin-
ished by the end of the seventeenth century, and the dying
out of the Savages was followed by the arrival of negroes
in large numbers, of whom up to that time there had been
but few. Robert Beverley, who wrote about that time, teUs
us that "in 1700, the Indians of Eastern Virginia were almost

^Hening, Vol. II, p. 337.

^Hening, Vol. I, pp. 350-351.

=Ibid., p. 403. Hening, Vol. II, p. 410-12.

•Ibid., p. 403.

"Beverley's History of Va., p. 184.

EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTORY 67

wasted, but such towns and people as retain their names and
live in bodies are hereunder set down ; all of which together
can't raise 500 fighting men." In Accomac, he says there
are eight towns :

1- — "Gringoteague. — The remains of this town are joined
with a is"ation of Maryland Indians.

2. — Metomkin. — Which was much decreased of late by
smallpox that was carried thither.

3. — Kicquotank. — Is reduced to a very few men.

4. — Matchapungo. — Has a small number yet living.

5. — Ocahannock. — Has a small number yet living.

6. — Pungoteague. — Governed by a Queen, but a small
nation.

7. — Onancock. — ^Has four or five families.

8. — Chisconessex. — Has a very few, who just keep the
name.

9. — ISTand ua. — A seat of the Empress — rint. abnvt> t.wp.-nty
familiea: z— Eut sue has a]'r ^e_^atiflBS-eft-the^.Bh pre unde r

10. — In J^orthampton the Gangascoe fGi ngaskins'l, ^ich
is almostasnu merous as all the foreg oing pnt tngotjigv "i

As late as 1812, however, there were a few of the Gin-
gaskins holding land in common,^ but by this time all tribal
identity had been lost, and so mixed did the miserable rem-
nant become by 1833, that they were driven off during the
excitement subsequent to the Nat Turner Insurrection.^

^Beverley's History of Va., p. 184.

^Schoolcroft, Vol. V, p. 36. (Ed. 1855.)

*For valuable information as to customs and habits of Early Vir-
ginia Indians, see Robert Beverley's History of Virginia. Also see
Norwood's interesting account of his stay with the Kiokotank Indians
of Assateague Bay, Vol. III. Force's Collect, of Historical Tracts.

VI

Oeigin of the People

The pioneers of Accomack were, -without exception, sprung
from a sturdy English stock. A decade or more elapsed be-
fore the English gentry made its appearance. After 1630
large numbers of the latter class poured into the little sea-
girt land. The influx of settlers was so sudden that the bet-
ter class was not forced through the usual levelling process,
when social barriers fall before the stress of common danger
and enterprise. In general, it is only after the pioneer has
been through the sieve, a period of toil and deprivation, that
the elements of society become refined and segregated. But
on the Eastern Shore, the generous hand of nature and
aborigine, alike, combined to do away with the elementary
process of colonization. The gentleman immigrant assumed
his accustomed role from the first upon this virgin soil.

As a result then, of the easy conditions, a number of dis-
tinct social classes were to be found among the inhabitants
as early as 1625-30. Eirst there were tiie large planters,
many of whom came from ISTorthampton and ISTorfolk. They
monopolized all the ofBces and controlled affairs generally.
Xext, came a class of carpenters, ship-builders, and mechan-
ics of all trades, who acquired small land holdings, and grad-
ually became planters of a second social order, comprising
a sturdy yeomanry which exists to this day. The third class,
and one which increased rapidly after the flood tide of im-
migration set in, was that of the huntsmen, fishermen, oyster-
men, and islanders, a race of dauntless seamen, unexcelled

68

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 69

in their special pursuits by any people in the world. Their
very peculiarity brought them into such striking prominence
that they seem to have impressed the historians to the utter
exclusion of the other elements of Accomack society. The
romance of the sea has ever proved attractive to the Eastern
Shoreman, even of the higher classes, but the liberty of the
vast marshes, the isolated islands, the secluded inlets, stocked
as they were with fish and fowl, early attracted a class of
lazy ne'er-do-wells, who soon degenerated into a lower order
of 'longshoremen. A fourth, and small class, was that of the
white servant. In general, the distinction was ephemeral,
for but few whites who entered the service of another re-
mained for a long period in this menial condition. Accord-
ing to his individual character, the servant, at the termina-
tion of his servitude, attached himself to the yeomanry or the
'longshoremen. It is impossible to judge accurately of the
size of this class from the immigration records, for gentlemen
were frequently listed as servants, and many young men of
superior social position entered the service of another for a
period long enough to defray by their labor the cost of trans-
portation.

Owing to nearly three centuries of isolation, the popula-
tion of the Eastern Shore remains more purely English in
origin than that of any part of the world with the exception
of England itself.^ The county records of recent years con-
tain names which centuries ago were identified with the social
and political history of England and not to be found even
on the western shore of Virginia.

In these records for the seventeenth century, we find such
names as Washington, Scarburgh,^ Gofiigan, Tully, Spady,

'First Railroad connection with Maryland, Delaware, and the North
was established in 1884.

"Frequently spelt Scarborough and Scarbrugh.

70 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

Whittington, Poulson, Costin, Tatham, Carew, Goring,
Southey, Wraxall, Parramore, Satchell, Fowke, Fitchett, Sal-
isbury, Wise, Walpole, Hallet, Capel, Luddington, Cropper,
Joynes, Severn, Sommerville, Dalby, Empson, Eatcliffe, Der-
by, Cade, Pitt, Mortimer, Fortesque, Somerset, Bloomfield,
Coxton, Foxcroft, Marlow, Custis, Charlton, Horsey, Waplee,
Leatherbury, Upshur, Nottingham, and others of unmistak-
able origin, the majority of which are to be found to-day on
the peninsula, and few of them elsewhere, unless directly
traceable to the Eastern Shore.

The first mention of the name of Washington in any of the
records of America appears in those of Northampton for
September 5, 1636, when Jacob Washington was granted an
execution upon the goods and chattels of John Forbush.
Captain Roger Marshall had also lived there from early in
the seventeenth century. Ann Southey, the wife of Na-
thaniel Littleton, stood as god-mother at the christening of
his eldest son. The name of the first member of the Bushrod
family to settle in Virginia appears in the records of North-
ampton as a merchant in 1644.

Many of the earliest names appear elsewhere in Virginia
and in the United States in general, such as JEobins. K endall.
Bayley or Bayly, Gillet, Blackstone, Savage. BoAvman. West,
Fletcher, Finney, White, Bowdoin, Wilkins, Douglas, Lit-
tleton, Harrington, Blake, Stanley Kellam, Kellar, Pitts,
Waddy, Edmunds, Bell, Oldham, Doughty, Browne, Ames,
Ayrs, Nelson, Mears, Mapp, Hopkins, and Hunt. The pre-
ceding are but a few typical Eastern Shore names. It
would be impracticable to cite them all.

Observe that in these large lists of names not a Mac nor an
Irish "O" appears. Indeed, Douglas is the only name of
Celtic origin.

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGIKIA HISTOEY 71

After two hundred and fifty years of association with the
social and political life of the Eastern Shore, the Notting-
ham family continues to-day to be one of the most prominent
families on the peninsula. Yet the name is practically un-
known elsewhere in America. So numerous are the branches
of this ancient family, that it has been said that one can make
no mistake by addressing an Eastern Shoreman, if a gentle-
man, by that name, for if it is not his own name, it will
probably be that of a near relative ; and if he happens not to
be a gentleman, he will be flattered.

If we examine the lists of inhabitants and tithables given
in preceding chapters, it will be seen that, at an early date, a
Frenchman or two, and a few Dutchmen and Germans had
made their appearance; and before 1650, there was an enter-
prising Turk on the peninsula who was engaged in trade. It
would be interesting to know if this character found his way
into Accomack via the sea-islands where pirates and "light-
fingered gentlemen" of all nations were wont to assemble.

By the year 1640, the Dutch traders had found the penin-
sula out, and a brisk trade immediately sprang up with the
West Indies, and the Low Countries, as a result of which
Dutch immigrants began to arrive in large numbers. We
shall see that in 1653 there were so many natives of the Low
Countries residing on the Eastern Shore that it was necessary
to take steps to protect them from the hostility aroused by the
war with Holland. In 1653, one of the most highly respected
citizens of Northampton was Dr. G-eorge Mcholas Hacke, a
native of Cologne. He had himself declared to be a German
by the Court to avoid the obloquy of appearing before the
undiscriminating citizens as a Dutchman. Some of the
Dutch residents in 1660 were Hugh Cornelius Corneliuson,
Hendrick Wageman, Daniel Derrickson, Peter Jacobson,
Abram Van Slot and Abram Jensen. Many of the immi-

72 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

grants, though Englishmen, had settled in Holland before
coming to "Virginia; and such was the case with John and
William Custis who arrived about 1640. These people must
have brought numbers of the Hollanders with them. To this
day, traces of Dutch blood are to be found on the peninsula,
and there are a few Dutch names such as Sloat from Van
Slot, and Beloat from Billiot.

In view of the extensive trade with the Dutch, both in ISTew
Netherlands and in Holland, it is a simple matter to account
for their presence on the Eastern Shore. Indeed, Delaware,
but a few miles north of Accomack, was claimed by the Dutch
and the population there was largely composed of Hollanders.

While we search the pages of Virginia history, in vain, for
more than a casual mention of this large foreign element of
the Eastern Shore, and therefore of the population of the
colony, yet there is another element, though of English ex-
traction, which seems to have been totally neglected. It has
long been the practise of Virginians to disregard any fact
which seems to indicate the presence of any but cavaliers
among their early colonists. Such an attitude is as absurd
as the assertion by some that there were few cavaliers in the
colony.

If one consults the various authorities, on the great Puritan
movement, of the early seventeenth century, which led them
to seek new homes in America, a movement which had its
inception in a spirit of unrest, dating back for centuries be-
fore the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, one must see that no
common standard to which religion should conform had been
established among them. Close upon their final liberations
from the conventions and toils of Europe followed a process
of segregation into small groups among the hordes of Puri-
tan immigrants who had braved the Atlantic and landed upon
the inhospitable shores of ISTew England. Years of wrangling

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 73

among the factions followed, with the result that new settle-
ments were established by the various discordant elements
which branched off from the parent body.

While the New Englanders then, were splitting up into
groups and groping in the frozen forests of the north for new
homes, trading-ships from the sunny south were plying to
their £orts, exchanging the grain of the older colony for the
Ood F ish of JNew England, and as we shall see, in a subse-
quent chapterT^^c^ trade w as in progress b etween Acc omack
an d_]Srew England as early as 1634.

In 1635, the whole Massachusetts colony was agitated by
the migration of the inhabitants of Newtown, Watertown,
and Dorchester to the Connecticut Valley. The attempts of
the magistrates to divert the movement proved abortive, and
many families, dissatisfied with present conditions, went forth
in search of fairer fields and pleasanter surroundings.^ No
attempt will be here made to discuss the causes which led to
this great movement and those to follow close upon its heels.
They are simply mentioned to call attention to the state of
unrest of the New Englanders at this time.^ Co-existent with
this spirit of unrest, due to the asperities of life in New Eng-
land, both physical and social, there was unquestionably some
strong influence which led numbers of the Massachusetts col-
onists farther south than the Connecticut Valley. While the
subject is not mentioned by the authorities,'' yet there is some-
thing too suggestive about the appearance of such surnames
as Cotton, Hutchinson, Charlton, Eyre, Eaton, Oldham,
Stone, Neale, Andrews, Blackstone, How, and such christian

'Osgood's American Colonies in 17th Century, Vol. I, p. 431.

^bid. Beginnings of New England, Fiske.

"The Puritan in Holland, England and America, Douglas Campbell;
Beginnings of New England, John Fiske. American Colonies in 17th
•Century, Osgood. Neale's Puritans and others.

74 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

names as Obedience, ISTathaniel, Joane and Prudence, in the
records of Accomack about 1632-5, or at the time of general
disruption and migration in New England, to be dismissed
without careful consideration.

In the chapter on the Early Church, we shall see that !Na-
thaniel Eaton, the first principal of Harvard College, fled to
Accomack from Massachusetts. John Grookin, who sat as one
of the arbitrators in a dispute between Eaton and the Rev.
M.T. Rozier, was the brother or uncle of Daniel Gookin, buried
in the Cambridge graveyard, and John Congan or Cogan, who
brought suit against Eaton in 1646, was from Boston.^ Cap-
tain John Stone, who behaved so badly at Boston and
Plymouth, and was killed on the Connecticut River while
returning to Virginia, had an estate on Hungar's Creek in
N^orthampton County. He was the father of William Stone
of Northampton, who became Governor of Maryland. On
September 15, 1634, Parson Cotton made complaint to the
court that the administrator of Captain Stone had declined
to pay back tithes due the minister, thus proving that Stone
had lived on the peninsula. As early as 1619, a small party
of English Puritans had come over to Virginia; and says
Charles Campbell, a larger number would have followed
them had they not been prevented by a royal proclamation.
In 1642 a deputation was sent from some Virginia dissenters
to Boston, soliciting a supply of pastors from New England
churches, and three clergymen were sent with letters of
recommendation to Sir William Berkeley. While these mis-
sionary preachers were not supported by the government, yet
it is quite certain that they influenced numbers from their
New England folds to follow them to Virginia.

'New England (Jenealogical Register, Vol. XL, p. 294.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 75

Many of the early decrees of the peninsula courts, espe-
cially the sentences imposed upon the liar, scandal-monger,
the drunkard and the petty thief, breathe a spirit of puri-
tanical harshness unlike anything in other parts of the colony,
and in the stern character of the early justices there wa*
much of the New England severity. Obedience Kobins and
Stephen Charlton, early justices of Accomack, typified, both
in name and character, the Massachusetts Puritan. It is
worthy of note that one of the earliest towns in New England
was named Charlton, a name which appears nowhere else in
Virginia except on the Eastern Shore. Obedience Eobins, a
supposed cavalier with a puritanical name, has long presented
a puzzling question. In spite of the fact that his sympathies
were with the cavaliers, it seems highly probable that he
received his name from a Pilgrim father. Indeed, royalist
tendencies on his part may have been the very cause which
led him to the more congenial quarter of Virginia.

When we come, therefore, to trace the origin of our
Eastern Shore colonists, while we should not dogmatically
state as a matter of fact that many of them came from New
England, yet we should bear in mind the strong evidences
that points in that direction. The very fact that the
peninsula was so far removed from the antagonistic atmos-
phere of James City, would have rendered it the most desir-
able part of the colony for the Puritans of a more liberal
order to settle in.^ To the remote shores of Accomack,
where a population of a different sentiment was as yet scanty
and where slight connection with the other parts of the colony
existed ; there, where the richest lands remained untenanted,
where trade, ever attractive to the Puritan element, was

Tor cavaliers in New England, see New France and New England,
Fiske.

76 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGIISnA HISTORY

already prospering, where religious freedom might be en-
joyed, the New England renegades would naturally look for
a new home. The traders, the seamen, the merchants, who
had established and maintaiued intercourse with !New
England, were the very ones who would most quickly per-
ceive the contrast between the rigours of New England life
and the freedom of Accomack, and it was due to their
influence, no doubt, that many of the restive settlers of the
north sought the southern clime. Indeed, as the adventurous
fishermen of the New England coasts followed the schools
of blue-fish south, in the spring, to the shores of Accomack,
just as the Plymouth fleet does to-day, what could have been
more natural than that they should havelandg^ upon the
peninsula to fill tlipir wat.Pi- ni^sya ^j\A TPplPTj^pVi their
supplies of f ood_?^ And after the rigours of winter at home,
how delightful to them must have seemed this favored land
where no treacherous headlands jutted far out into the sea
nor jagged rocks concealed their heads among the foaming
waves ! What sunuy tales of peace and plenty, of ease and
wealth, must they have carried back to New England, where
the savage cry of the Indian reverberated through the frozen
forest and barren fields of winter, warning the settlers of an
ever present menace; of massacre, of the relentless murder
of their loved ones. In such circumstances, what could have
been more natural than that Massachusetts should have sent
her sons to people the domains of Virginia ?

^The first governor of the Massachusetts Colony was Matthew
Cradock, who owned fishing vessels and was active in the fish industry.
It is possible, therefore, that there may be some connection between
Cradock's Neck and Matthew Cradock. The name, spelt with a single
"d", appears nowhere else in Virginia. Matthew Cradock died in 1644,
leaving descendants in Boston. Cradock's Creek would have supplied a
good harbor for his vessels.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 77

ISFow let us examine the character of the early Eastern
Shoreman. It was only recently that a distinguished scholar
remarked in conversation with the author, "I know not the ,
cause, but one thing is certain : the Eastern Shoreman is
different from other Virginians." This remark but voices
the general verdict. If unlike his brothers now, how much
more marked was the dissimilarity in the seventeenth
century. His history bears abundant testimony to this truth,
and in the light of uncovered facts, let us say with Douglas
Campbell, that in the Dutch influence lies the solution of the
problem. That eminent scholar has contributed to the world
the true introduction to American history and explained
away many of the mysteries which enshrouded the pioneers
of our Country. Without a proper appreciation of his argu-
ment no man may hope to understand the American character
and the institutions of the new world. Let us read at length
from the preface of his work:

"Many persons besides Carlyle have probably wished for
a history of English Puritanism. But this Heroism, like
that of the making of the United States, will remain unex-
plained and unintelligible just so long as it is looked upon
as a mere chapter of English history, and not as an outcome
or continuation of that great Continental movement, intel-
lectual and spiritual, which, in the sixteenth century, revo-
lutionized the world. Neither can be understood, unless we
recognize the true intellectual, moral, and religious condition
of the English people, out of which their Puritanism, with
all its faults and virtues, was evolved, and appreciate the
influence which must have been exerted upon such a people
by the close proximity of a republic the leader of the world
by at least a century in agriculture, commerce, and manu-
factures, and by more than two centuries in all ideas relating
to civil and religious liberty.

78 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

"To the American this appreciation should not be a task
of difficulty if he enters upon the subject with a mind free
of prejudice. He has seen how, in his own time, the
existence of the American Kepublic has effected the people
of Central and South America, and how its influence has
been exerted even across the ocean upon the nations of
Continental Europe. He, therefore, of all others, should be
capable of understanding how the Dutch Republic must have
affected those heroic men in England and America who, in
their newly awakened intellectual life, were trying to break
the shackles of civil and religious tyranny.

"Writing the History of English Puritanism without an
allusion to this influence is much like writing the early
history of England without referring to the ideas brought in
by the ]!^orman conquerors, or a history of the Renaissance
in Italy without mentioning the influence of the classic
authors of Greece. But in the case of America and its
Puritans even these comparisons are inadequate. Another
illustration will, perhaps, be more apposite.

"Let the reader imagine that Japan, instead of sending a
few score of students to the United States, had sent over
many thousand families, and had kept five or six thousand
soldiers in our army for some forty years ; and that during
the same period a hundred thousand Americans had settled
in Japan itself. Imagine, further, that at the end of the
forty years a number of the Japanese settlers in America had
started out to found a colony in some newly discovered land,
and that there had been added to their ranks a large number
of Americans and some twenty thousand other Japanese,
some of whom had lived in America, and most of the others
going from sections in which Am.ericans had been li'^'ing for
many years. These colonists found a mighty state, whose
people speak Japanese, but have almost no Japanese institu-
tions, having established a republic, and copied their institu-
tions mainly from the United States. The writer who after
two centuries should sit down to compose a history of this
new republic, and, omitting all reference to the United States,
credit these settlers with the invention of their un-Japanese

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 79

institutions, would be simply following the example of the
English, and most of the American authors who have written
of America and her institutions."^

What Campbell has written concerning America applies
with peculiar force to the Eastern Shore of Virginia, for
we must not only remember the large numbers of the Dutch
actually settled upon the peninsula, but the territorial

proximity of and j|i^ rlaily i^tprprniroQ witVi AToTy ]Sro+liQT-

_l ands._ Then again, we must consider the probability that
large numbers of the early colonists of Accomack, even though
English, came from New England and Holland, already
subject to the Puritan and the Dutch influence.

In a subsequent chapter it will be shown that while
religion was established by the most rigid laws in the parishes
on the western shore, yet on the peninsula the liberty of
conscience was such that the Anglican, the Calvinist of ITew
England, and the Reformed Churchman of Holland, wor-
shipped side by side, not only under a common roof but
guided in their spiritual groping by Puritans, dissenters,
non-conformists. And further, it will be shown that condi-
tions were such as to offer a foothold for the first Quakers
in Virginia, soon to be followed by the father of Presby-
terianism in America.^ Indeed, our little land beyond the
water was in the eyes of the western shoreman a hotbed of
religious heretics and free thinkers. It is, then, small wonder
that the character of the people was moulded along different
lines from that of the church-ridden Episcopalians across,
the bay.

It has long been the custom of the Eastern Shoreman to
hold out with pride to the world the fact of his unadulterated

^The Puritan in Holland, England and America, Douglas Campbell,.
Volume I.

"Early Church.

80 EASTEEN SHOEB OF VIRGIlSriA HISTORY

English Mood. Although, even in the upper classes, the
admixture of Dutch blood must have been great during the
seventeenth century, we are not prepared to deny an over-
whelming preponderance of the Anglo-Saxon strain. The
love of the mother country is an inheritance to all Vir-
ginians, but, however admirable their pride of descent may
be, let not the Eastern Shoreman be blinded by affection, for
to Holland he clearly owes the individuality of his early
character, an individuality still marked.

VII

The County ok Shiee of Accawmack. Kent Island

When the Colony was divided into counties or shires in
1634, the population of the Eastern Shore was sufficiently
large to entitle it to become one of the original eight shires,
which were James City, Henrico, Charles City, Elizabeth
City, Warwick Eiver, Warrosquyoake, Charles Eiver and
Accomack.^ The old commanders of hundreds gave way to
the new officers, a Lieutenant for each shire, "to take care of
the war against the Indians" and to provide for the defense
of the shire. The government of the shires was to be the
same as in England, and sheriffs, sergeants and bailiffs were
to be elected. The jurisdiction of the commissioners was
enlarged from five-pound to ten-pound causes, and one of
the council was to attend and assist at each Court.^

The population of Accomack now numbered three hundred
and ninety-six whites, a rapid increase (when we consider
the total number of inhabitants in the Colony), during the
twenty years from the time when Dale's Gift was established.'

When Captain Edmund Scarburgh, as Justice of the
Peace, opened the first court of Aecavraiacke, The Laughing
King had no doubt ceased to laugh ; the humor of his situa-
tion as King of the peninsula was too subtle for his native
wit, for he, like many another Savage chief before him, had
by this time felt the fangs of the British bull-dog sink deep

iHening, Vol. I, p. 224.

"Ibid.

Virginia Carolorum, Neill.

81

82 EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

into the vitals of his kingdom, and had become sensible of
the fact that it was a grip which once fastened upon the
prey never relaxed its hold.^

The great popularity of the Accomac peninsula is strik-
ingly attested by the increase of population between 1634
and 1643, for in those nine years there was a gain of over
six hundred inhabitants, making a total population for the
latter year of about one thousand for the Eastern Shore as
compared to a population of not more than fifteen thousand
for the entire Colony. The rapid increase of the population
of the Eastern Shore from 1634 on may be explained in a
measure by the fact that in 1638-9 the General Assembly
adopted a regulation that a tax of six pence per capita should
be levied on passengers arriving at Point Comfort, the port
of entry of the western shore, but excepted the Eastern
Shore from the scope of the act.^ The act was repealed
later on, but in the meantime the authorities of Accawmacke
made the most of their exemption, and incoming ships with
fresh supplies of colonists were encouraged to land their
cargoes on the free shores of the peninsula. The tax was
small, it is true, but it was a tax nevertheless, and the immi-
grants, who had left their British homes to seek fortune and
freedom in the JSTew World, did not fail to see the advan-
tages enjoyed by the isolated Accomack country, which
escaped many other stringencies by being so far removed
from the authorities at Jamestovra.. Indeed Accavsrmacke

was know n to t h e ship-mas te rs and sea men of th e time as_ an
almo st iprlppe^rl ent colony, f or it was a difficult reach for
the arm of the law from Jamestown across the Bay. There

•End of an Era, Wise.

''Bruce's Economic History of Va., Vol. I, p. 631. Hening, Vol. I,
p. 246.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 83

were also certain provisions in the Act of 1642^ as to trads
exemptions on the part of the Eastern Shore leading to freer
traffic between the people of the peninsula and foreign ports,
and these naturally encouraged immigration. The people
of the peninsula, while favored in many ways by its remote-
ness, were subjected thereby to some inconveniences. For
instance, on February 20, 1640-41, on account of the great
distance of Accomack from James City, it was enacted that
the local Commander and Commissioners should have power
to determine all causes between the inhabitants of the
peninsula when the amount in controversy did not exceed
the sum of twenty pounds sterling or four hundred pounds
of tobacco, provided ArgoU Yeardley and Nathaniel Little-
ton, Esquire, or either of them, was present.'' It was well
enough to give the court such large jurisdiction, and this act
in itself really saved litigants much inconvenience and
expense, but shortly thereafter it was provided by the
assembly that in view of the remoteness of the peninsula
from James City, no appeal should lie from the decision of
the local court to the Quarter Court if the amount in con-
troversy were under thirty-two hundred pounds of tobacco
or thirty pounds sterling.'* This act put the people more in
the power of their Justices than were the people of the other
parts of the Colony. It also explains in great measure the
dignity and respect which the office of Justice carried with
it on the Eastern Shore.

During the years 1634-7 many of the founders of the
influential Eastern Shore families migrated to the peninsula.

^Hening, Vol. I, p. 246.

^Decision of Va. Genl. Court Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biography, Vol.
IV, p. 367.

IHening, Vol. I, p. 520.

84 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Already the Scarburghs had settled there. Colonel Eobins
was seated at "Cherrystone," and Captain Argoll Yeardley,
the son of Governor George Yeardley, had established him-
self at Mattawaman, upon the paternal lands. The Savages
of "Savages Week" had become old residents. ^ Tti 1 fi34.
JSTicholas Harwood, a cooper, patented 50 acres in the lovrer _^
end of the peninsula . In 1635, Charles Harmer patented
1,050 acres near Old Plantation Creek and brought with
him his wife and nineteen servants.^ ^William Berriman
patented 15(L- &cres on _01d_Flantatign___C£eek, Vnnwn as
''J^'ishing~Point Neck," and Daniel Cugley, 400 acres called
"The Hog i'eii^fScE^ both in 1635^ Francis Stockley and
Henry Wilson each patented 50 acres along Old Plantation
Creek, and John Weale 1,500 acres along the seaside in
1636. The same year he received a grant of 500 acres on
Smith's Island. Other patentees of 1636 w ere: William
Melling, 100 acres at the head of Old Plantation Creek;
James Berry, 350 acres along Magothy Bay; John Porbush,
100 acres on the Bayside; Thomas Smith, 160 acres near
the land of William Berryman on Fishing Point Neck; and
William Bibby, 400 acres on the north side of King's Creek.
One of the largest grants of the year in Accomack was that
of 1,300 acres to John Wilkins , of which 50 acres were due
for his ovra. personal adventure, and the remainder for the
transportation of twenty-five other persons, rated as servants,
one of whom was a negro.

It should be understood that it was a common practice
f*st£_ an immigrant to bring a number of other persons to
Virginia at his expense in order t o secure their head rig hts
or the filty acres allotted to ea ch new coin er^ It is not safe,

"Neill's Virginia Carolorum.

EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGIMA HISTOEY 85

therefore, to judge of a man's station or wealth by the
number of persons set down in his retinue as servants. The
following year, Edmund Scarburgh patented 200 acres on
Magothy Bay, and William Cotton, the successor of the
Eev. Mr. Bolton, 350 acres between the horns of Hungar's
Creek. The largest land holders at the time were the Scar-
burghs and, since we are to meet with their name so fre-
quently, and it has confused certain historians, it will be
well to have some knowledge of the family.

Captain Edmund Scarburgh, the immigrant from Norfolk,
and the father of the famous Colonel Edmund Scarburgh,
was one of the Justices of the first Accomac Court in 1631-2.
He settled on the Eastern Shore at an early date; probably
about 1628 to 1630. He represented Accomac in the
Assemblies of 1629, 1631 and 1632, and died in 1635. His
son Edmund patented vast tracts of land and they both held
the highest offices in the gift of their people. Colonel Ed-
mund Scarburgh's brother was Sir Charles Scarburgh^
physician to Charles II, James II, and King William. He
was knighted in 1669 and was also a member of Parliament.
Colonel Edmund was a member of the House of Burgesses
in 1642, 1644, 1645, 164Y, 1652, and 1659, and from 1660
to 16Y1 ; Speaker of the House in 1645 ; Justice of iN'orth-
ampton; Sheriff in 1660 and 1661; appointed Surveyor
General of Virginia in 1655, and held the office during life.*

'Scarburgh's immunity from substantial punishment by the Colonial
authorities on many occasions was undoubtedly due in large measure to
his great influence at the Court of St. James where his brother Charles:
stood high in the good graces of the king. While the records show that
he served as Surveyor General from 1655, it does not appear that he-
was regularly commissioned until 1666. The following is a copy of his
commission :

"Warrant from the King to Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord Chan-
cellor to cause Letters Patents under the Great Seal to be passed to the
following eflfect: — The King grants to Edmund Scarburgh the OiSce

86 EASTEEX SHOEE OF VIRGI^^A HISTORY

He was a warm-liearted, fearless, pugnacious, enterprising
man, highly educated, and the equal of any Virginian of his
day as a soldier, scholar, or useful citizen. He died about
1671. His eldest son. Colonel Charles Scarburgh, was also
the proprietor of much land, owning three thousand and fifty
acres on Pungoteague Creek alone, in 1652. He was a mem-
ber of the House of Burgesses in 1688 and also in other
years; and of the Council from 1691 until his death. In
1692. he was Councillor, Collector of the Eastern Shore,
Xaval Officer of the same, and Commander-in-Chief of
Aecomac, and presiding Justice of that County. He married
the daughter of Governor Bennett, and died in 1703, leaving
a number of sons, who were nearly as prominent as their
father, grandfather, and great-grandfather. This much con-
cerning the Scarburghs has not been given by way of family
history, but in order that the reader may appreciate the great
influence of the family, a family of almost feudal powers.
The frequent appearance of the name Scarburgh in the
following pages will now be better understood, for it is in-
separably interwoven with the history of the Eastern Shore.
Of this family. Colonel Edmund Scarburgh was probably
the most prominent member. There are many traditions
concerning him and he was early named "" Conjurer" by the
Indians who greatly feared him. The court records abound
in references to this unscrupulous man. His charges against
the Rev. llr. Teackle, the rector of old Saint George's
Church, are there for one item; his share in the family

and Place of his Maj. Surveyor (Jeneral of the Plantation of Virginia,
with all the fees profits and advantages theretinto belonging and the
rewith heretofore usually received and enjoyed. (Privy Seals 19 Chas.
II, Xo. 366.)"

For copy of this commission see Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography, Vol. XVII. p. 292. Sainsbury Abstracts.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 87

troubles, which is said to have occasioned the name of "Slut-
kill ITeck," is another.^ It is said that some Indians who
lived near his estate had been stealing his sheep, hogs and
cattle, for some time. After vain attempts to detect the
thieves, he decided to break up the practice. He thereupon
sent a messenger to the surrounding Indians to tell them
that the Great Spirit would preach them a sermon if they
would gather in a certain ditch on Scarburgh's JSTeck, upon
the following Sunday morning. When the Indians, who
feared to disobey the "Conjurer," assembled as directed,
Scarburgh fired a great cannon loaded with shot which he
had concealed at the other end of the ditch, and the Great
Spirit spoke so forcibly unto the natives that but few re-
mained alive after his introductory remarks.^

The remains of Hedric Cottage, Scarburgh's home, still
stand on the north side of Occahannock Creek. The neck of
land included between this creek and Cradock's Creek to the
north is called Scarburgh's I^eck to this day. Hedric
Cottage is almost opposite the present Concord Wharf. It
was at this point where Scarburgh's storehouses, shoe-factory,
malt-house, and other plants were located.

John Wise, of Devonshire, the progenitor of the Wise
family in Virginia, sailed, according to Hotten, from
Gravesend in the ship Transport, bound for Virginia, July
4, 1635, and settled on the Eastern Shore. He was a mere
youth when he arrived in Accomac, but soon married
Hannah, the daughter of Captain Edmund Scarburgh, and
from him five consecutive generations of John Wises de-

'Said by some authorities to be named after one Sleuthkill, who
owned property on the neck of land. This is a more reasonable explana-
tion of the name.

^Address of late T. T. Upshur, Va. Mag. of History and Biography,
Vol. IX, p. 95. (This is a familiar tradition on the Eastern Shore.)

88 EASTEElSr SHOEE OE VIEGINIA HISTOEY

scended, each in turn occupying high positions among their

people. The immigrant purchased one thousand acres of

land lying along Chesconnessex and Onancock Creeks, from

Ekeeks, the Onancock King. This tract, with other land

added thereto, was known for many years as the Dutch

Blanket tract, by reason of the fact that the consideration

named in the deed was seven Dutch Blankets.^ Out of this

tract were carved the two family estates of Clifton and Fort

George on Chesconnessex Creek; and there lived the Wises

during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Most of

them were hoth planters and lawyers, three, including the

immigrant, being Justices of the Accomac Courts. The will

of the first John Wise, who was a very pious man, is recorded

in the Court of Accomac, and is a curious instrument, the

greater portion of which is devoted to the disposition of his

"Imortal Soul."^ He is said to have been a man of great

ability, indomitable energy, dauntless courage and strict

integrity.^ Judging from the trade which he made with

King Ekeeks, he must have been something of a business man

as well, and his religion evidently did not interfere with his

land transactions.

The same year Colonel NathanielLittleton, a scion of the

famous Shropshire family of that name, came to Accomac

and took up land along Nandua Creek. ^He was the son of

Sir Edward Littleton, the brother of the Lord Chief Justice,

and the father of Colonel Southey Littleton of Accomac?^

From this early date, the Littletons have been one of the most

influential families on the Eastern Shore. Colonel Nathaniel

Littleton was Chief Magistrate of Accomac in 1640 and a

\. Burgess in 1652.

'Accomac Records, 1668.
^Accomac Records, 1695.
"Virginia Hist. Collect., Vol. XI, p. 188.

EASTERN" SHORE OF VIRGIMA HISTORY 89

Another early settler in Accomac and progenitor of a dis-
tinguished line of descendants, was Edmund Bowman, an
English gentleman of wealth and position. He also, like
John "Wise, was a Justice of Accomac in 1663, after the
peninsula had been divided into two counties. Captain,
afterwards Major Bowman, settled upon Folly Creek, which
flows into Metomkin Inlet on the seaside, and built the first
of the famous old mansions known as "Bowman's EoUy." He
was sheriff and a Burgess of Accomac. One of his daughters
married Colonel Southey Littleton, and another married
John Cropper, a young Scotchman, and also one of the first
settlers. /His son, Sebastian Cropper, married the daughter
of Peter Parker . Bowman's Folly passed to their son Bow-
man, and from him to his son Sebastian, Jr., who married a
daughter of Colonel Coventon Corbin of Chingoteague, one
of the most prominent men of his time. For a sketch of the
Parkers the reader must consult the varioua fyp.np.a.ln g 'ical
records. XChe foregoing history of the various families has
been given merely to show how constantly the early landed
gentry intermarried, thereby sustaining their prestige and
augmenting their power among the people of the peninsula.
The Scarburghs, Yeardleys, Wises, Bowmans, Eyres, Cor-
bins, Upshurs, Wests, Littletons, Parkers, Croppers, Baylys,
Joyneses, Custises, and a number of others, comprised an
isolated aristocracy in the early seventeenth century, whicl|
perpetuated itself for years with no appreciable admixture
of outside blood, and their names will be frequently met
with from now on, as it was from their ranks that the leaders
^nd officers of the Eastern Shore were taken.

During the years 1627, 1628 and 1629, the governors of
Virginia gave authority to William Clayborne, who was
Secretary of State of the Colony, and a Justice of Accomac

90 EASTEEli SHORE OE VIEGINIA HISTOEY

in 1632, to explore the Chesapeake Bay and any part of the
country from 34° to the 41° of North Latitude, which
authority was confirmed by Charles I, in 1631. Being also
authorized to establish trade, Claybome established a port
on Kent Island in the Chesapeake Bay. The settlement
flourished from the first, and by 1632 the population was
sufficiently large to entitle it to a Burgess; and in 1632 a
warehouse was established in Southampton River for the
inhabitants of Kent Island, Accomac, Elizabeth City, and
Mary's Mount. It must be understood that up to the time of
the grant to Baltimore, the enterprising whites who had
pushed up into the present Maryland country, east of the
Chesapeake, were considered to be Accomackians. Th ey
were principally Indian traders and fur dealers, and their
settlements springing up to the north of the Pocomoke exer-
cised much influence upon the settlement of the northern
part of Accomac.

Soon after the port at Kent Island was established, the
King, on June 20, 1632, confirmed the patent to Cecilius,
Baron of Baltimore, which he had promised to the elder
Lord, his father. The new province created from the terri-
tory of Virginia was named Maryland. The grant to Lord
Baltimore very naturally aggrieved the Virginians and led
to serious remonstrance on their part and an appeal to the
King in 1633. The Star Chamber decided to allow Balti-
more to retain his patent, recommending friendly intercourse
between the people of the two colonies, pending a decision
in the controversy. Claybome, however, refused to surrender
his claim to Kent Island, or to recognize the authorities of
Maryland.

In 1634, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Lord Baltimore,,
with about twenty gentlemen and two or three hundred

EASTERN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTORY 91

colonists, most of them Catholics, reached Maryland. At a
meeting of the Governor and Council of Virginia, in the
following March, Clayborne sought for instructions as to
Kent Island and was informed that since the controversy-
over the grant had not yet been determined, it was their duty
to protect the territory of Virginia, but at the same time to
remain on good terms with the Marylanders, if possible.

Clayborne's subsequent resistance to the newcomers and
the rising hostility of the Indians, which they attributed to
his influence, led to an order for his arrest, and open hos-
tilities commenced.

The goods of a trader named Harmon were seized, and a
jjinna ce called the "Long Tail" belonging to Clavborne was
captured by the Marylanders. Clayborne then sent a vessel
with an armed crew of thirteen, under command of Lieu-
tenant Katcliffe Warren, to recapture his vessel. On April
23, 1634, Lieutenant Warren met Captain Cornwallis in
command of two pinnaces, the St. Margaret and St. Helen,.,
and thereupon the first naval fight to occur in American.
waters between the colonists and representatives of British
Authority took place at the mouth of the Pocomoke River,
which was then considered to be in the Kingdom of Accaw-
macke. This struggle was the precursor of many others in
the following century. In this small but significant affair,
Warren and two of his men were killed, and several days
later Cornwallis captured Thomas Smith of Kent Island,,
who was tried for piracy and sentenced to be hung.

When the people of Virginia learned that Harvey, their
governor, approved the action of the Marylanders, great
excitement prevailed among them. A public meeting was
called at Yorktown, and an Assembly was summoned to meet
on the Tth of May, 1635, to hear complaints against Governor

93 BASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Harvey, who, it seems, was guilty of many other offenses
against the people. On the 28th of April, 1635, before the
Assembly convened, the Council took matters in their own
hands and deposed the Governor, who had consented to stand
trial in England; and thereupon Captain John West, a
brother of Lord Delaware, was chosen acting Grovemor.

While the examination of Harvey was proceeding in
England, Claybome, who had been attainted, and whose
property had been confiscated by Calvert, remained in un-
disturbed possession of Kent Island, until 1637, when he
too repaired to England, where the Commissioners of Planta-
tions reported the right and title to the Isle of Kent to be
absolutely invested in him. But Harvey returned to Vir-
ginia as Governor in 1636 ; and in April, 1639, the author-
ities in England finally decided the controversy between
Claybome and Lord Baltimore, against the former, who re-
turned to Virginia and sought in vain to recover the property
of which he had been despoiled.^

The dispute over this territory was the beginning of a long-
drawn-out boundary controversy between Virginia and Mary-
land which deeply concerned the Eastern Shore, and which
led to repeated difficulties between the people of the two
colonies living in that quarter. Claybome himself owned
land in Aceomac, and many of the men who adhered to his
standard in the Kent Island affair were residents of the
county, as for instance Philip Taylor, who was Clayborne's
chief lieutenant. The letter of Marque and Reprisal issued
to Taylor by Clayborne was probably the first instrument of
the kind issued in America. The text follows :

'Founders of Maryland, Neill.

Chalmer's Annals.

Campbell's History of Virginia.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 93

"Philip Taylor, I understand yt the Marylandera ha\e
taken my Pinnyce the Longe Tayle, with her company, and
some other of my men trading in other places, Now Whereas
his maties Commission to myselfe warranteth me in trade
with the natives and for as much alsoe as his Maties Gracious
Lord in America doe declare his expresse pleasure and con-
trary to justice and true intent of his Maties grant to ye Lord
Baltimore These are to desire you, that you, would with the
first opportunity, with such company as are appoynted for
you, sett sayle to Patawmack and Patuxant Rivers or else-
where, and to demand of them my sd. Pinnace and men : and
if you can obtaine them take possession of them for my use
and bring them again unto this place, or missing of them,
may stay of such boates of theirs as you can light on.
Wherein I beseech you proceede without violence unless yt
bee in lawful necessary defence of your selfe, especially
alsoe to avoyd any bloodshed or making any assault upon
any of them and to this end I require all your company to
be obedyent and assistant unto you as if I were there myselfe.
Given at the Isle of Kent under my hand and seale this
Eleventh day of May Anno Die 1635.

"W. Claiborne. Seal.

"Record decimo quinto die mensis July, 1642."^

In 1637, there seems to have been a strong tendency on
the part of the inhabitants to move to Maryland. Baltimore
was offering every inducement to draw people to his settle-
ments and fabulous tales were spread concerning the liberties
and great wealth of the new country to the north. In other
words, there was a "land boom" going on in Maryland ; rich
and poor alike deserted their old homes in quest of "easy"
wealth. As a result, numbers of the poorer people lost not
only what land they had acquired in Accomack, but all their
savings, in a vain search for the elusive gold of the boomers.

'Northampton County Records.

94 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTOEY

Such a condition led the Court to prohibit both freemen,
servants and any other persons to depart from the plantation
of Accomack without the Assembly license of Captain John
Howe, the Commander. The excitement soon passed over,
but recurred in 1648, as we shall see later.

In 1638, the first deed was recorded, the parties thereto
being Edmund Scarburgh and Esquire Littleton, and in
September, 1640, orders came from James City for all land
patents and bounds of land to be sent to the seat of govern-
ment. TheJSjig^s j fint of land wag one shilling for fifty
acres. „The^same year, the first license to keep an ordinary
was granted to Anthony Hoskins. Dame Elizabeth Dale's
will was registered and the first Bill of Exchange was

recorded and was drawn on of Amsterdam, Holland,

in favor of Wm. Douglas & Company, for forty pounds
sterling. Argoll Yeardley employed Edmund Scarburgh to
survey his father's land at Mattawaman creek.^

The first election on the Eastern Shore was held at the
Sheriif's House, February 15, 1636, and the first real repre-
sentatives of the people of the peninsula were John. Howe
or How, and William Eoper, the Burgesses chosen at this
election. John Howe had already been a Burgess in 1631-2,
1632, 1632-3. The salary paid Howe and Eoper as legis-
lators was 1,500 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco had already become the staple crop; m uch shij>
buil ding was goinp; on:^ a jprofitable fur trade with ^^^
natives was in progTPSR __ and the population was growing
rapidly. (So great was the demand for tobacco, that, iift
1639, it was thought necessary to appoint experienced men)
of high standing in the community to inspect the consign/

^From the Court Records of Northampton.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 95

ments to the warehouses and see that certain provisions of
the Assembly were carried out.^ The peninsula was there-
fore divided int o tobacco JTispect irm dist.rinta^ and the official
viewers appointed were as follows:

"Foe Httngaes: Captain Wm. Stone, Armstrong Foster,
John Major.

From Mr — Cnglpy to the "Ki npr's Creek : Mr. William
Andrews. John Webster^ .TameH Bamaby.

From tiie King's Creek to the Old Plantation Creek on
that side: Captain Wm. Roper, Elias Hastue, Jonathan
Gibbs.

From Mr. Neale's upwards to Mr. Littleton's : Mr. Nathan
Littleton, Luke Stubbins, Henry Weede.

From Mr. Littleton's and all on that side : Mr. Wm. Bur-
dett, Henry Bagwell, William BerrymaTi."'

Such records throw much light on the character of the
times, and from them we can see that affairs were rapidly
becoming settled ; the way was being prepared for an exten-
sive intercourse with the outer world, and the transition
from a state of savagery to civilization had appreciably
progressed by the year 1642.

^See Subject of Tobacco in subsequent chapter.

^Acts of Assembly, 1639, Robinson, M. S., Va. Mag. of History and
Biography, Vol. V, pp. 339, 340.

VIII

NOETHAMPTON CoUNTY. InDIAIT ScAEES. StONE XS

Maetlamt)

In 1642, Sir William Berkeley became Governor of
Virginia. Among the many salutary measures which he
inaugurated was the division of many of the existing
counties, thus reducing the vast areas over which the county
organizations were supposed to extend their control. The
peninsula was not yet to be divided into two counties, but
the distinguished and ambitious Colonel Obedience Eobins,
of Cherrytone, took advantage of the general shake up and
secured the passage of the following Act on March 18, 1642 :

"Be it further enacted and informed that the plantation
and county known as Achomack shall be knowne and called
by the county of North'ton."^

Colonel Robins was from Longbuckie, Northamptonshire,
England, and it has been frequently stated that he had the
whole peninsula named after the county in England from
which he came.^ He was one of the most influential citizens
of his time, representing Accomac in the Assembly during
the years 1629-30, 1639 and 1642; three times a Justice
and owner of 2,000' acres on Cheriton Creek, and while it
is true that he secured the Act changing the county name

'Act XIII, Hening, Vol. I, p. 249. North'ton was the abbreviated
form of Northampton.

Virginia County Names, Long, p. 66.
^Patented in 1640.

96

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 97

to the name of his home shire, we must attribute a higher
motive to him in so doing than the gratification of mere
personal conceit. Shortly after the time at which the change
of name was effected, the brave royalist, Spencer Compton,
second Earl of iN'orthampton, at the head of the King's
troops, gave his life to the royal cause, on Hopton Heath,
March 19, 1643. He had been a devoted partisan of
Charles I and the loyal Virginians worshipped his name.
Even before his death, the naming of a Virginia County
after him was but an expression of their attachment and
loyalty to the royal cause.^ This certainly seems to explain
the change satisfactorily, a change which had evidently been
contemplated for several years, for mention of Northampton
appears in the records as early as 1640.^ The name Acco-
mack had become too familiar to the distant Virginians
along the James River to be given up very easily by them,
and to the present day, the entire Eastern Shore country is
frequently referred to as Accomack.

The first court, after the change of name, was held on the
18th day of July, 1642.^ The Justices present were ArgoU
Teardley, Esq., Commander, etc. :

Col. Obedience Eobins William Andrews

Capt. William Eoper Philip Taylor

John Wilkins Edward Douglas

At the first sitting of the court, a certificate was granted
to Wm. Waters, son and heir of Lieutenant Edward Waters,
in which it is stated that three men were killed at the

^Va. County Names, Long, p. 66.
Northampton County Records (Accomac), 1640.
'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1640-1645, p. 152. (Va. State
Library. )

98 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

massacre and four raen and a maid were cast away in the
Bay. Sheriff Taylor was empowered to take a company of
men with arms and ammimition and go to an Indian Town
named Ginguhcloust, to do what should appear best for
the welfare of the county.^ The people of the Eastern
Shore seem to have had some fear that the spirit of restless-
ness and disaffection, among the natives of the Western
Shore, was spreading to the Accomac Indians, for during
the preceding year an order was published prohibiting per-
sons from leaving their homes or plantations without arms
and ammunition. Early in 1643 an order came from Sir
William Berkeley appointing Captain Erancis Yeardley
commander of the troops of Accomack, with orders for train-
ing his men. The territory under his command extended
from the lower side of Hungar's Creek to King's Creek, and
along the bay shore. This was the most thickly inhabited
portion of the peninsula at the time, and the only area in
which anything resembling a "settlement" was to be found.
There were no towns nor even villages. A few dwelling
houses, a small ship-chandler's store, a tobacco warehouse, all
clustered about the public wharf — of which there was one,
as a rule, on each navigable creek — comprised the centers of
trade and intercourse between the scattered planters. It is
true that farm after farm was being taken up and improved,
even in the northern portion of the county, but the county
organization and government as such were inadequate to
reach the confines of the peninsula. The governmental
energy was expended almost entirely upon the thickly settled
area before mentioned. In fact the great planters, who es-
tablished themselves along Occahannock, Cradock, ISTandua,

'Ibid.

EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 99

Pungoteague and Onancock Creeks on the bayside, and at
Matomkin, Watchapreague and Machipungo Inlets, and
along Magothy Bay and Bullocks Channel on the seaside,
resented the interference of the court and the county officials.
They were a law unto themselves, ruling their tenants and
conducting their affairs in a primitive though generally a
just manner. Tobacco and com were their main crops, and
tobacco and beaver skins were the commodities that corre-
sponded to our silver and gold. All taxes, fines, and busi-
ness transactions, except those of a very large amount, were
based upon these commodities. Occasionally sterling money
was used.

Although the peninsula was re-christened in 1642, the
Court of Northampton was not established until the follow-
ing year; hence we discover some confusion as to the date
of the change, and we also find in the records of the Acco-
mack Court at Eastville a record of the events of 1642 even
after the change of name had occurred.

When the County Courts were first established in Vir-
ginia, the Governor appointed the clerks.^ Later this power
was given to the County Courts themselves,^ with the pro-
vision that incumbents at the time of the Act should not be
arbitrarily removed. Until this time, clerks were regarded
as the deputies of the Secretary of State. The power to
appoint them did not remain in the courts long and was
soon given back to the Secretary, who retained it through-
out the Colonial period.'

The office of County Clerk being a highly remunerative
position and also one of dignity and importance, was much

^Hening, Vol. I, p. 305.

"Tbid, p. 448.

'Justice in Colonial Virginia, p. 114.

100 EASTBEN SHOES OF VIEGHSTIA HISTOEY

sought after.^ The appointees were usually men of superior
character and standing in the conununity, and "upon no
ofHeial in the entire county was imposed the performance of
more important functions, of whom was required the exer-
cise of so many virtues, or who were more distinguished for
the endowments of mind and heart than was the Virginia
Clerk, then called Clarke.""

The reputation of the early clerks gave character to the
office long after it became elective, and for years the same
high standard was adhered to. Once chosen, they remained
in office for life, as a rule, and in many cases public opinion
seemed to regard the position as hereditary, for it was not
uncommon for a worthy son to succeed his worthy sire.^ On
the Eastern Shore, the Justices and Clerks were peculiarly
respected, even more than elsewhere in Virginia.

Henry Bagwell, Gent., who, as we have seen, was appointed
Clerk of the monthly Court at Old Plantation in 1632, re-
tained the office after the court became the shire court of
AccomaCj^ The second clerk was George Dawe, 1640-42, and

"tEeTKird was Edwyn Conway in 1642. Conway came to
Accomack in 1640 from the County of Worcester, England.
He did not remain long on the Eastern Shore, but moved
to Lancaster County about 1652, where he took as his second
wife the sister or sister-in-law of John Carter of Corotoman.
He was the progenitor of the Conway family in Virginia.

"The following are the other clerks of ^Northampton County
from 1642 to the end of the century:*

'Justice in Colonial Virginia, p. 114.

^Address of Judge TOaller R. Staples, Va. Bar Asso., 1894, Vol. VII,
p. 144. Barton's Introduction to Va. Colonial Decision, Vol. I, p. 201.

'Barton's Introduction to Va. Col. Dec, Vol. I, p. 201.

^Johnston's Memorials of Va. Clerks from 4 to 14. For Conway, see
Virginia Heraldica.

EASTERN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 101

4th.

Thomas Cook,

1642-1646

5th.

Edward Matthews,

1646-1655

6th.

Robert Howson,

1655

7th.

G. Poke,

8th.

John Boggs,

1659

9th.

Eobt. Hutchinson,

1659-1644

10th.

Jeta Kirkman,

1644

11th.

William Mellings,

1644-1670

12th.

Daniel l^eech,

1670-1671

13th.

John Culpeper,

1671-1674

14th.

Daniel Neech,

1674-1703

The first clerks seem to have been very proud of their
intellectual acquirements and particularly of their knowl-
edge of Latin. They frequently interlarded their manu-
scripts with Latin words and nearly all of them were prone
to use peculiar abbreviated forms, which add to the difficulty
of deciphering their ancient records.

William Michael was perhaps the first attorney to practice
his profession in Northampton County, and in 1657 was one
of the recognized leaders of the bar. Eor many years Colonel
Edmund Scarburgh seems to have shared honors with
Michael. The former's argument in the famous Gettering's
Controversy, which arose out of a bequest to the church by
Stephen Charlton, is a masterly exposition of the law of
wiUs.^

Other distinguished lawyers of the seventeenth century
were: Thoma a TT ^^rp1m^Rnp _EraT1pis Pigott, Daniel Foxcroft,
John Tankard, Charles Holden, William Spencer, John
Luke, Am brose White, George Watson, John Stratton, John
Parker, James Watts, and Colonel John Custis. Custis
ably defended the Eev. Mr. Teackle against certain un-

'Northampton County Records, Vol. 1657-64, p. 157.

102 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

groTinded but serious charges brought against him by Scar-
burgh, the latter accusing Teackle of improper relations with
Lady Scarburgh and combining with her to poison him.
Most of the attorneys named were exceptionally well versed
in the law and skillful practitioners. The volume of litiga-
tion was surprisingly large, and while the practice of law
must have been highly lucrative, yet the lawyers invariably
indulged in the planting of tobacco.

About this time the first mention of the trouble in England
was made. It seems that the court having broken the seals
of a certain letter, excused itself on the ground that it was
understood that certain valuable information as to England
and the Colony was contained therein, and, "whereas the
times do seem perilous" and the letter had been forwarded
to the addressee, no harm had been done. In other words,
the gentlemen who assembled about the improvised court-
house to discuss the impending crisis at "home," were, as
humanity is wont to be, most curious, and all incoming
letters paid them toll of news. One of these old letters was
'HT'ittrTTh^ AndrrTV Whi1^Y^°^ ^ ] iad retn-med t.n England oTi
business ; ^ jj it ^" said, "we are ^n great J pgr^nfjriTT^nmTg
& Convulsions, and I wish I was in the Colony." Can we
not see such men as Colonel Scarburgh and Edmund Bow-
man riding each morning to the public landing in eager quest
of the latest intelligence from "home ?" Ah, how these old
transplanted royalists must have longed to draw their swords
for the King! How they must have sighed as they gazed
out over the blue Atlantic and pictured the ruin which was
soon to befall their kith and kin in old England! And as
these self-exiled royalists stood upon the shores of their
American homes, and in reflective mood dwelt upon the
seething, irrepressible questions of the day, there must have

EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGIlSriA HISTOEY 103

been something suggestive to them in the wild lines of tur-
bulent brealiers, mounting higher and higher, their proud
white crests glinting in the sun, only to fall with awful
suddenness and fury upon the implacable shoals. But this
is only a slide in our lantern, a flickering shadow picture on
the sheet of the past to draw our minds back to the early
days, and enable us to see the times as they were. We must
return to material facts.

In 1643, Sheriff Philip Taylor, who had barely escaped
the clutches of Lord Baltimore during the Kent Island dis-
turbance, and who no doubt had been made sheriff on account
of his intimate tjiowledge of the frontier and the Indians,
petitioned the court for a jail. It was not until two years
later, on the 7th of November, that mention is made of
action thereon, when the court accepted the offer of John
Badlam and John Dixon of the Point House at Old Planta-
tion Creek, which they kept as an ordinary, to guard and
feed the prisoners.

In April, 1644, the alarm of Indian massacre was general,
and the natives who were openly resisting the encroachments
of the whites to the north being distrusted, the settled portion
of the lower peninsula was again divided into military
districts. The country from the north side of Nassawattocks
to the north side of Hungar's comprised one district, under
command of Wm. Andrews and Stephen Charlton; and
that from the south side of Hungar's to the north side of
Mattawaman Creek, was a district under Captain Wm. Stone.
Captain ArgoU Yeardley commanded the district from
Mattawaman Creek to Thos. Dimner's House and the Petit
house, and the territory on both sides of Cheriton Creek was
under the command of Colonel Obedience Eobins and
Captain Philip Taylor. Captain Wm. Eoper and Edward

104 EASTEEX SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

Douglas commanded the district from King's Creek to the
latter's house. The seaside district from Colonel Littleton's
to Magothy Bay Point was placed under the command of
John Xeale and Edmund Scarhurgh. Any persons who
failed to execute the proper orders of the district Captaias
were to be committed to the custody of the sheriff and sent
to James City. Some trouble with refractory inhabitants
soon arose, and on July 12th John Wise was called before
the court to testify as a witness against them. It is safe
to say that Colonel Scarburgh's activity led to the acquisition
of the jail the following year.

The County Court was held, as we have seen in a previous
chapter, at various places, according to the convenience of
the Justices and the litigants, so we find the house of Stephen
Charlton designated as the meeting place in 1646. For the
further convenience of the Bench, a bar was established in
the immediate neighborhood, for Walter Williams was
licensed ilarch 22nd to keep an ordinary and victualling
house, and "to sell strong water." The same year orders
were issued for the erection of bridges across Hungar's and
other Creeks, showing an increasing intercourse between the
people of the lower peninsula.

In the early days of the Colony, the area under cultiva-
tion was so limited, and the tendency of the planters to invest
in the most profitable crop was so strong, that at times the
food supply was insufficient to maintain the colonists.
There being no vast wheat and com fields in the west to put
their surplus supply upon the Eastern Exchanges, the Vir-
ginians were forced to the alternative of self-maintenance or
starvation. The day when the Indian storehouses could be
depended upon to maintain the whites in case of emergency
was past, and the General Assembly was frequently compelled

EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTORY 105

to take cognizance of the economic questions of supply and
demand. A law was enacted, prescribing the amount of com
each planter should produce, apportioned according to his
acreage; and at the June Court of Northampton, in 1647,
it was ordered that the constables of the various precincts
should visit the planters' farms to see whether or not the
requirements of the law were being fulfilled. The constables,
however, were wide awake to their ovsti interests, and a hogs-
head or two of tobacco secured a favorable report on the
corn crop. In fact, the officials at this early day were not
overscrupulous in their dealings, and frequently enriched
themselves at the expense of the general government. As a
result of the defaults and neglects of the sheriffs, who had
up to this time collected most of the taxes, and who had
caused "much blemish to the reputation and credit of the
Colonic," the Assembly, in 1648, appointed official revenue
collectors. Colonel Scarburgh and Colonel Nathaniel Little-
ton were selected for Northampton.^

Lord Baltimore, as we have seen, was an energetic
colonizer from the very first, and did everything in his
power to turn the tide of immigration to the shores of Mary-
land. We have seen how Accomack suffered by loss of
population during the excitement of the first Maryland
boom and now Northampton was to lose many of her citizens
through emigration to that colony.

By 1645, a powerful Protestant party had developed in
Baltimore's domains. Profiting by the distractions of the
mother country and the absence of Governor Calvert, who
had repaired to England to consult with Baltimore, William
Clayborne at the head of a body of insurgents, many of

>Hening, Vol. I, p. 356.

106 EASTEEF SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

whoin were recruited in ISTorthampton, seized the reins of
government and usurped the control of the colony. As a
result of this demonstration of Protestant strength, only the
greatest influence which Baltimore could bring to bear
prevented Parliament from rescinding his charter. Calvert
promptly returned to Maryland in August, 1646, and soon
regained control, yet even Baltimore was unable to bring
Clayborne to justice. In 1648, the proprietor revoked aU
former commissions and established a new government, based
upon more liberal principles, thereby acknowledging the
power of the Protestants within his colony. On August
8th, 1648, William Stone of ISTorthampton County, Virginia,
was commissioned Governor of Maryland. Captain Stone
was the nephew of a London haberdasher; was bom in
ISTorthamptonshire, England, and settled on the Eastern
Shore of Virginia about 1632. He was the son of Captain
John Stone of Massachusetts, who later moved to North-
ampton. This was the Captain John Stone who behaved so
badly at Boston and was killed by the Pequods on the
Connecticut Kiver, while returning to his home in Virginia.^
William Stone was a prominent Protestant, having been
Justice of Accomac in 1633, a vestryman in 1635, and the
first sheriff of ISTorthampton in 1640. He owned large tracts
of land between Hungar's and Mattawaman Creeks, which
he inherited from his father. Being closely affiliated vsdth
Clayborne, his influence with Parliament was very great.
His appointment by Baltimore was therefore in the nature
of a conciliatory measure.^ Stone was the brother-in-law of

'Winthrop's Hist, of New England.

'The English Colonization of America in 17th Cent., Neill, p. 253.
Osgood's Am. Col. in 17th Cent., Vol. II, p. 319 et seq. Campbell's Hist,
of Va., p. 205. Va. Carolorum, pp. 416-17.

EASTEEK SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 107

Francis Doughty, a non-conformist minister who later came
to Itforthampton from Flushing, and the son-in-law of the
Kev. William Cotton of Hungar's Parish/ Perhaps no
other citizen of ISTorthampton has ever been honored with
such a title as that conferred upon him by Baltimore, which
read as follows: "Lieutenant chief Governor General Ad-
miral Marshall chief Captain and Commander as well by sea
as by land of our Said Province of Maryland.'" In return
for all this Stone agreed to transport to Maryland at least
five hundred settlers of English or Irish descent, and judg-
ing from the frequent references in the Maryland records
of this time to Virginians "late of Accomack, now called
Northampton County," it is quite certain that large numbers
of the Puritans of the lower peninsula migrated to Mary-
land with Stone. These people took up lands along the
Pocomoke River and in the boundary country, from which
it appears that they retained a desire to keep in touch with
their old homes. Many of them improved their condition
along with the acquisition of this new land and a change of
allegiance. Job Chandler, a brother of a London merchant
and who had lived in Northampton, became a State Coun-
cillor in Maryland.

Under the favorable terms which Baltimore extended to
patentees of land at this time, numerous Eastern Shoremen
who never forswore their allegiance to Virginia nor resided
in Maryland, took up lands in the latter colony. Both
Colonel Edmund Scarburgh and his son Charles patented
large tracts there, as did John Custis and Francis Yeardley.

In 1654, Governor Stone, by proclamation, acknowledged
Cromwell as Protector, but ignored the authority of the

'See Chapter on Early Church.

^Proceeding of Council of Maryland, 1636-37, p. 201.

108 EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIKGINIA HISTORY

Parliamentary Commissioners, which so infuriated his for-
mer ally, Claybome, that influences were brought to bear
which forced Stone to resign. He at once set about the
organization of an armed force to overthrow the new govern-
ment. After various adventures, including the seizure of
the State Records, the undisciplined band of Stone's ad-
herents was met by Captain William TuUer, at the head of
120 planters bearing the colors of the Commonwealth, and
totally defeated at Sevem.'^ He himself was captured and
sentenced to death but was subsequently pardoned. Thus
ended this Eastern Shoreman's resistance to Parliament.^
How his brothers to the south fared, we shall see in the
next chapter.

In 1653, Governor Stone, who was then living at
ISTanjemie, Maryland, sold his house on Hungar's Creek to
Captain William Whittington of Northampton. He died
about 1695 at his manor of "Avon" in Charles Comity,
Maryland. Among his descendants was Thomas Stone,
Signer of the Declaration of American Independence.

The oath which Stone subscribed to as first sheriff of
Accomack is said to have been the first sheriff's oath in
America.^ The fuU text follows :

"Ye shall sweare that well and truely ye shall serve the
King's Magistie in the office of the Sheriff of the County of
Acchawmacke, and doe the King's yffitt in all things that
belongeth to you to doe by way of yor office as ffar as you
can or say.

"You shall truely kepe the King's Eight and all that
belongeth to the Crowne.

'Severn was the early name of Annapolis.

"English Colonization of America in 17th Cent., Neill, p. 255.

'Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog.

BASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGHSTIA HISTOEY 109

"You shall truely and rightfully treate the people of the
Sheriffwicke, and do right as well to the poore as to the
Eitch in all that belonged to yor office.

"You shall doe no wrong to anie man for anie guift or
other behest or promise of goods for favour nor hate.

"You shall disturb noe man's rights. You shall truely
returne and truely serve all the King's Writts as ffarr forthe
as shall be to you coming.

"You shall take noe Bayliffe into your service but such
as you will answere for.

"You shall make such of yor Bayliffes to take such oathe
as you make yorseffe in that belongeth to yor occupation.

"You shall be dwelling in yor own yyn (proper) ysons
(persons) within yor Bayliewicke for the tyme that you
shall be in the same office, Except you are otherwise licensed
by the Governor and Counsell of this Colony. And you shall
diligently and truely doe all of the things appertaining to
yor sayd office of Sheriffwicke to the uttermost of yr power.
Soe holpg yor God ye."

Stone's under-sheriff was Thomas Hatton; without doubt
the same who in 1648, with his wife and two sons, Robert
and Thomas, went to Maryland.

In 1649, the County Court of Northampton was held at
the tavern of Walter Williams of ISTassawattocks, and also at
the tavern and pseudo-jail at Old Plantation, called the
Point House or Dinner House. In the designation of such
places for the sitting of the Justices, we can see the origin
of the famous Virginia Court day and the many customs that
sprang up around the occasion. At these very sessions of
1649 mention is made of fighting and disorder and one
litigant was forced to defend himself with a truncheon in a
tavern brawl. Another, Robert Warder by name, was
ordered to stand at the church door at Nassawattocks with
a great pot tied around his neck, thereby signifying the
measure of his offense for being drunk, etc.

110 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

The Justices themselves seem to have grown delinquent
under the influence of court day, for the Assembly was
forced to enact, about this time, a law prescribing a fine
of three hundred pounds of tobacco for absence from court.

During the last few years of which we have been treating,
affairs had come to a sorry pass ia England. King Charles
the First, after having been a prisoner for several years,
was beheaded in front of Whitehall Palace, on the 30th day
of January, 1648. The noble manner in which he faced
death confirmed the royalist planters of the Eastern Shore
in their loyalty to his cause. His faults were forgotten, his
transgressions were atoned for by the blood of the royal
martyr. It was impossible for the men of Accomac to
im.derstand the seriousness of the home situation. While
they knew full well of the downfall of their party in Eng-
land before the determined onslaughts of the Cromwellians,
yet they could not conceive of such a possibility as the exe-
cution of the King himself. The news of the sentence and
its execution fell upon them like lightning from a clear
sky. They were dazed by the shock, and upon their recovery
sought to give expression to their sentiments of loyalty. In
the old records we find rmder date of December, 1649, the
following entry:

"A proclamation By the Commandr and Commissionrs
of Accomack:

"Wheeeas, it hath pleased Almighty God to suffer us
to be deprived of our Late Dread Sovraigne of blessed
memorye, wee the Commandr and Commissionrs of Acco-
macke doe by these presents proclayme Charles the un-
doubted Heyre of our Late Sovraigne of Blessed memorye,
to bee King of England, Scotland, Ireland and Virginia
And all other Remote Provinces & Collonyes, ISTew England
and the Caribda Islands. And all other Hereditamts and
Indowmts belonging unto our Late Sovraigne of blessed

EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 111

memorye. Willing and Eequiringe all his Maties Lege
people to acknowledge their Alledgance And with genrall
consent & Applause pray God to bless Charles the Second
King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Virginia,
ISTew England, ye Caribda Islands, and all other provinces
and subjects to the English Crowne; and soe God save
Kinge Charles the Second. Amen, Amen, Amen.

"Eecordat primo die Mense Ffebrur, Ano 1649, p'me
Edm: Mathews Cler. Cur."

The above proclamation did not voice the sentiments of all
the people on the peninsula. One can picture the resent-
ment of the Puritans when they heard of this Act on the
part of the Court. They were greatly in the minority among
the higher classes, however, and this was a time when might
ruled absolute as illustrated by the Commonwealth itself.
During the two years following the execution of the King,
fugitive Cavaliers poured by hundreds into Virginia.

About the fifteenth day of September, 1649, the "Virginia
Merchant," Captain John Locker, a ship of three hundred
tons burden, sailed for Jamestown with many passengers.
Among those who engaged passage were Colonel Norwood, a
relative of Governor Berkeley; Major Francis Morison, a
sympathizer with the King, and Major Stevens,^ who had

^Major William Stevens probably for some time remained in Aceomac,
where Yeardley and others held his political sentiments, and was perhaps
the same person who in March 1651 declared his fealty to the "common-
wealth of England as it is nowe established without King or House of
Lords." He may have been the one who settled near the spot, where
he was cast away, in 1650, and thus became a citizen of Maryland. In
the records of Somerset County, Maryland, is the following: "Richard
Stevens, brother to William Stevens of Somerset County, in ye Province
of Maryland, was youngest son of John Stevens of Lebourn in ye Parish
of Buckingham in England, died at the house of his brother William
aforesaid, ye 22d day of April, 1667, and was buried at his plantation
called Rehoboth in ye county and province aforesaid, in America, ye
25th day of April."

In 1679, Col. William Stevens entered a tract of two thousand acres
on the shores of the upper part of Assateague Bay near where, in 1650,
the "Virginia Merchant's" passengers landed in distress.

112 EASTEEN SHOES OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

served under Waller in the Parliamentary Army when it
besieged Exeter, then held by Sir John Berkeley, the Gov-
ernor's brother. Driven by a storm, the ship found itself
on the 12th of January, 1650, among the islands of
Assateague Bay, on the Atlantic coast of Maryland. Upon
one of these, Colonel l^orwood. Major Morison, Stevens,
Francis Gary, and others landed, and after several days,
crossed over to the main land and were hospitably treated by
the Indians. A white fur trader, Jenkin Price,^ arrived,
and under his guidance they began their journey to
Nathaniel Littleton's plantation, the nearest in Accomac.
Toward night of the first day, they reached a point opposite
Ghincoteague Island, and at the close of the second day,
after twenty-five miles of travel, they came to Price's post
on the Littleton Plantation. From thence they proceeded to
the Plantation of Stephen Gharlton, who gave them fresh
clothing. Lower down in Accomac, now Northampton
Gounty, they visited ArgoU Yeardley, the son of the former
Governor, who was bom at Jamestown, in 1621, and had
recently married.

Norwood in his narrative writes :

"It fell out very luckily for my better welcome,
that he had not long before brought over a wife, from
Rotterdam,^ that I had known almost from a child.
Her father, Gustis by name, kept a victualling house
in that towa, lived in good repute, and was the general host

'In October, 1650, the Assembly gave 5,000 pounds of tobacco to
Jenkin Price for the preservation of certain persons. Price was now
poor and evidently this was a gratuity for his kindness to Norwood,
now become Treasurer of Virginia.

'Yeardley's father used to send his tobacco to Rotterdam.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 113

of our nation there. The Esquire knowing I had the honour
to be the Governor's kinsman, and his wife knowing my
conversation in Holland, I was received, caress'd more like
a domestick, and near relation, than a man in misery, and a
stranger. I stay'd there for a passage over the Bay, about
ten days welcomed and feasted not only by the Esquire and
his wife, but by many neighbours that were not too remote.'"

About the middle of February, Colonel Norwood crossed
Chesapeake Bay, in a sloop, and landed at Esquire Ludlow's,
who curiously enough was a cousin of the regicide and
became with Yeardley a Councillor under the Common-
wealth.

Stephen Charlton, mentioned by Norwood, was an able,
hospitable man, and owned the plantation now known as the
"Glebe," situated about three miles from Bridgetown, dovsni
"Church Neck." He left this plantation to Hungar's Parish
to aid in the maintenance of a clergyman.^

The name of John Custis first appears on the Eastern
Shore about 1640. He was born in Gloucester County, Eng-
land, but moved to Rotterdam, where he was a famous host,
keeping the tavern which the English made their head-
quarters.

During a visit to Rotterdam, ArgoU Yeardley, son of Sir
George, married Ann Custis, and no doubt induced John
and Joane, her parents, to return with him to Virginia.'
John Custis, son of the immigrant, was an enterprising man,
and like Scarburgh, engaged in salt making on one of the
sea-side islands. He was foremost in all civil and ecclesi-

>A Voyage to Virginia. Force's Collect, of Historical Tracts, Vol. III.

^See Chapter on Early Church.

'Custis was not born in Ireland, as stated by Bishop Meade. See
Virginia Heraldiea, p. 47. Also Yeardley Genealogy by T. T. Upshur,
p. 4.

114 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

astical matters and was a great favorite of Lord Arlington
in the time of Charles II, naming his estate on Old Planta-
tion Creek, "Arlington," in honor of his patron. He was a
true royalist, married a daughter of Colonel Edmund Sear-
burgh, and was appointed Major General of the King's
forces by Governor Berkeley in 1676. In all, there were
five John Custises, the last being the first husband of
Martha Dandridge, who afterwards married General Wash-
ington. Here again we see two of those family connections,
between the Yeardleys and the Custises, and the Custises and
the Scarburghs, upon which we have already dwelt.

All through the period of 1644, a period of general up-
rising on the part of the Indians of the Western Shore, when
the streams were red with the blood of the colonists, the
natives of the peninsula had remained passive. It is true
that prompt steps had been taken by the Eastern Shoremen
to protect themselves and overawe the Indians who found
themselves so circumscribed by the whites that there was but
slight temptation to disobey the advice of Debedeavon and
their rulers. Appreciating the attitude of the peninsula
natives, Sir William Berkeley in April, 1650, addressed
the Court as follows:

"The Commissioners of Northampton Comity there.
"Gentl: Having been frequently informed by testimony
of undeniable credit, that the Indians commonly called by
the name of the Laughing King Indians, have been most
faithful to the English, and especially neither they nor their
King in the last bloody massacre could be induced to engage
with our enemies against us & so by consequence kept the
remote Indians, at least none broke in at a time when a
general combination against us, had been ruinous, at least
of insupportable expense to us, and considering that we
cannot reasonably for the like effect of their friendship, in

EASTEEK SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 115

case we should again need it (which God knows how soon it
may be) unless we correspond with them in acts of charity
and amity, Especially unless we abstain from acts of rapine
& violence, which they say we begin to do, by taking away
their land from them, by pretence of the Sale of a patent.
My desire therefore to you is and I make it in the name of
the peace & safety of the Colony, that you suffer no land to
be taken from them but what shall be allowed both in justice
& convenience by the full court. And in case the Com-
missioners disagree in their opinion, that you refer the whole
matter to be considered by a full court at James City.

"Your humble Servant,

"Wm. Beekeley."

Here, indeed, is a testimonial to the Laughing King.
With such a certificate he may justly appear before the
Tribune of Fame and demand recognition from posterity.
O Fame, how many deserving names remain ungilded in
your hall to make space for those of the less worthy ! What
an opportunity there is for our ladies and their Societies to
do justice to Debedeavon, the noble Laughing King of
Accawmacke ! Two generations of our fore-fathers were be-
friended and shielded by this chief, whose single word would
have brought down the horrors of a massacre upon the un-
protected flank of the infant Colony. The wilds of Mary-
land would have poured forth an unrestrained horde of
savages, thirsty for blood and rapine, had he not held them
back and interposed the bar of his sacred command.

During the massacre of 1644, and subsequent thereto,
numerous reports of the intended uprising of the Eastern
Shore Indians greatly disturbed the people of the peninsula.
At last, on July 25, 1650, a council of war was held and
various witnesses examined in regard to the rumors of war.
Robert Berry swore that an Indian named Ornaws had

116 EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTORY

declared to him that "the Indians were not good ; that King
Tom, of the Gingasgoynes, told the other English what the
Indians said and did; that they were appointed to poison
the English." Berry replied that he did not believe it, be-
cause the bayside Indians had sold all their corn, but to this
Ornaws answered "they sold their corn for truck to pay the
Indians that were to come over the bay, whom they had hired
to fight against the English."

The court at once gave orders for the people to stand
under arms, etc., and continued the examination of other
witnesses. Two negroes being then examined, one of them
testified that King Tom had carried roanoke unto the
Nanticoke King; that he said the roanoke was for bribing;
that the King of Gingoteague and the King of Matchateague
intended to fall upon the English, and that they had all con-
sulted together, except the King of Kikotank. At a court
held the same month Robert Berry's deposition was taken
again and a party of able men were ordered to go among
the Indians and make inquiries.^

What danger was reported by those who went among the
Indians does not appear, but on October 9th, 1651, the
county was again divided into military precincts, and com-
manders appointed as follows :

"Captain Peter Walker was to command the Regiment of
Horse to be raised.

From the lower end of Magothy Bay to the South side of
Old Plantation Creek, Captain Edward Douglas.

From the house of Lewis Whyte to Old Plantation Creek,
including John Little's house at Seaside, Colonel Obedience
Robins.

'Northampton County Records, 1650, Vol. Ill, p. 217.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 117

From the house of Lewis Whyte, including Savage's Neck,
Captain John Savage.

Hungar's Creek: Captain William Andrews.
Occahannock Creek: Col. Edmimd Scarburgh.
Nandua Precinct: Capt. Samuel Goldsmith."

The Military rendezvous called Nuswattocks is now called
Bridgetown, doubtless so renamed because it is not on Nus-
wattocks Creek, but is at the bridge over Hungar's Creek
near its head waters. The place is indiscriminately referred
to in the records as "the bridge at ITuswattocks," "the bridge
at Hungars," "the bridge over Hungars Creek at Nuswat-
tocks," but the context shows that the present site of Bridge-
town was where the Commissioners' or Justices' Court for
the upper part of the county met alternately with "Old
Plantation."

In April, 1651, Colonel Scarburgh could no longer restrain
his desire to punish the Indians along the northern boundary
of Accomac for a number of trifling depredations, and for
their reported conspiracy to massacre the whites. Collecting
a band of well armed and experienced Indian fighters, among
whom were Thomas Johnson, Richard Vaughan, John Boil-
ings, John Robinson, Toby I^orton, Richard Bayly, Ambrose
Dixon, Richard Hill,^ Tomlin Price, besides other inhabi-
tants of Northampton, he set out from Occahannock Creek
on the 29 th of the month, to capture or kill the King of
Pocomoke, the leading spirit of the supposed conspiracy. It
was not long before the formidable mounted band fell upon
the natives, whom they shot at, and slashed with their sabres
and long hunting knives. Capturing a number of the amazed
natives, Scarburgh ordered that their bows be cut and that

'The same man who disturbed Okiawampe in his hunting. See Chap-
ter on Indians.

118 EASTEEN SHOEE OE VIEGINIA HISTORY

the two whom he believed to be ringleaders be bound neck
and heels with a chain. Not knowing what was coming
next, it was very natural for the Indians to collect in great
numbers along the border, and of course it was said that they
iutended to invade the Accomac country. Whether it was
their intention to do so or not before Colonel Scarburgh
made his raid among them is not really known. At any
rate, rumors of impending war had been rife for some time,
and having much property exposed to their mercy, Colonel
Scarburgh was unwilling to sit quietly at home and take the
chance of its being destroyed. Numbers of the frontiersmen
and fur traders had no doubt come to him with tales about
the Indians, which led to his assault upon them. After a
short while, the bands of frightened Indians dispersed, and
Scarburgh and his raiders returned to their homes.

At the next court. May 10th, the Sheriff was ordered to
arrest, to the number of fifty or all those who went upon this
expedition, and confine them until they gave security for
their appearance at James City before the Governor and
Council. The court then sent over Argoll Yeardley and
William Andrews to prosecute the defendants, and in order
that these distinguished representatives of law and order
might appear at the Capital in proper style, it was directed
that a boat, well stocked with provisions and manned by
three men, should be placed at their disposal.

In the meantime, however, it was commanded by the
authorities that diligent ward and watch be kept throughout
the coimty in order to discover and prevent the execution of
the supposed plot or conspiracy of the Indians. With a view
to placating the injured spirit of the Pocomokes, Mr.
Andrews was enjoined to send to Onecren of Pocomoke, 100
arms' length of roanoke ; to the King of Metomkin, 10 weed-

BASTEEK SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 119

ing hoes; to the two Indians that were bound neck and
heels, and to the Indian shot by the wife of Toby Selby, 20
arms' length of roanoke ; Andrews to be satisfied out of the
next crop of tobacco. From this order of the court, it would
appear that the ladies had joined in the chase. The Indians
were great thieves, however, and Mrs. Selby probably shot
this one while he was prowling about her place.

It does not appear that anyone, implicated in the raid,
appeared before the council of war held at James City for
their prosecution, except Colonel Scarburgh and Thomas
Johnson. These two gentlemen were indicted for "going in
a hostile manner among the Indians and doing them outrages
contrary to the known laws of Virginia." An investigation
ensued, "but upon scanning the business, the charge was
found to be untrue," and the court considered that the
defendants acted as careful and honest men ought to have
done. From this, it would appear that the raid was justified
by the facts ; and convincing evidence must have been intro-
duced as to the plans of the Indians. After Governor
Berkeley's proclamation, enjoining amity and courtesy on
the part of the whites in their dealings with the natives of
the peninsula, it is only reasonable to suppose that he would
have been infuriated by such an act, as Scarburgh's raid,
unless justifiable. That he was not, is shown by the follow-
ing, written immediately after the trial :

"To Colonel Littleton.

"I pray (upon sight hereof) deliver unto Mr. Edmund
Scarburgh Towe (two) of yor best Ewe Lambe wch I have
given him, for his daughters Tabitha & Matilda, charge ye
same to Accott, fr

"Yor Llovinge frend,

"William Beekblet."

130 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY,

Upon Scarburgh's return, the following entry was made
in the records of the court held July 29th:

"Whereas there is great probability that the Indians have
concluded a confederacy of acting a sudden massacre of the
inhabitants of this county, It is therefore provided that a
company of Horse shall be pressed for present service to
discover and prevent the threatened danger, and that no
delay be used. These are in his Majesties name to authorize
the officers employed to press such horses, men and other
necessaries as fitly conduce to the execution of this design
and hereunto let no man fail of observing as he or they
will answer to the court at their peril."

This commission was signed by Stephen Charlton and the
two gentlemen recently tried at James City, Colonel Scar-
burgh and Thos. Johnson. First: observe that the court of
Northampton does not recognize the authority of the Com-
monwealth, but regards Charles II as their ruler. Second:
observe that Scarburgh and Johnson made out such a strong
case against the Indians that they were not only thought to
be justified in their raid, but the very court which had in-
dicted them was led to issue orders for aggressive action
against the natives. Then follows a letter from one of the
most conservative and law-abiding men in the county:

"Gent. I have received your order & I think it fitting
that you all meet at Mr. Charlton's upon the 31st of this
month and thereunto give Mr. Andrews and Mr. Yeardley
notice of your meeting, and what you shall there agree for
the Good & safety of the County, I do willingly condescend
to. I pray you be careful not to engage us in a war but
upon good grounds, etc.

"Your friend,

"Nath'l Littleton."

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIKGINIA HISTOEY 131

Mr. Andrews and Mr. Yeardley were the two gentlemen
but recently sent to James City to prosecute the raiders.
They are now ahout to confer as to another raid, just three
months subsequent to the one made by Scarburgh, which had
no doubt disorganized the natives, and prevented concerted
action among them during the early part of the summer, at
which time they would have commenced hostilities if a
massacre had been contemplated ; for at that time the woods
are well screened with leaves and stocked with food, and the
sun is not too hot for rapid movements.

For the execution of the foregoing order of the July
Court, it was provided that twenty-five horses and mares,
with saddles and bridles, were to be provided by the planters ;
and if enough volunteers did not appear, men were to be
pressed into service by the sheriff on the following Monday
afternoon at three o'clock at the house of Richard Bayly, of
Wuswattocks. Each man was to bring with him half a pound
of powder, with shot and bullets and rations for a week, and
was to be armed with pistols, carbine and short sword;
and they were authorized to take such arms and harness from
the planters, wherever they happened to find them.

Such warlike preparations seem to have completely over-
awed the restless natives, and there is no record for some
years of further disturbances. Exactly one year after these
preparations to meet the Indians were made, in July, 1652,
it is recorded that "divers Indians from the Toivn of Oanan-
cocke, have declared unto the Court, that through the affec-
tionate love they have bourne unto our Nation, have from
time to time suffered us to locate upon their land for small
satisfaction received of us for the said land, insomuch that
the Indians are now straightened from their hunting (a
great part of their relief consisting thereupon) , and also they

132 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

have declared that lately divers of our own people have
seated even unto the very Town of Oanancocke, which if
they should part with they should wholly destroy the in-
heritance of themselves & their posterity." The court imme-
diately ordered that no man shoidd seat upon the north side
of Pungoteague Creek unless just compensation be made to
the Indians and be acknowledged as such by one of their
chiefs or great men.^

As a result of this order, we find Tepitiascon,^ King of
Great ]!fussawattocks calling in John Wise, a neighboring
planter, to witness his deed of one thousand acres north of
Pungoteague Creek, on October 27, 1653; and the same
month the great men of Onancock made complaint to the
Court that Randall Eevell, Hugh Teo, and John Jenkins
refused to give them satisfaction for their land on Pungo-
teague Creek. The court ordered them to make payment,
or appear at the next court to be held at Occahannock.
Andiamon, King of the Occahannocks and Curratucks, also
complained that Thos. Teackle, Jenkins Price and Richard
Hill, had not paid for the land they bought from the Indians,
and upon which they were then seated.^ They were also
ordered to pay or appear before the court.

In April, 1654, the King of Matomkin voluntarily
deposited one hundred arms' length of roanoke in part pay-
ment for the killing and stealing of hogs by his young men ;
and it was ordered by the court that he should further pay
"one hundred and fifty arms' length of good and current
roanoke, and sixty sufficient Indian mats to be made ready
in three months." The King of Machipungo was similarly
fined upon his own confession.

'See Chapter on Aborigines.

^Same as Tepiapon.

'We have met Jenkins Price and Richard Hill before.

EASTBEN SHOEE OP VIEGIFIA HISTOEY 133

Such records very clearly show the great desire of the
Indians of the lower peninsula to maintain peace, and prove
what has been asserted before, that the natives who gave all
the trouble were the border tribes.

IX

The Dutch Wae. The Easteen Shoee Under the Com-

MONWEAIiTH. The NORTHAMPTON PROTEST

In October, 1650, the Long Parliament passed an
ordinance prohibiting trade with Barbadoes, Bermuda,
Antigua and Virginia. The act recited that "these colonies
were, and of a right ought to be, subject to the authority of
Parliament ; that divers acts of rebellion had been committed
by many persons inhabiting Virginia, whereby they had
most traitorously usurped a power of government, and set
themselves in opposition to this Commonwealth." It there-
fore declared such persons notorious robbers and traitors,
and forbade all correspondence or commerce with them.^

The following year, in October, 1651, the first of the
famous Navigation Acts was passed, forbidding any goods,
wares or merchandise, to be imported into England except
in English ships, or in ships of the country where the com-
modities were produced-— a blow aimed at the carrying-trade
of the Dutch, which eventually led to war between England
and Holland. The passage of the Act of 1650, forbiddiag
trade with Virginia, greatly offended the Dutch inhabitants
of the peninsula; and the Dutch settlements to the north
of Virginia were naturally not very kiadly disposed towards
the English flag.

While the Indian matters of the spring and summer of
1651 were in progress, Colonel Scarburgh had sent one of

'Campbell's History of Virginia, pp. 215-216.

134

EASTBEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 135

his vessels, "The Sea Horse," up the coast and into the
Delaware River to trade with the Indians. While in that
neighborhood, the Dutch Commander, Andreas Hudde or
Andrew Hudson, Deputy Governor General of New Nether-
lands, seized the vessel by force, lowered the King's colors,
ran the Dutch flag up to the mast head, and carried the ship,
John Ames, the Skipper, William Scott, the pilot, and the
entire crew to Fort Nassau, pretending that they had vio-
lated the customs laws, although Governor Stuyvesant^ had
invited Scarburgh to trade there. ^

Such an act aroused the enmity of Scarburgh, who, besides
being an Indian fighter and a planter, was the largest mer-
chant on the peninsula. He at once took the depositions of
his men before the Northampton Court; and bringing the
matter to the attention of the Governor and Council at James
City, eventually recovered his ship, it is supposed. But such
redress was not sufficient for Scarburgh, who bided his time
to revenge himself upon the Dutch. Any and all Dutchmen
were responsible for this outrage upon his property, and the
whole nation was the victim of his ire.

Charles the Second, whom the Eastern Shoremen had
declared, by proclamation, to be the successor of his father,
had, at the head of a Scottish Army, invaded England and
had been utterly overthrown at Worcester, September 3,
1651. Charles himself, not long after, with difficulty and in
disguise, had escaped to France. In that same month the
Council of State appointed Robert Dennis, Mr. Richard
Bennett, Mr. Thomas Stegg and Captain William Claybome,
commissioners, to reduce the Colony of Virginia and the
inhabitants thereof, to their due obedience to the Common-

^Called Stephesant in Northampton Records.
^See also mention of this affair in Va. Carolorum.

126 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGIinA HISTOEY

wealth. The comimssioiiers at once took steps to accomplish
the task assigned them. Richard Bennett, Claybome and
Stegg, had all been residents of Virginia. Bennett being
a non-conformist and Eotmd-head, had moved to Maryland
when the troubles in England commenced; but dis-
satisfied with Baltimore's proprietary government, had
returned to England. He had been a member of the Council
of Virginia in 1646. Oddly enough, the daughter of this
old Puritan married Colonel Chas. Scarburgh, the son of
the noted royalist. Colonel Edmund Scarburgh.

In 1652, the war which had been brewing for several years
between England and Holland, as a result of the former's
unjust restriction upon commerce, broke out. Hostilities
commenced in May and a series of brilliant naval engage-
ments continued through the summer and fall, victory gener-
ally crowning the Dutch fleets. No part of Virginia was as
much affected by this war as Xorthampton County, for the
thread of Dutch influence was intimately woven into the
fabric, political, social, and commercial, of the Eastern
Shore. Not alone were they dependent to a greater extent
upon the Dutch trade, so highly developed in that quarter,
than the people elsewhere in the Colony, but a large portion
of the Eastern Shore population was Dutch. One must
readily see then how closely this war concerned the little
peninsula.

Immediately upon the outbreak of hostilities, the States
General sent messengers to New Netherlands and the West
Indies, advising their good subjects that a state of war
existed. The TVest India Company in turn advised the
government in Holland to send a number of fast frigates to
the Atlantic Seaboard to prey upon English Commerce, but
as the English colonies were more than a match for New

EASTBEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 127

Netherlands, it was suggested that no attack upon them be
made. In August, the Directors of the Company sent Stuy-
vesant, the Governor at New Amsterdam, full instructions
as to defense, etc., and suggested the employment of the
natives as allies in case of emergency.

The ship which bore these instructions was by ill-chance
captured by the English. Agaiu the Company sent instruc-
tions to Stuyvesant, this time advising him to avoid con-
flicts, if possible, with the English to the north and south
of him. Upon the intelligence, gained by the capture of his
first orders, that Stuyvesant was instructed to ally himself
with the Indians, wild rumors spread like fire, up and down
the coast. It was said that a general massacre of the English
colonists was to be instigated by the Dutch, who had already
shown signs of aggression by certain acts of retaliation upon
the English as a result of their restrictions upon trade. The
Governor, however, although urgent measures were adopted
to put New Netherlands in a state of defense, made no
attempt to incite the Indians to war upon the English. On
the contrary, appreciating the weakness of his dominions, he
wrote to the authorities in New England and Virginia, ex-
pressing the most friendly feelings, both of New Netherlands
and the West India Company, and proposed that the Dutch
and English colonies should continue on a peace footing in
spite of the hostile relations existing between the mother
countries. But the excitement in the English colonies was
too great to permit the people to see in such friendly ad-
vances anything but Dutch treachery, and the offer was
repelled.

Shortly after the first report that the Dutch were inciting
the Indians to rise against the English, the Northampton
Court took cognizance of the threatened danger and pub-

138 EASTEEF SHOES OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

lished an injunction against the Dutch inhabitants of the
county trading with the natives, and a heavy fine of 500
pounds of tobacco was imposed upon any Hollander who
should "trade, truck, or barter" with the Indians for "skins
or furs." There seem to have been numerous complaints to
the Court that the Dutch "do incite the Indians" to disorder
and acts of enmity against the Accomackians, all, no doubt,
unfounded upon fact and prompted in a measure by the
jealousy of the English Indian traders of whom there were
a great number.

While it does not appear that Bennett was appointed
Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia until April
30th, 1652, in the preceding January, and before the Old
Dominion had surrendered to the representatives of Parlia-
ment, an order was received by the Court of Northampton
from him, in which it was stated that England had declared
war upon Holland and that the militia of the county was to
be mustered and assembled. The same month a command
was received from the General Assembly to seize any Dutch
ships that came into the Northampton waters, as the penin-
sula was in great danger from the Dutch. Another com-
munication soon followed from Governor Bennett, ordering
such vessels to be seized, particularly one then riding in the
roads at "Accomac." This was what the injured Scarburgh
was waiting for. His vengeance could now be satisfied
under screen of the law. Indeed, was he not directed to
proceed against his friends, the Dutch, by the highest
authority in the land !

It seems that, about February, 1652, a New England
merchant vessel, owned by several persons of Boston^ and
under the command of Captain John Jacob, a German, was
riding at anchor in a creek near Nominy on the Potomac.

EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 129

The good ship, "Ye Hobby Horse," owned by Colonel Sear-
burgh and manned by eight well armed men under Mark
Magge, the Master, had been privateering about the bay,
under Scarburgh's orders, looking for Dutchmen. The sole
authority vested in the Colonel was that, incident to the
orders mentioned, and, to protect himself, he had thoughtfully
borrowed the commission of the Admiralty of England,
issued to Captain Peter Wraxall of the British ship "Speed-
well," lying in Occahannock Creek, when the "Hobby Horse"
set out. To wait for a letter of Marque and Reprisal would
have been tedious, and so long as friend Wraxall was willing
to loan his commission the matter was satisfactory to
Scarburgh.

Dutch prizes seem to have been somewhat scarce, the
nearest approach to one being the New England vessel com-
manded by a German Master ; so the bold Magge, not being
particular and in order not to return to the Colonel empty-
handed, boarded the Bristol merchantman in the opportune
absence of her Captain and took possession of the ship and
the cargo in the name of England! Upon returning to his
vessel. Captain Jacob was naturally surprised to find her in
the hands of strangers and demanded to see the commission
under which the seizure was authorized. Expressing an
entire willingness to comply with all orders of the English
government, yet he said that in the absence of proper author-
ity, the boarding of his vessel was an act of piracy. In
this the Captain was right, but the pirates became angry,
sensible, no doubt, of their unlawful conduct, and one of
them would have shot Jacob, had not Magge prevented him.
Alarmed by the violence of his visitors, Captain Jacob
entered his cabin to get a gun to protect himself with, and
upon returning to the deck was struck over the head by

130 EASTBEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

Eichard Wayman, one of the boarders. The poor Captain,
seeing himself helpless, begged that his ship and cargo be
left alone, but was promptly informed that he had had a
knock on one side of his head, and unless he remained silent,
he would have his brains knocked out on the other side.
Magge and his crew then took the ship away from Nominy
and seem to have disposed of much of the cargo at their
pleasure, Jacob protesting all the while against such conduct.
Magge now became alarmed at his own unlawful acts, and
decided to return with the questionable prize to his master,
telling Jacob that he might go with him to Northampton and
protest against the seizure of the vessel if he desired to.
When the two vessels came to anchor in Occahannock Creek
at the stern of the "Speedwell," Captain Jacob went aboard
the British ship and demanded that his vessel and goods be
returned to him, but Mr. Davis, the Master's Mate, declared
that he had no authority to return them and in fact had been
ordered by Captain Wraxall not to do so. Thus we see that
Wraxall must have been in cahoot with Scarburgh. Despair-
ing of recovering his vessel, Jacob, it seems, collected certain
evidence, and in the records of the county for February,
1652, a long deposition appears about the seizure of the
ship. In the investigation which followed the deposition,
Mark Magge, the Master of Scarburgh's vessel, swore that
"he came down from Occahannock and found the vessel
anchored by the Mills (ISTominy?) and that after they were
anchored by the 'Speedwell' came aboard Argall Teardley,
Obedience Robins, Captain John Stringer and Mr. Lamber-
ton, and as they were leaving the chirurgeon abused the
master, and said 'that he had a horse at home, and thought
to bring, but he was afraid they would have made him a
Colonel, Major, or Justice of the Peace', and that he further

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 131

declared that most all of them here were Rogues or whores,
or vagabonds, or thieves, or beggars" ; and many other
scandalous names.^ From this deposition of Magge's it
would seem that upon arriving in Occahannock, Captain
Jacob sought the aid of the County Justices, Yeardley,
Eobins and Stringer, and that upon their failure to turn
over to him his ship without further investigation, the sur-
geon of the New England vessel abused them, making light
of their various titles and the fact that they all rode horses.
At any rate. Colonel Eobins, by that time at war with Scar-
burgh, filed the following complaint about a year after his
visit to the captured vessel, or in February, 1653 :

"Capt. John Jacob, a High Germayne of Frankendall in
the Palatinate, who in ye yeare 1651, engaged to ye State
of England & embarked himselfe theire in a London or New
England shipp whereof Capt. Robt. Thurston was com-
mander & with a good quaintity of English goods came into
New England, and thence with Mr. Cuttin unto Severne
(now Annapolis) & returned to New England with John
Bennett unto Boston, in New England, and by infailable
testimony imployed unto Virginia by Mr. Samll Mauericke,
Mr. Robert Knight & Mr. Nathll Gardner three principal
merchants livinge in Boston in New England came unto
mee, and complayned that beinge in a New England belong-
ings unto ye above Mr. Rob't Knight, at Nominy in
Patomack River att Anker, in a small creeke, aground there,
came a vessell called ye hobby horse belonging unto & sett
forth by Left. Coll. Scarburgh with eight armed men ; & in
his absence did seize his vessel as they s'd for the State of
England."

This complaint was laid before the Council by Robins;
with what result we shall see later.

'Massachusetts Historical Register, Vol. XL, p. 8.
Virginia Carolorum, p. 419.
Northampton County Records, 1652.

132 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

As a result of Bennett's orders, and the order from the
General Assembly in January, 1652, the Dutch merchants
and residents on the Eastern Shore were suhjected to many
hardships, and were treated roughly throughout the period
of the Dutch War. Suspected of complicity in the general
plot to massacre the English, they were regarded with
suspicion by the other inhabitants of the peninsula, and
instead of the belief in such a foul design upon their part
growing less general, it had been greatly strengthened by the
events which occurred in rapid succession in the more
northern Colonies.

In 1653, Uncas, the Mohegan ally of the English in New
England, had spread a report that Stuyvesant had been plot-
ting to incite the Narragansetts against the itTew England
Colonies, in accordance with the suggestion of the West
India Company. The report received some confirmation
from the fact that nine Manhattoe sachems sent messengers
in March of that year to Stamford to apprise the authorities
that about a month before, the Dutch Governor had solicited
them to massacre the English. Excitement became more
intense and an extraordinary meeting of the Commissioners
of the United Colonies was accordingly held at Boston, in
April. Witnesses were examined, and while but slight evi-
dence tending to corroborate the terrifying reports was ad-
duced, yet preparations were made to defend the Colonies;
agents were sent to Manhattan to investigate matters; and
rumors of the hideous Dutch plot again spread along the
coast. Before long, the first report had been so exaggerated
and magnified that the people of Virginia and Maryland,
especially on the Eastern Shore, firmly believed that they
were in imminent danger of being massacred by the com-
bined forces of the Dutch and Indians. In the meantime,

EASTBEN SHOBE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 133

Doughty, the English pastor in Flushing, who later moved
to ISTorthampton, and Van der Donck, his son-in-law, added
to the general alarm by various insinuations as to the inten-
tions of the Dutch.

Towards the latter part of 1652, not satisfied with the
trade restrictions which had been imposed upon the Dutch
inhabitants of the Colony, the people of the Eastern Shore
were hatching up a plot of their own to prevent the execu-
tion of Stuyvesant's supposed design. Colonel Scarburgh
took the lead in this affair, and, if there were to be an Indian
uprising, and massacre, he proposed to be the chief execu-
tioner. So alarming became the situation of the innocent
Dutch inhabitants, that the cooler heads who deprecated
violence against the latter appealed to the court to protect
them. An investigation was held by the Commissioners of
the County and many witnesses examined in order to ascer-
tain the plans of those persons who conspired against the
Dutch. Charles Scarburgh, who was forced to testify under
oath, said that his father could prove the Dutch plot and
that Colonel Scarburgh claimed that the English were
justified in setting upon them as a measure of self -protection.
With the rash Scarburgh at the head of the excited people,
the Dutch were truly in great danger, for he would have
been delighted to commence their extermination. Appre-
ciating this serious state of affairs, the Justices exerted their
best efforts to counteract the danger, and what further action
they took to protect the Dutch, we shall see later.

In March, 1652, Captain Dennis arrived at JamestovTU
and demanded the surrender of the Colony to Parliament,
and after a slight delay, and no resistance, the capitulation
was ratified on the 12th of the month. The articles of
capitulation provided that the Colony of Virginia should be

10

134 EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

subject to the Commonwealth of England; that the submis-
sion should be considered voluntary, not forced or con-
strained by a conquest upon the country; that the people
should have and enjoy such freedoms and privileges as be-
longed to the free-born people of England ; that the Assembly
should meet as formerly and transact the business of the
Colony, nothing, however, to be done contrary to the govern-
ment of England; that full indemnity should be granted
for all the offenses against the Parliament of England ; that
Virginia should have the ancient bounds and limits granted
by the charters of former Kings; that Virginia should seek
a new charter from the Parliament to that purpose, "against
any that have entrenched on the rights thereof," an allusion,
no doubt, to Lord Baltimore's intrusion into Maryland ; that
the privilege of having fifty acres of land for every person
transported to the colony should continue as formerly
granted; that the people of Virginia should have free trade,
like the people of England, to all places, and with all nations,
according to the laws of that Commonwealth; and that
Virginia should enjoy all privileges equally with any English
plantation of America.^

The council appointed for the Commonwealth of Virginia
included two members from liorthampton County, namely.
Colonel Nathaniel Littleton and Colonel ArgoU Yeardley,
and they were immediately dispatched to the strongly dis-
affected County of JSTorthampton to obtain the signatures of
the inhabitants to the following engagement dated the 11th
of March, the day before the ratification of the articles of
surrender. During the next thirty days, the signatures of
one hundred and sixteen of the people of ISTorthampton were
secured :

'Campbell's History of Virginia, pp. 217, 218.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 135

"The Engagm't tendered to ye Inhabitants of North-
ampton County, Eleaventh of March, 1651 (0. S.)

"Wee whose Names are subscribed; doe hereby Engage
and promise to bee true and faithfuU to the Commonwealth
of England as it is nowe Established without Kinge or House
of Lords.

25 OF MAECH

Nathan'll Littleton
Obedience Robins
Edm. Scarburgh
Edm. Douglas
Peter Walker
Wm. Andrews, Sen'r
Allex. Addison
James Barnabye
Jno. Pannell
Sam'U Sone
Jno. Denman
James Berry
PhiUip Farrant
Jno. Tilney
Sampson Robins
Jno. Ellis
Jeffery Minshatt
Georgine Hacke
Rich. Hamby
Edw. Harrington
Nich. Waddelone
ArgoU Teardley
Wm. Waters
Wm. Jones
Thos. Sprigge
Jno. Dye
X'ofer Major
Wm. Munds
Francis Flood
Steph. Stringer
X'ofer Jarvis

Nich. Scott
Anth. Hodgskins
Jno. Nuthall
Wm. Whittington
Wm. Coake
Ben. Cowdrey
Levyne Denwood
Robert Andrews
Ben. Mathews
Jno. Stringer
Allex. Harryson
Rich. Vaughan
Thos. Johnson
Dan'll Baker
Thomas Hint
Thos. Higby
Jno. Parkes
Wm. Stanley
Jno. Ayers
Robert Harryson
Luke Billington
Randolfe Hutchinson
Nich. Granger
Thos. Truman
Allex. Madoxe
Henr. Arniitradinge
Steph. Charlton
Jno. Parramore
Jno. Robearts
X'ofer Dixon
Robert Marryott

136 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

TEICESIMO DIB MAETT 1651 (o. S.)

Edm. Mathews
Jno. Custis
Jno. Johnson, Jun.
Farmer Jones
Jno. Dixon
Jno. Taylor
Mathew Stone
Tobine Selve
Rich. JSTottingham
Wehemiah Coventon
Francis Morgan
Wm. Ward
Jno. Johnson, Senr.
Edw. Southren
Jno. Merryfin
Dan'U Chadwell
Jno. Teeslocke
Jno. Coulson
Jno. Michaell
Jno. Cornley
Eich. Newell
Jno. Lee
Phill. Merrydayr
Edw. Moore
Jno. Brillyant
Ambrose Dixon
Wm. Horose
Eobt. Blake
Eich. Hill
Jno. Hott
Edw. Marshall
Jno. Dolling
Charles Scarburgh
Walter Williams
Wm. Stephens
Jno. Thatcher

James Johnson
Elial Hartree
Charles Eatliffe
Jno. Graye
Jno. Willyams
Eandall Revell
Wm. Smyth
Wm. Custis
Tho. Miller
Eobert Baily
Jno. Whitehead
Armstrong Foster
Wm. Andrews, Jim'r
Sam'l Calvert
Francis Goodman
Jno. Willyams
Wm. Comer
Eich. Smyth
Jno. Eutter
Andrew Hendrye
Antho. Carpenter
Jno. Wise
Wm. Taylor
Jno. Waleford
Mick Eichett
Eich. Bruducke
Thos. Clarke
Thos. Crecro
Sam'l Jones
Hen. White
X'ofer Calvert
James Adkinson
Wm. Gower
Wm. Boucher
Jno. Johnson, Jr.
Win. Jordan

EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 137

Eich. Smyth
David Wheatley
Kobert Berry
Wm. Preeninge
Tho. Butterie
Jno. James
Tho. Price
Eich. Baily
Eich. Hudson
Eich. Alleyn
Jno. Lewis
Jno. Johnson, Senr.
Wm. Gaskins
Nicholas Jueyre
Stephen Horsey
Jno. Eobinson
Symon Bailey
Jno. Hinman
Jno. Coulson
Phill. Mathews
Edw. Leene

X'ofer Kirke
Thos. Savage
Sam'U Smothergall
Wm. Colehourne
Alex. Maddoxe
Sam'l Powell
James Brewce
Wm. Luddington
Sam'U Eobins
Jno. Garnell
David Kiffyn
Jno. Browne
Eich. Kellam
Jno. Edwards
Wm. Mellinger
Eaph'U Hudson
Eich. Teggar
Samuel Goldfine
Wm. Monitor
Wm. Browne

Eecordantur vicesimo die Augusty Ano. 1652.
Teste Edm. Mathews, Cloc. Cur."

In 1647, when the order to return Burgesses was issued
by the Governor, no call for representatives was made upon
Northampton County. Indeed, from that time the County
had had no representative in the Assembly except one Bur-
gess in 1651. Yet a tax of forty-six pounds of tobacco per
poll had been levied upon the Eastern Shoremen, of which
they had bitterly complained. But these were not the only
sources of dissatisfaction. Parliament, which at first had
found much support on the peninsula, especially among the
middle classes and the tradesmen, soon lost favor.

Such laws as the one of 1650, prohibiting Dutch trade and
:the Navigation Act of the following year, had almost entirely

138 EASTEETSr SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

destroyed the Parliamentary Party in Northampton. The
small planters who did not own their own vessels were forced
to pay exorbitant freight rates on their tobacco, and even then
accept a much diminished price for the staple. The Indian
scare had created the wildest excitement among the people,
and the policy which the court officers had adopted of pro-
tecting the Dutch and threatening to punish those who com-
mitted acts of hostility against them, infuriated the more
restive spirits of the community. Por some time, the belief
had been quite general among the inhabitants of the pen-
insula, that Northampton was to become a separate province,
the conviction being heightened by the failure of the Gov-
ernor to call for Burgesses. An intense spirit of inde-
pendence had therefore grown up among the people and
nothing in common was felt to exist between Northampton
and the Western Shore. The royalist party, now greatly
predominant, took advantage of such conditions to strengthen
its hold. Appreciating the weakness of the Parliamentary
forces in Virginia, Scarburgh, who hated Puritans, seconded
by other influential royalists, appealed to the people to resist
the unjust burdens imposed upon them by the Assembly at
James City, and to assert their independence of a govern-
ment, in which their sole participation was to defray its
expense. The agitators did not fail to extoU the virtues of
royalty and the old government, and the people, already in
an ugly mood, daily assembled at the wharfs and public
houses to listen to the harangues of the incendiaries. After
several days of such excitement, six prominent citizens of
the County were selected by vote of the poople to draw up a
protest against their present condition and to act in all things
as the best interest of the people might demand. Accord-
ingly, on March 30th, when the Commonwealth of Virginia

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 139

was but eighteen days old, the following protest was drawn
up by the People's Committee, which, while not signed by
Colonel Scarburgh, may be attributed largely to his influence.
This obscure but historic instrument deserves the attention
of those sons of other sections of America who proclaim
themselves with so much candor to be the fathers of
Independence :

"The xxxth of March, Ano. 1652.

"Wee whose names are und written this daye made choyce
of by the Inhabitants of Northampton Countie in Virginia
to give Informacons and Instruccons to ye gent EUected
Burgesses for this prsent Grand Assemblie (in relacon to
such matters as conduce to our peace & Saftie). And for
ye Eedresse of those aggreevances wch (att prsent) wee are
capable & sensible of in our Countie of Northampton.

"Imprmis. Wee the Inhabitants of Northampton Countie
doe complayne that from tyme to tyme (pticular yeares
past) wee have been submitted & bine obedient unto the
paymt of publeq Taxacons. Butt after ye yeare 1647, since
yt tyme wee Conceive & have found that ye taxes were very
weightie. But in a more espetiall manner (imdr favor) wee
are very sensible of the Taxacon of fForty sixe pounds of
tobacco p. poll (this present yeare). And desire yt ye same
bee taken off ye charge of ye Countie; furthermore wee
alledge that after 1647, wee did understand & suppose or
Countie or Northampton to bee disioynted & sequestered
from ye rest of Virginia. Therefore that Llawe wch re-
quireth & inioyneth Taxacons from us to bee Arbitrarye &
illegall ; fforasmuch as wee had neither summons for EUecon
of Burgesses nor voyce in their Assemblye (during the time
aforesd) but only the Singlur Burgess in September, Ano.,
1651. Wee conceive that wee may LawfuUie ptest agt the
pceedings in the Act of Assemblie for publiq Taxacons wch
have relacon to Northmton Countie since ye year 1647.

"The Gent who are (att prsent) to speak in our behalf e

140 EASTEElSr SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

can sufficiently declare wliat is necessary to bee expressed to
this effect wch wee referr to them.

"Our desire is that there may bee an annual Choyce of
Magistrates in Northmton. And, if our Countie may not
have ye privilege of a peculir govrmt & propriety (att prsent)
granted wth in our prcincts that then you Request and plead
that all Causes, Suite of Tryalls (of what nature soevr) may
bee concerned (for future tyme), determined in our sd
Countie of Northampton.

"If there bee a free & genr all vote for a Governor wherein
they shall EUect Mr. Richard Bennett Wee the inhabitants
of Northampton Countie wth unanimous consent & plenary
aprobacon Rendr our voyce for the sd Esq. Bennett.

"The people doe further desire that ye Taxacons for fforty
sixe pounds of tobac a heead maye not bee collected by the
sheriffs (until ansrw of the questions from the Grand
Assemblie nowe summoned).

"Witness our hands subscribed the day & yeare aforesd.
Stephen Charlton Wni. Whittington

Llevyne Denwood Jno. Ellis

Jno. Nuthall Steph. Horsey

"Recordatr Decimo Mense May, 1652, p. me Edm.
Mathews, Clic. Cur."

This then was the Northampton Protest. Whatever may
be the claims of other sections of the country to priority of
concerted remonstrance against Great Britain in the follow-
ing century, whether the palm be accorded the adherents of
the Mecklenburg Declaration, of the Fincastle Resolutions,
or the people of Massachusetts, the first organized remon-
strance against British Authority in the form of a protest
against taxation without representation was made by the
people of Northampton County, Virginia, March 30, 1652,
antedating all the others by one hundred and twenty-odd

BASTEEK SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 141

years; and yet, not a single historian of our country has
dwelt upon the importance of this Protest. It may he said
that such a remonstrance, directed against local authority,
is unworthy of the significance which the writer claims for
it. And here let us ask, to whom was the Northampton
Protest directed? Was it directed to the Commonwealth of
Virginia ? No. It was a direct protest against the
authority of the Commonwealth of England, which, from
March 12th, to April 30th, 1652, was represented hy Parlia-
mentary Commissioners, not chosen by the people, nor any
section of the people of Virginia.

Events the next few months, however, only aggravated the
complaint. On the 13th of June, 1652, Richard Husband,
master of the ship "Hopeful Adventure," seized the ship of
Mr. Walter Chiles, "who on January 24th, 1651-2 had sett
sayle with his owne shipp" called the "Fame of Virginia,"
to Rotterdam and was "in the Road of Accomac" on the
return to James City when the said Husband came up.
Husband's pretext was that Chiles had no license from the
Parliament and was bound with the cargo to Brazil. Chiles
petitioned the Court of Northampton for relief, maintaining
that the seizure was "contrary to ye peace of this countrye.
And also contry to ye agreemt made by ye Comrs that were
appointed by ye keeprs of the Libertyes of England and to
ye damage of ye petr towe thousands pounds sterl."

The Court, thereupon, ordered Husband to restore the
ship and cargo, the seizure of which was pronounced "con-
trary to the treaty with the Parliamentary Comrs." But
Husband sailed away with his prize, and the Court ordered
such writings to be dispatched "as may be necessary to
prosecute Husband before the Honble State of England."

While such important events were transpiring, the Court

142 EASTEEF SHOES OF VIEGIJSTIA HISTOEY

had been busying itself with protecting the demoralized
Dutch inhabitants. The people, under the leadership of the
fiery Scarburgh, were now getting beyond the control of the
Commissioners who were forced to lay the unhappy state of
affairs before the Council of 1652 and acknowledge their
inability to handle the alarming situation:

"Wee the Commissioners of Northampton County re-
ceived from the Dutchmen in generall (inhabitants of this
County) wherein, they do not only complain, of a ruinous
violence, suddenly to be acted upon them to their utter ruin.
But also desire a declaration to your honors, the sense of
their present condition, and their compliance and ready
obedience to the State of England and all the laws estab-
lished in this Colony. We do therefore certify that they do
and have behaved themselves like honest men and legal sub-
jects to the government they live under, having subscribed
the Engagement, and performed all things, that is required
of them in order to their obedience, from whereunto (in
reason) they might expect protection. We are also of opin-
ion, that unless they have an order now to secure them, not
only they but the whole County (if not the whole Country)
will be in danger of disturbance how sad consequences that
may produce. We refer together with our opinions to your
. judgment."

This report was signed by Obedience Robins, Edward
Douglas, Wm. Andrews, Thos. Johnson, Jno. Stringer, Wm.
Jones, and Mr. Whittington. Effective steps seem to have
prevented any concerted action against the unfortunate
Dutchmen, whose departure would have been a desirable
end to many, since much money was due them as merchants.

In May, 1653, Governor Stuyvesant of New Netherlands,
in obedience to instructions from Holland to arrange, if
possible, a treaty with Virginia, sent Van Tienhoven, the

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 143

Treasurer, and Van Hattern, one of the burgomasters of
'New Amsterdam, to James City to negotiate with Governor
Bennett, but the "Virginia authorities were not at liberty to
make any such arrangements with the Dutch, and informed
the Commissioners that the matter would have to be referred
to the Council of State in England/ ISTot only were these
Commissioners sent to negotiate a treaty, but to seek pro-
tection for the Dutch citizens of Northampton, grave fears
for the safety of whom had been entertained by their friends
of Manhattan. The Commissioners assured the Governor
that no possible foundation for the rumors of an offensive
alliance between the Dutch and the Indians existed, and as
a result of this the danger which had confronted the Dutch
inhabitants of the peninsula was in large measure averted.

In the meantime, the Justices had become involved in a
disagreement among themselves, and Captain Johnson re-
fused to join in their measures. So acute became the dis-
sention of the Commissioners that the people themselves took
up the matter, looking upon Johnson as their champion.
The trouble came to a climax in June, 1653, when Captain
Johnson assembled the people in Dr. George Hacke's old
field and read aloud to them certain orders of the Commis-
sioners of which he disapproved. Wild disorder followed,
and Stephen Horsey,^ who was one of the People's Com-
mittee, and who had subscribed his name to the Protest in
their behalf, cried out that the Commissioners were a "com-
pany of asses and villyanes," and thereupon the throng
voiced his sentiments by cheering vociferously and assumed

'Brodhead's Hist, of N. Y., p. 559. O'Callaghan's Hist, of New
Netherlands. Albany Records.

^Afterwards a prominent Quaker and citizen of Maryland.

144 EASTEEK SHOEE OE VIEGIFIA HISTOEY

a very defiant attitude towards the authorities/ Becoming
greatly alarmed by such proceedings and realizing their
inability to prevent a recurrence of such gatherings, the
Commissioners determined to call upon the government at
James City for support. The affair in Dr. Hacke's field
was represented as a revolt and evidence was collected to
bring the instigators to justice. Those citizens of the County,
who had taken no part in the Protest nor in the subsequent
disorders, now became greatly alarmed. Things were mov-
ing too rapidly in the wrong direction to suit the conserva-
tives, who in turn met and selected a committee to protect
their interests. Forthwith a petition was drafted, denying
that the reported revolt was general among the citizens of
ISTorthampton, and setting forth that the disturbances of the
preceding month were all due to the rumor that a great simi
of money was to be raised by the Commissioners, in order
to satisfy Mr. Walter Chiles for the loss of the ship taken
by Captain Kichard Husband.^ But things had progressed
to a dangerous state, and whether the revolt had become
general or not the coimty authorities were utterly unable to
cope with it, and appealed to the government again for
immediate aid, whereupon the following measures were taken
by that body in July:

"Whereas the paper subscribed by name of the inhabitants
of Northampton Countie is scandalous and seditious and
hath caused much disturbance in the peace and government
of that County, It is therefore ordered by this present Grand
Assembly, That all the subscribers of the said paper bee

'See in Northampton Records, June 1653, aflBdavits of Thos. Harman-
son, and Dr. John Severne. An Act of Assembly naturalizing Thos.
Harmanson: "a German born in the Dominion of Bradenburg but now
an inhabitant in Northampton County, professing Protestant Religion."
Dated 24th of Oct. 1684.

Northampton County Records. Hening's Statutes. William and
Mary Quarterly, Vol. I, p. 189-193.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIE6INIA HISTOEY 145

disabled from bearing any office in this country, and that
Leift. Edmund Scarburgh, who hath been an assistant and
instrument concerneing the subscribeing of the same bee also
disabled from bearing any office until he hath answered
thereunto, and the honourable Governor & Secretarie be
intreated to go over to Accomack with such assistants as
the house shall think fitt, for the settlement of the peace of
that countie, and punishinge delinquents. (This order re-
versed by an order of Assembly, 26th March, 1658.)^

"According to an order of this Assembly, upon the peti-
tion of Coll. Nathaniel Littleton, Coll. ArgoU Yeardley,
Major William Andrews, and some other commissioners of
l^orthampton County, Master Speaker, Left. Coll. Edward
Major, Left. Coll. Geo. Fletcher, Coll. Thomas Dew, and
Left. Coll. Eob't Pitt are nominated as assistants to attend
the Governour and Secretarie for the settlement of the peace
of that county, and the punishments of delinquents there
according to their demerits, the appointment of all officers
both for peace and warr, the division of that county, and the
hearing and determineing of the businesse of damages between
Capt. Daniel How and Left. Coll. Edm'd Scarburgh, As
also between Capt. John Jacob and the said Edmund Scar-
burgh, with all other matters and things necessary and inci-
dent for the preservation of the peace of that place, ffor
which this shall be their commission. The charges which the
said Commissioners shall be at, both in goeing, stayinge
there and returneing, to be levied upon those persons that
occasioned their repair thither."^

A few days after the passage of the foregoing acts by the
Assembly, Governor Bennett, and the party of gentlemen
selected to attend him in his investigation of affairs on the
Eastern Shore, left James City for Northampton. One
authority states that an armed force was taken over by the
Governor to suppress the disturbance which Scarburgh had

'Hening, Vol. I, p. 380.
^Hening, Vol. I, p. 384.

146 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGHSTIA HISTOEY

caused among the royalists,^ but of such action no mention
is to be found in the records of the County. If such was the
case the force must have been a small one, in the nature of
a military escort, as befitting the dignity of the Governor
and his commission, and there was certainly no threatened
conflict between the guard and the agitators.

Upon arriving in Northampton, the Governor immediately
instituted a court of investigation on July 29th, and com-
plaints were laid before this court as to the mutinous and
seditious actions of certain individuals of the county, as
being repugnant to the Government of the Parliamentary
Commission. A number of the agitators were presented and
fined three hundred pounds of tobacco, and held to be in-
capacitated from holding further office under the previous
Act of Assembly. Among them was Captain Thomas
Johnson, whose offense must have been more serious than
that of the others, for he was fined five hundred pounds of
tobacco and bound over to keep the peace. At this same
meeting of the court the Governor approved the sale of a
Dutch prize ship, the "St. John of Amsterdam," for fifty
thousands pounds of tobacco. This ship with another had
been captured on July 5th.

An order had already been sent to the court from James
City to arrest Colonel Edmund Searburgh, who had been
reported to have a large store of arms and ammunition on
board of one of his Indian trading ships. The selling of
arms to Indians was at this time a grave violation of the
law. Troubles were springing up about the Colonel on all
sides. He was getting deeper and deeper in the mire. A
less brilliant and less able man would have assuredly suc-
cumbed beneath the pressure brought to bear upon him by

^Frank P. Brent, Vol. XI, Va. Hist. Collect., p. 188.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 147

his enemies. Shorn of his political offices by the Assembly,
charged with seditious conduct, indicted for a grave breach
of the law, with the "Hobby Horse" affair still hanging over
him, and a serious suit for damages brought by Captain
Howe still pending, he was in a sad predicament. The
aspect of affairs was too threatening for the Colonel's' liking,
so he decided to leave the jurisdiction for a time. Entrust-
ing his affairs to the care of his friends, to be untangled by
them as best they could manage in his absence, he disap-
peared from the county. The various charges and suits
against Scarburgh, and the task of quieting the inhabitants,
occupied the attention of the Governor for over a year; the
greater part of which time he spent with his suite on the
peninsula. Scarburgh himself, it is thought, proceeded to
New Amsterdam and then to Boston, at both of which places
he had commercial interests. It is very probable that he was
the agent of the Northampton planters who in November,
1653, notified the Dutch in Manhattan, that if they would
send their ships to Smith's Island, just off the Cape, a large
supply of tobacco would be found awaiting shipment. At
any rate, as the Dutch were as anxious to buy as the
desperate planters were to sell, arrangements were imme-
diately made by the former to secure the crop.

The following month, the Governor and Council of New
Amsterdam "resolved for the promotion of so laudable an
object, as the continuation of peace, increase of commerce
& cultivation of correspondence between old friends and co-
religionists," to send once more a commissioner to Virginia
and authorized and commanded "the Eeverend and very
learned Mr. Samuel Drisius, Minister of the Gospel," to go
and inquire of the Governor and Council of Virginia
whether they had heard from England in relation to the

148 EASTEEK SHOKE OE VIEGINIA HISTOEY

proposition which had been made in the early summer.
They deputed him to propose that if no directions had been
received, "a provisional continuation of commerce and inter-
course between the two places" might be made, to be ter-
minated after six days' notice to merchants and traders, to
protect them from loss. While Drisius was unable to secure
a treaty, an understanding was arrived at between New
Netherlands and Virginia, and the way was paved for a
formal treaty in ] 660.^ Not altogether disappointed by his
failure to secure the treaty which he was sent to negotiate,
the good Domine repaired to the peninsula, where he was
assured of a kind reception and not only preached the Gospel,
but arranged for the purchase of the tobacco crop, then stored
on Smith's Island; a deal, mutually advantageous to the
planters and the Dutch, though in direct violation of the
law, and a more or less questionable proceeding on the part
of a minister.^ His mission to the Eastern Shore at this
time was no doubt in part due to the desire of the Dutch to
protect their people there. It is possible that the explanation
of this reformed churchman being allowed to preach in
Hungar's Parish is that he was allowed to do so in order
that he might explain to the people the false light in which
his countrymen had been placed by the imfounded reports
as to their designs. At any rate, his mission, so far as it
regarded the tobacco crop, had a conciliating effect, if his
words from the pulpit had none, and we hear no more of
troubles with the Dutch inhabitants.

On May 29, 1654, a committee of magistrates appointed
to investigate the matter of selling arms to the Indians re-

^Brodhead's Hist, of N. Y., 562, 683. O'Callaghan'g Hist, of New
Netherland's, Vol. II, 236, 237. Albany Records, Vol. IV, pp. 100, 107,
111, 117. Vol. VII, p. 328. Vol. IX, pp. 57-59.

"See Chapter on Early Church.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 149

ported that certain ships and the house of Colonel Scarburgh
had been carefully searched and that no powder, shot, nor
arms had been discovered, except a chest of fowling pieces
belonging to a Mr. Bateman. Scarburgh had, no doubt,
succeeded in concealing the contraband goods.

During the preceding year, the inhabitants had requested
that the Court should be held in turn at Cheriton Creek,
Occahannock and Hungar's, or the Horns, and so on in
turn, and that these should be the polling places for the
election of Burgesses. It was at the Court of July 8th,
1654, convening at the last named place, Governor Bennett,
the Secretary and eight Justices being present, that the
Sheriff complained that "whereas there are divers orders,
sequestrations & executions, against the estate and person of
Lieft. Col. Edmund Scarburgh, yet the said Scarburgh hath
in great contempt carried part of his estate so sequestered
out of the Colony, and withaU gone out of the Colony, and
wholly neglected either to pay his debts, or answer the suits.
Therefore the said Sheriff humbly prayeth that he may be
impowered to attach the estate of the said Scarburgh any
where remaining in the County of Accomacke; which the
Court condescends unto."

Before leaving the County, Scarburgh had leased his
estate called "Occahannock" and sold a number of his
vessels to a Mr. Bunton of Boston. The lease was for four-
teen years or until his son Edmund arrived at his majority.
Such hasty preparations for departure seem to indicate
that the time of his return was very uncertain. While in
New Amsterdam or Boston, however, it is quite certain that
he received assurances as to a favorable adjustment of his
affairs, should he return to his home, otherwise he would
not have placed himself within reach of the authorities.

11

150 EASTEBN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

with such serious charges outstanding agaiost him. Then,
too, an alliance between his son, Colonel Charles Scarburgh,
and the Governor's daughter, bore some weight in the delib-
erations of the Court. It is true that the governor had ap-
pointed John James in October, 1653, to fill the office of
County Surveyor, which Scarburgh had previously held;
but this was because of the disability imposed upon him by
the Assembly and his absence from the County. Land
boundaries had become much confused and gave rise to such
unending contentions, that a new surveyor became necessary
and he was ordered to make a record for the court of all
bounds. One of his first entries was, "cursed be the man
that removeth the mark of his neighbor's land." It does
not take much of an imagination to see in this entry an
admonition to Scarburgh himself, who had evidently been
careless in the keeping of his records.

By August, 1654, Scarburgh had returned to take charge
of matters himself, and with rare skill he made a flanking
move to divert the attack of his enemies. In other words,
he at once instituted suit against Major General Edward
Gibbons, a Bostonian, a liew Englander, a foreigner, with
whom he had owned the trading ship "Artillery," which
Gibbons had kept without making returns. Gibbons' prop-
erty in Northampton was forthwith attached. And what
did this mean ? The Colonel's ship, "The Ann Clear," while
loading in Occahannock Creek with tobacco, had been robbed
of certain goods, during his absence ? Can it be that Captain
Jacob, another despised foreigner, had retaliated? At any
rate the court was asked to investigate the outrage to a
citizen of Northampton, and proceeded to do so. The famous
Colonel, skilled in mathematics, trade, politics, and human
nature, was too much for them all. The allied forces of

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIKGINIA HISTOEY 151

Parliament and the Dutch were out-maneuvered and utterly
routed by the generalship of Scarburgh, and by the Grand
Assembly held at James City, March 26, 1655, before which
he appeared on a warrant, he was "acquitted of all charges
& crimes made against him for matters of trade, & etc., and
further reinvested in such offices & employment as he before
held in the Colony."^

Unscrupulous have we called Colonel Edmund Scar-
burgh ? Yes. But brilliant too ; exceedingly brilliant, and
a power in his day. The charges of piracy, mutiny, sedition,
selling weapons to the Indians, and debt, rolled from his
back, and again we find him as Surveyor General of the
Colony taking up the duties of his office; but this time
under the authority of a new master, Parliament. Scar-
burgh's reputation was not a local one. His ships had
touched at every port in iN'ew England, had frequently
visited New Amsterdam; had traded upon the Hudson, the
Delaware, and as far south as Florida. The owner of these
vessels had an inter-colonial reputation as the most enter-
prising merchant in the mother colony of Virginia; and
he himself had spent much time at the various ports of the
Atlantic Coast, while establishing and building up his trade.
The sweeping decree of the Assembly, which released him
from his tormentors and rehabilitated him in the eyes of the
law, enabled him to set out for New Amsterdam to reinstate
himself in the good graces of the Dutch, who were naturally
much offended by his treatment of them. Although his
fame had preceded him to Manhattan, during the summer
he succeeded in reestablishing himself in that quarter, by
buying there a large number of slaves, thus placating the
greedy Hollanders, who carried on a profitable traffic in

iHening, Vol. I, p. 380. Also Act of Assembly, 1668.

152 EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

human flesh. But the Dutch authorities were wise enough
to appreciate what might happen if Scarburgh were per-
mitted to enter the Delaware Eiver, in view of the treatment
his ship, the "Seahorse," had received there four years be-
fore; so while he was extended the privilege of trade with
Manhattan, he was not allowed to take his slaves away with
him until he had given bond that he would not enter the
Delaware, nor stop on his way south to trade with any of the
other Dutch plantations/

^Neill's Virginia Carolomm, p. 240. Northampton County Records.

X

The Quakees. The Maetland Boundaet Teoxtbles and

THE ASSATEAGUE Wae

The population of Northampton Comity in 1653, may be
closely estimated. The white tithables at that time num-
bered five hundred and included only males over eighteen
years of age.^ Four times the number of tithables would be
considered a safe estimate of the population, giving the
county about two thousand inhabitants exclusive of the
Indians. From this estimate we see that the population had
doubled in ten years.

The feeling of independence, common to the people of
Iforthampton, had increased, rather than diminished, since
the suppression of the disturbances incident to the protest
of 1652. The grievances set forth in the protest had made
some impression upon the Assembly in spite of the general
condemnation of that paper, and also of the fact that it had
been characterized as seditious, for by Act II of the General
Assembly of 1655, dated March 10th, it was provided that
the people of ITorthampton were to have the liberty of
constituting laws and customs amongst themselves and to
proceed according to their own convenience with respect to
manufactures and the Indians, so long as their regulations
were not repugnant to the laws of England, provided that all
£uch regulations should be confirmed by the Assembly.^ On

'Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. V, p. 125.
''Hening, Vol. I, p. 396.

153

154 BASTEEF SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

March 31st, of this same year, the Assembly ordered that
the Court of Northampton should be held on the 28th day
of the month, alternately in the upper and lower part of the
county. From the head of Hungar's Creek to the widow
Billiott's house was to be the dividing line, this house being
in the lower precinct; and distinct commissioners for each
division were to be designated.^ On March 7, 1658, the
Assembly passed the following act:

"Whereas an act of Assembly had formerly provided, that
in regard of the greate distance between Northampton
Countie and James Cittie, that noe appeale should lie from
the said Countie, to the quarter courte, under the value of
three thousand two hundred pounds of tobacco or thirty
pounds sterling, It is Hereby Enacted and Confirmed, That
for the reasons aforesaid no appeale be hereafter made, from
thence, nor admitted in the quarter courte, unless it exceed
the valew aforesaid."^

On May 7, 1655, before the meeting-house designated for
the court for that month, the Act of Assembly of the previous
March requiring a place of mart was read to the people of
Northampton. After much debate and consultation, a vote
was taken, and Occahannock Creek was selected as the place
for the official port and as the site for the church or meeting-
house, the Clerk's and Sheriff's offices and the prison and
other public buildings directed by the Assembly. It was
determined to buy the land of Richard Kellam as the best
site for these structures.

Into such close relations were many of the people of
Northampton thrown with the Marylanders that it became
necessary for Governor Digges to issue a proclamation, dated

^Hening, Vol. I, p. 409.
^Hening, Vol. I, p. 520.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 155

June 9, 1655, forbidding Virginians to meddle with the
troubles of the adjoining colony. Already disputes as to
the boundary were giving much trouble to the authorities of
Northampton, for many persons were really unable to tell
whether they were citizens of Maryland or Virginia; and
others took advantage of the situation to elude the tax col-
lectors and the sheriff.

Toward the latter part of 1657, a ship arrived at James-
town with Thomas Thurston and Josiah Cole, the first
preachers of the Society of Friends to come to Virginia.
They were promptly arrested as disturbers of the peace and
imprisoned, but being soon released they repaired to Mary-
land. Soon after the arrival of Thurston and Cole, Quakers
began in great numbers to make their appearance on the
Eastern Shore of Maryland, and in the northern part of;
Northampton, where population was comparatively scarce-
and where they could establish themselves without mucb
interference.

The enmity of the churchmen of Northampton was early
aroused by these newcomers, and vigorous measures were
taken to drive them out of the county. It was made an
offense to hold any friendly intercourse with them or to deal
with them in any way. On January 29, 1657, before
Thurston or Cole had arrived in the Colony, Henry Vaux
was arrested and brought before the court of Northampton
for entertaining William Eobinson, Quaker, at his house;
and Robinson was ordered to be sent across the Bay to the
Governor in custody of the Sheriff. Vaux himself was to
be dispatched with him in case he persisted in his relations
with the Quakers.

William Robinson was perhaps the most conspicuous
Quaker Missionary in Northampton, and held conventicles

156 EASTBEF SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

in many of the planters' homes. His influence must have
been very great, for it extended to all parts of the Colony.
He seems to have met with the usual trials of the missionary
in a hostile land, for six of the fourteen months he spent in
Virginia were passed in jail. Robinson continued his
activity in importing his brethren whenever he was at liberty,
and under the pretense of transporting them to Paxtuxuent,
he would land them at Nassawaddox, where they were re-
ceived by Levin Denwood, who provided a ten-foot log cabin
for a house of worship. This was probably the first Quaker
meeting-house in Virginia, and continued to be used as such
until converted into a wheat bam. A much better structure
was erected later at Nassawaddox, for after the Act of Toler-
ation, passed in 1688, George Brickhouse, of l^orthampton,
left to the Quaker sect an acre of land surrounding the
meeting-house, and Mrs. Judith Patrick bequeathed thirty
shillings for the repair of the building.^

The Quaker Colony on the Eastern Shore must have in-
creased rapidly, for in March, 1660, the Virginia Assembly
passed very stringent laws against these strange people who
were accused by the Accomackians of slandering the clergy,
of defying the laws, and of uttering blasphemy. The records
show evidence against them all of denying the incarnation
■of Christ, and against some of speaking of God as "a foolish
old man." Such words very naturally aroused the bitter
opposition of the other settlers and brought down upon the
Quakers' heads all the harsh treatment of which religious
hatred and intolerance are capable.

The preamble of the Act of 1660 describes the Quakers
as "an unreasonable and turbulent sort of people, who daily

'Northampton County Eecords, Vol. 1683-89, p. 400; Vol. 1689-98,
p. 435.

EASTEEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 157

gather together unlawful assemhles of people, teaching lies,
miracles, false visions, prophecies, and doctrines tending to
disturb the peace, disorganize Society, and destroy all law,
and government, and religion." Masters of vessels were
prohibited by the act from bringing in any of that sect,
under penalty of one hundred pounds of tobacco; and if
any were imported they were to be apprehended and com-
mitted until they should give security that they would leave
the Colony. If they should return, they were to be punished,
and upon returning a second time they were to be proceeded
against as felons, l^o person should entertain Quakers that
had been questioned by the Governor and Council; nor per-
mit any assembly of them in or near his house, under the
penalty of one hundred pounds sterling ; and the publication
of their writings was prohibited.^ For the violation of this
law, William Colbourne, Henry White, Thomas Leatherbury
and Ambrose Dixon were arrested and sent to James City
for a hearing before the Council.

Behind such a law, it is easy to detect the influence of
our devout and tolerant clergy. It was only human nature,
however, that these teachers of God's word should exemplify
their maxims of love and charity by striving to destroy all
who did not conform to the established church. This law
not only countenanced public persecution, but directly en-
couraged it, until the poor Friends cried out in the wilder-
ness with much truth that "the Indians, whom they judged
to be heathen, exceeded the whites in kindness, in courtesies,
in love, and mercy unto them, who were strangers." Are
we not constrained to cry out with them, Christ, what
sins are committed in thy merciful name !

'Hening, Vol. 1, p. 532-3.

158 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

So harsh was their treatment at the hands of the Acco-
mackians that most of these poor persecuted creatures moved
across the boundary into Maryland, where they were handled
not less tenderly by their brethren, the Catholics.^

By the latter part of the century, those who withstood
the trials imposed upon them seem to have won the respect
of the Accomackians, for, between 1680 and 1690, there
were Quakers living quietly and unmolested in Accomac.
It is on record that Thomas Brown and his wife, though
Quakers, were yet of such known integrity that their affirma-
tion was received instead of their oath. Their home was
"Brownville," on the seashore of Northampton, where they
were visited by many distinguished Friends from Philadel-
phia, who came to have fellowship with them in their
peculiar mode of worship.^ Mr. and Mrs. Brown were the
ancestors of the Eastern Shore Upshurs, one of whom, the
late T. T. Upshur, frequently quoted in these pages, lived
at "Brownville," where he died in January, 1910.

During the year 1659, the Indians seem to have given
much trouble to the authorities of Northampton County, or
perhaps it would be more accurate to say that the Acco-
mackians were a source of great trouble to the Indians. The
records of Maryland and Northampton County contain
numerous complaints from the natives who were being
pushed farther and farther north by the whites. They
declared that their land was taken from them and that their
crops were destroyed by the herds of cattle and horses which
roamed over the country at large. Eeceiving no redress,
some of the Assateagues committed depredations upon the
whites by way of retaliation.

'See Founders of Maryland, Neill.
Meade's Old Churches, etc.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 159

The Assateagues inhabited the country about where the
Accomack and Maryland boundary is described on the map.
The larger portion of the tribe lived on the Maryland side.

What particular offenses they were guilty of, at the time
in question, is not known, but on the 28th of August, 1659,
Colonel Edmund Scarburgh wrote the Governor of Maryland
from Occahannock that he had been ordered by the Governor
of Virginia to inform him of his plans of campaign against
the Assateagues, and to seek his support and cooperation.

"In ten days," wrote Scarburgh, "I shall leave here with
three hundred men and sixty horses, sloops, and all other
things necessary for the campaign, and arrangements have
been made for a similar supporting party."

Since the Indians were harder to catch than to conquer,
it was his plan of campaign to establish a garrison on the
seaside near the head of the Wicocomoko^ River and main-
tain himself in the heart of their country, and while pre-
venting them from planting com, hunting and fishing, he
would also try to prevent other Indians from receiving the
Assateagues, so as eventually to starve them into submission.
Scarburgh suggested that for the present it would be well
to make war upon the Assateagues only, but thought it might
be well also for the Governor of Maryland to awe the
ISTanticokes and assist him in preventing all intercourse
between them and the Assateagues. He then, assuring the
Governor of his earnest support, called attention to the fact
that this was a most auspicious opportunity to execute the
foregoing plans. ^

'Wieocomoko— Where the houses are building.
Proceedings of Maryland Council, 1657-60, p. 379.

160 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

The Governor of Virginia had a few days before dis-
patched the following communication:

"For the honnoble Governor and

Secretary of Maryland. These.

"The concearne of saftie depending on those persons in
trust directed the Intelligence of our present designes against
the Assateague Indians and Confederats, which we have
accommodated with sufficient forces, now presumieing the
advantages of this opportunity lying before you reasons
political!, will press your Endeavours to assault the comon
Enemy who soe long triumphed in the ruines of Christian
bloud, the Warr on the Sea Side wilbe on our parts prosected,
and if the Nanticoke and Confederats be the subject of your
like Designe, it may if not utterly Extinguish yet sufficiently
Subject the Insolencies of those Indians who now despise
the English Honnour: Use and improve this from

Yorn humble Servant,

Samuel Matthewes.

For the honnoble Josias ffendall

Governor of Maryland. These."^

It took this communication a month to reach Governor
Eendall, who immediately replied that he hoped his failure
to give a definite answer then would not be taken amiss, for
before he committed himself he would like to lay the matter
before his council.^

The following month, after the matter had been submitted
to the council, Governor Eendall wrote the Governor of
Virginia to the effect that, since Virginia only contemplated
a war upon the Assateagues, and had not asked for assistance
against them, he did not see what he could do, for the Mary-
landers had no just cause of war against the iSTanticokes.

Proceedings of Maryland Council, 1657-1660, p. 379, 380.
=T:bid.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 161

Furthermore, he did not know the cause of war between the
Virginians and the Assateagues, but assured the Governor of
Virginia of assistance on all just and proper occasions.

The expedition upon the part of the Virginians was not
abandoned, and the Assembly at Jamestown on March 13,
1660, made an appropriation to defray the expenses of the
"late war in Accomack."

"Ordered that seventy thousand five hundred pounds of
tobacco, the same allowance of the souldiers that were car-
ried over to Accomack, be also paid to the inhabitants of
Accomack for the full charge of all the late warr. Provided
that twenty-two thousand six hundred eighty-one pounds of
tobacco be deducted out of the same, It being paid for the
debt long since due from the said county to the publique."^

From the above, it would seem that some of the men of
Scarburgh's force were sent from the Western Shore. That
such a step was necessary, seems highly improbable. The
Assatea^es could not have numbered more than two hundred
warriors at the most. But Colonel Scarburgh loved war, as
we have seen, and was determined to extirpate the Indians,
and no doubt used his influence at Jamestown to secure the
government's assistance.

In accordance with Lord Baltimore's directions to colonize
the lower part of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Philip
Calvert, in 1661, appointed Colonel Edmund Scarburgh of
Accomac,^ John Elzey, and Eandall Eevell, Commissioners,
to grant lands there to such persons as would take the oath of
fidelity to Lord Baltimore. About this time, settlers were
taking up the land on the Accomac side and driving the
Quakers across the boundary. This line was not really well
defined. It had been a subject of dispute for years. Shortly

'Hening's Statutes, Vol. I, p. 551.

"Archives of Maryland, Council Proceedings, 1636-1667, p. 452.

163 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

after the Maryland Colony was planted, there seem to have
been encroachments upon the Accomac territory south of
Watkin's Point. It appears that Grovernor Harvey acquiesced
in this trespass on Virginia's land, for in 1638, with the ad-
vice of Council, he issued a proclamation declaring the East-
ern portion of the boundary of Virginia (that between Mary-
land and Accomac) to be the river Anancock,^ and command-
ing the inJiabitants not to trade with the Indians north of this
limit, which was far south of Watkin's Point. Soon after
this, Virginia took unopposed possession of Smith Island,
which lies in the Chesapeake Bay, far north of any possible
line described in the Maryland charter. Virginia stiU holds
a portion of this island.

A letter from the Protector to the Virginia authorities,
written just previous to the downfall of the Commonwealth,
contained an injunction against further contentions concern-
ing the matter.^

The laws of conformity had pressed so hard upon the
Quakers in Accomac that they were driven to the north and
west of the mouth of the Pocomoke. This river runs from
the northeast of the peninsula to a point just east of Cedar
Straits, and then it suddenly broadens out into a sound of
considerable width at its mouth. That part of its north bank
embraced by the lands of the Little Annamessex River, be-
tween that and Pocomoke Sound, consists mainly of salt
marshes, not then desirable for settlement, and not easily
accessible from Accomac. The Quaker refugees from Acco-
mac congregated in the Little and Big Annamessex terri-
tories as far up as Manokin River. But eight square miles
of this territory, claimed by Virginia, was terra firma or

'Onancock Creek.
=Hening, Vol. I, p. 426.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 163

arrable land, a difficult place for the Accomac Sheriff to
reach for the collection of taxes or other purposes. Lord
Baltimore's deputies knowing this, began to encourage this
settlement and to grant patents in that region. ISTo patents
were sought by the Quaker refugees east of the Pocomoke
River, and thus on that side of the stream no dispute arose
in later years. Colonel Scarburgh, who, as we have seen,
was one of Baltimore's Commissioners to issue these patents,
finding that he was aiding in stripping Virginia of her terri-
tory, and that his employment by Maryland was incompati-
ble with his official duty as Surveyor General of Virginia,
exposed the policy of Lord Baltimore to acquire that terri-
tory by settlement; and Virginia soon took action, as we
shall see later, to protect her rights. Colonel Scarburgh was,
unquestionably, trying to extend the northern boundary of
Northampton as he did the southern boundary of Accomac
in 1662, when that county was formed, for he owned a tract
of three thousand acres in the disputed territory which was
subsequently held to be on the Maryland side of the bound-
ary. His employment by the Governor of Maryland was
due to the fact of his ownership of this land.^

'For land in Maryland owned by Accomac citizens, see Proceedings
of Maryland Council, Vol. II.

XI

The Eestoeation. Accomack County Foembd Feom

Northampton. The Calvbet-Scarbuegh Line.

The Pieates

The administration of the Colonial government, under the
Commonwealth of England, was judicious and beneficent;
the people were free, harmonious, and prosperous as a whole,
and while Cromwell's sceptre commanded the respect of the
world, he exhibited towards the infant Colony of Virginia,
in spite of its known royalist sentiment, a generous and
politic lenity, thereby disarming opposition.^

Governors Bennett, Digges and Matthews were generally
popular executives and won the confidence and respect of the
Virginians. Opposition to the authority of Parliament on
the Eastern Shore gradually died out as a result of Bennett's
prolonged presence on the peninsula and the determined,
yet just, manner in which he controlled the situation. Ben-
nett had been quick to realize the danger of the smouldering
fuse, which, allowed to burn, would soon spread to the maga-
zines of pent-up loyalty. The task of extinguishing the
spark, however remote and insignificant it may seem to have
been, was not deputed to others, and in such a course the
Governor was unquestionably wise.

Richard Cromwell resigned the Protectorate on the 22nd
day of April, 1659. Virginia had actually been under the
Parliam^entary Governmient but seven years, one month and
ten days. Governor Matthews had died in January, 1659.

'Campbell's History of Virginia.

164

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 165

England was without a monarch and Virginia without a
Governor. The Virginia Assembly, convening on the third
day of March, 1660, declared by their first act that as there
was then in England no resident, absolute, and generally
acknowledged power, therefore the supreme government of
the Colony should rest in the Assembly. By the second act.
Sir William Berkeley was elected Governor, March 21st,
and for the first time represented the people, who, for a little
more than a year, had been technically independent of Eng-
land. In electing Berkeley Governor, to hold again the office
which he had formerly occupied as the appointee of the King,
the Assembly took the precaution to throw about him some
restriction of his power, for he was required to call an As-
sembly once in two years at least and was forbidden to dis-
solve the Assembly without its consent. Thus it will be seen,
that, while the people were influenced by their royalist senti-
ments in the selection of their governor, they were not so
blinded by their enthusiasm as to lose sight of their rights.
Indeed, such has been the history of Virginia. All hail to
the King when the King was with them, but let him overstep
his bounds, and his loving and loyal subjects were quick
enough to raise their hands and voices against him.

In the Assembly of 1659-60, referred to, Northampton
County was represented by Colonel Edmund Scarburgh,
Major William Waters and Lieut.-Col. John Stringer.^

On the 8th of May, 1660, Charles II was proclaimed
King of England, and on the 29th of May, transmitted a
new coromission dated July 31st, 1660, to his faithful ad-
herent. Sir William Berkeley. From that date, the Colony
was under a royal Governor and no longer had its own rep-
resentative executive.

'Hening, Vol. I, pp. 9-16.

12

166 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

There is no list of members of the first Assembly called by
the royal Governor which convened October 11th, nearly four
months after the Restoration, but in view of the short period
which intervened between this and the preceding Assembly,
it is highly probable that the same Burgesses appeared from
Northampton.

The second Assembly after the Restoration, which con-
vened March 23, 1661, and is known as the Assembly of
1661-1676, lasted by various prorogations and adjournments
for fifteen years. Though there was no general election dur-
ing this period, the membership of the House of Burgesses
changed from time to time owing to deaths, resignations, etc.
The records of the membership are incomplete, but we find
Burgesses from the Eastern Shore in the session of Septem-
ber 10, 1663, as follows: Northampton — Lieut.-Col. Wm.
Kendall, Major Wm. Andrews ; Accomac — Devoreux
Browne, Hugh Yeo.^ In the session of October 23, 1666,
Northampton was represented by Lieut.-Col. Wm. Kendall
and Captain John Savage,^ and Accomack by Colonel Ed-
mund Scarburgh and Hugh Teo.'

Observe that representatives from two counties on the
Eastern Shore appear. This fact alone should clear up the
doubts existing as to the date when Accomac County was
formed. Even Mercer in his general abridgment of the
Laws of Virginia* states that Accomac County was formed
fiom Northampton in 1672 ; and many other writers have
fallen into the common error.'

'Hening, Vol. II, pp. 196-197.

'Capt. John Savage of Savage's Neck, son of Ensign Thos. Savage.

'Hening, Vol. II, pp. 249-250.

^Mercer's Abridgment, p. 61.

"Martin's Gazetteer of Va., p. 111. Hovre's Hist. Collection, p. 163.
Johnston's Memorials of Va. Clerks, pp. I, 256. Long's Va. County
Names, Green's Genesis of the Counties, and Hening himself in a note
on page 197, Vol. II.

EASTERN" SHOEB OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 167

"Error in history," says Charles Campbell, "is like a flock
of sheep jumping over a bridge ; if one goes, the rest all fol-
low."^ And so it has been with many of our historians and
writers on the point in question. ISTot one of them has taken
the trouble to weigh the facts, each preferring to evade the
point altogether, slur over it, or continue a palpable error
upon the pages of history by accepting v^ithout question what
another has written. Heming, in a foot-note to the list of
Burgesses for 1663, which is contained in a manuscript pur-
chased by Thomas Jefferson from the executor of Richard
Bland, ^ does his best to overcome the evidence he himself has
given us as to the existence of two counties on the Eastern
Shore at that time.

It is a strange thing that no definite and specific record
of the formation of Accomack County from Northampton is
to be found, but the facts seem to be as follows :

As we have seen, the Eastern Shore peninsula was com-
monly referred to as Accomack, while its official name was
^Northampton. Even in the Acts of the Assembly, North-
ampton had been called Accomack.^ Such a practice ob-
scured the facts and has led to a general misunderstanding.
We have also seen how, when the Assembly ordered the Gov-
ernor to proceed to the Eastern Shore in July, 1653, he was
directed to look into the "division of the County."* As a
result of the Governor's recommendations, the act of March,
1655-6, providing for two jurisdictions on the peninsula,
followed. There was clearly some necessity for a court in
the upper part of the peninsula. In addition to this, there
was unquestionably a strong party feeling, between the roy-

'Campbell's History of Va., p. 243.
'Hening, Vol. II, pp. 196, 197.
'Hening, Vol. I, p. 409.
'Hening, Vol. I, p. 384.

168 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

alists and the Parliamentary sympathizers, and the facts
seem to indicate that the former were more numerous in the
upper section. Another factor entering into party align-
ments was the antagonism between the Puritans and the
Cavalier element, the former being composed of the middle
classes, more numerous to the south where population was
the densest. It will be interesting here to look into the dis-
position of the great families, who, almost without exception,
were royalists.

There seems to have been, at this time, a serious split in
the royalist party. Colonel ArgoU Yeardley, Obedience
Robins, Nathaniel Littleton and others claimed that so long
as Parliament had overthrown the King, and was in actual
control of the Colony, the best interests of the County de-
manded that they should uphold the government de facto.
Accordingly, Yeardley and Littleton served in the Council
under the Commonwealth and opposed the extreme royalist
faction, headed by Scarburgh, who deeired to secure the inde-
pendence of the Eastern Shore from the Colony of Virginia.
Such a division among the royalists was not restricted to the
Eastern Shore, and for many years two factions of that party
were to be found in the Colony, until Bacon caused a new
alignment. With their loyalty to the King in no degree
diminished, Yeardley and his party contended with much
truth that by serving under the new government in high offi-
cial positions they were better able to serve the interests of
their party than by sulking at home. Whatever their senti-
ments may have been, Yeardley and Eobins were, first and
last, law and order men, and were determined to overthrow
Scarburgh and depose him from his rash leadership. In

BASTERlSr SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTORY 169

other -words, their party was composed of the conservatives,
while Scarburgh led the radicals/

Before the momentous task, which Teardley in particular
set himself about, could be accomplished, both he and Na-
thaniel Littleton died in 1655 and 1654 respectively. Their
sons, ArgoU and Southey, both inclined to the extreme royal-
ist wing, so that Colonel Obedience Robins was left to contend
single-handed with Scarburgh. But while he lived, the good
Colonel was equal to the task, and as we have seen, never
hesitated to bring his powerful adversary to justice when the
facts warranted such action. Such uncompromising opposi-
tion to Scarburgh naturally won Colonel Kobins the support
of the Puritan element of the middle classes, which greatly
augmented his strength. After the death of Yeardley and
Littleton, well might Scarburgh have dwelt upon the lines:

"Knowledge, will —
These twain are strong, but stronger yet the third,
Obedience; — 'tis the great tap-root that still,
Knit 'round the rock of duty, is not stirred,
Though heaven-loosed tempests spend their utmost skill."

In lower Northampton, the leading royalists were now the
Yeardleys, seated on Mattawaman Creek, the Savages on
King's Creek, the Robinses on Cheriton Creek, the Kendalls,
Whittingtons and Charltons about Hungar's Creek, and the
Upshurs at Wilsonia on Nassawattocks Creek. ISTorth of
Nuswattocks Creek and in the section of the peninsula which
afterwards became Aecomac County, the disposition was as
follows :

The King himself. Colonel Edmund Scarburgh, held court
on Occahannock Creek. Next came the Lord Bishop of

"For full facts as to the descendants of Gov. Sir Geo. Yeardley, see
interesting pamphlet prepared by Thomas Teaekle Upshur, Amer. Hist.
JVIag., Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 1896.

170 EASTEEIf SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Cradock's Creek, or the Rev. Thomas Teackle, champion
of the Anglican faith, and who was later accused by his
royal master of trying to poison him, and make off with
the Queen, Lady Scarburgh.^ The various Barons or feudal
lords of the upper peninsula were seated as follows : The
Littletons on ISTandua Creek, the Prince or Charles Scar-
burgh on Pungoteague Creek, the Wests and the Joyneses on
Onancock Creek, and the Wises on Chesconessex Creek. On
the sea-side were the Corbias at Chincoteague, and the Bow-
mans, Croppers, Baylys and Parkers along Matompkin inlet
and Polly Creek. From the foregoing, it will be seen that
by far the greater number of royalists had pushed to the
north, where lands were obtainable at the time of their arri-
val in the County. It is easy to understand then, how, with
the partial segregation of the royalists themselves in the
upper portion of the County, the party was more powerful
in that quarter than to the south, where the concentration of
the Puritan element led to a further demarcation. We have
seen that these so-called feudal families were so intimately
connected by marriage, one with the other, that their influence
was unbounded on the peninsula, and the rising opposition
in the lower peninsula was not to be brooked by them. As a
result then, of his conduct in 1652-3, both with respect to
the Commonwealth and the Dutch, Scarburgh had become
persona non grata in the latter quarter, in spite of the fact
that his influence had secured his return to the Assembly in
1659. He hated the Northampton Court, dominated by
Robins, which had called him to account so often, and de^
termined to cast off its yoke by establishing a county of his
own, in which he and the royalists might manage things as
they pleased, and he improved his time in the Assembly with

'See Chapter on Early Church.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 171

that end in view. So far, the royalists had carried all before
them in spite of the opposition. In 1652, they had secured
a parochial division which gave them as their religious strong-
hold all that part of the peninsula north of Hungar's Creek,
which was officially designated Occahannock Parish, but
which they called Accomack Parish.^ Later, after the death
of Yeardley, Scarburgh had secured from the Assembly an
Act creating a new jurisdiction, coterminous with the Par-
ish of Accomac, so that by 1658 the royalists of the upper
peninsula had not only a distinct ecclesiastical establishment,
but a secular one as well.

When Berkeley came back to his own, after the interim
during which he had been ousted by Parliament, he found
the population of the colony greatly increased and much new
territory occupied. There were at that time seventeen coun-
ties in Virginia,^ many of which embraced large areas over
which the exercise of County authority had become un-
wieldy, so it was not difficult for Scarburgh, the Surveyor
General of the Colony,^ to gain the Governor's ear and im-
press upon him the need of a new county on the Eastern
Shore.

Colonel Robins, who for several years had maintained
the opposition alone, died in 1662, and there was no one left
to take his place, capable of protecting Northampton against
the schemes of Scarburgh. The Assembly undoubtedly au-
thorized the division that year, though the act is not on record.
As clearly seen, Accomac County did not exist in 1661* and
did exist in 1663.°

'See Chapter on Early Church.
Mercer's Abridgment, p. 61.

'Succeeded Thomas Lovinge. Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Vol. Ill,
p. 46.

'Mercer's Abridgment.
"Hening, II, pp. 249-250.

172 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

The people of the northern peninsula, thoroughly in accord
with Scarburgh's designs, selected him as their Commis-
sioner, and Colonel William Waters, one of their Burgesses,
was selected by the people of the lower peninsula to act for
them.^

The dividing line which these two commissioners estab-
lished between the counties of Accomack, on the north, and
the coxmty of Northampton, on the south, was highly unsat-
isfactory to the people of the latter county. The relative
portions of the peninsula allotted the two counties were
243,314 acres to Accomack and 103,255 acres to Northamp-
ton, contained within the present limits, or considerably
more than twice as much territory to the upper county.
Whether Waters was won over by Scarburgh or not is un-
known, but if not, there can be no doubt that he was out-
witted, as declared by the people of ISTorthampton. In the
IsTorthampton Grievances of 1676, it was stated that the
people of the county "do feel aggrieved that in the division
of the peninsula, Accomack should have gotten so much the
greater share and we do conceive that it was occasioned by
Colonel Edmund Scarburgh, the Commissioner on the part
of Accomack, having outwitted Colonel William Waters, the
Commissioner on the part of Northampton."^

Scarburgh's design is apparent, and we can rest assured
that nothing deterred him in its execution. Just as he en-
deavored to stretch the county limits to the north to embrace
his land in Maryland, so he now endeavored, but more suc-
cessfully, to extend the southern limit to Occahannock Creek,
for if an equal division of the land had been made, his home
on the northern bank of that Creek would still have remained

^See Northampton Grievances, subsequent chapter on Bacon's Re-
bellion,
^bid.

BASTBEN SHORB OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 173

under the jurisdiction of Northampton. Scarbnrgh sustained
his position on the ground that the division should have been
made in accordance with population and not vnth respect to
territory, and since Accomack was more sparsely populated
than Northampton, the division was a just one. This argu-
ment, if based upon the existing facts as to population, cer-
tainly paid little attention to the future. Scarburgh had car-
ried his point and that was all he cared about. Colonel
Waters was severely criticised and did not appear further
as a Burgess. It would be interesting to know exactly how
long after the death of Colonel Obedience Robins, the Cham-
pion of Northampton, the final approval of the division was
secured.

One more circumstance disproves the claim of the authori-
ties that Accomack was formed from Northampton in 1672.
According to the people of the latter county, as set forth in
the Grrievauces of 16Y6, Colonel Scarburgh with Waters ran
the boundary line. He could not have run it in 1672, for
he died in 1670 or 1671.'

As we have seen, a court for the upper part of the county
of Northampton with its commissioners, had been established.
This court, now in Accomac, continued probably as a branch
court of the older one in Northampton. The earliest records
of the Accomack Court bear the date of 1663, and begin with
the following preface :

"At a court held in Accomack County ye 21st Aprill by
his Majesty's justices of the Peace for ye said county in ye
fifteenth year of the Eaigne of our Sovreign Lord Charles
ye Second by ye Grace of God of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland — King defender of ye faith, and in ye year of our
Lord God 1663. Present, Anto. Hodgkins, Captain George
Parker, Mr. Eev. Brown, Mr. West, Mr. John Wise."

'See any Scarburgh Genealogy, and Northampton and Accomac
Eeeords.

174 EASTEElSr SHORE OF VIEGIKIA HISTOEY

Such a record sustains tibe contention very thorouglily that
Accomack County was formed before 1672. Here is a state-
ment of the court itself to that effect.

There is no reference to the appointment or commission of
Robert Hutchinson, whose first signature as clerk appears
May 23, 1663, and his last September 26, 1670. He prob-
ably qualified before the Northampton Court, since in the
records of the first court, reference is made to the preceding
court held in Northampton, March 23, 1663.

The assumed independence of the Accomack Court was for
a long time resented by the older court of Northampton, as
illustrated by the following entry of 1674: "At a court held
for ye upper part of Northampton County, formerly called
Accomack, November 16, 1670, Upon the Honourable Sec-
retary's word to Col. John Stringer, that Mr. Eobert
Hutchinson, late clerk of the county of Accomack, should
desist from being any longer in the said office, and that the
records of the said county should be delivered to the clerk
of the court of the county of Northampton, which the said
Hutchinson being unwilling to do, without an order from
this court to impower the clerk of Northampton county to
give him a discharge from the same. It is therefore ordered
by the Court that the said Mr. Hutchinson forthwith deliver
all the said records to Mr. Wm. Meetinge,^ clerk of the
Court of Northampton, hee giving a discharge for the same
accordingly."

This would seem to indicate a strong attempt, and a some-
what successful one, on the part of the Northampton Court
to maintain its supremacy over the Accomack Court, in spite
of the division of the counties. During the period of 1670-
72, the Accomack records are signed by Daniel Neech, deputy

Trobably Wm. Mellings.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 175

clerk of Northampton, and John Oulpeper, clerk of North-
ampton. After 1672, they are signed by Neech and Francis
Lord, both as deputy clerks of Accomac.

Another strong indication that the two courts were distinct
by 1674, is that John Culpeper states that, in appointing
Lord his deputy for Accomack that year, he acted by virtue
of a commission from Honorable Thomas Ludwell, Secre-
tary of the Colony, to officiate as clerk, either by himself or
his deputies, in any court or courts on the Eastern Shore of
Virginia. This may also explain the absence of a reference
to the new court in Accomac in any of the early statutes,
since it appears that such matters were more or less in the
hands of the Secretary. Hutchinson was clerk of Accomack,
whether as deputy a part of the time or not, from 1662 to
1670. Francis Lord from 1670 to 1672 ; and John Wash-
bourne from 1674 to 1703.

For some years after the new jurisdiction of Accomack
was established, the justices held court in Pungoteague in
the tavern of John Cole. When in 1677, fifteen years after
the creation of Accomack County, it was decided to erect a
court house at such place as the majority of the freeholders
should prefer, Cole reminding the people of his liberality
in not charging for the use of his tavern, asserted that having
recently purchased the Freeman Plantation, he was sure that
it would offer a very convenient site for the projected county
seat. Mine host depended largely upon the attraction of the
court for the patronage of his tavern and as an added induce-
ment towards the acceptance of his offer, he announced his
readiness to furnish thirty thousand bricks for the construc-
tion of the new building and all necessary timber. These
bricks were to be burnt on the spot by James Ewell, who
already stood in Cole's debt to that extent. The offer of the
tavern-keeper does not appear to have been accepted, for in

176 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

1680 an order of court directed Major Charles Scarborough
to proceed with the building of a court house on the land
chosen by the General Assembly for the county town, which
we shall see later was to be located at Onancock. Exactly
when the building was erected is not known, for court was
held at the residence of John Wise on Chesconessex Creek
as late as 1683.'

There was an improvised prison at Pungoteague as early
as 1666, for during that year John Cross was committed to
the county "bridewell." In 1674 the justices contracted
with John Barnes for the building of a more satisfactory jail,
which was to be fifteen feet in length and ten in width,
and it was to stand within one hundred feet of the court
house. This structure, which cost only eight hundred pounds
of tobacco, was deserted after being used for ten years. ^

In all these arrangements, Colonel Scarburgh had a hand
and took particular interest and pride in the managing of
affairs. He still owned land in ^Northampton, however, and
was the King's Collector of Quit Rents. Against his name
we find the following record :^

"Anno 1663.

Colnell Como Scarburgh, dr:

To ye Quitt Eents of 53313 acres in Accomack

at 12 p. ct. 6396 lbs. tobo.

To ye Quitt Rents of 25728 acres in ISTorthampton

at 12 p. ct. 3087 lbs. tobo."

Much of the land upon which these rents were due was
located in the disputed territory along the Pocomoke River.
As a result of Scarburgh's importunities and the information

'Accomac Coiinty Records, Vol. 1676-8, p. 97. Bruce's Institutional
History of Va., etc.

'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1673-76, p. 155.
=Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Vol. Ill, p. 46.

BASTERK SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 177

he had given the Governor as to Baltimore's policy, the
Virginia Assembly, on September 10, 1663, passed an act
"concerning the bounds of this Colony on the Eastern Shore."
This ordinance commanded:

"That publication be made as soon as possible by Colonel
Edmund Scarburgh, His Majesties Surveyor G-eneral of Vir-
ginia, commanding in his majesty's name, all inhabitants of
the Eastern Shore of Virginia, from Wattkin's Point, where
the Lord Baltimore's southermost bounds of the Eastern
Shore is situate, this Grand Assembly by the care and special
inquiry of five, able, selected surveyors and two burgesses,
and, on the due examination thereof, conclude the same
place of Wattkin's Point to be the north side of Wicomico
River on the Eastern Shore, and neere unto and on the south
side of the Streight Limbe, opposite to Pastuxent River.
Which place according to Captain John Smith and discov-
erers with him in the year 1608 was so named."

A conference with Lord Baltimore's commissioners was
proposed in case he should be dissatisfied, and Colonel Scar-
burgh, Mr. John Catlett and Mr. Richard Laurence^ were
appointed commissioners on the part of Virginia. The Sur-
veyor General was further directed "to improve his best
abilities in all other his majesty's concerns of land relating
to Virginia, and especially that to the northward of forty
degrees of latitude, being the utmost bounds of the said Lord
Baltimore's grant, and to give an account of his proceedings
therein to the right honorable governor and council of Vir-
ginia."^

Colonel Scarburgh's report of his proceedings on this
occasion is preserved.' While the foregoing Act gave him

'A noted character in Bacon's Rebellion.

^ening, II, p. 183.

*"The account of Proceedings in his Majt's affairs at Annamessecks
and manokin, on the Eastern Shore of Virginia." Accomack County
Records. Also see Report of Va. and Md. Boundary Commission, 1872.

178 EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY

great authority, even that was transcended in his execution
of its chief provision. The act provided that a conference
should be held with Lord Baltimore's representatives to de-
termine the location of Watkia's Point, but there is no evi-
dence of Scarburgh having sought such a conference. His
own report leads us to believe that he did not seek to carry
out his orders, for he says, "I suppose according to ye Act
of Assembly, there ought to have been a meeting on Ye East-
em Shore, w'ch ye Quakers say is contemned, whatever my
own person may be, I presume ye officer I pr'sent is not so
unworthy, nor ye persons of those joyned with mee, nor
when they come to try all shall finde ye affair n^otiated
with less repute than becomes such a conceme." Colonel
Scarburgh hated Quakers intensely, and was so unscrupu-
lously jealous of Virgiaia's rights and his own, that he made
oath that Watkin's Point was above the mouth of the Arma-
messecks and not of the Pocomoke River ; also that the Poco-
moke had never been known as the Wighco. This oath plainly
varied with Smith's map, which placed the point on the
mouth of the Wighco, which was undoubtedly the Poco-
moke. '^

But let us see how he executed the commands of the As-
sembly. He set out with "some of the commission" and
about forty horsemen, an escort which he deemed necessary
"for pomp of safety" and also in order "to repel the con-
tempt" which, as he was informed, "Some Quakers and a
fool in office had threatened to obtrude."

The party reached Aimamessecks on Sunday night, the
eleventh of October. On the next day, at the house of an
officer of Lord Baltimore, the Surveyor General began to

'"The Maryland and Virginia Boundary Controversy," 1688-1894,
Louis N. Whealton.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 179

publish the Assembly's commands by repeatedly reading the
act to the officer, who labored under the disadvantage of being
unable to read. He declared that he would not be false to
the trust put in him by the Lord-Lieutenant of Maryland.
To this, Colonel Scarburgh replied, "that there could be no
trust where there was no intrust [interest]." The officer,
declining to subscribe his obedience lest he might be hanged
by the Governor of Maryland, was arrested and held to secur-
ity (given by some of Scarburgh's party) to appear before
the Governor and Council of Virginia, and the "broad arrow"
was set on his door. This matter being so satisfactorily ad-
justed, the colonel and his company proceeded to the house
of a Quaker where the act was published "with a becoming
reference;" but the Quakers, scoffing and deriding it, and
refusing their obedience, were arrested, to answer "their
contempt and rebellion," and it being found impracticable
to obtain any security, "the broad arrow was set on the door."
At Manokin the housekeepers and freemen, except two of
Lord Baltimore's officers, subscribed. "One HoUinsworth,
merchant, of a northern vessel," at this juncture "came and
presented his request for liberty of trade," which Scarburgh
suspecting to be "some plan of the Quakers" to defeat their
design, "presumed, in their infant plantation, to give free-
dom of trade without impositions." Scarburgh drew up a
descriptive list of those who stood out against submitting to
the jurisdiction of Virginia; one was "the ignorant yet inso-
lent officer, a cooper by profession, who lived long in the
lower parts of Accomac ; once elected a Burgess by the com-
mon crowd, and thrown out of the Assembly for a factious
and tumultous person."^ George Johnson was "the Proteus
of Heresy," notorious for "shifting schismatical pranks."

'Randall Eevell, after whom Eevell's Island was named.

180 EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

He stands arrested, and "bids defiance." "Thomas Price, a
creeping Quaker, by trade a leather-dresser," and "saith
nothing else but that he would not obey government, for
which he also stands arrested." "Ambrose Dixon, a caulker
by profession," "often in question for his Quaking profes-
sion," "a prater of nonsense," stands arrested, and "the broad
arrow at his door, but bids defiance." "Henry Boston, an
unmannerly fellow, that stands condemned on the records
for fighting and contemning the laws of the country ; a rebel
to government, and disobedient to authority, for which he
received a late reward with a rattan, and hath not subscribed ;
hides himself, so scapes arrest." "These are all, except two
or three loose fellows that follow the Quakers for scraps,
whom a good whip is fittest to reform."

On the 10th day of ISTovember, 1663, the County Court of
Aecomac authorized Captain Wm. Thorn and others to sum-
mon the good subjects of Manokin and other parts of the
country, "so far as Pocomoke River, to come together and
arm themselves for defense against any that might invade
them, in consequence of the rumors that Quakers and factious
fools have spread, to the disturbance of the peace and terror
of the less knowing."

Colonel Scarburgh's conduct seems to have aroused the ire
of the Marylanders, for they described his progress through
the fields of Annamessex and the Manokin as that of a dash-
ing, haughty, domineering Cavalier, arresting, threatening,
denouncing, and proscribing by the "broad arrow of confisca-
tion" marked upon their doors all who would not submit.
Remonstrance against Scarburgh's conduct in beating and
imprisoning the people of Annamessecks and Monanoakin,
was made in June, 1664, by Governor Calvert to Governor
Berkeley; who replied that Scarburgh had no authority to
act alone or to proceed by force.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 181

Soon after this, Calvert appointed Oommissioners to meet
the representatives of Virginia ; and upon the failure of the
latter to appear at the appointed time, he sent his Chancel-
lor in person to the Governor and Council of Virginia to<
treat concerning Watkin's Point, to demand justice against
Scar burgh for attempting to mark a tree thirty miles north:
of Watkin's Point; and also. for his conduct in Annames-
secks and Manoakin.^ The complaint against Scarburgh, how-
ever, had but little effect, for he was again appointed by the
Virginia authorities to join Calvert, the Maryland Commis-
sioner, and run a boundary line between the two colonies.
By their commission they were instructed "to meet upon the
place called Watkin's Point, and thence to run the divisional
line to the ocean." These instructions were partly carried
out and in June, 1688, the commissioners rendered a report
of their proceedings.^

The agreement signed by both parties states, "that after
full and perfect view taken of the point of land made by the
north side of Pocomoke Bay and the south side of Annames-
sex Bay, we have and do conclude the same (boundary) to
be Watkin's Point, from which said Point so called, we have
run an East Line agreeable with the extreamest part of the
Westermost Angle of the said Watkin's Point over Pocomoke
Kiver, to the land near Robert Holston's, and there have
marked Certain Trees, which are so continued by an East
Line Running over Swansecute Creek into the marsh of the
Seaside with apparent marks and Boundaries, which, by our
mutual Agreement according to the qualifications aforesaid,
are to be received as the Bounds of Virginia and Maryland
on the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay."

^Archives of Maryland, Proceedings of the Md. Counc, 1636-67. The
Md. and Va. Boundary Controversy, 1660-1894, Whealton.
Troceedings of Council of Md., 1667-68, p. 44.

13

183 EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Searburgh and Calvert also drew up another agreement
which settled in advance of final action hy the authorities of
the two colonies, the pending controversies about land hold-
ings, in consequence of the line which they had run. These
two instruments, signed by the Commissioners, were submit-
ted to and subsequently ratified by the legislatures of the two
colonies. This bare record, part of which has been cited, is
all that remains of their transactions, for the commissioners
apparently kept no journal, made no maps, nor certificates
of survey, and never mentioned the names of any other sur-
veyors, as assisting in the work.

The line run by the Commissioners, known as the Calvert-
Scarburgh Line, was the first attempt of Virginia and Mary-
land, acting together, to define their common bounds. The
line was poorly and inaccurately run, for only a part of it
was actually surveyed, and the commissioners seem to have
agreed as to the location of the point under controversy, and
to have guessed where a line extending eastward from it
would cut the Pocomoke River, some four miles away. Only
between this stream and the ocean did they actually survey
and mark the boundary.^

The Marylanders had not dropped their charges against
Searburgh, and now pressed them vigorously. He was ordered
to appear before the General Court and after a long-drawn-
out prosecution, an injunction was entered against Searburgh,
September 16, 1670, prohibiting him from altering the bounds
between Maryland and Virginia.^ It appears that council
was assigned him, interpreters sworn, a long examination
and many depositions taken, and a judgment entered against
him, and that numerous petitions were filed by the inhabitants

^Md. and Va. Boundary Controversy, Whealton.

^Notes from Council and Gen. Court Eec, 1641-78, Va. Mag. Hist,
and Bio.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 183

of tiie Annamessex country, complaining of his high-handed
and unlawful confiscations of their property.^

The second war between England and the Dutch within a
period of fifteen years was forced upon Holland by the
arrogance of Charles II. The restored monarch was fast
losing the affection of his Virginia subjects, for rumors were
rife concerning his Catholic inclinations. Indeed, the Dutch
war of 1665 was directly attributed by them to his desire to
strike a blow at Protestantism, of which Holland was an un-
comprising champion. Upon the outbreak of this new vrsiT,
the Dutch, as usual, active upon the sea, destroyed a fleet of
English merchant ships in the mouth of James Eiver. In
view of the great danger to which Virginia shipping was ex-
posed, the Governor and Council of Virginia took immediate
steps to protect their merchant marine and coasts. Orders
were promptly issued for the better organization of the mili-
tia and all officers were ordered to stand prepared to march
upon two days' notice. Eor the protection of the ships in
Chesapeake Bay, four havens were designated, where vessels
pursued might seek refuge. These points were "at James
City in James Kiver on the south side over against Tyndall's
Point ; in York River, in Rappahannock River in a place as
shall be judged fit by the council and justices inhabiting that
river ; and on the Eastern Shore, at Pungoteague, such places
there as their justices shall think fit, and that they ride with
hasers on the shore ready to hall on shore upon any approach-
ing danger, and it is further ordered that there be ten men
out of every County's Company choosen and sent with tools
and necessary provisions to be paid for by the public, to the
said respective places of riding, there to build a platform for
a battery and lines for small shott to defend the ships, and

'Ibid.

184 EASTEEN SHOEB OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

to begin the said work on the tenth of September next and to
finish it according to such directions as they shall receive
from the Governor, and with all possible speed, and because
we have not ordnance and ammunition of our own, it is or-
dered that the Governor be desired to represent that our want
to his Majesty and most humbly beseech him either to supply
us out of his own store vdth ordnance, or to give us power to
take two out of every ship to furnish our said batteries,
either to be returned to them at their departure or else be
paid for out of the two shillings p. hogshead."^

The mart which had been established on Occahannock
Creek in 1655 was not considered by the Coimcil to be as
desirable as the one at Pungoteague. As yet no settlement
had actually sprung up there, while Pimgoteague was not only
the seat of the new county but the site of the "Ace of Clubs"
church.

In this old order of the General Court, mention is made of
guns being taken from the ships. It is interesting to note
that from the earliest period vessels employed in the Virginia
trade were under the necessity of carrying guns. In 1633,
the number of guns carried by one ship ranged from twenty
to twenty-four; and later on, in 1691, the danger at the hands
of pirates became so great that the Governor established by
proclamation places of refuge on the Eastern Shore. In
1684, the English Government took steps to protect the Vir-
ginia coast as well as to break up illicit trading. Occasions
arose when government assistance was much needed, as when
in 1699 the "Maryland Merchant," while at anchor off the
coast, was seized and plundered by an unknown ship carrying
thirty guns and manned by a large crew. The people of
Accomac and Northampton were always promptly warned of

•Genl. Court Dec. 1664-70, Va. Mag. Hist, and Bio.

EASTBEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 185

the presence of these dangerous outlaws, and patroles were
posted along the shores of the peninsula, so that the County
Commanders or Lieutenants might be informed of their ap-
proach in time to call out the militia to defend the people
against the attacks of the pirates.^

As an unfortunate consequence of the remoteness of the
Eastern Shore, the sea-side islands were occupied for many
years by pirates, at their own pleasure. Indented as the
Atlantic side of the peninsula is by numerous coves and in-
lets, formed by the chain of islands which stretches from the
utmost point of the Cape to Delaware, it afforded them a safe
refuge when pursued by enemies, and was a most desirable
place for refitting and repairing after a long cruise. Here,
too, they would bring their prizes, and, according to tradition,
bury their treasures among the sand dunes of the islands.
The coast was a veritable wilderness, inhabited only by a few
lazy, overfed savages, and once within the inland waterway
between the islands and the mainland of the peninsula, the
ruffians of the sea were protected from the interference of
the law as well as from the dangers of the tempest. Thus
secluded they could plot their nefarious schemes at leisure.^

The ships of Captain Kid seem to have frequently visited
the neighboring coast islands, although the buccaneers do not
appear to have made incursions upon the peninsula. In 1699,
Thomas Wellbum, the Sheriff of Accomack, notified Gover-
nor Nicholson that Matthew Scarburgh had recently met
persons who had been visiting one of Captain Kid's ships,
then lying off the coast. The vessels were reported to be

^Brace's Economic Hist, of Va., Vol. II, p. 346, for collected authori-
ties.

^Carolina Pirates, Bassett. Buccaneers and Pirates of our coast,
Stockton. Wheeler's History of North Carolina. Williamson's History
of North Carolina. Martin's History of North Carolina. Various
Histories of Virginia.

186 EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

heavily maimed, one carrying forty-two and another eighteen
cannon. Wellburn's informants stated that an enormous
treasure of gold and jewels, amounting to not less than five
hundred and twenty thousand pounds sterling, was stored in
the holds of these ships. ^

In 1688, the danger at the hands of the Pirates was so
great that the Council ordered one Gilbert Moore to patrol
the seaside of the peninsula, for which service, for a period
of three months, he was awarded four pounds ten shillings.
Later Colonel Oustis was ordered to establish look-outs, and
in 1699 the commanders of the militia of Accomac and North-
ampton were ordered to have the coast patrolled until late
in the season. A patrol was accordingly established, one man
for each of the counties, and a third to keep a look-out on
Smith's Island. In October of this year, Colonel Custis re-
ported that a pirate ship had anchored near Smith's Island,
probably in Bullock's or the Great Eastern Channel, between
Smith's and Mock Horn Islands, and that a band of twelve
well-armed men had landed and shot down many hogs and
beeves, which they carried off to their vessel. Colonel Custis
urged the Governor to detail a frigate to duty as a guard ship
in these waters, and thus capture these "villians" who were
compelled to anchor off Smith's Island when they desired to
go upon the mainland.^

The famous Blackboard, driven to bay and killed by Lieu-
tenant Maynard in 1718, is said to have hailed from Acco-
mack.'' Blackbeard's real name was Edward Teach, and there
are possibly some of his descendants living on the peninsula

^Letter of Wellburn, dated "Chincateague, June 29, 1699," B. T. Va.
See Bruce's Institutional Hist, of Va., etc. Vol. II. p. 211.

"Custis'g Report, B. T. Va. lii, p. 42. Bruce, Ibid.

"See address of late T. T. Upshur, Va. Mag. of Hist, and Bio., Vol.
IX, p. 95. Biographical Sketch of Edward Teach, by Dr. Stephen B,
Weeks, Sante Fe, New Mexico.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 187

at the present time. In 188Y-8, one Mrs. Mary Teach, nee
Justice, died near Marionville, Northampton County. She
and her husband were originally from Accomack.^

The population of the peninsula in 1666 may be closely
estimated from the following list of tithables of If orthampton
for August of that year, about three years after the forma-
tion of Accomack County. According to races, the tithables
stood 372 whites and 52 negroes. Estimating the tithables
at one-third of the total population, would make Northamp-
ton's population in August, 1666, 1,116 whites and 156
negroes, or a total of 1,272.^ If we estimate the population
of Accomack as equal to that of Northampton, based upon
Scarburgh's statements as to relative equality of population
in the two counties, the total population of the peninsula at
this time would be 2,544 persons, of whom 312 were negroes.
But if we allow Accomack a population bearing the same
relation to its area as that in Northampton, Accomack would
have had 2,544 inhabitants, thus making the total popula-
tion of the peninsula 3,816. The mean of the two estimates;
is 3,180, and this figure is not far from correct. Now if we
add several hundred Indians, and the shifting element of
'longshoremen and Islanders, it will be seen that the Eastern
Shore was more densely populated than any other portion of
Virginia in 1666.

The mortality during the next few years was very great,
due to an epidemic of smallpox. The germs of the fatal
malady were said to have been imported by a stricken sea-
man, the cause of whose illness was at first unknown. Large
numbers of the whites died during the plague, and the dis-
ease became general among the Indians, who had been driven

^bid., Upshur.

'See list of Tithables in Appendix.

188 EASTEEX SHOEE OF YIEGIXIA HISTOEY

together upon reservations in remote sections of the penin-
sula. These crowded native settlements were almost de-
populated, the inhabitants dying like sheep with the fright-
ful disease. The poor natives, huddled together in their
squalid villages, were powerless to cope with the situation.
The customary treatment, which the medicine men prescribed
for the more simple maladies, but added to the fatality of
the epidemic. Panic stricken, the Indians sought relief
among the whites, thus spreading the disease with the most
disastrous effects. The condition of the whites became so
alarming that in 1667 the Colonel and Commander issued
a proclamation warning all families affected to allow no
member "to go forth their doors until their full cleansing,
that is to say, thirtie days after their receiving the sd small-
pox, least the sd disease shoulde spreade by infection like
the plague of leprosy . . . Such as shall no-things notice
of this premonition and charge, but beastlike shall p'sume
to act and do contrarily, may expect to be severely punished
according to the Statute of King James in such case provided
for their contempt herein; God save the Eong."^

At last the epidemic abated, having ravaged the land for
several years, but not until the population had been seriously
j-educed and numbers of the best citizens had perished.

Mention has been made of the county militia, both in con-
nection with Scarburgh's trip to Annamessex and the de-
fense of Pungoteague. The military organization on the
Eastern Shore was the same as that in other parts of the
Colony. All freemen capable of bearing arms were required
by law to muster once a month at the court house or such
other place as the Commander designated for the assembly.
In 1670, Grove rnor Berkeley reported to the Lord Commis-

'Xorthampton County Records, Vol. 1655-58, last part, folio p. 19.
Orders, Jan. 7, 1667.

EASTERN" SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 189

sioners of Foreign Plantations that the entire militia force
of the Colony consisted of upwards of 8,000 horsemen, and
that there were five forts, two on the James Kiver, and one
at each of the three rivers, Rappahannock, York and Poto-
mac. He must have overlooked the fort at Pungoteague, or
else it was never completed. The latter is more probable, as
Berkeley would not have omitted any item which would have
presented a more favorable condition. Then again, the Dutch
War was of such short duration, that the real necessity for
the fort ceased to exist before it could have been completed.

In 1670, there were 40,000 inhabitants in the Colony, of
which number 2,000 were slaves and 6,000 white servants.
Such a force as named by Berkeley, if properly equipped,
was an excellent showing. But we must remember that the
proportion of fighting men in a new colony, or in frontier
settlements, is always greater than in established communi-
ties of long standing and settled conditions.

If the proportion of slaves and servants which existed as
to the whole colony extended to the Eastern Shore, where
there -^as a total population of about 4,000, there must have
been about 800 men liable for service in the militia of North-
ampton and Accomack. That any such number ever mus-
tered at one time is out of the question. The very pursuits
of such a sea-faring people would cause the absence of large
numbers of the able-bodied men at any given time. It will
be recalled that when Scarburgh assembled a force of but
300 in 1659, it was necessary to recruit his ranks in part on
the Western Shore.

In 1686, the House of Burgesses endeavored to reorganize
the militia, to create a more efficient force for the defense of
the colony. The military quota of llTorthampton and Acco-
mack was fixed at one troop of horse for each county, forty
men in addition to the officers composing a troop. Prior to

190 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

this, there were companies of foot troops as well as mounted
men serving in the militia. Francis Yeardley was the first
regularly appointed Captain of the militia on the Eastern
Shore, receiving his Commission in 1642. He was then
ordered to organize the freemen of the county and drill them
at least one a month, reporting all persons liable to service
who failed to attend the exercises. Small military districts
were later created, each under command of a Captain, the
senior officers of the peninsula bearing the rank of Colonel,
Lieutenant-Colonel, and Major. The assemblies or musters
in ISTorthampton were regularly held at Argoll Yeardley's
plantation on Mattawaman Creek. Absentees from the county
musters were fined. In Accomack, in 1664, thirteen persons
were mulcted twenty pounds of tobacco apiece for neglecting
to attend the April meeting, and twenty-two for absence from
the muster held in August. The amount of the fine was later
increased to one hundred pounds of tobacco.

In 1670-1, Colonel Edmund Scarburgh died, succumbing,
it is thought, to the prevalent disease. It is not certain
where he was buried, but probably on his estate on Occahan-
nock Creek. May the many good deeds of this indomitable,
fearless, uncompromising man, overbalance the bad. Added
to the words "the good which men do lives after them"
should be the words, "but the bad becomes more notorious."
Such is certainly true in the case of Edmund Scarburgh.
Had he lived but a few years longer, he would undoubtedly
have joined Bacon, as his son Charles did, for, in view of his
radical character, his love of war and his hatred of Indians,
it is not likely that he would have throvsm his support to the
cause of Berkeley as being that of the King. Had Scar-
burgh lived to join forces with Bacon, Berkeley's tenure of
the Eastern Shore would have been a more precarious one.

XII

The Aelingtoet-Oulpepee Grant. Bacon^s Rebellion

In the dark days following the execution of Charles I, his
wandering son on the continent, who was, theoretically, King
of England, had granted to some "distressed cavaliers" of
the time, the section of Virginia called the "I^orthem Neck,"
between the Eappahannock and the Potomac, as a place of
refuge from the ire of the Commonwealth' s-men. This grant
was afterwards recalled; but in 1673 the King granted to the
Earl of Arlington and Lord Culpeper, two of his favorites,
"all that entire tract, territory, region, and dominion of land
and water commonly called Virginia, together with the ter-
ritory of Accomack," to be held by the said noblemen for the
space of thirty-one years, at a yearly rent of forty shillings
to be paid on "the feast day of St. Michael the Arch Angell."
They were to have all the quit-rents and lands escheated to
the crown ; and were empowered to make a conveyance in fee
simple, and to manage all things after their pleasure. No
holder of land by valid title was to be disturbed, but with this
single exception they were to be the masters in Virginia.

This portentous grant raised a great outcry. The two
English lords had become the proprietors of Virginia with
her forty thousand people. All the persons honestly in posses-
sion of escheated lands were liable to be turned out of their
houses at a moment's warning. The revenues of the colony
were to be received by the new owners of it. They were to ap-
point public officers, to lay off new counties, and present min-
isters to the parishes. In broad sweep and minute detail, the

191

192 EASTEEX SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

King's patent was an enormity. By a scratch of the royal pen,
Virginia, which had been so faithful to him, was conveyed
away as a man conveys away his private estate, to two of the
most unscrupulous courtiers of the English Court.

The Burgesses promptly sent commissioners to protest
against this outrage. There was a long wrangle with the
King's officials, but Charles II was too careless to feel iU-
humored. He had no desire to wrong his faithful Virginians :
"Those quit rents had never come into the royal exchequer,"
he said ; he had meant them for "the benefit of that our col-
ony." He was "graciously inclined to favor his said sub-
jects of Virginia," and would grant them a new charter for
"the settlement and confirmation of all things" after their
wishes. But suddenly the perverse Virginians took matters
into their own hands.^ They lost all patience waiting for the
King to redress their injuries, and a revolt nearly occurred
in 1674, but no person of note taking the lead the trouble
subsided for the time being. The threatened outbreak was
not without effect, for justices of the peace were prohibited
from levying taxes for their own emolument.^ The Assem-
bly now determined to make an humble address "to his sacred
majesty," praying for a revocation of the forementioned
grants to Arlington and Culpeper, and for a confirmation of
the rights and privileges of the colony. Commissioners were
appointed to repair to England and endeavor to secure a new
charter for Virginia, but aU negotiations failed. Matters in
the Colony in 1675 were going from bad to worse. The price
of tobacco had been depressed by the monopoly of the English
navigation act and the cost of imported goods had increased.
The Indian incursions on the western frontier, which occurred
at this time, filled the measure of panic and exasperation.

•Cooke's History of Virginia, pp. 232-234.
'^Hening, II, p. 519.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 193

Groaning under many exactions and their own peculiar
grievances, though free from the danger of Indian massacre,
the people of the Eastern Shore were in a desperate frame of
mind.

The Assembly, in an endeavor to put the colony in a state
of defense against the Indians, passed long and carefully con-
sidered laws in March, 1676, but something more than laws
was needed to reassure the exposed planters on the Western
Shore. Forts were ordered to be erected at various places on
the frontier, and one even on the Eastern Shore, between
John Redding's house and the Pocomoke Kiver, or at such
other place as the militia officers of the two counties should
deem wise.^

Eor a full account of the events of this period, of the revo-
cation of the Arlington-Culpeper Grant, and the causes which
led Bacon to take up arms against the Indians, and to resist
the oppressions of the Assembly and Berkeley's orders, the
reader must consult a more general work. 'No attempt will
be made in these pages to justify nor to condemn Bacon,
called the rebel.

By general consent, however, the most important event in
the history of Virginia prior to the American Revolution was
the'rebellion led by the younger Nathaniel Bacon and growing
out of the disturbed conditions in the colony at the time of
which we have been treating. It was the first armed resist-
ance offered by Americans to the constituted authorities of
the mother country ; and interest in the movement is still fur-
ther enhanced by the fact that it occurred just one hundred
years before the adoption of the Declaration of Independence.^

^Hening, Vol. II, p. 328.

^F. P. Brent, Va. Magazine of History and Biography. Frequent use
of Mr. Brent's article is made in this chapter.

194 EASTERN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

During the early summer of 1676, while momerLtous
events were transpiring on the Western Shore, the people of
Northampton met (in June, 1676), and drafted a list of
grievances, which clearly described the particular hardships
to which they had been subjected, and the unjust burdens
which they desired to cast off. This petition, known as the
"Northampton Grievances," was promptly forwarded to the
Governor and Council, but no action was taken thereon,
except with respect to Clause IX, by the Assembly, which
convened June 5, 1676. With regard to appeals, this, the
last General Assembly before the outbreak of Bacon's Re-
bellion, enacted the following law:

"act xveii

'Be it enacted by the governour, council and burgesses of
this Grand Assembly, and by the authorities thereof, that all
lawes prohibiting appeals from the counties of Northampton
and Accomack, soe farr forth as it relates to the said coun-
ties be repealed, and that appeals from the county courts of
Northampton and Accomack aforesaid lye open.'^

NOETHAMPTON GEIEVANCES

The Agreevances of ye Inhabitants in Genii to say House-
keepers and ffreeholders of Northampton County committed
unto theire Burgesses to prsent unto yor Kicht Honble Govts
his councell and Burgesses humbly —

PETITIONING FOE EEDEESS

1. Whereas our country som yeares since was, contrary
to our expectation, divided into two counties to our great
detriment and Loss notwithstanding ye great advantage of
Coll. Scarborough, yu made and p'cured to ye county of
Accomack agnt Leutnt Coll. Waters yu his ffellow Burgess;

iHening, Vol. II, p. 362.

EASTERN" SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 195

ye premises dewly considered desire (as we humbly con-
ceive) but Eeasonable, yt our County may be answerably
Inlarges as theirs.

2. That we may have liberty graunted us to choose a new
vestry, and yt every three years a new vestry may be chosen.

S. That ye act concerning paying for killing of Wolves,
Bears, Wilde Cats & Crows, or ye Like, may be Eepealed
since no man but will, for his own good & security, Indeavour
to ye utmost to destroy all possably he can.

J/.. That any housekeepers may have a coppy at any time
of ye clerk of ye Lists of Tithables, and by ye s'd clerk at-
tested, paying Reasonably for ye same.

5. That no p'son may be sett Tax ffree but by a full board,
and not by any magistrates p'ticular favor to ye great op-
pression of other poore p'sons.

6. That it may graunted us to make a free choyse of six
housekeepers, without Interposing of any over Ruling Majis-
trate and to continue yt ISTumbr who may be admitted and
authorized to sitt, vote, assess and examine ye Lists of Tith-
ables yearely at ye Laying of ye county Leavy, giving them
Lawful! Notice of ye same to prevent future oppression and
abuses, as we humbly suspect and conclude to have Received
heretofore, wch Reasonable Request, if deny'd us, must and
will submit. Then crave (by ye Reason) we have a court of
Brothers; Priviledge may be granted us and confirmed (if
they continue) to have our ehoyce of ye s'd foure Brothers,
two of them only to sitt at our s'd yearly assessing ye County
Leavy.

7. That our County Records may be free open for every
man to search and Require coppies as their occasions, from
time to time, shall and may Require at ye apoynted place
anf office, paying ye Clerk his just fees.

8. That courts may be kept more duly according to Act
of Assembly, without often Ressuringment at pleasure, with-
out apparent just cause of ye great charge & detriment of ye
People, as allso sitting at ye apoynted hours; ye contrary
forcing peop., Especially in Winter, to Return home at to

196 EASTEEN SHOEE OF YIEGINIA HISTOEY

Committ theirs business unto others Loss and Dissatisfac-
tion, or else expose themselves to trouble and be Bourthen-
some to theire Neighbours housen, w'ch possable may be pre-
vented by early sitting.

9. That we may have Liberty to appeale, in any Dubius
case, though depending upon a far smaller value than Three
Thousand pounds of Tobacco wch would not heretofore be
p'mitted.

10. That no Drink may be sold within a mile of ye Court-
house at any of ye court sitting days. Considering ye Detac-
tion of time and ye Rudeness of people where Drink is sold
at courts, neglecting theire business, spending and wasting
theire Estates, abusing themselves and Authority, Quarrel-
ing and fighting with all Imagenary Illconveniences, and
evill concequences thereby accruing.

11. That no ordinary, or petty Tipling house may be al-
lowed in our county; a means to keep yoimg freemen and
others from Running into Maryland.

12. That there may be a considerable fine and stricter In-
junction Inserted or added to the act concerning ye court to
examine theirs orders in open court and not any pticular
Majestrate to presume ye same Private at his house wch ye
clerk contrary to the true tenure of Law (in force) when
often yt Majestrate so doing is not prst at half of ye orders
entered, whereby possable many 111 conveniences may arise
and corruption practised as heretofore on our Eastern
Shore.

13. The mooving of ye s'd act, as upon Just complaint, that
Sheriffs and clerks may be ordered to doe something ex
officio as well as magistrates and other ofiicers, as for intend-
ing ye orphants court when often done or few accompts be
brought in ; and usually done at the county court time. Ditto
as to order and coppy of orders ; so constables, survayers of
highways summoning ye people to choose Burgesses, Re-
turning them, summonsing of Juries before need, when often
times in 3 or 4 courts not one cause is put to a Jury, or at
Least to moderate theire fees, wch by those means and ye
Like they Raise often imreasonable sums and allowed them.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 197

ll^. That ye Indians of ye Eastern Shore in Virginia
may be obliged to kill a certaine Numbr of wolves yearly,
having a dayly opportunity by Kanging ye woods; for such
Satisfaction as may be thought fit without ye p'fit of p'ticular
men.

15. That no Sheriff may ofiiciate two yeares together.

16. That no p'son may be admitted to beare any office
until he hath bin an Inhabitant five years in ye Place where
he shall officiate, and yt all those not of that continuance may
be Dismissed until further Tryall of theire Fidelity and
Trust.

n. That whereas our shore is Incompassed wth Shoales
Insomuch yt no ships but of small burden can come to Trade
and those yt come but few and Inconsiderable. It may be
tacken in consideration and accordingly ordered yt no psons
in our country may be suffered to Ingress any commodaties
(as formerly) to ye great prjudice of ye communtry; to say
yt no man shall within six weeks or wt time may be thought
convent after ye ships or vessell moveing in ye creek Buy
more than his crop doth amount unto ay any store.

Wee ye Inhabitants of Northampt County, In Virginia,
having given in our aggrevances to our Burgasses do make
choyce of these tenn men as Trusttes to draw our Agree-
vances in full and Ample manr. To be by them Delivered to
our LawfuU Burgasses.

Signed. Jiro. Michael^ Senyr.

Thos. Haemanson
John Wateeson
RiCHAED Lamby
Thomas Huntt
Will Spei^cee
Jn. CustiSj Je.
Aegoll Yeaedlbt

The marke of
Aethue a. Apshee

The marke of

Wm. W. Slatting."

14

198 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

While this appeal forcefully presented the grievances of
the people of ISTorthainpton, it does not appear that any
armed resistance was threatened in that quarter, nor were
the people of the peninsula in sympathy with Bacon's Re-
bellion so far as it was an armed attack upon the Governor.
Indian incursions, the very cause which precipitated Bacon
in his course, was a danger foreign to the Eastern Shore;
and while the Navigation Act would have borne hard upon
them, had it been enforced, the remoteness of the peninsula
rendered the evasion of the law a simple matter. For that
reason, neither of these matters is mentioned among the
grievances. Had the Eastern Shore been exposed to merci-
less inroads of the Savages of Maryland, and had Berkeley
prohibited the people from protecting themselves, there is
no doubt that they would have taken up arms in their own
defense and turned upon the Governor, had he attempted to
interfere. But this was not the case, and being entirely cut
off from the Western Shore, the people of the peninsula
could not appreciate the necessity of Bacon's course and had
hardly an interest in common with the rebels. There was
little more to induce them to take up arms than if they had
been residents of Maryland. Bacon himself did not take
up arms with the original object of ridding the people of
the hardships which bore upon them as a result of the As-
sembly's refusal to grant them relief from their govern-
mental burdens, but merely because weapons were necessary
to repel and punish Indians. The idea of pressing other
demands upon the Governor by means of force, never occur-
red to Bacon in the first stages of the rebellion.

In view of the highly developed spirit of independence
among the people of the Eastern Shore, it is more reason-
able to suppose that they would have quickly resisted Berke-
ley, had circumstances prompted such a course, than to

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 199

attribute such intense loyalty to them as would have secured
their unwavering support to a tyrannical governor. It will
be remembered that Accomac as a county took no part in the
petition of Northampton, although the burdens complained
of in that appeal were largely common to the people of the
peninsula.

At this time, Argoll Yeardley, John Custis II, and Wil-
liam Kendall were the leading men of Northampton. Yeard-
ley was the son of a former Councillor under the Common-
wealth. John Custis, on the contrary, was a favorite of
Lord Arlington, an ardent royalist, and a warm friend of
Berkeley's, if not in accord with all his policies. William
Kendall had represented Northampton in the first assembly
after the restoration, which was naturally strongly royalistic
in temper. The fact that Custis and Yeardley, belonging to
different parties, were selected as trustees to secure the
redress of their grievances by the people of Northampton,
and that Kendall, hitherto an avowed royalist, joined Bacon,
clearly shows that the people of Northampton were not
arrayed along the party lines previously existing. The in-
dication is that they were firmly united in an effort to im-
prove matters, but that a few, like Kendall, who had spent
much time at James City, and fallen under the influence of
the Bacon sentiment, took more violent means to secure re-
dress.

In Accomac, a similar absence of factional alignment was
to be found. The leading figures there, since the death of
Colonel Edmund Scarburgh, were Major John West, Ma-
jor Edmund Bovsrman, Colonel John Wise, Colonel Southey
Littleton, and Colonel Charles Scarburgh. West was the
son of Lieut.-Col. John West, of Northumberland County,
who had married Matilda Scarburgh, daughter of Colonel
Edmund Scarburgh. Colonel West was an ardent supporter

200 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

of Berkeley's in suppressing tlie rebellion. His son allied
iiiniself with Colonel Bowman, Wise, and Littleton in their
policy of loyalty to Berkeley. Littleton was the son of a
former member of the Coimcil under the Commonwealth,
and may reasonably be supposed to have entertained his
father's views. Charles Scarburgh, son of the noted royalist
partisan, joined Bacon, as did his cousin William Scarburgh,
while Captain Edmund Scarburgh, younger brother of
Charles, remained loyal to Berkeley. So we see that the
King played but a small part in the course which the people
of Accomack pursued.

Upon hearing of the dissatisfaction on the Eastern Shore,
the Governor threw a sop to the malcontents, by promising
that he would redress their wrongs so soon as circumstances
permitted, and thereby rendered further remonstrance on
their part unnecessary.

When, on the 29th of July, the Governor found it neces-
sary to desert the Western Shore, he did not repair to the
peninsula on account of the great loyalty of the country to
his cause, but because it was the only remaining part of the
colony in which he would be safe from sudden capture by
Bacon. He knew when he went there that the petitioners
were waiting impatiently for response to their appeal, and
that something more than promises would have to be yielded
to win their support. His only hope, however, lay in assemb-
ling a sufficient force about his standard to take the aggres-
sive against Bacon, and with that object in view and in order
to fully commit Custis and other prominent men to his
cause and secure the aid of the people through the influence
of their leaders, he dispensed various royal commissions
among them, appointing Custis, Major General of the King's
forces, and established his headquarters at "Arlington" on

EASTERN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 301

Old Plantation Creek. ^ That Berkeley should establish him-
self at this point was most natural. It afforded the best
harbor convenient to the Western Shore, and was near the
village of "Old Plantation," and also the village of Acco-
mack. These places though boasting but a handful of peo-
ple, were the only settlements of any size south of "The
Horns" or "Peachburg," as it had now come to be known.
Besides, "Arlington" was the home of Major General Custis,
who was engaged in collecting the forces for Berkeley, and
the governor was naturally to be found at the scene of such
activity.

Moreover, since words cost nothing, Berkeley promised
to exempt the two counties from all taxation for a period of
twenty-one years, should they remain faithful to him. While
the Governor was not always politic, he was shrewd, and by
such promises he won the passive, if not in all cases the
active, support of the masses.

Immediately upon the arrival of Berkeley in IS'orthamp-
ton, steps were taken to muster the militia of the two coun-
ties and augment the regular forces. Commissaries were
commissioned and sent out to collect supplies and recruits
for the King's army, as Berkeley called his force. Berkeley
no doubt visited all the principal points in Accomack as
well as in the lower peninsula, for he soon enlisted through
personal appeal many of the leading citizens in his cause.
Tradition says that he established his headquarters near
Pungoteague, and again at a house on Onancock Creek. Un-
questionably he was at these places but only temporarily.

While Berkeley on the Eastern Shore was endeavoring to
rally to his banner a force capable of overcoming Bacon, and

^Hening, II, p. 552. Also Winder Papers. Va. State Library. Va.
Mag. of History and Biography, Vol. X, pp. 69-70.
Cradle of The Republic, Tyler, p. 70.

202 EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

dispatching messengers to England, begging for troops and
other aid, Bacon was not inactive on the Western Shore. The
flight of the Governor had decided many persons in their
course, hitherto neutral, and large numbers v?ent over to
Bacon.

Campbell tells us that some of the inhabitants of the
Eastern Shore committed depredations on the estates of the
planters on Bacon's side of the bay.^ It is possible that some
of the free-booters vrhom Berkeley assembled about him
took advantage of the Governor's authority to loot and pil-
lage. Some of the "free and easy" gentlemen from the sea-
side islands, who in no sense could be called Accomackians,
would have found the occasion a congenial one.

After attending to matters at Middle Plantation, Bacon
dispatched Giles Bland, "a gentleman of an active and stir-
ring disposition, and no great admirer of Sir William's
goodness," to the Eastern Shore to capture the old Governor
and confine him. Bland was ordered to go and "block up"
his foe. Sir William, or induce the people to surrender him
— "thinking the country, like the Friar in the Bush, must
needs be so mad as to dance to their pipe." So, General
Bacon, hoping that his Lieutenant, Bland, might "go forth
with an empty hand but return with a full fist," placed mat^
ters in his charge and went after the Indians.^

Lieutenant General Bland, a man of courage and haughty
bearing, set forth on his enterprise. He had 250 men, and
one ship with four guns, under command of an old sailor,
Captain Carver, who was "resolved to adventure his old
bones" for the rebel cause. This one ship was insufficient,
however, and Bland seized another, lying in York River,
which belonged to a Captain Laramore, probably a trader

'Charles Campbell's History of Virginia, p. 305.
^See Cooke's History of Virginia.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 203

and a friend of Berkeley's. This seizure irritated Laramore
and was the source of many woes. He had been arrested
and confined in his cabin, but disserabling, professed sym-
pathy, and was restored to the command of his ship; and
then Bland sailed for Accomac. On the way he captured
two other vessels, making four in all, and with this ileet,
anchored off "Old Plantation."

At the appearance of the four ships mounted with can-
non. Sir William was almost in despair. He found himself
threatened with capture by a rebel fleet, and his situation
was not unlike that of his master Charles I, in his darkest
days. An incident changed everything.

Laramore's mind was still rankling with resentment at
the seizure of his ship ; and he privately sent word to Berke-
ley that if assistance were given him he would betray Bland.
At the time, the vessels were at anchor, and Captain Carver
of the four-gun ship, Bland's second in command, had gone
on shore to see Berkeley. Laramore's offer resembled a
trap, but a friend of the Governor's, Colonel Philip Ludwell,
offered to vouch for him, and to lead the party to assist in
Bland's capture. Sir William thereupon agreed to every-
thing, and Ludwell prepared an armed boat in Old Planta-
tion Creek, but out of sight. At the time appointed, he
rowed toward Laramore's ship; supposed to be coming to
parley ; and Bland did not fire on him. The sequel quickly
came. The boat ran under the ship's stem, and one of Lud-
well's men leaped on board, and putting a pistol to Blaud's
breast said, "You are my prisoner." The rest followed and
disarmed the crew, who were said to be drunk, but were prob-
ably Laramore's friends ; and Carver soon returning, he and
Bland were "amazed and yielded." No further resistance
was made, and Colonel Ludwell returned in triumph with
his prisoners to Berkeley. Thus ended in gloomy disaster

204 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIKGINIA HISTORY

the attempt to make the Accomaekians dance to the rebel
piping. Bland, with all his courage and activity, had been
caught in a trap, and Berkeley put him in irons and other-
wise ill-treated him.^ Poor old Carver was honored by his
excellency, as we are told, with the gift of a halter, and was
hung on the shore near "Old Plantation" a few days after-
wards. General Bland was spared for the time being and
held in prison on the Eastern Shore until March. He was
a man of too much influence at court to be dispatched in the
summary way in which Carver had been executed. After
Bland's capture, Laramore's men joined the forces of
Berkeley.

At this juncture it will be interesting to examine into
the army which Berkeley was able to gather about him on the
Eastern Shore.

AVe know that Major John West of Accomac raised a
force of men in this county, forty-four of whom served under
Berkeley for thirty-four days.^ How many of the better
element of Northampton enlisted for service under Berkeley,
we have no way of determining, but it is known that some of
them did enlist, and it is only reasonable to accredit them
with a force equal to that from Accomac. Supposing this
to be the case, Berkeley must have had one hundred fairly
good men.

Historians unite in telling us that Captain Gardener, a
follower of Berkeley, arrived about this time at Accomac in
his ship the Adam-and-Eve, with ten or twelve sloops which
he had collected along the coast. Bland's captured ships
made in all about seventeen vessels. When Bland set out
for Accomac, he had a force of two hundred and fifty men.

^Cooke, p. 275.

'Petition of Maj. John West, Accomac County Records, Sept. 14, 1677.
See Appendix.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 805

Add to this number the crew of Laramore's ship, and those
of the two other vessels of Bland's fleet, and it will be seen
that Bland must have had about three hundred men with
him when captured. Most of these men joined Berkeley's
army, and added to the men from Accomac under Major
West, and an equal number from Northampton made up a
force of about five hundred.

Some authorities put the number of men which Berkeley
had when he crossed the bay as high as one thousand,^ while
others claim but eight hundred.^ In view of the usual ex-
aggeration of such estimates, the smaller number is probably
more nearly correct. The crews of Gardener's vessel and
the sloops would normally number about two hundred men.
The balance of one hundred was probably made up of the
'longshoremen to whom the historians invariably refer. If
the force were composed as we have supposed, it was indeed
a motley crew, but should not be accredited to the Eastern
Shore. To this force naturally devoid of all discipline, the
Governor offered, so it is said, the estates of all who had
taken "Bacon's Oath," and further proclaimed that the serv-
ants of all gentlemen fighting under Bacon should have their
master's property in case they enrolled themselves under the
King's flag.

Such extravagant promises were not calculated to instill
order and discipline into the ranks of the Governor's nonde-
script army.

Berkeley sailed for Jamestown and reached it safely Sep-
tember Y, 1676, the news of his approach "outstripping his
canvass wings." The place was held by Colonel Hansford,
one of the youngest and bravest of Bacon's lieutenants, with
eight or nine hundred men. Berkeley, anchoring, summoned

'T. M. Manuscript.
Winder Papers.

206 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Hansford to surrender, promising amnesty to all but Law-
rence and Drummond, then in the town. Hansford refused,
but upon the advice of these two leaders, determined to
evacuate the place, which he did during the night. About
noon the next day. Governor Berkeley landed on the island,
and "knelt down and rendered thanks to God for his safe
arrival."^

Lawrence, Drummond, and Hansford had galloped off to
the north to report the loss of the town to Bacon, who was at
the head of the York Kiver. They told Bacon that the whole
"Kingdom of Accomac" had declared for the Governor and
that a great army had been raised there and transported
across the bay.

Bacon's proceedings were those of a soldier. He had only
a body-guard with him, but he mounted in hot haste and set
out for Jamestown. Couriers scattered in all directions to
summon his followers to join him. As he advanced, his force
steadily increased, and marching vidth "a marvellous celer-
ity, outstripping the swift wings of fame," he came in sight
of Jamestown, at the head now of a force of several hundred
men.

Sir William was ready to receive him. A strong earth-
work and palisade had been erected across the neck of the
island, and Bacon rode forward to reconnoitre. He then
ordered his trumpets to sound and a volley to be fired into
the town. But no response came back. Berkeley, it is said,
expected that his enemy would retire for want of provisions ;
but in this he was disappointed. Bacon was a rough cam-
paigner, and supplied himself from the Governor's own
larder, as the Governor had supplied himself from thought-
ful Mr. Lawrence's cupboard. He made his headquarters

'Cooke's History of Virginia.

EASTBEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 207

at "Greenspring," the mansion of Sir William; and cattle,
grain, horses, and stores of every description were appro-
priated without scruples.^

Bacon, after a careful survey of the ground, proceeded to
throw up a breastwork in front of Berkeley's palisade. It
is said that in order to accomplish this in the face of the
enemy, he seized the wives of a number of his prominent
adversaries and notified Berkeley and the husbands that if
an attempt were made to stop the entrenching, the ladies
would be mounted upon the works to stop the bullets. Not
heeding the threat, an attacking party sallied out of James
City at daylight the next morning and fell upon the work-
men; the sally was repulsed; and the ladies were mounted
upon the half completed works and kept there until the
breastwork was completed. As soon as the ladies retired.
Governor Berkeley ordered a general attack, but his undis-
ciplined army, it must be admitted, did not push forward
with much vigor and was promptly driven back. Historians
do not give much credit to the followers of Berkeley for their
conduct in this fight. His army was necessarily an unor-
ganized band. While there were many fine men from the
Eastern Shore with him, and a handful of followers like
Ludwell from the Western Shore, the large majority of his
men were sailors and irregulars and cared little for Berke-
ley or his cause. No doubt the latter had joined the Gover-
nor for the sake of promised plunder, and "finding cold
steel to encounter instead of larders to rifle," they suddenly
ceased fighting and fled to Jamestown. Thus deserted, the
better portion of Berkeley's army was forced to retreat,
leaving a dozen of their number killed or wounded before
Bacon's trenches.

^Cooke's History of Virginia.

208 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

This was the end for the moment of Sir William Berkeley
and the royal cause. The stormy old leader was "extremely
disgusted, and expressed in some passionate terms" his
wrath and mortification. But there was no help for it. His
following was plainly too lukewarm to run any risk in his
cause; and when Bacon brought up three guns and opened
a cannonade on the town and ships, Sir William Berkeley
lost all heart, embarked during the night, and he and his
army sailed away from Jamestown and returned to Accomac.

Bacon immediately entered the deserted capital, and
ordered it to be burned so as to prevent Berkeley from occu-
pying it again.

Such was the end of Berkeley's attempt to overcome
Bacon. It had accomplished nothing. The advance had
ended in retreat. Sir William had fled to his ships, and his
ships had fled down James Biver and back to the Eastern
Shore. There was no more spirit left in the army which
has been so generally accredited to Accomac.

The Governor's fleet of transports probably landed the
disheartened expedition at Pungoteague or Occahannock,
for an entry in the Accomack records shows that a hospital
was established at the house of Henry Beade in the lower
part of the county, where the sick and wounded were received
and kindly treated. If the expedition had returned to "Old
Plantation" in ISTorthampton it is not likely that the wounded
would have been taken such a great distance as to Accomac.

Though Berkeley, and the host of invaders which had
descended upon James City, had been driven off. Bacon felt
that something should be done to prevent a repetition of this
invasion. He, therefore, no doubt upon the advice of Scar-
burgh and Kendall, dispatched agents to distribute a proc-
lamation among the people of the peninsula in which he
appealed to them to desist from further acts of enmity to-

EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 309

wards him and begging them to forsake Berkeley. The step
was a wise and opportune one so far as it concerned the mass
of the people, though it had no effect upon the better element
of the Grovernor's supporters. The overwhelming disasters
which had befallen the first expedition were certainly cal-
culated to discourage further enlistment in Berkeley's army,
and a loyalty already lukewarm was not intensified by such
results.

Even Bacon was misled as to the true nature of the invad-
ing army, attributing its personnel entirely to Accomac, as
will be seen from the following text of his appeal:

BACOn''s appeal to the people of ACCOMACK

"Of part of our victory, and the misery of your own and
Sr. Wm. Berkeley's Condition, your selves are Judges, how
unjust your cause was, how base and sordid the invitation
that tempted, how unheard of, his and your manner of pro-
ceedings against yor neighbors and friends, to invade this
poor Colony and bee the first beginners of Bloodshed amongst
his Maties subjects, for hopes of Plunder: does I believe by
this time gall your consciences and reasons to reflect upon,
and consider how you have been deluded and gulled by that
abominable Jugler : whose cheates and base Actions you were
all acquainted with, and whose oppressions you have a long
time groaned under, which that you may more clearly see
and understand, read without prjudice and considr.

"Know that I have done, has bin in defence of his Majties
interest (by a power derived from his Maties) as authen-
tique and immediate, as in this part of the world can be —
being a Commission signed by Sr. Wm. Berkeley att the
request of yor Assembly, and ratified by an Act of Assembly,
whereby the said Sir Wm. Berkeley amply and fully ex-
presseth his confidence of my Loyalty to his Matie to bee
one of the grounds and reasons of this intrusting mee with
soe great a charge, which doth fully and absolutely acquitt
me of that violence whereby he pretends the Commission to

210 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

be extorted, for that all the world may imagine that noe man
of honour in his place, would bee compelled to Act against
reason, soe that noe reasonable man can imagine Compulsion
otherwise than a Ridiculous Evasion.

"For in Taxing mee contrary to the tenor of my Commis-
sion hee taxeth himself of treason to our Soveraigne, wch no
pretence of compulsion can excuse, for it is not to be sup-
posed that his Matie would entrust either a Coward, or a
ffolle, soe that it doth necessarily foUow that if my Commis-
sion were Just and granted for reasonable grounds (as by
tenor thereof under his hand doth appeare) then the Com-
plaint by him agst us, was unjust and abominable or if I
were what hee prtends hee doth att once confess himself both a
Coward and a Traitor which hee very well knows, and it is
on that score, that by his folly and passion together, hath in-
volved himself, and this poore Colony, in such a Laborinth
of ruine, for that hee very well knows, that hee never can
Answer what hee hath done before his Matie, should his
doings, and what he was alwaies desirous of, come to the
eares of our Soveraigne Lord (as by our former declaration
may appeare) for he knows and will consider, that by his
own handwriting all his accusations agst his Maties Loyall
Subjects, which were vsdth such haste dispatched for Eng-
land, are frustrates, when that it will appeare that hee hath
granted me Commission of an Afterdate to his Accusation,
hee therefore, perceiving that all his damnable Plotts and
devices agst the people although by all his Artifices, Lyes
and Juggles must of necessity tume on himselfe, not daring
to trust himselfe to the Justice of our Soveraigne, whose
interest with our loves wee have defended, resolved rather
to trust his Cause to the rash Conduct of his madd party, to
the wisedom of a discerning Prince, who must needs count
him unfitt to Governe, who neither had the principle to doe
what was just, nor the courage to oppose what was unjust.

"Again consider also, that hee has Acted beyond his com-
mission or power, granted from his Matie wh impowers him
to Act with foure of his Council Jointly, when in this late
disturbance, hee hath had two (Cole & Lu dwell).

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 211

"Againe considr that hee Levyed forces without an As-
sembly or the consent of the Country, against the people who
have hitherto been of the defensive party.

"Lastly considr how closely, constantly and diligently
wee have acquitted ourselves of our trust, and taken all pos-
sible advantage of our Indian Enemy.

"Considr also what considerable victoryes wee have ob-
tained, in two marches agst them and how we have been
pursued and prosecuted in both.

"Considr also what ill successe hee and his party have
had, and what little reason you have to boast of your pur-
chase or any your attempts, or actions in our Rivers.
"Gent.

"If therefore, sence, reason or humanity can invite you
(bee unbeguiled betimes) and attend what is seriously
spoken to you and propounded by the people of Virginia, that
if you doe within fifteen days after the arrival of this paper
on yr shore, send some of yr discreetest persons in the name
of your countrey, to make us satisfaction for your Losses
(which by your Pyracyes) wee have sustained, and to de-
liver up to us the Ringleaders, to bee sent into England,
there to havr their Tryall, that is to say, Custis, Stringer,
ffoxcraft, Littleton; as also shall howrly convey to us what
persons of our party are there detained as Prisoners, then
out of the tender desires we have to preserve peace and
Amnity among ourselves, that his Maties Colony might not
bee ruined by yor rashness ; wee will rather treat with you as
Brothers and friends and endeavour that our sad difference
may be composed.

"And that this section of yors may be reckoned as the
seducement of Abominable Jugler Sr whose oppres-
sions you have formerly known then any wayes revive the
memory of it to the Breach and discontinuance of that peace
which wee hitherto have, and ought to maintaine (wch if you
deny) I appeale over to yourselves, if you can justly blame
us, iff we prosecute you with all extremity of warr, to the
utmost of our powers, which you must expect from them,

212 EASTERN- SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

whom nothing but your own folly and Injustice has or can
make your Enemies.

"Subscribed thus,

ISTath. Bacon/^

While this remarkable exposition of his claims to right
and the support of the Accomackians did not win Bacon the
active enlistment of the Eastern Shoremen in his cause, yet
a threat was clearly expressed in the body of this appeal.
Indeed, Bacon was already planning to take the aggressive
against Berkeley and to punish the people of the peninsula
for their invasion of the Western Shore.

The poor old Governor was much alarmed, for the
apathetic loyalty of the masses to his cause could not possi-
bly delude him into a belief that they would offer such oppo-
sition to Bacon as would lead to the devastation and destruc-
tion of their farms and homes. While the influence of the
gentry was very great, yet even they could not assure Berke-
ley of his safety among them. If Bacon's transports were to
heave in sight, but one course was open to the Governor, and
that was to desert the soil of Virginia for a safer place of
refuge. The bitter conflict between Bacon and Berkeley, so
far as personal rancour was concerned, was not reflected in
the breasts of their supporters, and such men as Kendall
and Charles Scarburgh in the former's army, would, from
self-interest, see that no desolation of their homes ensued at
the hands of the invaders. A meeting of the leaders of the
two parties would have been more in the nature of a saluta-
tion between friends and brothers than a parley between
enemies.

At any rate, the fear that the rebels might land upon
the peninsula and take up a triumphant march accompanied
by flre and sword, caused much alarm among the common
people, so that Berkeley's orders to patrol the coasts and

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 213

watch for Bacon's sails, were readily complied with. Pa-
trols were posted along the shores and near the mouth of
every navigable creek, and as the eyes of the self-interested
watchers scanned the horizon and noted with apprehension
every craft that appeared upon the bosom of the blue bay,
the uneasy Governor no doubt kept within easy reach of a
fleet craft, standing prepared to spread her sails at the first
signal of departure.

This deplorable situation must have been equally alarm-
ing to the loyal Custis, Major General of a vanished army,
and who had loaned large sums of money to Berkeley on the
King's account. No doubt the Governor's word was Custis's
sole security and that was not negotiable collateral in the
clearing house of the rebels. The loyal Oustis, however, as
well as the other creditors of the King among the gentlemen
of the Eastern Shore, seem to have acted with magnanimity
during the crisis of Berkeley's affairs, and to have continued
to aid and succor him when all seemed lost.

Hope flared up afresh, when the loyal Colonel Brent, with
one thousand men, made a demonstration in Gloucester in
favor of the royal cause, but almost simultaneously with the
news of the undertaking came the sad tidings of its farcical
end. Fortune again favored the downcast Berkeley, for even
while Bacon was completing his preparations to invade the
peninsula, his strength waned under a consuming fever and
dysentery, contracted in the trenches at Jamestovsni, and
after a few weeks' illness, he expired in October, 1676.

Contemporaneous writers, laboring under the excitement
of the time, hinted at foul play on the part of Berkeley and
his sympathizers, but as yet evidence suflBcient to justify the
charge of poisoning has not been adduced.

Appreciating the fact that "Bacon's Eebellion" was in-
spired and maintained by the great personal influence of

15

814 EASTEEF SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

the deceased leader, and that with hini died the spirit of
fearless resistance to the King's authority, Berkeley, so soon
as he heard of Bacon's death, determined to strike a fatal
blow to the mutiny. Robert Beverley, who had remained
with the Governor during his exile, was accordingly dis-
patched with a party of reliable men to York Kiver, to cap-
ture as many of the demoralized leaders of the rebel force
as possible. They succeeded in capturing Colonel Hansford
and about twenty of his men near where Yorktown now
stands. They were taken captive to Accomack. Hansford
was summarily tried by the Governor at the head of a make^
shift court, sentenced to be hung and duly executed on the
bay-shore, about a mile from the place of his confinement,
November 13, 1676.^ Captain Wilford, Captain Farloe and
several others of less note were also put to death on the East-
ern Shore.

Sir William Berkeley now repaired to York River with
four merchant ships, two or three sloops and 150 men. On
January 29, 1677, a fleet with an English Regiment arrived
and Berkeley was commissioned to try rebels.

Since James City, the former seat of Government, was
no more, a court-martial was instituted on board Captain
John Martin's ship in Yorke River, January 11, 1677, and
adjourned from time to time to the house of the Governor
at "Green Spring" and other important points thereabout.
This court was composed of the Right Honourable Sir Wil-
liam Berkeley, EJnt. Governor and Captain General of Vir-
ginia, and the following gentlemen:

'Ingram's Proceedings, 33: Force's Collection of Historical Tracts,
Vol. I. For a. sketch of Thomas Hansford, the first native martyr to
American Liberty, as he has been frequently styled, see Virginia Histori-
cal Collections, Vol. IX, p. 193.

EASTBRK SHOES OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 215

Coll. Nathl. Bacon (elder) Coll. Wm. Claiborne

Coll. Tho. Ballard Coll. Southey Littleton

Coll. Phill. Ludwell Lt. Coll. John West

Coll. Augustine Warner Maj. Law. Smith

Maj. Eobert Beverley Capt. Anth. Armistead

Coll. Math. Kemp Capt. Danl. Jenifer

A revel of blood ensued, but in justice to the other mem-
bers of the court, it should be said that they opposed as best
they could the violent measures of the Governor. ITothing
could deter him, however. His thirst for the blood of his
enemies was apparently insatiable. At last, after he had
executed ten of the rebels, the King's Commissioners, Col-
onel Herbert Jeffries, Sir John Berry, and Colonel Francis
Morryson, arrested the proceedings of the bloody drum-
head court.

A civil court, of which the commissioners were members,
was instituted at "Green Spring," and held its first session
March 1st. The commissioners had brought with them from
England the King's Proclamation authorizing the court to
pardon all rebels who would take the oath of obedience to
his Majesty and give security for their good behavior.

On the 3rd of March, the Governor was not present at
the session of the court, whereupon Charles Scarburgh and
William Kendall presented themselves for judgment. It is
quite likely that they had been apprised of the Governor's
intended absence. After claiming the benefit of the King's
proclamation and taking the oath of obedience to his Maj-
esty, the following judgment was passed upon them by the
court :^

"Itt being most evident that Captain Charles Scarburgh
hath uttered divers scandalous and mutinous words tending
to the dishonour of the right honourable the Govemour ; but

•Hening, II, p. 549.

216 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

the said Captain Scarburgh. submitting himself, and being
ready to comply with what fine the court shall adjudge
against him, the court have thought fit and do order that the
said Captain Scarburgh be fined or amerced fowerty pounds
sterling, to be paid upon demand to the right honourable the
governour, which the said Scarburgh willingly submits to."
"Itt being evident that Coll. Wm. Kendall hath uttered
divers scandalous and mutinous words tending to the dis-
honour of the right honourable the governour; but the said
Coll. Kendall submitting himselfe, and offering fifty pounds
sterling as a fine for his soe great crime; and the right hon-
ourable governour desiring the court to pass the same into
order, they have therefore thought fit and doe order that he
pay the said somme upon demand to the right honourable
the governour, which he willingly submits to, and hath
accordingly performed the same."

From this, the measure of Kendall's offense seems to have
been greater than Scarburgh's.

At the session of the court held March 8th, Giles Bland,
the leader of the expedition to the Eastern Shore, was con-
victed of treason and sentenced to be hung, which sentence
was executed on the 15th. At the sessions of the 9th, 10th,
15th and 16th, a number of prominent rebels were sentenced
to death, raising the total number executed to twenty-three,
twelve of whom had been sentenced by Berkeley's Court-
martial. On the last date above, William Scarburgh was
sentenced to death.^

The Assembly and court which convened February 20th
had by this time repealed Bacon's laws and Berkeley's tri-
umph was absolute.

Our Virginia historians, misled by the contemporaneous
accounts of the Rebellion as contained in the "T. M." manu-
script, the "Winder Papers, Bacon's appeal and other papers,

^Hening, II, p. 553.

EASTERlSr SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTOEY 317

have mtliout exception misconceived and misrepresented
the part played by the Eastern Shore in connection with
Bacon's Kebellion. All of them agree that only the rougher
element of 'longshoremen and adventurers, whom desire for
plunder drew to his banner, supported Berkeley against
Bacon.^ They have referred to the part played by the peo-
ple of the Eastern Shore, during the Rebellion, in most dis-
paraging terms. They have unjustly charged the people of
the peninsula with the acts of every free-booter and ruffian
who flocked there at Berkeley's call, for the purpose of
adventure and in the hope of plunder. They have been led
into the error by contemporaneous writers, who, ignorant as
to the true situation, indiscriminately referred to Berkeley's
motley host as Accomackians. The people of the Western
Shore, at that time, knew very little about the peninsula or
its inhabitants ; and after all it was natural that they should
believe the rabble which descended upon them from across
the bay, to be composed of natives of the peninsula.

An examination of the records of the peninsula will con-
trovert the general view of historians and convince any un-
biased mind that while large numbers of Eastern Shoremen
did not accompany Berkeley in his expedition to James City,
they very generally hazarded their fortunes for the success
of his cause.

When Berkeley first sent out a call for supplies, many of
the wealthiest and most influential men on the peninsula
responded.

With the exception of the orders for the raising of troops
and the impressment of provisions, no mention is made of
the Eebellion in the records that cover the period of hostili-
ties. As Sir Wm. Berkeley was present on the peninsula

'For similar error, see Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., Vol. I, p. 465.

218 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

the greater part of the time, he evidently took affairs into
his own hands, and adopted such measures as he deemed
best adapted to insure his own safety and the ultimate tri-
umph of his fortunes. Hence we find that, during the Ee-
bellion, the court records of Accomac and Northampton are
scanty. Of the proceedings of Sir Wm. Berkeley and his
Council while on the Eastern Shore, no record has been pre-
served; and it is not probable that any was made. As soon,
however, as the Kebellion collapsed by reason of Bacon's
untimely and mysterious death and the civil courts resumed
their duties, the old county records teem with entries that
fix the attitude of the Eastern Shoremen in the great strug-
gle and attest the services rendered by them to the cause of
Berkeley.^ While Berkeley is known to have executed a
number of the rebels on the Eastern Shore, the sole mention
of an execution in the Accomac Records is contained in the
petition of lone Occahone.^

The document which above all others fixes beyond a doubt
the attitude of the Eastern Shore people in Bacon's Rebel-
lion is the memorial addressed to Sir William Berkeley by
the justices of the peace and other leading citizens of Acco-
mac shortly after the cessation of hostilities, asking for cer-
tain favors he had promised them in consideration of their
loyalty. The text of the petition follows:

"Wee his Majesties Justices here underwritten, and others,
the Inhabitants of Accomack County, in obedience to his
most sacred Majesties command directing us to send over to
them sealed all grievances and pressures, especially such as

^For interesting abstracts from Accomac Records see Appendix.
^See Appendix.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 319

have been the grounds of the late troubles and disorders
among us, being deeply sensible of the Late Eebellion hatched
and acted on the Western Shore by Nath. Bacon, dec'd, and
complices, to our great prejudices, expenses and Losses of
many men and crops by watching and warding on all parts
of the Shoare to hinder the Landing and invasion of the said
Eebells on our coast, where we have received into our pro-
tection the bodies of the Right Honourable Sr. Wm. Berke-
ley and severall other good and Loyall subjects of his Majty,
fled to our parts from the fury and rage of the said Bacon
& Complices, doe.

"First, hereby acknowledge that we nor any of us knew
any reason for any such Rebellion, & some or all of us did
protest against his actions as rebellious.

"Secondly, we humbly desire his Majty to continue Sr.
Wm. Berkeley Governor in Virginia as long as God shall
spare him life.

"Thirdly, Whereas the Right Honourable Sr. Wm. Berke-
ley upon his first coming to us and our readiness to assist
him to the hazard of our own lives and fortunes against the
said Rebell Bacon & Accomplices, did promise as well as our
county of Accomack as the rest of the Eastern Shore in Vir-
ginia should bee free from all county tax for these twenty-
one years ensuing.

"Wee humbly therefor pray ye Honourables to be a means
the same may be confirmed first in Virginia and afterwards
by his Majties Royall grant.

"Fourthly, Whereas wee are deeply sensible of the vast
charge this unhappy warr and Rebellion hath put the coun-
try to, and it may be expected to be defrayed out of the
country : Wee desire wee may be excluded from all and every
part of the same, wee being in no way the cause of it.

"Lastly, Whereas we have been informed that this Royall
Majty hath or was about to give the country their Quit Rents
for many years to come, wh: wee doubt this unhappy warr
hath now broke off, wee humbly desire it may still remaine
good to us, and being in no way the cause of knowing of the

220 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

same, to wh : wee subscribe or hands in open court, and pray
for his Majties and ye Honourable Governr health long to
continue.

(Signed) Edm'd Bowman

EoBT. Hutchinson
William Whittington
Jno. Wise
Tho. KroiNG
EiCH. Hill
Edm'd Scaebuegh^
Jno. Wallop
Obedience Johnson
& many others."

The names subscribed to the foregoing memorial afford a
sufficient guarantee for the truth of all the statements it
contains. They are the names of the foremost men then
living on the Eastern Shore.

Then comes the report of the King's OAvn Commissioner,
Sir John Berry, appointed to assist in the settlement of mat-
ters in Virginia. In summing up the sufferers by Bacon's
Rebellion he writes:

"The Gentlemen of this Province were very Loyal to his
Majestic and Faithfull and constant to the Governor, and
must therefore of consequence, be greate suffers since the
place was the onely shelter for the Governour and his Party
during the Troubles in other Parts of his Majesties Colony
of Virginia ; from which this is separated seven leagues dis-
tance.

"The Persons of Particular Emmency were these, vizt:
Col. Stringer, Col. Littleton, Mr. Foxcroft, Major Jenifer
and in the first Place.

'Son of Col. Edmund, who died in 1670-71, and brother of Col. Charles
Scarburgh.

EASTEEN SHOEB OP VIRGINIA HISTOEY 321

"Major Genii. Jo. Custis whose house was Sir William
Berkeleys continued Quarters, a person who at all tymes
and Places boldly asserted, & supported to his power the
Governours honour & cause in his Maties behalfe against the
Eebells. This worthy Gentlemen upon consulting severall
of the most eminent and able persons in Virginia for victual-
ling his Majestyes ships there, most frankly engaged to lend
the King a Thousand pounds sterling on his owne account,
to promote and advance thereof, if it possible have been per-
formed answerable to his Maties on their Exigency, which
none would undertake to do.

"(Signed) John Beeey.

"Ed. in Oct. 15, 167Y."

This contemporaneous writing should settle beyond ques-
tion the fact that the governor made "Arlington" and "Old
Plantation" his permanent headquarters during the rebel-
lion.

We have seen how Sir William Berkeley left nothing
undone to punish those who had taken sides with Bacon.
The following extract from the records of Accomac in refer-
ence to Jenifer show that in punishing his enemies the Gov-
ernor did not forget to reward his friends.

"By his Majesties Governr and Captain Generall of Vir-
ginia.

"Whereas, Capt. Daniel Jenifer of Accomac county of
Virginia hath fully approved himselfe a good and loyall
subject of his Most Sacred Majties Govr, being always ready
to serve and obey me his Majties Govr in suppressing the
present Rebellion, and understanding the said Capt. Jenifer
was added to the Commission for the peace for the sd court
held for the sd County, admitted to the same place he was
put in the sd Commission, he first taking the oathe of alle-
giance and the oathe of a justice of the peace.

"Given under my hand this ye 8th day of December, in
the eight and twentieth years of the reigne of our Sovereigne
Lord King Charles the Second, Annoque Dom., 1676."

222 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

The attitude of the Eastern Shore during Bacon's Rebel-
lion may now be siimmed up in a few words, and the facts
set forth in this chapter should convince the reader that our
historians have erred grievously in their "slap-dash" ac-
counts of the Eastern Shore at this time.

First : The grievances of the Eastern Shoremen were local
in character and not such as would lead to the taking up of
arms.

Second: The gentry, among whom were some of the most
prominent men in the Colony, did not array themselves
along any hitherto existing party lines. The large majority
of them adhered to Berkeley and devoted their swords and
means to his support, but those who joined Bacon denied
that they did so out of a spirit of disloyalty to the King.

Third: The masses were indifferent as to the Kebellion
at first, but won over by promises of exemption from taxa-
tion and the influence of the gentry, a few of the common
people enlisted for service against Bacon.

Eourth: Contemporaries and Historians have generally
erred in charging the Eastern Shore with the disorderly mob
of freebooters which gathered about Berkeley, because the
point of assembly was on the peninsula.

XIII

Towns and Couethousbs Built. Tobacco Teottbles.

Jacobitism

The troublous period of Bacon's Eebellion and the con-
stant excitement incident thereto had proved too much for
the fierce old Governor. His health as well as his temper
had heen so overstrained that he was unequal to the task of
governing the colony. He was recalled by the King, April
27, 167Y, and leaving the scenes of his glory and trouble
soon after, died in England (in July) without seeing his
royal master whom he had endeavored to serve so faithfully.

The General Assembly which met at Middle Plantation,
on October 10, 1677, at the call of Lieut. -Governor Herbert
Jeffreys, continued its sittings for one month, and in that
time undertook to settle the Indian troubles and many other
pressing questions. We have no record of the Burgesses
from the Eastern Shore, but representatives were sent to
this assembly. General Custis, of ISTorthampton, was ele-
vated to the Council. The Burgesses of Accomac introduced
a most important matter bearing upon the liberties of the
people, not only of the Eastern Shore, but of the whole col-
ony. Until this time, witnesses were frequently allowed to
testify without being sworn, and the accused was forced to
testify against himself, or to have his silence construed as a
confession of guilt. In order to correct so grievous a prac-
tise, contrary to the laws and liberties of the people, the
question was raised, with the result that the Assembly took
cognizance of the matter and ordered as follows :

223

224 EASTBEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

"Upon a motion from Accomac County, sent by the Bur-
gesses, it is answered and declared, that the law has provided
that a person summoned as a witness against another, ought
to answer upon oath, but no law can compel a man to answer
against himself in any matter wherein he is liable to cor-
poral punishment."^

This, indeed, was a great service on the part of the Acco-
mac Burgesses and they should be credited for the stand
they took in the matter. Furthermore, they pressed with
great energy the claim of that county to exemption from
taxes in accordance with Governor Berkeley's promise; but
this was not the only promise of the departed Governor's
which was not fulfilled.

In 1679, the Governor of Virginia was invited to send
representatives to a general council to be held in N^ew York,
in order that the various colonies might confer through their
commissioners with Governor Andros as to Indian affairs
generally and the Six ligations more particularly. These
Indians had proved a great source of disturbance to the out-
lying tribes, and extended their influence as far south as
Virginia. As much of the trouble of 1676 was directly
attributable to the activities of the New Tork Indians, Gov-
ernor Chieheley commissioned Colonel William Kendall and
Colonel Southey Littleton, of Northampton and Accomac
respectively, to attend the conference. On the 31st of July,
the commissioners arrived in New York with their creden-
tials, and it was arranged to hold a coimcil in the autumn at
Albany, with the Onandagas and other bands of the Iroquois.
The policy adopted by the colonies of acting in concert in
their dealings with the Five Nations resulted in much good.
Hitherto, each colony had safeguarded its own interests
merely by diverting the Indians from attack upon itself,

'Hening, Vol. II, p. 422.

EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 225

without thought of the other colonies. JSTow, by united
efforts, the Indians were to be gradually urged westward.^
We are told that the Virginia Oommissioners accomplished
very little except with respect to the Mohawks, but Mary-
land, being more exposed to the inroads of the Five Nations,
persisted in her efforts and finally negotiated successful
treaties with them.

While in ISTew York, Colonel Southey Littleton died at
the house of Kobert Livingstone on the Hudson Eiver near
Albany.*

The feeling at this time that the Eastern Shore, or Acco-
mack, as it was generally called, was a more or less separate
province, in more ways than its geographical position, is
illustrated by Act IX of the Assembly which convened in
April, 1679. After authorizing Major Smith and Captain
William Byrd to seat certain lands at the head of the Eap-
pahannock and James Eiver, and mentioning the colony in
a general way, the act prescribes:

"And it is further enacted by the present Grand Assembly
and the authority thereof, And it is hereby enacted, that the
like privilege and immimities on like conditions and with
like exceptions be granted to such one or more persons, who-
soever shall be willing to undertake the same on the Eastern
Shore, at the frontiers thereof at such places as shall be ap-
pointed by the Grand Assembly, etc.'"

^For full ax:eount of Indian Councils of this period, see Osgood's
American Colonies in 17th Cent., Vol. II. pp. 422, et seq. Colden, Five
Nations, p. 50. Heckewelder, Hist, of Indian Nations, Introduction.

The will of Col. Littleton, for years, could not be found. Very
recently, the late John Cropper, of Washington, discovered a record of
the vpill, vrhieh had been filed in Albany. He mentioned the fact to his
host, Mr. Oliver Livingstone, and was informed by him that the testator
had died in the house of the Livingstones on the Hudson River.

^ening, Vol. II, p. 434.

23d EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

The act grew out of the desire to extend the settled portions
of the Colony, thus rewarding adventurous persons who were
willing to risk the danger of contact with the Savages. But
no such danger was to be anticipated on the peninsula. The
Maryland frontier was as well settled as any portion of Acco-
mac, and the few Indians remaining there were in a state of
perfect subjugation. Such an ofEer must have been made
under a misapprehension of the facts, unless the policy of
the government was to repudiate the Calvert-Scarburgh
boundary and secure a better title to the disputed territory
by occupation. If such was the design, it was abandoned
soon after 1679, for in 1688 the Calvert-Scarburgh line was
recognized by the colony, and it was regarded as a landmark
throughout years of contention, finally resulting in an adjust-
ment by arbitration in 1894.

As further illustration of the peculiar view entertained
with respect to the Eastern Shore, we find this Act of 1679:

"And to the end that the Eastern Shore may not alto-
gether be left without defense against the Indian Enemy,
if any shall attempt thereon, or any such attempt shall arise
among the inhabitants there; be it enacted by this grand
assembly, and the authority thereof, and is hereby enacted,
that the inhabitants on the Eastern Shore may have, and it
is hereby declared that they have, the same liberty to make
garrisons and raise soldiers in a manner and form as it is
allowed to the several counties on the Western Shore, or to
raise and employ their soldiers in ranging as they may find
occasion."^

The great desire of the King for many years had been to
see populous tovsnas and villages scattered over his "Virginia
domains. The Acts encouraging frontier posts not only in-
volved purposes of general defense and the opening up of

'Hening, Vol. II, p. 439.

EASTERN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTORY S37.

new territory, but were also designed to promote the forma-
tion of centers of population. The rapid growth of the New
England towns misled the King into believing that a similar
development could be brought about in Virginia, and from
an early date he had proceeded to legislate towns into exist-
ence. But the towns so far had remained on paper, giving
their names only to large stretches of wilderness.

The seductive sweetness of life upon the healthy soil of
the peninsula, with its many coves, bays, inlets and nav-
igable creeks, enticed the settlers to its shores, and in spite
of the wishes of the King, the settlers spread out along the
coast and nothing could induce them to give up the placid
prosperity and happiness of their sea-side farms in exchange
for life in crowded towns yet to be founded. No argument
could persuade the planter of the Eastern Shore to give up
his acres on the banks of the creeks and the shores of the
bay, where ships that sailed across the seas might tie up to
his own little wharf of pine poles and oyster shell ballast,
in sight of the growing products, which were to make up the
foreign-bound cargoes.

The General Assembly showed great willingness to en-
courage the grovTth of towns in compliance with the wishes
of the English Government, although its members must have
perceived very clearly the impracticability of their measures.

In the session of 1661-2, the law requiring that every ship
which arrived in James Kiver should sail to Jamestown and
there obtain a license to trade was reenacted,^ in spite of the
fact that such a measure would add nothing to the growth
of that place, as had been already proved by previous ex-
perience, and must enhance to an appreciable extent the
cost of all imported articles in consequence of the longer

'Hening, Vol. II, p. 135.

228 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

voyage and unavoidable delay in delivering them, for the
expenses of the vessel had to he recouped by the higher prices
demanded from the purchaser of the goods. There was but
one justification for the action of the Assembly in taking
steps to compel all vessels bringing cargoes of goods into the
colony to go to Jamestown and there obtain a license to sell,
namely, the endeavor to keep the volume of revenue undi-
minished, since all liquors, if landed elsewhere, escaped the
burden of the import tax. But if this was the motive gov-
erning the Assembly, it was soon seen that the regulation
was impracticable. A determined effort was now made to
carry out the instructions that a town should be built upon
every river to serve as a port of entry. In the session of
1662, there was passed the most detailed and carefully con-
sidered measure which had as yet been brought forward.*
This law constitutes one of the most interesting acts of legis-
lation in colonial history, and might be regarded as a re-
markable "triimiph of legislative hope over practical ex-
perience," were it not for the statement of the preamble
that the Assembly had undertaken to encourage the building
of towns because they looked upon it as their duty to conform
to the wishes of their sovereign in England. There is a
brief reference to the probable economic advantages to accrue
to themselves. The determination to establish these towns
had its origin almost exclusively in a feeling of loyalty, a
poor justification for so momentous a step. The hand of
Berkeley is detected in the whole framework of the statute
and his preference is evidently consulted.

A full synopisis of this act will be found interesting as
revealing the procedure of the General Assembly in the
seventeenth century when it sought to build up a town in

^bid, pp. 172-176.

EASTERN SHOES OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 229

the face of a powerful combination of hostile influences. The
best means to promote the growth of the capital was the
problem which was to occupy the attention of the colony
during the first year after the passage of the statute, and at
the end of that time the public energies were to be devoted
to establishing a town on the York, Rappahannock, and
Potomac respectively, and on the Eastern Shore/

As was to be expected, no town on the Eastern Shore of
any size sprang up as a result of such fostering methods, and
the matter was dropped until 1680, when an elaborate meas-
ure was drawn up by the Assembly to encourage town build-
ing, known as the Act of Cohabitation. Under the terms of
this statute, it was provided that fifty acres should be pur-
chased by the authorities of each county within its oviTi
boundaries, to be held by duly appointed feofees in trust.
Calvert's Neck was selected as the toAvn site for Accomac,
and the Secretary's Plantation on King's Creek for ITorth-
ampton. As an inducement to build on these sites, a lot,
half an acre in extent, was granted in fee simple to any one,
provided he would build a residence or store on it; the
conveyance to be subject to the additional condition that the
beneficiary should pay one hundred pounds of tobacco to the
county.

The failure to build within three months operated as a
forfeiture of the lot. If half an acre appeared insufficient
for his purpose to any settler who wished to establish him-
self in any of these tovms, he might secure an acre on condi-
tion that he should erect on it two residences or two ware-
houses, and should pay to the county an additional one hun-
dred pounds of tobacco. The tobacco was forfeited if in the
course of three months he neglected to erect the houses agreed

'Bruce's Economic Hist, of Va., Vol. II, pp. 539 to 554.

16

230 EASTEEX SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

upon. The surveyors who determined the houndaries were
to receive, on the delivery of the plats, twenty pounds of
tobacco for every half-acre laid off. If a surveyor refused
when requested to make a survey of a lot, he subjected him-
self to the forfeiture of five hundred pounds of the same
commodity to the person seeking his services. All the pro-
ducts of native growth and manufacture were to be brought
to these towns, there to be sold, and then to be carried on
board for exportation. The penalty imposed for a failure
to comply vnth this order was the forfeiture of the articles.
All forms of merchandise, all English servants and negro
slaves imported into the Colony, were to be landed and to be
disposed of only at these towns, under the pain of confisca-
tion if the regulation was violated. Cattle and provisions
were excepted from the operation of this rule. The cost of
hiring a sloop, the only means of transporting the tobacco
from the plantation, was fixed at twenty poimds of that com-
modity for each hogshead, provided the distance to be trav-
ersed did not exceed thirty miles; if it were greater than
this, the charge was to be forty pounds, and should the owner
of the sloop demand more, he was to be punished by the for-
feiture of one hundred poxmds for each hogshead conveyed
by him at the illegal rate. The expense of storage in a ware-
house was to be the same for a single day and a single month,
namely, ten pounds of tobacco a hogshead. If the period
ran beyond a month, the additional charge for each month
was fi:xed at six pounds. In order to facilitate the transpor-
tation of the tobacco belonging to persons whose plantations
were situated at a distance from the nearest site chosen for
a tovm, these persons were permitted to appropriate land at
the most convenient point for the dispatch of vessels, on
which a rolling-house was to be erected to furnish accom-
modation for aU the producers in their neighborhoods. When

EASTERJSr SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 331

the planter had prepared his crop for shipment, he could
convey his hogsheads to this house for safe-keeping until a
sloop or shallop arrived to transport them to the nearest
port of entry. If he had a sloop or shallop of his own, he
could either carry his tobacco to the rolling-house hy water
or directly to the legal port and there have it deposited in
the public warehouse. The rolling-house was expected to be
a shelter not only for the tobacco in the course of transporta-
tion to the port of entry, but also for the goods which had
been unloaded at the latter place and had afterwards been
brought to the rolling-house for distribution amiong the
planters residing in the neighborhood. It can be seen how
seriously a provision of this kind, if carried fully into effect,
would have added to the expenses of the planter. Instead of
dropping his anchor at his wharf and there discharging a
cargo of goods and taking on a cargo of tobacco, the trading-
vessel would have stopped at a point ten, twenty, or even
fifty miles away. Whether the planter was compelled to
reach this by transporting his tobacco in a hired shallop or
sloop, or in a vessel of his own, he would have been put to
an expense for which he could expect no return. The inter-
vention of a rolling-house would have been favorable to his
convenience, but would not have diminished the charge im-
posed by the system of ports of entry. Under the terms of
this law, the tobacco conveyed thither was to be exempted
in the course of transportation, and after it reached its desti-
nation, from the process of law for any debt which might
have been contracted previous to the passage of the statute,
and the same privilege was extended to the bodies and estates
of the new town. In neither case, however, was it to con-
tinue for a longer period than five years. At the end of that
time, the creditors of such persons might bring suit without
any apprehension lest the statute of limitations should be

232 EASTEKN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

offered in bar. To enjoy this protection, it was necessary
that the debt should not have been contracted within the
bounds of one of the proposed corporations. After the publi-
cation of the Act, all mechanics residing in the new com-
munities were to be exempted for a period of iive years for
the payment of levies, on condition that they neither planted
nor tended tobacco. In order to diminish the expense en-
tailed in establishing a town, it was provided that two coun-
ties might unite and erect it upon a site equally convenient
to the inhabitants of both.

This Act was as judicious and as far-seeing in its details
as any law, with so impracticable an object in view, could
have been. ]^o influence was omitted that was likely to im-
press the minds of persons who were in a position to build
in the towns projected. The offer of a lot for a small amount
of tobacco and the exemption within the boundaries of each
town of the person and property of its citizens from the pro-
cess of law for the recovery of debts which had been con-
tracted previously elsewhere, were in themselves inducements
of the highest importance. The law of 1680 was not open
to the objection which could be very justly urged against
the statute of 1671, for it did not seek to establish one port
on each of the four large rivers of the Colony; on the con-
trary, a port of entry was appointed for each county on a
site admitted to be the most convenient for a majority of its
inhabitants.

In accord with the provisions of the Act of Cohabitation,
steps were taken by the authorities of all the counties to lay
off sites for towns at the different places designated by law.
Eecords of this fact have come down to us in a few instances
only.^

^Bruce's Economic Hist, of Va., Vol. II, pp. 549-552.

EASTEEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 233

Later on, the failure of the Cohabitation Act to create
flourishing ports led to the enactment, in 1691, of the Act
for Ports, practically the same town sites being designated
as in the previous measure. The new act provided for the
forfeiture of all goods not cleared through one of the estab-
lished ports. The statute proved so unpopular that it was
suspended in the session of 1692-93.

The site for a town in Accomac, designated by the Act of
1680, was particularly described as "Calvert's ISTeck on the
northwest side at the head of an Anchor Creeke."^ This
town was called Onancock after the creek upon which it was
located, and is one of the oldest towns on the peninsula. Pur-
suant to the Act creating the town, the first county court
house was erected there, and also a warehouse. During the
next few years, several dwellings were built near the public
buildings," and a Clerk's OfSce was added to the settlement.
Onancock was the county seat until about 1Y86, when a new
court house was erected on the land of Richard Drummond,
midway between the sea-side and bay-side of the peninsula.'
The old county seat was abandoned in order that the new
court house might be equally convenient to all of the inhabi-
tants of the county, and with that end in view it was located
at a central point, and called Accomac Court House. A
cluster of houses soon sprang up about the court house, and
by reason of Richard Drummond owning the land, the toviTi
became knovsoi as Drummondtown. To this day the place is
called both Accomac Court House and Drummondtown.

While the court house was taken from Onancock in 1Y86,
the clerk's office was not moved until a later date.*

'Purvis mistook the name Onancock for the name an Anchor.
Hening, Vol. II, p. 473.

"Hening, Vol. IV, p. 53-59.

'See Petition of Inhabitants of Accomac, Dec. 7, 1786-18, Abstracts
of MS. in Va. State Library.

'Abstracts of MS. in Va. State Library, Petitions A-19 and A-20,
-Oct. 22, 1787.

234 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

The site first selected for the town in Northampton was
described as being "at the north side of King's Creeke, be-
ginning at the mouth, and soe along the creeke on the land
belonging to Mr. Secretaryes office."^ Thus we see that the
original site of the town of "Accomack," founded in 1620,
was selected in preference to Old Plantation, King's Creek
affording better depth and anchorage. This site was in turn
abandoned and in 1691 the town was ordered to be located
"upon one of the branches of Cherrystone Creek on the land
of Mrs. Anna Lee, daughter of Captain Hancock Lee, now
in the tenure of the widow of Andrew Small. "^ This town
was known as Cherrytone and was not far removed from
"Htintington," the estate of Colonel Obedience Eobins. The
only town to-day of any size in this part of the peninsula
is just south of King's Creek and on the site designated in
1680. It is known as Cape Charles City, though ten miles
north of the true cape.

The first court house in Northampton County was built
just after the division of the peninsula and was located at a
place called Town Fields, by reason of the fact that it was
on the site of the original Accomack town on Secretary
Pory's land. According to the old records, it was located on
the west side of a "gutt that empties into King's Creek near
the present city." This building was completed after March
2, 1664, since, on that date. Court was held at the house of
Jacob Dalby.

The structure was but a temporary one and very small,
being only twenty feet long by twenty wide and nine feet
in pitch. The work, which was undertaken by Colonel "Wil-

^Hening, Vol. II, p. 473.
Veiling, Vol. IV, p. 53-59.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 235

liam Waters, must have been finished by 16Y1, for, in the
course of that year the court gave an order for the erection
of a bar, as a great pressing forward of the attendants dis-
turbed the quiet and decorum of the sittings. Six years
later, an Act of Assembly having authorized the erection of
a new court house, the freeholders and householders, who
alone enjoyed the suffrage, were summoned by the justices
to meet at the old court house, on an appointed day, to select
a new site.^ The first building cost 7,122 lbs. of tobacco,
which was advanced by Colonel Waters and refunded to him
by order of the court.

Peachburg, located between the Horns of Hungar's Creek,
was selected as the site for the new court house built in 1680.
This structure cost 7,127 lbs. of tobacco, and was erected
on the land of Colonel William Kendall, who gave 300 acres
to the county for the purpose of building the court house
thereon. In the deed of gift, it was specified that the court
house should be 25 feet long and 18 feet wide, vsdth a chim-
ney on the outside. The site selected for this building was
near the present court house, and was chosen because equi-
distant between "Old Plantation" and Bridgetown or Nas-
sawattocks, the only two villages in the lower peninsula in
1680. More than one hundred years ago the present court
house and clerk's ofiice were erected, and having no use for
the older building, the county leased it to a Mr. Nottingham
for one dollar per annum, provided he would put a new roof
on it, and the lease was to run as long as the new roof lasted
and the rent was paid. Nottingham is said to have soaked
his shingles in linseed oil, and until recently the roof was
almost as good as ever, to the great satisfaction of Notting-
ham's heirs, who annually paid their rental. Peachburg is

^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1645-51, p. 173; Vol. 1654-55,
p. 4; Vol. 1657-64, folio, p. 191; 1664-74, p. 110; Vol. 1674-79, p. 203.

236 EASTEE^i SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

now called Eastville, which was the metropolis of the East-
ern Shore of Virginia, until the IST. Y. P. & IST. E. E. estab-
lished a terminus at Cape Charles City in 1884.

While the original towns were building on paper in the
latter part of the seventeenth century, and tottering upon
"sandy foundations," many little villages sprang up about the
wharves and creeks, none of which, for many years, aspired
to corporate existence. The wharf from which the planters
loaded their tobacco or the simple store where the ship-
chandlers bartered their ropes and anchors, formed the
nucleus of these settlements. Or perhaps some skillful ship-
builder, like Walter Price or Christopher Stribling, who
bought land in ISTorthampton between 1666-1675, plied their
trade along the shores of a creek where good anchorage
might be had, and offered the attraction of a diminutive
port.

These old carpenters and ship-builders seem to have been
constantly occupied and prosperous, for we read of William
Foster of jSTorthampton, and Eobert Wilson of Accomac, sell-
ing, between 1669 and 1690, fifteen hundred and twelve hun-
dred acres of land respectively, all acquired, no doubt, with
the profits of their trade.^ That the ship-builders and car-
penters of the Eastern Shore at that time belonged to a class
enjoying unusual advantages is shown by the fact that many
could sign their names, an accomplishment which was by no
means general at that day.^ Even to this day, the ship-builders
and mechanics of the Eastern Shore enjoy a higher social
position than elsewhere in the State.

The Act of 1680 for establishing towns, and which required
vessels to be laden at certain specified places, worked, as we

'Records of Northampton County, Vol. 1668-1685, p. 1. Records of
Accomac Co., Vol. 1676-1690, p. 9.

"Bruce's Economic Hist, of Va., Vol. II, p. 424.

EASTEEK SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 237

have seen, great hardships upon the planters when the time
came to ship tobacco, for any law which affected this great
crop and medium of exchange instantly reflected upon the
welfare of the people. While not as much tobacco was raised
on the Eastern Shore as in the other counties of Virginia, yet
it was the staple crop, and at an early date received the atten-
tion of the authorities at James City. We have seen in a
previous chapter that warehouses were established, and that,
in 1639, it was necessary to appoint official viewers to see
that the staple came up to the legal specifications.^

On February 20, 1640, a proclamation was issued by Gov-
ernor Francis Wyatt, prohibiting tobacco from being shipped
without examination, much loss having occurred the year
before by dishonest people mixing new and old leaf. Ship-
masters were required to give an account of the number of
hogsheads they accepted for transportation.

In 1641, all other crops had been so sadly neglected in
favor of tobacco that, on June 25th of that year, in order
to encourage more attention to grain and other products, a
proclamation was issued forbidding the setting out of more
than 1,000 tobacco plants by any one planter; and the com-
mission merchants, buying on foreign accounts, as well as the
masters of ships, were prohibited from taking tobacco except
from the established warehouses. Such a restriction not only
discouraged the planting of tobacco but enabled the customs
officers to collect the revenue with ease.

The duty of two shillings per hogshead on tobacco, repealed
in 1659, was revived in 1662, and was for a long time a
source of much revenue. During the interval between 1662
and 1679 it was found necessary to pass a special law for the
collection of this duty on the Eastern Shore as well as in the

'See chapter on County or Shire of Accomack.

238 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

other parts of the Colony. Many ships arriving in the Ches-
apeake, anchored along the shores of the peninsula, and
sloops and shallops transferred the tobacco of the local plant-
ers over the boundary to Maryland, where it was re-shipped
to foreign ports on these same ships. Planters were, there-
fore, required to inform the tax collector as to the amount
of their crops, and the persons to whom these crops had been
sold. This ordinance remained in force for seventeen years.^

In a petition offered by Colonel Edmund Scarburgh in
1663, it is affirmed that, at this time, each planter was re-
quired to take an oath that he would give a true statement as
to the amount of tobacco which he had produced during the
session just closed, to whom it was sold, and by what ship or
means it was transported out of the county.^ A short time
before this, five Dutchmen, who formed a part of the crew of
the "^JSTorthampton," having been put on shore in order to
comply with the act which prescribed that three-fourths of
the Sailors manning an English vessel should be English-
men, the court ordered the payment to these alien mariners
of their full wages and an additional sum to meet the expense
of their passage to Europe.^

There is evidence that even the customs officers sometimes
connived at the violation of the act. Thus, in 1663, the
"Royal Oak" was seized in the waters of Accomac because
it had come directly from Holland with a cargo of merchan-
dise. The owners appear to have made, with little difficulty,
an arrangement with Colonel Scarburgh, the customs officer
of the Eastern Shore, by which he consented to allow the ves-
sel to be loaded with tobacco and sail directly to the Low
Countries.*

'Hening, Vol. II, p. 443.

^Accomac County Records, Vol. 1663-1666, p. 48.
^Northampton Coiinty Records, Vol. 1657-1664, p. 86.
'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1663-1666, p. 46.

EASTERN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 339

In 1699, there were eight districts where taxes on export
tobacco were collected. Of the eight districts, Accomac pro-
duced by far the smallest amount of tobacco/

The Act of 1680, so far as it attempted to regulate the
shipment of tobacco, was found impracticable and was openly
disobeyed. The people of the Eastern Shore rose en masse
to protect against the hardships of the laW; and in compli-
ance with the petitions of several of the counties on the
Western Shore, an Assembly was called together in April,
1682, by Sir Henry Chicheley, who was acting as Deputy
Governor in the absence of Lord Oulpeper. After much use-
less debate, the Assembly was dissolved, nothing having been
accomplished. The next month, the people in certain sec-
tions of Eastern Virginia and on the Eastern Shore began
a crusade of "tobacco cutting," or destruction of the plants
in the beds. The entire crop for the next season was threat-
ened, and in vain the Deputy Governor endeavored to put an
end to the practise.

Robert Beverley, clerk of the House of Burgesses, and a
man who had rendered valuable service to Berkeley during
the Rebellion, was charged with the instigation of tobacco
cutting, and other offenses, and was arrested in May, and
confined on a vessel lying in the Rappahannock. On June
15th, he was ordered to be sent as a prisoner to the Eastern
Shore, and to be conveyed by a guard and the sheriff of York
on board Colonel John Custis's sloop and delivered to the
sheriff of Northampton.^ But before Colonel Custis's sloop
set sail, Beverley escaped, probably with the assistance of
the guard. He was re-captured, however, at his home in
Middlesex, and on June 25th he was again sent on board
Custis's sloop to be transported to Northampton, where he

^Bruee's Economic Hist, of Va., Vol. I, p. 456.
Tlening, Vol. Ill, p. 545-547.

240 EASTBEJSr SHOES OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

was confined. The privilege of guarding Beverley, was, no
doubt, an unpleasant one for the sheriff of Northampton, for
a number of the principal citizens of the Eastern Shore were
implicated in "tobacco cutting," and were even now fugitive
from justice. Besides, Beverley had spent much time on
the Eastern Shore as an officer of the King during the Rebel-
lion, and being affable and courteous he had made many
friends at the ^Northampton Court. On September 25th,
Beverley petitioned the general court through the court in
Northampton, for a writ of habeas corpus, but was denied
the right.^ But the authorities were afraid to proceed fur-
ther against him, and waited impatiently for the return of
Lord Culpeper. Early in November the Governor returned
and convened the Assembly on the 25th of the month. In the
meantime, the Deputy Governor had not handled all of the
plant cutters with as much deference as he had shown Bever-
ley. Many of the ringleaders had been apprehended and some
of them hanged. An Act prescribing others and making the
offense high treason had put an end to tobacco-cutting and
forced the guilty to flee the jurisdiction. Among these were
Kichard Bayly, who had escaped after being condemned;
John Hayley, Henry Ismon and John Wise, all of Accomac.

In the proclamation of amnesty which the Governor issued
in May, 1683, all offenders were pardoned except Beverley,
and a few others.^ Beverley in the meantime had been trans-
ferred to York and was proceeded against under various
charges. The trouble blew over in a short time and soon
the guilty Accomackians returned to their homes.

About this time, the counties were sub-divided into divi-
sions, subject to rules and alterations of the local court.
Precincts or burroughs were formed, and a constable ap-

'Hening, Vol. Ill, p. 545-547.
^Hening, Vol. Ill, p. 563-564.

EASTERN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 241

pointed for each ; and each precinct or walk had its county
road surveyor. Then the entire colony was divided into five
great escheat districts, the limits of which were the natural
divisions of tide-water Virginia formed by the peninsulas be-
tween the great rivers.

The district of the Eastern Shore was divided into five
sub-divisions or necks of land, each with its escheat master.

Another great division of the colony was that into six
revenue districts according to the navigable w'aters and ship-
ping. Each district was commanded by a naval officer,
usually a member of the Council ; and for each district there
was a Collector of Customs. At first, the Pocomoke River
was a separate district from that of the lower peninsula, but
they were subsequently united into one.^

The naval officer and collector for the Eastern Shore, under
Governor Andros, from 1692 to 1698, was Colonel Chas.
Scarburgh. He was preceded by his father in the office of
Collector and was succeeded by his son Henry.

It will be recalled that one of the complaints in the JSTorth-
ampton petition grew out of the irregularity with which
courts were held. This was also a source of much complaint
in Accomack. In October, 1686, a law was passed appoint-
ing the third Tuesday of June, September, ISTovember, De-
cember, February and March, as court days, and providing
for at least six sittings of the court each year.^ But even this
arrangement did not prove adequate, and in September,
1696, it was repealed, and the first Tuesday of each month
appointed as Court Day.^ A monthly court day for North-
ampton was also established.

'Beverley's History of Va., p. 195.
^Hening, Vol. Ill, p. 30.
^Hening, Vol. Ill, p. 140.

242 EASTEEX SHOES OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

The Assembly of 1685, of which Colonel William Kendall
of Xorthampton was Speaker, was a stormy one.^ This was
the period of Jacobitism in Virginia.^ James II, at first
hailed with delight by Virginians as King, soon fell into dis-
favor among his colonial subjects. He laid a new tax upon
their tobacco; discouraged their efforts to establish factories
•«hich would make them more independent of the mother
country; forced a large number of military prisoners into
Virginia, and vented his spleen in numerous ways upon the
Colony when the Burgesses refused to legislate as he directed.

For some time the Burgesses had been able to accomplish
nothing in the way of needed legislation. The Assembly
had been frequently prorogued. Its clerk, Robert Beverley,
had been disfranchised and prosecuted, and at last in May,
1687, the body was dissolved. The inherited loyalty of the
Virginians to the Stuarts was overtaxed by such proceedings.
The early colonists had entertained great affection for the
monarchy, and as Virginia was but little affected by the
misgovernment of James I and Charles I, the colonists were,
with few exceptions, loyal to the Crown and Stuart family.
Loyalty in the main, however, is but a sentiment after all,
ai^J few sentiments thrive when contrary to the interest of
the sentimentalist. Oppressive measures, high taxation,
avaricious and law-contemning governors, low prices of to-
bacco, and the entire disregard of the wishes and opinions of
the Virginia people, as evidenced by the grants to Arlington
and Culpeper, left only a feeble sentiment of loyalty by the
year 1688.

^Col. Va. Register, p. 84. McDonald Papers, Va. St. Library (copied
from English public record). See error as to representatives of Acco-
mao and Northampton.

'See Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Vol. VI, p. 389, for interesting facts.

EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 243

In addition to his other offenses, the King was charged
with the desire to re-establish the Church of Eome in his
domains. The ground which Catholicism was rapidly re-
gaining in England under James's fostering hand, was a
source of the greatest alarm to the Protestants in Virginia,
whether Church of England men or Non-Conformists. The
clergy had become inflamed and were preaching a holy war,
actually inciting the people of one county to take up arms.
As early as 1686, the excitement had spread to the Eastern
Shore, where the Ajiglican Church had been thoroughly re-
established, after years of laxity. So palpable were the
designs of the King, that Colonel Edmund Bowman, a
magistrate of Accomac, lost his head and cried out in public
against the popish allies of his Sovereign.^ He was promptly
summoned before the Council on a charge of treason, but
being a wealthy and influential man and of the same views
as many of the Council, he escaped with a fine.^

A number of appointees of the King were suspected of
being papists;^ in fact two new members of the Council
were said to have been selected by the King on account of
their Catholic inclinations. This led Colonel Charles Scar-
burgh, of Accomac, a man as bold and fearless as his father
before him and an aspirant to the office of Councillor, to
exclaim in great anger in the presence of the Governor, Lord
Howard, "that his Majesty King James would wear out the
Church of England, for that when there were any vacant
offices, he supplied them with men of a different persua-
sion !"* The indiscreet Scarburgh was at once arrested for

iBurk's History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 297.
"See Article on Jacobitism in Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog.
'Burk'a History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 297.

■■Campbell attributes this remark to Col. John Scarburgh, p. 342.
Cooke to Col. Edmund, p. 301.

244 EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

such treasonable utterances, but not until he had voiced the
sentiments of the colonists in general, which no other had
had the courage to do. He at once became the hero of the
people, who impatiently witnessed his martyrdom in their
behalf. On October 18th, the Governor reported to the
Council that he had removed Scarburgh from his various
offices for treason to the crown, and he was forthwith ordered
to appear for trial on such a charge.^ The prosecution, how-
ever, like the one to which his kinsman, Colonel Bowman, had
been subjected, was more or less of a farce, for the temper
of the people was not such as to permit of harm to their
champion. Scarburgh was soon discharged and reinstated
in his offices. This action on the part of the authorities was
an acknowledgement of their disapproval of the present state
of affairs and for it the Council would no doubt have been
reprimanded had not the King been intently absorbed with
more pressing affairs at home.

At a most opportune time, "so far as Virginia was con-
cerned, the despicable James II abdicated during the early
winter of 1688, and the excitement in the Colony at once
abated, and finally disappeared upon the ascension of
William and Mary to the throne in February, 1689. Lord
Howard was relieved and succeeded by I^icholson as
Lieutenant Governor; who, in turn, was succeeded by Sir
Edmund Andros, in 1692.

As an indication of how intensely James was hated by the
hitherto loyal gentry of Accomac, an interesting case is cited.
In March, 1689, when a party of gentlemen were dining
with Colonel John Custis, a toast to the Prince of Orange
was proposed. Henry Pike, one of the guests, as he raised

■Notes from Colonial Papers, American and West Indies, 1685-1688.
Minutes of Council of Virginia, Oct. 18, 1688.

EASTBEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 245

his bumper, exclaimed, "God save the King,'.' whereupon
he was immediately arrested by his host and companions.
The news of the King's abdication and the accession of
William had not then been received.

Now that Protestantism had conquered. Colonel Charles
Searburgh was rewarded for his fearless and uncompromis-
ing resistance to the schemes of King James and EfiSngham,
and was appointed to the Council in 1691, remaining in that
office until succeeded by Colonel John Custis III, in 1699.

While the religious excitement was in progress, Colonel
John Custis, of "Arlington," Sheriff of Northampton, had
been guilty of misconduct in office, in that he had taken
unlawful fees from the people in May, 1688. It does not
appear that there was any question of dishonesty on his part,
but simply that he claimed certain fees which the people
maintained were not due him, and that he made his returns
accordingly. A complaint was thereupon forwarded to the
Assembly, who referred it to the Governor and Cotmcil.
The Council refused to take cognizance of the matter, and
on May 9th, the Governor "gave a soft answer"^ to the com-
plaint against Custis and promised the Burgesses to rebuke
him. The Burgesses, however, were not willing to be put
off in this way, and after they had demanded that they be
given the opportunity to prove the charges against Custis,
he was ordered to be tried. On April 18th, of the following
year, he was fined 2,000 pounds of tobacco for making false
returns as sheriff.^

On June 3, 1699, the Militia officers appointed for the
Eastern Shore imder Nicholson's new regime were :^

^A very expressive phrase.

"Historical Memoranda Relating to The House of Burgesses 1685-91.
Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Vol. V.

'Congressional Library Manuscript. Records of Va. Council, 1698-
1700.

17

246 BASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

"Accomack — Charles Scarburgh, Col. & Com'dr in Chief,
Richard Bayly, Major.

NoETKAMPTON — John Custis, Col. & Com'dr in Chief,
Nathaniel Littleton, Lieut. Col.,
Wm. Waters, Major."

The population of the Eastern Shore by 1700 had greatly
increased, and Accomac had far outstripped Northampton.
In the former county there were about 1,000 tithables, and
in the latter about 700, with a total population for the
peninsula of about 5,000 souls. There were practically no
Indians left. The following Board of Trade Reports for
this period are interesting as well as instructive. In it we
find the principal offices of the Eastern Shore filled by the
sons and grandsons of the first settlers.

"BoAED OF Trade — 1699

On the Easteen Shoee — ^Henry Scarburgh, Collector.

John Custis, Xaval Officer and Receiver of the Virginia
duties.

EoE THE Easteen Shoee — Charles Scarburgh, Esq., one
of his ila'tys honble Council, was appointed Collector by
the honble Comrs of the Customs, Xaval Officer and Receiver
of the Virginia duties, by Sr. Wm. Andros, &c.

xoethamptox coc^^ty

Giv.

Coll. John Stringer Mr. Argoll Teardley

Lt. Coll. Wm. Waters Mr. Hancock Lee

CoU. Wm. Kendall Mr. John Custis

Capt. John Robins ^Ir. Tho. Harmanson

^laj'r Wm. Spencer Mr. John Eyre

Capt. ffi-a. Piggott Capt. Wm. Whittington

EASTEEISr SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 247

Coll. John Custis
Coll. John Stringer
Lt. Coll. Wm. Waters
Maj'r Wm. Spencer
Capt. Wm. Whittington
(Horse)

Mil.

Capt. John Rohins
Capt. ffra. Piggott
Capt. Hancock Lee

ACCOMACK COTJIirTT

Civ.

Maj'r Charles Scarhorou(gh)
Lt. Coll. John West
Maj'r Edmund Boum(an)
Capt. Danll Jennifer
Capt. Wm. Custis
Capt. Edmund Scarborough
Mr. George Nicholas Haak
(Hack?)

Mil.

Capt. Rich'd Hill

Mr. Eich'd Bayly

Mr. Obedience Johnson

Mr. John Wallop

Mr. Hillary Stringe(r)

Mr. Tho. Wilbourne

Coll. Wm. Kendall
Lt. Coll. John West
Maj'r Charles Scarborgh

Capt. Edmund Scarburg
Capt. Danll Jenifer
Capt. Obedience Johnson

The name of other Counties, the names of the Justices of
the Peace for the same, the date of their Commission, the
name of the severall SherifFs for this present yeare, 1699,
And the names of the severall Clerks of the County Courts
in this his Ma j ties Colony and Dominion of Virginia, are
as followeth:^

ISTOETHAMPTON 8 JuNE, 1699

John Robins
John Custis
Philip Fisher

Obedience Johnson

(Sheriff) ISTathaniel Littleton

William Waters

iVa. Mag. of Hist, and Bio., Vol. I, pp. 229-231.

248 EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

QTJOEUM

Ralph Pigot Jacob Johnson

Wm. Harmanson Thomas Savage

John Powell George Harmanson

Daniell Neech, Crk Court Northampton

ACCOMACK

Edmond Scarburgh (Sheriff) Tho. Welboume

George ISTicholas Hack Edmond Custis

Richard Bayly

QUOKTJM

George Parker Robert Pitt

Robert Hutchinson John Watts

Edward Moore

John Washbume, Ol'k Accomack

Escheator for Eastern Shore — Col. John Custis.

Surveyor, Northampton and Accomac — Edmond Scar-
burgh.

BoAED OF Trade Repoet — 1702^

Indians: Pungotege, Matompkin, Gingotege, Kiquotank,
Matchapungo, Occhanock, Chisonessex, Giagase.

Navigable Rivers: Eastern Shore, Northampton, Accomac
Rivers.

Navigable Creeks and Members thereunto belonging:
Smith's Island R., Cherrystone C, Hungars C, Naswarock
C, Occohannock C, Cradock C, Nandua C, Pungotege C,
Ononcock C, Checonesick C, Deep C, Hunting C, Poco-
mock R.

>Va. Mag. of Hist, and Bio., Vol. I, pp. 364, 370.

EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 249

ACCOMACK COUNTY

Acres of land— 200,861.

Tithables— 1,141.

Burgesses — The. Welburn, TuUy Robmson.

Justices of the Peace — Edmd Scarbrough, Geo. Nich.
Hack, Eichd Bayly, Tho. Welburn, Bennitt Scarbrough,
Geo. Parker, Eobt. Hutchinson, Edwd Moore, Eobt. Pitt,
Jno. Watts, Southey Littleton.

Escheator — Edmd Scarbrough.

Coroners — Edmd Scarbrough, Tho. Welburne.

County Clerk — Jno. Wasburne.

Surveyor — Edmd Scarbrough.

NOETHAMPTON COITNTY

Acres of land— 102,099.

Tithables— 693.

Burgesses — Wm. Waters, Jno. Powell.

Justices of the Peace — Jno. Robins, Phill. flSsher, Obed:
Johnson, Nath: Littleton, Wm. Waters, Jno. Custis, junr.,
Ralph Piggott, Wm. Harmanson, Jno. Powell, Jacob Robin-
son, Tho : Savage, Geo. Harmanson, Littleton Robinson.

Escheator — John Custis.

Coroners — Wm. Waters, Jac. Johnson, Geo. Harmanson.

County Clerk — Danl JSTeech.

Surveyor — Edwd Scarbrough."

XIV

The Eaely Chtjech on the Easteen Shoee. Pueitan

MiNISTEES. MaTTEMIE

Seldom has the influence of offspring upon the parent
been so great as in the case of Maryland and Virginia. The
policy of religious freedom, pursued iu the foundation of
the former colony, was a cause, the effects of which spread
beyond the bounds of Maryland, and exercised great in-
fluence over the people of adjacent territory, particularly
over the people of the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The
various religious doctrines, nurtured by the state policy of
Baltimore's tolerant government, spread with insidious
certainty among the cosmopolitan ranks of the Eastern Shore
population, where the Puritans of New England and New
Netherlands in their seeming acquiescence in the established
faith were fast undermining the hold of Episcopacy. Up-
held by the law during the seventeenth century, it was not
until a later date, when the state as well as the church had
been honey-combed by free-thinkers, that the old structure
feU and that the masses, who had long supported the religion
of a minority, asserted their doctrinal independence. As we
follow the history of the Eastern Shore, we find the Puritan
from New England and New Netherlands, the Quaker, and
the Presbyterian, each in turn seeking the shores of the
remote peninsula as a nesting place, where unmolested the
new sects might hatch out their doctrines. The effect upon
the people of such a process of religious incubation among

250

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 251

them cannot be overestimated, and as we take up the history
of the peninsula in the following century, we shall see how
the Baptist and the Methodist also prospered upon those
shores. The effect of religious liberty on the peninsula while
the other Virginians were bound hand and foot by the author-
ities of the established church, was to heighten the differences
of character, already very striking, between the Eastern and
the Western Shoreman of Virginia — dissimilarities which
have continued, well defined, through two and a half centuries-
to the present day.

The first settlers, however, were naturally of the estab-
lished faith. By established faith, as the expression is here
used, is meant that outlined and sanctioned by the laws of
the Virginia Company, and of which the first exponent in
Virginia was the good Parson Hunt, "whose heart was in
the business," of propagating and maintaining the fear and
love of God among the heathen. By those who first made
the effort to colonize Virginia, the diffusion of Christianity
among the people of the New World was held forth as one
of the objects of the enterprise, but while such a laudable
object may have encouraged a few of the early adventurers,
gold and treasure was the real incentive which led to the
attempt. As early as 1588, Sir Walter Raleigh donated
one hundred pounds, "for the propagation of the Christian
Religion in Virginia."^

When the charter was granted to the Virginia Company,,
in 1606, the King instructed his adventurous subjects "that
all persons should kindly treat the savage and heathen people
in those parts, and use all proper means to draw them to the
true service and knowledge of God."^ The charter itself

'Burk's History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 66.
"Ibid, p. 91.

252 EASTEKN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

assigns as one of the reasons of the grant, that the contem-
plated undertaking was "a work which may, by providence
of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the glory of his divine
majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such people
as yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of the true
knowledge and worship of God."^

Up to the time of Lord De la Warr's arrival on June 10,
1610, when he found the starving remnants of the colonists,
already embarked, in the determination to desert Virginia
and the sickly banks of the James, Parson Hunt had been
the only minister in the Colony. With De la Warr came
Chaplain Bucke.

In 1609, the Company in England had obtained from the
King a new charter, by which the form of government was
materially altered. Such was the fear of popery, that it
was declared in the new charter that no person should pass
into Virginia, but such as should first have taken the oath
of supremacy.^

Prior to the time of the change in government, when a
Governor was appointed in place of the Council and Presi-
dent, the colonists had been left to their own sense of piety
as being sufficient to prompt them to a proper care of their
institutions of religion, and no form of religion had been
prescribed for them, other than that the exercise of Christ-
ianity in the New World should conform to the rites, cere-
monies and doctrines of the Church of England.

From the time of the granting of the new charter, however,
religion began to form one of the subjects of Company
legislation.' The arrival of Sir Thomas Dale, to succeed

'Ist Charter, Hazard's State Papers, p. 51. Hawk's Ecclesiasti-
cal History, Etc., p. 19.

^nd Charter, Hazard's State Papers, p. 72.
hawk's Ecclesiastical History, p. 23.

EASTERN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 353

De la Warr as Governor on May 10, 1611, marks the period
at which penal laws were first introduced to aid the con-
science and in the support of the institution of religion, laws
which were as martial in tone as those generally provided
by the new governor.^

We have seen how, in 1614, Sir Thomas Dale sent the
first salt-boilers to the Eastern Shore and established Dale's
Grift. If any church was built at Dale's Gift or any preacher
dwelt at this remote settlement, there is no record of the fact.
Indeed, in the list of settlers at "Accomack" in February,
1623, the name of a minister does not appear, although we
know that the Eev. Robert Bolton had been assigned to the
Eastern Shore before November, 1623.

In the records of the London Company is found the follow-
ing minute:

"Upon the Eight Honourable Earl of Southampton's
recommendations of Mr. Bolton, minister, for his honesty
and sufficiency in learning, and to undertake the care and
charge of the ministry, the company have been pleased to
entertain him for their minister in some vacant place in
Virginia."

Mr. Bolton came to Virginia with Governor Wyatt, in
October, 1621, and was first assigned to Elizabeth City, where
he preached about two 'years. He is supposed to have re-
mained on the Eastern Shore from about 1623 to 1625 and
then became rector of the church at James City. Bolton
was a highly cultured man and is supposed to have been the
Robert Bolton who took the degree of A. B. at Oxford in
1609.^ His salary while on the Eastern Shore was fixed

•For full text of these Chureli laws, see Hawk's Ecc. Hist., p. 27.
'Va. Colonial Clergy, Neill, p. 8. The English Colonization of
America, pp. 321-322.

254 EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

by order of his patron, the Governor, who sent Captain
William Epes, Commander of the Plantation of Accomack,
an order, in Ifovember, 1623, requiring him to collect for
the minister's salary, ten pounds of tobacco and one bushel
of com from every planter and tradesman above the age of
sixteen and alive at the gathering of the crops, throughout all
the plantations on the Eastern Shore.^ Such provision for
the minister seems very insignificant in the light of modem
times, but the clergymen vrho first came to the colony were
as a rule fired with the spirit of the missionary and ven-
tured forth into the wilderness of Virginia ia the hope of
saving souls and not with the prospect of financial gain.
There are many worthy men to-day, carrying the word of
God to the heathen, who receive salary even less than that
awarded itr. Bolton. Taking pity upon the rector, and
desiring to render his lot more agreeable, Mr. Thomas
Burdet, "principal merchant and devout Churchman," be-
queathed the good Bolton in 1630, "a firkin of butter, a
bushel of salt, six pounds of candles, a pound of pepper, a
pound of ginger, two bushels of meal, a rundlet of ink, six
quires of paper, and a pair of silk stockings." Judging from
the items of this bequest, the testator evidently desired not
only to stock the minister's larder, but to encourage him in
the vsrriting of sermons.

Exactly when the first church on the Eastern Shore was
built, is not known. As there is no mention of a church in
the census of 1624, but reference is made to a fort, it is
probable that the handful of settlers met within the palisade
to offer up their thanks to God.

An early chronicle describes the first church as, "a build-
ing of insignificant dimension, constructed of roughly piled

^JIS. in Congressional Library. Neill's Va. Carolorum, p. 407.
Colonial Churches, p. 288.

EASTERN SHOEB OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 255

logs, cemented loosely with wattle; the whole enclosed by
Pallysadoes for protection against ye Indian tribe, an ever
present menace to peace and safety." This simple edifice
was located near the "Fishing Point" at the mouth of Old
Plantation Creek, and was built probably soon after Bolton's
arrival. A second church was built in the course of the next
few years, and it too was but a rude log structure, more
spacious, however, than the first. The new church was called
the "Magothy Bay Church." Proof of its existence in 1645
is found in an early county record, which ordered that all
citizens should carry "arms and fixed ammunition." Such
as were caught without these were to be "punished" by being
required "to clear the paths to the new church," "enclosed by
a stockade." There seems to have been no legal title to the
ground upon which this church was erected, prior to 1691,
for in that year William Willett conveyed in consideration
of 20,000 pounds of tobacco, 600 acres of land to William
Baker, reserving "one acre of land, on which church now
stands," "to remane for .that use as long as the parish mindes
to continue the same."^ This land had been granted by
Francis Morrison, Governor of Virginia, to Edward Douglas,
and was confirmed by another patent by Governor Andros
"to me, William Willett," nephew and heir to Edward
Douglas.

The second minister, of whom we have any knowledge,
was the Kev. William Cotton, from Bunbury, Cheshire, Eng-
land. Cotton was minister when the monthly court was
formed in 1632. On July 10, 1637, he patented 350 acres
of land between the Horns of Hungar's Creek and adjoin-
ing the tract of Captain William Stone; 100 acres due for

'Book of Deeds and Wills, Northampton County Records, No. 12,
p. 198.

356 BASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

the personal adventure of himself and his wife, Ann Graves,
and 250 acres for the transportation of five persons, Eleaner
Hill, Eichard Hill, Edward Esson, and Domingo and Samso,
negroes.^ A deed on record at Northampton Courthouse
shows that his mother, Joane, remained at Bunbury, after
which place Cotton named his Plantation in Accomack.

The name Cotton, by association vsdth the Cottons and
Mathers of New England, has an exceedingly Puritanical
aspect. There is nothing in the records to substantiate a
belief that Cotton was not, just as he should have been, an
enthusiastic Anglican. Yet, when we recall that his daughter
married Governor Stone of Maryland, and remember the
character of his successors, we are prone to entertain a doubt.
His whole career on the Eastern Shore smacks of New Eng-
land, for his character was that of a stem Puritan, whether
he adhered to the tenets of the established church or to those
of the new sect.

It is not likely that one of Cotton's disposition, stern,
dogmatic, vnth the spirit of compromise foreign to his
nature, would tolerate a Puritan like Stone on his vestry,
nor permit his daughter Verlinda to marry Stone if he,
Cotton, were an Anglican.

The first formally organized vestry was in obedience to
an order of the Court at James City as shown by the
following :

^'At a court holden in AccavsTnacke the 14th day of Septem-
ber, 1635.

"At this court Mr. Wm. Cotton, minister, presented an
order of the court for James Citty, for the building of a
parsonage ordered by the vestry and because there have here-

^Va. Land Abstracts, Va. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Vol. II, p. 95,
*t seq.

EASTEKN SHORE OE VIEGINIA HISTORY 257

tofore been no formal vestry, nor vestrymen appointed, we

have from this present day appointed to be vestrymen those

vsrhose names are underwritten:

William Cotton, Minister William Andrews

Captain Thomas Graves John Wilkins

Obeydeyence Kobins Alex'r Mountjoy

John Howe Edward Drew

William Stone William Berriman

William Burdette Stephen Charlton.

"And further we do order that the first meeting of the syd
vestrymen shall be upon the feast day of St. Mychael the
Arck Angell, being the 29th day of September, 1635."

In accordance with this order the vestry met, Mr. Charlton
and Mr. Wilkins being absent. The order for the parsonage
was duly considered and it was provided by the vestry that
it should be constructed of wood "on the Glybe land by
Christyde next, & that the syed house shall be forty foot
longe & eighteen foot wyde, an nyne foot to the wall plates ;
and that there shall be a chimney at each end of the house,
& upon each side of the chimueys a room, the one for a study,
the other for a buttery; alsoe a partition neere the midst
of the house with an entry and tow doors, the one to goe into
the Kitchinge, the other into the Chamber."

As Mr. Cotton had not yet acquired his lands at the Horns,
and was officiating at the "Magothy Bay Church" and the
"Fishing Point Church," it is probable that the glebe lands
at this time were near Old Plantation Creek in spite of the
fact that the immediate site of the Magothy Bay Church was
not owned by the Parish.

The early churchmen of the peninsula were quite strict,
for on May 22, 1635, when the vestry held its second meet-
ing, an absentee was fined 20 shillings for his delinquency.
At this meeting a pulpit cloth, cushion and carpet were

258 EASTEEN SHOEB OF YIEGINIA HISTOEY

ordered to be provided, and also a bier in case of emergency.
In consequence of the great distance which some of the
people lived from the church, the land of WiUiam Blous,
south of Old Plantation, vs^here William Benjamin resided,
was designated as the burial ground for the inhabitants in
that part of the county.

The mraister's fee for delivering a funeral sermon was
fixed at 100 pounds of tobacco, and in order to secure the
services of the clergyman at funerals, it was provided that
the vestry clerk must be notified and means of transportation
supplied to the minister, in default of which a heavy fine
was imposed.

The minister's salary was fixed by the court at so many
pounds of corn and tobacco, payable annually, and propor-
tioned among the tithables. Delinquents were required to
contribute double their original share. Mr. Cotton was not
a popular clergyman, and was continually forced to appeal
to the court in order to collect his tithes, until, in 1638, the
church-wardens were empowered to distrain upon the prop-
erty of defaulters. In 1634, Henry Charlton, one of
Cotton's flock and a member of a distinguished family, was
ordered by the court to buUd himself a set of stocks and sit
in them several Sabbaths in succession during divine service,
for slandering the minister. In 1638, upon the complaint
of Cotton, one John, for committing fornication, was ordered
to establish a ferry on Old Plantation Creek, and others for
the same offense were "set up by the heels in the stock."
Such records illustrate the character of these early
churchmen.

Cotton died in 1640, leaving a widow who consoled herself
by marrying Thomas Burdett, son of the vestryman and a
gentleman of no mean fortune. Let us hope that he was a

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 259

more peaceful and satisfactory consort than his predecessor.
They later moved to Charles County, Maryland, with
William Stone; and in 1658, Ann, for the second time a
widow, was living at Nanjemie, with her daughter Verlinda
Cotton, who married the Governor.

Cotton's successor was John Eozier, a popular and efficient
rector. One of his parishioners referred to him in his will
as "deare and respected friend," and John Holloway, a
physician, bequeathed to him a Greek Testament. The new
minister seems to have had no great difficulty in collecting
his tithes and winning the support of the parishioners for
the church. In 1643, William Burdett left by his will five
pounds sterling to the lower parish for the purchase of a
Communion Cup and Plate.

While we are uncertain about Cotton's inclinations, we
have every reason to believe that Eozier was more or less
of a non-conformist and more acceptable to the Puritans,
who comprised so large an element in the population of the
peninsula at this time.

We have seen that in 1642, the dissenters of Virginia
had sent to England for pastors, who at first were permitted
to spread their doctrines among the colonists, and it is
possible that Kozier slipped into the ministry of Hungar's
Parish, before steps were taken by the Assembly in 1643
to oust non-conformist preachers from the colony.^ Mather
and Winthrop both tell us that while the state silenced the
dissenting ministers by Acts of Assembly and by proclama-
tions of the intolerant Berkeley, yet they were enthu-
siastically received by the people, who, since their liberal
pastors were forbidden to preach in the parish churches, held
services in their homes.

'Hening, Vol. I, p. 277.

260 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGIlSnA HISTOEY

The presence of large numbers of Puritans in Virginia
was undoubtedly known throughout New England, and in
1639-40, when the Assembly made an allowance from the
tithes, of ten pounds of tobacco per poll, to enable the
minister to hire a vestry clerk and sexton, we are told that
Nathaniel Eaton, first principal of Harvard College, became
the incumbent of the new office on the Eastern Shore/

In 1639, Nathaniel Eaton, who had been master of the
college, or school, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was ousted
from his office by the authorities. It seems that he and his
wife made themselves most objectionable and that he had
been guilty of certain irregularities for which he was con-
vented and censured by the General Court at Boston.* Eor
other flagrant offenses, the church at Cambridge took a hand
in the proceedings, but before it could deal -with him the
vidly Eaton fled to Pascataquack, to which place he was
pursued by the Governor and apprehended. Eaton had
already placed his effects upon Captain Neale's Bark, bound
for Virginia, and received permission from the Governor to
go aboard the ship, with three guards, to get his belongings.
In a most dexterous manner, he left two of the guards upon
the shore, threw the other overboard, escaped to the ship in
a small boat and set sail for Virginia. The bird having
flown, bis cage and other property was sold to satisfy credi-
tors and soon afterwards he was excommunicated by the
New England Church.^ The whole affair as related by
TVinthrop is very interesting.

^Neill's Va. Carolorum, p. 407. Colonial Churelies, Howard, p. 291.
New England Genealogical Register, Vol. XL, p. 294.

"Winthrop's Narrative, Vol. II, p. 308. Quincey's History of Harvard
UniversitT, Vol. I, pp. 13-14, 268, 451-462. Winthrop's History of
New England, A^ol. I, p. 317. Vol. U, p. 476.

'Winthrop's Narrative, Vol. II, pp. 312-313.

EASTERN" SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 361

Eaton was about thirty years old when he left Cambridge.
He seems to have left his termagant of a wife behind, for steps
were taken in Cambridge to provide for her support, in spite
of her unpopularity. Exactly when Eaton arrived in Acco-
mac is not known, but soon after his flight from New England
he appears as Parish Clerk, and assistant to Mr. Rozier in
his ministerial duties. His career in Northampton was a
checquered one and soon brought him into conflict with his
superior. A board of arbitrators composed of Nathaniel
Littleton, Obedience Kobins, John Neale and John Gookin,
was appointed to settle the dispute. On March 23, 1642-3,
the arbitrators decided that Rozier should pay 600 pounds
of tobacco to Eaton, and that the vestry should make good the
payment to the minister. There is also record of a suit
brought by John Cougan in January, 1646-7, against the
estate of Nathaniel Eaton, who had left the County. In
the former case, the disputatious Eaton seems to have had
right on his side.

Winthrop tells us that after Eaton went to Virginia, he
sent for his wife and children, who embarked in a vessel
that was lost during the passage south, and Dr. Neill says
that he later married the only daughter of Thomas Graves
of Northampton, who had moved to Virginia from Dor-
chester, Massachusetts, and died leaving his daughter a fair
patrimony.^ It is also said by the former authority that
Eaton became a drunken preacher while in Virginia. As to
this, the records of Northampton are silent, and other than
the fact that he became involved in numerous suits, little is
known of his career there. The authorities are quite general,
however, in the assertion that he fled from Virginia to Eng-

'New England Genealogical Register, Vol. XL, p. 291. CJolonial
Churches, Howard, p. 291.

18

262 EASTERN SHOEB OP VIEGINIA HISTORY

land in 1646, deserting his new wife, wEo, says JSTeill, was
the Ann Eaton who later married Francis Doughty. The
cause of his flight is not mentioned, but it is probable that
the Massachusetts authorities made it too warm for him on
this side of the Atlantic. In view of his character he could
at best have been but an undesirable acquisition to Hungar's
Parish. As to his subsequent career in England, nothing
is known except what Cotton Mather tells us. Mather says
that after being excommunicated by the church at Cam-
bridge, he went to Virginia, then to England, where he lived
privately until the restoration of King Charles II. "Then
conforming to the ceremonies of the church of England, he
was fixed at Biddiford, where he became (as Apostata est
Osor sui Ordinis) a bitter persecutor of the Christians, that
kept faithful to the way of worship, from which he was
himself an apostate, until he who had cast so many into
prison for conscience, was himself cast into prison for debt;
where he did, at length, pay one debt, namely, that imto
nature, by death."^ For a full account of Eaton's career in
Cambridge and the troubles which led to his dismissal from
Harvard and excommunication from the church, all of
which is most interesting, the reader must consult the
authorities cited below. ^

The author at first was seriously inclined to question the
statement that Nathaniel Eaton of Hungar's Parish was the
JSTathaniel Eaton of Cambridge fame. The fact that
Theophilus Eaton, afterwards Governor of New Haven, was
the brother of the refugee, and that he was engaged in mak-
ing settlements about Plymouth and Quinepiack, Connecti-

'Cotton Mather's Magnalia, Vol. II, p. 8.

'Quincey's History of Harvard University, Vol. I, pp. 13, 14, 268,
451-462. Winthrop's History of New England and Winthrop's Journal,
citations as given before.

EASTERN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 263

cut, about the time of the latter's flight, seemed to indicate
that Accomac (Plymiouth) in Massachusetts, and Aecomac
in Virginia had been confounded/ It would have been
most natural for ISTathaniel Eaton to seek protection at the
hands of his influential brother. Then again, another
minister, William Cotton, married Ann Graves, whom he
transported to the colony with himself.^ It is possible that
the two ministers have been confounded. The only Thomas
Graves of the Eastern Shore of whom there is any record
was a subscriber under the Second Charter of the Virginia
Company, coming to the colony in 1608. Smith refers to
him as an ancient planter, and recounts how he was captured
by the Indians and released at the instance of Ensign
Thomas Savage. This Thomas Graves represented Smyth's
Hundred in the first Virginia Assembly, held in 1619,^ and
later appears as a Burgess from Accomac in 1629,* where
he was a member of the first court in 1632 and of the vestry
in 1635. It is not likely that this Thomas Graves was at
one time a citizen of Dorchester. There may have been two
persons of the name, for after much research the author
feels assured that JSTathaniel Eaton of Cambridge was but
one of many New Englanders who migrated to the Eastern
Shore between 1630 and 1640.'

During the ministry of Mr. Eozier, the County was not
only renamed, but was divided into two parishes by Act of
Assembly of March 18, 1642 :"

^Winthrop's History of New England, Vol. I, p. 317 ; Vol. II, p. 476.

^a. Land Abstracts; see appendix.

'Colonial Register, Stanard, p. 52. Source: "A manuscript copy
of the Journal of this session is in the Public Record Office, London,
and has been frequently published."

^Hening, Vol. I, p. 147-149.

"See chapter on Origin of People.

•Hening, Vol. I, p. 249.

264 BASTEEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

"Be it enacted and confirmed upon consideration had of
the large extent of the County i^orth'ton and the great in-
convenience for the inhabitants to be all of the one parish
that the said county shall be divided into two parishes, the
bounds of one to be from the eastermost side of King's Creek
towards the uttermost extent of land towards Smith's island
including all the land between the Bay of Chesapeake and
the seaboard side.

"And another parish, from the northward side of King's
Creek to Nuswattocks including all the lands between the
said Bay of Chesapeake and the seaboard side."

The origin of the name Hungar's has been undetermined.
It has been said that a parish in ISTorthamptonshire, England,
bore a similar name, and as the name first appears on the
Eastern Shore about the time the name of the County was
changed to JSTorthampton, the origin may thus be explained.

Soon after the division of the county and the two parishes,
a church was erected for the upper parish. This building
stood for some years, for on December 23, 1684, Major
William Spencer gave to the church wardens of Hungar's
Parish the land on Hungar's Creek, on which the "frame of
a church" then stood, and one acre of land surrounding it,
being a part of "Smith's Field." This church, like the
Magothy Bay Church, seems to have been erected on land
to which, for many years after the building of the church,
no title was secured by the vestry.

Rozier was the minister of Hungar's Parish for about
seven years. What became of him we do not know, but it
is likely that the good man moved to Maryland, for the only
recurrence of the name Rozier in the early colonial records
of the various colonies is that of Colonel Benjamin Rozier,
who married a step-daughter of Charles Calvert and became
an oSicer under the Maryland government. As Charles Cal-

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 265

vert resided at one time in Northampton County, Colonel
Benjamin Eozier was in all probability kin to the former
minister of Hungar's Parish/

Eozier was succeeded by John Armourier, of whom we
know practically nothing. The next minister was Thomas
Palmer, who did much for the advancement of the church
and never failed to present the wicked for the careful con-
sideration of the stern though just magistrate. Colonel
Robins. Palmer was succeeded by Thomas Higby, a clergy-
man of questionable character, for, in 1652, he was himself
presented to the court for slandering the Colonel. Higby
married Grace, the widow of John Wilkins, and died in
1662. His widow survived him twenty years. He was
dismissed from his office probably as a result of his loose
tongue, for at a Court of Vestry held in Northampton on
June 16, 1662, Edmund Scarburgh, Thomas Johnson,
Richard Vaughan, Ralph Barlow, Robert Parker, John
Edwards, Richard Hill, John Ellis, William Taylor, Richard
Smyth, Richard Tegg, vestrymen, and Mr. Thomas Teackle,
minister, were present.^ The same day, Benjamin Matthews
and John Wise having been chosen church wardens, took the
regular oath of office, which was administered in the name
of "the keepers of the Liberty of England, by authority of
Parliament."

In 1652, the upper parish of Northampton Coixnty was
itself divided, at the instance of the royalists or Anglicans,
who were little in favor with the people of the lower pen-
insula, and who themselves were intolerant of the liberal
views which had crept into Hungar's Parish.'

•English Colonies in America in the 17th Century, Osgood, Vol. II,
p. 72.

The name Teackle is also spelt Teakle and Teagle in the old records.

■Hening, Act of Assembly, Nov. 25, 1652. See chapter on Common-
wealth.

266 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

"It is ordered by the authority aforesaid that the south
side of Ocquahannock Creeke and so upwards be a peculiar
parish, and called by the name of Ocquahannock Parish.'"
But the name Occahannock never came into general use, for
the parish to the north of Occahannock Creek was called,
from then on, Accomac Parish, and continued to be so called
until it in turn was divided by law in 1Y62, when the lower
parish which included Pungoteague was named St. George
Parish. Accomac and St. George Parish were then divided
"by a line to begin at the mouth of Parker's Creek, thence
to run up the said Creek to the head of Booty Branch, and
thence by a direct line to be run to the head of the branch
called Drummond's New Mill Branch, thence down the said
Branch to the mouth of Hunting Creek.^ From the above
it will be seen that the limits of Accomac Parish, as estab-
lished in 1652, corresponded exactly with those of Accomac
County, formed in 1662. There is no doubt that the causes
which led to the formation of the upper county entered into
the creation of Accomac Parish and that the name of the
Parish influenced the naming of the County.^

Many of the early parishioners of the Eastern Shore were
godly and righteous men. Their wills, which teem with
pious utterances, bespeak a God-fearing, sober people. Many
of them did not wait until the hour of parting from this
world was near at hand to provide material support for the
church, for the parish property was largely contributed by
the better class of the planters. The land known to this day
as the Glebe land, situated on Church ISTeck, to which
reference has been made in a preceding chapter, was left to

^Hening, Vol. I, p. 374.
^'Aet of Assembly 1762.
'See chapter on Formation of Aceomae County.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 267

Hungar's Parish by Stephen Charlton, one of the first
vestrymen. After some expressions, showing that he had
just views of the Saviour, he divided his property by his
will, equally between his wife and two daughters, Bridget
and Elizabeth, and directed that his children should be
placed under guardians until they were fourteen years old
and be educated in a godly manner. Should Bridget, the
elder, die without children, her share was to revert to the
church for the support of a minister. Bridget married Mr.
Toxcroft, a worthy man, and until his death a vestryman of
the church. They both lived to a good old age, and dying
childless, the father's will was complied with. The Glebe,
consisting of fifteen or sixteen hundred acres of the best
land in the county, remained in possession of the vestry for
about two hundred years, when, as the result of a long-
drawn-out suit maintained by the overseers of the poor, in
which appeal after appeal was taken, the parish was robbed
of the property on a technicality of the law. Bridget Charl-
ton's sister Elizabeth, while at school on the Eastern Shore,
and but twelve years of age, was persuaded by a Mr. Getter-
ings to elope with him. Being unable to secure a license on
that side of the bay, they crossed to the western shore, and
by some artifice succeeded in evading the law and were
married.^ Elizabeth soon died, and Getterings sought to
recover the Glebe lands for himself. This was the beginning
of the suit. Colonel Scarburgh, upon being appealed to as
counsel for the vestry, prepared an address, in writing, which
he submitted to the court, setting forth the iniquity of the
conduct of Mr. Getterings and ably presenting the inherent
right of man to dispose of his property according to his ovsra
will.

•Meade's Old Churches, etc. It is not certain that the marriage
occurred on the Western Shore. See Bruce's Social Life of Va. in the
17th Century, p. 233.

268 BASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

By the will of Richard Vaughan, proved before a court
held at his son's house on Occahannock Creek, April 22,
1656, all of the testator's slaves were ordered to be freed at
certain ages, and one thousand pounds of tobacco was be-
queathed to the jiarish to start a fund for the building of a
house "for God's worship."^ Many such provisions are to
be found in the wills of these early parishioners.

The Eev. Thomas Teackle was the first minister of the
new Occahannock or Accomac Parish, and Mr. Francis
Doughty succeeded to the two lower parishes. The latter
gentleman was a son of a Bristol Alderman, and had been
vicar of Sodbury, Gloucester^ where he was arraigned before
the High Court of Commission for contempt of his sacred
majesty, having spoken of him in prayer as, "Charles, by
common election and general consent. King of England."
This was vile heresy in the eyes of a people still laboring
under the delusion that Kings ruled by divine right, so
Doughty was forced to move to America. He first settled
in !N'ew England, but was disappointed in the religious
freedom which he expected to find among the saints of
Massachusetts, so moved on to Manhattan, where he became
minister of the English Reformed Church. Doughty was
very poor and through the influence of the famous Adrian
Van der Donck, who had married his daughter, two collec-
tions were taken for his benefit, to which the Dutch as well
as the English contributed. Soon, however, he became in-
volved in difficulties with the Governor, was fined, im-
prisoned for several days, and finally moved to Flushing,
where he was guaranteed a salary of six hundred guilders,
by the people of Staten Island.^ He did not remain long in

^This is probably one of the first instances of manumission.
^Breieden Eaedt, pp. 24, 25.

BASTEEN SHOEB OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 869

his new berth, for dissatisfied with their preacher, the people
of Flushing discharged him in 1656, and he moved to North-
ampton, where his brother-in-law, William Stone, had lived. ^
Doughty took with him to Northampton his daughter, the
widow Van der Donck, who later married Hugh O'Neal of
Patuxent, Maryland.^

Doughty was a non-conformist, pure and simple, and the
fact that he was employed by Hungar's Parish clearly shows
the religious tendencies of the people of lower Northampton.
It is difficult, however, to understand why the ruling class,
composed of church of England men, allowed him to preach
there. He certainly had the respect of the better class of
planters, who were as a rule most intolerant of all "schis-
matical sects" as illustrated by their persecution of the
Quakers. Yet there was a great distinction between Quakers
and non-conformists, there being many of the latter class
on the peninsula, and while the actual control of the parishes
was in the hands of Anglicans, the influence and numerical
strength of the liberal-minded churchmen were too great to
be entirely disregarded, since they in large measure paid the
tithes. The presence of the New England Puritans and
the Reformed Churchmen of Manhattan and Holland had
greatly liberalized established Episcopacy. These people
were ever a peaceful, submissive, worthy element of the
population, regarding themselves, in a measure, as guests in
a foreign land, and by their very acquiescence in the support
of the Anglican faith intruded their liberal views upon the
ruling class more successfully than could have been accom-
plished by force. Nothing is more certain than the fact that

'Doughty married Stone's sister while they both lived in Massa-
chusetts.

^Neill's English Colonization of America, p. 237. Brodhead's History
of New York, pp. 333, 367, 368, 411, 419, 472, 555, 615, 666.

270 EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIEGIISriA HISTOEY

there were no churches in the County at this time except
those established by law, yet we find the "Reverend and very
learned Mt. Samuel Drisius or Van Driesen, Minister of
the Gospel," from Manhattan, another Reformed Church-
man, preaching in JSTorthampton in 1654, while visiting
Virginia as a treaty Commissioner of the Dutch. It is
possible, however, that Drisius was only permitted to preach
in order that he might allay the fears of the inhabitants with
respect to the reported combination of the Dutch and Indians
for the purpose of massacring the Accomackians. Governor
Bennett, a Puritan himself, was on the peninsula at the
time, and his license to Drisius would have been law.
Doughty was later succeeded in Flushing by Drisius, and
now we find the latter preceding him in Hungar's Parish/
What a little world this was even in the seventeenth century.
The facts above cited, however, only indicate how intimate
was the connection between the Eastern Shore, New Wether-
lands and New England, at this time.

On June 8, 1657, Doughty issued the following notice
which further illustrates the character of the man:

"To all Xtian (Christian) people to whome this present
writinge shall come.

"Know yee that whereas there is a marriage to bee had
and solemnized between me ffrancis Doughty of North-
ampton County, in Virginia & Ann Eaton of ye same County
and yt the sd ffrancis Doughty maye by virtue of marriage
have or expect to have a right or interest in her estate due
disowne and discharge all right, to her estate, and to her
children.'"

"For full facts as to Samuel Drisius, see Brodhead's History of New
York. Annals of Albany, Munsell, Vol. IV, p. 71; Vol. VII, p. 93.
O'Callaghan's History of New Netherlands, Vol. II, pp. 236-7.

^This was the widow of Nathaniel Eaton.

BASTBEN SHOEB OP VIKGINIA HISTOEY 271

The fact that the good Doughty took to wife Ann Eaton,
said to be the widow of the departed Nathaniel, is strong
evidence of the fact that she was a second wife of the refugee
and not the one who proved so repugnant to the authorities
of Harvard and Cambridge. It is quite certain that the
widower Doughty would not have assumed the role of
Petruchio with a Katherine so fiery. ^

Ann Southey, the wife of Nathaniel Littleton of Nandua,
and the mother of Colonel Southey Littleton, who inherited
his father's estate, died in 1656. At the time of her death
she resided on a plantation along Magothy Bay in North-
ampton County. In her will she requested:

"Mr. Francis Doughty, minister and preacher of ye word
in ye Parish, to councell my children, not only in the manage-
ment of their estates, and in civill behavior in ye world, but
be a means to instruct them in the feare of God & service of
the Almighty and Creator, and in ye true faith in Jesus
Christ, into whose hands I commit in common, all our Soules
when it pleaseth him to take them from us out of this sinful
life to wch I say Amen and Amen."

Here indeed is a valuable testimonial of the respect in
which Doughty was held, all the more trustworthy since it
comes from the hand of one of the foremost women of the
Eastern Shore. After leaving Hungar's Parish, Doughty
was appointed to the ministry of Settingbourne Parish and
among the records of Essex County there is the complaint
of John Catlett and Humphrey Boothe to Governor Berkeley,
that he was a non-conformist and that "he denied the
supremacy of the King, contrary to the canons of the
Church of England," and refused to allow them "to com-
municate in the blessed ordinance of the Lord's Supper."

'Quincey's Hist, of Harvard Univ., Vol. I, pp. 13-14.

272 EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

From this we see that he had not undergone a change of faith
while in ISTorthampton and continued in his unorthodox
views. He is next found in Maryland, where he was met at
Patuxent by the commissioners from Manhattan in 1659.
He was at this time living with his daughter.'-

In March, 1661, it was enacted by the Assembly, in view
of the great inconvenience of providing general laws to cover
small matters of purely local interest, that henceforth the
counties and parishes of the Colony should have the power
to make their ov^oi by-laws.^ This was a wise provision and
enabled the County Courts and Vestries to provide for local
necessity in a speedy and satisfactory manner. The privilege
was soon abused, however, and led to much trouble in North-
ampton County as shovyn by the list of Grievances in 1676.

The fourth church on the peninsula was St. G-eorge's of
Pungoteague, built between 1652 and 1660, or soon after
the formation of Accomac Parish. The first rector of this
church was the Rev. Thomas Teackle, whose name first
appears in the records about 1652. Teackle either pur-
chased or was given land on Cradock's ISTeck, where he lived
upon his estate called "Cradock," as minister of St. George's
for nearly forty years. He was an Anglican of the strictest
order, an able preacher, a man of great culture and refine-
ment and, judging from the scope of his very large and
complete library, he must have been something of a student
as well. In 1664, Major John Eobins brought suit against
Mary Powell for scandalous speeches against Mr. Teackle;
and she was ordered to receive twenty lashes across her bare
shoulders and was banished from the county. For many
years the good man was a noted character in Accomac. His

"Brodhead's Hist, of N. Y., p. 666.
=Hemng, Vol. II, pp. 171-172.

EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 273

church was irreverently though not irrelevantly styled "Ace
of Clubs" church on account of its peculiar shape, there
being three almost equal wings with the interior angles
rounded. It is possible that the name was suggested to the
Puritans of the lower peninsula by the character of the con-
gregation, which was composed almost entirely of Anglicans.
The people of Hungar's Parish resented the formation of
Accomac Parish from the first, and the royalists were ever
regarded by the lower classes as free and easy churchmen.
This old church remained intact until pressed into service
as a stable by Colonel Lockwood of the United States Army
in 1861-5. The two side wings were then demolished and
the interior generally altered. It was repaired some years
after the war but unfortunately not restored to its original
state. How strange that the conqueror should always feel
obliged to destroy the temples of his enemy! There were
unquestionably other biiildings available for a stable.

The author has frequently heard that the first communion
set of St. George's church was presented by the immigrant,
John Wise, though there is no record to that effect.

Soon after Teaekle's arrival in Accomac, Colonel Edmund
Scarburgh charged him, in May, 1656, with being too
familiar with Madam Scarburgh, and with trying to dis-
pose of him by poison. The rector was immediately sus-
pended from his office and demanded an investigation. On
two different occasions the parties were summoned to appear
before the justices, Teackle presenting himself with his wit-
nesses both times. On neither occasion, however, did the
fiery Scarburgh appear. Then Teackle appealed to the
General Court at James City, but Scarburgh eluded the
third appointment. Satisfied by such conduct on the ac-
cuser's part, as to their clergyman's innocence, his parish-

274 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

ioners petitioned the court to have him re-instated, which
was promptly done. Thereupon, Scarburgh withdrew the
charge of undue intimacy between the miaister and his wife,
but persisted in the charge that Teadde had attempted to
poison him. The records of this old suit are as interesting
as they are voluminous.

When Governor Berkeley, always quick to detect irregu-
larities in church affairs, and to guard against the insidious
encroachments of the free thinkers, fled to the Eastern Shore
in 1676, he discovered that Mr. Daniel Richardson, an im-
ordained preacher, was ministering to the parishioners of
Northampton. While the term unorthodox was applied to
any divine who preached without orders, the vestry, no doubt,
felt that their action in retaining Mr. Richardson required
an explanation, and it is not hard to read, between the lines,
that this gentleman did not measure up to Berkeley's stand-
ard of Episcopacy:

"Whereas Mr. Daniel Richardson o'r late minister, for
want of orders, was found not orthodox, and therefore hired
him from yeare to yeare (to supply the place of minister
so far as the Lawes of England and this Country could make
him capable) until wee would supply ourselves with an able,
orthodox divine. And forasmuch as Mr. Isaac Key did
present, whom we find very able and worthy wee of the
vestry & subscribers hereof doe certifye unto your Honor
that at a Vestry the 8th Day of May last past did discharge
the said Richardson from his said ministry as may fully
appear by an order of the said vestry there made. And have
since made choyce of the said Mr. Isaac Key for o'r minister
who hath accepted, and most willingly promised to serve.
Wherefore wee hereby request yor Honor's confirmacon by
Inducting him into this o'r parish as minister. And yor
supplycants shall ever pray.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 375

John Stringer John Eobins

William Kendall James Pigot."

William Waters

To which Governor Berkeley assents in these words:
"This worthy learned Gent. Mr. Key is soe well knowne to
me, that I am most eertaine you will be happy in havinge
soe deservinge a person to officiate to you & advise and
comfort you in all yor spirituall wants and necessityes, and
I do hereby require that he be immediately Inducted.

"William Berkeley.
"Nov. 18, 1676."

The ousted Richardson moved to Maryland, and was
living there in Somerset County in 1680. Mr. Key assumed
the ministry of the two parishes in ISTorthampton. Teackle
was still the minister of St. George's in 1689, for in that
year he received 2,000 pounds of tobacco from the vestry
for arrears in salary.

During the incumbency of Teackle and Key, the spiritual
welfare of the Eastern Shore was committed to Anglicans
of the strictest order, and we may rest assured that dissenters
and non-conformists found in them relentless opponents.
Much was done by these two clergymen to restore the ob-
servance of the established forms of worship and to counter-
act the effects of years of what they deemed a religious
laxity verging upon license.

By 1684, as we have seen, the church erected on Smith's
Field was but a frame, a skeleton of a church, and the parish
of ISTassawattocks was practically defunct; the people of
the upper peninsula attending St. George's at Pungoteague,
while those of the lower peninsula attended the Magothy
Bay Church. Successive churches were erected on the site
of the latter, exactly how many is not knovrai. They were
poor structures, however, and of very temporary character

276 EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

with the exception of the last, which was in use as late as
the nineteenth century. In 1826, it was pronounced unsafe,
torn down, and the old materials sold at auction. Its
foundations, near the gate of Arlington, were to be seen
until recent years, but the plowshare of modem progress has
passed over the old ruin, casting the dust of its mouldering
stones to the winds.

One of the frame structures on this site was used by the
people of Northampton until about 1690. The following
year a petition was made to the Assembly to unite the two
parishes of JSTorthampton, on the ground that they were
unable, singly or combined, to give such support as would
secure an able minister and build a good church. The peti-
tion having been granted, l^assawattocks Parish was merged
into Hungar's Parish:^

"Att a council held att James City, Apr. the 21st, 1691.
Present

"The Kt. Hono'ble Francis Nicholson, Esq., Lt. Gov. &
Council. Major John Robins and Mr. Thomas Harman-
son. Burgesses of the County of Northampton, on behalf of
the County, by their petition setting forth that the said
county is one of the smallest in the Colony, doth consist of
a small number of tithables, and is divided into two parishes,
by reason whereof the Inhabitants of both parishes are soe
burdened that they are not able decently to maintain a
minister in each parish and therefore prayed the said
parishes might be joyned in one and goe by the name of
Hungars Parish, not being desirous to infringe any gift
given to Hungars parish, and more especially one by the
last will of Stephen Charlton, which parishes soe joined
vsdll not only be satisfactory to the inhabitants but make
them capable to build a decent church and maintain an
able divine; On consideration thereof Itt is the opinion of

'Act of Assembly.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 277

this board and accordingly ordered that the whole county of
Northampton be from hence-forth one parish and goe by the
name of Hungars Parish, and that the same shaU be no prej-
udice to the gift of the aforesaid Charlton to the said
parish of Hungars and it is further ordered that the
inhabitants of the sd parish shall meet at such time and
place as the court of the said county shall appoint and
make choice of a vestry according to law.

"Cop. vera, test. W. Edward, cl. cou."
"Then in accordance with the appointment of the court,
at a meeting of the inhabitants of the said county of North-
ampton, at the courthouse thereof the 22nd day of June,
1691, the following vestrymen were elected:

Major John Eobins Capt. Custis

Capt. Foxcroft John Shepheard

Benj. Stratton Priece Davis

Benjamin Nottingham John Powell

Jacob Johnson Thomas Eyre

John Stoakley Michael Dickson."

It was evidently soon after this step was taken that the
new vestry met and provided for the erection of the present
Hungar's Church. Surrounded and concealed by a body
of sweet-scented pine woods, in the midst of a picturesque
grove of Sycamores, about seven miles north of Eastville,
stands this ancient house of worship, near the site of its
rustic predecessor. This church as it now exists at the head
of navigation on Hungar's Creek near Bridgetown, is one
of the oldest churches in Virginia. The original edifice
became untenable in 1850 and was repaired and slightly
reduced in size that year. It is beautifully situated, and
but little known outside of the Eastern Shore Counties.

The year after the consolidation of the Northampton
parishes, Mr. John Monroe became the minister of Hungar's
Church. He is referred to frequently in the convocations
of the Williamsburg ministers of the time.

19

278 EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

The plate presented to Old Hungar's Church by Governor
Nicholson is now in use in Christ Church, Eastville. It
is inscribed:

Ex dono Francis Nicholson.

The communion set used in the latter church was pre-
sented to Hungar's Church by John Custis, of Williams-
burg and Arlington, in 1741.

Active in the affairs of the Episcopal Church on the
Eastern Shore in the seventeenth century were members of
the Scarburgh, Eobins, Wise, Littleton, Bowman, West,
Cropper, Charlton, Foxcroft, Severn, Eyre, Custis, Yeardley,
Bayly, Kendall, Parker, Upshur, Vaughan, Bowdoin, Not-
tingham, Savage, Joynes, Poulson, Spady, Browne, Satchell
and many other ancient families, the descendants of which
are scattered broadcast over the United States until but few
remain to worship in the temples of their fathers.

On many a time-stained monument, the history of these
early Episcopalians may still be read, for it was a custom
among Virginians of the seventeenth century, and even at
a later time, to bury their dead near the home of the de-
ceased and frequently in the immediate close of the dwelling.
Ancient tombstones peep from behind their shrouds of
honeysuckle, or from among a tangle of rose bushes, growing
in wild luxuriance and sending forth a delicious fragrance,
a sweet invitation to the casual passer-by to pause and
ponder upon the history of the past. And as one lingers in
such deserted spots and scans these memorials of departed
spirits, the venerable relics testify to an age of romantic
interest upon this balmy peninsula. Sweet voices of the
past, we pause and harken to your words :

EASTBKF SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 379

WARWICK, OB "quinsy's FAEM"

In Northampton County.

In memory of Arthur Upshur

born in ye County of Essex in ye

Kingdom of England who died

January 26, 1709 in ye 85th year

of his age.

In memory of Mary ye

Wife of Arthur Upshur

born in ye County of Warwick

in ye Kingdom of England

who died July ye 3d 1703

in ye 85th year of her age.

II

AELINGTON

(Arms)

Here lies the Body of

John Custis, Esq., one of the

Councill and Major Generall of

Virginia who departed this life ye

29th day of January 1696 aged 66 years.

And by his side a son and daughter

Of his Grandson John Custis whom

He had by the daughter of

Daniel Parke, Esq., Capt. Generall

And Chief Governor of the Leeward

Islands.

Vistus Post Eunera.

380 BASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

III

WILSOITIA NECK

Here lyeth ye body of John Custis, Esq., one of the
coiincill of Virginia colonel, and commander in chief of the
Militia on the Eastern Shore of this colony. He was the
son of Hon. John Custis of Arlington, and departed this
life 26th of January, 1Y13, and in the sixtieth year of his
age. His first wife was Margarett, ye daughter of Mr. John
Michaell, by whom he had seven sons and two daughters,
who with three of their sons lies near him. His second
wife was Sarah, the daughter of Colonel Southy Littleton,
and widow of Mr. Adam Michaell, who survives him, but
hopes to be buried by him when she dies, as was his desire.
Which accordingly now she is, and departed this life the
18th day of April, Anno. Domino, 1720, and in the fifty
first year of her age.

IV

(At Onancock)

Coll. Tully Kobinson

late of Accomack Co., Ya. who was

bom August 31st, 1658, and

departed ISTovember 12, 1T23,

aged 65 years and twenty

days.
A gentleman honourable, an
Ornament to all places. He

was loyal to his prince.

Unshaken to his friend, and

a true believer in the Church

of England.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 281.

The remains of the Yeardley tombs are now all but
imperceptible in the grounds of the Nottingham home in
Northampton, and at Bowman's Tolly, Clifton, Mount
Custis, Brownsville, and many other family seats of Accomac
and Northampton are to be found those of the Croppers,
Wises, Baylys, Upshurs, and other prominent and ancient
families.

And now, having followed Episcopacy to the end of the
seventeenth century, let us go back and view the humble
origin of Presbyterianism in America, with its first roots on
the remote and secluded shores of Accomac.

The father of the Presbyterian Church in America was
Francis Makemie, of Ireland and Accomac. He was born
near Eathmelton, County Donegal, Ireland, during the
seventeenth century, but the exact date of the event is un-
known. The place where he was educated is also involved
in uncertainty, but he is thought to have attended one of the
Scotch universities. During the year 1680, Judge William
Stevens, who was a member of Lord Baltimore's council, is
said to have written to the Irish Presbytery of Leggan,
urging that ministers be sent to Maryland and "Virginia.
The year following, Makemie was licensed to come, but went
first to Barbadoes, where he preached. About the year 1684,
he arrived in Somerset County, Maryland, on the Eastern
Shore, and here at Eehoboth, it is claimed, established the
first regular Presbyterian Church in this country. Later on,
Makemie moved dovra the peninsula into Accomac Coimty,
and settled at Onancock, which place had been established
under the law of 1680 for the promotion of town building.
At Onancock, he married Naomi Anderson, the daughter of
William Anderson, a wealthy merchant. Through his
marriage, Makemie acquired property, and was engaged

282 EASTBEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

himself in trade with the West Indies, a trade which was
actively carried on at that period between those Islands and
the Eastern Shore. Makemie was npon one occasion arrested
by ministers of the established church for preaching without
a license, and carried to Williamsburg, where he pleaded his
own case before the Governor and Burgesses. This he did
so successfully that the Governor licensed his dwelling in
Onancock as a place of worship, and gave him, much to the
displeasure of the Episcopal clergy, the general right to
preach anywhere in the colony. It was not long before
Makemie had won a substantial following from the ranks of
the Episcopalians, and we may rest assured that the good
Teackle viewed the desertions of his parishioners with the
utmost impatience and alarm. The established clergy, how-
ever, were im.able to uproot the new faith from the soil of
Accomac and Northampton ; and so powerful were the argu-
ments of Makemie that the Act of Toleration, passed April
16, 1699, was directly attributed to the influence of this
great divine.

During the year 1707 while passing through New York,
en route to Boston, Makemie again became involved in trouble
for the offense of preaching without a license, and was im-
prisoned for two months, but was acquitted at his trial. He
published a "Narrative" of the affair which is to be found
in Eorce's Collection of Historical Tracts. Governor Corn-
bury, who had him arrested, does not appear to hare enter-
tained a high regard for the parson, for he wrote in a letter
to the Lords of Trade that Makemie was "a preacher, a
doctor of physic, a merchant, an attorney, a counsellor at
law, and, what is worst of all, a disturber of governments.'"

^Note — Among the published writings of Makemie were: "Truths
in a New Light," "Letter to Lord Cornbury," and "A Plain and Friendly

EASTEEN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 283

Makemie is reported to have been a deeply pious man,
and a shrewd trader as well. He possessed an excellent Law
Library, and in addition was distinguished for what a
modern lawyer terms "the proper spirit of litigation." His
will is recorded in the County Court of Accomac, as he
died in that County during the summer of ITOS. A spot
on the banks of Holston Creek, near Jenkins' Bridge in
Accomac County, is pointed out as the place where he was
buried. No stone marks his burial place and the exact
locality is a matter of conjecture. A most interesting book,
concerning the old Scotch-Irish preacher, was published a
few years ago by the Eev. L. P. Bowen. It is entitled "The
Days of Makemie," and unites the charms of romance with
the carefully compiled knowledge of a painstaking and ac-
curate historian. It is a valuable contribution to the early
history of the sea-girt peninsula, about which Gath has
written :

"And when we thread in quaint intrigue
Onancock Creek and Pungoteague,
The world and wars behind us stop.
On God's frontiers we seem to be
As at Rehoboth wharf we drop,
And see the kirk of Makemie ;
The first he was to teach the creed,
The rugged Scotch will ne'er revoke;
His slaves he made to work and read,
No powers Episcopal to heed,
That held the glebes on Pocomoke."

Perswaaive to the Inhabitants of Virginia and Maryland." The reprint
of the last named writing is to be found in Volume IV of The Virginia
Magazine of History and Biography. Every student of the early history
of Virginia, and of the Eastern Shore in particular, should read this
remarkable paper, for being written with a knowledge acquired by
residence on the peninsula, it gives a valuable insight into the times in
which the famous author lived, and the conditions which influenced his
arguments.

284 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

It is stated, upon competent authority, that there is but one
volume of this work extant — ^that in the Library of Harvard University,
from which the above reprint was copied. Two letters of Makemie,
written to Increase Mather in 1684 and 1685, are in the possession of
the Massachusetts Historical Society.

Notes: For much of the foregoing sketch the author is indebted to
the late Barton Haxall Wise. Some years ago Mr. Wise presented to
the Virginia Historical Society a transcript of the Makemie Manuscript,
which had come into his possession.

For a full sketch of Mackemie, see Foote's Sketches.

XV

The !Negeo and the Slave

It is a generally accepted fact that the Dutch were
responsible for the introduction of slaves into Virginia in
1619. It was several years later before the first negro
appeared on the Eastern Shore, and a decade had elapsed
before slaves were brought to the peninsula. The first
negroes in Accomac of whom we have any knowledge, were
two free citizens of color, Anthony Johnson and his wife
Mary. They were so highly thought of by the white in-
habitants of the county, that, when, in 1652, they had the
"misfortune to lose by fire after great service & etc.," after
dwelling as law-abiding citizens in the county for over thirty
years, they were exempted from paying taxes. While no
negroes are mentioned in the census of 1623, the Johnsons
must have lived there at the time. The descendants of these
free negroes were for many years respected property owners
and owned in addition to much land, a number of slaves.
In 1654, 100 acres of land lying along Pungoteague Creek,
were granted to Richard Johnson, the son of Anthony, the
former being a carpenter by trade and a skilled mechanic.
This tract was contiguous to the estate of John Johnson, also
a negro, and that of Anthony Johnson. Later, a dispute
arose as to the title to the land and we find the following
entry: "Whereas John Johnson, ISTegro, hath this day made
complaint in Court that John Johnson, Sr., detaineth a
patent to 450 acres, which John Johnson, Jr., claims, John

285

286 EASTBEN SHOKB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Johnson, Sr., is ordered to appear in Court."^ Anthony
Johnson entered suit soon after this for the purpose of
recovering his negro servant, who had been appropriated by
Eobert Parker.^

Leases for ninety-nine years to negroes were not un-
common in the seventeenth century. John Parker of Ac-
comac leased to Philip Morgan, a negro, 200 acres about
1680/

The first slaves of which mention is made in the old
records, were the two West Indian negroes, named Sampso
and Domingo, servants of the Rev. William Cotton, who
came to the peninsula about 1632. Four years later, John
Wilkins, Gent., brought one to Accomac with twenty-five
white servants.

The first sale of a slave occurred in 1640, when Nathaniel
Littleton sold one to Garrett Andrews for 1,200 pounds of
tobacco. Littleton and his father-in-law, Mr. Southey,
owned thirteen slaves at this time.

Prior to 1656, there were but few slaves on the Eastern
Shore; in fact there were but few in the Colony. The
census of 1624-5, shows but 22 Africans. In 1649, there
were not over 300, in spite of the fact that a company had
been organized at great expense eighteen years before for
carrying on the slave trajSic; and during the year 1649 but
seventeen negroes were imported into the Colony, a large
majority, by one planter in Gloucester County. Between
1649 and 1659, the importation of slaves was very light,
the greatest number imported in one body being the thirty
negroes bought by Colonel Scarburgh in Manhattan for his
daughters, Matilda and Tabitha.

^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1651-1654, p. 200.

=Accomac County Records, Vol. 1663-1666, p. 54, and 1682-97, p. 160.

=Accomac County Records, Vol. 1676-90, p. 185.

EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 387

The slaves on the Eastern Shore in the seventeenth cen-
tury v^ere well taken care of and kindly treated. They were
used almost exclusively as domestic servants, for the day
of working great bands of negroes in the fields had not yet
arrived. In 164Y, Francis Pott had two negroes bound to
his service for a term of years and obligated himself to
furnish them sufficient meat, drink, apparel and comfortable
lodging and to use his best efforts to bring them up in the
fear of God and in the knowledge of the Saviour. These
little slaves were bought from Immanuel Driggs, a free
negro servant.

The slaves were not allowed to have any business dealings
with the whites for fear that they would be taken advantage
of and that they would be encouraged to steal the property
of their masters. Hence we find, in 1643, upon the request
of William Andrews, the court ordering that no man should
"truck nor trade" with his negro John, and again in 1654
upon the complaint of Captain Francis Pott, people were
forbidden to trade with his negroes.

Many of the masters taught their slaves to read and write
and the custom of instructing them in the Bible and making
them attend church was general. In his will, dated 1645,
Mr. Grace Vaughan of Oecahannock, actually provided for
the manumission of his slaves at suitable ages and left them
each a tract of land.^ This is probably one of the first in-
stances of manumission. The inventories of the estate of
William Burdett and Major Peter Walker, dated 1644 and
1655, respectively, included several negroes bound for short
terms of servitude, showing that they were to be freed.

By the end of the century, there were many free negroes
on the peninsula who not only ovmed land, but could read

'Will proven April 22nd, 1656. Northampton County Records.

288 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY

and write and were allowed to vote.^ They do not seem to
have been very thrifty as a rule, though there were striking
exceptions, then as now. An instance of a negro surety is
to be found in the records of ISTorthampton.^ Most of the
free negroes in the county, like the surviving Indians,
became a charge upon the whites in their old age and such
failure on their part to provide for the winter of life is
striking evidence of their lack of thrift. It was claimed
by the people of Northampton that free negroes were un-
desirable, because they commonly became receivers of goods
stolen either by the slaves or the white servants.^

The value of slaves on the Eastern Shore at this time
may be arrived at from the fact that, when the master of the
"Society," a Bristol ship, which went ashore off the coast
of Accomac, came to reward the persons who had assisted
him in landing the negroes he had on board, he paid James
Lamont thirty pounds sterling in the form of a boy and a girl,
and this price very nearly corresponds with that paid by
Littleton to Andrews at the first sale, before mentioned.*

In the list of tithables for Northampton in 1666, the
names of 52 negroes appear. Allowing Accomac County an
equal number, and applying the same ratio of tithables to
souls, as in the case of the whites, there must have been
upwards of 300 negroes on the peninsula at that time, or
about one to every ten white persons. A great increase in
the number of blacks began about 1690.

The county records indicate that Indian slaves were owned
by Eastern Shoremen, but they were no doubt half-breeds
with the negro blood largely preponderant.

'Northampton County Records, Vol. 1689-98, p. 250.
^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1689-98, p. 58.
^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1689-98, p. 463.
^Calendar of Virginia State Papers, Vol. I, p. 30 (Bruce).

XVI

Teade. Commerce. Industries

The houses on the Eastern Shore with a few exceptions,
such as Arlington and Bowman's Folly, have never heen
as spacious and as pretentious as those in other parts of
the state. The smallness of some of the houses inhabited
by the wealthiest citizens is amazing. For instance, the
house of Southey Littleton of Accomac contained a parlor,
a porch chamber, a hall chamber, a hall, two garrets, a little
room over the kitchen, the kitchen, the dairy room; making
in all but a small house. ^ The residence of Argoll Yeardley,
of Northampton, was equally small, containing a hall, a
hall chamber, a parlor, two small chambers next to the
parlor, a kitchen and a dairy, both of the latter probably
detached.^ These houses, no doubt, were typical of the time.
Most of the house-building seems to have been done by the
ship-carpenters and no doubt the structures had a decidedly
nautical cast about them. There are to-day many old houses
on the Eastern Shore which resemble the pictures of Noah's
Ark, and give plentiful evidence of the character of the
builders.

There being no stone, and but little clay out of which to
make bricks, the people of the peninsula were forced to
content themselves with the abundant supply of pine at hand
for building purposes. Even tombstones had to be imported

'Aoeomae Comity Records, Vol. 1676-90, p. 293.
^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1654-55, p. 117.

289

290 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

from England or the Western Shore. Simple frame dwell-
ings sufficed to house these primitive country people in a
tempered clime, where the land afforded every inducement
to out-door occupation, and the early Eastern Shoremen
should not be judged by the character of their dwellings.
Their energies were not directed to house-building, which
fact in no wise diminished their happiness. With vessels
coming from the West Indies, bringing goodly supplies of
Jamaica Rum, with excellent peach brandy ; with salt water
creeks about them abounding in the finest terrapin, crabs,
clams, and oysters in the world, the Eastern Shoremen
recked little of the outside world, and were a contented,
happy people. Despite the mild climate and other condi-
tions which conduced to laissez-faire, the people were yet
more thrifty, shrewd and progressive than the people in
other sections of the colony, for the slaves were never so
numerous as to deprive the peninsula of a class of hardy
yeomen.^

Bricks were unquestionably made on the peninsula in
the seventeenth century, but only in small quantities. James
Ewell of. Pungoteague, contracted to bum thirty thousand
for a new courthouse in 1677, and it appears that brick-
making was his regular employment. In April, of the same
year, the Ketch, Grocer's Adventure, of Hull, England,
arrived at Chesconessex, "having a great many bricks to
unload," as we are informed by the records, and this is one
of the few instances in which there is fairly trustworthy
proof of the importation of brick into the Colony. It is
even possible in this case that the bricks were transported

'Life of Henry A. Wise, Barton Haxall Wise.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 291

to the peninsula from another part of Virginia, where the
ship had previously touched.^

In the early days, travel was exclusively on foot or in
canoes, as the first horse did not appear until about 1642.
Of course there were no roads until a later period. The
hard-beaten paths through the shady pine woods and along
the shores of the creeks, very much as they are to-day, com-
prised the sole overland thoroughfares. About 1646, when
horses were beginning to appear in large numbers, bridges
were constructed across the creeks, near the headwaters of
navigation. Prior to that time, crude scows ferried the
pedestrian on his way. A ferry is mentioned in 1634. In
1638, Mr. Symmonds, first surveyor, was mentioned.

During Scarburgh's term of office as County Surveyor,
much attention was paid to wharves and roads, and all at
private expense. In January, 1657, the first order was
entered for the construction of public roads, and William
Mailing was appointed general surveyor of highways for
Northampton, "according to the laws of England." From
that time on, various orders were issued and assessments
levied for county or public roads, which, in general, followed
the routes of the present bay-side and sea-side thorough-
fares.^ Bridges were built across the Pocomoke River before
1680."

Intercommunication between the various parts of the pen-
insula was carried on largely by means of boats, the smaller
variety being patterned after the native canoe. The white

'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1678-82, pp. 65, 66. Bruce's Institu-
tional History of Va., etc., Vol. I, p. 538.

''Accomack County Records, Orders of April 21st, 1663. Northamp-
ton County Records, Orders of March 23, 1663.

^Proceedings of Council of Maryland, 1647-1680.

292 EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

men soon learned to bnild these little craft out of the ex-
cellent lumber which the peninsula afforded and supple-
mented the Indian paddle with a spread of canvas. The
present-day "Kun-ner," as it is pronounced by the Eastern
Shoremen, sharp at both ends, low in the water, of extremely
light draft and rakish rig, is but an early development of
the Indian canoe, upon which the settlers depended so largely
for transportation. The boat, so extensively employed now
and called the "dead-rise bateau," is a type of a later period.
The "bug-eye" or freight craft, peculiar to the Eastern
Shore of Virginia and Maryland, is after all but an immense
canoe, decked over and schooner rigged. As every early
settler was forced to "paddle his own canoe," he became an
adept sailor. Knowledge of the tides, the signs of weather,
and things nautical, became matters of second nature with
him, for those who dwelt farthest from the coast were at
most but a short walk from the nearest creek.

One of the first vessels of Accomack was owned by William
Burdett and Daniel Cugley in 1634, and employed ia the
Indian trade and in freighting tobacco. In 1645, the "Bless-
iags of Virginia" is mentioned as haviag brought goods
from Holland. In January, 1652, Colonel Scarburgh, who
was preparing to leave the county indefinitely, sold to
WiUiam Bunton of Boston, Massachusetts, a barque of 20
tons burthen named the "Deliverance" for 50 pounds
sterling, another one named the "May Flower" with all her
sails and rigging for 120 pounds short,^ "a Galiot by the
name of King David with all things belonging to her for
180 pounds sterling," and a small shallop for 20 pounds
sterling. We have seen that he owned numerous other
vessels, among which were the "Seahorse," the "Hobby

'Was this the Mayflower of Plymouth fame?

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 293

Horse," the "Ann Clear" and the ship "Artillery," all ocean-
going vessels. It is doubtful if any other citizen in Virginia
and in fact in any of the colonies owned as many vessels at
one time in the seventeenth century. Seven large merchant
vessels engaged in trading along the coast, to the West Indies
and to Holland, speak well for the enterprise of the many-
sided Colonel.

As early as 1640, the difficulty of securing transporta-
tion led many of the larger planters to unite in building
freight craft in which to export their tobacco. Therefore,
we find Scarburgh, Samuel Bayly, John Rice, Stephen
Charlton and other wealthy planters purchasing interests in
a large vessel that year.^

In 1661, the Assembly subsidized ship-building by offer-
ing to any one who should build a vessel of any burthen
whatsoever, decked and fitted for sea, fifty pounds of tobacco
for every ton burthen."

On the first day of March, 1641, the first mill was con-
tracted for between Obedience Robins and John Wilkins
on the one part and Anthony Lenny, Millwright, of the
second part. The price for the wind-mill was to be 220
pounds sterling and 20 barrels of corn; and Lenny was to
be furnished with all necessary iron-work and shingles and
to receive 100 pounds sterling in advance. Wheat and
flour on the Eastern Shore were first mentioned in June,
1646, in a bill of Captain Wormeley's.

The first merchant trader on the Eastern Shore seems to
have been William Clayborne, who, as early as 1630-1,
employed his good ship Africa, a vessel of considerable size,
in trade between his depots in Accomac, on Kent Island,

'Accomac County Records, 1632-1640, p. 22, Va. State Library.
=Hening, I, p. 122.

20

294 EASTEEK SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

and the Susquehanna River, buying up beaver skins from
the Indians of the latter place. His trade was not restricted
to Chesapeake Bay and the Susquehanna, however, for John
Winthrop, Jr., in a letter to his father, dated April 30, 1631,
mentions that a contract had been made with Captain Clay-
borne, then in London, to bring grain to Boston from Vir-
ginia. "The ship that bringeth it wch is the Africa whereof
Capt. Clayboume is commander. He and the merchants
that set him out offer us to bring what come we will for
fish."^ In June, 1646, Clayborne's business affairs with
George Fletcher, a London merchant, which had become
much confused during the Kent Island troubles, were finally
adjusted.

The following is a statement of Clayborne's claim:

"Disbursed by the account 12,000 lbs. tobacco for trade of
Susquehanna & for Isle of Kent in making peace, takiag
possession of it, fortifying & maintaining it, of which Mr.
Fletcher's letter engages him to bear his share."

The arbitrators, to whom the dispute was referred, were
Richard Bennett, afterward Governor of Virginia, and Peter
Knight of Warrosquack. James Fletcher, of Eltham,
County Kent, England, was attorney for his brother George,
the merchant.

The records show that much trade was carried on between
Accomack and New England in 1634 and in October, 1638,
two Accomackians, namely, Nicholas White and one Barnaby,
made voyages to that coast in their own vessels. In 1645,
the "Water Duck," of Rotterdam, a large trading vessel,
touched at Accomack, and Stephen Charlton bought two
pipes of wine from the Master, besides beds, Holland sheets,

•Mass. Hist. Soc. Collect., Vol. VIII, p. 31. The fish were Codfish.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 295

etc., etc. For the wine he paid 22 pounds sterling in tobacco
at 3 pence per pound. This fact not only establishes the
relative values of tobacco and sterling money but also the
value of wine at that time.

Well before the middle of the century, Scarburgh, Clay-
borne and others had established trade along the Delaware,
the Susquehanna, with Manhattan, the West Indies, Holland
and New England. There is much evidence that Scar-
burgh's ships had visited points farther up the coast than
Boston, for various invoices show him to have been the owner
of large numbers of moose skins at one time or another.
These skins were used by him in the manufacture of shoes.
We have seen how at one time he was in partnership with
General Gibbons of Boston in the business of freighting by
sea with the ship "Artillery," and how upon the return of
the former to JSTorthampton he filed complaints against the
Bostonian, requiring an accounting of him. The following
is the text of the letter which Gibbons wrote Scarburgh
upon this occasion, and is interesting because it establishes
the relation between these two distinguished men:

"Boston the 9th of ye fifth moneth 1654.

"Sir — I hearinge of yr arrivall, though I heare you are
offended with mee yet at this distance I crave Libertye to
kis yor hand & desire god to take possession of yr heart &
bid you a welcome to gether: Sr I shall saye nothinge for
the present But about Strangridge who spitts fowlely & un-
justlye agst mee, as you can testifie, For you made upp our
Accotts by our consente and subscribed it. And he owed
mee neare Two hundred pounde and would make you paye
agayne, what I paid him for you; Sr good ice not very
plentifuU here. 1 say no more, but am

"Yor friend (though poor),

"Edwaed Gibows."

296 EASTEEN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

Poor old Gibbons ! He too had become entangled with the
Colonel. A very quaint letter is this from the Captain who
led the expedition from Boston against d'Aunay at Port
Eoyal, in the interest of La Tour.^ General Gibbons was at
one time offered a high office in the Government of Mary-
land by Baltimore, and there is much evidence that he was
in and about the Chesapeake on numerous occasions.^

Large numbers of Dutch merchants resided on the Eastern
Shore, or visited it at frequent intervals about this time.
Entered in the records of ISTorthampton County is a power
of attorney from Jacob Derrickson and Abram Johnson, of
Holland, to John Johnson, to serve as their factor both in
Maryland and on the Eastern Shore. There is also an
agreement between the Master of the Earewell, from
Amsterdam, on the one part, and John Johnson and John
Makule, both of Graft, of the other part, that the vessel
then (1652) lying at Accomac should go to Holland to load.

So extensive was the Dutch trade that even the passage
of the stringent ^Navigation Act, in 1666, did not succeed iu
destroying it. A temporary loss only, was sustained, for
the people and the merchants soon resorted to illicit trading
and smuggling was prevalent for the remainder of the cen-
tury. The English Government had previously (in 1650
and 1651) endeavored to restrain all trade between the
colonies and foreign countries, and against this the Dutch
had remonstrated in vain. This restraint was one of the
causes which, as we have seen, led to the first Dutch war.
When Virginia surrendered to the Commissioners of Parlia-
ment, it was stipulated that she should have the full enjoy-
ment of a free trade with other countries; and the mer-

'Osgood's English Colonies in 17th Cent. Vol. I, pp. 411-412. Hazard's
Historical Collect. Vol. I, p. 499.

^English Colonization of Am. in 17th Cent., p. 284.

EASTERlSr SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 397

chants of the peninsula complained bitterly against the acts
of Parliament by which it was sought to regulate commerce.
The case of Walter Chiles which arose at this time has been
referred to in a previous chapter. The Navigation Act,
designed to protect English manufacturers and merchants by
prohibiting foreign trading with the colonies, not only
greatly inconvenienced and worked a hardship upon the
people of the Eastern Shore, but, had it been observed by
them, would have caused their utter ruin financially. They
had grovsm too dependent upon the great trade which they
had built up to stand by and see it destroyed by such selfish
laws as Parliament chose to enact and the new government
which had at first had many supporters in the ranks of the
Puritans and Dutch on the peninsula, lost greatly in popu-
larity. Smuggling grew to be looked upon as a necessity,
and every influence was present to encourage and support
the practice. The people felt that they were not half as
culpable as Parliament and looked upon smuggling as a
measure of self-protection. The islands of the seaside were
well adapted to the illicit trade which soon sprang up and
which was carried on almost as openly as lawful commerce
had been conducted before the Parliamentary measures came
into effect. The hardy 'longshoremen, at home on the sea,
were experts in the "island trade," as it came to be known,
and no magistrate nor revenue officer might hope to outwit
them. The nature of the coast was such that it would have
required a whole British fleet to break the practice up.

As soon as the Dutch vessels had ceased to arrive in the

Colony not only did the price of goods increase, but ship

owners raised their freight rates. In a short period, the cost

of transportation had doubled, while the tobacco staple brought

only one-third of the price it had commanded before the

298 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

passage of the JSTavigation Act. What steps the citizens o£
Northampton and the Dutch merchants took to obviate such
serious results, before the illicit seaside trade was well
established, have been seen in the chapter on the Common-
wealth and the Dutch War.

In the meantime, an act which at first had been one of
pure courtesy, had come, through long custom, to be looked
upon by the Governor as a matter of right or law. From
about the middle of the century it had been the practice of
all ship captains, touching at Accomack, to leave with the
revenue collector a present of provisions or wine for the
Governor, until the contribution became fixed as a charge,
amounting to about twenty shillings per ship. In 1667,
Berkeley was forced to remind his collector. Colonel Scar-
burgh, that "the yearly presentations of wine," due from the
vessels which had touched at ports on the peninsula, had not
been received by him. This extra tariff was never looked
upon with favor by the independent merchants of the Eastern
Shore, and no doubt the collector himself had done much to
discourage the practice by appropriating the presentation
with the knowledge of the donors. Thus, they had come to
regard the extra burden as more in the nature of Graft than
Tariff. The distinction is interesting.

So prosperous had some of the English merchants in the
colony become by the latter part of the century, that, an
English wit was led to write, "From being wool hoppers
and of meaner employment in England, they have in Vir-
ginia become great merchants and attained the most eminent
advancement the country affords."^ And such was the case
on the Eastern Shore. English merchants had been settled
there since 1640, some of them being men of the highest

'Force's Collection of Historical Tracts, Vol. III.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 299

standing in the community, as for instance, George Fletcher,
the associate of Clayborne in opening up the trade of the
upper Chesapeake, and a number of years later, Thomas
Wilboume of York, and Francis Lee of London.

The first mercantile house on the peninsula was that of
William Douglas & Company, existing in 1640. This con-
cern drew the first Bill of Exchange mentioned in the
records, on a bank in Amsterdam, Holland.

While the British and Dutch Merchants on the Eastern
Shore were well received, prosperous, and in turn fair in
their commercial intercourse with the people, they had their
troubles and at times lost heavily. In 1688, a petition was
brought before the Privy Council, in England, in which it
was afiirmed that the estate of Edmund Scarburgh was in-
debted to the petitioners to an extent exceeding 700 pounds
sterling. The consideration was large quantities of goods
shipped from time to time to Scarburgh's plantation, which
still remained unpaid for. This sum amounted in our
modern currency perhaps to $17,000.00.^

The largest lease of land recorded is that of 3,000 acres
called "Occahannock," by Colonel Scarburgh in 1652 to
William Bunton, of Boston, for fourteen years or until his
son Edmund should come of age, the rental for the whole
period being about 1,200 pounds sterling. In 1642, Scar-
burgh bought 500 acres of this land from John Neale for 10
pounds sterling.

In 1650, 3,000 weight of sassafras root was shipped to
England and sold for 20 shillings per hundredweight. A
large quantity of scrap pewter and brass was also shipped.
In 1652, seventy-two moose skins were sold by Scarburgh
to an English merchant at 10 shillings each.

Trivy Council to Governor Berkeley, British State Papers, Colonial.
Bruce'a Economic Hist, of Va. in 17th Cent.

300 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Until the latter part of the century, sterling money was
used but rarely. Roanoke and Wampumpeake, Indian forms
of currency, had a legal circulation for many years.

The Chincoteague, Assateague and Assawaman Indians
were noted for the manufacture of Roanoke and Peake.^
Roanoke was made from cockle-shells wrought into small
pieces like beads with holes drilled through them. It was of
dark color and less valuable than peake. The latter was a
long cylinder, the component pieces also perforated and
carefully polished. Both species had exact values, reckoned
sometimes by bulk measure, but more frequently by the
yard after being strung on gut. These money beads were
often made into belts and ornaments. The records show
that Roanoke was very common in Accomac and that it was
frequently paid out to the Indians for public services per-
formed by them.^ It occasionally constituted a part of an
estate. When Sir Thomas Dale sought the hand of a sister
of Pocahontas for one of his colonists in 1614, it will be
remembered that Powhatan informed him that she had been
sold a few days before to a great Werowance for two bushels
of Roanoke.

Beaver pelts were in use from the first as currency among
the settlers. In 1637, eight pounds of these skins were sold
for 160 pounds of tobacco. It is thought that beaver, on
account of the character of the peninsula, never inhabited
that region in great numbers. At any rate they disappeared
soon after the white man arrived and the great value
attached to the pelts in later days was on account of the
distance they had to be transported.

•Wampvun means shells. Roanoke, Eawrenoke, or Eawanoke means
place or thing of shells.

'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1663-66, p. 94, Bruce.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 301

Tobacco, while used as currency for many years, was a most
inconventient form of tender, on account of its small bulk
value. When the warehouses were established, the planters
received tickets or receipts for the casks which they stored.
These tobacco tickets were extensively employed as currency
at one time.

Towards the end of the century, the people of Virginia
had begun to cry for bills of exchange and coin, a much
simpler and therefore a more convenient form of currency
than beaver, peake, or tobacco. As a substitute for money
sterling, the lion or dog collar was in general circulation on
the Eastern Shore. This was perhaps a Dutch coin which
had obtained a furtive admission into the colony through the
smugglers of the sea-islands and its presence on the penin-
sula as late as 1696 was the strongest evidence of the con-
tinuation of illicit trade. In the course of that year, a
petition was presented by the planters of Accomac to their
representatives in the Assembly, asking that a legal value
be set upon the lion or dog collar, in order that it might be
used in current business transactions.^

For selfish reasons, the Governor and Auditor General
discouraged the use of money sterling, which led, in the
autumn of 1697, to a series of proposals for submission to
the House of Burgesses by prominent citizens of Accomack,
in which it was emphatically asserted that money sterling
was the most convenient medium in carrying on trade and
commerce, and that its absence discouraged men in every
walk of life, because they were compelled to sell upon credit,
which frequently terminated in a total loss. For this reason
it was stated by these practical merchants to be of the highest
importance that all coins should bear a fixed value. The

'Calendar of Va. State Papers, Vol. I, p. 52. (Bruce.)

302 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

petitioners, therefore, urged their Burgesses to demand that
the rate be established at which all money, except money
sterling, should pass on the Virginia exchange. Unless steps
were taken to establish a uniform rate for the various coins
in circulation, the petitioners predicted that even such small
amount as was now in circulation, would soon be drawn to
provinces where the coins had an ascertained value.^ Their
active interest ui such economic matters clearly illustrates
the commercial character of the Eastern Shoreman. The
suggestion of the Accomack planters seems to have been
adopted either immediately or in the course of a few years,
for when Beverley wrote his history, the value of all money
in use in Virginia had been fixed by law.^

A number of the wealthier planters carried on various
industries and not always on an insignificant scale. Colonel
Scarburgh built a malt house at Occahannock and seems to
have met with much success in the enterprise. He also had
a shoe factory, the business of which was quite extensive.
As moose skin was largely used in the manufacture of his
shoes, they must have been of a superior quality. In a com-
plaint which he entered in the court of Northampton in
1662, he incidentally mentions that he had nine shoemakers
in his employ ! He then goes on to tell that he had invested
much money in the business of tanning leather and manu-
facturing shoes. It is probable that he contracted with the
government to supply the public wants in these particulars.
He petitioned that Nathaniel Bradford, a currier by trade,
should be punished for his failure to perform the duties,
which the law imposed upon all who followed that business.
Bradford was the owner of a tan-house and a shoemaker's

'Calendar of Va. St. Papers, Vol. I, p. 53. (Bruce.)
"Beverley wrote his history in 1705.

EASTEEN SHORE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 303

shop, and at the time of his death was in possession of 318
hides and 46 lasts! Such competition was not altogether
according to Scarbnrgh's liking.^

Sheep were raised to some extent on the peninsula,,
probably enough to supply the local demand for wool, for we
read in the Coimty records that Southey Littleton was the
owner of a herd of 96, and Peter Wilkins of Northampton,
owned 36. The various inventories show that sheep and
goats were owned long before the middle of the century.
The wool from these sheep was largely manufactured into
"Virginia cloth" in the homes of the planters, for in 1656,
the authority was given to Northampton County to pass laws,
to promote and govern its own manufactures, among which
the woolen industry was of some importance.^ The inven-
tory of one William Taylor, of Accomack, who died about
1690, included thirty-five yards of Virginia Cloth, and John
Wallop is cited as the owner of looms about the same time.
Many inventories of the Eastern Shore during the seven-
teenth century disclose the presence of woolen-wheels, wool-
cards and looms, so that it is reasonable to infer that much
cloth was made there during that period.

The origin of the extensive salt-industry, in which Scar-
burgh and John Custis took such active parts, has been
treated in a previous chapter. Let us now look into the
history of salt-making on the peninsula, after the works
were removed by Pory in 1621, from Smith's Island.

The undertaking could not have been placed on a perma-
nent footing, for, in 1627, William Capps was sent to the
Colony to make an experiment in the manufacture of bay-

'Northampton County Records, Vol. 1682-97, folio page, 213.
"Hening, Vol. I, p. 396.

304 EASTEEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY

salt as one object of his mission. If he began the experi-
ment at all, he was soon interrupted by a contention in
which he became involved, and which ended in his expul-
sion f rom^ the country.

The General Court at Jamestown, in 1630, passed an
order, in conformity probably with instructions from Eng-
land, that the manufacture of salt should again be com-
menced.^ This seems to have been done, for the Governor
and Council shortly afterwards informed the English
authorities that the colonists, who had hitherto employed
artificial heat in the production of salt, would soon be using
an improved apparatus, which would depend upon the heat
of the sun alone.^ Harvey indulged in many sanguine
expressions, when writing upon the subject at this time.'
Thirty years after the close of his administration, the
General Assembly rewarded Mr. Dawen, a citizen of Acco-
mack, for the specimen of salt which he had procured, by
requiring the costs of his visit to Jamestown to be defrayed
out of the general levy. He was also exempted from the
levy of Accomac* In 1660, the Assembly offered to grant
ten thousand pounds of tobacco to Colonel Edmund Scar-
burgh of ISTorthampton if he should succeed in making eight
hundred bushels of salt." At the following session, still
more valuable encouragement was extended to him in con-
sideration of his having erected salt works. He was at this
time made the beneficiary of the whole amount of revenue

^Randolph MSS., Vol. II, p. 215.

^Royal Hist. MSS. Commission, 4tli Report, Appx. pp. 2901.

"Gov. Harvey to Dorchester, British State Papers, Colonial, Vol. V,
p. 83. Sainsbury Abstracts for 1630, p. 213. Va. St. Library.

*Hening, Vol. II, p. 12.

"Ibid, p. 38.

BASTEEK SHOES OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 305

collected in ISTorthampton County in the settlement of the
duty of two shillings imposed upon every hogshead of salt
exported, subject, however, to the condition that he was to
deliver to persons designated by the Assembly the salt which
he manufactured, the exchange to be made at the rate of two
shillings and six pence per bushel. No salt was to be im-
ported into the County of Northampton after 1663, and if
the master of a ship, bark, or any smaller craft, disregarded
the order, he was to suffer the confiscation of his vessel.^
Here was true monopoly for those who now so violently
oppose the trust ! The principle is as old as mankind and
is not, as some seem to think, the creation of a latter day.
Protection, as an economic measure, runs with the risk of
capital and is naturally advocated by those who assume the
risk and deprecated by those not concerned in the invest-
ment.

Anticipating that Colonel Scarburgh might be unable to
supply, with the output of his own plant, the people of the
Eastern Shore with salt, the Assembly at a later date granted
to him the exclusive privilege of importing this article into
the peninsula, and if he were even then unable to supply
the demand, the persons who might be unable to secure salt
from him were to be at liberty to buy on the general market
but not for the purpose of sale.^ This monopoly soon proved
repugnant to health as well as convenience, and the
privileges granted to Scarburgh, so far as they related to
Northampton County, were withdravni and not again
renewed.^ There is no evidence that salt was manufactured
anywhere in Virginia in the seventeenth century except on

'Ibid, p. 122.

=Ibid., p. 186.

'Ibid., p. 236. It is stated in a General Court entry for 1671, that
Governor Berkeley encouraged the manufacture of salt in Virginia pre-
sumably at this time. Robinson Transcripts, p. 258.

306 EASTBEN SHORE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

the Eastern Shore, the waters of the inland bays and estu-
aries across the hay from the peninsula being less im-
pregnated with brine than the waters of the open sea. The
references to the importation of the foreign article became
more frequent towards the close of the century. This impor-
tation was never ruterrupted in the counties on the Western
Shore, salt being brought in as part of the annual supplies
consigned to Virginia.^

From such facts as we have at our command, it appears,
that the Eastern Shore excelled other parts of the Colony,
not only in the development of trade and commerce, but in
industrial enterprise, as well. Yet in our State Histories we
find no mention of such a condition on the peninsula.

'See Bruce's Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century for
foregoing facts and authorities on salt making.

XVII

Horses. Stock. Game. Fish and Peesonaltt

The first horse on the peninsula was one conveyed to
Colonel Argoll Yeardley by G-eorge Ludlow of the Western
Shore, by a bill of sale dated January 30th, 1642. None
of the many inventories on record, prior to that date, in-
cludes horses. They prove conclusively, however, that steers
and oxen were used as beasts of burden in the pioneer days.
In 1645, Stephen Charlton also owned a horse, and in
November of that year a consignment of horses arrived from
New England, many of the animals having died on the
passage south. The custom of branding stock was begun at
this time.

In the inventory of William Burdett's estate in 1642, he
is shown to have been the owner of 11 oxen, 18 or 20 steers,
many cows and 22 goats, but no horses are mentioned. In
the inventory of Major Peter Walker's property, taken in
1655, 36 ewes, 1 ram, 14 cows, 7 draught oxen with their
yokes and chains and 2 goats are mentioned, and only 3
horses. As both of these men were wealthy planters they
would unquestionably have owned many horses were they
to be had.

There is a tradition that the first settlers found droves of
wild horses in the meadows of Assateague and Chincoteague
Islands, the parent stock having come from a ship-wrecked
vessel, but there seems to be no foundation for such a belief.
Indeed it is highly improbable that such was the case, for

307

308 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

had horses been on those islands, some use of them would
have been made by the first settlers. When Chincoteague
Island was first prospected and granted to one of the
colonists in 1670, by James II, no mention of horses occurs.
Again, while Colonel Norwood, who was shipwrecked on
the nearby coast and spent some time in the neighborhood as
the guest of the hospitable Kickotanke chieftain, mentions
the presence of large nmnbers of hogs in the marshes near
Gingo Teague, he does not mention horses. Colonel Norwood
passed right by the island in 1649 and would certainly have
mentioned the wild horses, had they been there at that time.
It has also been said that the wild ponies which rove in
great herds over the Accomac island owe their origin to
horses left there by pirates in the early days, but this too is
doubtful. Bruce tells us that the number of horses in the
colony in 1631 was very small, and prior to 1649 references
in the records of Virginia to horses are exceedingly rare.
With the design to increase the number of these animals, the
Quarter Court convening at James City in March, 1639,
granted Thomas Stegge and Jeremy Blackman the right to
import them into the colony,'^ and a few years later the
Assembly passed laws tending to encourage their further
importation.^

In 1649, there were but 300 horses in the colony, but by
1669 so many had been brought, and the natural increase
had been so great, that horses had become a burden by reason
of their unrestrained depredations, in consequence of which
further importation was prohibited.^ In 1662, a tax was
imposed upon horses, and the ovniers were required to con-

^Bruce's Economic History of Virginia in 17th Cent., Vol. I, p. 335.
"Hening, Vol. I, p. 268.
=Bruce, Vol. I, p. 374-5.

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 309

fine them between July 20th and October 20th. The author
is inclined to believe that some of the planters of the pen-
insula, in order to avoid the expense of fencing off the
marshes on the mainland, transported their stock to the
nearby islands about this time, and that this is the true
origin of the Chincoteague pony concerning which so many
fables have been written.^ The coarse provender of the salt
marshes and continual exposure to the elements would
readily have accounted for their stunted growth, which
feature had become so marked among the horses in other
parts of the colony by 1686, that carefully devised laws
were then enacted to improve the breed. So numerous had
wild horses grown to be by this time that one of the prin-
cipal sports of young men in the colony was to hunt them,
not infrequently with dogs, for all unbranded stock belonged
to the captor." Prior to 1691, the ovmer of cultivated land
was not allowed to injure the horses of his neighbor, however
much they may have injured his crop and however often
the same animals may have trespassed; but during that
year, a law was passed, the terms of which allowed the
planter, if protected by a legal pale, to kill horses found for
the third time committing depredations. So widely dispersed
were the horses belonging to the same owner, that it was
often impossible, after his death, to run them together with
a view to their appraisement." Bruce cites many authorities
for the statement that it was the custom for a number of
planters to unite in the confinement of their horses to a neck
of land, where they might roam at liberty without injuring

'To the writer's own knowledge, attempts to raise ponies on the sea-
side islands, from new stock, within the past few years, have proved
unsuccessful for lack of sufficient food except on Chincoteague Island.

^Beverley's History of Virginia, p. 222.

'Letters of William Fitzhugh (Bruce).

21

310 BASTBEN SHOEE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

the growing crops. These horses were periodically driven
into a pen and the foals branded with the mark of the owner ;
and in order to prevent any secret encroachments upon the
rights of others, it was generally required that notice of the
penning should be posted at the parish church two weeks
before the drive.^ Here then is not only a reasonable origin
for the pony, but the origin of the pony-penning as well !
Why look to shipwrecks and pirates ?

The people of the Eastern Shore have always loved a good
horse, and have been particularly fond of racing from the
earliest days, though in the seventeenth century they do not
seem to have competed much with outsiders. In 1674,
Richard Awburne and Isaac Jacob, both citizens of North-
ampton County, undertook to run their horses in a race on
the Western Shore. The stake, formally arranged between
Awburne and John Panewell, amounted to four hundred
pounds of tobacco. Not satisfied with this race, Awburne
and Jacob are found a few days later, running their horses
in another heat on a track in Northampton. The latter event
appears to have been a private race, but in a third, in which
Jacob took part, there were many spectators present, among
whom were a number of ladies whose interest was doubtless
as keen as that of the men. The races in Northampton
were held on ground known as Smith's Keld, near the
church, where a track had been carefully laid off.^ In these
same old records there is an allusion to the "Fall Races"
(1674), as though races were held every year.** Let us hope
that the minister of Hungar's Parish was not president of
the Jockey Club, as we are told a certain clergyman was on
the Western Shore.*

'Records of The General Court (Bruce).

^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1664-74, p. 269 (Bruce).

%id.. Vol. 1674-79, p. 4.

'See Bishop Meade's Old Churches, etc.

EASTERTSr SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 311

The number of cattle ranging at large in the salt marshes
of the peninsula even before 1650 must have been very great,
for the cattle marks recorded in Northampton County for
one period cover thirty-six pages in the volume of records
1651-54. In fact, all over the settled portion of Virginia
at that time, great herds of cattle roamed almost at will and
were at times hunted and shot as if wild animals. So wide
and unrestricted was the range of the cattle in the marshes
of the Eastern Shore, that much trouble resulted to the
ovraiers, as only branded stock could be accurately identified.
Not only cattle and horses roved over the peninsula, but
droves of hogs, which had become practically wild, were to
be found feeding upon the fish, crabs and moUusca of the
salt creeks.

There seem to have been a great many dogs of mongrel
breed on the peninsula at this time, whose chief use was in
destroying the smaller kinds of animals running wild in the
woods and fields. How valuable they were is shown in a
case which occurred in Northampton County about 1691.
A complaint was, in the course of that year, lodged in the
County Court against Mike Dixon, on the ground that he
permitted his dogs to rush out and bark at the heels of
persons passing along the highway, which was situated imme-
diately in front of his door. Instead of proposing to kill or
restrain them, Dixon simply petitioned the Court to have
the public road moved some distance back from his dwelling
house, "because it was necessary," he declared, "to keep dogs
for the preservation of bis creatures from vermin."^ The
creatures he referred to were poultry and young pigs and
the vermin were wolves, minks, polecats and the like.

^Northampton County Records, Vol. 1689-98, p. 86 (Bruce).

312 EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY

To this day foxes are very plentiful on the peninsula and
no doubt fox-hunting in a mild form was one of the chief
sports of the people in early days as it is now. While there
were no deer, bear, wolves, nor other kinds of wild animals
left on the peninsula by the end of the century, as late as
1683 rewards were offered for the destruction of certain of
these beasts, which must have greatly encouraged the pursuit
of them, already very exciting from the unusual dangers
attending it.

Judging from the various statute books and court records
of the seventeenth century, slight effort was made to protect
the fish, oysters, terrapin and wild-fowl, all of which
abounded in the waters of the Chesapeake and Atlantic
Ocean, on the Eastern Shore. So lavishly had nature stocked
these waters with her delicacies, that the supply was regarded
as unlimited, and as usual no thought of the future was
entertained until irreparable ravages began to show their
effects. Thus is the improvidence of man wont to run its
course and nature's well-nigh boundless stores are all but
exhausted before human extravagance receives a check. The
fisheries and oyster industry of the Eastern Shore were
sources of much wealth in the seventeenth century as now, in
spite of the fact that protective legislation was not indulged
in.

As nothing gives one a better insight into the character
of a bygone people than a knowledge of their personal be-
longings, a few items garnered from the ancient inventories
follow. These old inventories show that the Eastern Shore-
men were not only comfortably but luxuriously equipped.

In 1642, the inventory of William Burdett included many
beds with valences, blankets, sheets, pevrter dishes of all
kinds, and much silverware. There was no crockery in use

BASTEEN SHOEB OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 313

at the time ; all utensils were brass, copper, pewter or plate.
Major Walker's inventory included (1655) : 6 leather chairs;
a coverlid of tapestry and many cambric sheets; 1 broad-
cloth coat lined with silver lace ; 1 coat of same material for
riding, lined with lace; 1 entire suit of broad-cloth; 1
broad-cloth short coat lined with silver lace, and doublet and
hose to match; and 1 stuffed suit of clothes. In addition
to these articles the inventory included a bird cage, willow
chairs, and a handsome East India quilt; all beds had
valences; there were three Dutch chairs in the parlor; 15
dishes of pewter weighing 60 pounds, 1 silver beer bowl,
kitchen furniture and utensils similar to those of the present
day, and a number of books on divinity and history in the
library. The personalty of WiUiam Kendall included, in
silver plate alone, 27 spoons, 2 dram cups, 2 punch bowls, a
caudle, and a pair of snuffers. The inventory of the effects
of Ann Littleton, who died in 1656, shows that she owned a
great amount of handsome furniture, and that her wardrobe
was equal, in size and quality, to that of the finest ladies
of England. In 1647, books are first mentioned in the
records; a Bible without the Psalms, Dr. Wm. Smith's
sermons and the "Practise of Piety." In 1650, a Turkish
History, Stowe's Chronicles and the King's Meditations are
mentioned. The history, no doubt, was at one time the
property of the Turkish merchant who resided in the county.
The records show that books were very generally owned.
In many cases the number and variety of the subjects in-
cluded in a single collection is surprisingly large. The un-
usual care with which testamentary disposition of books was
made indicates the high value which the owners attached
to them.

314 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

About 1693, John Wallop, of Accomac, bequeathed a
number of books to his son, reserving for his daughter not
only the family Bible, but two works known by the title
of the Woman's Councillor and the Countess of Kent's
Choyce Manualls. In 1643, after leaving to Colonel Jno.
Tilney all his chirurgical treatises. Dr. John Halloway gave
his Greek Testament in folio to Rev. John Rosier; his
catechism to Mr. Philip Taylor ; and a volume entitled "The
Humiliation of Sinne" to Mr. John FuUard. In this col-
lection there were thirteen works on surgery, written in Latin
or English, and twenty bearing upon a great variety of sub-
jects of general interest. Daniel Cugley, Philip Chapman,
and Dr. John Seveme, owned fair collections of books well
before the middle of the century. Other libraries at this
time were those of Martin Rennett, William Berryman,
Henry Pedington, Mrs. James Lemman, George Clark, and
William Penley. Pedington owned a large number of
religious works.

The Rev. Thomas Teackle possessed, perhaps, the choicest
library in the two counties. To his son, he bequeathed fifty-
two religious works written in English, and thirty-four
written in Latin; and to his daughter, sixty similar works
in English, and thirty-one in Latin. The entire collection
contained about two hundred and fifty theological works
and about a hundred volumes, many written in Latin, deal-
ing with the medical science. Some of the books included in
this library were Horace, Lucretius, The Picture of a Papist,
Presbyterian Unmasked, Burton's Anatomy, Civil and
Military Aphorisms, and Grotius's Laws of War. Among
the books of Colonel Southey Littleton's collection were
^sop's Fables, two works in the Latin language, Dr. Sander-
son's Sermons, Ye Difference of Sacraments, Body of the

EASTERN SHORE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY 315

Common Law, Laws of Virginia, History of the New Eng-
land War, Doctrine of Triangles, and the London
Dispensary.

The collection of Charles Parkes, a gunsmith, contained
a large numher of volumes, including fifteen relating to
theology and eleven to history. Among these books were
Speed's Chronicle, and the Travels of Sir Francis Drake.

Edward Bibbe and William Kendall owned sixteen and
thirty-two volumes, respectively. George Dewey was also
the owner of a large collection. John Michael, of North-
ampton, bequeathed to his "dear & pious brother" all the
works in his collection written in the Dutch language.
There were many books of this character in the libraries of
the Eastern Shore, due to the large number of Dutch resi-
dents. Lawrence Jacobson alone owned thirteen.

The collection of Dr. George Nicholas Hacke consisted of
twenty-two works written in high or low German, fifty-four
in Latin, and many others in English.

After reviewing such records, one cannot fail to better
understand the character of the early Eastern Shoreman
and the conditions surrounding him. We have found the
people busily engaged in planting, and in an inter-colonial
commerce; far advanced in the industrial arts, such as
weaving, tanning, shoe-making, malt-brewing, salt-boiling,
and ship-building, and then we have found them to be well
housed and clothed, enjoying many of the luxuries of life
amid ease and plenty. But this is not all. These people
were not content to loll in the sun and dream away their
days in idleness. We have examined the libraries, a sure
sign of the intellectual bent of the owners, and later we shall
learn with what care and forethought provision was made
for the education of the children.

XVIII

Social Conditions. Customs and Traditions

We have already seen that the Eastern Shore was con-
sidered, as early as 1622, a very healthful region. The
proximity of large bodies of salt water modified the climate,
and made this section one of the most wholesome and
pleasant spots imaginable to the first settlers; and in the
early records but three physicians are mentioned. Hallo-
way, John Seaveme or Severn, and George Nicholas Hacke,
the latter being a German. These old doctors all supple-
mented their professional income by planting tobacco and
engaging in trade, and were frequently put to it to recover
their medical fees, as evidenced by the numerous suits
brought by Severn.

Long continued extremes of heat and cold were unknown
on the peninsula, for the warm winds of the nearby Gulf
stream softened the rigors of winter, while the cool sea-
breezes in the summer made the evenings and nights of the
hot season delightfully pleasant. To these conditions was
no doubt due the robust vigor and healthfulness of the early
settlers, when sanitary conditions were at their worst, and
people were dying like sheep along the malarial banks of the
great rivers to the West. The death rate was so small and
the age to which many of the inhabitants lived so great, that
an early writer was led to remark: "People on the Eastern
Shore do not die, but dry up and blow away."

So mild was the climate of the Eastern Shore that figs,
pomegranates and many varieties of tropical plants were

316

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 317

imported and set out by the first settlers. Elowers grew in
wild luxuriance and beautified the simple homes, adding
another element of sweetness to the general contentment of
these people.^

So far as is known, there was no public school on the
peninsula in the seventeenth century. The wealthy planters
sent their sons to England to be educated or they employed
tutors. Of the latter, there seem to have been many, and some
of them were men of rare attainments. As early as 1640, John
Waltham provided in his will for the selection of a "good
and godlye schoolmaster" with extraordinary care.

The amoimts provided for the education of their children,
by many of the planters, are surprisingly large, even for a
much later period. In many cases a specific number of
cattle, with the natural increase, was set apart to defray the
expense of tuition or schooling, and the records of no other

'Over a century ago. Commodore Hallet brought a number of
Mahogany slips from Central America to the Eastern Shore and set
them out in the yard of his home. One of those slips survived, and is
now a tree about three feet in diameter. In recent years, the old Hallet
Estate, located on the extreme point of Cape Charles, came into the
possession of Mr. John S. Wise. The new owner named the place
"Kiptopeke," after the Indian chief who there welcomed John Smith
in 1608. After several failures, Mr. Wise learned to rear the scions
of the great tree, and to-day there are about 20 Mahogany trees proS'
pering in his yard. The original tree is thought by the negroes to be
haxmted by the spirit of Commodore Hallet, which is said to loiter
beneath its spreaxiing branches at the mid-night hour. There are
several Mahogany trees in Eastville, the county seat of Northampton,
and one large tree in the yard of the rectory at Accomack Court House.
Some years ago, a scion of the latter was transplanted by Mrs. W. B.
Stokes on her estate in Goochland County and is now in a flourishing
condition. The author was told by Judge George L. Christian, of Rich-
mond, that there is a large Mahogany on the old Christian estate in
Charles City County. It has since been learned that this tree came from
the Eastern Shore, transplanted by a Bayly who married a Christian.
There are several magnificent Mahogany trees in Williamsburg. In view
of the prosperity of these trees in different sections of Virginia, would
it not be well to encourage the planting of the Mahogany on Virginia
soil?

318 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

counties in Virginia show such thoughtful attention to the
matter of education as do those of the Eastern Shore.^

John Custis IV provided in his will that the proceeds
from the labor of fourteen slaves should be expended for the
maintenance and tuition of his grandson up to the time he
should be sent to England for advanced instruction, and for
the latter an additional large amount was set apart.

John Savage, of Northampton, provided in his will that
a horse and mare, two steers and two cows, with their in-
crease, should be devoted to the education of his son Thomas
in England. He also provided for the tuition of his two
daughters by requiring his executors to hire out three
servants; the proceeds of their labor to be used to pay the
instructor for a period of five years.

The principal and most active school-teacher on the Eastern
Shore seems to have been John Higgs. This gentleman, ia
1679, undertook to conduct a private school of some magni-
tude, relying upon the wealthier planters for patronage. A
building on the plantation of a Mr. Macklamiie was rented
for a schoolhouse, for the use of which the scholars' fathers
were to pay twenty pounds of tobacco apiece. Unfortunately
the enterprise was not properly supported, and Mr. Higgs
was soon forced to give up his school.

The desire to have their children educated was not
restricted to the whites, for in 1693 Thomas Carter, of
Northampton, a free negro, left directions in his will for the
education of his sons, and many of the negro children were
taught to read and write, either by their parents Dr masters.
The first mention of a free school was in the wdll of William
Whittington, dated March 4, 1659, in which 2,000 pounds
of tobacco was provided by the testator for a free school
"should it go forward in Northampton."

'Bruee's Institutional Hist, of Va. in the 17th Century.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 319

The practice of dividing their estates among their children
before death was quite common among the early Eastern
Shoremen, for the doctrine of primo-geniture was not re-
garded by them with particular favor. The first entail
mentioned was one from William Andrews to his son Kobert,
July 8, 1653, and entails were comparatively infrequent.

People in those days married while very young and hence
had more time in which to repeat the act. Three or four
wives for an Eastern Shoreman in the seventeenth century
was not a record to excite comment.

By 1673, Maryland, says Bruce, had become the "Gretna
Green," of Virginia. The Pocomoke boundary line was
delightfidly convenient for Eastern Shore lovers, many of
whom, barred from marrying for one reason or another at
home, sought the sweet solace of legitimacy upon Maryland
soil. When Scarburgh and Calvert ran the line in 1663,
they selected a number of patriarchal oaks as boundary
monuments. Through several generations these noble trees
did service as sylvan temples, for beneath their spreading
branches the Accomack lovers were frequently married, this
practice giving rise to the name of "marriage trees."

It was not always necessary for runaways to resort to the
northern side of the "marriage trees," however, for it will
be remembered how Mr. Getterings eloped with the little
twelve-year-old Elizabeth Charlton while she was living in
the family of Captain Jones, where she was being educated.

Divorce was most uncommon. The husband's authority
was absolute, and seldom questioned. Perhaps the good
wives did not expect too much of their gallant consorts, and
domestic bliss was not hampered by woman's suffrage and
political associations. Occasionally, however, the decree of
divorce was sought, as in the case of Alice Clawson, of ISTorth-

320 EASTERN SHOEE OP VIRGINIA HISTORY

amp ton, who secured a divorce from her husband in 1655
on the ground that he had for many years lived among the
Nanticoke Indians in the character of their principal chief,
and had refused to give up his Indian concubine/

That the mid-wife was present, is evidenced by the fol-
lowing old entry of 1682: "Agnes William, aged 24 years,
sayeth that Maudlin (Magdalen), wife of John Major, did
bargain with Susan Helline, widdowe, for to keep her while
she lay in childbed and did promise to give her 12 hens.'"
It seems that the widow Helline sued Agnes for 18 hens.

A funeral at this time was a splendid, and for many of the
attendants a highly enjoyable, occasion. The shadow of
death had no place among those sunny spirits. Barbecues
were given and rum liberally dispensed by the afflicted
family, and a general spree was indulged in at the expense
of the estate of the deceased. The more boisterous mourners
usually carried their fowling pieces and fire-arms to the
funeral, and after the feast and bowl had somewhat assuaged
their sorrow and enlivened the solemn occasion, a barbaric
celebration ensued.

Among the charges against the estate of Kichard Leman
for his funeral, in 1647, are the following: An ox at 800
pounds of tobacco; 1 case of drams at 200 pounds; and a
coffin at 100 pounds. WiUiam Carter, the caterer, for dress-
ing the dinner was paid 100 pounds of tobacco, and for
digging the grave 40 pounds. Wumerous testators deprecated
such extraordinary expense at their funerals and provided a
limit to it in their wills. John Michael, of ]!^orthampton,
voiced such a sentiment when he ordered in his will that
there should be no drinking immoderately nor shooting

'Northampton County Records, Vol. 1654-5, p. 135.
^Accomac County, Vol. 1632-40, p. 16, Va. State Library.

EASTBEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 331

suffered "at his burial," for such excesses, he said, "were
very unseasonable and inconsistent with the occasion."
Instead of the usual festivities there was to be only "a civil
and free entertainment."^

Every Eastern Shoreman was a natural sportsman, for no
other locality in the world provided such sport as was to be
found on the peninsula at that time. The fowling piece,
the boat, and the fishing line, were as familiar to the youth
then as they are now. Even the poor Indians, when they
had been robbed of their lands, deprecated nothing so much
as the loss of their hunting and fishing privileges, and for
years after all tribal identity had been lost, the few remain-
ing natives were to be found pushing their canoes through
the rushes and weaving their nets along the shores of the
peninsula. These Indians were experts in the pursuit of
wild fowl and fish, and many canvass back and sheepshead
were ensnared in their nets, or fell victim to their unerring
spears.^

Smith, in his General History, in describing the means
by which the natives caught their fish, says that the Indians
of Accavranack used "staves like javelins headed with bone.
With these they dart fish swimming in the water." "They
have also many artificial wares in which they get abundance
of fish." The word "wares" probably meant weirs, nets,
traps, etc.

It will be remembered how the Captain came to grief on
Stingaree Point in practicing the art taught him by Kicto-
peake.

•Northampton County Records, Vol. 1674-9, p. 340 (Bruce).

^ear the point of Cape Charles, on the edge of Bullock's Channel,
is an oyster rock called Indian Rock, where the natives three centuries
ago speared sheepshead. The sport is indulged in at this particular
spot at the present day, and a spear similar to those of the Indians is
employed.

323 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

As a result of the sportsmanlike tendencies of the early
Eastern Shoremen, their great boards groaned under the
weight of the finest oysters, duck, terrapin, crabs and fish.
Colonel Henry Norwood, who visited the peninsula in 1650,
tells us that there was keen rivalry between the planters
there as to who should dine him first and most often; and
then he tells us that a traveller in the early days was put
to no charge whatever, so hospitable were the planters.

There seem to have been few homes on the Eastern Shore
at the time of which we are writing, in which musical instru-
ments of some kind were not found. At many of the enter-
tainments, some female member of the family giving the
dance furnished the music by playing on one of these instru-
ments ; but the county records show that among the servants
and slaves there were some who were especially valued for
their skill with the fiddle, and that this skill was called into
use on many gay occasions. Attached to the plantation of
Captain Eiehard Bayly, of Accomac County, was a negro
slave who, by his accomplishment in this respect, contributed
as much to the diversion of the neighborhood as any person
in it. This fiddler is found taking a prominent part in a
lively scene which occurred at the house of the Rev. Thos.
Teackle, to the scandal of the whole countryside, though the
episode seems innocent enough in the light of modem days.
Elizabeth Parker, accompanied by Samuel Doe and his
wife, went over to Mr. Teackle's house to visit his daughter
while he was away. They carried the negro boy with them,
and after their arrival it occurred to the little company that
it would be pleasant in the opportune absence of the clergy-
man to have a dance. The fiddle which had been left behind
was sent for, and the dancing began. While it was going
on, one James Fairfax came for the boy, but Elizabeth

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 323

Parker made him abandon his purpose by informing him,
with some temper, that she had borrowed the fiddler of her
sister, Ursula Bayly, his owner. She, however, declared
that the boy should not go unrewarded for his playing, and
she pulled out her purse and gave him a Spanish piece of
eight. She also persuaded Fairfax to remain and take part
in the dancing. Some one present seems to have reproached
Margaret Teackle for "undutifulness of carriage and de-
meanor" towards Mr. Teackle "by making feast in his
absence," but Elizabeth urged her to disregard her father,
whose strict notions as to what was proper she probably
scorned and despised, and to take advantage of his not being
in the house to enjoy herself. Mr. Teackle, though a clergy-
man, was a man of wealth and was engaged to be married
to one of Elizabeth Parker's kinsfolks ; "and a proud woman
she was," exclaimed the fair tempter, "and wore fringes at
the binding of her petticoat." Margaret Teackle seems to
have yielded only too readily to her friend's urgent appeal,
and at once fetched the silk with which the fiddler might
string his instrument ; and as a reward for his playing gave
him several yards of ribbon as well as several yards of lace,
all of which, no doubt, touched the negro's sense of finery.

The dance started on Saturday night, and continued with
spirit until nearly eleven o'clock of the following Sabbath
morning. The company consisted of Elizabeth Parker,
Jane Hall, Margaret Teackle, James Fairfax, and John
Addison. In one interval of the dancing the hostess led her
guests upstairs to show them her new gaiters. They seem
to have overhauled the contents of her trunk, and among
the articles which she presented to Elizabeth Parker were
thread, laces and ribbons, and also a muslin cap adorned
with a yard of fine lace.

324 EASTBEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

When Mr. Teackle returned home a few days afterwards,
and was informed of the desecration of his house by a dance
on the Sabbath day, even during the hour when services at
Church were in progress, he was greatly scandalized, and at
the next meeting of the county court formally presented
Elizabeth Parker and her husband. The good preacher
resented particularly Mrs. Parker's acceptance of the gifts
of his daughter and endeavored to make out that they had
been improperly taken from his house. ^

This scene at the Rev. Mr. Teackle's house throws an
entertaining light on the gay spirit of the young Acco-
mackians of both sexes, who were ready to divert themselves
on the most unexpected occasions, and who sometimes carried
their love of amusement to a point that was well calculated
to shock the piety of their elders. It was only by the
indignant protest of Mr. Teackle in having the main culprit
indicted in this special case that the incident is preserved
for us, but similar instances of dances begun on the moment
must have been of frequent occurrence, and have done much
to brighten the social life of the county. Nor was dancing,
occurring on a Sunday, a great rarity, though it never went
unpunished. In 1698, William Johnson, of Accomac, was
fined by the court for such an offense.^

If there was any undertaking to present a theatrical per-
formance in Virginia previous to 1665, no record of the
fact survives, says Bruce. In that year, however, when the
Stuart dynasty had been restored to the throne in England,
and the theatre was fast becoming one of the most popular
as well as one of the most disreputable institutions in the
kingdom, a play known as "Ye Bare and ye Cubb" was

'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1690-97, p. 161, et seq. (Bruce.)
^Accomac County Records, Vol. 1679-1705, folio, p. 43. (Bruce.)

EASTERTST SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 325

acted on the Eastern Shore by three citizens of Accomac,
Cornelius Watkinson, Philip Howard and William Darby,
by name. As soon as the report of this performance reached
the ears of the King's attorney, John Fawsett, he summoned
them to court, where each was subjected to a rigid cross-
examination. At this session the justices contented them-
selves with ordering the culprits to appear at the next meet-
ing of the court in the habiliments which they had worn
in acting the alleged play, and they were also required to
bring with them for inspection a copy of the "verses,
speeches, and passages" which they had declaimed on that
occasion. The justices must have found the performance
of a very innocent character, for they directed the three men
to be discharged, and the person who had informed on them
to pay all the expenses of the presentment.^ So quaint are
the records of the court proceedings growing out of this,
probably the first theatrical performance in English America,
that extracts from the original records are here given:

"Att a court held in Accomac County, ye 16th of jSTovem-
ber, by his maties Justices of ye Peave for ye sd Coimty, in
ye Seaventeenth yeare of ye Reigne of or Sovraigne Lord
Charles ye Second, By ye Grace of God, of Great Britaine,
France, and Ireland, King, Defender of ye Faith, &c. : And
in ye Yeare of or Lord God 1665.

"Whereas, Cornelius Watkinson, Philip Howard, and
William Darby, were this day accused by Jno. Fawsett, his
maties Attory for Accomack County, for acting a play by
them called ye Bare and ye Cubb, on ye 2Yth, of August last
past ; upon examination of the same, The Court have thought
fitt to suspend the Cause till ye next Court, & doe order yt
the said Cornelius Watkinson, Philip Howard & Wm. Darby,
appeare ye next Court, in those habilemts that they then

^Accomac County Records, Vol. 1663-66, folio, p. 102. (Bruce.)

22

326 EASTEEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

acted in, and give a draught of such verses, or other speeches
and passages, which were then acted by them; & that ye
Sherr detains Cornelius Watkiason & Philip Howard in his
Custody until they put in security to perform this order.
It is ordered jt the Sherr, arrest ye body of William Darby,
for his appearance ye next Court, to answere at his maties
suit, for acting or being actour of a play commonly called
ye Beare & ye Cubb."

"Att a Court held in Accomack County, ye 18th of
December, by his maties Justices of ye Peace for ye sd
County, in ye Seaventeenth yeare of ye Eaigne of or
Sovraigne Lord Charles ye Second, By ye Grace of God,
of Great Britain, France, & Ireland, King, Defendr of ye
Faith, &c. : And in ye yeare of or Lord 1665.

"Its ordered yt ye Sherr sumons Edward Martin to ye
next Court, to show cause why hee should not pay ye
charges wch accrued upon ye information given by him
against Cornelius Watkinson, Philip Howard, & William
Darby."

"Att a Court held in Accomack County, ye I7th of
January, Etc.

"Whereas, Edward Martin was this day examined con-
cerning his information given to Mr. Fawsett, his maties
Attory for Accomack County, about a play called the bare
& ye Cubb, whereby severall persons were brought to court &
charges thereon arise, but the Court finding the said persons
not guilty of fault, suspended ye payment of Court charges ;
& forasmuch as it appeareth upon ye Oath of ye said Mr.
Fawsett, that upon ye sd Edward Martin's information, the
Charge and trouble of that suit did accrew. It's therefore
ordered that ye said Edward Martin pay all ye Charges in
ye suit Els. Exon."

Such extracts, says Campbell, exemplify the simplicity of
the times, and the verbosity of the court records; while the

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA HISTORY 337

final decision in this case is not less equitable than those
of Sancho Panza, sometime Grovernor of Barataria, or those
celebrated in Knickerbocker's History of New York.

The game of nine-pins, like backgammon, has always been
very popular on the Eastern Shore. As early as 1636,
William Ward of Accomac is found participating in a game
of this kind which took place at the house of John Dunn, and
the diversion proved so absorbing that he is reported to have
spent the whole day engaged in it. That same year. Lady
Dale's cattle were mentioned as trespassing, owing to their
keeper being off playing nine-pins.^

A game which took place in 1693 was played in a private
residence. Joseph Godwin, the son of the owner of the
house, bet his opponent that he would tip seven pins, but
only succeeded in tipping five. A quarrel arose over the
payment of the wager, and a violent scuffie ensued, which
seems to have brought the parties into court. ^

It is needless to say that the gin-shop and tavern flourished
in those days, and were very well patronized. In a fore-
going chapter, the first taverns and gin-shops have been
referred to. Until a late date. Court was held at the various
taverns which were, of course, located at convenient points
of travel. In 1652, Walter Williams, the ordinary keeper
at Nassawattocks, complained to the Court that he could
not collect his dues from many of the inhabitants who owed
him for their accommodations. A minute of the North-
ampton County Court, dated 1678, records the fact that it
had become the practice of several persons to attend on the
occasion of the court's meeting in order to get intoxicated,
quarrel, and fight, and that they had the "impudence" to

'Accomac County Records, Vol. 1632-40, Va. State Library, p. 59.
'Northampton County Records, Vol. 1689-98, p. 263. (Bruce.)

328 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

enter the court-room whilst the judges were sitting, and be
abusive to their faces. A strict measure for repressing these
roughs was adopted, and the keeper of the ordinary near the
court house was warned that, unless he preserved perfect
order in his tavern, his license would be withdrawn. In
spite of such precautions on the part of the court, much
drunkenness seems to have prevailed by the time night
arrived. This fact was so well knovsm that the indentured
servants very often took advantage of the relaxed vigilance
of that hour to make their preparations for flight. About
1680, a servant confessed in Northampton County that he
had been waiting for a court day in order to steal a bridle
and a saddle. This, he said, he could do as soon as night
came on, when he knew the people would be too much in
drink to observe his actions. The bridle and saddle he in-
tended to hide in the woods until he could run off with one
of his master's horses and thus make good his escape to
Maryland.^

There are those living to-day on the Eastern Shore who
recall, no doubt, with regret, the old institution of Court
Day. The ladies, of course, since they did not then claim
the right of suffrage, kept well out of sight, and the gentle-
men indulged themselves to the full without restraint.
Much of the local business of the time was transacted on
court day, creditors made this the last day of grace, land
titles were transferred, horses traded, races held on the shell
roads of the county and the swiftest boats, bateaux,
"kunners" and sloops assembled in the nearby creek for the
usual court-day regatta. Governor Mcholson, during the
course of his administration, offered prizes to all who should
excel in riding, running, shooting, wrestling and cudgelling.^

'Northampton County Eecords, 1679-83, pp. 52, 53. (Bruce.)
"Beverley's History.

EASTERN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTORY 339

What Eastern Shoreman has not heard his father or
grandfather speak of court day in terms of affection, as of
an old friend long since departed? What a twinkle comes
in the old man's eye ! He is looking back through the mist
of years to those joyous, gay, noisy, crowded, quarrelsome,
cruel, racy, inebriated, but withal happy court days of a
past generation. They served their purpose like other quaint
institutions of the ancient order; their harmful feature can
do us no injury now, for those days are gone, irretrievably
gone.

Duelling was quite common on the Eastern Shore in the
seventeenth century, and some of the indentured servants
seem to have been as fiery in nature and as quick to resent
an affront, real or imaginary, as were their masters. In
1661, a servant belonging to Christopher Calvert sent a
peremptory challenge to Goslin Van Netsen, a citizen of
Dutch origin. The challenge was accepted, the duel fought,
and the servant badly wounded. Calvert was ordered by
the county court to pay for the present, all the fees which
Dr. George Nicholas Hacke should charge for medical
attendance on the injured man, but they were ultimately
to be shared by Van Netsen, who had inflicted the wound.
Calvert was to be finally compensated by an extension of the
servant's term of service.^ It is probable that, in this case,
the servant sending the challenge really belonged to a higher
social grade than appears in the records. Many of those
bound by articles of indenture were, as we have seen, young
men of gentle connections, whose social antecedents were
inconsistent with the position in which they placed them-
selves; or it may be they had signed the articles in order

'Northampton County Records, Vol. 1657-64, p. 132. (Bruce.)

330 EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

to learn some specified pursuit, like tobacco planting, before
embarking in it on their own independent account.^

Dr. Severn, Peter Cropper, and the first of the TuUys
were entered in the records as servants, though they were
all men of high social standing, the first named having
received his professional education in Germany. But let us
return to the duel.

It is not likely that Van ISTetzen would have accepted a
challenge from an ordinary servant, as that would have been
regarded as a confession on his part of the social equality of
his antagonist with himself. At any rate, the servant seems
to have got the worst of the affair both in the conflict and the
subsequent settlement of damages, which after all was quite
proper in view of his insolence.

A duel between Captain William Epps and Captain
Stallinge, in which the latter was killed, about 1619, has
been referred to in a previous chapter. This was probably
the first duel between Englishmen in America.^

A great affection often sprang up between the white
servants and their masters, who frequently, in case of a
worthy servant, established him in business when his term
of servitude expired. In the old records, a peculiar instance
is cited where Robert Healing of Accomac, who was bound
to Thomas Young, gave his master, in 1634, a man-servant
whom he had probably purchased from a merchant or
ship-owner.^

And now of the traditions and superstitions of these
strange and interesting people of the seventeenth century,
a few should be given in these pages.

"The Bogey of Cradock Marsh," is one of the earliest

traditions, and is to-day one of the best knovni. This bogey

^Bruce's Social Life of Virginia, in Seventeenth Cent., p. 248.

''See chapter on Plantation of Accomac.

"Accomac County Records, Vol. 1632-40, p. 46. (Bruce.)

EASTBETSr SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 331

whatever it may be, whether man or beast, has been sought
by armed hunting parties for several centuries. By day and
by torchlight, its trail of foot-tracks has been followed only
to be lost as the weird cry of "Yahoo! Yahoo!" resounds
through the dismal wastes of marsh to warn the curious of
the futility of their quest, and to make the blood of the
half-hearted searchers run cold. And then there is the head-
less man, who for centuries has exacted toll at "Taylor's
Bridge" until stingy travellers refuse to pass that way at
night! It is said that he never demands more than four-
pence-half-penny, and that those who refuse to pay him
invariably come to grief.

Then there are the ancient traditions growing out of the
pirates' occupation of Parramore's Beach, Eevell's Island,
Hog Island, and Rogues' Island; the latter so named from
the character of its early tenants. For a true appreciation
of these charming old tales, one must visit the country and
hear the old folks and the negroes recount them before a
winter's fire, as the gale howls and shrieks through the
ancient pines and flurries the sand against the window panes ;
or one must lie out upon the deck of a fishing craft, anchored
in some remote inlet among the sea islands, and listen to
the weather-worn sailors tell their tales of mystery, as the
tide swishes along the reedy shores and the weird voices
of night whisper among the rushes of the neighboring marsh.

An account of the Eastern Shore without some mention
of the queer old tales about John Custis, the fourth of the
name, who inherited "Arlington," after which the Potomac
estate was named, would be, as the sailors say, like a song
without a chorus.

This John Custis married Frances Parke, daughter of
Daniel Parke, Governor of the Leeward Islands, and their
son, Daniel Parke Custis, was the first husband of Martha

332 EASTEEN SHOEB OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

Dandridge, afterwards Martha Washington. John Custis
and Frances Parke lived at "Arlington" many years. The
alliance seems to have been a very unhappy one, and many
stories of their contentious life have been handed dovTn to
us. Frances V7as a lady of much determination, which led
to frequent conflicts with her eccentric husband. It is said
that for weeks at a time they lived together without speaking
to each other. During these long periods of silence, all com-
munication was carried on between them by means of the
servants. For instance, Mrs. Custis would say to the butler :
"Pompy, ask your master if he will have coffee or tea, and
sugar and cream," and to the servant's question, Mr. Custis
would reply: "Tell your mistress that I will have coffee
as usual, with no cream."

After one of these long spells of non-intercourse, Mr.
Custis dressed himself with great care one day, ordered his
best horse and gig to the door, and in the most polite and
dignified manner, invited Mrs. Custis to accompany him on
a drive. "Certainly, Mr. Custis, certainly, sir, I will be
delighted, but when were you ever so courteous before?"
inquired the grand lady.

Instead of taJdng the usual route along the bay beach,
the gallant whip headed his horse straight out into the bay,
the water deepening very gradually near Arlington. "Where
are you going, Mr. Custis?" asked his wife. "To h — ^1,
Madam," he replied. "Drive on," said she, "any place is
preferable to Arlington."

Presently the water began to enter the gig. "Again I ask

where are you taking me to ?" said Mrs. Custis. "To h 1

Madam, as I have already told you," answered Mr. Custis.
"And again I say, drive on, Mr. Custis, the prospect is far
brighter than that of a return home," retorted the bold lady.

EASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 333

After proceeding so far out from shore that the horse was
all but forced to swim, Mr. Oustis turned his animal's head
to the shore, saying to his wife with much emphasis, "If I
were to drive to h — ^1 and the devil himself came out to meet
us, I do not believe. Madam, that you would be frightened."
"Quite true, sir," she replied, "I know you so well that I
would not be afraid to go where you would go."

After this adventure, the couple seem to have lived more
happily together, for a deed, to which they were both parties,
was soon drawn up, in which mutual concessions were made
in the hope that domestic tranquillity might ensue. So
curious is this instrument, that its full text is given in the
appendix.

Mr. Custis survived his wife seven years. Whether her
memory was held in great affection by him may be deter-
mined by the reader from the inscription which he ordered
to be put on his tombstone. The deed of settlement seems
to have been only partially successful at most:^

Beneath this marble tomb lies ye body

of the Honorable John Custis, Esq.,

of the City of Williamsburg and Parish of Bruton

Formerly of Hungar's Parish on the Eastern Shore of

Virginia and the County of Northampton the place

of his nativity.

Aged 71 years and yet lived but seven years

Which was the space of time he kept

a Bachelor's House at Arlington

On the Eastern Shore of Virginia.

This information put on this tomb was by his

owQ positive order.

Wm. CoUey, Mason, in Fenchurch Street, London, Fecit.

•The inscription of this old tombstone could easily be read until a
year or so ago. I am informed that the stone has been recently
destroyed.

334 BASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY

This then was the mode of the revengeful and spiteful
John's satisfaction. It was not enough that his contem-
poraries should witness his domestic and marital difficulties,
but posterity must be apprised of his wife's character, not
to say his own, by means of an elaborate tombstone, wrought
by the hand of a London Mason.

In such tales as the Bogey of Cradock's Marsh, the head-
less man of Taylor's Bridge, and many others of these simple
sea-faring people, we see but a recurrence of the ancient
myths which appear in the lore of nearly every primitive
folk. The Headless Hessian, Koschei the Deathless, and
William Tell are often found as old friends in a new garb.
But tangible and recognized by the law courts of the seven-
teenth century was the superstition which gave rise to, and
created the "Ordeal of Touch" or the "Bier Test," as the
ancient ceremony was called. Here, on the Eastern Shore of
Virginia, occurred the last instance of this, the weirdest
fiction of mediaeval days, inherited from a Saxon ancestry
and transplanted upon American shores by the early Acco-
maekians.

The ordeal or "test" grew out of the superstition that
upon the murderer touching or coming into the presence of
the body of the victim, the wounds would bleed afresh. The
belief was widely prevalent even among the educated people
of Scotland and England in the seventeenth century.
Michael Drayton, an English poet, who lived about 1600,
wrote :

'If the vile actors of the heinous deed
Near the dead body happily be brought.
Oft has been prov'd the breathless corpse will bleed.'

EASTBEN SHOES OF VIEGINIA HISTOEY 335

Perhaps, however, the best known allusion to this belief
is that contained in Act I, Scene II, of Eichard III, where
Lady Anne, in the presence of the body of the dead King, is
made to accuse Gloster in the following passage:

"O gentlemen, see, see, dead Henry's wounds
Open their congeal'd mouths and bleed afresh!
Blush, blush, thou lump of foul deformity,
For't is thy presence that exhales this blood
Erom cold and empty veins, where no blood dwells."

The records of Northampton County show that on Decem-
ber 14, 1656, Captain William Whittington issued a warrant
for a Jury of Inquest over the body of Paul Eynners, sup-
posed to have been murdered by William Custis, Gent. The
Jury reported:

"We have viewed the body of Paul Rynnuse, late of this
county deceased & have caused Wm. Custis to touch the face
& stroke the body of said Paul Eynnuse which he willingly
did. But no sign did appear unto us of question in the law."

Accordingly, the accused Mr. Custis was exonerated by
the Court. Later we find in Accomack a very full record of
the proceedings of "The Ordeal of Touch" in connection
with a case of infanticide:

"Att a Court held & continued for Accomack County,
March 18, 1679. The Confession of Paul Carter taken the
First day of March, 1679.

"Quest. What doe yu know concerning a child born of
Mary the daughter of Sarah, the wife of the said Paul ?

"Answere. That he doth know that the said Mary had a
man child bom of her body and that the said Sarah assisted
at the birth of the said child, & that he certainly knoweth
not whether it were born alive or not & that they did
endeavor to preserve the life thereof and that it lay betwixt

336 BASTEEN SHOEE OF VIEGIOTA HISTOEY

his wife and her daughter all night and that ye next morning
he saw it was dead & he and his wife carefully buried the
said child but that his wife carefully washed and dressed it.

"Quest. Doe yu know or have ever heard, who was the
father thereof reputed?

"Answere. The said Mary charged one Mr. James Tuck
therevsdth."

And so the record runs through various examinations of
Sarah and Mary with the result that Paul and Mary were
separated by the court and the former indicted for the
crime. ^

This is said to be the last instance of the curious "Ordeal
of Touch" or "Bier Test" on record.

In the foregoing chapters certain facts have been gone
into with what may seem undue particularity, in the hope
that the high lights and shadows of the picture might
increase the expression of the whole, and that a keener eye
might detect features which have escaped the notice of the
writer.

From the facts presented, we must form our ov?n conclu-
sion as to the real conditions surrounding the early Eastern
Shoreman, but it is not difficult to believe that his lot was a
peculiarly happy and fortunate one, nor to appreciate the
truth of Colonel Norwood's statement that in 1650, "E'orth-
ampton County was the best of the whole (Colony) for all
sorts of necessaries for human life."^

And now let me ask those who have claimed to describe
Colonial Virginia, how they account for their comparative

'Ihe full text of the proceedings in this case is published in Vol. II,
Va. Magazine of Hist, and Biog. pp. 185-197, a reading of which will
amply repay the curious. The extract from the county records was
prepared by Mr. M. Oldham, County Clerk, in 1896.

''A Voyage to Virginia. Force's Collection of Historical Tracts
Volume III. '

EASTEKN SHOEE OP VIEGINIA HISTOEY 337

disregard of this section of the Old Dominion where the
purest blood of England has coursed through the veins of the
people during three centuries; where loyalty to the King
was the most intense, yet where a spirit of independence
arose with the first generation born upon that soil; where
population was the densest, wealth the greatest, trade the
most highly developed; that land, whose very Savages saved
the infant colony on two different occasions ?

APPENDIX

CONTENTS OF APPENDIX

PAGE

Members of Colonial Council and Burgesses from Eastern

Shore in 17th Century 343

A Curious Deed Drawn Up by John Custis IV and His

Wife, Frances Parke 343

Papers in Northampton County Archives Eelating to

Sir Thomas Dale 351

A Proclamation of Lord Culpeper's Eelating to Tobacco

Cutting 353

Abstracts from Virginia Land Patents 356

Notes Taken from Virginia Magazine of History and Biog-
raphy Concerning Early Accomac Settlers 361

Abstracts from Accomac County Records Eelating to Bacon's
Eebellion 365

Two Curious Wills, from Northampton County Records. . . 369

Translation of Indian Names, Found in Northampton and
Accomac Counties, and on the Eastern Shore of Mary-
land 371

List of Tithables in Northampton County for 1666 373

341

23

EASTERN SHORE REPRESENTATIVES IN THE

COUNCIL AND ASSEMBLY DURING

17TH CENTURY

COUNCIL.
Aegoll Yeardley, 1639.

Born 1605 in England,

Died 1670 in Northampton County.

Obedience Robins, 1655.

Born Apr. 16, 1600, in England,

Died . 1662 in Northampton County.

Gen. John Ctjstis II, 1677.

Born in Virginia , 1630,

Died in Virginia Jan. 1696.

Chables Scarbtiegh, 1691.

Born in Virginia,
Died in Virginia, 1703.

John Custis III, 1699.

Born in Virginia, , 1653,

Died in Virginia, Jan. 26, 1713.

John Custis IV, 1727.

Born in Virginia, , 1678,

Died in Virginia, November, 1749.

HOUSE OF BURGESSES.
je2i EASTERN 8B0BE.

(Hening I, 121-129.)

Captain John Willcox,
Henry Watkins.

1629 "For the Eastern Shore noe burgesses did appear."

(Hening L, 137-139.)
16S9-S0. ACCOMAC.

(Hening 1, 147-149.)

Capt. Thos. Graves,
Edmund Scarburgh (1),
Obedience Robins,
Henry Bagwell.

343

344 APPENDIX

16S1-S. ACCOMAC.

(Heningl, 153.)

Edmund Scarburgh,

John Howe.

16S2. ACCOMAC.

(Heningl, 178-179.)

Capt. Thos. Graves,
John Howe,
Henry Bagwell,
Charles Harmer.

16S2-S. ACCOMAC.

(HeningL, 202-203.)

Captain Edmund Scarburgh ( 1 ) ,
John Howe,
Eoger Saunders,
John Wilkinson.

16S9. ACCOMAC.

{Va.Col. Eeg. 60.)

Obedience Robins,
John Neale.

1641. ACCOMAC.

(Va. Col. Eeg. 61.)

John Wilkins,
John Neale.

164S. NORTSAMPTON.

(Henjng I, 236.)

Obedience Eobins,
John Neale.

16i2-S. NORTHAMPTON.

(Heningl, 239.)

Philip Taylor,

Edmund Scarburgh (II).

16U. NORTHAMPTON.

(Heningl, 283.)

Obedience Eobins,
Edward Douglas.

APPEISTDIX 345

16U-5. NORTHAMPTON.

(HeningI, 289.)

Edmund Soarburgh (II),
Stephen Charlton.

1645. NORTHAMPTON.
(HeningI, 298, 299.)

Edmund Scarburgh, Speaker,
Thos. Johnson.

1645-46. NORTHAMPTON.

(HeningL, 309-323.)

Probably same as 1645.

1646. NORTHAMPTON.
(HeningI, 322-323.)

Edward Douglas,
Thos. Johnson.

1647. NORTHAMPTON.
(HeningI, 339-340.)

Edmund Scarburgh (II),
Stephen Charlton.

1652. April. NORTHAMPTON.

(HeningI, 369-371.)

Obedience Robins,
Edmund Scarburgh ( II ) ,
Thos. Johnson,
Wm. Jones,
Anthony Hoskins.

1652. Nov. NORTHAMPTON.

(HeningI, 373-374.)

Lieut. Col. Obedience Robins,
Stephen Charlton.

i653. NORTHAMPTON.

(HeningL, 379.)

Capt. Thomas Johnson,
Wm. Mellin,
Stephen Horsey.

346 APPEM)IX

1654. NORTHAMPTON.

(Hening I, 386-387.)

Peter Walker,
Wm. Waters,
Thos. Johnson.

1655-6. NORTHAMPTON.

(Hening I, 414-421-22, Va. Mag. of Hist, and Bio. Vol. 8,
388-9.)

Col. Edmund Searburgh.

1657-8. NORTHAMPTON.

(Hening I, 429-432.)

William Kendall,

Wm. Mellings,

Capt. Wm. Mitchell,

Randall Revell,

John Willcox.

1658-9. NORTHAMPTON.

(Hening I, 506-507.)

John Stringer,
Wm. Jones.

1659-60. NORTHAMPTON.

( Hening L, 527-530.)

Col. Edmund Scarburgh,
Maj. Wm. Waters,
Lieut. Coll. John Stringer.

1661-1676. NORTHAMPTON.

(Session Sept. 1663.)
(Hening II, 196-197.)

Lieut. Col. Wm. Kendall,
Maj. Wm. Andrews.

ACCOMAG.

Devoreux Browne,
Hugh Yeo.

Session Oct. 1666. NORTHAMPTON.

(Hening II, 249-250.)

Lieut. Col. Wm. Kendall,
Capt. Geo. Swavage (Savage).

APPElq^DIX 347

ACGOMAG.

Col. Edmund Scarburgh,
Hugh Yeo.

1678-86. NORTHAMPTON.

(Va. Col. Eeg. 84.)

Col. Wm. Kendall, Speaker.

ACCOMAG.

Capt. John Cuatis.

1688. NORTHAMPTON.

(Va. Col. Reg. 86.)

Thos. Harmanson,
Wm. Kendall.

ACCOMAG.

Chas. Scarburgh,
Wm. Anderson.

1692-93. NORTHAMPTON.

(Va. Col. Reg. 87.)

Capt. John Custls,
Capt. W. Kendall.

ACCOMAG.

Maj. Richard Bayley,
Samuel Sandford.

J696-7. NORTHAMPTON.

(Va. Col. Reg. 91.)

John Custis,

Wm. Waters, Sheriff.

ACCOMAG.

John Washburn,
Richard Bayley.

A DEED DEAWN UP BY JOHN CUSTIS IV AISTD
HIS WIFE FRANCES PARKE

Aetioles of Agreement Betwixt Me. John Custis and

His Wife

"Whereas some differences and Quarrels have arisen
betwixt Mr. John Custis & Frances his wife concerning some
money, Plate and other things taken from him by the sd
frances and a more plentiful maintenance for her. Now
to the end and all animostys and unkindness may cease and
a perfect love and friendship may be renewed betwixt them
they have mutually agreed upon the following articles this
day of June anno Domi 1714:

"1st. First it is agreed that the sd Frances shall return
to the sd John all the money, Plate and other things what-
soever that she hath taken from him or removed out of the
house upon oath and be obliged never to take away by herseK
or any other, anything of value from him again or dispose
of anything of value out of the family without his consent,
nor sell, give away or run him in debt without his consent,
upon the condition that the plate and damaske linen shall
not be given or disposed of by the aforesaid John from the
said during her life, and the said John doth covent. sd
plate & linnen to be delivered by the said frances to ye said
John shall be given to the children of the said John by the
said Frances immediately after her decease.

"2nd. That Frances shall henceforth for bear to call him
ye sd John any vile names or give him any ill language,
neither shall he give her any but to live lovingly together
and to behave themselves to each other as a good husband
& good wife ought to doe. And that she shall not inter-
meddle with his affairs but that all business belonging to
the husband's management shall be solely transacted by him,
neither shall he intermeddle in her domestique affairs but
that all business properly belonging to the management of
the wiie shall be solely transacted by her.

"3rd. That the sd John shall pay aU the debts he hath
already contracted out of the debts now due to the Estate

348

APPENDIX 349

and the money he hath received if there will be sufficient to
pay them : and that he shall enter into Bond to Philip Lud-
well in the sum of one thousand pounds that from hence-
forward he shall keep true and perfect accounts of all the
profitts and disbursements of his whole estate in any part of
"Virginia that he is now possessed of, and alsoe of all the
estate he shall at any time hereafter by her means be
possessed of in any part of the world, and shall produce the
same accounts yearly if it be required upon oath. And that
all debts hereafter necessarily accrueing for buying claothes,
tools and all the necessary for servants and plantations, pay-
ing leavys and Quitt-rents & making repairs of his whole
estate and alsoe all other necessary charges acrewing for the
use & benefitt of the estate which is to descend to the child
of ye sd Frances are deducted and paid he shaU freely &
without grudging allow one full moity or half of all the clear
produce of his whole estate as aforesaid annually to the
said Frances for clothing herself and her children with a
reasonable proportion thereof and the remainder to be all
laid out in the education of the children & for furnishing
and providing all things that are necessary for housekeep-
ing (that are to be brought from England) and Physick soe
long as the sd Frances shall live peace quietly with him, and
that he shall allow for the maintenance and family one
bushel of wheat for every week and a sufficient quantity of
Indian Com and as much flessh of all kinds as the stocks
of Cattle, Sheep and hoggs of his whole estate will afforde
without impairing them if so much shall be necessary, and
sufficient quantity of Cyder and Brandy is so much be made
on the plantations : Provided nothing herein contained shall
be construed to debar the sd John of the free command and
use of anything that shall be provided for housekeeping soe
as he doth not sell any of it without her consent. Provided
also that the condition of this bond be that if the sd Frances
doe exceed the allowance herein exprest in these articles,
run him in debt or break any of them the bond to be voyd
and the allowance to cease.

"4th. That the sd John shall allow the sd Frances to
keep in the house to do the necessary work in and about the

350 APPENDIX

same servants she now hatli vizt. : Jenny, Queen, Pompy &
. . . or such others in their stead and also Billy hoy or
little Roger and Anthony or such another in his stead to send
the garden, goe of errands or with the coach, catch horses
and doe all other necessary works about the house, and if any
of them dye ye sd John shall put others in thyr stead.

"5th. That ye sd John shall allow the sd Frances fifteen
pounds of wool and fifteen pounds of fine dressed flax or
fifteen pounds of wool in lieu thereof every year to spin
for any use in the family shall think fit.

"6th. That the sd Frances shall have free liberty to
give away twenty yards of Virginia cloth every year to
charitable uses if soe much remain after the servants are
clothed.

"7th. That the sd Frances shall have free liberty to keep
a white servant if she shall think fitt out of the above allow-
ance soe as the sd servant be alsoe subject to ye sd John.

"8th. And foreasmuch as the one-half of the clear
produce of the tobacco being to be taken upon the sale of it
and the Cloathing and other necessarys to be bought in
England and that it will generally be at least twelve months
before an account of sales can be had from thence and an
invoyce sent thither, therefore for the supplying the present
wants of the said Frances the children and the house in
manner and for the use aforesaid, the said John shall allow to
the said Frances fifty pounds in money if there shall be soe
much left remaining of the debts now due to the estate and
money now on hand after all the debts already contracted
by him or her shall be paid as afores'd.

"9th. That ye ssd Frances shall render a true acc't
under oath to ye ssd John if he shall require it how ye sd
fifty pounds and alsoe ye clear profits yearly are expended
and laid out.'"

^We are indebted to Mr. Gt. C. Callahan, of Philadelphia, for a
copy of this draft.

SIE THOMAS DALE

Extracts peom ISToethampton Eecoeds

"Whereas Sir Thomas Dale, Knight Marshall of Virginia
hath payd in ready money to Sir Thomas Smith Knight
Treasurer of Virginia the summe of three hundred seventy
five pounds for his Adventures towards the sayd voyage. It
is agreed that for the same hee the sayd Sir Thomas Dale his
heirs, executors, Administrators or assigns shall have ratably
according to his Adventures his full part of all such lands
tenements and hereditaments, as shall from tyme to tyme
bee there recovered planted and inhabited. Ans of such
mynes and mineralls of gold, silver, and other metalls or
treasure, pearls, precious stones, or any kind of wares or
merchandizes, commodityes or profits whatsoever which shall
be obtayned or gotten in the said voyage according to the
portion of money by him ymployed to that use, in as Ample
manner as any other Adventurer therein shall receyve for the
like summe.

"Written the twenty-seventh of February Anno Dom. 1610.

"Edwaed Mayoe."

"Whereas the right honorable Sir Thomas Dale Knight
Marshall of Virginia (being the first man of his ranke and
degree that hath undertaken that charge and place) hath not
only adventured his person in that service in tymes of greatest
difficulty but has been at great charges both in furthering the
action and furnishing himself e. The Counsell of Virginia at
their meeting on the xviijth of this instant upon their special
trust and confidence that as hee hath begunn so he will pro-
ceed and continue in advancing soe christian and noble an
Action, have withe unanimous consent thought this: — That
our consideration he now had of him, but such (as in future
times) shal be by no means drawae into precedent upon any

351

352 APPENDIX

occasion whatsoever — They therefor© agreed that his person
should be rated at the summe of seven hundred pounds and
that hee, the said Sir Thomas Dale, his heyres, Executors,
Administrators or Assigns shall have ratably (according to
the sayd Some) his and their full share of all such lands,
Tenements and hereditaments as shall from tyme to tyme be
there recovered, planted and inhabited. And of such mynes
and miner alls of Gold and Silver and other metalls or
Treasures, pearls, precious stones, or any kinds of wares or
merchandizes, commodities or profits whatsoever which shalbe
obtayned or gotten in the said voyage in as ample manner
as any other adventurer therein shall ratably receive for the
like summe.

"Written this xxvith of February Ano Domo. 161.

"Edward Matoe."

"This coppie agreeth with the originall under the seale of
the Virginia Company, examyned the xiith day of October
1643 by us under written.

"Era: Moses. Nory Public.
"Solo: Seabright. ISTory Public.

HISTOEIOAL DOCUMENTS
[From 1682-1710]

Virginia
by his excellenoie. a proclamatioit

Whereas, many euill and ill-disposed persons, inhabitants
of this colonie, contrary to their duety and allegiance to our
Souereigne Lord the King, on the first day of May, in the
24th yeare of the reign of our Souereigne Lord the King,
and since, tumultuously and mutinously assembled and gath-
ered together, combineing, and presumeing to reform, this
his Majesties Gouerment, by cvting vp and destroying all
tobacco plants, and to perpetrate the same, in a traitorous
and rebellious manner, with force and arms, entered the
plantations of many of his Majesties good subjects of this
colonie, resolving by open force a generall and totall de^
struction of all tobacco plants in this his Majesties dominion,
to the hazarding the subverssion of the whole gouerment,
and ruins and destruction of these his Majesties good sub-
jects, if by Gods assistance, and the prudent care and con-
duct of the then Lieftenant Gouemor and Councell, the mu-
tiners had not been timely suppressed, for which treasons
and rebellions against his Majesty, and this his goverment,
some notorious actors haue been indicted, convicted, and
condemned, and suffered such pains and punishments as
for their treasons and rebellion they justly deserued. And
whereas, I and the Councell are well satisfied, that many of
his Majesties good subjects, were preuailed with, and se-

353

354 APPENDIX

duced from their allegiance, by the specious (though false)
pretences, of the designers and contrivers of those crimes,
misdeeds, treasons, and rebellions: And hauering, since, by
their dutifuU demeanor, manifested themselves seneible of
the notoriousness of their crimes, and hovs^ lyeable they are
to answer for the same according to Law, and those appre-
hensions lyeing heavie on the spirrits of many his Majesties
seduced subjects, which being taken into serious considera-
tion.

I therefore, Tho. Lord Culpeper, Barron of Thorsway, his
Majesties Lieftenant and Gouernor Generall of Virginia, out
of pitty and compassion to his Majesties seduced subjects,
and for the setling and composeing of their disturbed minds,
haue thought fitt, and in his Majesties name, by and with
the advice of the Couuncell, by this proclamation, doe pub-
lish and declare, that all and every person and persons,
whatsoever, his Majesties subjects of this colonic, who haue
ingaged with, or adhered to the said traiterous rebellious
plant cutters and plant destroyers, in the yeare of our Lord
1682, first taking the oath of obedience mentioned in the
act of Parliament, made in England, in the third yeare of the
reign of his Majesties Eoyall Grand Father, before two if
his Majesties justices of the peace, whereof one to be of the
quorum ; or in open Court ; shall be and hereby are par-
doned and forgiuen, all the treasons, rebellions, crimes, and
misdeeds, by him or them, acted, done, committed, or con-
cealed in relation to the said plant destroying and disturb-
ance of his Majesties gouerment as aforesaid, and shall be
free from all punishments, and forfetures for, or by reason
of the same.

Except Richard Bayley, late convicted and condemned for
the same ; John Hayley, Henry Ismon, and John Wise, who

APPENDIX 355

are fled, not dareing to abide their legall tryalls. As alsoe
Robert Beverley, John Sackler and Thomas Amies.

And to the end all his Majesties subjects, in this dominion,
may have notice thereof, I doe in his Majesties name require
and comand, all sheriffs in their respective counties, to pub-
lish and make known this proclamation, at the Court House,
and in all other publique places of the said counties: As
likewise all ministers, in their respectiue parishes, to the
intent none may pretend ignorance thereof. Giuen vnder
my hand and the seals of the colonic, this 22d day of May,
1683. Annoq. R. R Caroli, 2d. Angliae, y'e. 35th.

God saue the King.

Tho. Otjlpepee.^

•Hening's Statutes, Vol. Ill, pp. 563, 564.

ABSTKACTS FEOM VIRGINIA LAND PATENTS

Published in Vibginia Magazine of Histoey and
Biography

John Neale, 500 acres in Accomack, upon Smith's Island, abutting
against his land in the main. Due for the transportation of ten persons
(names below) . By West, June 18, 1636.

John Hendrye, James Hutchinson, Henry Warner, Richard Harris,
Peter Waneford, Anthony Stersby, Richard Graves, Robert Stackhouse,
Thomas Sadler, Thomas Mitchell.

William Mellings, 100 acres in the county of Accomack at the head
of Old Plantation Creek. Due: 50 for his personal adventure, and 50
by assignment from William Morton, to whom due for his own personal
adventure. By West, June 20, 1636.

There was recorded in Accomack the deposition, dated June 9, 1638,
of William Melling, Gent. "He was a member of the House of Burgess-
es from Northampton, July 1653, and March 1657-8. Soon after this he
returned to England. There is a notice, June 28, 1661, in the Northamp-
ton Records of William Melling, late of Virginia, now resident in
London, Gentlemen."

James Berry, 350 acres in Accomack, at Mogatie Bay, adjoining the
land of John Alcone. Due: 50 for his personal adventure, 50 for the
personal adventure of his wife, Elizabeth, and 250 for the transportation
of five persons, Henry Lee, Mary Nelson, Joseph Hally, Mary Nablett,
Robert Man. By West, July 20, 1636.

John Foriush, 100 acres in Accomack, on the bay. Due for the
transportation of two persons, John Lewis and Christopher Dixon. By
West, June 20, 1636.

Thomas Smith, 150 acres in Accomack, on Fishing Point Neck, near
the land of William Berryman, and bounded by the creek which parteth
Henry Bagwell's land from said neck. Due: 50 for his personal ad-
venture, 50 for the personal adventure of his wife Sarah, and 50 for
the personal adventure of his daughter Ann. By West, June 24, 1636.

William Bibhy, 400 acres in Accomack on the north side of King's
Creek, and adjoining on the west the land of Capt. Epps. Due: 50 for
his own personal adventure, 50 for the personal adventure of his wife,
Mary, and 300 for the transportation of six persona: John Leech,
Christopher Colvert, William Stephen, Archibald Richard, John Fitz
Garrall, Ann Gedon. By West, June 24, 1636.

James Knott, of Accomack, planter, who is desirous to keep a house
of entertainment at the mouth of Hampton river in Elizabeth City
County "whereby strangers and others may be well accommodated with
great ease to the inhabitants in those parts,'' is granted 50 acres at

356

APPENDIX 35r

the mouth of Hampton River, bounded southerly by a Creek which
parteth the same from the land of Captain Francis West, and northerly
upon the Glebe Land, together with the house, "commonly called the
great howse," and all other houses, &c., thereon. By Harvey, March
12th, 1632.

Francis Stoekley, 50 acres in the County of Accomack at Old Planta-
tion Creek, adjoining the land of Henry Williams. Due for the trans-
portation of one servant, Francis Jarvis. By West, Dec. 22, 1636.

Henry Wilson, 50 acres in the county of Accomack, on Old Planta-
tion Creek and adjoining the lands of Wm. Blower and Francis Stockley.
Due for the transportation of one servant, Jasper Melton. By West,
December 23, 1636.

John Neale, merchant, 1,500 acres in the County of Accomack, begin-
ning at a long point on the Seaboard side, and abutting northeast
upon (opposite) Smith's Island. Due for the transportation of thirty
persons (names not given). By Harvey, June 18, 1636.

Edmund Scarhurgh, 200 acres in the county of Accomack, on Magaty^
Bay. Due: 50 acres for the personal adventure of his late father. Cap-
tain Edmund Scarburgh, and 50 for the personal adventure of his
mother, Hannah Scarburgh, 50 for his own personal adventure, and 50
for the transportation of a servant, Robert Butler. By Harvey, May 18,
1637.

William Cotton, 350 acres in the main branches of Hungar's Creek
(now Northampton County), and adjoining the land of Captain William
Stone. Due as follows (vizt) : 100 for the personal adventure of him-
self and his wife, Ann Graves, and 250 acres for the transportation of
five persons (names below). By Harvey, July 10, 1637.

William Cotton, Ann Graves, Eleanor Hill, Richard Hill, Edward
Esson, and Domingo and Samso, negroes.

Thomas Savadge, carpenter, 100 acres on Old Plantation Creek, at
Aceomacke, abutting westerly on the land granted Roger Saunders, and
thence east towards a creek called the Second Creek. By Harvey, March
14th, 1632.

(NOTE.)

It appears from the records of Accomac that there were at this\
time two persons named Savage living in the county, viz: Ensign J
Thos. Savage, and Thos. Savage, carpenter. •

Nicholas Harwood, cooper, lease of 50 acres on the eastern shore in
the coimty of Accomac, adjoining the land granted to William Blore
(now in the tenure of William Burdett), being the land granted to
Roger Saunders, deceased, in 1628, and assigned to said Harwood by
George Traveller. Confirmed by Harvey, Oct. 20th 1634. >.

William Berriman, 150 acres in the county of Accomack, on the Old \
Plantation Creek, adjoining the land of Henry Careleys, called by the J
name of "fishing poynt neck," and bordering on the creek that parts I
the land of Henry Bagnell from the said neck — due 50 acres for his /
personal adventure, and 100 for the transportation of two servants, John/
Causey and Edward Prince. By West, Aug. 6, 1635. /

358 APPENDIX

(NOTE.)

/ In December, 1633, William Berriman was a. churcli warden in
/Accomack. On July 9, 1634:, he stated in a deposition that he was
( aged thirty- three years. In May, 1639, he was one of three persons
\ recommended for Sheriff. ^ Accomack Records.)

Nicholas Hoslcins, of Accomack, yoeman (lease), 20 acres. By
Yeardley, Feb. 1st, 1626.

(NOTE.)

Nicholas Hoakins, born 1589, came to Virginia in 1616. His wife
Temperance came in 1620. In 1624 they had a daughter Margaret, born
in Virginia (Hotten).

Robert Browne, of Accomack, planter (lease), 20 acres adjoining the
land belonging to the place of Secretary, at Accomack. By F. West,
Sept. 26th, 1628.

Clement Dilke, of Accomack, gent., a lease of 20 acres belonging to
the late Company, lying at Accomack, westerly upon the main creek,
easterly upon the ground now in occupation of Thomas Powell, Fiskins;
the said 20 acres being lately in the occupation of Captain John
^Wilcocks. Granted by Sir George Yeardley, February 6, 1626.

Roger Saunders, of Accomack, mariner (lease), for ten years, 50
acres adjoining the land of John Belore, deceased, now in the possession
of said Saunders, and extending westerly on the waterside to the land
of Captain Henry Flette. March 14, 1628. By John Pott.

Roger Saunders was commissioner (justice) of Accomae, 1631, and
member of the House of Burgesses, 1631-2. It appears from the
county records that he died prior to February, 1633, and his widow
seems to have married Wm. Burdett, of Accomae.

William Smith, of Accomae, planter, lease, 100 acres in Accomae,
bounding southerly on the land of John Falwood, and extending westerly
on Chesapeake Bay. October 15, 1629. By John Pott.

(NOTE.)

The will of William Smith, of Accomae, was dated April 23d, 1636,
and proved September, 1636. He requests that Mr. Cotton make hia
funeral sermon, and receive for it 100 lbs. tobacco; and that 50 lbs. be
paid Garrett Andrews (carpenter) for making his coffin; the legatees
are: Francis Millisent, Eliz. Harlowe, daughter of John Harlowe, his
servant Daniel Pighles, who is to be given a year of his time and all of
the testator's clothes. Appoints friends Nicholas Harwood and Walter
Scott executors. Leaves small estate.

John Howe, of Accomacke, gentleman (lease for ten years), 30 acres
adjoining the land of Captain Clement Dilke, and the land belonging to
the place of Secretary. September 20, 1628. By F. West.

(NOTES.)

John Howe was a commissioner (justice) of Accomae in 1631, and
member of the House of Burgesses for the same county in 1632 and

APPENDIX 359

1632-3. Captain Daniel Howe, of Northampton County, was alive, 1653.
It appears from the county records that John Howe was a Commissioner
of Accomac from 1632 until his death. Commander-in-chief of the
county from July, 1637. In a deposition, January, 1636, he states his
age as 43, and he was dead before Jan. 2d, 1647, when the Court made
an order to his administrators. v

' From the manuscript records of the London Company, recently re^
covered by the Virginia Historical Society, it appears that, Nov. 20th,
1622, a patent for land in Virginia was granted to "Mr. Dilke, of
Clements Inn, Middlesex, Gentleman." See Historical Society Magazine,
Vol. I, p. 443, for a note on Clement Dilke. ^,

\^Williain Andrews, of Accomack, planter (as his first dividend),
lOD acres on the Eastern Shore of the "Bay of Chesapeiake," abutting
northerly on Captain William Epes' land, and extending towards the
persimmon ponds. Due for the transportation of Robert Owles and
John Holmes, who came in the Southampton in 1622, at the charges of
William Ferrar, Esq., who made over the rights to said Andrews.
Granted by John Pott, March 14, 1628.

(NOTE.)

Major William Andrews was a justice of Northampton county 1640
to 1655, and by his will, dated February 20, 1654, and proved, North-
ampton County, Feb. 30, 1655, bequeathed his estate to his wife, Mary,
sons, William, John, Robert, and Andrew, daughter Susannah, and
granddaughters, Elisheba and Elizabeth Andrews, children of William
Andrews. Qn^-J^eb marv 19. 1659, ^SEillia m Smart. _ _Juhn Stringe r,
William A udrews. and -JJmaaa — Harmansongaye bo ndiTi Ni)rLham4»ton
naTn'^M]['li:v'tn care properly foir'the persons am t-esticteaujl the childr^i

. ^LieU tg>'""l-C"^'' ner'WiTlTam Andrews.^ ~N.

/" Daniel Cugley, 400 acres in Accomack County, commonly calledN
"the hog pen necke," due for the transportation of eight persons (whose,
names appear below). By West, June 25th, 1635. ^

Paseall Crocker, Peter Varlow, Thos. Dyner, Georg Kuckin, Thos.

Npeake, John Champ ion, Leonard Lwonarde, John Dennis.

(NOTE.)

' Daniel Cugley married Hannah, widow of Ensign Thomas Savage.
In 1630 he was sentenced to be pilloned for "scandalous speeches"

sagainst the Governor, but was pardoned. ^

' Charles Harmar, 1,050 acres (on the Eastern Shore) bounded on^
the west by the shore of the main bay, on the south by Old Plantation
Creek, &c., due for the personal adventure of himself and his wife,
Ann Harmar, and for the transportation of 19 servants (names below).

S^y Governor West, July 3, 1635.

Head rights: Charles Harmar, Anne Harmar, his wife. Evan Jones^
Thomas Cole, James Courtney, Lazarus Manning, Thomas i^aviar
Rich'd Wryth, Jon. Symon, Rich'd Newton, Samuel Lucas, Ehz. Burnett,
Rebecca Slaughter, and eight negroes named Alexander, Anthony, John
Sebastian, Polonoa, Jane, Palatia, Cassanga.

360 APPENDIX

This patent was renewed by Richard Kemp, Esq., Governor, in the
name of Elizabeth Harmar, daughter of said Charles Harmar, and
150 acres added by patent September 17, 1644.
"Teste

Samix Abbott, Clr."

Captain Thomas Graves, ancient planter (as his first dividend),
200 acres on the Eastern Shore of the "Bay of Chesepeike," abutting
southerly on the land of Captain Henry Fleet. Said land due by
virtue of an adventure of five and twenty pounds, paid by the said
Graves to Sir Thomas Smith, late Treasurer of the Company of Vir-
ginia. Granted by John Pott, March 14th, 1628.

NOTES TAKEN FEOM VIRGINIA MAGAZINE OF

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY CONCERNING

SETTLERS

Charles Harmar, also written Harmer and Harman, was
the son of John Harman, Warden of Winchester. He was
an enterprising planter at Magothy Bay on the Eastern
Shore, and a prominent man. When only twenty-four years
of age, he came, in 1632, in the ship "Eutherance" to Vir-
ginia. His brother John, born at Chursdon, Gloucestershire,
was a graduate of Magdalene College, Oxford, and a distin-
guished scholar and clergyman, having translated into Greek
and Latin the Westminster Catechism. In 1635, he deliv-
ered an address at Oxford, was chosen Greek Professor, but
lost the professorship, after the return of Charles the Second.
Charles Harmar, in 1635, entered land because of the
transportation of eight negroes, and the following white
servants: Evan Jones, Thomas Cole, James Courtney,
Lazarus Manning, Thomas Davis, Richard Wyett, John
Symons, Richard Newton, Elizabeth Burnett, Rebecca
Slaughter, Mary Chest. He died before A. D. 1644, as 150
acres were granted on the 17th of September of this year to
Eliza, daughter and heir to said Charles Harmar, and on
May 1, 1654, this land was assigned by Thomas Harmar
the son of Dr. John, the Greek Professor, who calls himself
the heir of Eliza Harmar, to Nathaniel Littleton.

In the Northampton County Records the widow of Charles
Harmar is said to have married a Captain Littleton.
/ Obedience Robins, bom A. D. 1601, was with Charles
(Harmar, a member in 1632, of the first Coimty Court of

^ 361

362 appe:ndix

Accomac, and was a brother of Richard of Northampton-
shire, and of Edward a merchant in Accomac. His name
and associations seem to indicate that he was of Puritan
affinities. His wife was the widow of Edward Waters, one
of the two shipwrecked persons, who, in 1610, refused to
leave the Bermudas, with Sir Thomas Gates and Sir Geo.
Somers, being pleased with the island. In 1618, the ship
"Diana" arrived at the Bermudas and among the passengers
was Grace O'lTeill, then a girl sixteen years old. She be-
came the wife of Waters, and they then moved to Elizabeth
City, now Hampton, Virginia, where their first child,
William, was bom, who became an active citizen of North-
ampton County. Before A. D. 1628, Edward Waters died,
and his widow married Obedience Robins. In February,
1633, William Cotton, minister of the parish, complained
to the Accomac Court, that Robins had refused to issue
warrants for the minister's tithes. ^

t Edward Robins, merchant in Accomac and brother of
Obedience, died iu July, 1641, and his daughter Rachel
married Richard Beard, and Elizabeth became the wife of
William Burgess. After William Stone of Northampton
became its first Protestant Governor, Beard and Burgess
moved to Maryland. Beard made the first map of Annapolis
and belonged to the people "in scorn called Quakers," and
Burgess was in sympathy with Cromwellians, at least, for a
period. Jane, the wife of George Puddington a member of
the Maryland Assembly, from Ann Arundel County, in
1650, was a sister-in-law of Obedience Robins. Moimtjoy
Evelin, the second son of George, formerly of Kent Island,
Maryland, married in 1653, Dorothy the third child of

^Obedience and Grace Robins.

APPENDIX 363

William Andrews, Jr., was elected sheriff of ISTorthamptoii
by the Coiincil of State, April 3, 1655, and was a member
of the House of Burgesses for Northampton in 1663. In
1656, it appears from an entry in the Northampton Records,
that Mr. William Smart had married the widow of "Mr.
William Andrews." Whether this referred to the father or
son, the writer has no information. William Andrews, Jr..
married Dorothea, widow of Mount] oy Evelyn, and daughter
of Colonel Obedience Robins, of Cherrystone.

Captain Francis Pott was a Justice of Northampton, and
of the quorum, March, 1656. In 1646, he was in England,
and in a letter dated at London, March 26th of that year
(and recorded in Northampton County), he tells his nephew,
John Pott, that he had been disappointed in collecting money
promised him by Mr. Nuthall; that "my cozen, Menefie,
hath paid 116 lbs. sterling for me," and his nephew is to
satisfy the debt out of any of his (Erancis Pott's) property,
except his negroes ; he may expect from him a more ample
direction by the next shipping ; in postscript says he received
four more from Mrs. Menifye. He died in 1658, and by
his will, dated August 5th, and proved in Northampton,
October 11th, 1658, he leaves his property to his nephew,
John Pott, Kinsmen Henry Perry and wife ; godson Argoll
Yardly ; godson Bishop "on the other side of the bay" ;
"My Countriman" John Allen; to his (the testator's)
sisters, 10 sterling each. Susanna, widow of Captain Pott,
married in 1658, or 1659, William Kendall.

There is recorded in Northampton a power of attorney,
dated October 1st, 1660, from John Pott, of Patuxent, Mary-
land, to John Seveme, of Accomac.

John Neale appears, from the Accomac records, to have
lived on the Eastern Shore, and done a large business as a

364 APPENDIX

merchant between 1633 and 1639; in 1636 he makes a
deposition, and states he was then aged ahout forty years;
was a vestryman May, 1636 ; recommended for appointment
as sheriff in 1636 and 1639; elected a Burgess on October
21st, 1639, and was a commissioner (justice) in the same
year.

On September 25, 1637, William Bibby is spoken of in
the Accomac records as recently dead.

Captain William Epps, Mrs. Epps, Peter and William
Epps were living on the Eastern Shore in 1623. In the
census of 1624-5 the "muster" of Captain William Epps is
given. It included himself, who came in the ship "William
and Thomas" ; Margaret Epps, who came in the "George"
in 1621, and thirteen servants. About 1619 Captain
William Epps killed "in a private quarrel," Captain
Stallinge. There is among the Accomack Records (at North-
ampton C. H.) a power of attorney for William Epes, of
the Island of St. Christopher's Esq., to William Stone, in
regard to Epes' property on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.
It is dated July 18, 1633.

ABSTEACTS FKOM ACCOMAC COUNTY RECORDS,
RELATING TO BACON'S REBELLION

From a great number of similar items the following are

extracted :

"Att a Court held for Accomac County July, 1677, it is
ordered upon the peticon of John Sturges that a certificate
be awarded him to the next assembly for fforty-six pounds
of Butter and fforty-two pounds of Cheese, which was deliv-
ered for the countries service against the late rebells, as
appears by the attestation of Majr Jno. West."

"Whereas Majr Edmund Bowman hath made it appeare
to the court by ye attestation of Major Jno. West, that he
had killed and founde salt and caske for thirteen hundred
and twelve pounds of Beefe. It is, therefore, ordered that
this be a certificate thereof to the next assembly."

"It is ordered upon the peticon of Majr Jno. West for
the sume of twelve thousand two hundred and fifty pounds
of tobo and cask, for the public service against the lare
rebells, and he having made oath to the same in open court,
certificate thereof is accordingly granted him to the next
assembly."

"Whereas Mr. John Stratton hath made it appeare to
this court by the oath of Capn Nath: Walker that hee the
sd Walker did command a shallop belonging to the sd
Stratton by the honorble govers, order in his majesties
service against the late rebells; which shallop was cast

365

366 APPENDIX

away in a storm in Warricks creek bay: It is, therefore,
ordered that this be a certificate thereof to the next
Assembly."

"These may certify that I, the subscriber, whom (sic)
are impowered by the right honble Sir Wm. Berkeley Govr,
and Capn general of Virginia to procure and impress such
provisions as shall be needful for his present service.

"These may certify that I have killed from Morris Dennis
one Barren Cow for which I give this certificate.

"John Steatton, Commissary."

"At a court held and continued for Accomack County,
September 14, 16Y7, upon the peticon of Majr Jno. West in
behalfe of himself and fforty-ffour men, which were thirty-
ffour dales under the command of the Govemr Sir Wm.
Berkeley in his Majties service to James Citty, and having
made oath to the same in open court, certificate thereof is
accordingly granted to ye next assembly."

"Ye humble peticon of Jno. Cropper:

"To ye Worful court of Accomack county showeth that
your peticonr being commanded and empowered by Coll.
Southey Littleton, to impresse and provide Beefe for the
countries use in qtr. anno 1676, ye peticonr with his horse,
&c., was employed and expended time to the number of
fforty-two dales or thereabout, which time, trouble, and
service hath not bin got paid, or any part thereof, except
two hides and oilell, he made use of Mr. Richd Bayly; ye
peticonr doth pray ye worshps order for certificate to the
Assembly to have satisfaction for sd time and trouble accord-
ing to nature thereof, and he will pray, &c."

An entry made at the next term of the court shows that
Captain Daniel Jenifer, in addition to his ofiice of justice

APPENDIX 367

of the peace, was still further rewarded by being appointed
high sheriff of Accomac county by Sir William Berkeley,
and as Jenifer was a Catholic, the governor directed that in
assuming the duties of the offices to which he had appointed
him, he should not be required to take the oath of supremacy,
which was accordingly done. He was also, together with
Colonel Southey Littleton, of Berkeley's Court martial, for
trying persons for participation in the Rebellion.^

Jenifer married Miss Annie Toft, who was reputed to
have been the wealthiest and prettiest woman then living on
the Eastern Shore of Virginia. They had a numerous
family of children, among whom were three daughters
named, Arcadia, Annabella and Atalanta. Soon after the
retirement and death of Sir William Berkeley, Captain
Jenifer removed from Accomac to the Eastern Shore of
Maryland, where many of his descendants are said to be now
living. He was the first of that name to come to America,
and was the progenitor of Daniel Jenifer of St. Thomas,
who was one of the Delegates from Maryland to the con-
vention that framed the Federal Constitution.

Berkeley's endorsement on the following petition shows
that the Rebellion had not entirely transformed him into
a brute:

"To the Right Honorable S'r Wm. Berkeley, Knt., Gov'r &
Capt. Gener'U of Virginia :
"The humble peticon of lone Occahone, the widow of
Phillip Occahone, late of Accomack County, dec'd. Humbly
Sleweth: That Phillip aforenamed marry ye peticonr with
a good and reasonable estate left by her former husband, of
Watt's Island, in the aforesaid county, by name Walter
Taylor, did in his lifetime wholly waste and conferred the

iHening, Vol. II, p. 545.

368 APPENDIX

same moreover and about, ruimmg himself farr into debt
to the utter ruine of ye peticonr and her poore childrin^

"Howsoe it is, may it please ye Honourble the sd Phillip
for his felonious and rebellious account having justly
suffered death by the lav/, v/hereby what estate he should
be possest v/ithal at the committing the fact or any time
sithence invested or possest wth any visible estate whatsoever,
yet notwithstanding, ye poore peticonr is prosecuted and
sued by the creditors of the sd Phillip to the ruine of herselfe
and poore children.

"The premises considered, ye paticonr doth humbly pray
and implore ye Honourbles favorable clemency in requiring
and commanding all persons whatsoever to desist and for-
beare to sue or molest ye petr for any debt whatsoever
contracted in the lifetime of the aforesaid Phillip Occahone,
her late and dec'd husband, and ye poore petr shall as in
duty bound ever pray."

The petition is recorded vsrith the following endorsement:

"The aforesaid petition is granted, and I doe hereby
forbid all persons from suing or molesting the aforesaid
lone Occahone in the prosecuting and recovery of any debt
contracted during the lifetime of the sd Phillip Occahone,
as they will answer the contrary.

"Dated this 11th day of January, 1676-7.

"Wm. Beekelet."

"The Right Honourable the Governr further declared at
the signing hereof that the aforesaid Petr lone Occahone
should freely enjoy all such estate as is in her possession to
her own proper use, which I can testify upon oath when
thereunto required.

"Witness my hand the day and year aforesaid.

"Daistiel Jenifee."

T^O CUKIOUS WILLS FROM NORTHAMPTON"
COUNTY RECORDS

"Iff itt please God I do dye, my debts being discharged,
what debts remayne I give to Goodman Efisher, and hee to
see me layd in the ground like a man.

"The mark of William

Briar.

"The mark of

Wilkinson.

"The mark of

"James

Cranne.

"27 Oct. 1639."

"In the name of God, Amen, the 23th of April, 1636, I,
William Smith, of Acchawmacke, in Virginia, planter, being
at this present, blessed be God, sicke and weake in body,
but sound and perfit in mynd and memory, doe institute,
ordayne and make this my last Will and Testament, vigt. :
Ffirst, I bequeath my soule unto the hands of Almighty God,
my Maker, who gave it to me, and my bodye to the grave
from whence it came, being assuredly persuaded of a joyful
resurrection.

369

370 APPENDIX

"Imps, I doe give and bequeath to the Church use One
hundred pounds of tobacco. Item. My will is that Mr.
Cotton shall make my funeral sermon, and he to have for the
same 100 pounds of tobacco.

"Item. That Garrett Andrewes, iff he be please to make
my coffin, shall have for the same 50 pounds of tobacco, or
anie other that shall make it of the best.

"Ite. I give and bequeath to Francis MiUisent one of the
best shoates and a small Iron pott.

"Ite. I will and bequeath to Elizabeth Harlowe, daughter
of John Harlowe, the best sow there is undisposed of, which
is the great sow bought of Mr. Wilson.

"Ite. I doe give freely unto my servant, Daniel Pighles,
one complete year of his time, and one of the best sow
shoates.

"Ite. I doe give and bequeath unto Alexr WignaU one
hundred pounds of tobacco.

"Ite. My will is that my servant Daniel shall have all my
wearing cloathes, both WoUing and Linning and my peece,
shotte bag and Home.

"Ite. I doe institute, ordayne and make Nicholas Har-
wood & Walter Scott my true & Lav^ul Executors of this my
last Will and Testament, and they equally to have and
enjoye, Debts and legacies being payd and discharged, my
whole Estate. In witness hereof, I, the syd William Smith,
have hereunto set my hand and seale the daye and year
above written.

(Signed) "William^. Esmith."
"Ysence :

"Daniel Pighles,
"Alex'e Wignall."

TEAlSTSLATIOlsr OF OEETAIN INDIAN NAMES

FOUND IN ACCOMACK AND NOETHAMP-

TON COUNTIES, AND ON THE EAST-

EEN SHOEE OF MAETLAND

ACCOMACK: 'The other-side place,' or 'on the other side of water
place' (Trumbull) ; 'the other shore' (Wm. Jones.)

ACCOHANOC: Probably from Virginia Algonquian akahnok, 'people
of the bending (curving) stream' (Gerard).

CHESCONESSEX: Place of the Blue Birds.

CHESAPEAKE: Virginia Algonquian K'tchisupiak 'people of the
great saline water' (Gerard).

CHINCOTEAGUE: Chingua-tegwe, 'large stream,' 'inlet' (Hewitt).

CHOPTANK: Probably for Nanticoke tshapetank, a 'stream that sepa-
rates' or 'divides.' (Gerard.)

CUSCARAWAOC: 'Place of making white beads.' (Tooker.)

KICOKTANK: 'Visiting Place.'

MATTAPONY: 'Bad bread' or 'no bread at all' ( Heckewelder ) .

MATOMKIN: MATTEMIKIN, 'to enter into a house.' (Heckewelder.)

MATCHATEAGUE: Probably the same as Matchotic, 'bad bay' or
'inlet' (Hewitt).

MATTAWAN": or MATTAWAMAN: 'River of shallows' (Hewitt).
Meaning as applied to the Indians living on Mattawan River,
Ontario.

MATOAKS (Matoak?): A mispelt form of Matoaka, 'to play,' 'to
amuse oneself ( Gerard ) .

MACHAPTJNGA: 'Bad dust'; from 'matchi' 'bad,' pungo 'dust' (Hecke-
welder) ; or perhaps 'much dust,' from massa 'great', in allusion
to the sandy soil of the district ( Mooney ) .

NANTICOKE : From Nentego, variant of Delaware Uneohtgo, Unalacht-
go, 'Tidewater people' ( Mooney ) .

OANANCOCK : A corruption of auwannalcu, 'foggy, ( Heckewelder ) .

PUNGOTEAGUE : From pMraffofefcw, 'sand-fly river' (Gerard).
/POCAHONTAS: Pocahontas, for Pokahantesu, a verbal adjective mean-
j ing 'he (or she) is playful,' 'sportive,'. Her real name was

I Matoaka (Matowaka), a word found also in the mispelled form

I of Matoka and Matoaks. The sole Algonquian root from which

\ the name can be derived is metaw, 'to play,' 'to amuse one's

\ self.' (Gerard.)

POCOMOKE: Pocqueumoke, 'place of shell fish, clams, etc.' (Hecke-
welder). Also 'knobby place.'

PATUEXENT: 'Little Falls.' (Hendren).

371

372 APPENDIX

POTOMAC: The word Patomeck (Patomek) is a verbal noun meaning
'something brought,' and, as a designation for a place, may per-
haps be short for, say, Enda Patomek, 'where something is
brought' (Gerard). Heckewelder gives the meaning as 'they
come by water.'

PnWTTATA-NT ; Virginia Algonquian Pa wa tan, 'falls in a curr ent'^o f

QUANTICO: Quentico, Gentica or Kentiha, 'a. dancing, frolicking

place' (Heckewelder).
WICO COMOCO : Meaning unknown, but t.lio lap^i part, comoco, is the ^
.StSEl Latan designation, in comp osition, for a stockaded village
«^ (Ger ard). ~

WIKOMOCO : 'Place where the houses are building.' (Hendren.)

A LIST OF TITHABLES IN NORTH'TON COUNTY,
ANNO DOM., 1666

Delivered in att a Court Held for the S''d County the
28th of August, 1666 ■}

Thomas Dunton
Isaac Russell
Robt. Dunworth
Wm. Smith
John Dike
Daniel Jill — 6

Jeasse Harman
Tho. Owen — 2

Benjamin Cowdree
Josias Cowdree
Cornelius Harman — 3

John Kendall
Owen Edmond
Geo. South
John Farrier
John Tremblings
Henry Newton
Owen Hall— 7

Peter Lang
Cornelius George — 2

James Sanders
Perse Davis
John Dalby — 3

Henry Hall— 1

John Dalby, Sen.
John Dalby, Jun.
John Seawell
Hen. Bowans
Richard Costinge — 5

Lieft. Isaak Foxcroft

Thomas Lucas
4 negroes — 8

^Biohgrrl Ti[nt. tingham

Wm Ewin^ — 2

Att the Widow Gunter's
Richard Wildgoose
Tony — a Frenchman — 2

Simon Foscus, Sen.
Simon Foscus, Jun.
Thomas Foscus
Mathew Patrick — i

Walter Mills— 1

Arthur Armitradings
Isaac Jacob
Thomas Needy
John Dawson
Francis Broukes
Sliven Avis
Morgan Pouldin
Wm. Stevens
Henry Reade
Derick Derickson — 10

Lawrence Schyn
Adryan Westerhouse
John Richards

Armstrong Foster— 4

Mr. Thos. Evans
Mr. Haggaman — 2

'This list prepared by F. B. Robertson, Eastville, Va., from records
in Clerk's Office.

373

25

374

APPENDIX

John Cole
John Field
Robt. Twilly
Wm. Eabishaw — 4

Thomas Bagley — 1

John Farrls

Clause — a Dutch boy — 2

Will Gatehill
John Evans — 2

Nicholas Hudson — 1

Edward Joyne — 1

Wm. Gaskin
Robt. Gaskin
Robt. Butler
Nath'I Starkey
Nat — a negro— 5

Samson Robins
Rich'd Ridge— 2

Amos Garris — 1

John Walter
Jeremiah Walter — 2

Will Morris — 1

John Winborough, Sen.
John Winborough, Jun.
Frank Winborough — 3

Capt Wm. Spencer
Wm. Whittington
Robt. Wiggin
Wm. Scriven
Jacob Hill
Patrick Strelby
Thomas Powell
2 negroes — 9

Mr. Wm. Westerhouse^l

Jas. Davis, Sen.
Jas. Davis, Jvm.
Thomas Davis
Stephen Lang
Abraham Bownamy — S

Att Wilcox. Lambeth Groton — 1

John Stockley
John Bowin
Thomas E. Smith — 3

Robt. Foster
Martin Saks — 4
Phillipp Jacob
John Foster

Wm. Foster
1 Servant — 2

Walter Price
John Clarke — 2

Edw. Stevens
Jno. Wilson — 2

Jacob Bishopp
Rich'd Bibbins— 2

John Plumb — 1

Thos. Church
Sam'l Church — 2

Thomas Parker
John Hornby — 2

Duncan Macnabb— 1

John Basv — 1

Robt. Harrison
Robt. Hopkins — 2

Abraham Sheppard-
Edw. Cable

-1

Will. Lawrence
Thos. Berisford — 2

Rich'd Duparke, Att Wibly's — 1

Joseph Godwin
Caesar Godwin — 2

Abraham Heath — 1

APPENDIX

376

Capt. Will Joanea
John Liikes
John Bulluck
Harman Johnson — i

John Lyons
Thos. Collins— 2

John Mapp
Peter Watson — 2

Wm. Marhsiall
Will Jipshott— 2

Wm. Hickman
Joseph Huckman
Thomas Rice — 3

Mr. Thos. Kideinge
Mr. Argall Yeardley
Sam'l England
Will Vaughanghom
Hen. Matthew
Griffin Morgan
Tho. Rook
Cataline — a negro — 8

Abraham Vansoult — 1

Nicholas Granger
Thomas Wilson
John Robins — 3

Cannlus Pence

John Abbott — 1

Phillipp Mongon ] Negroes
Mary Mongon J — 2

Geo. West — 1

Rich'd Ast
Miles Growk
Robt. Warbeton — 3

Christopher Turner — 1

Wm. Lyne
Wm. Padgett— 2

John Webb
John Glassell
Hen. Lartin
Cornelius Areale
Nan, negro woman — 5

Capt. ,Tohn Ra,va,pja
John Amis
Edw. Ashby
Robt. Tygar
Tempsy Betha
Sidney Field — 6

Francis Pettitt
Justman Pettitt — 2

Will. Kennitt— 1

Thos. Dimmer
Tho. Nabe— 2

Rich'd Patrick
John Denby — 2

Richard Jester — 1

Coll. John Stringer
John Tatum
Robt. Chew
David Grim
Richd. Curtisse
Tho. Oxford— 6

John Dorman
Roger Kirkman — 2

f Att Miss Robins':

John Margetts

Rich'd Robin8_ iIua.

John Symonds

John Wooters

John Archer — ^negro
VTony — ^negro — 7

Walter Mathews
Andrew Smaw
Wm. Savage — 3

Mr. John Robins
Tho. Pamell
John King — negro
3 negroes— 6

Att M. Vosses':

Thos. LoflSng

Nan — negro woman — 2

John Francisco 1 Negroes
Arisbian, his wife j — 2

376

appe:ndix

Francis Jane, negro — 1

Manuel Drigg — ^negro — 1

Willis Saunders
Daniel Keeth — 2

Maj. Wm. Andrews
Jolm Andrews
John Pirce — 3

Geo. Isdell— 1

WiU. Smith
Tho. Hennige — 2

Christopher Stanley — 1

Joseph Parkes
Wm. Gilsty
Wm. Smart
Tho. Claydon — i

Nath. Wilkins

Rich. Cox

George — ^negro man — 3

John Daniel
James Bowden
Wm. Edmonds
Black Jack — ^negro — 4

Richard Hanby — 1

Geo. Jenkins

John Marainge

Wm. Sharpe

John Wills — at mill

Nan — negro woman — 7

Tho. Blacklock — 1

Dennis Omalegon — 1

Harman Johnson
John Maties — 2

Lieft. CoU. Wm. Kendall

Daniel Baker

Geo. Morimer

John Abraham

John Parsons

John Harris

Jeter Morgan

Morgan Thomas

Geo. Massy

Walter Mannington

Mingo — negro

Charles — ^negro

Aron Franson 7 Seamen

Mathew Williams | — 14

Mr. John Michaell
Ed. Lokitt
Peter Fountaine
John Aleworth
Rowland Williams
William Gray
Anthony Joanes
Antony, negro
Banelo, negro
Frank, negro
Dennisse, negro
Ann — ^negro — 1 2

Wm. Hamon ) Negroes
Jane Hamon J — 2

King Tony — negro — 1

John Wilkin
John Floyd — 2

John Waterson
Jacob Glassfield
John Wilshire
John Moore — i

Will Starlinge
Tho. Turnell
Hen. Morgan
John Willett — 4

Will Paule

_Ellis Ap Hugh — 1

Thomas Swendel — 1

Bossaur — negro — 1

APPENDIX

377

James Walker
Hen. Williams
Eichd. Jacklock — 3

Mr. Tho. Hunt
John PoUicome
John Darnell
Wm. Shore — i

John Bagwell — 1

Thos. Bagwell — 1

Capt. John Custis
John Robinson
Michael Stone
Tho. Joanes
Chas. Weissell
Hen. Foreman
Daniel Swindell
Benjamin Perry
George Lilly
John Warppoll
5 negroes — 15

Robt. Haynes — 1

Tenge Oderre — 1

Matthew Trippin — 1

Jeremia Robinson
Robt. Smith
Judith — ^negro — 3

John Adolph
Wm. Cord
Jonas Dixon
Derman Fox— 4

Tho. Scott
John Watts — 2
Bastian Cane — ^negro — 1

Thomas Bell
Tho. Coleman — 2

Joseph Warren — 1

Jerom GriflSth — 1

Mr. Thomas Harmar — 1

Stephen Costin
Benoni Ward — 2

Thomas Clay — 1

John Stevens — 1

Geo. Willis— 1

Thos. Hogg
Abraham Collins — 2

Att Mathew Gittinge's Constable:
Walter Carter
Jowell James
John Forthery — 3

Francis Harper — 1

Geo. Frizzell — 1

Darman Lassland — 1

Alex. Mills
Richd Core— 2

George Smith
Wm. Lewis — 2

John Allen
Edw. Allen — 2

Edw. Ennis — 1

James Weatherly — 1

Wm. Baker — 1

Hen. Marshmant — 1

Wm. Millinge
Robt. Jilkin
Arthur Bowzer
Peter Vicar
Isaak Venan
John Wyer — 6

Tho. Sheppard— 1

Province Nelson
Daniel Paine — 2

378

APPENDIX

Thomas Moore
John Owen
John Moore
ThoB. Somersett
James Bookett — 5

Wm. Harper
Rich'd Quinch-

Geo. Freshwater
Die. — ^negro — 2

John Knight — 1

Thos. Poynter
John Hankina
Tho. Fregue — ^negro
Rich'd Richardson
Mary Richardson, his wife
Derman Clandum
Francis Driggue 1 Negroes
James j — 8

Neale Mackmillins
John Jewett — 2

Att the Widow Hall's:
Hen. Michael — 1

Barthlomew Cosier
Francis Roberts — 2

Wm. Geldinge
Luke Geldinge
Charles Geldinge — 3

Left. Coll. Wm. Water s

Peter Bastianson ■ —

Lawrence Jaconson

Tho. Reade

Edw. Joanes

Jacob Chilton

Geo. Treherne

Ed. Evans, als. Hopkins

Sam Handee

William — ^negro

Bill— negro — 10

Wm. Ennis — 1

Richard Whitmarsh

Wm. Waltnm

Robt. HoUiday

Sam Ames

Tho. Davis— 5

Mr. Francis Piggott

Peter "1

John 1 Negroes

Thomas f — 5

Jane I

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Accomac County Records, Accomac Court House and Va. State

Library.
Albany Records.
American Historical Magazine.
Anderson's History of the Colonial Church.
Archives of Maryland, Proceedings of the Council.
Asher's Henry Hudson.

TtnTi(.T-pfyp TTiafi^Ty ^f the United States.

Barton's Introduction to Virginia Dolonial Decisions.

Bassett's Carolina Pirates.

Beyfirlfiyia-HiatoiyofVirginia.

Bolton's Days ofMakemie.

Bozman's History of Maryland.

Breevost's Verrazano the Navigator.

!B£^t^a-^AttTtade_of_EaateEii.. ^ore in j aco3!a-BebeHi(ffl. Vol. XI,

Va. Mag. Hist. & Bio.
•pTfvwTi' -] ffir n t R r rubli n in rt mr rim
Bross[BiaJ2enfiaiajkJIni±£iLfiiaifia<^
JBrodhead's History of New York.

Bruce's Economic Histqr y.jtt-K irginia in the l7th Century.
Bruce's ^r'ttial Liie oi Vv rjriTiiQ iti i^tn i jy. ^ Iftilm-y —
Bruce's Ii ^atitutionfll Hintnr T of Virginia in the 17th Century.
Bureau of Americ aaJthmilaaa;, ^ Report s. _^

Kurk's JliBtory ol Virginia.

"!alCTi(ia.r nf Vir f finia Sta te Papers.

(Ja ^ptygtf'B"'^> "ir'''°i Tfistuiv ui V ii'ginia .

Campbell's Douglas, Purilan In nolland, England and America.

Chalmer's Annals.

Qhitwood's Justice i n Coloni al Virgini a.

Colden's Ij'ive NafiSns r — -^ "

Cooke's H'Bt"'T "*' ^'Tgi^
Crozier'a Virffinia H eraldiEa,.

De Costa's Verrazano the Explorer.
Drake's Ameri can Indians.

rJTIJg iiTiH hftj- |sfeighhnnrte>

Fiske's Beginnings of New England.
Fiske's New France and New England.
Fiske's Dutch and Quaker Colonies.
Fiske's Myths and Myth Makers.
Force's Collection of Historical Tracts.
Foote's Sketches.

3Y9

380

APPENDIX

G-reene's Genesis of the Counties, Slaughter's Memorial Pamphlet.

Hawk's Ecclesiastical History.
Heckewelder's History of the Indian Nations.
TTf ^dren'a Virginia Indians . Jo hns Hopkii
HemS g'B Ulettutto at L aJg'
Hotten's Immigrants.
^Howard's Hungar's Church, in Colonial Churches.
HoWu'a Vll'gmra HlyUiry and Antiquities.

Ingram's Proceedings, Force's Tracts.

Jefferson's Notes.

Johnston's Memorial of the Virginia Clerks.

Kohl's Discovery of Maine.

Long's Virginia County Names.

Martin's Gazetteer of Virginia.
Martin's History of North Carolina.
Massachusetts Historical Society Collections.
Mather's Magnalia.

nvrnDpnalrl Papprg^ Ya. Statg Tiihrary.

McMaster's j. b., Makemieland (iSpeech, Pamphlet).
Meade's Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia.
Mercer's Abridgment of the Laws of Virginia.
Munsell's Annals of Albany.
Murphy's The Voyage of Verrazano.

Neal's History of the Puritans.
-.^ Seill's yi'-fjij a Company of London.
Npi11'H~ViT£iiria. (;3iTilr,piTn"~

NeiJI'a En p ;liah OnlriTiiza tirmnf Amprif'.g. in the 1 7th C entury.
Neill's Jj'ounders of MaryianJT

Neii r3Viii g'"i" f"i""^"i '^^" ■ ijy -

Norwoo d's ^AlSS ya^yft to Vii-ginis^iFniWa Tra,f>ta^
lifnTfTTTinptnTi nniiTit.y 'ppfn rds, Eastvill e and Vai^ State Library.

O'Callaghan's History of New Netherlands.

Os good's English Colonies in Ameri ca in the 17th Century.

Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.
JPurchas' s Pilgrimes.

Quincey's History of Harvard University.

Eobinson's Ear ly Vf^yapga to America.
Eolfe's Eelatjoi^

Sainsbury Papers, Va. St. Library.

APPENDIX 381

Senate Documents, Extra 1874, Colonial Records of Virginia.

Schoolcraft's W orks on the Indians of .Aro ^riBi',^

smith's HiaU)fy~of Virginia.

Stanard's ColoniaJ Rej^ister.

StanaDl^a_Ba£cuL.The_ReM.

Stith's History of Virginia.

Stockton's Bucaneera and Pirates of our Coast.

T. M. Manuscript, Virginia State Library.
■Tri]Tnbiin'a TJartfl Bfffik of the American Indian.
Tyl^r'-i ''vn-l l n nf t h n K rpnhiic , ~~

Tyler's Early Na rratives of Virginia History.

Upshur's Thomas Teackle, Various Articles in Virginia Magazine of

History and Biography.
Upshur's Pamphlet on Descendants of Governor Sir George Yeard-

ley.

Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 17 "Volumes.
Virginia Historical Collections, 11 Volumes.
Virginia Historical Register, 6 Volumes.
Jl^irginia Company, Records of, Virginia State Library .
Virginia State Library Fifth Annual Keport.
Virg-inia State Library. Various Manuscripts in.
Virginia Official Reports on Virginia-Maryland Boundary Contro-
versy.

Week's Biographical Sketch of Edward Teach.

Whealton's Maryland Virginia Boundary Controversy, 1668-1894.

Wheeler's History of North Carolina.

William and Mary Quarterly, 17 Volumes.

Williamson's History of North Carolina.

Winder Papers, Va. State Library.

Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of the United States.

Winthrop's History of New England.

Winthrop's Journal.

Wise's H. A., Seven Decades of the Union.

Wise's J. S., End of an Era.

Wise's B. H., Life of Henry A. Wise.

Wise's B. H., Various writings of in Va. Mag. of Hist, and Bio.

INDEX

A larg list of tithables of 1666 is set forth in full in the Ap-
pendix, and the names are not included in this Index.

Aborigines, their history — p. 49, et

seq.
Abstracts from Virginia Laud Patents

—p. 356.
Aceohannock Indiana, history of — ^p.

49, et seq., and pp. 52, 67.
Aecawmacke, The Kingdome of — p.

49, et seq.; Maryland taken from —

p. 91.
Aecawmacke Indians — ^p. 16, et seq.,

and pp. 25, 32, 33, 49, et seq.
Accomack, Aecawmacke, Accomac,

Achomat, Acchawmac; derivation

of name — ^p. 49.
Accomack, the Plantation and Town

of— p. 27, 29, 31, 32, 33.
Accomack, The Shire of (1634) —

p. 81.
Accomack County formed from North-
ampton, p. 164, et seq., and p. 167.
Accomack County, size of — pp. 1, 172,

249.
Accomack Parish — pp. 171, 266.
Accomack in New England, present

site of Plymouth — pp. 49, 50.
Accomack County Court — p. 173.
Accomack Court House — p. 233.
Ace of Clubs Church — Pungoteague —

pp. 272, 273.
Acreage of Accomack County — ^pp.

172, 249.
Acreage of Northampton County — ^pp.

172, 249.
Act of Cohabitation — ^p. 232.
Act for Ports— p. 233.
Act of Toleration — pp. 156, 282.
Addison, Alex. — ^p. 135.
Addison, John — p. 323.
Adkinson, James — ^p. 136.
Agitators of revolt fined — p. 146.
Albany, Indian Council at--p. 224.
Algonquin Indians — ^p. 49, et seq.

Allen, John — p. 363.

AUeyn, Richard — p. 137.

Ames, name of — p. 70.

Ames, John — p. 125.

Amies, Thomas — ^p. 355.

Ammunition — ^pp. 38, 98, 121, 184,

255.
Amsterdam, Holland — ^p. 94.
Analin, Abram (1623) — p. 37.
Anderson, William, father-in-law of

Makemie — p. 281.
Andiaman, King of the Accohannocks

and Curratocks — ^pp. 59, 122.
Andrews, name of — pp. 39, 73.
Andrews, Garrett — pp. 286, 358.
Andrews, Robert — pp. 135, 319.
Andrews, Maj. William — pp. 37, 40,

97, 103, 117, 118, 120, 135, 142, 145,

166, 257, 287, 288, 319, 359, 363.
Andrews, William, Jr. — p. 136.
Andros, Governor— pp. 224, 255.
Anglicans — pp. 79, 170, 256, 265, 269,

272, 273, 275.
Anglican Church — p. 243.
"Ann Clear," Scarburgh's Ship — ^p.

150.
Annamessex, Indian family of — p. 62.
Annamessex, Town of — ^p. 178.
Antigua — p. 124.
Appeals from County Court — pp. 83,

194, 196.
Aquintica, Indian family of — ^p. 62.
Argoll, Sir Samuel; his visit to E. S.

in 1612— pp. 21, 22, 24, 27.
"Arlington"; Seat of Custis family —

pp. 46, 114, 200, 221, 245, 275, 279,

289, 332.
Arlington, Lord — ^pp. 114, 191, 192,

199.
Arlington-Culpeper Grant — pp. 191,

et seq.
Armistead, Capt. Anthony — p. 215.

383

384

INDEX

Armitradinge, Henry — ^p. 135.
Armourier, Eev. John — p. 265.
Arms, Inventory of, in 1623 — ^p. 38;

law prohibiting sale of, to Indians —

p. 64; persons required to carry —

pp. 98, 121 ; selling of, to Indians

—pp. 146, 255.
Arseek, Indian Tribe — p. 18.
"Artillery," trading ship — ^p. 150.
Ascomb, John (1623)— p. 37.
Askiminokonson Neck— p. 62.
Assateague Bay — p. 112.
Assateague, Emperor of — p. 62.
Assateague Indians — pp. 62, 158, 300.
Assateague Island — p. 61.
Assateague War — pp. 158, et seq.
Assawaman Indians — ^p. 300.
Attitude of E. S. in Bacon's Rebellion

p. 222.
Attorneys — pp. 101, 102.
"Avon," Charles County, Md., Seat of

Governor — p. 108.
Awasceceneas, King of the Kickotanks

—p. 60.
Awburne, Richard — p. 310.
Ayers, John — ^p. 135.
Ayrs, name of — p. 70.

Bacon, the Rebel — pp. 168, 193.
Bacon, Col. Nathaniel, Sr. — p. 215.
Bacon's Appeal to the people of the

E. S. (Text in full)— pp. 209,

et seq., 212.
Bacon's Assembly — p. 216.
Baconian Party on E. S. — ^p. 217,

et seq.
Bacon's Rebellion, causes of, etc. — p.

191, et seq.; records of, on E. S. —

p. 217, et seq. (See Appendix.)
Bagwell, Henry, Burgess and 1st Clerk

of Accomack Court — ^pp. 41, 42, 95,

100.
Bailey, Symon — p. 137.
Baker, Daniel — p. 135.
Baker, William — p. 255.
Baldwin, Mr. — p. 23.
Ball, Robert (1623)— p. 37.
Ballard, Col. Thomas— p. 215.
Baltimore, 1st Lord — p. 90.
Baltimore, Ceeilius, 2d Lord — pp. 90,

103, 105, 106, 107, 126, 161.
Baptists — p. 251.
Barbadoes — p. 124.

Barlow, Ralph — ^p. 265.

Barnaby, James — ^pp. 95, 135, 294.

Barnes, John — p. 176.

Barnett, John (1623)— p. 37.

Barrett, name of — ^p. 39.

Basely, William, witness in 1634 — ^p.

45.
Bateau, Dead Rise, style of craft —

p. 292.
Bateman, Mr. — p. 149.
Batteries ordered to be built — p. 184.
Battle of Jamestown (1676) — p. 206,

et seq.
Bayly, Bayley, Bailey, Bailie, name of

and family of — ^pp. 70, 89, 170, 278,

281.
Bayly, Richard— pp. 117, 121, 137,

240, 246, 247, 248, 322, 354, 366.
Bayly, Robert — p. 136.
Bayly, Samuel — ^p. 293.
Bayly, Ursula — p. 323.
Bay-side Road — ^p. 48.
Beads — p. 300.
Bear— pp. 54, 61, 195, 312.
Beard, Richard — p. 362.
Beaver Skins as currency — pp. 99,

294, 300, 301.
Beds — ^p. 294.
Beer Bowls — p. 313.
Bell, name of — p. 70.
Beloat, name of, from Dutch Billiot —

p. 72.
Belore, Jno. — p. 358.
Benjamin, William — ^p. 258.
Bennett, John — p. 131.
Bennett, Gov. Richard, his daughter

marries Charles Scarburgh — pp. 86,

125, 126, 128, 143, 145, 146, 149,

164, 270, 294.
Berkeley, Sir John — p. 112.
Berkeley, Maurice, erector of salt

works — p. 25.
Berkeley, Gov. William — pp. 96, 111;

his letter about Indians — p. 114;

letter to Littleton — pp. 119, 165,

171, 180, 188, 190, 199, et seq., pp.

223, 274, 275.
Bermuda — p. 124.
Bermuda Hundred, Plantation of — ^p.

23.
Berriman. William — pp. 84, 95, 257,

314, 357, 358.
Berry, James — ^pp. 84, 135, 356.

INDEX

385

Berry, Sir John — p. 220.
Berry, Robert— pp. 115, 116, 137.
Bequests to Quakers — p. 156.
Beverley, Maj. Robert, arrest of — p.

239, et seq.; 242, 355.
Bibbe, Edward — p. 314.
Bibby (Bribby), William— pp. 37, 84,

356, 364.
Bier Test or Ordeal of Touch — ^p. 334.
Billington, Luke — p. 135.
Bills of Exchange, the first — pp. 94,

299.
Bird Cage— p. 313.
Blackboard, the Pirate — p. 186.
Blaeklocke, Thomas (1623) — p. 37.
Blackstone, name of — ^pp. 70, 73.
Blake, name of — p. 70.
Blake, Robert — ^p. 136.
Bland, Giles — p. 216.
Bland, Gen. Richard — pp. 167, 202,

203, 205.
Blankets — ^p. 312.
Bloomfleld, name of — p. 70.
Blous, William — p. 258.
Blower, Goody (1623)— p. 37.
Blower, John (1623)— pp. 37, 40.
Board of Trade Reports — ^p. 246.
Boats — ^p. 291.

"Bogey of Cradock Marsh," a tradi-
tion — p. 330, et seq.
Boggs, John, clerk — p. 101.
Bolton, Rev. Robert, 1st Minister —

pp. 85, 253, 254, 255.
Books, names and number of in

various libraries — p. 313, et seq.
Boothe, Humphrey — p. 271.
Boroughs — p. 240.
Boston, People from, on Eastern

Shore— pp. 73, 74, 76, 128; trade

Avith — p. 294.
Boston, Henry — p. 180.
Boucher, William — p. 136.
Boundary Commission of Va. and Md.

—p. 181.
Boundary dispute between Va. and

Md.— p. 92.
Boundary Oaks or Marriage Trees —

p. 181.
Bowdoin, name of and family — ^p. 70,

278
Bowen, Rev. L. P.— pp. 283, 307.
Bowman, Maj. Edmund — pp. 89, 102.

199, 220, 243, 244, 247, 365.

Bowmans — pp. 70, 89, 278.
Bowman's Folly, seat of Bowmans —

pp. 89, 281, 289.
Bradford, Nathaniel — p. 302.
Branding Stock — pp. 307, 311.
Brandy — p. 290.
Brass — ^p. 299.
Jirent, Col. — p. 213.
Brewce, James — p. 137.
Briar, William — p. 369.
Brickhouse, George, Quaker — p. 156.
Bricks — pp. 175, 289, 290, 291.
Bridges — pp. 104, 291.
Bridgetown or Nassawattocks, Court

held at^-pp. 47, 117, 235.
Brillyant, John — p. 136.
Broad-Cloth— p. 313.
Brown, Dr. Alexander, the historian —

p. 28.
Brown, Thomas and wife, Quakers —

p. 158.
Brownes — ^pp. 70, 278.
Browne, Devoreux — p. 166.
Browne, John — ^p. 137.
Browne, Robert— p. 358.
Browne, William — ^p. 137.
"Brownville Farm" — pp. 60. 158, 281.
Bruducke, Richard — p. 136.
Bug-Eye, style of craft — ^p. 292.
Bullock's Channel— pp. 10, 99, 186,

321.
Bunton, William — pp. 292, 299.
Burdett, Thomas— p. 258.
Burdette, William, member of first

vestry— pp. 46, 95, 257, 259, 287,

292, 312.
Burgesses — pp. 196, 224, 245, 249.
Burgesses from E. S. — pp. 39, 41,

first; p. 94; none called for — pp.

137, 138, 139. (See Appendix for

list.)
Burgesses, House of — pp. 166, 189,

192.
Burial Ground — ^p. 258.
Burial Inscriptions — pp. 278, 279,

280.
Burne, James, Gent. — p. 14.
Burnett, Elizabeth — ^p. 359.
Bushrod Family — p. 70.
Butler — p. 365.

Butler, Joane, scandal-monger — p. 45.
Butler, Robert — p. 357.

386

INDEX

Butler, Thomas, husband of Joane —

pp. 45, 46.
Butter— p. 254.

Butterfield, John (1623)— p. 37.
Butterie, Thomas — p. 137.
Byrd, Col. William— p. 225.

Cade, name of — ^p. 70.

California — p. 5.

Calvert, Charles — p. 264.

Calvert, Christopher — pp. 136, 329.

Calvert, Leonard — ^pp. 90, 92, 105,

106, 180.
Calvert, Samuel — ^p. 136.
Calvert-Scarburgh Agreement — p. 182.
Calvert-Searburgh Boundary Line —

pp. 164, 226.
Calvert's Neck- pp. 229, 233.
Calvinists — p. 79.
Cambridge, Mass. — ^p. 260.
Campbell, Douglas; his argument as

to Dutch influence in America —

p. 77.
Candles — ^p. 254.
Canner, Master Thomas, of Bernard's

Inne, member of Gilbert's Expedi-
tion (1603)— p. 10.
Canoes — p. 291.

Cans, a boy of Mr. (1623) — ^p. 37.
Cape Charles — pp. 1, 3, 4, 15.
Cape Charles City — pp. 31, 234, 236.
Cape Fear — p. 4.
Cape Henry, landing place of first

expedition — pp. 12, 14, 52.
Cape Horn — ^p. 4.
Capel, name of — p. 70.
Capps, William — ^p. 303.
Careleys, Henry — p. 357.
Carew, name of — ^p. 70.
Carpenter, Anthony — ^p. 136.
Carpenters — pp. 68, 236.
Carpet for church — ^p. 257.
Carter, Christopher (1623) — p. 37.
Carter, John, of Corotoman — ^p. 100.
Carter, Paul — ^p. 335.
Carter, Thomas — ^p. 318.
Carter, William — ^p. 320.
Carver, Captain — pp. 202, 203; hung

by Berkeley at Old Plantation — ^p.

204.
Cary, Francis — p. 112.
Cathay, search for cause of discovery

of E. S.— p. 3.

Catholic Church— p. 243.

Catholic Colonists of Maryland — p.

91.
Catlett, John— pp. 177, 271.
Cattle— pp. 158, 186, 311.
Cattle Marks — ^p. 311.
Causey, John — ^p. 357.
Cavaliers — ^p. 111.
Cavaliers in New England and Va. —

p. 75.
Cavalier Party on E. S. — ^p. 168.
Cavalry, Regiment of — ^p. 116; body

of horse — ^p. 121; or mounted

troops — ^pp. 178, 189.
Celebration of Burials — ^p. 320.
Census, of 1623 — ^p. 36, et seq.; of

1625— p. 38.
Chadvrell, Daniel — p. 136.
Chairs — p. 313.

Chambers, James (1623) — ^p. 37.
Champion, John — ^p. 359.
Chandler, Job — ^p. 107.
Chapman, Philip — ^p. 314.
Charles City, Corporation of — ^p. 28.
Charles I of England — pp. 89, 97;

beheaded — ^pp. 110, 191.
Charles II of England — pp. 85, 114;

escapes to France — ^pp. 125, 183.
Charles V, King of Spain — ^p. 8.
Charltons— pp. 70, 73, 169, 278.
Charlton, Bridget — ^p. 266.
Charlton, Elizabeth — ^pp. 266, 319.
Charlton, Henry, punished by Court

for scandalous speech about Rev.

Wm. Cotton — ^pp. 45, 258.
Charlton, Stephen — pp. 75, 101, 103,

104, 112, 113, 120, 135, 257, 266,

276, 293, 294, 307.
Cheese — ^p. 365.
Cheriton, Cherriton, Cherrytone,

Cherrystone— ^pp. 15, 29, 84, 96.
Cheriton Creek — pp. 29, 30, 31, 50,

96, 234.
"Chersonesus Orientalis,'' Eastern

Shore called by English Sovereign

—p. 2.
Chesconessex Creek — pp. 60, 88, 170.
Chesconessex, Indian family of — ^pp.

60, 67.
Chest, Mary — ^p. 361.
Chicheley, Sir Henry — -p. 239.
Chiles, Walter, "Hopeful Adventure"

episode — pp. 141, 145, 297.

INDEX

387

Cliincoteague Indians — pp. 60, 300.

Chineoteague Island (Gingo Teague)
—pp. 52, 61, 67, 112, 116, 170, 308.

Chineoteague Pony, origin of — ^pp.
307, et seq.

Choptico, Indian family of — ^p. 62.

Chowan, Mass. — p. 49.

Christian Religion in Va. — p. 251.

Church Buildings — pp. 254, 255, 257,
264, 268, 272.

Church Neck — ^p. 266.

Church of England — pp. 252, et seq.,
pp. 269, 271.

Church on E. S. — p. 250, et seq.

Church Plate— p. 278.

Church Property — pp. 266, 267.

Church Wardens — ^p. 265.

Clark, George — ^p. 314.

Clams — p. 290.

Clarendon, Edward Earl of, Lord
Chancellor — p. 85.

Clarke, Thomas — p. 136.

Clawson, Alice — p. 319.

Clayborne, Capt. William, Justice of
Accomack — p. 42; his Kent Island
troubles — pp. 89, 90; his naval
fight — ^p. 91; attainted — ^p. 92;
letter of marque and reprisal issued
to Sheriff Taylor— pp. 93, 105, 106,
108; Parliamentary Commissioner
—pp. 125, 126, 215, 293, 294, 295,
299.

Clerks, appointment of — p. 99 ; im-
portance of — ^p. 100; character and
list of— pp. 101, 175, 196, 247, 249.

Clerk's Office— p. 233.

"Clifton," seat of Wise's— pp. 88, 281.

Cloake. Edmund (1623) — p. 37.

Cloth— pp. 257, 303.

Clothing and apparel — ^p. 313.

Coake, William — ^p. 135.

Coast Patrols — p. 186.

Cod Fish— p. 73.

Coins — ^pp. 301, 302.

Colebourne, William — ^pp. 137, 157.

Cole, John — ^p. 175.

Cole, Josiah, Quaker Missionary — p.
155.

Cole, Thomas — p. 359.

Columbus, his belief that America
was East Coast of Asia — p. 4.

Commander-in-Chief of Accomack —
p. 86.

Commanders, their powers and duties
—pp. 42, 83, 185.

Commerce — p. 289, et seq.

Commercial Houses — ^p. 94.

Commissary Supplies Collected for
Berkeley's Army during Bacon's
Rebellion — ^p. 365, et seq.

Commissioners of the Court, their
powers and duties — pp. 42, et seq.,
47, 81, 83, 117, 143, 144.

Commissioners of Plantations, deci-
sion of in reference to Md. — p. 92.

Commonwealth of England — pp. 108,
111, 124; Northampton resists —
pp. 134, 141, 162, 170.

Commonwealth of Virginia — ^pp. 134,
138, 141, 168.

Communion Sets; Cup and Plate —
pp. 259; of St. George's Church —
pp. 273, 278.

Compton, Spencer, Earl of North-
ampton — p. 97.

Contrill, William, Gent.— p. 14.

Conantesminoc, King of the Matcha-
teagues — p. 60.

Concord Wharf — p. 87.

Congan or Cogan, Daniel, of Boston
and Northampton County — ^p. 74.

"Conjurer" Soarburgh, see Col. Ed-
mund Scarburgh — ^pp. 62, 63; his
plot to destroy Indians — p. 86.

Connecticut — ^p. 50.

Conservative Party on E. S. — ^p. 169.

Conspiracy of Indians — ^p. 117, et seq.

Convention of United Colonies at
Boston, Indian scares — p. 132.

Conway, Edwin, clerk — p. 100.

Conway family — ^p. 100.

Cook, Thomas, clerk— p. 101.

Coomes, John (1623) — p. 37.

Coomes, William (1623) — p. 37.

Corbin, Col. Coventon of Chineoteague
p. 89.

Corbin family — pp. 89, 170.

Corn, great supplies of on E. S. in
1619 — p. 64; as currency — ^pp. 99,
254, 293, 294.

Cornbury, Governor — ^p. 282.

Corneliuson, Hugh Cornelius, Butch
merchant— p. 71.

Corner, William — p. 136.

Cornish, Thomas (1623) — p. 37.

Cornley, John — p. 136.

388

IKDEX

Cornwallis, Capt. — ^p. 91.

Coronado — ^p. 5.

Coroners — ^p. 249.

Coatin, name of — ^p. 70.

Cotton, family of — pp. 73, 256.

Cotton, Rev. William, second minister
on peninsula — -pp. 45, 74, 85, 106,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 263, 286.

Cotton, Verlinda — ^p. 256.

Coulson, John — pp. 136, 137.

Coimeil of Colonies in Albany about
Indians — ^p. 224.

Counties, Northampton formed — ^p. 96.

County Surveyor — ^p. 150.

Court Days — ^pp. 109, 154, 241; char-
acter of and customs surrounding — -
pp. 328, 329.

Court Houses; first a log-cahin in
1632 — ^p. 47; Dinner or Poynt
House at Old Plantation — ^p. 47;
ordinary of Walter Williams at
Nassawattocks — ^p. 47; Holt House
— p. 47; places used for — ^pp. 149,
175, 176, 223, et seq., 234, 235.

Court Martial, Berkeley's Court to
try rebels — ^p. 214, et seq.

Court, Monthly for Plantation of
Accomack, established in 1632 —
pp. 41, et seq., 47; Clerks of — p.
100.

Courtney, James — ^p. 359.

Court of Accomack County, when
established — pp. 173, 175, 176.

Court of Northampton — ^p. 99.

Court Records of Accomack and Ply-
mouth, oldest in U. S. — p. 50;
peculiar cases cited in — p. 44,
et seq.

Courts, jurisdiction of — p. 83. Also
see Commanders and Commis-
sioners. Where held — ^pp. 104, 109,
149, 175, 176; territorial juris-
diction of — p. 154 ; manner of hold-
ing — pp. 195, 272.

Courts of Maryland — ^p. 62.

Coventon, Nehemiah — p. 136.

Cowdrey, Benjamin — ^p. 135.

Cows — p. 307.

Coxton, name of — p. 70.

Crabs — p. 290.

Craddock, Lieut, in command of first
salt-boilers on E. S. — pp. 22, 59.

Cradoek Creek — ^pp. 99, 170.

Cradoek, Matthew, first Governor of

"Cradoek," seat of Teackles— p. 272.

Cradock's Neck — ^p. 59.

Crampe, Thomas (1623) — ^p. 37.

Cranne, James — p. 369.

Crecro, Thomas — p. 136.

Creeks, Navigable — p. 248.

Crockery — ^p. 313.

Cromwell, Oliver — ^pp. 107, 110, 164.

Cropper, family— pp. 70, 89, 170, 278,

281.
Cropper, Bowman — ^p. 89.
Cropper, John I (Immigrant) — ^pp.

89, 366.
Cropper, Peter — ^p. 330.
Cropper, Sebastian, Jr., married Miss

Corbin — p. 89.
Cross, John — ^p. 176.
Crows — ^p. 195.
Cugley, Daniel, married Hannah

Savage, widow of Thomas — ^pp. 30,

37, 56, 84, 259, 292, 314.
Culpeper, Governor, a proclamation

by— p. 354.
Culpeper, John, clerk — ^pp. 101, 175.
Culpeper, Lord — ^pp. 191, 192, 240.
Cultivation by Natives — p. 64.
Cups — p. 313.
Curlew — p. 54.
Curratoeks, Indian family of — ^pp.

59, 60.
Currency, Indian, see Roanoke,

Wampum Peake — ^p. 61.
Curtaile Creek — ^p. 30.
Curtis, Goody, her row with widow

Taylor — p. 44.
Curtis, John — ^p. 45.
Cuskarawaocks — pp. 17, 51.
Cushion for Church — p. 257.
Custis family — pp. 70, 89, 114, 278.
Custis, Daniel Parke — p. 331.
Custis, Edmund — ^p. 248.
Custis, John I ( Immigrant ) —pp. 72,

112; character of — p. 113.
Custis, Genl. John of "Arlington" —

pp. 46, 47, 101, 107, 136, 199, 200,

201, 213, 221, 223, 239, 244, 246,

279.
Custis, John III — ^p. 303.
Custis, Capt. John XV — pp. 186, 197,

246, 247, 248, 277, 278, 279, 318,

331, 348.

INDEX

389

Custis, William (Immigrant) — pp.

72, 136, 247, 335.
Customs, Districts and OflSoers — pp.

241, 316.
Cuttin, Mr.— p. 131.

d'Aunay — ^p. 296.

d'Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez, founds town

of San Miguel on James River —

pp. 8, 9, 13.
Dalby, name of — p. 70.
Dalby, Jacob — p. 234.
Dale, Sir Thomas, Gov. of Va. — pp.

22, 23, 27, 252, 253, 300, 351.
Dale, Lady Elizabeth, wife of Sir

Thomas — pp. 36, 94, 327.
Dale's Gift, original name of first

settlement on E. S., founding of —

pp. 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 81, 253.
Dances and Dancing on Sunday — pp.

322, 323, 324.
Dandridge, Martha — ^pp. 114, 332.
Darby, William — p. 325.
Dauers, Sir John — ^p. 23.
Davies, William (1623) — p. 37.
Davis, name of — ^p. 39.
Davis, Mr., master's mate of "Speed-
well"— p. 130.
Davis, Priece — ^p. 277.
Davis, Thomas — ^p. 359.
Dawe, George, clerk — p. 100.
Dawen, Mr. — p. 304.
de Soto — p. 5.
Death Penalty, only one case before

1690— p. 47.
Debedeavon, The Laughing King of

the Aceomacks — ^pp. 29, 31, 32, 33,
34, 50, 52, 54, 60, 81, 114, 115.
Deed, between John Custis IV and

his wife Frances Parke — ^p. 348.
Deeds, first recorded — ^p. 94.
Deer — pp. 54, 61, 312.
Delaware, claimed by Dutch — p. 72.
Delaware, Lord — pp. 92, 253.
Delaware River, trade in — pp. 124,

295.
Denman, John^ — ^p. 135.
Dennis, John — p. 359.
Dennis, Morris — p. 366.
Dennis, Robert, Parliamentary Com-
missioner — pp. 125, 133.
Denwood, Levin, Quaker — pp. 135,
156.

Derby, name of — p. 70.

Derrickson, Daniel, Dutch merchant —

p. 71.
Derrickson, Jacob — p. 296.
Dew, Col. Thomas — p. 145.
Dewey, George — p. 314.
Dickson, Michael— pp. 277, 311.
Dieppe, Frenchmen of, called Verra-
^zano, Jean Veraasen or Juan Florin
—pp. 3, 4.
Digges, Gov. — pp. 154, 164.
Dilke, Clement — ^pp. 30, 40, 358.
Dimner, Thomas — p. 103.
Dinner or Poynt House at Old Planta-
tion used as Courthouse — pp. 47,

109.
Dishes — p. 312.

Disposition of Families — p. 170.
Dissenters in Va., send to New Eng-
land for pastors — pp. 74, 79, 259,

275.
Division of Peninsula, two counties —

p. 167.
Divorce — ^p. 319.
Dixon, Ambrose — pp. 117, 136, 157,

180.
Dixon, Christopher — ^p. 135.
Dixon, John — p. 103.
Dixon, Mike— p. 277, 311.
Doe, Samuel — p. 322.
Dogs — p. 311.

Dog Collar, Dutch coin — p. 301.
Dollings, John — pp. 117, 136.
Domingo — pp. 256, 286.
Dorchester, Mass., Immigrants from

pp. 73, 263.
Doughty, name of — ^p. 70.
Doughty, Rev. Francis — ^pp. 47, 107,

133, 268, 270, 271.
Douglas, name of — p. 70.
Douglas, Edward — ^pp. 97, 103, 116,

135, 142, 255.
Douglas, Wm. and Company, first

commercial house — pp. 94, 299.
Drew Edward (1623) — pp. 37, 45,

257.
Drew, Marie, her suit against Joane

Butler in 1634 — p. 45.
Driggs, Immanuel — p. 287.
Drisius, Rev. Samuel (Van Driesen),

Dutch Treaty Commissioner — pp.

147, 270.
Drummond, Richard — ^p. 233.

28

390

INDEX

Drummond's New Mill Branch — p.

266.
Drummondtown — p. 233.
Dry, William (1623) — p. 37.
Ducks — ^p. 54.

Duels & Duelling— pp. 39, 329, 330.
Dunn, John — p. 327.
Dutch Blanket Tract, bought by John

Wise I, from Ekeeks, for sevpn

blankets — p. 88.
Dutch Blood on E. S. — pp. 72, 80.
Dutch Books — ^p. 315.
Dutch Commissioners endeavor to

negotiate treaty with Virginia — p.

143.
Dutch Influence on E. S.— pp. 77, 126.
Dutch Inhabitants on E. S. — p. 71;

forbidden to trade with Indians and

said to be in conspiracy with them

— p. 128; in danger — pp. 132, 133,

138; the court protects — p. 142;

appeals to Governor and Council —

p. 142; Dutch Commissioners — ^pp.

143, 170.
Dutch Merchants — p. 296.
Dutch Plot to secure alliance of

Indians— pp. 127, 132.
Dutch Ships Captured — p. 146.
Dutch Trade— pp. 71, 124, 125, 126,

138, 238, 295, 296.
Dutch Treaty, proposed — p. 147.
Dutch War — pp. 71, 124; its eflFect

upon E. 8. — pp. 126, 132, 183.
Duty on Tobacco — ^p. 237, et seq.
Dye, John — p. 135.

Eastville, known as "The Horns," also
as Peachburg — p. 48.

Eaton, name of — p. 73.

Eaton, Ann— pp. 261, 262, 270, 271.

Eaton, Nathaniel, first principal of
Harvard College, flees to Eastern
Shore — ^p. 74; Clerk of Hungar's
Parish— pp. 260, 261, 262, 263.

Eaton, Gov. Theophilus, of New
Haven— p. 262.

Edmonds, Robert (1623)— p. 37.

Edmunds, name of — ^pp. 39, 70.

Education — ^p. 317.

Edward, W. — ^p. 277.

Edwards, John— pp. 137, 266.

Efiingham, Lord — p. 245.

Ekeeks, King of the Onancocka — pp.
60, 88.

Elections, first — p. 94.

Elements of Accomack Society — p. 69.

Elizabeth City— p. 90.

EUdngton, Ann, wife of Capt. John

Savage — ^p. 30.
Elliot's Neck— p. 59.
Ellis, John— pp. 135, 265.
Elopements — p. 319.
Elzey, Jno. — p. 161.
Empson, name of — p. 70.
Englishmen from Holland — ^p. 72.
English Blood, purity of among

Eastern Shoremen — ^pp. 69, 80.
English Commerce preyed upon by

Dutch— p. 126.
English Puritanism, remarks of

Douglas Campbell thereon — p. 78.
English Reformed Church — ^p. 268.
Entails— p. 319.
Episcopacy on E. S. — ^pp. 250, et seq.,

269, 274, 281.
Episcopalians — ^pp. 79, 278, 282.
Epps, Mrs., wife of Captain William

—p. 37.
Epps, Margaret — p. 364.
Epps, Peter (1623)— pp. 37, 364.
Epps, Eppes, Epes, Capt. William —

pp. 37, 39, 254, 330, 364.
Escheat Districts — -p. 241.
Escheators— pp. 248, 249.
Esson, Edward — ^pp. 256, 357 ._
Ethnology of Accomack Indians — p.

52.
Evans, name of — ^p. 39.
Evans, John (1623)— p. 37.
Evelyn, Mountjoy— pp. 362, 363.
Ewell, James — ^p. 175.
Executions on E. S. during Bacon's

Rebellion — p. 217, et seq.
Eyre, family and name of — pp. 73,
■ 89, 278.

Eyre, John — pp. 246, 247.
Eyre, Thomas — ^p. 277.

Fairfax, James — pp. 322, 323.
"Fame of Virginia," ship of Walter

Chiles— p. 141.
Farloe, Captain, put to death by

Berkeley on E. S. — ^p. 214.
Farmer, Charles (1623) — ^p. 37.
Families, founders of early, on E. S.

—p. 84.
Farms — p. 98.
Parrant, Philip — ^p. 136.

INDEX

391

Fathers of Independence — p. 139.
Fawsett, John, King's Attorney — p.

325.
Fees of Clerks— p. 195.
Fendall, Governor, of Maryland — ^p.

160.
Fennell, Robert (1623)— p. 37.
Ferries — ^pp. 258, 291.
Fetherston, Richard, Gent. — ^p. 14.
Figs— p. 316.
Fincastle Resolutions, many years

later than Northampton Protest —

p. 140.
Fines- pp. 99, 190, 257.
Finney, family of — p. 70.
Fish— pp. 61, 294, 312, 321.
Fish Nets and Traps — p. 321.
Fisher, family of — ^p. 39.
Fisher, John (1623)— p. 37.
Fisher, Philip — p. 247.
Fishermen — p. 68.

Fishing Point Neck, on Old Planta-
tion Creek — ^p. 84.
Fishing Point Church — pp. 255, 257.
Fitchett, Edward, place of — ^p. 59.

Fleet, Capt. Henry ^pp. 358, 360.

Fleet destroyed by Dutch in James

River — p. 183.
Fleet of Gov. Berkeley, collected at

Old Plantation — p. 204.
Fletcher, family of — p. 70.
Fletcher, Col. George — ^pp. 145, 294,

299.
Fletcher, James — p. 294.
Flood, Francis — ^p. 135.
Flour — ^p. 293.

Flower de Hundred, Town of — ^p. 33.
Flowers— p. 316.

Flushing, Staten Island — pp. 268, 270.
Folly Creek- pp. 89, 170.
Forbush, John— pp. 70, 84, 356.
Ford, John, a witness in 1634 — p. 45.
Fornication — ^p. 258.
Forts— pp. 183, 184, 189, 193, 226,

254.
Fort George, seat of Wises' — ^p. 88.
Fort Nassau, Scarburgh's ship carried

to — p. 125.
Fortesque, name of — p. 70.
Foster, Armstrong — ^pp. 95, 136.
Foster, William — ^p. 236.
Fowke, family of — p. 70.
Foxcroft, family of — pp. 70, 278.

Foxcroft, Daniel — ^pp. 101, 220, 267,
277.

Foxes — p. 312.

Francis First, King of France, com-
missions Verrazano — pp. 3, 6.

Freeman Plantation — ^p. 175.

Free Schools — p. 318.

Freight Rates prescribed for Tobacco
—p. 138.

Frenchmen — p. 71.

FuUard, John — ^p. 314.

Fuller, Capt. William— p. 108.

Funerals and ceremonies — pp. 258,
320.

Fur Trade — p. 94.

Furniture — p. 313.

Games — p. 61.
Game Protection — p. 312.
Gardner, Nathaniel — p. 131.
Gardener, Captain, and his ship

"Adam-and-Eve" — pp. 204, 205.
Garnell, John — p. 137.
Gascoyne, name of — ^p. 39.
Gaskins, William — ^p. 137.
Gates, Sir Thomas — pp. 11, 12.
Germans — ^p. 71.
Getterings, Mr. — ^pp. 267, 319.
Getterings Controversy, over Glebe

Lands — ^pp. 101, 267.
Gibbons, General Edward, of Boston,

buys Scarburgh's place — 150, 295,

296.
Gibbs, Jonathan — p. 95.
Gilbert, Bartholomew, son of Sir

Humphrey, visits E. S. in 1603 —

pp. 9, 10, 13.
Gillet, name of — ^p. 70.
Gingaskins or Gingascos — pp. 58, 59,

67.
Ginger — ^p. 254.

Ginguhcloust, Indian town of — p. 98.
Glebe Lands— pp. 257, 264, 266, 267.
Goats — ^pp. 303, 307.
Godwin, Joseph — ^p. 327.
Gofiigan, the name of — p. 69.
Goldfine, Samuel— p. 137.
Goldsmith, Capt. Samuel — p. 117.
Goodman, Francis — p. 136.
Gookin, John — pp. 74, 261.
Goring, name of — ^p. 70.
Gosnold, Captain Bartholomew — pp.

11, 12, 13.

392

IITOEX

Governor & Council ordered to E. S.

to suppress Revolt — ^p. 145.
Grower, William — ^p. 136.
Grain — ^p. 104.
Graunger, Nicholas (1623)— pp. 37,

135.
Graves, Capt. Thomas, ancient planter

—pp. 28, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 257,

261, 263, 360.
Graves, Ann— pp. 256, 259, 261, 262,

263.
Graveyard — p. 258.
Graye, John — p. 136.
Great jSTusswattocks or Xandua — pp.

56, 57, 60, 67, 122.
Greek Testament — p. 259.
Greene, Salomon (1623) — ^p. 37.
"Greenspring," seat of Governor

Berkeley— pp. 207, 214.
Gretna Green, of Virginia — ^p. 319.
Griffith's map of Maryland — p. 16.
Guard Ships — p. 186.
Gunston, Chad. (1623)— p. 37.

Haeke, Dr. George Nicholas, a native

of Cologne— pp. 71. 135, 143, 144,

247, 248, 315, 316, 329.
Haekluyt, Richard, clerk — p. 11.
Half Breeds — ^p. 288.
Hall, name of — p. 39.
Hall, Jane — ^p. 323.
Hall, Thomas (1623)— p. 37.
Hallet, name of — ^p. 70.
Halloway, Dr. John — pp. 45, 259,

314, 316.
Hamby, Richard — p. 135.
Hansford, Col. Thos., first Martyr of

American Liberty, hung on E. S. —

pp. 206, 214.
Harison, Richard, member of Gilbert's

Expedition (1603) — p. 10.
Harlowe, Elizabeth — p. 358.
Harlowe, John — p. 358.
Harmar, Elizabeth— pp. 359, 360.
Harmar, Captain Charles; also spelt

Harmer, Harmon and Harmor — pp.

29, 42, 84, 91, 359, 361.
Harmonson, Thomas — ^pp. 101, 144,

197, 246, 276.
Harmonson, William — ^p. 248.
Harrington, name of — p. 70.
Harrington, Edward — p. 135.
Harryson, AUex. — ^p. 135.

Harryson, Robert — ^p. 135.

Hartree, Elial— p. 136.

Harvard College, first Principal of,

flees to E. S.— pp. 260, 262.
Harvey, Sir John, Governor of Vir-
ginia— pp. 27, 91, 92, 162, 304.
Harwood, Nicholas, cooper — ^pp. 84,

357.
Hastue, Elias — p. 95.
Hatsawap, Indian family of — ^p. 62.
Havens, appointed by Governor and

Council— p. 183.
Hawes, Master, letter to, from ArgoU

—p. 21.
Havley, John — ^pp. 240, 354.
Healing, Robert— p. 330.
Healthy Conditions on E. S. — ^p. 316.
"Hedric Cottage," seat of Scarburgh

—p. 87.
Hellespont, Thracian. similarity to

Eastern Shore — ^p. 2.
Helline, Susan — p. 186.
Hendrye, Andrew — ^p. 136.
Henrico, Plantation of — ^p. 23.
Heresy — p. 268.

Higby, Rev. Thomas — ^pp. 135, 265.
Higgs, John — p. 318.
Hill, Eleanor — ^p. 256.
Hill, Richard— pp. 55, 56, 117, 122,

136, 220, 247, 256, 265.
Hills, Ismale (1623)— p. 37.
Hinman, John — ^p. 137.
Hint, Thomas — p. 135.
Hitchcocke, Thos. (1623)— p. 37.
"Hobby Horse," Scarburgh's ship;

captures Boston vessel — ^pp. 129,

147.
Hog Island — p. 331.
Hog Pen Neck — ^p. 84.
Hogs — p. 186.
Holden, Charles — p. 101.
Holland, Eastern Shore owes much to

—p. 80.
Holland, Trade with — p. 295.
Hollanders — ^pp. 71, 72.
Hollinsworth — p. 179.
Holston Creek — ^p. 283.
Holston, Robert — ^p. 181.
Holt House on site of Taylor House,

Eastville, used as courthouse — p.

47.
"Hopeful Adventure" episode — ^p. 141.
Hopkins, name of — p. 70.

INDEX

393

Hopton Heath — p. 97.

"Horns, The," original name of East-

ville— pp. 48, 58, 255.
Horose, William — p. 136.
Horses— pp. 158, 291, 307; legislation

concerning and number of — p. 308.
Horsey, name of — p. 70.
Horsey, Stephen — ^pp. 137, 143.
Hoskins, Anthony, first tavern keeper

—pp. 94, 135.
Hoskins, Nicholas (1623) — pp. 37, 40,

358.
Hospital for Soldiers wounded in

battle of Jamestown — p. 208.
Hospitality of Planters — p. 322.
Hott, John — p. 136.
House of Burgesses — p. 85.
Houses — pp. 38, 98, 289, 290.
How, name of — p. 73.
Howard, Philip — ^p. 325.
Howard, Lord — p. 243.
Howe, Capt. Daniel — ^pp. 146, 147

359.
Howe, John, Burgess and Commis

sioner — pp. 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 94

257, 358.
Howson, Robert, clerk — p. 101.
Hudson, Andrew, the Dutch Com

mander (Andreas Hudde) — p. 124
Hudson, Raphael — ^p. 137.
Hudson, Richard — p. 137.
Hiingar's Church — p. 277.
Hungar's Creek — pp. 31, 32, 48, 74,

85, 95, 106, 117, 169.
Hungar's Neck or Old Town — ^p. 59.
Hungar's Parish — p. 106; Dutch

Commissioner preaches in — pp. 148,

250, et seq.; 263, 264, 265, 266,

269, 271, 273, 276, 277.
Hunt, name of — p. 70.
Hunt, Parson, first minister in Va. —

pp. 11, 14, 251.
Hunt, Thomas — p. 197.
Hunting Creek — p. 266.
"Huntington," seat of Robins family

—p. 234.
Huntsmen — p. 68.

Husband, Richard, master of "Hope-
ful Adventure" — pp. 141, 145.
Hutchinson, name of — p. 73.
Hutchinson, Randolph — ^p. 135.
Hutchinson, Robt., clerk — pp. 101,

174, 175, 220, 248.

Immigrants, to E. S. from Holland

and New England — p. 68, et seq.;

tax upon — p. 82.
Indentured Servants, escape of, to

Maryland — p. 328; character of —

p. 329.
Independence of E. S. desired — ^p.

168.
Independence, Spirit of, bom in

Northampton County — ^p. 138.
Infanticide, case of — p. 335.
Indians of Eastern Shore; Origin and

character of; unlike Indians of

Western Shore — ^p. 53; Berkeley's

letter about — ^p. 114.
Indians, families and number of, on

E. S. (in 1700)— pp. 67, 248.
Indians, people of E. S. make laws

concerning — ^p. 153.
Indians, penalty for intercourse with

—p. 41.
Indians of Maryland — ^pp. 198, 226.
Indians destroyed by ruse of "Con-
jurer" Scarburgh — ^p. 87.
Indian scares and expeditions — ^pp.

115, 116, 117, 124.
Indians, supposed plot of the Dutch

with— p. 127.
Indians die of smallpox — p. 187.
Indian concubines — p. 320.
Indian Lands; taken by whites — ^p.

121 ; Laws about — p. 122.
Indian names translated — p. 371.
Indian Rock — p. 321.
Indian Slaves — p. 288.
Indian Troubles of 1659 and Assa-

teague War — p. 158 ; troubles with,

in 1676 — ^p. 223, et seq.
Indiantown Landing — ^p. 58.
Indian Trade — p. 64, et seq.
Industries^ — ^p. 289, et seq.
Ink— p. 254.
Inscription on tombstone of John

Custis IV— p. 333.
Inns, see Taverns.
Intoxication and Fighting in Court —

p. 327.
Iron-Work- p. 293.
Iroquois Indians^p. 224.
Islanders — ^p. 68.
Ismon, Henry — pp. 240, 354.

Jacob, Isaac — p. 310.

394

IKDEX

Jacob, Capt. John — pp. 128, 129, 130,

131, 145, 150.
Jacobitism on E. S. — pp. 223, 243,

et seq.
Jacobson, Lawrence — p. 315.
Jacobson, Peter, Dutch merchant — ^p.

71.
Jails— pp, 103, 176.
James I, King of England — p. 11.
James 11, ICing of England — pp. 85,

244, et seq.
James, John — p. 137.
Jamestown, Island and Town of — pp.

13, 23, 33, 81, 82.
Jarvis, Christopher — ^p. 135.
Jarvis, Francis — p. 357.
Jefferson, Thomas — p. 167.
Jeffreys, Grov. Herbertn-p. 223.
Jenifer, Capt, Daniel — ^pp. 215, 220,

221, 247, 366.
Jenkins' Bridge — p. 283.
Jenkins, John — p. 122.
Jensen, Abram, Dutch merchant — p.

71.
Johnson, Abram — p. 296.
Johnson, Anthony — ^pp. 285, 286.
Johnson, George, "Proteus of Heresy"

—p. 179.
Johnson, Jacob — pp. 249, 277.
Johnson, James — p. 136.
Johnson, John, Sr. — pp. 136, 137,

285, 286, 296.
Johnson, John, Jr. — pp. 136, 137, 285,

286.
Johnson, Obedience — pp. 220, 247.
Johnson, Richard — p. 285.
Johnson, Capt. Thomas — ^pp. 117, 119,

135, 142, 143, 146, 265.
Johnson, William — ^p. 324.
Johnsons — ^p. 285.
Jones, Capt. — p. 319.
Jones, Evan — p. 361.
Jones, Farmer — p. 136.
Jones, Samuel — p. 136.
Jones, William — ^pp. 31, 135, 142.
Jordan, William — p. 136.
Joynes, name of, and family — ^pp. 70,

89, 170, 278.
Jueyre, Nicholas — p. 137.
Jury; right of, trial by, instituted —

pp. 47, 196.
Justices, power of, on E. S. — ^p. 83;

character of — pp. 100, 110, 117;

trouble among — ^pp. 143, 144, 247,

249.

Keale, Richard, soldier — ^pp. 14, 16.

Kellam, family of — ^p. 70.

Kellam, Richard — ^pp. 137, 154.

Kellar, family of — p. 70.

Kemp, Col. Matthew — ^p. 215.

Kendall, family of — ^pp. 70, 169, 278.

Kendall, George; member of first
council of London Company — ^p. 12.

Kendall, Col. William— pp. 166, 199,
208, 215, 216, 224, 235, 241, 246,
247, 275, 313, 314, 363.

Kent Island, dispute over — ^pp. 9, 91,
92, 293, 394.

Kenton, Henry, "Chimgion" of Gil-
bert's Expedition (1603) — ^p. 10.

Key, Rev. Isaac — pp. 274, 275.

Kickotan, Indian Village (Hampton)
— pp. 20, 23.

Kickotanks, Indian family of — pp.

60, 67.

Kictopeake, Indian Prince and eo-

ruler with Debedeavon — pp. 20, 29,

50, 54, 55, 60, 321.
Kid, Captain, the Pirate — ^p. 185.
Kiffyn, David — p. 137.
King, Tom, of the Gingascos — ^p. 116.
King's Colors lowered by Dutch on

Scarburgh's ship — ^p. 125.
King's Creek — pp. 29, 84, 95, 103,

169, 229, 264.
King's Creek, persons sentenced to be

drawn across at stern of a boat-^

p. 45.
Kirke, Christopher — ^p. 137.
Kirkman, Jeta, clerk — ^p. 101.
Knight, family of — ^p. 39.
Knight, Bennamine (1623) — p. 37.
Knight, Peter— p. 294.
Knight, Robert^-p. 131.
Knott, James (1623) — ^pp. 37, 356.

Lamberton. Mr.— p. 130.

Laces — p. 323.

Lamby, Richard — p. 197.

Lamont, James — p. 288.

Land in Md. owned by Accomackians

—pp. 163, 176.
Lands; alienation of, by Indians;

protective laws relating thereto —

p. 64.
Land Boundaries — p. 150.
Lands, Seating of, on E. S. — ^p. 225.
Land Commission of Maryland — ^pp.

61, 62. ' ^^
Land Rent — ^p. 94.

INDEX

395

Larramore, Captain — pp. 202, 203,
204. r ri- , ,

Latin Books — p. 314.

La Tour — p. 296.

Lawrence, Richard — p. 177.

Laws, people of E. S. authorized to

'make their own — ^p. 153.
Layne, Sir Ralph — ^p. 19.
Leases — p. 299.
Leatherbury, name of — p. 70.
Leatherbury, Thos. — ^p. 157.
Lee, Mrs. Anna — p. 234.
Lee, Hancock — pp. 234, 246, 247.
Lee, John — p. 135.
Leene, Edward — ^p. 137.
Leman, Richard — ^p. 320.
Lemman, Mrs. James — ^p. 314.
Lenaps Nation — pp. 51, 52.
Lenny, Anthony — p. 293.
Lewis, John — ^p. 137.
Libraries — ^pp. 272, 313.
Limbo, Straits of — ^p. 18.
Liquor, Regulation of Sale of — ^p. 196.
List of Inhabitants of E. S. in 1623 —

p. 37.
Litigation — pp. 101, 102.
Little Annamessex River — ^p. 162.
Little, John — ^p. 116.
Littleton, family of — ^pp. 70, 88, 89,

170, 278.
Littleton, Ann — p. 313.
Littleton, Sir Edward — ^p. 88.
Littleton, Col. Nathaniel I — pp. 42,

57, 70, 83; his character — ^pp. 88,

94, 95, 103, 105, 112; Berkeley's

letter to — ^p. 119; his letter — pp.

120, 133, 135, 145, 168, 261, 271,

286, 288.
Littleton, Col. Nathaniel II — pp. 246,

247.
Littleton, Sarah — ^p. 280.
Littleton, Col. Southey I — ^pp. 88, 89,

169, 199, 200, 215, 220, 224, 225,

274, 280, 289. 303, 314, 366, 367.
Littleton, Col. Southey II— p. 249.
Livingstone, Col. Robert, of New

York— p. 225.
Locker, Capt. John — p. 111.
Lockwood, Colonel, destroyed St.

George's Church in 1861-5— p. 273.
Long Creek — ^p. 30.
Long Parliament, see Parliament.
Long Tail, Clayborne's Pinnace — pp.

91, 93.

Longman, Peter (1623) — p. 37.
'Longshoremen — ^pp. 68, 69, 297.
Lookout Station on Smith's Island —

p. 186.
Looms — ^p. 303.
Lord Protector— pp. 107, 110; letter

from, about Md. boundary — ^p. 162.
Lord, Francis — p. 175.
Loyal Gentry of Accomack in 1676 —

p. 220, et seq.
Lucas, Samuel — p. 359.
Luddington, family of — p. 70.
Luddington, Wm. — ^p. 137.
Ludlow, George — p. 307.
Ludlow, Esquire — ^p. 113.
Ludwell, Col. Philip — ^pp. 203, 215.
Ludwell, Thomas, Sec. of Colony — p.

175.
Luke, Jno. — p. 101.

Macklannie, Mr. — p. 318.
Machipungo Inlet— p. 99.
Madison, Bishop, his map of Virginia

(1807)— p. 16.
Madoe, Welsh Prince, said to have

visited N. C. — p. 4.
Madoxe, Alexander — pp. 135, 137.
Magellan, his expedition of 1522 — pp.

4,8.

|e, Mark — ^p. 129; his depositions

about capture of Boston ships — ^p.

131.
Magistrates and Constables — p. 196.
Magothas, Indian family — ^p. 59.
Magothy Bay — pp. 59, 84, 85, 99,

116, 271.
Magothy Bay Bean (pronounced

Mag-goty) — p. 59.
Magothy Bay Church — ^pp. 257, 264,

275.
Mahogany Trees on E. S. — p. 317.
Major, Christopher — p. 135.
Major, Col. Edward — ^p. 145.
Major, John — ^p. 95.
Makemie, John Francis, father of

Presbyterianism in America — pp.

250, 281, 282, 283.
Makule, John— p. 296.
Malacca, Strait of — p. 4.
Malt House — pp. 87, 302.
Manaskons, Indian family of — p. 62.
Manhattan, Trade with — ^p. 295.
Manhattoe sachems send warning of

Dutch plot— p. 132.

396

INDEX

Manning, Lazarus — ^p. 259.
Manoakin, Indian family of — ^p. 62.
Manokin and Manokiu River — pp.

162, 179, 180.
Mapp, name of — p. 70.
Marauqhquaick, Indian family of —

p. 62.
Marque and Reprisal, first letter of,

issued by Claybome to Sheriff

Taylor of Accomack — ^p. 92.
Marriages — p. 319.
Marriage Trees of Pocomoke River —

p. 319.
Marionville — p. 187.
Marlow, name of — p. 70.
Marryott, Robert — -p. 135.
Marshall, Edward — p. 136.
Marshall, Capt. Roger — p. 70.
Martin, Edward — ^p. 326.
Martin, Capt. John, member of first

coimcil of London Company — pp.

12, 29, 64.
Marts, for Indian trade — ^p. 64; places

for established — ^pp. 154, 184.
Maryland, Indians of — p. 51; grant

of, to Baltimore — ^p. 90; many

colonists to, from Accomack — pp.

93, 105, 107; troubles in — ^p. 155;

assistance of, sought in Assateague

War — p. 159; settlement of — ^p.

161; boundary troubles^pp. 161,

164, 176, 177.
"Maryland Merchant,'' ship destroyed

by Pirates — p. 184.
Mary's Mount — p. 90.
Massachusetts, people from, who

moved to Eastern Shore — pp. 72,

73, 74, et seq.
Massachusetts Indians — ^p. 50.
Massacres of 1622 and 1644 — ^pp. 64,

97, 103, 114, 115.
Massawomekes, Indian tribe — p. 18.
Matchateagues, Indian family of — ^pp.

60, 116.
Matchipungoes, Indian family of —

pp. 60, 67, 122.
Mather, Cotton— pp. 259, 262.
Mathews, Benjamin — ^pp. 135, 265.
Mathews, Phillip— p. 137.
Matom, King of the Matomkins — pp.

60, lis, 122.
Matomkins, Indian family of — pp. 60,

67, 118.

Mattahunk, Mass. — ^p. 49.
Mattawaman Creek — pp. 57, 94, 103,

169.
"Mattawaman," seat of Yeardleys —

p. 84.
Mattawames, Indian family of — p. 59.
Matthews, Edward, clerk — pp. 101,

136, 137.

Matthews, Gov. Samuel — pp. 160, 164.

Mauericke, Samuel — ^p. 131.

"May Flower," Scarburgh's vessel —

p. 292.
Maynard, Lieutenant — ^p. 186.
Major, Edward — p. 352.
Meade, Bishop, his remark about

court records of E. S. — ^p. 44.
Mears, name of — ^p. 70.
Mechanics — ^p. 68.
Mecklenburg Declaration, many years

later than Northampton Protest —

p. 140.
Melliug, William, clerk — ^pp. 84, 101,

137, 174, 291, 356.
Melton, Jasper — p. 357.
Menefie, Mrs. — p. 363.

Mercer's Abridgment of Laws of Va.

—p. 166.
Merchants — ^p. 293; prosperity of —

p. 298 ; English and Dutch — p. 299.
Merryday, Phillip — ^p. 135.
Merryfin, John — p. 136.
Methodists — ^p. 251.
Metomkin Inlet — pp. 89, 99, 170.
Mexico — ^p. 5.
Michael, Adam — ^p. 280.
Michael, John— pp. 136, 280, 314, 320.
Michael, Margaret — p. 280.
Michael, William — -p. 101.
Mid-Wife — ^p. 320.
Military Districts and Precincts — ^pp.

103, 116, 117, 121, 190.
Military Forces sent to peninsula to

suppress revolt — p. 146.
Military Hospital — p. 208.
Militia— pp. 116, 121, 184, 186, 188,

et seq. J pp. 201, 204, 226, 245.
Miller, Thomas — ^p. 136.
Millisent, Francis — ^p. 358.
Ministers — p. 250, et seq.; their

salaries — pp. 258, 260.
Minks — ^p. 311.
Minshatt, Jeffery — p. 135.
Missionaries — p. 254.

INDEX

397

Monroe, Rev. John — ^p. 277.
Moose Skins — pp. 295, 299, 302.
Morgan, Philip — ^p. 286.
Mortimer, name of — ^p. 70.
Moses, Francis — p. 352.
Mountney or Mountjoy, Alexander,

member of first vestry — pp. 46, 257.
"Mount Custis" — p. 281.
Mousay, House of, in Britain — ^p. 17.
Mock Horn Islands — p. 186.
Mohawks, Indian tribe of — p. 225.
Momford, Thomas, Gent. — p. 14.
Money — pp. 61, 99, 300.
Moore, Edward — pp. 136, 248.
Moore, Gilbert — p. 186.
Morgan, Francis — p. 136.
Morrison, Gov. Francis — ^pp. Ill, 112,

255.
Moteawaughkin, Indian family of —

p. 62.
Moultor, William — p. 137.
Munds, William — p. 135.
Murder, case of — ^p. 335.
Murton, Rolf, Gent. — p. 14.
Musical Instruments — p. 322.
McNutt, Mrs., owner of Pocahontas

Farm — p. 58.

Namotacke, Indian exchanged for

Thomas Savage — p. 28.
Nandua, or Great Nusswattocks — ^pp.

56, 57, 60, 67, 122.
Nandua Creek — ^pp. 60, 88, 117, 170.
"Nanjemie," Maryland, seat of Gov.

Stone — p. 108.
Nantaquaks, Nauticokes; Indian

family of — pp. 18, 51, 61, 116.
Nanticoke Indians — ^p. 160.
Narragansetts, said to have been in-
cited against English — p. 132.
Nassawattocks, or Bridgetown, court

held at— pp. 47, 59, 109, 117, 155,

235, 264.
Nassawattocks Creek — p. 169.
Naswattocks Parish — pp. 264, 276.
Nassawattox Indians — pp. 27, 59, 62.
Nat Turner Insurrection — ^p. 67.
Nause, Indian tribe — p. 18.
Naval Districts and Officers — p. 241.
Naval Fight, first in America — p. 91.
Navigable Creeks in 1700 — p. 248.
Navigation Acts — pp. 124, 137, 296,

297, 298.
Neale, name of — ^p. 73.

Neale, Capt. John, merchant and
pioneer— pp. 40, 84, 95, 103, 260,
261, 299, 356, 357, 363, 364.
Neech, Daniel, clerk — pp. 101, 174,

175, 249.
Negroes, increase of — ^pp. 64, 116,
187, 256; number of — pp. 285, 286,
288.
Nelson, name of — ^p. 70.
New Amsterdam — pp. 127, 143.
New England — p. 268.
New England, place in, called Acco-
mack, by John Smith — pp. 49, 50.
New England Church — p. 260.
New England, dissenters among Puri-
tans there — p. 73; Indians and
Dutch plot against English of — p.
132.
New England, Trade with — p. 295.
New Netherlands, Settlement of — ^pp.

124, 126, 143.
Newell, Richard — p. 135.
Newport, Thomas, same as Ensign

Thomas Savage — pp. 32, 37.
Newport, Captain Christopher — pp.

12, 13, 28.
Newton, Richard — p. 359.
Newtown, Mass., Immigrants from —

p. 73.
Nicholson, Gov. — pp. 185, 244, 276,

278, 328.
Nine Pins, Game of, very popular —

p. 327.
Nominy — p. 128.
Non-Conformists — pp. 126, 243, 259,

269, 271, 275.
North Carolina, called "Dieppa," by

Verrazano — p. 4.
Northampton County, size of — ^pp. 1,
172, 249; when formed— p. 96;
derivation of name — p. 97; not
represented in Assembly — p. 137;
inhabitants desire independence — p.
138.
Northampton Grievances — pp. 172,

195, et seq. (Text of, in full.)
Northampton's Pledge to Common-
wealth of England — pp. 134, et
seq.; list of signers — p. 135, et seq.
Northampton Protest — ^p. 137, et seq.
Northampton Revolt of 1652; causes
of; "Taxation without representa-
tion" — p. 138, et seq.
Norton, Toby— p. 117.

398

IKDEX

Norwood, Col. Henry, his voyage to
Va.— pp. Ill, 112, 113, 308, 322.

Nottinghams— pp. 70, 71, 278, 281.

Nottingham, Mr. — ^p. 235.

Nottingham, Benjamin — ^p. 277.

Nottingham, Richard — p. 136.

Nowmetrawen, King of the Ches-
conessex — p. 60.

NuthaU, John— pp. 135, 363.

"Oceahannoek," Scarburgh's Estate,

sold to Bostonian — ^pp. 149, 299.
Oceahannoek Creek — ^pp. 87, 98, 117,

122, 130, 169, 172.
Oceahannoek Indians, see Accohan-

noek.
Oceahannoek Parish — ^pp. 171, 266.
Oecahone, lone — p. 368.
Oecahone, Phillip — p. 367.
Offenses, character of, in 1664 — ^p. 47.
Okiawampe, Indian Kling of Accomack

— p. 55; his will on record in

Eastville— pp. 55, 60, 117.
Old Plantation, first settlement on

E. S.— pp. 22, 202, 203, 233, 257.
Old Plantation Creek — pp. 31, 32, 84,

95, 103, 116, 117.
Old Town or Hungar's Neck — p. 59.
Oldham, name of — pp. 70, 73.
O'Neal, Hugh— p. 269.
O'Neill, Grace— p. 362.
Onancoek, Town of — ^pp. 16, 67, 233.
Onaneoek Creek — pp. 88, 98, 170, 283.
Onancocks, Indian family of — p. 60;

complain of loss of land — p. 121.
Omaws, Indian witness— —p. 115.
Onandagas, N. Y. tribe of — ^p. 224.
Onecren, of Pocomoke — p. 118.
Opechancanough, son of Powhatan —

pp. 28, 29, 33, 58.
Ordeal of Touch or Bier Test— p. 334,

et seq.
Origin of people — ^p. 68.
Orphans' Court — ^p. 196.
Osboume, Capt. — ^p. 62.
Owsamekin, sachem of Acooemack —

p. 50.
Oxen — p. 307.
Oystermen — ^p. 68.
Oysters— pp. 61, 290, 312.

Palisades — p. 254.

Palmer, Rev. Thomas — p. 265.

Pamunky or Pamannkee River and

Indians — p. 51.
Panewell, John — ^pp. 135, 310.
Pannell, John — pp. 135, 310.
Paper — p. 254.
Parahokes, King of the Chinoo-

teagues — ^p. 60.
Parishes — pp. 250, et seq.; 264, 265,

266.
Parish Churches — ^pp. 250, et seq.;

264, 268, 269, 272.
Parish Clerk— pp. 259, 260, 261.
Parliament — pp. 85, 105, 106, 108,

124; Northampton resists — ^pp. 134,

137, 138, 141, 265.
Parliamentary Commissioners — pp.

108, 141.
Parliamentary Forces in Va. — ^p. 138.
Parliamentary Party in Northampton

County— pp. 138, 164, 168.
Parliamentary War, new of — ^p. 102.
Parke, Daniel — pp. 279, 331.
Parke, Frances — pp. 331, 348.
Parke, Thomas (1623) — ^p. 37.
Parker family — pp. 89, 278.
Parker, Elizabeth — pp. 322, 323.
Parker, George — ^p. 248.
Parker, John— pp. 101, 286.
Parker, Peter — ^p. 89.
Parker, Robert — pp. 265, 286.
Parker's Creek — ^p. 266.
Parks, name of — ^p. 39.
Parker, Charles — p. 315.
Parkes, John — p. 135.
Parramore's Beach — ^p. 331.
Parramore, John, punished for pro-
fanity — pp. 44, 135.
Parramore, name of — pp. 39, 70.
Parsonage — p. 257.
Parsons, name of — p. 39.
Parsons, John (1623) — p. 37.
Pascataquack, (jonn. — ^p. 260.
Patents, Early — pp. 39, 40; bounds

ordered to be recorded — p. 94. See

Appendix for abstracts of early

land patents.
Patrick, Mrs. Judith — p. 156.
Patrols for coast — ^p. 186.
Patuxent — ^pp. 156, 272.
Payne, William, a witness — p. 46.
Peachburg, or "The Horns"— pp. 201,

235.
Pedington, Henry — ^p. 314.

INDEX

399

Penal Church Laws — ^p. 253.

Penley, William — p. 314.

People's Committee, Northampton

Coimty Protest, 1652 — pp. 139, 143.
Pepper — p. 254.

Perkinson, Lieut. Marmaduke — p. 32.
Perry, Henry — p. 363.
Petit House — p. 103.
Petition to Gov. Berkeley after

Bacon's Rebellion (Text in full) —

p. 215, et seq.
Pewter— p. 299.
Pighlea, Daniel — ^p. 358.
Piggott, Francis — ^pp. 101, 246, 247.
Pigot, James — p. 275.
Pigot, Ralph — ^p. 248.
Pigs— p. 311.

Pilgrims of New England — p. 72.
Pioneers — p. 68.
Piper, name of — p. 39.
Piper, James Vocat (1623) — p. 37.
Piracy, Scarburgh's men commit act

of — p. 29.
Pirates — p. 184, et seq.
Pirket, Miles, salt boiler — pp. 24, 25.
Pitt, name of — ^p. 70.
Pitt, Col. Roberl^pp. 145, 248.
Pitts, name of — p. 70.
Planters, power and character of — p.

99.
Plover — p. 54.

Plymouth Records, and those of Ac-
comack oldest in U. S. — ^p. 43;

called Accomack — pp. 49, 50, 262.
Pocahontas Farm — p. 58.
Pocomoke River — pp. 1, 3, 62, 63;

naval fight in— pp. 91, 177, 178.
Pocomoke Sound — p. 162.
Poeomokes, Indian family of — pp. 62,

118.
Point Comfort, port of entry — p. 82.
Poke, G., clerk- p. 101.
Polecats — p. 311.
Political Parties, division of, during

Bacon's Rebellion — ^p. 199.
Polling Places — p. 149.
Pomegranate — p. 316.
Pomoccomon, King of Mattawames —

p. 59.
Ponies, Wild— pp. 307, 308, 311.
Population in 1623 and 1625— pp. 36,

39; in 1634— p. 81; in 1643— p.

82; causes of rapid increase in — p.

82; in 1653 — p. 153; at Restora-

tion— p. 171; in 1666 — p. 187; in
1700— p. 246.

Porter, Peter (1623)— p. 37.

Ports of Entry — p. 231.

Pory, John, Secretary of Colony,
Founder of salt works on B. S., and
of first plantation on peninsula —
pp. 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 54,
303.

Pott, Capt. Francis — ^pp. 287, 363.

Pott, John — ^p. 363.

Poulsons — ^pp. 70, 278.

Poultry— p. 311.

Powell, name of — ^p. 39.

Powell, John, soldier — ^p. 14.

Powell, John — ^p. 277.

Powell, Mary, scandal-monger — p.

Powell, Samuel — p. 137.

Powell, Thomas (1623) — ^pp. 37, 358.

Powhatan, King, Indian Chief — pp.

14, 28, 29, 33, 50, 52, 58, 300.
Powhatan Confederacy — pp. 51, 52,

61.
Powhatan Indians — ^pp. 25, 28, 33,

49, et seq.
"Poynt House"— pp. 103, 109.
Poynt Ployer — p. 17.
Precincts — ^p. 240.
Preeninge, William — p. 137.
Presbyterianism — p. 250, et seq.
Presbyterian Church, founding of —

p. 281.
Price, Jenkin — ^pp. 112, 122.
Price, Thomas — pp. 137, 180.
Primo-Geniture, rule of, not popular

—p. 319.
Prince, Edward — p. 357.
Proclamation of Royalists on E. S.

upon death of Chas. I — p. 110.
Profit, Jonas, soldier — p. 14.
Protest Committee— p. 138.
Protestants — ^p. 243.
Protestantism — p. 183.
Protestant Insurrection in Maryland,

led by Stone of Northampton — p.

105, et seq.
Puddington, Georgfr — ^p. 362.
Pungoteague Creek — pp. S6, 99, 122,

170, 283, 285.
Pungoteague, Indian village of — p.

67; fort ordered to be built at— -

pp. 183, 266.

400

INDEX

Punishment, for scandal - monger,
drunkard, liar and thief — p. 45, et
seq., 75; other punishments — ^p.
272.

Puritans— pp. 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 11,
256, 259, 260, 269, 270, 273.

Puritan Element of Eastern Shore
population — ^pp. 74, 75, 76, 144.

Puritan Ministers — pp. 74, 250, 259,
et seq.

Puritan Movement — p. 72.

Puritan Party on E. S. — pp. 168, 170.

Quakers — pp. 63, 250, 269.

Quakers on E. S. — ^p. 155; laws

against and persecution of — p. 156;

driven into Maryland — pp. 161,

162; persecuted by Scarburgh — ^p.

178; troubles at Annamessex — p.

179; reported meeting of — p. 180.
Quaker Meeting House, the first — ^p.

156.
Qualification for Office — p. 196.
Quarter Court, appeal to — ^p. 83.
Quequashkecaquick, Indian family of

—p. 62.
Quills, William (1623)— p. 37.
Quilts — p. 313.
Quinby's Farm or "Warwick" — ^p.

279.
Quinepiack, Conn. — p. 262.
Quit Rents — p. 176.

Races, Horse — p. 310.

Raleigh, Sir Walter— pp. 10, 11, 251.

Rateliffe, family of — p. 70.

Ratclifi'e, Charles — p. 136.

Rateliffe, John, member of first coun-
cil of London Company — ^p. 12.

Read, James, soldier — ^p. 14.

Rebels on E. S. — p. 215, et seq.

Redding, John — p. 193.

Reformed Church — pp. 269, 270.

Reformed Churchmen of Holland — ^p.
79.

"Rehoboth"— pp. 281, 283.

Religion — p. 250, et seq.

Religious Comparison — ^p. 251.

Religious Sentiment, Early — ^p. 251,
et seq.

Religious Views, Liberal — ^pp. 250,
et seq; 265, 269.

Rennett, Martin — ^p. 314.

Representatives of E. S. in Council

and Assembly during 17th Century

—p. 343.
Reservations created for Indians in

1654— p. 64.
Restoration — ^p. 164, et seq.
Revell, Randall— pp. 45, 122, 136,

161, 179.
Revell's Island — ^p. 331.
Revolt, Spirit of, suppressed by Gov.

Bennett — p. 164.
Ribbons — p. 323.
Riceards Cliffs — p. 18.
Rice, John — p. 293.
Rich, Sir Nathaniel — ^p. 23.
Richardson, Rev. Mr. Daniel — ^pp.

274, 275.
Richett, Mick — ^p. 136.
Riding, Thomas — ^p. 220.
Roads, Bay-side and Sea-side — ^pp. 48,

291.
Roanoke, Indian bead money — ^pp. 60,

116, 119, 122, 300.
Roanoke Island Colonists, Gilbert

goes in search of — p. 9.
Roberts, John — p. 135.
Robins, family of — pp. 70, 169, 278.
Robins, Dorothy — p. 362.
Robins, Edward — p. 362.
Robins, Capt. John — pp. 248, 247,

272, 275, 276, 277.
Robins, Mary, second wife of Capt.

John Savage — ^p. 30.
Robins, Col. Obedience, of Cheriton —

pp. 30, 31, 33, 41, 42, 43, 56, 75, 96,

97, 103, 116, 130, 131, 135, 142,

168, 170, 171, 234, 257, 261, 265,

293, 361.
Robins, Sampson — ^p. 135.
Robins, Samuel — p. 137.
Robinson, Jacob — p. 249.
Robinson, John — pp. 117, 137.
Robinson, Littleton — p. 249.
Robinson, Tully — pp. 249, 280.
Robinson, William, Quaker Mission-
ary — ^pp. 155, 156.
Rocky Branch of Hungar's Creek — ^p.

48.
Rodgers, name of — p. 39.
Rogue's Island — p. 331.
Rolfe, John, married Pocahontas — ^p.

Rolling-Houses — p. 231.

INDEX

401

Rooty Branch — p. 266.

Roper, William II, Commander of

Accomack — pp. 42, 57, 94, 95, 97,

103.
Round Heads — p. 126.
"Royal Oak," ship seized— p. 238.
Royalists — pp. 75, 102; proclamation

of, on E. S.— pp. 110, 146, 167, 170.
Royalist Religious Party — pp. 265,

269.
Royalist Revolt, led by Scarburgh —

p. 138, et seq.; 141.
Rozier, Col. Benjamin — ^p. 264.
Rozier, Rev. Mr., of Hungar's Parish

—pp. 74, 259, 261, 263, 264, 265,

314.
Ruckland, Richard, writer of slander-
ous song about Ann Smith — ^p. 46.
Rum — p. 290.
Russell, Walter, "Dr. of Physicke"—

pp. 14, 16.
Rutter, John — ^p. 136.
Rynners, or Rynnuse, Paul — p. 335.

Sackler, John — p. 355.

Salisbury, name of — ^p. 70.

Salt Boilers at Dale's Gift— p. 22,

et seq.
Salt Industry, History of — ^pp. 254,

303, et seq.
Sanders, Widowe, a. peculiar wager

about- — ^p. 46.
Sandys, Geo., Treasurer of Company

—p. 35.
San Miguel, Spanish town on James

River (1524)— p. 8.
Samso, a West Indian slave — pp.

256, 286.
Sarapinagh, Indian tribe — p. 18.
Sassafras Root — p. 299.
Satchell, name and family of — pp.

70, 278.
Saunders, Roger, ancient planter — pp.
40, 42, 43, 357, 358.
/Savage, family of, oldest family in
I U. S.— pp. 29, 39, 70, 84, 169, 278.
I Savage, Capt. John, son of Ensign
j Thomas— pp. 30, 31, 116, 166, 318.
I Savage, Ensign Thomas, ancient
\ planter and first settler of E. S. —
\ pp. 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 40, 56, 64,
\ 318, 357.

Savage, Thomas, carpenter — pp. 40,
^137.
Ravage's Neck— pp. 29, 40, 84, 116.

Scarburgh, the name of (frequently
appears as Scarborrow, Scar-
borough, Scarbrugh) — p. 69.

Scarburgh, family; founding of — ^pp.
84, 85, 86, 114, 278.

Soarburgh's Report on Boundary — p.
177.

Scarburgh, Bennett — p. 249.

Scarburgh, Sir Charles, physician at
court of St. James — ^p. 85.

Scarburgh, Col. Charles — ^p. 62; his
character — pp. 86, 107, 126, 133,
136, 150, 170, 176, 190, 200, 208,
215, 216, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247.

Scarburgh, Capt. Edmund, first of
name in America — pp. 41, 42, 43,
81, 85.

Scarburgh, Col. Edmund — pp. 56, 62;
his character and ofiices — pp. 85,
94, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 114; his
expedition against Indians — pp.
117, 118, 119, 120, 124; his vessel
captured by the Dutch — pp. 125,
126; his ship captures Boston
vessel— pp. 128, 131, 133, 135;
leader of revolt-— pp. 138, 139; ac-
tion of General Assembly — ^p. 145;
accused of selling arms to Indians
— pp. 146, 149; flees from E. S.,
visits Boston and New Amsterdam
— pp. 147, 149, 150; returns to
E. S. — pp. 151, 152; his expedition
against Assateague Indians — p.
159; trouble with Maryland — ^pp.
161, 162; Calvert-Scarburgh Line —
pp. 164, 165, 166; heads cavalier
element— pp. 168, 169, 171, 199;
his part in formation of Accomack
County — p. 171; his designs — p.
172; divides peninsula — pp. 173,
176; Boundary Commissioner —
pp. 177, 178; his trip to Annames-
sex — p. 179; his agreement with
Calvert — pp. 181, 189; dies of
smallpox— pp. 190, 194, 238, 265,
267, 273, 286, 292, 293, 295, 298,
302, 303, 304, 305, 306.

Scarburgh, Mrs. Col. Edmund — ^pp.
102, 170, 273.

Scarburgh, Edmund III — pp. 220,
247, 248, 299.

Scarburgh, Hannah, daughter of
Capt. Edmund, married John Wise
I— p. 87.
Scarburgh, Henry — p. 246.

402

IKDEX

Scarburgh, Matilda^-p. 199, 286.
Scarburgh, Matthew — ^p. 185.
Scarburgh, Tabitha— p. 286.
Scarburgh, William— pp. 200, 216.
Scarburgh's Neck — pp. 59, 87.
Schools — p. 317.
Scott, name of — ^p. 39.
Scott, Nicholas — p. 135.
Scott, Walter (1623)— pp. 37, 358.
Scott, William, pilot of "Sea Horse"

—p. 125.
Scovell, Geo., a witness — p. 46.
Seabright, Solomon — p. 352.
"Sea Horse," one of Scarburgh's

vessels, her colors lowered by the

Dutch— pp. 125, 152.
Sea-Side Road — ^p. 48.
Secretary of Colony, his tenants settle

Accomack — ^p. 29, et seq.; his

power to lease lands — p. 48.
Selby, Toby— pp. 119, 136.
Separate Province, inhabitants of

Northampton desire a — p. 138.
Sermons — ^pp. 254, 258.
Servants, Indentured — p. 69.
Settingboume Parish — ^p. 271.
Severn, name of and family — pp. 70,

278.
Severne, Dr. John— pp. 144, 314, 316,

330, 363.
Sexton— p. 260.
Sheep — p. 303.
Sheets— pp. 294, 312, 313.
Shepheard, John — ^p. 277.
Sheriffs, provision for — p. 81 ; oath

of first— pp. 108, 196, 197, 247.
Shingles — p. 293.
Ship-builders and ship-building — pp.

68, 94, 236, 289, 293.
Shirley Hundred, Plantation of — p.

23.
Shoals — ^p. 197.
Shoe Factory— pp. 87, 302.
Shoemakers — ^p. 302.
Shoes — p. 295.
Shrimp — p. 54.

Sicklemore, Michell, Gent. — ^p. 14.
Silverware — p. 312.
Six Nations, troubles with, and coun-
cil concerning in Albany — p. 224.
Slaiting, Wm. W.— p. 197.
Slaughter, Rebecca — ^p. 359.
Slaves— pp. 151, 256, 285, 286, 290,

322.

Sloat, name of, from Dutch Van Slot
—p. 72.

Slutkill Neck, derivation of name —
p. 87.

Small, Robert, soldier — p. 14.

Smallpox, among Indians in 1667 — p.
63; plague of, on E. S. — ^p. 187.

Smart, William — p. 363.

Smith, name of — p. 39.

Smith, Ann, defamed by Richard
Ruckland — pp. 46, 47.

Smith, Capt. John— pp. 2, 9, 11, 12,
13, 14; his description of visit to
E. S.— pp. 15, 27, 50, 177, 321.

Smith, Maj. Lawrence — ^pp. 215, 225.

Smith, Richard— pp. 136, 137, 265.

Smith, Thomas — ^pp. 84, 356.

Smith, Thomas, of Kent Island, sen-
tenced to be hung for piracy — ^p. 91.

Smith, William (1623)— pp. 37, 40,
136, 358, 369.

Smith Island, Maryland — p. 162.

Smith's Island, off Cape Charles. Site
of first settlement on E. S. — ^pp. 10,
15, 21, 24, 25, 84; tobacco stored
on for Dutch— pp. 148, 186, 264,
303.

Smith's Field— pp. 264, 275, 310.

Smithfield, town of — p. 33.

Smothergall, Samuel — ^p. 137.

Smuggling — ^pp. 296, 297.

Snipe — ^p. 54.

Snuffers — p. 313.

Social Conditions — p. 316.

Society, elements of Early Acco-
mack — ^p. 69.

Society of Friends — ^p. 155.

Somers, Sir George — p. 11.

Somerset, name of — ^p. 70.

Sommerville, name of — ^p. 70.

Sone, Samuel — ip. 135.

Southampton, earl of— p. 253.

Southampton River, warehouse in
(1632)— p. 51.

Southey or Southy, name of — p. 70.

Southey, Mr. — p. 286.

Southey, Ann, wife of Nathaniel
Littleton — pp. 70, 271.

Southren, Edward — p. 136.

Spady, name and family of — pp. 69,
278. ^

Spears and spearing fish — ^p. 321.

"Speedwell," British vessel — p. 130.

INDEX

403

Spencer, William — pp. 101, 197, 246,

247, 264.
Spoons — ^p. 313.
Sport and Sporting proclivities of

E. S. people — p. 321.
Sprigge, Thomas — p. 135.
Stallinge, Captain, killed in duel by

Capt. Epps, 1619 — pp. 39, 330, 364.
Star Chamber, its decision as to

Maryland — p. 90.
States General — p. 126.
Stanley, name of — p. 70.
Stanley, William — ^p. 135.
Steers — p. 307.

Stegg, Thomas, Parliamentary Com-
missioner — pp. 125, 126.
Stephens, MoUie, "the Injin Queen,"

anecdote — ^pp. 58, 59.
Stevens, John — ^p. 111.
Stevens, Major William — pp. Ill,

112, 136, 281.
Stingaree Point — ^p. 20.
Stoakley, John — p. 277.
Stockings — p. 254.
Stockley, Francis — ^p. 84.
Stocks — ^p. 258.
Stone (Minerals) — ^p. 289.
Stone, name of — p. 73.
Stone, Capt. John, of Mass., and

Northampton County — ^p. 74.
Stone, Mathew — p. 136.
Stone, Verlinda — ^pp. 256, 259.
Stone, Gov. William, of Hungar's

Parish and Maryland — ^pp. 39, 57,

74, 95, 106, 107, 108, 255, 256, 257,

259, 269.
Storehouses, Indian — p. 104.
Stratton, Benjamin — p. 277.
Stratton, John— pp. 101, 365.
Stringer, Hillary — ^p. 247.
Stringer, Capt. John — ^pp. 130, 131,

135, 142, 165, 173, 220, 246, 247,

275.
Stringer, Stephen — p. 135.
Stuarts, loyalty to — ^p. 242.
Stubbins, Lee — ^p. 95.
Sturges, John — p. 365.
Stuyvesant, Gov. Peter — ^pp. 125, 127,

132, 133, 142.
St. Christopher, Island of, in Mary-
land— p. 39.
St. George's Hundred, only Hundred

on the Peninsula — p. 39.

St. George's Parish, Accomack County

— pp. 39, 266.
St. George's Church, Pungoteague

(Ace of Clubs Church) — ^pp. 86,

272, 273, 275.
"St. John of Amsterdam," Dutch

ships captured — ^p. 146.
Subscribers to Petition to Berkeley —

p. 220.
Summary of Conditions on E. S. in

17th Century— pp. 336, 337.
Sunnill or Sumsill, John (1623) — p.

37.
Surveyors and Surveying — ^pp. 85, 94,

186, 241, 249, 291.
Susquehanna River, trade in — pp. 294,

295.
Symon, Jonathan — p. 359.
Symmonds, Mr. — ^p. 291.

Tangier Island — ^p. 16.

Tankard, John — p. 101.

Tanning — p. 302.

Tapestry — p. 313.

Tariff— p. 298.

Tatham, name of — ^p. 70.

Taverns, first license for — ^pp. 94, 104,
109, 175, 196; quarrels and intoxi-
cation in — -p. 328.

Taxation without Representation;
Protest against (1652) — p. 139,
et seq.

Taxes and Taxation; six pence per
capita for immigrants, E. S. ex-
empted — ^pp. 82, 99; exemption
from— pp. 201, 195, 242, 285.

Taylor, widow; her row with Goody
Curtis — p. 44.

Taylor, John — p. 136.

Taylor, Phillip, first sheriff. Clay-
borne'a Lieutenant in Kent Island
troubles— pp. 57, 92, 97, 98, 103.

Taylor, Walter— p. 367.

Taylor, William — pp. 136, 265, 303.

Taylor House in Eastville used as
courthouse — ^p. 47.

Taylor's Bridge, the headless man of;
a tradition — ^p. 331.

Teach, Edward, real name of Black-
beard the Pirate— p. 186.

Teach, Mrs. Mary (n€e Justice) — ^p.
187.

Teackle, Margaret — p. 323.

404

INDEX

Teackle (Teakle), Rev. Thomas — pp.
86, 101, 102, 122, 170, 265, 268, 272,
273, 274, 275, 314, 322, 324.

Teeslocke, John — ^p. 136.

Tegg, Richard — p. 265.

Teggar, Richard — p. 137.

Tenants of London Company and of
Secretary Pory — p. 40.

Tepiapon, King of the Nuswattocka —
pp. 69, 122.

Terrapin— pp. 54, 290, 312.

Territorial disposition of political
parties — p. 168, et seq.

Thatcher, John— p. 136.

Theatrical Performances; "Ye Bare
and Ye Cubb," the first in America
—p. 324.

Thorn, Capt. William— p. 180.

Throgmorton, John (1623) — ^p. 37.

Thurston, Capt. Eobt. — p. 131.

Thurston, Thomas, Quaker Missionary
—p. 155.

Tilney, John— pp. 135, 314.

Tithes— pp. 254, 260.

Tithables, in 1653 — p. 153; in 1666 —
pp. 187, 195; in 1700— p. 249.

Tithables, a long list of names of, in
1666, not indexed— p. 373.

Tobacco; inspectors — p. 94; ware-
houses — pp. 94, 98; as currency —
pp. 99, 102, 105, 137; stored on
Smith's Island for Dutch — pp. 147,
150; price of — p 192; tobacco cut-
ting troubles — p. 223, et seq.; 231
238, et seq.; legislation concerning
—p. 237, et seq.; 254, 260, 297,
301; tobacco tickets used as cur-
rency — p. 300.

Todkill, Anas, soldier — ^p. 14.

Toft, Annie — p. 367.

Tombstones — pp. 278, 289.

Tottans, Mass. — p. 49.

"Town Field," Site of original town
of Accomack — pp. 31, 235.

Towns and Villages- — y).27, et seq; 98,
Town-building— p. 223, et seq.; 226;
legislation concerning — ^p. 227.

Trade, exemptions of E. S. — p. 83;
regulations — p. 227, et seq.; 236,
et seq.; 151, 154, 184, 197, 289,
et seq.; illicit trade, 296, 297.

Traditions — pp. 316, 330.

Transquakin, Indian family of — ^p. 62.

Traveller, Alice and George, husband
and wife, prosecute Robt. Wyard
for scandalous speeches about Alice
—p. 46.

Treaty, proposed by Dutch with Vir-
ginia— pp. 127, 142, 147, 148.

Trial by Jury instituted — p. 47.

Troops, orders for training — ^p. 98;
sent to B. S. for Assateague War —
p. 161; number and character of,
in Bacon's Rebellion — pp. 204, 205,
et seq.; arrive from England — ^p.
214.

Truman, Thomas — p, 135.

TuUys — ^pp. 69, 330.

Turkish Merchant — ^p. 71.

Tutors — p. 317.

Tyers, John (1623)— p. 37.

Tyng, Hannah, wife of Thomas
Savage — pp. 29, 56.

Uncas, Mohegan Sachem and ally of

English in New England — p. 132.
Upshur, Arthur — pp. 197, 279.
Upshur, Thomas T., VI— pp. 59, 158.
Upshurs— pp. 70, 89, 169, 278.
Utensils — p. 313.

Valences — p. 312.

Van der Donck, Adrian, of New Am-
sterdam — pp. 133, 268, 269.

Van Hattem, Burgomaster of New
Amsterdam and treaty commis-
sioner — p. 143.

Van Netzen, Goslin — pp. 329, 330.

Van Slot, Abram, Dutch merchant —
p. 71.

Van Tienhoven, Treasurer of New
Amsterdam, treaty commissioner —
p. 143.

Vaughans — p. 278.

Vaughan, Grace — ^p, 287.

Vaughan, Richard — pp. 117, 135, 265.

Vaux, Henry, Quaker sympathizer —
p. 155.

Verrazano, Giovanni de. The Navi-
gator, discovers the Eastern Shore
in 1524. His description of the
peninsula — ^pp. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9,
13, 50, 52.

Veirazano, Hieronimo de, map of —
p. 5.

Vesconte, Maggiolo, map of — p. 5.

INDEX

405

Vestry and Vestrymen — pp. 195, 256,
257, et seq.; pp. 261, 272, 277.

Vestry Court — p. 265.

Vessels, Merchant — pp. 292, 293.

Vikings, pre-Columbian visitors — p. 4.

Virginia Cloth — p. 303.

"Virginia Merchant," the ship; Voy-
age of — ^p. 11.

Wachetak, Indian family of — p. 62.
Waddelone, Nicholas — p. 135.
Waddy, name of — p. 70.
Wageman, Hendrick, Dutch merchant

-p. 71.
Waleford, John— p. 136.
Walker, Capt. Nathaniel — ^p. 365.
Walker, Capt. Peter — pp. 46, 116,

135, 287, 307, 313.
Walple, name of — p. 70.
Wallop, John— pp. 220, 247, 303, 313.
Waltham, John — p. 317.
Wampumpeake, Indian money — ^p.

300.
Waples, name of — p. 70.
Ward, William— pp. 136, 327.
Warder, Robert — p. 109.
Warehouse in Southampton River

(1623)— p. 90.
Warner, Col. Augustine — p. 215.
Warren, Lieut. Ratcliffe, killed in

Naval Fight in Pocomoke River —

p. 91.
Warwick or Quinby's Farm — p. 279.
Washbome, John (1623) — pp. 37,

175, 248.
Washington, name of, first appears

on E. S. — pp. 69, 70.
Washington, George — p. 114.
Washington, Jacob, first of name in

America — ^p. 70.
Watchapreague Inlet — p. 99.

Watchapreague, town of ^p. 60.

Waters, Lieut. Edward — pp. 97, 362.
Waters, William — pp. 97, 135, 165,

172, 173, 194, 234, 235, 246, 275,

362.
Waterson, John — ^p. 197.
Watertown, Mass., immigrants from

—p. 73.
Watkins, name of — p. 39.
Watkins, Daniel (1623)— p. 37.
Watkins, Henry, first representative

from E. S.— pp. 37, 39.

Watkins, James, soldier — p. 14.
Wattkins, Peregree (1623) — ^p. 37.
Watkin's Point, trouble about — pp.

162, 177, 178.
Watkinson, Cornelius — ^p. 325.
Watson, George — p. 101.
Wattam, John, a witness in 1634 —

p. 45.
Watts, James — p. 101.
Watts, John — ^p. 248.
Watts' Islands — p. 16.
Wayman, Richard — ^p. 130.
Wabster, John — p. 95.
Weede, Henry — p. 95.
Wellbum, Thomas, sheriff — pp. 185,

247, 248.
West, name and family — ^pp. 70, 89,\

170, 278. J

West, Lieut. Col. John — pp. 92, 199,

204, 215, 247, 365.
West, Capt. John, acting Gov. of Va.

—pp. 92, 199, 204.
West Hundred, Plantation of — p. 23.
West India Company — ^pp. 126, 132.
West Indies, Trade with — p. 295.
Western Shore, natives of, kin to

those of E. S. — p. 53.
Wieocomocoes — p. 58.
Wighcocomoco — pp. 16, 17, 18.
Wignall, Alexander — p. 370.
Wilbourne, Thomas — p. 299.
Wildcats— pp. 61, 195.
Wild Fowl— pp. 54, 312.
Wilford, Captain, put to death by

Berkeley on E. S.— p. 214.
Wilkins, name of — pp. 39, 70.
Wilkins, Grace — p. 265.
Wilkins, Peter— p. 303.
Wilkins, John (1623)— pp. 37, 84, 97,

257, 265, 286, 293.
Wilkinson, J. — p. 369.
Willcox, Captain John, ancient

planter — pp. 31, 37, 39.
Willett, William— p. 255.
William, King of England — pp. 85,

244.
William, Agnes — p. 320.
William, Henry, ancient planter — pp.

27, 28.
Williams, name of — p. 39.
Williams, Walter, keeper of first

tavern at Nassawattocks — pp. 47,

104, 109, 136, 327.

406

INDEX

Williams, William (1623)— p. 37.

Wills, first recorded— pp. 94, 259, 266,
268.

Willyams, John — p. 136.

Wilson, name of — p. 39.

Wilson, Henry (1623)— pp. 37, 84.

Wilson, Robert — p. 236.

"Wilsonia," seat of Upshurs — p. 169.

Wilsonia Neck — ^p. 280.

Winbrow, Barbara, tried for witchery
in 1655 — ^p. 47.

Wind Mills— p. 293.

Wingfield, Edward Maria, first Presi-
dent of Council of London Com-
pany — pp. 11, 12, 13, 14.

Wine— pp. 294, 295.

Winstone, Dr. — p. 23.

Winthrop, John— ^pp. 259, 260, 262,
294.

Wise, family, founding of, in Va. —
pp. 70, 87, 89, 170, 278, 281.

Wise, Col. Jno. I (Immigrant) ; his
character— pp. 87, 89, 103, 122, 136,
173, 176, 265, 273.

Wise, Col. John II— pp. 199, 220, 240,
354.

Wissaponson Creek — ^pp. 31, 32, 40,
48.

Witches and Witchery, Barbara Win-
brow — ^p, 47.

Witnesses required to testify on oath
—p. 223.

Wharves — pp. 98, 227.

Wheat— p. 293.

Wheatley, David— p. 137.

White, name of — ^p. 70.

White, Ambrose — p. 101.

White, Andrew— p. 102.
White, Henry— pp. 136, 157.
White, Nicholas— p. 294.
Whitehead, John— p. 136.
Whittington, William— pp. 61, 62, 70,

108, 135, 142, 169, 220, 246, 247,

318, 335.
Whyte, Lewis — pp. 116, 117.
Wolves— pp. 61, 195, 197, 311, 312.
Woodlands Farm — ^p. 60.
Wool— p. 303.

Wormeley, Captain — p. 293.
Wraxall, name of — ^p. 70.
Wraxall, Capt. — p. 130.
Wrote, Samuel — p. 23.
Wroth, John— p. 23.
Wryth, Richard — p. 359.
Wyard, Robert, scandal-monger — p.

46.
Wyatt, Gov. Francis — ^pp. 237, 253.
Wyett, Richard — p. 361.

Yeardley family — pp. 89, 114, 169,

278, 281.
Yeardley, Argal or ArgoU — ^pp. 57, 83,

84, 94, 97-, 103, 111, 112, 113, 118,

121, 130, 131, 133, 135, 145, 190,

197, 199, 289, 307.
Yeardley, ArgoU II— pp. 169, 199,

246.
Yeardley, Capt. Francis — pp. 98, 107,

190.
Yeardley, Gov. Sir George — ^pp. 24,

29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 84, 112.
Yeo, Hugh— pp. 122, 166.
Yorktown, meeting at, in 1635 — ^p. 91.
Young, Thomas — p. 330.