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BOUGHT  WITH  THE  INCOME  OF  THE 

FISKE  ENDOWMENT  FUND 

THE  BEQUESTOF 

WILLARD  FiSKE 

LIBRARIAN   OF  THE  UNIVERSITY   186B-1883 

1905 


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A    CATALOGUE 

OF 

THE    ROMAN    COINS 

IN 

THE    BRITISH   MUSEUM 


COINS 


OF  THE 


ROMAN     REPUBLIC 


IN   THE 


BRITISH     MUSEUM 


BY 

H.  A.   GRUEBER,  F.S.A. 

KEEI'iLR    OF   THIi    DErAU'lMENT    OF    COINS    ANIi    MKDALS 


IN  THREE  VOLUMES 


WITH     AN     INTRODUCTION     AND     123     PLATES 


VOLUME    IL 

COINAGES   OF    ROME    (continued),    ROMAN    CAMPANIA,    ITALY, 
THE   SOCIAL   WAR,    AND   THE   PROVINCES 


LONDON: 
PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES 

Sold  at  the  BRITISH  MUSEUM,  and  ey 

LONGMANS    &    CO.,   39    Paternoster    Row;    BERNARD   QUARITCH,    11    Gr/vfton 

Street,  New  Bond  Street,  W.  ;  ASHER  &  CO.,  14  Bedford  Street,  C(jvent  Garfhcx  ; 

HENRY  FRfJWDE,  Oxford  University  Press  Warehouse,  A.me.x  Corner,  E.G., 

.AND  ROLLIX  &  FEUARDENT,  66  Great  Russell  Sireet,  W.C, 

AND  4  Rue  de  Louvois,  Paris. 

I910 

[.  ///  rights  ;'('.iY/'7V(/] 


LONDDN ; 

PRINTED  BY  WILLIAM   CLOWEJ  ASD   SONS,   LIMITED, 

DUKE  STREET,   STAMFORD   STREET,    S.E.,    AKD  GREAT    WINDMILL  STREET,   W. 


CONTENTS    OF    VOL.    II. 


Coinage  of  Eome  (continued) 
Eomano-Campanian  Coinage    . 
Coinage  of  Italy    . 
Coinage  of  the  Social  War 
Coinages  of  the  Provinces   . 
Coinage  of  Spain    . 
Coinage  op  Gaul    . 
Coinage  of  the  East 
Coinage  op  Sicilt 
Coinage  of  Apeica 
Coinage  op  Cyeenaica    . 

APPENDIX  :— 

Coinage  of  Bomb 
Coinage  of  Italy 


1 

.   116 

.   141 

.   317 

.   340 

.   348 

.•   378 

445 

.   554 

.   566 

.   582 

.   587 

.   591 

COINS 


OP   THE 


ROMAN    REPUBLIC 


COINAGE    OP   EOME 

{CONTINVEB) 


PERIOD    XV. 

Circ.  B.C.  36—17;   A.u.c.  718—737 


A  MOST  remarkable  change  took  place  after  B.C.  37  in  the  coinage  issued  at  the 
Eoman  mint.  This  change  consisted  not  only  in  the  exclusion  of  the  names  of  the 
moneyers,  but  also  of  all  personal  reference  to  them  in  the  types  of  the  coins.  It 
was  one  which,  though  it  may  not  have  actually  affected  the  existing  constitution 
and  organization  of  the  mint  and  its  officers,  yet  practically  revolutionized  the 
character  of  the  coinage.  Hitherto,  with  some  few  exceptions,  the  coins  struck 
at  the  mint  on  the  Capitol  from  the  middle  of  the  third  century  B.C.,  bear  either 
the  symbols,  the  initials,  or  the  names  of  the  moneyers,  or  of  those  who  under 
special  circumstances  were  authorized  by  the  Senate  to  strike  money  in  their 
official  capacity,  either  as  praefects,  quaestors,  curule  aediles,  or  otherwise. 
These  special  issues  were  usually  inscribed  with  the  letters  S  .  C.  [Senatus  con- 
sulto)  denoting  that  they  were  duly  authorized  by  the  Senate.  The  most  recent 
and  most  notable  exceptions  to  this  general  rule  were  the  coinages  in  gold  and 
silver  of  Julius  Caesar  which  were  struck  in  B.C.  49,  and  that  in  gold  only  issued 
in  B.C.  44  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  505  f.,  540).  These  coins  bear  only  the  name  of  Julius 
Caesar,  and  in  the  first  instance,  at  all  events,  they  appear  to  have  been  struck 
quite  independently  of  any  official  sanction.  The  circumstances  connected  with 
the  coins  of  B.C.  44  were  different,  as  Caesar  was  then  occupying  a  very  exalted 
position  in  the  State,  and  there  is  some  probabihty  that  the  Senate  sanctioned 
the  issue,  which  commemorated  his  fifth  consulship. 

There  is  no  historical  record  of  this  important  change  in  the  types  of  the 
Eoman  coinage,  but  we  may  gather  from  numismatic  evidence,  and  also  from 
that  of  finds,  that  it  occurred  some  time  during  B.C.  36  ;  possibly  at  the  time  of 
the  close  of  the  war  with  Sextus  Pompey,  or  when  Octavius  returned  to  Eome 

VOL.    II.  +-    B 


2  COINAGE    OF   EOME 

after  his  victories.  This  view  is  confirmed  by  the  hoards  which  were  found  at 
Garlasco  and  Carbonara  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  561,  562),  where  we  meet  with  denarii 
strucli  in  the  provinces  after  B.C.  37,  but  none  of  the  Eoman  mint  which  can  be 
assigned  to  a  subsequent  date;  that  is,  there  were  no  recent  coins  of  Eome 
in  those  hoards  without  moneyers'  names. 

In  the  absence  of  any  historical  mention  it  would  seem  that  amongst 
the  numerous  honours  and  privileges  accorded  to  Octavius  by  the  Senate  in 
B.C.  36,  there  was  an  order  directing  that  not  only  should  his  portrait  be  placed 
on  the  coinage,  but  also  that  the  types  generally  should  relate  to  events 
connected  with  his  life,  and  further,  that  the  sole  inscription  should  be  his 
nam§,  to  the  exclusion  of  those  of  the  moneyers  which  had  hitherto  occurred. 
In  B.C.  44  the  Senate  had  promulgated  a  similar  order  with  respect  to  Julius 
Caesar,  but  in  that  instance  it  was  Umited  to  the  stamping  of  his  portrait  and 
name  on  the  obverse  of  the  coinage,  the  names  of  the  moneyers  still  retaining 
their  position  on  the  reverse.  The  exclusion  of  the  moneyers'  names  for  that  of 
Octavius  only  was  a  still  greater  honour,  and  it  entirely  changed  the  character  of 
the  coinage,  depriving  it  of  its  republican  element  and  rendering  it  imperial.  It 
is  to  this  circumstance  that  we  would  assign  the  origin  of  the  imperial  authority 
over  the  gold  and  silver  money  issued  at  Eome,  which  from  this  time  was  never 
absolutely  relinquished.  When  a  few  years  later,  from  B.C.  16 — 3,  the  names  of 
the  moneyers  were  temporarily  restored,  the  gold  and  silver  money  still  retained 
in  the  main  its  imperial  stamp ;  but  the  new  bronze  coinage,  first  issued  about 
B.C.  15,  which  is  inscribed  with  the  letters  S  .C.  (Senatus  consulto)  shows  that,  at 
all  events  in  this  instance,  the  Senate  did  not  surrender  its  rights.  It  is  there- 
fore probable  that  the  origin  of  the  imperial  authority  over  the  gold  and  silver 
money  of  the  State  was  not  due  to  any  arbitrary  act  on  the  part  of  Octavius,  but 
to  a  gracious  concession  on  the  part  of  the  Senate. 

Before  offering  any  remarks  on  the  denominations  struck  during  this 
Period,  the  nature  of  the  types,  the  chronological  sequence  of  the  various  issues, 
and  the  evidence  of  finds,  it  may  be  useful  to  give  a  very  brief  summary  of  the 
principal  events  which  occurred  between  the  years  B.C.  36 — 17,  some  of  which 
are  recorded  on  the  coins,  and  most  of  which  influenced  the  coinage,  if  not  in 
Eome  itself  yet  in  the  provinces.  From  this  time  the  types  mainly  illustrate 
contemporary  history. 

At  Naulochus,  on  September  3,  B.C.  36,  Octavius,  with  the  assistance  of 
Marcus  Agrippa,  brought  the  war  with  Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily  to  a  successful 
issue.  After  this  battle  Sextus  fled  to  Asia,  where  two  years  later  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  by  order  of  Antony  put  to  death.  Soon  after  the  defeat  of  Sextus, 
Lepidus,  having  treacherously  attempted  to  form  a  junction  with  the  remnant  of 
the  Pompeian  party  in  Sicily,  was  compelled  by  Octavius  to  surrender  himself, 
and,  being  deprived  of  his  triumvirate  and  of  his  province,  he  was  banished  to 
Circeii,  where  under  strict  surveillance  he  survived  till  b.c.  13.  From  B.C.  36 
his  name  therefore  disappears  from  the  coinage.  The  Senate  voted  Octavius 
unbounded  honours  on  his  return  to  Eome  in  September,  giving  him  the 
privilege  of  accepting  all  or  such  as  he  chose  (Appian,  de  Bell.  Civ.,  v.  13,  130), 
and  accorded  him  an  ovation.  Octavius  then  announced  his  intention  of  resign- 
ing the  title  of  triumvir  so  soon  as  Antony  on  his  return  from  Parthia  would 


CIEC.  B.C.  36—17 ;   A.U.C.  718—737  3 

consent  to  join  -with  him  in  this  voluntary  surrender.  The  title  of  triumvir  was  in 
consequence  omitted  on  all  the  coins  issued  by  Octavius  at  Eome  after  that  date. 
During  the  next  two  years  Octavius  was  occupied  with  military  operations 
in  lUyricum  and  Dalmatia.  In  the  meantime  in  the  Bast  Antony  invaded 
Parfchia  in  B.C.  36,  but  was  compelled  to  retreat,  and  two  years  later  attacked 
Armenia,  took  Artavasdes  prisoner,  and  celebrated  a  triumph  at  Alexandria.  The 
rupture  between  Octavius  and  Antony  began  in  B.C.  33,  and  both  sides  prepared 
for  the  coming  struggle,  which  culminated  in  the  defeat  of  Antony  at  Ac'tium, 
September  2,  b.c.  31,  and  in  his  death  and  that  of  Cleopatra  a  few  months 
later.  For  this  and  other  victories,  Octavius,  who  was  now  without  a  rival, 
was  awarded  a  threefold  triumph  on  his  return  to  Eome  in  B.C.  29  ;  the  temple 
of  Janus  was  closed,  and  he  was  proclaimed  Imperator  Perpetuo  and  Princeps 
Senatus,  titles  which  conferred  on  him  the  highest  military  and  civil  power. 
Two  years  later  he  was  accorded  the  title  of  Augustus.  Of  subsequent  honours 
and  titles  granted  by  the  Senate  and  the  people,  he  was  invested  for  life  with  the 
trihunitia  potestas  in  b.c.  23,  which  was  renewed  each  year  till  his  death  in  a.d.  14, 
when  he  attained  its  thirty-seventh  anniversary ;  he  was  Pontifex  Maximus  in 
B.C.  12,  after  the  death  of  Lepidus,  and  was  named  Pater  Patriae  in  e.g.  2.  Men- 
tion will  be  made  of  the  various  events  commemorated  on  the  coinage  during  the 
years  b.c  36 — 17  as  they  occur  in  the  types,  but  the  following  chronology  of  the 
cursus  honorum  of  Octavius  will  enable  us  to  fix  the  dates  of  many  of  the  issues. 
B.C.  43  (A.U.C.  711)  COS  I  IMP  .  I 

B.C.  42  (A.U.C.  712)  IMP  .  II 

B.C.  39  (A.U.C.  715)  IMP  .  Ill 

B.C.  36  (A.U.C.  718)  IMP     IV 

B.C.  33  (A.U.C.  721)  COS  II         IMP  .  V 
B.C.  31  (A.U.C.  723)  COS  III        IMP  .  VI 
B.C.  30  (A.U.C.  724)  COS  Mil 
B.C.  29  (A.U.C.  725)  COS  V         IMP  .  VII 
B.C.  28  (A.U.C.  726)  COS  VI 
B.C.  27  (A.U.C.  727)  COS  VII 
B.C.  26  (A.U.C.  728)  COS  VIM 
B.C.  25  (A.U.C.  729)  COS  Villi    IMP  .  VIII 

or  IX 
B.C.  24  (A.U.C.  730)  COS  X 

B.C.  23  (A.U.C.  731)  COS  XJ  TR.  .  P  .  I 

B.C.  21  (A.U.C.  733)  TR.  .  P  .  Ill 

B.C.  20  (A.U.C.  734)  IMP  .  Villi  TK  .  P  .  IV 

B.C.  15  (A.U.C.  739)  IMP  .  X        TR.  .  P  .  Villi 

B.C.  12  (A.U.C.  742)  IMP  .  XI       TR. .  P  .  XII 

B.C.  11  (A.U.C.  743)  IMP.  XII     TR.  .  P  .  Xlil 

B.C.    9  (A.U.C.  745)  IMP  .  XIII     TR.  .  P  .  XV 

B.C.    8  (A.U.C.  746)  IMP  .  Xllll  TR.  .  P  .  XVI 

B.C.    6(A.U.C.  748)  TR  .  P  .  XVIII 

B.C.    5(A.U.C.  749)  COSXIl  TR..P.XVIIII 

B.C.    2  (A.U.C.  752)  COS  XIII  TR.  .  P  .  XXil  and 

PATER.  PATR.IAE 


4  COINAGE    OF  EOME 

Denominations  and  Ttpes. — The  only  denominations  struck  at  the  mint 
at  Eome  from  B.C.  36 — 17  are  the  anreus  and  the  half-aureus  in  gold,  and  the 
denarius  in  silver.     There  "svas  no  issue  of  bronze  money. 

\[ention  has  been  made  of  the  great  change  which  took  place  at  this  time  in 
the  general  character  of  the  types,  which  are  now  personal  to  Octavius  ;  first,  as 
Caesar,  and  from  B.C.  27  as  Augustus.  Prom  B.C.  36 — 27  his  portrait  usually 
forms  the  obverse  type,  and  after  his  proclamation  as  Augustus  it  is  with  two 
exceptions  (see  pp.  33,  42)  exclusive  of  aU  other  types.  On  the  earher  pieces 
the  portrait  is  youthful,  the  head  is  bare  and  without  beard.  As  the  head  of 
Octavius  down  to  B.C.  36  is  shown  with  a  beard,  it  is  evident  from  the  coinage 
that  it  was  not  till  aft«r  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  that  he  abandoned  this 
sign  of  mourning  for  his  uncle,  Julius  Caesax  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  574).  From  B.C.  27 
the  portrait  is  less  juvenile,  and  the  head  is  generally  larger,  and  has  a  more 
dignified  appearance.  It  is,  however,  stiU  bare,  except  in  the  case  of  the  coinage 
of  B.C.  18,  when  it  is  laureate  or  with  an  oak-wreath.  The  reverse  tjpes  still 
commemorate  events  in  more  or  less  chronological  order,  but  as  there  is  a  great 
deal  of  repetition,  those  recorded  are  not  in  aU  cases  of  quite  contemporary 
occurrence. 

There  is  a  slight  epigraphic  point  to  be  noticed,  which  is  that  during  this 
Period  there  is  a  change  in  the  form  of  the  letter  G  which  occasionally  occurs 
as  <J.  This  cursive  form,  however,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  used  on  coins 
struck  at  the  Eoman  mint  after  B.C.  17. 

Classification. — Apart  from  the  evidence  of  the  types  and  that  of  finds, 
the  coins  of  this  Period  may  be  divided  into  three  separate  series,  ranging  in 
order  according  to  the  titles  which  Octavius  bore  as  Ca«sar  and  as  Augustus. 

From  B.C.  36 — 29  he  is  styled  "  Caesar  Divi  f.,"  a  title  which  he  assumed 
in  B.C.  44  after  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar,  when  he  wished  to  assert  his  position 
as  the  adopted  son  of  the  great  imperator  (Suetonius,  Augustus,  7).  His  full 
designation  was  "  Caius  Julius  Caesar  Octavianus,"  which  on  his  earlv  coins  was 
abbreviated  to  "  C.  Caesar."  On  the  last  coins  bearing  monevers'  names  in 
B.C.  37  he  is  styled  'Divi  luli  f."  From  B.C.  29 — 27,  after  receiving  the 
imperium  from  the  Senate,  his  title  is  changed  to  that  of  "Imp.  Caesar"  or 
"  Imp."  only,  and  from  B.C.  27  he  is  designated  "  Augustus "  or  "  Caesar 
Augustus."  The  types  foUow  chronologically  this  sequence  of  titles.  Those 
from  B.C.  36 — 29  relate  principally  to  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at  Naulochus 
and  of  Antony  at  Actium;  those  from  B.C.  29 — 27  to  the  same  events,  to  Octavius's 
triple  triumph,  his  erection  of  pubUc  buildings,  temples,  &o. ;  and  those  from 
B.C.  27 — 17  to  the  awards  of  the  Senate  of  the  corona  ckic-a,  of  the  golden  shield 
of  valour  {clypeus  virtutis),  and  of  the  golden  triumphal  chariot,  to  the  planting 
of  the  laurel-trees  at  either  side  of  the  door  of  his  house,  the  surrender  of  the 
standards  by  the  Parthians,  the  continued  embellishment  of  the  citv  and  the 
improvement  of  the  pubUc  roads,  the  celebration  of  the  Ludi  Saeculares,  and  his 
adoption  of  Caius  Caesar,  the  son  of  Agrippa  and  his  daughter  JuUa  (b.c.  17). 

The  following  summary  will  show  the  locahties  and  duration  of  the 
provincial  mints  which  were  issuing  coins  of  Eoman  standard  and  denomina- 
tions during  this  Period  and  onwards  to  B.C.  3,  which  is  the  limit  of  date  for 
the  coins  described  in  this  work. 


CIEC.  B.C.  36—17 ;  A.U.C.  718—737  5 

Spain. — The  only  issues  attributed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  this  district  between 
B.C.  36 — 3  are  those  of  P.  Carisius,  the  legate  and  propraetor,  who  struck  coins 
in  silver  and  bronze  in  his  own  name  and  in  that  of  Augustus  to  commemorate 
his  victories  and  the  foundation  of  the  city  of  Emerita,  B.C.  24 — 22. 

Gaul. — All  the  issues  are  of  Octavius ;  from  B.C.  36 — 27  as  "  Imp.  Caesar 
Divi  f." ;  and  from  B.C.  27 — 3  as  "  Augustus  ''  or  "  Caesar  Augustus." 

The  East. — From  B.C.  36—31  these  coinages  were  struck  by  Antony;  the 
later  ones  by  Octavius  as  "  Caesar  Divi  f."  or  "  Caesar  "  from  B.C.  29,  and  as 
"  Augustus  "  or  "  Caesar  Augustus  "  from  B.C.  27 — 18.  No  coins  are  assigned 
to  this  district  after  the  last  date. 

Sicily. — This  coinage  comes  to  an  end  with  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  in 
B.C.  36. 

Africa. — The  coinage  of  this  district  also  terminates  in  B.C.  36,  the  last 
issues  being  those  of  Lepidus  as  triumvir,  and  of  Octavius  after  the  defeat  of 
Sextus  Pompey,  the  latter  consisting  of  the  aureus  and  denarius  with  rev.  type 
temple  of  JuUus,  Divo  lul.,  and  the  quinarius  with  galley  and  Victory  (see 
Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  59,  nos.  138,  139  :  and  p.  57,  no.  132). 

Cyrenaica. — These  issues  are  limited  to  the  coinage  of  L.  Pinarius  Scarpus, 
who  acted  as  legate  for  Antony  from  B.C.  31—30,  and  for  Octavius  from 
B.C.  30—27. 

According  to  Count  de  Salis's  classification,  Gaul  alone  of  the  provinces 
continued  to  issue  coins  down  to  our  limit  of  date,  B.C.  3.  Those  of  Sicily  and 
Africa  came  to  an  end  in  B.C.  36  ;  those  of  Spain  in  B.C.  22  ;  those  of  the  East 
in  B.C.  18 ;  and  those  of  Cyrenaica  in  B.C.  27.  Gaul  appears  to  have  continued  to 
issue  denarii  after  B.C.  3,  and  at  some  time  during  the  reign  of  Augustus  the  mints 
were  revived  in  Spain.  These  dates  are  of  importance  when  we  have  to  consider 
the  chronological  evidence  of  the  finds  which  relate  to  this  and  the  next  Period. 

The  coins  struck  at  the  provincial  mints  between  B.C.  36 — 3  were  the  aureus 
and  half-aureus  in  gold,  the  denarius  and  the  quinarius  in  silver,  and  the 
sestertius  and  its  divisions  in  bronze. 

On  account  of  their  small  number,  the  evidence  of  finds  in  support  of 
the  chronology  of  the  issues  of  this  Period  is  not  so  strong  as  in  previous 
instances.  Only  two  finds  appear  to  be  recorded,  the  burial  of  which  can  be 
put  within  the  years  included  in  this  Period.  They  were  both  unearthed 
in  Prance ;  one  at  Chantenay  (D6pt.  Nifevre) ;  the  other  at  Beauvoisin  (D6pt. 
Drome).  Particulars  as  to  the  dates  and  circumstances  under  which  these 
hoards  were  discovered  do  not  seem  to  be  recorded.  The  only  published 
reference  appears  to  be  that  of  M.  Anatole  de  Barth616my  in  the  Memoires  de  la 
Sociiti  Eduenne,  Nouvelle  Sirie,  t.  ii.,  1878,  pp.  149  f. ;  but  he  only  mentions 
the  actual  fact  of  their  discovery,  and  the  probable  dates  of  their  burial.  These 
two  finds  appear,  however,  to  have  been  carefully  examined  by  Count  de  Salis, 
and  he  has  given  in  manuscript  complete  analyses  of  the  contents  of  both.  He 
makes  no  mention,  however,  of  the  circumstances  under  which  he  examined  them. 

The  Chantenay  hoard  consisted  of  181  coins  of  the  Eoman  Eepubhc,  of 
which  two  only  were  quinai-ii  of  M.  Cato  and  L.  Papius  ;  the  rest  were  denarii.  In 
addition  there  were  409  Gaulish  silver  pieces  :  making  a  total  of  590.  The  Eoman 
coins  represented  109  different  issues,  very  evenly  distributed  from  the  middle  of 


6  COINAGE   OP  EOME 

the  second  century  B.C.  The  largest  nmnbers  of  specimens  of  any  particulaj:  issue 
were  8  of  P.  Clodius  M.  f.  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  582),  7  of  Q.  Titius  (see  vol.  L,  p.  286), 
and  5  of  Q.  Minucius  Thermus  (assigned  to  Italy;  Babelon,  voL  ii.,  p.  235, 
no.  19).  The  majority  were  represented  by  one  or  two  specimens  only.  The 
earliest  denarii  were  those  of  Cn.  Domitius,  circ.  B.C.  196—172  ;  of  L.  Sem- 
pronius  Pitio,  circ.  B.C.  172—150 ;  and  of  C.  Antestius,  circ.  B.C.  151.  There 
were  no  pieces  of  the  early  issues  without  moneyers'  names.  The  latest  coins 
of  the  Eoman  mint  were  of  T.  Carisius  and  L.  Valerius  Acisculus  (b.c.  45) ;  of 
L.  Aemilius  Buca  and  M.  Metrius  (b.c.  44) ;  of  P.  Clodius  M.  f .  and  G.  Yibius  Varus 
(B.C.  38) ;  and  of  Octayius,  obv.,  head  of  Octavius ;  rev.,  Mercury  seated  on  a  rock 
(B.C.  36—29 ;  see  below,  p.  11,  no.  4335).  There  were  no  coins  of  Q.  Voconius 
Vitulus  and  Ti.  Sempronius  Graccus,  the  moneyers  of  b.c.  37.  Of  the  provincial 
issues  the  latest  were  of  Julius  Caesar  with  bust  of  Venus  and  Cupid,  and  rev., 
trophy  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  11,  no.  11),  struck  in  Spain  B.C.  45 ;  of  Octavius,  with 
rev.,  sacrificial  implements  [cos.  iter,  et  ter.  desig. ;  ib.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  59,  no.  140), 
struck  in  Gaul,  B.C.  36 ;  of  Antony  as  augur,  with  rev.,  head  of  Sol  {M.  Antonim 
IL.f.  21.  n.  augur  imp.  ter.  and  iiivir  B.P.C.  cos.  desig.  iter,  et  ter. ;  ib.,  voL  i., 
p.  188,  no.  80),  struck  in  the  East,  circ.  B.C.  38 — 37 ;  of  Q.  Xasidius,  with  reo., 
galley  {ib.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  252,  no.  1),  struck  in  Sicily,  B.C.  38 — 36  ;  and  of  Octavius, 
with  rev.,  temple  of  Juhus  {Divo  lul.  and  cos.  iter,  et  ter.  desig. ;  ib.,  vol.  iL, 
p.  59,  no.  139),  struck  in  Africa,  b.c.  36.  The  most  recent  pieces  in  the  hoard 
were,  therefore,  those  of  Octavius  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint,  in  Gaul,  and  in 
Africa,  aU  of  which  appear  to  have  been  issued  in  b.c.  36,  or  soon  after.  We 
have  therefore  an  approsiniate  date  for  the  burial  of  this  hoard,  which  may  have 
occurred  in  B.C.  35  or  a  Uttle  later,  if  it  be  taken  into  account  that  Chantenay  is 
some  distance  from  Eome  and  Africa,  and  that  a  certain  interval  should  be 
allowed  for  coins  of  such  issues  to  be  conveyed  so  far  northwards.  Also,  we  are 
unable  to  fix  the  precise  date  of  the  coin  of  the  Eoman  mint  with  the  reverse 
type,  Mercury  seated  on  a  rock,  as  it  may  have  been  issued  at  any  time  between 
the  battles  of  Naiilochus  and  Actium  (see  below,  pp.  8,  11). 

The  Beauvoisin  hoard  supplies  us  with  practically  the  same  evidence  as 
that  of  Chantenay,  but  it  included  some  pieces  issued  a  few  years  later.  The 
hoard  consisted  of  196  denarii,  11  quinarii,  and  40  Gaulish  sUver  coins  with  the 
legends  DVKNACOS,  DVRNACOS-AVSCR.OCOS,  or  DVRNACVS-DONNVS. 
The  quinarii  aU  date  from  the  passing  of  the  Lex  Clodia  in  B.C.  104.  The 
contents  of  this  hoard  were  very  similar  to  those  of  Chantenay;  the  Eoman  coins 
representing  137  different  issues,  there  being  of  no  single  one  more  than  three 
specimens.  The  earliest  denarius  was  that  with  the  symbol  a  wheel  {circ.  B.C. 
217 — 197)  ;  those  which  follow  next  are  of  the  middle  of  the  second  century  B.C. 
These  were  of  C.  Antestius  {circ.  B.C.  151) ;  of  Diana  m  biga  of  stags  with 
symbol  a  crescent  {circ.  B.C.  14S),  and  of  C.  Titinins  of  about  the  same  time. 
The  most  recent  denarii  of  the  Eoman  mint  were  of  Petilhus  Capitohnus  (b.c  40); 
of  L.  Mussidius  Longus  and  L.  Livineius  Eegulus  (b.c.  39)  ;  of  P.  Ciodius  M.  f. 
(b  c.  SS  I ;  of  Octavius  as  "  Caesar  Divi.  f.,"  with  reverse  types,  Octavius  carrying 
spear  and  rushing  to  1.  (p.  9,  no.  4327) ;  Mercmy  seated  on  a  rock  (p.  11, 
no.  4335)  ;  and  Victory  standing  on  a  globe  (p.  11,  no.  433S)  ;  all  struck  between 
B.C.  36 — 29 ;  also  as  "  Imp.  Caesar,"  with  reverse  tj-pes,  Octavius  in  triumphal 


CIRC.  B.C.  36—17 ;   A.U.C.  718—737  7 

car  (p.  13,  no.  4343) ;  triumphal  arch  (p.  14,  no.  4348) ;  rostral  column  (p.  14, 
no.  4349) ;  terminal  figure  (p.  16,  no.  4360)  ;  and  Octavius  as  pontifex  ploughirig 
with  yoke  of  oxen  (p.  17,  no.  4363) ;  all  issued  between  b.c.  29—27.  Again,,  as 
in  the  Chantenay  find,  the  moneyers  of  B.C.  37,  Q.  Voconius  Vitulus  and  Ti. 
Sempronius  Graccus,  were  not  represented.  Most  of  these  later  coins  are 
described  by  Count  de  Salis  as  fine.  From  the  Tables  of  Finds  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  most  recent  coins  of  the  provincial  mints  in  this  hoard  were  mainly  the 
same  as  in  that  of  Chantenay.  These  were  of  Julius  Caesar  with  rev.,  trophy, 
struck  in  Spain,  B.C.  45 ;  of  Octavius,  with  rev.,  sacrifioial  implements,  struck  in 
Gaul,  B.C.  36  ;  and  of  Octavius,  with  rev.,  temple  of  Juhus,  struck  in  Africa, 
B.C.  36 ;  all  as  in  the  Chantenay  hoard.  Others  were  of  Antony  and  Octavius 
with  their  heads  {M.  Anton,  imp.  iiivir  B.P.C.  Aug.  and  Caesar  imp.  pont.  iiivir 
B.P.C.;  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  172,  no.  40),  b.c.  40—39;  of  Antony  and  M.  Silanus, 
with  rev.,  inscription,  M.  Silamis  aug.  q.  procos.  {ib.,  vol.  i.,  p.  197,  no.  97), 
B.C.  34 ;  and  legionary  coins  of  Antony,  with  rev.,  standards  {Leg.  ii. — Leg.  xx.  ; 
ib.,  vol.  i.,  p.  200,  no.  105  1),  circ.  b.c.  32 — 31;  all  struck  in  the  East.  It  is 
evident  from  the  above  summary  that  the  latest  coins  in  the  hoard  were  those  of 
Octavius,  which  give  him  the  title  of  "  Imp.  Caesar  "  only,  and  as  there  were  no 
pieces  with  the  title  of  "  Augustus  "  the  burial  of  this  hoard  must  have  occurifed 
between  B.C.  29 — 27,  probably  at  the  end  of  B.C.  28,  as  most  of  the  types  of 
those  years  were  represented,  or,  at  the  beginning  of  B.C.  27,  if  we  allow  some 
time  for  the  coins  to  get  to  Gaul. 

It  is  very  remarkable  how  these  two  hoards  of  Chantenay  and  Beauvoisin 
confirm  not  only  Count  de  Salis's  classification  of  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman 
mint,  but  also  of  those  assigned  to  the  various  provinces.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  no  finds  appear  to  have  been  described  which  would  enable  us  to  test  the 
classification  of  the  issues  between  B.C.  27 — 17,  for  it  will  be  seen  that  those 
next  noticed  carry  us  a  few  years  beyond  the  latter  date.  For  the  order  of  the 
coins  of  those  years  we  have  therefore  to  depend  chiefly  on  the  evidence  of  the 
types  and  on  fabric. 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Xo.      Weiqht        ^f^.^  Obverse  Reverse 

anJ  St:e 

Seeies  I. 
Circ.  B.C.  36—29;   a.c.c.  71S— 725 1 

j  CAESAR   DIVI   F 

(CAESAE  DIVI  [JULI]  FILIUS  =) 
j  Type  I. 

j  Aureus 

i 

4321  119-2     A"    -So    Head  of  Octavius  1.,  bare.        CAESAR     DIVI  •  F   (in  ex- 

ergue).   Triumphal  quad- 
'  I      riga   r.,   horses   walking; 

\  the  car  is  ornamented 
■with  bas-rehefs  of  figures, 
and  surmounted  by  a 
smaU  quadriga  with 
horses  galloping. 
[PI.  lix.  1.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

4322  121-3     A'    -So     Similar.  Similar  ;     triumphal    quad- 

riga L 

[PI.  lix.  2.] 
I  I  '■  (Wigan  Coll.) 

'  The  coins  attributed  to  these  years  date  from  about  the  defeat  of  Sestas  Pompey  at 
Xanlochns  to  the  battle  of  Actiam  and  to  the  return  of  Octarius  to  Eome  in  B.C.  29  (see  abore, 
pp.  2,  3). 

'  As  mentioned  above  (see  p.  1)  the  moneyers'  names  no  longer  appear  on  coins  etmck 
at  the  Eoman  mint,  but  only  that  of  Octavins.  Dttring  B.C.  36 — 29  he  is  styled  CAESAR 
DIVI  F,  wHch  may  be  compared  with  DIVI  IVLI  F  on  coins  issued  in  B.C.  37.  His 
discontinuance  of  the  title  of  IIIVIR  R.P.C.  may  be  dne  to  the  following  circumstances — 
that  he  wished  to  be  acknowledged  as  the  son  and  heir  of  Julius  Caesar ;  that  he  had  deprived 
Lepidus  of  all  his  powers  as  a  triumvir  j  and  that  on  the  occasion  of  his  ovation  in  B.C.  36  he 
declared  his  intention  of  resigning  the  title  so  soon  as  Antony  on  his  return  from  Parthia 
would  consent  to  join  in  this  voluntary  surrender  (Appian,  de  Bell.  Civ.,  v.,  13,  132). 

The  head  of  OctavitLS,  not  laureate,  forms  as  a  rule  the  obverse  type  of  this  series,  and  all  the 
other  types,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  refer  either  to  his  ovation  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus 
( Types  I. — YII.)  or  to  his  triumpli  in  B.C.  29  after  the  defeat  of  Antony  at  Actium  ( Types  VIII. — 
X. ).  The  aurei  (Types  1. — III.)  were,  no  doubt,  struck  to  commemorate  the  ovation  of  Octavius 
after  his  return  from  Sicily  in  B.C.  36,  and  the  obverses  of  the  denarii  of  Types  IT.  and  Y.  with 
the  head  of  Pax  record  the  return  of  peace  and  plenty  to  Italy.  The  reverses  depict  Octavins 
as  a  general  leading  Ms  troops  to  battle,  and  as  haranguing  them  either  before  or  after  the 
engagement.  The  attitude  of  Octavius  with  his  right  hand  raised,  as  shown  on  Type  T.,  is 
precisely  similar  to  that  of  his  well-known  statue  as  Augustus  from  Primaporta,  now  preserved 
in  the  Vatican  (see  Bernoulli,  Horn.  Ikon.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  25).  Like  Julius  Caesar,  Octavins  no 
doubt  attributed  most  of  his  victories  to  the  aid  of  Venus  Victrix,  the  divinity  who  was 
specially  worshipped  by  the  Julia  gens,  and  from  whom  it  claimed  descent  (see  Type  VI.). 
Mercury  seated  on  a  rock  (Type  VII.)  may  refer  to  the  restoration  of  commerce  to  Italy  after 
the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at  Xanlochns  (see  p.  11,  note  1).  The  remaining  types  of  this 
series.  Victory  standing  on  a  celestial  globe,  Octavius  as  Neptune,  and  in  his  triumphal  car, 
record  the  victory  of  Actium  and  his  triumph  in  B.C.  29.  This  last  tvpe  connects  this  series 
with  the  following  one. 


CIEC.   B.C.   36—29;    A.U.C.    718—725 


No.     Weiglii 


4323 


4324 


121-5 


Hetal 
and  Si::e 


M    -8 


Obverse 


Rcvevf^p 


119-2 


N    -8 


Type  II. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


Similar. 


4325 


4326 


4327 


4328 


122-6 


122-0 


57-7 


57-3 


AT    -8 


N    -8 


M    -75 


CAESAR  •  DIVI  •  F  (in  ex- 
ergue). Victory  in  biga 
r.,  horses  galloping  ;  she 
holds  wreath  in  r.  hand, 
and  long  palm-branch  and 
reins  in  1.' 

[PL  lix.  3.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  Victory  holds 
palm-branch  in  r.  hand, 
and  reins  only  in  1. ; 
and  there  is  no  exergual 
line  except  below  the 
horses'  hind- legs. 
[PI.  lix.  4.] 
(Trattle  Coll.) 

Type  III. 

Aureus^ 


M    -8 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare 


Similar. 


Head  of  Pax^  r.,  wearing 
diadem,  earring  in  shape 
of  cross,  and  necklace  of 
pendants ;  hair  collected 
into  a  knot  behind,  and 
falling  in  two  locks  down 
her  neck. 


Similar. 


CAESAR.  •  DIVI  ■  F  below 
Octavius  on  horseback, 
galloping  r.,  his  r.  hand 
raised. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  lix.  5.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 

Type  IV. 

Denarius 

CAESAR.  DIVI  .  F  (across 
the  field).  Octavius,  in 
military  dress,  rushing 
1.,  his  cloak  over  his 
arm ;  he  extends  his  r. 
hand,  and  bears  spear 
inl. 

[PI.  lix.  6.] 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 


•  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  52,  no.  114)  figures  a  variety  of  this  aureus  with  the  head  of  Octavius 
to  1.  Cohen  {Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  72,  no.  68)  mentions  a  further  variety,  formerly  in  the 
Cabinet  des  Medailles,  with  the  biga  to  1. 

^  The  aureus  or  denarius  figured  by 'Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  49,  no.  104)  with  head  of  Octavius 
to  r.  on  the  obverse,  and  with  Octavius  on  horseback  to  1,,  and  the  legend  CAESAR  DIVI  .  F 
on  the  reverse,  and  described  by  Eckhel  (Doct.  iiimi.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p,  80)  as  being  in  gold  in  the 
Museum  at  Vienna,  and  by  Riooio  {Mon.  jam.  rom.,  p.  115,  no.  102)  as  being  in  gold  in  the 
collection  at  Milan,  does  not  exist  in  either  of  those  Cabinets.  As  no  coin  of  this  type  has 
been  met  with,  rthe  description  and  illustration  are  possibly  inaccurate  (Gnecchi,  Riv.  Ital., 
1891,  p.  420;  and  Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  153). 

3  This  head  is  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  49,  no.  105)  as  of  Venus,  but  if  compared 
VOL.    II.  C 


10 


Ho.      Mei<jU     ^„dy;,. 


COINAGE    OF   EOMB 

Oiverse 


Reverse 


4329 


62-7 


M    -8 


Type  V. 
Denarius 


Bust  of  Pax'  r.,  slightly 
draped,  -wearing  diadem  ; 
hair  collected  into  a  knot 
behind,  and  falling  in  two 
looks  down  her  neck ; 
before,  olive-branch;  be- 
hind, cornucopiae. 


4330      61-4     M    -8      Similar 


4331 


4332 


59-9 


55-7 


4333 


54-9 


M.    -8 


M.    -8 


M    -85 


Similar. 


Similar. 


CAESAR.  DIVI  .  F  (across 
the  field).  Octavius,  in 
military  dress,  walking 
r.,  his  r.  hand  raised, 
and  bearing  in  1.,  spear 
directed  over  his  shoulder. 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  lix.  7.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Type  VI. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


4334 


56-3 


M    -85 


Similar ;  head  of  Octavius 
1. ;  behind,  countermark, 
M 


CAESAI?.  DIVI  •  F  (across 
the  field).  Venus  Vio- 
trix,  naked  to  the  hips, 
standing  r.,  turned  from 
the  spectator,  and  resting 
1.  arm  on  pillar;  she 
holds  crested  helmet  in 
extended  r.  hand,  and 
sceptre  in  1  ;  behind  her, 
and  placed  against  the 
pillar  is  her  shield,  orna- 
mented with  star  in 
centre.' 

[PI.  lix.  8.] 


Similar. 


[PI.  lix.  9.] 


witli  the  obverse  of  the  next  denarius  it  seems  to  be  more  probably  of  Pax.  Babelon  (!oc.  cit.) 
figures  a  variety  of  this  type  on  which  Octavius  is  shown  holding  a  globe  in  his  r.  hand. 

1  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  50,  no.  107)  identifies  this  head  also  as  of  Venus. 

^  There  is  a  restoration  in  gold  by  Trajan  of  this  denarius,  an  example  of  which  is  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  has  the  head  of  Julius  Caesar  and  the  legend  C  .  IVLIVS  CAES  .  IMP  . 
COS  .111  on  the  obverse,  and  the  reverse  type  is  varied  in  showing  Victory  holding  a  spear 
instead  of  a  sceptre,  and  in  placing  the  shield  before  and  not  behind  her. 


CIEC.   B.C.    36—29;    A.U.C.    718-725 


11 


,,        TIT-  ■  7  4        Metal 
Ao.     Weight  ,  „■ 

"         and  Size 


4335 


4336 


4337 


4338 


4339 


4340 


57-2 


56-3 


47-3 

{plated) 


69-5 


59-2 


60-7 


M    -8 


M    -85 


M    -75 


Al    -8 


Al    -8 


Al    -85 


Ohverse  Reverse 

Type  VII. 

Denarius' 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


CAESAK  DIVI  .  F  (across 
the  field).  Mercury- 
seated  r.  on  a  rock, 
on  which  his  cloak  is 
spread,  and  holding  lyre 
with  both  hands ;  his 
petasus  hangs  down  be- 
hind his  shoulders,  and 
talaria  are  attached  to 
his  ankles. 

[PI.  lix.   13.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


Type  VIII. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


Similar ;  head  of  Octavius  1. 
Similar. 


CAESAI?.  DIVI  .  F  (across 
the  field)  Victory  stand- 
ing 1.  on  celestial  globe  ;  - 
she  holds  wreath  in  r. 
hand,  and  palm-branoh 
inl. 

[PI.  lix.   10.] 

Similar. 

[PI.  lix.   11.] 

Similar ;  Victory  stands  r. 
on  globe. 

[PI.  lix.   12.] 


1  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  53,  no.  116)  and  Cohen  (Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  71,  no.  61)  have 
identified  the  seated  figure  on  the  reverse  as  Apollo,  but  the  petasus  and  the  talaria  show  it 
to  be  Mercury,  who  was  the  inventor  of  the  lyre  and  the  protector  of  commerce  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  511,  note).  This  type  may  refer  specially  to  the  restoration  of  commerce  to  Italy  after 
the  battle  of  Naulochus.  The  denarius  of  this  type  was  the  latest  piece  of  tho  Roman  mint  in 
the  Chantenay  find  (see  above,  p.  6,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

"  For  previous  representations  of  the  celestial  globe  on  coins  of  the  Julia  gens,  see  vol.  i., 
p.  529,  et  pas.  Of  this  denarius,  with  head  of  Octavius  to  r.,  which  Babelon  (vol.  ii. ,  p.  51, 
no.  Ill)  mentions  as  being  in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  Eollin  and  Feuardent,  thei-e  are, 
besides  the  British  Museum  specimen,  others  in  the  Berlin,  Vienna,  Bologna,  and  Elberling 
collections  (Bahrfeldt,  Wtwii.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  l.jl;  1900,  p.  56). 


12 


,_         ,„  .  ,  ,       Metal 
No.       MeujM     „„,ig,,. 


COINAGE    OP   EOME 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


4341 


4342 


56-6 


58-3 


Type  IX, 


Denarius 


M    -85 


M    -8 


Bust  of  Victory  r.,  bare; 
she  wears  earring  in 
shape  of  cross  ;  her  hair  is 
drawn  back,  and  collected 
into  a  knot,  which  is  orna- 
mented with  jewels.^ 


CAESAR.  DIVI  .  F  (across 
the  field).  Octavius,  as 
Neptune,  his  mantle  fall- 
ing from  his  shoulders, 
standing  1.,  and  resting 
r.  foot  on  celestial  globe; 
he  is  armed  with  para- 
zonium,  holds  aplustre  in 
r.  hand,  and  leans  with 
1.  on  sceptre. 

[PI.  lix.   14.] 


Type  X. 
Denarius' 


Victory  standing  r.  on  prow ; 
she  holds  wreath  in  r. 
hand,  and  palm-branch 
inl. 


CAESAR.  DIVI  .  F  (in  ex- 
ergue). Octavius  in 
triumphal  chariot  r., 
drawn  by  four  horses, 
walking ;  he  holds  laurel- 
branch  in  r.  hand,  and 
reins  in  1. ;  the  chariot  is 
ornamented  with  figures 
in  relief. 

[PI.  lix.  15.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  For  a  similar  representation  of  Victory,  see  coins  oi'  T.  Carisius  struck  in  B.C.  45  (vol.  i., 
p.  530,  no.  4070).  Victory  on  the  above  denarius  is  supposed  to  bear  the  features  of  Soribonia, 
the  wife  of  Octavius  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  53,  no.  117),  but  this  identification  is  not  possible, 
as  she  was  divorced  by  Octavius  in  B.C.  39  in  order  that  he  might  marry  Livia.  Similar 
proposed  identiflcatiuns  of  portraits  on  coins  have  already  been  noticed,  viz.,  of  Calpurnia,  the 
wife  of  Julius  Caesar,  on  the  aureus  struck  by  him  in  B.c  44  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  540),  and  of  Pulvia, 
the  wife  of  Mark  Antony,  on  the  aureus  of  C.  Numouius  Vaala  (ib.,  p.  570),  and  on  the 
denarius  of  L.  Mussidius  Longus  (ib.,  p.  575). 

^  The  denarius  of  this  type  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  53,  no.  118)  is  stated  by  him 
to  be  in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  Hamburger  of  Frankfort,  but  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1900, 
p.  57)  not  only  mentions  the  above  specimen,  but  also  another  formerly  in  the  possession  of 
Sig.  Sarti  in  Home,  and  now  in  the  Haeberlin  cabinet.  Babelon's  description  of  this  coin 
does  not  appear  to  be  quite  accurate.  Victory  holds  wreath  and  palm-branch  in  r.  and  1. 
hands,  and  not  in  1.  and  r.,  and  the  horses  on  the  reverse  are  walking,  not  galloping.  The 
oljverse  type  recalls  that  of  Uie  coins  of  Demetrius  I.,  king  of  Macedon,  which  record  his  victory 
over  Ptolemy  off  tlic  island  of  Cyprus,  wheu  he  was  in  command  of  the  fleet  of  Antigonus. 

For  other  coins  of  this  period  with  the  legend  CAESAR  DIVI  F,  see  under  Coinage  of 

THE    Ea^T. 


„       TTT  ■  i.i      Metal 
No.     freight     ^,,^g.^^ 


CIEC.  B.C.  29—27  ;   A.U.O.  725-727 

Diverse  Reverse 


13 


4343 


4344 
4345 
4346 

4347 


61-4 


59-0 
57-0 
59-2 

58-3 


M    -75 


M  -75 

M  -8 

M  -9 

M  -8 


Series  II. 

Cu-c.  B.C.  29—27;    a.u.c.  725—727' 

IMP  .  CAESAR 

(IMPBEATOR   CABSAE) 

Type  I. 

Denarius 


Victory  standing  r.  on  prow ; 
she  holds  wreath  in  r. 
hand,  and  palm-branch 
inl. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;      before     Victory, 
countermark,  C 

Similar ;     behind     Victory, 
countermark,  T 


IMP  .  CAESAR,  (in  the  ex- 
ergue). Octavius  in 
triumphal  chariot  r., 
drawn  by  four  horses, 
walking  ;  he  holds  laurel- 
branch  in  r.  hand,  and 
reins  in  1. ;  the  chariot  is 
ornamented  with  figures 
in  relief. 

[PI.  lix.   16.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


'  After  the  battle  of  Actium  Ootavius  spent  the  winter  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  and  in 
the  next  year  proceeded  to  Egypt,  which,  after  the  deaths  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  he  reduced 
to  the  form  of  a  province.  The  following  winter  was  again  passed  in  Asia  Minor,  and  he  did 
not  return  to  Rome  till  the  summerof  B.C.  29.  ,  On  the  seventh  and  following  days  of  the 
month  of  Sextilis  (August)  in  that  year  the  Senate  assigned  to  him  the  honours  of  a  triple 
triumph ;  the  first  tor  his  victories  over  the  Pannonians,  the  Dalmatians,  and  the  Gauls  ; 
the  second  for  the  battle  of  Actium  ;  and  the  third  for  the  final  extinction  of  the  rivalry 
of  the  Bast  and  West  before  the  walls  of  Alexandria.  On  this  occasion  Octayius  awarded 
a  thousand  sesterces  to  each  of  the  veterans  of  his  numerous  legions,  and  four  hundred 
sesterces  were  allotted  to  every  private  citizen.  He  also  paid  all  his  own  debts,  but  claimed 
none  that  were  due  to  him,  and  distributed  so  much  money  among  the  populace  that  the 
value  of  property  was  increased,  and  the  rate  of  interest  fell  from  a  denarius  to  one-third 
(Dion  Cassius,  li.  21). 

Amongst  the  many  honours  conferred  on  Octavius  was  the  title  of  Imperator,  not  in  the 
former  sense  as  accorded  to  generals  in  consequence  of  victories  obtained,  for  as  such  he  had 
already  received  it  on  seven  separate  occasions  (see  p.  3)  ;  but  in  the  sense  that  it  was  used 
by  subsequent  emperors,  i.e.  as  a  praenomen  or  as  a  proper  name,  which  was  to  be  hereditary, 
and  to  descend  to  his  children  and  to  posterity  (Dion  Cassius,  xliii.  44;  Hi.  41).  This  title 
gave  him  the  supreme  command  of  all  the  military  forces  of  the  State,  and  it  is  the  only  one 
which  occurs  with  his  name  on  the  coins  issued  between  the  years  B.C.  29 — 27,  in  which  last 
year  he  was  proclaimed  Aurjiisius.  He  was  also  invested  with  the  potestas  censoria  (an  office 
which  carried  with  it  also  the  administration  of  the  finances  of  the  State),  and  with  the 
title  of  princeps  senatvs.  .The  temple  of  Janus  having  been  closed  after  his  triumph, 
Octavius,  between  B.C.  29 — 2*7,  occupied  himself  chiefly  with  the  restoration  of  order  in  all 
parts  of  the  government,  the  renovation  of  temples  which  had  fallen  into  decay,  and  the 
building  of  others,  the  apportionment  of  lands  amongst  his  veterans,  and  the  foundation 
of   cities.     It  is   to    these,  and    to    his  victories    over    Sextus    Pompey  and    at   Actium,    that 


14 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 


No. 


4348 


,„  .  ,  ,        Metal 
'^«»3W     and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4349 


58-4 


63-3 


JR    -8 


M    -8 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Octaviua  r.  bare. 


Triumphal  arch,  sur- 
mounted by  quadriga 
facing,  in  the  car  of 
which  stands  Octavius ; 
the  frieze  of  the  arch  is 
inscribed,  IMP  ■  CAESAR. 
[PI.  lix.  17.] 


Type  III. 
Denarius 


Head      of       Octavius      r., 
laureate. 


IMP  CAESAR,  (across  the 
field).  Eostral  column 
ornamented  at  sides  with 
prows  of  ships,  and  in 
front  with  two  anchors, 
and  surmounted  by  a 
statue  of  Octavius  resting 
with  r.  hand  on  spear,  and 
holding  parazonium  in  1. 
[PI.  lix.  18.] 


the  types  of  his  coins  issued  at  this  period  relate.  Thus  Types  I.  — V.  refer  to  his  triumph, 
to  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Ponipey.  Type  I.  is  interesting  as  it 
also  occurs  with  the  title  of  "Caesar  Divi  f.,"  showing  that  it  must  have  been  used  before 
OctaTius  actually  received  the  title  of  Imperator.  It  therefore  constitutes  a  connecting 
link  between  the  two  series.  The  temple  on  the  reverse  of  Type  V.  may  be  that  erected 
on  the  Aventine  in  honour  of  Diana  by  Lucius  Cornificius  (Suetonius,  Augustus,  29)  who 
had  commanded  for  Octavius  in  the  war  against  Sextus  Pompey.  The  triquetra  in  the 
pediment  seems  to  connect  it  with  this  campaign,  whilst  the  naval  and  military  trophy 
shown  within,  which  is  similar  to  the  reverse  of  Type  IV.,  may  relate  more  specially  to  the 
battle  of  Aotium.  The  figure  of  Victory  on  Type  VI.  represents  the  famous  statue  of  that 
goddess  which  Octavius  placed  in  the  basilica  of  the  great  Julius  in  the  Forum,  which  his  uncle 
had  commenced,  and  which  he  himself  completed.  It  is  mentioned  by  Dion  Cassius  (li.  22)  as 
still  standing  there  two  centuries  later,  and  it  was  in  all  probability  the  same  which  was  finally 
removed  by  the  Christian  emperor  Gratianiis,  amidst  the  indignant  murmurs  of  the  pagans  of 
Rome.  This  statue  had  been  brought  at  an  earlier  period  from  Tarentum  (Merivale,  Rom. 
Hist.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  393).  On  the  death  of  Octavius  it  was  removed  from  its  pedestal,  and 
carried  before  his  funeral  bier  (Suetonius,  Augustus,  100).  The  temple  shown  on  the  reverse  of 
Type  VII.  may  be  identified  with  the  Aedes  Divi  lulii  which  was  erected  over  the  spot  in  the 
Forum  where  the  body  of  Caesar  was  cremated.  The  construction  of  this  temple  was  begun 
by  Octavius  in  B.C.  33,  and  dedicated  by  him  on  the  18th  August,  B.C.  29.  Dion  Cassias 
(li.  20)  relates  that  Octavius  during  his  sojourn  in  Rroece,  early  in  B.C.  29,  permitted  the 
erection  at  Ephesus  and  Kicaea  of  temples  surrounded  by  sacred  enclosures  in  honour  of  Eoma 
and  his  father  Caesar,  whom  he  styled  "  Julius  the  Hero."  The  terminal  figure  on  the 
reverse  of  Type  VIII.,  and  the  terminal  bust  on  the  obverse  of  the  next  one,  taken  in  con- 
junction with  the  thunderbolt,  may  have  been  intended  to  ascribe  to  Octavius  the  divine 
honours  paid  to  Jupiter  himself,  who,  as  the  god  Terminus,  was  the  protector  of  boundaries 
and  frontiers,  i.e.  the  Roman  provinces.  The  reverse  of  Type  IX.  shows  Octavius  as  the 
victorious  Imperator  seated  on  the  curulo  chair  or  the  sella  castrensis.  The  head  of  Apollo  on 
Type  X.  may  relate  to  the  famous  temple  erected  to  that  divinity  on  the  Palatine  hill  after  the 
battle  of  Actium,  which,  besides  its  dazzling  columns  of  Parian  marble  (Ipse  sedens  niveo 
candentis  limine  Phoebi;  Virgil,  Aen.,  viii.  720),  was  renowned  for  its  library,  which  Augustus 
there  collected  for  the  use  of  the  citizens ;  or  it  may  be  intended  to  represent  him  as  the 
protector  of  cities,  the  foundation  of  which  by  Octavius  appears  to  be  implied  by  the  reverse 
design  of  the  plougher  and  oxen.  Mars  and  the  shield  on  Type  XI.  are  a  tribute  to  the 
generalship  of  the  Imperator. 


CIEO.  B.C.  29—27;   A.U.C.  725—727 


15 


,,        „.   .  ,  .        Metal 
"         and  Size 


4350 
4351 


4352 


4353 


4354 


4355 


4356 


4357 


63-2 
55-0 


61-2 


55-5 


57-0 


123-2 


121-0 


M    -8 
M.    -75 


M    -8 


^l    -8 


M    -85 


N    -8 


N    -85 


119-6     N    -85 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Type  IV. 

Denarius 

Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


Similar;   head  of  Octavius 
1. ;    before,   countermark, 


Similar ;    countermark,    T, 
behind  head. 


IMP  CAESAR,  (across  the 
field).  A  naval  and 
military  trophy  placed  on 
a  pro-w  r.' 

[PI.  lix.   19.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  lix.  20.] 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Type  V. 
Aureus 


Bust  of  Diana  r.,  draped; 
her  quiver  and  bo-w  be- 
hind her  shoulders ;  ear- 
ring in  form  of  cross ; 
her  hair  is  dra-wn  back, 
and  collected  into  two 
knots  above  and  at  the 
back  of  her  head. 


Tetrastyle  temple  within 
which  is  a  naval  and 
military  trophy  placed  on 
a  prow  (as  on  no.  4352); 
a  triquetra  within  the 
pediment,  which  is  orna- 
mented with  aplustra ; 
the  base  is  inscribed, 
IMP  •  CAESAR 
[PI.  Ix.  1.] 
(Thomas  Coll.) 


Type  VI. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


Similar. 


IMP  CAESAR,  (across  the 
field).  Victory  standing 
front  on  a  celestial  globe, 
head  1. ;  her  wings  spread ; 
she  holds  wreath  in  r. 
hand,  and  standard  (vex- 
illum)  in  1.' 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ix.  2.] 


'  The  aureus  of  this  type  in  the  cabinet  at  Vienna,  which  appears  to  be  the  one  figured  by 
Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  65,  no.  157),  ia  false  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit,  1896,  p.  159).     It  is  a  cast. 
'  For  particulars  of  this  type  and  of  the  next  one  see  p.  14. 


16 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 


•KT        TV  ■  1 J       Metal 
*"•     ""^"     andSi^e 


Obverse 


Rererse 


4358 


Type  VII. 


Denarius 


61-0     M    -8 


4359 


56-3 


4360      58-6 


4361 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


JR    -85    Similar. 


M    -85 


54-5 


4362      59-0 


M    -85 


Temple  {Aedes  Divi  lulii?) 
surrounded  by  a  balus- 
trade;  the  pediment  is 
surmounted  by  a  figure 
of  Victory,  and  orna- 
mented with  crockets ; 
an  armed  figure  stands 
at  each  angle ;  it  is 
inscribed  IMP  CAESAR; 
within  the  pediment  are 
figures  (Venus  seated 
between  two  birds  ?). 
[PI.  Ix.  3.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ix.  4.] 


Type  VIII. 
Denarius 

Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


M    -85 


Similar  ;  head  of  Octavius  1. 


IMP  CAESAR,  (across  the 
field).  An  ithyphallic 
terminal  figure,  with 
laureate  head  of  Octavius 
facing,  placed  on  a 
winged  thunderbolt. 
[PI.  Ix.  5.] 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ix.  6.] 


Type  IX. 
Denarius 


Terminal  bust  of  Octavius 
r.,  laureate;  behind, 
winged  thunderbolt.^ 


IMP  CAESAR,  (across  the 
field).  Octavius  seated 
1.  on  a  curule  chair,  and 
holding  a  figure  of  Vic- 
tory on  r.  hand. 
[PI.  Ix.  7.] 


'  This  is  a  side  view  of  the  upper  part  of  the  figure  illustrated  on  the  reverse  of  the 
preceding  type. 


No.     Weight  ,  „. 

■'         and  Size 


CIEC.  B.C.  29—27  ;    A.U.O.  725—727  17 

Obverse  Reverse 


4363 


4364 


^365 


4366 


4367 


4368 


4369 


4370 


60-0 


59-4 


58-7 


57-8 


57-3 


59-9 


57-6 


52-6 


M    -75 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -8 


JR    -8 


M    -8 


^l    -75 


M    -85 


Type  X. 
Denarius' 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate  ; 
hair  long. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;     countermark,    T, 
behind  head. 

Similar;     countermark,    U, 
before  head. 


IMP  .  CAESAK  (in  exergue). 
Octavius,  as  pontifex, 
veiled  and  laureate, 
ploughing  with  yoke  of 
oxen  to  1. ;  he  holds 
plough  and  reins  with  r. 
hand,  and  goad  in  1. 
[PI.  Ix.  8.] 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Type  XI. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Mars  r.,  slightly 
bearded,^  wearing  crested 
Corinthian  helmet ;  be- 
low, IMP 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  the  cheek  of  Mars 
is  countermarked  P 


A  circular  shield,  inscribed 
CAESAI?. ;  the  boss  or- 
namented with  star ; 
behind,  spear  and  para- 
zonium  in  saltire. 
[PI.  Ix.  9.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


'  The  denarius  of  this  type  and  others  assigned  to  this  particular  epoch  were  the  latest 
pieces  in  the  Beauvoisin  hoard  (see  above,  p.  7,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

'  There  is  a  variety  in   the   Haeberlin   collection,  vrhich  shows  Mars  without  a,  beard 
(Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  160,  pi.  vii.,  no.  157). 

VOL.    II.  D 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   BOMB 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4371 


4372 


120-5 


117'2 


N'    -8 


M    -8 


Series  III. 

Ciix.  B.C.  27—17 ;  a.u.c.  727—737 

B.C.  27;    A.u.c.  727 

CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 

Aureus  - 


CAESAR  •  COS  •  VII  •  CIVI 
BVS-SERVATE IS  around 

Head     of     Augustus    r., 
bare. 


Similar. 


An  eagle,  with  wings 
spread,  standing  front 
on  a  civic  wreath 
dividing  the  letters  S  C 
(Senatus  consulto) ;  in 
the  background,  two 
laurel-trees  or  branches; 
above,  AVGVSTVS 
[PI.  Ix.  10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  The  coins  attributed  to  these  years  form  the  third  series  assigned  to  this  Period.  They 
are  distinguished  from  the  two  previous  ones  in  giving  to  Octavius  the  title  ot:  "  Augustus  "  or 
"  Caesar  Augustus."  From  B.C.  36 — 29,  as  we  have  seen  (p.  4.),  he  assumed  on  his  coinage 
the  title  of  "  Caesar  Divi  F.,"  and  from  B.C.  29 — 27  that  of  "  Imp.  Caesar,"  or  "  Imp."  only,  in 
consequence  of  his  receiving  the  title  of  "  Imperator."  This  last  title  was  granted  to  Octavius 
in  B.C.  29  witliout  any  limitation  of  time,  but  two  years  later,  on  the  1st  January,  B.C.  27,  he 
offered  in  an  address  to  the  Senate  (Dion  Oassius,  liii.  3-10)  to  resign  his  imperial  functions 
into  the  hands  of  his  patrons,  on  the  ground  that,  as  there  was  peace  throughout  the  Empire 
and  as  the  temple  of  Janus  was  closed,  his  retention  of  them  might  be  looked"  upon  as  an 
aspiration  to  monarchical  power.  The  people  and  the  Senate  declined  to  accept  the  proposal, 
and,  besides  confirming  the  imperium  or  chief  military  command,  added  to  the  honours  already 
accorded  to  Octavius  by  conferring  on  him  the  title  of  "Augustus."  Some  of  his  partisans 
proposed  that  he  should  receive  the  name  of  Quiriuus  or  Romulus,  he  being,  as  it  were,  a 
second  founder  of  the  city,  but  it  was  carried  that  he  should  rather  be  called  "  Augustus,"  a 
name  that  was  not  only  new  but  much  more  considerable,  because  religious  places  and  those 
•wherein  was  anything  consecrated  by  augury  were  called  august  (Suetonius,  Augustus,  7). 
■This  title  was  granted  to  him  on  the  16th  January,  B.C.  27,  and  by  this  name  he  is  recognized 
in  Roman  history,  and  is  so  designated  on  all  his  subsequent  coinages.  But  for  this  change  of 
title  the  coinage  in  its  character  remained  unaltered.  The  head  of  Augustus  is,  with  two 
exceptions  (see  p.  33,  no.  4432,  and  p.  42,  no.  4468),  always  placed  on  the  obverse,  usually  bare, 
but  sometimes  wearing  an  oak-wreath  or  laureate  (see  below,  pp.  29-35),  and  the  reverse  types 
are  either  connected  with  him  personally,  or  relate  to  events  which  happened  at  this  time,  and 
in  which  he  more  or  less  participated.  As  the  coins  of  this  sei'ies  are  arranged  year  by  year,  or 
in  groups  of  years,  explanations  of  the  types  will  be  given  with  the  descriptions. 

"  These  are  the  only  coins  definitely  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  B.C.  27.  They  com- 
memorate at  least  five  events  which  occurred  in  that  year,  viz. :  (1)  the  seventh  consulship  of 
Octavius  ;  (2)  his  reception  of  the  title  of  Augustus  ;  (3)  the  confirmation  of  his  ofiice  as 
Imperator  by  the  Senate  ;  (4)  its  award  to  him  of  a  civic  crown ;  and,  (5)  its  order  that 
the  pillars  of  the  doorway  of  his  house  should  be  bound  with  laurel.  All  these  events  and 
circumstances  are  set  forth  in  the  Monumentum  Ancyranum  : — In  consulatu  sexto  et  septimo 
hella  ubi  civilia  exstinxeram,  per  consensum  universorum  potitus  rerum  omnium,  rem  pulUcam 
ex  mea  potestate  in  senatus  populique  Romani  orlitrium  transtuli.  Quo  pro  merito  meo 
senatus  considto  Au'.iuitus  appellatus  sum  et  laurels  posies  aedium  mearum  vestiti  puilice 
coronaque  eivica  super  ianuam  meam  Jim.  est;  clypeusque  aureus  in  euria  lulia  positus,  quem 


„        ,„  .  ,  ,        Metal 
No.      Weight     ^,^^5.^ 


4373 


114-9 


CIEC.  B.C.  27—25;    A.U.G.  727—729 

Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  27—25;    a.u.c.  727-729' 

AVGVSTV5 

Type  I. 
Aureus 


19 


iV    -8 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 


Capricorn  r.,  holding  globe 
and  rudder  ;  on  its  back, 
cornuoopiae;  below, 
AVGVSTVS 

[PI.  ix.  11.] 
(Oracherode  Coll.) 


mihi  senatutn  popxdumque  Romanuvi  dare  virttitis  clementiae  iustitiae  pietatis  causa  testatum 
est  par  eiits  clypei  inseriptionem  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  L44). 

When  the  Senate  insisted  on  Octavius  retaining  the Inineriuin,  he  stipulated  that  it  should 
be  for  a  specified  period  of  ten  years,  and  he  also  restricted  its  operation  to  a  certain  portion  of 
the  nation's  dominions,  selecting  from  the  list  of  the  entire  provinces  such  as  seemed  most  to 
require  the  yigour  of  military  control.  These  he  reserved  for  his  own  government;  the  rest 
he  handed  over  to  the  Senate  to  be  controlled  by  officers  selected  by  that  body.  This  jjoiver 
of  Augustus  is  no  doubt  symbolized  by  the  imperial  eagle.  The  Ancyran  inscription  says  that 
it  was  the  pastes  of  the  house  of  Augustus  which  were  adorned  with  laurel,  but  Dion  Cassins 
(liii.  16)  relates  that  laurel-trees  were  ordered  to  be  placed  before  it,  and  that  a  wreath  of  oak 
should  be  susj^ended  above  it  as  a  token  that  he  would  always  conquer  the  enemies  of  the 
State  and  protect  its  citizens  (see  also  Ovid,  Blet.,  i.  562;  Fast.,  iv.  953).  This  statement  of 
Dion  Cassius  seems  to  define  accurately  the  resolution  of  the  Senate,  as  is  shown  by  the 
representations  of  the  two  laurel-trees  or  branches  on  these  aurei,  and  also  on  another  of  the 
moneyer  L.  Caninius  Gallus  struck  some  years  later,  which  depicts  the  entrance  of  the  house 
of  Augustus  with  a  laurel-tree  on  either  side  and  the  wreath  of  oak  above  (Babelon,  vol.  i., 
p.  311,  no.  1).  The  award  of  the  golden  "  shield  of  valour"  is  commemorated  on  coins  struck 
a  few  years  later  (see  below,  p.  21). 

'  With  the  exception  of  the  aurei  commemorating  the  seventh  consulship  of  Augustus 
(see  p.  18),  the  only  coins  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  the  years  B.C.  27 — 25  as  having  been 
struck  at  the  Roman  mint  are  the  aurei  and  denarii  described  above  and  on  the  next  page, 
with  the  reverse  type  a  Capricorn.  The  portrait  of  Augustus  is  an  intermediate  one  between 
that  on  the  coins  assigned  to  the  years  before  B.C.  27  and  that  after  B.C.  25  (see  also  below,  p.  36). 
It  is  in  somewhat  higher  relief  and  smaller,  and  the  lines  of  the  face  and  neck  are  carefully 
modelled.  It  is  not  laureate.  The  Capricorn  was  the  genethliao  sign  of  Augustus,  and  was  held 
in  great  veneration  by  him.  Suetonius  {Augustus,  94)  relates  that  when  Augustus  was  in  retire- 
ment at  ApoUonia,  he  went  with  Agrippa  to  visit  Theogenes,  the  astrologer.  Agrippa  having 
first  desired  to  know  his  horoscope,  and  being  assured  that  it  would  be  great  and  almost  beyond 
belief,  Augustus  did  not  care  to  discover  his  nativity,  from  a  mixture  of  shame  and  fear,  lest  it 
should  prove  inferior  to  Agrippa's.  After  some  importunity  he  did  declare  it,  upon  which 
Theogenes  rose  from  his  seat  and  adored  him.  From  that  time  Augustus  conceived  so  great 
confidence  in  his  fortunes  that  he  made  known  his  nativity,  and  struck  a  silver  coin  with  the 
impression  of  the  Capricorn  upon  it,  under  the  influence  of  which  he  was  born.  As,  however 
Augustus  was  born  at  daybreak  on  September  23,  B.C.  63,  Caprioornus  was  not  the  sign  under 
which  the  sun  rose  at  that  period  (this  was  Libra),  nor  the  sign  that  rose  above  the  horizon 
at  the  moment  of  his  birth.  It  has  therefore  been  conjectured  that  it  was  the  horoscopio 
sign  of  Augustus'  conception,  December  23,  nine  months  before  his  birth  (Th^od.  Keinach, 
Nmn.  Cliron.,  1902,  p.  3;  A.  Bouche-Leclercq,  L'Astrologie  Orecque,  p.  374,  note).  The  globe 
and  rudder  (land  and  sea)  are  emblematic  of  the  extended  influence  of  Augustus,  and  the 
cornucopiae  of  the  abundance  and  prosperity  which  resulted  from  the  restoration  of  peace  to 
the  Empire.  On  account  of  differences  in  fabric.  Count  de  Salis  has  also  assigned  aurei  and 
denarii  with  the  same  type  of  reverse  to  provincial  issues  in  Gaul  and  the  East. 


20 

Tir         1X7  ■  -Li       Metal 
No.      We^g^^t    „„d  g«. 


4374 

4376 
4376 


COINAGE   OF   EOMB 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4377 


60-0 

M    -75 

58-7 

M    -8 

57-5 

M    -75 

115-0 


4378      58-4 


J^    -8 


JR.    -75 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


Denarius 

Similar. 


Similar;  AVCjVSTVS 
[PI.  Ix.  12] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Type  I.  var. 
Aureus 


Similar. 


Similar ;   Capricorn  1. ;  AVG 
VSTVS 

[PI.  Ix;  13.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ix.  14.] 


4379      62-7 


Circ.  B.C.  24—20;  a.u.c.  730—734' 

AVGVSTVS:    CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 

Type  I. 

Half-Aureus 


^     -6 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare 
as  no.  4373) ;  across  the 
field,  and  divided  by  neck, 
AVG  VST 


Victory  standing  r.  on 
globe,  holding  lam'el- 
branch  in  r.  hand,  and 
standard  sm-mounted  by 
eagle  in  1. 

[PI.  Ix.  15.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  None  of  the  events  connected  with  the  life  of  Augustus  during  B.C.  24 — 20  are  referred 
to  on  the  coins  of  this  particular  series.  It  -nas  during  these  years  tliat  his  tenth  and  eleventh 
consulships  occurred,  B.C.  24  and  23  ;  his  ninth  imperatorship,  B.C.  20  ;  and  his  investment  with 
the  trihuniiia  potestas,  B.C.  23  (seep.  3).  The  dedication  of  the  temple  to  Jupiter,  B.C.  22; 
the  restoration  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthiaus ;  and  the  erection  of  the  temple  of  Mars, 
are  reserved  for  future  illustration  on  the  coins.  Augustus  was  absent  from  Rome  from  the 
middle  of  B.C.  21  to  the  summer  of  B.C.  19. 

The  only  events  recorded  on  the  coins  attributed  to  B.C.  24 — 20  are  his  victories  over 
Antony  and  in  Epypt ;  his  acceptance  of  the  "golden  shield  of  valour,"  clypeus  virtutis, 
which  was  depositt-d  in  the  C'lu-ia  Julia,  and  of  the  civic  wreath,  both  of  which  were  decreed 
to  him  in  B.C.  27  (see  above,  p.  18;  and  Mommscn,  Ref  gestae,  jip.  144-1.53).  The  figure  of 
Victory  on  the  half -aureus  (no.  4380)  is  similar  to  that  on  the  aureus  issued  by  Augustas  a 


CIRC.  B.C.  24—20;   A.U.O.  730—734 


21 


No. 


4380 


„,  .  , .      Metal 
^''^''*    and  Size 


Diverse 


Reverse 


58-8 


Type  I.  var.  a 
Half-Aureus 


N    -6      Similar. 


4381 


60-0 


N    -6 


Victory  standing  front  on 
globe,  holding  wreath 
in  r.  hand,  and  standard 
(vexillum)  in  1.  (similar  to 
no.  4356). 

[PI.  Ix.  16.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  I.  var.  b 
Half-Aureus 


Similar. 


137-0 


M    -8 


Victory  standing  front  on 
globe,  holding  palm- 
branch  in  r.  hand,  and 
trophy  in  1. 

[PI.  Ix.  17.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  AVG 
VSTVS 


Victory  flying  r.,  holding 
wreath  with  both  hands  ; 
below,  shield,  which  rests 
against  column  and  is 
inscribed,  CL-V  (Clypeiis 
virtutis) ;  above,  S  •  P  ■ 
Q  .  Rv  •  {Senatus  jpopulus- 
que  romanus). 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  102,  no.  288. J 


few  years  before  (see  above,  p.  15,  no.  4356),  which  has  been  identified  as  the  famous  statue 
of  that  goddess,  placed  by  Augustus  in  the  basilica  of  the  great  Julius  in  the  Forum.  When 
Augustus  and  Agrippa  celebrated  in  B.C.  28  the  games  decreed  in  honour  of  the  battle 
of  Actium,  it  was  ordered  that  they  should  be  revived  every  five  years  (see  Dion  Cassius, 
liii.  1).  It  is  possible  that  these  gold  coins  were  struck  on  the  occasion  of  the  second 
celebration,  which  would  be  in  B.C.  23. 

The  portrait  of  Augustus  on  the  aurei  and  denarii  varies  somewhat  from  those  in  previous 
issues.  It  is  larger  and  in  high  relief,  and  the  features  are  less  attenuated,  and  depict  a  man 
of  more  robust  physique.  This  portrait  is  to  be  found  on  the  coins  of  the  next  two  years, 
B.C.  19 — 18.  Augustus  is  styled  either  "Augustus  "  or  "  Caesar  Augustus."  The  latter  title 
prevails  on  subsequent  issues  to  B.C.  17. 


22 


No.     Weight 


4382 

4383 
4384 


4385 


56-5 

53-2 
40-1 


121-5 


122-2 


122-1 


Metal 
and  Si^e 

M    -75 

M    -8 
JR    -75 


^    -85 


N'    -75 


^    -8 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Oiverste 


Reverse 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Denarius ' 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ix.  18. J 

(Bank  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II.  var.  a 
Aureus' 
Similar;       below      head,  I  Similar, 
legend,  AVGVSTVS  | 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  102,  no.  290.] 


Similar 
legend, 
TVS 


Type  II.  var.  b 
Aureus 
around      head, 
CAESAK  AVGVS 


Similar ;    the  shield  is  in 
scribed, 


CL-V 

legend  above. 

[PI.  Ix.  19.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


no 


Type  III. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  AVGVS 
TVS 


Victory  flying  r.,  bearing 
shield  inscribed  C  L  •  V  in 
1.  hand,  and  laurel- 
branch     in     r. ;      below, 

s.p  a.R 


[Cohen,  Med.  iinp.,  1st  ed.,  vol.  i.,  p.  65,  no.  219.] 


^  Denarii  of  this  type  are  also  classed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  Gaul  on  account  of  differences 
in  style  and  in  the  portrait  of  Augustus. 

*  The  aureua  of  this  type  is  for  the  same  icasona  also  attributed  to  Gaul 


No.      ][  night  ,  ^, 

^         and  bize 


CIEO.  B.C.  24—20;    A.U.C-  730—734 

Obverse  Reverse 


23 


4386 


4387 


4388 


56'1 


58-4 


121-7 


M    -85 


M    -75 


^\^    -8 


59-7 


Al    -8 


Similar. 


Denarius 

I  Similar. 


[PI.  Ixi.  1.] 


[Type  III.  var. 
Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar ;     shield,    not     in- 
scribed ;     below,    S  •  P  • 

a.i?..CL.v 

[PI.  Ixi.  2.] 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 


Type  IV. 

Aureus ' 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare;  ;  Victory      standing      front, 
below,  AVGVSTVS  holding  before  her,  with 

both    hands,    shield    in- 
scribed,   CL-V;     above, 

sna-K 


[Cohen,  Med.  imih,  vol.  i.,  p.  102,  no.  286.] 


Type  IV.  var. 
Denarius 


Similar ;  around  head, 
legend,  CAESAI?.  AVGVS 
TVS 


scribed, 


no 


Similar ;    the  shield   is  in 

sr  a.R. 

CLV 

legend  above. 

[PI.  Ixi.  3.] 

(de  Sails  CoU.) 


'  Tlie    denarius  with  tliis  type    of   reverse  also    occurs,  but  with   the   legend  CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS  on  the  obverse  (Cohen,  ilid.  imp.,  p.  102,  no.  287). 


24 


,,  ,,,  .  ,  .       Metal 

Xo.      Weight         ,  o-  „ 
^        ana  Size 


4389 


4390 


4391 


4392 


4393 


61-9 


54-0 


60-7 


55-8 


120-1 


60-3 


4394 
4395 


59-5 
63-3 


M    '85 


M    -8 


.R    -75 


M    -75 


^-  -75 


M    -8 


M    -7 
M    -75 


COINAGE   OF   EOME 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Type  V.' 
Denarius 

Oak-wreath ;  above,  OB 
CIVIS;  below,  SER.VA 
TOS 

[PI.  Ixi.  4.] 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Type  V.  var.  a 
Denarius 

Oak-wreath,  within  which 
OB 
CIVIS 
SEKVATOS 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixi.  5.] 


Type  V.  var.  b 

Aureus 

Similar;  head  of  Augustus  I  Similar, 
turned  to  1. 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  91,  no.  209.] 


Type  VI.- 

Denarius 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAK  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 


Similar ;   head  of  Augustus 
tol. 


sra-R 


Shield  inscribed,     ^.     w 

within  oak -wreath;  above, 
OB.  CIVIS;  below,  SER 
VATOS 

[PI.  Ixi.  6.] 


Similar. 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixi.  7.] 


1  This  type  also  occurs  on  denarii  classed  to  Gaul  by  Count  de  Salis,  some  of  which  have 
the  head  of  Augustus  to  1. 

^  Strozzi  {Period,  di  Num.  e  Sfrag.,  vol.  i.,  p.  46,  pi.  iii.,  no.  1)  describes  and  figures  an 
aureus  of  this  type  in  the  Florence  collection  with  the  laureate  head  of  Augustus  to  r.  ;  Cohen 
(  \l(!d.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  92,  no.  216)  describes  another  reading  AVGVSTVS,  and  with  the  head 
of  Augustus  to  1. 


,,        ,rr  .  1,       Metal 
No.     Weight     ^^^  g.^^ 


4396 


123-2 


N    -8 


CIEC.  B  C.  19  ;   A.U.C.  735 

Obverse  Reverse 

Girc.  B.C.  19;    a.u.c.  735  ^ 
CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 

Type  I. 


25 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


SIC;NIS  R-ECEPTIS  SPaK 

(Senahis  populusque    ro- 
manus),    arranged   above 
and     below     Shield     in- 
scribed   CL-V    (Clypeus 
virtutis) ,     and     between 
two  standards,  an  aquila 
on   the  1.  and   a  signum 
■    cohortis  on  the  r. 
[PI.  Ixi.  8.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


1  The  types  of  the  coins  assigned  to  this  year  relate  to  two  events  only ;  the  award  by  the 
Senate  of  the  golden  "  shield  of  valour  "  to  Augustus,  already  illustrated  by  the  coinages  of 
previous  years,  B.C.  24 — 20;  and  the  restoration  in  B.C.  20  by  the  Parthians  of  the  Roman 
standards  which  had  been  captured  from  Crassus  in  B.C.  53,  from  L.  Decidius  Saxa  in  Syria  in 
B.C.  40,  and  from  Antony  in  B.  c.  36.  Augustus  in  his  monumental  record  which  he  has  left  us  of 
his  own  exploits  {Monumentum  Ancyranum,  ed.  Mommsen,  Kes  gestae  Divi  Augusti,  p.  124)  refers 
in  the  following  terms  to  the  latter  event : — Parthos  trium  exercitu-m  (^sic)  liomanorwm  spolia  et 
signa  reddere  milii  supplicesque  amicitiam  populi  Romani  petere  coegi,  EaauteTn  signa  in  pene- 
trali,  quod  est  in  templo  Martis  Vltoris,reposui."  Suetonius  (Augustus,  21)  also  relates  : — Parthi 
quoque  et  Armeniam  vindicanti  facile  cesserunt :  et  signa  militaria  quae  M.  Crasso  et  M.  Antonio 
ademerant,  reposcenti  reddiderunt ;  ohsidesque  ins^tper  ohtulerunt.  There  were  two  temples  in 
Rome  dedicated  to  Mars  the  Avenger ;  one,  a  sort  of  aedicula,  on  the  Capitol,  erected  in  b.  c.  20 ; 
the  other,  a  larger  building,  in  the  Forum,  which  Augustus  had  vowed  before  the  battle  of  Philippi, 
but  which  was  not  completed  till  B.C.  2  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  126).  Bunsen  (Beschr.  der 
8tadt  Rom,  vol.  iii.,  pt,  i.,  p.  281)  considered  that  the  temple  which  is  iigured  on  the  coins  was 
the  one  erected  to  the  deity  on  the  Capitol;  but  Borghesi  (CEuvres  compl.,  t.  ii.,  p.  379)  would 
see  in  it  a  representation  of  the  greater  one  in  the  Forum  before  it  was  finished.  As,  however, 
these  coins  were  struck  in  B.C.  18  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  temple  shown  on  them  was 
the  smaller  one  on  the  Capitol.  Mommsen  {loc.  cit.)  suggests  that  the  standards  may  have  been 
removed  at  a  later  date  from  the  smaller  to  the  larger  temple.  It  is  also  possible  that  some  of 
the  standards  may  have  been  deposited  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  as  Horace  (Garrn.,  iv.  15,  6) 
speaks  of  signa  nostro  restitiiit  lovi ;  and  Propertius  (Oarm.,  iii.  4,  6)  also  says,  assuescent  Latio 
Partha  tropaea  lovi.  This  might  account  for  the  representation  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  on 
coins  which  must  have  been  struck  about  the  same  time  as  those  showing  the  temple  of  Mars. 
The  depositing  of  these  standards  in  the  temple  of  Mars  established  a  connection  between 
this  temple  and  that  of  Jupiter  Feretrius  on  the  Capitol,  Avhere  the  spolia  opima  were  placed. 
Augustus  may  have  treated  the  restoration  of  these  lost  standards  as  spolia  opima,  and 
deposited  some  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  as  well  as  in  that  of  Mars;  for  Dion  Cassins  (liv.  8) 
says  that  "  Augustus  received  them  as  if  he  had  conquered  the  Parthians,  and  was  proud  of 
the  act,  pretending  that  he  had  recovered  without  a  struggle  that  which  had  been  lost  in 
previous  battles.  Therefore  on  this  occasion  he  decreed  sacrifices  and  a  temple  to  Mars  Ultor 
in  imitation  of  that  of  Jupiter  Feretrius  on  the  Capitol,  in  order  that  he  might  place  there 
these  standards." 

For  the  chronology  of  the  coinage  it  may  be  noted  that  the  portrait  of  Augustus  is  similar 
to  that  on  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  24 — 20,  and  that  it  is  not  laureate.  The  style,  CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS,  is  the  same  on  all  the  coins. 

Denarii  of  Type  I.  were  countermarked  by  Vespasian  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f  Num  IHTfi 
p.  368). 

VOL.    II.  p^ 


26 

No.     Weiglit 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE   OP   EOMB 

Obverse 


58-6 

M    -75 

58-4 

M    -86 

58-0 

M    -7 

55-7 

JR    -75 

54-0 

M    -85 

56-0 

M    -7 

122-0 

N-    -8 

57-9 

JR    -8 

67-3 

JR    -75 

58-0 

yR      -8 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

Denarius 

Similar;  SIGNISfor  SICjNIS 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixi.  9.] 
(Cracherode  Ooll.) 

Similar, 

Similar ;  the  positions  of  the 
standards  are  changed ; 
the  aquila  being  on  the 
r.,  and  the  signum  co- 
hortis  on  the  1.  of  the 
shield. 

[PI.  Ixi.  10.] 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 


Similar  ;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixi.  11.] 

Similar ;    aquila  on  L,  and 
signum  cohortis  on  r. 


Type  II. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Mars  helmeted,  his  chlamys 
tied  round  his  waist, 
standing  front,  holding 
an  aquila  in  r.  hand,  and 
a  signum  cohortis  directed 
over  his  shoulder  in  1. ; 
at  sides,  SIGN  IS  KECEP 
TIS 

[PI.  Ixi.  12.] 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus  r. 


Similar. 


Similar.' 

[PI.  Ixi.  13.] 

Similar ;      head     of     Mars 
turned  to  r. 

[PI.  Ixi.  14.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar;    above  Mars,   SIG 
NIS;   below,  R-ECEPTIS 
[PI.  Ixi.  15.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


'  Denarii  of  this  type  ^rc  also  assigned  to  Gaul. 


CIEO.  B.C.  19;   A.U.C.  735 


27 


No.    Weight 


54-8 


4407 


53-4 


57-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


Obverse 


Reverse 


M    -7 


Type  III.' 
Denar-ius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 


M    -7 


4408 


121-3 


Similar. 


.V    -8 


Similar. 


Circular  domed  temple 
showing  four  columns ; 
within  it  a  figure  of  Mars 
standing  1.,  holding  an 
aquila  in  r.  hand,  and  a.sig- 
numcohortis  in  1. ;  at  sides, 
MAKTIS  VLTORIS 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  91,  no.  205.] 

Type  III.  var.  a 

Denarius 

Similar ;       legend,      below 

temple,  MAR.T .  VLT 

[PI.  Ixi.  16.] 

Type  III.  var.  b 

Denanius 

Similar ;  Mars  stands  1.,  but 
looks  to  r. ;  and  legend, 
MART  VLT,  in  centre 
across  the  field. 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  90,  no.  201. J 


Type  III.  var.  c 
Aureus 


Similar;    Mars  stands  and 
looks   to  1. ;    the  legend, 
MAR.    VLT,    in    centre 
across  the  field. 
[PI.  Ixi.   17.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  The  aureus  of  this  type  with  the  name  of  AVGVSTVS  only  on  the  obverse  is  classed  by 
Count  de  Salis  to  Gaul  on  account  of  its  fabric. 


28 


No.     Weight     J^/^^, 


COINAGE   OP   EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4409 


4410 


4411 


61-2 
59-6 
60-0 


56-7 


4412 


120-6 


4413 


M    -75 

M    -85 
M    -7 


.H    -75 


Denarius 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar  ;  head  o{  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixi.  18.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixi.   19.] 


Type  III.  var.  d 
Denarius' 

Similar  ;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar ;  circular  domed 
temple  showing  six 
columns ;  below,  MAI^T 
VLT 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  90,  no.  196.] 

Type  IV. 
Aureus 


58-1 


xV     -8 


M    -75 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  AVGVS 
TVS 


Hexastyle  temple,  within 
which  figure  of  Jupiter, 
naked,  standing  1.,  hold- 
ing thunderbolt  in  r. 
hand,  and  leaning  with 
1.  on  sceptre ;  at  sides, 
lOVIS  TONANT 
[PI.  Ixi.  20.] 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixii.  1.] 


1  This  tjpe  exists  also  in  gold.     Varieties  of  the  aureus  and  of  the  denarius  have  the  head 
of  Augustus  to  r.  (Cohen,  oy.  cit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  90,  nos.  197,  198). 


CIEC.  B.C.  18;   A.U.C.  736 


29 


No.     WeujM 


4414 


4415 


120'4 


58-7 


t 


4416 


58-4 


Metal 
and  Sine 


N    -75 


Obverse 


Reverse 


M.    -75 


M,    -8 


Type  IV.  var. 
Aureus 


Similar. 


Similar ;  at  sides  of  temple, 
but  across  the  field,  lOV 
TON 

[PI.  Ixii.  2.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar;     an   eagle    stands 
on     the     apex     of     the 
pediment  of  the  temple. 
[PI.  Ixii.  3] 


Circ.  B.C.  18;    A.u.c.  736' 

CAESAK  AVGVSTVS 

Type  I. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing oak- wreath;  around, 
CAESAR.  AVGVSTVS 


Comet  of  eight  rays  and 
tail ;  across  the  field  and 
between  the  rays,  DIVVS 
IVLIVS 

[PI.  Ixii.  4.] 


'  The  events  commemorated  on  the  coins  of  this  year  were  of  more  or  less  recent 
occurrence.     As  before,  they  relate  personally  to  Augustus. 

The  comet  which  is  shown  on  the  reverse  of  Type  I.  is  that  which  appeared  in  the  heavens 
for  seven  days  soon  after  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar,  whilst  Augustus  was  celebrating  the 
games  to  Victoria  Caesaris,  not  to  Venus  Genetrix  (see  Mommsen,  Oesamm.  Schrift.,  1906, 
vol.  iv. ,  p.  180).  Pliny  (Hist  Nat.,  ii.  25)  relates:  Cometes  in  uno  totius  orhis  loco  colitur 
in  templo  Romae,  admodum  faustus  divo  Augusto  iudicatus  ab  ipso,  qui  incipiente  eo 
adparuit  ludis  quos  facieiat  Yeneri  Genetrici  non  inulto  post  ohiium  patris  Caesaris  in  conlegio 
afe  eo  instituto,  Namque  Ms  verbis  in  gaudium  prodit  ^^  lis  ipsis  ludoruvi  meorum  diehus  sidus 
crinitum  per  septem  dies  in  regione  caeli  quae  sub  septentrionibus  est  conspectum.  Id  oriebatur 
circa  it/ndecimam  Jioram  diei  clarumque  et  omnibus  e  terris  conspicuum  fuit.  Eo  sidere 
signijicari  vulgus  credidit  Caesaris  animatn  inter  deorum  immortalium  numina  receptam,  quo 
nomine  id  insigne  sirmilacro  capitis  eius,  quod  mox  in  foro  consecravimus,  adievtum  est." 
Haec  ille  in  publicwtn ;  interiore  gaudio  sihi  ilium  natum  seque  in  eo  na'^ci  interpretatus  est,  et, 
si  verum  jatemur,  salutare  id  terris  fuit.  Suetonius  (Caesar,  88)  adds  his  testimony  to  the 
appearance  of  this  comet :  Periit  sexto  et  quinquagesimo  aetatis  onno :  atque  in  deorum 
numerum  relatus  est,  non  ore  modo  decernentxum,  sed  et  persuasione  vulgi.  Siquidem  ludis, 
quos  primo  consecrates  ei  heres  Augustus  edebat,  stella  crinita  per  septem  dies  continuos  fulsit, 
exoriens  circa  undecimam  horam.  Creditumque  est,  animam  esse  Caesaris  in  caelum  recepti  ;  et 
hac  de  caussa  simulacro  eius  in  vertice  additur  stella.  According  to  Pliny  the  comet  appeared 
during  the  celebration  of  the  games  to  Venus  Genetrix  ;  but  from  Suetonius  it  would  seem  that 
it  was  on  the  occasion  of  the  games  to  Julius  Caesar,  the  ludi  Victoriae  Caesaris,  i.e.  on  July 
20-30.  The  apparent  difference  between  these  two  writers  may  be  due  to  the  circumstance 
that  the  ludi  Victoriae  Caesaris  were  instituted  by  Julius  Caesar  on  his  dedication  of  the 
temple  to  Venus  Genetrix  in  B.C.  46;  hence  Pliny's  statement.  Mommsen  (loc.  cit.)  cites 
other  evidence  in  favour  of  the  occasion  being  that  of  the  celebration  of  the  ludi  Victoriae 
Oaesa/ris,  drawing  attention  to  the  statement  of  both  Pliny  and  Suetonius  that  the  comet  was 
visible  for  seven  days  during  the  games,  whilst  those  to  Venus  Genetrix  lasted  only  one  day. 


30 


„        ,.,.,,        Metal 
^"^      "'^'3'''     and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

OhversG 


Reverse 


4417 


48-5 


M    -75 


Type  II. 


Denarius 


4418 


122-0 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing oak-wreath ;  around, 
CAESAR.  AVGVSTVS 


Circular  domed  temple 
showing  six  columns,  be- 
tween which  are  seen  two 
signa  coho.  iiiim  with  an 
aquila  in  the  centre;  at 
the  sides  and  across  the 
field,  MAR  VLTi 
[PI.  Ixii.  5. 


N    -8 


Type  II.  var. 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r., 
laureate;  around,  CAE 
SARI  AVCjVSTO 


'  -  1 

) 

Similar.  ) 

[PI.  Ixii.  6.] 
(Blacas  CoIDV 


i.e.  September  25.  The  year  e.g.  44  would  correspond  with  one  of  tlie  former  appearances 
of  Halley's  comet,  the  second  before  the  one  observed  by  that  astronomer.  The  coins 
illustratino-  this  circumstance  were  not  struck  till  some  years  afterwards,  and  not  until 
some  time  after  Octavius  had  assumed  the  title  of  Augustus.  Type  II.  supplies  us  with 
another  reference  to  the  surrender  of  the  Eoman  standards  by  the  Parthians,  which  are 
now  shown  placed  within  the  temple  of  Mars  XJltor.  This  type  seems  to  confirm  the 
opinion  that  in  the  first  instance  the  standards  were  placed  in  the  temple  of  Mars  on  the 
Capitol  (see  p.  25).  The  triumphal  chariot  within  the  circular  temple  on  Type  III.  is  that 
which  was  voted  to  Augustus  by  the  Senate  and  the  Eoman  people  in  B.C.  19  on  his 
return  from  Syria,  and  which  he  declined  to  use  {Caesari  ex  provinciis  redeunti  currus 
cum  corona  aurea  decretus  est,  quo  ascendere  noluit;  Cassiodorus,  Ohron.,  a.u.c.  735). 
It  was  evidently  kept  in  the  temple  of  Mars  Ultor.  In  Type  IT.  we  may  have  another 
reference  to  the  chariot  presented  to  Augustus  or  to  the  numerous  triumphs  which  were 
accorded  to  him  by  the  Senate,  most  of  which  he  declined.  This  had  happened  in 
B.C.  20.  Type  V.  shows  the  same  chariot  as  on  the  previous  one  ;  and  on  the  obverse  au 
aqiiila,  possibly  relating  to  the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians ;  the  consular 
robes  recording  his  eleven  consulships  already  held ;  and  the  laurel-wreath  which  was 
symbolical  not  only  of  his  numerous  victories  but  also  of  imperial  power.  The  altar  on 
Type  VI.  is  the  one  which  was  erected  by  order  of  the  Senate  to  Fortiina  Redux  on  the 
return  of  Augustus  from  Syria  in  the  previous  year.  This  altar  was  placed  near  the  temple 
of  Honos  and  Virtus  at  the  porta  Oapena,  and  the  pontifices  and  vestal  virgins  were  ordered 
to  offer  up  yearly  sacrifices  at  it.  The  return  of  Augustus  took  place  on  October  12th,  on 
which  day  the  feast  of  the  Augustalio:  was  henceforth  decreed  to  be  solemnized.  The  altar 
was  founded  on  that  day,  but  not  dedicated  till  December  15th  following  (Mommsen,  Res 
gestae,  p.  46).  On  Types  VII.  and  VIII.  we  have  another  record  of  the  golden  "shield 
of  valour "  given  to  Augustas  in  B.C.  27,  and  a  representation  of  the  laurel-trees  which 
were  planted  on  either  side  of  the  entrance  to  his  house.  The  reverses  of  Types  I.,  VII., 
and  VIII.  occur  also  on  aurei  and  denarii  attributed,  on  account  of  their  fabric,  to  Gaul, 
circ.  B.C.  18 — 16. 

Besides  the  data  ailorded  by  the  types  we  have  further  evidence  in  the  coins  themselves 
for  classifying  them  to  about  B.C.  18.  The  portrait,  of  Augustus  is  very  similar  to  that  on  coins 
of  the  previous  year,  but  it  is  smaller  and  in  somewhat  loiver  relief,  and  is  always  wreathed 
cither  with  laurel  or  with  oak.  The  oak-wreath  is  also  met  with  on  coins  classed  by 
Count  de  Sails  to  Gaul  circ.  B.C.  18 — 16.  The  coins  attributed  to  Gaul  at  this  time  are 
usually  copies  of  those  struck  at  Eome. 


»r        TT7  ■  ij       Metal 
No.     WevjU     ^^^g.^^ 


4419 
4420 
4421 


4422 


4423 


4424 


4425 


59-4 
50-2 
59-2 


119-7 


54-7 


52'0 


120-0 


M    -8 
M    -76 
M    -lb 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M.    -8 


N    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  18;   A.U.C.  736 

Ohverse 

Denarius 


31 


Reverse 


Similar ;      AVGVSTO      for 
AVqVSTO 

Similar. 

Similar  ;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixii.  7.] 

Similar. 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixii.  8.] 


Type  III. 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r., 
laureate ;  around,  CAE 
SAKI  AVGVSTO 


Similar. 


Circular  domed  temple 
sho-wing  four  columns, 
within  which  is  a  trium- 
phal chariot,  surmounted 
by  a  small  quadriga  with 
horses  galloping ;  in  the 
chariot  is  placed  an 
aquila  ;  at  the  sides  of  the 
temple  and  across  the 
field,  S-P-Q-K  (Senatus 
fopulusque  romanus). 
[PI.  Ixii.  9.] 
(Graoherode  Coll.) 


Denarius 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixii.  10.] 
(Craoherode  Coll." 


Similar  ;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 


Type  III.  var. 

Aureus' 

Similar ;    laureate   head    of  I  Similar  ; 
Augustus  1.  1      Q  .  R  -, 


legend,      S  •  P 
below  temple. 


(Strozzi  Coll.) 


'  The  specimen  of  thia  aureus  in  the  British  Museum  was  in  the  Strozzi  collection,  and 
was  acquired  after  the  plates  had  been  worked  off.     It  is  an  unpublished  variety. 


32 


jT        Ttr  ■  -Li       Metal 
No.     Weight  ,  „• 

"         and  Size 


COINAGE   OP  EOMB 

Ohveree 


Reverse 


4426 


4427 


59-2 


57-4 


4428    121-5 


4429 


4430 


4431 


51-5 


56-7 


59-2 


M 


JR    -8 


M 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  head  of  Augustus 
r. 


!  Similar. 

[PI.  Ixu.  11.] 
(Craeherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixii.  12.] 
(Craeherode  Coll.) 


Type  IV. 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  1., 
laureate ;  around,  CAE 
SAKI  AVGVSTO' 


Triumphal  chariot  r.,  drawn 
by  four  horses,  walking; 
it  is  ornamented  on  the 
panels  with  figures  of 
Victory,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  small 
quadriga  with  horses 
galloping ;  in  it  is  placed 
an  aquila ;  in  the  exergue, 

s-r.a.K- 

[PI.  Ixii.  13.] 

(Montagu  Coll.) 


Denarius 


■  h'j 


M    -75 


i  Similar;  headof  Augustus  r. 


Similar. 


JR    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixii.  14.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar ;  the  side  panel  of 
the  chariot  is  orna- 
mented with  palmette 
design  ;  legend,  S  •  P  • 
Q.  •  R.  ■,  above  chariot. 
(Craeherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;  the  front  of  the 
chariot,  as  well  as  the 
side,  is  ornamented  with 
palmette  designs,  and  the 
legend,  S-  P  •  Q-  K-,  is 
in  the  exergue. 

[PI.  Ixii.  15.] 
(Craeherode  Coll.) 


^  There  is  a  variety  with  the  head  of  Augustus  to  r.   like  the  following  denarii  (Cohen, 
Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  100,  no.  270). 


CIEO.  B.C.  18;   A.U.C.  736 


33 


^'o.     Weight       */*?? 
'         and  Si«e 


Oiverse 


Reverse 


4482 


4433 


4434 


4435 


119-6 


54-5 


^r   -85 


M    -75 


53-5 


57-8 


JR    -8 


Type  IV.  var. 
Aureus 


Similar;    laureate   head    of  | 
Augustus  1. 


Similar;  the  chariot  is 
turned  to  L,  and  the  front 
and  side  panels  are  orna- 
mented with  palmette 
designs  ;  the  legend,  S  ■  P  ■ 
Q.-  K  •,  is  in  the  exergue.' 
[PI.  Ixii.  16.] 
(Trattle  Coll.) 


Denarius 

Similar ;     countermark     on  j  Similar 


neck,  T 


the  front  and  side 
panels  of  the  ohai'iot  are 
ornamented  with  figures 
of  Victory ;  the  legend, 
S  •  P  •  Q  •  R.  ,  is  above  the 
chariot. 

[PI.  Ixii.  17.] 


Type  V. 
Denarius 


The  consular  robes,  the  toga 
picta  over  the  tunica 
palmata  between  an 
aquila  on  1.  and  a  laurel- 
wreath  on  r. ;  above, 
S.P.Q.  R.  PAKENTI; 
below,  CONS-SVO(,S'e)j- 
aius  popalusque  romanus 
parcnti  conservatori  suo)} 


A\  -75  Similar;  legend  reading, 
S  P  ■  a  R.  •  PAKEN, 
above;  CONS-SVO,  be- 
low. 


4436      53-0     ^l    -7      Similar, 


Triumphal  chariot  r.,  drawn 
by  four  horses  walking; 
the  front  and  side  panels 
are  ornamented  with 
figures  of  Victory;  it  is 
surmounted  by  a  small 
quadriga  with  horses  gal- 
loping;  above,  CAESAKI ; 
in  the  exergue,  AVGVSTO 
[PI.  Ixii.  18.] 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixii. 


Similar. 


19.] 


'  The  denarius  of  this  variety  was  also  struck. 

'  Bckhel  {Doct.  num.  vet,,  t,  vi.,  p.  113)  has  suggested  this  interpretation  of  the  inscrip- 
tion, but  Madden  (Num.  Chron.,  1861,  p.  236),  who  attributes  the  issue  of  this  coin  to  B.C.  2 
proposed  Parenti  Consuli  suo,  remarking  that  it  is  likely  that  a  coin  would  be  struck  when 
Augustus  was  made  Pater  Patriae,  bearing  the  titles  of  Parens  and  Consul,  commomoratiuc 
the  two  events  of  the  year  B.C.  2,  when  he  was  Cos.  xiii.,  and  at  the  same  time  recalliuo-  hil 
threefold  triumph  of  B  c.  29.  The  coins  were,  however,  struck  several  years  earlier  than  B.C.  2 
and  though  there  appears  to  be  no  other  record  of  Augustus's  receiving  the  title  of  Co7iservator 
yet  it  is  quite  possible  that  it  was  accorded  to  him  in  B.C.  19  on  his  return  to  Rome  and  at  a 
time  when  so  many  other  honours  were  granted  to  him  by  the  Senate. 

The  ornameiita  or  consular  robes  were  the  emblems  of  chief  power  in  the  State.  When 
Soipio  bestowed  on  Massinissa,  king  of  Numidia,  the  title  and  insignia  of  royalty,  he 
presented  him  with  the  aurea  corona,  aurea  patera,  sella  r.uruli,  et  scipione  eiurneo,  toga  picta 
et  palmata  tun'ca  (Livy,  xxx.  15). 

VOL.    II.  p- 


34 


No.     Wei^ihi 


58-7 


59-2 


54-7 


122-3 


121-8 


59-4 
55-9 

57-8 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -8 


Ai    -75 


M    -75 


M    -75 


.V     -8 


Al    -75 
.11    -8 
Al    -8 


COINAGE   OP   EOMB 

Obverse  Reverse 

Similar.  ;  Similar;     the    front    panel 

of    the   chariot   is   orna- 
mented   -with     figure    of 
Victory;     the    side    one 
■with  palmette  design. 
j  [PI.  Ixii.  20.] 

I  (Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar.  ,  Similar;  the  panels  of  the 

chariot  in  front  and  at 
the  side  are  ornamented 
■with  figures  of  Victory; 
the  legend,  CAESAR.  I  ■ 
AVGVSTO  is  in  the 
exergue.' 

[PI.  Ixiii.  1.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar.  Similar;   the  side  panel  of 

I  the  chariot  is  orna- 
j  mented  -with  palmette 
j      design. 

Type  VI. 

Aureus 

Head  of  Augustus  1.,  ■wear-  ;  Altar  inscribed 

ing  oak-wreath.  i  FOR.TVN  •  R.EDV^ 

CAESAR  I.  AVG. 

s  n  a-K. 

(Fortunae  Beduci,  Caesari 
Augusto,    senatus    popu- 
lusque  romanus). 
[PI.  Ixiii.  S.] 

Similar;  bead  of  Augustus  r.    Similar;    the    altar    is    in- 
scribed 

FOKT.RED 
CAES  •  AVG 

s.  ra-R.. 

[PI.  Ixiii.  3.] 

!  (Cracherode  Coll.) 

Denarius 

Similar.  !  Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar.  Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiii.  4.] 

Similar;  head  of  Augustus  1.  i  Similar. 

'  [PI.  Ixiii.  5.] 


'  Cohen  (JJe'r'.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  75,  no.  V;l)  mentions  u.  variety  -with  the  legend  above  the 
chariot. 

-  The  denarius  "with  this  legend  was  also  struck  (Cohen,  Ih  ,  vol.  i.,  p.  79,  no.  108). 


,-        ,,,      7^       Metal 
,vo.      Ueirv/ii  ,  „. 

■^        and  Sue 


4445 


4446 


4447 


4448 


4449 


4450 


120-7 


59-8 


59-5 


43-3 

(plated) 


120-4 


M    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  18  ;  A.U.C.  736  35 

Obverse  Reverse 

Type  VII. 

Aureus' 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear-    CAESAK  AVGVSTVS  S  ■  P  • 
ing  oak-wreath.  '      Q  •  R.  arranged  above  and 

below  Shield  inscribed 
CL-V  [Chjpeits  virtutis), 
and  between  two  laurel- 
trees. 

[PL  Ixiii.  6.] 
(Trattle  Coll.) 


Denarius 


A\    -85 


M    -75 


.R    -75 


N    -8 


59-3 


M    -7 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;     AVGVSTVS     for 
AVGVSTVS 

[PI.  Ixiii.  7.] 

Similar. 


Similar;  AVGVSTVS 


Type  VIII. 

Aureus 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear-  I  Two     laurel-trees  ;     above, 
ing  oak-wreath.^  !      CAESAK ;     below,     AVCj 

VSTVS 
i  (Montagu  Coll.) 


Denarius' 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiii.  8.] 

(Devonshire  Coll. 


'  Varieties  of  the  aureus  and  denarius  of  this  type  have  the  head  of  Augustus  to  left 
(Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  70,  nos.  52,  .53).  The  gold  piece  was  formerly  in  the  Cabinet  des 
Medailles,  Paris.     This  type  occurs  also  on  denarii  attributed  to  Gaul  (oiro.  B.C.  16). 

'■^  Cohen  (If).,  vol.  i.,  p.  70,  no.  46)  describes  this  gold  coin  with  the  head  of  Augustus  to 
left.     It  was  formerly  in  the  Cabinet  des  Medailles,  Paris. 

'  Denarii  of  this  type,  but  of  different  style  and  fabric,  are  classed  by  Count  de  Salis  to 
Gaul  {oirc.  B.C.  16). 


36 


COINAGE    OP  EOME 


y'o.      Weight 


iJetal 
and  Sizi 


Obvert-e. 


Reverse 


i451 


40-4 


M    -8 


Ciic.  B.C.   17;    A.u.c.  737' 
AVGVSTVS:   CAESAFL  AVGVSTVS 

Type  I. 

Denarius 

Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare.     |  AVCjVSTVS      (across      the 

I  field).  Above,  Sol  soaring 
r. ,  holding  with  both  hands 
a  veil,  which  floats  above 
his  head  ;  below,  a  Capri- 
corn r.,  holding  rudder 
and  globe. 

[PI.  Ixiii.  9.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


1  The  events  commemorated  by  the  types  of  tlie  coins  assigned  to  this  year  are  : — 1.  The 
birth  or  conception  of  Augustus;  2.  The  surrender  of  the  Roman  standards  and  captires  by 
the  Parthiaus  ;  3.  The  public  rows  to  Augustus  ;  4.  His  improvement  and  embellishment  of  the 
public  roads;  5.  The  celebration  of  the  Lndi  Sacci'Jares  ;  and,  6.  The  adoption  of  Cains  Caesar 
by  Augustus.  Of  these  the  only  contemporary  events  "which  actually  occurred  in  B.C.  17  were 
the  last  two. 

The  coin  on  which  Count  do  Salis  appears  to  have  based  the  classification  of  the  issues 
attributed  to  this  year  is  the  aureus  "which  rt'curds  tlie  celebration  of  the  Ludi  Saecularc^, 
which  occiuTcd  in  B.C.  17.  The  portrait  on  this  coin  is  precisely  similar  to  those  on  all  the  other 
aurei  of  the  year,  and  it  is  also  similar  to  those  on  the  aurei  attributed  to  B.C.  27-25,  and  the 
half-aurei  of  B.C.  24-20  (see  above,  nos.  4373,  4377,  4379-4381).  It  is  in  somewhat  high  relief,  is 
turned  to  the  right,  ami  is  not  laureate.  This  return  to  a  portrait  similar  to  one  used  nearly 
ten  years  before  is  difficult  to  explain.  It  might  be  suggested  that  the  coins  classed  by  Count 
de  Salis  to  B  c.  27-i'5  are  of  a  later  date  ;  but  in  that  case  tliere  would  be  no  pieces  which 
could  be  aitributed  to  those  years.  A  slight  change  of  portrait  was  noticeable  on  the  coins  of 
B.C.  18  (see  above  p.  30).  The  denarii  show  an  occasional  variation  in  the  portrait,  which  is  in 
somewhat  lower  relief,  and  sometimes  turned  to  the  left.  Augustus  is  styled  either  "  L'aesar 
Augustus,"  as  in  the  preceding  year,  or  "  Augustus  "  only. 

The  Capricorn  as  the  hnroscopic  symbol  of  the  conception  or  birth  of  Augustus  has  already 
been  referred  to  (see  above,  p.  19)  ;  but  in  Type  I.  of  this  year's  coinage  it  is  represented  in 
connection  "with  the  sun,  denoting  its  rising.  In  Types  II.  and  III.  anc  have  farther 
references  to  the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthiaus.  The  denarius  of  Type  II.  is 
practically  a  repetition  of  the  aureus  and  denarius  of  Type  II.  attributed  to  B.C.  19  (see  above 
p.  26).  It  dirters  somewhat  in  the  portrait  of  Augustus  and  in  the  details  of  the  figure  of  Mars 
on  the  reverse.  OnTypelll.  the  date  TR  .  POT.  VI  ,  (i.e.  B.C.  18,  as  Augustus  first  received 
the  tribtihitia  potestas  in  B.C.  23,  which  was  annually  renewed),  probably  relates  to  the  erection 
of  the  triumphal  arch  on  the  reverse,  which  may  have  taken  place  in  that  year.  Augustus 
was  consul  for  the  eleventh  time  in  B.C.  23.  the  coins  of  this  Type  refer  also  to  the 
surrender  of  the  Roman  captives  by  the  Parthians.  These  were  all  liberated  with  the 
exception  of  a  small  number,  who  "  through  shame  had  committed  suicide  or  remained 
concealed  in  the  country"  (Dion  Cassius,  liv.  8).  The  rota  puUica  to  Augustus,  commemo- 
rated on  Types  IV.  and  V.,  are  usually  supposed  to  refer  to  those  which  were  offered  by 
the  Senate  and  the  people  on  his  dejiarture  for  Gaul  in  B.C.  16  to  oppose  the  irruptions  of 
the  Crermans  and  some  border  tribes  (Von  Sallet,  Zeit.  f.  .A'lim,.,  18W2,  j).  175),  but  if  these  coins 
are  to  be  assigned  to  ii.c.  17  the  type  would  be  retrospective,  and  in  that  case  it  may  relate 
to  his  return  to  Rome  in  b.l.  19.  These  vota  may  also  refer  to  the  somewhat  frequent  and 
dangerous  attacks  of  sickness  from  which  Augustus  had  suffered  in  recent  years,  notably  in 
Spain  in  B.C.  24  during  his  campaign  a.yainst  the  Cautaliri  {fhaces  cf  pericu.l,:!tas  valet iidini'f 
per  OHHiem  i-itam  aliquot  expTtii.-i  est  :  jji-aenpue  C'tiitahria  domita;  Suetonius,  Aiufstits,  81). 

^Vhen  Auuustns  took  upon  liiniself  the  general  control  of  the  affairs  of  the  State  he  found 
the  public  roads  iii  a  very  bad  c  nditioii,  not  only  outside  the  city  and  in  the  provinces,  but 
also  in  Rome  itself.  Hitherto  ti.ese  liad  been  in  charge  of  six  officers  who  were  styled  qiminov- 
viri  viis  in  itrbe  piirgandis  and  duoeiri  eiis  extra  urhem  pur<iandis,  and  were  included  in  the  body 
of  magistrates  known  as  the  vigintise.vriri.  This  body  Augustus  reduced  to  twenty  members 
{vijinticiri),  abolishing  the  diioviri  viis  cetra  nrbem  piirgandis  and  the  quatunrvtri  I'lt'i  i  dienndn, 
but  retaining  the  qiiatuoriiri  tiis  in  urle  piirgavdis,  now  called  ciiratores  I'wni  '  ,  who  had 
charge  of  all  roads  in  Italy  and  in  the  provinces  (Bouche-Leclercq,  Man.  des  Inst,  rom.,  p.  80). 


CIEC.  B.C.  17;   A.U.C.  737 


37 


4452 


Weight 


50-3 


Metal 
aiid  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


Ai    -8      Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 


4458    120-5 


Mars  helmeted,  his  chlamys 
tied  round  his  ^¥aist, 
standing  front,  holding 
an  aquila  in  r.  hand,  and 
a  signum  cohortis  directed 
over  his  shoulder  in  1.  ;  at 
sides,  SIGNIS  RECEPTIS 
[PL  Ixiii.  10.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


^     -8 


Type  III. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  S-P-QR-IMP 
CAESAR.  I- AVG.  COS- XI- 
TR-  POT  VI  •  {Senatus 
popidusque  romanus,  Im- 
peratori  Gaesari  Augusta, 
consule  undecimum,  tri- 
bunitia  potestate  sex  turn). 


CIVIB.ETSIGN  -MILIT. 
A-rAR.T-KECVr.(Ciw- 

hus  et  signis  militariis 
a  Parthicis  recuperatis) 
around  Triumphal  arch 
of  three  portals ;  above 
the  central  one  is  a  quad- 
riga facing,  with  figure 
of  Augustus ;  over  the  1. 
portal  stands  a  Parthian 
soldier  offering  to  Aug- 
ustus a  sigmim  cohcn'tis  ; 
and  over  the  right  one 
another  Parthian  offering 
i  with  r.  hand  an  aquila, 
and  holding  in  1.  a  bow. 
[PI.  Ixiii.  11.] 
(Crach erode  Coll.) 


Augustus  himself  accepted  the  post  of  superintendent  of  the  roads  in  the  neighbourliood 
of  Rome,  and  personally  directed  the  improvements  of  the  Via  Flaminia  so  far  as  Ariminum, 
where  and  also  on  the  bridge  over  the  Tiber  he  erected  statues  and  triumphal  arches  in  his 
own  honour  (Dion  Cassius,  liii.  22  ;  Suetonius,  Augustus,  30).  It  is  to  these  new  regulations 
that  the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Types  VI.-YIII.  relate,  but  more  especially  to  the  improve- 
ments carried  out  in  Eome  itself,  and  to  the  embellishment  of  the  city  with  buildings  and 
arches  ;  the  latter  being  connected  with  the  triumphs  of  Augustus. 

We  learn  from  the  Monumentum  Ancyranum ,  and  also  from  an  inscription  found  recently 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber  (Mommsen,  Eph.  Epig.,  vol.  viii.,  pp.  22,5  f.),  that  the  celebration  of 
the  Ludi  Sdeculares  by  Augustus,  as  recorded  on  coins  of  Type  IX.,  took  place  during  the 
consulship  of  C.  Furnius  and  C.  Junius  Silanus,  B.C.  17,  and  that  they  lasted  for  three  days  and 
three  nights,  June  1-3,  beginning  on  the  eve  of  Jime  1.  Dion  Cassius  (liv.  18)  says  that  this 
was  their  fifth  celebration,  and  it  was  on  this  occasion  that  Horace  composed  his  Carmen 
Saeculare.  During  the  Republic  these  games  were  called  Lucli  Terentini,  but  there  is  con- 
siderable uncertainty  not  only  as  to  their  origin  but  as  to  the  number  of  occat-ions  on  which 
they  had  been  celebrated  previous  to  the  time  of  Augustus.  The  games  in  B.C.  17  were  vmder 
the  direction  of  the  college  of  the  quindecimviri  sacris  faciundis,  of  which  Augustus  and  M. 
Agrippa  were  members  {Pro  conl/'gio  xvvirorum  riiagisfer  conlegii  collega  M.  Agri'ppa.  ludos 
saeciilares  C.  Furnio  G.  Silano  cos.  feci ;  Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  91).  Augustus  was  therefore 
president  of  the  games,  and  he  had  as  his  chief  colleague  Agrippa,  who  on  several  occasions  had 
held  the  office  of  consul  with  him,  and  in  B.C.  18  was  also  invested  with  the  tribunitian  power 
for  five  years.  The  reverse  type  of  the  coins  commemorating  the  celebration  of  these  games 
shows  Augustus  sacrificing  at  an  altar,  on  the  other  side  of  which  is  m.  priest  wearing  a  long 
tunic  and  a  pointed  helmet.     This  was  the  dress  of  the  Salian  priests,  who  were  instituted  for 


38 

Nn.        ]Vti,,ht 


445J: 


ii55 


56-1 


Meial 

and  St^e 


.11    -75 


COINAGE   OP   ROME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Denarius 


55-8  I  .11    -75 


4156 


4457 


52-3 


.R    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;      legend     reading 
RECVPER  for  RECVP 
[PI.  Ixiii.  12.] 

Similar;  legend  at  end 
differently  divided;  PER. 
above  arch.' 


Type  IV. 


Denarius 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 


Within  oak-wreath,  legend 
in  four  lines,  lOVI  VOT- 
SVSC  Pi?.OSAL.  CAES. 
AVG  S  •  P  •  a  ■  K  .  {lovi 
iota  suscepta  pro  salute 
Cacsaris  Ainjusti  scnatus 
populusqiu  romanus). 
[PI.  Ixiii.   13.] 


66-0 


Al     '8 


Type    Y. 
Denarius 


Head  of  .Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  S-PQ-KIMP  • 
CAESAR.I  (^'<■«rt//^s  2}opH- 
lusqiie  romanus  Impera- 
ton  Cacsari). 


Mars  standing  towards  1., 
head  turned  to  r.,  his 
mantle  over  his  1.  arm ; 
he  holds  in  r.  hand, 
standard  {vcxUlum),  and 
in  1.,  parazonium;  a.cross 
the  field  in  four  lines, 
VOT  .  P  •  SVSC .  Pi?.0  • 
SAL-ET  I?.ED-IOM- 
SA  CK  •  {Yota  puhlica  sus- 
ccpta  pro  salute  cl  reditu 
lovi  Optimo  Maximo  sa- 
crata). 

[PI.  Ixiii.  14.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


the  service  of  Mars  and  for  the  guardianship  of  the  sacred  shields.  As  the  altar  at  which 
special  offerings  were  made  at  the  LuAi  Terentini,  and  later  at  the  Ludi  Saeculares,  was  in  a 
volcanic  cleft,  called  Terentum,  in  the  Campns  Martins,  it  may  be  supposed  that  the  Salian 
priests  took  an  active  part  in  the  ceremonial.  By  order  of  the  Senate  in  B.C.  29  the  name  of 
Augustus  was  inserted  in  the  Carmen  Saliare  (Monimsen,  Ros  gestae,  p.  44).  It  w^as  also  in 
B.C.  17  that  Augustus  adopted  the  two  sons  of  .Vsvippa,  Cains  and  Lucius,  whose  mother 
was  his  daughter  Julia  (Dion  Cassius,  liv.  18).  At  tlie  time  of  their  adoption  Caius  was  only 
three  years  old,  and  Lucius  Imil  been  born  but  a  few  days.  AVo  have  an  interesting  record 
of  this  event  in  the  aureus  and  denarius  of  Type  X.  The  candelabrum  (or  incense  altar)  on 
the  reverse  was  probably  specially  made  on  this  occasion,  and  set  up  in  one  of  the  temples. 
The  dedication  of  candelabra  in  bronze  and  marble  to  divinities  was  not  unusual. 

1  A  variety  reads  R  ECVP  for  R  ECVPE  R,  and  another  has  the  head  of  Augustus  to  left 
instead  of  to  right  (Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  75,  nos.  83,  85). 


No.     Weight       ^f^^ 
■'         and  Sine 


4458 


4459 


4460 


4461 


4462 


121-1 


58-2 

■pierced 

41-7 
59-0 


N    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  17  ;   A.U.C.  737 

Ohverse 

Type  V.  var.' 

Aureus 


39 


Reverse 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  S-P-Q-K-CAE 
SAR-I  AVGVSTO 


Similar ;    Mars  looks  to  1., 
and   the    inscription   en- 
circles the  design,  and  is 
not  across  the  field. - 
[PI.  Ixiii.   15.] 


/R    -75 


M    -7 


M.    -8 


120-8 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiii.  16.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.' 

Similar. 


Similar  ;   legend,  VOT  •  T  • 

SVSC.[^KOSALVT  ET. 

RED.  I.OM.SACK 

[PI.  Ixiii.  17.] 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Type  VI. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  S-P-Q-RIMr 
CAESARI 


aVOD-VIAE.MVNSVNT 

{Quod  viae  viunitae  sunt) 
around  Triumphal  arch 
of  two  portals  placed  on 
a  viaduct  of  small  arches  ; 
the  arch  is  surmounted 
by  a  biga  of  elephants  to  r. 
in  which  stands  Augustus 
crowned  by  Victory .•' 

[PI.  Ixiii.   18.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


^  A  variety  of  the  aureus  and  denarius  of  this  type  shows  Mars  looking  back  to  right 
(Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  106,  nos.  320,  321).  Another  denarius  has  the  head  of  Augustus 
to  left,  and  yet  another  with  the  obverse  legend  S.P.Q.R.IMP.CAESARI  (Cohen,  lb., 
vol.  i.,  nos.  326,  327). 

^  Owing  to  a  slight  injury  the  Museum  coin  has  been  plugged  at  the  foot  of  the  st^ndard! 

'  This  triumphal  arch  relates  generally  to  the  victories  of  Augustus  or  his  generals  in  the 
East;  but  more  especially  to  those  in  Africa  between  B.C.  34-19,  during  which  period  the 
Fasti  record  no  less  than  five  triumphs  in  that  portion  of  the  Roman  empire. 


40 


„        „,     ,  ,       Metal 
No.      n  eight     „„^,5,;,, 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  VI.  var. 
Aureus' 


AT     -8 


Similar. 


Similar;  the  biga  of 
elephants  surmounts  a 
triumphal  arch  of  one 
portal,  flanked  on  either 
side  by  a  basilica ;  no 
viaduct  is  shown  below 
the  arch. 


4463 


4'2-8      .R     -75 


[Cohen,  2I,'d.  vup.,  vol.  i.,  p.  94,  no.  230.] 


Type  VII.' 


Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  S  •  P  ■  Q.  •  R.  ■  CAE 
SARI  AVGVSTO 


44G4  I    59-2      .R 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


QVOD  .  VIAE  .  MVN- 
SVNT  around  Triumphal 
arch  of  two  portals 
placed  on  a  viaduct  of 
small  arches  ;  similar  to 
no.  4462,  but  ornamented 
at  each  side  with  a 
rostrum  ;  the  arch  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  quadriga  of 
horses  to  r.,  in  which 
stands  Augustus  crowned 
by  Victory .- 

[PL  Ixiii.  19.] 


Similar. 

[PL  Ixui.  20.] 


^  This  aureus  is  described  and  figured  after  Cohen  {loc.  c*^.),  wliore 't  is  staf  ed  that  it 
was  in  the  possession  of  M.  RoUin.  The  legend  on  the  obverse  reads  CAESAR  for  CAE  SARI  ; 
and  that  on  the  reverse  is  either  blundered  or  incorrectly  reproduced.  MM.  Eollin  bavmg 
disposed  of  the  coin  are  unable  to  supply  any  particulars  of  iD  ;  but  when  in  their  possession 
they  believed  it  to  be  genuine. 

-  The  triumphal  arch  shown  on  the  reverse  no  doubt  records  the  battle  of  Actimn.  The 
aureus  of  this  type  was  also  struck,  and  a  variety  of  the  denarius  exists  with  the  quadriga 
on  the  arch  to  left  (Cohen,  Meil.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  95,  nos.  232,  234). 


„        TIT  •  7  J       Metal 
No.     Weight     ^^j^  ^.^^ 


4465 


4466 


4467 


53-0 


35 '0 

(clipped) 


119-6 


55-5 


JR    -7 


At    -7 


N-    -85 


M    '7 


CIRC.  B.C.  17;   A.U.C.  737 

Obverse 

Type  VIII. 
Denarius 


41 


Reverse 


Head  of  Augustus  1., 
around,  S-P-QR- 
CAESAR  I 


bare ; 
IMP- 


Similar. 


Two  triumphal  arches  on  a 
viaduct ;  each  arch  is 
surmounted  by  an  eques- 
trian figure  and  a  military 
trophy;  in  the  field  be- 
tween the  arches  in  four 
lines,  the  legend,  QVOD  • 
VIAE.  MVN.  SVNT. 
[PI.  Ixiv.  1.] 
(Devonshire  OoU.) 

Similar. 


Type  IX. 
Aureus' 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
VSTVS 


An    altar    inscribed    LVD  I 

SAEC\/L{Ludi  saccular  es); 
on  the  1.  stands  a  veiled 
togate  figure  (Augustus  ?) 
sacrificing,  his  hand 
stretched  out  to  the  altar ; 
on  the  r.  is  another  figure 
(a  priest),  wearing  long 
dress  and  pointed 
helmet,  holding  cadu- 
ceus ;  above  the  altar, 
IMP  ;  all  within  a  laurel- 
wreath. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  2.] 


Similar, 


Denarius^ 

I  Similar. 


^  This  rare  aureus  is  described  and  figured  by  Riccio  {Catalogo,  p.  119,  no.  386,  pi.  ii,, 
no.  2).  Cohen  {Med.  imp.  vol.  i.,  p.  29,  no.  112)  quotes  it  from  the  Biccio  collection.  The 
specimen  in  the  National  Collection  was  purchased  of  MM.  Kollin  in  1871,  and  seems  to  be 
the  piece  which  belonged  to  Riccio. 

^  The  illustration  of  this  denarius  is  from  the  specimen  in  the  Koyal  Collection  at  Copen- 
hagen. It  is  described  but  not  figured  by  Cohen  {MeH.  imp.,  toI.  i. ,  p.  89,  no.  188).  Dr.  0. 
Jorgenson,  Curator  of  the  Cabinet  of  Coins,  Copenhagen,  says  that  there  are  faint  traces  of  the 
inscription  IMP  on  the  reverse.  Boutkowski  (Diet,  num.,  p.  383,  no.  86.5  hix)  mentions  that 
only  three  specimens  are  known  ;  but  he  does  not  state  where  they  are  to  be  found. 

VOL.    II.  G 


42 


^-     ^^"^^*     a^te 


COINAGE   OP  EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4468 


4469 


4470 


122-8 


58'6 


57-1 


N    -8 


M    -7 


M    -75 


TypeX. 
Aureus 


Young  head  of  Caius 
Caesar  r.,  bare;  below, 
CAESAR. ;  all  within  oak- 
wreath. 


A  large  candelabrum  (or 
incense  altar),  orna- 
mented with  rams'  heads 
and  surmounted  by  a 
crescent,  within  a  wreath 
composed  of  flowers, 
paterae,  and  bucrania ; 
across  the  field,  AVG 
VST' 

[PI.  Ixiv.  3.] 
(Dupre  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  4.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  This  rare  aureus,  which  was  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  Mr.  Edward  Wigan, 
and  which  he  had  purchased  of  M.  Prosper  Dupre,  was  found  at  Ambenay  in  1834  (Num.  Chron., 
1865,  p.  26). 


43 


PERIOD  XVI. 

Circ.  B.C.  16—3;  a.u.c.  738—751 

With  this  Period  we  reach  the  last  stage  of  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman  mint  to 
be  dealt  with  in  this  work.  It  is  the  Period  which  witnessed  the  revival  of  the 
moneyers'  names  on  the  coins  and  their  final  exclusion.  There  was  also  a 
definite  re-issue  of  a  bronze  currency  based  on  a  new  system,  which  remained 
in  force  for  nearly  two-and-a-half  centuries.  Some  uncertainty  exists  as 
to  when  this  temporary  re-appearance  of  the  moneyers'  names  first  occurred. 
Babelon  {Mon.  rdp.  rom.,  Introd.,  p.  xxxvi. ;  and  Traite  des  Mon.  grec.  et  rom., 
pp.  853,  854)  is  of  opinion  that  the  old  institution  of  the  triumvirate  was  revived 
by  Augustus  in  B.C.  20,  and  that  gold  and  silver  coins  were  struck  in  their  names 
till  B.C.  15,  when  they  were  discontinued  to  make  way  for  a  bronze  coinage 
exclusively,  which  extended  down  to  B.C.  4,  after  which  date  the  moneyers'  names 
disappear  altogether.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  8)  held  practically 
the  same  view,  and  having  attributed  to  B.C.  15  the  coinages  of  M.  Sanquinius 
and  P.  Licinius  Stolo,  which  are  of  gold,  silver,  and  bronze,  and  which  he  con- 
sidered to  be  the  latest  aurei  and  denarii  with  moneyers'  names,  concluded  that 
from  that  time  Augustus  deprived  the  Senate  of  its  right  of  striking  in  gold  and 
silver,  and  entrusted  to  that  body  the  authority  over  the  bronze  money  only.  In 
the  previous  pages  of  this  Catalogue  (see  above,  p.  2),  however,  it  has  been  shown 
that  if  the  evidence  of  the  types  is  any  criterion,  the  practical  authority  over  the 
gold  and  silver  coinages  had  been  invested  by  the  Senate  in  Augustus  at  a  much 
earlier  date,  and  possibly  so  far  back  as  B.C.  36.  Moreover,  in  assigning  the  issues 
of  M.  Sanquinius  and  P.  Licinius  Stolo  to  B.C.  15,  Mommsen  does  not  appear  to 
have  noticed,  or  to  have  been  aware,  that  as  some  of  the  bronze  coins  of  these 
moneyers  give  Augustus  the  title  of  Pontifex  Maximus,  they  could  not  have  been 
issued  before  B.C.  12  (see  below,  pp.  80,  82).  Mommsen  was  also  of  opinion  that 
the  bronze  issues  with  moneyers'  names  followed  in  date  those  of  gold  and  silver. 
■  Count  de  Salis,  on  the  other  hand,  whilst  also  attributing  the  first  issue  of  the 
new  bronze  money  to  B.C.  15,  thought  that  the  moneyers'  names  did  not 
reappear  at  all  till  B.C.  16,  which  was  the  seventh  and  eighth  tribunitian  year 
of  Augustus,  as  recorded  on  the  coins  of  L.  Vinicius,  L.  Mescinius  Eufus, 
and  C.  Antistius  Vetus.  Count  de  Sahs  also  did  not  consider  that  the  gold 
and  silver  money  ceased  when  that  of  bronze  was  resumed,  but  that  the  issues 
of  the  different  metals  were  intermittent.  It  may  also  be  reasonably  as'sumed 
that  when  Augustus  revived  the  custom  of  placing  the  moneyers'  names  on 
the  coins,  all  money  issued  from  the  Eoman  mint  would  bear  their  signatures. 
If  we  accept  this  view  it  is  possible  to  construct  a  regular  triumvirate  of 
moneyers  year  by  year  from  b.c.  16 — 3,  and,  as  it  has  already  been  shown, 
it  is   possible  to  fill  up   the    period  from   b.c   20—17   with   a   considerable 


4i  COINAGE    OF  ROME 

series  of  gold  and  silver  coins  which  could  only  have  been  struck  during  that 
interval. 

In  the  absence  of  any  records  or  historical  evidence  it  is  difficult  to  account 
for  this  return  to  a  former  usage  of  the  mint  at  Eome,  but  it  is  not  improbable 
that  when  Augustus  left  for  Gaul  in  B.C.  16,  where  the  Eoman  soldiery  had 
suffered  several  disastrous  defeats,  he  contemplated  that  his  absence  would 
extend  over  a  considerable  period,  and  that,  in  order  to  ensure  a  regular  issue  of 
money  from  the  mint,  he  ordered  the  moneyers  to  resume  the  practice  of  placing 
their  names  on  the  coins  as  a  guarantee  to  the  pubhc  against  being  supplied 
with  money  of  impure  metal  or  of  light  weight,  reserving  for  himself  a  quasi 
right  over  the  gold  and  silver  coinages,  but  vesting  the  issue  of  the  bronze  in  the 
Senate.  It  may  also  have  been  done  with  the  intention,  as  on  previous 
occasions,  of  showing  the  people  that  he  was  willing  at  any  time  to  surrender 
those  marks  of  sovereignty  with  which  they  of  their  own  free  will  had  from 
time  to  time  invested  him.  After  an  absence  of  four  years  Augustus  returned  to 
Eome,  but  no  change  was  made,  and  the  new  regulations  remained  apparently 
in  force  till  B.C.  3,  after  which  date  the  moneyers'  names  disappear,  never  to  be 
restored  to  the  Eoman  coinage  so  long  as  the  empire  lasted.  On  February  5, 
B.C.  2,  Augustus  was  proclaimed  Pater  Patriae,  and  from  that  time  this  title 
appears  on  most  of  his  gold  and  silver  coins,  but  as  it  is  never  met  with  in 
conjunction  with  the  names  of  moneyers  we  have  almost  absolute  evidence 
of  the  date  when  this  further  change  took  place.  This  exclusion  also  defines 
the  limit  of  this  Catalogue.  In  order  to  include  all  the  issues  of  the  moneyers 
we  have  been  compelled  to  cross  the  border  line  of  the  Eepubhc  and  the 
Empire,  and  to  extend  our  description  of  the  coins  for  some  years  into  the 
reign  of  Augustus. 

Denominations  and  Types. — The  coinage  now  consists  of  gold,  silver, 
bronze,  and  copper.  In  gold  there  is  the  aureus ;  in  silver,  the  denarius ;  in 
bronze,  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius ;  and  in  copper,  the  as  and  the 
quadrans.  There  is  no  instance  of  the  issue  of  the  half-aureus  in  gold,  or  of 
the  quinarius  and  sestertius  in  silver. 

Before  discussing  the  new  coinage  in  bronze  and  copper  we  wiU  refer  briefly 
to  the  types  of  the  gold  and  silver  money.  The  restoration  of  the  moneyers' 
names  was  accompanied  by  a  slight  modification  in  the  nature  of  the  types  of 
the  gold  and  silver  coins,  though  in  the  main  they  are  imperial,  i.e.  they  relate 
to  Augustus  as  in  the  preceding  years.  On  all  Augustus  is  styled  "  Augustus," 
"  Caesar  Augustus,"  "  Imperator  Caesar  Augustus,"  "  Augustus  Divi  f.,"  "  Caesar 
Divi  f.,"  or  simply  "Imperator  Caesar."  The  types  from  b.c.  16—12  are  of  a 
mixed  character,  mostly  relating  to  Augustus,  but  some  refer  to  events  in  the 
history  of  the  moneyers'  families.  Those  of  Augustus  deal  almost  exclusively 
with  events  which  occurred  before  b.c.  16  ;  such  as  the  improvement  of  the  public 
roads  and  streets,  the  erection  of  statues  and  arches  inside  and  outside  the 
city,  the  civic  wreath  granted  to  him  by  the  Senate,  as  also  the  golden  triumphal 
chariot  and  the  golden  "  shield  of  valour,"  the  conquests  in  the  East,  the 
restoration  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians  and  the  celebration  of  the  Ludi 
^aeculares.  The  events  relating  to  the  moneyers'  families  are  few  in  number. 
On  coins  of  C.  Antistius  Vetus  is  recorded  the  treaty  between  the  Eomans  and 


CIEC.  B.C.  16—3  ;   A.U.C.  738—751  45 

the  Gabini ;  on  those  of  P.  Petronius  Turpilianus  allusions  are  made  to  the 
origin  of  the  family,  and  to  the  death  of  Tarpeia;  on  those  of  L.  Aquillius 
Florus  to  the  conquests  of  Mn.  Aquillius  Florus  in  Asia  and  Sicily,  &c. 
From  B.C.  8 — 6  (after  which  date  to  B.C.  3  no  gold  or  silver  coins  are  assigned 
to  the  Eoman  mint)  the  types  refer,  with  possibly  one  exception  (see  p.  98), 
to  Augustus  only  or  to  events  in  which  he  more  or  less  participated. 

The  new  coinage  of  baser  metal  which  was  introduced  in  B.C.  15  was  of 
yellow  copper,  i.e.  brass  (6pei';(aXKos  =  orichalcum),  from  which  were  struck  the 
sestertius  and  the  dupondius ;  and  of  copper,  of  which  we  have  the  as  and  the 
quadrans.  Pliny  {Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiv.  2,  i)  in  speaking  of  the  mines  at  Corduba  in 
Spain,  says : — (Aes  Gordubense)  a  Liviano  cadvieam  maxume  sorbet  et  orichalci 
bonitatem  imUatur  in  sestertiis  dtcp07idiariisque ;  and  the  Lex  Julia  against 
peculation,  which  is  to  be  attributed  to  Augustus  and  not  to  Julius  Caesar, 
enjoined  that  the  moneyers  were  not  to  introduce  any  alloy  in  the  copper 
money — Ne  qiiis  in  .  .  .  aes  publicum  quid  iiidat  neve  immisceat  .  .  .  quo  id 
peius  fiat  (Mommsen,  Hist.  man.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  37,  notes  2,  3).  From  analyses 
made  of  the  coins  of  this  Period  it  has  been  shown  {Num.  Ghron.,  1904,  p.  244) 
that  the  metal  from  which  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius  were  struck  consists 
of  approximately  76-5  per  cent,  copper  and  23-5  per  cent,  zinc;  whilst  that  of 
the  as  and  the  quadrans  contains  98-9  per  cent,  copper,  i.e.  practically  copper 
only.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius  are  of 
orichalcum  or  yellow  copper,  and  that  the  as  and  the  quadrans  are  of  copper 
only.  As  the  as  is  of  about  the  same  weight  as  the  dupondius,  orichalcum  in 
currency  must  have  been  rated  at  double  the  value  of  copper.  The  weight  of 
the  as  was  about  220  grs.,  which  would  give  us  a  semuncial  standard,  the  same 
as  was  introduced  in  B.C.  88,  so  that  in  this  respect  there  was  no  change.  The 
smallest  denomination  has  been  usually  identified  as  a  semis,  but  as  it  never 
exceeds  in  weight  the  quarter  of  the  as,  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  its  being  a 
quadrans.  Had  it  been  a  semis,  by  analogy  with  the  larger  denominations,  it 
would  presumably  have  been  of  orichalcum,  not,  as  it  is,  of  copper. 

In  the  article  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle  above  referred  to,  which  dealt  with 
all  the  bronze  coinages  of  the  Eoman  standard  struck  in  the  second  half  of  the  first 
century  B.C.  at  Eome  and  in  the  provinces,  it  was  shown  (p.  244)  that  the  bronze 
money  instituted  by  Antony  in  the  East  circ.  B.C.  39,  and  by  Octavius  in  Gaul  circ. 
B.C.  38,  was  of  orichalcum,  so  that  in  adopting  that  metal  for  some  of  the  new 
coins  at  the  Eoman  mint,  the  Senate,  with  whom  rested  the  authority  of  striking 
these  coins,  was  only  extending  a  system  previously  existing  in  the  provinces. 

Care  was  taken  in  introducing  this  new  coinage  to  make  a  difference  in  the 
type  of  each  denomination,  so  that  no  confusion  could  arise  as  to  its  current 
value.  This  was  absolutely  necessary  in  the  case  of  the  dupondius  and  the 
as,  since  their  weights  were  practically  equal.  The  sestertius  has  for  obverse 
type  a  representation  of  the  wreath  of  oak,  which  the  Senate  had  decreed  to 
Augustus  in  b.c.  27,  flanked  by  two  laurel-branches  (probably  denoting  the 
laurel-trees  which  were  planted  on  either  side  of  the  portico  of  his  house),  and 
the  legend  OB  CIVIS  SEKVATOS.  On  the  reverse  is  the  name  of  the  moneyer 
with  his  official  title,  A  ■  A  ■  A  ■  F  •  F  {Aiiro,  argento,  aere,  flando,  feriujtdo), 
arranged  around  the  inscription  S  ■  C,  denoting  that  the  issue  of  bronze  money 


46  COINAGE    OF   EOME 

was  under  the  control  of  the  Senate.  The  dupondius  has  the  same  type  of 
reverse,  but  on  the  obverse  is  the  name  of  Augustus  with  the  inscription  Tribunitia 
potestate,  abbreviated,  within  a  wreath.  The  as  has  on  the  obverse  the  head  of 
Augustus,  bare,  turned  to  the  right  or  to  the  left ;  the  reverse  being  similar  to 
those  of  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius.  The  quadrans  shows  more  variation 
than  any  of  the  other  denominations.  The  early  issues  supply  three  types  for 
the  obverse,  viz.,  two  right  hands  holding  a  caduceus,  a  simpulum  and  a  lituus, 
or  a  cornucopiae.  The  usual  reverse  type  is  similar  to  that  of  the  other 
denominations,  but  when  the  cornucopiae  occurs,  the  letters  S  •  C  are  transferred 
to  the  obverse,  and  the  field  of  the  reverse  is  occupied  by  a  coin-anvil,  ornamented 
with  a  wreath.  Towards  the  end  of  the  period,  in  B.C.  4,  the  coin-anvil  forms 
the  only  reverse  type,  and  the  letters  S  •  C  that  of  the  obverse ;  and  in  b.c.  3  these 
types  are  transposed.  In  b.c.  5  a  new  obverse  type  was  introduced  for  the 
sestertius  and  the  dupondius,  being  the  head  of  Augustus,  but  in  order  that  these 
coins  should  not  be  confused  with  the  as  it  is  laureate,  and  behind  stands  Victory 
holding  a  cornucopiae.  Two  of  the  moneyers  who  introduced  this  new  type, 
M.  Salvius  Otho  and  P.  Lurius  Agrippa,  struck  also  the  dupondius  of  the  old 
type.  With  one  exception,  that  of  Q.  Aelius  Lamia  (see  below,  p.  86),  the  moneyers, 
who  struck  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as,  did  not  issue  the  quadrans, 
and  vice  versa,  and,  with  the  exception  of  M.  Sanquinius,  and  P.  Licinius 
Stole  (see  below,  pp.  78-82),  those  who  struck  gold  and  silver  coins  did  not  issue 
bronze  or  copper.  Lastly,  most  of  the  moneyers  who  struck  silver  coins  issued 
also  those  of  gold. 

The  moneyers'  names  vary  a  good  deal  in  their  form  of  representation,  so 
that  we  meet  with  either  the  praenomen,  nomen,  and  cognomen,  or  the  praenomen 
and  nomen,  or  the  praenomen  and  cognomen.  These  are  sometimes  accompanied 
by  the  patronymic  initials.  On  the  quadrans,  in  the  case  of  joint-issues,  the 
nome7i  or  cognomen  only  is  given.     This  was  due  to  want  of  space. 

Classification. — As  the  types  relating  to  Augustus  record  events  which 
occurred  before  B.C.  16,  and  as  those  of  the  moneyers  commemorate  events 
of  still  earlier  dates,  they  do  not  assist  us  in  the  classification,  or  help  us  in 
ascertaining  the  sequence  of  the  moneyers.  Practically  the  only  coins  from  which 
some  evidence  of  chronology  can  be  obtained  are  those  of  L.  Vinicius,  L.  Mes- 
cinius  Eufus,  and  C.  Antistius  Vetus  (see  pp.  49-56),  as  they  commemorate  the 
seventh  and  eighth  tribunitia  potestas  (b.c.  16)  of  Augustus.  During  this 
Period  the  provincial  issues  and  the  finds  of  coins,  the  latter  on  account  of 
the  small  number  which  have  been  recorded,  afford  but  slight  evidence  for 
classification.  The  only  province  issuing  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Eoman 
standard  and  types  at  this  time  was  Gaul,  and  the  types  of  these  as  a  rule  do 
not  refer  to  contemporary  events.  For  the  sequence  of  the  issues  we  have 
therefore  to  depend  mainly  on  the  internal  evidence  of  the  coins  themslves, 
viz.,  their  fabric,  the  similarity  in  character  of  the  types,  and,  in  the  case  of 
the  bronze  money,  the  forms  of  the  moneyers'  names.  From  such  evidence 
Count  de  Sails  has  constructed  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint  for  each  year  from 
B.C.  16 — 3,  with  the  exception  that  in  the  last  two  years,  B.C.  4 — 3,  the  number 
of  moneyers  was  increased  to  four,  thus  forming  a  quatuorvirate,  but  they  still 
call  themselves  trkmuiri.     In  the  classification  of  the  bronze  and  copper  coins 


CIEO.  B.C.  16—3  ;   A.U.C.  738—751  47 

some  assistance  iis  derived  from  the  titles  borne  by  Augustus.  As  he  did  not 
accept  the  office  of  Pontifex  Maximus  till  B.C.  12,  after  the  death  of  Lepidus, 
any  coins  with  this  title  cannot  be  placed  before  that  year.  The  recent 
discovery  of  some  asses  giving  that  title  has  necessitated  in  a  few  instances 
slight  modifications  in  the  order  of  the  moneyers  as  proposed  by  Count  de 
Salis,  but  these  modifications  have  not  materially  affected  the  general  classifica- 
tion of  the  series.  The  proposed  order  of  the  moneyers  is  somewhat  conjectural, 
but  it  seems  in  the  main  to  be  supported  by  the  types,  fabric,  and  denominations. 

In  grouping  the  moneyers  who  issued  bronze  and  copper  coins,  considerable 
assistance  is  afforded  by  the  additional  evidence  of  joint-issues.  In  the  case  of 
the  quadrans,  with  one  exception  in  B.C.  4  (see  below,  pp.  110,  111),  the  issue  is 
always  a  joint  one ;  the  name  of  each  moneyer,  either  his  novien  or  cognomen, 
being  given  on  the  coin.  It  is  in  one  instance  only  that  we  meet  with  a  joint- 
issue  in  connection  with  the  bronze  coins  of  higher  denominations.  This  is  in 
B.C.  9,  when  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso,  L.  Naevius  Sm-dinus,  and  C.  Plotius  Eufus 
struck  separately  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as ;  but  jointly  the  as 
only,  which  bears  the  names  of  all  three  members  of  the  triumvirate  (see  below, 
pp.  89-93).  Further  particulars  relating  to  the  grouping  and  to  the  sequence  of 
the  moneyers  in  each  year  are  given  with  the  descriptions  of  the  coins,  where 
the  question  is  dealt  with  in  more  detail. 

There  are  only  two  hoards  of  silver,  coins,  of  which  particulars  have  been 
furnished,  which  bear  oa  the  classification  of  the  issues  of  this  Period.  These 
were  discovered  at  Palazzo  Canavese,  near  Ivrea  (Prov.  di  Torino),  and  at 
Terranova  Pausania,  in  the  "Baica  "  region  near  Canna  Aglia,  Sardinia. 

The  Palazzo  Canavese  hoard  was  unearthed  in  the  spring  of  1884  by  a 
peasant,  who  quickly  disposed  of  most  of  it.  The  coins  were  contained  in  the 
usual  earthenware  vase.  The  find  was  a  large  one,  and  is  said  to  have 
weighed  over  10  kilograms  =  25  lbs.  troy.  Of  this  mass  160  specimens 
were  offered  by  the  peasant  to  the  Museo  di  Palazzo  Canavese,  and  were 
examined  and  described  by  Prof.  Serafino  Eicci  in  the  Biv.  Ital,  1897, 
pp.  179  f .  The  earliest  pieces  were  of  the  first  and  second  half  of  the  second 
century  B.C.,  and  amongst  them  were  denarii  of  Tampilus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  71), 
C.  Scribonius  {ib.,  p.  98),  Pinarius  Nata  (ib.,  p.  101),  and  C.  Terentius 
Lucanus  {ib.,  p.  103).  Prom  that  date  down  to  nearly  the  end  of  the  first 
century  B.C.,  the  coins  are  sparsely  but  evenly  distributed,  representing,  in  all, 
59  gentes  or  89  issues.  The  latest  coin  in  the  hoard  of  the  Eoman  mint  is  that 
of  P.  Petronius  Turpihanus  (b.c.  14),  and  he  is  the  only  moneyer  of  Augustus 
who  was  represented  in  it.  Of  the  later  provincial  issues  there  were  coins  of  Au- 
gustus with  obv.,  head  of  Augustus  laureate;  rev.,  two  trees  (Caesar  Augustus  ; 
Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  70,  no.  47),  struck  in  Gaul  circ.  B.C.  16;  and 
another  with  obv.,  head  of  Augustus ;  rev.,  tiara,  two  quivers  and  bow  [Armenia 
capta;  ib.,  vol.  i.,  p.  64,  no.  11),  struck  in  the  East  circ.  B.C.  20.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  there  were  later  coins  of  the  moneyers  of  Augustus  in  the  hoard, 
but  as  those  of  that  time  were  all  in  the  finest  state  of  preservation,  the  finder 
was  able  to  dispose  of  them  very  quickly.  Prom  the  evidence  which  we  possess 
it  would  therefore  appear  that  this  hoard  could  not  have  been  buried  before 
B.C.  14,  but  possibly  a  little  later. 


48  COINAGE    OF   ROME 

The  Terranova  Pausania  hoard  was  discovered  by  a  shepherd  in  January, 
1904.  The  coins  had  been  in  a  pot  which  was  turned  up  in  ploughing  and 
broken.  The  place  where  the  coins  were  found  was  the  site  of  the  ancient  town 
of  Olbia.  The  hoard  consisted  of  871  silver  coins  of  the  time  of  the  Eepublio 
and  early  Empire.  They  were  examined  and  classified  by  Signor  Antonio 
Taramelli,  and  a  hst,  with  analyses,  was  published  by  him  in  the  Scavi,  1904, 
pp.  158  f.  This  was  one  of  the  most  representative  of  the  finds  which  have 
been  analysed  apparently  in  their  entirety.  The  earliest  pieces  dated  from  the 
middle  of  the  third  century  B.C.,  and  were  denarii  of  the  Dioscuri  type,  with 
Victory  in  a  biga,  and  others  with  magistrates'  symbols ;  but,  proportionately, 
those  of  the  first  century  B.C.  were  naturally  the  most  numerous  and  in  the  finest 
condition.  The  worn  state  of  the  earlier  pieces  showed  that  they  had  been 
long  in  circulation,  and  proved  that  the  hoard  was  not  a.  "numismatic 
collection,"  but  one  formed  of  coins  still  in  circulation  at  the  time  of  its  burial. 
The  latest  pieces  of  the  Eoman  mint  were  of  L.  Vinicius  and  L.  Mescinius  Eufua 
(b  c.  16),  P.  Petronius  Turpihanus  (b.c.  14),  Q.  Eustius  (b.c.  12),  and  Cossus 
Cornelius  Lentulus  and  L.  Caninius  Gallus  (b.c.  6),  all  moneyers  of  Augustus. 
As  all  the  provincial  issues  had  for  some  time  previously  ceased,  with  the 
exception  of  those  of  Gaul,  it  need  only  be  mentioned  that  the  latest  coin  of  that 
province  was  the  denarius  of  Augustus  with  ohv.,  head  bare,  Augustus  Bivi  f.; 
rev.,  bull  butting  to  left.  Imp.  x  (Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  84,  no.  140), 
struck  circ.  B.C.  14 — 12.  Signor  Taramelli  remarks  on  the  large  number  of  coins 
of  Antony  present,  more  especially  those  of  the  legions.  There  was  also  a  silver 
coin  of  Juba  I.  of  Mauretania,  but  as  it  was  struck  between  b.c.  60 — 46,  it  is  not 
of  any  chronological  importance.  Prom  these  particulars  the  burial  of  the 
Terranova  Pausania  hoard  must  have  occurred  at  the  end  of  the  first  century  B.C., 
and  as  it  contained  specimens  of  the  issues  of  two  of  the  last  moneyers  of 
Augustus,  Cossus  Cornelius  Lentulus  and  L.  Caninius  Gallus  (b.c.  6),  who 
struck  silver  coins,  and  none  of  Augustus  with  the  title  of  Pater  Patriae  (b.c.  2), 
its  concealment  must  have  occurred  at  some  time  between  those  two  dates. 


„       „,  ,  ,  ,        Metal 
No.     TFc^srM     ^,^^  g.,^ 


CIEC.   B.C.    16;    A.U.C.    738 

Obverse 


49 


Reverae 


4471 


4472 


4473 


62-2 


59-2 


57-0 


M    -85 


M    -75 


M    -75 


Circ.  B.C.  16;    a.u.c.  738  i 

Moneyers 

L.  ViNicius  L.  p. ;    L.  Mescinius  Eufds  ; 
0.  Antistius  Vetus 

L.  VINICIVS   L  .  F 

(LUCIUS   VINICIUS   LUCII   PILIUS^) 

Type  I. 

Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  AVGVSTVS  TR. 

POT    .    VII    {Tribunitia 
potestate  septimum). 


Similar;    TR.  ■  POT-  Vlli 

(Tribunitia   potestate  oc- 
tavum). 

Similar. 


A  cippus,  on  which  is 
inscribed  in  six  lines, 
S-P.a.K  IMP  .  CAE 
aVOD-V  MSEX  EA. 
P  ■  a  .  IS  AD  •  A.  DE 
(Senatus  popuhisqjte  ro- 
manus,  hnperatori  Gae- 
sari,  quod  viae  munitae 
sunt  ex  ed  pecunid  quam 
is  ad  aerarium  detulit)  ; 
around,  L- VINICIVS- L- 
F.  III.VIR. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  5.] 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  6.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(de  Salis  Coll.) 


'  The  moneyors  who  held  office  in  B.C.  16  were  L.  Vinicius  L.  f.,  L.  Mescinius  Eut'us,  and 
C.  Antistius  Vetus.  The  date  of  their  appointment  is  apparent  from  the  legends  on  their 
coins,  which  show  they  were  struck  in  the  eighth  tribunitian  year  of  Augustus,  which  beo-an 
on  the  27th  June,  B.C.  16,  and  ended  on  the  28th  June  following.  Some  of  tlie  coins  of 
L.  Vinicius  are  dated  in  the  seventh  tribunitian  year  of  Augustus,  showing  that  they  were 
issued  before  the  27th  June,  B.C.  16.  All  three  moneyers  strike  in  silver,  but  gold  coins  are 
only  known  of  L.  Mescinius  and  0.  Antistius.  The  types  all  relate  to  Augustus  with,  perhaps, 
one  exception,  that  of  C.  Antistius,  recording  the  ancient  treaty  between  the  Romans  and  the 
Gabini  (see  p.  56). 

'  This  moneyer  was  probably  a  son  of  L.  Vinicius,  who  was  consul  sufEeotus  B.C.  33,  and 
had  held  the  post  of  moneyer  circ.  B.C.  53  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  4i2).  The  only  record  of  the  moueyer 
of  B.C.  16  appears  to  be  his  coins,  the  types  of  which  relate  to  the  improvement  and  administra- 
tion of  the  public  roads  by  Augustus. 

Type  I.  shows  the  cippus,  which  was  erected  to  commemorate  these  acts  of  Augustus.  It 
tells  us  that  Augustus  himself  contributed  largely  to  the  expenses  of  these  improvements.  On 
the  Monumentum  Ancyranum  Augustus  relates,  Quater  pecuiiia  med  iuvi  aerarium.  Moramseu 
(Res  gestae,  p.  66)  mentions  two  occasions  on  which  Augustus  contributed  to  the  public  funds 
from  his  own  treasury;  in  B.C.  28,  on  the  celebration  of  the  games  in  honour  of  the  victory  at 
Actium,  andin  B.C.  16,  on  the  restoration  of  the  public  roads.  Dion  Cassius  (liv.  30)  states  that  in 
B.C.  12,  when  the  provinces  of  Asia  were  visited  by  severe  earthquakes,  Augustus  himself  paid  to 
the  public  treasury  the  annual  tribute  which  was  due  from  those  districts.  The  fourth  occasion 
does  not  appear  to  be  recorded.  The  equestrian  statue  on  Type  II.  probably  illustrates  one  of 
VOL.    II.  H 


50 


■nr        TIT  ■  7  J       Metal 
No.      Wctqht  ,  „• 

■"         ami  bx^e 


COINAGE  OF  EOME 

Ohvevse 


Reverse 


4474 


62-0 


M.    -75 


M75 


4476 


60-9 


56-8 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


M    •7'5 


M    -7 


4477 


60-5 


M.    -7 


4478 


506 


M,    '8 


Equestrian  statue  of  Au- 
gustus r.,  before  the  walls 
of  a  city,  the  gateway  of 
which  is  shown ;  the 
pedestal  of  the  statue  is 
inscribed  in  three  lines, 
S.ra-R.  IMP  CAES 
{Senatus  poindusque  ro- 
7nanus  Imperatori  Gae- 
sari). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


A  cippus,  with  inscription, 
and  the  moneyer's  name 
as  on  no.  4471. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  7.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.' 


(. 


Type  III. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 


Similar. 


Triumphal  arch  between 
two  porticos ;  above  the 
arch  is  a  quadriga  facing, 
in  which  stands  Augustus, 
holding  olive-branch  and 
sceptre ;  the  pedestal  is 
inscribed  in  two  lines, 
S-r-Q-l^  IMP  CAES; 
each  of  the  porticos  is  sur- 
mounted by  an  armed 
figure  holding  a  bow ;  in 
the  exergue,  L.  VI NICIVS 
[PI.  Ixiv.  8.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


those  erected  to  Augustus  outside  the  city  near  the  Porta  Flaminia ;  and  on  Type  III.  is  re- 
presented one  of  the  arches  erected  on  the  same  road.  0.  Eiohter  (Jalirb.  d.  Arch.  Inst.,  iv., 
1889,  p.  158)  thinks  that  this  is  a  representation  of  the  arch  erected  by  the  Senate  to  Augustus 
on  bis  return  to  Rome  in  B.C.  29  after  the  Egyptian  campaign,  but  Borghesi  {^CEuvres  compl., 
t.  ii.,  p.  382)  and  Rossini  {Gli  archi  antichi  roviani,  p.  3)  identify  it  as  the  arch  of  Rimini. 
Dion  Cassius  (liii.  22)  relates  that  "  Augustus  entrusted  to  various  senators  the  duty  of  repair- 
ing the  roads  at  their  own  expense,  but  in  the  case  of  the  Via  Flaminia,  as  it  was  necessary  to 
make  it  practicable  for  the  passage  of  an  army,  he  himself  undertook  the  task.  The  road  was 
repaired,  and  statues  supported  by  triumphal  arches  were  raised  in  honour  of  the  monarch,  not 
only  on  the  bridge  over  the  Tiber,  but  also  at  Ariminum." 


iiT        Tr-  ■  i,i       Metal 
No.     M  eight  ,  „ . 

'        and  Si2( 


CIEC.  B.C.  16;   A.U.C.  738 

Obverse 


51 


Reverse 


M79 


60.2 


M    -75 


L.MESCINIVS   RVFVS 

(LUCIUS   MESOINIUS   EUFUS') 

Type  I. 

Denarius 


Head      of      Augustus      r., 
laureate. 


Mars,  helmeted,  standing 
towards  1.  on  a  pedestal, 
holding  spear  and  para- 
zonium ;  the  pedestal  is 
inscribed  in  three  lines, 
SnaR  VPRRE  CAES 
(Senatus  pojndusque  ro- 
manus,  vota  ino  reditu 
Gaesaris) ;  around,  L  • 
MESCINIVS  RVFVS 
[PI.  Ixiv.  9.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  L.  Mesoinius  Rufus  is  the  only  member  of  hie  family  of  whom  we  have  coins.  He  held 
office  in  the  eighth  tribnnitian  year  of  Aiignstus,  B.C.  16  ;  his  coUeagnes  being  L.  Vinicius  and 
0.  Antistius  Vetus.  He  struck  in  gold  as  well  as  in  silver.  He  is  usually  identified  with 
L.  Mescinius^Eufus,  who  was  quaestor  tor  Cicero  in  Cilicia  B.C.  51,  took  no  part  in  the  civil 
war,  but  after  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar  served  under  Cassius  Longinus,  by  whom  he  was 
sent  against  Tarsus  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2l9).  As  the  above  coins  were  struck  in  B.C.  16,  it  ia 
impossible  to  identify  the  moneyer  as  this  member  of  the  Mescinia  gens,  but  he  may  have 
been  his  son. 

The  types  of  his  coins  commemorate  : — 1.  The  public  vows  of  the  Senate  and  the  Roman 
people  to  Augustus  for  his  health  and  safe  return  ;  2.  Those  for  his  success  in  the  restoration 
and  preservation  of  order  in  all  parts  of  the  State  ;  and,  3.  The  celebration  of  the  Lucli 
Saeculares,  which  had  taken  place  in  the  previous  year.  The  public  vows  for  the  health  and 
safe  return  of  Augustus  recorded  on  Type  I.  may  have  been  those  offered  on  his  departure  for 
Gaul  in  B.  c .  16  or  on  some  previous  occasion  ;  and  those  to  Jupiter  Optimus  Maximus  on  Type  II. 
may  refer  to  Augustus's  illness  in  B.C.  24,  when  he  was  in  the  midst  of  the  reorganization  of 
the  Roman  constitution,  not  only  at  home,  but  also  in  connection  with  the  provinces.  This 
suggestion  appears  to  be  supported  by  the  circumstance  that  the  dedicatory  inscription  is 
placed  within  a  wreath,  probably  representing  the  civic  wreath  which  had  been  accorded  to 
Augustus  by  the  Senate.  The  Ludi  Saeculares  recorded  on  Type  III.  had  been  celebrated  in 
the  previous  year  (see  above,  pp.  37,  41).  Suetonius  (A'ligustus,  23)  relates  that  on  the  defeat 
of  Varus  Augustus  vowed  to  celebrate  the  great  games  in  honour  of  Jupiter,  si  rempuTylicam 
in,  meliorem  statiim  vertisset.  The  suffimenta  consisted  of  oiierings,  by  way  of  atonement  and 
purification,  of  resin,  sulphur,  and  bitumen,  substances  which  were  used  for  the  comijosition  of 
torches  and  which  were  distributed  to  the  people  by  the  quindecimviri  three  days  before  the 
celebration  of  the  saccular  games.  The  inscription  found  on  the  bank  of  the  Tiber  already 
referred  to  (see  p.  37  ;  and  Eph.  JSpiij.,  vol.  viii.,  pp.  225  f.  and  310  f.),  tells  us  that  in  B.C.  17 
this  distribution  was  first  ordered  to  take  place  on  the  fifth  of  the  kalends  of  June  (28  May), 
but  for  the  convenience  of  the  public  the  time  was  later  extended  from  the  seventh  to  the  fifth 
kalends  (26-28  May).  It  took  place  before  the  temples  of  Jupiter  Optimus  Maximus  and 
Jupiter  Tonans  on  the  Capitol ;  of  Apollo  on  the  Palatine ;  and  of  Diana  on  the  Aventine. 
This  inscription  also  notifies  the  fact  that  on  this  occasion  the  number  of  members  of  the 
college  of  the  quindecimviri  was  increased  to  twenty-one,  the  emperor  having  the  power  to 
add  to  their  number  (Dion  Cassius,  li.  20).  Their  names  are  all  given,  and  foremost  are  those 
of  Augustus  and  Agrippa.  Though  the  college  was  numerically  increased  on  this  occasion  it 
retained  its  usual  title  of  quindecimviri  sacris  faciundis,  as  recorded  on  denarii  of  Type  IV. 
which  also  refer  to  the  celebration  of  the  Ludi  Saeculares. 

Varieties  of  Type  I.  read  RVFVS .  Ill  .  VI  R  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  22)  and 
P  RED  for  PR  RE  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  222,  no.  6).  These  varieties  arc  only  caused  by 
the  interchange  of  reverse  dies. 


52 


,,        ,„  .  ,  ,       Metal 
No.     yicvgU     ^,^^g.^^ 


COINAGE   OF  EOME 
Obverse 


Reverse 


4480 


4481 


54-0 


60-7 


M    -75 


Type  I.  var.  a 
Denar'ius 


Similar ;  around  head  of 
Augustus,  [CAESAR.]  AVG 
VSTVSTR.-rOT(same 

die  as  the  next  coin  and 
no.  4488). 


Similar  ;  moneyer's  name, 
L.MESCINIVS  KVFVS. 
III.  VIR 

[PI.  Ixiv.  10.] 


Type  I.  var.  h 
Denarius 


JR.    -lb    Similar. 


4482 


62-0 


I  Similar ;     the    pedestal    is 
inscribed  in  three   lines, 

sra-Rvr.   s- 

TRS-ET     RED.AVG 

{Senatua  populusque  ro- 
manus  vota  publica  sus- 
ceijta  fro  salute  et  reditu 
Augusti) ;  around,  L  • 
MESCINIVSRVFVSIII- 
VIR 

[PI.  Ixiv.  11.] 
(Imhoof-Blamer  Coll.) 


M    -75 


Type  I.  var.  c 
Denarius 


Bust  facing,  bare,  of  Au- 
gustus placed  on  a  shield, 
and  surrounded  by  a 
laurel-wreath  ;  the  shield 
outside  the  wreath  is  in- 
scribed, S-COB  K.P. 
CVM.SALVT-  IMP  • 
CAESAVGVS-CONS' 
(Senatus  consulto,  oh 
remimblicam  cum  salute 
Imperatoris  Caesaris  Ali- 
gns ti  conservatam). 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  12.] 

(Sir  G.  Musgrave  Coll.) 


1  This  legend  on  the  specimen  in  the  National  Collection  is  only  in  part  legible ;  the  coin 
being  imperfectly  struck.  Varieties  appear  to  read  CAESAR  AVG  and  CAESAR  AVGVS 
on  the  obverse  and  PRO  .  S  on  the  reverse  (Boutkowski,  Diet.  Num.,  pp.  377,  378;  Babelon, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  220,  no.  2). 


«T         Tr-   ■  7  *       Bleta  I 
■'        and  bize 


4483 


4484 


4485 


4486 


61-3 


M    -75 


4487 


55-0 


51-5 


51-3 


123-6 


M    -7 


M    -75 


M    -75 


AT     -B 


CIEC.  B.C.  16;   A.U.C.  738 

Obverse 

Type  II. 
Denarius 


53 


Eeverse 


Within  oak- wreath,  inscrip- 
tion in  seven  lines,  I  ■  O  ■ 

M.   s-  r  .  a.  K.  v.s- 

PR-SIMPCAE 
aVOD-PEKEV.  R. 
r- IN -AMP  ATQ. 
TR-A^  S  ■  E  ■  (lovi  Op- 
timo Maximo,  senatus 
popidusque  romanus  vota 
suscepta'pro  salute  Impera- 
toris  Gaesaris,  qttocl  per 
euvi  respuhlica  in  ampliore 
atque  tranquilliore  statu 
est). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


A  oippus,  inscribed  in  five 
lines,  IMP  CAES  AVGV 
COMM  CONS  (fmpera- 
tori  Caesari  Augusto, 
coviviuni  consensu) ;  at 
the  sides,  S  •  C  •  (Senatus 
consulto) ;  around,  L  • 
MESCINIVS  RVFVSIII- 
VIB.^ 

(Pembroke  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixiv.  13.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar  ;   countermark  on  1. 
of  cippus,  F^ 


Type  III. 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r., 
laureate;  around,  IMP  • 
CAESAK  TRPOT-  MX 

{Tribunitia  potestate   oc- 
tavum). 


Augustus,  togate,  seated  1. 
on  an  estrade  inscribed 
LVD-S  (Ludi  saeculares); 
before  him  stand  two 
togate  figures,  to  one  of 
whom  he  is  handing 
suffimenta,  which  he  has 
taken  from  a  basket  at 
his  feet ;  in  the  exergue, 
AVG  •  SVF  .  P  {Augustus 
suffi?nenta  populo  [dcd- 
itj);  around,  L  •  MES 
CINIVS 

[PI.  Ixiv.  14.] 
(Dupre  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


1  Comm.  Pr.  Gneochi  {Riv.  Ital.,  1900,  p.  154)  describes  a  variety  in  his  coliection  with 
the  cognomen  RVFVS  omitted;  and  Bahrfeldt  {ifum.  Zeit.,  1897,  ji.  22)  mentions  a  hybrid 
with  the  head  of  Augustus  without  legend  on  the  obverse. 


5J: 


COINAGE    OF   SOME 


No.     WeUjht       ^^ff' 
^         and  Sizt 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4488 


53-5 


126-0 


M    -75 


N'    -8 


Type  IV. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r., 
laureate ;  around,  CAE 
SAK    AVGVSTVS    TK  • 

POT'  (same  die  as  nos. 
4480,  4481). 


A  cippus,  inscribed  in  five 
lines,  IMP  CAES  AVG 
LVD  SAEC  {Imperator 
Caesar  Augustus  ludos 
saeculares  [fecif]);  across 
the  field  at  sides  of  the 
cippus,  XV  S  ■  F  {Quin- 
decimviri  sacris  faciun- 
dis)- ;  around,  L  •  MES 
CINIVS  R.VFVS  III.VIR. 
[PI.  Ixiv.  15.] 


C  .  ANTISTIVS  VETVS 

(CAIUS   .ANTISTIUS  VETUS') 
Type  I. 
Aureus 


Bust  of  Victory  r.,  draped, 
hair  drawn  back,  and  tied 
behind  in  a  knot :  around, 
CANTISTI  VETVS  III- 
VIR. 


A  priest  standing  1.,  sacri- 
ficing at  a  lighted  and 
garlanded  altar ;  on  the 
other  side  of  which  is  a 
victimarius  holding  with 
1.  hand  a  bull  by  the  horn 
and  in  r.  the  sacrificial 
knife  (cuUer);  around, 
TKO  VALETVDINE 
CAESAR.1S;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, S  r  ■  Q.  ■  Fl  {Senatus 
populusque  romanus). 


[Collection  of  Sir  John  Evans.] 


1  On  the  specimen  of  this  denarius  figured  by  Cohen  (.WcJ.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  128,  no.  461),  the 
legend  on  the  obverse  runs  downwards  and  not  upwards. 

"  The  names  of  those  who  formed  the  college  of  the  quindecimviri,  and  whose  number  was 
specially  increased  to  twenty-one  on  this  occasion,  are  given  in  the  inscription  mentioned  above 
(see  p.  51;  and  ISpli.  Epig.,  vol.  viii.,  pp.  240,241).  Those  of  Augustas  and  Agrippa  head 
the  list. 

^  This  moneyer  was  probably  a  grandson  of  0.  Antistius  Vetus,  propraetor  in  Further 
Spain  B.C.  61,  and  a  sou  of  0.  Antistius  Vetus,  who  was  a  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  57  and  who 
commanded  in  Syria  for  Julius  Caesar  e.c.  45  ;  and  wns  consul  snffectus  B.C.  30.  The  moneyer 
was  a  triumvir  of  the  mint  in  B.C.  16,  as  some  of  his  coins  are  dated  in  the  eighth  tribunitinn 
year  of  Augustus,  and  he  had  as  his  colleagues  in  office,  L.  Yiuicius  atid  L.  Meseiuius  Rufus. 
He  may  have  been  the  consul  of  B.C.  6  with  D.  Laelius  Balbus.     As  it  is  said  that  he  lived  to 


CIEC.  B.C.  IG:   A.U.O.  738 


55 


No.     Weight 


4489     60-7 


Metal 
and  tSize 


M    -1 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  IMP-CAESAK- 
AVGVS    TR. POT  ■  MX 

(Tribimitia  potestate    oc- 
tavum). 


Apollo  of  Actium,  laureate, 
wearing  long  robe, 
standing  1.  on  a  platform, 
and  sacrificing  a,t  a 
lighted  garlanded  altar, 
he  holds  lyre  in  1.  hand ; 
the  platform  is  orna- 
mented with  anchors 
and  prows ;  in  the  field 
and  below,  APOLLINI 
ACTIO;  around,  CAN 
TISTI  VETVS  IIIVIK' 
[PI.  Ixiv.  16.] 
(Gampana  Coll.) 


see  both  his  sons  consuls,  he  could  not  have  died  before  A.u.  28.  This  moneyer  cannot  there- 
fore be  identified  with  the  consul  suffectus  of  the  same  name  in  B.C.  30  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  150). 
Like  L.  Mescinius  Kufus  he  struck  gold  as  well  as  silver  coins.  The  types  of  some  were  copied 
by  another  member  of  the  family,  C.  Antistius  }ieg;inus,  who  filled  the  office  of  moneyer  a 
few  years  later,  circ.  B.C.  8.  Babelon  (vol  i.,  p.  149)  has,  however,  assigned  the  coins  of  the 
latter  to  a  somewhat  earlier  date,  circ.  B.C.  18. 

The  types  of  the  coins  of  C.  Antistius  Vetus  relate  chiefly  to  events  connected  with  the 
life  of  Augustus,  but  in  one  instance  (Type  IV.)  he  appears  to  have  adopted  the  custom  of 
former  monoyers  in  recording  an  event  personal  to  his  own  family.  Type  I.  seems  to  refer 
generally  to  the  sacrifices  which  were  ordered  by  the  Senate  for  the  restoration  or  preserva- 
tion of  the  health  of  Augustus,  who,  on  several  occasions,  had  been  seized  with  alarming 
sickness.  As  this  coin  was  issued  in  B.C.  16,  the  type  may,  however,  have  special  reference  to 
Augustus's  departure  for  Gaul  in  that  year.  Only  two  specimens  of  this  rare  aureus  are 
known ;  one  in  the  Vienna  collection  ;  the  other  in  that  of  Sir  John  Evans.  By  kind 
permission  of  Sir  John  Evans  the  illustration  is  given  of  his  specimen.  Type  II.  commemorates 
the  sacrifices  to  Apollo  of  Actium  in  his  temple  on  the  Palatine,  which  was  built  by  Augustus. 
The  scene  on  the  reverse  is  similar  to  that  on  a  tetradraohm  of  Parium,  where  Apollo  Aktaios 
is  shown  sacrificing  at  an  altar  and  resting  his  hand  on  his  lyre,  which  is  placed  on  the 
omphalos  (Overbeck,  GriecJi.  Kunst-myth.,  vol.  iii.,  bk.  5,  pi.  iv.,  no.  18).  On  the  reverse  of 
Type  III.  are  shown  the  various  emblems  symbolical  of  the  priestly  offices  held  by  Augustus, 
whilst  that  of  the  obverse  illustrates  the  claim  of  the  Julia  gens  to  be  descended  from  Venus. 
In  the  case  of  Type  IV.,  though  the  portrait  and  name  of  Augustus  are  given  on  the  obverse, 
the  reverse  records  the  famous  treaty  between  Rome  and  Gabii,  an  ancient  city  of  Latium, 
from  which  the  Antistia  gens  derived  its  origin,  and  where  Antestius  Petra,  an  ancestor  of  the 
moneyer,  was  murdered  by  Sextus  Tarquinius,  who,  by  treachery,  betrayed  Gabii  into  the 
hands  of  his  father,  Tarquinius  Snperbus.  The  treaty  between  the  Romans  and  the  Gabini, 
concluded  on  this  occasion,  was  amongst  the  most  ancient  monuments  preserved  in  Rome. 
Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  (Ant.  rom,,  iv.,  Iviii.)  relates  that,  "There  is  now  to  be  seen  at 
Rome,  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Pidius,  a  monument  of  this  treaty,  which  is  a  wooden  shield 
covered  with  the  hide  of  the  ox  that  was  sacrificed  when  that  treaty  was  confirmed  by  oaths. 
Upon  the  shield  are  inscribed  in  ancient  characters  the  terms  of  the  covenant  there  entered 
into."     It  is  evidently  one  of  those  treaties  alluded  to  by  Horace  {Epist.,  ii.,  i.  24)  ; — 

'*  foedera  regura 
Cum  Gabiis  aut  cum  rigidis  aeqnata  Sabinis." 

On  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  amongst  the  Latins  and  the  Sabines  it  was  customary  to 
sacrifice  a  pig,  and  the  scene  had  previously  been  represented  on  coins  of  the  Roman  republic. 
Virgil  {Aen.,  viii.  638  f.)  refers  evidently  to  this  usage  : — 

"  Post  idem,  inter  se  posito  certamine,  reges 
Armati  Jovis  ante  aram,  paterasque  tenentes 
Stabant,  et  caesa  jnngebant  foedera  porca." 

The  type  of  the  coin  and  the  account  given  by  Dionysius  are  somewhat  at  variance  ;  one 
showing  the  sacrifice  of  a  pig,  the  other  mentioning  the  sacrifice  of  an  ox.  It  is,  however, 
possible  that  in  the  Augustan  age  there  may  have  been  at  Rome  two  slightly  different  versions 
relating  to  this  treaty  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  151). 

'  A  variety  in  the  Haeberlin  collection  reads  ANTIST  (Bahrfeldt,  Nuin.  Zeit.,  1900, p.  11). 


56 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 


Ko.      Wei'iht 


4490 


4491 


4492 


4493 


56-5 


54-0 


58-1 


47-8 


54-8 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


M    '7 


M    -75 


M    -7 


M    -8 


Type  III. 
Denarius 


Bust  of  Venus  r.,  diademed, 
draped,  and  wearing 
earring  and  necklace ; 
around,  C  ANTISTIVS 
VETVS-  IIIVIR. 


Similar. 


Sacrificial  implements;  sim- 
pulum  and  lituus  above 
tripod  and  patera  ;  across 
the  field  in  three  lines, 
IMP  .  CAESAR.  AVG[V] 
COS  XI ' 


[PI.  Ixiv.  17.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Type  IV. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  IMP  •  CAESAR 
AVGVS  ■  Tl?.  ■  rOT  •  VIII 


Similar. 


Two  priests,  veiled,  holding 
a  pig  by  the  legs  over  a 
lighted  and  garlanded 
altar ;  in  the  field  and 
around,  FOE  DVS  PR. 
aVM  GAB  IN  IS  {Foedus 
•populi  romani  qum  Gahi- 
7m);C.ANTlST.  VETVS 
[PI.  Ixiv.  18.] 
(Campana  Coll.) 

Similar. 
(Sir  G.  Musgrave  Coll.) 


Type  IV.  var.'- 
Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  the  legend  which 
reads  CVM  for  QVM  is 
entirely  in  the  circum- 
ference of  the  coin,  no 
part  being  disposed  over 
the  field. 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  151,  no.  20.] 


1  Augustus  was  elected  consul  for  the  eleventh  time  in  B.C.  23,  having  held  that  office  for 
eight  consecutive  years.  After  B.C.  23  he  declined  to  resume  the  consulship,  and,  in  con- 
sequence, he  did  not  again  hold  it  till  B.C.  5.  It  vras  on  account  of  his  refusing  his  re-election 
that  the  Senate  invested  him  with  pro-consular  power  throughout  the  empire,  and  also  with 
the  triiunitia  potestas.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  153,  no.  24)  figures  a  variety  of  this  type  reading 
AVG,  and  in  the  Berlin,  Gotha  and  Schott  (Vienna)  collections  others  read  AVGVS 
(Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Ze<t.,  1896,  p.  26). 

^  Comm.   Fr.  Gnecclii   (Uif.  Ital.,   IWOi,  p.  12)  describes  a    variety   of   this   type  in   his 


„        TIT-  ■  T.I        Metal 
No.     Weight  ,  „■ 


4494 


387-2 


M  1-35 


CIRC.   B.C.    15;    A.U.C.    739  57 

Obverse  Rei-frse 

Circ.  B.C.  15;   a.u.c.  739' 

Moneyers 

C.  AsiNius  C.  F.  Gallus;   C.  Cassius  C.  p.  Celee; 
C.  Gallius  C.  f.  Lupbbcus 

C  .  ASINIVS  C  .  F  .  GALLVS 

(CAIUS   ASINIUS   CAII   FILIUS   GALLUS) 
Sestertius 


An  oak  -  wreath  between 
two  laurel-branches; 
above,  within,  and  be- 
low wreath,  OB  CiViS 
SEKVATOS 


■  ASINIVSCF. GALLVS- 
IIIVIR.  .  A  .  A- A-  F  .  F  • 

{Triumvir  aere,  argento, 
auro,  flajido,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (Sena- 
tus  consulto). 

[PI.  Ixv.   1.] 


collection,  which  has  AVG  .  for  AVGVS  .,  and  the  moneyer'a  name,  C  .  A  NT  I  ST  .  VETVS   III . 

VI  R.     Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  25)  mentions  another  specimen,  j)lated,  in  the  Moustier 
collection. 

1  It  is  to  this  year  that  Count  de  Salis  has  attributed  the  revival  of  the  bronze  currency  at 
the  Roman  mint,  which,  with  the  exception  of  that  issued  in  B.C.  45  and  44  (see  vol.  i., 
pp.  538,  539,  541),  had  been  in  abeyance  since  B.C.  82  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  317,  359).  The  earliest 
moneyers  who  had  charge  of  this  new  coinage  appear  to  have  been  C.  Asinius  C.  f.  Gallus, 
C.  Cassius  C.  f.  Celer,  and  C.  Gallius  C.  f.  Lupercus.  It  has  already  been  mentioned  (see 
above,  p.  47),  that  when  the  three  moneyers  issued  tt  joint-coinage  the  composition  of  the 
triumvirate  is  beyond  question,  but  when  each  struck  separately,  which  more  frequently 
occurred,  then  the  grouping  of  them  to  a  particular  year  becomes  somewhat  conjectural ;  but 
even  in  such  cases  we  are  assisted  by  changes  in  the  types,  by  similarity  of  fabric,  and  often 
by  the  forms  in  which  their  names  are  given.  In  the  case  of  the  moneyers  attributed  to 
B.C.  15  they  all  struck  three  denominations,  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as;  but 
each  one  gave  his  patronymic  initial  only  on  the  first.  The  fabric  of  their  coins  also  is  very 
similar.  The  types  of  these  coins  are  the  same  in  the  case  of  each  moneyer,  and  they  remain 
so  in  subsequent  issues  till  about  B.C.  5  (see  below,  p.  105).  The  type  of  the  reverse  is  always 
■the  moneyer's  name  accompanied  by  the  letters  S  .  C  .,  but  that  of  the  obverse  varies  with  each 
denomination.  On  the  sestertius  there  are  the  oak -wreath  and  the  laurel-branches,  referring 
to  the  civic  wreath  which  had  been  presented  by  the  Senate  to  Augustus  in  B.C.  27,  and  the 
laurel-trees  which  were  placed  on  either  side  of  the  portico  of  his  house.  On  the  dupondius 
the  wreath  only  is  depicted,  and  on  the  as  the  head  of  Augustus.  Each  denomination  has 
therefore  a  distinct  obverse  type  (see  above,  pp.  45,  46). 

The  identification  of  the  three  moneyers  whose  coins  are  given  to  this  year  is  somewhat 
uncertain.  Caius  Asinius  C.  f.  Gallus  has  been  identified  as  the  son  of  C.  Asinius  Pollio,  the 
friend  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Ootavius,  who  was  consul  in  B.C.  40.  The  son  was  himself  consul 
in  B.C.  8  with  0.  Maroius  Censcrinus,  and  governor  of  Asia  during  B.C.  1  and  a.d.  1  (Wadding- 
toi,  Melanges  de  numismatiqxie,  1867,  pp.  145-147).  He  married  Vipsania,  the  repudiated  wife 
of  Tiberius,  whose  hatred  he  in  consequence  incurred.  In  a.d.  30  Tiberius  invited  Asinius  to 
a  banquet  at  Capreae,  and  at  the  same  time  induced  the  Senate  to  sentence  him  to  death,  but 
Tiberius  demanded  his  release  only  to  procure  his  imprisonment  in  a  dungeon,  where  he  lingered 
for  three  years,  his  death  being  due  to  starvation.  As  Asinius  lived  to  A.D.  33  he  must  have 
been  consul  at  a  very  early  age.  His  identification  with  the  moneyer  is  therefore  just  possible. 
He  is  the  only  member  of  his  family  of  whom  we  possess  coins  struck  at  the  Roman  mint. 

In  the  legends  the  tall  I  and  T  in  CAris  and  Augustus  are  epigraphical  peculiarities  of  this 
period.  In  publishing  an  inscribed  tessera  in  the  Perugia  Museum  Sig.  Giovanni  Schmidt 
(Bwll.  delV  Inst,  di  corr.  arch.,  1879,  p.  169)  says,  "in  tutti  e  due  i  lati  le  lettere  I  e  T  sono 
piu  lunghe  delle  altre  lettere."  In  inscriptions  from  the  time  of  Sulla  a  tall  I  is  found  taking 
the  place  to  some  extent  of  the  more  ancient  El,  which  had  been  used  to  denote  the  long 
vowel,  but  in  the  case  of  the  letter  T  it  very  often  rises  aliove  the  others  for  reasons  of  ^^pace 
(Egbert,  Lofin  Inscriptions,  pp.  60,  65). 

VOL.    II.  I 


68 


•kT        TT-  ■  T  X       Metal 
No.     We>sht     ^^^g.^^ 


4495 


4496 


4497 

4498 
4499 
4500 


203-3 


210-0 


183-7 

179-3 
170-8 
147-6 


4501 


M  1-1 


M  1-1 


M  1-25 

M  1-15 
M  1-15 
M  1-15 


418-4 


4502 


376-5 


M  1-35 


M  1-45 


COINAGE   OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Dupondius 


Within  oak-wreath  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TR.IBVNIC  rOTEST 

Similar ;  legend  reading 
TRlBVNlforTRIBVNK 


C- ASINIVSGALLVSIII 
VIR-AA- A-F.F.     In 

the  centre,  S  •  C 


Similar.^ 


[PI.  Ixv.  2.] 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  AVG 
VSTVS  TKIBVNIC- 
POTEST  • 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixv.  3.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 

Similar. 


Similar ;       countermarked, 
CS^  (CAESAR). 


C.CASSIVS  C.  F  .CELERY 


(CAIUS   CASSIUS   CAII  PILIUS   CELBE) 


Sestertius 


An  oak  -  wreath  between 
two  laurel-branches; 
above,  within,  and  below 
wreath,  OB  CiViS  SER 
VATOS 

Similar. 


C  CASSIVS-CF.CELER- 
IIIVIR  .  A  •  A  .  A  •  F-  F 

(see   no.   4494).     In  the 
centre,  S  •  C 

[PL  Ixv.  4.] 

Similar ;        countermarked 
with    palm  -  branch     be- 
tween two  coin-dies  (?). 
(Eev.  G.  J.  Chester) 


'  A  variety  of  the  dupondius   in  the  Turin  collection   is  without  the   cognomen   Gallus 
(see  Fabretti,  Raccolta  niimis.,  1876,  p.  64,  no.  1071;  Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  49). 

Caius  Cassins  Celer  appears  only  to  be  known  as  a  moneyer  of  Augustus.  Like  his 
colleagues,  C.  Asiuius  Gallus  and  C.  Gallius  Lupercus,  he  struck  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius, 
and  the  as,  omitting  the  patronymic  initials  on  the  last  two  denominations. 


\r        itT  ■  1  i       Metal 
No.     Weight  ,  „■ 

■'         and  Stee 


4503 

4504 
4505 


4506 


4507 


4508 


188-4 

180-6 
127-8 


212-7 

{uwrn 

and 

tooled) 


172-0 


428-0 


M  1-05 

M  1-1 
M  1-0 


M  1-3 


M  1-1 


M  1-4 


CIRC.  B.C.  15;   A.U.C.  739 

Ohverse 

Dupondius 


59 


Beverse 


Within  oak-wreath  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TR.IBVNIC     POTEST 

Similar. 

Similar. 


C  CASSIVS  •  CELEK  ■  III  • 
VIK.A-A-A-F.F.  In 
the  centre,  S  •  C 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixv.  5.] 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR.  •  AVG 
VSTVS  •  TRIBVNIC  . 
POTEST  1 

Similar. 


Similar. 

(Eev.  G.  J.  Chester) 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixv.  6.] 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 


C  .  GALLIVS  C  .  F  .  LVPERCVS 


(CAIUS   GALLIUS    CAII   PILIUS   LUPEECUS^) 


Sestertius 


An  oak  -  wreath  between 
two  laurel-branches; 
above,  within,  and  below 
wreath,  OB  CiViS  SER 
VATOS 


C- GALLIVS  CFLVPER. 
CVS  •  IliVIK  •  A- A  .  A  - 

F  •  F  ■  (see  no.  4494).     In 
the  centre,  S  •  C  • 
[PI.  Ixv.  7.] 


1  An  example  of  the  as  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  reads 
AVGVSTS  TRIBVNI  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  84). 

'  The  identification  of  this  moneyer  is  also  uncertain.  The  Gallia  gens  is  not  known  to 
history  before  the  last  century  of  the  republic.  There  was  a  C.  Gallius  who,  according  to 
Valerius  Maximus  (vi.  1,  13)  was  caught  in  an  act  of  adultery  by  Sempronius  Musca,  and 
scourged  to  death.  As  he  lived  in  the  reign  of  Augustus  it  is  not  impossible  that  he  may  be 
the  same  person  as  the  moneyer.  The  cognomen  Lupercus  was  borne  by  members  of  the 
Gallia  and  Mummia  gentes.  Lupercus  was  an  ancient  divinity  of  Italy  who  was  worshipped 
by  shepherds  as  the  protector  of  their  flocks  against  wolves,  and  in  whose  honour  the  festival 
called  the  Lupercalia  was  celebrated.  C.  Gallius  Lupercus  appears  to  have  had  as  coUeagnes 
at  the  mint,  C.  Asiuius  Gallus  and  C.  Cassius  Geler,  and,  like  them,  he  struck  the  sestertius, 
the  dupondius,  and  the  as,  omitting  the  patronymic  initials  on  the  last  two  denominations. 
This  is  the  only  member  of  the  Gallia  gens  of  whom  we  have  coins. 


60 


No.     Weight 


4509 


4510 


4511 


203-8 


155-3 


161-0 


Hldal 
and  Size 


M  1-1 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Ohverse 


Rei-erse 


M  1-1 


2E  1-05 


Dupondius 


Within  oak-wreath  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TR.IBVNIC     POTEST 


CGALLIVS-UVnER^CVS. 
IIIVIK     AA.A.FF. 

In  the  centre,  S  •  C 
[PI.  Ixv.  8.] 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  AVG 
VSTVS  TKIBVNIC  •  TO 
TEST. 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixv.  9.] 


Incuse  of  obverse. 


4512 


124-3 


Circ.  B.C.  14  ;   A.u.c.  740 

Money  ers 

P.  Peteonius  Turpilianus  ;    L.  Aquillids  Flobus  ; 

M.    DUEMIUS^ 

r  .  PETRON  .  TYRPILIANVS 

(PUBLIUS  PETEONIUS  TURPILIANUS) 
Type  I. 
Aureus 


J7    -75 


Head  of  Liber  r.,  -wearing 
■wreath  of  i-vy;  hair  col- 
lected into  a  knot,  and 
falling  do-wn  his  neck,  and 
on  1.  shoulder ;  around, 
TVKriLIANVS  IIIVIK 


Within  oak-'wreath  and  in 

twolines,  AVGVSTOGB- 

C  •  S  (Ob  cives  servatos). 

[PI.  Ixvi.  1.] 

(Nott) 


'  The  triumvirate  of  the  mint  -whose  coins  are  assigned  to  this  year  comprises  the  names 
of  Publius  Petronius  Tnrpilianus,  Lucius  Aquillius  Florus,  and  Marcus  Durmius.  The  group- 
ing of  these  moneyers  is  confirmed  by  the  similarity  of  the  types  of  their  coins,  by  fabric  and 
style,  and  by  other  analogies  of  their  issues.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  293)  has  added  to  this  trio 
the  name  of  Lucius  Caninius  Gallus,  and  -would  thus  construct  a  quatuorvirate  for  this  year. 
In  describing  the  coins  of  this  last  moneyer  under  date  B.C.  6  (see  belo-w,  pp.  101,  103),  we 
shall  give  reasons  for  assigning  his  term  of  oifice  to  a  some-what  later  date. 

The  types  of  the  coins  of  these  three  moneyers  are  of  t-wo  series  or  classes  :  those  -which 
are  personal  and  relate  to  the  histories  of  their  families  ;  and  those  -which  illustrate  events  in 
the  life  of  Augustus.     -When  the  obverse  type  is  personal  to  the  moneyer,  that  of  the  reverse 


No.     Weight 


123-7 


Metal 
and  Sine 


Ji    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  14  ;    A.U.C.  740 

Diverse 


61 


Eevcrso 


Bust  of  Feronia  r.,  dia- 
demed and  draped,  wear- 
ing necklace ;  below, 
FEKON;  around, -TVP-r 
ILIANVS  lll-VIR.- 


Type  II. 
Aureus 

Similar. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  295,  no.  2.] 


is  connected  with  Augustus,  and  vice  vers&.  The  reverse  types  which  depict  events  in  the  life 
of  Augustus  are  mostly  common  to  all  three  moneyers.  They  are  ; — 1.  The  civic  crown  which 
was  presented  to  him  by  the  Senate,  and  which  was  placed  above  the  portico  of  his  house, 
and  the  laurel-trees  which  were  ordered  to  be  planted  on  each  side  of  it  (see  above,  p.  18)  ; 
2.  The  triumphal  chariot,  a  reference  to  the  numerous  triumphs  which  had  been  accorded  to 
him  by  the  Senate,  most  of  which  he  had  declined  (see  above,  pp.  30,  32)  ;  3.  The  biga  of 
elephants,  a  record  of  his  conquests  in  the  East  (see  above,  p.  39)  ;  4.  The  conquest  of  Armenia 
in  B.C.  20;  and  5.  The  restoration  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians  (see  above,  p.  2.5).  The 
reverse  types  which  are  personal  to  the  moneyers  vary  with  each  issue.  The  obverse  types 
consist  either  of  the  head  of  Augustus  or  of  some  deity  connected  with  the  traditions  of  the 
moneyers'  families.  An  exception  to  this  general  rule  occurs  in  the  case  of  the  aureus  of 
L.  Aquillius  Florus  with  the  triskelis,  which  is  a  record  of  the  victories  of  Mn.  Aquillius  in 
Sicily  (see  p.  67,  no.  4542). 

Of  Publius  Petronius  Turpilianus  nothing  is  known  beyond  that  he  was  a  moneyer  under 
Augustus.  He  is  the  only  member  of  his  family  of  whom  we  have  coins,  which  were  the 
latest  in  point  of  date  in  the  Palazzo  Canavese  hoard  (see  above,  p.  47,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 
The  Petronia  gens,  which  laid  claim  to  great  antiquity,  was  of  Sabine  origin.  An  ancestor  of 
the  moneyer,  Petronius  Sabinus,  who  is  said  to  have  lived  in  the  reign  of  Tarquinius  Superbus, 
is  stated  to  have  obtained  from  M.  Tullius  or  M,  Aetilius,  as  Dionysius  calls  him  (Rom.  Ant., 
iv.  62),  the  Sibylline  books  in  order  to  take  a  copy  of  them.  It  is  in  this  last  circumstance,  the 
Sabine  origin  of  the  family,  and  in  the  history  of  one  of  its  members,  that  we  shall  find  a 
probable  explanation  of  the  personal  types  of  the  coins  of  P.  Petronius  Turpilianus.  These  are 
the  heads  of  Liber  and  Feronia,  Tarpeia  and  the  shields,  the  crescent  and  star,  the  lyre,  the 
pegasus,  the  siren,  the  young  satyr,  and  Pan.  The  god  Liber  and  the  goddess  Libera  were  ancient 
Italian  divinities  who  presided  over  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  and  the  fertility  of  the  fields.  This 
apparently  gave  rise  to  the  combination  of  their  worship  with  that  of  Ceres.  A  temple  to  these 
three  divinities  was  vowed  by  the  dictator  Aulas  Postumius  in  B.C.  495,  after  consulting  the  copy 
of  the  Sibylline  books  which  Petronius  Sabinus  is  said  to  have  made.  In  consequence  the 
Petronia  gens  prided  itself  on  having  contributed  to  this  special  cult.  This  temple  was  after- 
wards restored  by  Augustus,  and  dedicated  by  Tiberius.  Feronia,  a  goddess  of  renown  in  Latium 
and  Central  Italy,  originally  belonged  to  the  Sabines,  who  introduced  her  worship  to  the  Homans. 
In  her  capacity  as  the  goddess  of  the  fields,  the  markets,  and  commerce  and  traific,  she  was 
connected  with  Libera  to  whom  offerings  were  made  at  the  sanctuary  of  Feronia  at  Capena, 
where  the  games  called  Ludi  Oapenates  were  celebrated  in  honour  of  Feronia-Libera  (see 
(Gr.  B.  de  Bossi,  Ann.  deW  Inst,  di  corr.  arch.,  1883,  pp.  253  f. ;  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  293). 
She  had  also  a  famous  shrine  at  Trebula  Mutusca,  which  was  the  centre  of  a  great  fair 
or  market  held  on  the  feast  days  of  the  goddess,  so  that  on  the  whole  her  attributes  seem 
to  be  those  of  a  deity  of  fertility  and  plenty  (W.  Warde  Fowler,  Roman  Festivals,  p.  253). 
The  history,  of  Tarpeia  and  her  d  eath  at  the  hands  of  the  Sabines  relate  to  the  origin  of  the 
Petronia  gens,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  in  the  crescent  and  star  we  have  an  allusion  to  the 
introduction  of  the  worship  of  Diana^nto  Home  by  the  Sabines,  who  built  a  temple  to  her  on 
the  Aventine.  In  explanation  of  the  other  types  Cavedoni  (JBwH.  arch,  nap.,  1857,  pp.  105  f.) 
suggests  that  the  lyre,  pegasus,  the  siren,  the  young  satyr,  and  Pan  refer  to  the  great 
dramatist,  Seztus  Tnrpilius,  the  charm,  grace,  and  character  of  whose  numerous  comedies 
earned  for  him  the  title  of  Novella  Sirena. 


62 


No.      Weight  ,  ^-. . 

^         and  bize 


4513 


4514 


114-2 


54-8 


^    -8 


M    -8 


59-4     .R 


COINAGE    OP   EOMB 

Diverse 


Reverse 


Type  III. 
Aureus 


Bust  of  Feronia  r.,  draped, 
wearing  diadem  orna- 
mented with  pomegranate 
buds  (?)  and  necklace ; 
below,  FEKO;  around, 
TVR.riLIANVS  ■  III  • 
VIK' 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel-branches ;  within 
wreath,  O  •  C  S  (Ob 
civcs  servatos);  above, 
CAESAR ;  below,  AVG 
VSTVS 

[PI.  Ixvi.  2.] 


Type  IV. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Liber  r.,  wear- 
ing wreath  of  ivy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  4512 ; 
around,  P  •  rETRON  ■ 
TVR.PILIAN-III  .  VIR 


Triumphal  quadriga  r., 
horses  walking ;  above, 
CAESAR  •  AVGVSTVS; 
below,  S  •  C  [Senatus  con- 
sulto). 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  297,  no.  8.] 


Type  V. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Liber  r.,  wear- 
ing wreath  of  ivy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  4512 ; 
around,  P  .  PETRON  ■ 
TVRPILIAN-III.  VIR- 


Augustus  holding  laurel- 
branch  and  sceptre  in 
chariot  1.,  drawn  by  two 
elephants ;  above,  AVG 
VSTVS;  below,  CAESAR 
[PI.  Ixvi.  3.] 


^  Riccio  {Mon.  fam.  rom.,  p.  166,  no.  13  ;  pi.  xx.\;Ti.,  no.  13)  describes  and  figures  a  variety 
of  this  aureus  with  the  obverse  type,  head  of  Liber  as  on  no.  4512,  and  the  legend,  P  .  P  ETRON  . 
TVRniLLIAN  .  Ill  .VIR 

The  aureus  figured  by  Eiccio  {Catalojo,  pi.  ii.,  no.  12)  and  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  295, 
no.  3)  -vvitli  this  obverse,  and  with  the  reverse  O  ,  C  .  S  within  an  oak-wreath,  beneath  which 
AVGVSTVS,  is  probably  only  an  imperfectly  struck  specimen  of  this  type  (Bahrfeldt,  Xmn. 
Zeit.,  1897,  pp.  31-32). 

=  A  variety  in  the  Gotha  collection  has  the  moneyer's  name,  TVRPILIANVS  .  Ill  ,  VIR  , 
(Bahrfeldt,  Xinn.  Zeit.,  1S;I7.  p.  34). 


No.     Weight 


4515 


4516 


4517 


61-3 


61-5 


61-1 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 


4518     61-3 


4519 


4520 


59-3 


62-5 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M.    -lb 


CIEC.  B.C.  14;   A.U.C.  740 

Obverse 

Type  VI. 
Denarius 


63 


Reverse 


Bust  of  Peronia  r.,  draped, 
wearing  diadem  orna- 
mented with  pomegranate 
buds  (?)  and  necklace, 
similar  to  no.  4513  ;  be- 
low, FER.0 ;  around,  TVR 
riLIANVSIII-VIK' 

Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
r  rETKONTVKriLI 
AN  -III  .  VIK 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixvi.  4.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Type  VII. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Liber  r.,  wear- 
ing wreath  of  ivy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  4512 ; 
around,  TVHr I LIANVS- 
III.VIR 


Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
r  rETKON.TVR.riLI 
AN.  III.  VIK 


Similar. 


An  Armenian  kneeling  r. 
on  r.  knee,  his  hands 
extended  in  attitude  of 
submission ;  he  wears 
tiara,  and  is  draped  to 
the  feet ;  around,  CAE 
SAK  .  DIVI  .  F  .  ARME  • 
CAPT  {Armenia  cajpta). 
[PI.  Ixvi.  5.] 
(Nott) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixvi.   6.] 

(Nott) 


Similar. 


Type  VIII. 
Denarius 


Bust  of  Peronia  r.,  draped, 
wearing  diadem  orna- 
mented with  pomegranate 
buds  (?)  and  necklace, 
similar  to  no.  4513 ; 
below,  FEi?.0 ;  around, 
TVKPILIANVS  •  III  • 
VIK^ 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixvi.  7.] 


'  A  variety  in  the  Paris  collection  has  FER.ON  and  the  moneyer's  name  beginning  on 
the  left  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  296,  no.  5). 

2  A  variety  reads  FERON  for  FERO  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  29S,  no.  12). 


64 


COINAGE    OF   ROME 


2fo.     Weight 


4521 


4522 
4523 


61-4 


Metal 
and  Size 


JR    -8 


Obverse 


Eevt-rse 


4524 


4525 

4526 
4527 
4528 


60-0 
55-5 


58-8 


M 


Al    -75 


Type  IX. 
Denarius 


M    -85 


61-5 

610 
59-4 
55-7 


M    -75 


Head  of  Liber  r.,  wear- 
ing wreath  of  ivy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  4512 ; 
around,  TVKPILIANVS 
III    VIR.' 


Similar. 

Similar;  legend,  TVRriLI 
ANVS  •  III  •  VIK  •  dif- 
ferently placed. 


A  Parthian  warrior  with 
bare  head,  kneeling  r.  on 
r.  knee,  in  attitude  of 
submission,  and  holding 
standard  in  r.  hand,  his 
1.  extended ;  he  wears 
braccae  and  cloak  of 
skin ;  around,  CAESAR, 
AVGVSTVS  SIGNRECE 
[Signis  reccjitis). 
[PI.  Ixvi.  8.] 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Bust  of  Peronia  r.,  draped, 
^Yearing  diadem  orna- 
mented with  pomegranate 
buds  (?)  and  necklace, 
similar  to  no.  4513  ;  be- 
low, FERO ;  around, 
TVKPILIANVS  III  • 
VIR.'^ 

Similar;  reading  FEKON, 
and  moneyer's  name 
beginning  on  1. 


Type  X. 
Denarius 

Similar. 


M 

•75 

Similar. 

M 

•8 

Similar. 

M 

■75 

Similar. 

[PI.  ]xvi.  9.] 

(Nott) 


Similar. 

(Craclierode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixvi.  10.] 

Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1841) 


'  Count  de  Salis  notes  that  a  variety  has  the  legend  P  .  PETRON  ,  TVRPILIAN  .  Ill . 
VI  R,  but  he  does  not  say  where  a  specimen  of  the  coin  is  to  be  found.  Bahrfeldt  (iViim.  Zeit., 
1S97,  p.  37)  mentions  a  hybrid  in  the  Vienna  collection  T\ith  the  obverse  as  no.  4521,  and  with 
the  reverse  type  of  the  denarius  of  Julius  Caesar,  Aeneas  holding  palladium  and  bearing 
Anchises  on  his  shoulder  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  11,  no.  10). 

-  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  298,  no.  11)  figures  a  variety  Mdth  the  legend  FERO. P. PETRON. 
TVRPILIAN  ,  III  ,VIR  commencing  below  the  bust  of  Feronia  iind  coutinuous. 

There  is  a  hybrid  in  the  Haeberlin  collection  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  no.  4525,  and  of  the 
r^^verseof  the  denarius  of  L.  Caninius  Gallus  (see  below,  p.  105,  no.  4678),  and  another  in  the  Berlin 
collection  with  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  Octavius,  on  which  he  is  shown  seated  and  holding  a 
Victory,  as  p.  16,  uo.  4362  (Bahrfeldt,  Is'iim.  Zcit.,  1897,  p.  3G).     Both  these  coins  are  plated. 


CIRC.  B.C.  14;    A.U.C.  740 


65 


Metal 

ami  Size 


Reverse 


4529 


4530 


4531 


4532 


4533 
4534 


4535 


61'0 


57-4 


57-2 


58-8 


57-0 
53-0 


120-2 


JR.    '85 


M    -9 


M    -8 


M    -8 


JR    -8 
M    -75 


AT    -8 


Type  XI. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
VSTVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Tarpeia  facing,  buried  to 
the  waist  in  shields ;  her 
hands  raised ;  around, 
TVR.PILIANVS  lll-VIR. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixvi.   11.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Type  XII. 
Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Crescent ;      above     which, 

star ; '       around,      TVR. 

riLIANVS.  ill.  Vli^. 

[PI.  Ixvi.   12.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Type  XIII. 
Aureus'' 


Head  of  Augustus  r., 
wearing  wreath  of  oak ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
VSTVS 


Lyre ;    the  body  of   which 
is   formed  of   a   tortoise- 
shell ;     around,    TVP-PI 
LIANVS  •  III  •  VIK- 
[PI.  Ixvi.  13.] 
(Thomas  Coll.,  1844) 


'  Borghesi  ((Euvres  coviph,  vol.  ii.,  p.  79)  connects  this  type  with  the  title  of  pariiceps 
sideriim,  which  was  given  to  the  kings  of  Parthia,  who  called  themselves  fratres  soli  et  lunae. 
We  prefer  the  explanation  given  above,  which  would  connect  the  type  with  the  worship  of 
Diana  (see  above,  p.  61). 

^  A  variety  of  this  aureus  has  the  moneyer's  name  reading  P  .  PETRON  ,  TVRPILIAN  . 
Ill  .VIR  ,  Specimens  of  it  are  in  the  Paris  collection  and  in  that  of  Comm.  Pr.  Gnecchi 
(Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  pp.  69,  70). 

VOL.    II.  K 


66 


COINAGE    OF   ROME 


No.     Weight       ^j'"f 
•'         and  Size 


Obverse 


reverse 


4536 


4537 


4538 


4539 


4540 


63-7 


62-6 


M    -75 


M    -8 


59-2     M    -8 


58-8 


M    -8 


56-8     M    -75 


Tjrpe  XIV. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Pegasus        walking       r. ; 
around,     P  •  PETRON  ■ 
TVR.PILIAN  .  Ill  .  VIK 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixvi.  14.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Type  XY. 
Denarius 


Similar. 


4541      56-5 


59-2 


M 


Similar ;    countermarks   on 
face,  TJ  and  circle. 


Siren   standing   1.,   holding 

trumpet   in    each   hand ; 

around,     P  •  PETRON 

TVR.PILIAN.  III.  VIR. 

[PI.  Ixvi.  15.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


T5TDe  XYI. 
Denarius 


JR    -75    Similar;  no  countermarks. 


Young  satyr  seated  r.  on 
ground,  his  1.  hand  sup- 
porting his  chin ;  between 
his  legs,  which  are  crossed, 
two  flutes  ;  around,  P  • 
PETRON  .  TVR.PIL 
IAN    Ili.VIK.a 


[Cf.  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  300,  no.  17.] 


'  There  is  a  hybrid  in  the  Berlin  collection,  and  another  was  in  the  Jarry  collection, 
consisting  of  this  reverse,  and  having  for  obverse  type  the  helmeted  head  of  Mars  as  on  the 
denarius  of  Octavius  (see  above,  p.  17,  no.  4368;  Bahrfeldt,  Xvin.  Zeit.,  1897,  pp.  36,  37). 

-  The  illustration  of  this  type  is,  by  permission,  taken  from  the  specimen  in  the  Haeberlin 
collection. 


No.      Weight        ^^ff} 
'         and  Size 


M 


CIEC.  B.C.  14;    A.U.C.  740 

Ohverse 

Type  XVII. 
Denarius 


67 


ItevLi se 


Similar. 


4542 


123-0 


N    -8 


Pan  standing  L,  holding 
syrinx  in  r.  hand  and 
pedum  in  I. ;  around, 
P  .  PETRON  TVRPIL 
IAN  .  Ill  .  VIB.. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  300,  no.  18.] 

L.AaVILLIVS   FLORVS 

(LUCIUS    AQUILLIUS   FLOEUS') 
Type  I. 
Aureus 


Triskelis  with  winged  head 
of  Medusa  in  centre ; 
around,  L-AQVILLIVS- 
FLOKVS-  III    VIR 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches ;  within 
wreath,  O  ■  C  •  S  ■  (Ob 
cives  servatos) ;  above, 
CAESAR. ;  below,  AVGVS 
TVS 

[PI.  Ixvi.  16.] 


^  Lucius  Aquillius  Florus,  whose  history  is  but  little  kuown,  is  not  improbably  the  person 
of  the  same  name  who  was  quaestor  in  Achaia  during  the  reign  of  Augastus,  and  of  whom 
a  stele  was  found  in  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  with  the  inscription    L  ,  AQ.VILLIO    C  ,  F  . 

POM  ,  FLORO  TVRCIANO  GALLO QVAESTOR  .  IMP  ,  CAESAR  AVG  ,  {Bull. 

deW  Inst,  di  corr.  arch,  di  Roma,  1855,  p.  xxiv  ).  He  was  descended  from  the  moneyer, 
Manius  Aquillius,  who  held  office  circ.  B.C.  90  (see  coins  of  Italy  of  that  date,  and  Babelon, 
vol.  i.,  p.  211)  and  of  the  later  one  of  the  same  name,  whose  coins  are  attributed  to  the  Roman 
mint  circ.  B.C.  72  (see  vol.  i.,  p,  416).  He  adopted  the  types  of  their  coins  for  some  of  his 
own.  Like  those  of  his  colleagues  at  the  mint,  P.  Petronius  Turpilianus  and  M.  Durmius,  the 
types  of  the  coins  of  L.  Aquillius  Floriis  are  of  two  classes  :  one  recording  events  in  the  history 
of  members  of  his  own  family,  the  other  in  that  of  Augustus,  and  similarly,  when  the  obverse 
type  is  personal  to  the  moneyer  the  reverse  relates  to  Augustus,  and  vice  versa.  The  events 
connected  with  Augustus  are  the  same  as  are  illustrated  on  the  money  of  P.  Petronius  Turpilianus 
(see  above,  p.  61),  with  an  additional  type  relating  to  the  conquest  of  Armenia  in  B.C.  20,  and 
representing  a  standing  figure  of  Armenia  (see  below,  p.  69,  no.  4548).  The  types  recording 
these  events  are  common  to  all  three  moneyers  of  this  year.  The  types  personal  to  the 
moneyer  are  the  head  of  Sol,  the  bust  of  Virtus,  the  consul  Mn.  Aquillius  raising  the  fainting' 
figure  of  Sicily,  the  triskelis  and  the  open-expanded  flower.  The  first  three  types  are  copied 
from  the  coins  of  the  moneyer's  ancestors,  both  of  whom,  as  we  have  seen,  bore  the  name 
oi  Mn.  Aquillius.  That  of  the  head  of  Sol  is  an  allusion  to  the  successes  in  Asia  (B.C.  129) 
of  the  consul  Mn.  Aquillius  over  Aristonicus,  the  son  yf  Eumenes  of  Pergamum,  and  those 


63 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 


Xo. 


45i3 


4544 


4545 


57-9 


2lctal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


Ohverse 


Ueverse 


55-0 


60-3 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Sol  r.,  radiate; 
around,  L- AQVILLIVS- 
FLO!?. VS.  Ill    VIR 


.R    -75    Similar. 


Triumphal  quadriga  r., 
horses  walking ;  in  the 
oar  is  a  flower  (lily) ; ' 
above,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS ;  below,  S  •  C  (Se- 
natits  consulto). 
[PI.  Ixvi.  17.] 

Similar ;  in  the  car  are 
three  flowers  (?)  ^  and  the 
legend  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS  •  S  •  C  is  continuous. 


Type  III. 
Denarius' 


4546 


56-8 


M  -75  ,  Bust  of  A'irtus  r.,  draped, 
wearing  crested  helmet 
ornamented  at  side  with 
feather;  around,  L  •  AQ. 
VILLIVS  FLOR.VS-  III- 
VIR. 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Augustus  holding  laurel- 
branch  and  sceptre  in 
chariot  1.,  drawn  by  two 
elephants ;  above,  AVG 
VSTVS ;  below,  CAESAR. 
[PI.  Ixvi.  18.] 
(Nott) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


of  the  bust  of  Virtus  and  the  warrior  raising  a  kneeling  figure,  to  the  successes  in  Sicily  of  the 
latter's  son,  who  was  consul  B.C.  101.  The  tristelis  with  head  of  Medusa  refers  also  to  this 
last  event,  and  the  expanded  flower  is  a  rebus  or  punning  allusion  to  the  name  of  Florus.  It 
may  be  noticed  that,  as  in  the  case  of  P.  Petronins  Turpilianus,  the  head  of  Augustus  on  the 
aureus  wears  an  oak-wreath,  but  on  the  denarii  it  is  always  bare. 

Of  the  very  rare  aureus  with  the  triskelis  on  the  obverse  specimens  are  in  the  Vienna 
and  Gotha  collections  and  in  that  of  the  Museo  Archeologico  in  Florence.  Morelli  {Fam.  rom. 
num.  t.  i.  in  g,  AquiUia,  no.  11)  illustrates  another  aureus  recording  the  same  event  as  the  one 
described.  It  has  on  the  obverse  the  helmeted  bust  of  Virtus  r.,  and  L  .  AQ  VILLIVS  . 
FLORVS  .  Ill  .  VIR  .  (as  no.  454.5),  and  on  the  reverse  a  double  wreath  between  two  laurel- 
branches;  within  the  wreaths  in  three  lines,  OBClVlSSER;  above,  CAESAR  ;  below,  AVGVS 
TVS  (see  also  Cohen,  Hlon.  rep.  rotn.,  pi.  vi.,  no.  6),     It  is  not  known  where  this  coin  now  is. 

'  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  214)  suggests  that  the  flower  placed  in  the  chariot  may  be  an  allusion 
to  the  name  of  Florvs.  It  may,  however,  be  observed  that  the  same  flower  and  the  same 
chariot  are  shown  on  the  coins  of  Durmius  (see  p.  72,  no.  4559).  Borghesi  {(Euvres  cojnji?.,  t.  ii., 
pp.  263  f.)  recognised  in  the  object  a  branch  of  laurel,  the  symbol  of  the  votive  games  or 
AiigustaUa  celebrated  in  honour  of  the  return  of  Augustus  after  his  victories  in  the  East. 
Morelli  (Fam.  rom.  num.,  t.  ii.,  p.  34)  explained  the  empty  chariot  as  an  allusion  to  the  refusal 
of  Augustus  in  B.C.  20  to  accept  a  triumph  after  the  restoration  of  the  standards  by  the 
Parthians,  and  the  flower,  the  iris,  as  a  symbol  of  Augustus's  noble  descent.  The  obverse  type, 
head  of  Sol,  is  copied  from  coins  of  Mn.  Aquillius,  struck  circ.  B.C.  90,  and  attributed  by  Count 
de  Salis  to  local  issue  (see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  212,  no.  1). 

2  This  piece  may  be  an  ancient  forgery.     It  is  not  plated. 

'  The  obverse  type  is  copied  from  denarii  of  Mn.  Aquillius  Mn.  f.  Mn.  n.,  who  was  a 
moneyer  at  the  Koman  mint  cue  e.c.  72  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  416),  whilst  the  reverse  occurs  on  coins 
of  P.  Petronius  Turpilianus  and  M.  Dm-mius,  colleagues  of  L.  Aquillius  Floras. 


CIEC.  B.C.  1-i;   A.U.C.  740 


69 


No.     Weiijht 


Iletal 
and  aize 


4547 


624 


M    -75 


4548 


Obvene  Reverse 

Type  IV. 

Denarius 


Similar. 


An  Armenian  kneeling  r. 
on  r.  knee,  his  hands 
extended  in  attitude  of 
submission ;  he  wears 
tiara  and  is  draped  to 
the  feet ;  around,  CAE 
SAK  .  DIVI  •  F  AR.ME  • 
CAPT  ■  (Armenia  ccqjta). 
[PI.  Ixvi.  19.] 
(Nott) 


51-0 


M    -8 


Type  V. 
Denarius 


Similar. 


An  Armenian  standing 
facing,  wearing  tiara  and 
cloak,  and  loose  braccae ; 
he  grasps  with  each  hand 
his  cloak ;  across  ihe  Held 
and  in  three  lines,  CAE 
SAR-.DIVI-F  AP.h\  INIA 
CAP  TA' 

[PI.  Ixvi.  20.] 


'  There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  discussion  about  this  veiy  rare  coin,  the  reverse  type  of 
which  is  taken  irom  an  earlier  piece  of  Augustus,  struck  in  B.C.  20,  and  bearing  the  legend 
CAESAR  DIVI  F  .ARM  EN  ,  CAPT.  I  MP.  VI 1 1.  This  last  coin,  which  is  classed  by  Count 
de  Sails  to  the  East,  shows  an  Aimenian  standing  facing,  holding  a  spear  in  his  right  hand 
and  a  bow  in  his  left  (Cohen,  Med.  ivi^p.y  vol.  i.,  p.  71,  no.  59).  The  diflereut  views  expressed 
and  the  various  descriptions  given  by  Borghesi,  Cavedoni,  Riccio,  Cohen,  and  othei's,  have  been 
briefly  and  lucidly  summarised  by  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  46-48).  From  his  account 
it  would  appear  that  the  reverse  types  of  the  coins  of  Augustus  and  L.  Aquillius  Florus  have 
been  confused,  and  the  attributes,  the  spear  and  bow,  shown  on  the  former  have  also  been 
given  on  the  lat'  er.  Cohen  (Mon.  rep.  rum.,  p.  4-2,  no  3)  states  that  the  Armenian  on  the  coin 
ot  Aquillius  holds  a  spear  and  a  shield  and  that  a  specimen  was  in  his  collection.  In  the 
illustration  which  he  supplies  {op.cit.,  pi.  vi.,  no.  3)  the  figure  is  represented  without  the  spear 
and  shield,  so  that  the  illustration  and  the  description  do  not  agree.  The  illustration  is,  however, 
correct.  Cohen  adds  that  the  specimen  in  his  possession  was  plated,  and  that  he  procured  it 
at  the  sale  of  Sir  George  Musgrave's  collection,  which  occurred  in  London  in  1856.  In  the 
catalogue  (Lot  35)  it  is  stated  that  the  coin  was  from  the  St.  Croix  collection.  The  specimen 
now  in  the  British  Museum  was  recently  purchased  of  MM.  Rollin  and  Feuardent.  Bahr- 
feldt (loc.  cit.)  says  that  he  does  not  know  where  the  coin  mentioned  by  Cohen  now  is,  as  it 
cannot  be  in  the  cabinet  at  Paris,  since  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  216,  no.  7)  illusiratcs  a  plated 
specimen  in  the  Turin  collection. 


70 


COINAGE   OP   EOMB 


No.     Weight       ^^ff 
■'  and  ii^c 


Ohvei'se 


Refer sf 


45i9 


4550 
4551 


4552 


61-7 


M    -75 


56-4     M    -75 

52-C  '  .R    -75 


122-4 


N    -8 


Type  VI. 
Denarius' 


Head  of  Sol  r.,  radiate, 
similar  to  no.  4543 ; 
around,  L-AQVILLIVS- 
FLOKVS.III-VIK 


Similar. 

Similar ;     countermark    be- 
fore head,  T 


A  Parthian  warrior  with 
bare  head,  kneeling  r. 
on  r.  knee  in  attitude 
of  submission,  and  hold- 
ing standard  in  r.  hand, 
his  1.  extended;  he  wears 
braccae  and  cloak  of  skin ; 
around,  CAESAR- A VGVS 
TVS-SIGN-RECE  {Siynls 
receptis). 

[PI.  Ixvii.   1.] 
(Abdy  Coll.,  1941) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 


Type  VII. 
Aureus^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r. 


wear- 
ing oak- wreath  ;  around, 
CAESAR.  AVGVSTVS 


An  open  expanded  flower 
showing  petals,  stamens, 
and  pistil ;  around,  L  ■  A 
aVILLIVS  ■  FLOR.VS  • 
III  .  VIK. 

[PI.  Ixvii.  2.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  217,  no.  ]0)  and  Cohen  {Von  rep.  rom.,  p.  44,  no.  15)  both  describe 
after  Morelli  (Fam.  rom.  num.,  t.  i.,  in  g.  AquiUia,  no.  12)  a  variety  of  this  type  having  on  the 
obverse  the  head  of  Augustus  to  r.  bare,  before  AVGVSTVS;  and  on  the  reverse  a  Parthian 
warrior  Icneeling  and  presenting  a  standard,  around  L  .  AQVILLIVS  ,  FLORVS  .  Ill  .  VIR  . 
Morelli  (Imp.  rom.  num.,  t.  i  ,  p.  333)  says  that  he  took  the  illustration  from  Hub.  Goltzius, 
in  Aug.  Tab.  xxxvii.,  no.  12,  and  he  describes  the  obverse  as  having  the  head  of  Augustus 
bare,  turned  to  the  left  [i.e.  right),  and  around  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS  and  not  AVGVSTVS 
only.  The  existence  of  this  coin  is  not  known,  and  as  it  changes  the  usual  order  of  the 
legends  on  the  coins  of  L.  Aquilliu.s  Florus  and  makes  both  the  obverse  and  reverse  types 
allude  to  Augustus,  the  accuracy  of  Morelli's  description  and  illustration  may  be  questioned. 
Babelou  draws  attention  to  the  similarity  of  this  coin  as  r(.']u'eseiited  by  Morelli  1o  that  of  L. 
Caninius  Gallus  of  similar  type  (see  be  ow,  p.  10.5,  no.  467s),  and  it  may  have  been  on  this 
eviilcncc  that  he  was  of  opinion  that  L.  Caninius  Gallus  was  a  colleague  of  L.  Aquillius  Florus 
at  the  mint  {ib.  vol.  i,,  p.  214). 

A  variety  of  no.  4549  has  for  obverse  type  the  bust  of  Virtus,  as  on  no.  4545  (Babelon, 
vol.  i.,  p.  2lL),  uo.  8).     This  variety  may  only  be  the  result  of  an  interchange  of  dies. 

-  Tlie  aureus  or  denarius  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  217,  no.  11)  after  Vaillant  and 
Morelli  is  doubtful,  as  no  specimen  is  knoM'U  to  exist  in  any  public  or  private  collection.  It  has 
on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Augustus  to  r.  bare;  around,  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS  ;  and  on  the 
rc-vcrsoascnrpion;  around,  L,  AQVILLIVS  .  F  LOR  VS  .  I II  .  VI  R,  Yaillant  (A''ttm. /am.  rom., 
t.  i.,p.  135,  tab  xxii.  9)  describes  the  coin  as  a  denarius,  but  Morelli  (Fam.  rom.  num.,  t.  i.,  ing. 
A(iiiiiliii,  no.  10)  gives  it  as  of  gold.  If  the  coin  does  or  did  exist  it  would  be  of  silver,  as  on 
till'  gold  coins  of  this  year  the  head  of  Augustus  ahvays  wears  a  wreatli  of  oak.  Vaillant 
suggests  that  the  reverse  type  may  refer  to  the  elevation  of  Mithradates  II.  to  the  throne  of 
Cinnmagene  by  Augustus,  in  B.C.  20,  as  the  scorpion  was  the  symbol  of  Commagene,  and  is 
ion  nd  on  later  coins  of  tha.t  district.  This  interpretation,  however,  would  make  both  the  obverse 
anil  reverse  types  apply  to  Augustus,  \vhich  was  not  usual  with  the  money  of  L.  Aquillius 
i'lorus  or  his  colleagues. 


No.      Weight      ^'f"^ 
■"       and  Sue 


4553 

4554 
4555 


57-7 

57-5 
54-9 


4556 


4557 


4658 


58-8 


58-0 


124-4 


M    -85 

M    -8 
Al    -75 


Ai    -8 


M    -75 


M    -7 


CIEC.  B.C.  14;    A.D.C.  740 

Ohvt-rse 

Type  VII.  var. 
Denarius 


71 


Uercr^e 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus 
bare. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixvii.  3.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Type  VIII. 
Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


The  consul,  Manius  Aquill- 
ius,  with  head  bare, 
and  bearing  shield  on 
1.  arm,  standing  towards 
1.,  looking  back,  and 
raising  with  r.  hand  a 
kneeling  female  figure, 
Sicilia,  who  is  half-naked, 
and  is  sinking  to  the 
ground  ;  around,  L  •  AQ. 
VILLIVSFLOKVS.III. 
Vll^;  in  exergue,  SI  CI  L 
(de  SaHs  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixvii.  4.] 


M  .  DVRMIVS 

(MAECUS   DUEMIUS-) 
Type  I. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Hones  r.,  hair  in 
ringlets ;  on  either  side 
of  neck,  star  of  six  points 
with  pellets  between  the 
points;  behind,HONOR.I; 
before,  M-DVUMIVSIII- 
VIK  . 


Within  oak-wreath  and  in 
two  lines,  AVGVSTO 
OB  ■  C  •  S  (Ob  cives  ser- 
vatos). 

[PI.  Ixvii.  5.] 


'  This  type  was  oountermarked  by  Vespasian  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  46).  The 
reverse  is  a  copy  of  coins  of  Mn.  Aquillius  struck  at  the  Boman  mint  ciro.  B.C.  72  (see  vol.  i. 
p.  416). 

^  Marcus  Durmius  is  only  knovrn  from  his  coins,  and  he  is  the  only  member  of  his  family 
■who  appears  to  have  held  office  at  the  mint.     The  types  of  his  coins  are  similar  to  those  of  his 


72 

No.      Weight 


4559 


4560 


4561 


4562 


61-3 


65-6 


53-7 


51-5 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


COINAGE    OP   EOMB 

Obverse 


Reverse 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    -75 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


Similar ;    no  stars  at   sides 
of  neck  of  Honos. 


Triumphal  quadriga  r,, 
horses  walking ;  in  the  car 
is  a  flower  (lily);  above, 
CAESAR.  AVGVSTVS; 
below,  S  ■  C  {Senatus 
consuUo). 

[PI.  Ixvii.   6.] 
(Nott) 


Type  III. 
Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Augustus  holding  laurel- 
branch  and  sceptre  in 
chariot  1.,  drawn  by  two 
elephants ;  above,  AVG 
VSTVS;  below,  CAESAK 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixvii.  7.] 

(de  SaUs  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


colleagues,  P.  Petronius  Turpiliaims  and  L.  Aquillius  Floras.  They  record  the  same  eyeuts  iu 
the  life  of  Augustus,  viz.,  the  presentation  of  the  civic  crown  by  the  Senate,  his  triumphs,  his 
conquests  in  the  Bast,  and  the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians ;  whilst  others  relate 
to  the  history  of  the  moneyer's  family,  viz.,  the  head  of  Honos,  the  bust  of  Hercules,  the  crab 
and  the  butterfly,  the  pierced  wild-boar,  the  lion  devouring  a  stag,  the  man-headed  bull  crowned 
by  Victory,  and  Victory.  The  types  are  arranged  in  the  same  order  as  those  of  the  other  issues 
of  the  year,  viz. ,  when  that  of  the  obverse  relates  to  the  moneyer  or  his  family,  that  of  the  reverse 
is  connected  with  Augustus,  and  vice  versa.  The  reverse  types  relating  to  Augustus  are  common 
to  all  three  moneyers  of  this  year.  The  head  of  Honos  was  probably  suggested  by  that  of 
Virtus  on  the  money  of  L.  Aquillius  Floras,  as  the  cult  of  these  two  divinities  was  associated 
at  Kome.  Besides  having  separate  temples  in  Bome,  they  had  a  joint  one  on  the  Capitol, 
which  was  consecrated  in  their  honour  by  C.  Marius,  after  his  victory  over  the  Cimbri  and  the 
Teutones  (see  vol.  i. ,  p.  415).  Augustas  instituted  a  joint  annual  festival  in  their  honour, 
which  took  place  on  the  29th  May  (Dion  Cassias,  liv.  18 ;  Preller,  Rom.  Myth,.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  250). 
We  know  so  little  of  the  Durmia  gens  that  it  is  not  possible  to  connect  this  type  more  directly 
with  the  moneyer  ;  nor  can  a  suggestion  be  offered  with  regard  to  the  bust  of  Hercules.  No 
very  satisfactory  explanation  has  been  given  of  the  other  reverse  types,  but  as  the  crab  hold- 
ing a  mussel  in  its  claws  is  found  on  ancient  coins  of  Cumae  (see  p.  73,  note  3),  the  pierced 
boar  on  those  of  Paestum  and  Capua,  the  lion  devouring  the  stag  on  those  of  Velia,  and  the 
man-headed  bull  on  those  of  Neapolis,  Cavedoni  (Memorie  di  Modena,  vol.  xviii.,  p.  245  f.)  has 
suggested  that  the  Durmia  gens  originally  came  from  Campania.  Victory  holding  a  wreath  and 
a  palm-branch  occurs  also  on  Bomano-Campanian  coins  ;  but  is  of  coarse  common  elsewhere. 

There  seems  to  be  only  two  specimens  known  of  the  aureus  (no.  4558),  the  one  above 
described,  and  another  in  the  Brera  collection,  Milan  (Bahrf  eldt,  Num .  Zeit. ,  1900,  p.  45) .  Cohen 
{Man.  rep.  rom.,  pi.  xvii.,  no.  4),  figures  a  specimen  of  this  coin  without  the  stars  on  the  obverse. 
On  p.  127  he  says :  "  Je  n'ai  jamais  eu  1' occasion  de  voir  cette  medaille.  Sur  le  dessin  de  Morell 
on  voit  deux  etoiles  ;  I'empreinte  en  electrotypie  de  I'exemplaire  du  catalogue  de  M.  Riccio,  qui 
a  eervi  a  faire  mon  dessin  n'en  a  pas."  Cohen  was  in  error,  for  in  the  figure  of  the  coin  given 
by  Ricoio  {Catalogo,  tav.  i.,  no.  15),  there  are  traces  of  the  star  behind  the  neck  of  Honos. 


GIRO.    B.C.   14;    A.U.C.    740 


73 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


OhvcTfiC 


Revrrfie 


4563 


4564 


4565 


4566 


58-2     M    -8 


Type  IV. 
Denarius' 


Similar. 


56-0  i  M    -7 


56-0 


122-1 


M    -lb 


N    -75 


Similar ;  face  of  Honos 
countermarked  with 
crescent. 


A  Parthian  warrior  with 
bare  head,  kneeling  r. 
on  ground  on  r.  knee  in 
attitude  of  submission, 
and  holding  standard  in 
r.  hand,  his  1.  extended ; 
he  wears  hraccae  and  cloak 
of  skin  ;  around,  CAESAR. 
AVGVSTVSSIGN  R.ECE. 
{Signis  receptis). 
[PI.  Ixvii.  8.] 
(Nott) 

Similar ;    no  ground  repre- 
sented. 


Type  V. 
Denarius^ 


Bust 


Hercules 


of  young 
r.,  diademed,  wearing 
lion's  skin ;  club  on  his 
shoulder ;  around,  M  • 
DVR.MIVS.  Ill  .  VIK 


Similar;      the      Parthian 
warrior  kneels  on  ground. 
[PI.  Ixvii.  9.] 


Type  VI. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing oak-wreath ;  around, 
CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 


A  crab  holding  in  its  claws 
a  butterfly  ;  ^  above,  M  • 
DVR.MIVS;  below,  III  • 
VIR. 

[PI.  Ixvii.  10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  Coant  de  Salis  notes  the  existence  of  a  denarius  of  M.  Durmius  with  this  obverse  type, 
but  with  the  reverse  an  Armenian  kneeling  in  attitude  of  submission,  &c.,  and  the  legend, 
CAESAR, DIVI.F.ARME  .CAPT,  as  Type  VII.  of  P.  Petroniua  Turpilianus  and  Type  IV.  of 
L.  Aquillius  Plorus  ;  but  he  does  not  say  whore  the  coin  exists.  No  specimen  appears  to  be 
published. 

^  This  coin,  which  is  of  very  coarse  work,  may  be  an  ancient  forgery.  Bahrfeldt  (Ki'.ui, 
Zeit.,  1886,  pp.  4-6)  mentions  three  specimens  of  it;  one  in  the  Lawrence  collection,  New 
York,  and  two  others  in  the  Paris  and  Berlin  cabinets.  The  British  Museum  specimen  was 
recently  purchased  of  MM.  RoUin  and  Feuardent.  The  aureus  of  this  type  mentioned  by 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  469)  as  being  in  the  Lawrence  collection  does  not  exist  (Bahrfeldt,  Num. 
Zeit,  1896,  p.  110). 

^  The  mere  association  of  this  type  with  that  of  coins  of  Cnmae  (see  p.  72,  note)  does  not 
seem  fully  to  meet  the  case,  as  in  this  instance  the  crab  holds  a  butterfly.  It  may  be  a  type 
•pm-lant,  as  the  flower  on  coins  of  L.  Aquillius  Florus.  Eckhel  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  204) 
suggests  that  it  illustrates  the  adage  frequently  expressed  by  Augustus,  festina  lente,  dux 
enim  proiSidus  praestat  temerario  (Suetonius,  Augustus,  25),  as  exemplified  by  the  cautious 
advance  of  the  crab  and  the  rash  swiftness  of  the  butterfly. 

VOL.    II.  L 


74 


No.      ]Vei'jltf 


4567 


4568 


58-2 


56-4 


4669 


4570 
4571 


62-6 


57-5 
60-5 


iletal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Obvcri'e 


Reverse 


M    -75 


Type  VII. 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 


M.    -75 


Similar. 


M    -8      Similar. 


4572     42-8     M,    -75 

{xoorn) 


M    -8 


Similar. 


Similar. 


A  -wild  boar  r.,  pierced  by 
a  spear  ;   above,  M  •  DVK 
MIVS;  below,  111  -VIK 
[PI.  Ixvii.  11.] 

(Cracberode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Type  VIII. 
Denarius 


Lion     1.     devouring     stag, 
wbicb    tries    to    escape ; 
above,      M  •  DVRMIVS ; 
below,  III.  VIK 
[PI.  Ixvii.  12.] 
(Nott) 

Similar. 

Similar ;  tbe  legend,  M  . 
DVR.MIVS  III  •  VIR,  is 
continuous.^ 

[PI.  Ixvii.  13.] 

(Cracberode  Coll.) 


Type  IX. 
Denarius 


Bull  witb  buman  face 
walking  r.,  and  crowned 
by  Victory  flying  above  ; 
around,   [M-DVKMIVS] 

iiiviR  ■ 

[PI.  Ixvii.   14.] 

(Imboof-Blumer  Coll.) 


'  There  is  a  hybrid,  plated,  consisting  of  this  reverse  and  of  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of 
L.  Julius  Bursio,  with  bust  of  Genius  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  324,  no.  2485;  and  Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  J.  Num., 
1877,  p.  37). 


Ko.     Weight 


4573 


46-2 


Metal 
and  iiize 


M    -7 

{x>^ated) 


4574 


45-3 


M    -7 


CIEC.  B.C.  13  ;   A.U.C.  741  75 

Ohvevse  Hewrse 

Type  X. 

Denarius' 

Similar.  Victory  walking  r.,  bearing 

wreath  in  extended  r. 
hand,  and  palm-branch 
over  her  shoulder  in  1. ; 
around,  [M  •]  DVR.MIVS 
IIIVIR 

[PI.  Ixvii.  15.] 
(Boyd  Coll ) 

Circ.  B.C.  13;    a.u.c.  741 

Moneijers 

nVLCHER:  TAVRVS :   REGVLVS 

([CLODIUS]  PULOHEE;    [STATILIUS]  TAUEUS; 
[LIVINEIUS]  EEGULUS-) 

Quadrans 

Type  I. 


Two  right  hands  joined, 
holding  caduceus;  around, 
rVLCHEK  .  TAVKVS  ■ 
R.EGVLVS- 


III  •  VIPs  •  A  .  A  ■  A  .  F    F. 

{Tniimciri  acre,  argento, 
aiiro,  flando,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  {Sc- 
natiis  consulto). 

[PI.  Ixvii.  16.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


^  Ttiis  type  aj)pcar.^  to  be  unpublished. 

^  Of  these  three  moneyers,  who  formed  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint,  nothing  ceitain  is  known 
beyond  what  wc  learn  from  their  coins.  Their  date  of  office  is  also  somewhat  uncertain,  but 
it  seems  piobable  tiiat  it  was  before  B.C.  12. 

It  is  impossible  from  amongst  the  numerous  members  of  the  Claudia  gens  to  distinguish 
the  particular  one  who  struck  these  coins. 

Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  468),  has  identified  the  moneyer  Taurus  with  T.  Statilius  Taurus,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  generals  of  Augustus,  who  had  the  command  of  Antony's  fleet  which 
operated  against  Scxtus  Pompey  in  B.C.  36.  For  his  numerous  successes  he  received  the  honour 
of  a  triumph  in  B.C.  34  ;  commanded  the  land  forces  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  was  consul 
in  B.C.  26 ;  and  when  Augustus  went  to  Gaul  in  B.C.  16  he  was  appointed  a  praefectus  Urld,  with 
the  government  of  Rome  and  Italy.  On  account  of  the  date  to  which  these  coins  must  be 
assigned,  this  identification  is  impossible ;  but  the  moneyer  may  have  been  a  son  of  the  general, 
and  not  improbably  either  the  consul  of  A.D.  11  or  16.  He  is  the  only  member  of  his  family 
of  whom  we  possess  coins. 

Regulus  may  have  been  a  son  or  grandson  of  L.  Livineius  Regulus,  who  was  a  quatuorvir 
of  the  mint,  circ.  B.C.  39,  and  also  a  praetor  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  .578). 

The  only  denomination  struck  by  this  triumvirate  is  the  quadrans.  According  to  Count 
de  Salis's  classification,  it  is  the  first  issue  of  that  coin  after  the  revival  of  the  bronze 
currency.  This  denomination  is  usually  considered  to  be  a  semis ;  but  as  it  is  of  nearly 
pure  copper,  like  the  as,  and  is  a  quarter  its  weight,  it  must  be  identified  as  a  quadrans 
(see  above,  p.  4.j).     As  to  the  types  of  these  coins,  the  two  joined  hands  and  the  caduceus  may 


76 


TIT        TT-  ■  1 J        Metal 
No.      n  eiijlit     _    ,  „■   , 
•"         and  bi3e 


4575 


4576 


524 


51-6 


iE  -7 


M    '7 


4577 


4578 


52-1 


49-5 


jE    -7 


IE    -7 


4579 


125-8 


TV  -8 


COINAGE   OF   EOME 

OJjverse 


Hcvi'fse 


Type  II. 


Simpulum  and  lituus ; 
around,  PVLCHER- 
TAVKVS-KEGVLVS. 

Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixvii.  17.] 


Type  III. 


Cornucopias  between  S  C 
(Scnatus  cons  til  to); 
around,  PVLCHEK. 
TAVRVS  ■  KEGVLVS  • 


Similar. 


Circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented with  wreath ; 
around,  III  •  VIR.  -A-A- 
A.F.F. 

[PI.  Ixvii.  18.] 

Similar. 


Cue.  B.C.  12;    A.u.c.  742 

Moneyers 

Q.  EusTius;   M.  Sanquinius  Q.  p.;  P.  Licinius  Stolo  ' 

a  .  RVSTIVS 

(QUINTUS  EUSTIUS) 


Aureus 


Heads,  face  to  face,  of 
Fortuna  Victrix,  hel- 
meted,  and  Fortuna 
Felix,  wearing  diadem ; 
below,  FOB.TVN/E; 
above,  a  ■  KVSTIVS 


Victory,  draped,  her  wings 
extended,  gently  descend- 
ing, and  placing  with  r. 
hand  a  shield,  inscribed 
S  •  C  {Senatus  consulto), 
on  a  cippus ;  around, 
CAESAR.  I  AVGVSTO 
[PI.  Ixviii.  1.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


relate  to  the  good  feeling  -which  existed  bet-sveen  Augustus  and  the  State,  and  the  prosperity  of 
the  country  -which  was  one  of  the  results;  the  simpulum  and  lituus  to  the  priestly  offices  held 
by  Augustus;  the  cornucopiae  probably  to  some  special  largess  or  distribution  of  corn ;  and 
tlie  cuiiL-anvil  to  the  office  of  the  moneyers.  All  these  types  recur  on  a  subsequent  issue  of  the 
quadiaus  in  B.C.  10  (see  below,  p.  8S),  but  after  that  date  the  only  obverse  and  reverse  types 
used  are  the  coin-anvil  and  the  letters  S  .  C   (see  below,  pp.  110-115). 

On  the  above  issue  the  order  of  the  moneyers'  names  does  not  change,  and  it  is  the  same 
with  the  quadrantcs  struck  in  B.C.  10;  but  in  B.C.  3,  -when  -we  meet  with  another  union  of 
moneyers,  each  one  strikes  a  series,  on  which  las  name  is  placed  first.  This  occasions  numerous 
transmutations  of  the  names. 

'  The  moneyei's  whose  coins  are  assigned  to  this  year  are  Quintns  "Rustius,  Marcus 
Sanquinius,  and  Publiiis  Licinius  Stolo.     This  combination  of  moneyers  is  in  the  main  borne 


No.     ly  eiriht  ,  „. 

''         and  Size 


4580 


4581 


4582 


64-5 


59-4 


59-0 


M    -75 


M    -8 


M    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  12;   A.U.C.  742 

Obverse 

Denarius 


77 


Bcver^e 


Busts  conjoined  r.  of  For- 
tuna  Viotrix,  helmeted, 
and  Eortuna  Felix,  wear- 
ing diadem,  holding  be- 
tween them  a  patera ; 
the  busts  are  placed  on 
a  base  terminating  in 
rams'  heads ;  around, 
FOR.TVN/E  ANTIAT 
(Fortunae  Antiates)  and 
a    RVSTIVS  • 


Similar. 


Similar. 


A  highly-decorated  altar, 
inscribed  in  front,  FOR.  ■ 
RE  (Fortunae  Beduci)  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  I  AVG 
VSTO  ;  below,  EX  •  S  •  C 
(Ex  scnatiis  coyisulto). 
(Stewart  Coll.,  1841) 


Similar. 

(Craoherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixviii.  2.] 


out  by  the  similarity  of  the  types,  all  of  which  relate  to  Augustus  and  not  to  the  history  of 
their  families,  and  of  the  denominations  of  their  coins.  M.  Sanquinius  struck  in  gold,  silver, 
and  bronze,  and  possibly  also  P.  Licinius  Stolo  (see  below,  pp.  80,  81),  bnt  of  Q.  Rustius  at 
present  only  gold  and  silver  coins  are  known.  It  is,  however,  quite  possible  that  at  some 
future  date  bronze  coins  of  Q.  Eustius  may  also  be  found.  These  are  the  only  moneyers  of 
Augustus  who  struck  bronze  coins  as  well  as  those  in  other  metals  (see  above,  p.  46).  It  may 
have  been  for  that  reason  that  Babelon  {Itdrod.,  p.  xv.)  and  others  have  considered  them  to 
be  the  earliest  examples  of  the  revived  bronze  currency,  and  have  therefore  assigned  their 
issue  to  circ.  B.C.  15.  Assuming  that  these  three  moneyers  formed  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint, 
their  term  of  office  could  not  have  occurred  till  after  B.C.  13,  as  M.  Sanquinius  and  P.  Licinius 
Stolo  struck  the  as,  on  which  Augustus  is  given  the  title  of  Poutilex  Maximus,  an  honour 
which  he  did  not  accept  till  B.C.  12  (see  above,  p.  47). 

Quintus  Rustius,  who  is  only  known  from  his  coins,  w^as  a  descendant,  probably  a  grand- 
son, of  Lucius  Rustius,  who  was  appointed  a  special  moneyer  circ.  B.C.  76  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  398). 
The  types  of  the  coins  of  Q.  Rustius,  both  of  gold  and  silver,  relate  to  Augustus.  It  was  to 
the  goddess  Fortuna  that  Augustus  attributed  his  successes  and  preservation,  and  also  his 
recovery  from  his  frequent  illnesses.  Her  principal  temple  was  at  Antium,  where  she  v/as 
worshipped  under  two  aspects,  as  Fortuna  Victrix  and  Foriuna  Felix,  hence  receiving  the  name 
of  Fortunae  Antiates.     It  is  to  her  that  Horace  dedicated  one  of  bis  finest  odes  : 

0  diva,  gratum  quae  regis  Antium  {Carmen,  i.  35,  1). 
and  it  is  also  to  her  that  the  poet  entrusts  the  protection  of  Augustus  on  his  departure  for 
Gaul, 

Serves  iturum  Caesarem  in  ultimos 

Orhis  Britannos 

(ih.,  i.  35,  29,  30.) 

In  B.C.  41,  when  Augustus  was  at  war  with  L.  Antonius,  he  laid  the  treasures  of  the 
temple  of  Fortuna  at  Antium  under  contribution.  This  city  was  the  favourite  resort  of 
Augustus,  and  it  was  there  that  he  received  information  that  the  Senate  had  conferred 
on  him  the  title  of  "Pater  Patriae."  The  rams'  heads,  which  ornament  the  ends  of  the 
plinths  below  the  busts,  seem  to  be  connected  with  the  moneyer,  as  on  the  earlier  coins 
struck  by  L.  Rustius  the  reverse  type  is  a  ram.  This  animal  was  evidently  the  special 
symbol  of  the  Rustia  gens  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  398).  On  the  reverse  of  the  aureus  the  shield  held  by 
Victory  represents  the  golden  shield  of  Valour,  Olypeus  Virtutis,  which  was  presented  to  Augustus 
by  the  Senate,  and  which  has  already  been  so  frequently  illustrated  (see  above,  p.  21),  and  the 
altar  on  the  denarius  is  that  which  was  erected  to  Augustus  on  his  return  from  Syria  in  B.C. 
19,  near  the  Porta  Capena  (see  above,  pp.  30,  34).  The  legends,  S  .  C  .  and  EX  S  .  C  .  therefore 
do  not  relate  to  any  special  order  which  the  moneyer  may  have  received  from  the  Senate 
respecting  the  issue  of  these  coins  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  411),  but  to  the  decrees  conferring 
these  honours  on  Augustus. 


78 


jN'\      II  eight  ,  ,, 

"         and  iize 


COINAGE   OF   EOME 


Et'ivr.->e 


4583 


121-7 


M  .  SANaVINIVS  a .  F  . 


(MAEGUS    SANQUINIUS    QUINTI   FILIUS') 


Aureus 


A^    -B 


Young  deified  head  of 
Julius  Caesar  r.,  laureate, 
and  surmounted  by  a 
comet ;  around,  M  •  SAN 
QVINIVS.III    VIK 


Draped  figure  standing  1., 
wearing  helmet  orna- 
mented with  two  long 
feathers,  and  holding  a 
winged  caduceus  in  r. 
hand,  and  a  shield 
decorated  with  a  star 
in  1. ;  around,  AVGVST  • 
Divl  •  F  .  LVDOS  .  SAE 
{Auguskis  Divi  filius 
ludos  saecularcs  [/ecii]). 
[PI.  Ixviii.  3.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


'  This  moneyer  is  also  only  known  from  his  coins,  and  there  is  no  mention  in  ancient 
authors  of  any  member  of  his  family  earlier  than  Sanquinius  Maxinms,  who  lived  during  the 
reigns  of  Tiberius,  Caligula,  and  Claudius,  and  who  may  have  been  a  son  of  the  moneyer.  As 
already  mentiontd,  with  the  possible  exception  of  P.  Licinius  Stole  (see  p.  77),  M.  Sanquinius 
is  the  only  moneyer  of  this  period  of  whom  we  have  money  in  gold,  silver,  and  bronze. 

The  types  of  his  coins  are  in  honour  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus.  They  also 
commemorate  the  celebration  of  the  Ludi  Saecularcf,  which  had  taken  place  in  B.C.  17  (see 
above,  p.  41).  The  deification  of  Julius  Caesar  did  not  occur  till  the  5th  of  the  calends  of 
December,  B.C.  42 ;  but  the  comet  which  heralded  his  apotheosis  appeared  shortly  after  his 
death  (see  p.  29).  This  portrait  of  Caesar  ia  interesting  as  it  shows  that  rejuvenation 
accompanied  deification.  The  figure  on  the  reverse  is  uncertain.  It  has  been  identified  as 
that  of  a  Salian  priest,  of  a  Fetialis,  of  Minerva,  or  of  a  herald  of  the  games.  Eckhel  i^Doct. 
num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  300)  in  discussing  this  figure  says  that  it  cannot  be  of  one  of  the  Salian 
priests,  as  the  ancili'r,  of  which  they  had  charge,  were  of  u,  diilerent  form  to  that  which  it 
here  holds:  and,  besides,  the  saccular  games  were  under  the  care  of  the  (jiiindecimviri  socris 
faciundis.  Nor  can  it  be  one  of  the  Fetiales,  as  the  members  of  that  college  hiid  nothingto  do 
with  the  preparation  of  these  games.  He  therefore  suggests  that  it  may  represent  a  herald 
announcing  to  the  people  the  solemnising  of  the  games.  In  evidence  he  cites  Suetonius 
[Clavdius,  21).  who  relates  that  when  Claudius  desired  to  celebrate  the  saccular  games  he 
sent  out  heralds  :  Qitare  vox  praeconis  irri&a  est,  invitaiitis  ^nore  solenni  ad  ludos  (see  Dressel, 
JJjj/i.  Epig. ,  vol.  iii.,  p.  314).  Herodian  also  relates  that  on  a  similar  occasion  Severus  sent  hiralds 
through  the  city  and  through  Italy.  Another  identification  seems  possible,  viz.,  that  the  figure 
may  be  of  Koma,  who  holds  the  caduceus  as  typical  of  the  prosperity  of  the  state  under 
Augustan  rule.  The  peculiar  adornment  of  the  helmet,  i  e.,  with  two  feathers,  was  not 
unusual  at  this  and  earlier  times.  A  similar  figure  is  seen  on  bronze  coins  of  Domitian,  which 
were  issued  at  the  time  of  the  celebration  of  the  saeonlar  games ;  but  in  that  instance  it 
holds  a  sceptre  or  baton  (see  Cohen,  Man.  inq?.  roin.,  vol.  i.,  no.  72,  p.  47t>).  These 
figures  diiler  from  that  on  the  aureus  of  Augustus  struck  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration 
of  these  games  in  B.C.  17  (see  above,  p.  41,  no.  4467),  in  wljich  instance  a  Salian  priest(?) 
is  shown  wearing  a  conical-shaped  helmet,  which  was  the  special  head-dress  of  his  office  (see 
Dressel,  Inc.  cif.).  A  variety  of  the  aureus  formerly  in  the  Montagu  collection  (hiale  Cat., 
no.  34)  reads  SAEC  for  SAE. 

The  combination  of  the  heads  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus  on  the  denarius  needs  no 
explanation;  but  the  as,  which  gives  to  Augustus  the  title  oi:  Fontifex  Maximus,  is  important 
for  fixing  the  date  when  Sanquinius  and  the  other  moneyers  who  were  associated  with  him  were 
officers  of  the  mint.  Though  the  otfice  of  Pontifex  Maximus  had  been  oil'ered  to  Augustus  by 
the  Senate  on  more  than  ce  occasion,  he  would  not  accept  it  so  long  as  Lepidus,  on  whom  it  had 


No.     Weight 


4584 


61-8 


4585 


4586 


4587 


4588 


62-6 


58-5 


56-5 


366-0 


Metal 
and  tiize 


M    -8 


/R    -75 


4589 


4590 


4591 


314-8 


195-0 

(tooled) 


178-5 


Al    -7 


JR.    -75 


M  1-45 


M  1-4 


M  1-15 


M  1-1 


CIEC.  B.C.  12  ;    A.D.C.  742 

Ohi-erse 

Denapius 

Type  I. 
Similar. 


Reverse 


Similar;   DIVl  for  DIvI 
[PI.  Ixviii.  4.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  AVGVSTVS 
D!VI.  F 

[PI.  Ixviii.  5.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Sestertius 


An  oak--wreath  between 
t-wo  laurel-branches; 
above,  within,  and  below 
which,  OB  CiViS  SEK 
VATOS 


Similar. 


M.  SANQVINIVS    Q.  F- 
lll-VIR-A- A.A.FF- 

{Triumvir  aere,  argento, 
auro,  flando,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (Se- 
natus  consulto). 

Similar ;    moneyer's  name, 
M- SANQVINIVS  for  M- 
SANQVINIVS 
[PI.  Ixviii.  6.] 


Dupondius 


Within  oak-wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TKIBVNIC  POTEST' 


Similar. 


Similar ;    moneyer's  name, 
M. SANQVINIVS  Q-F- 
lll-VIR.- A- A- A-F-F. 
[PI.  Ixviii.  7.] 

Similar. 


been  conferred  in  B.C.  44,  was  living.  Lepidua  died  in  B.C.  13 ;  but  Augustus  does  not  appear 
to  have  accepted  the  chief  pontificate  till  the  6th  March  of  the  following  year,  during  the 
consulship  of  P.  Sulijicius  and  C.  Valgiua  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  45;  Suetonius,  Augustus, 
31).  The  coins  of  M.  Sanquinius  and  P.  Licinius  Stolo  were  no  doubt  issued  to  commemorate 
ttis  event.  The  types  of  the  bronze  coins  are  the  same  as  those  used  in  B.C.  15.  On  the  as 
the  head  of  Augustus  is  always  turned  to  the  left. 

'  Varieties  of  the  dupondius  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum, 
read  AVGVS  TRIBV  POT;  AVGVST  TRIBV  TOTES,  and  AVGVSTVS  TRIBVNICI 
POTEST  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  69). 


80 


No.      Weight 


122-3 


Meial 
and  Size 


M  1-0 


COINAGE    OP   EOME 

Oiverse 


Rei-eri>e 


459i 


4593 


60-7 


58-8 


M    -8 


M    -8 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR  AVGVS 
TVS- PONT. MAX-TFLI 
BVNIC    POT 


Similar. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  419,  no.  G.] 


P  .  LICINIVS  STOLO 

(PUBLIUS   LICINIUS   STOLO') 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  AVGVSTVS  TK  • 
POT 


Similar. 


Flamen's    cap    (apex)    be- 
tween  two    shields    [an- 
cilia) ;     above,    P  •  STO 
LO;  below.  Ml  •  VIK 
[PI.  Ixviii.  8.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


1  The  cognomen  Stolo  was  first  given  to  C.  Licinius  Calvus,  who  was  consul  in  e.g.  364 
and  361,  on  account,  it  is  said,  of  the  care  which  he  bestowed  in  digging  up  the  shoots  which 
sprang  from  the  roots  of  his  vines.  Nothing  is  known  of  his  descendants,  of  whom  the 
moneyer  was  probably  one.  Like  M.  Sanquinius,  P.  Licinius  Stolo  struck  the  as,  ou  which 
Augustus  is  styled  Pontifes  Maximus,  so  that  he  could  not  have  held  office  before  B.C.  12. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  denarii,  the  apex  and  the  sacred  shields  {anclia),  may  relate  to 
the  office  and  duties  of  the  Saliau  priests,  and  also  to  the  circumstance  that  in  B.C.  29  the 
Senate  ordered  that  the  name  of  Augustus  should  be  included  in  the  Carmen  Saliare.  At  the 
great  festival  of  the  Salii,  held  in  the  month  of  March,  these  shields  were  paraded  through  the 
streets  of  Home,  and  it  is  possible  that  Augustus  iu  his  capacity  of  Pontifex  Maximns  took 
part  in  the  procession,  and  for  that  reason  he  is  represented  on  horseback  holding  a  patera 
denoting  his  priestly  office.  It  may  have  been  to  commemorate  such  an  occasion  in  B.C.  12  that 
these  coins  were  struck.  The  bronze  coins  of  P.  Licinius  Stolo  are  of  the  same  denominations 
and  types  as  those  of  his  colleague  M,  Sanquinius. 

We  may  here  mention  an  aureus  bearing  the  name  of  P.  Licinius  Stolo  which  was  recently 
offered  for  purchase  to  the  National  Collection,  but  of  which  at  present  it  only  possesses  a 
plaster-cast  impression.     No  opportunity  has  been  afforded  to  examine  the  coin  itself,  but  as  it 


N<i.     Weight 


459i 


4595 


4596 


4597 


60-7 


364-7 


328-0 


204-7 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


2E  1-45 


M  1-35 


7E  1-1 


CIRC.  B.C.  12  ;    A.U.C.  742 

O'ovei-se 

Type  II. 


81 


Reverse 


Augustus,  laureate,  on 
horseback,  r.,  holding 
patera  in  r.  hand ;  horse 
walking ;  around,  AVG 
VSTVS  TR.  •  rOT 


Similar. 

[PL  Ixviii.  9.] 

(Nott) 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CiViS  SER.VATOS 


Similar. 


Sestertius 

n 


•  LICINIVS-STOLO-  III 
VIR  .  A  •  A  •  A.  F  .   F  . 

(Triumvir    aere,    argento, 
auro,     flando,    feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (Se- 
natus  consulto). 
(Graoherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixviii.  10.] 


Within  oak- wreath,  and  in 
in  three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TKIBVNIC     POTEST' 


Dupondius 

P  .  STOLO    .    Ill   ■  VIR.  . 
A  .  A  ■  A  ■  F  .  F  •     In  the 

centre,  S  .  C 
[PI.  Ixviii.  11  rev.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


is  of   importance  chronologically  an  illustration   of  it  is  givfen  with  the  following    descrip- 
tion : — 


obc,  Female  head  (Ceres)  r,,  wearing  diadem,  wreath  of  corn,  and  earring  in  shape  of  cross  ; 
her  hair  is  collected  into  a  knot  behind,  and  falls  in  locks  down  hor  neck  ;  around,  P  .  LICI  N  . 
STOLO  III  ,  VIR;  rei'..  Pontifical  emblems,  apex,  securis  (sacrificial  axe),  "aspergillum" 
(sprinkler)  andsimpulum  between  two  laurel-branches ;  above,  CAESAR  ;  below,  AVGVSTVS. 
This  reverse  type  is  evidently  intended  to  commemorate  the  appointment  of  Augustus  as 
Pontifex  Maximus,  and  the  decree  of  the  Senate  that  laurel-trees  should  be  placed  on  either  side 
of  the  portico  of  his  house.  The  head  of  Ceres,  however,  on  the  obverse  does  not  find  a  parallel 
on  any  of  the  other  coins  attributed  to  this  year.  In  stylo  and  treatment  it  shows  some  analogy 
to  those  of  Pietas,  which  are  to  be  seen  on  coins  issued  by  Julius  Caesar  in  B.C.  49  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  505),  and  by  L.  Hostilias  Saserna  in  B.C.  48  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  512).  The  reverse  type  appears  to 
be  adopted  from  tlie  reverse  of  the  denarius  struck  by  Julius  Caesar  in  Gaul  circ.  B.C.  50 — 49, 
which  has  on  the  obverse  his  name  and  the  elephant  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  10,  no.  9)  ;  the 
laurel-branches  being  an  addition  which  would  make  the  type  specially  applicable  to  Augustus. 
The  fact  that  these  types  are  adopted  from  coins  of  an  earlier  date,  does  not  in  our  opinion 
prove  anything  against  the  genuineness  of  this  aureus,  as  at  the  time  that  it  would  have  been 
struck  the  moneyers  showed  but  little  inventive  power  in  their  designs,  and  on  sever;i,l  occasions 
were  content  to  copy  or  adapt  those  of  their  predecessors.  From  this  coin,  if  genume,  it  would 
therefore  appear  that  P.  Licinius  Stole,  like  his  colleague  M.  Sanquinius,  issued  coins  in  all 
three  metals,  gold,  silver,  and  bronze. 

'  Varieties  of  the  dupondius  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  iii  the  Capitoline  Museum,  re;id 
VOL.   II.  M 


82 


A'i-.      Kei.jlit 


Metal 
and  tiize 


COINAGE   OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Ucveri 


4598 


156-7 


As' 


ZE  1-05  i  Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
VST  rONTIFEX  MAX 
TKIBVNIC  rOT 


428-5 


M  1-45 


Similar. 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1897,  p.  4.j 

Circ.  B.C.  11  ;    A.u.c.  743 

Moneyers 

0.  Maecius   L.    f.    Censorinus  ;    T.    Quinctius   T. 

F.  Ceispinus  Sulptcianus  ;  Ti.  Sempeonius  Geaccus  " 

C  .  MARCI  .  L  .  F  .  CENSORINVS 

(CAIUS  MAECIUS  LUCII  FILIUS  CENSOEINUS') 
Sestertius 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches,;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CiViS  SEKVATOS 


CMARCI  .  LF.  CENSOR 
IN  •  AVG  .  Ill  .  VIR.  •  A  . 
A  •  A  ■  F  •  F  •  (Augur,  tri- 
umvir aerc,  argento,  auro, 
flando,  fcriundo).  In  the 
centre,  S  •  C  (Scnatus  con- 
sulto). 

[PI.  Ixviii.  12.] 


AVGVST  TRBV  POTEST  or  AVGVSTVS  TRIBVN  POTS  (Bahrfeldt,  ^xim.  Zeif., 
1897,  p.  4).  Another  variety  Mith  the  obverse  legend  as  on  no.  4597  gives  the  moneyer's 
gentile  name    P  .  LjCINlVS  .  STOLO  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  139,  no.  31). 

^  The  only  speoimeu  known  of  this  denomination  was  in  the  Bignami  collection,  and  is 
now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum  (Bahrfeldt,  loc.  cit.).  As  already  mentioned,  this  coin  is 
important  for  iixing  t|ie  approximate  date  of  P.  Licinius  Stolo's  year  of  othce  as  a  moneyer. 

-  The  three  moneyers  who  are  assigm-d  to  this  year  each  issued  a  separate  coinage  in 
bronze,  consisting  of  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as.  As  the  last  denomination 
struck  by  these  moneyers  appears  to  give  in  each  instance  to  Augustus  the  title  of  Poutifex 
Maximus,  this  triumvirate  must  have  held  ofijoe  after  E,c.  13  (see  above,  p.  47).  Babelon 
(vol,  ii.,  p.  198)  has  associated  A.  Licinius  Nerya,  pex,  Nonianus  Gallus,  .ind  Maianins  Gallus 
with  C,  Marcius  Censorinus,  who  would  constitute  a  quatuorvirate  of  the  mint.  The  as  in 
the  Paris  collection  attributed  to  Maiauius  Gallus,  which  is  fi.gured  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  168, 
no.  7),  and  which  gives  to  Augustus  the  title  of  Poutifex  IJ.iximus,  is  much  tooled,  and  the 
moneyer's  name  has  evidejitly  been  altered  by  engraving,  As  no  other  specimen  of  this  coin 
ajapears  to  be  known,  and  as  it  is  so  doubtful,  jt  has  not  been  included  in  our  descriptions. 
The  types  of  the  money  of  this  year  are  the  same  q,s  tljose  of  the  previous  jear  and  of  B.C.  15. 
In  the  forms  of  the  legends  there  is  a  certain  similarity  betiveen  the  issues  of  C.  Marcius 
Censorinus  and  T.  Quinctius  Sulpicianus,  each  one  cocasionally  oniitting  his  gentile  name. 
The  similarity  of  these  three  issues  seems  to  justify  the  conclusion  that  these  moneyers 
formed  :l  triumvirate. 

^  Cains    Marcius   Censorinus  was   probably  the  son  of   L.  Marcius  C,onsprinU(>,  ii  strong 


TIT        TT»  ■  li       Metal 
No.     Wevjlit  ,  ^,. 

■'        and  Hize 


4599 


4600 


187-0 


245-0 


M  1-05 


M  1-5 


M 


CIEC.  B.C.  11 ;   A.U.C.  743 

Ohver&e 

Dupondius 


83 


Reverse 


Within  oak-wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TR.IBVNIC  POTEST 


Similar. 


C  .  CENSORINVS  L  •  F  . 
AVG-  IIIVIR.  .  A-  A-  A- 
F  ■  F  • '      In    the   centre, 

sc 

[PI.  Ixviii.   13.] 

Similar. 

( jyTounted  in  a  broad  border. ) 
(Bank  Coll.) 


As^ 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAK  AVG 
VST  ■  PONT  .  MAX  • 
TR.IBVNIC.rOT 


4G01    259-4 


M  1-25 


Similar. 


[Depoletti  Cat.,  no.  2932] 


T  .  aVINCTIVS  T  .  F  .  CRISPINVS 
SVLPICIANVS 

(TITUS    QUINCTIDS    TITI    PILIUS    CEISPINUS 
SULPICIANUS^) 

Sestertius 


An  oak- wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches  ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CiViS  SEKVATOS 


T  •  QVINCTIVS  CRISPI 
NVS  [SVLPI  .  IIIVIK  .] 
A  ■  A  ■  A  •  F  •  F  •  (see  no. 
4598).  In  the  centre, 
S  •  C  (Senatus  consuUo). 


partisan  of  Mark  Antony,  who  procnred  for  him  the  consulship  in  B.C.  39.  From  his  coins  it 
would  appear  that  the  moneyer  had  been  appointed  augur  before  he  held  office  at  the  mint, 
which  was  very  exceptional  with  ordinary  holders  of  that  last  office.  He  was  consul  in  B.C.  8, 
and  subsequently  governor  of  Syria.  He  died  in  Asia  in  B.C.  2.  Velleius  Pateroalus  (ii.  102) 
calls  him  vir  demercndis  hominihus  genitios. 

'  A  variety  of  the  dupondius  omits  the  patronymic  initials  in  the  legend  on  the  reverse 
(Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  199,  no.  32). 

'  It  is  not  known  where  the  as  described  in  the  sale  catalogue  of  the  Depoletti  collec- 
tion now  is.  In  consequence  it  has  not  been  possible  to  supply  an  illustration  of  it,  or 
to  give  its  weight  and  size.  The  coin  is  of  importance,  as  it  gives  to  Augustus  the  title  of 
Pontifex  Maximus. 

'  This  moneyer  is  only  known  from  his  coins.     He  was  evidently,  as  his  name  indicates, 


84 


CX)INAGE    OF   EOME 


No. 

Weight 

4602 

396-3 

4603 

299-7 

4604 

138-5 

4605 

120-5 

(worn) 

4606 

142-8 

4607 

168-3 

4608 

196-5 

4609 

164-5 

4610 

147-5 

Metal 
and  Size 

M  1-5 


Oliveme 


M  1-45 


M    -95 

M  1-05 
M  1-05 

M  1-1 

M  1-2 
M  1-15 
M  1-05 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar  ;    moneyer's  name, 
T  •  QVINCTIVS    CKISr 
IN  SVLPIC  IIIVIK,  &c. 
[PI.  Ixix.  1.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
T-aVINCTI  •  CRISPIN- 
SVLP-IIIVIR.,  &c.' 


Dupondius 


Within  oak- wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TR.IBVN1C  POTEST 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


T- QVINCTIVS -CRISPIN 
VS-  IIIVIR.  .  A  -  A  -  A- 
F  -  F  -     In  the  centre,  S  -  C 
[PI.  Ixix.  2.] 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;    moneyer's   name, 
T- QVINCTIVS -CRISPI 
NV- A-A-A-F.F-2 
[PI.  Ixix.  3.] 

Similar ;    moneyer's   name, 
T-CR.ISPINVS-SVLPIC 
lANVS  IIIVIR -,  &c. 
[PI.  Ixix.  4.] 

Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
T-CRISPINVS-SVLPIC 
lAN-lll- VIR-,^&c. 

Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
T-CRISPINVS-III-V1R-, 

&c. 

Similar. 


a  memter  of  the  Sulpicia  gena,  and  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  394)  suggests  that  he  may  have  been 
the  adopted  son  of  T.  Quinctius  T.  f.  Pennus  Capitolinua  Crispinns,  who  was  consul  B.C.  8. 
His  coins,  which  are  of  bronze  only,  are  of  the  usual  types  and  of  the  three  denominations, 
the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as.  He  varies  considerably  the  abbreviations  of  his 
name,  both  on  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius,  especially  in  the  case  of  the  latter,  and,  like 
C.  Marcius  Censorinus,  he  sometimes  omits  his  gentile  name. 

1  Another  variety  omits  the  gentile  name,  and  reads  T.CRISPINVST.  F.SVLPICIAN., 
&c.  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  396,  no.  10). 

^  On  this  coin  the  moneyer's  title  III  .  VI  R  is  omitted. 

'  A  variety  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  reads  on  the 
obverse,  PONT!  for  POTEST,  and  SVLPIC  for  SVLPKIAN  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897, 
p.  r,i). 


t'O.      n  light  ,  .  . 

■'         and  bize 


CIEC.  B.C.  11 ;    A.U.C.  743 

Ohverse 


85 


Reverse 


950 


M  1-0 


As' 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare; 
around,  [CAESAR.  AVG 
VSTVS  rONT  •  MAX  • 
TR.IB.rOT] 


T.CR.ISriNVS R-A- 

A  •  A  •   F  •  F  ■     In  the 
centre,  S  •  C 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  397,  no.  14. J 


4611    375 


M  1-1 


Tl  .  SEMPRONIVS  GRACCVS 


(TIBEEIUS    SEMPEONIUS   GEACCUS^) 


Sestertius 


An  oak- wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches  ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CiViS  SER.VATOS 


Tl  .SEMrR.ONIVS-  CR.AC 
CVS-III- VIR..  A- A.  A. 
F  .  F  .  (see  no.  4598).  In 
the  centre,  S  •  C  {Senatus 
consulto). 

[PI.  Ixix.  5.] 


'  The  illustration  of  this  coin  is  taken  from  the  specimen  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationalc, 
Paria.  The  inscription  on  the  obverse  is  entirely  erased,  but  it  may  be  presumed  that  it 
is  similar  to  those  on  the  asses  of  C.  Marcius  Censorinus  and  Ti.  Sempronius  Graccus,  giving 
Augustus  the  title  of  Pontif  ex  Maximns.  Babelon  (ioc.  cit.)  describes  it  without  PONT. MAX. 
Only  a  portion  of  the  legend  on  the  reverse  can  be  seen. 

^  This  moneyer  may  have  been  a  son  of  Ti.  Sempronius  Graccus,  who,  when  quaestor 
designatus,  struck  coins  circ.  B.C.  37  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  593).  He  is  usually  identified  with  the 
paramour  of  Jnlia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus,  whilst  she  was  the  wife  of  M.  Agrippa.  He 
continued  his  connection  with  her  till  after  her  marriage  with  Tiberius.  On  Julia's  banishment 
Ti.  Sempronius  Graccus  was  also  banished  to  Cercina,  an  island  off  the  African  coast,  where 
he  lived  till  the  accession  of  Tiberius,  who  had  him  put  to  death  in  A.D.  14. 

His  coinage,  like  those  of  his  colleagues,  C.  Marcius  Censorinus  and  T.  Quinotius 
Crispinus  Sulpicianus,  is  of  bronze,  and  consists  of  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as,  the 
last  giving  to  Augustus  the  title  of  Pontifex  Maximus.  Unlike  them,  however,  he  does  not  vary 
the  spelling  of  his  name.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  436)  thinks  that  his  colleagues  at  the  mint  were 
T.  Quinotius  Crispinus  Sulpicianus  and  C.  Plotius  Rufns,  but  the  last  was  the  colleague  of 
Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  L.  Naevius  Surdinus,  as  they  struck  a  joint-coinage  as  well  as  each  a 
separate  one  (see  below,  p.  92). 


86 


No.      Weight 


4612 


271-3 


155-5 


Metal 
anil  Size 


7E  1-15 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


M  1-0 


Dupondius' 


"Within  oak--wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TMBVNIC     POTEST 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixix.  6.] 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  •  AVG 
VST  •  rONT  ■  MAX  • 
[TR.IBVNIC.rOT-] 


Similar. 


4613 


339-5 


M  1-45 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  71.] 

Circ.  B.C.  10;   A.u.c.  7442 

Moncyers 

Q.  Aelius  L.  f.  Lamia;    Silius  ;    Axnius 

a  .  AELIVS   L  .  F  .  LAMIA 

(QUINTUS   AELIUS   LUCII   FILIUS    LAMIA) 

Sestertius 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches  ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CiViS  SEKVATOS 


a-AELIVS-L-F-LAMIA- 
IIIVIR.  .  A  ■  A  •  AF-  F- 

{Triumvir  aere,  anjcnlo, 
auro,  flando,  fcriinido). 
In  the  centre,  S  ■  C  (Se- 
natus  consuUo). 

[PI.  Ixix.  7  rev.] 


1  A  variety  of  the  dupondiu.s,  formerly  in  the  Biprnami  collection,  and  now  in  the 
CapitoHne  Museum,  has  the  legends  AVG  VST  TRIBVN  TOTES  and  M  ,  SEMPRONI,  &o. 
(Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zett.,  1897,  p.  Vl).  The  name  of  the  moneyer  is  evidently  blundered  or 
altered  by  tooling.  The  as  above  described* is  also  in  the  Cai)itoline  Museum,  and  came  from 
the  Borghesi  and  Bignami  collections  (Bahri:eldt,  loc.  cit.).     It  appears  to  be  unique. 

'  The  coinage  attributed  to  this  year  is  of  bronze  only,  and  differs  from  any  other  issue  of 
this  Period.  It  consists  of  two  series :  a  joint-issue  of  the  triumvirate,  which  comprised 
Q.  Aelius  Lamia,  Silius,  and  Annius  ;  and  a  separate  one  of  the  first  moneyer  only.  The  joint- 
issue  consists  of  the  quadrans  only,  but  the  separate  one  of  Q.  Aelius  Lamia  comprises  the 
sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as  of  the  usual  types.  In  all  other  instances  during  this 
Period  when  the  quadrans  was  struck,  the  issue    consisted  of   that  denomination  only  (see 


■XT        ij-  •  -LI         Vetal 
No.     n  eight  .  a- 

^  and  Size 


4614 


4615 


4616 


209-: 


200'5 


78-5 

{worn) 


790 


M  1-15 


ZB  1-1 


M    -95 


M  1-0 


CIEO.   B.C.    10;    A.U.G.    744 

Oiveme 

Dupondius 


87 


RerersG 


Within  oak-wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TRIBVNIC    POTEST  1 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;    moneyer's    name, 
a  •  AELIVS      LAMIA  • 
IIIVIK-A.  AA-  F    F- 
[PI.  Ixjx.  8.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


As  2 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare; 
around,  [CAESAR  AVG 
VST]  rONTIF-MAX- 
[TKIB-rOT] 


Similar. 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1886,  p.  14.] 


above,  p.  46).  It  seems  impossible  even  to  conjecture  what  caused  this  departure  from  wh.at 
was  evidently  the  general  custom.  As  the  as  of  Q.  Aelius  Lamia  gives  Augustus  the  title  of 
Pontifex  Maximus,  this  triumvirate  must  have  held  oiEce  after  B.C.  13. 

Of  the  moneyers  of  this  year  we  know  little  or  nothing  beyond  what  can  be  learnt  from 
their  coins.  Quintus  Aelius  L.  f.  Lamia  has  been  identified  as  the  brother  of  L.  Aelius  Lamia, 
the  friend  of  Cicero,  who  took  part  in  the  suppression  of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy,  and  was 
banished  in  B.C.  58,  but  subsequently  espoused  the  cause  of  the  party  of  Caesar.  He  was 
aedile  in  B.C.  45,  and  praetor  in  B.C.  43.  As  this  identification  w^ould  show  that  the  moneyer 
was  well  advanced  in  age  by  B.C.  10,  it  seems  much  more  probable  that  he  was  a  son  of 
L.  Aelius  Lamia,  the  friend  of  Horace,  who  was  consul  a.d.  3,  and  lived  to  a.d.  33,  having 
been  a  praefectus  Urhi  in  the  preceding  year.  Of  his  colleagues,  Silius  and  Annius,  whose 
gentile  names  only  are  given,  even  less  can  be  said.  It  has  been  suggested  (Babelon,  vol.  ii., 
p.  461)  that  the  former  may  be  the  C.  Silius  P.  f.  P,  n.  who  was  consul  a.d.  13,  and  was 
appointed  at  the  end  of  his  year  of  office  legate  in  Upper  Germany.  He  served  under 
Germanious  in  his  campaigns  in  Germany,  and  later  on  in  A.D.  21  defeate  1  Julius  Sacrovir,  ^vho 
had  excited  an  insurrection  in  Gaul.  Accused  of  extortion  and  treason  in  A.D.  24,  he 
anticipated  his  condemnation  by  a  voluntary  death.  We  are  unable  to  suggest  any  identifica- 
tion of  the  third  moneyer,  Annius,  as  his  coins  do  not  supply  his  praenomen  or  cognomen. 

'  A  variety  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  reads  TRIBVNI 
for  TRIBVNIC  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  14),  and  another  in  the  Hunter  collection, 
POTES.for  POTEST. 


^  This  as  is  probably  unique. 
Bignami  collection  (Bahrfeldt,  ioc. 


It  also  is  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  aud  came  from  the 
:it.). 


Ko.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Eeverse 


4617      45-8 


4618 


M    -1 


Joint-Coinage 

LAMIA:  SILIVS:  ANNIVS 

(QUINTUS   AELIDS   LUCII   FILIUS   LAMIA; 
CAIUS(?)  SILIUS;   ANNIUS) 

Quadrans^ 


Type  I. 


Two  right  hands  joined, 
holding  caduceus; 
around,  LAMIA  ■  SILI 
VS- ANNIVS. 


47-2 


4619 


4620 


51-5 


42-5 


M    -65 


III  .  VIR- A  •  A  •  A  •  F  .  F  . 

{Triumviri  aere,  argento, 
aiiro,  flando,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (S'e- 
natus  considto). 

[PI.  Ixix..  9.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


Simpulum  and  lituus ; 
around,  LAMIA -SILI 
VS- ANNIVS- 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixix.  10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


M    -65 


M    -65 


Type  III. 


Cornucopiae  between  S  -  C 
(Sena  tics  consul  to); 
around,  LAMIA -SILI 
VS- ANNIVS - 


Similar. 


Circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented with  wreath ; 
around,    III- VIK- A-A- 

a:f-f. 

[PI.  Ixix.  11.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


1  The  types  of  the  quadrans  are  precisely  the  same  as  those  of  similar  coins  of  Pulcher, 
Tuurus,  and  Regulns,  attributed  to  B.C.  13  (see  above,  pp.  75.  76).  The  names  of  the  moneyers 
preserve  always  the  same  or.ier,  and  are  not  inteichanged,  as  in  the  case  of  similar  coins  of 
a  later  period,  see  below,  pp.  112-115. 


No.     Weight       ^^ff: 

^  and  bize 


CIEO.   B.C.   9;    A.U.C.    745 

Obverse 


89 


Reverse 


4621 


4622 


4623 


353-4 


197-7 


184-5 


M  1-4 


M  1-05 


M  1-0 


Circ.  B.C.  9;    a.u.c.  745 

Moneyei's 

On.  Calpuenius  Piso  Cn.  p.  ;    L.  Naevius  Surdinus  ; 
C.  Plotius  Eufus  ' 

CN  .  PISO  CN  .  F 

(CNAEUS  [CALPUENIUS]  PISO  CNAEI  FILIUS'") 
Sestertius 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches  ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CiViS  SERVATOS 


CN  ■  nSO  .  CN  •  F  .  Ill  . 
VIR.  ■  A  •  A  •  A  -  F  .  F  • 

{Triumvir  aere,  argento, 
auro,  flando,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  ■  C  [Se- 
natus  consuUo). 

[PI.  Ixx.   1  rev.-'] 


Dupondlus 


Within  oak- wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TKIBVNK     POTEST^ 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PL  Ixx.  2.] 


Similar. 


^  These  three  moneyers  formed  a  triumvirate  of  the  raint,  for  besides  each  issuing  a 
separate  coinage,  consisting  of  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as,  they  had  a  joint  one  on 
which  all  their  names  appear,  but  of  which  only  the  as  is  known.  The  usual  types  were  used  for 
each  denomination,  an  exception  being  made  in  the  case  of  Cn.  Piso,  who  supplied  an  additional 
one  for  the  as,  showing  on  the  reverse  the  head  of  Numa  Pompilius,  the  reputed  ancestor  of 
the  Calpurnia  gens,  who  traced  their  descent  from  his  son  Calpus.  This  reverse  type  was  also 
adopted  for  the  joint-issue.  The  actual  date  of  of&ce  of  these  moneyers  is  somewhat 
uncertain;  but  though  none  of  the  bronze  coins  gives  Augustus  the  title  of  Pontifex  Jlaximus, 
yet  it  seems  probable  that  they  were  issued  after  B.C.  13. 

^  This  moueyer  was  probably  a  son  of  Cnaeus  Calpurnius  Piso,  who  was  consul  k.c.  7, 
having  Tiberius,  the  future  emperor,  as  his  colleague.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,p.  305),  mistaking  the 
date  of  the  consulship  as  a.d.  7,  has  identified  the  moneyer  with  the  consul  himself. 

^  In  the  plate  the  obverse  given  to  no.  1  belongs  to  the  reverse  of  no.  4. 

'  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  77)  describes  a  variety  formerly  in  the  Biguami  collection, 
now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  reading  TRIBVNICI  for  TRIBVNIC.     He  also  describes  a 
specimen  in  the  Vienna  cabinet  reading  on  the  obverte,  AVGVST  TRI  BVl/1  TOTES,  and  on 
the  reverse,  CN.PISO.III.VIR.A.A.A.F.F.,  the  patronymic  initials  being  omitted. 
VOL.    II.  N 


90 

No.     Weight 


COINAGE   OF  EOMB 


4624 


4625 


174-8 


163-5 


187-6 


Metal 
and  Sine 


M  1-05 


Diverse 


Reverse 


As 

Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR  •  AVG 
VSTVS-TKIBVNICPO 
TEST- 


^1-1      Similar. 


M  1-3 


4626 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixx.  3.] 


Type  II.' 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
VSJTKl  •  •  .  • 


Head  of  Numa  Pompilius 
r.,  with  long  beard,  dia- 
demed ;  around,  C  N  • 
riSO-FRV-F-lll-VIR.. 
A  •  •  •  •  {Triumvir  acre 


-) 


411-7 


4627    377-5 


M  1-4 


JE  1-4 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  306,  no.  37.] 

L .  NAEVIVS  SVKDINVS 

(LUCIUS   NAEVIUS   SUEDINUS^) 
Sestertius 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches  ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OB  CivIS  SEKVATOS 


Similar. 


L -NAEVIVS -SYRDINVS  • 
lll-VIK-A-A-A-F-F-' 

(see  no.  4621).  In  the 
centre,  S  •  C  (Senatus  con- 
sulto). 

[PI.  Ixx.  4.''] 

Similar. 


'  This  unique  coin  is  in  the  Paris  collection.  Babelon  (loc.  cit.)  describes  it  as  a  grand 
hronze  (i.e.  sestertius),  but  the  weight,  187-6  grs.  (12-14  grammes),  and  the  obverse  type  show 
that  it  is  an  as ;  the  ilan  being  slightly  larger  than  usual.  This  was  a  not  unusual  occurrence 
at  this  time.     The  coin  is  so  much  worn  that  the  obverse  legend  is  somewhat  uncertain. 

^  Of  this  moneyer  nothing  appears  to  be  known  beyond  that  he  was  a  triumvir  of  the 
mint  having  On.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  C.  Plotius  Eufus  as  colleagues.  His  separate  issue 
consists  of  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as  of  the  usual  types. 

^  A  variety  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  from  the  Bignami  collection,  has  the  moneyer's 
name  on  the  reverse,  reading  outwards  and  not  inwards  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  24). 

■•  On  the  plate  the  obverse  given  to  no.  1  belongs  to  the  reverse  of  no.  4. 


ISO.      WexgU     ^^^  ^ize 


4628 


4629 


4630 

4631 

4632 
4633 


198-5 


173-1 


4634 


4635 


4636 


194-7 

173-0 

1700 
139-7 


388-0 


384-8 


395-5 


M  1-05 


2E  1-0 


M  1-2 

M  1-1 

M  1-1 
M  1-05 


M  1-3 


M  1-4 


M  1-4 


CIEC.  B.C.  9;  A.U.C.  745 

Obverse 

Dupondius 


91 


Reverse 


Within  oak-wreath,  and  in 
three  hnes,  AVGVSTVS 
TRIBVNIC  POTEST 


Similar. 


L  •  SVRDINVS-  III  •  VIR.- 
A  •  A  -  A  .  F  .  F  .     In  the 

centre,  S  •  C 

[PI.  Ixx.  5.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR  •  AVG 
VSTVS  TKiBVNICrO 
TEST 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


LNAEVIVS-SVKDINVS 
III- VIK-A-A- A-F-F 

In  the  centre,  S  •  C 


Similar  ;   moneyer's   name, 
L.SVR.DINVS-lilVIR. 
A-A-A.F-F. 
[PI.  Ixx.  6.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847.) 


C.PLOTIVS  KVFVS 

(CAIUS   PLOTIUS   EUFUSi) 
Sestertius 


An  oak-wreath  between  two 
laurel  -  branches  ;  above, 
within,  and  below  wreath, 
OBClVlSSERVATOS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


C.rLOTIVSRVFVSIII- 
VIK  .  A-  A  •  A  •  F  •  F  . 

(see  no.  4621).  In  the 
centre,  S  •  C  [Senatus  con- 
sulto). 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixx.  7.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;  countermarked  in 
field,  M 


'  This  moneyer,  the  colleague  of  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  L.  Naevius  Surdiuus,  has  been 
identified  with  Plotins  Eufus  who  was  one  of  the  conspirators  against  the  life  of  Augustus 
(Suetonius,  Augustus,  19)  ;  but  as  this  conspiracy  took  place  soon  after  the  battle  of  Actium, 
this  identification  is  impossible.  C.  Plotius  Kufus,  like  his  colleagues,  struck  the  sestertius, 
the  dupondius,  and  the  as,  as  a  separate  issue.     These  are  of  the  usual  types. 


92 

,,  TJ7   ■  7  J        Metal 

■^         and  awe 


4637 


4638 


173-2 


99-2 


4639 


4640 


4641 


M  1-1 


M    -95 


158-9 


156-6 


175-3 


4642  122-7 


195-2 


M  1-15 


M  1-2 


^1-55 


M  1-05 


^  1-1 


COINAGE    OF   EOMB 

Ohrerae 


Reverse 


Dupondius 


Within  oak-wreath  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TRIBVNIC  POTEST 

Similar ;  the  order  of  the 
legend  is  varied  and  it  is 
blundered,  POTIST  TR.I 
BMC    AVGOTVi 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixx.  8.] 


Similar. 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAK  •  AVG 
VSTVS.TRIBVNIC.ro 
TEST- 

Similar  (dotible-struck). 


Similar;     TOTES    for   PO 
TEST 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  moneyer's  name,  C  ■ 
PLOTIVS-  R.VFVS.  Ill  ■ 
V.A-A-A.F.F. 

Similar;  moneyer's  name,  C 
PLOTIVS-  KVFAS(SM> 
lll-VIK- A.  A- A-F-F. 
[PI.  Ixx.  9.] 

Similar;  moneyer's  name,C. 
PLOTIVS  RVFVS- III- 
VR  {sic) .  A  ■  A  -  A  ■  F  •  F  ■ 


Joint-Coinage 

CN.PISO:   L.SVRDIN:  C.PLOT.RVF 

(CNABUS  [CALPUENIUS]  PISO;  LUCIUS 
[NAEVIUS]  SUEDINUS;  CAIUS  PLOTIUS  EUFUS^) 

As 


Head  of  Augustus  r., 
laureate ;  around,  CAE 
SAK-DIVI  .  F-AVGVST 


Head  of  Numa  Pompilius  r., 
with  long  beard,  diademed; 
around,CN-PISOL-SVR. 
DIN-C.PLOT-KVF-3 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  306,  no.  36.] 


1  This  coin  appears  to  be  an  ancient  forgery. 

^  The  only  coin  issued  in  the  joint-names  of  these  three  moneyers  appears  to  have  been 
the  as.  Their  names  are  interchanged,  so  there  may  have  been  three  varieties  of  this  issue, 
but  only  two  are  at  present  known.     These  coins  arc  excessively  rare. 

•*  This  unique  coin  in  the  Berlin  Museum  was  formerly  in  the  Bunbury  collection,  which 


No.      Weight 

142-5 


Metal 
and  fe'tse 

M  1-0 


CIEC.  B.C.  8;    A.U.C.  746 

Obverse 


93 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar;  moneyers'  names, 
CN  .  nSO-  C  ■  PLOT. 
L-SVUDIN-i 


M    -8 


[Berlin  Collection,] 

Circ.  B.C.  8 ;  a.u.c.  746. 

Mo7ieyers 

C.  Makius  C.  f.  Teombntina  ;  0.  Sulpicius  Platoeinus  ; 
C.  Antistius  Eeginus 

C.MARIVS   C.F.TKO 

(GAIUS  MAEIUS  CAII  FILIUS  TEOMENTINA^) 

Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
before,  CAESAK  AVGVS 
TVS ;  behind,  simpulum 
and  lituus. 


Augustus(as  f  ounder)plough- 
ing  with  yoke  of  oxen 
before  the  walls  of  a 
city;  above,  C-MAKIVS; 
in  exergue,  TKO  ■  IIIVIK 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  206,  no.  14. J 


was  sold  in  Loudon  in  1895.  It  is  much  tooled,  and  the  wreath  on  the  head  of  Augustus  is 
probably  a  modern  addition.  Behind  the  head,  the  imprint  of  an  eagle,  the  crest  of  the  Este 
family,  shows  that  the  coin  had  been  in  that  collection. 

'  Babelon's  reading  of  the  legend  on  this  coin  as  C .  P  LOT .  R  V F .  is  not  correct  (vol.  ii., 
p.  91,  no.  294).  A  variety  of  this  as,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  F.  Hirsch,  of  Munich 
{Kntaloq,  xi.,  1904,  Taf.  xi.,  no.  741),  reads  on  the  reverse,  CN  .  PISO.  C.  PLOTI VS  .  L. 
SVRDIN. 

^  The  absence  of  any  records  of  the  moneyers  whose  issues  are  assigned  to  this  yc.ir, 
beyond  what  are  supplied  by  their  coins,  and  by  any  reference  in  their  types  to  contemporary 
events,  renders  it  somewhat  difficult  to  fix  their  date  of  office.  Similarity  of  style  and 
fabric,  and  of  the  general  character  of  the  types,  makes  it  very  probable  that  they  were 
colleagues  at  the  mint.  On  similar  grounds  of  style  and  fabric,  these  issues  group  themselves 
with  those  of  Cossus  Cornelius  Lentulus  and  L.  Caninius  Gallus,  which  were  the  latest  pieces 
present  in  the  Terranova  hoard  (see  Tables  of  Finds),  and  which  may  be  considered  as  the 


94 


No,     Weight 


4643 


4644 


4645 


58-7 


59-7 


Metal 
and  Size 


Al    -8 


COINAGE   OF  EOMB 

Obverse 


Reverse 


M    -75 


58-7 


Denapius 

Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
before,  AVGVSTVS;  be- 
hind, lituus. 


Augustus,  as  Pontifex  Maxi- 
mus,  veiled,  standing  1., 
and  holding  a  simpulum 
in  his  r.  hand ;  around, 
CMARIVS  C  F.TR.O. 
III.VIR. 

[PI.  Ixxi.  1.] 
(Nott) 


Type  II. 


Similar. 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Quadriga  r.,  horses  gallop- 
ing ;  in  chariot,  long 
palm-branch ;  above,  C  ■ 
MAR.1VS.C.  F.;  below, 
TR.O  III  ■  VIR. 
[PI.  Ixxi.  2.] 
(Gracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


last  coins  in  gold  and  silver  issued  at  the  Roman  mint  bearing  moneyers'  names  (see  below, 
pp.  101,  103).  These  particulars  therefore  supply  us  with  the  approximate  dates  for  the 
coinages  attributed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  B.C.  8  and  B.C.  6. 

Nothing  appears  to  be  known  of  Caiua  Marius  Tromentina  beyond  that  he  was  a  triumvir 
of  the  mint.  The  abbreviation  TRO  was  generally  interpreted  Tragus,  as  suggested  by  Eokhel 
(Doct.  nwm.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  250),  Ti.  Quinctius  Trogus  having  been  a  moneyer  at  an  earlier  date 
(see  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  393 ;  and  Coinage  of  Italy,  s.  o,.  B.C.  91),  but  Borghesi  {(Euvres  compl., 
vol.  i.,  pp.  155,  156)  proposed  to  read  Tromentina,  and  this  reading  has  been  accepted  by 
the  Baron  de  Witte  and  others  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mom.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  456). 

The  obverse  type  of  the  coins  of  C.  Marius  is  always  the  portrait  of  Augustus,  and  those  of 
the  reverse  relate  directly  or  indirectly  to  his  life  and  history.  That  of  the  aureus  refers  to  the 
many  colonies  founded  by  Augustus,  more  specially  in  connection  with  the  foundation  of  the 
colony  of  Augusta  Emerita  in  B.C.  23,  which  became  the  capital  of  Lusitania  (see  Babelon, 
vol.  i.,  pp.  321,  322,  nos.  24-27).  The  type  cannot  relate  to  Rome  itself  as  Augustus  does  not 
appear  to  have  extended  the  pomerium  of  the  city  (Mommsen,  Staatsrecht.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1072, 
3rd  ed.,  1887).  The  only  specimen  recorded  of  this  coin  was  in  the  Paris  collection.  It 
disappeared  in  the  theft  of  1831.  The  legend  TRO.  illlVIR  on  the  reverse  is  clearly  an 
error  for  TRO.  IIIVIR.  Type  I.  of  the  denarius  maybe  a  memorial  of  his  acceptance  of 
the  office  of  Pontifex  Maximus  in  B.C.  12.  In  Type  II.  we  have  a  record  of  his  numerous 
victories.  Type  III.  may  relate  to  the  Ludi  Saeculares  which  were  celebrated  in  B.C.  17,  and 
over  which  Augustus  and  Agrippa  jointly  presided  (see  above,  p.  37).  Type  IV.  records  the 
adoption  by  Augustus  in  B.C.  17  of  his  grandsons,  Caius  and  Lucius  Caesar,  children  of  his 
daughter  Julia  and  of  Agrippa,  and  Type  V.  is  in  honour  of  Julia  herself  as  Diana,  who,  in  her 
earlier  days,  was  noted  for  her  many  virtues,  her  modesty,  and  her  learning.  Eckhel  (Doct. 
num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  102),  who  saw  in  Type  I.  a  reference  to  Augustus's  accession  to  the  office  of 
Pontifex  Maximus,  has  attributed  the  coinage  of  C.  Marius  to  B.C.  12,  but  Babelon  (vol.  ii., 
pp.  82,  204)  thought  that  .the  types  which  represent  Augustus  as  offering  a  sacrifice  relate 
generally  to  his  dignities  as  augur  and  pontifex,  and,  therefore,  following  Fr.  Leuormant  (in 
Man.  dans  I' Ant.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  177, 178),  he  puts  the  date  of  C.  Marius  as  a  moneyer  at  circ.  B.C.  17. 
Cohen  (Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  128,  no.  4.59)  gives  the  following  description  of  another 
aureus  of  C.  Marius  Tromentina,  as  being  in  the  D'Ennery  collection:  obv.  Head  of  Diana 
to  right;  rev.  C.MARIVS  TRO.III.VIR.  Pontiff  ploughing  with  two  oxen  to  right.  This 
coin  appears  to  be  of  doubtful  authenticity. 


CIEC.  B.C.  8;   A.U.C.  746 


95 


^-     ^^^^"*     aS, 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4646 


4647 


4648 


59-5 


57-0 


53-2 


4649     46-8 


4650 


34-3 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 


JR    -7 


M    -6 

(plated) 


Type  III. 


Similar. 


Augustus  and  Agrippa 
togate,  standing  facing, 
each  holding  volumen  in 
1.  hand ;  at  the  side  of 
each  is  a  small  altar ; 
Augustus  wears  a  laurel- 
wreath,  and  Agrippa  a 
combined  mural  and  ros- 
tral crown  ; '  around,  C  • 
MAKIVS  C  ■  F  .  TR.0  •; 
in  exergue,  III  •  VIK 
[PI.  Ixxi.  3.] 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  AVGVSTVS 
DIVI  •  F;  the  whole  with- 
in oak-wreath.2 


Type  III.  var. 
Similar. 


[PI.  Ixxi.  4.] 


Type  IV. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Heads  of  Julia,  daughter  of 
Augustus,  and  her  two 
sons,  Caius  and  Lucius 
Caesar  to  r. ;  that  of 
Julia  is  in  the  centre, 
and  is  surmounted  by  a 
wreath  ;  ^  below,  C  •  MA 
R.IVS-TRO.;  above,  III 
VIR. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixxi.  5.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
before,  AVGVSTVS;  be- 
hind, lituus  *  (similar  to 
no.  4643). 


Type  IV.  var. 
Similar. 


(Devonshire  Coll.) 


'  See  note,  p.  96,  as  to  this  crown,  and  the  circumstances  under  which  it  was  granted  to 
.Agrippa. 

■  This  obverse  type  is  also  found  with  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  Type  I.,  Augustus 
as  Pontifex  Maximus,  specimens  of  which  are  in  the  Turin  cabinet,  and  in  the  colleotiou 
of  Comm.  Pr.  Gnecchi  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  lY).  These  may  not  be  hybrids,  as  the 
obverse  and  reverse  types  of  the  denarii  of  0.  Marius  were  much  interchanged. 

"  There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  this  reverse  and  of  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of 
C.  Naevias  Balbus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  366  ;  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  248,  no^  6). 

*  This  coin  is  too  much  worn  to  be  figured  in  the  plates.  Another  variety,  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Comm.  Fr.  Gnecchi,  has  for  obverse  type,  head  of  Augustus  to  r.,  bare  ;  behind, 
CAESAR.     It  is  plated  and  is  a  hybrid  (Bw.  Ital.,  1889,  p.  171,  no.  13,  pi.  iii.,  no.  6). 


96 


COINAGE   OF  ROME 


TIT        TI7  ■  li       Metal 
No.     Weujht     ^^^g.^^ 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4651 


58-8 


4652 


4653 


55-2 


Type  V. 


M    -8 


M    -Q 


123-6 


N   -8 


Similar  ;    countermark    on 
neck,  r 


Similar  ;    countermark    on 
neck,  S 


Bust  of  Julia,  daughter  of 
Augustus,  as  Diana,  r., 
with  quiver  at  her 
shoulders ;  she  wears 
slight  drapery,  and  her 
head  is  bound  with  a 
diadem,  ornamented  with 
a  jewel  above  the  fore- 
head ;  hair  in  knot ; 
around,  C  •  MARIVS  • 
TKO  III  •  VIR. 

[PI.  Ixxi.  6.1 
(Sir  G.  Musgrave  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  bust  of  Julia,  not 
draped. 

(Nott) 


C.SVLniClVS  PLATORINVS 

(CAIUS   SULPIGIUS   PLATOEINUS') 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing oak-wreath ;  around, 
CAESAK  AVGVSTVS 


Head  of  Agrippa  r.,  wearing 
a  combined  mural  and 
rostral  crown ;  behind, 
M  •  AGR^irrA;  below, 
and  on  r.,  rLATOR 
INVS-  III- VIR 
[PI.  Ixxi.  7.] 
(Dupre  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


'  Nothing  appears  to  be  known  of  this  moneyer  beyond  that  he  was  an  officer  of  the  mint. 
His  colleagues  were  probably  C.  Marius  Tromentina  and  C.  Antiatius  Reginus  (see  pp.  93,  98). 
Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  476)  suggests  that  his  colleagues  were  C.  Antistius  Reginus  aad  Cossus 
Cornelius  Lentulus,  but  Count  de  Salis  has  attributed  the  coins  of  the  last  moneyer  to  B.C.  6. 

The  types,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  of  all  the  coins  of  C.  Sulpioius  Platorinus  refer  to 
the  life-long  friendship  of  Augustus  and  Agrippa.  They  are  therefore  a  record  of  events 
which  had  taken  place  some  time  previously,  as  Agrippa  died  in  B.C.  12.  The  aureus  with  the 
head  of  Agrippa  wearing  a  combined  mural  and  rostral  crown  is  a  record  of  his  victories  by  land 
and  sea,  the  latter  specially  in  connection  with  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at  Naulochus  in 
B.C.  36;  after  which  Octavius  granted  various  honours  to  his  generals  and  lieutenants,  but 
to  Agrippa  he  gave  a  rostral  crown  in  gold,  an  honour  which,  Dion  Cassius  says,  had  never 
before  nor  since  been  granted  to  any  one.  The  privilege  to  wear  this  naval  crown  on  all  such 
occasions  when  those  who  had  triumphed  wore  their  laurel  crowns  was  confirmed  later  by  the 
Senate  (Dion  Cassius,  xlix.  14;  Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  81).  Pliny  {Hist.  Nat.,  xvi.  3),  however, 
relates  that  Pompey  had  granted  a  similar  crown  to  M.  Varro  for  his  victories  over  the  pirates. 
There  is  no  mention  in  history  when  the  mural  crown  was  presented  to  Agrippa.  In 
Type  II.  of  the  denarius  may  be  seen  a  special  reference  to  the  joint  investment  of  Augustus 
and  Agrippa  with  the  tribunitian  power  in  B.C.  18,  and  also  to  their  joint-presidentship  of  the 
Ludi  Baeculm-es  in  the  following  year.  The  object  on  the  left  of  the  bisellium  is  not  a  lance 
(Bahrreldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  80),  but  an  apparitor's  staif  (see  below,  pp.  103,  104,  coins  of 
Ii.  Caninius  Gallus). 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  aize 


4654 


4655 


4656 


61-2 


59-4 


52-5 


M    -75 


CIBC.  B.C.  8;   A.U.C.  746 

Obverse 

Denarius 
Type  I. 


97 


Reverse 


4657 


61-7 


JR    -75 


M    -8 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
VSTVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Head  of  Agrippa  r.,  bare; 
behind,  M  ■  AGJ^^irPA; 
below,  and  on  r.,  PLA 
TOKINVS-  III- VIR 

(Cohen  Coll.,  1855) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  countermark  on 
neck,  C 

[PI.  Ixxi.  8.1 
(Bank  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


M    -1      Similar, 


4658 


4659 


67-5 


57-8 


^l    -75 


M    -7 


Similar. 


Augustus  and  Agrippa 
togate,  seated  side  by 
side  towards  1.  on  a 
bisellium  placed  on  a 
platform,  which  is  orna- 
mented with  three  rostra' ; 
on  I.  of  bisellium  an 
apparitor's  staff;  around, 
C  .  SVLPKIVS  .  PLAT 
OR.IN 

[PI.  Ixxi.  9.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Type  II.  var. 


(Nott) 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
no  legend. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxi.  10.] 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 


'  The  rostra  commemorate  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  on  which  oocaaion,  as  it  has  been 
noted,  Agrippa  received  the  rostral  crown. 

VOL.    II.  O 


98 


No.     Weiijht 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE   OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4660 


121-0 


N-    -75 


C  .  ANTISTIVS   REGINVS 


(CAIUS   ANTISTIUS   EEGINUS') 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing oak-wreath ;  around, 
CAESAK  AVGVSTVS 


Two  priests,  veiled,  hold- 
ing a  pig  by  the  legs 
over  a  lighted  and  gar- 
landed altar  ;  in  the  field 
andaround,  FOEDVS  n.  R. 
QVM  CAB  IN  IS-  {Foedzi>! 
impuli  romani  qum  Ga- 
binis);  C  .  ANTIST  • 
REGIN 

[PI.  Ixxi.  11.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


'  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  C.  Antistius  Reginus,  who  was  one  of  Caesar's 
legates  in  Gaul,  and  a  friend  of  Cicero  (ad  Alt.,  x.  12),  and  who  in  e  c.  49  had  the  command 
of  the  coast  of  the  Lower  Sea  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  149).  The  attribution  of  the  above  coins  to 
nearly  the  end  of  the  first  century  B.C.  renders  this  identification  impossible.  The  moneyer, 
however,  may  have  been  a  son  of  the  lej^ate. 

The  types  of  his  coins,  which  relate  to  the  ancient  treaty  between  the  Romans  and  the 
Gabini,  and  to  the  priestly  ofHces  held  by  Augustus,  are  only  copies  of  those  of  another 
member  of  the  Antistia  gens,  C.  Antistius  Vetus,  who  held  the  office  of  a  triumvir  of  the  mint 
circ.  B.C.  16  (see  above,  pp.  54f.;.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  149,  150)  has  attributed  the  coins  of 
C.  Antistius  Reginus  to  b.c.  18,  and  those  of  C.  Antistius  Vetus  to  B.C.  16.  According  to 
Count  de  Salis's  classification,  the  order  of  the  moneyers  should  be  reversed.  The  coins  of 
C.  Antistius  Reginus  appear  to  be  of  later  date,  as  from  style  and  fabric  they  cannot  be 
separated  by  any  length  of  time  from  those  here  assigned  to  B.C.  6.  The  evidence  of  finds, 
though  not  very  strong  at  this  period,  supports  this  classification,  since  the  issues  of  Cossus 
Cornelius  Cn.  f.  Lentulus  and  Lucius  Caninins  Gallus  were  probably  the  latest  represented  in 
the  Terranova  hoard  (see  Tables  of  Finds).  In  selecting  an  event  connected  with  the  history  of 
his  family  for  the  subject  of  the  reverse  type  of  his  aureus,  C.  Antistius  Reginus  made  an 
exception  to  the  general  rule  which  prevailed  at  this  time.  There  is  no  record  of  any  event 
which  would  connect  Augustus  with  the  history  of  this  ancient  treaty  with  the  Gabini. 

Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  150,  no.  19)  describes  and  figures  a  quinarius  having  on  the  obverse  the 
diademed  head  of  Venus,  and  behind,  the  letters  S  ,  C  (Senatus  consulto)  ;  and  on  the  reverse 
a  male  figure  standing  to  1.,  his  left  arm  extended  towards  a  lituus  ;  in  the  exergue,  REG. 
This  coin  was  attributed  by  Cohen  (Mon.  rep.  rom.,  p.  20,no.  18)  to  the  Antistia  gens  and  to  the 
above  moneyer,  as  he  interpreted  the  legend  REG  as  REGINVS  (?).  Babelon  has  questioned 
this  attribution,  and  he  remarks  that  it  might  as  well  be  interpreted  Regulus  as  Reginus. 
Eiccio  {Mon.  Jam.  rom.,  p.  126,  no.  7,  pi.  Ix.)  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  notice  this  coin, 
which  he  mentions  as  being  in  the  collection  of  Antonio  Benedetti  of  Permo,  but  he  assigns  it 
to  L.  Livineius  Regulus,  who  was  a  moneyer  circ.  B.C.  39  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  578).  Not  only  is  this 
quinarius  of  doubtful  authenticity  (Bahrfeldt,  'Sum.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  25),  but  its  attribution  to 
a  date  so  late  as  the  last  years  of  tLe  first  century  e.g.  is  impossible,  as  no  quinarii  were  then 
struck  at  the  Roman  mint,  and,  besides,  all  the  coins  of  C.  Antistius  Reginus  have  for  obverse 
type  the  head  of  Augustus.  The  letters  S  .  C  also  show  that  the  coin  would  belong  to  a  special 
issue.  If  the  piece  is  genuine  it  must  be  attributed  to  the  early  years  of  the  first  century  B.C., 
and  to  a  period  soon  after  the  revival  of  the  quinarius  under  the  provisions  of  the  Lex  Clodia 
(see  vol.  i.,  p.  158).  In  style  and  general  treatment  the  head  on  the  obverse  niavbe  compared 
■with  that  of  Venus  on  the  denarius  of  Sulla  figured  by  Balelon  (vol.  i.,  \i.  412,  no.  44),  to 
which  date,  if  genuine,  the  coin  may  be  assigned. 


No.     WeigU 


4661 


4662 


63-1 


61-1 


Metal 
and  Size 


JR    -75 


M    -8 


4663    166-5 


4664 


GIEC.  B.C.  7;    A.U.C.  747 

Ohverfie 

Denarius 


99 


Reverse 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 


Sacrificial  implements, 
simpulum  and  lituus 
above  tripod  and  patera ; 
around,  CANTISTIVS- 
R.EGINVS  lll-VIK 
(Nott) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxi.   12.] 


M  1-05 


158-2 


M  1-1 


Circ.  B.C.  7;    A.U.C.  747 

Moneyers 

A.  LiciNius  Neeva  Silianus  ;   Volusus  Valerius 
Messalla  ;    Sbxtus  Nonius  Quinctilianus  ' 

A.  LICIN.NERVA  SILIAN 

(AULUS   LICINIUS   NEEVA    SILIANUS^) 
As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  ■  AVG 
VST  .  PONT  .  MAX  ■ 
TR.IBVNIC.  rOT- 


Similar ;      legend     reading 
r[OTEST]  for  POT 


A  ■  LICIN  •  NER.VA  •  SIL 
IAN  .  Ill  .  VIK  .  A  .  A  . 

A  •  F  •  F  •  [Triumvir  aere, 
argento,      auro,     flando, 
feriumlo).     In  the  centre, 
S  ■  C  (Senatus  ccmsulto). 
[PI.  Ixxi.   13.] 

Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 


'  Similarity  of  fabric,  issue,  and  denomination  renders  it  yery  probable  that  these  three 
moneyers  formed  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint.  The  only  denomination  which  they  struck  was 
the  OS.  On  the  coins  of  Aulus  Narva  Silianus  and  Volusus  Valerius  Messalla  the  same  variety 
of  reading  POT  for  POTEST  occurs,  and,  like  those  (rf  Volusus  Valerius  Messalla  and  Sextus 
Nonius  Quinctilianus,  the  as  of  Aulus  Nerva  Silianus  shows  the  head  of  Augustus  turned  to 
the  left  as  well  as  to  the  right  (Bahrfeldt,  S'wn.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  5) .  It  is  most  probable  that  these 
varieties  existed  in  each  issue.     On  all  the  coins  Augustus  has  the  title  of  Pontifex  Maximus. 

^  This  moneyer  was  theson  of  P.  SiliusNerva,  a  distinguished  commander  under  Augustus, 
and  consul  B.C.  20  with  M.  Appuleius.  He  was  adopted  by  some  Licinius  Nerva,  whose  name 
he  took,  adding  as  usual  the  cognomen  Silianus.  He  was  a  moneyer  under  Augustus  after  the 
latter's  election  as  Pontifex  Maximus,  and  was  consul  iu  a.d.  7.  Dion  Cassius  (Iv.  30)  calls 
him  Licinius  Silanus. 


100 


No.     Weight 


Mdal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4665 


4666 


4667 


4668 

4669 
4670 


180-0 


164-0 


184-0 


168-4 

147-8 
154-0 


M  1-05 


M  115 


M  1-1 


JE  1-0 


M  1-0 


JE  1-15 


VOLVSVS  VALER  .  MESSAL 

(VOLUSUS  VALEEIUS  MESSALLA') 
As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR  AVG 
VST  rONT  .  MAX  • 
TKIBVNIC-  rOT-^ 


Similar. 


VOLVSVS  •  VALER.  -  MES 
SAL-III  VIKA-A-A- 
F  .  F  •  (see  no.  4663).  In 
the  centre,  S  •  C  {Senatus 
consulto). 
(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixxi.  14.] 


SEX  .  NONIVS  aVINCTILIAN 

(SEXTUS   NONIUS   QUINCTILIANUS^ 
As 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAK  ■  AVG 
VST  .  PONT  .  MAX  • 

TRievNicroT- 


Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar 
1. 


head  of  Augustus 


SEX  •  NONIVS   •   aVINC 
TILIAN  .  Ill  •  VIR  •  A- 

A  •  A  •  F  •   F  •    (see   no. 
4663).      In    the    centre, 
S  •  C  [Senatus  consulto). 
[PI.  Ixxi.  15.] 

Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxi.  16.] 


^  Possibly  a  yonnger  son  of  Potitus  Valerius  Messalla,  who  was  one  of  the  consules  suffecti 
B.C.  29.  He  must  be  distinguished  from  the  moneyer  of  the  same  cognomen,  who  struck  coins 
circ.  B.C.  3,  nor  can  he  be  the  L.  Valerius  Potiti  f.  Messalla  Volusus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  5, 
and  afterwards  proconsul  of  Asia,  where  his  cruelties  drew  down  on  him  the  anger  of 
Augustus  and  the  condemnation  of  the  Senate.  His  colleagues  at  the  mint  appear  to  have 
been  Aulus  Licinius  Nerva  Silianus  and  Sextus  Nonius  Quinctilianus,  and  like  them  he  only 
struck  the  as.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  521-523),  who  assigns  this  issue  to  B.C.  12,  has  associated 
this  moneyer -ndth  the  Messalla,  whose  coins,  quadrantes,  are  classed  to  B.C.  3  (see  below,  p.  114), 
and  also  identifies  him  with  tie  consul  of  a.d.  5,  but  neither  of  these  attributions  seems  possible. 
The  praenomen  A'olusus  or  Volisus  was  often  taken  by  members  of  the  Valeria  gens,  and  was 
assumed  on  account  of  their  reputed  ancestor,  Volusus  or  Volisus,  who  is  said  to  have  settled 
at  Kome  with  Titus  Tatius. 

'  A  variety  reads  POTEST  as  on  the  as  of  A.  Nerva  Silianus  (no.  4664),  and  another 
variety  has  the  head  of  Augustus  turned  to  the  left  as  on  the  as  of  Sextus  Quinctilianus  (Babelon, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  522,  nos.  24,  25). 

'  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  the  Sextus  Nonius  Quinctilianus  who  was  consul 
with  M.  Furius  Camillus  in  a.d.  8  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  256).  It  is  evident  from  the  similarity  of 
fabric  and  denomination  that  he  had  as  colleagues  at  the  mint,  Aulus  Licinius  Nerva  Silianus 
and  Volusus  Valerius  Messalla.  Like  the  latter,  he  struck  the  as  with  the  head  of  Augustus 
to  the  left  as  well  as  to  the  right. 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


4671 


4672 


4673 


57-2 


60-i 


51-1 


M    -75 


M    -75 


/R  -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  6;  A.UC.  748  101 

Obverse  Revtrsc 

Circ.  B.C.  6 ;   a.u.c.  748 

Moneyers 

Cossus  CoENELius  Cn.  f.  Lentulus  ;   L.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  ;    L.  Caninius  Gallus  ' 

COSSVS  CN  .  F  .  LENTVLVS 

(COSSUS    [COENELIUS]    CNAEI   FILIUS 
LENTULUS  2) 

Denarius 


Type  L 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing wreath  of  oak ;  be- 
fore, AVGVSTVS;  behind, 
COS  XI 


Head  of  Agrippa  r.,  wearing 
a  combined  mural  and 
rostral  crown ;  above, 
M  .  AGRIPPA  COS  • 
ThR. ;  below,  COSSVS  • 
LENTVLVS 


[PI.  Ixxii.  1.] 

(Nott) 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
before,  AVGVSTVS 


Equestrian  statue  of  Augus- 
tus r.,  helmeted,  and 
bearing  trophy ;  the 
pedestal  of  tlie  statue 
is  ornamented  with  two 
prows ;  around,  COSSVS 
CN-  F.  LENTVLVS 
(Nott) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PL  IxxiL  2.] 


^  The  association  of  these  three  moneyers  as  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint  rests,  in  a  measnre, 
on  the  style  and  fabric  of  their  coins  ;  on  the  portrait  of  Augustus,  which  is  very  similar  to  that 
on  the  coins  ascribed  to  B.C.  8  ;  and  also  on  the  evidence  of  finds.  The  coins  of  Cossus  Cornelius 
Lentulus  and  L.  Caninius  Gallus  appear  to  have  been  the  latest  in  the  Terranova  hoard,  and 
they  did  not  exist  in  any  of  the  finds  the  burial  of  which  is  fixed  to  a  somewhat  earlier  date. 
L.  Caninius  Gallus  is  the  only  member  of  the  triumvirate  who  adds  his  oflicial  title  of  triumvir 
to  his  name.  He  sti-uck  in  gold  and  silver,  but  of  Cossus  Cornelius  Lentulus  and  L.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  silver  coins  only  are  known.  According  to  Count  de  Salis's  classification  these 
are  the  latest  issues  in  gold  and  silver  which  bear  moneyers'  names. 

^  Babelon  (vol.  i.,p.  430),  who  has  assigned  this  issue  to  circ.  B.C.  18,  has  identified  Cossus 
Cornelius  Lentulus  as  the  son  of  Cn.  Cornelius  Cn.  f .  Lentulus  Augur,  who  was  consul  in  B.C.  14. 
He  is  sometimes  called  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Cossus.  Lentulus  was  consul  in  B.C.  1,  and  in 
A.D.  6  was  sent  to  Africa,  where  he  defeated  the  Gaetuli,  and  for  this  success  received  the 
surname  of  Oaetulicus  and  the  ornamenta  triumphalia.  On  the  accession  of  Tiberius  in 
A.D.  14,  he  accompanied  Drusus  to  Pannoniato  quell  the  mutiny  of  the  legions  ;  is  subsequently 
mentioned  as  taking  part  in  the  senatorial  debati  s  ;  and  died  in  A.n.  2.5  at  a  very  great  age. 
His  son,  who  bore  the  same  name,  was  consul  in  the  year  of  his  father's  death.  From  the 
date  given  to  the  above  issue  it  is  evident  that  tlie  moneyer  was  not  the   consul    of    B.C.  1, 


102 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 


No.     Weight       ^f^} 
"         and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4674 


59-4 


JR    -75 


L  .  LENTVLVS 

(LUCIUS    [COENELIUS]    LBNTULUS') 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r. ,  bare  ; 
before,  AVGVSTVS 


4675 


60-0 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Augustus,  togate  and 
laureate,  standing  facing, 
resting  his  1.  hand  on 
shield  inscribed  C  •  V 
(Glypeus  virtutis);  with 
r.  he  places  a  wreath 
on  the  head  of  the  statue 
of  Julius  Caesar,  facing, 
holding  a  Victory  in  r. 
hand,  and  a  spear  in  1. ; 
a  star  above  the  head  of 
Julius  Caesar;  around,  L- 
LENTVLVS-  FLAMEN- 
MARTIALIS 

[PI.  Ixxii.  3.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar. 


but  it  is  quite  possible  that  be  may  have  been  the  consul  of  a.d.  25.  AVe  would  therefore 
assign  the  coins  to  the  son  and  not  to  the  father.  As  the  twelfth  consulship  of  Augustus 
occurred  in  B.C.  .5,  this  issue  must  have  occurred  before  that  date. 

The  types  of  the  coins  of  Cossns  Leutulus  relate  to  past  events.  The  heads  of 
Augustus  and  Agrippa  on  Type  I.  of  the  denarius  are  evidently  copied  from  the  aureus  of 
C.  Sulpicius  Platorinus  struck  two  years  earlier  (see  above,  p.  96),  and  the  reverse  of  Type  II. 
probably  depicts  one  of  the  equestrian  statues  erected  to  Augustus  to  commemorate  the 
battle  of  Actium  and  his  other  victories. 

There  are  restorations  of  both  types  by  Trajan. 

1  This  moneyer  is  usually  identified  as  L.  Cornelius  L.  f.  Lentulus,  who  was  flamen 
martialis,  and  the  son  of  L.  Cornelius  Leutulus  Niger,  who  before  him  had  filled  the  same 
office.  The  younger  Lentulus  defended  M.  Scaurus  in  B.C.  54  when  accused  of  extortion, 
and  himself  accused  A.  Gabinius  of  high  treason  about  the  same  time.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Antony,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  to  a  province,  but  made  no  use  of  the  office  (Cicero, 
J'hilipp.,  iii.  10).  If  the  above  coins  were  struck  by  this  member  of  the  Cornelia  gens 
they  could  not  have  been  issued  so  late  as  B.C.  6,  as  proposed  by  (^ount  de  Salis,  nor  even 
in  B.c  17,  as  suggested  by  Babnlon  (vol.  i.,  p.  4.31).  The  moneyer  was  therefore  probably  a 
son  of  L.  Cornel. us  L.  f.  Lentulus,  and  would  be  the  third  member  of  his  family  to  hold  the 
office  of  flamen  martialis  in  succession,  an  appointment  which  must  have  preceded  his 
magistracy  at  the  mint.  He  was  presumably  related  to  the  previous  moneyer,  Cossus  Cornelius 
Lentnlns,  though  of  another  branch  of  the  family. 

The  reverse  type  of  liis  coins  represents  Augustus  crovming  the  bronze  statue  of  Caesar, 
which  he  had  erected  in  his  honoui-  in  the  temple  of  Venus,  and  above  the  head  of  which  was 
placed  a  star,  the  symbol  of  deification  (Bernouilli,  Rom.  Ikonog.,  vol.  i.,  p.  146;  Diou 
Cassius,  xlv.  7;  Suetonius,  Caesar,  88).  This  seems  a  more  probable  explanation  than  tlie 
one  given  by  Babelon  (loc.  cit.),  who  describes  the  type  as  "  the  fiamen  inartiahs,  L.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  in  priestly  dress,  holding  a  shield  on  which  are  inscribed  the  letters  C  .  V  {Clipeus 
Virtutis),  and  placing  a  crown  in  the  form  of  a  star  on  the  head  of  Julius  Caesar,  who  holds  a 
Victory  aud  a  spear."  Babelon  also  identifies  the  statue  as  that  dedicated  to  Julius  Caesar 
in  the  temple  of  Mars  Dltor  in  e.g.  46,  and  he  would  invest  the  flamen  martialis  with  the 
attributes  of  Augustus,  although  the  event  depicted  occurred  some  years  before  Augustus 
received  the  golden  shield  of  valour.  If  the  solution  of  this  type  now  suggested  is  correct, 
it  is  doubly  interesting ;  for,  bepides  giving  us  an  actual  representation  of  the  bronze  statue 
erected  by  Augustus  to  Julius  Caesar,  it  also  shows  that  the  dedication  did  not  take  place  till 
after  the  Senate  had  awarded  Angustus  the  "  shield  of  valour,"  which  was  in  B.C.  27. 


nr        IT'  •  ;  J        Metal 
•'  and  Sue 


CIEC.  B.C.  6;   A.U.C.  748 

Obverse 


103 


Reverse 


4676 


123-5 


M    -75 


L  .CANINIVS  GALLVS 

(LUCIUS   CANINIUS   GALLUS' 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r,,  bare  ; 
around,  AVGVSTVS 
DIVI  •  F 


A  portico  with  double  door, 
closed  and  surmounted  by 
a  wreath  of  oak  ;  on 
each  side,  a  laurel-tree 
or  branch  ;  above,  OB 
C  •  S  {Ob  cives  servatos) ; 
around,  L  •  CANINIVS- 
GALLVS 

[PI.  Ixxii.  4.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


*  This  moDeyer  was  probably  a  grandson  of  L.  Caninius  Gallus,  who  waa  a  friend  of  Ponipey 
and  son-in-law  of  C.  Antony,  whom,  shortly  before  his  marriage  he  had  accused  of  extortion. 
He  was  tribune  of  the  pleba  B.C.  56,  and  died  in  B.C.  44.  He  took  no  part  in  the  civil  war. 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  ^.  310),  who  placed  this  coinage  at  clrc.  B.C.  20,  has  identified  the  moneyer  with 
the  son  of  the  above  Caninius,  who  was  consul  suffectus  B.C.  2,  If,  however,  as  concluded  by 
Count  de  Salis,  the  issue  of  these  coins  did  not  take  place  till  circ.  B.C.  6,  the  moneyer 
must  be  identified  as  the  latter's  son.  He  is  probably  the  only  member  of  the  Cauinia  gens  of 
whom  we  have  coins  (see  below,  p.  ll^i).  Babelon  {loc.  cit.)  has  associated  with  him  as 
colleagues  at  the  mint,  L.  Aquillius  Florus,  M.  Dnniiius,  and  P.  Petroaitis  Turpilianus,  who 
would  thus  have  forra.ed  a  quatuorvirate. 

All  the  types,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  of  the  coins  of  L.  Caninius  Gallus,  like  those  of  his 
colleagues,  relate  to  Augustus  in  a  more  or  less  direct  manner.  On  the  aureus  we  have  a  very 
interesting  view  of  the  entrance  or  portico  of  the  house  of  Augustus  on  the  Palatine,  sur- 
mounted by  the  civic  wreath  which  was  voted  to  him  by  the  Senate,  and  flanked  by  two 
laurel-trees  or  branches.  ]n  the  Monumentum  Ancyramovi  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  144) 
Augustus  relates,  Quo  pro  merito  meo  senatn,s  consuHo  Augustus  appellatus  sum  et  laureis  postes 
aedium  mearum  vestiti  puhli'-e  coronaque  civica  super  ianua^n  meam  Jlxa  est.  The  inscription 
would  imply  that  laurel-leaves  or  bands  were  placed  around  the  door-posts,  whereas  the 
coin  shows  two  laurel-branches  or  trees  planted  at  the  sides  of  the  portico  (see  above,  p.  19). 
Except  for  this  variation  the  coin  is  a  faithful  illustration  of  the  passage  in  the  inscription. 
Representations  of  the  civic  wreath  have  occurred  frequently  on  earlier  issues,  and  also  the 
laurel-branches. 

The  bisellium  on  Type  I.  of  the  denarius  relates  probably  to  the  investiture  of  Augustus 
and  Agrippa  with  the  tribunitian  power  for  five  years  in  B.C.  18.  On  the  coins  of  C.  Sulpicius 
Platorinus  (see  p.  97,  no.  4657)  there  is  a  similar  representation  of  the  bisellium,  but  on  it 
are  seated  Augustus  and  Agrippa.  On  those  of  L.  Caninius  Gallus  there  are  no  seated  figures, 
but  the  legend,  TR  .  POT  .  (irihunitia  potestate)  is  an  evident  indication  of  the  special  reference 
of  this  type.  In  both  instances,  however,  the  scipio  or  wand  of  ofiice  of  the  apparitor  is  attached 
to  one  end  of  the  bisellium. 

The  legend  on  the  cippus  of  Type  II.  has  usually  been  interpreted  "  Caii  Caesaris 
Augusti,"  and  the  monument  as  one  of  the  many  cippi  which  were  erected  to  Augustus  in 
the  public  roads  or  places.  It  seems,  however,  not  impossible  that  it  may  relate  to  Caius 
Caesar,  the  son  of  Agrippa  and  Julia,  whom  Augustus  had  adopted.  In  that  case  the 
inscription  would  read  in  full,  "  Caio  Caesari  Augusti  (filio)."  If  this  is  so,  the  cippus  may 
commemorate  the  nomination  of  Caius  Caesar  as  consul  designatus  which  occurred  in  B.C.  6 
(a.d.c,  748),  the  year  to  which  this  issue  has  been  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis. 

The  kneeling  warrior  surrendering  a  standard  on  Type  II.  is  intended  to  represent  a  Gaul, 
and  not  a  Parthian,  as  identified  by  Babelon  and  others  (A.  Blanchet,  Gongr.  inter,  de  Num.j 
Brunoelles,  1891,  MSmoires,  pp,  109  f.).  In  the  Monuwentum  Ancyranum  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae^ 
p.  124)  Augustus  refers  as  follows  to  this  occurrence: — Signa  '>nilitaria  coniplura  per  alios 
duces  amissa  devictis  hosiihus  reciperovi  ex  Hispania  et  Gallia  et  a  Dalmateis.  On  denarii 
of  a  similar  reverse  type  struck  circ.  B.C.  14  by  the  moneyers  P.  Petronius  Turpiliauus, 
L.  Aquillius  Florus,  and  M.  Durmius  (see  above,  p.  64  sey,),  and  commemorating  the  surrender 
of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians,  the  kneeling  figure  wears  a  cloak  and  is  clothed  to  the 


104 


No.      Weight        ^f^^ 
"  and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


58-5 


4677 


54-6 

(chipped) 


Al    -8 


.'R    -75 


Denarius 
Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
before,  AVGVSTVS 


A  bisellium  with  the  appari- 
tor's staff  [scipio)  on  the 
,  ,,       ,         AVGVSTVS 
left ;  above,  -^^    POT  ' 

around,    L  •  CANINIVS 
GALLVS-IIIVIK 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  311,  no.  2,] 


Type  II.i 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
before,  AVGVSTVS 


A  cippus,  inscribed  C  •  C 
AVGVSTI  {Caio  Caesari 
Augusii  [^^«o]) ;  around, 
[L  •  CANINIVS  •  GAL] 
LVS-  III.  VIR 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


ankles  in  a  tight-fitting  garment,  Iraccae,  and  his  hair  and  beard  are  short  and  curly.  On  coins 
of  the  above  issue  the  iigure  is  naked,  except  for  a  cloak  hanging  from  his  shoulders,  and  his 
hair  and  beard  are  long  and  straggling.  In  these  particnlars  it  closely  resembles  the  figure 
seated  before  a  trophy,  as  shown  on  coins  struck  by  Julius  Caesar  in  B.C.  49,  recording  his 
then  recent  campaigns  in  Gaul.  The  figure  on  the  coins  of  Caesar  has  been  identified  as  the 
Gaulish  chief  Verciugetorix  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  506,  no.  3959).  It  seems  therefore  that  this  type 
does  not  refer  to  the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians,  but  to  those  which  during 
various  campaigns  had  been  captured  in  Spain,  Gaul,  and  Dalmatia.  M.  Blanohet  also 
suggests  that  as  the  cognomen  of  the  moneyer  is  Gallus,  a  type  representing  this  event  may 
have  been  purposely  selected.  Babelon,  whilst  attributing  the  issues  of  L.  Caninius  Gallus, 
P.  Petronius  Turpiliauus,  L.  Aquillius  Plorus,  and  M.  Dnrmius  to  the  same  year,  does  not 
appear  to  have  noticed  this  variation  in  the  type. 

'  The  specimen  of  this  coin  in  the  National  Museum  is  so  much  chipped  that  it  cannot 
be  figured  in  the  plates.  The  illustration  is  taken  by  permission  from  the  specimen  in  the 
possession  of  Herr  Franz  Trau,  of  Vienna,  the  type  of  which,  so  far  as  it  can  be  checked, 
corresponds  precisely  with  that  of  the  Museum  specimen. 


CIRC.    B.C.  5;    A.U.C.  749 


105 


No.     Weight      ^ff. 
^         and  Size 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


4678 


4679 


4680 


4681 


4682 


61'2 


60-5 


59-1 


58-5 


381-3 


M    -8 


M    -85 


M    -75 


M    -8 


M  1-4 


Type  III. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


A  GauKsh  warrior  kneeling 
r.  on  r.  knee  in  attitude  of 
submission,  and  holding 
standard  in  r.  hand,  his 
1.  extended ;  he  is  naked 
but  for  a  cloak  falling 
from  his  shoulders ;  his 
hair  and  beard  are  long  ; 
around,  L  •  CANINIVS 
GALLVS-  Ill-VIR. 
[PI.  Ixxii.  5.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

(Oracherode  Coll. 


Circ.  B.C.  5 ;    a.u.c.  749 

Moneyers 

M.  Maecililts  Tullus  ;    M.  Salvius  Otho  ; 
P.  LuEius  Ageippa' 

M  .  MAECILIVS  TVLLVS 

(MARCUS   MAECILIUS   TULLUS) 
Sestertius 


Head  of  Augustus  1., 
laureate ;  behind,  Vic- 
tory, draped,  holding 
cornuoopiae  in  1.  hand, 
and  with  her  r.  touching 
the  fillet  of  the  wreath  on 
the  head  of  the  emperor ; 
under  his  neck,  a  ball  or 
globe  ;  around,  CAESAR.  • 
AVGVST-rONT-MAX- 
TRIBVNIC-  POT 


M-MAECILIVS-TVLLVS- 
lll-VIK- A-A-A-  FF- 

( Triumvir  aere,  argento, 
auro,  flando,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (Se- 
natus  consulto). 

[PI.  Ixxii.   6.] 
(Thomas  Coll.,  1844) 


'  The  similarity  of  the  issues  of  this  group  of  moneyers,  both  in  the  types  and  denomina- 
tions, leaves  no  doubt  that  they  constituted  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint.     They  struck  only  bronze 
coins,  consisting  of  the  sestertius,  the  dupondius,  and  the  as,  and  they  adopted  a  new  type  for 
VOL.    II.  p 


106 


No.      WeigU       ^f^^ 
"        and  Size 


4683 


4684 


4685 

4686 
4687 
4688 


4689 


COINAGE    OF   ROME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


159-6 

M  1-25 

203-3 

M  1-25 

156-8 

M  1-05 

178-2 

M  1-15 

166-6 

M  1-1 

161-2 

JE  1-05 

275-3 

M  1-4 

Similar;  no  ball  or  globe 
under  neck  of  the  em- 
peror.^ 

Similar. 


Dupondius 

Similar. 


[PI.  Ixxii.  7.] 

Similar;  the  centre  has 
been  tooled,  the  letters 
S  ■  C  erased,  and  a  cross 
of  silver  inserted  in  their 
place. 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  I.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR.  •  AVG 
VST  •  rONT  .  MAX  ■ 
TR.1BVNIC.  rOT 

Similar ;  bare  head  of 
Augustus  r.^ 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar  to  no.  4682. 
[PI.  Ixxii.  8.] 


Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxii.  9.] 

Similar. 


M  .  SALVIVS  OTHO 

(MAEGUS    SALVIUS   OTHO^) 
Sestertius 


4690    258-0     M  1-3      Similar. 


Head  of  Augustus  1., 
laureate ;  behind.  Vic- 
tory, draped,  holding 
cornucopiae  in  1.  hand, 
and  with  her  r.  touching 
the  fillet  of  the  wreath 
on  the  head  of  the  em- 
peror ;  around,  CAESAK  • 
AVGVST.  PONT.  MAX- 
TR.IBVNIC.POT 


M.  SALVIVS.  OTHO.  III. 
VIR.  .  A  •  A  .  A  .  F  .  F  . 

(see  no.  4682).  In  the 
centre,  S  .  C  {Senatus  con- 
sulto). 

[PI.  Ixxii.  10.] 
(Blacas  Goll.) 


Similar. 


the  obverses  of  the  first  two  denominations,  viz.,  the  laureate  head  of  Augustus  with  a  Victory 
behind.  Augustus  is  styled  Pontifex  Maximus.  Two  of  them,  M.  Salvius  Otho  and  P.  Lurius 
Agrippa  issued  also  the  dupondius  of  the  earlier  type.  It  is  possible  that  M.  Maecilius 
TuUus  also  struck  the  dupondius  of  this  type,  but,  hitherto,  no  specimen  has  been  recorded. 
They  also  all  three  issued  the  as  with  the  head  of  Augustus  turned  to  the  left  as  well  as  to 
the  right.  As  this  new  type  of  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius  was  not  adopted  by  any 
of  the  other  moneyers  of  Augustus,  and,  as  we  do  not  possess  any  further  issues  of  the  bronze 
money  of  the  larger  denominations,  we  may  presume  that  these  triumvirs  were  the  last  to 
strike  these  coins  under  the  provisions  which  had  been  in  force  since  B.C.  16. 

Marcus  Maecilius  Tullus  is  only  known  to  history  from  his  coins.  His  associates  at  the 
mint,  as  we  have  seen,  were  M.  Salvius  Otho  and  P.  Lurius  Agrippa. 

The  globe  under  the  neck  of  Augustus  relates  to  the  universality  of  his  rule  and  victories. 

'  A  variety  in  the  Hunter  collection  has  the  globe. 

^  The  specimen  of  this  type  figured  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  160,  no.  5)  is  described  by  him 
as  a  grand  Ironxe ;  but  it  is  certainly  a  moj/em  Ironee,  and  therefore  an  as.  Babelon  does  not 
describe  the  sestertius. 

^  Marcus  Salvius  Otho  was  probably  the  grandfather  of   the  emperor  Otho.     Suetonius 


•KT       TTT-  •  T  X        Metal 
JVo.     Weight  ,  „. 

"         and  Size 


CIEC.  B.C.   5;    A.U.C.   749 

Obverse 


107 


Reverse 


124-6 


4691 

4692 
4693 


170-5 

151-4 
228-5 


ZE  1-05 


M  1-1 

M  1-1 
M  1-1 


Dupondius' 


Within  oak- wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVSTVS 
TKIBVNIC  POTEST 


Similar. 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  67.^] 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAK  •  AVG 
VST  ■  PONT  •  MAX  • 
TRIBVNIC.POT- 

Similar. 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxii.   11.] 


Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 


Similar. 


(Otho,  i.)  tells  us  that  tlie  ancestors  of  the  emperor  Otho  were  originally  from  the  town  of 
i'erentnm  and  of  an  ancient  and  honourable  family,  and,  indeed,  one  of  the  most  considerable 
in  Etruria,  His  grandfather,  M.  Salvius  Otho,  whose  father  was  a  Roman  knight,  was  made  a 
senator  by  the  favour  of  Livia,  in  whose  house  he  had  his  education.  He  never  rose  higher 
than  to  the  praetorship.  On  account  of  the  similarity  of  the  types  and  denominations  of 
his  coins  there  can  be  no  question  that  his  colleagues  at  the  mint  were  M.  Maecilius  Tullus 
and  P.  Lurius  Agrippa  ;  for,  like  them,  he  struck  the  sestertius  and  the  dupondius  with  the 
new  obverse  type,  and  like  P.  Lurius  Agrippa  he  issued  the  dupondius  of  the  old  type.  On 
the  as  the  head  of  Augustus  is  turned  to  the  left  as  well  as  to  the  right. 

There  is  a  variety  of  the  sestertius  which,  like  the  similar  piece  of  M.  Maecilius  Tullus, 
has  a  globe  or  ball  below  the  neck  (Gnecchi,  Biv.  Ital.,  1889,  p.  174). 

'  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  416,  6)  mentions  a  moyen  ironze,  i.e.  dupondius,  of  the  new  type 
struck  by  M.  Salvius  Otho,  but  he  does  not  figure  it. 

^  The  coin  here  illustrated  is  in  the  Bahrfeldt  collection.  There  is  another  specimen 
in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  which  was  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection. 

'  A  variety  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  reading 
TRBV .  rOT  .  is  figured  by  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  67). 


108 


^°-  ^l""'''  and  Sue 


4694 
4695 
4696 
4697 


4698 


146-6 


M  1-2 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


190-3 

M  1-15 

183-3 

M  1-05 

171-9 

M  1-15 

152-7 

M  1-05 

165-5 

^1-15 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar ;  counterstruck  with 


Similar. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  1.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 

(Eev.  G.  J.  Chester) 


P  .  LVRIVS  AGRIPPA 

(PUBLIUS   LUEIUS  AGEIPPA') 
Dupondius 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  1., 
laureate ;  behind,  Vic- 
tory, draped,  holding 
cornuoopiae  in  1.  hand, 
and  with  her  r.  touching 
the  fillet  of  the  -wreath  on 
the  head  of  the  em- 
peror ;  around,  CAESAR.  • 
AVGVST- PONT- MAX- 
TKlBVNICrOT 


r  .   LVRIVS  •  AGKIPPA  • 
lll-VIK-A- A.  A-F.F. 

(see  no.  4682).  In  the 
centre,  S  •  C  (Senatus  con- 
sulto). 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  154,  no.  1.] 


'  The  Luriagens  is  very  little  kno"WTi.  The  moneyer,  of  -whom  our  only  record  is  his  coins, 
may  have  been  a  son  of  Marcus  Lurius,  -who  was  praefeot  of  Sardinia  in  B.C.  40  ;  -was  expelled 
from  that  island  by  Menas,  alieutenant  of  Sextus  Pompey;  and  later  commanded  the  right -wing 
of  the  Caesarian  fleet  at  the  battle  of  Actium.     P.  Lnrius  Agrippa  is  the  only  member  of  his 


^,        ,,.      ,.       Metal 
^         and  iist 


CIEC.  B.C.  5;    A.U.C.  74'J 

Obverse 


109 


Reverse 


107-2 

(iforn) 


4699 

4700 

4701 

4702 

4703 
4704 

4705 

4706 


178-6 


168-0 


1090 

{worn) 

183-5 


178-5 
165-3 

163-0 

149-6 


M  1-05 


Type  II. 


M  1-1 

M  1-15 

M  1-0 

.Si  1-05 

M  1-1 
^  1-05 

M  1-2 

^  1-1 


Within  oak-wreath,  and  in 
three  lines,  AVGVS  •  TR.I 
BVN  .  POTEST 


Similar ;    moneyer's    name 
reading,  P    LVKIVS   AG 
.    KP   III  R.  A  A  A  F  F 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  155,  no.  4.'] 


As 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  •  AVG 
VST  •  PONT  ■  MAX  • 
TRIBVNIC.POT- 

Similar. 


Similar;     countermarked, 
CSa  (CAESAR). 

Similar  ;   head  of  Augustus 
r.^;  no  countermark. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
p.  LVRIVS- AGRIPPA- 
lll-VIR  .A-A-A-F-  F. 

(Stewart  Coll.,  1847) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  2.] 

Similar. 

(Parkes  Weber  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  3.] 


Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;      countermarked 
with  052;  (CAESAR). 
(Eev.  a.  J.  Chester) 


gens  of  wlioin  coins  are  known.  He  had  as  colleagues  M.  Maecilius  Tullus  and  M.  Salvius 
Ofcho ;  for,  like  them,  he  struck  at  least  the  dupondius  of  the  new  type,  and  like  M.  Salviua 
Otho,  he  also  struck  the  dupondius  of  the  old  type.  On  the  as  the  head  of  Augustus  is  turned 
to  the  left  as  well  as  to  the  right. 

'  Babelon  {loc.  cit.)  does  not  figure  this  coin,  which  has  the  legends  blundered.  The 
illustration  is  from  the  specimen  in  the  Paris  collection. 

2  A  variety  with  the  head  of  Augustus  to  right,  and  reading  PONTIFEX.MAX.TRIB. 
POT,  is  described  by  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  9)  aa  being  in  the  Bignami  collection. 
It  is  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum. 


110 

Ko.     Weight       ^f^^ 
"         and  Size 


COINAGE   OP  EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4707 


4708 


4709 


4710 


50-0 


39-0 


44-6 


41-9 


m  -65 


M    -65 


M    -56 


M    -6 


Circ.  B.C.  4;    a.u.c.  750' 

Moiieyers 

P.  Betilibnus  Bassus  ;   C.  Naevius  Capella  ; 

0.  EuBELLius  Blandus  ;   L.  Valeeius  Catullus 

P  .  BETILIENVS  BASSVS 

(PUBLIUS  BBTILIENUS  BASSUS^) 
Quadr>ans 


p.  BETILIENVS -BASSVS  • 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  {Se- 
natus  Gonsulto). 


Similar. 


A  circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented with  wreath  ; 
around,  lll-VJR-A  ■  A  • 
A  •  F  •  F  •  {Triumvir 
aere,  argento,ait,ro,flando, 
feriundo). 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  4.] 

Similar. 


C  .  NAEVIVS  CAPELLA 

(CAIUS  NAEVIUS  CAPELLA') 
Quadrans 


C  .   NAEVIVS  .  CAPELLA 

In  the  centre,  S  •  C    {Se- 
naUhs  consulto). 


Similar. 


A  circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented     with     wreath  ; 
around.    III  ■  VIR.- A-A- 
A  •  F  .  F  •  (see  no.  4707). 
[PI.  Ixxiii.  5.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  Similarity  of  type  and  fabric  leaves  no  doubt  that  four  moneyers  held  office  at  the 
mint  during  B.C.  4  instead  of  the  usual  number,  three.  It  is  possible  that  during  that  year 
one  of  the  moneyers  may  have  died,  and  his  place  have  been  taken  by  another ;  but  it  must 
be  noted  that  in  the  next  year  there  is  absolute  evidence  of  a  quatuorvirate  of  the  mint,  as 
all  four  members  of  the  college  place,  at  the  same  time,  their  nanies  on  all  the  coins,  the  order 
of  which  is  interchanged,  thus  combining  a  separate  with  a  joint-issue.  They,  however,  still 
styled  themselves  triumvirs.  The  coinage  of  B.C.  4  differs  in  one  respect,  inasmuch  as  each 
moneyer  has  a  separate  issue.  The  only  denomination  struck  by  all  four  moneyers  is  the  quadrans, 
which  is  of  one  type  only,  and  differed  in  this  respect  from  coins  of  the  same  denomination 
previously  issued.  The  type  of  the  coin-anvil  for  the  reverse  occurred  in  former  issues  (see 
above,  pp.  76,  88),  but  then  always  accompanied  with  a  comucopiae  on  the  obverse,  which  is 
now  omitted,  leaving  only  the  letters  S  .  C.  This  type  is  the  only  one  issued  for  the  coinages 
of  the  years  e.g.  4,  3,  showing  clearly  that  it  belonged  to  the  end  of  the  series. 

^  Of  the  moneyer  Publius  Betilienus  Bassus  there  appears  to  be  no  record  beyond  that  of 
his  coinage.  Seneca  (de  Ira,  iii.  18)  speaks  of  a  Betilienus  Bassus  who  was  put  to  death  in 
the  reign  of  Caligula,  and  it  is  supposed  that  he  may  be  the  same  as  the  Betillinus  Cassius 
who,  Dion  Cassius  (lix.  25)  relates,  was  executed  by  command  of  that  emperor.  His  colleagues 
at  the  mint  were  C.  Naevius  Capella,  C.  Rubellius  Blandus,  and  L.  Valerius  Catullus,  and 
the  only  denomination  issued  by  him  was  the  quadrans. 

'  This  moneyer  is  also  only  known  from  his  coins.  The  cognomen  Ca'pella  in  connection 
with  the  Naevia  gens  appears  to  occur  only  on  coins.  Naevius  had  as  colleagues  at  the  mint, 
P.  Betilienus  Bassus,  C.  Rubellius  Blandus,  and  L.  Valerius  CatuUus,  and,  like  them,  he 
struck  the  quadrans  only  and  of  one  type. 


-,        ,,.  .  ,  .        Metal 
No.      vv  eight  ,  „■ 

"  and  Size 


CIEC.    B.C.   4;   A.U.C.    750 

Obverse 


111 


Reverse 


4711 


54-2 


M    -65 


4712 


32-9 


C  .  RVBELLIVS  BLANDVS 

(CAIUS   EUBELLIUS   BLANDUS') 
Quadrans 


C  .  RVBELLIVS  •  BLAND 
VS  ■  In  the  centre, 
S  •  C  (Senatus  consulto). 


A  circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented     with     wreath  ; 
around.  III- VIR.  •  A- A■ 
A  •  F  •  F  •  (see  no.  4707). 
[PI.  Ixxiii.  6.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


M    -7 


L  .  VALERIVS  CATVLLVS 


(LUCIUS   VALERIUS   CATULLUS s) 


Quadcans 


L  •  VALERIVS  .  CATVLL 
VS  ■  In  the  centre, 
S  ■  C  {Senatus  consulto). 


A  circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented    with     wreath  ; 
around,   III  •  VIR.  •  A  •  A  • 
A  •  F  ■  F  •  (see  no.  4707). 
[PI.  Ixxiii.  7.] 


^  The  Eubellia  gens  appears  not  to  hare  come  into  notice  till  the  end  of  the  republic  or 
at  the  beginning  of  the  empire.  Tacitus  {Ann.,  vi.  27,  45)  mentions  a  Kubellius  Blandus,  who 
married  in  a.d.  33  Jnlia,  the  daughter  of  Drusus,  the  son  of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  and  whoso 
grandfather  was  a  Eoman  knight  of  Tibur.  There  was  also  in  the  Senate  in  a.d.  21  a 
Eubellius  Blandns,  a  man  of  consular  rank  (Tacitus,  Ann.,  iii.  23,  51),  who  was  probably  the 
same  as  the  husband  of  Julia.  The  moneyer  may  have  been  the  father  of  the  husband  of 
Julia.  His  colleagues  at  the  mint  were  P.  Betilieuus  Bassus,  C.  Naevius  Capella,  and 
L.  Valerius  Catullus.     Like  them  he  only  struck  the  quadrans. 

'  We  have  no  further  record  of  Lucius  Valerius  Catullus  beyond  that  he  was  a  moneyer  of 
the  Roman  mint.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  523)  suggests  that  he  may  have  been  a  son  of  the  cele- 
brated poet,  C.  Valerius  Catullus,  who  was  born  in  B.C.  87,  and  died  in  his  thirtieth  year, 
B.C.  57.  This  identification  is,  however,  not  at  all  probable,  as  in  B.C.  4,  or  B.C.  9 — 4,  the  date 
given  by  Babelon  for  this  issue,  the  moneyer  would  have  been  well  over  sixty  years  of  age. 
His  colleagues  at  the  mint  were  P.  Betilieuus  Bassus,  C.  Naevius  Capella,  and  0.  Eubellius 
Blandus,  and  the  only  denomination  which  he  also  struck  was  the  quadrans  of  one  type  only. 


112 


No.     Wei'jht 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4713 


4714 


4715 


48^0 


34-8 


51-1 


M    -7 


M    -7 


Circ.  B.C.  3  ;    A.u.c.  751 ' 

Moneyers 

Apeonius  ;    Galus  ;   Messalla  ;    Sisenna 

APRONIVS 

([LUCIUS?]    APEONIUS') 

Quadrans 


APKGNIVS.  MESSALLA. 
Ill  .  VIK  In  the  centre, 
a  circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented with  wreath. 


Similar. 


M    -7      Similar;  moneyers'  names, 
APRONIVS- SISENNA; 

the  coin-anvil  is  square. 


GALVS-SISENNA- A-A. 
A  •  F  •  F  ■  (Aere,  argento, 
auro,  flando,  feriundo). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (Se- 
natus  consulto). 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  8.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  moneyers'  names, 
SISENNA.  GALVS 

Similar  ;  moneyers'  names, 
GALVS.  MESSALLA 


^  In  the  coinage  of  this  year  we  have  undoubted  evidence  of  a  quatuorvirate  of  the  mint, 
though  the  various  members  still  styled  themselves  triumviri.  The  issue  was  a  joint  one,  unlike 
that  of  the  preceding  year,  and  the  name  of  each  moneyer  is  placed  on  all  the  coins,  but 
varying  in  their  order,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  demonstrate  that  each  one  put  his  name 
first  on  his  particular  issue.  Froehner  {Mid.  rom.,  p.  3,  note  1)  gives  2-1  combinations  of 
their  names.  The  only  denomination  struck  was  the  quadrans,  which  is  of  similar  types  to 
that  of  the  preceding  year,  but  there  is  a  variation  in  the  form  of  the  coin-anvil,  which  is  now 
transferred  to  the  obverse,  and  the  letters  S .  C  to  the  reverse.  On  some  it  is  circular  as 
before ;  on  others  it  is  square,  more  like  the  representation  of  an  altar  ;  in  both  cases  it  is 
ornamented  with  a  wreath.  On  account  of  the  small  size  of  the  coins,  only  the  nomen  or 
cognomen  of  each  moneyer  is  given.  In  consequence  their  identification  is  practically 
impossible.  Two  names  are  placed  on  the  obverse  and  two  on  the  reverse,  and  their  titles,  no 
doubt  for  reasons  of  spacing,  are  divided  between  the  two  sides. 

2  The  moneyer  Apronius  has  been  identified  with  L.  Apronius,  who  was  consul  suffectus  in 
A.D.  8  ;  commanded  under  Drusus  and  Germauicus  in  the  war  in  Germany,  a.d.  14 — 15,  and 
for  his  services  obtained  the  honour  of  the  ornamenta  triiimplialia.  In  a.d.  20  he  succeeded 
M.  Furius  Camillus  as  proconsul  in  the  government  of  Africa,  and  carried  on  the  war  against 
Taofarinas.  Later  he  returned  to  Germany  as  praetor,  and  lost  his  life  in  the  war  against 
the  Frisii.  He  had  a  son,  L.  Apronius  Caesianus,  who  accompanied  his  father  to  Africa  in 
A.D.  20,  and  who  was  consul  with  Caligula  in  a.d.  39.  It  is  uncertain  whether  the  coins  were 
struck  by  either  of  these  members  of  the  Apronia  gens.  Apronius  is  the  only  member  of  the 
gens  of  whom  we  possess  coins.  His  colleagues  at  the  mint  were  Galus,  Messalla,  and  Sisenna, 
with  whom,  as  already  stated,  he  issued  a  joint-coinage  consisting  of  the  quadrans  only. 

Count  de  Salis  considered  this  joint-coinage  to  be  the  latest  issued  bearing  the  names  of 
the  moneyers.  This  view  is  certainly  supported  by  the  coins  themselves,  the  types  of  wliich 
vary  from  any  of  the  preceding  issues.  In  the  following  year,  B.C.  2,  Augustus  received  the 
title  of  Pater  Patriae,  which  appears  on  nearly  all  the  coins  in  gold  and  silver  issued  from  that 
date,  but  it  never  occurs  on  those  which  bear  moneyers'  names.  This  circumstance,  when 
taken  into  consideration  with  the  coinage  issued  after  B.C.  3.  appears  to  provide  us  with  the 
precise  date  at  which  we  are  to  fix  the  disappearance  of  the  moneyers'  names. 

It  is  evident  that  after  the  reappearance  of  the  moneyers'  names  the  system  on  which  the 
mint  had  been  organized  was  somewhat  irregular,  and  that  only  in  one  instance  were  gold, 
silver,  and  bronze  coins  struck  by  the  same  college  of  moneyers.  In  these  circumstances 
it   may  have  been  found  difficult  to  regulate  the  supply  of  the  coinage  t-o  the  demand,  and. 


No.      Weight    ^^^^gl^ 


4716 


4717 


4718 


4719 


4720 


48-6 


44-4 


41-0 


46-2 


46-5 


m  -7 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -7 


4721      44-0     m    -65    Similar, 


OIEO.  B.C.  3 ;   A.U.C.  751 

Obverse  Reverse 

GALVS 

(GALUS   OE   GALLUSi) 
Quadrans 


113 


GALVS.  MESSALLA-  111  • 
VI K  •  In  the  centre, 
a  square  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented with  wreath. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  moneyers'  names, 
GALVS- SISENNA;  the 
coin-anvil  is  circular. 


Similar. 


APRONIVS-SISENNA-A- 

A  •  A  •  F  •  F  .     (see   no. 

4713).       In    the    centre, 

S  •  C  (Senatus  consuUo). 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  9.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 
SISENNA.  APRONIVS 


Similar. 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 
APB.ONIVS-MESSALLA 


Similar  ;    moneyers'  names, 
MESSALLA. APRONIVS 
[PI.  Ixxiii.  10.] 

Similar. 


in  consequence,  a  return  was  made  to  the  system  which  had  been  adopted  at  least  between  the 
years  B.C.  27 — 17,  when  all  the  coins  in  gold  and  silver  were  struck  in  the  name  of  the  emperor 
only,  but  with  the  addition  of  a  regular  bronze  currency  under  the  direction  of  the  Senate. 
This  line  of  demarcation  between  the  old  and  the  new  systems  also  establishes  the  limit 
of  the  coins  of  the  Eoman  mint  described  in  this  work. 

'  As  the  cognomen  Galus  or  Gallus  was  borne  by  a  large  number  of  families  it  would  be 
mere  conjecture  to  attempt  to  identify  this  moneyer.  He  may  have  been  oonne'oted  with 
L.  Caninius  Gallus,  who  was  a  moneyer  three  years  previously  (see  above,  p.  103).  His  colleagues 
at  the  mint,  as  shown  by  the  coins,  were  Apronius,  Messalla,  and  Sisenna,  with  whom  he  issued 
a  joint  currency  consisting  of  the  quadrans  only.  Babelon  has  mLCntioned  the  coinages  of 
Apronius,  Messalla,  and  Sisenna  under  their  respective  families,  but  he  omitted  to  do  so 
in  the  case  of  Galus. 


VOL.   11. 


lU 


»T       TJT  ■  1  i       Metal 
No.     WexgU     ^^^  g.^^ 


COINAGE    OF   EOME 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


4722 


4723 


4724 


49-7 


M    -65 


MESSALLA 


([VALEEIUS]  MESSALLA  1) 


Quadpans 


53-4     M    -65 


52-6 


4725     51-8 


4726 


4727 


4728 


46-0 


48-7 


58-5 


M    -65 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -65 


M    -7 


MESSALLA.  APKON I VS  • 
lll-VIK-  In  the  centre, 
a  circular  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented with  wreath. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 
MESSALLA- GALVS 


Similar ;    the   coin-anvil  is 
square. 


Similar ;    the   coin-anvil  is 
circular. 


GALVS-SISENNA-A- A• 
A  •  F  .  F  .  (see  no.  4713). 
In  the  centre,  S  •  C  (Se- 
naUis  consulto). 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  11.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 
SISENNA- GALVS 
[PI.  Ixxiii.  12.] 

Similar. 

(Imhoof-Blumer  Coll.) 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 
APKONIVS.  SISENNA 


Similar. 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 

SISENNA.  APKONIVS 

[PI.  Ixxiii.  13.] 

(Boyne  Coll.,  1843.) 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names,    Similar  ;    moneyers'  names, 
MESSALLA.  SISENNA    |      GALVS- APRONIVS 


'  We  have  no  means  of  identifying  tliia  moneyer,  but  he  may  have  been  connected  with 
Volusus  Valerius  Messalla,  who  wa«  also  a  moneyer,  and  whose  coins  are  attributed  to  circ. 
B.C.  7  (see  above,  p.  100).  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  522,  523)  has  attributed  these  quadrantes 
to  Volusus  Valerius  Messalla,  but  as  at  that  time  the  same  moneyer  did  not  strike  the  as  and 
the  quadrans  together,  the  two  series  must  be  assigned  to  different  issues.  It  is  not  impossible 
that  the  moneyer  of  B.C.  7  was  reappointed  in  B.C.  3.  MessaDa's  colleagues  at  the  mint,  as 
already  mentioned,  were  Apronius,  Galus,  and  Sisenna,  and  like  them  he  struck  only  the 
quadrans. 


CIEC.  B.C.  3  ;    A.U.C.  751 


115 


No.      M'eight 


Metal 
and  yizo 


Obverse 


Reverse 


4729 


4730 
4731 

4732 

4733 

4734 


51-0 


45-2 


48-4 


48-2 


51-7 


45'5 


SISENNA 

([COENELIUS]    SISENNA  1) 
Quadrans 


M 

■7 

JE 

•65 

M 

•65 

M 

•65 

M 

•65 

M 

•65 

SISENNA  .  APRONIVS  ■ 
III  •  VIK-  In  the  centre, 
a  square  coin-anvil,  orna- 
mented witii  wreatli. 


Similar;    the   coin-anvil    is 
circular. 

Similar ;    the    coin-anvil  is 
square. 


Similar ;  moneyers'  names, 
SISENNA  •  CALVS  ;  the 
coin-anvil  is  circular. 

Similar ;  moneyers'  names, 
SISENNA  .  MESSALLA 


Similar. 


GALVS  •  MESSALLA  •  A  • 
A  ■  A  ■  F  •  F  .     (see     no. 
4713).      In    the    centre, 
S  •  C  [Senatus  consulto). 
[PI.  Ixxiii.   14.] 

Similar. 


Similar ;    moneyers'  names, 
MESSALLA.  GALVS 


Similar ;   moneyers'  names, 
MESSALLA.APKONIVS 


Similar ;   moneyers'  names, 
APRONIVS- GALVS 
[PI.  Ixxiii.  15.] 

(Boyne  Coll.,  1843.) 

Similar;   moneyers'  names, 
GALVS.  APR^ONIVS 


*  This  moneyer  is  also  unlviiown  except  from  his  coins.  Babelon  (toI.  i.,  p.  432)  suggests 
tliat  he  was  a  son  of  L.  Cornelius  Sisenna,  the  historian,  who  was  born  circ.  B.C.  114,  and  was 
praetor  B.C.  78,  the  year  when  Sulla  died.  This  identification  not  only  is  not  probable,  but 
not  even  possible,  as  the  moneyer  did  not  hold  ofl&ce  till  quite  the  end  of  the  century.  His 
colleag'ues  at  the  mint  were  Apronius,  Galus,  and  Messalla,  and  like  them  he  struck  only  the 
quadrans. 


116 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 


Befobe  dealing  with  tlie  coins  of  the  Eoman  EepubKc  of  the  same  tjrpes  and 
denominations  as  those  struck  in  Rome,  which  Count  de  Sahs  has  assigned  to 
local  issues  outside  the  capital,  under  the  title  of  "  Coinage  of  Italy,"  and  which 
do  not  begin  till  some  years  after  B.C.  268,  we  must  retrace  our  steps,  and,  for 
reasons  of  oloronology,  we  must  describe  the  section  iisually  designated  as  "  The 
Eomano-Campanian  Coinage."  During  the  greater  part  of  its  issue  the  silver 
coins  were  in  direct  relation  with  the  aes  grave,  more  especially  with  that 
attributed  to  Campania.  As  its  name  indicates,  the  Eomano-Campanian  coinage 
was  issued  in  the  district  of  Campania,  but  not  till  after  it  had  fallen  under  the 
domination  of  Eome.  This  happened  in  B.C.  338.  Five  years  previous  to  that 
date  a  war  had  broken  out  between  the  Samnites  of  the  Hills  and  the  Samnites 
of  the  Plain.  The  latter  invoked  the  aid  of  the  Campanians,  and  Capua  being 
besieged,  the  inhabitants  of  that  city  appealed  to  Eome  for  assistance.  Though 
Eome  had  recently  entered  into  a  treaty  with  Samnium  the  appeal  succeeded, 
and  ah  army  was  sent  to  the  relief  of  Capua  under  the  command  of  the  consuls 
M.  Valerius  Corvus  and  A.  Cornelius  Cossus.  The  Eoman  generals  were 
victorious,  and  in  B.C.  341  a  treaty  was  concluded  between  Eome  and  Samnium. 
In  the  next  year  the  great  Latin  war  began,  and  on  this  occasion  the  Campanians 
joined  the  Ijatins  ;  but  Samnium  stood  by  her  treaty.  The  result  of  this  conflict 
was  again  the  triumph  of  Eome,  and  in  B.C.  338  Campania  and  the  neighbouring 
districts  fell  under  Eoman  domination.  At  the  close  of  the  war  the  Senate  pro- 
ceeded to  make  such  a  settlement  of  the  conquered  communities  as  might  deliver 
Eome  from  future  fears  of  insurrection.  The  principle  adopted  was  to  divide  the 
interests  of  the  different  communities  by  bestowing  privileges  on  some  and  by 
reducing  others  to  subjection,  thus  establishing  a  division  of  interests,  which 
would  render  coalition  in  the  future  dif&cult.  To  some  was  granted  full  citizen- 
ship, so  that  their  citizens  became  citizens  of  Eome  and  voted  in  the  Comitia. 
Others  received  a  modified  Eoman  citizenship  and  no  self-government ;  whilst 
to  the  rest  was  given  a  modified  citizenship  and  with  it  self-government.  These 
last  enjoyed  the  right  of  connuhium  and  cummcycium,  but  not  the  jus  suffrcujii 
ct  honofum.  This  form  of  government  was  bestowed  in  B.C.  388  on  various 
Latin  communities,  and  also  on  some  in  Campania,  amongst  the  latter  being 
Capua,  Atella,  Calatia  and  Velecha.  These  cities  were  accorded  the  right  of 
coinage,  but  in  bronze  only,  the  name  of  each  one  being  given  in  Oscan 
characters.  We  do  not  know  the  exact  position  of  these  cities  to  each  other, 
but  from  the  nature  of  their  coinages  Atella,  Calatia  and  Velecha  must  have  held  a 
subordinate  one  to  that  of  Capua.  To  these  series  of  coins  another  must  be  added 
in  gold,  silver,  and  bronze,  bearing  the  name  of  Eome,  which  has  been  attributed 
to  Capua.     This  concession  or  privilege  would  give  to  Capua  a  distinction  not 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN   COINAGE  117 

enjoyed  by  the  other  cities.  It  is  with  this  last  series  of  coins,  whicli  were 
issued  in  the  name  of  Eome,  tliat  we  have  now  to  deal."^ 

Denominations. — The  denominations  comprised  in  this  coinage  are  :  in  gold 
the  stater  and  half-stater,  of  the  value  of  six  and  three  scruples  respectively ;  in 
silver  the  didrachm,  drachm,  and  litra ;  and  in  brome  the  double-litra,  litra,  half- 
litra,  and  quarter-litra.  To  these,  towards  the  end  of  the  series,  may  be  added 
bronze  money  of  the  Eoman  standard,  trientes  to  semunciae. 

Classification. — The  coinage  seems  to  fall  into  three  well-marked  Periods 
as  follows : — 

Period  I.  [circ.  B.C.  335 — 312).  The  coins  of  this  Period  are,  in  silver  the 
didrachm  and  the  litra,  and  in  bronze  the  double-litra,  litra,  and  half-litra.  The 
silver  coins  are  of  the  reduced  Phocaean-Campanian  standard  (weight  of  the 
didrachm  117  grs.  =  7'58  gram.),  which  was  in  use  in  most  of  the  cities  of  Southern 
Italy.  The  original  weight  of  this  didrachm  was  about  128  grs.  (8-30  gram.),  but 
by  the  middle  of  the  4th  cent.  B.C.,  at  the  time  of  its  adoption  in  Campania,  it  had 
fallen  de  facto,  if  not  de  jure,  to  117  grs.  (7-58  gram.).  The  weight  of  the  bronze 
litra  was  about  120  grs.  (7-8  gram.),  but  its  relative  value  to  silver  is  not  known. 
It  was  probably  a  token  money.  Between  the  silver  coins  of  this  period  and  the 
urban  issues  of  the  aes  grave  there  appears  not  to  have  been  any  definite  rate  of 
exchange. 

All  the  coins  bear  the  name  of  Eome,  or  rather  the  name  of  the  Eoman 
people,  in  the  genitive  case,  R.OMANO  for  KOMANOR.VM.  An  exception  to 
this  general  rule  is  met  with  in  a  bronze  coin  bearing  the  legend  in  Greek 
PriM  AinN-     It  is  of  a  type  similar  to  coins  of  Naples  (see  below,  p.  125). 

Period  II.  [circ.  B.C.  312 — 290).  The  reduced  Phocaean  standard  is  now 
replaced  by  the  scruple  standard,  and  the  didrachm  muited  at  Capua  descends 
from  117  to  105  grs.  (7'58  to  6-82  gram.).  The  scruple  standard  (17-55  grs.  or 
1-137  gram.  =  t,^^  of  the  hea-vy  Attic  pound)  had  been  adopted  in  Etruria  and 
Central  Italy  as  the  silver  unit  of  value,  and  had  been  for  some  time  accepted  in 
Eome.  This  new  Campanian  didrachm,  which  weighed  six  scruples,  was  now 
brought  into  relation  with  the  aes  grave,  so  that  one  scruple  of  silver  was  equal  to 
the  libral  as,  this  giving  a  ratio  of  silver  to  bronze  of  1 :  250  ^  on  the  computa- 
tion of  the  Attic  pound.  By  this  reduction  in  the  standard  the  silver  coins  of 
Campania  now  passed  into  currency  side  by  side  with  the  heavy  bronze  coinage 

^  For  a  critical  study  of  this  coinage  in  connection  with  the  aes  grave  of  Rome  and 
Campania  we  would  refer  our  readers  to  a  recent  article  published  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Haeberliii 
(Die  Systeynatik  des  dlte.Hen  romisclien  Miinzu'esens).  This  article  is  a  prelude  to  a  Corpus  of 
the  aes  grave.  The  two  main  points  on  which  Dr.  Haeberlin  insists  are  :  (i.)  that  the  basis  of 
the  heavy  bronze  money  issaed  at  Rome  was  not  the  old  Attic  pound  of  5057  grs.  (327-4.5 
gram.),  but  the  light  Oscan  pound  of  4210  grs.  (273  gram.),  which  would  give  a  relative 
value  of  silver  to  bronze  of  1 :  120  ;  and  (ii.)  that  to  each  issue  of  the  silver  didrachm  struck 
after  circ.  B.C.  312  there  belonged  a  series  of  Campanian  aes  grave  and  a  quadrilateral  bar, 
commonly  called  the  quincussis,  thus  showing  a  direct  relationship  between  the  silver  and  the 
bronze  money.  In  this  catalogue  the  various  classes  of  aes  grave  and  the  quadrilateral  bars 
included  by  Dr.  Haeberlin  in  his  system  arc  omitted,  as  having  been  already  described  in  the 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  Gr.  Guins,  Italy. 

-  On  the  evidence  of  the  gold  coin  with  obv.  head  of  Janus  and  rev.  oath-scene  (see  below, 
p.  131),  which  is  marked  with  the  value  XXX.  denoting  that  it  represented  thirty  libral  a.fsp.v, 
so  that  one  scruple  of  gold  would  be  equal  to  7^  asses,  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  i.,  p.  266) 
has  placed  the  ratio  of  gold  and  silver  for  the  Campanian  coinage  at  1  :  10,  and  that  of  silver 
and  bronze  at  1 :  180.  As,  however,  all  these  gold  coins  (four  specimens  only  being  known) 
are  possibly  false,  this  computation  is  very  uncertain. 


lis  EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 

of  Eome  and  Latium.  The  denominations  issued  were,  in  silver  the  didrachm 
and  drachm,  and  in  bronze  the  litra,  half-litra,  and  quarter-Htra.  Tlie  didrachms 
show  four  different  types,  to  each  of  which  Dr.  Haeberlin  (^Systonatik,  pp.  29,  34) 
has  assigned  a  separate  series  of  Oampanian  aes  grave  and  a  quadrilateral 
bar.  These  silver  and  heavy  bronze  coins  are  connected  either  by  common 
symbols  or  by  a  community  of  types. 

On  the  first  type  of  the  didrachm  (obv.  head  of  Eoma  in  Phrygian  helmet ; 
rev.  Victory  attaching  wreath  to  palm-branch)  the  legend  is  written  R.OMANO, 
as  in  the  previous  Period,  but  on  all  the  others,  including  the  bronze  money,  the 
inscription  is  changed  to  HOMA. 

Period  III.  {circ.  B.C.  290 — 240).  A  gold  coinage  is  now  introduced  consist- 
ing of  the  stater  and  half-stater,  of  the  value  of  six  and  three  scruples,  with  the 
types,  head  of  Janus  and  rev.  oath-scene.  These  have  usually  been  assigned  to 
the  previous  Period,  but  in  our  descriptions  reasons  will  be  stated  for  attributing 
them  to  a  somewhat  later  date  (see  below,  p.  131).  The  silver  didrachm  of  six 
scruples  is  continued,  but  of  it  there  is  only  one  type,  the  quadrigatus,  i.e.  with 
head  of  Janus  on  the  obverse  and  Jupiter  in  a  quadriga  on  the  reverse.  The 
drachm  of  the  same  type  occurs,  but  there  are  no  bronze  litrae,  &c.,  which  can 
be  classed  with  this  issue  of  gold  and  silver.  To  the  end  of  this  Period,  how- 
ever, there  may  be  assigned  certain  bronze  coins,  trientes  to  semunciae,  which, 
according  to  Mommsen,  were  struck  either  on  a  semi-libral  or  on  a  triental 
standard  (see  below,  p.  135). 

Period  IV.  (circ.  B.C.  216 — 211).  The  coins  in  electrum  and  silver  assigned 
to  this  Period  eome  under  a  somewhat  different  category,  as_  they  are  of  the 
nature  of  "  Money  of  Necessity,"  which  may  be  assigned  to  a  period  when  the 
Carthaginian  troops  under  Hannibal  occupied  Capua,  or  were  in  the  neighbour- 
hood (see  below,  p.  139).  These  coins  consist  of  half-staters  (?)  in  electrum  and 
drachms  (?)  in  silver,  but  both  series  are  much  debased  and  of  light  weight. 

Though  these  coins  appear  to  fall  into  distinct  groups,  there  is  considerable 
difficulty  through  lack  of  numismatic  and  historic  evidence  in  ascertaining  the 
date  and  duration  of  each  one.  The  dates  given  above  to  the  first  two  Periods 
are  approximately  those  assigned  to  them  by  Mommsen  and  Dr.  Haeberhn. 
There  is  a  general  consensus  of  opinion  that  these  Eomano-Campanian  coins 
were  first  struck  soon  after  Campania  came  under  the  domination  of  Eome  in 
B.C.  338.  It  is  also  generally  accepted  that  the  aes  grave  coinage  was  not 
instituted  at  Eome  till  that  year,  after  the  close  of  the  great  Latin  war.  If 
a  short  period  be  allowed  to  elapse  for  Eome  to  establish  a  silver  currency  outside 
the  city,  the  date  B.C.  335  may  be  an  approximate  one  for  the  institution  of  the 
mint  at  Capua.  The  date  of  the  commencement  of  the  second  Period  appears  to 
have  been  satisfactorily  established  by  Dr.  Haeberlin  {Systematic,  p.  34),  who  has 
shown  that  there  exists  a  community  of  types  between  the  first  issue  of  the 
didrachm  of  the  scruple  standard  with  head  of  Eome  and  Victory  and  the  Oam- 
panian aes  grave  having  for  the  reverse  type  a  Wheel, ^  which  may  commemorate 
the  construction  of  the  great  military  road,  the  Via  Appia,  from  Eome  to  Capua. 
This  road  was  completed  by  the  censor,  Appius  Claudius,  in  b.c.  312.     Mommsen 


•  During  the  Empire  the  construction  of  the  Via  Trajana  "was  commemorated  on  "■old 
silver  and  bronze  coins  of  Trajan,  having  for  reverse  type  a  female  figure,  reclining,  lioldin"  a 
wheel  and  a  reed  (Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  86). 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN   COINAGE  119 

[Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  i.,  p.  265)  had  assigned  the  change  in  the  form  of  the  legend 
from  R.OMANO  to  KOMA,  on  the  adoption  of  the  scruple  standard,  to  B.C.  318, 
when  the  Roman  rule  at  Capua,  hitherto  nominal,  was  more  rigidly  enforced, 
and  the  city  placed  under  the  charge  of  a  special  governor  or  praefect.  In 
assigning  the  date  B.C.  290 — 240  for  Period  III.  we  have  been  influenced  by  two 
main  circumstances,  viz.,  the  types  of  the  coins,  and  subsequent  events  con- 
nected with  the  coinages  of  the  Eoman  mint.  The  only  silver  coins  of  this 
Period  are  the  quadrigati,  didrachms  and  drachms,  with  the  head  of  Janus  and 
Jupiter  in  a  quadriga.  With  these  Count  de  Sails  has  classed  the  gold  staters 
and  half-staters  of  six  and  three  scruples,  having  for  reverse  type  the  oath-scene. 
Mommsen  {^Hist.  nioti.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  230)  has  made  the  first  issue  of  the  quadrigati 
to  coincide  with  the  institution  of  a  silver  currency  at  Eome  in  B.C.  268.  Dr. 
Haeberlin  [Systematik,  p.  39)  refers  it  back  to  B.C.  286,  when  he  considers  the 
Eoman  as  lost  half  its  weight  and  was  issued  on  a  semi-libral  standard.  This  does 
not,  however,  appear  to  account  for  the  change  in  the  type  of  the  silver  money 
nor  for  the  type  of  the  gold.  Count  de  Sails,  who  bad  assigned  the  first  issue  of 
the  quadrigati  before  B.C.  268,  did  not  give  a  definite  date  for  this  change  of  type. 
We  are  therefore  in  the  main  disposed  to  accept  the  attribution  of  these  coins  to 
the  early  years  of  the  third  century,  and  as  the  types,  both  of  the  gold  and  silver, 
seem  to  mark  some  great  occasion,  it  is  not  improbable  that  they  may  refer  to 
the  closing  scene  of  the  third  Samnite  war,  when  by  her  victories  Eome  had 
established  her  rule  over  the  whole  of  Central  Italy,  and  when  she  may  have 
selected  this  opportunity  to  renew  her  treaties  with  her  allies.  As  the  introduc- 
tion of  this  gold  coinage  must  have  been  intended  to  commemorate  some  special 
event,  it  is  therefore  to  B.C.  290  that  we  would  ascribe  its  first  issue. 

How  long  the  issue  of  the  quadrigati  lasted  is  a  further  question,  and  one  even 
more  difficult  to  decide.  Both  Mommsen  and  Dr.  Haeberlin  agree  in  bringing  it 
down  to  the  period  of  the  Hannibalic  war,  and  this  view  has  been  generally 
accepted.  A  clue  to  the  solution  of  this  problem  may,  however,  be  found  in  the 
coinages  of  Eome  after  B.C.  268.  When  Eome  instituted  her  new  money 
in  that  year  all  the  autonomous  silver  coinages  in  Italy  ceased,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  those  of  a  few  cities,  amongst  which  were  Naples,  Tarentum,  and 
Ehegium.  In  their  coinages  these  cities  had  hitherto  not  been  affected  by  any 
restrictions  from  Eome.  It  is  therefore  possible  that  the  silver  issues  at  Capua 
came  also  to  an  end  at  that  date.  On  the  other  hand,  they  may  have  been  con- 
tinued for  some  time  longer,  but  not  after  Eome  had  established  local  mints  which 
were  to  issue  silver  and  bronze  coins  of  her  own  types  and  standards.  This, 
however,  does  not  appear  to  have  occurred  immediately  after  B.C.  268,  but  as  will 
be  shown,  when  dealing  with  the  "  Coinage  of  Italy,"  not  until  the  bronze  money 
was  reduced  to  the  sextantal  standard,  the  date  of  which  may  be  put  about  the 
end  of  the  first  Punic  war.  A  single  exception  occurs  in  the  case  of  Luceria, 
which  issued  bronze  money  of  Eoman  types  based  on  the  tricntal  standard.  It  will 
also  be  shown  that  besides  these  issues  of  local  mints  there  were  others  struck  by 
appointed  moneyers  in  various  districts,  which  hitherto  have  not  been  recognised 
as  of  this  nature.  As  it  does  not  seem  at  all  probable  that  Capua  would  be  per- 
mitted to  strike  silver  coins  of  a  separate  type  and  denomination  after  Eome  had 
established  local  mints  issuing  money  of  her  own  types  and  standards,  the  quad- 
rigati were  probably  suspended  from  that  time,  i.e.,  circ.  b.c.  240.      They  may 


120  EOMANO-CAMPANIAN   COINAGE 

not,  however,  have  been  withdrawn  at  once  from  cu-culation,  but  for  a  short 
period  they  may  have  been  current  side  by  side  with  the  silver  money  of  Eome. 
Then-  absence  from  all  the  finds  in  which  the  earliest  Eoman  denarii  were  met 
with  rather  points  to  the  circumstance  that  this  currency  did  not  last  long. 

The  issue  of  the  electrum  and  silver  coins,  which  are  assigned  to  the  fourth 
Period,  and  which  are  of  a  later  date  {circ.  b.c.  216 — 211),  does  not  affect  the 
question,  as  that  money  forms  a  separate  series  and  was  not  struck  under  Eoman 
influence,  the  mint  at  Capua  having  been  revived  on  a  special  occasion  and  for 
a  special  purpose  (see  below,  p.  139).  It,  however,  does  show  that  Capua  could 
not  then  have  been  issuing  the  quadrigati  bearing  the  name  of  Eoma. 

There  still  remains  one  further  point  to  be  dealt  with  which  is  of  import- 
ance, viz.,  in  what  city  or  cities  were  these  Eomano-Campanian  coins  struck  ? 
The  occurrence  of  types  which  are  met  with  on  the  coinages  of  various  cities  of 
Central  Italy  seems  to  suggest  that  they  may  not  have  emanated  from  one 
particular  mint  (see  A.  Sambon,  Riv.  Ital.,  1907,  pp.  335  f.).  The  type  of  the 
bridled  horse's  head  is  found  on  coins  of  Cosa ;  the  laureate  head  of  Apollo 
and  the  free  horse  are  reproduced  on  coins  of  Beneventum ;  the  free  horse 
is  also  a  common  type  in  South  Italy ;  the  head  of  Hercules  may  be  seen 
on  coins  of  Capua,  Asculum,  Teanum,  Luceria,  &c. ;  and  Victory  attaching  a 
wreath  to  a  palm-branch  occurs  on  bronze  pieces  of  Asculum.  It  remains, 
however,  to  be  proved  at  which  mints  these  types  originated.  The  coins  of 
Cosa  could  well  have  been  copied  from  the  Eomano-Campanian  pieces,  and  in 
the  case  of  Beneventum  we  have  a  distinct  instance  of  the  adoption  of  an  earlier 
type.  Dr.  Dressel  (Beschreih.  ant.  Milnz.,  Konig.  Mas.,  Bd.  iii.,  p.  169),  in 
remarking  on  the  similarity  of  the  bronze  coin  of  Beneventum  and  the  didrachm 
with  ROMANO,  says  "  that  the  dies  for  both  pieces  must  have  been  made  by  the 
same  engraver,  and  the  coins  must  have  been  struck  at  the  same  mint."  The 
Beneventum  coin  could  not,  however,  have  been  issued  before  B.C.  268,  when  the 
name  of  the  city  was  changed  from  Maleventum.  As  the  Eomano-Campanian 
coin  cannot  be  attributed  to  so  late  a  date,  the  Beneventum  types  must  have 
been  copies,  not  originals.  This  may  have  been  the  case  with  some  of  the  other 
types.  'M.ouimseii[Hist.mo7i.rom.,t.i.,  p.  261)  was  of  opinion  that  it  is  not  possible 
to  decide  whether  these  Eomano-Campanian  coins  were  all  struck  at  Capua,  or 
whether  some  did  not  belong  to  one  of  the  towns  which  enjoyed  a  modified  right 
of  citizenship;  but  later  (op.  cit.,  t.  iii.,  p.  224)  he  remarks  that  these  coins  with 
the  name  of  Eoma  were  undoubtedly  struck  at  Capua  and  nowhere  else.  Dr. 
Haeberlin  {Systematilc,  p.  5)  is  equally  insistent,  and  considers  that  the  Eomano- 
Campanian  silver  coins  formed  a  State  currency,  and  that,  from  the  beginning,  the 
Eoman  system  was  based  on  two  mints,  a  bronze  mint  in  the  capital  and  a  silver 
mint  at  Capua,  the  two  working  together  in  close  connection  from  B.C.  335  to 
268.  Babelon  (Introd.,  p.  xsix.)  has  made  a  further  suggestion,  and  would 
view  the  Eomano-Campanian  money  in  the  light  of  "military  coinages"  issued 
by  generals  of  the  Eoman  army  for  the  pay  of  the  troops,  and  that  it  was  the 
product  of  Eoman  mints  established  by  the  conquerors  in  the  conquered  districts. 
The  question  seems  at  present  to' be  undetermined,  but  the  uniformity  of  style  and 
fabric,  the  repetition  of  some  of  the  types,  and  the  possibility  of  arranging  the 
coins  into  consecutive  groups  and  periods  are  in  favour  of  one  mint-place  only. 


CIRC.  B.C.  335—312;    A.U.C.  419—442 


121 


No.     Weight 


115-0 


115-0 


86-6 

(worn) 

86-5 


10-1 


Metal 
and  Size 


JR    -8 


PERIOD   I.^ 

Cur.  B.C.  335—312;   a.u.c.  419—442 
SERIES   I. 

Obverse 

SILVEE 
Didrachm  ^ 


Reverse 


Al    -8 


.R    -7 
.R    -8 

(plated) 


JR, 


Head  of  Mars  1.,  bearded, 
■wearing  crested  helmet 
■with  curved  neck-piece ; 
behind,  oak-branch  ■with 
acorn. 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Head  of  Mars  r.,  bearded, 
■wearing  crested  helmet 
■with  curved  neck-piece. 


Horse's  head  r.,  ■with  bridle, 
the  reins  ornamented  "with 
buckles ;  behind,  ear  of 
corn;  on  the  truncation,  a 
label  inscribed  ROMA/VO 
[PI.  Ixxiv.  1.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Litpa^* 

Horse's  head  r.,  -with  bridle; 
behind,  ear  of  corn ;  be- 
fore, ROMA[NO] 


[Garrucci,  Mon.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  Ixsvii.,  no.  18.1 


'  For  particulars  of  the  denominations  and  weights  of  tho  coins  classed  to  this  Period  Bee 
above,  p.  11 7. 

'  The  head  of  Mars  on  the  silver  coins  and  that  of  Minerva  on  the  bronze  are  types 
common  to  many  cities  in  Southern  Italy  and  Sicily,  the  former  specially  in  connection  with 
coins  of  Syracuse ;  and  the  bridled  horse's  head,  together  with  the  heads  of  Mars  and 
Minerva,  is  found  on  coins  of  Cosa  (see  Garrucci,  Mon.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  Ixxxii,  23-25).  It  is 
probable  that  the  coins  of  Cosa  were  copies  of  the  Campanian  coins.  The  forepart  of  the 
horse  and  the  ear  of  corn  are  also  met  with  on  coins  of  Asculum  {Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  Gr.  Coins 
Italy,  p.  131,  no.  1).  The  prototype  of  tlie  horse's  head  is  to  be  found  on  the  fine  pieces 
of  the  Carthaginians  struck  at  Panormus  about  this  time  or  a  little  earlier.  As  this  type 
on  the  Romano-Campanian  coins  is  associated  with  the  head  of  Mars,  it  may  have  some 
reference  to  the  Campanian  cavalry,  which  was  noted  for  its  efficiency  and  valour.  Bahr- 
feldt  (Hiv.  Ital.,  1899,  pi.  iii.,  no.  2)  figures  a  barba.rous  copy  of  this  didrachm  in  the  Capito- 
line  Museum  with  the  head  of  Mars  to  right.  The  presence  of  these  didrachms  and  those  with 
the  bust  of  Hercules  (see  below,  p.  124)  in  a  find  at  Beneventum,  1884,  which  contained  also 
coins  of  the  second  half  of  the  4th  cent.  e.g.  of  Neapolis,  Nola,  Metapontum,  &o.,  is  strong 
evidence  of  their  early  date.  The  former  were  worn,  the  latter  fine  (Evans,  Horsemen  of 
Tarentum,  pp.  92,  212). 

'■'  Piorelli  {Annali  di  Kum.,  t.  i.,  p.  23)  was  the  first  to  describe  this  silver  coin  the 
specimen  mentioned  by  him  being  in  the  collection  of  Sig.  San  Giorgio,  Director  of  the 
Museum  at  Naples.  The  legend  was  read  by  him  as  ROMA,  but  a  second  specimen,  which  at 
VOL.    II.  B 


122 


T,~        TT-  ■  7  J        Metal 
Ao.      Weight  ,  ^^ 

^         and  bize 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAX    COINAGE 

Obverse 

BRONZE 
Double-Litra^ 


5    1236-0  I  M  1-1 


Reverse 


Head  of  Minen-a  1.,  wear- 
ing crested  helmet  orna- 
mented with  gryphon  ; 
before,  ROMANO 


Eagle  with  spread  wings 
standing  towards  1.  on 
thunderbolt ;  head  turned 
to  r.;  a  short  sword  on 
1.;  around,  KOMA  NO; 
below,  K  (Kapua). 
[PI.  Ixxiv.  2.] 


Half-Litra-' 


97-2  j  iE     -7    i  Head  of   Minerva  1.,  wear- 
i  I      ing   crested   helmet  with 

curved  neck-piece.^ 


9 
10 


83-3  I  .E  -7 

82-0  i  JE  -7 

i 

67-3  [  iE  -7 

66-6  I  M  -7 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Horse's  head  r.,  with  bridle, 
on  base  ;  behind,  ROMA 
A/0 

I  Similar. 

i  Similar ;  ROMAA/0. 
[PI.  ly.xiv.  3.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

I  Similar. 


a,  later  period  belonged  to  MM.  Eollin,  showed  the  correct  reading  to  be  ROMANO.  The 
weight  of  the  second  coin  is  0'65  gram.  (lO'l  grs.),  proving  it  to  be  a  litra  or  J  drachm  (Bahr- 
feldt,  Riv.  Ital.,  1900,  p.  33). 

1  The  eagle  standing  on  a  thunderbolt  occurs  also  on  bronze  coins  struck  at  Capua, 
bearing  the  name  of  the  city  in  Oscan  characters.  The  presence  of  the  letter  K  on  the  above 
coin  seems  to  identify  it  without  question  with  that  city.  The  object  on  the  left  of  the 
eagle  is  a  short  sword,  not  a  club  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  14,  no.  10).  Babelon,  who  had  read  the 
legend  on  the  reverse  as  ROMA  and  not  ROMANO,  thought  that  this  coin  was  struck  at  a 
town  in  Bruttium,  probably  Consentia,  during  the  second  Punic  war,  but  the  type  and  legend 
ROMANO  clearly  show  that  it  is  of  a  much  earlier  date.  Dr.  Haeberlin  {Systeviatilc,  p.  21) 
has  also  classed  this  coin  with  the  issue  of  the  earliest  of  the  Romano-Campanian  didrachms. 

^  Garrucci  {Sylloge,  p.  49;  Mon.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  Ixxvii.,  nos.  27-29)  mentions  and  figures 
coins  of  this  type  reading  SOMAOfl,  ROMMOC  and  ROMAAC,  and  he  adds,  in  the  first 
instance,  that  as  the  Campanian  engravers  never  used  the  lunate  sigma  it  is  probable  that 
these  pieces  were  struck  at  Tarentnm  or  Asoulum,  but  subsequently  (Mon.  ital.  ant.,  p.  61)  he 
decided  that  they  are  Gaulish  and  were  probably  issued  in  Northern  Italy.  There  are  similar 
varieties  in  the  Berlin  collection  (see  Beschreib.  ant.  Miinz.,  Bd.  iii.,  pp.  172-173,  nos.  103-106) ; 
and  Bahrfeldt  (Riv.  ItaJ.,  1899,  pp.  400-403)  gives  a  long  list  of  blundered  legends  (see  below, 
no  18).  Garrucci  (Mon.  ital.  ant.,  p.  60,  pi.  Ixxvii.,  no.  22)  mentions  and  figures  a  specimen 
in  the  Depoletti  collection  with  traces  of  the  letters  SVES,  showing  that  it  was  struck  over 
a  coin  of  Suessa,  but  this  piece  was  not  mentioned  in  the  catalogue  when  that  collection  was 
sold  in  1882.  This  is  no  evidence,  as  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  11)  seems  to  think,  that  these 
coins  were  minted  at  Suessa.  In  the  Vicarello  hoard  there  were  916  specimens  of  these  half- 
litrae  and  1156  litrae  with  the  reverse  type  a  lion  holding  a  spear  in  its  jaws  (see  below, 
p.  124).  As  this  number  was  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  other  coins  of  Southern  Italy  present 
in  the  hoard,  it  proves  that  they  were  freely  imported  into  Latium  and  circulated  legally  in 
Roman  territory.  They  spread  everywhere  in  such  profusion  that  they  even  served  as  proto- 
types to  the  later  Gaulish  silver  coinages  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  ram.,  t.  i.,  p.  262). 

^  Bahrfeldt  (Riv.  Ital.,  1899,  p.  394,  no.  3)  says  there  appears  to  be  a  gryphon  on  the 
helmet  ;  but  there  are  no  traces  of  it  on  any  of  the  Museum  specimens. 


Tir        II-   ■  7  J        Metal 

An.      n  ei'ilit  7  a- 

•'         and  biZ' 


CIEC.  B.C.  335—312;    A.U.C.  419—442 

Obverse 


123 


Reverse 


11 

58-0 

12 

92'2 

13 

75-6 

14 

91-0 

15 

80-0 

16 

72-8 

17 

79-0 

18 

680 

M 

•7 

M 

•7 

M 

•7 

M 

•8 

M 

■7 

M 

•75 

M 

■7 

M 

•7 

Similar  ;  head  of  Minerva  r. 


Similar  ;  below  and  before 
head  of  Minerva,  R.OMA 
NO 

Similar ;  behind  head,  star. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar ;  no  star. 


Similar;  legend  reading  in- 
wards and  backwards, 
ONAAAOI  2 


Similar;    ROMAO  for  R.O 
MAA^O 

Similar;  ROMAA/[0] 
[PI.  Ixxiv.  4.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll) 

Similar. 


Horse's  head  1.^  with  bridle  ; 
around,  RO  MA  NO 
[PI.  Ixxiv.  5.] 
(Woodhouse  Coil.) 

Similar;  RO  MA  NO 

Similar;  R.0  MA  NO 

Similar;  legend, KOMANO, 
behind  head  of  horse. 

Similar ;  legend,  KOMA 
N[0],  around  horse's 
head. 


SERIES  n. 


19 


113'0 


20    i  110-4 


Al    -75 


.R    '8 


SILVER 

Didrachm 

Head  of  Apollo  1.,  laureate;  Free  horse  galloping  r.^; 
hair  long;  before,  KO  above,  star  of  sixteen  ravs. 
MANO 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


'  The  horse's  head  to  right  or  left  is  also  met  with  on  coins  of  Cosa  (Garruoci  Mon.  ital. 
ant.,  pi.  Ixxxii.,  nos.  23 — 25). 

•  This  is  one  of  the  pieces  with  blundered  legends.     It  may  be  Gaulish. 

There  is  in  the  National  Collection  a  barbarous  imitation  in  silver  of  these  half-litrae.  It 
weighs  660  grs.,  and  was  probably  intended  to  pass  in  currency  for  a  drachm  (see  PI.  Ixxiv.  6). 
It  has  on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Minerva  r. ,  wearing  a  helmet  of  which  only  the  visor  and 
curved  neck-piece  are  shown,  the  back  of  the  head  not  being  covered ;  below  the  chin  are  the 
Oscan  letters  171  fjl ;  on  the  reverse  is  the  horse's  head  r.,  the  bridle  ornamented  with  large 
buckles ;  before,  a  star ;  another  below ;  around,  >IOM  A  VIII.  This  piece  was  probably  issued 
in  Samnium  or  in  some  city  where  the  Oscan  language  was  in  use.  Other  specimens  of  this 
coin  are  in  the  Biida-Pesth  and  Windisch-Gratz,  Vienna,  collections. 

•'  The  free  horse  was  a  common  coin-type  in  Southern  Italy  and  Sicily,  and,  accompanied 
with  a  star,  it  is  found  on  coins  of  Arpi  and  Salapia,  in  Apulia.  The  obverse  and  reverse 
types  of  these  didrachms  are  reproduced  on  a  bronze  coin  of  Beueventum  (Garrucci  Mon 
ital.  ant.,  pi.  xc,  no.  16),  which  could  not  have  been  struck  before  B.C.  268,  when  the'  name 
of  that  city  was  changed  from  Maleventum.  The  coin  of  Beneventum  is  therefore  a  copy  of  the 
Komano  Campauian  piece  (sec  above,  p,  120,  for  Dr.  Drossel's  remark.';  ou  tliese  coins). 


124 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 


Tu-        717  ■  J. »       Metal 
No.     Weight  ,  „. 

'         and  Size 


21 


22 


23 


105-5 


105-6 


188-0 


24 
25 
26 

27 


1390 
123-3 
123-0 
132-0 


M    -85 


M    -8 


M    -9 


^  -95 

M  -8 

^  -9 

^  -85 


Ohrerse 

Similar;  KOMANO 
Similar;  ROMANO 


Reverse 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  7.] 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  star  of  eight  rays. 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


BEONZB 
Litr-a 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  diademed; 
hair  long. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Lion  walking  r.,  head  facing; 
it  holds  in  its  jaws  a 
broken  spear,  on  whicli  it 
rests  its  left  paw ; '  in  the 
exergue,  ROMANO 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar;   RoMANo 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  ROMANO 
[PI.  Ixxiv.  8. J 


Similar;  head  of  Apollo  1.     ;  Similar;  ROMANO 


28    1 112-7 


M    -8 


SERIES   III. 


SILYEE 


Bust  of  young  Hercules  r., 
diademed ;  wearing  lion's 
skin  tied  in  front ;  club 
on  his  shoulder.^ 


Didrachm 

Wolf  r.,  its  head  turned 
back,  suckling  the  twins, 
Eomulus  and  Eemus ;  in 
the  exergue,  ROMANO 


'  The  lion  holding  a  spear  in  its  jaws  and  grasping  it  with  its  paw  occurs  on  bronze  coins 
of  Capua,  Mateola,  and  Venusia  of  a  later  date.  There  is,  however,  a  libral  as  of  Praeneste 
showing  on  the  obverse  the  facing  head  of  a  lion  holding  a  short  sword  in  its  jaws  (Garrucci, 
jMoii.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  Ixix.,  no.  1).  On  coins  of  Perdiccas  III.  of  Macedonia  (B.C.  366 — 359)  and 
of  Cardia  in  Thrace  a  lion  is  breaking  a  spear  with  its  mouth.  There  seems  to  have  been  a 
considerable  adoption  of  the  coin-types  of  Northern  Greece  in  Italy  at  this  time,  showing  that 
intimate  commercial  relations  already  existed  between  the  two  countries. 

As  these  bronze  coins  were  probably  struck  during  the  progress  of  the  second  Samnite 
War,  it  is  not  impossible  that  this  coin-type  may  relate  to  events  which  occurred  at  the  time. 
The  issue  must  have  been  a  very  large  one,  as  there  were  1156  specimens  in  the  Vicarello 
hoard  (Henzen,  liheinisches  Museum  jiif  PMlolorjie,  1854,  p.  26). 

'  The  bust  of  the  young  Hercules  with  the  lion's  skin  or  the  club,  or  with  both,  is  found 
on  numerous  coins  of  Capua,  Asculum,  Teanum,  Luceria,  and  other  cities.  The  reverse  type 
is  the  earliest  representation  of  the  wolf  and  twins  on  coins.  If  these  coins  were  struck  during 
the  Samnite  war  the  type,  though  general,  would  point  to  the  dominant  position  of  Eomc. 
Bahrfeldt  {Riv.  Ital.,  1899,  pp.  409,  410)  gives  other  forms  of  the  letter  A,  as  A,  A.  These 
coins  vary  in  weight  from  113-2  grs.  to  9<i-5  grs. 

There  do  not  appear  to  bo  any  bronze  coins,  litrae,  A-c,,  which  can  be  classed  with  this 
issue  of  silver.     The  half-litra  (see  p.  125)  was  evidently  not  struck  at  Capua. 


CIEC.  B.C.  335—312  ;    A.U.C.  419—442 


125 


Ko.     Wei'jht 


29 

110-4 

30 

109-0 

31 

108-0 

32 

110-5 

33 

108-5 

Metal 
and  Size 

M    -8 
M    -8 

M    -8 

M    -8 
M    -8 


Obverse 


Reverse 


75-0 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  9.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar;    ROMANO 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar;  ROMANO 

Similar;   ROMANO 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


M     -7 


BEONZB 
Half-Litrai 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate  ; 
hair  long. 


Forepart  of  man-headed 
bull,  swimming  r. ;  on  the 
shoulder  a  large  star ; 
above,  PUMAIIIN 


[Gan-ucci,  Mon.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  Ixxxii.,  no.  14. J 


'  The  obverse  and  reverse  types  of  this  coin  occur  on  bronze  litrae  and  ha!f-litrae  of 
Naples,  which  were  struck  about  the  end  of  the  4th  cent.  B.C.  They  would  therefore  bo 
contemporaneous  with  this  piece.  Bahrfeldt  {Riv.  Ital.,  1899,  pp.  418,  419)  mentions  six 
specimens  in  various  collections,  and  refers  to  a  seventh  described  by  Sambon  {Recherches, 
p.  133,  no.  7).     This  is  the  only  coin  of  this  series  with  the  legend  in  Greek. 

Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  225)  has  attributed  this  coin  to  Capua,  and  to  a 
period  soon  after  the  subjection  of  the  city  (b.c.  338),  when  it  had  not  yet  received  its 
modified  form  of  citizenship,  and  was  not  compelled  officially  to  use  the  Latin  language. 
M.  Ch.  Lenormant  and  the  Baron  de  Witte  {Rev.  num.,  1844,  p.  251 ;  Etudes  sur  les  vases 
peints,  p.  103)  have  suggested  another  solution,  and  have  assigned  it  to  Naples,  its  issue 
being  placed  in  B.C.  327,  when  the  city  was  betrayed  into  the  bands  of  the  Roman  consul, 
Q.  Publilius  Philo,  by  the  chief  citizens,  Charilaiis  and  Nymphius.  Shortly  afterwards  Rome 
concluded  an  alliance  with  the  inhabitants,  foedus  I^eapolUaiiiwi,  and  it  is  at  this  epoch  that 
this  coin  may  have  been  struck.  The  name  of  Charilaiis,  XAPIAEQIE,  occurs  on  autonomous 
coins  of  Naples,  and  it  may  be  due  to  him  that  the  coin  with  POMAION  was  issued.  The 
Greek  legend  is  the  equivalent  of  ROMANORVM. 

In  connection  with  this  coin  another  in  bronze  may  be  mentioned,  which  is  described  and 
figured  by  Garrucci  {Sylloge,  p.  50,  no.  24;  Mon,  ital.  ant.,  pi.  Ixxxii.  16),  and  which  has  on 
the  obverse  the  head  of  Apoilo  laureate,  and  on  the  reverse  a  human-headed  bull  r.,  crowned 
by  Victory;  below,  HAMO  (i.e.  ROMANO).  It  came  from  the  Vicarello  hoard,  is  badly 
preserved,  and  weighs  78  grs.  (5  gram.).  Bahrfeldt  {lHv.  Ital,  1899,  p.  417)  doubts  the 
accuracy  of  Garrucci's  reading  of  the  legend,  and  suggests  that  it  is  a  blundered  coin  of  Nola 
or  Cales,  or  even  more  probably  of  Naples.  Garrucci  {op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixxxii.,  no.  15)  figures  a 
similar  piece  with  the  legend  TAMOAH  on  the  obverse  and  the  letter  T  on  the  reverse.  This 
piece  may  have  been  struck  at  Teanum  Sidicinuni  in  Campania. 


126 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 


PERIOD   11.^ 

Cifc.  B.C.  312—290 ;   a.u.c.  442— 46i 


Nn. 


,,..,,       Metal 
\\  ei'tkt  J  cy. 


34    i  100-0 


35 


36 


102-3 


102-2 


37    1101-9 


38      100-5 


M    -8 


M    -75 


M    -8 


M    -8 


.11    -75 


SERIES   1. 

Obverse  Reverse 

SILYEE 

Didrachm  ^ 

With  symbol  on  obverse  and  Greek  letter  on  reverse 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  -wearing 
Phrygian  helmet  -with 
crest  of  gryphon's  head ; 
curved  neck-piece ;  be- 
hind, symbol,  cornuco- 
piae. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Victory  naked  to  the  hips, 
standing  r.,  and  hol'ding 
in  1.  hand  palm-branch, 
to  which  -with  r.  she  at- 
taches -wreath  -with  fillet ; 
behind,  ROMANO;  on 
r.,  letter  A 

Similar;  ROMA/VO;  letter 


Similar ;  letter  T 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  10.] 


Similar  ;    symbol,  bottle  (?)  ,  Similar ;  letter  y 
with  strap  {ampulla).  ' 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  same  letter  (?) 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.; 


'  For  particulars  of  the  date  to  which  the  coins  of  this  Period  are  assigned,  and  of  their 
•weights,  see  above,  p.  117. 

^  The  didrachms  of  this  issue,  as  already  mentioned,  are  of  the  weight  of  six  scruples. 
By  this  reduction  from  the  heavier  pieces  of  Period  I.,  and  by  the  adoption  of  the  scruple 
standard,  the  silver  coins  are  now  brought  into  line  with  the  aes  grave,  one  scruple  of  silver 
being  equal  in  value  to  the  bronze  as  of  the  libral  standard,  so  that  they  could  pass  into 
circulation  as  multiples  of  the  as.  This  harmonisation  must  have  been  of  the  highest 
importance  for  commercial  intercourse  and  trade  between  the  various  Italian  States  and  also 
with  Rome. 

The  head  on  the  obverse  is  probably  that  of  Roma  characterised  as  the  foundress  of  the  city, 
the  form  of  the  helmet  being  an  allusion  to  her  Trojan  origin.  This  would  be  the  earliest  repre- 
sentation in  art  of  the  head  of  the  city  (Haeberlin,  CoroUa  Num.,  p,  146).  This  same  head  occurs 
on  the  tressis,  dupondius,  and  as  of  the  libral  standard,  having  for  reverse  type  a  wlieel,  which  were 
issuediu  Campania,  and  with  which  series  Dr.  Haeberlin  would  connect  these  didrachms  (Garrucci, 
Moil.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  xxxix.,  nos.  1 — 3).  The  wheel  may  refer  to  the  construction  of  the  Via  Appia 
(see  above,  p.  118).  The  types  of  the  didrachm,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  seem  to  relate  to 
events  connected  with  the  Samnite  war  just  before  and  about  B.C.  312.  In  b  c.  314  the  Samnite 
army  before  Capua  was  completely  defeated  and  compelled  to  retreat  from  Campania;  in  B.C.  313 
Nola  was  evacuated  and  a  favourable  convention  was  granted  by  the  conquerors ;  Fregellae, 
one  of  the  chief  strongholds  in  Latium,  was  captured,  and  fortresses  Were  escablished  through- 
out the  newly  conquered  country,  so  that  Apulia  and  Campania  passed  entirely  into  the  hands 
of  the  Romans.  Added  to  these  events  the  great  military  road  from  Rome  to  Capua  was 
completed  (Mommsen,  Hist.  Rom..,  vol.  i.,  pp.  379-380).  In  these  events  we  have  ample 
material  for  explaining  the  types  of  these  didrachms.  It  will  be  noticed  that  whilst  the 
legend  ROMANO  is  changed  to  ROMA  on  all  the  other  silver  coins  of  this  Period,  and  also 
without  exception  on  the  bronze,  the  older  form  is  retained  on  the  silver  pieces  of  this  series. 
The  date  to  be  assigned  to  these  didrachms  is  ascertainable  from  their  weight,  which  shows 
that  they  were  struck  on  the  scruple  standard  of  17'.5.5  grs,,  the  didrachm  representing  six 


No.      Weight 

39 

40 
41 
42 

43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


48 


28-5 


27-7 


25-5 


22-5 


CIEC.  B.C.  312—290  ;    A.U.C.  442—464 

Metal 


127 


101-2 

95-0 

99-6 

102-0 

101-9 

and  Size 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 


Ohvers 


Rererne 


With  symbol  on  obverse  and  double  Greek  letter  on  reverse 
Similar ;  symbol,  club. 


Sim.ilar. 


Similar;    symbol,   sword  in 
sheath,  with  strap. 


Al    -8      Similar ;    symbol,  bunch  of 
grapes. 


Ai    -75 


Similar ;  symbol,  crescent. 


Similar;   ROMANO;  on  r., 
letters  O  O 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  same  letters. 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letters  M  M 


Similar ;  letters  i.  i 

[PI.   Ixxiv.   11.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 
Similar ;  letters  P  P 


M 

•5 

JE 

-45 

M 

•45 

M 

•45 

M 

•45 

BEONZE 
Quarter-Litra^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
Phrygian  helmet  with 
crest  of  gryphon's  head ; 
curved  neck-piece  (similar 
to  no.  34). 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Dog  walking  r.,  his  1.  fore- 
leg raised  ;  in  the  exergue, 
B.OMA. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.   IS.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;    KOMA 


scruples.  Their  mazimiim  weight  is  103  grs. ,  and  their  average  weight  about  9S  grs.  (Bahrfeldt, 
Riv.  Ital.,  1899,  pp.  405-409).  They  therefore  form  a  connecting  link  between  the  coins  of 
Periods  I.  and  II.  The  Greek  letters,  as  privy  marks  of  the  mint  or  of  the  moneyers,  are 
of  two  series,  a  single  letter  or  a  double  letter,  each  one  extending  throughout  the  alphabet. 
Some  letters  are  accompanied  by  a  change  of  symbol  on  the  obverse,  whilst  in  other  cases  the 
same  symbol  occurs  with  varying  letters  (Bahrfeldt,  Riv.  Ital.,  1899,  pp.  405 — 409).  It  would 
seem  that  the  dies  for  these  coins  were  made  by  Greek  artists,  who  used  their  own  language  in 
marking  the  issues  of  the  dies,  but  the  official  language,  Roman,  for  the  inscription.  Mommsen 
(Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  180)  draws  special  attention  to  these  coins  as  showing  that  the 
colonies  preserved  their  own  language  for  domestic  use,  but  for  official  purposes  with  Rome 
they  employed  Latin. 

'  Though  the  legend  on  these  quarter! itrae  reads  ROMA  for  ROMANO,  they  seem  to 
belong  to  the  same  issue  as  the  above  didrachms  with  ROMANO.  The  head  of  Roma  is  of 
precisely  the  same  form,  and  the  dog  on  the  reverse,  in  the  same  attitude  with  one  fore-leg 
raised,  occurs  as  the  obverse  type  of  the  quadrans  of  the  aes  grave  of  the  "  Wheel  Series." 
Like  the  didrachms  these  quarter-litrae  would  therefore  form  a  connecting  link  between  the 
coins  of  the  two  Periods.  On  all  subsequent  issues  ROMA  and  not  ROMANO  is  used. 
Varieties  read  ROMA  and  ROMA. 


128 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 


•\T         TT'  ■  T  X       Metal 
Iso.       H  eiglit  ,  ,-, . 

'        ana  ibize 


49 


102-0 


M    -75 


50    I    97-0     .R    -75 


61 


52 


990 


97-0 


53       54-5 


54 
55 
56 


M    -8 


M    -8 


iE    -65 


53-0 
39-5 
37-0 


2E  -6 
^  -6 
M    -6 


SERIES   11/ 

Obverse 


Reverse 


SILVEE 
Didrachm 


Head  of  Mars  r.,  with  slight 
beard,  wearing  crested 
helmet ;  behind,  club. 


Similar. 


Free  horse  galloping  r. ; 
above,  club ;  below,  RO 
MA 

[PI.  Ixxiv.   13.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


BEONZE 

Litra^ 

Head  of  young  Hercules  r.,  '  Pegasus  galloping  r. ;  above, 
wearing   lion's   skin  tied 
in  front ;  below,  club. 


Similar. 


club  ;  below,  KOMA 
[PI.  Ixxiv.   14.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Half-Litpa 


Head  of  Mars  r.,  with  slight 
beard,  wearing  crested 
helmet ;  behind,  club 
(similar  to  no.  49). 


Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Eree    horse    galloping    r. ; , 

above,  club ;    below,  KO 

MA  (similar  to  no.  49). 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  15.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


^  In  the  didrachm  and  bronze  coins  of  this  series  we  have  a  practical  combination  of  the 
types  of  two  previous  issues  wifh  the  legend  ROMANO,  but  in  the  earlier  instance  Mars 
is  bearded.  This  martial  type  may  have  reference  to  the  Samnite  War,  which  may  not  have 
come  to  an  end  when  the  coins  were  minted.  The  pegasus  is  found  on  autonomous  bronze  coins 
of  Prentani,  Croton  and  Locri,  bat  a  more  special  instance  is  that  of  the  quadrilateral  piece 
of  the  aes  aignat-am,  having  the  eagle  holding  a  thunderbolt  on  the  obverse  and  the  pegasus  with 
ROMANOM  on  the  reverse  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  3).  Dr.  Haeberlin  (Systematik,  p.  34-)  associates 
with  this  series  of  silver  coins  the  Campanian  aes  grave,  on  which  the  symljol,  a  club,  occurs 
on  both  faces  of  the  coins  from  as  to  uncia.  The  as. of  that  issue  shows  the  head  of  Roma  on 
the  obverse  and  on  the  reverse,  and  the  semis  the  head  of  Minerva. 

^  The  attribution  of  these  litrae  to  this  series  is  somewhat  doubtful.  Practically  the  only 
connection  is  the  symbol  on  the  reversH,  a  club.  The  type  was  closely  copied  on  a  semuncia 
of  a  later  date  attributed  to  Luceria  (see  below,  p.  148^. 


CIEC.  B.C.  312—290;    A.U.C.  442—464 


129 


No.     Weirjht 


103-5 

103-0 

102-0 

101-0 

49-3 

46-0 

44-5 

49-5 

49-0 

45-5 
41-0 

Metal 
and  Size 


M  -75 

Ai  -8 

M  -8 

M  -85 

M  -6 

M.  -6 

M  -6 


SERIES   UU 


M  -6 

M  -65 

M  -6 

M  -6 


Head  of  Mars  r.,  -with  slight 
beard,  -wearing  crested 
helmet  ornamented  with 
gryphon. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

SILVEE 
Didrachm 

Horse's  head  r.,  with  bridle 


and  single  rein  ;  behind, 
sickle  ifilx)  ;  below, 
ROMA  2 

Similar;  ROMA 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  16.] 

Similar;  R.OMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Similar;  helmet  of  Mars  not 
ornamented  with  gryphon. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Dnachm 

Similar. 


Similar;    R.OMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  ROMA 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  17.] 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


BEONZE 
Half-Litpa 

Similar;  bridle  with  double 
rein  ornamented  with 
buckle ;  below  head,  RO 
MA 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.   18.] 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


'  These  didraclims  are  similar  in  type  to  those  bearing  the  legend  ROMANO,  which,  on 
account  of  their  weight,  are  assigned  to  a  somewhat  earlier  date  (see  above,  p.  121).  The  two 
series  are  also  connected  by  the  symbols;  on  the  earlier  coins  it  is  an  ear  of  corn;  on  these 
it  is  a  sickle.  The  helmet  ornamented  with  a  gryphon  is  found  on  contemporary  coins  of 
Heraclea,  Bruttinm,  and  Syracuse. 

-  There  is  in  the  Haeberlin  collection  a  didrachm  of  this  type  with  the  symbol  a  sickle 
which  has  the  legend  ROMANO  for  ROMA  (.Bahrfeldt,  Riv.  Hal.,  1900,  p.  32).  This  may 
have,  been  a  blunder  on  the  part  of  the  engraver  of  the  die,  or,  as  the  coin  is  plated,  it  may  be 
an  ancient  forgery. 

Dr.  Haeberlin  {Systematil-,  p.  34)  has  associated  with  the  silver  coins  of  this  series  the 
VOL.    a.  S 


130 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 


»'•„      jT  ■  T  i       Metal 
'         and  Size 


68 


69 


70 

71 
72 

73 

74 


99-7 


970 

(oxidised) 


49-5 


61-0 

50-4 

49-4 

460 


^    -75 


^    -8 


yU    -65 


M  -65 

^  -65 

^  -6 

M  -65 


45-0     ^     -65    Similar 


SERIES   IV.^ 

Obrecse  Reverse 

SILVER 

Didpachm 

Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate,  1  Free     horse     galloping    1. ; 
hair  long.  |      above,  R.OMA 

i  [PI.  Ixxiv.  19.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 
I        (Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Dpachm^ 

I  Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  28,  no.  38.] 

BEONZE 
Half-Litpa 


Similar ;  horse  with  bridle  ; 

legend,  KoMA,  below. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  20.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Campanian  aes  grave,  which  have  also  the  sickle  for  a  special  symbol.  The  as  of  that  issue 
has  for  the  obverse  type  the  head  of  Janus,  and  for  the  reverse  the  head  of  Mercury  (Garrucci, 
Mon.  ital.  ant.,  PI.  xxxvi.,  no.  1). 

'  The  types  of  these  coins,  silver  and  bronze,  are  only  a  repetition  of  those  of  the 
didrachms  bearing  the  legend  ROMANO,  but  with  slight  variations  (see  above,  p.  123).  On 
the  obverse  the  head  of  Apollo  is  turned  to  the  right  instead  of  to  the  left,  and  a  similar  change 
is  made  in  the  position  of  the  horse  on  the  reverse.  The  legend  also  is  transferred  from  the 
obverse  to  the  reverse,  and  is  changed  from  ROMANO  to  ROMA.  Dr.  Haeberlin  (Systematik, 
p.  34)  has  assigned  with  this  issue  the  series  of  aes  grave  of  Campania  of  which  the  as  shows 
the  head  of  Apollo  on  the  obverse  and  reverse,  in  each  instance  accompanied  by  a  vine-leaf. 

^  Fabretti  (Eaccolta,  p.  Y,  no.  149)  mentions  a  variety  of  the  drachm  (42-2  grs.)  with  the 
legend  ROMA 


CIEC.  B.C.  290—240;    A.U.C.  464—514 


131 


PERIOD   111.1 

Circ.  B.C.  290—240;    a.u.c.  464—514. 


No. 


75 


...  .  1  ,        ]\Ictal 

^         and  bize 


Ob  verse 


Reverse 


76 


77 


106-1 


105-3 


52-7 


N-    -75 


N    -7 


^     -7 


GOLD 


Stater 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate, 
with  slight  whiskers. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


A  youth  kneeling  towards  1. 
on  1.  knee  between  two 
warriors,  who  touch  with 
their  swords  a  pig,  which 
the  youth  holds  in  his 
hands  ;  the  warrior  on  the 
r.,  to  whom  the  youth 
turns  his  head,  is  in 
Eoman  dress,  and  holds 
a  spear  in  1.  hand ;  the 
warrior  on  the  1.  is  bearded 
and  naked  to  the  waist ; 
he  leans  with  1.  hand  on 
spea.r ;  in  the  exergue, 
KOMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  21.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Half-Statep 

I  Similar;  legend,  R.OMA 
I  [PI.  Ixxiv.  22.] 


1  The  coins  assigned  to  this  Period  are  of  gold,  silver,  and  bronze  (see  above,  p.  118). 
The  last  are  of  the  semi-libral  and  triental  standards,  and  are  struck,  not  cast.  The  issue  of 
the  small  struck  pieces,  litrae  and  half-litrae,  appears  to  have  ceased.  The  gold  coins,  staters 
and  half-staters,  or  pieces  of  six  and  three  scruples,  though  not  issued  at  Rome,  were  the 
earliest  struck  under  direct  Roman  influence. 

In  classifying  these  gold  coins  with  the  quadrigati.  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  to  them  a 
date  which  has  not  hitherto  been  suggested.  Mommseu  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  i.,  p.  263)  and 
Dr.  Haeberlin  (Systematik,  p.  26)  have  given  these  gold  coins  to  a  period  which  would  coincide 
with  that  of  the  reduction  of  the  silver  Romano- Campanian  didrachms  from  the  "reduced 
Phocaean "  standard  to  the  scruple  standard.  This  classification  was  based  by  Dr.  Haeberlin 
chiefly  on  the  evidence  of  the  four  scruple  piece  in  gold  of  the  same  type  as  the  other  gold 
coins,  but  which  has  on  the  obverse  the  marks  of  value  XXX,  denoting  that  it  represented 
thirty  libral  asses.  Of  this  denomination  only  four  specimens  are  known,  viz.  in  the 
British  Museum,  in  the  Vatican  and  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Rome,  and  in  the  collection 
of  the  late  Consul  B.  F.  Weber,  of  Hamburg.  The  specimen  in  the  Vatican  was  long 
since  condemned  by  Borghesi  and  D'Ailly;  that  in  the  British  Museum  was  pronounced 
false  by  Count  de  Salis,  and  this  opinion  has  been  often  confirmed  ;  and  that  in  the  Weber 
collection,  from  the  Ponton  d'Amecourt  sale,  is  a  duplicate  of  the  Museum  coin.  These 
pieces  must  therefore  be  placed  outside  the  question.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  24)  has  suggested 
the  date  B.C.  211,  and  in  support  of  this  attribution  he  mentions  that  the  type  of  these  coins 
was  created  without  doubt  on  the  occasion  when  the  Romans  obtained  definite  possession  of 
Campania,  and  a  reconciliation  took  place  on  the  expulsion  of  the  Carthaginians.  But  history 
supplies  a  different  account,  for  when  Capua,  after  the  departure  of  Hannibal,  was  compelled 
to  surrender  unconditionally  to  Rome,  she  was  treated  with  signal  severity  for  her  treachery. 
Her  nobles  and  senators  were  either  put  to  death  or  imprisoned,  her  local  magistracies  were 
abolished,  her  citizens  were  expelled,  and  her  whole  territory  was  confiscated  to  the  Roman 
State.     It  does  not  seem  at  all  probable  therefore  that  these  coins,  the  reverse  type  of  which 


132 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN    COINAGE 


No,     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


Ohver 


Reverse 


78    :  101-1 


79 


101-0 


SILVER 
didrachm 

With  legend  ROMA  incuse ' 


M    -9 


M    -95 


Head  of  Janus,  laureate, 
with  slight  whiskers  in- 
dicated by  two  locks  of 
hair. 


Similar. 


Jupiter  hurling  thunderbolt 
with  r.  hand  and  holding 
sceptre  in  1.,  in  quadriga 
r.,  driven  by  Victory; 
horses  galloping;  below, 
on  tablet,  R.OMA  (incuse). 

Similar. 


records  a  treaty  or  alliance,  can  have  been  issued  at  this  juncture.  On  similar  grounds  we  are 
unable  to  accept  their  attribution  to  B.C.  209  by  Dr.  Willers,  Tvho  looks  upon  them  as  "military 
coins"  partly  struck  from  gold  given  by  the  State  to  the  praetor  L.  Yeturius,  who  had  been 
instrumental  in  obtaining  the  assistance  of  some  of  the  colonies  against  the  Carthaginians 
(Corolla  Num.,  pp.  319  f.).  Dr.  Willers'  chief  reason  for  connecting  the  coins  with  this  occasion 
is  based  on  the  circumstance  that  many  years  later  a  descendant,  Ti.  Veturius,  struck  denarii 
with  the  same  reverse  type  (see  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  535,  no.  1).  Prom  similarity  of  fabric  and 
style,  and  also  of  the  obverse  type,  it  seems  impossible  to  separate  these  gold  coins  from  the 
first  issues  of  the  quadrigati.  The  treatment  of  the  head  of  Janus  in  both  instances  is 
precisely  the  same,  and  there  is  also  a  close  connection  in  style  and  fabric.  There  is  also 
a  certain  relationship  in  their  reverse  types.  If  the  first  issue  of  the  quadrigati  is  to  be 
assigned  to  the  early  years  of  the  3rd  cent.  B.C.,  the  same  date  must  be  given  to  these  gold 
pieces,  and,  as  has  already  been  suggested  (see  above,  p.  119),  we  may  see  in  the  reverse  types 
of  both  series  a  reference  to  the  closing  scenes  of  the  third  Samnite  War  in  B.C.  290.  Jupiter 
in  a  quadriga  hurling  his  thunderbolt  seems  a  fitting  illustration  of  the  late  victories  of  Rome 
and  her  allies,  and  the  oath-scene  may  be  a  record  of  the  renewal  of  her  treaties  with  the 
Italian  States,  and  it  might  even  have  some  reference  to  the  late  peace  with  the  Samnites.  In 
this  scene,  which  represents  the  ancient  form  of  oath-taking  amongst  the  Latins  and  the 
Sabines  (see  above,  pp.  55,  56) ,  the  youth  holding  the  pig  turns  his  head  towards  the  warrior 
in  Roman  dress,  as  if  appealing  to  him  for  the  protection  of  his  allies,  who  are  indicated  by 
the  bearded,  half-naked  figure  standing  on  the  other  side.  As  Rome  had  now  established  her 
dominion  over  the  whole  of  Central  Italy,  the  type  of  these  coins  would  illustrate  the  position 
which  she  held  in  relation  to  the  Italian  States,  who  in  future  would  look  to  her  for  protection. 

Prom  the  present  rarity  of  these  gold  coins  it  would  seem  that  this  issue  did  not  extend 
over  any  considerable  period.  It  is  therefore  possible  that  they  were  struck  to  commemorate  a 
particular  event.  Bahrfeldt,  who  has  carried  his  researches  into  all  the  public  and  most  of 
the  private  collections  of  Roman  coins  in  Europe,  mentions  only  21  specimens  which  have 
come  under  his  notice  (Riv.  Ital.,  1900,  pp.  16-18).  We  have  already  referred  to  the  duration 
of  the  issue  of  the  quadrigati  (see  above,  p.  119),  and  it  is  therefore  only  necessary  to  mention 
that  probably  it  did  not  continue  after  Rome  had  established  local  mints  for  the  issue  of  silver 
and  bronze  coins  based  on  her  own  standard.  The  date  to  be  assigned  to  the  institution  of 
these  local  issues  is  circ.  B.C.  240,  contemporary  with  the  introduction  of  bronze  coins  of  the 
sextantal  standard. 

As  reference  has  been  made  to  Dr.  Haeberlin's  classification  in  connection  with  previous 
Periods,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  during  this  one  he  assigns  to  the  Capuan  mint  the  Heavy  Apollo 
series  of  the  aes  grave,  which  he  identifies  as  cast  on  the  basis  of  the  Italian  mina  of  341  gram. 
(5263  grs.),  and  at  the  same  time  he  attributes  to  the  mint  at  Rome  the  Heavy  Janus-Mercury 
series  cast  on  the  standard  of  the  Attic  pound  of  327  gram.  (5047  grs.).  According  to  his 
classification  Rome  was  issuing  her  own  bronze  coinage  based  on  the  semi-libral  standard  of 
the  light  Oscan  period,  and  at  the  same  time  a  series  of  libral  coins  based  on  a  different  and 
heavier  standard.  We  must  refer  our  readers  to  Dr.  Haeberlin's  work  for  an  explanation  of 
this  somewhat  complicated  system  of  classification  {Systematik,  pp.  39  f.). 

1  The  legends  on  these  coins  present  two  main  varieties,  in  incuse  or  in  relief.  A  few 
pieces  show  a  mixed  lettering,  partly  incuse  and  partly  in  relief.  It  is  probable  that  the 
didraohms  with  the  incuse  legend  are  of  the  earlier  series.  They  are  as  a  rule  of  better  style, 
and  are  not  so  debased  as  those  which  have  the  legend  in  relief.  It  is,  however,  possible  that 
for  a  time  the  two  series  were  issued  concurrently.  The  head  of  Janus  with  a  slight  beard  or 
whiskers  occurs  on  coins  of  Capua  and  Rhegium.  On  the  didrachms  it  varies  a  good  deal  in 
form  :  on  the  earlier  pieces  it  is  in  somewhat  high  relief ;  on  the  later  ones  the  relief  is  much 
lower,  the  head  often  less  spread  and  more  conventional  in  style  j  and  the  beard  is  represented 
by  one  lock  of  hair  instead  of  two. 


No.      Weight 

102-7 
102-5 
102-4 


102-3 

102-1 
102-0 

101-0 
98-5 

91-0 

101-8 

100-6 

98-0 

97-0 

107-5 

107-4 

104-5 

102-5 

99-5 

98-6 
95-8 


Metal 
and  Size 


CIRC.  B.C.  290—240;    A.D.C.  464—514 

Obverse 


133 


Reverse 


M 

■95 

M 

•95 

M 

-95 

JR 

-9 

M 

■95 

JR 

1-0 

JR 

-95 

M 

•95 

JR 

-95 

JR 

•85 

JR 

•9 

JR 

■8 

M 

•8 

JR 

■9 

JR 

•8 

JR 

■9 

JR 

■85 

JR 

■9 

JR 

•85 

JR 

■8 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;   head 
low  relief. 

of 

Janus  in 

Similar;  ROM  A 
(Nott) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[Ph  Ixxv.  1.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar;  R.OMA 
(Sambon) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  head  in  low  relief, 
and  the  whiskers  in  dicated 
by  one  lock  of  hair. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar;  R.OMA 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxv.  2.] 

Similar. 

(Sambon) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Sambon) 

Similar. 

(Sambon) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxiv.  23.] 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


(Sambon) 


134 


Ti-  •  ,  .       Metal 
^^''^^*    and  Size 


103-6 


103-0 

101-0 
99-5 

99-0 
97-0 

94-7 

79-5 

1030 


57-5 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN   COINAGE 

Ohverse  Reverse 

With  legend  R.OMA  partly  incuse  ^ 


M.    -85 


M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -85 


M.    -lb 


Similar;  the  -whiskers  are 
indicated  by  two  locks  of 
hair;  pellet  belo-w  neck, 
■which  is  indented. 


Similar;  in  the  legend  RO 
MA  the  letters  R.  O  and 
A  are  in  relief. 

[PI.  Ixxv.  3.] 


Similar  ;  head  in  low  relief, 
the  line  of  neck  not  in- 
dented, and  no  pellet. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


With  legend  R.OMA  in  relief- 

Similar;  R.OMA  (in  relief). 
[PI.  Ixxv.  4.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar;    the   line   of   neck 
indented. 

Similar;    the   line   of  neck 
not  indented. 

Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


(Sambon) 


(Sambon) 
Similar;  RoMA 


Similar. 


With  symbol  on  reverse 

I  Similar ;    R.OMA ;    symbol, 
ear  of  corn  below  horses. 
I  [PI.  Ixxv.  5.] 

Drachm 
With  legend  ROMA  in  relief^ 


Head  of  Janus,  laureate, 
similar  to  no.  78 ;  the  whis- 
kers are  indicated  by  two 
small  locks  of  hair. 


Jupiter  hurling  thunderbolt 
with  r.  hand  and  holding 
sceptre  in  1.,  in  quadriga 
r.,*  &c.,  similar  to  no.  78; 
below,  on  tablet,  RoMA 
(in  relief). 

[PI.  Ixxv.  6.] 


'  These  irregularities  appear  to  be  only  blunders  on  the  part  of  the  die-engravers. 

-  These  coins  show  more  debasement  than  those  which  have  the  legend  incuse.  It  is 
possible  that  the  more  debased  pieces  were  struck  during  the  first  Punic  war,  when  there 
must  have  been  a  great  strain  on  the  Capuan  as  well  as  on  the  Roman  mint,  which  was  then 
also  striking  silver  coins.     The  head  of  Janus  is  in  low  relief. 

'  The  legend  on  the  drachms  is  always  in  relief.  The  reverse  type  varies  from  that  of  the 
didrachms  in  showing  the  quadriga  to  the  left  as  well  as  to  the  right. 

*  Of  this  variety  only  two  specimens  appear  to  be  known — the  one  above  described,  the 
other  in  the  D'Ailly  collection,  Paris  (Bahrt'eldt,  Kit',  Ital.,  1900,  p.  12).  Garrucoi  (Mnn.  ital. 
ant.,  p.  65,  pi.  Ixxviii.  no.  24)  describes  and  figures  a  silver  litra  (14-7  grs.)  in  the  Santangelo 
collection,  Naples,  with  head  of  Janus  on  the  obverse,  and  galloping  horse  to  right  and  ROMA 
on  the  reverse.     The  head  of  Janus  seems  to  identify  it  with  this  issue. 


APTBE  B.C.  269  ;    A.U.C.  485 


135 


No.     Weight 


110 

111 

112 


113 


114 


115 


51-5 

51-4 
50-6 


876-0 


812-0 


704-0 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -75 


M    -7 


Ai    -7 


Diverse 


M  1-15 


m  1-5 


M  1-45 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar;     the    quadriga    is 
turned  to  1.;  andthelegend 
KoMA  is  in  the  exergue. 
(Nott) 

Similar;  ROMA 

[PI.  Ixxv.  7.J 

Similar;  RoMA 

(Payne  Knight  Coil.) 


BEONZB 

Semi-Libral  Seeies  (?)  ^ 
After   b.c.   269;    a.u.c.   485 


Triens 


Female  head  r.  (Juno), 
■wearing  diadem  in  form 
of  visor  and  ornamented 
at  the  side  -with  crest 
of  helmet ;  hair  in  three 
locks  falling  down  the 
neck ;  earring  of  single 
drop ;  sceptre  over  1. 
shoulder?;  behind,  marks 
of  value,    ; 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Hercules  standing  r.,  hold- 
ing club  in  r.  hand,  with 
which  he  is  about  to  strike 
a  centaur,  whom  he  grasps 

by  the  hair  of  his  head ; 

• 
on  r.,  marks  of  value,  I ; 

below,  KoMA 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxv.  8.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  There  are  several  problems  in  connection  with  this  coinage  which  are  difficult  to  solve, 
viz.,  the  weight,  the  types,  the  district  or  place  in  which  it  was  struck,  and  the  datf  of  its  issue. 

In  their  weight  the  coins  correspond  to  the  as  of  6^  to  5  ounces,  and  throughout  in  this 
respect  most  of  the  denominations  show  considerable  uniformity.  The  triens  ranges  from 
876-704  grs.,  the  quadrans  from  674-584  grs.,  the  sextans  from  450-344  grs.,  the  uncia  from 
229-167  grs.,  and  the  semuncia  from  136-67  gra.  If  compared  with  the  struck  coins  of  the 
triental  series  issued  at  Rome  it  is  evident  that  iu  regard  to  their  weight  these  coins  are  quite 
exceptional,  as  the  heavier  pieces  approach  a  seTiii-lihral  standard.  In  the  cwse  of  the  early 
bronze  coins  of  the  triental  urban  series  a  few  of  the  smaller  denominations,  somewhat  exceed 
the  normal  weight,  but  they  are  quite  exceptional,  and  it  is  possible  that  in  this  instance  it 
may  be  due  to  the  circumstance  that  when  the  practice  of  striking  bronze  coins  was  introduced 
strict  uniformity  of  weight  was  not  always  adhered  to.  We  shall,  however,  make  a  suggestion 
later  which  may  account  for  the  unusual  weight  of  these  Bomano-Campanian  bronze  coins. 
They  are  the  heaviest  struck  pieces  of  these  denominations  known  in  the  whole  Komau  series. 

In  choosing  the  types  for  these  coins  no  great  originality  appears  to  have  been  exercised, 
as  most  of  them  are  copies  or  adaptations  of  those  found  on  the  coins  of  Campania  and  the 
neighbouring  districts.  The  centaur  with  the  head  of  Hercules  for  obverse  type  is  met  with 
on  coins  of  Larinum  ;  the  rushing  bull  on  the  Wheel  series  of  the  Campanian  aes  grave  and 
also  at  Arpi ;  the  head  of  Hercules  vi^ith  the  boar's  skin  on  those  of  Vetulonia  ;  the  wolf  and 
twins  on  previous  Romano-Carapanian  coins ;  the  eagle  on  the  Cup  series  of  the  aes  grave  of 
Cales ;  the  head  of  Sol  and  the  crescent  on  those  of  Venusia ;  and  the  horseman  with  and 
■without  a  spear  on  those  of  Cosa,  Capua,  and  Naples.  The  types  were  therefore  mainly  not 
original,  and  like  others  of  the  Romano-Campanian  series  were  borrowed  from  the  coins  of 
various  States,  which  at  the  time  may  have  been  current  in  Central  Italy. 

There  exists  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  district  or  place  in  which  these  bronze  pieces 
were  struck,  and  various  attempts  have  been  made  to  localize  them.     Mommscn  (Hist.  mon. 


136 


ROMANO-CAMPANIAN   COINAGE 


No. 


116 


Weight       ^/*»f 
"        and  Size 


627-0 


M  1-4 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  boar's  skin,  tied 
under  chin ;  behind,  marks 
of  value,  ; 


Bull    galloping    r. ;    below, 
serpent;  above,  marks  of 
value,  •  •  • ;  in  the  exergue, 
KoMA 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


rom.,  t.  i.,p.  191)  has  attributed  them  to  Apulia,  where  he  says  they  may  have  been  issued 
under  Roman  authority  at  a  mint  the  precise  locality  of  which  cannot  be  established.  Count 
de  Salis  had  classed  them  with  the  Eomano-Campanian  coinages,  and  this  attribution  has 
recently  been  upheld  by  Dr.  Haeberlin  (Systemutik,  p.  40).  As  Romano-Campanian  coins 
their  mint-place  would  probably  have  been  at  Capua.  It  is,  however,  possible,  from  the  variety 
of  types,  that  this  coinage  may  have  formed  a  joint-issue  of  several  cities,  the  striking  of 
which  was  entrusted  to  Capua.  Style  and  fabric  certainly  pronounce  them  tu  be  Campanian 
rather  than  Apulian. 

In  considering  the  date  of  issue  of  this  coinage  there  is  one  circumstance  which  must  not 
be  lost  sight  of;  it  is  that  as  all  the  denominations  of  the  aes  grave  are  cast,  these  struck 
pieces  cannot  come  under  the  same  category  or  belong  to  the  same  period.  According  to 
Mommsen's  classification  there  existed  no  struck  bronze  money  in  the  Roman  series  until 
Rome  had  introduced  the  triental  standard  about  or  soon  after  B.C.  268.  On  account  of  their 
unusual  weight  Mommsen  had,  however,  referred  to  them  when  dealing  with  the  Latin  aes 
grave,  and  in  connection  with  certain  cast  pieces  which  appear  to  have  been  issued  under 
Roman  influence.  He  does  not,  however,  attempt  to  assign  a  date  to  these  struck  pieces,  and 
he  only  remarks  that  they  evidently  belong  to  the  Roman  system  j  but  they  differ  in  weight, 
type,  and  legend,  these  differences  being  attributable  to  local  influence.  Both  Count  de  Salis 
and  Dr.  Haeberlin  have  connected  these  struck  pieces  with  the  quadrigati  coinage,  and  the 
latter,  who  has  suggested  that  after  B.C.  286  the  urban  coinage  was  reduced  to  a  semi-libral 
standard,  has  assigned  them  to  a  period  which  extends  from  B.C.  286 — 268.  If  Mommsen's 
classification  is  accepted,  these  coins,  being  struck,  could  not  have  been  issued  before  B.C.  268. 
In  this  date  it  may  be  possible  to  find  a  clue  not  only  to  the  weight  of  the  coinage,  but  also  a 
solution  of  the  meaning  of  some  of  the  types. 

In  B.C.  268,  when  Rome  instituted  her  silver  currency,  she  reduced  her  bronze  to  a  triental 
standard.  The  sestertius  of  one  scruple  of  silver  was  thus  made  equivalent  to  2J  asses  of  the 
reduced  standard,  or  to  one  as  of  the  libral  standard.  The  denarius  which  contained  four 
scruples  of  silver  represented  ten  triental  asses.  The  Romano-Campanian  silver  money  was 
also  based  on  the  scruple  standard,  the  didrachm  being  of  six  scruples,  which  at  its  full  current 
value  was  worth  1^  denarii.  When  the  Campanians  found  that  Rome  had  established  a 
relationship  between  her  silver  and  bronze  money,  they  may  have  been  desirous  of  following 
her  example ;  but  instead  of  adopting  a  triental  standard,  they  used  a  semi-libral  one,  which 
would  establish  the  same  relative  value  between  their  new  bronze  money  and  that  of  Rome  as 
already  existed  in  the  case  of  the  silver.  In  currency  the  Campanian  as  would  be  equal  to 
H  Roman  asses.  The  two  series  would  therefore  circulate  side  by  side.  This  seems  to  be  the 
only  way  to  account  for  these  Romano-Campanian  coins  being  struck  on  a  heavier  standard 
than  that  in  use  at  the  same  time  at  the  Roman  mint.  Another  assimilation  between  the  two 
coinages  is  that  in  both  series  the  highest  struck  denomination  is  the  triens. 

This  new  Campanian  coinage  does  not  appear  to  have  been  of  long  duration,  as  shown  by 
the  quadrantes  next  described.  These  pieces,  though  preserving  the  same  types,  are  at  first  of 
the  triental  standard,  but  they  soon  decline  to  even  a  lower  weight. 

In  assigning  this  coinage  to  B.C.  268  it  may  be  possible  to  discover  some  historical  allusion 
in  several  of  the  types.  Those  of  Hercules  and  the  centaur  and  the  rushing  bull  may  relate 
to  the  recent  defeat  of  Pyrrhus,  and  in  the  horseman  may  be  seen  an  allusion  to  the  services 
rendered  by  the  cavalry  of  the  Roman  army  in  that  campaign.  As  the  Campanian  cavalry 
was  celebrated  for  its  eflioiency  and  valour,  the  turreted  head  on  the  obverse  may  be  intended  to 
represent  the  city  of  Capua.  The  female  head  on  the  triens  is  probably  that  of  Juno  or  Hera, 
the  sceptre  (?)  denoting  her  rank  as  the  queen  of  heaven,  and  the  crest  attached  to  her  diadem 
identifying  her  as  the  mother  of  Mars  or  Ares.  The  eagle  ou  the  sextans  may  be  an  allusion 
to  the  auguries,  which  foretold  the  ultimate  success  of  Rome  and  her  allies,  and  its  association 
with  the  wolf  and  twins  seems  to  recall  the  passage  in  Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  {Rom.  ant., 
i.  88),  who  relates  that  before  Romulus  began  the  foundation  of  the  city  of  Rome  he 
instituted  sacrifices  to  the  gods  and  made  use  of  the  augury  of  eagles.  The  radiate  head  and 
the  crescent  moon  on  the  uncia  appear  to  come  under  a  different  category,  and  can  only  be 
connected  with  the  worship  of  Sol  and  Diana,  a  cult  which  was  specially  honoured  by  the 
Latins  and  the  Sabines,  the  latter  having  introduced  it  into  Rome,  when  they  established  them- 
selves on  the  Aventine. 


AT         ■,,.   .  ,  ,        Metal 
^         and  bizi 


AFTEE  B.C.  269;   A.U.C.  485 

Obverse 


137 


Reverse 


117 
118 
119 

120 


623-0 
5710 
584-0 

450-0 


121 

122 
123 
124 

125 

126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 
132 
133 


JE  1-35 
M  1-45 
M  1-35 

M  1-2 


405-0 

403-0 
399-0 
344-0 

229-0 

223-0 

218-0 

204-0 

201-0 

198-0 

184-0 
183-0 
174-0 

VOL.    II. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixxv.  9.] 

Similar. 

(Parkes  Weber  Coll.) 

Similar ;  legend,  RoMA 


Sextans 


JE  1-2 

m  1-15 
M  1-15 
M  1-2 

M    -95 

2E  1-0 

M  1-0 

2E    -95 

M    -95 

M    -95 

M  1-0 
M  1-0 
M    -95 


Wolf  r.,  its  head  turned 
back,  suckling  the  twins, 
Eomulus  and  Eemus  ;  in 
the  exergue,  marks  of 
value,  •• 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Eagle  standing  r.,  holding 
flower  in  its  beak ;  be- 
hind, marks  of  value,  I ; 
before,  RoMA 

[PI.  Ixxv.   10.] 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Uncia 


Bust  of  Sol  facing,  radiate 
and  draped ;  on  1.,  mark 
of  value,  • 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Crescent ;  above,  two  stars 
and  mark  of  value,  •  ;  be- 
low, ROMA 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxv.    11.] 

Similar. 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

T 


138 


No.     11  e^ght  ,  o- 

"         ana  bi:e 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN  COINAGE 

Obverse 


134 
135 


167-0  I  M    -95 
215-0  I  JE  1-0 


136    123-0 


137 
138 


139 


140 
141 

142 
143 

144 


77-0 
67-0 


242-0 


206-0 
181-0 

160-0 

107-8 

90-0 


M    -8 


M    -8 
2E    -8 


M  1-2 


lievcrse 
Similar.  Similar  ;  legend,  RoMA 

Similar.  Similar     [orcrsinick    for    a 

Roman      triens      of     the 
tricnial  standard). 
(Strozzi  Coll.) 


Semuncia 

Female  bust  r,,  turreted  and  ;  Horseman,  naked,  galloping 
draped.  r.,  and  holding  whip  in  r. 

hand  ;  below,  RoMA 
[PI.  Ixxv.   12.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar.  Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar.  Similar. 


Teiental  Series 

With  symbol  Ear  of  Com 

Quadrans^ 


M  1-1 
M  1-05 

M  1-0 

M    -8 
M    -8 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  boar's  skin  tied 
under  chin;  behind, marks 
of  value,  ; 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Bull  galloping  r. ;  below, 
serpent ;  above,  marks  of 
value,  •••  and  symbol,  ear 
of  corn ;  in  the  exergue, 
KoMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxv.  13.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Eev.  G.  J.  Chester) 


1  The  heaviest  of  these  Eomano-Campanian  coins  were  struck  on  the  triental  standard- 
They,  however,  soon  fell  in  weight  to  a  semunoial  one.  This  was  purely  accidental,  as  the 
coinage  came  to  an  end  some  years  previous  to  the  introduction  of  the  uncial  standard  into 
the  Roman  monetary  system.  The  only  denomination  known  is  the  quadrans.  The  symbol, 
an  ear  of  corn,  is  frequently  found  on  Canipanian  coins. 


CIEC.  B.C.  216—211;    A.U.O.  538—543 


139 


ho.      Weight    ^^^g.^^ 


145 


146 


147 


46-0 


45-5 


43-0 


PERIOD   IV. 

Circ.  B.C.  216—211;   a.u.c.  538-543. 

Ohverse 

ELEOTEUM  i 
Half-Stater  (P) 


Reverse 


El.    -6 


El.    -55 


El.    -6 


Janiform  female  head  with 
wreath  of  corn. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Jupiter  hurling  thunderbolt 
with  r.  hand  and  holding 
sceptre  in  1.,  in  quadriga 
r.,  driven  by  Victory; 
horses  galloping. 
(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxv.   14.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


*  It  is  generally  admitted  that  these  electruiu  coins  are  Campanian,  and  that  they  were 
struck  at  Capua,  but  Prof.  Percy  G-ardner  (Num.  Chron.,  1884,  pp.  220-224)  was  the  first  to 
recognize  theni  as  having  been  issued  during  the  occupation  of  Capua  by  the  Carthaginians  in 
the  Hannibalio  war  (B.C.  216 — 211).  Prof.  Gardner  based  this  attribution  on  two  important 
facts — the  metal  and  weight  of  the  coins,  and  their  types.  The  metal  is  electrum,  a  mixture 
of  gold  and  silver,  which  was  a  material  used  in  the  later  Carthaginian  issues.  In  Italy  its 
use  was  exceptional,  and  it  was  never  employed  at  the  Roman  mint.  The  earlier  gold  coins 
of  Carthage  followed  the  Phoenician  standard,  but  from  the  beginning  of  the  second  Punic 
war  they  became  rapidly  debased  both  in  quality  of  metal  and  in  fabric.  These  electrum  coins 
of  Capua  are  identical  in  metal  and  weight  with  those  of  Carthage  which  were  issued  at  that 
time.  Mommsen  (Rist.  man.  rom.,  t.  i.,  p.  264)  has  suggested  that  they  contain  2J  scruples  of 
electrum  or  2  of  pure  gold,  deducting  20  per  cent,  as  alloy.  But  there  seems  no  valid  reason 
for  this  suggestion.  The  types  which  were  adopted  from  the  quadrigati  so  extensively  minted 
at  Capua  show  considerable  Carthaginian  influence.  In  the  first  place  the  name  of  Roma 
is  omitted.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  not  that  of  Janus,  but  a  janiform  female  head, 
Persephone,  the  accustomed  deity  of  Carthaginian  money.  The  faces  are  decidedly  female  in 
character,  and  each  head  is  bound  with  a  corn-wreath,  and  not,  as  on  the  Romano-Campanian 
coins,  with  one  of  laurel.  This  representation  of  a  janiform  head  may  have  been  a  concession 
to  local  custom  of  mintage,  as  the  Capuan  mint  was  so  accustomed  to  janiform  representatious. 
The  reverse  type,  though  similar  in  design  to  the  quadrigati,  is  meagre  in  execution  and  of 
very  inferior  fabric.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  these  coins,  if  struck  at  Capua,  could  nob 
have  been  issued  under  Roman  influence,  and  their  attribution  to  a  period  when  the  city  was 
subordinate  to  the  Carthaginians  under  Hannibal  seems  most  probable,  if  not  certain.  Though 
the  Carthaginian  troops  only  occupied  Capua  during  B.C.  216,  215,  it  is  possible  that  these 
coins  continued  to  be  struck  till  the  capture  of  the  city  by  the  Romans  in  B.C.  211. 

With  this  series  of  electrum  may  also  be  classed  some  of  the  drachms  of  the  quad.ri- 
gains  type,  which  are  also  of  debased  metal,  and  on  which  the  name  of  Roma  is  omitted. 
In  this  instance  the  laureate  head  of  Janus  is  retained  for  the  obverse  type,  and  on  the  reverse 
there  is  a  representation  of  the  quadriga  as  on  the  electrum  coins.  The  treatment  and 
the  style  of  the  reverse  types  are  so  similar  on  the  electrum  and  silver  coins  that  they  must 
belong  to  the  same  issue.  The  denomination  of  the  silver  coins  is  somewhat  uncertain,  as  the 
head  of  Janus  resembles  that  on  the  didrachms  rather  than  that  on  the  drachms.  Their  weight, 
however,  corresponds  to  that  of  the  drachm. 


140 


EOMANO-CAMPANIAN   COINAGE 


Metal 

and  Size 

148  '    42-8  I  El.    -6      Similar. 


149  j    41-0  I  El.    -55  ;  SimUar. 


Obverse 


150     520 


M    -75 


Reverse 


Similar. 


(Sambon) 

Similar.  i 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


SILVEE 


Drachm  (?) 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate, 
with  slight  whiskers. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxv.  15.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


141 


COINAGE    OF    ITALY 


The  coins  of  the  Eoman  Eepublio  which  have  been  classed  by  Count  de 
Sahs  under  the  heading  "  Italy "  belong  to  the  series  distinguished  by 
Mommsen  as  "Military  Coinages"  {Hist.  tiwn.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  65  f.).  This 
money  was  struck  for  military  purposes,  more  immediately  for  the  use  of  the 
Eoman  soldiery.  It  consists  of  two  distinct  and  separate  series,  one  issued  in 
Italy,  the  other  outside  Italy  in  the  various  provinces  over  which  the  rule  and 
jurisdiction  of  Eome  extended.  The  two  series  are  quite  distinct  from  each 
other  economically,  and  are  of  different  epochs.  One  series,  that  of  Italy,  was 
under  the  immediate  control  of  the  Senate  ;  in  the  other,  the  Senate  delegated 
its  authority  to  the  commanders  of  her  legions,  whether  consuls,  praetors, 
proconsuls  or  propraetors,  who  themselves  either  exercised  the  power  thus 
invested  in  them,  or  in  turn  delegated  it  to  their  subordinate  officers,  quaestors, 
proquaestors,  legates  or  others. 

The  coins  issued  outside  Italy  have  been  assigned  to  Spain,  Gaul,  the  East, 
Sicily,  Africa,  and  Cyrenaica,  under  which  districts  they  will  be  described  in  a 
later  portion  of  this  volume.  These  provincial  issues  do  not  begin  till  the  early 
years  of  the  first  century  B.C.  The  coins  now  under  consideration  date  back  to 
the  third  century  B.C.,  and  they  come  to  an  end  before  those  of  the  provinces 
make  their  appearance.  For  purposes  of  distinction  we  shall  designate  the  issues 
struck  in  Italy  as  "  local  coinages  or  issues,"  i.e.  money  minted  extra  muros ; 
those  struck  outside  Italy  as  "  provincial  coinages  or  issues." 

In  arranging  in  chronological  order  the  coinage  of  Eome  from  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  new  silver  and  bronze  money  in  B.C.  268,  it  becomes  apparent  that  we 
have  soon  to  deal  with  a  considerable  group  of  coins,  which,  though  corresponding 
in  denominations,  types,  metals,  and  standards  of  weight  to  those  struck  in  the 
Capitol,  yet  show  very  marked  differences  in  fabric  and  style.  These  coins,  or 
at  least  a  large  number  of  them,  have  attracted  the  notice  of  numismatists,  who 
have  been  content  to  designate  them  as  "  struck  outside  Eome,"  "  of  local 
fabric,"  or  "  of  rude  work,"  but  no  one  but  Count  de  Salis  has  so  far  attempted 
to  group  them  as  a  class  separate  from  the  general  series ;  except  in  cases  when 
the  initials  of  mints  have  been  detected.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  series  under  families  or  under  symbols  in  alphabetical  order,  when 
other  adjuncts  are  wanting,  renders  such  a  separation  impossible.  D'Ailly, 
who  always  examined  closely  the  fabric  and  style  of  his  coins,  frequently  makes 
use  of  the  expressions  "  frapp^e  hors  de  Eome,"  "  frapp^e  dans  la  Campanie," 
"  fabrique  grossifere,"  but  his  classification  under  symbols  or  under  the  initials 
of  mints  and  moneyers  in  alphabetical  order  precluded  the  separation  of  these 
pieces  into  a  definite  class. 

It  has  been  noticed  (see  above,  p.   119)  that  when   Eome   instituted   her 


142  COINAGE    OP   ITALY 

reformed  monetary  system  in  B.C.  268,  the  independent  coinages  of  Southern 
Italy  came  to  an  end,  with  the  exception  of  those  of  a  few  cities,  amongst 
which  were  Naples,  Tarentum,  and  Ehegium,  but  even  these  survived  only 
for  a  short  time.  The  same  happened  in  Sicily  a  few  years  later.  The 
suppression  of  the  silver  money  did  not,  however,  entail  the  extinction  of 
the  mints,  for  many  continued  to  issue  an  independent  bronze  money  for  a 
considerable  period,  a  few  surviving  till  the  time  of  the  Social  war,  when  all 
local  coinages  in  Italy  were  abolished.  This  last  circumstance  was  probably 
due,  as  we  shall  see,  to  the  passing  of  the  Lex  Julia  and  the  Lex  Plautia 
Papiria. 

The  suppression  of  the  silver  currencies  in  Italy  must  necessarily  have 
thrown  the  chief  burden  of  production  on  the  Eoman  mint ;  a  burden  which 
augmented  rapidly  as  Rome  extended  her  rule  over  the  neighbouring  States.^ 
For  a  while  the  mint  in  the  Capitol  stood  the  strain  on  its  resources,  but  it 
soon  became  imperative  to  discover  some  means  of  relief,  and  for  that  purpose 
mints  were  established  at  various  local  centres,  situated,  however,  within  a 
somewhat  limited  area.  The  districts  in  which  these  city-mints  are  met 
with  are  Apulia,  Samnium,  Bruttium,  and  Campania,  and  amongst  the  cities 
which  have  been  identified  are  Luceria,  Teanum,  Canusium(?),  Beneventum(?), 
Herdonea,  Vibo,  Croton,  Capua,  &c.  There  was  one  exception  to  the  limitation 
of  these  coins  to  Italy.  It  was  in  the  case  of  Corcyra,  where  the  quinarius 
and  the  victoriatus  were  struck  for  commercial  purposes,  the  latter  piece  being 
equivalent  to  the  lUyrian  drachm.  It  is  difficult  to  give  a  precise  date  for  the 
first  establishment  of  these  local  mints ;  but  from  the  evidence  of  the  coins 
themselves,  the  bronze  money  being  of  the  sextantal  standard,  it  is  probable 
that  it  did  not  occur  till  about  the  end  of  the  first  Punic  war,  circ.  B.C.  240.^ 
We  have  an  exception  in  the  case  of  Luceria,  which  mint  must  have  started 
a  few  years  before,  as  it  issued  bronze  coins  of  the  triental  standard ;  but 
apparently  no  quite  early  silver  money.  It  was  probably  due  to  the  expenses 
entailed  by  the  first  Punic  war  that  Eome  was  compelled  to  extend  the  issue  of 
her  coinage  in  this  manner.  Moreover  it  was  an  easy  method  of  providing  on 
the  spot  her  legions  with  the  necessary  supply  of  money  for  their  pay.  The 
local  issues  of  these  mints  were  therefore  of  the  nature  of  camp-coinages,  and 
come  under  Mommsen's  designation  of  "  Military  Coinages."  This  way  of 
relieving  the  strain  on  her  own  resources  was  not  an  innovation,  but  the 
continuance  of  a  policy  which  Rome  adopted  when  she  caused  gold,  silver,  and 
bronze  money  to  be  struck  in  her  name  in  Campania. 

Side  by  side  with  these  mint-issues  there  is  a  much  larger  and  more 
extended  series  of  coins,  which  are  precisely  similar  to  those  of  the  Eoman 
mint,  but  from  which  they  materially  differ  in  fabric,  being  usually  of  coarse 
and  rude  style,  and  in  the  letters  of  the  legends  which  are  often  badly  formed. 
They  are  of  silver  and  bronze,  a  few,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Eoman  mint,  being 

'  The  Romano-Canipanian  silver  and  bronze  issues  were  probably  continued  for  a  few 
years  after  B.C.  268  (see  above,  pp.  119,  131). 

-  This  is  the  date  given  in  vol.  i. ,  p.  29.  It  is,  however,  not  impossible  that  the  issue  of 
the  gold  coins  and  of  the  bronze  of  the  sextantal  standard  may  have  oooui-retl  before  the  close 
of  the  Punic  war. 


COINAGE   OP   ITALY  143 

of  gold,  viz.  sixty  and  twenty  sestertii  pieces ;  but  these  gold  coins  are  always 
accompanied  by  symbols,  which  was  not  the  case  in  the  main  series.  In  their 
denominations  and  types  these  local  coins  correspond  to  those  oi'  Eome ;  some 
have  no  special  marks,  others  have  symbols  or  initials  and  monograms,  evidently 
not  of  mints,  and  therefore  they  can  only  be  of  moneyers.  Later  pieces  bear 
moneyers'  names  in  more  or  less  extended  form. 

We  have  no  direct  evidence  as  to  the  circumstances  in  which  these  coins 
were  first  struck,  or  under  whose  authority  the  moneyers  exercised  their  duties  ; 
but  on  glancing  at  the  series  generally  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  largest  output 
of  coins  occun-ed  on  three  notable  occasions — at  the  time  of  or  just  after  the 
first  Punic  war ;  again  during  the  second  Punic  war,  B.C.  218 — 202,  when  there 
was  also  an  increase  in  the  number  of  the  local  mints ;  and  just  before  and 
during  the  Social  war,  B.C.  91 — 89.  The  numerous  issues  at  these  particular 
epochs  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  an  increased  demand  for  money  for  the 
payment  of  the  army.  It  is  evident  therefore  that  these  special  issues  of 
moneyers  are  also  of  the  nature  of  military  coinages. 

The  moneyers  who  were  entrusted  with  the  striking  of  these  coins,  as  in 
the  case  of  those  employed  at  Eome,  no  doubt  received  their  appointment  from 
the  Senate,  and  were  duly  assigned  to  certain  districts  which  were  used  as 
military  centres.  They  were  probably  placed  under  the  immediate  control  of 
the  quaestors  who  had  charge  of  the  military  chests,  and  who  were  responsible 
for  the  expenditure  connected  with  the  sections  of  the  army  to  which  they  were 
assigned.  Occasionally  the  quaestors  acted  as  moneyers ;  but  this  must  have 
been  the  exception,  as  we  meet  with  only  three  instances — M.  Sergius  Silus  and 
L.  Manlius  Torquatus,  B.C.  99 — 94,  and  Q.  Lutatius  Gerco,  B.C.  90.  Had  the 
quaestors  acted  frequently  in  that  position  we  certainly  should  have  met  with 
more  indications.  These  local  moneyers  appear  to  have  been  chosen  from  the 
same  class  as  those  employed  at  Eome,  for  the  types  of  their  coins  show  that 
most  of  them  were  members  of  the  most  celebrated  Eoman  families.  In  some 
cases  they  may  have  been  the  moneyers  who  held  office  at  the  mint  in  the 
Capitol ;  but  of  that  we  have  no  absolute  proof.  They  were  evidently  appointed 
on  the  same  principle  as  those  serving  at  Eome,  as  there  are  several  instances 
of  a  triumvirate,  especially  during  B.C.  124 — 103,  when  three  appear  to  occur  in 
succession.  It  is  remarkable  that  these  instances  are  of  an  earlier  date  than 
any  met  with  at  Eome. 

The  local  city-mints,  the  issues  of  which  were  chiefly  confined  in  silver  to 
the  quinarius,  the  sestertius,  and  the  victoriatus,  and  in  bronze  to  coins  of  the 
sextantal  and  heavy  uncial  standards,  do  not  appear  to  have  remained  in 
operation  much  after  the  second  Punic  war,  and  several  were  closed  before 
that  time.  This  is  shown  by  the  circumstance  that  whilst  there  is  a  con- 
siderable coinage  of  silver  and  bronze  of  the  reduced  standards  which  were 
introduced  in  B.C.  217,  there  are  no  coins  which  can  be  attributed  to  our  third 
period,  i.e.  b.c.  196 — 173.  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  57)  was  also  of 
this  opinion,  for  he  says,  "  ce  monnayage,  extra  muros,  ne  dura  pas  fort 
longtemps  et  fut  supprim^  pendant  la  guerre  d'Annibal  ou  peu  aprfes."  This, 
however,  was  not  the  case  with  the  coinages  bearing  moneyers'  names,  for 
these  went   on   intermittently  into   the  first  century  B.C.     During  the  second 


Hi  COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

century  the  series  was,  however,  very  limited  as  compared  with  that  of  the  mint 
at  Eome,  and  as  many  groups  and  issues  show  great  similarity  of  fabric  and 
types,  it  is  probable  that  they  emanated  from  only  a  few  localities. 

Throughout  the  whole  course  of  its  existence  the  local  money  was  assimi- 
lated to  that  of  Eome.  When  the  issues  of  the  victoriatus  and  the  as  were 
suspended  at  the  Capitol,  they  are  not  met  with  locally ;  changes  of  types  and 
in  the  forms  of  the  moneyers'  names  occurred  almost  simultaneously ;  as  also 
the  variation  in  the  mark  of  value  of  the  denarius  from  X  to  -X- ;  and  lastly, 
when  the  as  was  revived  at  Eome  in  B.C.  91,  it  was  also  resumed  by  the  local 
moneyers.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  the  Senate  and  the  central  administrative 
power  never  relaxed  their  authority,  and  that  the  local  moneyers  were  subject 
to  the  same  control  as  those  of  the  central  mint.  This  assimilation  enabled 
Count  de  Salis  to  divide  up  both  series  into  periods  of  corresponding  duration. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Social  war  the  activity  of  the  local  issues  was  revived, 
and  for  some  time  from  B.C.  91 — 89  there  was  a  greater  output  of  coins  than 
had  occurred  at  any  previous  time,  money  being  needed  not  only  for  the  Eoman 
army,  but  also  for  the  use  of  those  of  the  Italian  States  which  had  remained  loyal 
to  Eome.  The  same  activity  prevailed  also,  as  we  have  seen,  at  the  central 
mint  at  Eome.  This  sudden  revival  was,  however,  of  short  duration,  for  when 
the  Social  war  came  practically  to  an  end  in  B.C.  89,  all  the  local  issues 
suddenly  ceased ;  and  at  the  same  time  all  the  local  mints  in  Italy  and  Sicily 
which  had  been  issuing  independent  bronze  coinages  experienced  the  same  fate. 
The  whole  coinage  of  Italy  now  centred  in  the  Capitol.  The  immediate  cause 
of  this  sudden  and  uniform  suppression  was  no  doubt  due,  as  already  suggested, 
to  the  passing  of  the  Lex  Julia  in  B.C.  90,  and  the  Lex  Plautia  Papiria  in  the 
following  year.  Under  the  provisions  of  these  laws  most  of  the  Italian  States 
were  granted  the  rights  and  privileges  which  till  that  time  had  only  been 
enjoyed  by  the  citizens  in  Eome,  and  by  a  limited  number  outside  the  capital. 
Having  at  last  overcome  the  dissensions  which  existed  amongst  her  people  and 
the  various  States;  and  having  accomplished  the  unification  of  Italy,  Eome  at 
once  occupied  herself  in  consolidating  her  dominions  and  in  centralising  her 
powers,  and  in  order  to  carry  out  this  policy  it  would  appear  that  one  of  her 
first  acts  was  to  abohsh  all  independent  coinages  throughout  Italy,  and  so  to  put 
an  end  to  separate  and  independent  individual  action.  From  this  time  the  only 
money  struck  for  circulation  in  Italy  was  that  which  emanated  from  the  capital ; 
or  may  have  been  brought  at  a  later  date  into  Italy  from  the  provinces. 

Th  s  classification  of  this  section  of  the  coins  of  the  Eoman  Eepubhc  and  its 
separation  from  the  main  series  are  remarkable  instances  of  Count  de  Salis's 
almost  unrivalled  numismatic  acumen.  It  also  illustrates  the  importance  of 
judging  by  fabric  and  style  when  other  data  are  wanting ;  for  it  is  chiefly  on  this 
principle  that  this  classification  has  been  carried  out.  Historically  its  results 
are  not  of  less  importance,  as  it  reveals  to  us  a  policy  which  Eome  at  an  early 
stage  of  her  existence  adopted,  and  which  took  centuries  before  she  realized  the 
full  results.  She  knew  that  the  right  of  coinage  was  a  symbol  of  sovereignty, 
and  she  extended  it  into  those  districts  where  her  armies  penetrated.  Later 
on  we  shall  see  that  she  pursued  precisely  the  same  policy  in  regard  to  the 
provinces  under  her  domination  as  she  had  adopted  at  home. 


145 


No.     ]Velght        ^^ff. 
■'  ana  Size 


AES   GRAVE 

LIBEAL     SEEIES 
Circ.  B.C.  290;    A.u.c.  464 

Obverse 


Reverse 


4507-0 


4071-0 


M  2-8 


M  3-0 


With  mint  letter 

(LUCEEIA  ?) 
As' 


Head  of  Minerva  or  Bel- 
lona  facing,  wearing  hel- 
met -with  three  crests, 
the  ends  of  the  outer 
ones  showing  on  each 
side  of  the  head,  earrings 
and  necklace ;  hair  long 
and  falling  down  each 
side  of  the  neck. 


Bull  walking  r.,  head  facing, 
the  tail  curled  back;  above, 
U  ;  below,  KOMA 
[PI.  Ixxvi.] 


With  symbol 
CADUCEUS 


Similar. 


Similar;    above  bull,  cadu- 
ceus  instead  of  letter. 
[PI.  Ixxvii.] 
(Sambon) 


•  These  are  the  only  asses  of  the  libral  series  issued  locally  which  come  within  the  scope 
of  this  work.  Though  'bearing  types  foreign  to  the  coins  of  the  Roman  mint,  they  are 
inscribed  with  the  name  of  ROMA,  showing  that  their  issue  was  due  to  Roman  influence. 

The  attribution  and  date  of  these  two  coins  are  somewhat  uncertain.  The  locality  to 
which  they  are  to  be  classed  has  at  various  times  been  discussed,  but  as  yet  no  very 
satisfactory  solution  has  been  found.  The  main  question  centres  on  the  interpretation  of  the 
letter  V  on  the  reverse  of  the  first  piece,  whether  it  is  to  be  recognized  as  a  mark  of  value 
{libra  or  litra),  or  as  the  initial  of  a  mint  such  as  we  find  on  later  coins,  more  especially  of 
Luoeria  (see  below,  pp.  146,  179).  These  coins  have  generally  been  assigned  to  Luceria,  but 
the  provenance  of  most  of  the  known  specimens  has  so  far  not  favoured  that  attribution. 
Garrucci  (Mon.  ital.  ant.,  p.  17)  observes  that  "  of  these  rare  coins  one  example  was  found 
during  the  excavations  at  Veleia,  one  in  the  district  of  Modena  on  the  Via  della  Secchia,  and 
one  in  Rome  in  the  Campo  Verano  in  1877 ;  but  in  Apulia  none  are  known  to  have  been 
discovered,  and  yet  Riccio  has  attributed  them  to  Luoeria.  In  the  find  at  Vicarello  there 
were  no  cast  coins  of  Luceria,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  seven  specimens  of  these  asses  were 
contained  in  it,  four  with  the  mark  of  the  caduceua,  and  three  with  the  initial  U.  Their  place 
of  issue  cannot  therefore  be  outside  Latium  or  the  district  of  the  Sabines.  In  the  latter  we  do 
not  know  of  a  city  having  the  initial  U.  If,  therefore,  they  are  to  be  attributed  to  Latium,  we 
must  select  Laviniura,  Lanuvium,  or  Labicum."  On  account  of  the  early  decay  of  the  first  and 
last  of  these  cities,  Lanuvium  would  be  the  only  one  possible  in  Latium  to  which  the  coins 
could  be  assigned.  Their  attribution  to  that  place  is,  however,  very  doubtful  (see  Corolla  Num., 
pp.  127 f.).  Riccio  did  not  include  them  in  his  work  on  the  coins  of  Luoeria  (Le  Monete 
attribute  alia  Zecca  delV  autica  Citta  di  Luceria,  1846),  but  he  subsequently  described  them  with 
other  coins  of  Lucerirt  in  his  Repertorin  ilelle  Monete  rli  Citta  antiche,  1853,  pp.  29,  30,  with  an 
apology  for  nut,  having  previously  noticed  that  the  editors  of  the  Museo  Kirrheriana  (p.  69) 
VO:-,.    II.  U 


146 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


TRIENTAL    SEEIES 
Circ.  B.C.  268—210;   a.u.c.  486—514 

No.     ^yei'JM  ,  „  •  Obverse  Reverse 

^         and  bize 

With  mint  letter 

u 

(LUCEEIA  1) 
Series  I.= 
As  (cast) 


14430 


M  1-7 


Head  of  Janus,  laureate. 


Prow  r. ;  above,  I ;  before,  V 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  7.] 


had  excluded  them  from  the  Roman  issues.  He  adds  that  the  archaic  form  of  the  letter  V  and 
the  weight  of  the  coin,  the  as  being  of  the  libral  standard,  identify  it  with  the  mint  of  Lnceria. 
Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  i.,  p.  191)  shared  Garrucci's  yiew  to  a  certain  degree,  and  would 
have  been  disposed  to  assign  these  coins  to  Luceria  had  this  attribution  been  supported 
by  the  evidence  of  provenance.  Dr.  Haeberlin,  in  his  recent  work  {Die  Systematik  des 
dlteste7i  romischen  Miinzivesens,  p.  53),  having  interpreted  the  letter  l^  as  a>  mark  of  value 
(litra),  and  not  as  the  initial  of  a  city,  has  attributed  the  issue  of  these  pieces  to  the  Roman 
mint,  and  he  considers  that  the  type  of  the  bull  commemorates  the  victory  of  the  Romans 
over  the  Samnites  in  B.C.  290,  the  bull  being  the  special  symbol  of  that  people,  as  shown  by 
the  silver  denarii  struck  during  the  Social  war.  The  fabric  of  these  bronze  coins  is,  however,  so 
totally  unlike  that  of  the  aes  grave  issued  at  Rome,  that  on  this  ground  it  does  not  seem  possible 
to  accept  Dr.  Haeberlin's  view,  and  besides,  the  letter  U  for  I  as  a  mark  of  value  is  not  likely  to 
have  been  used  at  Rome  in  this  instance  only.  The  Vicarello  hoard  practically  supplies  no 
evidence  of  locality  or  date  of  issue,  as  it  contained,  besides  coins  of  the  immediate  vicinity, 
specimens  of  the  money  of  Naples,  Teanum,  Metapontum,  Panormus,  Syracase,  &c.,  and  those 
of  Rome  extended  from  the  time  of  the  earliest  issue  of  the  aes  grave  to  the  period  of  struck 
bronze  coins  bearing  the  symbols  and  names  of  moneyers,  some  of  which  may  have  been  so  late 
as  the  end  of  the  third  century  B.C.  (W.  Henzen,  Alterthilmer  von  Vicarello,  Rheinisches  Museum 
fiir  Philologie,  1854,  pp.  23-27) .  If  the  coins  in  question  were  issued  at  Luceria  it  seems  therefore 
quite  possible  that  they  should  have  found  their  way  to  Vicarello.  Dr.  Haeberlin's  connection 
of  the  reverse  type  with  the  conquest  of  the  Samnites,  seems  to  give  support  to  the  case  of 
Luceria,  for  in  B.C.  294,  when  that  city  was  besieged  by  the  Samnites,  the  Roman  consul 
M.  Atilius  Regulus  advanced  to  its  relief,  and  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  besiegers.  It 
is  therefore  not  improbable  that  the  Lucerians  issued  this  money  in  commemoration  of  the 
subjection  of  their  long  and  dangerous  rivals,  and  In  gratitude  to  Rome  for  having  been  the 
means  of  their  delivery.  It  will  be  seen  that  Luceria  at  a  later  period  issued  two  series  of 
money  simultaneously,  an  autonomous  one  under  the  control  of  the  city,  and  a  military  one 
probably  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  generals  (see  below,  p.  179).  The  caducous  on  the 
second  coin  may  be  interpreted  not  only  as  the  symbol  of  peace,  but  also  as  that  of  commerce, 
which  at  the  end  of  the  war  would  have  been  restored  to  the  Lucerians.  The  fabric  of  these 
coins  is  also  very  similar  to  that  of  the  libral  as  issued  at  Luceria,  having  on  the  obverse  the 
head  of  Apollo  and  on  the  reverse  a  cock  (Garrucci,  op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixiii.,  no.  2).  On  the  whole, 
therefore,  though  none  of  these  coins  have,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  been  found  in  Apulia,  the 
balance  of  evidence  is  in  favour  of  their  assignment  to  Luceria.  The  facing  head  of  Minerva  or 
Bellona  with  the  triple-crested  helmet  was  evidently  copied  from  the  silver  coins  of  Heraclea 
(Garrucci,  op.  cit.,  pi.  ci.,  no.  38).  It  occurs  also  in  other  series  of  Italy,  but  perhaps  the  most 
remarkable  instance  is  in  connection  with  the  coinage  of  Audoleon,  king  of  Paeonia  B.C.  315—236, 
whose  reign  would  coincide  with  the  date  given  to  these  coins.  The  as  in  the  British  Museum 
with  the  symbol,  a  caduceus,  came  from  the  Vicarello  hoard. 

'  Luceria  is  the  only  local  mint  which  issued  bronze  money  of  the  triental  standard 
bearing  Roman  types,  and  with  the  name  of  ROMA.  For  this  reason,  and  also  for 
convenience  of  chronology,  an  exception  has  been  made  in  separating  this  series  from  those 
of  later  date  which  are  described  below  (see  p.  179),  where  an  account  is  given  of  the 
various  issues  of  this  mint.  For  purposes  of  comparison  all  the  coins  of  this  mint  issued  under 
Roman  influence  have  been  illustrated  together  (see  PI.  Ixxxii.,  Ixxxiii.). 

''  The  coins  of  this  series  are  partly  cast  and  partly  struck,  as  in  th3  case  of  similar  pieces 
of  the  same  standard  attributed  to  the  Roman  mint. 


CIEC.  B.C.  268—240;    A.U.C.  486-514 


147 


,T  Tr^  ■  7  i        Metal 

No.       Weight  .  .-, , 

-'         and  iS'(2(? 


Ohvci'se 


Reverse 


627-0 


6550 


428'0 


385-0 


256-0 


M  1-3 


m  1-35 


M  1-25 


M  1-15 


M  1-05 


Semis  (cast) 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate. 


Prow  r. ;  above,  S ;  before,  k 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  8.] 


Semis  (struck)' 


Similar ;     behind    head    of 
Jupiter,  S 


R.OMA  below  Prow  r.,  with 
star  at  side  and  Victory 
on  the  stem ;  above,  S ; 
before,  k 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  eiii.,  no.  8.] 


Triens  (struck)  = 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet;  above,  ••••;  be- 
hind, k 

Similar. 


R-OMA  above  Prow  r.  ;   be- 
low, •••• 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  Ixxxii.  9.] 


Quadrans  (struck)- 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin  ;  be- 
low, ••• 


Similar ;    below  prow,   •  •  •  ; 
before,  V 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  civ.,  no.  3.] 


'  This  coin  is  quite  exceptional,  as  it  appears  to  be  the  only  instance  of  the  struch  semis  of 
the  triental  standard.  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  665)  mentions  only  two  specimens,  one  in  his  own 
collection,  the  other  in  that  of  liiccio. 

^  The  cast  triens  does  not  appear  to  be  recorded. 

^  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  pi.  civ.,  nos.  4,  5)  figures  two  quadrantes  with  the  obverse  type  of 


148 

»■         iiT  ■  T.J  Metal 

i\o.       Weight  ,  r. 

"  and  iisc 


10 


11 


12 


185-0 


168-0 


117-0 


90-0 


71-0 


690 


550 


M    -95 


M    -9 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    -7 


JE    -7 


M    -7 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Sextans  (struck) 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  -wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus;  above,  •• 

Similar. 


Similar ;  below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  between  marks  of 
value,  •I'* 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxii.  10.] 


Uncia  (struck) 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  with  visor ; 
behind,  • 


Similar. 


Similar ;  below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  and  mark  of  value, 

[PI.  Ixxxii.   11.] 

Similar. 


Sem uncia  (struck) 
Type! 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus. 

Similar. 


Similar  ;    below   prow,    U  ; 
no  mark  of  value. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxii.  12.] 


Type  II.i 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin  ;  be- 
low, club  ;  below  chin,  U 


KoMA  below  Pegasus  gal- 
loping r. ;  above,  mark  of 
value,  £  (semuncia). 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rovi.,  pi.  civ.,  no.  18.] 


the  sextans,  i.e.  bust  of  Mercury.  The  mint-letter  k  is  in  each  case  under  the  head  on  the 
obverse.  Pie  mentions  four  specimens  of  this  singular  coin,  which  must  be  due  to  a  blunder 
on  the  part  of  the  die-engraver  (op.  cit.,  p.  675). 

'  Though  of  an  exceptional  type,  the  letter  U  below  the  head  of  Hercules  on  this  coin 
shows  that  it  may  have  been  struck  at  Luceria.  Bahrfeldt  (Eiv.  Ital.,  1900,  p.  39)  agrees  in 
this  attribution,  and  adds  "  the  coinage  of  this  city  in  its  profusion  presents  many  anomalies." 
The  type  was  evidently  copied  from  an  earlier  piece,  litra,  whicli  has  been  attributed  to  the 
Eomano-Campanian  series,  and  which  has  above  the  horse  the  symbol,  a  club,  instead  of  the 
mark  of  value  (see  above,  p.  128,  uo.  51). 


149 


COINAGES   OF   MONEYERS  AND   LOCAL   MINTS 

Pbom  circ.  B.C.  240 ;  a.u.c.  514. 


PERIOD   I. 

Circ.  B.C.  240—217;   a.u.c.  514—537 

The  coins  attributed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  local  issue  during  this  Period 
correspond  in  the  main  in  their  types,  denominations,  and  standards  of  weight 
to  those  struck  at  that  time  at  the  mint  in  Eome  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  27).  They  are  of 
gold,  silver,  and  bronze. 

The  Denominations  are : — 

Gold. — Sixty  and  twenty  sestertii  pieces.'- 

Silver. — Denarius,  quinarius,  sestertius,  double-victoriatus,  victoriatus,  and 
half-victoriatus. 

Bbonze  (Sextantal  Seeibs). — As,  semis,  quincunx,  triens,  quadrans, 
sextans,  uncia,  and  semuncia,  all  struck. 

On  comparing  the  above  list  of  denominations  with  those  issued  at  the 
same  period  at  the  Eoman  mint,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  forty  sestertii  piece 
in  gold  has  not  been  met  with  in  connection  with  the  local  issues.  The  double- 
victoriatus,  of  which  only  one  specimen  is  at  present  known  (see  below,  p.  591), 
is  probably  of  local  issue,  as  also  the  half-victoriatus,  none  so  far  having  been 
ascribed  to  the  central  mint  in  the  Capitol.  The  quincunx  of  the  sextantal 
standard  is  only  met  with  in  the  coinage  attributed  to  Luceria.  Later  at  that 
place  we  have  also  the  dextans,  and  both  these  denominations  occur  in  the  uncial 
series  bearing  the  initial  P  (Palio). 

The  Types  of  the  coins  of  all  the  denominations  are  practically  the  same  as 
those  used  at  Eome  ;  but  occasionally  there  are  some  variations  and  even  new 
ones.  The  quincunx  being  a  local  piece  had  special  obverse  and  reverse  types, 
as  had  later  also  the  dextans.  The  silver  and  bronze  coins  are  either  without  any 
special  marks,  or,  as  in  the  case  of  the  coinage  of  Eome,  they  have  symbols,  letters 
or  monograms  as  adjuncts  to  the  general  type.  In  the  central  coinage  these 
symbols  and  initials  were  always  connected  with  the  moneyers  only,  but  in  the 
local  issues  the  initials  or  the  monograms  may  be  either  those  of  the  moneyers 
or  of  the  mints ;  but  the  symbols  appear  to  be  attributable  to  the  former  only. 
In  most  instances  it  is  possible  to  distinguish  between  the  initials  of  the 
moneyers  and  those  of  the  mints ;  but  occasionally  there  is  some  uncertainty. 
Generally  speaking,  the  coins  without  symbols  are  the  earliest  of  each  series ; 


piecea.' 


In  vol.  i.,  p.  27,  note  2,  for   "  sixty  sestertii  pieces  "  read  "  sixty  and  twenty  sestertii 


150  COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

next  follow  those  -with  symbols,  and  lastly  those  with  initial  letters  or  mono- 
grams. In  a  few  oases  it  is  possible  from  fabric  and  mint-initials  to  assign  to  a 
special  locality  or  city  some  pieces  which  are  without  symbol  or  letter.  The 
gold  coins,  sixty  and  twenty  sestertii  pieces,  which  are  of  somewhat  coarse  work 
as  compared  with  those  classed  to  Eome,  always  bear  symbols,  corresponding  in 
most  cases  with  those  on  contemporary  silver  coins  and  bronze  of  the  sextantal 
standard.  None  of  the  gold  coins  which  have  been  attributed  to  Eome  have 
symbols  on  them  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  27).  The  letters  in  the  legends  show  the  same 
variations  in  form  as  on  the  coins  of  the  central  mint.  A  is  given  as  A,  A,  A, 
A,  A,  A,  or  A ;  L  always  as  U,  and  P  as  P.  On  the  denarius,  the  quinarius, 
and  the  sestertius,  the  legend  ROMA  is  placed  either  on  a  tablet,  or  between 
two  straight  lines  or  in  the  exergue,  i.e.,  below  an  exergual  line,  but  in  some 
cases  it  is  without  any  demarcation  from  the  main  type.  This  legend  is 
also  sometimes  incuse  instead  of  in  relief.  These  irregularities  or  variations 
do  not  occur  in  early  coins  struck  at  Eome,  and  they  are  therefore  important 
evidence  of  local  fabric. 

Classification. — Taking  the  denarius  as  the  basis  for  the  classification 
of  the  issues  of  this  Period,  it  will  be  found  that  this  coin  undergoes 
variations  of  type  and  fabric  somewhat  analogous,  though  not  in  all  cases 
contemporaneous,  to  that  struck  at  Eome  ;  but  as  these  local  coins  emanated 
from  several  mints  and  districts,  absolute  uniformity  was  not  possible.  They, 
however,  fall  into  much  the  same  order,  as  shown  by  the  four  following 
groups : — ■ 

Series  I. — The  denarii  of  this  group  have  the  helmeted  head  of  Eoma  in 
high  relief.  The  visor  of  the  helmet  is  composed  of  three  pieces  separated  only 
at  the  ends,  and  sometimes  curved  outwards.  The  earring  consists  of  a  single 
or  a  triple  drop ;  the  hair  is  tied,  and  falls  in  close  locks  down  the  neck  (see 
pi.  Ixxviii.,  no.  1).  These  coins  occur  without  special  marks  or  with  symbols, 
or  with  initials  of  mints,  but  not  of  moneyers.  The  gold  coins  have  the  same 
symbols  as  those  on  denarii  of  this  first  series. 

Series  II. — These  denarii  are  of  similar  design ;  but  the  type  of  obverse  is 
in  lower  relief.  The  visor  is  as  before  in  three  pieces,  curved  outwards  at  the 
ends  or  separate  from  the  base.  The  ends  terminate  evenly.  The  earring  is 
of  the  same  forms,  and  the  hair  is  still  in  close  locks  (see  pi.  Ixxxi.,  nos.  1,  2). 
These  coins  occur  without  or  with  symbols,  and  also  with  initials  of  moneyers 
and  mints ;  but  there  are  no  gold  pieces  which  can  be  classed  with  this  or  any 
later  series. 

Series  III. — There  is  an  improvement  in  style  in  the  denarii  assigned  to 
this  group.  The  head  of  Eoma  is  broader,  but  still  in  somewhat  low  relief ;  the 
visor  of  her  helmet  is  in  three  pieces,  separate  from  the  base,  and  sometimes  orna- 
mented with  a  ring  just  above  the  forehead ;  the  earring  is  of  a  single  drop,  and 
the  hair  is  more  spread,  and  one  lock  falls  over  the  left  shoulder.  These  denarii 
occur  without  or  with  symbols  or  with  initials  of  mints  (see  pi.  Ixxxi.,  no.  11). 

Series  IV. — The  denarii  of  this  group  show  a  further  improvement  in  style 
and  fabric.  The  visor  of  the  helmet  is  in  three  pieces,  but  peaked  ;  the  earring 
consists  of  a  single  drop,  and  the  hair  is  compactly  arranged  in  three  or  four 
locks,  usually  three  (see  pi.  Ixxxi.,  no.  15).     With  these  denarii  are  associated 


CIEC.  B.C.  240—217  ;    A.U.C.  514—537  151 

silver  and  bronze  coins  with  moneyers'  initials  only,  not  those  of  mints.  The 
bronze  coins  are  of  the  light  sextantal  or  heavy  uncial  standard.  These  denarii 
form  the  connecting  link  with  the  next  Period. 

On  comparison  it  will  be  seen  that  the  denarii  of  Series  I.  correspond  with 
those  of  the  same  series  assigned  to  the  Roman  mint ;  that  Series  II.  is  an  inter- 
mediate variety,  and  that  Series  III.  and  IV.  are  like  the  Eoman  denarii  of 
Series  II.  and  III.  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  28,  36).  Exception  may  be  taken  to  the  attri- 
bution of  the  denarii  of  Series  I.  of  the  local  issues  to  a  somewhat  later  date  than 
those  of  corresponding  type  of  the  same  series  struck  at  the  central  mint.  This 
want  of  uniformity  may,  however,  be  accounted  for  by  the  circumstance  that  the 
local  moneyers  copied  the  coin  which  was  then  current,  and  were  not  supplied 
with  the  most  recent  models  used  in  the  Capitol.  The  same  occurred  not 
infrequently  at  a  later  period. 

The  quinarii  and  sestertii  classed  with  the  denarii  of  Series  I.,  though 
resembling  them  in  style,  do  not  follow  them  very  closely  in  the  minor  details 
of  the  type,  the  visor  of  the  helmet  being  as  a  rule  only  in  two  pieces ; 
but  in  Series  II.  there  is  more  uniformity.  The  visor  is  then  always  in 
three  pieces  separate  from  the  base  and  even  at  the  ends,  and  the  earring 
consists  of  a  single  drop.  There  are  no  quinarii  or  sestertii  without  symbols  or 
initials  which  correspond  with  the  denarii  of  Series  III.  and  IV. ;  though  it  is 
evident  from  their  bearing  mint-letters  that  quinarii  were  issued  at  that  time  and 
perhaps  somewhat  later.  The  sestertius  appears,  as  in  the  coinage  of  Eome, 
not  to  have  survived  the  introduction  of  the  victoriatus. 

The  issue  of  the  victoriatus,  which  first  took  place  circ.  B.C.  229,  appears 
to  have  been  much  more  general  outside  Eome  than  inside  the  city,  as 
it  is  met  with  in  large  numbers,  showing  slight  varieties  of  type,  and 
with  a  considerable  variety  of  mint-initials.  As  most  of  the  mints  which 
struck  victoriati  were  in  operation  before  and  after  B.C.  217,  when  the  weights 
of  the  silver  coins  were  reduced,  the  denarius  from  -^-^  to  -jV  to  the  Eoman 
pound,  and  the  other  denominations  in  silver  proportionately,  it  has  been  con- 
sidered more  convenient  for  purposes  of  classification  to  include  their  description 
in  a  separate  section,  extending  in  date  from  circ.  B.C.  240 — 197,  which  would 
combine  Periods  I.  and  II.  In  this  manner  the  issues  of  each  mint  are  kept 
together,  and  their  sequence  is  unbroken.  An  exception,  however,  has  been 
made  in  the  case  of  Luceria,  which  alone  issued  bronze  coins  with  Eoman  types 
of  the  triental  standard  (see  above,  p.  146).  It  would  be  almost  impossible 
to  separate  with  any  degree  of  certainty  the  heavy  from  the  light  victoriati,  as 
their  weights  are  so  irregular.  It  will  be  seen  (p.  174),  that  the  local  mints 
assigned  to  this  section  rarely  struck  the  denarius,  while  the  quinarius  is  not 
unusual.  The  sestertius  is  also  rare,  and  the  half-victoriatus  seems  to  have 
occurred  in  two  instances  only. 

The  bronze  coinage  is  of  the  sextantal  reduction,  falling  towards  the  end 
of  the  period  to  the  uncial.  Some  coins  are  without  any  special  mark,  but  most 
of  those  which  have  symbols  or  initials  of  moneyers  or  mints  fall  into  line  with 
the  silver. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  when  this  local  money  began  ;  but  the 
internal  evidence  of  the  coins  seems  to  afford  some  clue.     It  may  be  presumed 


152  COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

that  those  mints  which  issued  the  denarius,  the  quinarius,  and  the  sestertius  in 
silver  of  early  types  were  in  operation  before  those  which  struck  only  the 
victoriatus  in  silver.  With  the  former  pieces  are  usually  associated  bronze  coins 
of  the  sextantal  standard,  and  with  the  latter  such  as  approach  in  weight  the  as 
of  the  uncial  standard.  Some  of  the  mints,  therefore,  could  not  have  come  into 
operation  before  B.C.  229,  when  the  victoriatus  was  first  struck;  and  others 
not  even  until  B.C.  217,  when  the  general  reduction  of  the  silver  and  bronze 
coins  occurred.  Some  conclusions  may  also  be  drawn  from  the  gold  coins,  which 
were  struck  by  the  moneyers.  These  pieces,  unlike  those  classed  to  Eome,  all 
bear  symbols  corresponding  with  those  found  on  denarii  attributed  to  Series  I., 
which  may  be  considered  to  be  the  earliest  in  date ;  and  these  denarii  in  turn 
are  found  with  symbols  corresponding  with  those  on  bronze  money  of  the 
sextantal  standard.  We  have  thus  gold,  silver,  and  bronze  coins  of  contem- 
porary dates.  As  we  do  not  meet  with  any  gold  pieces  which  can  be  classed 
with  denarii  of  the  later  series  (Series  II. — IV.),  it  must  be  concluded  that  they 
all  belong  to  the  earliest  local  issues.  In  dealing  with  the  coinage  of  the 
central  mint  at  Eome,  struck  from  B.C.  268  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  13),  it  was  suggested  . 
that  the  issue  of  the  gold  coins  and  the  reduction  of  the  bronze  money  to  the 
sextantal  standard  were  probably  simultaneous,  and  that  this  could  not  have 
occurred  much  before  B.C.  240.  This  view  seems  to  be  quite  confirmed  by 
the  local  coinages.  If  we  except  the  case  of  Luceria,  which  issued  bronze  money 
with  Roman  types  of  the  triental  standard,  there  seems  to  be  strong  numismatic 
evidence  that  these  local  issues  do  not  date  from  the  time  of  the  introduction 
of  the  new  coinage  at  Eome  in  B.C.  268,  but  some  years  later,  viz.,  when  the 
bronze  money  was  reduced  to  the  sextantal  standard.  It  also  will  be  seen  that 
in  the  local  issues,  as  at  Eome,  the  striking  of  gold  money  could  only  have  lasted 
for  a  very  short  period. 

The  question  of  the  date  of  the  estabhshment  of  the  local  mints  and 
issues  has  already  been  referred  to  in  connection  with  the  later  Eomano- 
Campanian  coins  (see  above,  p.  119) ;  and  it  was  then  suggested  that  a  silver 
currency  for  Campania  was  still  supplied  from  Capua  after  its  introduction  at 
Eome,  and  that  the  Capuan  mint  was  in  operation  till  about  the  end  of  the 
first  Punic  war,  when  it  was  closed,  to  give  way  to  local  issues  of  the  urban 
coinage. 


153 


COINAGE    OF    MONEYERS 

Circ.  B.C.  240—217;   a.u.o.  514—537 

SERIES    I.^ 

GOLD,    SILVEE,    AND   BEONZB 


nT        irr  ■  r.i       Metal 
No.     ^U^rJht    ^^j^size 


71-5 


60-0 


57-4 
55'6 


38-i 


28-1 


M    -75 


JR.    -75 


M    -75 
M    -75 


M    -65 


Obverse  Reverse 

Without  symbols  or  initials 

SILVEE 

Denarius 


Eoma  r.,  in  high 
wearing     winged 


M    -65 


Head  of 
relief, 

helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces,  even  at 
the  ends  and  slightly  con- 
vex from  the  base ;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop  and 
necklace  ;  hair  tied  with 
band  and  falling  in  close 
locks  down  the  neck ;  be- 
hind, X 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star. 


Similar;  R.OMA 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  1.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Quinarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  &c. ;  simi- 
lar to  no.  1 ;  the  visor  is 
in  two  pieces ;  behind,  V 


Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1. 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  2.] 

Similar;  RoMA 


'  For  the  special  characteristics  of  the  denarii  of  this  series  see  above,  p.  150. 
VOL.   U.  X 


154 


A-         II-  •  7  J        Metal 
■^         and  .S^Z( 


16-9 


16-7 
16-5 


G97-0 


330-0 

255-0 

243-0 
217-0 
180-0 

166-0 
152-0 


M    -5 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Sestertius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  -wearing  ;  R.OMA    (on    ta.blet).       The 
■winged  helmet,  &c.;  simi-  i      Dioscuri     on     horseback 
lar  10  no.  1;    the  visor  is  j      charging   r.,   &c.,    similar 
in    two    pieces ;    behind,  i      to  no.  1 
IIS  [PI.  Ixxviii.  3.] 


Al    -5 

M    -5 

JE  1-5 

M  1-15 

JE  1-1 

M  1-2 

M  1-0 

M  1-05 

M    -95 

M  1-0 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar;   R.OMA 
Similar. 


BEONZE 

Sext.\i\tal  Series  ' 
As 


Head   of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  I 


B.OMA     below    Prow  ^    r. 
above,  I 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  4.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  S 

Similar.^ 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar."* 


Similar ;      R.OMA ;     above 
prow,  S 

Similar;  R.OMA 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  5.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Tfiens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing 
crested  Corin  thian  helmet; 
hair  long  and  tied  with 
band  ;  above,  •  •  •  * 

Similar. 


R-OMA  above  Prow  r. ;  be- 
low, •••• 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  6.] 


Similar;  R.OMA 


1  The  only  bronze  coins  of  the  triental  standard  with  Roman  types,  which  can  be  assigned 
to  local  issues,  are  those  of  Luceria,  with  the  mint  letter  U  (see  above,  p.  146).  The  bronze 
money  of  the  sextantal  standard  varies  somewhat  in  style  from  similar  pieces  of  the  Roman 
mint,  the  types  being  generally  in  low  relief.  In  many  cases  the  workmanship  is  better  than 
that  of  the  main  series,  especially  in  the  case  of  the  semis,  where  the  head  of  Jupiter  is  often 
carefully  modelled. 

-  The  prow  is  sometimes  ornamented  -with  a  club  on  the  forecastle,  a  wing  on  the  beak, 
and  sea-lines  on  the  keel. 

'  There  appear  to  be  traces  of  the  letters  CA  (see  below,  p.  205)  under  the  head  of 
Jupiter  on  this  piece. 

'  This  coin  is  over-struck  on  a  sextans  of  the  triental  series. 


■XT        If'   •  T  ,       2Jetal 
^         cnid  Size 


CIEC.   B.C.    2i0— 217;    A.U.C.    514—537 

Ohuerse  Rvvjrse 


155 


18 


19 


20 


21 


22 


144-0 


51-5 


31-4 


62-7 


60-5 


JE  1-0 


N    -6 


A^    -6 

(jdated) 


M    -75 


/R    -75 


Quadr-ans^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar ;    above   prow,    Ko 
MA  ;  below,  ••• 
[PI.  Ixxviii.  7.] 


With  symbols  '^ 

ANCH0E3 
60  Sestertii^ 


Bust  of  Mars  r.,  bearded, 
wearing  crestedGorinthian 
helmet  and  chlamys  ;  ba- 
hind,  xl'X  (=60  sestertii). 


Similar. 


RoMA  below  Eagle  stand- 
ing r.  on  thunderbolt ; 
wings  spread;  on  r.,  an- 
chor, upright. 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  8.] 
(Trattle  Coll.) 

Similar ;  KoMA 

(Parkes  Weber  Coll.) 


Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  triple  drop ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  below  horses, 
anchor  r. 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  9.] 


Similar. 


(de  Salis  Coll.) 


'  Count  de  Salis  has  not  assigned  to  local  issue  any  pieces  without  symbols  of  lesser 
denomination  than  the  quadrans.  This  may  be  due  to  the  circumstance  that  in  the  case  of  the 
smaller  denominations  of  the  bronze  coinage  differences  in  style  and  fabric  are  not  easily 
detected.  When  the  smaller  denominations  bear  symbols,  or  initials  of  moneyers  or  mints, 
this  difficulty  is  obviated. 

"^  The  symbols  are,  as  in  the  case  of  the  coinage  of  the  Roman  mint,  the  privy  marks  of 
moneyers,  but  when  initials  occur  at  this  time  they  may  be  either  of  moneyers  or  of  mints. 
When  we  have  coins  bearing  the  same  symbols  as  occur  on  those  assigned  to  the  Eoman  mint, 
the  attribution  of  such  pieces  to  local  issue  can  only  be  determined  by  fabric.  In  the  case  of 
the  silver  coins  it  is  as  a  rule  not  difficult  to  detect  local  fabric,  but  in  that  of  the  bronze 
money,  which  even  in  the  Roman  series  is  often  of  rude  work,  the  separation  is  much  more 
difficult,  and  is  in  consequence  often  uncertain. 

^  The  anchor  as  a  symbol  occurs  also  on  coins  issued  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i., 
pp.  42,  62). 

^  All  the  gold  coins,  60  and  20  sestertii  pieces,  assigned  to  local  issues  bear  symbols,  most 
of  which  are  also  found  on  denarii  of  Series  I.  and  on  bronze  coins  of  the  sextantal  standard 
(see  above,  p.  152). 

^  The  bronze  coins  of  the  sextantal  and  uncial  standards  bearing  an  anchor  as  the  symbol 
have  been  classed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  the  mint  at  Rome  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  42,  62).  It  is, 
however,  quite  possible  that  some  of  the  coins  with  this  symbol  of  somewhat  rude  fabric  may 
have  been  issued  outside  Rome  (see  D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixviii.,  no.  6,  and  Ixix.,  no. 14). 


156 


No. 


iir  ■  T^f      Metal 
^        and  Size 


56-0 


65-7 


797-0 

794-0 
774-0 
7220 

391-0 

305-0 
269-0 

214-0 


M    -8 


M    -8 


^  1-55 

M  1-5 
M  1-5 
M  1-45 

M  1-2 

M  1-1 
M  1-1 

M  1-1 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 

PEOWi 
Denarius 


Reverse 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  -wearing  winged 
helmet  -with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  below  horses, 
prow  r. 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  10.] 


VICTOEY 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


RoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  behind,  Victory 
r.,  with  wreath. 
[PI.  Ixxviii.  11.] 


As 


Head   of    Janus,   laureate; 
above,  I 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ; 
above,  I  and  Victory  r., 
with  wreath. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  12.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  R.OMA ;  above 
prow,  S  and  Victory  r., 
with  wreath. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxviii.  13;] 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


*  Other  coins,  silver  and  bronze,  with  this  symbol  are  attributed  to  the  Roman  mint  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  54),  but  the  type  of  the  denaiius  shows  that  that  issue  belongs  to  a,  later  period 
(circ.  B.C.  217 — 197).     Also  the  bronze  coins  are  of  the  uncial  standard. 


Ko.     Weight 


CIEC.  B.C.  240—217  ;   A.U.C.  514—537 

Metal 


157 


33 


34 

35 
36 

37 

38 

39 
40 


41 


201-0 


217-0 

200-0 
162-0 

153-0 
142-0 

96-0 
93-0 


and  Size 


IE  1-05 


Obverse 


Reverse 


64-5 


M  1-05 

M  1-05 
M    -9 

M    -95 
M    -9 

M    -8 
M    -75 


M    -75 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  -wearing 
crested  Corinthian  helmet, 
earring  of  single  drop  and 
necklace ;  hair  long  and 
tied   -with   band ;     above, 


Similar;  above  pro-w,  KoMA 
and      Victory     r.,      -with 
■wreath;  below,  •••• 
[PI.  Ixxviii.  14.] 


Quad Pans 


Head  of  young  Hercules 
r.,  v/earing  lion's  skin ; 
behind,  I 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar;  below  prow,  •••  ; 
above.  Victory  r.,  with 
wreath. 

Similar. 

Similar;  R.OMA 

[PI.  Ixxix.   1.] 

Similar. 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus ;  above,  •• 


Similar. 


Similar;  RoMA;  below 
prow,  •  •  ;  above,  Victory 
r.,  with  wreath. 

[PI.  Ixxix.  8.] 

Similar. 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  with  con- 
vex visor ;  behind,  • 


Uncia' 

Similar ; 


R.OMA ;     below 
prow,   • ;    above,  Victory 
r.,  with  wreath. 
[PI.  Ixxix.  3.] 


FLAMEN'S   CAP   (4_pca;) 
Denarius' 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &o.,  similar 
to  no.  1  ;  below  horses, 
flamen's  cap  1.  (apex). 
[PI.  Ixxix.  4.] 


'  Another  denomination  of  this  issue  with  this  symbol,  Victory,  is  the  semnncia  (D'Ailly, 
Mon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxxxvi. ,  no.  18).  For  later  bronze  coins  of  the  uncial  standard  with  the 
same  symbol  see  below,  p.  220. 

^  There  seems  to  be  no  other  denomination  with  this  symbol  alone  (see  next  issue  with 
flamen's  cap  and  hammer).  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixx.,  no.  2)  figures  a  sextans  which  may 
have  an  apex  before  the  prow,  but  (ib,,  p.  267)  he  remarks  that  the  coin  is  in  such  poor 
condition  that  the  symbol  is  uncertain,  and  it  may  be  a  cap  of  the  Dioscuri. 


158 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


■KT        TT7-  ■  7  *        Metal 
No,     Weuilit  ,  r,- 

■'         and  Size 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


70-0 


44-0 


996-0 


591-0 


389-0 


Al    -75 


.11    -75 

{plated) 


M  1-45 


IE  1-45 


M  1-15 


259-0 


M  1-05 


Obverse  Reverfe 

PLAMEN'S   CAP   (A2xx)   AND   HAMMERS 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


KOMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  above,  tlamen's 
cap  (apex)  and  hammer. 
[PI.  Ixxix.  5.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


As 


Head    of 
above,  I 


Similar. 


Janus,    laureate ; 


R,oMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore,   I ;    above,    hammer 
and  fiamen's  cap. 
[PI.  Ixxix.  6.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate  ; 
behind,  S 


Similar;  R-OMA;  before 
prow,  S ;  above,  hammer 
and  fiamen's  cap. 

[PI.  Ixxix.  7.] 
(Imhoof-Blumer  Coll.) 


Triens^ 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing 
crested  Corinthianhelmet; 
hair  long  and  tied  with 
band;  earring  of  single 
drop  ;  above,  •  •  •  • 


Similar;      KoMA;      before 

prow,  Z ;   above,  hammer 

and  fiamen's  cap. 
[PI.  Ixxix.  8.] 


■  Cavedoni  {Bull,  dell'  Inst.  arch,  di  Roma,  1844,  p.  37)  would  connect  this  issue  with  a 
member  ol'  the  Sempronia  gens,  C.  Sempronius  Tuditauus,  who  was  plebeian  aedile  in  B.C.  ]t)H, 
and  praetor  in  the  following  year,  the  hammer  ((wJts)  being  a  punning  allusion  to  tlie 
cagnomen,  TuOAtcita.^,  and  the  ajje.v  a  reference  to  his  ajjpoiutment  as  flamen.  This  identiiica- 
tion  is,  however,  not  probable,  as  the  coins  must  have  been  struck  some  time  before  B  c.  217, 
the  bronze  being  of  the  sextantal  standard.  There  was  a  M.  Sempronius  Tuditanus,  who  was 
consul  B.C.  240  and  censor  B.C.  230,  and  another  member  of  the  same  family,  P.  Sempronius 
Tuditanus,  who  was  a  tribune  B.C.  216,  and  curule  aedile  B.C.  214,  praetor  in  the  next  year, 
and  censor  B.C.  209.  It  is  just  possible  that  the  last  member  of  the  Sempronia  gens  may  have 
struck  these  coins. 

Other  denominations  of  the  sextantal  standard  with  these  symbols  are  the  quadrans, 
sextans,  and  uncia  (D'Ailly,  Hon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixx.,  nos.  7-9).  There  are  also  a,  semis  and  a 
triens  of  the  uncial  standard  (see  below,  p.  221). 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


CIEG.  B.C.  240—217 

Obverse 


48 


49 
50 


51 


52 


53 


68-8 


845-0 
767-0 


216-0 


227-0 


162-0 

{ivorn) 


Al    -75 


M  1-5 
M  1-4 


M  1-1 


2E  1-15 


M  1-0 


A.U.C.  514—537 

CADUCEUS  ' 
Denarius  2 


159 


Rev'/r.^e 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


RoM^  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseb:vck 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  below  horses, 
caduceus  r.  {ty2M  in  high 
relief). 

[PI.  Ixxix.  9.] 


As 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  I 

Similar. 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;    be- 
fore, I ;  above,  caduceus  r. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxix.   10.] 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing 
crested  Corinthian  helmet 
and  earring  of  single  drop ; 
hair  long  and  tied  with 
band ;  above,  •••• 


Similar ;    before    prow, 
above,  caduceus  r. 
[PI.  Ixxix.   11.] 


Quad Pans- 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar. 


Similar;      KoMA;      before 
prow,  1;  above,  caduceus  r. 

[PI.  Ixxix.  12.] 

Similar. 


'  The  caduceus  is  a  somewhat  common  symbol  on  coins  of  the  Roman  Republic.  At  a 
later  date  it  often  forms  the  main  type  of  the  reverse. 

^  The  denarii  with  this  symbol  vary  in  some  particulars  from  others  of  the  series.  The 
one  here  described  is  of  peculiar  fabric  and  style  ;  the  pose  of  the  head  of  Roma  and  her 
features  differ  from  the  usual  representations  at  this  time,  and  on  the  reverse  the  type  is  in 
exceptionally  high  relief  and  somewhat  rude  (see  also  no.  58,  p.  161).  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom., 
pi.  Ixxiii.,  no.  10)  figures  a  specimen  similar  to  the  one  above  described,  and  another  (tb. , 
pi.  Ixxii.,  no.  8)  which  may  also  belong  to  this  issue,  and  which  has  the  head  of  Roma  of  the 
usual  form,  and  shows  her  wearing  an  earring  with  a  triple  drop.  The  caduceus  as  a  symbol 
recurs  on  other  denarii,  which  also  belong  to  this  period,  but  which  are  classed  to  Series  II. 
(see  below,  p.  167).     A  figure  of  this  last  variety  is  given  by  D'Ailly  (ib.,  pi.  Ixxiii.,  no.  9). 

'  Other  denominations  are  the  semis,  sextans,  and  uucia  (D'Ailly,  ib.,  pi.  Ixxiii.,  nos.  13 
16,  17).     For  bronze  coins  with  the  same  symbol  but  of  lighter  weight  see  below,  p.  221. 


160 


Ho.     WeMlit  ,  „ . 

■*         and  a%ze 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Oh  verse 

SPEAR-HEAD 
60  Sestertii' 


lievevse 


51-7  '  ^  -6  '  Bust  of  Mars  r.,  bearded, 
wearing  crested  Corinthian 
helmet  and  chlamys ;  be- 
hiiid,  >1'X  ( =  60  sestertii). 


54 


55 


56 

57 


660 


M    -75 


34-7 


28-0 
30-7 


JR.    -6 


M    -6 


KoMA  belowEagle  standing 
r.  on  thunderbolt ;  wings 
spread ;  on  r.,  spear-head. 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  row,.,  pi.  Ixxxii.,  no.  13.] 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  triple  drop ; 
behind,  X 


R.OMA    (on    tablet).      The 
Dioscuri     on     horseback . 
charging   r.,    &c.,   similar 
to   no.   1 ;   below  horses, 
spear-head. 

[PI.   Ixxx.   1.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Quinarius'^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  similar  to 
the  last  coin ;  the  visor 
convex  an  din  three  pieces ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  V 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar;  RoMA 

[PI.  Ixxx.  2.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar;  RoMA 


'  This  gold  coin,  which  is  in  the  D'Ailly  collection,  appears  to  be  unique. 

^  Count  de  Salis  has  also  assigned  the  denarius,  victoriatus,  and  bronze  coins  with  this 
symbol  to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  39)  on  account  of  their  fabric.  The  form  of  the 
helmet  of  Roma  (which  has  the  visor  in  three  pieces  and  peaked)  on  the  denarii  of  that  issue 
shows  that  they  belong  to  a  slightly  later  date.  The  spear-head  on  the  local  coins  differs 
from  that  on  those  of  the  Roman  mint.  It  is  shorter  but  broader,  and  the  centre  line  dividing 
the  blades  is  continued  to  the  top  instead  of  only  half-way  up. 


CIEG.  B.C.  240—217;    A.U.C.  514—537 


IGl 


No.     Weight 


58 


59 


60 


61 


62 


63 


67-2 


65-5 


51-5 


70-7 


70-6 


65-5 


Mefal 
and  Size 


Al    '75 


M    -7 


M    -6 


M    -75 


M    -8 


M    -75 


OIn'crse 


Reverse 


KNIFE  1 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  1 ;  below  horses,  knife 
r.  {type  in  high  relief). 
[PI.  Ixxx.  3.] 

Similar. 


STAFF' 
60  Sestertii' 


Bust  of  Mars  r.,  bearded, 
wearing  crested  Corin- 
thian helmet  and  chlamys ; 
behind,  \l'X  ( =  60  ses- 
tertii). 


R.OMA  belowBagle  standing 
r.  on  thunderbolt ;  wings 
spread ;  above,  staff. 
[PI.  Ixxx.  4.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  1; 
earring  of  triple  drop ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


Similar. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,*  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  below  horses, 
staff  1. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxx.  5.] 


Similar. 


'  Count  de  Salis  in  this  case  also  has  attributed  silver  and  bronze  coins  (uncial  standard) 
with  this  symbol  to  the  Roman  mint  circ.  B.C.  217 — 197  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  56).  The  fabric  of  these 
local  denarii  is  somewhat  rude,  and  the  reverse  type  is  in  high  relief.  In  these  respects  they 
are  ao  precisely  similar  to  the  denarii  with  the  symbol,  a  cadnceus  (see  above,  no.  48,  p.  159), 
that  it  might  even  be  suggested  that  the  dies  for  the  two  issues  were  made  by  the  same 
engraver.  The  resemblance  is  most  remarkable.  There  appear  to  be  no  bronze  coins  with  this 
symbol  which  can  be  locally  assigned. 

^  There  were  at  least  three  issues  with  this  symbol,  viz.  that  above  described  and  two 
others  which  are  of  somewhat  later  date,  and  are  classed  to  the  Koman  mint  circ.  B.C.  229 — 217 
(see  vol.  i.,  p.  37),  and  circ.  B.C.  217 — 197  {ib.,  p.  53).  To  this  last  issue  Count  de  Salis  has 
attributed  the  victoriatus.  D'Ailly  (Man.  rorti.,  p.  451)  calls  the  symbol  a  spear  (/lostu),  but 
the  knotted  stem  shows  that  it  is  a  rod  or  staff. 

^  This  gold  coin  is  very  rare.  Only  three  specimens  appear  to  exist  (see  Bahrfeldt,  Riv. 
Hal.,  1900,  p.  22).  D'Ailly  only  gives  the  weights  of  his  specimen  and  of  that  in  the  Blacas 
collection  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The  third  specimen  was  in  the  Montagu  collection 
(Sale  Cat.,  no.  5). 

■*  The  fabric  of  the  reverse  type  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  denarii  with  the  symbols,  a, 
caduoeus  and  a  knife  (see  above,  and  p.  159).  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  452)  remarks  on  the  coarse 
work  of  the  denarii  bearing  the  symbol,  a  staff. 

VOL.    II.  Y 


1G2 


No.     Veiylif 


64 
65 

66 


646-0 
6160 

525-0 


67      397-0     M  1-25 


68 
69 

70 

71 

72 
73 

74 


Metal 
and  Size 

M  1-35 
M  1-4 

2E  1-4 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohverse 

As 


Beverse 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate; ,  RoMA  below  Prow  r.;  above, 
above,  I  I  and  staff ." 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxx.  6.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 


311-0 
275-0 

248-0 

262-0 

150-0 
212-0 

206-0 


75 


M  1-2 
M  1-15 

M  1-15 

M  1-1 

M  1-0 
M  1-05 

M    -94 


Semis 


Head  of  .lupiter  r.,  laureate  ; 
behind,  S 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  above  prow,  S  and 
staff. 

[PI.  Ixxx.  7.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing  i  Similar  ;    above    prow,    R.O 


crested  Corinthian  helmet; 
hair  long  and  tied  with 
band;  above,  •••• 

Similar ;      Minerva     wears 
necklace  of  pendants. 

Similar;  behind  head,  club? 


^AA  and  staff;  below, 
[PI.  Ixxx.  8.] 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxx.  9.] 

Similar;  legend,  MRoA  (sic) 


95-0 


M    -85 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


Similar;  above  prow,  R.OMA 
and  staff;  below,  ••• 
[PI.  Ixxx.  10.] 


Sextans ' 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing chlamys  and  winged 
petasus ;  above,  •• 


Similar;    above,    staff;    be- 
low, •• 

[PI.  Ixxx.  11] 


'  The  uncia  of  this  issue  was  also  struck. 


CIEC.  B.C.  240—217;    A.U.C.  514—537 


163 


No.     Weight 


76 


51-9 


65-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


N    -6 


M    -8 


17-0 


N    -4 


Obverse 


Reverse 


PENTAGON 
60  Sestertii' 


Bust  of  Mars  r.,  bearded, 
wearing  crested  Corin- 
tinian  helmet  and  chlamys; 
behind,  4'X(  =  60  sestertii). 


i^oMA  belowBagle  standing 
r.  on  thunderbolt ;  wings 
spread;  on  r.,  pentagon. 
[PI.  Ixxx.  12.] 


Denarius  ^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  convex  visor, 
&o.,  similar  to  no.  1 ; 
earring  of  triple  drop ; 
behind,  X 


I^OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &o.,  similar 
to  no.  1 ;  below  horses, 
pentagon. 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  roni.,  pi.  Ixxxxii.,  no^  11.] 


BAE   OF   C0EN3 
20  Sestertii 


Bust  of  Mars  r.,  bearded, 
wearing  crested  Corin- 
thian helmet  andchlamys ; 
behind,  XX  ( =  20  ses- 
tertii). 


R.OMA  below  Eagle  standing 
r.  on  thunderbolt ;  wings 
spread ;  on  1.,  ear  of  corn. 


[Capitoline  Museum.J 


I  D'Ailly  {Mon.  ram.,  p.  530)  says  that  the  only  specimen  of  this  coin  that  he  had  met  with 
■was  in  the  Borghesi  collection.  It  afterwards  passed  into  that  of  the  late  H.  Montagn  {Sale 
Cat,,  no.  6).  There  is  no  record  when  the  Museum  coin  was  acquired,  but  it  must  have  been 
early  in  the  last  century.    Bahrfeldt  {Riv.  Ital.,  1900,  p.  22)  mentions  only  these  two  specimens. 

'  The  denarius  figured  by  D'Ailly  {loc.  cit.)  is  similar  to  those  classed  to  Series  I. 
There  was  a  later  issue  with  the  symbol,  a  pentagon,  cire.  B.C.  217 — 197  (see  below, 
p.  213),  and  most  probably  an  intermediate  one  to  which  maybe  assigned  the  denarii  figured 
by  D'Ailly  (pi.  Ixxxxii.,  nos.  13,  14),  and  possibly  the  victoriatus  (no.  12).  None  of  these  coins 
are,  however,  represented  in  the  National  Collection. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  figured  by  D'Ailly  with  a  pentagon  for  symbol. 
^  ^  The  coinages  with  this  symbol  are  somewhat  difficult  to  classify,  both  as  to  their  locality 
of  issue  and  their  dates.     This  symbol  was  used  at  the  mint  in  the  Capitol  as  well  as  locally. 


164 

No.     WeigU    J^'^^^ 


77 


78 


355-0 


1360 

(worn) 


117-0 


M  1-2 


M  1-0 


M    -95 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohi-ei'se 

Semis 


Reverse 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  S 


RoMA  above  Prow  r  ;  be- 
low, S ;  above  legend,  ear 
of  corn  r. 


[Of.  D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxxi.,  no.  3.'] 
Triens' 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  behind,  J 


Similar;  below  prow,  ••••; 
above  legend,  ear  of  corn  r. 


Sextans  ^ 


Head  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
winged    petasus ;    above. 


Similar;    below   prow,   ••; 
above  legend, ear  of  corn  r. 
[PI.  Ixxx.  13.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


To  the  former  may  be  attributed  the  denarius  and  the  qninarius,  and  the  as,  semis,  triens,  and 
quadrans  of  the  sextantal  standard  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  33,  and  D'Ailly,  op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixxx.,  nos.  16-20). 
There  was  a  later  issue  (ciro.  B.C.  197 — 173)  with  the  bronze  of  the  uncial  standard,  and  with 
the  denarius  having  for  reverse  type  Diana  in  a  biga  (D'Ailly,  pi.  Ixxxxvii.  his,  nos.  1,  2,  4,  6). 
Of  this  last  issue  the  National  Collection  possesses  no  specimens  either  in  silver  or  bronze. 
Both  these  series  are  of  the  usual  types  and  fabric.  The  coins  now  described  are,  from  their 
fabric,  of  local  issue  and  probably  Campanian.  As  the  twenty  sestertii  piece  bears  a  symbol, 
ear  of  corn,  it  must,  for  reasons  already  stated  (see  above,  p.  152),  be  assigned  to  local  issue. 
This  is  the  only  instance  known  of  that  denomination  bearing  a  symbol.  Bahrfeldt  (Riv. 
Ital^  1900,  p.  25)  mentions  four  specimens  of  this  interesting  coin — at  Bologna,  in  the  Museo 
Civico ;  at  Home,  in  the  Museo  Capitolino  j  and  in  the  Haeberlin  and  Sarti  collections.  The 
bronze  coins,  besides  being  of  somewhat  coarse  work,  vary  in  type  from  those  struck  about  the 
same  time  at  the  mint  at  Rome.  On  all  the  denominations  the  name  of  ROMA  and  the  symbol 
are  placed  above  the  prow.  On  the  semis  the  mark  of  value  is  below  the  prow,  and  on  the 
triens  the  marks  of  value  occur  behind  instead  of  above  the  head  of  Minerva.  'These  bronze 
coins  are  of  the  sextantal  standard,  and  according  to  the  classification  here  adopted  they 
coincide  in  date  with  the  gold  twenty  sestertii  piece.  D'Ailly  {op.  cit.,  pp.  396 f.)  also  classed 
these  bronze  coins  as  Campanian.  There  are  no  silver  coins  at  present  known  (denarii  or 
quinarii)  which  can  be  assigned  to  this  issue.  D'Ailly  associated  with  it  the  Campanian 
silver  quadrigati,  with  obverse,  head  of  Janus,  and  with  reverse,  Jupiter  in  a  quadriga,  bearing 
also  as  a  symbol  the  ear  of  corn  (see  above,  p.  13 i,  no.  108).  The  victoriatns  with  this 
symbol,  which  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  to  a  local  issue  (see  below,  p.  219),  is  of  a  later 
date,  i.e.  after  e.g.  217. 

'  In  the  illustration  D'Ailly  has  placed  the  forepart  of  a  gryphon  before  the  prow.  This 
dops  not  exist  on  the  coin  figured,  which  was  in  the  Borghesi  collection.  It  is  now  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum. 

'  The  light  weight  of  this  coin  is  to  be  attributed  to  its  poor  condition.  It  is  too  much 
worn  for  illustration.  The  marks  of  value  are  placed  behind  the  head  of  Minerva,  instead  of 
above  as  usual. 

*  The  quadrans  of  this  issue  is  not  in  the  National  Collection,  nor  does  D'Ailly  mention  it. 


A'o.     Weight 


79 

80 
81 

82 

83 
84 
85 
86 

87 


109-0 

103-0 
95-0 
94-0 

930 
89-0 
83-0 
76-0 

47-0 


Metal 
and  bize 


CIEC.  B.C.  240-217;    A.U.C.  514—537 

Obverse  Reverse 


165 


M 

-85 

M 

-85 

M 

-75 

m 

-85 

M 

•8 

M 

•85 

JE 

•8 

M 

-75 

M 

•75 

Uncia 


Head  of  Roma  r.,  -wearing 
crested  helmet  with  visor, 
earring  of  single  drop, 
and  necklace ;  behind,  • 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar  ;      below     prow,  •  ; 
above  legend,  ear  of  corn  r. 
[PI.   Ixxx.  14.] 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Semuncia 


Head  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing winged  petasus. 


Similar ;  no  mark  of  value  ; 
above  legend,  ear  of  com  r. 
[PI.  Ixxx.  15.] 


67-9 


M    -75 


SERIES   IV 


SILVEE   AND   BEONZE 


Without  symbols  w  initiah 

SILVEE 

Denapius ' 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  lower 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces,  even  at 
the  ends,  and  slightly 
convex ;  earring  of  triple 
drop  and  necklace ;  hair 
in  close  locks  ;  behind,  X 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holda 
couched  spear  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuiras8,  and 
pileus,  surmounted  by 
star. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.   1.] 


'  The  denarii  of  this  Series  are  of  a  transitional  style,  nos.  88  and  89  being  very  similar  to 
those  of  Series  I.,  and  nos.  90  and  91  approaching  those  of  Series  III.  (see  above,  p.  150).  The 
fabric  is  rnde,  but  the  reverse  type  is  usually  not  of  such  coarse  work  as  most  of  those  assigned 
to  Series  1. 


166 


„,  .  ,  ,       Mctnl 

•'        and  Size 


63'7 
64-0 

62-7 


31-7 


31-5 
35-6 

35-0 
33-7 
32-4 
26-4 

(u'ont) 

16-3 


15-9 


M    -85 
M    -85 

.11    '7 


.11    -65 


31-6     M    -6 


M  -65 

M  -7 

M  -6 

M  -6 

M  -6 

.R  -6 

M  -55 


/R    -5 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Similar. 

Similar;  the  visor  is  straight 
and  in  three  pieces,  more 
separated  and  even  at  the 
ends. 

Similar ;  the  pieces  of  the 
visor  are  separate  from 
the  base ;  earring  of  single 
drop. 


Reverse 
Similar;  KoMA 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  2.] 


Similar ;  KoMA,  incuse.' 
[PI.  Ixxxi.  3.] 


Quinarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  lower 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet,  &c.,  similar  to 
no,  90;  the  visor  is  in 
three  pieces,  more  open 
at  the  ends ;  earring  of 
triple  drop  ;  ^  behind,  V 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar ;    earring   of   single 
drop. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  88. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  4.] 


Similar;  R.OMA 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  5.] 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar;  KoMA 

Similar;  KoMA 

Similar. 


Sestertius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  lower 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  90 ;  the  visor  is  in 
three  pieces,  more  open  at 
the  ends ;  earring  of  single 
drop;  behind,  IIS 

Similar;  the  pieces  of  the 
visor  are  more  separated. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  88. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  6.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar;  RoMA 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  7.] 


'  This  is  the  only  example  of  the  denarius  in  the  National  CoUeotion  with  the  legend  incuse. 
"  Quinarii  with  this  shaped  earring  are  precisely  similar  in  fabric  to  the  denarii  of  this 
series  having  the  same  shaped  earring.     They  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  issue. 


CIEC.  B.C.  240—217;   A.U.C.  514—537 


1G7 


Ko.     Weight 


102 
103 


15-1 
14-7 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -45 
M    -4: 


Obveri 


Similar. 
Similar.' 


Reverse 
Similar;  KoMA 

Similar;  RoMA 


I 


104  !    63-5 


105 


106 


59-3 


59-0 

{worn) 


Al    -8 


JR    -85 


M    -75 


With  syynhol 

CADUCEUS 

Denarius  ■= 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  lower 
relief  and  "wide-spread, 
wearing  winged  helmet 
with  visor  in  three  pieces 
and  slightly  convex,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  88 ;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop ;  be- 
hind, X 

Similar ;  the  visor  is  in  two 
pieces  and  straight. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuii  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  88 ;  below  horses, 
caduceus  r. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  8.] 


Similar ;  legend  RoMA  not 
on  tablet. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  9.] 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


With  moneyer's  (?)  initial 

M 

(Uncertain) 
Denarius* 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  lower 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet  with  visor  in  three 
pieces,  slightly  convex 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  88 
earring  of  single  drop 
behind,  X 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &o.,  similar 
to  no.  88 ;  below  horses, 
M 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  10.] 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 


'  This  sestertius  and  the  quinarius  no.  95  are  so  precisely  similar  in  the  form  of  the  head  of 
Roma,  the  arrangement  of  the  hair,  the  shape  of  the  helmet,  &o.,  that  they  may  have  been 
issued  from  the  same  place.     Numerous  instances  of  like  similarity  occur  in  this  local  money. 

'  This  symbol,  the  caduceus,  occurs  on  deuarii  of  Series  I.  (p.  159),  with  which  are 
associated  the  bronze  coins  bearing  the  same  symbol. 

'  These  denarii,  from  their  somewhat  flat  fabric,  belong  to  Series  II.,  though  differing 
slightly  in  the  details.  The  tablet  on  which  the  legend  ROMA  is  usually  placed  is  but  faintly 
shown  on  no.  104.     On  no.  105  there  are  no  traces  of  it. 

■*  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  whether  the  initial  M  is  that  of  a  moneyer  or  of  a 
mint.  At  a  later  period  (see  p.  202)  we  meet  with  M  in  conjunction  with  C  as  initial  letters, 
showing  an  alliance  between  two  mints.  Count  de  Sails  has  classed  the  above  issue  vrith  those 
of  the  moneyers.  The  type  of  the  obverse  resembles  denarii  of  Series  II.,  but  the  reverse  is 
of  somewhat  better  style,  and  is  similar  to  that  of  coins  classed  to  the  mint  at  Eome.  The 
specimen  in  the  National  Collection  is  somewhat  worn  and  cracked,  which  would  account  for 
its  light  weight. 

D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  pi.  ovi.,  no.  13)  figures  another  denarius  with  the  same  letter,  but  as 


168 

No.      might        ^^f^^ 
■^  arid  bize 


22-2  I  M    -6 

(ivorn) 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


Reverse 


Quinarius' 


Similar ;  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  is  in  three  sepa- 
rate pieces,  even  at  the 
ends  ;  behind  head,  V 


Similar  ;  RoMA  in  exergue  ; 
below  horses,  M 


[D'Ailly,  J/oH.  rom.,  pi.  cvi.,  no.  14. J 


107 


108 


75-7 


.11    -8 


68-7     .R    -7 


SERIES    III. 

SILVER   AND   BEONZE 

Without  symbols  w  initials 

SILVER 

Denapius^ 


Head  of  Roma  r.,  in  low 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head  ;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces  separate 
from  the  base,  even  at 
the  ends,  and  with  small 
ring  above  the  forehead  ; 
earring  of  single  drop  and 
necklace  ;  hair  spread  and 
arranged  in  four  locks ; 
another  on  1.  shoulder ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear,  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star. 
[PI.  Ixxxi.  11.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Similar. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Bioma  wears  a  helmet  with  a  peaked  visor,  it  evidently  belongs  to  a,  later  date,  as  also  the 
quadrantes  (loc.  C'f.,  nos.  15-17).     He  classes  these  last  pieces  to  the  uncial  series. 

'  This  quinarius  evidently  belongs  to  the  period  to  which  it  is  here  assigned.  D'Ailly 
(op.  cit.,  p.  700)  says  that  the  specimen  in  his  collection  was  to  his  knowledge  unique,  and  that 
it  was  much  worn. 

^  For  the  classification  of  the  denarii  attributed  to  this  Series  see  above,  p.  150.  They 
are  so  precisely  similar  in  style  and  fabric,  and  in  the  details  of  the  obverse  type,  to  those  which 
have  for  symbol  a  laurel-branch  (see  next  issue),  and  those  which  have  the  mint-initial  B, 
probably  struck  at  Beneventum  (see  below,  p.  192),  that  they  were  probably  all  issued  in  the 
same  locality,  but  under  different  conditions — those  without  and  with  a  symbol  under  the 
authority  of  the  moneyers,  but  those  with  the  initial  B  under  that  of  the  mint.  On  all  there 
is  a  small  ring  under  the  visor  above  the  forehead  of  Roma,  and  a  small  lock  of  hair  falls  over 
the  left  shoulder.     There  are  no  quinarii  or  sestertii  which  show  these  peculiarities. 


CIEC.  B.C.  240—217;    A.U.C.  514—537 


169 


No.      Woi.jhf 


Iletal 
and  S^ze 


Obverse 


Rever.<e 


With  symbol 


LAUEEL-BEANCH 


109 


65-8 


110 


111 


112 


60-5 


66-5 


60-0 


Denarius ' 


.R    -75 


M 

•7 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

113 


767-0 


M  1-5 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  low 
relief,  ■wearing  winged 
helmet  with  visor  in  three 
pieces  separate  from  the 
base,  even  at  the  ends, 
and  with  small  ring  above 
the  forehead,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  107 ;  earring  of 
single  drop  ;  lock  of  hair 
on  1.  shoulder;  under 
chin,-  X ;  behind,  laurel- 
branch,  tied  with  fillet. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  no  lock  of  hair  on 
1.  shoulder. 


Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  107. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Similar ;  R.O^AA  in  exergue. 
[Fl.  Ixxxi.   12.] 


Similar ;  FloMA  on  tablet. 
[PI.  Ixxxi.   13.] 

Similar ;  R,oMA  in  exergue. 


As  ■ 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, I ;  above,  laurel- 
branch  1. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  14.] 


Attention  has  been  drawn  to  the  resemblance  between  these  denarii  and  those  without 
a  symbol,  and  those  with  the  mint-initial  B  (see  above,  p.  168).  There  do  not  appear  to  be 
any  quinarii  of  this  issue. 

This  is  the  earliest  instance  of  the  removal  of  the  mark  of  value  from  behind  to  before 
the  head  of  Roma.  It  was  done  to  make  room  for  the  symbol,  which  in  all  previous  oases  was 
placed  on  the  reverse. 

Other  denominations  of  this  issue  are  the  semis,  quadrans,  and  sextans  (D'Ailly,  Mon. 
rom.,  pi.  Ixxiii.,  nos.  5-7).  They  all  have  the  symbol  above  the  prow  and  the  marks  of  value 
netore  it.  D'Ailly  (loc.  cit.,  nos.  1,  2),  figures  denarii  showing  the  earring  with  a  triple  as 
well  as  with  a  single  drop. 

VOL.    II.  z 


170 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


SERIES   IV. 


^  1 


No.      Weight 


114 


115 


66-9 


Mital 
and  Size 


M    -7 


66-0 


M    -7 


116 


60-2 


Al    -7 


SILYBE   AND   BEONZE 

Obcerse  Reverse 

Without  symbols  or  iniiials 

SILVEE 

Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  visor  in  three  pieces, 
and  peaked ;  earring  of 
single  drop  and  necklace  ; 
hair  arranged  symmetric- 
ally in  three  locks ;  be- 
hind, X 

Similar;  the  visor  is  in  two 
pieces  and  the  hair  is 
arranged  in  five  locks. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star. 
[PI.  Ixxxi.  15.] 


Similar. 


With  vioneyers'  monograms 

A. 

(ALLIUS^) 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  114 ; 
earring  of  single  drop  and 
hair  in  four  locks ;  behind, 
X 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  114  ;  below  horses, 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  16.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  These  are  the  latest  denarii  to  be  assigned  to  this  period.  The  form  of  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  with  three  pieces  peaked  is  that  which  occurs  on  later  coins  of  this  denomination 
(see  above,  p.  150).  They  correspond  in  this  respect  precisely  to  those  of  the  Roman  mint 
(Series  III.),  which  are  given  to  the  years  B.C.  229—217  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  36).  There  are  no 
quinarii  with  the  helmet  of  Eoma  of  the  same  form  ;  those  which  are  assigned  to  this  series 
preserve,  as  it  will  be  seen,  the  previous  form.  It  is  probable,  as  in  the  case  of  the  coinage 
of  the  Roman  mint,  that  the  sestertius  was  no  longer  issued.  It  may  be  noticed  that  all  the 
other  issues  assigned  to  this  particular  epoch  bear  moneyers'  monograms  and  not  symbols. 

*  The  coins  with  this  monogram  are  attributed  to  a  member  of  the  AUia  gens  (Zeit.  /. 
Num.,  1882,  p.  190;  Num.  Zeit,  1881,  p.  178).  It  has  been  remarked  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  73)  that 
some  confusion  has  occurred  between  the  coins  which  bear  this  monogram  and  those  with  A/, 
which  are  classed  to  the  mint  at  Rome.  Denarii  with  the  moneyer's  name  C  .  /^^  (Caius 
AUius),  v,rhich  appear  to  be  of  a  slightly  earlier  date,  and  to  belong  to  another  member  of  this 
family,  are  also  of  the  central  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  34). 

■*  The  denarius  appears  to  be  the  only  denomination  known  with  this  monogram.  Bahr- 
feldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1881,  p.  180)  thinks  that  the  issue  took  place  after  the  reduction  of  the 
denarius  from  -.f-^  to  ^  of  the  Roman  pound,  that  is  after  B.C.  217.  The  absence  of  any  bronze 
coins  renders  it  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  its  precise  dato. 


CIEC.   B.C.    '2  m— 217;    A.U.C.    514—537 


171 


Nn.       Weight 


Metal 

ttfUl  Size 


117 


118 


119 


60-3      Ai    -75 


58-5 


33-3 


73-0 


Al    -75 


yR    -6 


M    -65 


Obi'erse 


Revenue 


(Uncertain) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  two  pieces,^  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  115; 
earring  of  single  drop  and 
hair  in  three  locks;  behind, 
X 

Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  114  ;  below  horses, 
M 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.   17.] 


Similar ;  the  visor  is  in  two 
separate  pieces,  even  at 
the  ends,  not  peaked ; 
behind,  V 


Quinarius^ 

Similar;    RoMA  on 
below  horses,  AA 


tablet ; 


[D'Ailly,  Mon. 


Sextans* 


rom. 


pi. 


cvn.,  no 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus;  above,  •• 


Roma  above  Prow  r. 
low,  •  •  ;  before,  ^ 


IJ 


be- 


'  This  moneyer  is  uncertain.  Cohen  {Hon.  rep.  rom. ,  pp.  lil,  134)  has  interpreted  the 
monogram  as  Maximns,  and  supposed  that  these  coins  may  have  been  struck  by  Quintus  Fabius 
Maximus,  who  was  consul  and  dictator  B.C.  220.  Gnecchi  (Hiv.  Ital.,  1889,  p.  172)  suggests 
that  he  may  have  been  a  member  of  the  Matiena  gens.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t  ii., 
p.  251)  says  "there  is  not  a  single  good  reason  for  interpreting  the  monogram  as  MAX 
{Maximus}." 

^  The  denarius  of  this  issue  figured  by  Cohen  (op.  cit.,  pi.  xvii.,  no.  1)  has  the  visor  of 
the  helmet  in  three  pieces  and  peaked  as  on  no.  114. 

'  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  p.  706)  mentions  only  two  specimens  of  this  quinarius  ;  one  in  his  own 
collection,  the  other  in  the  Paris  Cabinet. 

■■  Other  denominations  of  this  issue  are  the  semis,  triens,  and  quadrans  (D'Ailly,  op.  cit., 
pi.  cvii.,  nos.  2-5).  The  weight  of  these  coins  falls  almost  to  that  of  the  uncial  standard,  bat  the 
denarius  and  quinarius  appear  to  be  earlier  than  B.C.  217.  D'Ailly  thought  that  they  were  of 
the  semuncial  standard.  The  monogram  of  the  moneyer  on  the  reverse  of  the  bronze  coins  is 
placed  vertically  and  not  horizontally  before  the  prow.  This  is  somewhat  unusual,  but  the 
same  peculiarity  will  be  seen  on  the  following  bronze  coins  with  the  monogram  A/?  (see  p.  173). 
D'Ailly  also  figures  an  as  with  the  legend  MA  (pi.  ovi.,  no.  18)  and  (p.  703)  describes  a  denarius 
with  the  same  letters  which  he  had  seen  at  Canigatti,  a  village  situated  between  Caltanisetta 
and  Girgenti,  in  Sicily.     These  two  pieces  probably  belong  to  another  issue. 

D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  710)  was  the  first  to  notice  that  the  sextantes  of  this  issue  are  often 
overstruck  on  local  pieces  of  Cales  in  Campania  (he  eroneously  gives  the  place  as  Cumae). 
Out  of  twenty-six  specimens  examined  by  him,  he  found  seven  with  traces  of  the  coins  of  Cales, 


172 

A'o.  Weight 

120 
121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

126 


ilftal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Olverse 


Reverse 


71-0 

64-0 

55-0 

55-0 

45-0 

58-0 

49-0 

M 

•75 

2E 

■75 

M 

•8 

2E 

•75 

M 

■75 

M 

•85 

2E 

•75 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar    (ovcrstrtick    on     a 
coin  of  Culcs). 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.   18.] 

Similar    {overstnich    on    a 
local  coin). 

Similar  (overstruck  cm  a  com 
of  Gales). 

Similar;  R.ohAA  {simihii). 

Similar;  RoMA 


54-8 

(t'.'orn) 


.R 


(AUEELIUS^) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces ,  and  peaked , 
&o.,  similar  to  no.  114 ; 
earring  of  single  drop  and 
hair  in  three  locks ;  be- 
hind, X 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  114 ;  below  horses, 
M 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  238,  no.  8.] 


having  for  types  the  head  of  Apollo  and  man-headed-bull.  Bahrfeldt  {Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1885, 
p.  135)  notes  that  of  eleven  examples  in  his  possession,  eight  are  overstruck.  In  the  Museum 
series  nos.  121,  124,  125,  are  certainly  overstruck  on  coins  of  Cales,  but  no.  123  is  uncertain. 
This  fact  is  interesting,  as  it  suggests  the  district  in  which  the  moneyer  held  office.  The 
autonomous  silver  coinage  of  Cales  came  to  an  end  in  B.C.  268,  but  bronze  money  with  obverse 
head  of  Apollo  and  reverse  man-headed-bull  and  star  continued  to  be  issued  for  some  time 
after.  It  is  therefore  not  improbable  that  for  a  short  time  the  Romans  established  a,  mint  at 
Cales,  which  may  have  come  into  operation  after  the  cessation  of  the  last  issue  of  the  autono- 
mous coins,  i.e.  ciro.  B.C.  230.  These  they  made  use  of  for  their  own  currency,  overstriking 
them  with  their  own  dies. 

'  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  C.  Aurelius,  who  was  a  legate  of  M.  Claudius 
Marcellus  in  the  Hannibalic  war  B.C.  21(3,  or  with  L.  Aurelius,  who  was  quaestor  urbanus 
B.C.  196,  or  with  C.  Aurelius  Cottii,  who  was  praetor  urbanus  B.C.  202  and  consul  B.C.  200 
(Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  237).     In  each  case  the  identification  is  quite  uncertain. 


CIEC.  B.C.  2i0— 217;    A.U.C.  514-5.37 


173 


No.      Weight 


Mctul 
and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


127 


128 


129 


130 


131 


30-0 


27-3 


63-0 

(u-orn) 


61-0 


630 


Quinarius 


M    -65 


M    -65 


Similar;  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  is  in  two  separate 
pieces,  even  at  the  ends ; 
not  peaked ;  earring  of 
single  drop  ;  behind,  V 

Similar. 


Similar ;      R.OMA ;      below 
horses,  M 
(Imhoof-Blumer  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  19.] 


M    -85 


Quadrans ' 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


R.OMA  above  Prow  r. ;    be- 
low, •  •  • ;  before,  ^ 


Sextans 


JE    -8 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus ;  above,  •• 


M    -75    Similar. 


Similar ;    below   prow,    ' 
before,  ^ 

[PI.  Ixxxi.  20  rev.] 
Similar. 


^  The  specimen  of  this  denomination  in  the  National  Collection  is  too  mncli  worn  for 
illustration. 

^  Other  denominations  with  this  monogram  are  the  as,  semis,  and  triens  (Babelon,  vol.  i., 
pp.  238,  239,  nos.  10-12).  The  fabric  of  the  denarius  and  of  the  quinarius  indicates  that  these 
coins  are  of  local  issue.  The  bronze  coins  are  of  the  light  sextantal  or  the  uncial  standard, 
which  would  place  the  issue  shortly  before  B.C.  217.  No  viotoriatus  with  this  monogram  has 
been  met  with. 


174 


PERIODS   L— II. 

Circ.  B.C.  240—197:  a.u.c.  514—557 

PoE  convenience  of  classification  Count  de  Salis  has  grouped  under  the  above 
dates,  B.C.  240 — 197,  the  issues  of  the  local  mints  (as  distinct  from  those  of  the 
moneyers,  see  above,  pp.  142, 151)  which  could  not  be  separated  without  breaking 
into  the  continuity  of  their  respective  coinages.  An  exception,  however,  has 
been  made  in  the  case  of  Luceria,  which  alone  struck  bronze  coins  of  Eoman 
tjrpes  of  the  triental  standard.  These  pieces  were  issued  before  B.C.  240  (see 
above,  p.  146).  The  absence  of  the  denarius  in  most  of  the  issues,  and  the 
irregularity  of  the  weights  of  the  quinarius  and  of  the  victoriatus,  together  with 
certain  variations  in  the  type  of  the  last  coin,  render  it  impossible  in  some  cases 
to  separate  the  silver  coins  which  were  struck  before  B.C.  217,  when  the  standard 
of  the  silver  was  reduced,  from  those  issued  after  that  date.  Some  chronological 
sequence  in  many  issues,  and  also  in  the  dates  of  the  establishment  of  the  mints, 
can,  however,  be  obtained  from  the  weights  of  the  bronze  coins.  In  b.c.  240 
and  217  the  bronze  money  underwent  two  reductions ;  to  the  sextantal  standard 
at  the  former  date,  and  to  the  uncial  at  the  latter.  The  mints  which  issued 
coins  of  the  sextantal  standard  are  therefore  classed  before  those  which  struck 
coins  of  the  uncial.  In  this  manner  we  have  some  criteria  which  enable  us  to 
establish  a  chronological  sequence  in  the  establishment  of  the  mints  and  of 
their  issues.  In  B.C.  217,  when  the  weight  of  the  denarius  was  also  reduced, 
from  yV  to  -gJj  of  the  Eoman  pound,  the  victoriatus  underwent  a  proportionate 
decrease. 

Denominations  and  Types. — The  denominations  and  types  have  already 
been  mentioned  in  dealing  with  the  coins  of  the  previous  section  (see  above, 
p.  149).  Those  of  the  local  mints  fall  into  line  with  those  of  the  local  moneyers, 
with  the  exception  that  there  are  no  gold  coins.  These  were  limited  to  the 
issues  of  the  moneyers.  At  the  local  mints  we  meet  with  the  half -victoriatus, 
which  is,  however,  of  very  rare  occurrence.  As  this  denomination  did  not  occur 
in  any  of  the  issues  assigned  to  the  mint  in  the  Capitol,  it  may  be  concluded 
that  it  was  only  struck  locally.  In  the  bronze  coinages  there  are  some  variations 
and  additions.  Luceria,  and  also  the  mint  with  the  initial  P  (Palio),  struck  the 
dextans  and  the  quincunx  in  bronze,  the  former  of  the  sextantal  and  uncial 
standards,  the  latter  of  the  uncial  standard  only.  These  denominations,  which 
were  not  issued  at  Eome,  have  special  types  for  both  obverse  and  reverse. 
Another  denomination  apparently  not  met  with  at  Eome  is  the  semuncia  of  the 
uncial  standard.  In  the  joint-issue  of  Luceria  and  Teanum  the  half-victoriatus, 
sextans,  uncia,  and  semuncia  bear  special  types. 

Classification. — The  issues  assigned  to  this  section  are  headed  by  typical 


CIRC.  B.C.  240—197;    A.U.C.  514-557  175 

specimens  of  the  quinarius,  victoriatus,  and  half-victoriatus,  without  any  adjunct 
symbols  or  initials,  but  which  from  their  fabric  are  evidently  of  local  striking. 
It  is  possible  that  some  of  these  were  not  struck  under  the  authority  of  a 
mint  or  mints,  but  form  part  of  the  issues  of  the  moneyers.  This  is  a  question 
which  it  seems  impossible  to  decide.  In  the  case  of  the 'quinarius,  an  occasional 
shght  change  will  be  seen  in  the  shape  of  the  helmet  worn  by  Eoma  to  one  of 
Phrygian  form.  As  coins  with  this  shaped  helmet  are  otherwise  only  found 
with  the  mint-letter  U  (Luceria),  it  may  be  presumed  that  those  without  any 
special  symbol  or  letter  were  also  coined  at  that  place  (see  below,  pp.  177, 
179).  The  victoriatus  shows  several  varieties  in  both  the  obverse  and  reverse 
types,  from  which  we  can  gather  some  chronological  evidence,  though  it  may 
be  slight  and  occasionally  a  little  uncertain.  On  the  earlier  and  heavier 
pieces  the  head  of  Jupiter  is  in  high  relief,  the  hair  and  beard  are  thick  and 
bushy,  and  the  back  of  the  head  is  round.  On  the  later  pieces,  which  are  mostly 
of  light  weight,  the  head  is  in  low  relief,  the  hair  and  beard  less  curly  and 
massive,  and  usually  the  back  of  the  head  has  a  deep  indentation.  The  bronze 
coins  which  are  associated  with  the  earlier  form  are  mainly  of  the  sextantal 
standard,  while  those  with  the  later  one  are  of  the  uncial  reduction.  Strict 
uniformity,  however,  is  not  a  rule,  but  we  may  infer  that  in  most  instances  this 
variation  in  the  type  took  place  about  B.C.  217,  when  the  victoriatus,  like  the 
bronze  coins,  was  reduced  in  weight.  The  trophy  on  the  reverse  also  shows 
some  slight  variations  in  form,  but  these  do  not  afford  much  evidence  of 
chronology.  They  are  mostly  the  result  of  the  coins  having  been  struck  at 
different  mints.  On  some  the  trophy  has  a  cuirass  and  greaves ;  on  others  the 
cuirass  is  without  the  greaves  or  the  greaves  without  the  cuirass,  whilst  some 
are  without  either  of  these  objects.  The  half-victoriatus  is  not  sufficiently 
numerous  to  show  similar  variations,  but  unlike  the  victoriatus  it  sometimes 
bears  the  mark  of  value  S  (semis).  It  is  from  the  bronze  coins  that  we  obtain 
most  evidence  for  ascertaining  the  chronological  sequence  of  the  issues,  and  the 
dates  of  the  foundation  of  the  various  mints.  If  we  except  the  bronze  coins  of 
Luceria  which  were  issued  on  the  triental  standard  (see  above,  p.  146),  it  will  be 
seen  from  the  following  descriptions  that  some  of  the  mints,  Canusium,  Bene- 
ventum,  Herdonea,  &c.,  struck  denarii  which  are  of  early  date,  and  which 
correspond  in  style  and  fabric  to  those  of  Series  I.,  II.  and  III.  (see  above, 
p.  150),  together  with,  in  some  cases,  quinarii,  victoriati,  and  bronze  money  of 
the  sextantal  standard.  Others,  Coroyra,  Mateola,  and  Vibo  issue  quinarii 
and  victoriati  of  the  heavy  weight,  the  last  mint  with  bronze  coins  of  the 
sextantal  standard,  whilst  others,  amongst  which  are  Croton  and  several 
uncertain  mints,  issue  light  victoriati  or  bronze  of  the  uncial  standard.  It 
would  therefore  appear  that  the  establishment  of  the  local  mints  took  place  at 
various  times,  and  extended  over  a  considerable  period.  Those  mints  which 
issued  the  denarius,  quinarius,  and  bronze  coins  of  the  sextantal  series  must  have 
been  started  soon  after  the  introduction  of  the  bronze  money  of  that  standard, 
circ.  B.C.  240 ;  those  which  issued  the  heavy  victoriatus  could  not  have  been  in 
operation  before  B.C.  229 ;  and  those  which  struck  the  light  victoriatus  and 
uncial  bronze  money  could  not  be  earlier  than  B.C.  217.  As  there  are  no  sUver 
coins  which  can  be  assigned  to  these  mints  after  B.C.  197,  we  have  confirmatory 


176  COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

evidence  that  they  must  have  suspended  operations  by  about  the  end  of  the 
third  century  B.C.  From  that  time  local  issues  of  Eoman  coins  in  Italy  were 
controlled  not  by  the  mints  but  by  moneyers  v^ho  were  specially  appointed 
for  the  purpose. 

In  most  cases  the  mints  are  capable  of  identification.  They  were  situated 
in  Apulia,  Campania,  Latium  (?),  Samnium,  and  Bruttium,  but  chiefly  in  Apulia. 
Some  are  of  doubtful  identification,  and  of  a  few  no  satisfactory  solution  has 
been  arrived  at.  In  assigning  a  coinage  to  a  particular  locahtj',  similarity  of 
fabric  is  an  important  factor,  and  on  this  basis  new  attributions  in  several  cases 
are  suggested.  Where  evidence  of  this  character  has  been  available,  it  is  specially 
noted.  A  very  important  feature  connected  with  the  local  mints  is  that  the  chief 
currency  in  silver  consisted  of  the  ^dctoriatus.  That  denomination,  as  has  been 
already  noticed  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  13),  was  equivalent  in  weight  to  the  drachms  of 
Southern  Italy  and  Ill}Ticum,  and  it  would  therefore  obtain  a  considerable 
circulation,  not  only  in  those  districts  which  were  at  the  time  not  immediately 
under  any  kind  of  Eoman  domination,  but  it  would  also  serve  for  commercial 
purposes  outside  Italy.  Of  the  other  silver  coins  the  quinarius  occurs  somewhat 
frequently,  but  the  denarius  and  the  sestertius  are  quite  the  exception. 

In  the  issues  which  are  assigned  to  the  moneyers  during  B.C.  217 — 197, 
the  denarius  was  the  principal  silver  coin,  the  victoriatus  occurring  only 
occasionally.  In  this  circumstance  we  appear  to  have  an  important  distinction 
between  the  coinages  of  the  mints  and  those  of  the  moneyers. 


177 


No.       Weight 


Metal 

and  Size 


132 


133 


134 


COINAGE   OF   MINTS 

Cu-c.  B.C.  240—197  ;    a.u.c.  514—557 

SERIES    I. 

Without  symbols  oi-  initiids^ 

Obverse 

Quinarius' 

Type  I. 


33-1 


135 


136 


32-9 


31-3 


37-2 


31'8 


Al    -7 


M    -66 


M    -65 


M    -65 


Reverse 


Al    -65 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  visor  in  three  pieces 
joined  at  the  ends;  earring 
of  single  drop  and  neck- 
lace ;  hair  in  close  locks  ; 
behind,  V 

Similar. 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star, 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  1.] 


Similar ;  the  exergual  line 
does  not  extend  across 
the  field. 


Similar. 


Type  I.  var. 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  &c.,  simi- 
lar to  the  preceding,  but 
the  back  of  the  helmet  is 
Phrygian  in  form,  and 
the  ends  of  the  visor  are 
separated;  behind,  V 

Similar. 


Similar  ;  RoMA  in  exergue. 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  3.] 


Similar. 


'  These  quinarii  and  victoriati  are  inserted  here  as  being  typical  of  some  of  those  struck 
at  the  local  mints.  Being  without  synabols  or  initials,  they  may  either  belong  to  the  class 
struck  by  the  moneyera,  or  to  that  issued  under  the  authority  of  the  mints.  They  present 
small  variations  which  are  common  to  both  series.  These  analogies  may  in  some  cases  help  to 
mark  the  localities  in  which  they  were  issued.  The  sestertius  occurs  but  rarely  at  the  mints, 
and  it  therefore  shows  but  slight  variations  of  type,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  denarius,  typical 
specimens  are  to  be  met  with  in  Series  I.,  II.  and  III.  of  those  of  the  moneyers  (see  above, 
pp.  153,  165,  168). 

^  The  quinarii  of  Type  I.  resemble  somewhat  closely  in  fabric  and  style  those  classed 
with  the  denarii  of  Series  II.  of  the  previous  section.  It  was  the  most  common  type  at  the 
time,  and  with  slight  variations  was  generally  adopted  at  the  local  mints.  Type  I.  var.,  with 
the  Phrygian-shaped  helmet,  appears  only  to  have  been  used  at  Luceria ;  in  consequence,  it 
is  probable  that  these  quinarii  without  mint-initials  were  also  struck  there, 

VOL.    II.  A   A 


178 

Wo.      Weight 


48-9 


47-2 
52-1 

51-5 

44-2 
43-1 

39-6 

49-7 


48-3 
49-0 

48-0 
37-9 


Metal 
and  Sine 


JR    ■& 


M  -65 

M  -7 

M  -7 

M,  -65 

M  -7 

M  -65 

M  -65 


JR  -6 

M  -7 

^  -7 

M  -6 


COINAGE   OE   ITALY 

Obverse 

Victoriatus 

Type  I. 

Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  high  rehef ;  hair  and 
beard  in  thick  locks. 


Reverse 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Victory 
draped,  standing  r.,  and 
placing  wreath  on  trophy, 
which  consists  of  shield, 
helmet,  spear,  sword,  cui- 
rass, and  greaves,  attached 
to  stem  with  broad  base. 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  3.] 

Similar. 


Type  I.  var.  a 

Similar ;  head  of  Jupiter  in 
slightly  less  relief ;  beard 
and  hair  less  thick. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  back  of  head  with 
indentation. 


Similar. 


Similar;  R.OMA;  no  greaves 
attached  to  stem  of  tro- 

pby- 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxii.  4.] 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar;    RoMA;   no  base 
to  stem  of  trophy. 

Similar;  KoMA 


Type  I.  var.  b 


Similar ;   back  of  head  not 
indented. 


Similar. 

Similar ;    back  of   head  in- 
dented. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar;  RoMA;  no  cuirass 
showing    below    shield ; 
the   greaves   attached  to 
stem  without  base. 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  5.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  R.OMA 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar. 
Similar. 


'  These  victoriati  are  typical  rarieties  of  those  with  mint-initials.  The  variations  in  the 
form  of  the  head  of  Jupiter,  and  in  that  of  the  trophy,  are  not  always  regular,  but  it  may  be 
accepted  as  a  general  rule  that  those  pieces  which  have  the  obverse  in  high  relief  belong  to 
the  earlier  period,  i.e.  between  B.'c.  229  and  217,  whilst  those  in  low  relief,  which  are  usually 
somewhat  lighter  in  weight,  to  the  later  one,  i.e.  from  B.C.  217,  when  the  standard  of  the 
eilver  coinage  was  lowered.  In  most  of  the  issues  the  earlier  form  of  the  victoriatus  is  met 
with,  which  would  indicate  that  the  majority  of  the  mints  were  probably  in  operation  before 
B.C.  2l7.  Throughout  the  weight  of  the  victoriati  is  so  ii-regular  that  we  must  judge  of  their 
date  more  by  fabric.     In  many  cases  allowance  has  to  be  made  for  wear  in  currency. 


»T         1T7  •  I  i       Metal 
No.      We%ght  ,  c, . 

■'         and  aize 


LUCEEIA,  CIEC.  B.C.  240—217 ;   A.U.C.  514-537 

Obverse  Reverse 


179 


149 


150 


49-5 


46-4 


28-5 


M    -65 


JR    '65 


M    -55 


Type  I.  var.  c 


Similar;  hair  thin  and 
straggling;  back  of  head 
with  indentation. 


Similar. 


Similar;      R.oM[A] ;      the 
trophy  is  without  cuirass, 
greaves,  or  base  to  stem. 
[PI.  Ixxxii.  6.] 

Similar. 


Half-Victoriatus' 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate  ; 
in  low  relief;  hair  thin 
and  straggling ;  back  of 
head  with  indentation. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  139 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  greaves. 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  liii.,  no.  24. J 


151 


32-6     M    -6 


SEEIES    II. 

With  initials  of  mints 

V 

(LUCEEIA') 

Seeies  II. 

SILVEE  AND   BEONZE  (Sbxtantal  Series) 

Circ.  B.C.  240—217;   a.u.c.  514—537 

Quinarius 

Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  Phrygian-shaped 
helmet,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  135 ;  visor  in  two 
pieces ;  earring  of  single 
drop ;  behind,  V 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  132  ;  below  horses, 
k 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.   1.] 


'  The  half-victoriatus  resembles  the  yictoriatus  of  the  later  form.  It  may  therefore  nob 
have  been  issued  before  a.d.  217,  but  as  it  is  such  a  rare  coin  we  have  scarcely  any  criteria  to 
guide  us  in  its  classification.  Tibo  appears  to  have  been  the  only  mint  to  strike  this  de- 
nomination of  the  usual  type  (see  below,  p.  199). 

^  For  bronze  coins  of  this  mint  of  Eomau  types  and  of  the  triental  standard  (Series  I.), 
see  above,  p.  146. 

The  coins  of  Roman  denominations,  types,  and  standard  with  the  letter  V  are  attributed 
to  the  town  of  Luceria,  in  Apulia,  first,  because  there  appears  to  be  no  other  city  with  this 
initial  to  which  they  could  be  conveniently  assigned,  and  secondly,  because  they  are 
usually  found  in  the  district  around  Luceria  (see  Eiccio,  Le  Monete  attribute  alia  Zecca  dell' 
antica  Oitta  di  Luceria).  In  assigning  these  coins  to  Luceria  we  are,  however,  met  with  a 
somewhat  difficult  problem,  since  during  the  greater  part  of  the  time  when  they  were  issued 
there  existed  at  that  city  an  autonomous  coinage,  which,  though  based  on  the  Roman  bronze 
weight  standards,  is  not  of  Roman  types,  but  is  of  similar  nature  to  those  of  other  cities 
which  were  under  Roman  domination.    In  the  Corolla  Numismatica,  pp.  115  f.,  the  two  series  of 


180 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 


No. 

152 
153 


Weiylit 

31-7 
321 


154    I    32-0 


Metal 

and  !Size 

M,    -65 
M    -6 


M    -65 


155 
156 


301 

22-5 

16-0 


M 
M 


•65 
•6 


M    -5 


Obverse 

Similar. 

Similar ;  the  helmet  more 
Phrygian  in  form ;  the 
peak  more  forward ;  be- 
low head,  k 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Rercrse 


Similar. 

Similar  ;  R.OMA  on  tablet ; 
no  initial  of  mint. 


Similar. 
[PI. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Ixxxiii.  2.] 


Sestertius' 

Similar  to  no.  153  ;  behind  \  Similar 
head  of  Eoma,   IIS;   be- | 
low,  k  i 


R.OMA  on  tablet. 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  ciii.,  no.  14.] 


autonomous  and  Roman  types  have  been  classified  side  by  side  in  chronological  order.  If  we 
do  not  include  the  two  asses  of  the  libral  standard,  having  for  obverse  type  the  facing  head  of 
Minerva  or  Bellona,  and  on  the  reverse  a  bull  (see  above,  p.  145),  which  are  exceptional 
pieces,  the  two  series  range  together  from  cire.  B.C.  268 — 217,  as  both  contain  bronze  coins 
of  the  triental  and  sextantal  standards.  If  the  attribution  of  these  coins  of  Roman  types  to 
Luceria  is  correct,  it  would  appear  that  during  those  years  there  were  in  that  city  two  mints, 
officinae,  existing  side  by  side,  one  of  them  under  the  control  of  the  city,  issuing  autonomous 
coins,  the  other  probably  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  military  commanders,  who  struck 
coins  of  Roman  types.  The  currency  of  the  former  would  doubtless,  to  a  great  degree,  be 
limited  to  the  city  and  the  neighbourhood,  but  the  latter  would  circulate  in  all  districts  over 
which  Rome  had  some  form  of  power  or  control. 

Very  little  appears  to  be  known  of  the  history  of  Luceria  after  the  Sabine  war,  circ. 
B.C.  290,  till  the  time  of  the  second  Punic  war,  when  it  became  an  important  military 
position,  and  of  signal  advantage  to  the  Romans  during  their  operations  in  Apulia.  It  was 
repeatedly  chosen  for  the  winter-quarters  of  their  armies,  or  as  the  head-quarters  diiring 
successive  campaigns  in  those  districts.  This  may  have  been  to  some  degree  its  positiou 
at  the  time  of  the  first  Punic  war,  to  which  period  must  be  assigned  the  early  bronze  money 
of  the  triental  standard  (see  above,  p.  146).  This  military  or  purely  Roman  money  outlived 
the  autonomous  issues,  as  there  are  bronze  coins  of  the  uncial  standard  of  the  former  but  none 
of  the  latter. 

The  coinage  of  Roman  types  attributed  to  Luceria  is  of  silver  and  bronze,  the  former 
consisting  of  the  quinarius,  sestertius,  and  victoriatus,  the  latter  of  the  as  and  its  divisions  to 
the  semuncia.  These  are  classified  into  three  Series,  the  first  consisting  of  bronze  coins  of  the 
triental  standard,  the  second  of  silver  with  bronze  of  the  sextantal  standard,  and  the  third  also 
of  silver  and  bronze,  bnt  the  latter  of  the  uncial  standard.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  the 
quinarii  and  sestertii  may  belong  to  the  first  series,  but  as  there  is  not  sufficient  variation  in 
type  to  distinguish  between  the  pieces  issued  just  before  bo.  240  and  those  immediately  after, 
they  have  all  been  placed  with  the  second  series.  The  issue  of  the  quinarius  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  continued  after  B.C.  217,  when  the  bronze  of  the  uncial  standard  was  introduced ; 
and  if  the  local  mints  followed  the  example  of  that  in  the  Capitol  the  issue  of  the  sestertius 
must  have  ceased  before  the  introduction  of  the  victoriatus.  In  the  bronze  series  there  are 
two  exceptional  pieces,  the  dextans  of  the  uncial  standard  and  the  quincunx  of  the  sextantal. 
The  only  other  local  mint  of  which  these  denominations  are  known  is  that  with  the  initial 
r,  which  may  be  of  the  town  of  Palio,  and  not  Paestum  as  usually  identified  (see  below,  p.  203). 

Besides  these  two  series  of  money  Luceria  struck  an  alliance  coinage  with  Teaunm,  also  a 
town  of  Apulia.  This  coinage  only  lasted  for  a  few  years,  and  was  probably  established  for 
commercial  purposes  (see  below,  p.  185). 

1  D'Ailly  {op.  cit.,  p.  669)  mentions  only  two  specimens  of  the  sestertius,  one  in  his  own 
collection ,  the  other  in  that  at  Paris. 


Ho.       Weight 


50-4 


LUCEEIA,  CIEC.  B.C.  240—217  ;    A.U.C.  614—537 

Oiverse  Reverse 


181 


48-3 

M 

•65 

48-1 

M 

■75 

48-8 

JR 

•65 

44-6 

A\ 

•7 

629^0 


344^0 


Metal 
and  Sue 


M    -1 


M  1^4 


M  l-lb 


Victoriatus^ 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  high  relief,  with  thick 
beard  (similar  to  no.  137). 


Similar. 

Similar  ;  of  rude  ivork. 


Similar;      bead     and     reel 
border. 

Similar. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &o., 
similar  to  no.  189 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  greaves ; 
in  the  field,  U 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  3.] 

Similar. 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  of  rude  work. 
[PI.  Ixxxiii.  4.] 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  5.] 


As' 


Head   of    Janus,    laureate ; 
below,  k 


RoMA     below     Prow     r. 
above,  I ;  before,  k 


[D'Ailly,  Men.  rom.,  pi.  ciii.,  no.  15.] 
Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  S  ;  below,  U 


Similar  ;  above  prow,  S ;  no 
initial  of  mint. 


[D'Ailly,  Moil,  rom.,  pi.  ciii.,  no.  17.] 


^  All  the  Tictoriati  in  the  National  Collection  are  of  the  early  issue.  The  specimen  figured 
by  D'Ailly  (pi.  cv.,  no.  2)  may  be  of  the  later  series,  i.e.  after  B.C.  217  (see  below,  p.  183). 

^  D'Ailly  [op.  cit.,  p.  669)  mentions  only  two  specimens  of  this  denomination,  one  in  the 
possession  of  Kiccio,  whose  illustration  he  reproduces  [Man.  di  Luceria,  cl.  v.  1),  the  other  in 
the  Arigoui  collection. 


182 


COINAGE   OP   ITALY 


No. 


162 


TTT  •  7  J        Metal 
■*         and  Size 


163 


242-0 


2330 


M  1-15 


^1-05 


164 


165 


172-0  I  M    -75 


140-0 


JE    -9 


I 


82-0 


M    -8 


Obieise 


iietiei-se 


Quincunxi 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate; 
hair  long ;  behind,  ^ 


KoMA  belo-w  the  Dioscuri 
on  horseback  charging  r., 
■with  couched  spears  (usual 
type  of  the  denarius) ;  in 

the  exergue, 

[Pi.  Ixxxiii.  6.] 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  -wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  earring  of  triple 
drop  and  necklace  of 
pendants;  above,  ••••; 
below,  k 


R.OMA  above  Pro-w  r. ;  be- 
low, •••• 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  7.] 


Quad  pans  3 

Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
■wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
low, ••• 


Similar;  below  pro-w,   ••• 
before,  k 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  8.] 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing chlamys  and  -winged 
petasus ;  above,  •• 


Similar ;  below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  between  marks 
of  value,  *U' 


[D'Ailly,  Moil,  roin.,  pi.  civ.,  no.  9.] 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  Phrygian-shaped 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head  and  visor 
in  one  piece;  earring  of 
single  drop  and  necklace 
of  pendants ;  behind,  •  ; 
below,  k 


Uncia 

Similar ;     below    prow, 
no  initial  of  mint. 
[PI.  Ixxxiii.  9.] 


'  This  is  one  of  the  rare  instances  of  the  issue  of  this  denomination,  which  also  occurs  in 
the  autonomous  series  of  Luceria  of  the  sextantal  standard  (see  Eiocio,  Mon.  di  Luceria, 
cl.  iii.  1). 

'  Varieties  of  the  semis,  triens,  and  quadrans  have  the  mint-initial  on  both  sides  (D'Ailly, 
Mon.  rom.,  pi.  civ.,  no.  1;  pi.  cxiii.,  nos.  3,  5). 


LUCEEIA,  FEOM  B.C.  217;   A.U.C.  537 


183 


.,         ,,,  .  ,  ,        Metal 

ISO.         WeUJlt  J    a- 

■*         ana  Sim 


166 
167 


78-0 
60-0 


31-0 


168 


44-0 


384-0 


M    -85 
M    -8 


M    -65 


JR    -6 


2E  1-25 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar ;  helmet  with  crest 
and  visor,  not  Phrygian, 
and  without  wings.' 


Similar. 


(Sambon) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  10.] 


Semuncia 


Head  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing winged  petasus ;  be- 
low, I' 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ; 
above,  e  {semuncia) ;  be- 
fore, k 


[D'Ailly,  Moil,  rom.,  pi.  civ.,  no.  17.] 

Sbeies  III. 

SILVEE  AND   BEONZB  (Uncial  Series) 

Feom  B.C.  217;  a.u.c.  537. 

Victofiatus^ 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
in  low  relief. 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Victory 
standing  r.,placingwreath 
on  trophy,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  142 ;  the  trophy  is 
without  greaves  and  base 
to  stem  ;  in  the  field,  V 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cv.,  no.  2." 


Head   of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  —  ;  below,  V 


As  3 

R.OMA     below     Prow    r. 
above,  I 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  11.] 


'  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  pi.  civ.,  no.  12)  illustrates  another  example  of  this  type  of  the  nnoia 
without  the  mint-initial  on  the  obverse,  but  with  it  placed  on  the  reverse  below  the  prow,  and 
with  the  mark  of  value. 

^  This  victoriatus  appears  from  its  weight  (44-38  grs.)  to  belong  to  the  reduced  standard. 
This  is  the  only  silver  coin  which  can  be  assigned  to  this  period,  as  the  issue  of  the  quinarius 
at  Luceria  does  not  appear  to  have  survived  the  introduction  of  bronze  coins  of  the  uncial 
standard,  and  that  of  the  sestertius  ceased  on  the  institution  of  the  victoriatus  in  B.C.  229. 

'  The  mark  of  value  on  the  obverse  is  placed  horizontally  and  not  vertically,  as  also  in  the 
case  of  similar  coins  with  the  mint-initials  P,  Palio,  andCA,  Canusium  (see  below,  pp.  203,205). 


184 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


X'T.       Weiglit 


ifetal 
and  She 


Ob'vi^rse 


Re^'erfie 


Dextans  ^ 


169      186-0  j  yE  1-1     '  Head  of  Ceres  r.,  -wearing  '  R.OMA   belo-w  Quadi-iga  r., 


-wreath  of  corn,  earring  of 
single  drop,  and  necklace 
of  pendants. 


170 


driven  by  Victory,  hold- 
ing reins  in  r.  hand  and 
goad  in  1. ;  horses  gallop- 
ing; in  the  exergue,  $••••; 
above,  k 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.   12.] 


180-0 


160-0 


JE  1-1 


.E  1-0 


Semis 

Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate;    R.OMA     belo-w     Prow     r. 


behind,  S 


above,  S  ;  before,  k 
[PI.  Ixxxiii.  13.] 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  -wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace  ;  above, 
••••;  belo-w,  U 


Similar;  RoMAabovepro-w; 
belo-w,  •  •  •  • ;  before,  I' 


126-0 


^    -95 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cv.,  no.  12.] 
Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
-wearing  lion's  skin;  be- 
lo-w, club ;  behind,  J 


Similar;   belo-w  pro-w,  ••• 
before,  V 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cv.,  no.  13.] 


D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  pi.  cv.,  no.  5)  figures  the  as  of  this  issue  -without  the  mark  of  value  on  the 
obverse.  Varieties  of  the  as  and  semis  have  the  initial  I'  on  both  sides  (Ricoio,  Mon.  di  Luceria, 
cl.  Ti.  1,  2). 

'  This  rare  denomination  was  also  issued  at  Palio  (see  below,  p.  203,  no.  259). 


LUCEEIA  AND  TEANUM,  FEOM  B.C.  229;    A.U.C.  525 

Obverse  Reverse 


185 


No.      Weight  ,  „. 

'         and  Size 


171 


172 


173 


174 


175 


176 


93-0 


860 


68-0 


49-5 


33-2 
40-8 


M    -8 


M    ■& 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -6 
M    -6 


Sextans  ^ 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing chlamys  and  winged 
petasus;  above,  •• 


Similar. 


Similar ;  below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  between  marks  of 
value,  'k* 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.   14.] 

Similar. 


Uncia 


Head  of  Roma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  with  visor; 
behind,  • 


Similar;   below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  and  mark  of  value, 

[PI.  Ixxxiii.  15.] 


I'  -T:T 

(LUCEEIA   AND   TEANUM') 

From  b.c,  229;   a.u.c.  525 

Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  somewhat  low  relief ; 
thick  beard;  below,  k 


Similar. 


Similar ;  head  smaller. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Alo- 
tory  standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  137 ;  the 
trophy  is  with  cuirass  and 
greaves ;  in  the  field,  T 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.   1.] 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar;  R.OMA;  the  trophy 
is    without    cuirass,    but 
showing  the  greaves. 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.  2.] 
(Sambon) 


^  A  variety  of  the  sextans  has  the  mint-initial  U  under  the  bust  on  the  obverse  (D'Ailly, 
Mon.  rom.j  pi.  cv.,  no.  16),  and  another  the  mint-initial  also  before  the  prow  on  the  reverse 
(Kiccio,  Mon.  di  Luceria,  ol.  vi.,  no.  5).  D'Ailly  {op.  cit.,  pi.  cvi.,  nos.  1-3)  also  figures  the  as 
and  quadrans  of  semnnoial  weight,  but  these  are  only  light  uncial  specimens,  as  the  mint  at 
Luceria  was  long  abolished  before  that  standard  was  introduced  into  the  Roman  system. 

^  In  attributing  these  coins  to  Luceria  and  Teanum,  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  p.  691)  hesitated 
to  which  city  of  the  latter  name  he  would  assign  them,  whether  to  Teanum  Sidioinum  in 
Campania,  or  to  Teanum  in  Apulia.  He  suggested  also  Teate  and  Tuder,  but  the  former  of 
these  towns  had  its  own  coinage  till  after  B.C.  217  (Head,  Hist,  num.,  p.  41),  and  the  latter 
was  situated  in  Umbria.  As  it  is  an  alliance  coinage,  Teanum  in  Apulia  would  be  the  most 
probable  place,  being  at  no  great  distance  from  Luceria.  It  was  one  of  the  most  important 
towns  of  Apulia  before  its  conquest  by  the  Romans  circ.  B.C.  318.  Little  mention,  however,  is 
made  of  it  till  the  second  Punic  war,  when  it  was  chosen  by  the  dictator,  M.  Junius  Pera,  for 
his  winter-quarters.     It  continued  to  be  a  flourishing  place  even  under  the  Roman  Empire. 

This  joint  coinage  may  have  resulted  from  a  special  treaty  between  the  two  towns,  or  it 
may  have  been  instituted  for  mutual  commercial  convenience.  The  date  of  its  issue  can  be 
determined  within  fairly  certain  limits.  As  the  bronze  coins  are  of  the  sextantal  standard, 
they  must  have  been  struck  between  B.C.  240 — 217,  but  as  the  victoriatus  was  not  instituted 
before  B.C.  229,  this  joint-issue  may  not  have  commenced  before  that  date.  It  is  possible 
VOL.    II.  B   B 


186 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


177    !    40-1  I  .R    -6    I  Similar. 


181 


Diverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 


178 

49-4 

179 

48-3 

180 

46-5 

19-8 

,-R    -65    Similar;     no    letter    below 
head  of  Jupiter. 


M    -7    :  Similar. 


141-0 


.11    -7 


M    -6 


Similar  ;  in  the  field,  T 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.  3.] 

Similar. 

(de  SaUs  CoU.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Sambon) 


Half-Victoriatus' 


Head  of  young  Mars  r., 
wearing  crested  helmet : 
below,  k 


BvOMA  (in  exergue).  Horse- 
man, one  of  the  Dioscuri, 
galloping  1. ;  his  r.  hand 
raised;  behind,  S  (semis); 
below,  T 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cvi.,  no.  7.] 


2E  1-0 


Sextans 

Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing    crested     Corinthian 


helmet ;    below, 
der  chin,  V 


un- 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  raises 
his  r.  hand ;  below  horses, 
T 

[PI.  Ixxxiv.  4.] 


that  it  began  at  the  time  when  the  autonomous  coins  of  Luceria  came  to  an  end,  so  that 
the  two  series  were  not  synchronons.  With  the  exception  of  the  victoriatus,  a  denomination 
common  to  most  of  the  local  issues  of  this  period,  the  types  of  all  the  coins  are  connected  with 
the  cult  of  the  Dioscuri.  The  semuncia  of  the  autonomous  coinage  of  Luceria  of  the  sextantal 
standard  has  for  obverse  type  the  heads  of  the  Dioscuri,  and  on  the  reverse  their  horses 
(Eiccio,  Hon.  di  Luceria,  cl.  iii.,  no.  6).  Precisely  the  same  type  occurs  on  this  denomination 
of  the  joint-issue,  so  that  this  piece  makes  it  certain  that  Luceria  must  have  been  one  of  the 
towns  to  strike  this  coinage.     The  legend  ROMA  is,  however,  omitted. 

^  This  .small  silver  coin  was  evidently  intended  for  the  half-victoriatus.  Mommsen  {Hist, 
mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  228)  was  of  opinion  that  it  was  the  sestertius,  for  he  says  that  "although 
the  indication  of  the  value  is  not  marked  on  the  coin,  it  must  be  a  sestertius,  the  type 
indicating  a  half-quinarius."  The  sign  or  letter  S  (semis)  is,  however,  intended  for  the  mark 
of  value,  and  from  its  weight,  19'8  grs.,  it  would  be  equivalent  to  the  half-victoriatus,  or  half 
of  the  Campanian  drachm.  This  denomiuation  was  occasionally  issued  (see  pp.  179,  199). 
D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  693)  was  also  of  this  opinion.  In  this  joint-issue  the  types  are  not  always 
a  sure  guide  for  determining  the  denominations.  In  the  illustration  the  mint-initial  is  in- 
correctly figured.  It  should  be  k,  not  L.  Bahrfeldt  {Riv.  Ital.,  1900,  p.  46)  mentions  four 
specimens  of  this  rare  coin. 

^  This  is  an  exceptional  type  for  the  sextans,  the  head  of  Minerva  being  the  obverse  type 
of  the  triens.  Though  this  sextans  exceeds  slightly  the  normal  weight  of  that  denomiuation  of 
the  sextantal  issue,  vet  it  must  belong  to  that  series,  as  do  also  the  uncia  and  semuncia.  It 
will  be  seen  that  on  the  semuncia  the  positions  of  the  mint-initials  are  interchanged. 

Bahrfeldt  (Alt.  rom.  Milvzu-esen,  pi.  iv.,  no.  15)  illustrates  a  quadrans  with  the  head  of 
Jlercury  on  the  obverse  instead  of  Hercules,  and  on  the  reverse  the  letter  T  before  the  prow. 
As  the  obverse  type  is  exceptional,  this  may  be  of  Teanum.  Specimens  are  in  the  Bodley  and 
Vienna  collections. 


CANUSIUM,  OIEO.  B.C.  240;   A.U.O.  514 


187 


A'). 


ITeirjht 


66-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -85 


336 


182 


66'2 


M    -7 


M    'BS 


0/(?'f  )'s^ 


Reverse 


Uncia' 


Female  head  (Eoma  ?)  r.  ; 
wearing  Phrygian-shaped 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head,  and  with 
visor;    behind,*;    below, 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Horse- 
man, one  of  the  Dioscuri, 
charging  r.  and  holding 
couched  spear ;  behind 
horse,  •  ;  below,  T 


[Eiccio,  Mo7i.  di  Luceria,  cl.  iv.,  no.  6.  J 


Semuncia 


Conjoined  heads  of  the 
Dioscuri  r.,  wearing  pilei, 
each  surmounted  by  star; 
behind,  T 


The  horses  of  the  Dioscuri 
galloping  r. ;  star  above 
the  head  of  each ;  in  the 
exergue,  k 


[Bahrfeldt,  Riv.  Ital,  1900,  pi.  i.,  no.  33.] 

c 

(CANUSIUM  ?=) 

Circ.  B.C.  240;    a.u.c.  514 

Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces,  even  at 
the  ends  and  slightly  con- 
vex ;  earring  of  triple 
drop ;  hair  in  close  locks ; 
behind,  X  (similar  to  no. 
1,  p.  153). 


R.OMA    (on    tablet).      The 
Dioscuri     on     horseback 
charging   r.,    &c.,   similar 
to  no.  132 ;  above,  C 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.  5.] 


^  Kiccio  (op.  cit.,  cl.  iv.,  no.  5)  figures  a  variety  of  the  uncia  which  he  said  belonged  to 
Count  Kaffaele  Milano,  without  the  legend,  ROMA,  and  having  on  the  obverse  the  letter  k 
and  on  the  reverse  the  monogram  P.     D'Ailly  (Hon.  rom.,  p.  695)  questions  the  accuracy  of 
the  illustration,  and  adds  that  it  would  be  more  rational  to   see  either  the  single  letter  on 
both  sides,  or  the  monogram  alone  or  repeated  on  the  obverse  and  reverse. 

^  The  identification  of  this  letter  as  the  initial  of  Canusium  in  Apulia  is  uncertain.     It 


1S3 


2fo.       Weight 


183 

184 

185 


65-3 


Wefal 
and  Size 

M    -85 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Olverse 


Reverse 


186 


62-1  ,  M    -75 

69-0  I  M    -8 

I 

I 

59-3     ,R    -75 


50-0 


M    -6 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar ;  head  of  Eoma  in 
lower  relief ;  visor  more 
open  at  the  ends  and 
slightly  convex  (similar  to 
no.  88). 


Similar ;  the  visor  is  in  three 
pieces,  more  separated, 
even  at  the  ends,  and  not 
convex  ;  earring  of  single 
drop  (similar  to  no.  90). 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;     ROMA    between 
two  lines  (of  coarse  work). 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.  6.] 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxiv.  7.] 


Similar;  R-OMA  on  tablet. 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.  8.] 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


From  b.c.  229;   a.u.c.  525 
Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  C 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  etc., 
similar  to  no.  139 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  greaves. 


[D'Ailly,  3Io)i.  ram.,  pi.  c,  no.  10.] 


cannot  well  be  that  of  Capna,  as  suggested  by  D'Ailly  {Mon.  ro7n.,  p.  625),  as  the  style  and  fabric 
of  the  denarii  are  so  very  rude,  and  also  as  the  initial-letter  of  that  city  was  apparently  K,  not 
C  (see  below,  p.  208).  Canusinm  was  on  the  high  road  from  BeneTentum  to  Brundusinm,  and 
was  distant  about  twenty-six  miles  from  Herdonea  (see  below,  pp.  192, 193).  Tt  was  an  ancient 
mint-place,  issuing  silver  and  bronze  autonomous  coins  circ.  B.C.  300.  As  the  above  denarii 
resemble  in  details  the  type  of  those  classed  to  the  beginning  of  Period  I.  (see  Series  I.  and 
II.,  pp.  153,  165),  this  mint  must  have  been  established  at  a  somewhat  early  date.  If  the 
victoriatus  and  bronze  coins  also  bearing  the  initial  C  are  correctly  attributed  to  the  same 
mint,  it  must  have  continued  intermittently  in  operation  over  a  long  period.  Those  of  bronze 
appear  to  be  of  the  light  sextantal  or  uncial  standard,  which  would  take  us  down  to  B.C.  217 
or  later.  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  p.  628)  says  that  his  specimens  of  the  semis  were  in  such  poor 
condition  that  they  served  as  no  criterion  for  the  standard  on  which  they  were  struck.  He 
also  notices  that  some  of  the  sextantes  had  been  struck  over  coins  of  Cales  with  reverse  type, 
man-headed  bull  and  star.  He  erroneously  identifies  the  mint-place  of  the  original  coins  as 
Panormus. 


»T        tir  •  ij       Metal 
1,0.     We^gU    ^^^g.^^ 


CANUSIUM,  FROM  B.C.  229  ;    A.U.C.  525 

Ohverse  Reverse 


189 


544'0 


176-0 


87-0 


M  1-25 


M  1-1 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


ROMA     below     Prow     r. ; 
above,  I ;  before,  C 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  c,  no.  12.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate  ; 
behind,  S 


Similar ;      KoMA ;      above 
prow,  S  ;  before,  C 


M    -85 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rovi.,  pi.  c,  no.  13.] 


Triens ' 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet  with  visor,  earring 
of  single  drop,  and  neck- 
lace ;  above,  •••• 


Similar;  R,oMA  above 
prow;  below,  ••••;  be- 
fore, C 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  c,  no.  14.] 


'  The  specimens  of  the  triens  and  quadrans  figured  by  D'Ailly  were  respectively  in  the 
Riccio  and  Collegio  Romano  collections. 


190 

No.      ^y  eight       ^l'^"J 
"        mm  Size 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohverse 


Feverse 


610 


63-0 

51-0 

45-0 
37-0 


66-4 


Quadrans 


JE  "75  Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


Similar;  KoMA;  below 
prow,  •  •  •  ;  before,  C 


M  -85 

M  -75 

M  -85 

^  -75 


M    -8 


[D'Ailly,  3Ion.  rom.,  pi.  c,  no.  15.] 


Sextans ' 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear 


i  Similar;    R.OMA    above 


ing  clilamys  and  winged 
petasus;  above,  •• 

prow  ;  below,  •  • ;  before, 
C 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  IxTTxiv.  9.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

W^ 

(EOMA) 

Circ. 

B.C.  240;   A.u.c.  514 

Den£ 

ipius 

Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  visor  in  three  sepa- 
rate pieces,  straight  and 
even  at  the  ends;  [earring 
of  single  drop]  and  neck- 
lace; behind,  X  (similar 
to  no.  91). 


FLO  MA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  132  ;  below  horses, 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cix.,  no.  ll.J 


1  The  uncia  of  this  issue  is  not  mentioned  by  D'Ailly. 

^  This  monogram  is  somewhat  uncertain.  Riooio  {Catalogo,  p.  174)  interprets  it  as 
ROMIL,  and  attributes  the  coins  to  a  member  of  the  Eomilia  gens;  Cohen  (Rev.  Num., 
1858,   p.  55)   as    ROMA[NlVS];   and  D'Ailly   {Man.   rom.,   p.  750)   as    ROMA[NVS]   or 


No.        H'ei'/Zif 


191 


28-5 


192 


17-7 


31-5 

[ivorn) 


193 


194 


324-0 


266-0 


Metal 
and  Si~e 


JR    -65 


M,  FEOM  B.C.  229  ;   A.U.C.  525 

Obverse 

Quinarius 


191 


Reverse 


M    -5 


Al    -7 


M  1-1 


M  1-1 


Similar;  visor  in  three  pieces, 
as  no.  92;  behind  head  of 
Roma,  V 


Similar ;      RoMA      in     ex- 
ergue ;  below  horses,  RS 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.   10.] 


Sestertius 


Similar ;     behind    head    of 
Eoma,  IIS 


Similar;      RoMA     in     ex- 
ergue ;  below  horses,  M 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.   11.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


From  b.c.  229;    a.u.c.  525 
VIctoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief :  the  back  of 
the  head  with  indentation 
(similar  to  no.  149). 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy  ;  similar 
to  no.  149 ;  the  trophy 
consists  of  a  helmet, 
shield,  and  cuirass  only ; 
in  the  field,  N^ 


[D'Ailly,  Mon. 


rom. 


pi.  cxiii.,  no.  12.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Similar. 


RoMA     below     Prow     r. ; 
above,  S ;  before,  RH 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.   12.] 

Similar;  RoMA 


ROMA[NILLVS],  surnames  borne  by  several  Roman  families;  and  others  as  ROMA  simply. 
The  last  is  now  the  generally  accepted  interpretation,  but  no  suggestion  appears  to  hare 
been  made  why  the  name  in  the  exergue  should  be  repeated  in  monogrammatic  form  in  the 
field  of  the  coin.  It  is  certainly  a  mint  sign,  and  not  that  of  a  moneyer.  As  the  coins  are 
well  executed  and  of  neat  fabric,  it  is  possible  that  they  were  struck  at  Capua,  and  that  to 
distinguish  these  pieces  from  those  of  the  Roman  mint  the  authorities  placed  on  the  coins  this 
mark  of  difference. 

The  denarii  resemble  in  type  those  attributed  to  Series  II.  of  Pe^od  I.  (see  abore,  pp.  150, 
165),  showing  that  they  belong  to  an  early  issue.  The  head  of  Eoma  on  the  denarius,  quinarius, 
and  sestertius  is  very  similar  in  treatment.  The  bronze  coins  are  of  the  sextantal  standard, 
but  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  victoriatns  belongs  to  the  early  or  later  period.  D'Ailly 
(Moil,  rom.,  p.  792)  mentions  only  tlio  specimen  in  his  collection,  which  came  from  that  of 
Eiccio  {Sale  Cat.,  18(58,  no.  1357).     The  coin  is  much  worn,  and  only  weighs  31-5  grs. 


192 

No.      ^U^ght     „„^  ^,.6 


195 


158-0 


64-3 


67-0 


M    -95 


M    -8 


.H    -8 


COINAGE    OP   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Quadrans' 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar;  R.OMA  above  prow; 
below,  •  •  •  ;  before,  lU 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.   13.] 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 


(BENEVENTUM?) 

Circ.  B.C.  240;    A.u.c.  514 

Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  not  in 
high  relief  .wearing  winged 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head ;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces,  slightly 
convex  ;  earring  of  triple 
di-op ;  lock  of  hair  falling 
over  1.  shoulder ;  behind, 
X  (similar  to  no 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  132  ;  below  horses, 
B 


[D'Ailly,  Mo?i.  rom.,  pi.  c,  no.  3.] 


Similar  ;  the  head  of  Eoma 
in  lower  relief  ;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces,  separate 
from  the  base,  beneath 
which  and  above  forehead 
a  small  ring ;  earring  of 
triple  drop,  and  lock  of 
hair  on  1.  shoulder  (simi- 
lar to  no.  107). 


Similar;  R.OMA 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  c,  no.  1.] 


'  Another  deuomiration  is  the  as  (D'Ailly,  Hon.  rom.,  pi.  oix.,  no.  15).  From  information 
supplied  by  Oberst  Bahrfeldt  it  appears  that  the  sextans  figured  by  D'Ailly  (loc.  cit.,  no.  18) 
does  not  belong  to  this  issue,  the  monogram  before  the  prow  being  f^.  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  748) 
expressed  doubt  as  to  its  identification. 

There  are  no  denarii  with  the  initial   B  in  the  National  Collection.     Their  descriptions 
are  inserted  here,  as  they  seem  to  fix  the  place  of  mintage  of  the  denarii  of  Series  II.  and  III. 


»r  ti-   •  7  *        Metal 

Jio.       II  eight  J  ., 

^         and  biz 


HEEDONEA,  CIEG.  B.C.  240;    A.U.C.  514  193 

Obverse  Reverse 


196 


197 


198 


199 


65-0 


40-7 


32-8 


35-2 


M   -75 


M    -65 


Al    -65 


M    -65 


H 

(HEEDONEA  ■) 

Circ.  B.C.  240;    A.u.c.  514 

Denarius " 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  low 
relief,  wearing  winged 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head  ;  the  visor 
in  three  straight  pieces, 
even  at  the  ends;  earring 
of  single  drop  and  neck- 
lace ;  behind,  X  (similar 
to  no.  90). 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  132  ;  below  horses, 


H 


[PI.  Ixxxiv.   14.] 


Quinapius 


Similar ;  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  is  in  three  pieces, 
joined  at  the  ends ;  similar 
to  no.  132 ;  earring  of 
single  drop  and  necklace ; 
behind,  V 


Similar ;  ends  of  visor  not 
joined ;  earring  of  triple 
drop. 

Similar ;  earring  of  single 
drop. 


Similar ;  R.OMA  between 
two  straight  lines ;  below 
horses,  H 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxiv.   15.] 

(Payne  Knight  CoU.) 

Similar ;  HoMA  on  tablet. 
[PI.  Ixxxiv.  16.] 


described  in  Period  I.  (see  above,  pp.  150,  165,  168).  The  fabric  and  style  are  the  same,  and 
the  shape  of  the  helmet  is  identical  in  each  instance.  On  the  second  piece  the  small  ring 
attached  to  the  visor  is  seen  aa  on  no.  107.  This  peculiarity  does  not  seem  to  occur  in  any 
other  instance.  D'Ailly  (Hon.  rom.,  pi.  c,  no.  2)  figures  a  third  specimen,  which  only  differs 
in  being  without  the  small  ring.  The  denarius  appears  to  be  the  only  denomination  of  this 
issue. 

The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  Beneventum,  in  Samnium,  is  conjectural.  There  are 
autonomous  coins  of  that  place,  but  possibly  of  an  earlier  date  (see  Head,  Hist,  num.,  p.  21). 
Brundusium,  in  Calabria,  might  also  be  suggested  as  a  possible  mint-place  for  these  coins. 
It  also  had  an  independent  mint. 

^  The  identification  of  this  mint-place  is  uncertain,  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  651)  suggests 
Hatria,  in  Picenura;  Riocio  (Catalogo,  p.  17)  Ilerdonea,  in  Apulia.  Hatria  became  a  Roman 
colony  in  B.C.  289,  and  issued  an  autonomous  bronze  coinage  of  the  libral  standard.  Of 
Herdonea  little  appears  to  be  known  before  the  second  Punic  war,  when  it  witnessed  the 
defeat  of  two  different  Roman  armies  by  Hannibal,  one  in  B.C.  212,  under  the  praetor 
On.  Fulvius  Flaocus,  the  other  in  e.g.  210,  under  the  pro-consul  Cn.  Fulvins  Centumalus. 
As  the  town  was  situated  on  the  branch  of  the  Appian  Way  which  led  from  Canusium  to 
Beneventum,  the  balance  of  evidence  is  in  favour  of  its  being  the  mint-place  of  the  coins  with 
the  letter  H ,  though  they  are  anterior  to  the  time  of  the  second  Punic  w^ar. 

'  The  denarius  and  the  quinarius  are  of  the  early  type,  both  belonging  to  Series  II.  of  the 
moneyers,  and  the  bronze  coinage  is  of  the  sextantal  standard.  D'Ailly  does  not  mention  tho 
victoriatus  of  this  issue,  but  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  56)  includes  it  in  his  list  of  coins  with  letters 
and  monograms.     lu  the  legend  ROMA  on  the  denarius,  the  letter  M  is  incuse. 

VOL.    II.  C    C 


19i 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


iYo.       Weight 

200    I    32-8 


201 


J/.f.W 
and  Size 

jR    -65 


Ohverse 


Iievers 


33-3     M    -65 


31-6 

594-0 

558-0 
540-0 

385-0 

303-0 
287-0 
250-0 

171-0 


159-0 


80-0 


M    -6 

M  1-35 

M  1-3 
M  1-25 

M  1-2 

iE  1-1 
^  1-1 
M  1-1 

^    -95 


Similar;  endsof  visor  joined.  '  Similar;  KoMA  in  exergue. 

1  [PI.  Ixxxiv.  17.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;       H     behind     the 
horses. 

[PI.  Ixxxiv.  18.] 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


Similar. 
Similar. 


RoMA     below     Pro-w    r. ; 
above,  I ;  before,  H 
[PI.  Ixxxv.  1.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Semis 


M    -95 


M    -9 


Head  of  Jupiter  r. ,  laureate ; 
the  back  of  the  head  with 
indentation ;  behind,  S 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar ;    above    prow,    S ; 
before,  H 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  2.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet,  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace;  above. 


Similar. 


Similar;  RoMA  above 
prow;  below,  ••••  ;  be- 
fore, H 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  3.] 

(Imhoof-Blumer  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Quadrans' 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin;  be- 
low, club ;  behind,  I 


Similar ;   below  prow,  •  •  • ; 
before,  H 

[PI.  Ixxxv,  4.] 


1  Other  denominations  are  the  sextans  and  uncia  (D'Ailly,  Hon.  rom.,  pi.  cii.,  nos.  15-17). 


A7„        IT'  ■  1  (       Metal 
•'         and  Siz 


QUEEQUETDLA?,   FEOM  B.C.  229;    A.U.C.  525 

Obverse  Revc 


195 


213 


214 

215 

216 
217 
218 

219 


220 
221 


35-2 

M    -65 

33-0 

^R    -65 

31-3 

M    -7 

30-7 

Al    -65 

30-1 

M    -65 

36-0 

M    -65 

51-5 

M    -75 

30-2 

M    -65 

37-8 

M    -65 

a 

(Uncertain  mint ') 

Feom  B.C.  229;   a.u.c.  525 

Quinar-ius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  even  at 
the  ends,  &o.,  similar  to 
no.  95 ;  earring  of  single 
drop ;  behind,  V 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;    the   visor   of   the 
helmet  is  in  two  pieces. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  132;  below  horses, 

a 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar;  RoMA  in  exergue; 
below  horses,  CX 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  5.] 

Similar ;  below  horses,  O- 

Similar. 

Similar  ;  below  horses,  CL, 
[PI.  Ixxxv.  6.] 


Victopiatus  • 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  high  relief ;  hair  and 
beard  thick  (similar  to 
no.  137). 


Similar. 

Similar;  type  in  lower  relief; 
back  of  head  of  Jupiter 
slightly  indented. 


ROM  A  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy  which 
is  without  greaves  (similar 
to  no.  139);  in  the  field, 

a 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  7.] 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar;  RoMA 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  8.] 


'  This  is  evidently  the  initial  of  a  mint,  and  not  of  a  moneyer  of  the  Quinctia  gens  as 
D'Ailly  (Man.  rom.,  p.  740)  suggests.  The  only  place  to  which  the  letter  seems  to  apply  is 
Querqueinla,  an  ancient  city  of  Latinm,  but  nothing  appears  to  be  known  of  its  position.  It 
is  mentioned  by  Pliny  (Rist.  Nat.,  iii.  5,  9)  and  by  Dionysius  (Rom,  ant.,  v.  61)  amongst 
the  Latin  cities  which  constituted  the  league  against  Rome.  There  is  no  town  known  in  Apulia 
with  the  initial  Q.  The  bronze  coins  are  of  the  sextantal  standard,  and  the  victoriati  of  the 
heavier  and  reduced  weights,  i.e.  before  and  after  B.C.  217-  This  furnishes  us  with  the 
approximate  date  and  duration  of  the  issue. 

^  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  741)  has  questioned  the  existence  of  the  victoriatus  of  this  issue,  as  Be 
considered  that  the  sign  on  the  reverse  is  not  the  letter  Q  but  an  insect,  a  worm,  or  a  leech, 
with  the  body  raised  and  forming  a  loop,  and  he  therefore  described  it  in  the  series  with  symbols 
(see  p.  587).  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  236),  Riccio  (CatoloffO.p.  24,  nos.  51-53),  and 
Count  de  Salis  all  considered  the  sign  to  be  a  letter.  It  occurs  also  on  the  quinariua  and  only 
seems  to  bo  an  instance  of  an  ill-formed  letter  (see  illustrations  of  nos.  215,  218,  219,  and  221). 


196 


Is'o.       Weiqht 


Metal 
and  tiize 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohverse 


PiCVL-rfe 


222 


223 


224 


150-0 


74-0 


32-2 


225 


Quadrans 


M  -85  Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


M    -8 


JR    -6 


29-8 


JR    -65 


Ho  MA     above     Prow    r. ; 

below,  ••• ;  before,  Q 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  9.] 


Sextans ' 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing chlamys  and  winged 
petasus ;  above,  •  • 


prow, 


Similar ;    below 
before,  Q. 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  10 


eg 

(COECYEA  3) 

Circ.  B.C.  229;  a.u.c.  525 
Quinarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  even  at 
the  ends,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  95  ;  behind,  V 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (between  two  lines). 
The  Dioscuri  on  horse- 
back charging  r.,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  132  ;  under 
horse  on  1.,  <&  (KOPKvpa); 
under  horse  on  r.,  A  (Ar?;- 
(ravSpo;). 

[PI.  Ixxxv.   11.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


^  Other  denominations  are  the  semis,  the  triens  (D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom,,  pi.  cix.,  no.  8),  and  the 
uncia  (Bahrfeldt,  Alt.  rom.  ilunztrefen,  p.  143).  Eiccio  (ilJon.  fam.  rom.,  p.  264)  mentions  the 
semis  with  the  letter  Q  placed  on  the  reverse  upon  or  before  the  prow,  but  he  does  not  either 
describe  or  figure  the  coin.  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  p.  741)  says  he  has  not  met  with  a  specimen,  but 
he  thought  its  existence  very  probable,  seeing  that  we  have  the  triens,  quadrans,  and  sextans 
of  the  same  issue. 

"  This  coin  is  overstruck  on  one  of  Cales,  with  the  reverse  type  a  man-headed  bull  with 
star  above  (see  above,  pp.  172, 188,  for  similar  overstruck  coins  of  about  the  same  date).  These 
overstruck  coins  would  suggest  that  the  mint-town  vrith  the  initial  Q  was  situated  in 
Campania  or  in  a  neighbouring  district. 

'  The  island  of  Corcyra  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  in  B.C.  229,  and  shortly  afterwards 
its  capital  of  the  same  name  was  made  a  free  state.  It  was  allowed  to  retain  its  autonomy, 
and  from  B.C.  229 — 48  issued  an  extensive  coinage,  chiefly  in  bronze,  which,  like  the  above 
coins,  often  bears  the  names  of  its  magistrates  or  prytanes,  as  well  as  the  monogram  of  the 
city  (see  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  Or.  Coins,  Thessaly  to  AetoUa,  pp.  137  f.).  The  name  of  Agesandros 
occurs  in  the  list  of  prytanes  (Boekh,  C.  I.  G.,  1851),  and  it  may  be  his  monogram  which  is 
given  on  these  coins.  Corcyra  appears-to  have  been  the  only  mint-town  outside  Italy  which 
at  this  period  struck  coins  of  Eoman  types  and  denominations.  They  were  no  doubt  intended 
for  purposes  of  commerce  (see  vol.  i. ,  p.  37). 


,,  ,,,   .  ,  ,        Metal 

No.       II  ciiiht  ,  „. 

■'         and  bize 


MATEOLA,  CIEC.  B.C.  229  ;   A.U.C.  525 

Obverse  Reverse 


197 


226 


227 


228 


229 


45-8 


42-7 


31-7 


M    -65 


M    -75 


M    -65 


29-9     M    -65 


230       21-2 


231 


28-3 


M    -55 
M    -6 


Victoriatus' 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate,  \  KOMA   (in  exergue).     Vic 


in  high   relief ;   hair  and 
beard  thick. 


Similar. 


tory  standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  137 ;  in 
the  field,  *  ;  on  r.,  A 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  12.] 

(Boyd  Coll.) 


(MATEOLA  ?) 

Circ.  B.C.  229;    a.u.c.  525 

Quinai^ius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  joined  at 
the  ends,  &c.,  similar  to 
no.  132  ;  earring  of  single 
drop ;  behind,  V 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


RwOMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  132  ;  below  horses, 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar;  KoMA 

[PI.  Ixxxv.   13.] 

(de  SaUs  Coll.) 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar ;  RoMA  between 
two  lines ;  below  horses, 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  14.] 


1  This  victoriatus  belongs  to  the  early  issue,  and  was  therefore  struck  during  B.C.  229 — 
217.  This  confirms  the  opinion  of  Cavedoni  (Bull.  delV  Inst,  arch.,  1856,  p.  77),  who  thought 
that  these  coins  were  struck  cvrc.  e.g.  229;  a  date  which  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  roin.,  t.  ii., 
p.  230,  note)  has  questioned.  The  victoriatus  and  the  quinarius  are  the  only  denominations 
known  of  this  issue. 

-  This  may  be  the  monogram  of  Mateola,  probably  the  modern  Matera.  It  was  among  the 
inland  cities  of  Apulia  mentioned  by  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.,  iii.,  11,  s.  16),  and  was  about  eight  miles 
distant  from  the  river  Bradanus,  and  must  therefore  have  been  adjoining  the  frontier  of 
Lucania.  It  issued  autonomous  bronze  coins  from  circ.  B.C.  250  which  are  inscribed  MAT 
(Head,  Hist,  num.,  p.  40).  From  the  type  of  the  victoriatus  the  issue  began  at  least  before 
B.C.  217.  The  quinarius  and  the  victoriatus  appear  to  be  the  only  denominations  of  this 
coinage.  There  are  denarii  of  a  later  date  (see  below,  p.  237)  with  this  monogram,  which  are 
of  very  rude  work.     In  that  case  the  monogram  f^  may  be  blundered  for  /NA. 

'  This  variati  n  in  the  form  of  the  monogram  is  probably  a  blunder  of  the  maker  of  the  die. 


198 


A'o.       irei;//it 


232 


36-8 


Metal 


M.    -6 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 

Victoriatus 


Reverse 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  high  relief ;  hair  and 
beard  thick. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  137 ;  but 
sho\¥uig  one  greave  only ; 
in  the  field  on  r.,  AA 
[PI.  Ixxxv.  15.] 


233 


234 


235 


51-2 


364 


44-7 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -65 


\B 


(VIBO ') 


Feoji  B.C.  229;   a.u.c.  525 


Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  high  relief ;  hair  and 
beard  thick ;  head  with 
indentation  at  back. 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  1.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  144 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  cuirass 
but  with  greaves  and  small 
base ;  in  the  field,  \fl 
[PI.  Ixxxv.  16.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Similar;  head  of  Jupiter  in    Similar. 

lower  rehef  and  smaller.     |  (de  Salis  Coll.) 


1  Vibo  (later  Vibo  Talentia),  in  Bruttium,  was  the  ancient  Hipponium  or  Yeiponium,  a, 
colony  of  the  Italian  Locri.  During  the  fourth  century  B.C.  it  changed  hands  several  times; 
early  in  the  third  century  it  was  captured  by  the  Bruttians,  who  held  it  until  e.g.  273,  when 
it  was  garrisoned  by  the  Romans.  Vibo  is  evidently  the  Brnttian  or  Osoan  form  of  Hippo, 
and  was  probably  the  original  name  of  the  city  before  it  became  a  Greek  colony.  It  does  not 
appear  to  have  become  a  Latin  colony  till  B.C.  192  (Livy,  xxxr.  40),  when  it  assumed  the 
name  of  Talentia,  and  later  issued  coins  of  the  light  uncial  or  semuncial  standard  bearing 
the  legend  VALENTIA  {Brit.  Mus.  Gat,  Gr.  Coins,  Italy,  pp.  359-363).  As  a  Greek  colony 
it  struck  coins  between  B.C.  379 — 296. 

Cavedoni  {Ripostigli,  p.  176,  note  155),  on  account  of  a  slight  defect  in  the  monogram, 
propoted  to  explain  it  as  k  B  or  B  k ,  but  on  the  specimens  described  here  the  ligature  of  the  two 
letters  is  complete.  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  231,  note)  says  "that  as  there  are 
no  denarii  with  this  monogram,  we  conclude  that  this  victoriatus  was  not  struck  in  the  capital, 
but  at  some  local  mint,  and  we  do  not  hesitate  to  attribute  it  to  the  town  of  Vibo  in  Bruttium." 


VIBO,  FEOM  B.C.  229 ;   A.U.C.  525 


199 


Ko.       Weiiiht 


236 


237 


19-8 


15-5 


520-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -55 


M    -55 


Obverse 


Reverse 


M  1-4 


Half-Victoriatus 


Similar;  hair  and  beard  of 
Jupiter  thick. 


Similar. 


Similar ;   RoMA  ;  trophy  of 
same  form ;  in  the  field, 
\fl  ;  on  r.,  S  (semis). 
[PI.  Ixxxv.   17.] 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


V 

(VIBO  ?  ■') 

Feoji  B.C.  229;   a.u.c.  525 

As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


KoMA     below     Prow     r. ; 
above,  1 ;  before,  V 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cxi.,  no.  l.J 


'  This  is  the  only  instance  of  the  half-viotoriatus  of  Roman  type  bearing  the  mark  or 
initial  of  a  mint. 

No  bronze  ooina  are  known  with  the  monogram  \3 ,  but  it  is  not  improbable  that  those 
with  the  letter  V,  in  spite  of  the  change  in  form  of  the  indication  of  the  mint,  may  also  belon°- 
to  Vibo. 

^  Being  of  the  light  sextantal  or  uncial  standard  these  bronze  coins  correspond  in  date  to 
the  viotoriati  with  the  monogram  \5,  which  appear  to  be  of  the  heavy  and  light  issues.  If 
the  coins  bearing  the  initials  CA  (see  below,  p.  205)  and  the  letter  C  (see  above,  p.  187),  are 
both  to  be  attributed  to  Canusium,  we  should  in  this  case  have  another  instance  of  a  change 
in  the  mode  of  indicating  the  mint-place  (see  also  coins  with  |^,  j).  208).  Another  possible 
suggestion  is  Yibonium  in  Apulia,  not  far  from  Luceria.  It  was  a  place  of  some  importance, 
as  Hannibal  established  his  camp  there,  and  thence  laid  waste  the  neighbouring  cities. 
D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  p.  763)  says,  "it  is  uncertain  whether  it  is  the  mark  of  a  gens  or  of  n 
town,"  but  on  account  of  the  fabric  of  the  as  he  was  inclined  to  look  upon  it  as  the  latter. 
He  adds,  "  that  piece  is  of  a  style,  like  coins  of  Luceria,  which  declares  its  fabric  to  be  some- 
what unusual,  impossible  to  describe,  but  which  the  eye  seizes  easily,  and  which  is  not  mot 
with  on  coins  which  can  be  attributed  with  some  probability  to  a  Roman  family."  This 
remark  of  D'Ailly  is  applicable  to  much  of  the  coinage  attributed  to  local  issues. 

There  are  no  silver  coins  known  with  the  letter  V  only. 


200 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


Weiiht 


238      2680 


239    i  125-0 


and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Semis 


^  1-05  :  Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate;    Similar;     above    prow,    S; 
behind,  S  ;      before,  V 

!         [PI.  Ixxxv.  18  rev.] 


.E    -9 


240 


241 


151-0 


75-0 


s:    -95 


^    -8 


Similar. 


Similar.^ 

[PI.  Ixxxv.  19.] 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  -wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet;  above,  •••• 


Similar ;  RoMA  above  prow ; 

below,  ••••;  before,  V 

[PI.  Ixxxvi.  1.] 


Sextans ' 


Head  of  ^Mercury  r.,  wearing  !  Similar ;    below    prow. 


winged    petasus ;    above, 


before,  V 

[PI.  Ixxxvi. 


2.] 


242 


50-6 


M    -7 


M 

(NOLA  ?=) 

Circ.  B.C.  229;   A.u.c.  525 
Victoriatus  * 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
of  coarse  work;  below,  H 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
■wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  144 ;  the 
trophy  is  -without  cuirass 
but  shows  the  gi-eaves. 
[PI.  Ixxxvi.  3.] 


1  Struck  on  a  small  flan. 

^  D'Ailly  (jl/on.  rom.,  pi.  cxi.,  no.  6)  figures  the  quadrans  also  of  tlis  issue.  The  reverse 
type,  witli  the  exception  of  the  marks  of  value,  is  the  same  as  those  of  the  triens  and  sextans. 
D'Aillv  does  not  mention  the  uncia. 

^  This  coin  is  of  almost  barbarous  -workmanship,  and  its  attribution  to  Nola,  in  Apulia,  is 
uncertain.     There  are  small  autonomous  bronze  coins  of  that  place,  but  of  an  earlier  date. 

■'  The  -rictoriatus  from  its  iveight  is  probably  of  the  early  issue  before  B.C.  217.  D'Ailly 
(3lo)i.  rom.,  pi.  cviii,,  no.  11)  figures  a  quadrans  with  the  miut-marks  N  :  on  the  reverse,  but  it 
belongs  to  a  later  issue,  as  it  is  of  the  light  uncial  or  semuncial  standard. 


CEOTON,  CIEC.  B.C.  217  ;    A.U.C.  537 


201 


Ko. 


Wei.iht 


Metal 
and  Sine 


Obver.^e 


Reverse 


213 


211 


245 


246 


54-5 


50-2 


51-2 


49-7 


M    -7 


JR.    -7 


M    -7 


M    -75 


CROT 


(CEOTON') 

Girc.  B.C.  217;   a.u.c.  537 

Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief  and  with  in- 
dentation at  back  of  head. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &o., 
similar  to  no.  144;  the 
trophy  is  without  cuirass 
but  shows  the  greaves  ;  in 
the  field,  I— 

O 

cZ 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar;  RoMA 

[PI.  Ixxxvi.  4.] 


N? 

(Uncertain  mint  ^) 

Circ.  B.C.  217;   A.u.c.  537 

Victopiatus^ 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  144 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  cuirass 
but  shows  the  greaves ; 
in  the  field,  N^ 


'  Croton  or  Crotoua,  in  Bruttium,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Greek  colonies  in 
Southern  Italy,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans  cin.  B.C.  277,  during  the  war  with  Pyrrhus. 
Before  that  date,  from  circ.  B.C.  550 — 300,  it  struck  a  very  large  and  remarkable  series  of 
autonomous  silver  and  bronze  money,  which  appears  to  have  come  to  an  end  on  its  capture  by 
Agathocles,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  in  B.C.  299  (Head,  Hist,  nuin.,  pp.  79 f.).  During  the  second 
Punic  war  the  town  became  a  stronghold  of  the  Carthaginians,  but  it  suffered  so  severely  that 
in  B.C.  194  a  colony  of  Roman  citizens  was  sent  there  to  recruit  its  exhausted  population.  It 
is  possible  that  the  viotoriatus,  which  is  the  only  denomination  known,  was  struck  there 
during  the  second  Punic  war  before  its  capture  by  the  Carthaginians,  as  it  is  of  the  later 
type.  Borghesi  (CEuvres  compl.,  t.  i.,  p.  304),  who  considered  that  the  legend  CROT  was  the 
cognomen  of  a  moneyer,  has  attributed  these  coins  to  M.  Metilius,  who  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  B.C.  217  and  legate  B.C.  212,  or  preferably  to  T.  Metilius  Croto,  the  legate  of  Appius 
Claudius,  praetor  in  Sicily  B.C.  215,  but  the  initials  are  those  of  a  city  and  not  of  a  member 
of  a  Roman  gens. 

*  The  city  or  cities  of  which  these  are  the  initials  have  not  been  identified.  D'Ailly  {Mon. 
row..,  p.  722)  suggests  that  the  monogram  may  be  of  a  moneyer,  for  example  Marcus  Porcius  or 
Publius,  or  preferably  the  initials  of  two  confederate  cities. 

**  The  only  other  denomination  known  of  this  issue  is  the  denarius  (Borghesi,  (Euvres 
compl.,  t.  ii.,  p.  298).  D'Ailly  {op.  cit.,  p.  719)  saw  a  specimen  which  was  in  the  possession 
VOL.    II.  D    D 


202 


Ko.       VTeiild 


Me*al 
and  Size 

247    ;    46  2      M    -65 


248 

249 
250 
251 


252 


253 


45-0  ,  -R  -7 

41-0  :  M  -67 

I 

35-5  :  .11  -65 


42-2 


47-5 


47-2 


M    -7 


M    -1 


.11    -65 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohrerse 


Bevcffe 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 
I  (de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvi.  5.] 
,  (de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

\  Similar. 

i  SimUar ;  R.OMA 

[PI.  Ixxxvi.  6.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


C-  M 

(Uncertain  mints') 

Ci)x.  B.C.  217;  -4.U.C.  537 

Victopiatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief  ;  behind,  C 


254 

44-7 

M 

•65 

255 

42-4 

M 

•6 

256 

42-3 

M 

•65 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


HoMA  (in  exergue).  A"ic- 
tory  standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  142 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  greaves 
or  base  ;  in  the  field,  M 
[PI.  Ixxxvi.  7.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  trophy  with  small 
base. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


of  Borghesi,  and  procured  an  impression  of  it,  which  he  unfortunately  mislaid.  From 
recollection  he,  however,  states  that  it  was  of  the  usual  type,  and  that  the  monogram  was  on 
the  reverse,  below  the  feet  of  the  foremost  horse.  Mommsen  (Hist.  vion.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  246), 
however,  records  that  this  coin  was  of  the  usual  type,  that  its  epigraphy  showed  the  letter  A 
(in  ROMA),  and  that  it  was  well  preserved  and  weighed  605  grs.  (3'90  gram.).  It  would 
probably  belong  to  an  early  issue  like  the  denarii  of  other  local  mints. 

The  as  figured  by  D'Ailly  (op.  cH.,  pi.  oviii.,  no.  5)  and  attributed  by  him  to  this  issue  is  a 
misread  piece  of  the  moneyer,  L.  Sempronius  Pitio  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  96,  no.  718).  D'Ailly  notes 
two  specimens  in  his  collection,  but  Oberst  Bahrfeldt,  who  has  examined  them,  states  that  on 
each  the  legend  PITIO  is  clearly  traceable  on  the  obverse  above  the  head  of  Janus. 

1  This  is  a  joint-issue  of  two  cities  whose  initials  were  C  and  M.  They  may  be  of 
Cumae  and  Misenum,  in  Campania.  During  the  Hannibalic  war  Cumae  acted  with  unvarying 
fidelity  to  the  republic.  It  was  only  si.\  miles  from  Misenum,  which  in  early  times  the 
Curaaeans  used  as  a  naval  station.  The  only  denomination  known  is  the  victoriatus,  which 
being  of  light  weight  and  having  the  obverse  type  in  low  relief  could  not  have  been  issued 
before  B.C.  217. 


T.T  1,-  .  ,  .        Ncfal 

Ao.       11  eiitht  ,  ,.. 

•'  and  bi:. 


257 


270-0 


258  1  243-0 


259 


260 


261 


200-0 


254-0 


180-0 


PALIO,  CIEC.  B.C.  217;    A.U.C.  537 

Ohrerse  lit 

e 

n  :  r  -  n 

(PALIO ') 

Circ.  B.C.  217 ;   a.u.c.  537 

As 


203 


M  1-2 


M  1-3 


IE  1-05 


m  1-15 


M  1-05 


Head   of    Janus,    laiireate ; 
above,  —  ^;  belo-w,  V 


Similar. 


R.OMA     below     Prow     r. ; 
above,  I  ;  before,  P 
[PI.  Ixxxvi.  8.] 
(Blaoas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Dextans 


Head  of  Ceres  r.,  with  corn- 
wreath  ;  behind,  P 


Similar. 


R.OMA  below  Quadriga  r., 
driven  by  Victory ;  horses 
galloping ;  Victory  holds 
reins  in  r.  hand  and  goad 
in  1. ;  in  the  exergue, 
$••••  ;  before,  P 
[PI.  Ixxxvi.  9.] 

Similar;  no  initial  of  mint. 
[PI.  Ixxxvi.  10.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S ;  below,  P 


RoMA     below     Prow 
above,  S  and  P 

[PI.  Ixxxvi.   11.] 


1  The  coins  with  this  mint-initial  have  been  assigned  to  Paestum,  in  Lucania,  or  Perusia, 
in  Etruria  (D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  p.  738),  bnt  as  they  are  usually  found  between  Lnceria  and 
Bari,  and  especially  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ruvo  (Riccio,  RepertoriOf  note  50,  p.  8),  a 
transfer  to  Palio,  which  was  situated  near  the  last  city,  seems  admissible.  Little,  however,  is 
kno-wn  of  this  place.  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.,  iii.  11,  16)  enumerates  the  Palionenses  among  the 
"populi"  of  the  interior  of  Apulia.  The  site  is  probably  indicated  by  the  modern  village  of 
Palo,  about  five  miles  south  of  Bitonto  (Butuntum).  The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  Palio 
rather  than  to  Paestum  is  strengthened  by  their  great  resemblance  in  fabric  to  those  of  Lxiceria 
and  to  the  following  pieces  -with  the  mint-letters  CA,  which  may  be  of  Canusium  (see  D'Ailly, 
op.  cit.,  p.  737) .  It  will  also  be  noticed  that  on  all  three  coinages  the  mark  of  value  on  the  obverse 
of  the  as  is  placed  horizontally  instead  of  vertically  above  the  head  of  Janus,  and  that  like 
Canusium  Palio  struck  the  semuncia  with  other  coins  which  are  of  the  uncial  standard.  As 
in  the  case  of  Luceria  Palio  struck  the  dextans  and  quincunx,  but  both  of  the  uncial  standard. 
This  attribution  to  Palio  is  supported  by  the  as  figured  by  Bahrfeldt  {Alt.  rom.  Munzwenen, 
pi.  iv.,no.  16)  with  V  below  the  head  of  Janus  and  U  before  the  prow.  This  coin  would  belong 
to  a  joint-issue  between  Palio  and  Luceria.  Its  fabric  is  very  similar  to  the  coins  with  V  oiilv, 
and  the  mark  of  value  above  the  head  of  Janus  is  placed  horizontally.  Specimens  are  in  the 
Bahrfeldt  and  Naples  collections.  D'Ailly  (op.  cit., -p.  729)  thought  that  some  of  the  denomina- 
tions, the  as,  dextans,  and  quincunx,  are  of  the  semuncial  standard,  and  a  still  lighter  as  of 
the  quarter -uncial  standard,  but  these  differences  in  weight  are  probably  only  accidental.  A 
strict  adherence  to  weight-standards  was  not  maintained  in  most  of  these  local  issues. 

^  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  pi.  cix.,  no.  1)  figures  a  variety  with  the  mark  of  value  placed  vertically. 


204 


No.        Weight       ^^f*"^ 
"        and  Susi 


262 


1150 


263 


96-0 

(u-orn) 


690 


JE    -9 


M    -9 


M    -8 


264 


86-0 


COINAGE   OP   ITALY 

Diverse 


Reverse 


Quincunx* 


M    -85 


Head  of  Apollo,  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  P 


RoMA  below  the  Dioscuri 
on  horseback  charging  r., 
with  couched  spears  (usual 
type  of  the  denarius) ;  in 
the  exergue,  ••••• 
[PI.  Ixxxvi.   12.] 


Triens^' 


Head  of   Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing    crested      Corinthian 


helmet ;  above, 

low,  r 


;  be- 


[HoMA]    above    Prow   r. ; 
below,  ••••  ;  before,  P 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ;   and  r 


Similar;    below  prow, 
before,  P 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  cviii.,  no.  16.] 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  peta- 
sus  ;  above,  •• ;  below,  P 


Similar ;  below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  between  marks  of 
value,  'P* 

[PI.  Ixxxvi.  13.] 


'  The  quincunx  is  without  the  mint-initial  on  the  reverse,  and  D'Ailly  (pi.  cviii.,  no.  13) 
figures  a  dextans  with  this  omission. 

'  The  single  specimen  of  this  denomination  in  the  National  Collection  is  too  much  worn 
for  illustration. 


•>T  !!■  ■  1  i        Metal 

No.        n  eight  ,  „ . 

"  and  Size 


CANUSIUM,  CIEC.  B.C.  217;    A.U.C.  537  205 

Obcerse  Reverse 


58-0 


M    -6 


Uncia' 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  with  visor; 
beliind,  • 


Similar  ;  below  prow,  initial 
of  mint  and  mark  of  value, 


33-0 


265 


330-0 


M    -6 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cxiii.,  no.  10.] 


Semuncia 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing ohlamys  and  winged 
petasus. 


Similar ;  below  prow,  mark 
of  value,  S  {semis)  and  P 


M  1-2 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  cviii.,  no.  19.] 

CA  -CA 

(CANUSIUM  ?=) 

Ctrc.  B.C.  217;  A.U.C.  537 

As 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  —  ;  below,  CA 


RoMA     below     Prow     r. 
above,  —  ;  before,  CA 
[PI.  Ixxxvii.  1.] 


'  A  variety  of  the  nnoia  has  the  mark  of  value  behind  the  initial  of  the  mint  below  the 
prow  (see  D'Ailly,  op.  cit.,  pi.  cxiii.,  no.  11). 

'  It  is  very  difficult  to  determine  the  locality  of  these  coins,  whether  Canusium  or 
Capua.  D'Ailly  {Mon.  rom.,  p.  637)  was  in  favour  of  Capua,  but  the  initial  letter  of  that  city 
appears  to  have  been  always  K  (see  next  coins  with  1^),  though  it  might  be  suggested  that  this 
monogram  may  have  been  changed  into  CA.  The  coins  already  attributed  to  Canusium  (see 
above,  pp.  187-190)  have  only  the  initial  C,  and  some  with  that  letter  may  be  contemporary 
with  those  having  CA.  If,  however,  we  take  into  account  the  fabric  of  the  coins,  the  balance 
of  evidence  is  strongly  in  favour  of  Canusium,  for  in  that  respect  they  are  precisely  similar 
to  those  attributed  to  Luceria  and  Palio.  The  resemblance  is  so  striking  that  it  might  be 
even  supposed  that  the  dies  for  the  coins  of  all  three  cities  were  executed  by  the  same 
engravers,  if  not  struck  at  the  same  mint.  In  the  case  of  the  as  it  is  still  more  remarkable, 
as  the  mark  of  value  on  the  obverse  is  placed  horizontally  and  not  vertically,  a  variation  which 
does  not  appear  to  occur  in  any  other  series,  whether  struck  in  Rome  or  locally.  This  issue, 
which  is  of  the  uncial  standard,  and  therefore  would  date  from  B.C.  217,  may  have  occurred 
during  the  second  Punic  war,  after  the  disaster  at  Cannae,  when  the  remnant  of  the  Roman 
army  took  refuge  in  Canusium.  This  city  was  always  faithful  to  Rome,  and  at  no  time  wag 
Hannibal  able  to  make  himself  master  of  it. 


206 


No.       Weight  ,  r,- 

■'         and  Size 


268-0 


1930 


116-0 


269      110-0 
106-0 

97-0 
272       96-0 


92-0 


M  1-1 


M  1-05 


M    -9 


M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -75 

M  -85 


M    -85 


COINAGE   OF  ITALY 

Oiverse 

Semis 


7?ere?-se 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S ;  belo-w,  CA 


Similar, 


Similar;     above    prow,    S; 
before,  CA 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  2.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Triens ' 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  -wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet  and  necklace  of 
pendants  ;  above,  •  •  •  •  ; 
below,  CA 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  R.OMA  above  prow ; 
below,  •  •  •  •  ;  before,  CA 


Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  3.] 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  4.] 

(Imhoof-Blumer  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Quadrans^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  hon's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


Similar;    below  prow, 
before,  CA 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  ci.,  no.  11. J 


'  Riccio  (Gatalogo,  p.  17,  nos.  25-32)  mentions  five  specimens  of  the  triens  in  his  collection 
ovcrstruck  on  coins  of  Epirus  and  Oeniadae,  in  Acarnania.  J.  Neadeck  {Num.  Zeif.,  1877, 
p.  122),  describes  a  specimen  with  ROM  before  the  head  of  Minerva.  This  may  be  a  double- 
struck  piece. 

^  A  variety  of  the  quadrans  has  the  marks  of  value  above  the  head  of  Hercules,  and  the 
mint-initials  CA  under  the  chin  (D'Ailly,  op.  cit ,  pi.  ci.,  no.  12). 


Kfl.      Wi'i'jht 


71-0 


CANUSIUM,  CIEC.  B.C.  217;   A.U.C.  537 

Metal 


207 


and  Size 


.13     -7 


68-0 


29-0 


M    -7 


M    -5 


Oil' 


Reverse 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Meroiiry  r.,  wear- 
ing chlamys  and  winged 
petasus ;  above,  •  • ;  be- 
hind, CA  downwards. 


Similar ;    below    prow,    •  •  ; 
before,  CA 


.SS^ls 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  ci.,  no.  13.] 


Uncia' 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  with  yisor ; 
behind,  •  ;  below,  CA 


Similar ;  below  prow,  • ;  be- 
fore, CA 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  ci.,  no.  14. J 


Semuncia' 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wear- 
ing chlamys  and  winged 
petasus  ;  below,  CA 


Similar  ;  no  mark  of  value  ; 
below  prow,  CA 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  ci.,  no.  16.] 


'  On  the  uncia  the  initial-letters  and  the  mark  of  value  are  sometimes  placed  together 
under  the  prow  (D'Ailly,  op.  cit.,  pi.  ci.,  no.  15). 

^  The  occurrence  of  the  semuncia  in  the  uncial  issue  is  exceptional,  but  it  is  also  met 
with  in  the  issue  with  the  letter  P  (see  above,  p.  205)  and  in  the  following  one  with  |^. 


208 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


IT        Tr  ■  7  J       Metal 
No.      Weiglit  ,  „  • 

•^         and  tii~e 


360-0 


SEEIES    III. 

TT7M  initials  of  mint  and  symbol 

Ohverse  Reverse 

IC^  AND  EAE  OP  COEN ' 

(CAPUA) 

After  b.c.  217;   a.u.c.  537 

As 


m  1-3 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  I 


R.OMA  below  Prow  r. ; 
above,  I  and  ear  of  corn  ; 
before,  IC" 


196-0      ^     1-0 


[D'Ailly,  Moil,  rom.,  pi.  Ixxxi.,  no.  16.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Similar ;  above  prow,  S  and 
ear  of  corn  ;  before,  K" 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxxi.,  no.  18.] 


'  The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  Capua  seems  fairly  certain.  It  is  to  this  mint  that  the 
Romano-Campanian  coins  in  gold,  silver,  and  bronze  are  usually  assigned  (see  above,  pp.  116  f.). 
The  initial  letter  of  this  city  is  generally  K  and  not  C,  which  is  in  favour  of  the  attribution  of 
these  coins  to  Capua  rather  than  to  Canusium.  The  ear  of  corn  as  a  symbol  is  not  infrequently 
met  -with  on  early  Oapuan  coins. 

The  bronze  coins  are  of  the  uncial  standard,  and  it  is  therefore  possible  that  they  may 
have  been  issued  after  the  capture  of  Cnpun  by  the  Romans  in  B.C.  211.     The  uncial  standard 


CAPUA,  AFTER  B.C.  217  ;   A.U.C.  537 


209 


JV'o.   Weight 


273 


274 

276 
276 

277 

278 
279 
280 


180-0 


93-0 

92-0 
89-0 

88-0 

85-0 
83-0 
81-0 


17-5 


iretal 
and  Size 


M    -9 


Obverse 


Reverse 


JE  -85 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

m  -75 

M  -75 


2E    -45 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  above,  •  •  •  • 


Similar ;  R.OMA ;  above 
prow,  ear  of  corn  ;  before, 
\Q  (for  Kh). 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  5.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Sextans 


Head  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
winged    petasus ;    above, 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar  ;      RoMA  ;     above 
prow,  ear  of  corn  ;  before, 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  6.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  7  rev.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  initial  of  mint,  IC 


Semuncia' 


Female   head    r.,   hair   col- 
lected into  a  knot  at  back. 


Similar ;  above  prow,  ear  of 
corn ;  before,  K* 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  cxii.,  no.  8.] 


was  not  introduced  till  B.C.  217,  and  it  is  not  probable  that  these  coins  could  have  been  struck 
between  B.C.  216 — 211,  when  Capua  was  either  occupied  by  the  Carthaginians  or  was  in  open 
revolt  against  the  Bomans.  D'Ailly  [op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixxxi.,  no.  19;  Ixxxii.,  nos.  1,  2,  12)  figures 
a  variety  of  the  semis  with  the  mark  of  value  to  left  and  not  to  right  of  the  ear  of  corn  ; 
others  of  the  triens  with  the  mint-mark  IC'  (not  IC  )  ;  and  another  of  the  sextans  with  the 
prow  to  1.  The  marks  of  value  are  omitted  on  the  reverses  of  the  triens  and  the  sextans. 
The  quadraus  and  the  uncia  do  not  appear  to  be  recorded.  D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixxxi,,  nos.  14, 
15)  also  figures  a  semis  and  a  sextans  with  the  ear  of  corn  above  the  prow,  but  before  it  the 
letter  C.  He  attributes  these  to  Capua.  The  two  pieces  in  his  own  collection  were  the  only 
specimens  known  to  him. 

'   This  semuncia,  if  correctly  described,   must  belong  to  this   issue.      D'Ailly  (op.   cit., 
p.  776)  says  that  the  specimen  in  his  collection  is  in  poor  condition,  and  that  there  are  traces 
of  the  legend  ROMA  on  the  reverse.     He  attributes  this  coin  to  the  sextantal  standard. 
VOL.    II.  B    B 


210 


PERIOD    II. 

Circ.  B.C.  217—197;   a.u.c.  537—557 

The  coins  which  are  assigned  to  local  issues  included  in  this  Period  are  those 
which  usually  bear  the  symbols  or  initials  of  moneyers,  as  distinguished 
from  such  as  give  the  initials  only  of  mints.  These  last  have  been  described 
in  the  preceding  pages  (see  above,  pp.  177  f.).  One  of  the  chief  distinctions 
between  the  two  series  is  that  in  the  case  of  the  moneyers  the  principal  silver 
coin  was  the  denarius,  but  with  the  mints,  as  we  have  seen,  it  was  the 
victoriatus. 

Denominations  and  Types. — The  denominations,  standards,  and  types 
correspond  precisely  to  those  of  contemporaneous  issues  of  the  mint  at  Eome 
(see  vol.  i.,  pp.  44,  45).  Those  of  silver  are  the  denarius  and  the  victoriatus, 
and  those  of  bronze,  the  as  and  its  divisions  to  the  sextans.  It  is  possible  that 
the  uncia  was  also  struck ;  but  to  the  present  time  that  denomination  has  not 
been  met  with  in  connection  with  any  of  the  local  issues  of  moneyers  assigned 
to  this  Period.  There  is  also  no  instance  of  the  quinarius  or  the  sestertius. 
It  is  therefore  probable  that,  as  in  the  case  of  the  central  mint,  their  issue 
had  ceased  before  B.C.  217,  when  the  silver  standard  was  reduced,  the  denarius 
being  struck  at  ^^  instead  of  -^  to  the  Eoman  pound,  and  the  bronze  money 
lowered  from  the  sextantal  to  the  uncial  standard. 

The  types  of  the  various  denominations  remained  unchanged;  the  denarius 
still  showing  the  helmeted  head  of  Eoma  on  the  obverse  and  the  Dioscuri  on 
horseback  on  the  reverse,  and  the  victoriatus  the  head  of  Jupiter  and  Victory 
crowning  a  trophy.  There  are  shght  modifications  in  the  denarius,  more 
especially  in  the  obverse  type,  apart  from  its  reduction  in  weight,  which  serve 
to  identify  it  with  the  coinage  of  this  Period.  The  use  of  symbols  and  initials 
as  special  marks  becomes  more  general ;  the  number  of  coins  without  such 
marks  being  proportionally  less.  According  .to  Count  de  Salis's  classification 
these  special  maiks  are  those  of  moneyers  and  not  of  mints,  although  a  certain 
number  of  the  symbols  are  found  as  the  main  types  of  autonomous  coins  of 
South  Italian  cities. 

Only  the  initials  of  the  moneyers  are  given ;  these  are  separate  or  in 
monogram.  They  occur  on  four  issues  only  of  this  Period,  in  three  of  which 
they  consist  of  the  cognomen  only,  and  in  the  fourth  of  the  pracnomen,  nomen, 
and  cognomen.  The  indication  of  the  three  names  is  not  met  with  at  the 
Eoman  mint  till  a  considerably  later  date. 

Classification. — Taking  the  denarius  as  the  basis  for  determining  the 
sequence  of  the  issues  of  this  Period,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  obverse  shows 
certain  modifications  not  met  with  on  similar  pieces  of  the  central  mint,  where 
the  uniformity  of  type  is  somewhat  remarkable.    This  uniformity  is  not  preserved 


CIRC.  B.C.  217—197  ;   A.U.G.  537—557  211 

in  the  local  money,  a  fact  due  mainly  to  the  circumstance  that  the  coins  were 
struck  in  various  localities. 

The  obverse  type  of  the  denarii  presents  tvyo  somewhat  marked  variations 
of  the  head  of  Eoma,  which  admit  of  their  separation  into  two  series.  On 
coins  of  Series  I.  the  head  of  Roma  has  a  realistic  appearance ;  the  features  are 
life-like,  well  modelled,  and  in  somewhat  high  relief ;  but  in  Series  II.  the  head 
is  smaller,  and  the  features  are  more  angular  and  give  to  the  portrait  a  stiff  con- 
ventional appearance.  In  the  former  case  the  head  is  inclined  forward,  so  that 
a  vertical  line  starting  from  the  point  of  the  neck  would  cut  the  ear  and  the 
centre  of  the  helmet ;  in  the  latter  the  line  would  cut  the  eye  and  the  inner 
peak  of  the  visor.  Coins  of  Series  I.  are  more  similar  in  style  to  those  attributed 
to  the  latter  part  of  the  previous  Period,  whilst  those  of  Series  II.  present 
characteristics  of  denarii  of  the  next  Period. 

Added  to  distinct  signs  of  provincial  workmanship  in  the  way  of  crude 
style  and  poor  fabric  there  are  slight  modifications  which  are  not  met  with  on 
contemporary  denarii  of  the  central  mint.  On  the  obverse  the  visor  of  the  helmet 
is  not  uniform  in  shape,  being  composed  of  three,  two,  or  one  piece  only,  usually 
peaked.  When  the  visor  is  not  peaked,  the  pieces  of  which  it  is  composed  are 
even  at  the  ends  or  of  different  lengths.  The  earring,  with  one  exception  (see 
no.  308,  p.  215),  consists  of  a  single  drop,  generally  plain,  but  sometimes  in  the 
form  of  a  series  of  globules  to  represent  pearls  or  beads.  This  slight  variety 
occurred  on  the  coins  struck  at  the  central  mint.  On  the  reverse  the  Dioscuri 
are  often  of  rude  design,  and  the  legend  R.OMA  is  placed  on  a  tablet,  or 
within  two  lines,  or  below  an  exergual  line.  In  the  legends  on  the  silver 
coins  the  form  A,  instead  of  A  with  variants,  is  frequently  met  with  (which 
is  not  the  case  with  those  of  the  central  mint),  and  also  L  instead  of   U. 

The  victoriatus  does  not  show  any  special  features.  Those  assigned  to  this 
Period  have  the  head  of  Jupiter  in  low  relief,  and  usually  indented  at  the  back, 
peculiarities  recognised  on  similar  coins  of  local  mints  which  appear  to  have 
been  struck  after  B.C.  217. 

Although  these  slight  differences  are  important  in  considering  the  sequence 
of  the  issues  and  in  determining  questions  of  chronology,  yet  the  chief  criteria 
for  separating  these  coinages  from  those  of  the  central  mint  used  by  Count  de 
Sails  were  fabric  and  style. 

During  this  Period  there  is  a,  notable  instance  of  the  serration  of  the  edge  of 
the  denarius  ;  it  occurs  in  the  issue  which  has  for  symbol  a  wheel  (see  below, 
p.  215).  "With  a  single  exception  of  some  coins  of  0.  Juventius  Talna  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  102),  this  mode  of  treating  the  edge  of  the  denarius  was  not  practised  at 
Rome  before  circ.  B.C.  92,  and  then  only  occasionally  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  159).  Its 
occurrence  locally  at  this  early  date  seems  quite  inexplicable.  If  we  exclude 
the  serrated  pieces  of  M.  Sergius  Silus  attributed  to  circ.  B.C.  99-94,  which 
appear  to  be  more  accidental  than  intentional,  these  denarii  with  the  symbol 
of  the  wheel  are  the  only  serrated  ones  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  local  issue. 


211 


COINAGE   OF  ITALY 


„  TT-  •  7  *        Metal 

ISO.       H  eiglit  ,  o 

"         ana  Sise 


281 


282 

283 
284 

285 
286 


68-7 


52-2 

50-2 
45-4 

103-0 
910 


M    -75 


287      100-0 


M  -75 

M  -75 

M  -8 

M  -9 

M  -9 

M  -9 


SEEIES  I.^ 

Obverse  Reverse 

TVithout  moneyers'  syinbols  or  initials 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  -wearing 
•winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed -with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  -visor  in  three  pieces 
and  peaked ;  earring  of 
single  drop,  and  necklace ; 
hair  tied  and  faUing  in 
three  symmetrical  locks ;  ^ 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing 
crested  Coriathian  hel- 
met and  necklace ;  above, 


Similar. 


KONAA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  -wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  8.] 

Similar;  RoMA 

Similar. 


Triens^ 

R.OMA     above     Pro-w     r. ; 
belo-w,  •••• 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  9.] 

Similar;  RoMA* 

(Eev.  G.  J.  Chester) 


Quad pans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
-wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, J 


Similar ; 
pro-w, 


KoMA ;     below 


1  For  the  cliaracteristics  of  the  denarii  of  this  series  see  the  preceding  page. 

-  This  is  the  general  type  of  the  head  of  Roma  on  the  denarii  of  this  series  or  group. 
Occasionally  some  slight  modifications  occur,  as  the  types  are  not  quite  so  uniform  as  in  the 
case  of  the  coins  of  the  Roman  mint. 

Count  de  Salis  has  not  classed  any  -pictoriati  -without  symbols  or  initials  -vrith  these 
denarii.  It  is,  however,  possible  that  some  of  the  victoriati  -which  are  given  as  prototypes  of 
those  issued  at  the  mints  may  belong  to  this  series  (see  above,  pp.  178,  179). 

'  The  triens  and  quadrans  are  the  only  denominations  of  the  uncial  standard  without 
symbols  or  letters  -which  Count  de  Salis  has  attributed  to  local  issues.  Bronze  coins  of  other 
values  "nere  no  doubt  also  struck,  but  none  appear  to  be  in  the  National  Collection.  The 
pieces  described  above  are  of  rude  fabric  and  light  -n-eight,  and  may  have  been  issued  after 
B.C.  200. 

'  This  coin  is  overstrnck  on  one  of  the  Acarnanian  league  (b.c.  229 — 168),  with  the  head 
of  Zeus  on  the  obverse,  and  that  of  Acheloiis  on  the  reverse.  Tor  similar  overstruck  coins 
see  above,  pp.  171,  189. 


CIEO.  B.C.  217—197;   A.U.O.  537-557 


213 


No. 

Weight 

Metal 
and  Size 

288 

98-0 

M    -8 

289 

90-0 

M    -9 

290 

62-0 

M    -75 

291 

52-0 

M    -7 

292 

66-0 

M    -8 

293 

55-8 

M    -75 

294 

54-8 

M    -8 

295 

58-0 

M    -75 

(plated) 

296 

57-8 

M    -7 

297 

54-8 

M    -75 

Oiverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar ;  club  below  neck. 


Reverse 

Similar;  RoMA 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.   10.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.   11.] 


With  money ers'  symbols 
PENTAGON ' 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wear- 
ing winged  helmet  with 
visor  in  three  separate 
pieces  of  unequal  length, 
not  peaked,'^  &c.  (of.  no. 
281);  earring  of  single 
drop ;  behind,  X 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &o.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
pentagon. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.   12.] 
(de  Sails  CoU.) 

Similar. 


ANCH0E3 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 

Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
anchor  r. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.  13.] 

Similar. 

Similar ;  R.OMA  in  exergue. 


•  There  are  at  least  one  if  not  two  previous  issues  with  this  symbol  (see  above,  p.  163) ; 
the  earliest  consisting  of  the  denarius  of  Series  I.  (b.c.  240 — 21Y),  and  the  sixty-sestertii  piece  ; 
the  other  probably  of  the  denarius  of  Series  III.  and  the  victoriatus.  The  form  of  the  helmet, 
the  general  fabric,  and  the  weight  show  that  the  above  coinage  could  not  have  occurred  before 
B.C.  217.     To  this  particular  issue  no  bronze  coins  can  be  classed. 

^  The  visor  of  the  helmet  of  Roma  varies  somewhat  from  that  on  other  denarii  classed  to 
this  Period.     It  ia  in  three  pieces,  not  peaked,  and  of  unequal  length. 

^  There  were  at  least  four  issues  with  this  symbol ;  two  of  which  have  been  attributed 
to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  42,  62),  and  a  similar  number  to  local  issues  (see  above, 
p.  155).  In  each  series  the  two  issues  are  of  approximate  dates.  The  bronze  coins  now 
described  diifer  from  those  of  the  same  period  given  to  the  Roman  mint  in  being  of  rude 
fabric.     As  they  are  of  the  uncial  standard  they  could  not  have  been  struck  before  B.C.  217. 


214 


IT  11-  ■  7  i       Metal 

No.        11  eight  ,  „. 

■'         ana  Si:e 


298 


299 


300 


301 


302 


303 


304 


449-0 


359-0 


173-0 


58-0 

(chipped) 


59-0 


67-0 


54-1 


M  1-3 


M  1-25 


M  1-05 


M    -7 


.H    -75 


JR    -75 


M    -75 


COINAGE    OP  ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


As 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  I 


Similar. 


R^oMAbelo-wPro-wr.;  above, 
1 ;  before,  anchor. 
[PI.  Ixxxvii.  14.] 


Similar. 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r. ,  laureate ; 
behind,  S 


Similar ;      KoMA ;     above 

prow,  S  ;  before,  anchor. 

[PI.  Ixxxvii.   15.] 


Quadpans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar ;      RoMA ;      above 
prow,  •  •  • ;  before,  anchor. 
[PI.  Ixxxvii.  16.] 


TEIDENT ' 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  andpeaked, 
&o.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
trident  r. 


Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  1.] 


HUMAN  EAE^ 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  threepieces,  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
human  ear. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  S.] 


'  There  "v\-as  another  issue  with  this  symbol,  but  the  denarius  being  of  better  fabric  it  has 
been  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  the  mint  at  Rome  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  53).  No  bronze  coins  with 
the  symbol,  a  trident,  have  been  met  with. 

^  This  symbol  occurs  on  later  issues  of  the  Roman  mint  as  a  mint-mark.  In  the  above 
instance  it  is  undoubtedly  a  moneyer's  sign.  The  cognomen  Auricula  was  borne  by  Q.  PuUius 
Q.  f.  {C.I.L.,  xii.,  no.  2810),  and  that  of  Oricula,  or  Orioulo,  by  L.  Ti-ebonius  (O.I.L.,  iii., 
Pt.  i.,  no.  74.),  and  L.  Calvisius  P.  f.  (O.T.L.,  v.,  Pt.  i.,  no.  3267).  The  ear  may  therefore  be  a 
symhole  parJoiif. 

The  denarius  only  is  recorded  of  this  issue. 


Vn.        Weight 


305       60-5 


and  i^izc 


306 
307 


308 


309 


53-0 
46'0 


64-0 


60-1 


CIEC.  B.C.  217—197;   A.U.C.  537—557 

Obverse  Reverse 

STAFF  AND  PBATHBE' 
Denarius'' 


215 


M    -7 


Al 


•7 
■65 


JR    -75 


JR    -75 


Head  of   Roma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  but  slightly 
peaked,  &c.  (c/.  no.  281) 
earring    of    single    drop 
lock  of  hair  on  1.  shoulder 
behind,  X  ;  before,  staff. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
feather  1. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


Similar. 

Similar;  R.OMA  (in  exergue). 
[PI.  Ixxxviii.  3.] 


WHEEL ^ 
Denapius' 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  double  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback, 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
wheel  of  six  spokes  ;  edge 
serrated.^ 

[PI.   Ixxxviii.  4.] 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar ;  RoMA  in  exergue. 
(Blaoas  Coll.) 


'  The  staff  as  a  symbol  has  already  been  met  with  on  earlier  coins  struck  locally  (see 
above,  p.  161),  and  also  on  some  struck  at  Rome  {vol.  i.,  pp.  37,  53).  The  symbol,  a  feather, 
is  not  easily  accounted  for.  On  later  denarii  it  takes  the  place  of  the  wing  on  the  helmet  of 
Eoma  (see  coins  of  Q.  Lutatius  Cerco,  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  157).  D'Ailly  {Man.  roin.,  p.  4(j4) 
calls  it  a  juha,  but  that  word  appears  to  have  been  applied  more  to  a  horse's  mane,  to  tlie 
crest  of  a  helmet,  or  to  the  feathers  around  the  neck  of  a  cock.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  47) 
describes  the  symbol  as  a  palm. 

^  The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  known  bearing  these  two  symbols  together. 
They  may  have  been  thus  used  to  show  that  the  issue  was  a  joint  one  of  two  moneyers,  each 
being  represented  by  a  separate  sign.  D'Ailly  {op.  cit.,  p.  465)  suggests  that  the  staff  {haste) 
may  indicate  a  member  of  the  Junia  or  Nonia  gens,  and  the  feather  {juha)  ihe  surname, 
Crinitus,  which  was  borne  by  members  of  the  Ulpia  gens. 

^  The  wheel  in  this  instance  is  more  probably  the  sign  of  a,  moneyer  than  of  a  mint, 
though  it  occurs  as  the  main  type  on  the  aes  grave  of  Campania  and  Central  Italy,  and  also  on 
early  coins  of  Luceria  and  Tarentum. 

"*  The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  of  this  issue.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom., 
t.  ii.,  p.  221)  thought  that  it  was  struck  on  the  standard  of  ijJg  to  the  Roman  pound,  and  he 
therefore  assigned  it  to  a  date  before  B.C.  217.  On  account  of  the  form  of  the  helmet  and 
general  style  Count  de  Salis  has  placed  it  a  little  later.  It  is  certainly  somewhat  heavier  than 
most  of  the  denarii  of  this  Period. 

^  This  is  the  earliest  occurrence  of  the  serrated  edge  on  Roman  Republican  denarii,  and 
the  only  instance  on  anonymous  pieces.  With  one  ezception  this  peculiar  manner  of  treating 
the  edge  of  the  coin  is  not  met  with  at  the  Roman  mint  till  a  much  later  date  (see  above, 
p.  211,  and  vol.  i,,  p.  159,  where  its  mode  of  execution  and  purpose  is  discussed). 


216 


GOINAGE    OF   ITALY 


ho.        Weill  lit  ,  „■ 

■>         and  ane 


310 
311 


312 


313 


62-5 
60-5 


60-9 


53-7 


314    ,    55-6 


M    -75 
M    -75 


Al    -8 


Al    -8 


Al    -8 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Similar ;     earring   of   single 
drop. 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;    ROMA   on  tablet 
and  wheel  of  eight  spokes. 
[PI.  Ixxxviii.  5.] 


SHIELD  AND  CARNYX 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces ,  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281, 
but  the  back  of  the  helmet 
is  slightly  Phrygian  in 
form ;  earring  of  single 
drop  ;  lock  of  hair  on  1. 
shoulder ;  behind,  X 

Similar. 


KOMA  (sic)  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
oblong  shield  and  carnyx 
in  saltire. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  6.] 


Similar;  RoMA  in  exergue. 
(Sambon) 


FEMALE  HEAD' 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  andpeaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  281 ;  below  horses, 
female  head  r. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  7.] 


'  The  carnyx,  the  military  trumpet  of  the  Gauls,  is  not  an  uncommon  symbol  as  a 
mint-mark  ou  later  republican  coins,  and  in  conjunction  with  the  Gaulish  oblong  shield 
occurs  as  the  reverse  type  of  coins  struck  by  Decimus  Brutus  to  commemorate  his  campaign 
in  Gaul  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  507).  The  head  of  the  trnmpet  was  in  the  form  of  an  animal's  head, 
which  rendered  its  notes  sharp  and  piercing. 

The  restoration  of  the  above  coins  by  Trajan  (see  Babelon,  vol.  ii. ,  p.  576,  no  20)  enables 
us  to  identify  at  least  the  family  of  the  moneyer  by  whom  they  were  originally  issued,  as  in 
that  case  the  name  of  Decius  Mus  is  added  to  the  obverse  type  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom., 
t.  ii.,  p.  219).  These  symbols  therefore  probably  record  the  battle  of  Sentinum  in  B.C.  295, 
when  Publius  Decius  Mus,  seeing  his  troops  recoil  before  the  attack  of  the  Gauls,  dedicated 
himself  and  the  enemy  to  the  gods  of  the  dead,  and  thus  fell  a  sacrifice  for  his  country, 
imitating  the  example  of  his  father  in  the  Latin  war  at  the  battle  of  Capua,  B.C.  340.  It  is 
therefore  probable  that  these  coins  were  struck  by  a  member  of  the  Decia  gens.  The  denarius 
is  the  only  denomination  known  of  this  issue. 

-  As  in  the  case  of  the  preceding  issue  this  denarius  was  also  restored  by  Trajan  (Babelon, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  577,  no  23).  As  this  restoration  bears  the  name  of  Codes  on  the  obverse,  it 
connects  the  moneyer  of  these  early  anonymous  coins  with  the  Horatia  gens  (see  vol.  i. ,  p.  94, 
note  1).  The  female  head  may  therefore  bo  that  of  Horatia,  the  betrothed  of  one  of  the 
Curiatii,  who  fell  a  victim  to  her  brother's  resentment  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  134). 

Of  this  coinage  the  denarius  only  is  known. 


CmC.  B.C.  217—197;    A.U.C.  537—557 


317 


No.        'Wei'jht 


315 
316 


54-0 
37-9 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -8    :  Similar. 


Ohrcr.^e 


M    -7 

(plated  ?)  : 


Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar;  RoMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


317 

59-6 

318 

44-0 

319 

54-0 

320 

51-8 

{hmken) 

321 

50-9 

322 

47-3 

i 

M 

■7 

M. 

•75 

M. 

•75 

M 

■75 

M. 

•75 

M 

■7 

BUTTING  BULL' 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


KoMA  (between  two  lines). 
The  Dioscuri  on  horse- 
back charging  r.,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  281 ;  below 
horses,  bull  butting  r. 
[PI.  Ixxxviii.  8.] 

Similar. 

Similar ;  Ijull  butting  1. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  9.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


323 


OWL  2 
Denarius 


69-0  !  M,  -lb  \  Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
owl  standing  towards  r., 
head  facing. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   10.] 


'  The  rushing  bull  was  the  type  parlant  of  the  Thoria  gens,  and  at  a  later  period  appeared 
ag  the  main  reverse  type  of  the  denarius  of  L.  Thorius  Balbus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  225).  It  was 
the  chief  type  of  the  coins  of  Thurium  in  Lncania,  where  it  was  also  the  type  parlant  of 
the  city,  indicating  the  fountain  Qovpia^  from  which  it  may  have  derived  its  name.  The  city 
was  garrisoned  by  the  Romans  in  B.C.  213,  but  in  the  following  year  after  the  fall  of  Tarentam 
the  inhabitants  betrayed  the  Roman  troops  into  the  hands  of  the  Carthaginians.  From  that 
time  till  B.C.  204  the  city  was  held  by  Hannibal.  These  denarii  may  have  been  struck  durino- 
the  occupation  of  that  place  in  b.o.  213 — 212,  but  as  the  coins  assigned  to  this  series  bear 
symbols  of  moneyers,  not  of  cities,  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  bull  is  the  mark  of  a 
moneyer  and  not  of  a  mint.  The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  known.  This  issue 
appears  to  be  distinct  from  that  with  the  standing  bull,  of  which  D'Ailly  (Mon.  rotn.^  pi.  Ixxxxiy, 
no.  11)  figures  the  as.  The  symbol,  a  bull  standing,  occurs  on  coins  assigned  to  the  Roman 
mint,  with  the  moneyer's  initials  A^  (Durmius  P;  see  vol.  i.,  p.  69).  D'Ailly  also  figures,  after 
Morelli,  a  denarius  with  the  symbol,  a  bull  couchant  (op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixxxxiv.,  no.  17.) 

'  D'Ailly   (Uon.  rom.,  p.   334),  following  the  suggestion  of  Cavedoni  (Ripostiitli,  p.  162, 
note  143  ;  p.  239)  attributes  the  issue  of  these  denarii  to  a  member  of  the  Caedicia  gens    a 
VOL.    II.  F    F      ' 


218 

No.        Weight 

32i    I    66-5 

(broken) 


54-7 
58-3 

(hroken) 


59-6 


58-3 

55-0 
53-7 
60-7 


332      472-0 


333  I  403-0 

334  I  392-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obrerse 


Reverse 


Al 

■7 

M 

•8 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•8 

M 

-75 

M 

•75 

Al 

1 

•8 

M  1-35 

M  1-25 

2E  1-3 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar;  RoMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar;  R.OMA 


GEYPHON 1 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  -wearing 
■winged  helmet,  -with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  much 
peaked,  &c.  (c/.  no.  281) ; 
earring  of  single  drop; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar;  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  is  in  one  piece 
only. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  belo-w  horses, 
gryphon  r. 

(Sambon) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   11.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   12.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ;    RoMA  belo-w  Pro-w  r. ;  be- 


above,  I 

Similar. 
Similar. 


fore,  I  ;  above,  gryphon 
r.,  beneath  -which,  hare's 
head  (?). 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  13.] 

Similar. 


cognomen  of  -which  was  Noctua  {i.e.  owl).  Q.  Caediciua  Noctua  Q.  f.  was  consul  in  B.C.  289 
and  censor  in  B.C.  283,  and  Q.  Caedioius  Noctua  Q.  f.  Q.  n  ,  consnl  in  B.C.  256.  This 
cognomen  appears  to  have  been  assumed  by  the  Caedicia  gens,  because  M.  Caedioius  informed 
the  tribunes  of  the  people  that  on  the  spot  in  the  Via  Nova,  where  at  a  later  time  a  chapel 
was  placed  on  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Vesta,  he  had  heard  in  the  silence  of  the  night  a 
superhuman  voice  commanding  him  to  inform  the  magistrates  that  the  Gauls  were  coming 
(Livy,  V.  32).  The  owl,  the  vigilant  bird  of  the  night,  would  be  a  fitting  symbol  of  this 
supernatural  warning.  This  bird  also  occurs  as  a  type  on  autonomous  coins  of  Tarentum  in 
Calabria,  of  Velia  in  Lucania,  and  of  other  cities  of  Italy.  Both  the  cities  mentioned  took  an 
active  part  in  the  second  Punic  war.  It  is,  however,  more  probable,  as  in  the  case  of  previous 
issues,  that  the  owl  is  the  sign  of  a  moneyer  rather  than  of  a  mint. 

The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  knovm  of  this  issue. 

1  This  is  also  most  probably  a  moneyer's  sign.  The  gryphon  occurs  as  the  reverse  type 
of  a  large  series  of  denarii  struck  by  L.  Papius  Celsus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  371).  The  object  below 
the  gryphon  is  an  animal's  head  ;  probably  that  of  a  hare. 


,-  T,^  .  -,.         ifeial 

Ao.       Tl  eight  ,  „ 

■'  and  Size 


CIEC.  B.C.  217—197;   A.U.C.  537—557 

Ohverse  Rt'C'vae 


219 


335 


336 


337 


338 


153-0 


87-0 


48-8 


M  1-05 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -65 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Similar  ;  before  prow,  S ; 
above,  gryphon  r.  and 
hare's  head. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   14.] 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r. 
wearing  lion's  skin;  be 
hind,    ; 


Quadrans  ^ 

Similar ;    before    prow,    ;  ; 
above,    gryphon    r.,    and 


hare's  head 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   15  rev.] 


TOEQDE  2 
Victopiatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief ;  head  with 
indentation  at  back. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Victory 
draped,  standing  r.,  and 
placing  wreath  on  trophy, 
with  greaves  but  without 
cuirass ;  in  the  field, 
torque. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   16.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


EAE  OP  COEN=' 
Victoriatus* 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief  ;  similar  to 
no.  337 ;  head  with  in- 
dentation at  back. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  Victory 
standing  r.  and  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  337;  the 
trophy  has  a  cuirass  and 
broad  base,  but  is  without 
greaves ;  in  the  field,  ear 
of  corn. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.  17.] 


'  Other  denominations  are  the  triens  and  sextans  (D'Ailly,  Mon.  roin.,  pi.  Ixxxiv.,  uos.  15, 
17,  18). 

''  This  symbol  is  somewhat  uncertain.  D'Ailly  {Mon.  rom.,  p.  574)  has  identified  it  as  a 
torque,  and  has  suggested  that  it  may  be  a  syvihol  parlant  of  the  cognomen  Torquatus.  He 
further  suggested  that  the  moneyer  may  have  been  T.  Manlius  Torquatus,  who  was  consul 
B.C.  165.  As  the  coin  was  struck  about  B.C.  217,  or  soon  after,  it  cannot  be  connected  with 
that  member  of  the  Manila  gens.      The  victoriatus  is  the  only  denomination  with  this  symbol. 

The  globule  or  pellet  in  the  centre  of  the  reverse  is  not  a  part  of  the  symbol,  but  was 
more  probably  produced  in  centering  the  die  when  it  was  engraved. 

The  occurrence  of  the  victoriatus  at  this  time  with  the  symbols  of  moneyers  is  somewhat 
exceptional,  as  most  of  them  struck  only  denarii  in  silver. 

'  This  symbol  occurred  at  an  earlier  date  on  local  coins,  consisting  of  the  twenty-sestertii 
piece  in  gold,  and  bronze  coins  of  the  sextantal  standard  (see  above,  p.  163).  It  was  also  met 
with  on  coins  probably  struck  at  Capua  (see  above,  p.  208).  In  the  above  Issue  it  appears 
to  be  the  sign  of  a  moneyer  and  not  of  a  mint. 

'  This  victoriatus  is  of  the  reduced  weight,  i.e.  straok  after  B.C.  217.  There  are  no 
bronze  coins  which  can  be  attributed  to  the  same  issue. 


220 


w„        71-  ■  n         Metal 
rio.       II  eiriht  -I  a- 

'^  and  bize 


339 


50-6 


M    -65 


340  11380 


341 

342 
343 

344 


129-0 
117-0 
1130 

94-0 


345    :    61-0 


M    -95 


2E    -95 
M    -9 
M    -95 


M    -85 


M    -75 


COINAGE    OP   ITALY 

Ohverse 


Rerersc 


AMPHOEA?! 
Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  somewliat  higher  relief 
than  no.  337 ;  head  slightly 
indented. 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Victory 
standing  r.,  and  placing 
■wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  337 ;  the 
trophy  is  without  cuirass 
but  has  greaves ;  in  the 
field,  amphora. 

[PI.  Ixxxviii.   18.] 


VICTOEY  2 
Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet,  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace ;  hair 
tied  with  band;  above,  •  •  •  • 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  earring  of  triple 
drop. 


R.OMA  above  Prow  r. ;  be- 
low, •  •  •  •  ;  above  legend, 
Victory  r.  with  wreath. 
[PI.  Ixxxviii.   19.] 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar;  RoMA 


Quadpans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  hon's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar ;  R.OMA ;  below 
prow,  •  •  • ;  above,  Victory 
r.  with  wreath. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  1.] 


Sextans^ 

Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing  '  Similar; 
chlamys  and  winged  peta- 
sus;  above,  •• 


R.OMA ;  below 
prow,  •  • ;  above.  Victory  r. 
with  wreath. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  2.] 


*  This  symbol  is  uncertain.  It  has  all  the  appearance  of  an  amphora,  hut  it  may  be  a 
disconnected  portion  of  the  dress  of  Victory.  Though  the  head  of  Jupiter  slightly  differs 
in  style  from  that  on  the  two  preceding  issues,  this  victoriatus  is  of  the  later  period,  i.e. 
B.C.  217—197. 

'  This  symbol,  as  well  as  the  following  ones  of  the  hammer  and  cap  and  the  caduceus, 
have  occurred  on  earlier  bronze  coins  of  the  sextantal  standard,  and  are  described  above  on 
pp.  156,  1.58,  159.  As  the  coins  now  described  are  of  the  uncial  standard,  they  may  belong 
t©  a  later  date;  but  it  is  possible  that,  though  of  reduced  weights,  they  formed  part  of  the 
earlier  issues.  We  may,  however,  assume  that  the  moneyers  of  both  series  were  connected 
with  the  same  families. 

'  D'Ailly  (Hon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxxxvii.,  no.  1)  figures  also  the  semis  of  this  issue. 


CIEC.  B.C.  217—197  ;    A.U.C.  537—557 


221 


No. 


346 


TTT  .  7  ,        Metal 
■^         and  Hise 


109-0 


M    -9 


Ohverse  Reverse 

HAMMEE  AND  FLAMEN'S  CAP  (Apex)  i 

Triens 

Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear-  '.  R-OMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be 


mg     crested     Corinthian 
helmet;  above,   •••• 


fore,    I  ;   above,  hammer 

and  flamen's  cap  (ajjcj:). 
[PI.  Ixxxix.  3.] 


347 


348 


92-0 


CADUCEUS  • 
Triens 


M    -9 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  above,  •  •  •  • 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  Ije- 
fore,  ; ;  above,  caduceus 
r.       : 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  4.] 


80-0 


349 


350 


65-4 


55-9 


M    -8 


Al    -85 


JR    -8 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


Similar ;    before   prow,    I   ; 
above,  caduceus  r. 
[PI.  Ixxxix.  5.] 


With  moneyers'  'initials 

a.  L.c^ 

(QUINTUS  LUTATIUS  CBECO  ?) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  two  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.  (c/.  no.  281) ;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop;  be- 
hind, X 

Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 

a  LC 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  6.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  For  heavier  coins  of  the  sextantal  standard  with  these  symhols,  see  above,  p.  158.  As 
in  the  case  of  the  previous  coins  with  Victory  and  the  following  with  a  caduceus,  the  moneyers 
of  the  two  series  may  have  been  members  of  the  same  families.  D'Ailly  {Mom.  rom.,  pi.  Ixx., 
nos.  10,  12-14)  figures  semisses  which  may  belong  to  this  issue. 

^  This  symbol  is  found  on  two  issues  of  a  somewhat  earlier  date,  both  of  which  included 
the  denarius.  The  earlier  bronze  pieces  are  of  the  sextantal  standard  (see  above,  p.  159). 
D'Ailly  (op.  cit.,  pi.  Ixxiv.,  no.  3)  figures  the  sextans  of  this  issue. 

'  These  are  evidently  the  initials  of  a  moneyer,  who  has  been  identified  as  Quintus  Luta- 
tius  Catulus,  an  ancestor  of  Q.  Lutatius  Catnlus,  the  consul  of  B.C.  102  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p. 15.5). 
The  initials  may,  however,  be  those  of  Quintus  Lutatius  Cerco,  a  not  unusual  cognomen  of  the 


222 

No.      Ke'^ht 


Metal 
and  Size 


351 


67-0 


352 


353 


35i 


355 


57-6 
56-6 


58'3 


55-6 


M    -8 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -8 


M    -8 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


(VAEEO) 

Denarius 

Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing    RoMA    (on    tablet).       The 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  two  pieces  and  peaked 
(c/.  no.  281)  ;    earring  of 
single  drop ;  behind,  X 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 

vs?. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  7.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


(Uncertain) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor  j 
in  two  pieces  and  peaked 
(c/.  no.  281);    earring  of 
single  drop;   behind,  X 

Similar. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  below  horses, 
D 

Similar;   RoMA  on  tablet. 
[PI.  Ixxxix.  8.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Lutatia  gens.  There  was  a  consul  of  that  name  in  B.C.  241,  who  was  censor  in  B.C.  236 ; 
and  later  also  a  quaestor,  whose  coins  are  attributed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  local  issue  (see 
Coinage  of  Italy,  circ.  B.C.  90;  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  156;  Mommsen,  Hist.  inon.  rom.,  t.  ii., 
p.  2.30,  note  3). 

Only  denarii  are  known  with  these  initials.  The  visor  of  the  helmet  of  Eoma  varies  in 
being  in  two  pieces  instead  of  in  three. 

^  As  neither  the  praenomen  nor  nomeu  of  this  moneyer  is  given,  his  identification  is 
uncertain.  He  was  probably  a  member  of  the  Terentia  gens.  Other  coins  reading  C.\^<^  and 
V?.0  are  attributed  to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  35,  68).  In  the  former  instance  tlio 
moneyer  has  been  identified  with  Cains  Terentins  Varro,  who  was  consul  B.C.  216,  and  in 
the  latter  with  Aulus  Terentius  Varro,  possibly  the  praetor  of  B.C.  184.  Only  denarii  of  the 
above  issue  have  been  met  with.  The  helmet  of  Roma  is  precisely  the  same  as  that  on  pre- 
vious coins  with  the  initials  Q  L  C.  The  fabric  of  the  coins  of  these  two  issues  is  so  similar 
that  they  could  have  emanated  from  the  same  place,  and  it  might  be  suggested  that  the  dies 
for  each  were  made  by  the  same  engraver. 

^  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  248)  says  that  this  letter  is  the  initial  of  a  mint. 
D'Ailly  (Mon.  rom.,  p.  643)  was  uncertain  whether  it  was  of  a  mint  or  of  a  moneyer.  But, 
he  adds,  "  the  fabric  shows  that  these  coins  were  struck  at  some  mint  other  than  that 
at  Rome."  Taking  the  evidence  of  the  other  coins  assigned  to  this  period  into  consideration, 
more  especially  the  similarity  of  the  obverse  type  to  those  of  the  coins  with  the  initials 
Q  L  C  and  N/S^,  we  are  disposed  to  look  upon  it  as  the  signature  of  a  moneyer,  bnt  of 
which  family  we  cannot  offer  any  suggestion.  Only  denarii  are  known  of  this  issue.  They 
are  of  rnde  fabric. 


No. 

356 
357 


358 


Wei:jht 

51-9 

47-7 


Metal 
and  Siz 


CIEC.  B.C.  217—197;    A.U.C.  537—557 

Obverse  Reverse 


223 


62-6 


359       56-5 


360 

361 
362 
363 


55-1 

50-8 
55-8 
55-0 


^l 

•85 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

m 

•7 

yR 

■75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

JR 

•85 

Similar. 

Similar ;  earriag  of  single 
drop,  the  end  in  form  of 
cross. 


Similar. 
Similar;   RoMA 


([TIBEEIUS  SEMPEONIUS]   GEACCHUS) 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
■winged  helmet,  ■with  visor 
in  three  pieces  andpeaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  281 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


RoMA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  281 ;  belo"w  horses, 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  9.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

Similar ;  RoMA  on  tablet. 

Similar. 


364 


62-5 


M    -15 


SERIES   II.= 

WitJiout  vwneyers^  symbols  or  initials 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  ■wearing 
■winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed ■with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  visor  in  three  pieces 
and  peaked ;  earring  of 
single  drop,  and  necklace; 
hair  tied  and  falling  in 
three  symmetrical  locks ; 
behind,  X 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  ■wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and 
pileus,  surmounted  by 
star. 


^  Tliis  moneyer  has  been  identified  as  the  distinguished  general  during  the  second  Punic 
■war,  Ti.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  -who  'was  killed  at  Campi  Veteres  in  Lucania  in  B.C.  212.  He 
■was  the  sou  of  the  consul  of  the  same  name  in  B.C.  238,  and  was  himself  curule  aedile  in 
B.C.  216,  and  consul  in  B.C.  215  and  213  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  429).  It  is,  however,  more 
probable  that  the  moneyer  was  the  son  of  the  consul  of  B.C.  215,  213.  He  was  elected  auf,'ur 
in  B.C.  203.  Mommsen  (ffi.st.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  254)  thought  that  the  specimen  of  this  issue 
in  the  Blacas  collection  read  C.  R  ;  but  the  illustration  on  pi.  Ixxxix.  9  shows  very  distinctly 
that  the  legend  is  G  R. 

The  only  denomination  known  of  this  issue  is  the  denarius. 

'  Count  de  Salis   has  separated  this  small  series  of  silver  coins  from  those  previously 


22i 

No. 

365 


366 


367 


368 


369 
370 


371 


Weight 

60-5 


5i-7 


48'8 


44-5 


Mrtril 
and  Si^e 

M    -7 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    -65 


39-9 
39-8 


M 


55-9 


•6 
•65 


Al    -9 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar  (of  rude  design  and 
fabric). 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.  10.] 

Similar. 


Victoriatus^ 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief ;  back  of 
head  with  indentation ; 
hair  in  loose  locks. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  and 
placing  wreath  on  trophy, 
which  has  a  cuirass  but 
no  greaves. 

[PL  Ixxxix.  11.] 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 


117//;  vioneyer's  symbol 
HELMET  2 

Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  same  as  no.  364 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  364  ;  below  horses, 
helmet  r.,  with  cheek- 
pieces  and  crest  in  form 
of  crescent. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.   IS.] 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


assigned  to  this  period  on  account  of  a  slight  difference  in  the  form  of  the  head  of  Eoma. 
On  those  given  to  Series  I.  the  head  of  Roma  is  inclined  forward,  so  that  the  point  of  the 
neck  is  vertically  on  a  line  with  the  ear  and  the  centre  of  the  helmet.  On  the  denarii  of 
Series  II.  the  point  of  the  neck  is  vertical  with  the  eye  and  the  visor  of  the  helmet,  thus 
giving  to  the  portrait  a  stiff  and  angular  and  less  life-like  appearance.  This  style  of  Iiead 
occurs  also  on  denarii  with  the  symbol  a  helmet  (see  below),  and  is  emphasised  ou  those 
which  are  assigned  to  Period  III.  A  similar  change  in  the  head  of  Roma  was  noted  on  the 
denarii  struck  at  the  same  time  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  4.5) .  This  second  series 
forms  a  connecting  link  between  the  denarii  of  this  and  the  next  'period,  when  we  meet  with 
an  occasional  change  in  the  reverse  type,  Diana  or  Luna  in  a  biga  taking  the  place  of  the 
Dioscuri. 

1  These  victoriati  without  any  moneyer's  mark  are  assigned  to  a  somewhat  later  date 
than  those  already  described  in  this  period  (see  above,  pp.  219,  220),  on  account  of  their 
strong  resemblance  in  design  and  fabric  to  those  which  bear  the  symbol  a  helmet  (see  below, 
p.  22.5),  which  in  turn  cannot  be  separated  from  the  denarii  with  the  same  symbol. 

^  This  is  the  symbol  of  a  moueyer.  As  the  shape  of  the  helmet  is  Gaulish,  it  may,  like 
the  shield  and  carnyx  (see  above,  p.  216),  record  some  event  which  occurred  in  Gaul  in  connec- 
tion with  an  ancestor  of  the  moueyer.  In  this  instance,  however,  there  is  no  "restoration" 
by  Trajan,  which  would  tell  us  to  what  family  the  moneyer  belonged. 

'  The  denarius  and  victoriatus  of  this  issue  are  precisely  similar  in  fabric,  style,  and  in 
the  details  of  the  types  to  the  preceding  pieces  (nos.  36-t,  368)  without  a  symbol. 


No.       Weight       ^f^^ 


CIRC.  B.C.  217—197 ;   A.U.C.  537—557  225 

Ohverm  Reverse 


372 


373 


374 


46-4 


33-5 

{ivorn) 


414-0 


254-0 


M    -65 


M    -65 


Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
similar  to  no.  368 ;  the 
head  is  indented  at  back, 
and  the  hair  is  in  loose 
looks. 


Similar. 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.  and 
placing  wreath  on  trophy, 
similar  to  no.  368 ;  in  the 
field,  helmet  r.,with  cheek- 
pieces  and  crest  in  form 
of  crescent. 

[PI.  Ixxxix.   13.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


As 


M  1-35 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  I 


KOMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, I ;  above,  helmet  r., 
with     cheek-pieces     and 
crest  in  form  of  crescent. 
[PI.  Ixxxix.   14.] 


Semis 


M  1-05 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Similar ;  R.OMA ;  before 
prow,  S ;  above,  helmet 
(as  on  no.  374). 


[D'Ailly,  Mo7i.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxiv.,  no.  9.] 


'  D'Ailly  (np.  cit. ,  p.  315)  thought  that  these  coins  were  of  the  sextantal  series.     Each 
(Jetiotnination  varies  a  good  deal  in  weiglit. 

VOL.    11.  O   O 


226 


^'o.      Weight 


194-0 


Metal 
and  Sine 


M    -9 


COINAGE   OP   ITALY 

Ohverse. 


Reverse 


135-0 


M    -8 


Tpiens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  -wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace ;  above, 


Similar;  R o MA  above  prov7; 
belo-w,  •  •  •  •  ;  before,  hel- 
met (as  on  no.  374). 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxiv.,  no.  ll.J 


Quad pans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
■wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


Similar;  belo-w  pro-w,  ••• ; 
before,  helmet  (as  on  no. 
374). 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi.  Ixxiv.,  no.  12.] 


84-0 


2E    -75 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  -wear- 
ing chlamys  and  -winged 
petasus  ;  above,  •  • 


Similar ;  belo-w  pro-w,  •  •  ; 
before,  helmet  (as  on  no. 
374). 


[D'Ailly,  Mon.  rom.,  pi,  Ixxiv.,  no.  14.] 


i-ll 


PERIOD    III. 

Circ.  B.C.  196—173;    a.u.c.  558—581 

The  local  issues  of  coins  of  the  Eoman  Eepublic  hitherto  described  have  con- 
sisted of  two  series  :  one,  struck  by  duly  accredited  moneyers  ;  the  other,  issued 
under  a  specially  delegated  authority  by  cities  under  Eoman  domination. 
Prom  the  evidence  of  the  coins  themselves  this  second  series  does  not  appear 
to  have  continued  long  after  the  close  of  the  second  Punic  war,  as  there 
are  none  which  can  be  assigned  to  a  date  corresponding  with  that  of  our 
Period  III.  From  B.C.  196  onwards  the  local  coinages  only  consist  therefore 
of  those  of  the  moneyers,  who  were  evidently  in  close  touch  with  the  central 
mint,  and,  as  has  been  suggested,  received  their  appointment  under  conditions 
similar  to  those  who  were  engaged  in  superintending  the  coinage  in  the  capital 
(see  above,  p.  153).  There  exists  throughout  a  close  relationship  between  the 
central  and  the  local  coinages,  the  changes  and  the  modifications  in  the  former 
being  reflected  in  the  latter. 

Denominations  and  Types. — These  are  precisely  the  same  as  are  met  with 
in  the  central  coinage  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  66,  67).  The  victoriatus  still  occurs,  but 
rarely ;  the  uncia  in  bronze  is  met  with  in  one  instance  only.  Coins  without 
symbols  or  initials  of  the  moneyers  are  on  the  decrease. 

The  denarius  receives  the  new  reverse  type  of  Diana  or  Luna  in  a  biga.^ 

In  the  series  struck  at  Eome  there  were  two  varieties  of  this  new  type  at  this 
epoch  :  on  one  the  goddess,  draped  from  the  neck,  restrains  the  horses,  which 
appear  to  be  cantering ;  on  the  other  she  is  naked  to  the  waist,  holds  a  goad  in 
her  right  hand,  and  urges  on  her  horses  at  full  speed.  This  second  type  is  the 
later  of  the  two,  and  is  not  met  with  on  denarii  of  the  local  issues  assigned  to 
Period  III. ;  but  it  occurs  in  a  single  instance  on  those  classed  to  the  next  one. 
The  type  of  Diana  or  Luna  is  exceptional,  the  Dioscuri  still  forming  the  chief 
reverse  of  the  denarius. 

Classification. — The  denarii  again  fall  into  two  series  which  differ  from 
each  other  chiefly  in  the  style  and  details  of  the  head  of  Eoma. 

The  denarii  of  Series  I.  are  similar  in  style  and  fabric  to  those  immediately 
preceding.  The  head  of  Eoma  is  angular,  and  the  profile  is  straight, 
which  give  to  the  features  a  conventional  appearance.  In  the  case  of  the 
denarii  of  Series  II.  there  is  a  slight  return  to  the  style  and  form  of  head 
approaching   that   shown  on  coins  of    Series  I.  of   the   preceding   Period  (see 

^  On  the  first  occurrence  of  this  type  at  the  Koman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  Q'6)  no  particular 
motive  was  adduced  for  its  introduction.  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  has  since  suggested  that  the  figure  in 
the  chariot  is  Luna  and  not  Diana,  and  that  the  type  may  refer  to  the  reform  of  the  calendar 
which  took  place  by  the  provisions  of  the  Lex  Acilia  de  inter calatione,  proposed  by  the  consul 
Mn.  Acilius  Glabrio  in  B.C.  191,  when  the  intercalary  months  were  restored.  This  event 
corresponds  with  the  probable  date  of  the  issue  of  these  coins. 


228 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


above,  p.  211),  the  features  assuming  a  more  life-like  appearance.  In  these 
characteristics  the  local  issues  do  not  follow  closely  the  coins  of  the  central 
mint,  where  the  portrait  of  Eoma  shows  throughout  a  want  of  expression 
and  is  conventional  in  form.  The  two  styles  of  head  occur  on  the  coinage  of 
Juventius  Talna  (see  below,  p.  232).  On  those  which  have  the  monogram  A< 
the  head  characteristic  of  Series  I.  is  met  with ;  but  on  those  with  the 
monogram  A-  we  have  the  head  found  in  Series  II.  It  would  almost  therefore 
appear  as  if  this  coinage  formed  the  connecting  hnk  between  the  two  series. 
The  types  of  Diana  or  Luna  and  the  Dioscuri  occur  in  both  series.  The 
change  in  the  form  of  the  earring  from  a  plain  single  drop  to  one  triangular  in 
form,  which  was  a  somewhat  special  feature  of  the  denarii  struck  at  Eome  at 
this  time  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  67),  occurs  in  one  instance  only,  viz.  on  the  coins  of 
Sextus  Quinctilius,  who,  however,  makes  use  of  both  forms.  It  is  therefore  quite 
the  exception. 

In  other  respects  the  local  denarii  correspond  with  those  of  the  central 
mint ;  some  are  without  any  special  marks,  some  have  symbols,  whilst  others 
bear  the  moneyers'  names  in  monogram  or  in  the  form  of  separate  initials  only. 

There  are  no  epigraphic  changes  of  any  importance  except  that  A  is  more 
requent  than  any  other  form,  such  as  A  or  A,  and  in  the  monogram  of  Juventius 
Talna,  k  for  L  occurs.  This  is  the  usual  form  of  that  letter  on  coins  of  the 
Eoman  mint  of  this  time. 


SERIES   I. 


,r  ,,-  .  ,  ,        Metal 

No.       Me,ght     ^^^^  g.^^ 


375 


55-4     M    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Without  mmieyer's  symbol  or  initial 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop,  and 
necklace ;  hair  tied  and 
falling  in  three  symmetri- 
cal locks ;  behind,  X 


RoMA  (on  tablet).  Diana 
or  Luna,  draped,  her 
head  surmounted  by  cres- 
cent, in  biga  r.,  horses 
cantering ;  she  holds  the 
reins  in  both  hands  and 
restrains  the  horses.^ 
[PI.  xo.  1.] 


'  The  head  of  Eoma  on  denarii  of  this  series  is  very  similar  to  that  on  like  pieces  of 
Series  II.  of  the  previous  period  (see  above,  p.  223). 

'  This  type  of  Diana  or  Luna  in  a  biga  occurs  also  on  contemporary  denarii  struck  at  the 
Roman  mint.  During  this  period  in  the  local  issues  the  goddess  is  only  represented  in  the 
attitude  of  restraining  the  horses  of  her  chariot.     The  other  type,  the  fast  biga  with  horses 


IT         TIT  •  I  i       Metal 
Ao.       Weight  ,  „■ 

"         ana  Size 


376 


377 
378 

379 
380 


60-6 


56-1 
57-2 

54-6 
56-8 


381 


382 


37-5 

{chipped) 


CIRC.  B.C.  196—173  ;    A.U.C.  558—581 

Obverse  Reverse 


229 


M    -8 


M  -85 

M  -7 

M  -8 

M  -8 


4360 


M,    -7 


M  1-35 


With  moneyer's  symbol 

FLYi 

Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  375; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


RoMA  (on  tablet).  Diana 
or  Luna,  draped,  in  biga 
r.,  &c.,  similar  to  no.  375 ; 
below  horses,  fly  r. 


Similar. 

Similar;  RoMA 

[PI.  xc.  2.] 

Similar. 

Similar;  R-OMA  in  exergue. 


Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief;  back  of  head 
with  indentation. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory, draped,  standing  r., 
and  placing  wreath  on 
trophy,  which  shows 
cuirass  and  greaves ;  in 
the  field,  fly  (upwards). 
[PI.  xc.  3.] 


Head   of    Janus, 
above,  I 


As 

laureate ;  I  R.OMA  below  Prow  r. 
fore,  I ;  above,  fly  r. 
I  [PI.  xc.  4.] 


be- 


galloping,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  adopted  locally  at  tliis  particular  time.  It  is,  however, 
met  with  in  a  single  instance  on  the  coinage  assigned  to  a  slightly  later  date  (see  below, 
p.  240). 

'  The  bronze  coins  of  the  sextantal  standard  and  bearing  this  symbol  are  attributed  to  the 
mint  at  Rome  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  40),  where  it  is  mentioned  that  the  musca  may  be  a  rebus  of  the 
cognomen  Musca,  borne  by  members  of  the  Sempronia  gens.  T.  Sempronius  Mnsca  was 
one  of  the  fire  commissioners  appointed  in  B.C.  168  to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  Pisani 
and  the  Lunenses. 


230 


A'o.        ^]'eilJltt 


383 


73-0 


384 


385 


60-1 


58-7 


Mctul 
and  Stze 


M    -85 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Rererse 


Sextans  1 


Head  of  Mercury  r.,  wear-    R.OMA  above  Prow  r. ;   be- 


ing wingedpetasus;  above, 


JR    -75 


M    -75 


5200 


M  1-25 


low,   •  • ;    before,  fly  (up- 
wards). 

[PI.  xo.  5.] 


With  moneyers'  monograms 

([FUEIUS]  PUEPUEEO^) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  375 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


R,oMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear,  and  wears 
ohlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star ; 
below  horses,  ^ 


Similar. 


[PI.  xc.  6.] 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ;  i  RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
above,  I  fore,  I ;  above,  Vi 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  pi.  iii.,  no.  62.] 


'  The  only  other  denomination  of  the  uncial  standard  with  this  symbol  recorded  by 
D'Ailly  is  the  qnadrans  {Mon.  roTn.,  pi.  Ixxxxi.,  no.  3). 

^  This  moneyer  was  possibly  a  son  of  L.  Farius  Pnrpureo,  who  was  a  military  tribune 
B.C.  210,  praetor  B.C.  200,  and  consul  B.C.  196.  For  his  signal  victory  over  tbe  Boii  in  this 
last  year,  and  also  for  previous  successes,  he  vowed  three  temples  to  Jupiter,  one  of  which 
was  dedicated  in  B.C.  194,  the  other  two  in  B.C.  192.  He  was  later  a  candidate  for  the 
censorship,  B.C.  184.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  519),  having  placed  this  issue  circ.  B.C.  217,  has 
identitled  the  moneyer  with  the  consul  of  B.C.  196,  but  as  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  the 
coins  to  a  somewhat  later  date,  this  identification,  if  he  was  right,  would  not  be  possible. 

There  are  two  series  of  bronze  coins  with  this  cognomen,  one  reading  W,  the  other,  PX^. 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  520,  521)  has  classed  both  series  to  the  same  issue,  but  Count  de  Salis 
separated  them,  assigning  those  with  V^R  with  the  denarii  bearing  the  moneyer's  name  PVR 
on  the  reverse  (see  below,  p.  240').  Mommsen  {HUt.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  241,  266)  makes  the 
same  division,  but  he  mentions  only  the  denarius  and  the  as  with  the  monogram  \^. 


Ho.     Weight  ,  „. 

"         ana  Size 


CIEC.  B.C.  196—173;   A.U.C.  558—581 

Obverse  Reverse 


231 


130-0  I  M  1-0 


127-0 


M    -8 


33-0     M    -55 


Semis 

Head  of  Jupiter,  r.,  laureate;  I  Similar  ;    before    pro-w,    S; 
behind,  S  |      above,  ^ 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  521,  no.  9.] 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin  ;  be- 
hind, :  1 


Similar;    before   prow, 
above,  Vi 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  521,  no.  11. J 

Uncia  ^ 

Female  bust  r.,  draped.  |  Prow  r. ;  before,  ^ 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  521,  no.  12.] 


'  The  illustration  should  have  three  dots  for  marks  of  value  on  the  obverse  as  well  as  on 
the  reverse. 

'  The  triens  and  sextans  of  this  issue  do  not  appear  to  have  been  met  with.  According  to 
Samwer  {Num.  ZeiL,  1896,  p.  125)  there  is  an  example  of  the  triens  in  the  D'Ailly  collection 
weighing  126'7  grs.,  but  he  may  have  confused  this  piece  with  one  reading  PV?,  as  there  is  no 
specimen  of  this  denomination  in  that  cabinet.  Cohen  (Mon.  rep.  rom,,  p.  14.5,  no.  5) 
describes  a  specimen,  but  as  he  does  not  figure  it,  it  is  possible  that  he  may  have  fallen  into 
the  same  error.  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  123-127)  gives  some  interesting  particulars 
about  the  coins  with  ^  and  P\^  as  to  their  weights  and  the  collections  in  which  they  are  to 
be  found.  The  National  Collection  does  not  contain  any  bronze  coins  with  the  monogram  \^. 
The  exceptional  type  of  the  nnoia  is  an  indication  that  this  issue  was  not  minted  at  Rome. 
Babelon  (Joe.  cit.)  identifies  the  bust  on  the  obverse  as  of  Venus.  The  as  figured  above  is  the 
one  in  the  Olivieri  collection. 


232 

nr        TT  ■  T.t       Metal 
No.      Weight     „„^  g^,. 


COINAGE   OF  ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


386 


387 


53-7 


56-8 


410-0 


M    -75 


M    -7 


M  1-2 


7^  OE  ^ 


([JUVBNTIUS]  TALNAi) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  375 ; 
earring  of  single  drop; 
behind,  X 

Similar ;  head  of  Eoma,  less 
angular  and  features  more 
realistic,  similar  to  no. 
388. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Diana 
or  Luna,  draped,  in  biga  r., 
horses  cantering,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  375 ;  below 
horses.  A/ 

[PI.  xc.  v.] 

Similar ;  below  horses,  7^ 
[PI.  xc.  8.] 


As 


Head    of    Janus,    laureate ; 
above,  I 


R.OMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, I ;  above,  Af 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  122,  no.  2.] 


1  This  moneyer  is  uncertain.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  122),  who  placed  the  issue  circ.  B.C.  209, 
would  identify  him  with  T.  Juventius  Talna,  or  Thalna,  who  was  praetor  B.C.  194,  and  who 
in  B.C.  172  was  sent  with  two  other  commissioners  to  Apulia  and  Calabria  to  purchase  corn 
for  the  Roman  army  then  operating  against  Perseus  of  Macedon  (Livy,  xxxiv.  42,  43  ;  xlii.  27). 
There  was,  however,  another  member  of  this  gens,  who  served  in  Spain  in  B.C.  185  as  legate 
to  the  praetor  Calpurnius  Piso  (Livy,  xxxix.  31,  38).  It  is  rather  to  the  latter  that  these 
coins  may  be  assigned. 

Similar  variations  in  the  form  of  the  monogram  having  A  for  A  are  met  with  on  denarii 
of  the  Roman  mint,  but  of  a  slightly  later  date  (b.c.  172-151),  the  moneyprs  being  in  those 
cases  Atilius  Saranus  and  C.  Juventius  Talna,  their  signatures  being  SAR  or  SAR  and 
C  .  TV  or  C  .  J"!/  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  99,  102).  The  C.  Juventius  Talna  of  the  Roman  mint  may  have 
been  the  son  of  the  above  moneyer.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  122,  123)  does  not  appear  to  have 
remarked  the  differences  in  the  monogram.  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  250)  classes 
the  coins  with  the  monograms  TV  and  K  to  the  same  issue,  but  they  belong  to  separate  ones ; 
those  with  R  having  been  attributed  by  Count  de  Salis  to  the  mint  at  Rome  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  105). 

This  issue  with  A'  or  A'  is  a  connecting  link  between  the  denarii  of  Series  I.  and  II.  of 
this  period.  Those  with  A/  are  similar  in  fabric  and  in  the  type  of  the  head  of  Roma  to  the 
preceding  denarii,  and  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  122)  has  noted  their  great  resemblance  to  the 
pieces  with  the  symbol  a  fly  (see  above,  p.  229).  The  denarii  with  A/,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
in  these  respects  similar  to  those  which  immediately  follow,  some  being  without  special  marks, 
others  having  symbols  or  initials  of  moneyers. 


Kr).      VTeiglit 


345-0 


CIEC.  B.C.  196—173  ;    A.U.C.  558-581 

Metal 


233 


188-0 


aiid  S'i^^ 


M  1-15 


Ob'^crx,^ 


r.-r.rse 


yE     -9 


1320 


M    -8 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Similar ;     before    prow,    S ; 
above,  A^ 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  123,  no.  3.] 


Triens' 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  v^ear- 
ing  crested  Corinthian 
helmet  and  necklace ; 
above,  •••• 


Similar;  R,oM A  above  prow; 
below,  •  •  •  • ;  before,  Af 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  123,  no.  4.] 


Quadr'ans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar;    below   prow,   ••• 
before,  A^ 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  123,  no.  5.] 


'  Varieties  of  the  triens  and  quadrans  have  the  monogranj  A^  above  the  prow,  the  leecud 
Roma  below,  and  the  marks  of  value  before  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Ztit.,  1896,  p.  169;  Babelon 
vol   ii.,  pp.  123,  124).     J^  for  A/  does  not  seem  to  occur  on  the  bronze  coins,  but  only  on  the 
silver.     There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue  in  the  British  Museum. 

VOL.    II.  H    H 


234 


No.        Vei>jl,t 


97-3 


Metal 
and  Size 


m  -75 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 

Sextans ' 


Reverse 


Bust   of   Merciiry  r.,  wear- I  Similar;    below    prow,    ••; 
ing  chlamys  and  winged        before,  A- 
petasus  ;  above,  *  •  I 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  124,  no.  6.] 


388 


389 
390 

391 

392 


60-7 


58-7 
58-1 

56-3 

49-8 


.'R    -75 


SERIES  II. 

Without  moneycrs'  syvihols  or  initials 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  visor  in  three  pieces 
and  peaked ;  earring  of 
single  drop  and  necklace  ; 
hair  falling  in  three  sym- 
metrical locks ;  behind,  X 


M 

•75 

Similar. 

M 

•75 

Similar. 

M 

•7 

Similar. 

M 

•76 

Similar 

R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscm:i  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
coviched  spear,  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star. 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


[PI.  xc.  9.] 


(Nott) 


'  The  weights  of  tlie  bronze  coins  of  this  issue  vary  a  good  deal.  Those  given  are  of  the 
specimens  in  the  D'Ailly  collection. 

-  These  denarii,  as  mentioned  above  (see  p.  227),  differ  slightly  in  style  and  fabric  from 
those  classed  to  Scries  1.  The  head  of  Roma  is  more  realistic,  the  features  less  angular,  and 
the  profile  not  so  straight.  This  change  is  not  met  with  on  denarii  of  the  same  date  assigned 
to  Eome.  This  particular  variety  of  type  is  fairly  closely  adhered  to  on  the  remaining 
denarii  of  this  period,  which  arc  as  a  rule  of  coarse  work.  But  for  the  reverse  type  being 
of  somewhat  debased  work  it  would  be  difficult  in  some  cases  to  distinguish  the  denarii  without 
symbols  or  moneyers'  initials  from  those  struck  at  Eome. 


No.       Weight       "ff: 
^         and  ^tze 


CIRC.  B.C.  196—173;    A.U.C.  558—581  235 

Obverse  Beverae 


393 


37-5 


394 


395 


396 


397 


398 


M    -6 


59-0 


58-9 


56-3 


54'8 


40-5 

(chipped) 


M    -7 


M    -1 


M.    -75 


M    -75 


M    -7 


Victoriatus^ 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief ;  back  of 
head  with  deep  indenta- 
tion. 


R.OMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory draped,  standing  r., 
and  placing  wreath  on 
trophy  ;  which  is  without 
greaves. 

[PI.  xc.  10.] 


With  moncycr's  symbol 
FEATHEE  ^ 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  388 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  Diana 
or  Luna,  draped,  with 
crescent  above  her  head, 
in  biga  r.,  horses  canter- 
ing ;  she  holds  the  reins 
in  both  hands,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  375  ;  below  horses, 
feather  r. 

[PI.  xc.   11.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xc.  12.] 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


'  There  are  no  special  features  in  this  victoriatus.  It  belongs  to  the  later  issue,  i.e., 
that  with  the  head  of  Jupiter  having  a  deep  indentation  at  the  back,  and  in  low  relief. 
The  reverse  type  is  very  similar  in  the  minor  details  to  that  of  others  with  the  moneyer's 
monogram  /\A  (see  below,  p.  236). 

^  This  symbol  has  already  occurred  on  local  coins  (see  above,  p.  215),  but  only  in  connection 
with  a  staff. 

'  The  denarius  appears  to  be  the  only  denomination  known  of  this  issue.  Many  of  the 
silver  coins  of  this  and  other  issues  of  this  time  arc  carelessly  struck,  and  in  some  cases 
the  fabric  is  exceptionally  rude. 


236 

JTo.        Weijht 


Metal 
and  Size 


60-8 


53-5 

18-3 
48-2 

(chipped) 

47-0 

(chipped) 

54-3 
51-5 


50-7 


42-6 


39-2 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


Ohcur^e 


Reverse 


Al 


M    -7 


With  moHdijcys'  monogram  or  initials 

(MATIENUS  ?) 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  -wdth  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
lie,  similar  to  no.  388; 
earring  of  single  drop; 
behind,  X 


M 

•7 

Similar, 

M 

•75 

Similar. 

JR 

■65 

Similar. 

JR. 

■75 

Similar. 

JR 

■7 

Similar. 

JR 

■8 

Similar. 

JR    -6 


JR    -65 


Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscm:i  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  Sco.,  similar 
to  no.  388 ;  below  horses, 

[PI.  xc.  13.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar;  R.OMA  in  exergue. 

Similar ;  KoMA  in  exergue. 
[PI.  xc.  14.] 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Victoriatus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief ;  back  of  head 
with  deep  indentation. 


Similar. 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory standing  r.,  placing 
wreath  on  trophy,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  393  ;  in  the 
field,  M 


Similar. 


[PI.  xc.  15.] 


-  This  monogram  occurs  also  on  bronze  coins  which  are  assigned  to  the  Koman  mint  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  W2),  where  reasons  are  given  for  separating  the  two  issues,  viz.  the  variations  in  the 
form  and  in  the  position  of  the  moneyer's  signature.  This  member  of  the  Matiena  gens  is 
uncertain.  He  may  be  the  M.  Matienus  who  TNas  praetor  in  Spain  in  B.C.  173,  or  the  same 
moueyer  who  had  an  appointment  at  Rome. 

"  The  fabric  ot  these  denarii  is  very  rude,  and  they  are  often  very  carelessly  struck  (see 
also  the  next  pieces  with  /VV).  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  2U8,  no.  1)  figures  a  variety  with  AAI, 
and  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1S97,  p.  .18)  mentions  an  example  in  the  Windisoh-Gratz  collection. 
This  monogram  seems  to  connect  the  moneyer  with  the  Matiena  gens.  Bahrfeldt  {loc.  cit.) 
also  remarks  on  the  rude  work  of  the  denarii  with  /\A.  and  on  the  variation  in  the  form  of 
the  letter  A  as  A  i  i  the  mouoi'ram  as  well  as  in  the  kgond  ROMA. 


Tvr  ,.,  .  ,  .        Metal 

■'         and  Si:i 


CIEC.  B.C.  196—173  ;    A.U.C.  558—581  237 

Obverse  Reverse 


409 


410 


411 


393-0 


412 


413 

414 
415 


154-0 


151-0 


M  1-3 


M    -85 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, I  ;  above,  AS 
[PI.  xc.  16.] 


Quadrans^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, I 


M    -9      Similar. 


Similar;  R.OMA  above  prow; 
below,  •••;  before,  /SA 


Similar. 


[PI.  xci.  1.] 


55-9 


54-0 


52-3 
46-8 


Al    -85 


M    -75 


M    -85 
M    -65 


AA 

(MATIENDS?^) 
Denarius 


Head  of   Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked 
&c.,  similar  to   no.    888 
earring    of    single   drop 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


ROMA '(on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &o.,  similar 
to  no.  388  ;  under  horses, 
M 

[PI.  xci.  2.] 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


'  Other  denominations  of  this  issue  with  the  monogram  before  the  prow  are  the  triena  and 
sextans  (Bahrfelclt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  19). 

It  is  very  probable  that  these  denarii  may  belong  to  the  issue  with  the  moneyer'a 
monogram  AA.  They  are  all  of  very  rude  work  and  often  badly  struck.  Babelon  (vol.  i., 
pp.  53,  258)  classes  them  with  the  pieces  bearing  "uncertain  monograms."  These  coins  must 
not  be  confused  with  the  quinarii  and  victoriati  bearing  the  same  monogram  which  are  of 
earlier  date  (see  above,  p.  197).  In  that  instance  it  was  probably  the  monogram  of  a  mint; 
in  the  present  one  that  of  a  monoyer.     There  appear  to  be  no  bronze  coins  with  /\A . 


238 

No.     WeujU       ^'ff 
■'         ana  Size 


416 


417 
418 
419 


62-0  !  M    -75 


57-2 


M    -75 


53-2     M    -75 


52-2     Al    -8 


COINAGE    OP   ITALY 

Obve7'se 


Reverse 


sx.a 

(SEXTUS  QUINCTILIUS  ?  1) 
Denarius'' 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  388 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 


Similar ;  earring  of  triangu- 
lar form.^ 


Similar. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c.,  similar 
to  no.  388 ;  below  horses, 

sx-a 

[PI.  xci.  3.] 

(Nott) 

Similar;  RoMA 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  R.OMA 

[PI.  xoi.  4.] 

Similar. 


'  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  397)  was  of  opinion  that  this  moneyer  was  a  member  of  the 
Quinctilia  or  Quintilia  gens  rather  than  that  of  the  Quinctia,  as  the  praenomen  Sextus  is 
not  met  with  in  connection  with  the  latter,  but  frequently  in  the  case  of  the  former.  He 
therefore  identifies  him  as  probably  a  son  of  P.  Quinctilius  Yams,  who  was  praetor  B.C.  203, 
and  who  had  Ariminum  as  his  province.  In  conjunction  with  the  proconsul  M.  Cornelius  he 
defeated  Mago,  the  brother  of  Hannibal,  in  the  territory  of  the  Insnbrian  Gauls.  Babelon 
(vol.  i.,  p.  368,  and  vol.  ii.,  p.  398)  has  also  suggested  that  he  was  a  colleague  at  the  mint  of 
L.  Coilius,  Cn.  Calpumins  Piso,  and  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  but  Count  de  Salis  has 
attributed  the  issues  of  these  three  moneyers  to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  81,  82). 

'  The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  known  of  this  issue. 

'  This  is  the  only  instance  we  have  met  with  of  this  shaped  earring  on  coins  of  local 
striking.  It  was  general  at  this  particular  time  on  denarii  of  the  Komau  mint  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  67). 


239 


PERIOD   IV. 

Circ.  B.C.  172—151;   a.u.c.  582—603 

The  coins  struck  locally,  which  are  assigned  to  the  above  dates,  are  limited  to 
three  issues  only.  Two  of  these  bear  moneyers'  names,  the  third  is  without 
any  name  or  symbol. 

Denominations  and  Types. — The  denominations  are  the  same  as  those 
struck  at  Eome,  being  in  silver  the  denarius  only,  and  in  bronze  the  as  and  its 
divisions  to  the  uncia.  As  at  Eome  there  is  no  instance  of  the  victoriatus, 
showing  that  locally  also  the  striking  of  this  coin  had  ceased. 

The  types  of  the  denarius  are  also  the  same  as  at  Eome,  but  with  slight 
variations  in  those  of  the  reverse.  These  are  Diana  or  Luna  in  a  biga,  and 
Victory  also  in  a  biga.  That  of  Diana  or  Luna  depicts  the  horses  in  full  gallop 
urged  on  by  the  goddess,  who  holds  the  reins  in  both  hands  and  a  goad  in  the 
right.  On  the  coins  of  the  Eoman  mint  she  holds  the  reins  in  the  left 
hand  only.  The  type  of  Victory  is  also  varied.  On  the  denarii  without  any 
name  or  symbol  the  horses  are  represented  abreast,  as  on  the  pieces  with  Diana 
or  Luna ;  but  on  those  with  the  moneyer's  name,  C.  Maianius,  the  further  horse 
is  slightly  in  advance  of  the  near  one.  The  latter  form  is  also  found  on  con- 
temporary coins  of  the  Eoman  mint.  Another  slight  variation  in  the  denarii  of 
C.  Maianius  is  that  the  name  of  R.OMA  on  the  reverse  is  placed  below  an  exergual 
line,  which  does  not,  as  usual,  extend  throughout  the  breadth  of  the  field. 
Moneyers'  symbols  as  separate  signs  do  not  occur.  A  symbol  is  only  met  with 
in  one  instance,  and  then  in  conjunction  with  the  moneyer's  name  as  a  symbgle 
parlant. 

Classification. — The  denarii  on  account  of  a  slight  variation  in  the  obverse 
type  are  separated  into  two  series.  On  the  first  the  head  of  Eoma  is  similar  to 
that  on  the  later  pieces  of  the  previous  Period,  whilst  the  reverse  type  consists  of 
Diana  or  Luna  in  a  biga  of  the  later  variety  with  the  horses  in  full  gallop.  This 
variety  did  not  occur  on  the  local  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  197 — 173,  but  it  was 
met  with  at  Eome  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  66).  The  denarii  of  the  second  series  reveal 
a  slight  change  in  the  head  of  Eoma,  which  is  in  somewhat  higher  relief,  the 
features  being  more  in  the  round  and  having  a  life-like  expression.  The  earring 
is  either  composed  of  three  drops  or  one  only.  With  these  two  shapes  of  earring 
we  have  the  two  forms  of  the  type  of  Victory,  the  horses  being  abreast,  or 
the  further  one  a  little  in  advance  of  the  near  one.  As  the  first  form  of  the 
Victory  type  is  in  respect  of  the  position  of  the  horses  similar  to  that  of  Diana 
or  Luna,  it  seems  to  be  a  connecting  link  between  denarii  of  Series  I.  and  those 
of  Series  II. 


240 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


These  slight  variations  in  the  types  seem  to  mark  the  following  coins  as 
being  of  local  issue.  As  a  rule  they  are  less  rude  in  style  and  fabric  than 
those  which  precede  or  follow. 

In  the  inscription  RoMA,  so  far  as  the  coins  in  the  National  Collection 
show,  the  form  A  with  one  exception  is  exclusively  used. 


Ko.       We 


, ,       Metal 
ana  ^i-e 


420 


72-0 


421    ,    52-S 


422 
423 


48-' 
49-! 


M    -75 


.R    -75 


M    -75 


M    -7 


SERIES   I.^ 

Obcerse  Revcrs 

WitJi  moneyer's  monogram 

rvR  OE  pv? 

([FURIUS]  PUEPUEEO^) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  ornament- 
ed with  gryphon's  head ; 
the  visor  in  three  pieces 
and  peaked ;  earring  of 
single  drop  and  necklace  ; 
hair  falling  in  three  sym- 
metrical locks;  behind,  X 


Similar, 


Similar. 


Similar, 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  Diana 
or  Luna  naked  to  the 
waist,  her  head  surmount- 
ed by  crescent,  in  biga  v., 
horses  galloping  abreast ; 
she  holds  reins,  which  are 
crossed,  in  both  hands, 
and  goad  in  r. ; '"  below 
horses,  PVR.  ;  above, 
murex. 

[PI.  xci.  5.] 

Similar, 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar, 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;  the  goddess  does 
not  hold  a  goad. 


1  The  denarii  of  this  series  resemble  in  style  and  fabric  those  assigned  to  Series  II.  of  the 
preFious  period  (see  above,  p.  234). 

'  This  moneyer  may  have  been  a  son  of  the  Furius  Purpureo  who  a  few  years  earlier 
struck  coins  with  the  monogram  ^  (see  above,  p.  230).  Babelon  (vol.  i  ,  p,  522)  having 
a  tributed  this  coinage  to  circ.  B.C.  214,  has  identified  the  moneyer  as  prubably  the  son  of 
L,  Furius  Purpureo,  who  was  consul  B.C.  194,  but  if  Count  de  Salis's  attribution  of  the  issue 
to  a  date  not  earlier  than  B.C.  172  is  correct,  this  identification  would  not  be  possible, 

^  This  reverse  type  is  similar  to  that  found  on  denarii  attributed  to  a  Elightly  earlier  date 
at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  66,  67),  It  is  the  later  variety  of  this  type,  showing  Diana 
or  Luna  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  two  horses,  which  she  is  urging  on  at  full  speed.  The  coins  of 
local  issue,  however,  vary  somewhat,  as  the  goddess  holds  the  reins,  which  are  crossed, 
jnAotli  hands.  The  murex,  from  which  purple  die  was  obtained,  is  a  symbole  p%rlant  of  the 
cognomen  Pur)mrco.  The  addition  of  a  symbol  to  the  moneyer's  name  is  met  with  in  several 
issues  of  tin's  perio.l  at  the  Roman  mint. 


■»T        Ti'  •  7  <         Metal 
No.     Me^gU     ^„^  g  .^^ 


424 

425 


404-0 
3950 


140-5 


426 


427 


CIRC.  B.C.  172—151;   A.U.C.  582—603 

Obverse  Reverse 

As' 


241 


M  1-25 
M  1-2 


M    -9 


129-0 


75-0 


M    -95 


Head   of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 

Similar. 


[R.oM]A    below   Prow   r. ; 
before,  I ;  above,  PW 


Similar. 


[PI.  xci.  6.] 


Semis  2 

Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate;    Similar;    before    prow,    S; 


behind,  S 


above,  P\« 


[Bahrfeldt,  mm.  Zcit.,  1896,  p.  126.] 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet;  above,  •••• 


Similar ;    before    prow, 
above,  PV? 

[PI.  xci.  7.] 


M    -8 


Quad pans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, J 


prow, 


Similar ;    before 
above,  P\^ 

[PI.  xci.  8.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


'  It  has  been  mentioned  (see  above,  p.  230)  that  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  520,  521)  has  classed 
the  bronze  coins  with  W  and  PV?  to  the  same  issue,  but  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii., 
pp.  241,  266)  and  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  123  f.),  like  Count  de  Salis,  have  separated 
them  into  two  series.  Mommsen  also  attributes  the  denarii  with  TVR  to  the  same  issue  as 
the  bronze  coins  with  PN^. 

2  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  126 ;  1900,  p.  48)  mentions  four  specimens  of  the  semis 
of  this  issue,  as  being  in  the  Turin,  Gnecchi,  Bignami  (now  Capitoline  Museum),  and  Hunter 
collections.     The  piece  figured  is  that  in  the  Capitoline  Museum. 


VOL.    II. 


I    I 


242 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


SERIES   II. 


^o.       We^gU     „„^Size 


Diverse 


Reverse 


428 


61-8 


JR    -75 


429 


430 


431 


58-0 


59-8 


570 


JR    -7 


Withoiit  moneyer's  symbol  or  initial 


Denarius' 


432  1    43-3 

433  63-4 


JR    -7 


Al    -7 

{plated) 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  420, 
but  in  higher  relief;  ear- 
ring of  three  drops,  the 
centre  one  long ;  behind, 
X 


Similar ;  the  side  drops  of 
the  earring  are  represent- 
ed by  a  single  pearl 


JR    -7    i  Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


JR    '7      Similar ;    earring   of   single 
!      drop. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  Vic- 
tory naked  to  the  hips  in 
biga  r.,  horses  galloping 
abreast;  she  holds  goad 
in  r.  hand  and  reins  in  1. 
[PI.  xci.  9.] 


Similar;  RoMA 

(Fehx  Slade  Coll.) 


Similar;  RoMA 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xci.  10.] 


'  These  denarii  are  probably  the  latest  locally  struck  without  a  moneyer's  symbol  or 
initial,  with  the  exception  of  those  which  have  for  reverse  type  Roma  seated  on  shields,  the 
wolf  and  twins  at  her  feet,  &e.,  which  are  assigned  to  circ.  B.C.  92'(see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  72). 
The  head  of  Eoma  differs  from  that  on  the  preceding  pieces  in  being  in  somewhat  higher 
relief,  and  in  the  features  being  well  modelled  and  having  the  profile  less  stiff  and  angular. 
She  wears  an  earring  with  three  drops,  which  is  similar  to  that  on  contemporary  coins  of  the 
lloman  mint,  and  which  shows  similar  slight  variations  in  its  form.  The  reverse  type  of 
Victory  diilers  somewhat  from  the  rcpresentatiim  on  coins  struck  in  the  Capitol  in  giving  her 
a  goad  and  not  a  whip  with  a  thong,  and  in  representinsr  the  horses  abreast  and  not  with  the 
further  one  slightlv  in  advance  of  the  near  one.  In  tliis  respect  these  denarii  are  like  the 
preceding  ones  witli  the  Ici^cml  PVR. 

Though  the  type  of  Victory  may  have  a  genortil  siernification,  as  it  occurs  frequently  on 
subsequent  issues,  yet,  as  it  was  in!  roiliiceil  circ.  is.c.  172,  it  iiuiy  in  the  first  instance  tiave 
special  reference  to  the  recent  viefiirios  of  Home  in  the  Eayt  over  Antiochus  III.  of  Svria,  and 
in  the  West  over  the  Ligurians  in  Northern  Italy,  and  also  to  the  conquest  of  Xorthern  Spain. 


CIEC.  B.C.  172—151;  A.U.C.  582—603 


243 


Metal 


Nn.     Wciiiht  ,  „. 

''  and  Size 


64-2 


613 

61-2 
55-2 
59-8 


428-0 
369-0 
342-0 
287-0 
278-0 


M.    -75 


JR.  -75 

M  -75 

M  -7 

M^  -7 


M  1-25 
M  1-3 
M  1-2 
M  1-3 
M  1-25 


Ofet'erse  Reverse 

With  moiieyer's  name 

C.  AAIA/I 

(CAIUS   MAIANIUSi) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  428 ; 
earring  of  single  drop ; 
behind,  X 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


KoMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory naked  to  the  hips,  in 
biga  r.,  horses  galloping; 
the  further  one  being  in 
advance  of  the  near  one  ; 
Victory  holds  whip  with 
long  loose  thong  in  r. 
hand  and  reins  in  1. ;  ^ 
below  horses,  C  •  Ml/^l 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PL  xci.  11.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  the  horses  are  in 
very  high-stepping  atti- 
tude. 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


[KoMA]    below   Prow   r. ; 
before,  I ;  above,  C  •  AAIA/I 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  xci.  12.] 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


^  The  Maiaoia  gens  is  almost  unknown  to  history.  This  moneyer  cannot  therefore  bo 
identified.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  165)  remarks  on  the  similarity  of  style  between  the  denarii  of 
C.  Maiauius  and  those  of  Atilius  Saranus  and  0.  Juventius  Talna,  bat  Count  de  Salia  has 
classed  the  issues  of  these  last  two  moncyers  to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  99,  102). 

^  This  type  occure  also  on  contemporary  pieces  struck  at  Rome,  but  the  stvle  and 
fabric  are  local.  The  lep^end  ROMA  is  below  a  line  which  docs  not  extend  l)oy"nii(l  thi' 
hind-legs  of  the  horses.  This  variety,  peculiar  at  this  time  to  local  iswiu.-H,  (jccnrrrMl  on  furlirr 
coinages. 


244 

ho.      Weight  ,  „. 

■*         and  Size 


444 


445 


209-0 


88-0 


M  1-05 


M    -75 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  S 


Similar ;    before    prow,    S ; 
above,  C  •  AAI^I 
[PI.  xci.  13.] 


Quadr>ans' 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r.,  j 
wearing  lion's  skin ;    be- 
hind, ; 


Similar ;    before    prow, 
above,  C  •  AAIA/I 
[PI.  xci.  14.] 


'  Other  deuominationg  are  the  triens  and  ancia  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  167,  noa.  4,  6).  A 
specimen  of  the  semis  in  the  Turin  collection  has  the  mark  of  value  S  for  S  (Bahrfeldt, 
Num.  Zeit,  1897,  p.  10). 


24G 


PERIOD    V. 

Circ.  B.C.  150—125;   a.u.c.  604—629 

The  local  issues  which  extend  over  the  period  from  B.C.  150 — 125  are,  as  compared 
with  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman  mint,  very  limited  in  number.  They  evidently 
occurred  at  rare  intervals  and  under  special  circumstances.  In  the  main,  as 
before,  they  follow  the  lines  of  the  coinages  of  the  Eoman  mint,  but  their 
coarse  fabric  and  style  show  that  they  do  not  belong  to  the  central  coinage. 
These  features  are  very  marked  on  the  following  coins. 

Denominations  and  Types. — In  these  respects  the  local  issues  are  similar 
to  those  of  the  Eoman  mint.  In  silver  there  is  the  denarius  only,  and  in 
bronze  the  semis  and  its  divisions,  probably  to  the  uncia.  The  issue  of  the  as 
was  suspended  locally  as  well  as  at  Eome.  This  circumstance  shows  that  there 
must  have  been  a  direct  relationship  between  the  moneyers  engaged  at  the 
Eoman  mint  and  those  who  had  charge  of  the  local  coinages.  Though  no 
specimens  of  the  sextans  and  uncia  have  been  met  with  in  connection  with  the 
following  issues,  yet  it  is  quite  possible  that  they  were  struck.  Of  most  of  the 
moneyers  who  struck  in  bronze  as  well  as  in  silver,  the  semis,  triens,  and 
quadrans  are  known.  In  the  types  there  is  also  a  tendency  to  follow  those  of 
the  Eoman  mint.  That  of  the  obverse  is  always  the  head  of  Eoma,  and  those 
of  the  reverse,  though  varied,  are  of  a  general  character,  such  as  would  be 
suitable  to  pieces  issued  for  the  use  of  the  army,  as  the  Dioscuri,  or  Jupiter  or 
Victory  in  a  quadriga.  At  Eome,  besides  these  general  types,  many  of  a 
personal  nature  relating  to  the  history  of  the  families  of  the  moneyers  were  now 
introduced,  but  these  do  not  occur  till  somewhat  later  in  the  local  issues.  The 
earring  worn  by  Eoma  continues  to  vary  in  shape.  At  first,  as  at  Eome,  it  consists 
of  a  number  of  globules,  which  take  the  shape  of  a  bunch  of  grapes.  This  form 
is  superseded  by  one  consisting  of  a  single  or  double  cross,  which  continues  to 
the  end  of  the  Period,  but  was  not  met  with  on  pieces  of  the  central  mint. 
The  change  in  the  mark  of  value  of  the  denarius  from  X  to  XVI,  occasionally 
noted  on  the  coins  of  Eome,  does  not  occur  locally. 

All  the  issues  bear  the  names  of  the  moneyers  by  whom  they  were  struck. 
There  are  none  without  these  names  or  with  symbols  only.  The  forms  of  the 
names  are  precisely  similar  to  those  on  the  central  coinage  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  117), 
with  the  exception  that  in  one  instance  the  cognomen  only  is  given.  In  other 
cases  we  have  the  praenomen  and  nomen  or  cognomen,  the  riomcn  and  cognomen, 
or  all  three  names,  and  in  one  instance  the  patronymic  initials. 

In  the  legends  A  survives  all  the  other  forms  of  that  letter ;  L  is  still  V, 
and  P  is  P  only. 

Classification. — The  denarii  are  divided  into  two  series,  into  which  the 
various  issues  seem  to  group  themselves.     Those  of  the  first  series  are  in  low 


246 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


relief,  and  the  tj-pes,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  are  wide-spread.  The  letters  of 
the  legends  are  large  and  usually  somewhat  straggling.  These  peculiarities  were 
noticed  in  connection  with  the  contemporary  coins  of  Eome.  Those  of  the 
second  series  have  the  head  of  Eoma  smaller  and  in  somewhat  higher  relief, 
and  the  letters  are  neater,  though  still  large,  and  more  compactly  set  out.  The 
workmanship  of  many  of  these  coins  is  very  rude. 

Though  we  have  till  now  no  actual  evidence  of  a  triumvirate  of  moneyers, 
there  is,  however,  so  much  similarity  of  style  between  several  of  the  issues  that, 
though  the  types  of  the  reverse  vary,  it  would  seem  that  most  of  the  coins  were 
struck  in  the  same  locality.  It  is  therefore  probable  that  the  coins  were  issued 
at  one  of  the  chief  military  centres,  and  that  a  succession  of  moneyers  employed 
the  same  engravers  to  execute  their  dies.  These  similarities  enable  us  to  establish 
a  certain  sequence  of  moneyers  in  the  case  of  C.  Plutius,  C.  Porcius  Cato,  Q. 
Minucius  Eufus,  and  M.  Fannius  C.  f.  In  the  next  Period  we  have  evidence  of 
three  separate  monetary  triumvirates. 

In  separating  these  local  coins  from  those  struck  at  Eome  our  principal  guide, 
as  before,  is  fabric.     This  becomes  even  more  marked  in  succeeding  Periods. 


No.       Weight        ^^f^^ 

•'  and  yijc 


446 


447 
448 


60-2 


58-4 
66-4 


M    -8 


M    -85 
M    -8 


SERIES    1} 

Obverse  Reverse 

A/.  R\F 

(AUEELIUS  EUFUS  2) 

Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wide- 
spread, wearing  winged 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
gryphon's  head;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked; 
earring  of  pellets  in  form 
of  bunch  of  grapes  and 
necklace ;  hair  arranged 
in  three  symmetrical 
locks ;  another  lock  on  1. 
shoulder;  behind,  X;  fillet 
border. 

Similar. 

Similar  (of  coarse  work). 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  Jupiter 
naked  to  the  hips,  his 
mantle  floating  back  from 
1.  arm,  in  quadriga  r., 
horses  galloping;  he  hurls 
thunderbolt  with  r.  hand 
and  holds  in  1.  long  scep- 
tre and  reins ;  below 
horses,  N  KV 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcii.  1.] 


'  For  the  characteristics  of  the  denarii  of  this  series  sec  above. 

-  The  identiflL-atiou  of  this  moncyer  is  uncertain,  as  no  Aurolius  Eufus  appears  to  be 
known  to  history.  The  monogram  AJ  might  equally  be  the  initials  of  Auiidius,  and  if  read  as 
AN  might  be  Annins  or  Antonius,  as  Bufus  was  a  cognomen  of  all  four  gentes.  These  coins  are 
so  similar  in  type  and  fabric  to  those  of  C.  Pajiirius  Carbo,  next  described,  that  they  may  have 
been  issued  in  the  same  locality  and  under  the  same  circumstances.  Babelou  (vol.  i.,  p.  242) 
has  drawn  attention  to  the  similarity  of  stylo  bntwccn  the  coins  of  this  issue  and  those  of 


nT         TT-  •  7  i        Metal 


CIEC.  B.C.  150—125;    A.U.O.  604—629 

Ohvcrse 


247 


449 


61-3 


450       60-7 


451 
452 

453 


JR    -8 


59-3 
59-7 

59-5 
89-0 


M  -85 

JR  -8 

M  -85 

JR  -85 


JE    -8 


Reverse 


CARB 

([PAPIEIUS]  CAEBO') 
Denapius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wide- 
spread, wearing  winged 
lielmet,  with  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  446 ;  lock 
of  hair  on  1.  shoulder ; 
earring  in  form  of  cross ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar  {of  coarse  luwk). 


Similar. 


R,oMA  (on  tablet).  Jupiter 
in  quadriga  r.,  &o.,  similar 
to  no.  446 ;  below  horses, 
CARS 

[PI.  xcii.  2.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


[PI.  xcii.  3.] 


Similar. 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


CARB  below  Prow  r. ;  above, 
S  and  star. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  289,  no.  8.] 


L.  Trebanius,  which  are  assigned  by  Count  c!e  Salis  to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  136). 
The  reverse  type  of  Jupiter  in  a  quadriga,  like  that  of  Yictory  in  a  biga  (see  above,  p.  242), 
may  record  some  recent  victories  of  the  Roman  army,  especially  as  these  denarii  are  of  the 
nature  of  a  camp-coinage.  This  reverse  type  ajDpears  to  have  been  adopted  from  the  Romano- 
Campanian  coins  with  obverse,  head  of  Janus  (see  above,  p.  132). 

'  This  moneyer  may  be  Caius  Papirius  Carbo,  who  was  consul  B.C.  120,  and  who  previous 
to  that  date  held  several  important  offices  in  the  state,  or  he  may  be  his  brother  Cnaeus,  who 
was  consul  a  few  years  later,  B.C.  113.  The  absence  of  the  praenomen  renders  the  identifica- 
tion uncertain. 

Count  de  Salis  has  separated  these  coins  from  those  which  bear  the  moneyer's  name 
M  .  CARBO  (see  below,  p.  252).  Mommsen  (^Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  299)  was  originally  of 
opinion  that  the  two  series  belonged  to  separate  issues,  but  out  of  deference  to  the  views 
of  Sen.  Zobel  he  placed  them  together,  jiabelon  (vol.  ii. ,  p.  288)  has  adopted  the  same 
classification,  but  he  adds,  "  the  difference  of  style  which  e.xists  between  these  two  groups  of 
coins  would  lead  us  to  suppose  that  they  were  issued  by  two  nioneyers,  the  second  being 
perhaps  the  son  or  brother  of  the  first."  This  was  the  opinion  of  Count  de  Salis,  and  the 
separation  of  the  two  issues  by  a  short  interval  is  borne  out  by  the  style  and  fabric  of  the 
coins.  On  those  inscribed  CARB  only,  the  head  of  Roma  is  more  wide-spread  and  in  lower 
relief ;  there  is  a  difference  in  the  forms  of  the  earring  and  the  visor,  and  the  letters  of  the 


248 


A'o.       Weight 


57-5 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -85 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 
Ohverse 


Reverse 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r. 
wearing  lion's  skin  ;  be 
hind,  ; 


Quad nans ' 

KoMA  below  Prow  r.,  the 
keel  of  which  is  inscribed 
CAKBo;  before,  :  ;  a- 
bove,  thunderbolt.  * 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  289,  no.  9.] 


SEEIES    II.' 


454 


60-2 


M    -7 


c .  ni-VTi 

(CAIUS  PLUTIUS3) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  446,  but 
less  spread  and  in  higher 
relief ;  the  earring  is  in 
the  form  of  a  cross ;  no 
lock  of  hair  on  1.  shoulder; 
behind,  X ;  usual  border 
of  dots. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  wears 
cuirass,  ohlamys,  and  pi- 
leus,  surmounted  by  star; 
below  horses,  C  •  PkVTI 
[PI.  xou.  4.] 


legends  are  larger.  There  is  therefore  suiEoient  difference  between  the  coins  reading  CARB 
and  those  with  M  .  CAR  BO  to  justify  their  being  classed  to  separate  issue.s.  Zobel  {Ann.  deW 
Inst,  arch.,  1863,  p.  41)  has  also  noted  some  of  these  differences,  remarking  that  those  with  the 
legend  CARB  are  of  flatter  fabric.  Babelon  (loc.  cit.)  has  drawn  attention  to  the  similarity 
of  the  denarii  of  Carbo  and  those  of  Aurelius  Eufus  and  L.  Trebanins. 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  this  denarius  and  of  the  reverse  of  that  with 
'  the  moneyer's  name  M  .  CARBO  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Xum.,  1877,  p.  30). 

'  Though  the  moneyer's  name  is  spelt  differently  on  the  quadrans  and  the  semis,  yet 
the  presence  on  each  of  a  symbol  seems  to  justify  their  being  assigned  to  the  same  issue.  The 
absence  of  the  praenomeu  precludes  the  quadrans  being  placed  with  the  denarii  reading 
M  .  CARBO.  These  appear  to  be  the  only  denominations  in  bronze  of  this  issue  which -have 
been  recorded,  and  the  only  specimens  known  are  the  semis  in  the  Paris  collection  and  the 
quadrans  in  that  at  Berlin.  The  fabric  of  the  denarius  and  the  absence  of  the  legend  ROMA  on 
the  semis,  together  with  the  special  symbols,  are  evidence  that  these  coins  belong  to  a  local  issue. 

2  The  denarii  of  this  series  differ  from  those  of  Series  II.  in  the  head  of  Roma  being 
somewhat  smaller,  not  so  wide-spread,  and  in  higher  relief.  The  letters  of  the  legends  are 
neater  and  more  upright. 

3  The  Plutia  gens  is  unknown  in  history.  Mommsen  (Hist.  man.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  300)  says 
that  this  moneyer  must  not  be  considered  as  belonging  either  to  the  Plautia  or  Plotia  gens. 
The  workmanship  and  style  of  the  coins  of  C.  Plutius,  and  those  of  C.  Cato,  Q.  Minuoins 
Eufus,  and  M.  Fannius  are  very  similar.  Their  fabric  is  particularly  crude.  They,  however, 
vary  in  the  reverse  types,  and  also  show  slight  differences  in  the  treatment  of  the  head  of 
Eoma  and  in  the  arrangement  of  her  hair. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


CIRC.  B.C.  150—125;    A.U.C.  604-629 


249 


Nn.       Weight 


456 


457 


458 


459 


460 


60-0 

69-6 

59-0 

58-2 

59-6 

59-5 

Metal 
and  Size 


A\    -1 


M    -7 


M    -7 


A\    -7 


M    -7 


OhvevRe 


Simila 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar  {of  coarse  fabric). 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar, 


Similar. 


Beverse 


(Nott) 


(Bkcas  Coll. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcii.  5.] 


Similar. 


C . CATO 

(CAIUS  [PORCIUS]  CATQi) 


461 


Bl'O 


462       60-7     M    -7 


463 


M    -75 


59-9     /R    -8 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  454 ; 
earring  in  form  of  cross, 
but  composed  of  four 
globules  only ;  hair  in 
three  straggling  locks ; 
behind,  X 

Similar. 


Similar. 


ROMA  (on  tablet).  Vic- 
tory, naked  to  the  hips,  in 
biga  r.,  horses  galloping  ; 
she  holds  whip  with  close 
thong  in  r.  hand,  and 
reins  in  1. ;  below  horses, 
C ■ CATO 

[PI.  xcii.  6.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


'  The  first  member  of  the  Poroia  gens  to  assume  the  cognomen  Cato  was  M.  Porcius  Cato 
Censorius.  He  was  consnl  e.g.  195  and  censor  B.C.  184.  He  is  known  to  history  as  Cato  tlii^ 
Ancient,  or  Cato  the  Censor,  as  he  filled  that  office  with  extraordinary  repute.  This  moneyer 
may  hare  been  his  grandson,  C.  Porcius  Cato,  who  was  consul  B.C.  114.  In  his  youth  he  was  a 
follower  of  the  Gracchi.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  367)  notices  the  similarity  iu  style  of  the  coins 
of  C.  Cato,  Q.  Minucius  Rufus,  and  M.  Fanniiis  (see  below,  pp.  250,  251). 

VOL.    II.  K   K 


250 


Nn.       Wei'ilit 


Mffal 
anil  m:'' 


74-0     .H 


464 


61-0 


.R    -7 


465 


466 


467 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohr.-r.-v 


Ri'vcrfB 


Quadrans  ^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
we:ivin>;-  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hinJ,   : 


R.OMA  below  Prow  r.,  bo- 
fore,  :  ;  above,  C  •  CATo 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  368,  no.  2.] 

a.MINV.RVF 

(QUINTUS  MINUCIUS  EUFUS^) 
Denarius 


I       chin, 
RVF 

60-6      M    -75    Similar. 


60-0      M    -75  ,  Similar. 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  witli  visor 
in  threepieces  and  peaked. 
Sec,  similar  to  no.  454; 
earring  in  form  of  double 
barred  cross ;  hair  in  three 
straggling    locks ;    under 


X :    behind    head. 


KoMA  (on  tablet).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r.,  &c..,  similar 
to  no.  454;  below  horses, 
a-MlNV 

[PI.  xcii.  7.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Quadrans 


6S-0  i  .E     -S 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r.,  ;  R.OMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
wearing  lion's  skin;    be-        fore,  I;  above,  Q-MINV 

R.VF 
[PI.  xcii.  8.] 


weanng  lion's   skin ;    be- 
hind, ; 


'  The  qiiadrans  seems  to  be  the  only  donominatiou  in  bronze  known  of  this  moneyer. 

-  This  moneyer  may  have  been  (,>uiiiT  us  Minucius  Q,.  f .  Rufus,  who  ^Yith  his  brother,  Marcus 
Minucius  Q.f.  B.nfus,  ai'tcil  as  arbiter  bi't«eeu  the  inhabitants  of  Genua  and  the  Viturii  B.C.  117 
(C.I.L.,  v.,  no.  77-111).  He  was  consnl  B  c.  110,  and  obtained  a  tiiuniph  for  his  victories  in 
Thrace  over  the  ycurdisci  and  the  Triballi.  As  a  memorial  of  his  triumph  he  built  the  Porticus 
Minucia,  near  the  Cireus  Flaminius.  Wc  have  noticed  the  similarity  between  the  denarii  of 
this  moneyer  and  those  of  C.  Plutius,  C.  Cato,  and  M.  Fannius  (see  above,  pp.  24S,  219). 

^  The  quadrans  seems  to  be  the  only  recorded  denomination  in  bronze  of  this  issue. 


CIEC.  B.C.  150—125;    A.U.C.  601—629 


251 


No.     ^yci'J^lt 

I 


468 


469 


470 


471 


62-0 


59-8 


52-8 


160-0 


77-0 


Meial 
and  Size 


A\    -75 


Al    -7 


M    -7 


M    -85 


M    -65 


Obverse  Reverse 

M  .  FAI .  C  .  F 

(MAECUS  FANNIUS  CAII  PILIUS ') 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  lielmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked , 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  454 ; 
earring  in  form  of  cross  ; 
hair  in  three  straggHng 
looks ;  under  chin,  X ; 
behind  head,  RoMA 

Similar. 


Similar. 


M  ■  F  -jJAI  -,,  F  (in  exergue). 
Victory,  naked  to  the  hips, 
in  quadriga  r.,  horses 
galloping;  she  holds 
wreath  in  r.  hand  and 
reins  in  1. 

[PI.  xcii.  9.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Semis== 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


ROMA 

fore, 
C-  F 


below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
S ;    above  M  •  FA(  ■ 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, J 


Similar ;    before   prow, 
above,  M  ■  FA/  ■  C  •  F 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  492,  no.  3.] 


'  Marcus  Faunius  appears  to  have  been  a  son  of  Cains  Fanning,  who  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  B.C.  187.  He  could  not  well  have  been  the  father  of  C.  Fanning  M.  f.,  who  was  consul 
in  B.C.  122  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  302).  He  is  the  only  member  of  the  Fannia 
gens  of  whom  coins  are  known.  His  denarii  are  similar  in  style  to  those  of  C.  Plntins,  C.  Cato 
and  Q.  Minucins  Rufns.  Zobel  (Ann.  deW  Inst,  arch..,  1863,  p.  42)  considered  this  to  be  the 
earliest  occurrence  of  the  name  of  "  Roma"  on  the  obverse  of  the  denarius,  its  place  on 
the  reverse  being  occupied  by  that  of  the  moueyer.  The  issue  of  these  coins  was  probably 
contemporary  with  those  of  0.  Minucins  Augurinus,  which  were  struck  at  Rome,  and  on 
which  the  name  of  "Roma"  also  occurs  on  the  obverse  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  135).  The  denarii  of 
M.  Fannius  were  couuterstruck  by  Vespasian  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1876,  p.  359). 

'  The  specimen  of  the  semis  in  the  British  Museum  is  too  much  worn  for  illustration  in 
the  plate.  A  drawing  is  therefore  substituted.  The  semis  and  the  qnadraus  are  the  only 
denominations  in  bronze  known  of  this  monejer. 


252 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


-.•  ,,.   .  ,  ,        Metal 

I^r,.       11  eight  ,  r, . 

"  and  6i£i' 


472 


473 


60-3     M    -75 


60-0 


Ohve^'ne 


Reveme 


M.CAKBO 

(MAECUS  [PAPIEIUS]  CAEBO  i) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  similar  to 
no.  454 ;  the  visor  is  in 
two  pieces,  even  at  the 
ends ;  earring  of  plain 
single  drop;  hair  loose  and 
straggling ;  under  chin, 
X ;  behind  head,  laurel- 
branch. 


M    -75  :  Similar. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  Jupiter 
in  quadriga  r.,  horses 
galloping ;  he  hurls  thun- 
derbolt with  r.  hand  and 
holds  sceptre  and  reins 
in  1. ;  similar  to  no.  446 ; 
below  horses,  M  CAKBo 
[PI.  xcii.   10.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  Marcus  Papirius  Carbo  may  be  a  brother  of  [Caius]  Papiriua  Carbo,  who  filled  the  office 
of  moBeyer  a  few  years  earlier  (see  above,  p.  247).  M.  Carbo  is  mentioned  by  Cicero  as 
having  fled  from  Sicily  {ad  Fain.,  ix.  21).  We  have  given  reasons  for  assigning  to  different 
issues  the  denarii  reading  CARB  and  M  .  CARBO,  the  latter  evidently  being  of  a  somewhat 
later  date. 

The  bronze  coins  reading  CARB  and  CARBO  are  classed  to  the  earlier  issue  (see  above, 
p.  247). 

There  are  hybrids  in  the  Bahrfeldt  and  the  Manuel  Tidal  Quadras  y  Eamon  (Barcelona) 
collections,  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  the  above  denarius  of  M.  Carbo  and  of  the  reverse  of 
that  bearing  the  moneyer's  name  CARB  only  (Bahrfeldt,  A'wm.  Zeit.,  1897,  p   29). 


253 


PERIOD    VI. 

Circ.  B.C.  124—103  ;    a.u.c.  6.30—651 

The  local  coinage  of  this  Period  consisted  of  three  series  of  issues  only,  each 
one  struck  by  a  triumvirate  of  moneyers. 

Denominations  and  Types. — The  denominations  are  the  same  as  in  the 
previous  Period.  The  issue  of  the  as  was  still  suspended,  but  there  v?as  no 
attempt,  as  at  Eome,  to  introduce  the  bes  and  the  dodrans  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  138). 

There  was  no  change  in  the  obverse  type  of  the  denarius,  which  is  still  the 
helmeted  head  of  Eoma,  but  each  college  of  triumvirs  employed  a  separate  reverse 
type.  These  types  do  not  appear  to  be  of  a  personal  nature,  as  in  the  case  of  many 
contemporary  issues  of  the  Roman  mint.  This  was  due  to  the  special  circum- 
stances in  which  the  coins  were  struck.  Bronze  money  was  issued  by  only  one 
of  the  three  triumvirates  of  moneyers.  The  reverse  types  of  these  bronze  coins 
are  all  of  an  exceptional  character,  the  prow  of  a  ship  being  changed  in  the  case 
of  each  denomination  for  an  attribute  or  attributes  connected  with  the  divinity, 
whose  bust  is  shown  on  the  obverse. 

AU  the  coins  bear  moneyers'  names,  and  as  sometimes  more  than  one  is 
given  on  the  reverse  they  are  much  abbreviated.  In  one  instance  the  initials 
only  occur.  Each  moneyer  is  distinguished  by  his  praenomen  and  nomcn,  or  his 
inaenomen  and  cognomen. 

In  the  letters  the  forms  A  and  L  (not  A  or  its  variants  or  U)  are  alone  met 
with.  The  legend  RoMA,  when  it  occurs  in  its  usual  place  on  the  reverse,  is 
with  one  exception  in  the  exergue  and  not  on  a  tablet.  The  mark  of  value  of 
the  denarius  is  X  or  X.  Erom  these  particulars  it  will  be  seen  that  most  of  the 
minor  variations  in  the  types  of  the  coins  classed  to  Eome  during  the  same 
period  are  met  with  in  the  local  issues.     For  chronology  this  is  of  importance. 

Classification. — Hitherto,  both  in  the  series  of  coins  issued  at  the  Eoman 
mint  and  locally,  it  has  occasionally  been  suggested  that  similarity  of  type  and 
fabric  maybe  indications  of  a  triumvirate  of  moneyers.  It  is,  however,  not  until 
now  that  we  have  certain  evidence  of  the  existence  of  such  a  combination,  for 
during  this  period  in  the  local  coinage  there  are  three  separate  instances, 
quite  independent  of  each  other.  These  groups  and  the  names  of  those 
who  formed  them  are : — (1)  Marcus  Calidius,  Quintus  Caecilius  Metellus,  and 
Cnaeus  Foulvius ;  (2)  Oaius  Pabius,  Lucius  Eoscius,  and  Quintus  Marcius ; 
(3)  Quintus  Ourtius,  Marcus  Junius  Silanus,  and  Cnaeus  Domitius.  These  are 
the  only  moneyers  whose  coins  have  been  attributed  by  Count  de  Sails  to  local 
issue  during  B.C.  124 — 103.  In  the  first  two  groups  the  coinages  are  exclusively 
joint  ones,  and  they  consist  of  the  denarius  only.  In  the  case  of  the  third  group, 
Quintus  Curtius  and  Marcus  Junius  Silanus  struck  a  joint  silver  coinage,  and 


254  COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Cnaeus  Domitius  a  separate  one,  but  the  names  of   all  three  moneyers  occur 
together  on  the  bronze. 

The  order  assigned  to  these  groups  of  moneyers  appears  to  be  that  of  their 
appointment.  The  points  of  connection  are  as  follows  : — The  head  of  Eoma  on 
the  coins  of  the  first  triumvirate  (nos.  474 — 476)  is  of  coarse  design,  and  is  very 
similar  to  that  seen  on  the  denarii  of  M.  Eannius,  which  are  attributed  to  a 
shghtly  earlier  date  (see  above,  p.  251).  In  nos.  477,  478  a  slight  improvement 
in  style  and  form  is  noticeable,  the  head  of  Eoma  being  less  crude  in  design, 
and  her  hair  more  symmetrically  rendered.  This  style  corresponds  closely  to 
that  of  the  denarii  of  the  next  group,  Caius  Eabius,  Lucius  Eoscius,  and  Quintus 
Maroius.  Again  on  nos.  480,  481  of  this  second  group  the  style  of  head  does 
not  undergo  any  change,  but  there  is  an  additional  lock  of  hair  on  the  left 
shoulder  which  is  found  on  all  the  denarii  of  the  third  one.  A  slight  improve- 
ment in  workmanship  would  again  connect  these  last  pieces  with  those  of  the 
early  issues  of  the  next  Period.  These  characteristics,  taken  in  conjunction 
with  the  reverse  types,  appear  to  supply  strong  evidence  of  the  order  of  these 
three  groups  of  moneyers  :  and  they  also  seem  to  suggest  that  all  the  coins 
were  struck  in  the  same  locality,  and  if  they  are,  as  we  suppose  them  to  be, 
"military  money,''  at  the  same  military  centre.  The  reveise  types,  which  are 
not  of  a  personal  nature,  support  this  view,  as  they  are  such  as  would  re- 
commend themselves  to  the  Eoman  army.  The  reasons,  therefore,  for  assigning 
these  coinages  to  local  issues  and  to  this  particular  time  are,  that  they  are  of 
somewhat  coarse  work,  that  they  vary  in  some  details  from  those  attributed  to 
the  Eoman  mint,  and  that,  like  these  last  coins,  the  mark  of  value  of  the 
denarius  is  X  for  X.  If  any  further  evidence  is  needed  it  wiU  be  found  in  the 
exceptional  reverse  types  of  the  bronze  coins  struck  by  the  third  group  of 
moneyers,  Q.  Ourtius,  M.  Junius  Silanus,  and  On.  Domitius. 

We  have  discussed  at  some  length  the  classification  of  the  coins  of  this 
Period,  as  they  illustrate,  perhaps,  more  clearly  than  any  previously  described, 
the  criteria  used  by  Count  de  Salis  in  arranging  this  section  of  the  Eoman 
Eepublican  money,  when  history  helps  but  little,  when  there  are  no  changes 
in  the  denominations  and  standard,  and  when  the  evidence  of  finds  is  still 
wanting. 


CIRC.  B.C.  124-103;    .\.U.C.  630-G51 

ih'lnl 


255 


and  Size 


Oh  verse 


Reverse 


474 


61-0 


475       57 


47G    '    G2-2     M    -75 


M    -7 


M    -7 


60-0 


478 


60-0 


.11    -7 


M    -76 


M.CALID;    Q  .  A7L  :    CNFL:    OE  CtsFOV: 
M.CA.;    a.AT^ 

(MAECUS  CALIDIDS;    QUINTUS  [CABCILIUS] 
METELLUS;    CNAEUS  FOULVIUS^) 

Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  in  high 
relief,  wearing  winged 
lielmet,  ornamented  with 
gryplron's  liead  ;  the  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked ; 
earring  of  plain  single 
drop  and  necklace;  hair 
falling  down  the  neck 
in  three  thick  locks ;  un- 
der chin,  X;  behind  bead, 
ROMA 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;  head  of  Eoma 
smaller,  in  lower  relief, 
and  style  less  crude  ;  hair 
in  somewhat  tliinner  and 
more  carefully  arranged 
locks. 

Similar. 


Victory,  naked  to  the  waist, 
in  biga  r.,  horses  gallop- 
ing ;  she  holds  wreath  in 
extended  r.  hand  and 
reins  in  1. ;  below  the 
horses,  M  •  CALID  ;  in  the 
exergue,  Q  •  A?t  •  C^f  L 
[PI.  xcii.   11.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;   below  the  horses, 
CN-OV;   in  the  exergue, 

M-CA_-  a-m. 

Similar. 

[PI.  xrii.  12.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 


Similar. 


^  The  first  of  the  three  triumvirates  of  moneyers,  to  whom  the  local  issues  of  this  period 
are  assigned,  consisted  of  Marcus  Calidius,  Quintus  Cuccilius  Metellus,  and  Cuaeus  Foulvius  or 
Fulvius.  Their  identification  is  somewhat  uncertain.  The  issue  was  a  joint  one,  and  consisted 
of  the  denarius  only. 

In  describing  the  coins  attributed  to  Quintus  Caecilins  Metellus  Pius  struck  at  the  Roman 
mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  156)  we  were  disposed  to  assign  the  above  issue  to  his  father,  Quintus 
Caecilins  Metellus  Numidiotis,  who  was  one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the  aristocratic  party  at  Kome, 
was  praetor  circ.  B.C.  112  (Drumann,  Geacli.  Roms,  vol.  ii.,  p.  31),  and  consul  B.C.  109  with 
M.  Junius  Silauus  (see  below,  p.  257).  In  B.C.  107  he  celebrated  a  splendid  triumph  for  his 
victories  in  Numidia  over  Jngurtha  and  received  the  name  of  Numidicus.  Being  involved  in 
disputes  with  Marius  and  the  tribune  Saturninus  he  was  expelled  the  senate  and  retired  to 
Ehodes,  whence  mainly  by  the  efforts  of  his  son,  Q.  Caecilins  Metellus  Pius,  he  was  recalled  in 
B.C.  99.  If  the  above  coins  bearing  the  name  of  Q.  Metellus  were  struck  soon  after  B.C.  124, 
the  moneyer  may  be  identified  with  Q.  Caeoilius  MeUllus  Numidicus  ;  but  if  they  should  be  of 
a  somewhat  later  date  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  271,  puts  them  at  circ.  B.C.  108),  then  this  identifica- 
tion is  open  to  question.  Another  suggestion  may  be  that  they  were  struck  by  Quintus 
Metellus  Nepos,  the  grandson  of  the  celebrated  Maccdonicus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  9;-i,  and  who 
also  exerted  himself  to  bring  about  the  recall  of  his  kinsman  (^1.  Caecilins  Metellus  Numidicus. 

Babelon's  identification  (vol.  i.,  p.  2.S2)  of  M.  Calidius  willi  thj  orator  of  that  name,  who 


25G 


COINAGE    OF    ITALY 


No. 


^yeigllt 


Metal 
and  Snt 


Obverse 


Rei-erfe 


479 


60-2 


480 


481 


58-4 


58-3 


C.F;    L.R;    a.M:    OEa.N^:    C.F;    L.K 

(CAIUS  FABIUS;    LUCIUS  EOSCIUS  ;    QUINTUS 
MARCIUS?!) 


Denarius 


^■R  -75  i  Head  of  Roma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  tliree  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  477 ; 
earring  of  plain  single 
drop;  hair  symmetrically 
arranged  in  three  locks ; 
behind,  X 


C  •  F  •  L  •  R.  ■  Q  ■  M  (in  exergue}. 
Victory  draped,  in  quad- 
riga r.,  horses  galloping ; 
she  holds  wreath  in  ex- 
tended r.  hand  and  reins 
in   1. ;    below  the  horses, 

Roma 

[PI.  xcii.   13.] 


..-R    '7    '  Similar;    lock  of  hair  on  1.    Similar;     in    the    exergue, 
shoulder.  i      a.AA<^-C-F-L-R. 

I  i  [PI.  xcii.   14.] 

i  (Nott) 


Al    -75  i  Similar. 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


was  praetor  B,c.  57,  and  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  circ.  B.C.  49,  is  not  admissible  if  the  above 
coins  are  to  be  attributed  to  circ.  B.C.  124,.  There  was  a  Q.  Calidius  who  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  B.C.  99,  and  who,  having  supported  the  cause  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Numidicus, 
carried  a  law  for  his  recall.  The  monever  may  have  been  his  brother.  These  are  the  only 
coins  struck  by  a  member  of  the  Calidia  gens, 

Cnaeus  Fulvius  was  probably  a  son  of  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  who  was  consul  B  c.  125. 
Cavedoni  (SipostigJi,  p.  248)  suggested  that  he  may  have  been  a  son  of  Cn,  Fulvius  Gillo, 
who  was  praetor  B.C.  167.  Cn.  Fulvius  is  the  only  member  of  his  family  of  whom  coins  are 
known. 

The  reverse  type  of  Victory  in  a  biga  does  not  appear  to  have  any  special  reference  to 
any  of  the  three  moneyers  or  to  their  families.  If,  however,  these  are  camp  coins,  it  would 
be  a  fitting  one  for  such  a  class  of  money.  A  similar  type  was  used  by  the  triumvirate  of 
moneyers  whose  coins  are  next  described. 

The  denarii  of  this  issue  are  all  of  somewhat  coarse  work,  and  the  obverse  type  shows 
some  variation  in  its  details.  We  have  already  mentioned  certain  Lharacteristics  which  seem 
to  connect  these  denarii  with  those  of  previous  and  later  issues  (see  above,  pp.  253,  254). 

In  the  name  of  the  moneyer  M  .  CALID  we  meet  with  the  earliest  instance  of  the  use  of 
the  tall  1  for  El  on  Roman  republican  coins.  It  is  found  not  unfrequently  on  coins  of  the 
Eomau  mint  struck  at  a  later  date  (see  above,  p.  57),  and  also  in  inscriptions  from  the 
beginning  of  the  first  century  b,c.,  but  its  occurrence  at  the  end  of  the  second  century  B.C. 
seems  exceptional. 

The  variety  of  the  denarius  with  the  moneyer's  initials  Q  •  N^  first  in  order  on  the 
reverse  (i.e.  below  the  horses)  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  272,  no.  37),  appears  to  be 
given  in  error  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  65).  Babelon  copied  the  description  from 
Mommsen  (Hisf.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii,,  p,  358,  no.  1666),  but  expressed  some  doubt  as  to  its 
aiccuracy, 

'  The  solution  of  the  initials  of  two  of  these  moneyers  is  very  ambiguous,  but  the  third 
must  be  read  Quintus  Marcius.  There  was  a  Caius  Fabius  Hadrianus,  who  was  propraetor 
in  Africa  about  B.C.  87 — 84,  and  who  was  burnt  to  death  in  his  own  praetorium  at  Utica, 
having  incurred  the  hatred  of  the  Roman  colonists  and  the  merchants  on  account  of 
his  oppressive  government.  Lucius  Boscius  Fabatus  was  a  moneyer  in  Rome  circ.  B.C.  70 
(see  vol.  i.,  p.  422)  He  subsequently  commanded  under  Caesar  in  Gaul,  was  praetor  B.C.  49, 
and  acted  as  special  envoy  between  Pompey  and  Caesar.  He  was  slain  in  B.C.  43  in  the  first 
of  the  battles  near  Mutina  between  M.  Antony  and  the  legions  of  the  senate.     The  moneyer. 


CIRC.  B.C.  124—103:    A.U.C.  630—651 


257 


a.CVRT:   M.SIA 

(QUINTUS  GUETIUS;    MAECUS  [JUNIUS] 
SILANUS  1) 


482 


483 


60-8 


53-7 


M    -75 


M    -7 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces,  even  at  the 
ends  and  not  peaked,  &o. 
(of.  no.  477) ;  earring  of 
plain  single  drop,  with 
lock  of  hair  above ;  hair 
falhng  in  two  straggling 
locks  down  the  neck ; 
another  on  1.  shoulder;  be- 
hind, X;  before,a  ■  CVKT 

Similar ;  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  is  peaked ;  no  lock 
of  hair  on  1.  shoulder. 


R.OMA  (on  tablet).  Jupiter, 
naked  to  the  waist,  in 
quadriga  r.,  horses  gallop- 
ing ;  with  r.  hand  he  hurls 
thunderbolt,  and  holds 
sceptre  in  1. ;  below  horses, 
M  ■  SIA  ;  above,  lituus. 
[PI.  xcii.  15.] 


Similar;    KoMA  below  ex- 
ergual  line. 


who  was  a  member  of  the  above  triumvirate,  may  have  been  his  father.  Quintus  Marcius, 
whose  name  only  of  the  triumvirate  is  recognisable  from  the  inscription,  may  have  been  a 
son  of  Q.  Marcius  Libo,  who  was  a  moneyer  at  Rome  a  few  years  before  (sec  vol.  i.,  p.  94). 
He  could  not  well  have  been  a  son  of  the  military  tribune  Quintus  Marcius,  who  fell  in 
battle  against  the  Boii  in  B.C.  193  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  189). 

The  general  fabric  of  these  denarii  shows  that  they  are  of  local  issue.  The  chronological 
position  of  this  triumvirate  of  moneyers  in  relation  to  the  two  other  issues  assigned  to  this 
period  has  already  been  indicated  (see  above,  p.  254).  It  may,  however,  be  noticed  that  there 
is  a  change  in  the  order  of  the  moneyers'  names  on  the  denarii  of  this  group  jnst  as  on  the 
denarii  of  the  preceding  one. 

The  reverse  type  is  similar  to  that  used  by  M.  Calidius,  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus,  and 
Cn.  Pulvius,  Victory,  however,  being  in  a  quadriga  instead  of  a  biga.  It  has  no  doubt  no 
special  reference  to  the  moneyers  themselves. 

Of  the  above  issue  there  appear  also  to  be  no  bronze  coins. 

'  Quintus  Curtius,  Marcus  Junius  Silanus,  and  Cnaeus  Domitius  formed  the  third 
triumvirate  of  moneyers  to  whom  the  local  issues  of  this  period  are  assigned.  The  first 
two  triumvirates  issued  a  joint  silver  coinage  only,  but  of  the  third  triumvirate  two 
members  struck  a  joint-coinage  in  silver  and  the  third  a  separate  one,  but  they  all  three  unite 
in  issuing  one  in  bronze.  It  is  therefore  from  this  last  coinage  that  we  know  that  these 
three  moneyers  formed  a  triumvirate.  Quintus  Curtius  may  have  been  the  father  of  Quintus 
Curtius  who  was  a  friend  of  Verres,  and  who  circ.  B.C.  70  discharged  the  duties  of  juijec 
quaestionis  (Cicero,  in  Ten-.,  i.  Gl),  or  it  may  even  have  been  the  moneyer  himself  w^ho  held 
that  office.  Marcus  Silanus  may  have  been  a  son  of  Marcus  Junius  Silanus,  who  with  Quintus 
Caecilius  Metellus  Numidisus  was  consul  in  B.C.  109,  and  who  in  B.C.  103  was  accused  by 
Cnaeus  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  possibly  the  moneyer  of  the  following  coins,  of  mismanage- 
ment of  the  war  against  the  Cimbri,  which  took  place  during  his  consulship. 

The  similarity  in  the  obverse  type  of  the  denarii  of  Q.  Curtius  and  M.  Silanus  to  those  of 
the  preceding  triumvirate  of  moneyers  has  already  been  noticed  (see  above,  p.  254). 

Bckhel  (Boot.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  200)  has  suggested  that  Q.  Curtius,  M.  Silanus,  and  Cn. 
Domitius  were  triumvirs  for  establishing  a  colony  with  the  right  to  issue  coins  in  their  joint  or 
separate  names,  but  with  the  evidence  of  the  coins  of  the  two  preceding  triumvirates  it  is 
scarcely  probable  that  they  were  invested  with  such  a  high  office.  It  is,  however,  quite 
possible,  as  we  have  suggested,  that  these  issues  were  of  a  military  character,  struck  specially 
for  the  use  of  the  army,  which  would  to  some  extent  e-xplain  the  types  of  the  reverses. 
The  lituus  may  refer  to  the  office  of  augur  held  by  an  ancestor  of  M.  Silanus,  whose 
name  occurs  only  on  the  revei'se.  There  can  bo  no  question  that  the  coinage  of  this 
triumvirate  was  of  local  issue,  for  besides  being  of  coarse  fabric,  the  reverse  types  show  a 
VOL.    II.  "      L    L 


■2r>f^ 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


■184 


485 

486 
487 
488 


489 


60-4 


58-3 

57-5 
56-5 
5S-5 


60-i 


490 


GO-7 


Metal 
and  Sizf 

Al    -8 


M  -8 

^l  -8 

Al  -8 

.11  -75 


yR    -8 


Obverse 

Similar ;  the  visor  of  the 
helmet  is  in  three  pieces, 
even  at  the  ends  and  not 
peaked ;  hair  in  three 
thin  locks  behind  head ; 
another  on  1.  shoulder. 

Similar ;  the  hair  falls  in  two 
locks  behind  the  head. 

Similar;  hair  in  three  looks. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  the  visor  is  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked. 


Similar. 


Ri-rn-sc 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  ROMA  on  tablet. 
[PI.  xcii.  16.] 

Similar;  R.OMA  in  exergue. 

Similar. 

Similar;  the  hind-legs  of 
the  horses  are  straight  as 
if  standing,  whilst  the  fore- 
legs are  raised  as  if  gallop- 
ing. 

[PI.  xcii.  17.] 

Incuse  of  obverse. 

(Cracherodu  Coll.) 


M    -8 


CN.DOMI 

(CNAEUS  DOMITIUS  [AHENOBAEBUS] ') 

Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
Ac,  similar  to  no.  477 ; 
earring  of  plain  single 
drop,  with  lock  of  hair 
above ;  hair  falling  in  four 
straggling  locks  down  the 
neck  ;  another  on  1.  shoul- 
der; behind,  X;  before, 
R.OMA 


CN  ■  DoMI  (in  exergue). 
Jupiter,  naked  to  the 
waist,  holding  branch  in 
r.  hand  and  thunderbolt 
in  1.,  in  quadriga  r. ;  the 
fore-legs  of  the  horses  are 
represented  in  the  attitude 
of  walking,  but  the  hind- 
legs  as  if  galloping. 
[PI.  xcii.  18.] 
(Blacas  Coll.)  • 


criiclcncfs  of  design  which  would  not  have  occurred  at  the  Eoman  mint,  and  the  bronze  money, 
wliich  was  struck  in  the  names  of  all  throe  monejers,  has  reverse  types  which  arc  quite 
exceptional.  Bahrfeldt  [Knm.  Zfit.,  1896,  p.  107)  has  noticed  the  abnormal  variations  in  the 
obverse  and  reverse  types  of  the  denarii  of  Q.  Curtius  and  M.  Silanus. 

The  return  to  the  older  form  of  the  mark  of  value  X  for  X  is  of  no  chronological 
significance.    Even  at  Eome  at  this  time  the  two  forms  of  this  sign  were  used  indiscriminately. 

1  This  moneycr  may  be  identified  with  Cmieus  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  who  was  consul 
B.C.  UK,  and  who  appears  to  have  filled  sliortly  before  the  office  of  moneyer  at  the  Roman  mint 
(see  vol.  i.,  p.  1.51).  As  shown  by  the  following  bronze  coins  he  formed  a  triumvirate  with 
Q.  Cartius  and  M.  Silanus,  but  whilst  striking  bronze  money  in  conjunction  with  his  colleagues 
he  also  issued  a  separate  coinage  in  silver.  Why  he  acted  indejiendeutly  of  his  colleagues  in 
this  respect  it  is  difficult  to  sny,  liut  it  may  bo  not  iced  that  on  the  bronze  money  his  name  always 
occurs  on  the  t)bverse,  .and  those  of  his  colleagues  on  the  reverse.     He  maj'  have  been  the 


CIRC.  B.C.  124—103  ;    A.U.C.  G30— 651 


259 


No.       Mfi.jht 


i'Jl 


4U2 


60-0 
59-5 


Metii  I. 


Al    '8 


Similar ;  hair  in  throe  locks 
behind  lioad. 

Similar. 


Rcrcr^i- 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  xcii.   19.] 

(Cracherodc  Coll. 


163-0 


M  1-0 


Joint-  Coinage 

CN  .  DOMi :  M  .  SILA :   a  .  CVKTI 

(CNAEUS  DOMITIUS;    MAECUS  [JUNIUS] 
SILANUS;    QUINTUS  CUETIUS  i) 


Semis 


Head  of  Satm-n  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S;  before,  CN  • 
DOMI 


Harpa  1. ;  above,  M  ■  SILA; 
below,  Q.CVRTI 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1896,  p.  164. 


cliief  member  of  the  triumvirate.  Is  it,  however,  possible  that  we  have  here  an  indication  of 
the  rivalry  between  the  Domitia  and  the  Caecilia  gentes,  which  shortly  afterwards  manifested 
itself  in  the  action  taken  by  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  whom  we  would  identify  with  t]ie 
moneyer,  against  the  former  consul,  Marcus  Junius  Silanus,  mentioned  above,  who  may  have 
been  the  father  of  his  colleague  as  triumvir.'  The  action  against  M.  Junius  Silanus  was 
brought  by  Cn.  Domitiua  Ahenobarbus  during  his  tribunate  in  B.C.  104,  so  that  he  must  liave 
held  the  office  of  moneyer  a  few  years  before. 

The  denarii  of  Cn.  Domitius  are  of  even  coarser  fabric  than  those  of  his  colleagues,  and 
the  reverse  type  v/hich,  as  we  have  noted,  may  not  be  of  a  personal  nature  (i.e.  relating  to  tho 
history  of  his  family),  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  almost  contemporary  pieces  of  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius  struck  at  Home  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  156). 

Comm.  F.  Gnecchi  {Hie.  Ital.,  1889,  p.  163)  describes  a  specimen  with  the  moneyer's 
name  reading  CN.  DMI  .  Biccio  {Mon.  prim.,  Suppl.,  pp.  8,  9)  mentions  a  denarius  having 
the  obverse  type  of  that  of  Q.  Curtius,  and  the  reverse  type  of  that  of  Cn.  Domitius.  This  is 
not  precisely  a  hybrid,  but  probably  only  a  blunder  on  the  part  of  the  moneyer,  who  made 
use  of  a  wrong  obverse  die,  since  no  doubt  the  coins  of  all  three  moneyers  were  struck  at  the 
same  local  officina. 

'  It  is  from  these  bronze  coins  that  we  obtain  absolute  evidence  that  these  three  moneyers 
formed  a  triumvirate.  The  name  of  Domitius  always  occurs  on  the  obverse,  as  though  he  was 
president  or  chief  of  the  college,  but  those  of  Silanus  and  Curtius  on  the  reverse  are  in  some 
instances  interchanged.  On  the  denarii  that  of  Curtius  was  always  placed  on  the  obverse. 
The  exceptional  reverse  tyi^es  of  this  joint-coinage  show  clearly  that  it  was  not  struck  at  the 
Koman  mint  but  locally.  Instead  of  the  usual  prow  on  the  reverse  there  is,  in  the  case  of 
each  denomination,  a  type  which  consists  of  an  attribute  or  attributes  connected  with  the  head 
on  the  obverse.  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  164)  has  made  an  important  identification  in 
euiineotionwith  the  semis,  on  the  reverse  of  which,  from  the  specimen  in  the  liignami  collection 


260 


Ar  ^r    ■   n         Metal 

No.       Weiijht  ,  „■ 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


149-0 


493 


JE    -95 


Triens 


98-0 


M    -85 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet;  above,  ••••;  be- 
fore, CN  •  DOM  I 


The    aegis,   around  -which, 
M-SILA  a-CVR.TI 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  105,  no.  ll.J 


Quadrans ' 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  a- 
bove,  ••• ;  before,  CN  • 
DoMI 


Club  1.  between  bow  above 
and  arrow  1.  below;  above 
bow,     M-SILA;     below 
arrow,  Q  •  CVR.TI 
[PL  xcii.  20.] 


78-2 


M    -8 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus  ;  above,  *•  ;  before, 
CN-DoMI 


Winged  caduceus  between 
M-SILA  on  1.  and  Q- 
CVKTI  on  r. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  106,  no.  13.] 


now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  he  has  recognized  a  harpa,  and  not  as  Cavedoui  did  (Rev.  Num., 
1857,  p.  334),  a  thunderbolt,  or  as  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  105,  no.  10)  a  club.  The  head  on  the 
obverse  is  therefore  of  Saturn,  not  Jupiter  (see  denarii  of  L.  Memmius  Galeria,  vol.  i., 
p.  204).  The  head  on  the  obverse  of  the  uncia  is  of  Apollo,  not  -Venus,  as  a  lyre  occurs  on 
the  reverse. 

1  There  are  at  least  four  varieties  of  the  reverse  of  the  quadrans,  which  show  different 
positions  of  the  moneyers'  names  and  the  symbols — as  above,  or  with  the  moneyers'  names 
transposed,  or  with  the  symbols  transposed  and  turned  to  r.  On  a  variety  of  the  uncia  the 
moneyers'  names  on  the  reverse  are  also  transposed.  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  164, 165  ; 
1900,  p.  59)  mentions  the  following  collections  in  which  some  of  these  rare  bronze  coins  occur : — 
semis  (Capitoline  Museum,  Paris,  and  Mancini)  ;  quadrans  (British  Museum,  Paris,  Berlin, 
Copenhagen,  Milan,  and  Bahrfeldt)  ;  uncia  (Paris,  -Vienna,  and  Mancini). 


CIEC.    B.C.    124—103;    A.U.C.   630—651 


261 


Nn.       ■IVa'[iM 


50'7 


Metal 
nnd  Size 


M    -7 


Ohvcrse 


Reverse 


Uncia 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  diademed; 
behind,  •  ;  before,  CN  • 
DOMI 


Lyre  between  M-SILA  on 
r.,  anda-CVKTI  on  1. 


[Of.  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  106,  no.  14.J 


2(;2 


PERIOD   VII. 

Cvc.  B.C.  102—92 ;   a.u.c.  652—662 

The  coins  assigned  to  local  issue  during  this  Period  follow  very  closely  in  their 
denominations  and  in  the  nature  of  their  types  those  which  were  struck  at  the 
same  time  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  158  f.).  A  marked  difference  of 
fabric  and  style  and  certain  variations  in  the  types,  however,  permit  of  their 
separation  from  the  main  series. 

Denominations. — The  only  denomination  in  silver  is  the  denarius.  The 
quinarius,  which  had  been  revived  at  Eome  under  the  provisions  of  the  Lex 
Clodia,  does  not  appear  at  first  to  have  found  any  favour  with  the  local 
moneyers,  and  it  is  not  met  with  till  nearly  the  close  of  the  coinage.  The  bronze 
money  consisted  still  of  the  semis  and  its  divisions  to  the  uncia,  the  last  piece 
occurring  more  frequently  than  formerly.  The  issue  of  the  as  was  still  in 
abeyance,  and  the  dodrans,  which  occurred  in  one  instance  at  Eome,  was  not 
adopted  locally.  The  weights  of  the  bronze  coins  are  in  most  cases  below  the 
uncial  standard. 

Types. — The  helmeted  head  of  Eoma  continued  to  be  the  prevailing  obverse 
type  of  the  denarius,  but  strict  uniformity  in  the  details  was  no  longer  observed, 
and  the  helmet  instead  of  having  a  wing  at  the  side  is  sometimes  ornamented  with 
a  feather  or  aigrette,  or  with  a  crest  instead  of  a  gryphon's  head.  On  one  issue 
the  bust  of  Eoma  is  shown  helmeted  and  armed  with  spear  and  shield,  and  in 
some  cases  her  head  is  displaced  for  those  of  other  divinities.  Mars  and  Janus 
(see  below,  pp.  281,  283).  In  one  instance  a  conventional  portrait  is  introduced 
in  illustration  of  the  reverse  type  (see  below,  p.  277).  These  changes  in  the 
obverse  type  occurred  more  frequently  in  the  local  coinages  than  in  those  struck 
in  the  capital,  where  greater  uniformity  was  still  observed. 

In  the  previous  Period,  owing  mainly  to  the  circumstance  that  the  silver 
coinages  consisted  of  the  issue  of  three  triumvirates  of  moneyers,  no  personal 
element  could  be  attached  to  the  reverse  types  of  the  denarius.  During  this 
Period  there  is  no  evidence  of  an  actual  triumvirate  of  the  mint,  but  each 
moneyer  adopted  a  special  type  commemorating  some  event  connected  with  his 
family.  The  local  coinage  in  this  respect  falls  into  line  with  that  struck  at 
Eome.  The  old  type  of  the  Dioscuri  and  those  of  Victory  and  Jupiter  having  a 
general  significance  disappear,  but  when  they  do  occur  they  have  some  special 
application  to  the  history  of  the  moneyers'  fainilies. 

The  mark  of  value  on  the  denarius  has  no  fixed  form,  and  it  occurs 
indiscriminately  as  X,  X  or  5K.  In  three  cases  it  is  placed  on  the  reverse,  and 
in  one  it  is  omitted.  The  use  of  symbols  and  letters  as  privy  marks  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  159),  which  was  introduced  into  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman  mint  at  the  time 
of  tlie  revival  of  the  quinarius,  did  not  extend  to  local  issues  till  a  somewhat 


CIEC,  B.C.  102—92;   A.U.C.  652—662  263 

later  date,  but  wo  meet  with  au  exceptional  occurrence  of  the  serration  of  the 
edge  of  the  denarius  in  the  issue  of  iVI.  Sergius  Silus  (see  below,  p.  269),  which 
appears  to  have  been  due  to  accident  rather  than  to  have  been  intentional,  as 
most  of  the  coins  of  that  moneyer  have  the  edges  plain. 

The  formula  EX  S.  C.  (Ex  senatus  consuUo),  showing  that  the  coins  which 
bear  it  belong  to  a  special  issue  struck  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the 
Senate,  now  occurs  for  the  first  time.  Its  adoption  at  the  Eoman  mint  followed 
a  few  years  later,  when  an  occasional  increased  output  of  coins  was  needed. 
This  early  occurrence  on  local  coins  leaves  no  doubt  as  to  its  purport.  Mommsen 
[Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  168)  has  assigned  its  first  appearance  to  circ.  B.C.  114, 
when  "  the  name  of  Eoma  and  the  indication  of  its  value  were  still  to  be  met 
with  on  the  denarius."  As  Count  de  Salis  has  classed  most  of  the  issues  of 
this  epoch  to  somewhat  later  dates,  he  places  it  at  the  turn  of  the  century, 
circ.  B.C.  99.  Two  of  the  moneyers,  M.  Sergius  Silus  and  L.  Torquatus,  who 
used  this  formula,  issued  their  coinages  in  their  official  capacity  as  quaestors. 

In  the  bronze  coinage  there  is  a  marked  increase  in  the  changes  of  the 
types,  a  feature  rarely  met  with  in  that  of  the  Eoman  mint.  Some  of  the 
moneyers  use  the  ordinary  reverse  type  of  the  prow,  but  add  special  symbols ; 
some  employ  new  types,  whilst  others  not  only  use  the  ordinary  type  of  the 
prow,  but  issue  a  separate  series  with  special  types.  The  last  pieces  are  usually 
of  very  light  weight,  and  probably  correspond  to  some  local  standard.  These 
changes  of  type  point  to  local  issue. 

The  moneyers'  names  are  still  much  varied  in  form,  there  being  as  usual  no 
fixed  one.  Each  moneyer  signed  himself  or  even  varied  his  signature  according 
to  his  fancy.  As  a  rule  the  fraenomen  and  novien  are  given,  but  to  these  are 
ccoasionally  added  the  cognomen  and  the  patronymic  initial.  One  issue  is 
unsigned,  i.e.  it  is  without  a  moneyer's  name  (see  below,  p.  284).  There  are  no 
epigraphioal  changes.     A  and  L  are  of  the  usual  forms,  and  P  continues  to  be  P 

Classification. — In  ascertaining  the  sequence  of  the  issues  and  their 
approximate  dates  we  have  now,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Eoman  mint,  the  additional 
evidence  of  finds,  but  this  factor  cannot  be  brought  into  account  till  towards 
the  end  of  the  Period.  Apart  from  such  evidence  the  coins  from  their  fabric  and 
general  style  seem  to  fall  into  three  series  or  groups.  The  groups  synchronise 
with  similar  divisions  of  coins  of  the  Eoman  mint,  but  between  the  two  coinages 
there  are  marked  differences,  which  are  apparent  when  they  are  placed  side  by  side. 
The  denarii  of  Series  II.  of  the  Eoman  mint  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  shaped 
head  of  Eoma.  It  is  in  high  relief  and  the  features  are  straight,  which  produces 
a  stiff  and  conventional  appearance.  This  form  of  head  is  not  found  on  local 
issues,  but  one  of  quite  different  aspect  was  used.  Taking  principally  therefore 
the  obverse  type  of  the  denarius  for  our  guidance  in  arriving  at  the  sequence  of 
the  issues  of  Series  I.  and  II.,  the  following  characteristics  may  be  noted.  In 
Series  I.  the  head  of  Eoma  is  very  similar  in  style  to  that  on  coins  of  the  previous 
Period.  It  is  somewhat  spread  and  in  low  relief ;  the  ornaments  of  the  helmet 
in  one  instance  are  'Varied,  but  no  change  occurs  in  the  shape  of  the  earring. 
The  denarii  of  this  group  are  mostly  of  exceptionally  coarse  work.  In  Series  II., 
as  a  rule,  the  head  of  Eoma  is  smaller,  more  life-like,  and  in  consequence  the 
flan   is   also   smaller   and   thicker.      The  workmanship  of   this   class   is   good, 


264 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 


and  in  some  cases  of  almost  a  higher  standard  than  that  of  contemporary  coins 
of  the  Eoman  mint.  Towards  the  end  of  this  series  in  the  coins  of  L.  Flaminius 
Gilo  we  retui-n  to  a  somewhat  flatter  fabric,  which  is  continued  into  Series  III., 
though  there  exists  a  difference  in  style.  The  order  of  the  issues  of  Series  III. 
rests  in  the  main  on  the  evidence  of  finds,  which  supplies  now  practically  the  same 
criteria  as  in  the  case  of  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman  mint.  The  finds  in  question 
are  those  discovered  at  Maser4,  Eiccia,  S.  Giovanni  Incarico,  Eoncarolo,  and 
Pozoblanco.  The  light  which  they  throw  on  the  chronology  of  the  local  coins 
of  this  Period  has  already  been  pointed  out  when  discussing  the  contemporary 
issues  of  Eome  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  161,  162).  As  instances,  however,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  whilst  the  coins  of  C.  Serveilius  M.  f.  and  of  Ti.  Veturius  were 
present  in  nearly  all  the  above  hoards,  those  of  M.  Fourius  L.  f.  Philus,  and 
those  without  a  moneyer's  name  {obv.  head  of  Eoma ;  rev.  Eoma  seated  with 
wolf  and  twins,  &c.),  were  not  met  with  at  MaserS,,  Eiccia,  or  S.  Giovanni 
Incarico.  This  is  therefore  practically  conclusive  evidence  that  the  first  two 
issues  preceded  the  other  two  by  a  short  interval.  Later  it  will  be  shown  that 
no  coins  classed  to  a  date  after  B.C.  92  occurred  in  any  of  the  above  hoards,  but 
were  met  with  in  considerable  numbers  and  in  fine  condition  in  those  whose 
burial  is  fixed  to  a  little  later  date. 


SERIES  I. 


Circ.  B.C.  102—100;  a.u.c.  652—654 


A'o.       Wciiikt 


Metal 
and  Size 


494       60-7  I  .'R    -7 


Obverse 


Reverse 


a.FABI.LABEO 

(QUINTUS  FABIUS  LABEO  2) 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head ;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked ;  ear- 
ring of  plain  single  drop 
and  necklace ;  hair  falling 
in  three  close  locks ;  un- 
der chin,  X  ;  before  head, 
LABEO;  behind,  KoMA 


Q.  ■  FABl  (in  exergue).  Ju- 
piter, naked  to  the  waist, 
in  quadriga  r.,  horses  gal- 
loping; he  hurls  thunder- 
bolt with  r.  hand  and 
holds  sceptre  and  reins  in 
1. ;  under  horses,  prow  r. 
[PI.  xciii.  1.] 


'  See  above,  p.  263,  for  particulars  of  tlie  classification  of  this  series. 

^  This  moneyer  may  be  the  member  of  the  Fabia  gens  who  is  mentioned  by  Cicero 
(de  Off.,  i.  10;  ISrntus,  xxi.  81)  as  arbitrator  in  a  dispute  between  the  cities  of  Kola  and 
Naples.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Qnintus  Fabius  Labeo,  who  was  quaestor  urbanus  B.C.  196, 
praetor  B.C.  189,  and  consul  B.C.  183.  During  his  praetorship  Quintus  Fabius  Labeo  commanded 
the  fleet  which  operated  off  Crete  and  on  the  coasts  of  Macedonia  against  Antioohus  the  Great 
t>f  Syria,  for  which  services  he  claimed  a  triumph.  The  reverse  typo  of  the  denarius,  Jupiter 
in  ,1  victorious  quadriga,   though  it  may  have  hitherto  had  a  general  signification,  in  this 


CIEC.  B.C.  102—100;    A.U.O.  652—654 


265 


Xo.       Weight 


495 

496 
497 

498 
499 


500 


60-4 
60-2 

58-7 

60-5 
59-8 


46-0 


501 


25-0 


Metal 
ami  Size 

M    -75 
M    -75 

M    -8 

M    -75 
M    -7 


2E    -7 


M    -55 


Obverse 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  the  type  more 
spread  and  of  coarse 
work. 

Similar;  RoMA 
Similar. 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xciii.  2.] 


Similar;  prow  placed  further 
to  r. 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 


Quad  pans 
Type  I. 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skia ;  be- 
hind, ; 


R.OMA 

fore, 


below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
:;  above,  Q-  FAB  I 

• 

[PI.  xciii.  3.] 


Type  II. 


Similar ;   head  of  Hercules  I  Q.  •  FAB  above  Club  r.  and 


1. ;  no  marks  of  value. 


strung  bow. 

[PI.  xeiii.  4.] 


instance  evidently  refers  specially  to  the  rictories  of  Quintua  Fabius  Labeo,  as  it  is  accom- 
panied by  a  symbol,  the  prow  of  a  vessel. 

Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  480),  who  has  assigned  this  issue  to  circ.  B.C.  144,  remarks  on  the 
similarity  of  fabric  between  the  denarii  of  Q.  Fabius  Labeo  and  those  of  M.  Baebius  Q.  f. 
T.ampilus  and  C.  Curiatius  f.  Trigeminus,  which  Count  de  Salis  has  given  to  the  Roman  mint 
(see  vol.  i.,  pp.  133,  134),  but  the  resemblance  is  much  more  marked  in  connection  with  the 
preceding  denarii  of  Q.  Cnrtius,  M.  Junius  Silanus,  and  Cn.  Domitius,  whilst  the  reverse  type 
is  almost  a  copy  of  that  of  the  coins  of  the  first  two  moueyers  (see  above,  p.  257). 

The  denarii  of  Q.  Fabins  Labeo  vary  a  good  deal  in  workmanship.  Nos.  494-496  are 
carefully  struck,  and  the  fabric  is  certainly  good,  but  nos.  497-499  show  much  less  skill  on  tin; 
]jart  of  the  engravers,  the  head  of  Roma  being  wide-si^read  and  somewhat  rude  in  design,  and 
the  reverse  type  is  coarsely  executed. 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  Q.  Fabius  Labeo  and  of  the 
obverse  of  that  of  Q.  Antonius  Balbus,  with  head  of  Jupiter  (sec  vol.  i.,  p.  344).  A  specimen 
of  this  hybrid  was  in  the  Cadriano  hoard  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  414),  and  is  described  by  Cavedoiii 
(liijpostigli,  p.  32,  note  23).  It  is  figured  by  Riccio  (Mon.  fain,  rom.,  pi.  Ivi.,  no.  1),  who  gives 
the  mint-letter  A  before  the  head  of  Jupiter.  Unlike  the  other  denarii  of  Q.  Antonius  Balbus, 
it  has  not  the  edge  serrated. 

'  Riccio  (Oatalogo,  pi.  vi.,  no.  24)  figures  a  quadrans  similar  to  this  one,  but  in  the  text 
(p.  88)  he  describes  the  reverse  as  a  prow  to  r. ;  before,  three  dots;  above,  Q  ,  FAB  I  ;  below, 
ROMA.  In  reproducing  this  coin  Cohen  {Uon.  rfp.  rom.,  p.  133,  no.  18)  falls  into  the 
same  error  of  description,  and  on  pi.  liv.,  no.  5,  supplies  an  incorrect  illustration  of  the  piece. 
This  illustration  is  reproduced  by  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  481,  no.  3).  The  peculiar  fabric  of  this 
quadrans,  its  type  of  reverse,  and  light  weight,  render  its  attribution  to  the  above  issue 
somewhat  doubtful.  It  is  possible  that  this  moneyer  may  have  issued  two  series  of  bronze 
coins  of  different  types  and  standard,  like  M.  Cipius  M.  f.  (see  below,  pp.  273,  274),  or  that  it 
may  belong  to  the  small  series  of  bronze  money  attributed  to  Panormus  bearing  the  magis- 
trate's name  Q  .  FAB,  and  having  for  types,  obv.  the  head  of  Jupiter;  rev.  an  armed  figure  (see 
VOL.    II.  M    M 


2G(; 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


No. 


,,,      ,  ,       Metal 
n  Oh/Id        J  c, . 
^        and  aixe 


Obverse 


Revenue 


502 


503 

504: 

505 
506 
507 


00  6 


60-2 

60-2 

59-6 
59-4 
59-4 


M    -85 


M.TVLLI 

(MARCUS  TULLIUSi) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  siroilar  to  no.  494 ; 
earring  of  plain  single 
drop  ;  lock  of  hair  on  1. 
shoulder;  behind,  RoMA 


M 

•8 

Similar. 

M 

■8 

Similar 

A\ 

■8 

Similar 

M 

■8 

Similar 

M 

■8 

Similar 

M  •  TVLLI  (in  exergue). 
Victory  draped,  in  quad- 
riga r.,  horses  galloping; 
she  holds  palm -branch 
and  reins  in  1.  hand ;  ^ 
above  horses,  wreath ;  be- 
low, mark  of  value,  X  ^ 

Similar. 

[PI.  xciii.  5.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Incuse  of  obverse. 

(Parkes  Weber  Coll.) 


Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Sicily,  p.  124,  no.  35;  Bahrfeldt,  Rom.  Sicil.  Miinz.,  p.  65).  These 
last  coins  may  have  been  struck  by  the  same  Quintus  Fabius  who  issued  the  above,  but  in  the 
capacity  of  a  local  magistrate,  not  of  a  moneyer. 

Eiccio  (^Oatalogo,  p.  207)  describes  also  the  semis.  It  is  of  the  usual  type,  but  on  the 
reverse  the  moneyer's  name,  Q  .  FAB  I,  is  below  the  prow,  which  is  turned  to  the  left,  and  the 
name  of  ROMA  is  omitted.  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  113-115)  is  disposed  to  erase 
from  this  issue  the  semis  as  well  as  the  quadrans  of  Type  II. ,  the  former  on  the  ground  that 
it  was  not  in  the  sale  catalogue  of  the  Riccio  coUeotion,  the  latter  as  being  a  provincial  coin, 
and  not  belonging  to  the  Roman  series. 

'  Cavedoni  {8aggio,Tp.  186)  has  identified  this  moneyer  with  Marcus  TuUius  Decula,  whowas 
consul  with  On.  Cornelius  Dolabella  B.C.  81  during  the  dictatorship  of  Sulla,  and  attributes  the 
issue  of  the  above  coins  to  circ.  B.C.  94.  Mommsen  and  Blacas  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  311) 
would  assign  them  to  an  earlier  date,  circ.  B.C.  134,  and  supposed  that  the  moneyer  may  have 
been  the  father  of  the  consul.  Count  de  Salis's  classification  coincides  more  closely  with  that 
of  Cavedoni,  and  the  general  style  and  fabric  of  the  coins  certainly  favour  the  later  date. 
Nothing  appears  to  be  known  of  the  early  history  of  the  consul  M.  TuUius,  but  twenty  years 
c  luld  well  have  elapsed  between  his  holding  the  appointment  as  a  moneyer  and  his  election  to 
the  consulate.     He  Is  the  only  member  of  the  Tullia  gens  of  whom  we  possess  coins. 

^  The  reverse  type  is  an  allusion  to  the  triumph  of  Servius  TuUius,  an  ancestor  of  the 
moneyer,  for  his  victories  over  the  Sabines.  Servius  TuUius  was  the  first  Roman  citizen  to 
receive  a  laurel- wreath  (Dionysius,  Ant.  Rom.,  iv.  3). 

^  M.  TuUius,  A.  Manlius  Q.  f.  Sergia,  and  L.  Marcius  Philippus  (see  below,  pp.  268,  277) 
placed  the  mark  of  value  of  the  denarius  on  the  reverse,  at  the  same  time  transferring  the  name 
of  "  Roma"  to  the  obverse.     These  are  in  this  respect  the  only  exceptions  to  the  general  rule. 

There  is  a  considerable  similarity  of  fabric  and  style  between  the  denarii  of  M.  TuUius, 
Q.  Fabius  Labeo,  and  Cn.  Cornelius  L.  f.  Sisena  (see  next  coins),  and  it  is  probable  that  they 
were  all  struck  in  the  same  locality  and  about  the  same  time  ;  but  we  are  unable  to  detect  any 
direct  evidence  of  an  actual  triumvirate  of  moneyers  between  M.  TuUius,  Cn.  Cornelius  L.  f. 
Sisena,  and  A.  Manlius  Q.  f.  Sergia,  as  suggested  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  502).  Cavedoni  {Ripos- 
tigli,  p.  190)  proposed  to  associate  with  M.  Tullius  and  A.  Manlius  Q.  f.  Sergia,  P.  Calpurnius, 
whose  coins  are  assigned  to  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  140),  and  he  adds  that  the  last  is 
the  only  one  of  the  three  to  strike  bronze  coins.  The  diiferences  between  the  denarii  of 
P.  Cilpurnius  and  those  of  the  other  two  moneyers  are  so  marked  that  we  are  unable  to  accept 
Carcdoni's  suggestion. 

The  denarius  of  M.  TuUius  was  restored  by  Trajan.     There  are  no  1  )ronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


CIRC.  B.C.  102-100;   A.U.C.  G52-654 


267 


Tir  ri'  •  7  i        Metal 

Wo.        II  eight  ,  „ . 

■'  aiiii  Size 


508 


58-7 


Ai    -8 


Obverse  Rerti-sf 

CN.CORKEL.L.F.SISENA 

(CNABUS   COENBLIUS   LUCII  FILIUS  SISENA ') 
Denarius  ^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&o.,  similar  to  no.  494; 
earring  of  plain  single 
drop  ;  under  chin,  X  ;  be- 
fore head,  RoMA ;  behind, 
SISENA 


CN  CoRKEL-  L-F  (in  ex- 
ergue). Jupiter,  naked  to 
the  waist,  in  quadriga  r,, 
horses  galloping;  he  hurls 
thunderbolt  with  r.  hand, 
and  holds  sceptre  and 
reins  in  1. ;  below  horses, 
an  anguipedic  giant 
(Typhon),  who,  looking 
up  at  Jupiter,  seizes  with 
his  r.  hand  a  thunder- 
bolt which  has  pierced 
his  side,  and  raises  his  1. 
as  if  in  pain  or  to  ward 
off  the  god's  further  bolts ; 
above  horses,  head  of  Sol 
1.  and  crescent  moon  ;  be- 
fore, star. 

[PI.  xciii.  6.] 
(Nott) 


'  There  appears  to  be  no  mention  of  this  money er  in  history,  nor  of  his  father,  Lucius 
Cornelius  Sisena.  He  cannot  have  been  the  Cn.  Cornelius  Sisena  who  was  proconsul  in 
Macedonia  B.C.  112,  and  whose  name  occurs  in  an  inscription  recently  found  at  Delphi  (Colin, 
Bull,  hell.,  xxiii.,  1899,  20,  49),  but  he  may  have  been  connected  with  Lucius  Cornelius  Sisena, 
the  historian,  who  was  praetor  B.C.  78. 

^  The  type  of  the  reverse  of  this  denarius  is  somewhat  difficult  to  explain.  Cavedoui 
(Ann.  delV  Inst,  arch.,  1839,  p.  298)  interprets  it  as  referring  to  the  victories  of  L.  Cornelius 
Scipio  Asiagenus  over  Antiochus  the  Great  of  Syria  at  Magnesia  and  Mount  Sipylua  in  B.C.  190. 
Scipio  in  the  guise  of  Jupiter  is  hurling  his  thunderbolt  at  Antiochus,  represented  by  the 
anguipedic  giant,  Typhon,  who  being  desirous  of  usurping  the  sovereignty  of  the  gods  and  of 
men,  was  after  a  severe  struggle  slain  by  the  thunder  of  Jupiter.  A  similar  representation  of 
an  anguipedic  giant  is  seen  on  coins  of  L.  Valerius  Acisculus  struck  at  a  later  date  at  the 
Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  536,  no.  4114).  The  subject  of  the  contest  between  Jupiter  and 
Typhon  was  a  favourite  one  with  Greek  and  Eoman  artists,  and  was  frequently  illustrated  on 
ancient  sculpture  and  coins  (see  Overbeok,  Griech.  Eunstmythol.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  339  f . ; 
Preller,  Griech.  Myth.,  1884,  vol.  i.,  pp.  63  f.).  On  the  famous  altar  of  Zeus  Soter  from 
Pergamum  at  Berlin  the  giants  are  depicted  pierced  by  the  bolts  of  Zeus.  The  episode  of 
the  gigantomachia  was  frequently  illustrated  on  coins  of  the  Roman  emperors  as  symbolising 
their  victories  and  triumphs,  Jupiter  being  given  the  title  of  Fulgerator  (Babelon,  vol.  i., 
p.  393).  The  symbols  of  the  sun,  moon,  and  star  may  be  emblematic  of  the  East  (see  next 
coins  of  A.  Manlius  Q.  f.  Sergia),  but  in  this  particular  instance  they  might  also  relate  to 
the  tradition  that  before  the  battle  with  the  giants  Zeus  forbade  the  sun  and  Eos  to  shine, 
and  offered  up  sacrifices  to  the  sun,  the  heaven,  and  the  earth. 

The  similarity  in  fabric  and  style  of  the  denarii  of  Cn.  Cornelius  L.  f.  Sisena  and  of 
those  of  Q.  Pabius  Labeo  and  M.  TuUius  has  already  been  noticed.  It  is  most  marked  in  the 
form  of  the  head  of  Roma  on  the  obverse.  The  coins  of  Cn.  Cornelius  L.  f.  Sisena  are 
extremely  rare,  and  no  specimens  appear  to  have  occurred  in  any  of  the  recorded  finds  except 
a  single  one  in  that  of  Hev-Szamos,  which  was  buried  circ.  B.C.  78  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  362,  and 
Tables  of  Finds).     The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  known  of  this  issue. 

Fabretti  (Raccolta  Num.,  p.  108)  gives  the  legend  as  CN  '  CORNEl'-  U  ■  F,  but  the  form  of 
the  letter  L  is  not  U  but  L,  or  rather  L.  The  form  U  had  for  some  considerable  time  fallen  out 
of  use  on  coins  of  the  republic.  Fabretti  also  says  tliat  there  are  two  stars  before  the  horses, 
but  the  above  specimen  shows  only  one  star. 


268 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


Ar  11'    ■  1  i         dieted 

and  bizi 


Obverse 


Bev  €>•.•-€ 


509 


510 


511 


62-0 


61-2 


59-1 


M    -8 


M    -8 


Al    -8 


A.AANLI.a.F.SEK 


(AULUS  MANLIUS  QUINTI  FILIUS  SEEGIA ') 


Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet,  orna- 
mented at  the  side  with  a 
feather  or  aigrette ;  ear- 
ring of  plain  single  drop 
and  necklace ;  the  visor 
of  the  helmet  is  in  two 
short  pieces,  not  peaked ; 
before  head,  KoMA ;  be- 
hind, SEK 

Similar. 

Similar. 


A  •  AAtsLI  .  Q  .  F  below  Sol 
in  quadriga  facing,  rising 
from  the  waves  of  the 
sea  ;  ^  star  on  either  side 
of  horses;  above,  crescent 
moon  and  mark  of  value, 
X 

[PI.  xciii.  7.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


'  This  moneyer  appears  only  to  be  known  from  liis  coins,  for,  if  Count  de  Salis's  classifica- 
tion is  correct,  he  cannot  be  identified  with  A.  Manlius,  who  was  a  legate  of  C.  Marias  in  the 
war  against  Jugurtha  B.C.  107,  and  who  with  Sulla  was  sent  to  Bocchus  to  negotiate  the 
surrender  of  Jugurtha  (Sallust,  Jugurtha,  86,  90,  102).  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  174),  who  has 
identified  the  moneyer  with  this  member  of  the  Manila  gens,  has  assigned  the  issue  to  circ. 
B.C.  135.  Finds  of  coins  do  not  assist  in  fixing  the  date  of  this  issue,  for  with  the  exception  of 
ci  single  specimen  in  the  Carbonara  II.  hoard,  which  was  buried  circ.  B.C.  48  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  501), 
none  occurred  in  any  of  the  hoards  of  which  analyses  are  given  (see  Tables  of  Finds). 

Eckhel  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  244)  has  with  some  hesitation  interpreted  the  abbreviation 
SE  R  as  indicating  that  A.  Manlius  was  a  member  of  the  Sergia  tribe.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon. 
rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  342)  thought  that  the  legend  SER  was  preferably  an  abbreviation  of  the 
cognomen  Serenus  or  Serranus,  and  adds,  "  Nous  ne  pouvons  pas  non  plus  adopter  I'attribution 
de  cette  piece  auz  branches  celebres  de  la  famille  Manila,  parceque  le  prenom  de  Quintus  no 
Jeur  appartient  pas."  We  know,  however,  from  a  coin  of  Segobriga  in  Spain,  which  bears 
the  magistrate's  name  T.MANLIVS  T.F.  SERGIA,  that  members  of  the  Manila  gens 
belonged  to  the  Sergia  tribe  (Grotefend,  tfned.  griech.  v.  rom.  Miinzen,  p.  28).  Eckhel  appears 
therefore  to  have  been  correct  in  his  suggested  interpretation  of  the  legend  SER. 

^  The  reverse  type  of  the  denarius  evidently  refers  to  the  successes  of  Cu.  Manlius  Vulso  in 
Asia  and  Greece  during  his  consulship  B.C.  189  and  his  proconsulship  in  the  following  year. 
He  brought  into  submission  the  Galatians,  concluded  a  treaty  with  Antiochus  III.  of  Syria,  and 
overran  Thrace,  Macedonia,  and  Epirus.  For  these  victories  he  received  a  triumph  at  Home. 
The  East  is  represented  by  the  san-god  in  his  chariot,  and  the  moon  and  star  are  also 
emblematic  of  the  districts  over  which  his  conquests  extended  (see  previous  coins  of  Cn.  Cor- 
nelius L.  f.  Sisena,  p.  267).  As  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  175)  remarks,  the  subject  recalls  the 
following  lines  of  Virgil  (Aen.,  xii.  114) ; — 

"  Cum  primum  alto  de  gurgite  tollunt 
Solis  equi,  lucemque  elatie  naribus  efilant." 

The  fabric  and  style  of  the  denarii  of  A.  Manlius  Q.  f.  Sergia  indicate  that  they  are  of 
local  issue.  The  helmet  of  Eoma,  ornamented  with  a  crest  instead  of  a  gryphon's  head,  the 
rude  style  of  her  head,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  mark  of  value  on  the  reverse,  as  on  the  coins 
of  M.  TuUius  (see  above,  p.  266),  all  favour  local  attribution.  They  resemble  also  the 
coins  ot  Q.  Fabius  Labeo  and  Cn.  Cornelius  L.  f.  Sisena  in  having  the  name  of  Roma  and 
the  cognomen  of  the  moneyer  on  the  obverse. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


CIEC.  B.C.  99—94  ;    A.U.C.  655—660 


269 


T.X  ,.T  .  7  ,        ][fctal 

■'         and  Scf 


512 


60-9 


M    -7 


SERIES   11/ 

Cux.  B.C.  99—94;   a.u.c.  655—660 

M.SERGI.SILVS 

(MAEOUS  SEEGIUS  SILUS  ^) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head ;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked  ;  ear- 
ring of  plain  single  drop 
and  necklace;  hair  com- 
pactly arranged  in  three 
locks  ;  before  head,  EX  ■ 
S  ■  C  {Ex  senatus  cousuUo) ; 
behind,  R.OMA  and  mark 
of  value,  5K 


M  •  SER.GI  below  Horseman, 
helmeted  and  bearing 
shield,  galloping  1. ;  he 
holds  in  1.  hand  sword 
and  head  of  a  barbarian;  ^ 
under  horse's  fore-feet,  Q 
(Quaestor);  in  the  exergue, 
SILVS 

[PL  xciii,  8.] 
(Graoherode  Coll.) 


•  As  distinguished  from  denarii  of  Series  I.  those  of  Series  II,  nre  mostly  of  good  style; 
the  head  of  Eoma  is  small  and  in  high  relief,  and  the  general  execution  both  of  the  obverse  and 
reverse  types  is  good.  The  flan  is  usually  smaller,  and  in  consequence  somewhat  thicker,  than 
those  of  the  preceding  issues.  Even  in  the  same  issue  these  characteristics  are  sometimes 
not  strictly  adhered  to,  and  variations  when  of  sufficient  importance  will  be  noticed.  These 
variations  were  no  doubt  due  to  the  employment  of  a  different  set  of  die  engravers  in  diiferent 
officinae,  more  than  perhaps  to  the  circumstance  that  the  coins  may  have  been  struck  in 
different  localities. 

'  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  442)  hfi,s  suggested  that  this  moneycr  was  the  father  of  L.  Sergius 
Catilina,  the  conspirator.  Though  we  do  not  know  his  praenomen,  or  whetlier  he  ever  held 
;iny  public  office,  this  identification  is  admissible.  The  inscriptions  show  that  M.  Sergius 
Silus  issued  these  coins  in  his  official  capacity  as  quaestor  (this  is  the  first  instance  of  this 
title  on  local  issues),  and  under  the  direct  mandate  of  tlie  Senate,  as  indicated  by  the  legend 
EX  S  .  C.  This  inscription  also  occurs  on  the  contemporary  denarii  of  L.  Manlius  Torquatus 
aud  P.  Cornelius  Cetegus  (see  below,  pp.  270,  271).  M.  Sergius  Silus  is  the  only  member  of 
his  family  of  whom  we  have  coins. 

^  The  type  of  the  reverse  is  an  allusion  to  the  bravery  of  M.  Sergius  Silus,  the  great- 
grandfather of  Catiline,  who  distinguished  himself  during  the  second  Punic  war.  Although 
he  had  lost  his  right  arm  and  had  received  twenty-three  wounds  in  two  campaigns,  M,  Sergius 
Silus  fought  four  times  against  the  Carthaginians  with  his  left  hand  only.  He  had  made  a 
right  arm  of  iron,  and  during  the  time  that  he  wore  it  he  took  Cremona  by  siege,  relieved 
Placentia,  and  captured  twelve  camps  of  the  enemy  in  Gaul  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  vii.  104-106). 
This  is  why  he  is  represented  holding  his  sword  and  a  human  head  (that  of  a  Gaul)  in  his  left 
hand  (Cavedoni,  Ripostigli,  p.  263).     Only  denarii  are  known  of  this  issue. 

In  the  Gotha  collection  there  is  a  specimen  of  the  denarius  with  the  edge  serrated  (Bahr- 
feldt.  Num.  Zeit. ,  1897,  p.  73).  As  the  denarii  of  this  issue  are  mostly  with  plain  edges  this  piece, 
though  ancient,  may  be  a  forgery.  Bahrfeldt  also  draws  attention  to  the  difference  in  style 
and  fabric  of  the  coins  of  M.  Sergius  Silus,  one  series  having  a  small  head  of  Homa  struck  on 
a  small  thick  fian,  the  other  a  large  one  oq  a  broader  flan.  These  differences  are  shown  on 
the  above  coins,  and  are  suggestive  of  local  striking. 

There  are  hybrids  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1877,  pp.  32,  39)  consisting  of  the  reverse  of 
the  denarius  of  M.  Sergius  Silus  and  of  the  obverses  of  those  of  M.  Varguntcius  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  163)  and  L.  Farsuleiua  Mensor  [ib.,  p.  403,  no.  3300).  Coins  of  this  issue  were  counter- 
marked  by  Vespasian. 


270 

No. 

513 
51i 

515 
516 
517 


518 


519 


520 
521 


Weight 

60-5 
60-2 

60-1 
60-0 
59-0 


61-0 


60-0 


55-0 
54-0 


Metal 
and  Stze 

M    -7 


M  -75 

M  -75 

M  ■75 

M  -59 


M    -75 


JR    -75 


M    -75 
M    -75 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 

Similar ;  head  of  Eoma  in 
lower  relief  and  of  inferior 
style. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar;  head  of  Eoma 
larger  and  of  somewhat 
better  style. 


Similar. 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xciii.  9.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  xciii.  10.] 


L.TORaVA 

(LUCIUS  [MANLIUS]  TOEQUATUS ') 
Denai'ius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
helmet,  with  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  512 ;  ear- 
ring of  plain  single  drop  ; 
under  chin,  X ;  behind 
head,  RoAA  ;  the  twhole 
within  ornamented  collar 
or  torques. 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


L  -ToRaVA  below  Wan-ior 
on  horseback  galloping  1. ; 
he  is  helmeted  and  is 
armed  with  spear  and 
shield; 2  behind  horseman 
Q  (Quaestor) ;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, EX  •  S  •  C  (Ex  sena- 
tus  consulto). 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PL  xciii.   11.] 

Similar. 

Similar;  moiieyer's  name, 
ToRaVA  (the  praci'o- 
men  omitted). 

[PI.  xciii.  12.] 


'  We  are  not  certain  of  the  identification  of  this  moneyer,  but  it  is  possible  that  he  was 
the  father  of  L.  Manlius  L.  f.  Torquatus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  65,  and  who  previous  to  that 
date  was  proquaestor  to  Sulla  in  the  East,  when  he  struck  coins  in  his  own  name  and  in  that 
of  his  general  (see  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  177,  and  Coinage  of  the  East,  s.a.  B.C.  82).  Like 
M.  Sergius  Silus,  L.  Manlius  Torquatus  issued  his  coins  in  the  capacity  of  quaestor,  and  under 
the  special  mandate  of  the  Senate.  The  fabric  of  the  coins  of  these  two  quaestors  is  also 
similar,  which  makes  it  possible  that  they  were  struck  in  the  same  district. 

^  The  horseman  on  the  reverse  is  T.  Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus,  who  was  dictator 
B.C.  353,  349,  and  consul  B.C.  344,  340.  In  B.C.  361  he  served  under  T.  Quinctius  Pennus  in 
the  war  against  the  Gauls,  and  in  this  campaign  earned  immortal  glory  by  slaying  in  single 
combat  a  gigantic  Gaul,  from  whose  dead  body  he  took  the  collar  (torques)  which  had  adorned 
him,  and  placed  it  around  his  own  neck.  In  consequence  he  received  from  his  comrades  the 
surname  of  Torquatus,  which  he  continued  to  bear  and  handed  down  to  his  descendants.  The 
torques  is  shown  on  the  obverse  of  the  denarii,  which  is  the  only  denomination  of  this  issue. 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of  L.  Manlius  Torquatus  and  of 
the  reverse  of  that  of  L.  Manlius,  with  Sulla  in  a  quadriga  and  the  legend  L  .  SVLLA  IMP  . 
(Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  17S,  no.  5;  Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1877,  p.  33). 


CIEC.  B.C.  99—94  ;    .\.U.C.  655— G60 


271 


Ko.        Woiiiht 


57-6 


Metal 
and  Size 


A\    -75 


Ohveviie 


Reverse 


522 


60-0 


M    -7 


CETEGVS 

{[PUBLIUS  COENELIUS]  CETEGUSO 
Denarius  ^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
Phrygian-sliaped  helmet 
ornamented  with  gry- 
phon's head;  no  wing  at 
side;  visor  in  two  pieces 
and  peaked ;  under  chin, 
X ;  behind,  EX-S-C{Ex 
senafiis  comnilto). 


The  shepherd,  Atys,  wearing 
Phrygian  cap  and  bearing 
branch  over  his  shoulder, 
riding  on  goat,  galloping 
r.  ;^  below,  CETEGVS;  in 
the  exergue,  KoMA ;  all 
within  laurel- wreath. 


■\    a 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  395,  no.  18.] 

M.Cin.M.F 

(MAEGUS  CIPIUS  MAECI  FILIUS*) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  512; 
earring  of  plain  single 
drop ;  behind  head,  X ; 
before,  M- CI  PI  -M-  F 


I'.oMA  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory, naked  to  the  hips,  in 
biga  r.,  horses  galloping; 
she  holds  palm-branch  in 
r.  hand  and  reins  in  1. ; 
below  horses,  rudder  1. 
[PI.  xciii.  13.] 
(Nott) 


^  Cetegus  or  Cethegus  was  a  cognomen  of  the  Cornelia  gens,  and  this  moneyer  may  have 
been  Publius  Cornelins  Cethegus,  the  friend  of  Marius,  who  was  praetor,  and  became  inyolved 
in  the  events  of  B.C.  88.  Being  proscribed  by  Sulla  he  fled  to  Nnmidia  with  the  younger 
Marius,  but  returning  to  Rome  in  the  following  year,  he  went  over  to  Sulla  and  was  pardoned 
(Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  60,  62,  80). 

^  It  is  difficult  to  assign  a  date  to  the  issue  of  this  denarius,  first,  because  it  differs 
somewhat  from  all  others  of  this  period  in  the  shape  of  the  helmet  worn  by  Roma ;  secondly, 
on  account  of  its  extreme  rarity,  only  one  genuine  specimen  being  recorded,  in  the  Paris 
cabinet  (Bahrfeldt,  Z^itm.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  95);  and  thirdly,  because  of  its  absence  from 
all  the  finds,  of  which  analyses  are  given.  Mommsen,  Babelon,  and  others  agree  in  fixing  its 
date  to  a  little  before  B.C.  100,  but  Count  de  Salis  gives  it  to  a  slightly  later  one,  circ. 
B.C.  99-94.  The  mark  of  value  ^,  the  presence  of  the  inscription  EX  S  .  C  -,  and  the  general 
fabric  show  that  it  may  have  been  contemporo.ry  with  the  coins  of  M.  Sergius  Silus  and 
L.  Manlius  Torquatus.  With  the  exception  that  it  is  without  a  Mang  the  helmet  worn  by 
Roma  is  similar  to  that  on  coins  of  C.  Caecilius  Metellus  and  M.  Aurelius  Scaarus  struck  at 
Rome  about  this  time  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  182,  1S4). 

^  Cavedoni  {Bull.  deW  Inst.  arch,  di  Roma,  1844,  p.  23)  explains  the  reverse  type  as  relating 
to  the  young  shepherd,  Atys,  who  was  nourished  by  a  goat,  and  whose  cult  was  introduced 
into  Rome  in  B.C.  20i  by  the  consul  M.  Cornelius  Cethegus,  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer.  He 
was  created  pontifex  maximus  in  B.C.  213.  The  cult  of  Atys  was  of  Phrygian  origin,  which 
accounts  for  the  shape  of  the  helmet  worn  by  Roma,  and  also  for  the  head-dress  of  Atys, 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 

■*  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  a  certain  Cipius,  who  gave  rise  to  the  proverb  Non 


272 


Tij-  rr-  *  T  ^        Metal 

No,        n  eight  ,  ,-,• 

^  and  Size 


COINAGE  OP  ITALY 

Oiverse 


5-23 
524 


53-5 
60-2 


236-4 


M    -7 
.U    -66 


M  1-0 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 
Similar;  RoMA 

Incuse  of  obverse  type. 


Semis 

Type  I.i 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,    S ;    before,    M  ■ 

ciri  -M-  F 


KoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, S 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pi.  iv.,  no.  86.] 


omnibus  dormio,  and  who  was  called  the  suorer  {Trapapeyxc"),  because  he  pretended  to  be  asleep 
in  order  to  facilitate  his  wife's  acts  of  adultery  (Festus,  s.v.  Non  omnibus  dormio ;  Cicero, 
ad  Fam.^  vii.  24).  He  appears  to  have  filled  at  a  later  date  the  offices  of  tribune  of  the  plebs 
and  quaestor.  The  reverse  ty-jje  of  his  denarii  refers  to  some  naval  successes  of  a  member  of 
the  family,  of  which  there  appears  to  be  no  other  record.  In  style,  fabric,  and  in  the  form 
of  the  head  of  Roma  these  denarii  are  very  similar  to  those  of  L.  Manlius  Torquatus.  The 
denarii  of  M.  Cipius  were  countermarked  by  Vespasian  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Nitm.,  1876,  p.  360). 

^  There  are  two  Series  of  bronze  coins  of  this  issue,  one  having  for  the  reverse  type  the 
prow  of  a  vessel,  the  other  a  rudder  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  85-88).  Of  the  first 
series  there  are  the  semis,  tt-iens,  and  quadrans,  and  of  the  second,  the  semis,  quadrans,  and  uncia. 
The  existence  of  these  two  series  of  bronze  coins  confirms  Count  de  Salis's  classification  of  the 
coins  of  M.  Cipius  to  a  district  outside  Home.  The  coins  with  the  rudder  on  the  reverse  are 
very  similar  in  style  and  weight  to  those  of  various  Roman  magistrates,  Mn.  Acilius,  Axius 
Naso,  Furius  Crassipes,  &c.,  usually  classed  to  Panormus  in  Sicily  (see  Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit,  ilus., 
Stcihj,  pp.  126-127 ;  Bahrfeldt,  Bdm.  Sicil.  Miinz.,  p.  18  et  pas).  It  is  therefore  not  improbable 
that  M.  Cipius  may  have  served  as  quaestor  in  Sicily,  and  issued  besides  denarii  two  series  of 
bronze  money,  one  of  Roman  types  and  of  the  Roman  standard,  the  other  with  a  different 
reverse  type  and  based  on  some  local  standard.  For  a  similar  change  of  type  see  the  coins 
of  Q.  Fabius  Laben,  p   265. 

Bahrfeldt  {loc.  cit.)  gives  some  interesting  particulars  of  the  various  specimens  of  these 
coins,  stating  in  what  collections  he  has  met  with  them.  The  semis  of  Type  I.  is  in  the  Paris 
and  Vienna  collections  (the.  above  illustration  is  from  the  latter).  The  semis  of  Type  II.  is  in 
the  Bahrfeldt  collection;  it  is  the  Riccio  specimen.  The  triens,  of  which  only  Type  I.  appears 
to  be  known,  belonged  to  Fr.  Capranesi,  who  purchased  it  of  an  Englishman,  Mr.  Faber  {Ann. 
dfir  Inst,  arch.,  18.'?9,  p.  281).  This  coin  is  in  the  D'Ailly  collection.  The  quadrans  of  Type  I., 
formerly  in  the  Fenelon-Farez  collection,  is  also  in  the  Bahrfeldt  cabinet,  and  that  of  Typo  II. 
is  in  the  British  Museum,  being  the  only  bronze  coin  of  this  issue  in  the  National  Collection. 
Bahrfeldt  also  notices  that  the  quadrans  figured  by  Cohen,  with  the  reverse  type  a  rudder  (Man. 
rep.  7-om.,  pl.liii.,  no.  4),  and  attributed  by  him  to  the  Cornelia  gens,  should  read  CI  PI  ■  M  'and 
not  CINA,  and  therefore  also  belongs  to  the  Cipia  gens.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  342,  no.  2)  is  iu 
error  in  attributing  to  the  British  Museum  the  semis  of  Type  It.,  the  illustration  of  which  is 
copied  from  Cohen  (op.  cit.,  pi.  lii,,  no.  1).  The  coin  to  which  Babelon  should  have  referred 
is  the  quadrans  (no.  525),  "n'hich,  however,  he  does  not  mention.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
uncia,  with  the  exception  of  the  mark  of  value,  is  of  the  same  type  as  the  quadrans  of  Type  II. 


CIEC.  B.C.  99—94  ;    A.U.C.  655—660 


273 


i\'-.       Wciilhf 


81-5 


Metal 
and  bize 


7E    -75 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  II.  1 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  S 


Eudder  1.;    above,  RoMA ; 
below,  M-Cin-M-F 


114-0 


107-8 


M    -85 


M    -85 


[Cohen,  Moil.  ri'p.  win.,  pi.  lii.,  no.  l.J 

Triens 

Type  I. 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet;  above,  ••••;  be- 
fore, M-Cini  -M.  F. 


KoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, ', 


\_Annali  dell'  Inst,  arch.,  1839,  tav.  S,  no.  4.] 

Quadpans 

Type  I. 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, :  ;  before,  M-CIP I- 
M.F  • 


R.OMA  below  Prow  r. 


[Cohen,  Mon.  ri-p.  rem.,  pi.  lii.,  no.  2.] 


>  Bahrfeldt,  who  possesses  the  Ricoio  specimen  of  this  semis,  does  not  think  it  genuine. 
No  other  specimen  appears  to  be  recorded.      Cohen's  illustration  is  from  the  Eiocio  piece. 
VOL.   II.  N   N 


274 

Ko.       Weight       ^{'^^^ 
^         and  bize 


525 


630 


59-0 


526 


610 


JE    -65 


M    -55 


M    -7 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  II. 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, [:  ] 


Eudder  1. ;   above,  R.OMA ; 

below,  [M]  -CIPI  -M-F 

[PI.  xciii.  14.] 


Uncia^ 

Similar ;     behind    head    of  I  Similar ;    below    moneyer's 
young  Hercules,  •  |      name,  • 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  343,  no.  6.] 

r.NEKVA 

(PUBLIUS  [LICINIUS]  NEEVA^) 
Denarius 


Bust  of  Eoma  1.,  wearing 
crested  helmet,  orna- 
mented at  each  side  with 
a  feather  or  aigrette  in- 
stead of  a  wing;  the  visor 
is  peaked,  and  her  ear- 
ring consists  of  a  single 
drop  ;  she  is  armed  with 
a  spear,  which  she  holds 
in  her  r.  hand,  and  which 
is  directed  over  her  r. 
shoulder,  and  with  a 
shield,  ornamented  with  a 
horseman  galloping ;  a- 
bove  her  head,  crescent ; 
before,  X;  behind,  KoMA 


P  .  NER.VA  (in  the  field). 
View  of  the  interior  of 
the  comitium  with  the 
2Jons  in  the  foreground, 
on  which  are  seen  three 
togate  figures ;  one  on  r. 
drops  a  tabella  into  a 
voting  box  or  basket ; 
another  on  1.  advances  to 
receive  a  tabella  from  a 
third  figure  (rogatorj,  who 
who  is  seen  a  vu-corps 
beyond  the  pons;  in  the 
background  are  a  tribune's 
seat  (scabellum)  and  three 
parallel  lines,  denoting 
the  barriers  which  divide 
the  enclosures  (saepta) 
allotted  to  the  different 
tribes ;  on  the  scabellum, 
a  tabella  (?)  inscribed  P 
[PI.  xoiii.  15.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


'  On  account  of  the  obverse  type  of  the  uncia  being  the  same  as  that  of  the  quadrans, 
head  of  Hercules  instead  of  Eoma,  Bahrfeldt  questions  the  genuineness  of  this  coin  {Snm. 
Zeit.,  1896,  p.  87). 

^  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  Publius  Licinius  Nerva,  who  was  propraetor  in 
Sicily  at  the  time  of  the  second  Servile  war  B.C.  103  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  i.  ii.,  p.  350). 


CIEC.  B.C.  99—94  ;    A.U.C.  655—660 


275 


No.       Weight 


MHal 
and  Size 


Obvers 


Reverse 


527 
528 


52'4 
49-3 


170-6 


M 


M  1-15 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  S;  before,  P  KEK 
VA 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, S ;  above,  female 
figure  standing  r. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  129,  no.  8.] 


If  the  date  assigned  to  this  issue  by  Count  de  Salis  is  correct,  the  moneyer  was  more  probably 
a  son  of  the  propraetor.  The  type  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  shows,  as  Mommsen  and 
Babelon  hare  remarked,  that  he  was  connected  with  the  Licinia  and  not  with  the  Silia  gens, 
as  has  been  supposed  (Cohen,  Mon.  rep.  rom.,  p.  301,  no.  1).  Moreover,  the  Silia  gens  does 
not  appear  to  have  come  into  note  before  the  end  of  the  first  cent.  B.C.,  when  P.  Silius  P.  f. 
P.  n.  Nerva  was  consul  B.C.  20.  It  was  C.  Licinius  Crassus,  the  tribune,  who  in  B.C.  145  first 
brought  together  the  tribes  into  separate  enclosures  (saepta)  to  vote  in  the  comitia  (Varro, 
Hes  rust.,  i.  2,  9),  and  a  few  years  later,  in  B.C.  139,  the  ballot  was  introduced  for  the  election 
of  the  magistrates.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  moneyer  intended  to  depict  on  the 
reverse  of  his  denarius  the  mode  of  voting  in  the  comitia.  On  the  extreme  right  is  seen  a 
voter  dropping  into  the  ballot  box  or  basket  his  tabella,  or  ticket,  on  which  he  had  marked  the 
name  of  the  candidate  whom  he  was  supporting.  Behind  him  is  a  narrow  passage  represented 
by  cross-lines,  and  called  the  pons,  over  which  only  one  person  could  pass  at  a  time.  To  the 
left  is  another  voter,  who  has  just  passed  out  of  the  enclosure  set  apart  for  his  tribe,  and  who 
is  receiving  his  tabella  from  the  officer  of  the  poll  (rogator).  In  the  distance  parallel  lines 
mark  the  limits  in  the  enclosure  in  which  the  tribes  assembled,  and  near  which  is  placed  the 
scabellum  or  chair  of  the  tribune  (Cavedoni,  Ripostijli,  p.  133).  The  object  on  the  scabcllum 
may  be  a  tabella  bearing  the  initial  letter  P  (Frovoco),  which  was  used  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  laws  de  Provocatione.  These  enactments  gave  to  the  people  the  right  of 
appeal  in  criminal  cases.  A  similar  tubella  is  seen  on  coins  of  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  struck  a 
few  years  later  (see  below,  p.  308,  no.  TOS),  and  the  right  of  provocatio  is  also  illustrated  on 
coins  of  P.  Porcius  Laeca  (see  below,  p.  301). 

The  obverse  type  of  the  denarius  of  P.  Licinius  Nerva  shows  some  variation  from  the  usual 
stereotyped  design.  Instead  of  the  head  of  Roma  with  a  winged  helmet,  her  bust  is  shown 
wearing  a  helmet  ornamented  at  each  side  with  a  feather,  and  she  is  armed  with  a  spear  and 
shield,  a  not  unusual  representation  of  Pallas,  who  stood  in  the  same  relation  to  the  Athenians 
as  Roma  did  to  the  Romans.  The  fabric  of  these  denarii  is  very  neat  and  the  designs  are  well 
executed,  in  which  respect  they  resemble  those  of  M.  Sergius  Silus,  L.  Manlius  Torquatus, 
and  M.  Cipius  M.  f.  described  above.  Bahrfeldt  (_Nnm.  Zeit.,  1900,  p.  61)  also  remarks  on  the 
similarity  of  fabric  of  the  coins  of  M.  Cipius  M.  f .  and  P.  Licinius  Nerva,  drawing  special  attention 
to  the  form  of  the  "  flan,"  which  is  small  and  thick,  and  to  the  position  of  the  moneyers'  names 
on  the  obverses  of  the  bronze  coins.  From  these  similarities  he  concludes  that  these  issues 
were  contemporaneous,  and  that  the  moneyers  were  probably  colleagues. 


276 


,,  ,r-  •  7  ■        Metal 

No.        TT  eiiilit  J  r,. 

•'         and  Size 


128-2 


529 


110-0 


530    !    69-6 


531 


55-0 


M    -9 


M    -85 


Al    -7 


M    -75 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 

Ohverse 


lieverse 


Triens 


Bust  of  Minerva  r.,  draped, 
wearing  crested  Corin- 
thian helmet ;  [above, 
••••];  before,  P-  KEKVA 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore, ; 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  130,  no.  9.i] 


Quadrans^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, :  ;  before,  P  •  NER. 
VA     • 


ROMA 

fore. 


below  Prow  r. ;  be- 
l  ;  above,  horse  r. 


[PI.  xciii.  16.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


T.DEIDI 

(TITUS  DEIDIUS^) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  with  visor 
in  three  pieces  and  peaked, 
&c.,  similar  to  no.  512;  ear- 
ring of  plain  single  drop  ; 
below,  X  ;  behind,  mono- 
gram, K^  (  =  KoMA). 

Similar. 


Two 


T  •  DEIDI  (in  exergue), 
soldiers  fighting ;  one  is 
attacking  with  whip  and 
holds  shield ;  the  other  is 
defending  himself  with 
sword  and  shield.* 
[PI.  xciii.  17.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'■  Babelon  cites  this  coin  as  being  in  the  Fenelon-Farez  collection.  In  the  illustration  the 
marks  of  valne  above  the  head  of  Minerva  have  been  omitted. 

^  Bahrfeldt  (JVuiii.  Zeit. ,  1897,  p.  3;  1S96,  pi.  vii.,  no.  170)  describes  and  figures  a  variety 
of  the  quadrans  in  the  Bignami  collection,  novf  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  which  has  a  bird 
above  the  prow  (see  below,  the  quadrans  of  L.  Marcius  Philippus,  p.  277,  no.  535).  The  meaning 
or  reference  of  these  special  symbols  on  the  semis  and  the  quadrans  has  not  been  explained. 

^  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  Titus  Didius  T.  f.  Sex.  n.,  who  was  tribune  of 
the  pleba  b.c.  103,  with  L.  Aurelius  Cotta,  praetor  B.C.  101,  and  consul  E.c.  98  (Mommsen, 
Hist.  mon.  niiii.,  t.  ii.,  p.  349),  but  he  must  have  been  another  member  of  the  Didia  gens  of 
about  that  time,  whose  name  does  not  appear  in  history.  He  may  have  been  a  son  of  the 
consul.  In  style  his  denarii  are  very  similar  to  those  of  M.  Sergius  Silus,  L.  Manlius  Torquatus, 
and  M.  Cipius  M.  f.  (see  above,  pp.  269 — 271),  and  the  monogram  of  RoMA  on  the  obverse  would 
connect  this  issue  with  the  following  one  of  L.  Marcius  Philippus.  This  monogram  only 
occurs  on  these  two  issues.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  456)  has  suggested  that  T.  Deidius,  L.  Marcius 
Philippus,  and  iMn.  Aemilius  Lepidus  formed  a  triumvirate,  but  Count  de  Salis  has  classed  the 
coins  of  the  last  moneyer  to  a  slightly  later  date,  B.C.  91  (see  below,  p.  291). 

■•  This  type  of  the  reverse  is  supposed  lo  refer  to  T.  Didius,  who  was  tribune  b.l'.  143,  aud 


CIEO.   B.C.    99—94;    A.U.G.    655—660 


277 


»7  n-   ■  r.1        Vetal 

No.        PI  eight  ,  „■ 

"         and  Size 


532 


533 


534 


535 


536 


60-2 


60-2 


57-7 


94-0 


77-0 


Ohrerse  R^jrerse 

L.THiLinrvs 

(LUCIUS  [MAECIUS]  PHILIPPUS') 
Denarius 


M    -75 


M    -75 


Ai    -85 


M    -85 


M    -8 


Male  head  r.  (Philip  V.  of 
Macedon),  wearing  the 
royal  Macedonian  helmet 
of  skin  ornamented  with 
goat's  horns,  diadem,  and 
clieek-pieces       [irapayvaOl- 

Se5) ;  under  chin,  letter  $ 
("tiAiiTTros) ;  behind  head, 
monogram,  i$*S^  ( =  Ko 
MA). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Equestrian  statue  r.,  horse 
prancing,  the  rider  hold- 
ing a  branch  over  his  r. 
shoulder ;  beneath  the 
horse  is  a  flower ;  the  base 
of  the  statue  is  inscribed, 
L.  THILirnVS;  and  be- 
low it,  mark  of  value,  X 
[PI.  xciii.  18.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Quadrans  ^ 

Head  of  young  Hercules  r.,  I  R.OMA  below  Prow  r. ;  be- 

wearing  Hon's  skin;   be-        fore,  ',  ;    on    prow,    cock 

hind,  :  ;    before,   L    PHI  ^      -,* 

.  I       standmg  r. 

LIP  TVS  (Blacas  CoU.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xciii.  19.] 


who  about  B.C.  138  was  sent  as  praetor  to  Sicily  to  put  down  the  revolting  slaves.  He  is 
represented  as  attacking  a  slave  with  a  whip,  disdaining  to  punish  him  with  a  more  honourable 
weapon  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  455). 

There  is  a  restoration  of  this  denarius  by  Trajan.    No  bronze  coins  are  known  of  this  issue. 

'  According  to  Count  de  Salis's  classification  this  moneyer  cannot  be  L.  Marcius  Philippus, 
who  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  104,  consul  B.C.  91,  and  censor  B.C.  86,  with  whom  he  is 
usually  identified  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  187).  As  in  the  case  of  T.  Deidius,  he  must  be  sought 
for  in  some  other  member  of  the  Marcia  gens,  of  whom  we  appear  to  have  no  other  record 
than  his  coins.  The  monogram  of  ROMA  on  the  obverse  connects  this  issue  directly  with 
that  of  T.  Deidius,  and  the  fabric  of  the  denarii  indirectly  with  other  issues  of  this  period. 

The  head  on  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  is  supposed  to  be  of  Philip  V.  of  Macedon,  and  to 
relate  to  the  mission  of  L.  Marcius  Q.  f.  Philippus,  who  concluded  with  that  monarch  a  treaty 
of  friendship,  privatum  hoapitium  (Livy,  xlii.  38),  of  the  advantages  of  which  his  son 
Q.  Marcius  Pliilippus  availed  himself  when  sent  on  a  similar  niission  to  Perseus,  the  successor 
of  Philip.  This  portrait  of  Philip,  however,  does  not  bear  any  resemblance  to  that  on  his  own 
coins  struck  in  Greece. 

The  reverse  type  records  the  erection  of  an  equestrian  statue  or  monument  to  a  member 
of  the  Marcia  gens.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  347,  note  2)  suggests  that  it  may  be 
of  Q.  Marcius  Tremulus,  which  was  erected  in  the  Forum  after  his  victory  over  the  Hernici  in 
B.C.  306,  but  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  187)  prefers  to  see  in  it  a  monument  erected  to  Q.  Marcius 
Philippus,  the  conqueror  of  Perseus,  and  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer.  The  reverse  is  very 
similar  to  that  on  later  coins  of  the  Marcia  gens  struck  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  jip.  4b5 
486).  On  those  the  equestrian  statue  has  been  identified  as  of  Q.  Marcius  Rex,  who  repaired 
and  rebuilt  the  aqueducts  inside  and  outside  Rome,  and  the  flower  below  it  as  the  arum 
martialis,  a  punning  allusion  to  the  Marcia  gens. 

^  The  quadraus  and  the  uncia  appear  to  be  the  only  bronze  coins  known  of  this  issue. 


278 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


■'         and  Size 


68-0  i  2E    -65 


Ohver.^e 


Reverse 


Uncia' 


Headof  Saturnr.,  beardedand 
laureate  ;  behind,  harpa  ; 
before,  L-PHILinrVS 


R-OMA  below  Dog  standing 
r. ;  above,  • 


537 


60-9 


M    -75 


[D'AiUy  Coll.,  Paris.] 


L.FLAMINI.CILO 

(LUCIUS  ELAMINIUS  GILO -^j 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eomar.,  in  low  relief 
and  wide-spread,  wearing 
winged  helmet  ornament- 
ed with  gryphon's  head, 
the  visor  in  two  pieces, 
slightly  peaked ;  earring 
of  single  drop ;  no  neck- 
lace ;  under  chin,  X ;  be- 
hind head,  RoMA 


Victory,  naked  to  the  hips, 
in  biga  r.,  horses  gallop- 
ing ;  3  she  holds  wreath 
in  r.  hand  and  reins  in  1. ; 
below  horses,  L  •  FLAM  I 
Nl;  in  the  exergue,  CILo 
[PI.  xciii.  20.] 
(Graoherode  Coll.) 


'  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  188,  no.  15)  describes  a  variety  of  the  uncia  of  this  issue,  having  for 
the  reverse  type  a  prow  surmounted  by  a  dog;  below,  ROMA.  He  cites  it  as  being  in  the 
Museo  Kircheriano,  Rome,  but  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit., -1897,  p.  14)  states  that  neither  Dr.  Julius 
Calm  nor  Prof.  Pigorini  was  able  to  find  it  in  that  collection.  Riccio  (Hon.  fam.  rom.,  p.  139, 
no.  2.5,  pi.  Ix,  no.  6)  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  publish  the  coin.  He  also  notes  that  it 
was  in  the  Museo  Kircheriano. 

There  are  several  points  of  resemblance  between  the  bronze  coins  of  L.  Marcius  Philippus 
and  I*.  Licinius  Nerva  (see  above,  pp.  275,  276).  In  each  issue  the  moneyer's  name  occurs  in 
the  same  position  on  the  obverse,  and  each  nioneyer  usually  places  a  symbol  above  the  prow 
on  the  reverse.     These  symbols  in  both  cases  have  not  been  explained. 

-  This  member  of  the  Flaminia  gens  appears  to  be  only  known  from  his  coins.  He  was 
probably  an  ancestor  of  L.  Flaniinius  Chile,  who  was  one  of  a  quatuorvirate  of  the  mint  circ. 
B.C.  43  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  565).  The  cognomen  CILO  furnishes  us  with  another  instance  of  the 
omission  of  the  aspirate,  which  was  not  uncommon  at  this  time.  Other  contemporary  instances 
are  met  with  in  the  names  of  CETEGVS  for  CETH  EG  VS  (see  above,  p.  271)  and  PILinVSfor 
r  H I  LI  P  P  VS  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  175).     Earlier  instances  occur  on  coins  struck  at  the  Roman  mint. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  the  date  of  issue  of  the  coins  of  L.  Flaminius 
Cilo.  Though  they  are  not  uncommon,  yet  no  specimens  are  recorded  as  having  been  met 
with  in  the  Maseri,  Riccia,  S.  Giovanni  Inoarico,  Roncarolo,  and  Pozoblanco  hoards.  Their 
fabric  and  the  type  of  the  reverse  admit  of  their  being  assigned  to  the  earliest  years  of  the 
first  cent.  B.C.  Their  style  is  somewhat  barbarous,  and  they  vary  from  other  denarii  of  this 
scries  in  the  head  of  Roma  being  in  low  relief  and  wide-spread.  These  characteristics  are, 
however,  in  favour  of  their  being  assigned  to  local  issue. 

There  is  in  the  Berlin  Museum  a  specimen  of  the  denarius  of  L.  Flaminius  Cilo,  which 
has  been  overstruck  on  one  of  P.  Licinius  Nerva  (see  above,  p.  274),  traces  of  the  bust  of 
Roma  on  the  obverse,  and  of  the  pons  on  the  reverse  of  the  latter  being  distinctly  shown. 
It  is  therefore  probable  that  these  two  issues  were  only  separated  by  a  few  years.  Babelon 
(vol.  i.,  p.  495)  has  suggested  that  L.  Memmius  and  Mn.  Aquillius  were  colleagues  of  L. 
Flaminius  Cilo,  but  we  are  unable  to  trace  any  striking  points  of  similarity  between  these 
three  issues.  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  the  coins  of  the  first  two  moueyers  to  a  slightly 
later  date,  but  both  to  local  issue  (see  below,  pp.  299,  300). 

2  The  reverse  type  probably  refers  to  the  triumph  which  was  accorded  to  C.  Flaminius, 


CIEC.  B.C.  93—92;   A.U.C.  661—662 


279 


»r  TT^  •  7  >       Metal 

No.       Wei.jU     ^,^^g.^^ 


538 


539 


Obverse 


60-1 


61-0 


M    -75 
JR    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Reverse 


(Nott) 


Similar ;    moneyer's   name 
L.  FLAMNI 

[PI.  xciv.  1.] 


540 


SERIES    III.^ 
Circ.  B.C.  93—92;   a.u.c.  661—662 

C.SERVEILl.M.F 

(CAIUS  SBEVEILIUS  MAECI  FILIUS^) 

Denarius 


62-1      Al    -8 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head ;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked ;  ear- 
ring of  triple  drop  and 
necklace  of  pendants ; 
hair  in  close  falling  locks  ; 
behind,  laurel  -  wreath  ; 
below,  X  and  RoMA 


C.SER.VEILI  -M.  F  (in  ex- 
ergue). The  Dioscuri  on 
horseback  galloping  in 
contrary  directions,  but 
looking  back  at  each 
other ;  their  spears  are 
pointed  downwards,  and 
above  the  head  of  each  is 
a  star. 

[PI.  xciv.  2.] 


the  first  member  of  his  family  who  rose  to  eminence,  for  his  successes  in  Gaul  in  B.C.  22.3, 
when  he  was  consul  with  P.  Purius  Philus.  He  was  afterwards  slain  in  the  battle  of  Lake 
Trasimene,  B.C.  217. 

Bahrfeldt  (Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1877,  p.  41)  describes  a  hybrid  which  shows  a  combination  of  the 
reverse  of  the  denarius  of  L.  Plaminius  Gilo  and  of  the  obverse  of  that  of  G.  Considius 
Nonianus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  473).     No  bronze  coins  are  known  of  this  issue. 

'  Prom  the  point  of  view  of  similarity  of  types  and  style  this  series  shows  but  slight 
connection  with  the  two  previous  ones  of  this  period.  The  head  of  Roma  for  the  obverse 
type  of  the  denarius  occurs  only  in  two  instances,  presenting  no  marked  similarity  to  that 
on  preceding  issues,  and  in  one  case  taking  a  somewhat  new  form.  The  other  issues  have 
exceptional  obverse  types.  The  dates  and  the  order  of  the  issues  assigned  to  circ.  B.C.  93 
and  92  appear  to  be  approximately  iixed  by  the  evidence  of  finds,  which,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
coins  of  the  Roman  mint,  now  become  an  important  chronological  factor. 

'^  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  315)  has  identified  this  moneyer  with  C.  Servilius 
M.  f. ,  who  as  augur  accused  Lucullus  of  bribery  and  malversation  in  his  administration  of 
Sicily  B.C.  102.  He  was  assassinated  at  Asculum  B.C.  91,  at  which  time  he  was  proconsul 
(Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  38)  or  praetor  (Yell.  Paterc. ,  Hist,  rom.,  ii.  15).  He  was  the  father  of 
P.  Servilius  C.  f.  M.  n.  Vatia  Isauricus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  79.  Mommsen,  in  consequence, 
has  assigned  the  issue  of  the  above  coins  to  circ.  B.C.  124,  and  in  support  of  this  early  date  he 
remarks  that  specimens  existed  in  large  numbers  in  the  Oliva  hoard.  According  to  Gount  de 
Salis's  classification  they  may  be  given  to  a  considerably  later  date,  so  much  as  thirty 
years.  In  favour  of  his  view  it  may  be  urged — (i.)  that  as  the  Oliva  hoard  was  buried  circ. 
B.C.  90  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  191),  we  should  expect  to  find  in  it  a  considerable  number  of  coins  which 
were  struck  only  a  year  or  two  before  (there  were  twenty-four  specimens  in  the  hoard)  ; 
(ii.)  that  the  obverse  type  is  similar  to  that  of  the  denarius  of  T.  Cloulius  struck  at  Rome 
circ.  B.C.  100  (see  vol.  i. ,  p.  165);  and  (iii.)  that  both  obverse  and  reverse  types  were  repro- 
duced by  the  insurgents  in  the  Social  war,  B.C.  91 — 88,  who  were  more  likely  to  imitate  a  coin 
of  recent  date  than  one  which  had  been  many  years  in  circulation.  The  evidence  of  finds, 
too,  strongly  favours  the  more  recent  date,  for  in  the  Maser^  hoard  there  were  twenty-nine 
specimens,  in  that  found  at  Riccia  fifty-two,  and  in  that  of  S.  Giovanni  Incarico  six,  mostly  in 


280 


,,  TT'  ■  -n       Metal 

No.        TT  eitiht  -,  „  ■ 

-'         and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

OVierse 


541 

543 
544 

545 
546 

647 


548 


62-0 

60-8 
60-7 
60-5 

59-7 

58-5 

56-7 
63-2 


56-0 


M    -85 


M 

•75 

Similar. 

M 

•85 

Similar. 

M 

•8 

Similar. 

M 

■8 

Similar. 

M 

■8 

Similar. 

M    -16 


M    -65 


M  •es 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Uevcrse 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Triens 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wear- 
ing crested  Corinthian 
helmet ;  behind,  I  ;  be- 
low, KoMA  : 


belov 


C  •  SERVEILI  .  M 
F 

Prow  r. ;  before,  \ 
above,  staff  with  flag  ', 
and  wreath. 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pi.  xi.,  no.  250.^] 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hind, :  ;  below,  RoMA 


Quad pans 

Similar  : 


before  prow. 


[PI.  xciv.  3.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


fine  condition  and  some  very  iine.  Tliis  would  not  hive  been  tiie  case  with  coins  which  had 
been  long  in  circulation.  From  the  particulars  which  we  have  given  of  these  hoards  (see 
vol.  i.,  pp.  161,  162),  and  also  from  the  Tables  of  Finds,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  coins  of  C. 
Serveilius  M.  f.  and  those  of  Ti.  Yeturius  were  amongst  the  latest,  if  not  actually  the  most 
recent,  pieces  issued  before  their  burial.  We  are  therefore  unable  to  accept  Mommsen's  date 
for  the  issue  of  these  coins,  and  we  must  in  consequence  seek  for  the  moneyer  in  some  other 
member  of  the  Servilia  gens.  As  they  may  have  been  struck  in  South  Italy,  he  may  perhaps 
be  identified  with  C.  Servilius,  a  Boman  citizen,  who  resided  in  Sicily,  and  who  was  publicly 
scourged  by  Terres  circ.  B.C.  73.  It  is  also  to  him  that  we  have  attributed  some  coins  struck 
at  the  Roman  mint  about  this  time,  but  which  have  a  different  type  of  reverse  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  179).     This  attribution  is,  however,  somewhat  conjectural. 

Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  317)  has  suggested  that  the  reverse  type  of  the 
Dioscuri  may  be  connected  with  the  cognomen  Geminus,  which  was  borne  by  many  members 
of  the  Servilia  gens.  We  have  no  better  solution  to  offer.  The  wreath  on  the  obverse 
evidently  commemorates  some  success  or  victory  gained  by  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer,  who 
not  impossibly  might  have  been  present  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Regillus. 

'  Pliny  {Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiv.  13,  38)  relates  that  the  Servilii  consecrated  to  the  household 
lares  a  triens,  which  was  religiously  preserved  in  the  family,  and  which  in  the  course  of  an-es 
alternately  increased  or  diminished  in  size  according  to  the  fortunes  of  the  family. 

^  This  illustration  is  from  the  specimen  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.  It  came  fi'om  the 
Borghesi  and  Bignanii  collections  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  73), 


No. 


549 


Weight       '^{'^f 
"         and  biz. 


CIEC.  B.C.  93—92  ;   A.U.C.  661—662 

Ohve)-!<e 


281 


Reverse 


550 


40-5 


M    -65 


Sextans ' 


61-1 


M  -8 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  draped  ; 
wearing  chlamys  and 
winged  petasus ;  behind 
shoulders,  caduceus; 
above  head,  ••;  below, 
R.OMA 


Similar ;  the  marks  of  value 
are  not  visible. 


TI.NF.B 

(TIBEEIUS  VETUEIUS  BAEEUS  ?  2) 
Denarius 


Bust  of  Mars  r.,  with  slight 
beard,  wearing  crested 
helmet,  ornamented  on 
each  side  with  a  feather 
or  aigrette,  and  chlamys 
fastened  on  the  shoulder ; 
behind,  X  and  Tl  •  'C" 


A  youth  kneeling  towards  1. 
on  1.  knee  between  two 
v^arriors,  who  touch  with 
their  swords  a  pig,  which 
the  youth  holds  in  his 
hands ;  the  warrior  on  the 
r.,  to  whom  the  youth 
turns  his  head,  is  in  Eoman 
dress,  and  leans  with  1. 
hand  on  spear;  the  war- 
rior on  the  1.  is  bearded 
and  naked  to  the  waist ; 
he  also  leans  with  1.  hand 
on  spear ; ^  above  the 
group,  R.OMA 

[PI.  xciv.  4.] 


'  The  triens,  quadrans,  and  sextana  are  the  only  denominations  in  bronze  known  of  this 
issue.  The  specimen  of  the  sextana  in  the  British  Museum  is  too  much  worn  for  illustration 
in  the  plates.     A  drawing  is  therefore  supplied  of  it. 

-  There  is  no  mention  in  history  of  this  moneyer.  The  Veturia  gens,  the  primitive  form  of 
which  was  Vetusia,  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  of  Rome.  It  was  patrician  and  plebeian,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  of  Sabine  origin.  Its  members  figure  more  prominently  in  the  earlier  days  of 
Roman  history.  The  Sabine,  Mamuriua  Veturius,  is  said  to  have  lived  in  the  time  of  Numa,  and 
to  have  made  the  eleven  ancilia  exactly  like  the  one  which  was  sent  from  heaven.  P.  Veturius 
Geminus  Cicurinus  was  consul  B.C.  499 ;  T.  Veturius  Calvinus  was  twice  consul,  first  in  B.C.  334, 
and  again  in  B.C.  321,  when  the  disaster  at  the  Caudine  Forks  occurred;  and  L.  Veturius  Philo 
was  praotor  B.C.  209  and  consul  B.C.  206.  The  initial  B  in  the  name  of  the  moneyer  suggests  the 
cognomen  Barms,  which  was  common  to  a  large  number  of  Eoman  families.  Mommsen  {Hist, 
mon.  rom.,  t.  ii  ,  p.  306,  note  1)  mentions  that  it  recalls  the  name  of  T.  Botutius  Barrus,  a  citizen 
of  Asculum,  who  lived  circ  B.C.  94  (Cicero,  Brut.,  xlvi.  169),  but  he  does  not  propose  to  identify 
him  with  the  moneyer.  Babolon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  533)  suggests  that  Ti.  Veturius  had  as  colleagues 
C.  Minucius  Augurinus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  135)  and  Sextus  Pompeius  Fostlus  (ib.,  p.  131),  but  wo 
are  unable  to  trace  any  similarity  of  fabric  or  design  between  the  coins  of  the  first  and  those  of 
the  last  two  moneyers.     Ti.  Veturius  is  the  only  member  of  his  family  of  whom  coins  are  known. 

'  This  reverse  type  represents  the  mode  of  taking  an  oath  amongst  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Italian  States,  a  precisely  similar  scene  being  depicted  on  the  early  Romano-Campanian  gold 
coins  (see  above,  p.  131).  Mommsen  (Joe.  oit.)  was  of  opinion  that  it  refers  to  the  treaty  of 
VOL.    II.  O    0 


282 


No.        Weiyht 


551 

552 

553 
554 


60-4 

59-3 

60-1 
59-2 

70-7 


84-8 


Met  a  I 
and  ibize 

M    -8 

M    -75 

M    -75 
M    -8 

M    '75 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


M    -75 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin ;  be- 
hiad,  I 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Beverse 


(Nott) 


(Nott) 
Similar;  RoMA 

Similar. 


Quadrans 

Strigil  and  oil-jar  attached 
to  thong,  between  Tl  ■ 
VTV  on  r.  and  RoMA 
on  1. 


Similar. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  535,  no.  2.] 


Similar ;    moneyer's   name, 
Tl  .  ^-Bi 


\_Annali  deW  Inst,  arch.,  1839,  Tav.  S.,  no.  10.] 


Caudium,  which  followed  the  disaster  at  the  Candine  Forks  in  B.C.  321,  but  that  treaty  was 
not  confirmed  by  the  Eomaus,  and  the  consuls  and  others  who  were  responsible  for  it  were 
delivered  up  to  the  Samnites.  Dr.  Willers  (Corolla  Num.,  pp.  321,  322),  who  considers  that 
the  Romano-Campanian  gold  coins  commemorate  the  services  rendered  by  the  praetor  L. 
Teturius  in  B.C.  209,  in  obtaining  the  assistance  of  some  of  the  colonies  against  the  Cartha- 
ginians, has  also  connected  the  type  of  the  denarii  with  that  event.  For  reasons  already  given 
(see  above,  p.  132),  it  may  be  suggested  that  this  type,  like  that  of  the  Romano-Campanian 
gold  coins,  records  the  close  of  the  third  Saranite  war  in  B.C.  290,  in  which  an  ancestor  of 
Ti.  Veturius  may  have  taken  an  active  part.  It  is  more  probable  that  the  moneyer  would 
commemorate  an  event  which  added  renown  to  Rome,  than  one  which  would  be  a  record  of  a 
great  disaster  (Fr.  Lenormant,  La  Uon.  danx  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii,,  p.  243,  note  4). 

As  the  types  of  these  denarii  were  closely  copied  by  the  Confederates  during  the  Social 
war,  which  followed  soon  after,  and  as  they  appear  to  have  been  amongst  the  latest  pieces  in 
the  Maser^,  Riccia,  and  S.  Giovanni  Incarico  hoards,  where  they  are  described  as  being  in 
"mint  condition,"  or  "little  worn"  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  161,  162),  we  are  supplied  with  an 
approximate  date  for  their  issue.  The  Riccia  hoard  contained  no  less  than  sixty  specimens. 
It  would  therefore  appear  that  the  date  B.C.  129  assigned  to  this  issue  by  Mommsen  is  too 
remote,  and  that  the  earliest  years  of  the  first  cent.  B.C.  would  be  more  probable.  The 
fabric  of  the  denarii  and  the  types  of  the  bronze  coins  are  suggestive  of  local  striking. 

'  Franceso  Capranesi  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  publish  this  variety  in  the  Annali 
delV  Inst,  arch.,  1839,  p.  283,  and  he  suggested  that  the  name  of  the  moneyer  may  have  been 
Tiberius  Veturius  Barrus,  and  that  the  reverse  type  recalls  the  quadraide  lavari,  which  was  the 
price  to  bo  paid  by  those  who  used  the  public  baths  (Cicero,  pro  Coelio,  xxvi.  62  ;   Horace,  Sat.  I., 


CIEC.  B.C.  93-92;    A.U.C.  661—662 


283 


No. 


„,   .  ,  ,         Metal 
TT  eight  ,  „ . 

■*         and  Size 


Obveive 


Reverse 


555 


556 

557 
558 

659 
560 

561 


60-4 


M    -75 


59-8 
59-0 
58-7 

56-6 
60-4 

58-1 


M.FOVR.I.L.F.PILI 

(MAECI  FOUEII  LUCII  FILII  PHILI ') 
Denarius 


M  •  FOVR.I  .  L  •  F     around 
Head  of  Janus,  laureate. 


yR    -8 


M 


•85 
•75 


M    -85 
M    -8 

M    -75 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  of  barbarous  work. 

Similar. 


RLI  (  =  rHILI)  in  the  ex- 
ergue. Eoma  draped,  and 
wearing  helmet,  standing 
1. ;  she  holds  sceptre  in 
1.  hand  and  places  wreath 
on  trophy  with  r.,  at  the 
base  and  sides  of  which 
are  two  oblong  Gaulish 
shields  and  two  trumpets 
(carnyces) ;  above  the 
head  of  Eoma,  star ;  be- 
hind her,  RoMA 

fPl.  xciv.  5.] 
(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar  ;  of  barbarous  work. 
[PI.  xciv.  6.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 


iii.  137;  Juvenal,  Sat,  vi.  447).  Both  Mommsen  and  Babolon  have  accepted  this  explanation 
of  the  type,  which  seems,  however,  a  little  fanciful.  It  may,  however,  be  sufj^gested  that  it 
contains  a  reference  to  some  games  or  athletic  contest,  in  which  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer 
may  have  taken  a  part.  The  quadrans  is  the  only  denomination  in  bronze  known  of  this  issue. 
Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  96)  gives  partioulais  of  the  various  specimens  which  he  has  met 
with,  and  of  the  literature  on  them. 

'  Though  the  only  record  which  we  have  of  this  moneyer  is  his  coins,  it  is  very  possible 
that  he  was  a  son  of  L.  Furius  Philus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  136.  His  name  is  given  in  the 
genitive  case. 

The  date  of  this  issue  is  ascertainable  from  finds.  As  no  specimens  occurred  in  the 
MaserJi,  Riccia,  and  S.  Giovanni  Incarico  hoards,  but  were  present  in  those  found  at  Roncarolo 
and  Pozoblanco,  their  issue  must  have  occurred  circ.  B.C.  92  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  162).  In  the 
Pozoblanco  hoard  there  were  no  less  than  sixteen  specimens,  all  afleur  de  eoin. 

The  reverse  type  has  been  supposed  to  refer  to  the  successes  of  L.  Furius  Philus  in  Spain 
during  his  consulship  in  B.C.  136,  but  it  is  more  probably  a  record  of  the  victories  of  P.  Furius 
Philus  and  C.  Flarainius  over  the  Gauls  in  the  north  of  Italy  in  B.C.  223.  Babelon  (vol.  i., 
p.  525)  favours  the  first  explanation.  The  head  of  Janus  is  no  doubt  complementary  to  that  of 
Victory  on  the  reverse.  The  mark  of  value  does  not  occur  on  these  denarii.  This  is  the  first 
instance  of  this  omission  on  local  coins. 

The  fabric  of  some  of  these  denarii  is  very  good,  but  the  barbarous  work  of  others  shows 
that  they  were  not  struck  at  the  mint  in  the  Capitol.    There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  moneyer. 

Babel  n  (he.  eit.)  mentions  a  specimen  in  gold  in  the  Cahinet  de  France.  He  considers 
it  to  be  false.     At  this  time  no  gold  coins  were  struck  either  in  Home  or  in  Italy. 


284 


ITT  ■  1.1        Metal 
No.        Wcvcjhi     „„^^,,, 


562 


60-3 


M    -8 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 

Obverise  Ecverse 

Without  moneyers  name 
Denarius  ^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  and  winged  hel- 
met; the  visor  in  one 
piece  and  peaked ;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop  and 
necklace ;  hair  falling  in 
two  thin  locks  down  her 
neck ;  another  is  seen 
under  her  chin ;  behind 
head,  X  ;  below,  R-OMA 


Eoma,  helmeted  and  wear- 
ing long  drapery,  seated 
r.  on  shields  and  leaning 
with  1.  hand  on  spear; 
before  her,  the  Wolf  and 
Twins ;  at  her  feet,  hel- 
met ;  on  either  side,  a 
bird  flying  towards  her. 
(Nott) 


'  Though  these  denarii  are  without  the  name  of  the  moneyer  or  any  other  special  sign, 
it  seems  possible  to  ascertain  approximately  the  date  of  their  issue.  The  crested  helmet  which 
adorns  the  head  of  Eoma  on  the  obverse  is  very  similar  to  that  worn  by  Mars,  as  seen  on  the 
preceding  coins  of  Ti.  Veturius  (see  above,  p.  281).  The  general  fabric  of  the  two  issues  is  also 
very  similar,  and  both  obverse  types  were  copied  by  the  moneyers  of  the  Social  war  coins.  The 
two  issues  were  probably  contemporaneous.  Besides  these  points  of  resemblance  we  have  also 
the  evidence  of  finds  to  assist  us  in  the  classification.  Though  these  coins  are  common  at  the 
present  time,  thus  showing  that  they  must  have  been  struck  in  considerable  numbers,  no  speci- 
mens were  met  with  either  in  the  Maser^,  Riccia,  S.  Giovanni  Incarico,  or  Roncarolo  hoards, 
but  one  specimen  aflevrde  coin  was  present  in  that  unearthed  at  Pozoblanco.  In  discussing  the 
date  of  the  hoards  which  relate  to  this  period  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  161,  162),  it  was  shown  that  the 
burial  of  the  one  discovered  at  Pozoblanco  was  slightly  later  than  the  others,  but  they  were 
only  separated  by  a  short  interval.  The  date  assigned  to  the  Pozoblanco  hoard  was  circ. 
B.C.  92,  and  it  is  therefore  to  that  year  that  these  coins  may  be  given.  Had  the  coins  been 
struck  only  a  short  time  before,  specimens  would  almost  certainly  have  been  included  in  the 
other  hoards.  Mommsen  (HiU.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  373,  note  2)  placed  this  issue  at  the 
beginning  of  his  fourth  period,  i.e.  circ.  e.g.  114,  but  Blacas  (loc.  cit.)  did  not  quite  agree  with 
this  early  attribution,  and  was  of  opinion  that  the  presence  of  a  specimen  in  fine  condition  in 
the  Pozoblanco  hoard  was  a  suiEcient  reason  for  assigning  the  coinage  to  some  years  later,  and 
he  puts  it  rather  at  the  end  than  the  beginning  of  the  period,  i.e.  circ.  B.C.  104.  Count  de 
Salis's  still  later  date  is  more  in  accordance  with  the  evidence  of  finds,  most  of  which  were  not 
known  to  him,  as  they  were  discovered  after  he  had  completed  his  classification. 

The  date  assigned  to  these  coins,  viz.  B.C.  92,  seems  to  oifer  a  clue  to  the  explanation 
of  the  reverse  type.  At  this  time  all  the  reverse  types  of  the  denarii  have  some  special 
significance,  referring  in  most  cases  to  events  connected  with  the  family  history  of  the 
moneyers.  The  absence  of  the  moneyer's  name  renders  in  this  instance  such  an  explanation 
impossible,  and  the  general  nature  of  the  type  shows  that  this  omission  may  have  been 
intentional.  Mommsen  {loc.  cit.)  gives  the  following  description,  "  Female  figure  wearing 
Phrygian  helmet  (the  goddess  Eoma)  seated  on  arms  contemplating  Eomulus  and  Eemns 
nourished  by  the  wolf ;  in  the  field  two  birds,  probably  vultures,  an  allusion  to  the  foundation 
of  Rome."  It  would,  however,  seem  on  close  examination  that  the  type  is  capable  of  a  more 
specific  construction.  The  birds,  with  their  long  beaks  and  thin  necks,  do  not  appear  to  be 
vultures,  but  to  belong  to  the  genus  of  the  corvidae,  the  raven  and  the  crow,  which  were 
amongst  those  consulted  at  the  auguries.  If  in  their  flight  the  raven  appeared  on  the  right, 
and  the  crow  on  the  left,  the  omen  was  favourable  (Cicero,  de  Div.,  i.  39).  In  the  absence  of  the 
moneyer's  name  and  of  any  personal  reference  in  the  type,  it  may  be  possible  that  we  have  in 
the  scene  depicted  a  reference  to  the  state  of  Italy  which  preceded  the  outbreak  of  the  Social 
war.  It  may  therefore  be  intended  to  represent  Roma  watching  over  her  city,  represented  by 
the  Wolf  and  Twins,  and  at  the  same  time  seeking  to  learn  from  the  auspices  the  destiny  of 
the  State,  and  the  result  of  the  struggle  which  was  imminent.  The  augury  seems  to  promise  a 
favourable  issue,  as  the  raven  appears  on  the  right  and  the  crow  on  the  left.  This  interpreta- 
tion may  seem  somewhat  hypothetical,  but  it  would  at  least  account  for  the  absence  of  the 
moneyer's  name,  and  would  give  to  the  type  a  specific  signification. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  which  can  be  assigned  to  this  issue.  The  denarius  was  restored 
by  Trajan  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  571,  no.  4),  but  on  the  reverse  there  are  two  prows  instead  of 
two  birds. 


CIEC.  B.C.  93—92;    A.U.C.  661—662 


285 


No.       Weight       ^^f''^ 
■"         and  Sisse 

563       59-7     M    -85    Similar. 


Ohv 


Reverse 


564 


565 


59-0 


58-5 


M    -8 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xciv.  7.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


286 


PERIOD   VIII. 

Circ.  B.C.  91—89;    a.u.c.  663—665 

With  this  Period  we  reach  the  limit  of  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman  Eepublic 
which  Count  de  Sahs  has  assigned  to  local  issue  in  Italy  (see  above,  p.  144). 
During  the  years  B.C.  91 — 89  this  local  money  is  more  assimilated  to  that  of 
the  Eoman  mint  than  at  any  previous  epoch.  It  presents  the  same  character- 
istics in  the  denominations  as  well  as  in  the  types. 

Denominations. — The  chief  silver  coin  is  still  the  denarius,  but  before  the 
close  of  the  Period  we  meet  with  the  quinarius,  which  had  been  revived  at 
Rome  at  a  somewhat  earlier  date  under  the  provisions  of  the  Lex  Clodia  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  158).  This  coin  had  not  appeared  locally  during  the  previous  Period, 
though  it  was  issued  in  considerable  profusion  at  Eome.  Locally  it  is  limited 
to  two  series,  one  of  which  bears  a  moneyer's  name,  the  other  seems  to  have 
been  struck  anonymously.  Another  revival  was  the  as  of  the  uncial  standard, 
which  also  occurred  simultaneously  at  Eome.  The  local  pieces  of  this  de- 
nomination and  also  the  semis,  and  occasionally  those  of  the  lesser  denomina- 
tion, are  of  peculiar  form,  by  which  they  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  the 
urban  coinage.  They  have  the  edges  bevelled,  so  that  one  face  of  the  coin 
presents  a  broader  surface  than  the  other.  The  broader  surface  occurs  with 
both  the  obverse  and  reverse  types.  This  peculiarity  of  form  is  met  with  in  a 
marked  degree  in  the  bronze  coinages  of  Syria  and  Egypt,  and  it  was  produced 
by  the  shape  of  the  mould  in  which  the  blank  was  cast  before  the  coin  was 
struck.  The  casting  of  the  blanks  in  this  manner  accounts  for  a  certain  amount 
of  irregularity  of  weight. 

Types. — In  the  previous  Period  the  chief  obverse  type  of  the  denarius 
continued  to  be  the  head  of  Eoma  wearing  a  helmet  ornamented  with  a 
gryphon's  head  and  with  wings.  This  is  now  no  longer  the  case.  The  head 
of  the  goddess  occurs  occasionally,  but  only  once  in  its  original  form,  for  now  it 
wears  a  crested  helmet  or  it  is  bare  but  diademed.  This  departure  from  a 
stereotyped  form  occasioned  a  constant  change  of  obverse  type  in  the  coinage 
of  each  moneyer.  The  marks  of  value  on  the  denarius  are  X,  X,  or  )K,  which 
are  used  indiscriminately.  In  some  instances  the  sign  is  omitted.  Mint-marks 
consisting  of  letters,  symbols,  numbers,  and  fractional  signs  are  found  with  some 
frequency,  but  the  denarius  with  the  serrated  edge  is  not  met  with  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  159). 

The  moneyers'  names  continue  to  show  the  same  variations  in  form. 
There  is  one  instance  of  a  triumvirate  in  which  all  three  moneyers  struck  a 
joint  coinage  in  silver,  but  separate  ones  are  only  known  of  two  members  of  the 
college  (see  below,  pp.  306-311). 

Classification. — "We  are  met  with  the  same  difficulties  in  the  classification 
of  the  local  series  of  this  time  as  with  that  of  the  Eoman  mint.     The  constant 


CIRC.  B.C.  91—89  ;    A.U.C.  663— 6G5  287 

change  of  type  of  the  denarius,  more  especially  that  of  the  obverse,  has  broken 
the  chain  of  continuity,  which  hitherto  had  been  so  very  marked  and  which 
had  served  as  an  important  factor  in  determining  the  sequence  of  the  issues. 
For  our  chief  guide  we  have  therefore  to  turn  to  the  evidence  of  finds,  and  also 
to  the  reappearance  of  the  as,  which  is  struck  on  the  basis  of  the  uncial 
standard.  As  the  bronze  standard  was  reduced  to  a  semuncial  one  in  B.C.  88 
we  have  a  limit  of  date  from  B.C.  91 — 89,  to  which  these  coins  can  be  assigned. 
The  evidence  of  finds  at  this  particular  epoch  is,  however,  so  very  strong,  that 
by  their  means  we  are  able  to  fix  with  some  degree  of  certainty  the  date  and 
sequence  of  the  issues  year  by  year.  The  finds  in  question,  as  has  been  shown 
in  the  case  of  the  coins  struck  at  Eome,  were  those  of  Taranto,  Cazlona,  Oliva, 
and  Eicina  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  190,  191).  Coins  assigned  to  B.C.  91  did  not  occur 
in  any  of  the  earlier  finds  which  have  been  mentioned,  but  were  met  with  in 
those  just  referred  to.  The  issues  of  B.C.  90  were  included  in  the  Cazlona, 
Oliva,  and  Eicina  hoards,  but  not  in  that  of  Taranto ;  and  those  assigned  to 
B.C.  89  did  not  occur  in  any  of  these  hoards,  but  were  present  in  considerable 
number,  and  mostly  in  fine  condition,  in  those  of  Piesole,  Fuscaldo  and  Monte 
Codruzzo,  the  burial  of  which  took  place  at  a  somewhat  later  period  (see  vol.  i., 
pp.  242,  319,  and  Tables  of  Finds).  The  data  supplied  by  these  finds  establish 
the  sequence  of  the  local  issues  with  almost  greater  precision  than  those  of  the 
Eoman  mint.  The  types  also  afford  some  assistance,  more  especially  those 
which  were  copied  by  the  Italian  insurgents  during  the  Social  war. 

During  B.C.  91 — 89  there  was  a  large  output  of  local  money,  much  more 
extensive  than  at  any  previous  time,  even  more  so  than  during  the  period  of 
the  second  Punic  war.  This  was  no  doubt  one  of  the  effects  of  the  Social  war, 
when  an  increased  supply  of  money  was  required,  not  only  for  the  payment  of 
the  Eoman  soldiery,  but  also  for  the  armies  of  those  States  which  remained 
loyal  to  Eome.  The  war  broke  out  in  the  autumn  of  B.C.  91,  but  in  the  early 
part  of  that  year  there  were  evident  signs  of  an  approaching  struggle,  in 
anticipation  of  which  Eome  was  massing  her  troops  in  Italy.  It  is  at  this  date 
that  this  increased  local  coinage  began,  and  it  continued  till  the  end  of  B.C.  89, 
when  all  local  issues  ceased,  not  only  of  coins  of  Eoman  types  and  standard,  bub 
also  the  independent  issues  of  bronze  money  in  Italy  and  Sicily.  We  have 
already  shown  (see  above,  p.  144)  that  this  sudden  and  uniform  suppression 
of  local  currencies  was  due  to  the  passing  of  the  Lex  Julia  in  b.c.  90,  and  the 
Lex  PlauUa  Papiria  in  the  following  year,  under  the  provisions  of  which  most 
of  the  Italian  States  were  granted  the  privileges  and  rights  of  citizenship. 
From  that  time  the  mint  in  the  Capitol  took  upon  itself  the  burden  of  supplying 
the  whole  of  Italy  with  money. 


288 


566 


45-2 


M    -75 

(plated) 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 

Obverse  Reverse 

Giro.  B.C.  91;   a.u.c.  663' 

Ti.a 

(TIBEEIUS  QUINCTIUS^) 
Denarius 

With  letter  on  reverse 


Bust  of  Hercules  turned 
from  the  spectator ;  head 
to  1.  laureate ;  he  wears 
lion's  skin  and  bears  his 
club  on  r.  shoulder. 


Tl  Q.  below  Two  horses 
galloping  1.  with  naked 
and  laureate  rider  (de- 
sultor)  on  the  near  one; 
under  the  horses  and 
dividing  the  moneyer's 
name,  a  rat  1. ;  in  the  ex- 
ergue and  inscribed  on  a 
tablet,  D  •  S  •  S  {De  senatus 
sententia)  incuse;  behind 
rider,  letter  -B 
(Nott) 


'  Most  of  the  issuea  assigned  to  this  year  occurred  in  the  Cazlona,  Oliva,  and  Eicina 
hoards,  the  burial  of  which  has  been  placed  at  circ.  B.C.  90 — 89  (see  vol.  i. ,  pp.  190,  191),  hut 
onlj  two,  those  of  Mu.  Aemilius  Lepidus  and  C.  Fonteius,  were  met  with  in  that  of  Tarauto, 
which  may  have  been  concealed  at  a  slightly  earlier  date.  Individually  the  issuea  differ  a  good 
deal  in  fabric,  the  result  of  their  having  been  minted  in  various  officinae  not  situated  in  the 
same  district.  In  this  respect  therefore  the  coinages  show  little  eonnectiou  with  each  other. 
On  some  of  the  issues  the  denarius  still  preserves  the  mark  of  value  X,  ^,  or  )J;. 

^  This  moneyer  probably  belonged  to  the  Quinctia  gens,  though  no  member  of  that  family 
nor  of  the  Quinctilia  is  recorded,  except  on  coins,  bearing  the  praenomen  Tiberius.  Cavedoni 
(Ripostigli,  p.  125)  has  remarked  that  the  rat  which  on  the  reverse  divides  the  moneyer's 
initials  may  be  an  allusion  to  the  cognomen  Mus  or  Trogus,  which  the  moneyer  may  have 
borne,  but  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  378)  does  not  accept  this  explanation,  and  adds 
that  "  it  would  be  stretching  a  point  to  attach  any  such  meaning  to  this  symbol."  As,  how- 
ever, Varro  (d.e  Ling,  lat.,  vi.  90,  92)  mentious  a  Titus  Quinctius  Trogus,  who  wns  accused  by 
the  quaestor  M.  Sergius,  it  would  seem  that  the  moneyer  belonged  to  the  Quinctia  gens  rather 
than  to  the  Quinctilia.  It  may  not  be  a  mere  coincidence  that  a  previous  moneyer  of  this 
family,  Titus  Quinctius,  who  struck  coins  at  the  Roman  mint  a  few  years  before  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  154),  placed  a  shield  between  the  initials  of  his  name,  showing  that  he  was  a  descendant  of 
T.  Quinctius  Flamininus.  Mommsen  (loc.  cit.)  has  attributed  this  issue  to  circ.  B.C.  104,  but 
the  absence  of  any  of  the  C'lins  from  the  Maseri,  Roncarolo,  S.  Giovanni  Incarico,  Biccia,  and 
Pozoblanco  hoards,  and  their  presence  in  a  considerable  number  and  in  fine  condition  in  that 
found  at  Oliva,  compel  us  to  assign  them  to  a  later  date.  The  legend  D  .  S  .  S  (De  senatus 
fententia)  shows  that  this  issue  was  specially  authorized  by  the  Senate,  and  as  this  legend  is 
incuse,  and  as  the  fabric  of  the  coins  is  somewhat  rude,  it  may  be  concluded  that  they  were 
struck  locally.  The  denarii  of  Ti.  Quinctius  show  some  similarity  in  fabric  and  style  to  those 
of  L.  Caesius,  which  are  next  in  order,  and  which  are  of  the  same  time.  The  comparative 
number  and  condition  of  the  specimens  of  these  issues,  and  of  those  of  Mu.  Aemilius  Lepidus 
and  0.  Fonteius  in  the  Oliva  hoard,  show  that  they  were  contemporary. 

The  types  of  Hercules  and  the  rider  probably  refer  to  some  public  games,  at  which  an 
ancestor  of  the  moneyer  gained  a  signal  success,  or  in  the  celebration  of  which  he  may  have 
tuki-n  an  active  part.  It  was  in  the  ludi  Apollinares  that  contests  took  place,  in  which  a  rider 
(desultor)  ra'-ed  with  two  horses,  vaulting  from  one  to  the  other  at  his  pleasure. 

In  this  issue  we  meet  with  the  first  occurrence  on  local  coins  of  letters  as  privy-marks  of 
the  mint.  Their  first  appearance  on  coins  of  the  Roman  mint  was  somewhat  earlier,  circ. 
B.C.  101  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  167).  On  the  coins  of  Ti.  Quinctius  the  mint-marks  consist  of  a  single 
letter,  which  is  always  accompanied  by  a  point  or  dot  placed  above,  below,  or  at  the  side.  The 
letters  extend  throughout  the  Latin  alphabet. 

These  denarii  were  restored  by  Trajan.     There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


XT  TT'  ■  tx       Metal 


CIEC.  B.C.  91 ;   A.U.C.  663 

Obverse 


289 


Reverse 


60-5 

M    -7 

59-3 

M    -1 

58-5 

M    -75 

56-5 

M    -75 

61'5 

M    -75 

58-0 

M    -75 

60-3 

M    -8 

59'3 

M    -8 

62-0 

M    -75 

58-3 

^    -7 

57-3 

M    -7 

53-3 

^    -75 

58-7 

^    -75 

60-7 

^    -75 

60-0 

^    -75 

57-7 

M    -7 

60-4 

^    -7 

597 

^    -75 

VOL.    II. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar;  letter  -D 
(Nott) 

Similar ;  letter  •  E 


Similar ;  rat  to  r. ;  letter  E- 
(Nott) 

Similar ;  letter  F 
(Nott) 

Similar ;  letter  G- 

[PI.  xciv.  8.] 

(Nott) 

Similar ;  rat  to  1. ;  letter  G 


Similar;  letter  H 
(Nott) 

Similar ;  letter  K 

[PI.  xciv.  9.] 

Similar ;  rat  to  r. ;  letter  L 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  -M 


Similar;  letter  -N 


Similar ;  rat  to  1. ;  letter  Q. 
(Nott) 

Similar;  letter  -R. 


Similar;  rat  to  r. ;  letter  S- 


Similar  ;  rat  to  1. ;  letter  S 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  rat  to  r. ;  letter  T 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar ;  rat  to  1. ;  letter  V- 


Similar ;  letter  X 

(Townley  Coll.) 
p  p 


290 


■»T  IT  •  1  ^       Uletiil 

No.       Weight  -.  . , . 

•^         and  bize 


585 


60-7 


586 


587 


588 


589 


M    -75 


60-5 


60-1 


59-5 


58-0 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse  Keverse 

L.C/^SI 

(LUCIUS  CAESIUSi) 
Denarius 


M    -8 


M    -85 


M    -8 


M    -8 


Youthful  bust  of  Veiovis, 
turned  from  the  spectator, 
head  looking  1.  and  dia- 
demed; cloak  over  1. 
shoulder;  with  r.  hand 
he  hurls  thunderbolt ;  on 
r.,  monogram,  A,  ^  (=  f^O 
^AA) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


L-  CA.SI  (in  exergue).  Two 
male  figures,  the  Lares, 
seated  towards  r.  on  rock 
and  caressing  a  dog  which 
stands  between  them ; 
each  holds  a  spear  in  his 
1.  hand,  and  has  his 
cloak  (or  dog-skin)  spread 
over  his  1.  knee ;  above, 
head  of  Vulcan  1.,  with 
tongs ;  in  field  on  1. ,  A ,  and 
onr.,  R3(=  LAKE[S]). 


Similar. 
[PI. 


xciv.  10.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.^ 

Similar. 


Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


'  The  Caesia  gens  does  not  occur  in  history  till  towards  the  end  o£  the  republic.  This 
nioncyer  may  have  been  the  father  of  L.  Caesius,  who  was  a  friend  of  Cicero,  and  who  accom- 
panied him  during  hia  proconsular  administration  of  Cilicia  circ.  B.C.  54  (Cicero,  ad  Quint,  frat., 
ii.  2,  4).     He  is  the  only  member  of  the  Caesia  gens  of  whom  we  have  coins. 

^  The  obverse  type  of  the  bust  of  Veiovis  and  the  monogram  A  have  already  been  noticed 
and  explained  in  connection  with  coins  struck  at  Rome  circ.  B.C.  85  by  C.  Licinius  Macer  and 
Mn.  Fonteius  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  320,  322).  The  bust  occurs  on  denarii  of  the  former,  and  the 
monogram  on  those  of  the  latter. 

^  The  reverse  type  of  the  Lares,  as  identified  by  the  legend,  points  to  the  cult  of  those 
divinities  with  which  the  Caesia  gens  may  have  been  specially  associated.  The  temple  of  the 
Lares  praestites,  the  protecting  spirits  of  the  city  (Ovid,  Fast.,  v.  124),  was  situated  on  the  Via 
Sacra,  and  contained  two  images,  probably  intended  for  Eomulus  and  Remus,  before  which 
stood  a  dog,  either  as  the  symbol  of  watchfulness  or  because  it  was  the  ordinary  sacrifice 
offered  to  ttese  divinities  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  193).  It  may  be  presumed  that  we  have  in  this  type 
a  representation  of  that  group  of  images.  Plutarch  (Quaest.  rom.,  51)  says  that  the  Lares 
were  clothed  in  dog-skins.  The  head  of  Vulcan  and  the  tongs  relate  to  the  office  of  the 
moneyer  (AV,  Warde  Fowler,  Roman  Festivo.lSy  p.  351). 

The  similarity  between  these  denarii  and  those  of  Ti.  Quinctius  has  already  been  noticed 
(see  above,  p.  2SS).  The  reasons  for  attributing  the  coins  of  Ti.  Quinctius  to  circ.  B.C.  91 
apply  equally  to  those  of  L.  Caesius. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


CIRC.  B.C.  91  ;    A.U.C.  663 


291 


T.r        IT-  .  I.         Metal 
No.      Height  ,  „■ 

•'  and  bize 


Obv 


Ih'verse 


590 


591 
592 

593 
591 

595 
596 


60-4 


59-2 
58-3 


54-0 
53-8 

484 
59-5 


Al    -75 


M  -75 

M  -7 

M  -7 

M  -7 

A\  -75 

M  -7 


/W.AEMILIO   LEP 

(MANIO  AEMILIO  LEPIDO  i) 
Denarius 


Bust  of  Eoma  r.,  slightly 
draped,  laureate  and  wear- 
ing diadem,  earring,  and 
necklace ;  hair  drawn  back 
and ,  collected  into  a  knot 
behind ;  before,  R.O/\A ; 
behind,  >K 


Similar  ;  mark  of  value,  X 


Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


AA/  •  AEMI  Llo  around  Mili- 
tary equestrian  figure  r.,^ 
on  pedestal ;  he  holds 
spear  in  r.  hand ;  the 
pedestal  is  supported  on 
three  arches,  within  which 
is  the  inscription  LET 
(Lejndo). 

[PI.  xciv.  11.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Incuse  of  obverse. 

(Parkes  Weber  Coll.) 


^  The  moneyer  who  struck  these  coins  may  have  been  Maniua  Aemilius  Lepidus,  who  was 
living  at  the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  in  B.C.  49,  and  who  was  consul  in 
B.C.  66.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  117),  who  assigns  the  issue  to  circ.  B.C.  112,  however,  questions 
this  identification,  as  in  that  case  over  forty  years  would  have  intervened  between  his  holding 
the  two  oifices.  This  difficulty  is,  however,  removed  by  assigning  the  coins  to  circ.  B.C.  91, 
a,  date  supported  by  the  evidence  of  finds,  which  is  similar  in  that  respect  to  the  coins  of  tbo 
previous  moneyer,  L.  Caesius,  but  with  the  further  support  that  there  were  four  specimens 
a  jieur  de  coin  in  the  Taranto  hoard.  These  coins,  and  those  of  C.  Fonteius,  were  probably 
the  latest  pieces  in  that  hoard  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  190,  and  Tables  of  Finds).  The  name  of  Ijepidns 
is  in  the  dative  case,  which  is  most  unusual. 

^  This  triumphal  arch  or  monument  was  erected  in  honour  of  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer, 
who,  as  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  118)  suggests,  may  be  Mn.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  the  praetor  of  B.C.  213, 
or  his  son,  who  was  consul  B.C.  1.58.  Cavedoni  {Nuovi  Studii,  pp.  14,  15)  would  recognize  in 
the  arches  below  the  statue  the  vaulted  substructure  of  the  rostra  of  the  Forum,  and  Eckhel 
{Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  127)  the  pons  Aemilia.  This  identification  by  Eckhel  is,  however, 
not  admissible,  as  the  pons  Aemilia  was  not  built  by  Mn.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  the  consul,  till 
B.C.  21,  in  order  to  replace  the  old  pons  Sublicius,  which  was  of  wood  and  according  to  the 
legend  had  been  constructed  by  Ancus  Marcius.  The  inscription  which  surrounds  the  statue 
being  in  the  dative  case  applies  to  the  personage  in  whose  honour  it  was  erected,  and  not  to 
the  moneyer,  who  it  may  be  inferred  bore  the  same  name  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii., 
p.  346).  The  bust  on  the  obverse,  though  not  helmeted,  is  no  doubt  intended  to  represent 
Koma,  and  not  the  vestal  Aemilia  as  has  been  suggested.  Borghesi  (CEiivres  compl.,  t.  i.,  p.  330) 
remarks  that  the  vestals  are  always  veiled. 

It  is  not  at  first  sight  apparent  why  Count  de  Salis  has  classed  the  coins  of  Mn.  Aemilius 
Lepidus  to  local  issue,  but  in  fabric  there  is  a  certain  resemblance  between  these  denarii  and 
those  of  T.  Deidius  and  L.  Marcius  Philippus  (see  above,  pp.  276,  277),  a  similarity  already 
observed  by  Babelon  (see  vol.  i. ,  p.  117).  On  the  other  hand  there  are  traces  of  similarity  of 
workmanship  between  the  head  of  Koma  on  the  coins  of  Lepidus  and  that  of  Pietas  on  those 


292 


,,         ,„  .  ,  .         Metal 
Ao.     Weight      „,^^j  g;,. 


COINAGE   OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


Reverse 


597 


598 

599 
600 
601 
602 


59-2 


584 

60-7 
58-7 
57-7 
60-4 


JR    -85 


JR  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -8 

JR  -8 


C.FONT 

(CAIUS  FONTEIUSi) 
Denarius 

With  letter  and  dots  on  obverse 


Janiform  head,  Fons  or 
Fontus,  laureate,  with 
slight  beard ;  on  r.,  X  ;  on 
1.,  letter  B ;  below  neck, 
which  is  indented,  •  •  • 

Similar ;  mark  of  value,  "^ ; 
letter  C ;  no  dots  below 
head. 

Similar ;  letter  D ;  no  dots 
below  head. 

Similar ;  mark  of  value,  X ; 
letter  F ;  below  head,  •  •  • 

Similar;  letter  G;  below 
head,  •••• 

Similar ;  same  letter ;  below 
head, ••••• 


Galley    1.    with    pilot    and 
three  rowers  ;    above,  C  ■ 
Fot^T;  below,  KoMA 
(Nott) 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  xciv.  12.] 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


(Nott) 
(Nott) 


of  M.  Herennius,  whicli  were  struck  at  Rome  about  the  same  time  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  195).  To 
account  for  any  such  resemblance  it  is  quite  within  the  bounds  of  possibility  that,  in  order  to 
furnish  the  dies  for  the  increased  local  currency,  the  engravers  were  supplied  from  the  mint 
at  Rome,  who  reproduced  types  with  which  they  were  acquainted. 

i  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  356),  who  classed  these  coins  to  early  in  his  fourth 
period,  circ.  B.C.  114 — 104,  has  identified  this  moneyer  with  C.  Fonteius,  who  was  slain  in  the 
popular  tumult  at  Asculum  in  B.C.  91,  at  which  time  he  appears  to  have  been  acting  as  legate 
to  C.  Serviliua  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  38;  Veil.  Paterc,  Hisi.  rom.,  ii.  13).  The  attribution  of 
this  issue  to  a  considerably  later  date  on  the  evidence  of  finds  renders  this  Identification  not 
possible,  unless  we  assume  that  C.  Fonteius  struck  this  money  as  legate,  which  is  not  probable. 
The  moneyer  may  have  been  a  son  of  the  legate,  and  a  brother  of  Manius  Fonteius  C.  f.,  who 
was  himself  a  moneyer  at  the  Roman  mint  in  the  same  year  {see  vol.  i.,  p.  192),  and  who  used 
a  similar  design  for  the  reverse  type  of  his  denarii,  but  sufliciently  varied  to  show  that  the  two 
series  did  not  emanate  from  the  same  mint.  This  type  also  refers  to  the  naval  exploits  of  their 
joint  ancestor,  P.  Fonteius  Capito,  who  was  praetor  in  Sardinia  in  B.C.  169.  The  obverse  type 
relates  to  the  origin  of  the  Fonteia  gens,  which  claimed  as  its  founder  Fons  or  Fontus,  the  son 
of  Janus,  in  whose  honour  the  Fontinalia  were  held  on  October  13. 

C.  Fonteius  made  use  of  a  peculiar  set  of  mint-marks,  consisting  of  a  letter  of  the 
alphabet  and  dots  numbering  one  to  seven.  They  occur  on  the  obverse  only.  The  dots  are 
not  arranged  around  the  letter,  as  occasionally  happened  on  the  coins  of  the  Roman  mint,  but 
are  placed  under  the  head  of  Fontus. 

The  unusually  low  relief  of  the  obverse  type  of  the  denarius  and  the  exceptional  type  of  the 
uncia  point  to  local  issue,  whilst  the  as,  being  of  the  uncial  standard,  shows  that  this  coinage 
must  have  been  struck  between  B.C.  91 — 89.  These  denarii  of  C.  Fonteius  were  probably 
amongst  the  latest  in  the  Taranto  hoard  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  190,  and  Tables  of  Finds),  but  it  con- 
tained only  two  specimens  which,  like  those  of  Mn.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  were  as  newly  struck. 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  C.  Fonteius  and  of  the 
obverse  of  that  of  Mn.  Fonteius,  the  moneyer  of  the  Roman  mint  (Bahrfcldt,  Kum,  Zeit.,  1896, 
p.  121). 


CIEC.  B.C.   91;   A.U.C.  663 


293 


Weight 

and  Size 

60-4 

M    -75 

60-3 

M    -9 

59-2 

M    -8 

62-0 

M    -85 

60-0 

JR    -75 

61-0 

M    -8 

59-6 

M    -8 

59-0 

M    -8 

57-3 

JR    -8 

60-2 

M    -8 

60-3 

M    -75 

60-0 

JR.    -75 

59-3 

JR    -85 

58-0 

^    -8 

428-0 

^  1-25 

388-0 

M  1-2 

Otuerse 

Similar ;  letter  H  ;  below 
head,  • 

Similar ;  letter  I ;  no  dots 
below  head. 

Similar;  same  letter;  be- 
low head,  •••• 

Similar ;  letter  l< ;  below 
head,  •••• 

Similar ;  letter  L ;  below 
head, 

Similar ;  letter  O ;  no  dots 
below  head. 

Similar ;  same  letter ;  be- 
low head,  ••••• 

Similar ;  letter  P ;  no  dots 
below  head  ? 

Similar ;  letter  R ;  below 
head,  •••••• 

Similar ;  letter  S ;  no  dots 
below  head;  mark  of 
value,  JK 

Similar ;  letter  T ;  below 
head,     ••••;      mark     of 

value,  X 

Similar;  same  letter;  be- 
low head, 

Similar ;  letter  V ;  no  dots 
below  head. 

Similar ;  letter  X ;  below 
head,  • 


Reverse 


Similar. 


(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Oracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  xciv.  13.] 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

[PI.  xciv.  14.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


(Nott) 


As 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


Similar. 


Prow  r. ;  below,  C  •  FoN"; 
above,  RoM  A  divided  by 
mark  of  value  I ;  before, 
anchor. 

[PI.  xciv.  15.] 

Similar. 


294 


,,  ITT   ■  7  i       3Ietal 

jvo.       11  eight  ,  „  ■ 

"         and  Size 


619 


620 


90-0 


59-7 


M    -8 


JE    -65 


JR    -75 


COINAGE    OE   ITALY 

Obverse 


Rev<-'Tsr 


Quadrans^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin;  be- 
hind, ; 


Similar;  moneyer's  name, 
C  .  FoKT,  above  prow; 
R.OMA  below ;  before, 
marks  of  value,  J  ,  instead 
of  anchor.  * 


Uncia^ 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  helmeted; 
[behind,  •] ;  all  within 
laurel-wreath. 


Mars  in  quadriga  r.,  horses 
galloping ;  above,  •  ;  be- 
low, C  •  FoNT;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, R.OMA 


[D'Ailly  Coll.,  Paris.  ] 

CN  .  BLASIO  CN  .  F 

(ONAEUS  [GOENELIUS]  BLASIO  CNAEI  FILIUS^) 

Denarius 

With  symbol  on  obcerse 


Head  of  Scipio  Africanus 
the  Elder  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet;  above,  X; 
behind,  symbol,  caduceus; 
before,  CN  ■  BLASlo.CN- 


Jupiter  standing  facing  be- 
tween Juno  and  Minerva ; 
Jupiter  holds  sceptre  and 
thunderbolt ;  Juno,  scep- 
tre; and  Minerva,  sceptre 
in  1.  hand  and  with  r. 
places  wreath  on  the 
head  of  Jupiter;  in  the 
exergue,  KoMA 
[PI.  xciv.  16.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


'  The  illustration  of  this  coin  is  from  the  Museum  specimen,  which  is  too  much  worn  for 
insertion  in  the  plate. 

^  The  other  denominations  known  are  the  semis  and  the  triens,  which  are  of  the  usual 
types,  and  like  the  quadrans  have  the  moneyer's  name  above  the  prow,  ROMA  below,  and 
before  it  the  marks  of  value  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  pp.  500,  501,  nos.  3,  4). 

'  There  appears  to  be  no  record  of  this  moncyer  beyond  his  coins,  but  he  was  no  doubt  a 
descendant  of   On.  Cornelius  Blasio,  who  was  jDraetor  in  Sicily  B.C.  194,  dui-iug  the  second 


CIRC.  B.C.  91;    A.U.C.  663 


295 


Ko. 


621 


,,,  .  ,  .        Metal 
■'         ana  Size 


622 


623 


62-3 


61-7 


60-2 


624 


625 


52-8 


60-6 


M    -75 


M    -7 


M    '75 


M    -75 


M.    -75 


Obverse  Reverse 

With  symbol  on  obverse  and  reverse 


Similar;     behind    head    of 
Scipio,  symbol,  star. 


Similar ;  in  the  field  between 
Jupiter  and  Minerva,  sym- 
bol, crescent. 

[PI.  xciv.  17.] 


With  symbol  on  obverse  and  eagle  and  ixdm-hranch  on 
reverse 


Similar ;  behind  head  of 
Scipio,  symbol,  ear  of 
corn. 


Similar ;  symbol,  tripod. 


Similar ;  the  legend  R.O  MA 
in  the  exergue  is  divided 
by  an  eagle ;  in  the  field 
between  Jupiter  and  Mi- 
nerva is  a  palm-branch. 

Similar. 

[PI.   xcv.   1.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


With  symbol  on  obverse  a7id  eagle,  'palm-brancli,  and 
symbol  on  reverse 


Similar ;     behind    head    of 
Scipio,  symbol,  torch. 


Similar;  symbol,  thyrsus. 


Similar ;  the  legend  R.O  MA 
divided  by  eagle ;  on  r.  of 
Minerva,  palm-branoh;  on 
her  1.,  symbol,  dolphin. 
[PI.  xcv.  2.] 

Similar ;  on  r.  and  1.  of  Mi- 
nerva, palm-branch. 


consulship  of  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  xifrioanus  the  Elder.  The  obverse  type  of  the  denarius 
evidently  portrays  the  great  general,  who  was  claimed  as  a  kinsman  by  all  branches  of  the 
Cornelia  gens.  The  reverse  type  refers  to  the  statues  of  the  divinities  Jupiter,  Juno,  and 
Minerva,  which  were  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitol,  and  to  which  was  added  that 
of  Scipio  himself,  as  a  record  of  the  intimate  relations  which  the  general  is  said  to  have 
held  with  the  gods  during  his  life  (Livy,  xxvi.  19;  Borghesi,  (Euvres  compl.,  t.  i.,  p.  182). 
On  occasions  of  funeral  ceremonies  connected  with  the  Cornelia  gens,  when  the  cortege 
stopped  in  the  Forum  for  the  funeral  oration  the  statue  of  Scipio  Africanus  was  brought 
down  from  the  Capitol  and  placed  with  those  of  other  ancestors  of  the  deceased  (Appian, 
Bisp,,  xxiii.).     The  variations  in  the  mint-marks  on  the  denarii  are  somewhat  remarkable. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  as  is  apparently  copied  from  silver  coins  of  Agathocles,  king  of 
Syracuse.  It  may  be  intended  to  recall  the  praetorship  of  the  moneyer's  ancestor,  Cn. 
Cornelius  Blasio,  in  Sicily,  B.C.  194  (Livy,  xxxiv.  42,  43)  ;  but  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  396)  thinks 
that  it  denotes  that  the  coins  were  actually  struck  in  that  island.  The  style  and  fabric  of  all 
the  coins,  both  silver  and  bronze,  show  that  they  were  of  local  issue. 

Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  395)  has  attributed  this  issue  to  circ.  B.C.  99,  and  Mommsen  (Hisf. 
mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  354)  to  a  still  earlier  date,  but  the  as  being  of  the  uncial  standard  brings  it 
down  to  B.C.  91 — 89.  As  no  specimens  of  the  denarius  occurred  in  the  earlier  hoards  noticed  in 
the  previous  period,  but  were  present  in  considerable  numbers  and  in  fine  condition  in  those 
unearthed  at  Cazlona  and  Oliva,  C'n.  Cornelius  Blasio  appears  to  have  held  the  office  of 
moneyer  in  or  about  B.C.  91.  According  to  Count  de  Sulis's  notes  tliere  wure  thirteen 
specimens  of  this  issue  in  the  Oliva  hoard.  Some  of  these  denarii  were  countermarked  by 
Vespasian. 


296 

No. 


Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


60-2 

M    -7 

60-4 

M    -75 

60-8 

JR    -8 

60-2 

M    -75 

604 

M    -75 

61-7 

M    -7 

415-0 

M  1-3 

410-0 

M  1-2 

327-0 

M  1-25 

2860 

^  1-2 

COINAGE   OP   ITALY 

Diverse  Reverse 

With  symbol  on  obverse  and  Greek  letter  on  reverse 


Similar;  behind  head  of 
Scipio,  symbol,  bucra- 
nium. 

Similar ;  same  symbol. 

Similar ;  symbol,  stem  of 
prow. 

Similar ;  symbol,  wreath. 

Similar ;  uncertain  symbol. 


Similar ;     between    Jupiter 
and  Minerva,  letter  0 


Similar ;  letter  O 

Similar;  letter  fl 

[PI.  xcv.  3.] 

Similar ;  letter  Y 

Similar ;  letter  <t» 


With  symbol  on  obverse  and  monogram  on  reverse  i 


Similar ;     behind     head    of 
Scipio,  palm-branch. 


Similar;    in    field  between 

Jupiter      and      Minerva, 

monogram,  /S>  (BLAsio). 

[PI.  xov.  4.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 


As 


Head  of  Janus,  laureate ; 
above,  I ;  around,  KoMA ; 
the  neck  is  indented. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


[CN.]BLASlo     CN.F    (in 

exergue  and  field).  Vic- 
tory standing  front,  head 
turned  to  r.,  erecting  tro- 
phy ;  she  holds  hammer 
in  r.  hand  and  with  1. 
places  helmet  on  trophy. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcv.  5.] 


Semis 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
before,  S 


Prow  r. ;  before,  S ;  below, 
R.OMA;  above,  CN  •  (ft 
Slo 

[PI.  xov.  6.] 


*  This   is   the    monogram   of    the    moneyer.      On   some   of    the   bronze    coins    it   takes 
another  form. 


nir  ,T'      ■     ».  Metal 

.  lin,      \\  eight  ,  „ , 

■"         and  Size 


76-3 


M    -8 


GIEC.  B.C.  90;    A.U.C.  664 

0  h  verse 

Quadfans 


297 


Reverse 


Bust  of  Hercules  turned 
from  the  spectator,  head 
to  1.,  laureate  ;  he  wears 
hen's  skin  and  bears  his 
club  on  r.  shoulder ;  ^  [on 

r.,:] 


Similar ;  before  prow,  J 


[D'Ailly  Coll.,  Paris.] 


636 


60-7 


M    '75 


Cih.  B.C.  90;    A.U.C.  664  2 

a.LNTATI.CERCO 

(QUINTUS  LUTATIUS  CEECO  3) 
Denapius 


Head  of  young  Mars  (?)  r.,' 
wearing  crested  helmet, 
ornamented  at  side  with 
a  feather  between  two 
stars ;  before,  CER.CO ; 
above,    R.OMA ;    behind, 


a-  LVATI,^        ,    .  , 

Q  [(Jiiaestor  jSihove 

Galley  r.,  with  oars;  the 
stem  of  the  prow  ter- 
minates in  a  helmeted 
human  head;  at  the  stern 
beneath  the  aplustre  is 
seen  the  head  of  the  pilot ; 
the  whole  within  oak- 
wreath  with  acorns, 
[PI.  xov.  7.] 


'  This  exceptional  obverae  type  is  copied  from  the  denarius  of  Ti.  Quinotius  struck  in  the 
same  year  (see  above,  p.  288).  The  aSj^semis,  and  quadrans  are  the  only  denominations  in 
bronze  known  of  On.  Cornelius  Blasio. 

'  The  coins  assigned  to  this  year  are  amongst  the  latest  of  local  issue  in  the  Cazloua  and 
Oliva  hoards,  most  of  them  being  represented  in  the  latter.  None  were  present  in  the  hoards 
attributed  to  Period  Til.,  nor  in  that  of  Taranto  (see  Tables  of  ITiuds).  As  some  of  the 
moneyers  struck  the  as  of  the  uncial  standard  we  are  able,  with  the  evidence  supplied  by  it 
and  by  finds,  to  determine  the  approximate  date  of  these  issues,  certainly  within  a  limit  of  two 
years.  The  style  and  fabric  of  the  denarii  are  somewhat  rude,  and  several  of  the  types  were 
copied  by  the  Italian  insurgents  for  their  own  money.  One  moneyer,  M.  Porcius  Cato,  strikes 
quinarii.  This  seems  to  be  the  only  instance  of  the  local  issue  of  this  denomination  bearing  a 
moneyer's  name  (see  below,  p.  313).  Amongst  the  moneyers  we  have  another  instance  of  a 
triumvirate.  The  large  output  of  local  coins  was  no  doubt  due  to  the  Social  war,  when  Rome 
needed  an  increased  supply  of  money  to  meet  her  expenses. 

'  Coins  are  the  only  record  which  we  have  of  Quintus  Lutatius  Cerco,  who  held  the  office 
of  quaestor.  He  may  have  been  a  grandson  of  Cn.  Lutatius  Cerco,  who  was  sent  on  an  embassy 
to  Alexandria  in  B.C.  173  (Livy,  xliii.  6). 

'  This  head  may  be  of  Mars  or  Roma.  Cavedoni  {RipostiriJi,  p.  102)  has  identified  it  as  of 
VOL.    II.  Q    Q 


298 

„         ,,,.,,        Metal 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohv'j'rst' 


I^evpi'se 


637 
638 

639 
640 

641 

642 


60-4 
60-2 

59-5 
58-8 

54-3 

60-0 


67-6 


Al    -8 
M    -75 


M    -7 


Similar, 
Similar. 


M 

•8 

Similar. 

M 

■8 

Similar. 

M 

•75 

Similar. 

M 

•75 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


[PI.  xcv.  9.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcv.  8.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Incuse  of  obverse  type. 
(Parkes  Weber  Coll.; 


Uncia' 


Head  of  yomig  MarB(?)  r., 
wearing  crested  helmet 
ornamented  at  the  side 
with  a  feather  between 
two  stars  (similar  to  the 
denarius,  no.  636),  be- 
hind, • 


a  .  LVATI     within    Oak- 
wreath  with  acorns. 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  158,  no.  5.] 


the  former,  but  Babelon  (to),  ii.,  p.  157)  as  of  the  latter.  At  this  time  a  feather  instead  of 
a  wing  as  an  ornament  to  the  helmet  usually  occurs  with  the  head  of  Mars,  as  shown  on  the 
coins  of  Ti.  Veturias  (see  above,  p.  281)  and  of  Q.  Minucius  Thermus  and  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus 
(see  below,  pp.  302,  307).  The  features  have,  however,  a  feminine  appearance.  The  reverse 
type  records  the  great  victory  of  the  consul  C.  Lutatius  Catulus  over  the  Carthaginian  fleet 
under  Hanno  in  the  battle  off  the  island  of  Aegusa  in  B.C.  241.  For  this  victory  Catulns 
received  the  honour  of  a  triumph.  The  oak-wreath  is  the  corona  civica  which  was  accorded 
to  a  general  who  had  preperved  the  life  of  a  citizen  or  saved  the  State  at  a  critical  juncture. 

The  fabric  of  the  denarius  and  the  special  type  of  the  unoia  may  be  reasons  for  assigning 
this  coinage  to  local  issue.  It  was  struck  by  Q.  Lutatius  Cerco  in  his  capacity  as  quaestor. 
On  two  previous  occasions  we  have  evidence  of  quaestors  acting  as  money  ers  (see  above,  pp.  143, 
269,  270).  These  are  the  only  instances  met  with  in  the  local  money.  The  specimens  of  the 
denarius,  which  were  present  in  the  Cazlona  and  Oliva  hoards,  were  mostly  in  fine  condition. 

Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  1.57,  no.  3)  figures  a  variety  on  which  he  says  that  the  cognomen  CERCO 
is  omitted,  and  that  the  coin  is  in  the  British  Museum.  The  specimen  referred  to  (no.  638)  is 
somewhat  rubbed,  and  has  been  tooled  on  the  obverse,  but  slight  traces  of  the  legend  can  he 
seen.  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  9)  mentions  that  he  has  met  with  several  specimens 
without  the  legend  CERCO  on  the  obverse,  on  account  of  its  being  "off  the  flan,"  but  this 
could  not  have  been  the  case  with  tlie  Museum  coin. 

1  The  uncia  is  the  only  denomination  in  bronze  known  of  this  issue.  The  type  is  an 
adaptation  of  that  of  the  denarius.  Riocio  (Mon.  Jam.  rovi.,  p.  1.30,  no.  3;  pi.  xxix.,  no.  3)  has 
described  and  figured  a  quadrans  of  the  usual  tyjje,  but  having  on  the  reverse  the  prow  of  the 


nT         Trr  ■  i<       Meial 
No.      Tl  eight  ,  „■ 

•'         and  Siz( 


643 


6i4 


60-2 


55-6 


Al    -75 


JR.    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  90;    A.U.C.  664 

Obi'ersc  Bevcrse 

L.MEMMI 

(LUCIUS  MEMMIUSi) 
Denarius ' 


299 


Male  head  r.,  wearing  oak- 
wreath  ;  below  chin,  K 


Similar. 


L  •  MEMMI  (in  exergue). 
The  Dioscuri  standing 
facing  between  their 
horses ;  each  holds  spear 
and  his  horse  by  the 
bridle  ;  above  the  head  of 
each,  a  star. 

[PI.  xcv.  10.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


vessel  inscribed  Q  ,  LVTA,  and  above  it  tbe  caps  of  the  Dioscuri.  This  piece  is  cited  by 
Cohen  {Mon.  r^p.  rom.,  p.  193,  no.  4),  and  also  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  137,  no.  4),  the  latter 
copying  Riccio's  illustration.  Bahrfeldt,  however,  states  in  a  private  communication  that  the 
legend  on  this  coin  was  originally  misread,  not  onlyby  Riccio  himself,  but  also  by  the  compilSr 
of  the  Riccio  Sale  Oat.^  1868  (see  p.  69,  no.  1101),  and  that  the  correct  reading  should  be 
C.PLVTI.  This  qnadrans  therefore  must  be  transferred  to  the  issue  of  C.  Plutius,  whoso 
denarii  have  already  been  described  {see  above,  p.  248). 

^  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  368,  430),  who  has  assigned  this  issue  to  circ. 
B.C.  110,  has  identified  L.  Memmius  with  the  orator  of  the  same  name  who  rose  to  eminence 
during  the  struggle  between  Marius  and  Sulla,  and  who,  according  to  Cicero  (Brut.,  70,  89), 
was  a  partisan  of  the  former.  He  also  supposed  him  to  have  been  the  father  of  L.  Memmius 
L.  f.  Galeria,  who  was  a  moneyer  at  the  Roman  mint  circ.  B.C.  91  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  204).  This 
identification  is  very  uncertain,  and  it  is  more  probable  that  the  moneyer  belonged  to  another 
branch  of  the  Memmia  gens,  and  that  he  held  a  local  appointment,  having  possibly  as  his 
colleague  Mn.  Aquillius  (see  p.  300),  whose  coins  are  very  similar  in  style  and  fabric.  The 
date  of  the  issue  of  both  series  is  ascertainable  from  finds,  specimens  having  occurred  in  tho 
Cazlona,  Oliva,  and  Ricina  hoards.  Of  the  above  there  were  fifteen  specimens — eleven  fine, 
three  corroded,  and  one  a  fieur  de  coin — in  the  Oliva  hoard.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  213)  has 
suggested  that  Mn.  Aqnillius  and  L.  Memmius  were  colleagues,  with  possibly  L.  Flaminius 
Ciio,  but  there  are  valid  reasons  for  placing  the  coins  of  the  last  moneyer  to  a  somewhat 
earlier  date  (see  above,  p.  278). 

^  The  type  of  the  denarius  may  have  been  intended  to  refer  to  the  origin  of  the  Memmii, 
who  claimed  to  be  descended  from  Menestheus,  the  Trojan,  one  of  the  companions  of  Aeneas 
to  Italy  (Virgil,  Aen.,  v.  117 — Mox  Italus  Mnestheus,  genus  a  quo  nomine  Memmi).  The  typo, 
however,  seems  to  relate  to  Menestheus,  the  Athenian  king,  who,  with  the  help  of  the  Dioscuri, 
drove  Theseus  from  Athens.  The  Dioscuri  just  previously  had  rescued  their  sister  Helen,  who 
had  been  carried  ofi;  by  Theseus  and  placed  in  confinement  at  Aphidna.  Menestheus  after- 
wards took  part  in  the  Trojan  war,  and  is  said  to  have  died  at  Troy  (Plutarch,  Theseus,  32,  35). 
Other  writers  relate  that  he  was  exiled  by  his  own  citizens,  or  that  he  died  at  Mclos  after  the 
Trojan  war  (Eckhel,  Num.  Vet.,  p.  203).  The  cult  of  this  hero  was  not  limited  to  his  nativo 
city,  Athens,  but  extended  into  Italy.  He  is  said  to  have  founded,  amongst  other  cities, 
Scylacium  in  Bruttium,  which  was  occupied  by  a  party  of  Athenians  who  had  accumpanied 
him  to  Troy.  This  circumstance  may  have  led  Virgil  to  identify  Menestheus  as  one  of  the 
companions  of  Aeneas.  The  head  on  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  has  been  identified  bv 
Dr.  B.  Gabrici  {Riv.  Hal.,  1892,  pp.  193f.)  as  Apollo,  and  he  suggests  that  it  may  refer  either 
to  a  special  cult  of  that  divinity  of  the  Memmia  gens,  or  that  it  may  point  to  the  conneL-tion 
between  Apollo  and  the  Dioscuri.  It  seems,  however,  not  improbable  that  the  head  is  that  of 
Menestheus  himself,  who  is  wearing  the  oak-wreath,  symbolical  of  the  deliverance  of  Athens 
from  the  tyranny  of  Theseus. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


300 

No.       Waa^it 


6i5 


646 


647 


60-7 


54-8 


61-3 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ob  verse 


Reverse 


M    -8 


AA/.AaVIL 

(MANIUS  AQUILLIUSi) 
Denarius 


Head   of    Sol    r. 
below  chin,  X 


radiate ;  ^ 


Similar. 


A/V  ■  AQ.VI  L  below  Luna  in 
biga  r.,  horses  galloping; 
she  holds  reins  with  both 
hands ;  above  horses, 
crescent  moon  and  three 
stars;  below,  another  star; 
in  the  exergue,  R.OMA 
[PI.  xcv,  11.] 

Similar. 


L.VALEKI.FLACCI 

(LUCII  VALEEII  PLACCI3) 
Denarius 


M    -3 


Bust  of  Victory  r.,  draped, 
and  wearing  earring  of 
single  drop  and  necklace ; 
hair  collected  into  a  knot 
behind  her  head ;  under 
chin,  X 


L- VALE!?.!  ..     .  „        ,, 

Mars  helmeted  and  with 
chlamys  tied  round  his 
waist,  walking  1.,  holding 
spear  with  point  down- 
wards in  r.  hand  and  tro- 
phy over  shoulder  in  1. ; 
before  him,  a  fiamen's 
cap;  behind,  a  corn-stalk.* 
[PI.  xcv.  12.] 


^  This  moneyer,  who  from  the  fabric  and  style  of  his  coins  may  have  been  a  colleague  of 
L.  Memmius  (see  previous  page),  was  probably  a  son  of  Manias  Aqnillius,  who  was  consul  in 
B.C.  101,  and  who  subsequently,  in  B.C.  88,  was  one  of  the  consular  legates  appointed  to  prosecute 
the  war  in  Asia  against  Mithradates  the  Great  of  Pontus. 

2  Cavedoni  {Nuovi  Studii,  p.  15)  was  of  opinion  that  the  type  of  Sol  in  conjunction  with 
Luna  and  the  stars  may  allude  to  the  triumph  of  Manias  Aquillius  Mu.  f.  Mn.  n.  in  B.C.  129, 
which  he  received  for  his  victories  over  Aristonicns,  the  son  of  Eumenes,  king  of  Pergamum, 
these  sidereal  divinities  being  speoially  worshipped  in  the  East.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  212) 
thought  this  interpretation  hazardous,  and  he  has  therefore  suggested  that  the  type  may  have 
reference  to  the  joint  cult  of  these  diurnal  and  nocturnal  divinities  at  Rome,  in  which  some 
members  of  the  moneyer's  family  may  have  been  specially  interested.  Dr.  Vercoutre  {Rev. 
Num.,  1890,  p.  877)  has  oilered  a  third  suggestion,  and  would  see  in  the  four  stars  on  the 
reverse  the  sign  of  the  constellation  Aquila,  which  is  in  the  form  of  the  letter  T,  a  punning 
allusion  to  the  gentile  name  Aquillius.  The  introduction  of  Luna  and  Sol  would  be  due  to  the 
desire  of  the  engraver  to  emphasize  specially  the  representation  of  this  constellation.  This 
interpretation  seems  to  be  even  more  hazardous  than  that  of  Cavedoni. 

Coins  of  this  issue  occurred  in  the  Cazlona,  Oliva,  and  Ricina  hoards,  but  only  in  small 
numbers.     They  are  probably  the  latest  in  date  in  the  first  hoard. 

No  bronze  coins  are  known  of  this  issue. 

'  There  were  three  members  of  the  Valeria  gens  with  this  name  of  about  the  time  of  the 
issue  of  these  coins — L.  Valerius  Flaccns,  who  -was  flamen  Martialis  and  consul  B.C.  131; 
L.  Valerius  L.  f.  L.  n.  Placcus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  100,  and  interrex  B.C.  82,  when  he  brought 
forward  and  carried  a  law  investing  Sulla  with  supreme  power  in  the  State  for  an  indefinite 
number  of  years;  and  L.  Valerius  Placcus,  -n-ho  was  consul  B.C.  86,  and  who  opposed  Sulla  in 
Asia  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  367).  He  was  murdered  in  the  same  year  by  his 
colleague,  C.  Flavins  Fimbria.  The  type  of  the  denarius  seems  to  indicate  that  the  moneyer  was  a 
son  of  the  consul  of  B.C.  100.  There  were  no  specimens  of  this  issue  in  the  Cazlona  hoard,  but  that 
of  Oliva  contained  eleven  pieces,  mostly  in  fiue  condition,  and  there  were  three  found  at  Ricina. 

'  The  types,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  appear  to  record  three  events  connected  with  the 


648 


Weight 

60-i 


649 


650 


651 
652 


60-2 


590 


59-4 
60-2 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -75 


Al    -8 


M    -75 


M    -7 
M    -75 


CIEC.  B.C.  90;    A.U.C.  664 
Olverse 


301 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


P  .  L/ECA 

(PUBLIUS  [POECIUS]  LAECA>) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head ;  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace ;  the 
visor  of  the  helmet  is  in 
two  pieces  and  peaked ; 
behind,  P-  L>CCA;  above, 
R.OMA  ;  below  chin,  X 

Similar. 


Similar ;  P  •  L>€C A 

Similar  ;  legends  reading  P  ■ 
L/ECA  and  KoMA 


PRoVoCo  (in  exergue).  A 
Eoman  warrior  wearing 
cuirass  and  armed  with 
sword,  standing  1.  and 
placing  his  hand  on  the 
head  of  a  togate  figure ; 
behind  him  is  a  lictor 
holding  fasces. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcv.  13.] 

Similar. 

Similar.  {Obv.  and  rev.  of 
coarse  work.) 


Valeria  gens — (i.)  the  successes  of  L.  Valerias  Flaccns  in  the  north  of  Italy  against  the  Gauls 
in  B.C.  194,  represented  by  Victory  and  Mars  ;  (ii. )  the  colonization  of  Placentia  and  Cremona 
by  the  triumvir  of  the  same  name  in  B.C.  190,  referred  to  by  the  corn-stalk ;  and  (iii.)  the 
appointment  of  L.  Valerias  Flaccus,  the  conaal  of  B.C.  131,  as  Jlamen  Ularfialis,  illustrated 
by  the  cap  or  apex.     The  name  of  the  moneyer  ia  in  the  genitiye  case. 

For  style  and  fabric  these  coins  may  be  compared  with  those  of  L.  Memmiua  and 
Mn.  Aqaillius. 

The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination  known  of  this  issue. 

^  Of  this  moneyer  we  have  no  record  beyond  his  coins,  but  he  may  have  been  a  son  of 
M.  Porcius  Laeca,  who  filled  a  similar  office  at  the  Roman  mint  some  years  previously  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  151),  and  the  obverse  of  whose  coins  is  repeated  in  the  present  issue  as  regards  the 
head  of  Roma,  the  position  of  the  moneyer's  name,  and  that  of  the  mark  of  value.  Tho 
reverse  type  too  refers  to  the  same  event  as  that  recorded  by  the  coins  of  M.  Porcius  Laeca, 
though  the  design  is  quite  different,  viz.  the  passing  of  the  Lex  Porcia  de  p^'ovocatione,  which 
gave  to  the  Roman  citizen  residing  outside  the  city  the  right  of  appeal  in  criminal  cases 
against  the  decision  of  magistrates  acting  in  their  military  capacity.  As  it  was  in  B.C.  90  that 
the  Lex  Julia,  which  extended  the  right  of  citizenship  to  certain  of  the  Italian  States,  was 
passed,  this  type  may  have  been  intended  to  apply  to  a  contemporary  event  as  well  as  to  one 
which  had  occurred  some  time  previously.  The  refusal  of  the  Senate  to  grant  the  right  of 
appeal  in  criminal  cases  was  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  the  Social  war. 

Like  the  coins  of  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  those  of  P.  Porcius  Laeca  were  absent  from  the 
Cazlona  hoard,  but  four  specimens,  mostly  in  fine  condition,  were  met  with  in  that  of  Oliva. 
For  the  form  of  the  head  of  Roma  on  the  obverse  and  for  general  style  the  coins  of  P.  Porcius 
Laeca  may  be  compared  with  those  of  C.  Claudius  Pulcher,  which  were  struck  at  Rome  in  the 
previous  year  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  198),  but  those  of  Laeca  are  of  somewhat  coarser  fabric.  It  is 
evident  that  some  of  the  die-sinkers  employed  on  these  local  coins  copied  the  obverse  designs 
of  those  struck  at  Rome. 

No  bronze  coins  are  known  of  this  issue. 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  P.  Porcius  Laeca  and  of 
the  obverse  of  that  of  M.  Sergius  Silus  (see  above,  p.  269;  and  Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897, 
p.  59). 


302 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


A'o.       Weight 


ihtal 
and  Sizi 


Obviyi-se 


Reverse 


653 


65i 


655 


656 


61-8 


61-0 


60-1 


60-6 


/R    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 


M    -75 


a. TERM. /V? 

(QUINTUS  [MINUCIUS]  THEEMUS  MAECI 
PILIDS  1) 

Denarius 


Head  of  Mars  1.,  wearing 
crested  helmet,  orna- 
mented at  the  side  with 
feather  and  annulet. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Q.  -TERM  ■  /V?  (in  exergue). 
Two  warriors,  each  armed 
with  sword  and  shield, 
fighting;  the  one  on  1., 
a  Eoman,  protects  a  fallen 
comrade  ;  the  other  on  r., 
a  barbarian,  wears  a  hel- 
met ornamented  with  two 
horns.^ 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI. 


xcv.  14.] 


'  This  is  a  somewhat  uncertain  moneyer.  He  may  liave  been  Minuoins  Thermus,  who 
accompanied  L.  Valerius  Flaccus  into  Asia  in  B.C.  86,  and  who  was  a  candidate  for  the 
consulship  in  B.C.  6i,  but  his  praenomen  is  not  recorded.  The  coins  are  of  too  early  a  date  to 
associate  them  with  Q.  Minucius  Thermus,  who  was  tribune  B.C.  62  and  praetor  in  Asia  B.C.  52, 
and  later  followed  the  fortunes  of  Se.vtus  Pompey,  whom  he  deserted  in  B.C.  35,  and  went  over 
to  Antony  (see  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  235). 

The  evidence  of  finds  as  to  the  date  of  this  issue  is  not  so  satisfactory  as  in  previous 
instances.  No  specimen  occurred  in  the  Cazlona  hoard,  or  in  that  of  Oliva  of  1861,  but  one 
was  present  in  the  earlier  hoard  found  at  Oliva  in  1S4S  or  1849  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  191).  There 
"Were,  however,  five  specimens  in  the  Hicina  hoard  and  niueteen  in  that  of  Fiesole,  which  was 
buried  a  few  years  later,  circ.  B.C.  87,  and  thirteen  fine  or  a  fleur  de  coin  in  that  of  Fuscaldo. 
As,  however,  the  obverse  type  was  reproduced  on  coins  bearing  the  name  of  the  Marsic  general 
C.  Papius  Mutilus,  this  issue  must  have  taken  place  before  B.C.  89,  and  it  may  therefore  be 
assigned  to  towards  the  end  of  the  previous  year. 

^  The  representation  of  this  combat  between  two  warriors  is  probably  a  record  of  the 
brave  deeds  of  the  moneyer's  ancestor  and  namesake,  who  was  consul  B.C.  193,  and  who  was  killed 
in  the  war  in  Thrace  B.C.  1S8.  During  his  cnsulship  and  the  two  following  years,  Q.  Minucius 
Thermus  was  engaged  in  a  severe  contest  with  the  Ligiu-ians,  when  he  is  said  to  have  performed 
many  brave  deeds,  especially  on  the  occasion  of  a  night  attack  on  his  camp.  Babelon  (vol.  ii., 
p.  235)  has  identified  the  head  on  the  obverse  as  of  Eoma,  but  it  is  probably  of  Mars,  being 
very  similar  to  that  on  coins  of  L.  Julius  Caesar  struck  at  Rome  in  the  previous  year  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  209),  and  on  those  of  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  (see  belOw,  p.  807).  The  head  of 
Mars  would  be  more  appropriate  to  the  reverse  typo  than  Roma.  There  is  a  restoration  of  this 
denarius  by  Trajan,  and  specimens  were  oouutermarked  by  Vespasian.  The  denarius  is  the 
only  denomination  known  of  this  issue. 


Nn.       Weviht 


Metal 
and  ib'ise 


657 


658 
659 

660 
661 


61-0 


60-5 
62-2 

61-7 
61-5 


M    -8 


M  -7 

M  -75 

M.  -8 

M  -75 


CIEC.  B.C.  90;   A.U-.C.  664 

Obverse 


303 


Revcrs 


M.CAO 

(MAKCUS  [POECIUS]  CATO  i) 
Denarius 


Eemale  bust  r.,  slightly 
draped ;  head  bound  with 
diadem  ;  hair  in  rolls  and 
collected  into  a  knot ;  be- 
hind, HoAA;  below,  M- 
CAO 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


VlCRlX  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory draped,  seated  r., 
holding  patera  in  extended 
r.  hand  and  palm-branch 
inl. 

[PI.  xcv.  15.] 

Similar. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar ;  below  seat  of  Vic- 
tory, ST  (Stipendium  or 
stahilis  ?) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcv.  16.] 

(Nott) 


'  Mommsen  {Bist.  man,  rom,,  t.  ii.,  p.  896),  who  has  assigned  these  coins  to  circ.  B.C.  100, 
says  that  this  moneyer  was  without  donbt  Marcus  Porcius  Cato,  the  father  of  Marcus  Porcius 
Cato  Uticensis,  who  died  during  his  candidature  for  the  praetorship  some  time  between  b.c. 
95 — 91,  the  former  date  being  that  of  the  birth  of  Cato  Uticensis,  the  latter  that  of  the  death 
of  M.  Livius  Drusus,  by  whom  he  was  adopted  on  his  father's  decease.  The  absence  of  any  of 
these  coins  not  only  from  the  Maser^,  Riccia,  S.  Giovanni  Incarioo,  Koncarolo,  and  Pozoblanco 
hoards,  but  also  from  those  of  Cazlona,  Oliva,  and  Ricina,  renders  the  identification  of  the  i 
moneyer  as  the  father  of  Cato  Uticensis  not  possible.  There  was  another  M.  Porcius  Cato  at  ' 
that  time,  who  was  a  son  of  the  consul  of  the  same  name  B.C.  118,  and  who,  after  being  ourule 
aedile  and  praetor,  obtained  the  government  of  Gallia  Narbonensia.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Cato 
Uticensis,  but  being  older  he  could  well  have  struck  these  coins.  Jt  is  also  possible  that 
he  held  some  official  appointment  during  the  Social  war  of  a  higher  grade  than  that  of  a 
moneyer,  in  virtue  of  which  he  issued  this  money.  When  Cato  tJticensia  struck  money  as 
propraetor  in  Africa  some  years  later,  he  adopted  the  type  of  the  above  coins  (see  Coinage  op 
Afeica,  s.d.  B.C.  47 — 46 ;  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  373  f .).     He  also  issued  the  quinarius. 

With  the  exception  of  the  quinarii  attributed  to  the  following  year  (see  below,  p.  313), 
M.  Porcius  Cato  was  the  only  moneyer  who  issued  this  denomination  locally.  These  coins 
were  struck  under  the  provisions  of  the  Lex  Clodia  passed  circ.  b.c.  104.  There  had  been 
several  issues  of  quinarii  at  the  Roman  mint  previous  to  this  date  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  167  seq.). 

The  reverse  type  has  been  identified  by  Mommsen  (loc.  cit.)  as  an  allusion  to  the  aedicula 
which  was  consecrated  to  Victoria  Virgo  by  Cato  the  Ancient,  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer, 
after  his  successes  in  Spain  in  b.c.  194.  The  letters  ST  under  the  seat  of  Victory  have  been 
variously  interpreted.  Borghesi  ((Biivres  compl.,  vol.  i.,.p.  234)  read  stipendium,  and  supposed 
that  these  coins  were  specially  struck  for  the  payment  of  the  Roman  legions.  Cavedoni  {Saggio, 
p.  58)  has  explained  them  as  stata  or  staMlis,  applying  the  epithet  to  Victory.  As,  however, 
this  type  was  copied  by  the  Italian  insurgents,  it  may  be  possible  to  see  in  it,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  coins  of  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  (see  below,  p.  306),  a  reference  to  current  events,  and 
a  record  of  the  victories  of  the  Romans  in  the  Marsic  war  in  B.C.  90.  The  obverse  type, 
if  identified  as  the  bust  of  Libertas,  as  proposed  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  371),  would  then  refer 
to  the  liberties  and  freedom  given  to  the  Italians  under  the  Lex  Julia.  The  Lex  Plcmtia  Papiria 
was  not  passed  till  the  following  year.  Borghesi  (loc.  cit.)  has  identified  the  bust  as  of  Roma, 
on  account  of  the  accompanying  legend  ROAA,  but  we  know  that  at  this  time  this  was  no 
criterion,  as  this  inscription  is  found  with  the  heads  of  other  divinities.  If  these  types  relate 
to  current  events,  Borghesi's  interpretation  of  the  letters  ST  as  stipendium  seems  the  more 
probable  one,  as  it  would  show  that  this  money  was  specially  struck  for  the  payment  of  the 


304 

No. 


Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Obverse 


24-0 

M    -55 

29-5 

M    -6 

29-5 

M    -55 

26-2 

M     6 

29-3 

M    -6 

343 

M     55 

30-7 

M    -55 

320 

M    -55 

32-3 

M    -55 

29'3 

JR.    -6 

31-9 

^    -6 

33'0 

m    -55 

Reverse 

Quinarius 

With  Latin  letter  on  obverse  ' 


Young  head  r.,  crowned  with 
ivy-wreath  ;  hair  long  ;  ^ 
behind,  M  •  CAo  ;  below, 
letter  B 


Similar ; 

letter  C 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar ; 

letter  E 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  F 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar ; 

letter  M 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  N 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  0 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  R. 

Similar. 

VIC"RlX  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory draped,  seated  r., 
holding  patera  in  extended 
r.  hand  and  palm-branch 
inl. 

[PI.  xov.  17.] 


Similar;  below  head,  Greek 
letter  S 

Similar ;  letter  <t> 


With  Crreek  letter  on  obverse 
Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  xcv.   18.] 


With  number  on  obverse 


Similar ;  below  head,  num- 
ber I 

Similar ;  number  1 1 1 


Similar. 


(Blaoas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcvi.  1.] 


soldiery,  and  the  type  would  bring  to  the  mind  of  the  Roman  army  any  recent  anocesaes. 
The  absence  of  these  denarii  from  the  Cazlona,  Oliva,  and  Ricina  hoards,  coupled  with  the 
circumstance  that  the  obverse  and  reverse  types  were  copied  by  the  Italian  insurgents, 
seems  conclusive  evidence  that,  like  that  of  Q.  Minuciua  Thermus,  this  issue  must  have 
occurred  towards  the  end  of  B.C.  90. 

Denarii  of  M.  Porcius  Cato  were  countermarked  by  Veapaaian  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Num., 
1876,  p.  362).     There  is  also  a  restoration  by  Trajan. 

'  The  mint-marks  consist  of  Latin  and  Greek  letters,  numbers,  and  symbols.  The  Latin 
and  Greek  letters  extend  throughout  the  alphabet,  but  the  numbers  do  not  seem  to  have 
exceeded  XX. 

-  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  of  Liber  or  Bacchus,  the  personification  of  liberty.  It  would 
therefore  correspond  with  tbnt  on  the  olnorsp  of  the  denarius. 


CIEO.  B.C.  90;   A.U.C.  664 


305 


No.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Sine 


Obverse 


Reverse 


574 

32-3 

M 

■55 

Similar ;  number  1 1 1 1 

Similar. 

375 

29-2 

M 

•55 

Similar ;  number  Villi 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

376 

25-3 

M 

•55 

Similar ;  number  XV 

Similar. 

With  symbol  on  obverse  ' 

677 

31-7 

M 

•58 

Similar;   below  head,  sym- 
bol, ant. 

Similar. 

678 

350 

M 

■55 

Similar;  symbol,  bow. 

Similar. 

679 

30-0 

M 

•6 

Similar;  symbol, bucranium. 

Similar. 

680 

313 

M 

•55 

Similar ;  symbol,  caduceus. 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

681 

32-9 

M 

•55 

Similar;  symbol,  club. 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcvi.  2.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 

682 

340 

M 

•6 

Similar;    symbol,   cornuco- 
piae. 

Similar. 

683 

30-7 

M 

•55 

Similar;  symbol,  cuirass. 

Similar. 

684 

29-3 

M 

•55 

Similar ;  same  symbol. 

Similar. 

685 

31-0 

M 

•55 

Similar  ;  symbol,  fly  1. 

Similar. 

686 

29-7 

M 

■55 

Similar;  symbol,  fly  r. 

Similar. 

687 

31-4 

M 

•55 

Similar ;     symbol,     helmet 
with  crest. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

688 

290 

M 

•55 

Similar ;  symbol,  lituus. 

Similar. 

689 

300 

M 

■6 

Similar ;     symbol,    poppy- 
head. 

Similar. 

690 

32-8 

M 

•55 

Similar ;  symbol,  prow. 

Similar. 

691 

30-7 

JR 

•6 

Similar ;  symbol,  sceptre. 

Similar. 

692 

30-7 

M 

•55 

Similar;  symbol,  spear. 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

693 

31-4 

M 

•55 

Similar;  symbol,  trident. 

Similar. 

'  A  variety  of  the  quinarius  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Haeberlin,  Frankfurt-a.-M.,  has  on 
the  obverse  the  symbol,  a  thunderbolt,  and  on  the  reverse,  below  the  figure  of  Victory,  the 
moneyer's  name  M  .  CAO  repeated  instead  of  VIC"RlX.  It  is  of  good  silver,  not  plated,  and 
came  from  the  Carrara  hoard  (Cavedoni,  Bull.  deW  Inst,  arch.,  1860,  p.  221).  Another 
specimen,  apparently  from  the  same  dies,  and  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection,  is  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  60;  and  1896,  pi.  x.,  no.  229). 

VOL.    II.  E   E 


306 

JVo. 


Weigld 


Metal 

and  Size 


694 


62-2 


M    -75 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Ohverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  89;   a.u.c.  665  ^ 

C  .  M/^L  OE  C  .  MA. 

(CAIUS   [POBLICIUS]  MALLEOLUS-) 

Denarius 

Type  I. 

Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate ;    Eoma  draped,  seated  1.  on 


hair  in  ringlets. 


695 


696 


584 


M 


■itj 


Similar. 


55-5      M    -75  I  Similar. 


pile  of  shields,  armed  with 
parazonium  and  holding 
spear  in  r.  hand ;  she  is 
crowned  with  wreath  by 
Yictory,  standing  behind 
her ;  before  Eoma,  C  • 
MA_L ;  in  the  exergue, 
R.OMA 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcvi.  3.] 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


^  None  of  the  denarii  assigned  to  this  year  were  met  with  in  the  Taranto,  Cazlona,  Olira, 
or  Ricina  hoards,  but  they  "were  all  present  in  considerable  numbers,  and  mostly  in  fine 
condition,  in  those  of  Fiesole  and  Monte  Codrnzzo  (see  Tables  of  Finds).  Three  of  the 
moneyers  struck  asses  of  the  uncial  standard,  the  issue  of  which  could  not  have  occurred 
after  this  year.  The  types  of  the  individual  denarii  show  considerable  variation.  As  in  the 
previous  year,  there  was  u>  series  of  quiuarii  with  a  variety  of  mint-marks,  consisting  of 
letters,  nnmbei-s,  symbols,  and  fractional  signs,  but  apparently  without  a  moneyer's  name. 
The  workmanship  of  the  denarius  is  generally  somewhat  coarse. 

These  are  the  latest  of  the  Roman  Republican  coins  which  Count  de  Salis  has  attributed 
to  local  issue. 

^  Cains  Poblicius  Malleolus  was  a  member  of  a  triumvirate  of  the  mint,  which  consisted 
of  him^elf,  Aulas  Postumius  Albinus  S.  f. ,  and  Lucius  Caecilius  Metellus.  The  first  two  struck 
separate  issues  as  well  as  a  joint-one  with  L.  Caecilius  Metellus,  but  we  have  no  separate 
coinage  of  the  last  money er.  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  struck  also  bronze  coins,  on  which  his 
name  does  not  occur,  but  only  his  symbol,  a  mallet.  All  the  coins  of  the  three  moneyers  are 
of  rude  work,  showing  that  they  were  of  local  issue. 

The  date  of  these  issues  is  ascertainable  from  finds.  There  were  no  specimens  in  the 
Cazlona,  Oliva,  or  Ricina  hoards,  but  they  existed  in  considerable  numbers  in  those  of  Fiesole 
and  Monte  Codrnzzo,  andafewat  Fuscaldoand  Cingoli.  At  Fiesole  there  were  fifteen  pieces  of  C. 
Poblicius  Malleolus,  seventeen  of  A.  Postumius  Albinus,  and  the  same  number  of  the  joint-issue. 
The  Monte  Codrnzzo  hoard,  which,  however,  was  not  buried  till  circ.  B.C.  82  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  319), 
contained  thirty-five  coins  of  the  joint-issue.  From  this  evidence  of  finds,  therefore,  and  also 
from  the  fact  that  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  struck  bronze  coins  of  the  uncial  standard,  including 
the  as,  and  that  the  type  of  his  denarius,  with  reverse  Roma  seated  crowned  by  Victory,  was 
copied  by  the  Italian  insurgents  for  their  own  money,  it  may  safely  be  presumed  that  this 
triumvirate  of  moneyers  was  appointed  late  in  B.C.  90,  or  quite  early  in  the  foDowing  year. 

It  has  been  suggested  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  187)  that  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus,  who  struck  the 
above  coins,  had  already  held  office  at  the  Roman  mint,  and  was  a  member  of  the  quinquevirate 
of  B.C.  92.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii. ,  p.  383)  has,  however,  identified  him  with  the 
quaestor  of  that  name  to  Cn.  Cornelius  Dolabella  in  Cilicia  e.g.  80,  but  not  with  the  moneyer 
of  the  Roman  mint,  as  he  had  assigned  the  coins  of  the  latter  to  an  earlier  date.  If  the  Roman 
issue  is  correctly  assigned  to  B.C.  92,  it  is  quite  possible  that  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  held  the 
office  of  moneyer  on  two  occasions,  first  at  the  central  mint,  later  locally. 

His  separate  coinngc  in  silver,  like  that  of  his  colleague  A.  Postumius  Albinus,  consists  of  two 


CIRC.  B.C.  89;    A.U.C.  665 


307 


No. 


697 


Weight 


60-4 


Meial 
and  iiize 


M    -7 


Ohv 


RerK'rse 


Type  II. 


698    ,    61-4 


699 


61-0 


Head  of  Mars  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet,  orna- 
mented at  the  side  with 
feather ;  above,  mallet 
{inalleolus) ;    below  chin, 


/R    -7      Similar. 


/R    -75  I  Similar. 


A  warrior  or  hero,  his  chla- 
mys  thrown  back  over  his 
shoulder  and  passing  over 
his  r.  leg,  standing  1.  in 
an  attitude  of  repose  be- 
fore a  trophy;  his  r.  foot 
is  placed  on  a  cuirass;  his 
r.  hand  holds  a  spear ; 
his  1.  rests  on  his  hip ; 
behind,  a  prow,  above 
which,  across  the  field, 
C-MA_ 

[PI.  xcvi.  4.] 


Similar;    legend  2    placed 
vertically.  ^ 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll. 


types,  both  obverse  and  reverse.  Cavedoni  (Ripostigli,  p.  157)  bas  drawn  attention  to  the 
similarity  with  slight  variations  of  the  type  of  Koma  seated  to  that  of  the  coins  of  Aetolia,  on 
which  Aetolia  is  iigured  holding  a  Victory,  or  with  a  trophy  before  her  (Brit.  Uus.  Cat.,  Or. 
Coins,  Thessaly  to  Aetolia,  pi.  xxx.,  nos.  3,  7),  and  he  therefore  suggested  that  the  moneyer 
borrowed  his  type  from  these  Greek  coins.  Cavedoni  did  not,  however,  notice  that  the  other 
type  of  the  hero  is  identical  in  treatment  with  that  of  the  warrior  (Aetolos),  also  figured  on  coins 
of  Aetolia  of  the  same  period  {op.  cit.,  pi.  xxx.,  no.  6).  This  double  assimilation  could 
scarcely  be  a  mere  coincidence.  The  trophy  and  the  prow  may  in  this  case  refer  to  some 
victories  by  land  and  sea  of  an  ancestor  of  the  moneyer.  On  the  other  band,  Mommsen  (Hist, 
mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  383,  384)  and  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  331),  who  have  both  assigned  this 
issue  to  circ.  B.C.  89,  have  explained  the  types  as  relating  to  the  Social  war  and  to  events 
which  marked  its  course.  The  goddess  Roma  seated  on  a  pile  of  shields  is  the  symbol  of  the 
domination  of  Eome  over  the  Italian  insurgents  ;  the  head  of  Mars  is  also  an  allusion  to  the 
war,  and  the  hero  or  naked  warrior  represents  the  genius  of  the  Roman  people,  who  came  to 
the  pacification  of  Italy.  Mommsen  and  Babelon  also  suggested  that  the  letter  P  on  the 
tahella  behind  the  hero  indicates  either  the  Lex  Plautia,  Papiria  or  the  Lex  Pompeia,  both  of 
which  were  decreed  in  B.C.  89.  In  support  of  this  opinion  it  may  be  urged  that  the  reverse 
type  of  Roma  seated  was  not  only  adopted  for  the  joint-issue  of  the  triumvirate,  bat  also  that 
it  was  copied  on  the  money  of  the  insurgents.  But  this  does  not  explain  the  presence  of  the 
prow  behind  the  hero.  In  order  to  meet  these  different  views  it  may  be  suggested  that  we 
have  here  to  deal  with  two  classes  of  types  :  one,  that  is  the  hero  type,  relating  to  the  history 
of  the  moneyer's  family,  the  other,  the  Roma  type,  being  a  reference  to  current  events. 
This  would  account  for  the  adoption  of  the  latter  type  for  the  joint-issue  of  the  triumvirate, 
and  also  for  its  reproduction  on  the  money  of  the  insurgents.  If  this  interpretation  is 
accepted  the  tabella  marked  with  the  letter  P  would  not  refer  to  the  Lex  Plautia  Papiria  or  to 
the  Lex  Pompeia,  but  to  the  Lex  Poblicia  de  aleatorihus,  or  to  some  other  law  which  an  ancestor 
of  the  moneyer  may  have  been  instrumental  in  getting  passed  (Borghesi,  (Euyres  covipl.,  t.  ii., 
pp.  271,  272).  The  head  of  Mars  would  be  a  fitting  obverse  type  for  the  reverse  with  the  hero, 
and  the  mallet  above  it  can  only  be  a.  type  parlant  of  the  cognomen  Malleoliu:.  The  signifi- 
cance of  the  Apollo  type  is  not  clear. 

Though  there  were  at  this  time  so  many  changes  of  type,  yet  the  variations  in  the  hero 
type  are  most  unusual.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  332,  no.  5)  figures  a  variety  in  the  Paris  cabinet 
of  the  denarius  of  Type  I.  with  a  star  behind  the  head  of  Apollo,  and  without  the  moneyer's 
name  on  the  reverse.  It  cannot  be  a  hybrid  with  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of  A.  Postumius 
Albinus  (see  below,  p.  310),  as  this  would  not  account  for  the  omission  of  the  name  of  "  Roma  " 
and  of  the  mark  of  value  on  the  obverse  and  of  the  moneyer's  name  on  the  reverse.  If  the 
coin  ig  ancient  it  may  be  a  contemporary  imitation.  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  67)  says 
that  when  he  saw  the  coin  in  Paris  in  1875  it  struck  him  as  a  barbarous  imitation. 


308 

IT  TI7  •  Ti       Metal 

No.  WeigU  ^^^  ^.^^ 

700  58-7  M    -7 


630 

490 
60-1 


M,    -7 

M    -75 
M    -75 


59-0 
58-0 

(pierced) 

59-7 


49-1 

625-0 
549-0 

226-0 

208-0 

85-0 


M    -75 
M    -8 

M    -75 

M    -7 

^  1-25 
M  1-3 

^  1-05 
^  1-0 

M    -8 


COINAGE   OP   ITALY 

Ohverse 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Ueverse 

Similar;  above  pro-w,  cadu- 
ceus  1. 

Similar ;  above  prow,  fly  r. 

[PI.  xcvi.  5.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar;   behind  -warrior  a 
tabella   divided   into  two 
compartments,     one    in- 
scribed, C  •  M ;  the  other,  J 
A. 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcvi.  6.] 

(Nott) 

Similar ;  C  •  MA-  placed  be- 
low the  tahella. 
[PI.  xcvi.  7.] 

Similar. 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


Asi 


Head  of    Janus,   lam-eate ; 
above,  I 

Similar. 


Prow,   r. ;    below,   R.OMA ; 
above,  mallet. 


Similar. 


[PI,  xcvi.  8.] 


Head  of  Jupiter  r. ,  laureate ; 
before,  S 


Semis 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcvi.  9.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Quadrans 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r., 
wearing  lion's  skin;  be- 
hind, J 


Similar;  above  prow,  R.0 
MA  and  mallet;  below, 
•  •• 

[PI.  xc-vi.  10.] 


1  There  can  be  no  hesitation  in  attributing  these  bronze  coins  with  the  symbol,  a  mallet, 
bnt  without  a  moneyer's  name,  to  C.  Poblioius  Malleolus.  In  fabric  they  are  precisely  similar 
to  the  bronze  money  struck  at  this  time  locally,  and  the  presence  of  the  uncial  as  helps  to 
supply  the  approximate  date  of  the  issue.  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  is  the  only  member  of  the 
triumvirate  who  struck  bronze  coins.     Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  50—52)  describes   these   pieces 


CIEC.  B.C.  89;    A.U.C.  665 


309 


IT  -nr  ■  1,1        Metal 

No.       Weight     ^^^  g  .^^ 


Obverse 


Reverse 


713 


61-6 


7U 

715 
716 

717 


60-5 

58-3 
60-3 

59-7 


M    -7 


M  -7 

M  -8 

M  -7 

M  -1 


A./LBINVS  S.F 

(AULUS  [POSTUMIUS]  ALBINUS  SPUEII 
FILIUS  1) 

Denarius 


Type  I. 


Bust  of  Diana  r.,  diademed 
and  draped,  wearing  ear- 
ring and  necklace  ;  at  her 
shoulders,  bow  an d  quiver ; 
her  hair  is  drawn  back 
and  collected  into  a  knot 
behind ;  below,  KoMA 


Similar;   countermarked  on 
r.  with  two  crescents. 

Similar ;  no  countermarks. 

Similar, 


Similar. 


A  .  A.BINVS  S  F  (in  ex- 
ergue). Three  horsemen, 
armed  with  spears  and 
shields,  charging  1. ;  before 
them,  a  fallen  warrior  and 
the  pennons  of  two  mili- 
tary standards. 

[PI.  xcvi.  11.] 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar ;    moneyer's   name, 
A.  ALBINVS-S-F 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


with  others  bearing  symbols.  He  does  not  associate  them  with  this  issue.  D'Ailly  (31on.  rom., 
pi.  Ixxxviii.,  nos.  13,  15 ;  Ixxxix.,  nos.  1-3)  figures  the  semis  with  the  mark  of  value  behind  the 
head  of  Jupiter ;  also  the  triens  and  the  sextans,  which  are  similar  in  the  reverse  type  to  the 
quadrans ;  and  varieties  of  this  last  denomination  with  the  mallet  before  the  prow. 

^  Aulus  Postumius  Albinus,  who  was  a  member  of  the  triumvii^te  of  moneyers  consisting 
of  himself,  L.  Caeoilius  Metellus,  and  C.  Poblioius  Malleolus,  may  have  been  a  son  of  Spurius 
Postumius  Albinus,  consul  B.C.  110.  He  was  of  praetorian  rank,  joined  the  party  of  Marius, 
and  was  slain  in  the  engagement  near  the  CoUine  Gate  B.C.  82  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  93). 
There  were,  however,  other  members  of  the  Postumia  gens  of  the  same  name  who  flourished 
at  this  time.  His  son,  A.  Postumius  A.  f.  S.  n.  Albinus,  appears  to  have  held  the  office  of 
moneyer  at  Rome  a  few  years  later,  B.C.  82  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  351). 

His  denarii,  like  those  of  his  colleague  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus,  are  of  two  types, 
obverse  and  reverse,  both  of  which  relate  to  the  battle  of  Lake  Regillug,  at  which  the  Roman 
army  was  commanded  by  A.  Postumius  Albus,  and  at  which  the  Dioscuri  are  said  to  have 
assisted  the  Romans  against  the  Latins.  The  bust  of  Diana  recalls  the  circumstance  that 
on  the  eve  of  the  battle  a  special  sacrifice  was  made  to  that  divinity  in  her  temple  on  the 
Aventine,  and  the  horsemen  on  the  reverse  refer  to  the  episode  during  the  engagement,  when 
A.  Postumius  Albus  by  a  clever  manoeuvre  threw  the  whole  force  of  his  cavalry  against  the 
enemy's  infantry,  and  thus  not  only  won  the  day,  but  also  recovered  his  standards  (Mommsen, 
Bist.  tnon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  384).  In  this  onslaught  the  Romans  were  assisted  by  the  Dioscuri,  who 
in  Type  II.  are  represented  watering  their  horses  at  the  fountain  of  Juturna,  in  the  Forum, 
where  they  arrived  on  the  evening  of  the  battle  (Schwegler,  Rom.  Gesch.,  vol.  ii. ,  p.  63). 
Night  is  shown  by  the  crescent  moon.  The  head  of  Apollo,  though  common  to  the  coins  of  all 
three  moneyers,  may  in  this  instance  have  been  used  because  he  was  the  brother  of  Diana.  The 
cults  of  these  divinities  were  closely  associated  by  the  Romans  (Preller,  Bom.  Myth.,  3rd  ed.,  vol.  i., 
p.  68).  It  may  also  be  remarked  that  Type  I.,  with  the  bust  of  Diana,  shows  on  the  reverse  a 
scene  which  happened  by  day,  whilst  Type  II.,  with  the  head  of  Apollo,  one  which  happened  at 
night. 

Particulars  of  the  evidence  of  finds  in  relation  to  this  issue  have  been  given  above  (see 
p.  306) .  The  coins  of  A.  Postumius  Albinus  were  more  numerous  in  the  Fiesole  hoard  than  in 
that  of  Monte  Codruzzo. 

There  are  no  bronze  coins  of  this  issue. 


310 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 


Ko.       Weight 


Metal 
and  .'::>i~e 


ri8 


61-2 


719 
720 

721 


60-3 
53-0 
59-0 
60-0 


1 

1 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

1 

723    I    57-0 


.R    •S 


M    -8 


721 


617 


.R    -75 


725 


60-9  !  JR    -75 


Ohverse 


Head  of  ApoUo  r.,  laureate; 
hair  in  ringlets ;  behind, 
star  of  six  rays ;  below, 
R.OMA ;  before,  X 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Furerse 

Type  II. 

A  •  A_BINVS  S  F  (in  ex- 
ergue). The  Dioscuri, 
each  holding  spear,  stand- 
ing 1.  beside  their  horses, 
•which  are  drinking  at 
the  fountain  of  Juturna; 
above,  crescent  moon. 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcvi.  12.] 

Similar ;    moneyer's   name, 
A-ALBINVS  S  F 


Similar;  behind  head  of 
Apollo,  star  of  ten  rays ; 
below,  R  (ji^oma) 

Similar;  star  of  eight  rays. 


Similar ;    moneyer's   name, 
A- A^BINVSSF 
[PI.  xcvi.  13.] 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  SaUs  Coll.) 


Joint-Coinage^ 

A.ALB.S.F:   L.METEL:  C  .  MA.L 

(AULUS    [POSTUMIUS]    ALBINUS    SPUEII 

PILIUS;   L.    [CAECILIUS]    METELLUS; 

CAIUS  [POBLICIUS]  MALLEOLUS) 

Denarius 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate  ; 
hair  in  ringlets  (similar  to 
no.  694);  before,  A  •  ALB  . 
S.F;  behind,  L-METEL 


Similar. 


Eoma  draped,  seated  1.  on 
pile  of  shields,  armed  with 
parazonium  and  holding 
spear  in  r.  hand;  she  is 
crowned  with  -wreath  by 
Victory,  standing  behind 
her ;  before  Eoma,  C  • 
MA.L ;  in  the  exergue, 
R.OMA  (similar  to  no.  694). 
[PL  xcvi.  14.] 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 


'  In  this  joint-coinage  we  have  another  instance  of  a  triumvirate  of  moneyers  exercising 
their  office  outside  Rome  (see  above,  pp.  255-261).  L.  Caeoilius  Metellus  appears  only  to  have 
struck  coins  in  conjunction  with  his  colleagues,  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  and  A.  Postumius 
Albinus,  both  of  whom  had  separate  issues.  He  may  have  joined  his  colleagues  at  a  somewhat 
late  date.  As  the  type  of  the  denarii  of  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  was  used  for  the  joint-issue, 
and  as  his  name  only  occurs  on  the  reverse,  that  moneyer  may  have  held  the  position  of  chief 
of  the  triumvirate.     Particulars  of  the  reverse  type  have  been  given  above  (see  p.  307). 

Lucius  Caecilius  Metellus  was  probably  a  brother  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Creticns.     He 


CIEC.  B.C.  89  :    A.U.C.  665 


311 


No.       Vcijht 


726 
727 
728 
729 
730 
731 

732 


60-3 
59-4 
59-2 
57-9 
61-7 
59-8 

61-4 


Metil 
and  Size 


M  -75 

JR  -75 

M  -8 

M  -8 

M  -75 

M.  -75 

M  -75 


733 


61-7 


M    -75 


Obverse  Eivcr^e 

With  symbol  on  obverse 


Similar ;      below     head     of 
Apollo,  symbol,  crescent. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  symbol,  star. 

Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcvi.  15.] 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


(Nott) 
(Nott) 
(Nott) 


Similar. 

[PI.  xcvii.  1.] 

(Nott) 


With  marJc  of  value  on  obverse 


Similar ;      below     head     of 
Apollo,  mark  of  value,  X 


Similar. 

[PI.  xcvii.  2.] 

(Tov?nley  Coll.) 


L.  POMPON.  MOLO 

(LUCIUS  POMPONIUS  MOLO  i) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate ; 
around,  L  •  ToMPoN  • 
Mo|_o 


NVAA  .  royWIL  (in  ex- 
ergue). Numa  Pompilius 
diademed,  holding  lituus 
in  1.  hand,  standing  r.  be- 
fore a  lighted  altar,  at 
^^'hich  he  is  about  to  sacri- 
fice a  goat,  which  is  led  by 
a  youth  ^  (tncthnarius). 


was  praetor  B.C.  71,  and  as  propraetor  succeeded  C.  Verres  in  the  government  of  Sicily  B.C.  70. 
He  defeated  the  pirates,  drove  them  out  of  Syracuse,  and  compelled  them  to  leave  the  island. 
Cicero  {Verr,,  Act.  i.  9;  ^ccus.ii.4;  iii.  16,  &c.)  praises  Metellus  for  having  restored  peace  and 
security  to  the  inhabitants  after  the  fearful  scenes  enacted  by  Verres.  He  was  consul  B.C.  68  with 
Q.  Marcius  Rex,  but  he  died  early  in  his  year  of  office  (Drumann,  Gesch.  Roms,  vol.  ii.,  p.  46). 

There  are  three  varieties  of  the  denarii  of  this  joint-coinage,  which,  from  the  evidence  of 
finds,  was  a  very  large  oue  (see  above,  p.  306).  Some  of  them  are  without  any  special  mark  ; 
others  have  symbols  or  the  mark  of  value.  Neither  Mommseu  nor  Babelon  mentions  the  last 
variety  with  the  mark  of  value,  but  the  sign  is  unmistakable  on  the  specimen  in  the  National 
Collection.  There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of  this  joint-coinage  and 
of  the  reverse  of  that  of  the  quaestors  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  Q.  Servilias  Caepio  (see  vol.  i. , 
pp.  170,  171). 

'  This  raoneyer  is  only  known  to  us  from  his  coins.  The  cognomina  Molo,  Musa,  and 
Eufus  are  found  on  coins  connected  with  the  Pomponia  gens,  but  they  do  not  occur  in  history. 
The  attribution  of  this  issue  to  B.C.  89  is  baaed  chiefly  on  the  evidence  of  finds.  As  is  the  case 
with  those  of  the  triumvirate,  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus,  A.  Postumius  Albinus,  and  L.  Caecilius 
Metellus,  no  denarii  of  L,  Pomponius  Molo  occurred  in  the  Cazlona,  Oliva,  or  Ricina  hoards, 
but  specimens,  not  numerous,  were  met  with  at  Fiesole  and  Monte  Codruzzo.  This  would 
give  us  a  date  circ.  B.C.  90 — 89.  As  no  doubt  these  local  coins  were  not  struck  till  near  the 
end  of  the  Social  war,  the  later  date  seems  the  more  probable.  The  fact  also  that  L.  Pomponius 
Molo  struck  the  as  of  the  uncial  standard  limits  his  issue  to  B.C.  91 — 89. 

-  This  type  is  an  allusion  to  the  supposed  descent  of  the  Pomponia  gous  from  l^ouipo,  oue 


312 

No.        Weight    J^l%^^ 


734 

735 

736 

737 

738 


739 


740 
741 

742 


61-4 
60-5 

60-2 

58-7 
50-4 


467-0 


3100 
188-0 

192-0 


M    -75 
M    -8 

M    -8 

M   -7 
M.    -75 

(plated) 


M  1-25 


M  1-15 


M  1-05 


M  1-05 


COINAGE    OF   ITALY 

Diverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  xcvii.  3.] 
(de  SaUs  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Blaoas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Northwick  Coll.) 


As' 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate; 
above,  I 


R^oMA  belo-w  Prow  r. ;  be- 
fore,   I ;    above,    C  •  oyvY 
{Lucius  Pomponius). 
[PI.  xcvii.  4.] 


Semis' 

Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate;    Similar;  before  prow,  S 
before,  S 


Similar. 


Similar ;    mark  of  value,  S, 
behind  head. 


Similar. 

[PI.  xcvii.  5.] 
(Blacas  CoU.) 

Similar. 


of  the  alleged  sons  of  Numa  Pompilins,  who  is  represented  as  offering  a  saorifice  to  Apollo.  In 
connection  -svith  this  subject,  Cavedoni  (Nuovi  studii,  p.  22)  cites  the  following  passage  from 
Livy  (xxT.  12) — Senatus  consultum  factum  est,  ut  decemviri  sacra  Qraeco  ritu,  facerent,  Apollini 
hoi'e  aurato  et  cajjris  dua.bus  albis  auratis.  The  Greek  rite  difPered  from  the  Eoniau  inasmuch 
that  the  pontiff's  head  in  the  former  was  uncovered,  but  in  the  latter  it  was  veiled.  As  Numa 
is  represented  unveiled,  it  is  the  Greek  form  which  is  illustrated  on  these  coins. 

The  denarii  of  this  issue  are  of  coarse  fabric,  and  resemble  in  that  respect  those  of  the 
triiimvirate  above  described.  The  head  of  Apollo  is  the  same  as  on  the  joint-coinage  of  those 
moneyers. 

'  These  bronze  coins  have  been  assigned  by  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  li.,  p.  283)  and 
Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p  356)  to  much  earlier  dates.  The  former  puts  them  at  the  end  of  his  first 
period,  circ.  B.C.  150,  the  latter  to  circ.  B.C.  209.  Their  fabric,  however,  shows  that  they  must 
be  placed  with  the  bronze  coins  which  are  assigned  to  the  early  years  of  the  first  cent.  B.C. 
The  as  has  the  peculiar  bevelled  edge  characteristic  of  that  coin  at  this  period,  and  the  general 
fabric  is  precisely  similar  to  that  of  the  bronze  money  of  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus  (see  above, 
p.  308).  There  can  therefore  be  no  hesitation  in  identifying  the  moneyer  of  these  coins  with 
the  one  who  struck  the  silver  bearing  the  same  name,  though  it  is  given  in  a  slightly  different 
form. 

-  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  357)  says  that  the  head  of  Jupiter  is  to  the  right  or  left,  but 
Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zuit.,  1900,  p.  74)  observes  that  he  has  never  met  with  this  coin  with  the 
head  to  the  left. 


A'o.        Weight 


743 


744 


745 


746 


747 


748 


124-0 


130-0 


68-0 


93-0 


75-0 


28-2 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -85 


M    -85 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -85 


M    -6 


CIEC.  B.C.  89;    A.U.C.  665 

Obverse 


313 


Revcrs 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing 
crested  Corinthian  helmet ; 
hair  long;  [above,  ••••] 


Tpiens 

Similar ;  before  pro-w,  J 
[PI.  xcvii.  6.] 


Head  of  young  Hercules  r. 
wearing  lion's  skin;  be- 
hind, ; 

Similar. 


Quadrans 

Similar;  before  prow. 


Similar. 

[PI.  xcvii.  7.] 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 


Sextans 


Bust  of  Mercury  r.,  wearing 
chlamys  and  winged  pe- 
tasus ;  at  his  shoulders, 
caduceus  ;  above,  •  • 

Similar. 


Similar ;  before  prow, 
[PI.  xcvii.  8.] 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Without  moneyers  name 
Quinarius' 

Without  vimt-7nark 


Head  of  Apollo  r., 
hair  in  ringlets. 


laureate ; 


Victory  draped,  standing  r., 
and  with  r.  hand  placing 
wreath  on  trophy ;  in  the 
exergue,  KoMA 
[PI.  xcvii.  9.] 


'  Monimsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  102,  418),  who  has  associated  these  coins  with 
one  of  similar  type,  but  bearing,  as  he  interprets  it,  i;he  "  mark  of  value"  IS,  has  considered 
them  to  be  half-victoriati,  or  pieces  of  the  curreut  value  of  a  sestertius  and  a  half.  As, 
however,  they  bear  mint-marks  (contre-warques  d'ouvriers),  he  has  assigned  them  to  a  date 
after  A.u.c.  (330  (b.c.  124),  and  he  adds  that  they  must  be  considered  to  be  a  continuation,  or 
rather  a  new  issue,  of  the  half-victoriatus,  their  weii^'lit  confirming  this  view.  Mommsen  was, 
however,  misled  in  identifying  the  fractional  sign  I S  as  a  mark  of  value.  This  and  other  frac- 
tional signs  occur  in  considerable  variety  on  some  of  the  coins  of  this  issue,  and,  like  letters  and 
numbers,  are  only  mint-marks.  Several  instances  have  already  been  met  with  on  the  coinages 
of  the  Eoman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  279,  293  et  pass.).  When  the  quitiarius  was  revived  at 
Home  after  the  passing  of  the  Leji  Olodia  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  158),  it  was  given  the  type  of  the 
former  victoriatus,  head  of  Jupiter  and  Victory  crowning  a  trojihy,  but  in  one  instance,  that 
of  the  issue  of  0.  Egnatuleius  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  164),  the  obverse  Upo  shows  the  laureate  lic-ad  of 
VOL.    II.  S    S 


314 


COINAGE   OP   ITALY 


-T  ,„  .  ,  .       Metal 

No.        \\  evjht  ,  n- 

•'         and  Size 


26-7 

27-7 

25-8 

25-7 

27-1 

23-3 

26-8 

25-0 

24-7 

26-3 
27-3 
29-4 

25-6 
26-5 


Obverse 


Reverse 


M 

•55 

M 

•6 

M 

•6 

M 

•55 

M 

•55 

M 

•55 

M 

•6 

M 

•55 

M 

•55 

M 

•55 

M 

•6 

M 

•55 

M 

■6 

JR 

•6 

With  letter  on  reverse  ^ 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar;  in  the  field  before 
Victory,  letter  A 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  B 

[PI.  xcvii.  10.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  C 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  D 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  E 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  F 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  G 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  L 

(de  Sahs  Coh.) 

Similar ;  letter  M 

(de  Sails  Coh.) 

Similar ;  letter  N 

Similar ;  letter  P 

Similar ;  letter  R. 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar ;  same  letter. 

Similar ;  letter  V 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Apollo.  This  was  the  type  adopted  for  the  above  issue.  These  coins,  therefore,  are  not  half- 
victoriati  but  quinarii,  as  their  weights  clearly  indicate.  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  fix  the 
precise  date  of  this  coinage,  but  as  no  specimens  occurred  in  the  Cazlona,  Oliva,  or  Eicina 
hoards,  while  some  were  present  in  a  few  of  the  later  ones,  it  must  have  been  struck  after 
B.C.  90,  and  if  it  is  correctly  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  local  issue,  it  must  be  attributed  to 
the  following  year. 

The  mint-marks  which  occur  on  these  quinarii  consist  of  letters,  numbers,  symbols,  and 
fractional  signs.  All  these  mint-marks  were  used  in  considerable  variety  on  contemporary 
issues  of  the  Roman  mint. 

In  the  centre  of  the  field  on  the  reverse  of  nearly  all  the  specimens  described  there  is  a 
dot  or  pellet.  This  has  no  special  signification,  but  was  only  caused  by  the  compass  or  by  some 
other  tool  used  in  centring  the  die.  It  occurs  not  unfrequently  on  coins  struck  at  the  Roman 
mint,  more  especially  on  those  of  a  somewhat  later  date. 

'  Tlie  letters  extend  throughout  the  alphabet,  but  the  numbers  do  not  appear  to  exceed 
XII.     The  symbols  arc  very  few,  but  the  fractional  signs  arc  varied. 


No.       Weiijht 


Metal 
and  Size 


CIEC.  B.C.  89;    A.U.C.  665 

Oi  verse 


315 


Reverse 


25-2 

M    -6 

25-9 

M    -55 

28-4 

JR    -6 

28-0 

M    -55 

26-6 

A\    '6 

27-0 

M    -55 

21-5 

M    '55 

28-4 

M    -55 

29-6 

M    -55 

300 

M    -55 

25-0 

^    -55 

29-0 

A    -55 

25-4 

M    -5 

28-2 

^    -55 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


With  number  on  reverse 


Similar;  in  the  field  before 
Victory,  number  1 1 1 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  number  Nil  "^ 
[PI.  xcvii.  11.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  number  X 

Similar;  number  XI 
[PI.  xcvii.   12.] 

Similar;  number  XII 


With  symbol  on  reverse 


Similar ;  in  the  field  before 
Victory,  symbol,  mallet('?). 
[PI.  xcvii.   13.] 


With  fractional  sign  oil  reverse 


Similar;  in  the  field  befoie 
Victory,  fraction  J  J 
[PI.  xsvii.  14.] 

Similar ;  fraction  S« 

Similar ;  fraction  I  • 

Similar  ;  fraction  1 1  • 

Similar ;  fraction  I  1 1 
[PI.  xcvii.   15.] 

Similar;  fraction  I,*.*, 

Similar ;  fraction  IS*  - 
[PI.  xcvii.  16.] 

Similar;  fraction,  IS*J» 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 


'  This  number  Mommsen  {op.  cit.,  p.  419)  seems  to  have  identified  as  "  four  torches." 
"^  It  is  a  sign  similar  to  this  which  Mommsen  thought  was  a  mark  of  value,  and  he  therefore 
considered  the  coin  to  represent  a  sestertius  and  a  half,  or  half-victoriatus. 


316 


COINAGE    OF  ITALY 


Ko.       ^^ei'^ht  ,  „.  Ohverse  Eeverse 

and  Si:e 


Til 


26-8 


M    -6 


778    i    25-5  '  /R    -55 


TT7f/i  legend  VNI  on  the  reverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;  in  the  field  before 
Victory,  VNI  i 
(Blaeas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcvii.  17.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


1  Borgliesi  (CB«r)-i?s  comph,  t.  ii.,  pp.  311  f.),  ivho  has  completed  the  legend  VNI  as  VNI- 
(mani'.s),  proposed  to  attribute  these  coius  to  Claudius  Unimanus,  who ivas  praetor  in  Hispania 
Ulterior  B.C.  149,  but  as  neither  the  quinarius  nor  the  rictoriatus  was  issued  at  that  time  this 
attribution  is  not  admissible.  Moreover,  the  fabric  and  style  and  the  sameness  of  type  will  not 
allow  of  their  being  separated  from  the  other  quinarii  here  described  with  them.  Mommsen 
( Rom.  Jliinz  iL-e^en,  p.  508)  had  also  assigned  them  to  an  early  date,  his  first  period  {circ.  E.c.  20-t — 
194),  and  he  called  the  denomination  a  half  Tictoriatus  or  a  sestertius  and  a  half,  but  Blaeas 
(Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  418),  on  the  evidence  of  the  Spanish  hoards  (Ann.  deW  Inst,  arch.,  1863, 
pp.  1  f.),  and  also  from  a  comparison  with  the  other  divisional  coins  of  the  epoch,  attributed  them 
to  the  end  of  his  fifth  period  (circ.  B.C.  89),  adding  "  Ce  qui  est  positif,  c'est  qu'eUe  est  de  fabrique 
recente  et  n'appartient  pas  an  milieu  dn  Vie  siecle,  comme  notre  auteur  I'avait  cru  d'abord,  eu 
la  classant  ;\  la  premiere  periode."  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  347)  hesitates  to  accept  the  attribution 
of  these  coins  to  a  member  of  the  Claudia  gens,  but  on  the  other  hand  he  admits  the  date 
given  to  them  by  Blaeas.  In  classing  these  coins  with  the  other  quinarii  of  precisely  the  same 
tvpe,  it  seems  very  doubtful  whether  the  legend  was  ever  intended  to  represent  a  moncyers 
name.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  noticed  that  the  third  character  is  not  the  letter  I ,  but 
rather  a  special  sign,  the  precise  meaning  of  which  we  are  unable  to  determine,  as  it  has  not 
been  met  with  elsewhere.  It  is  possible,  therefore,  that  the  inscription  is  not  a  moneyer's  name, 
but  that  it  may  relate  to  the  value  of  the  coin.  As  the  Sestertius  Nvinmus  was  indicated  by 
the  sign  HSN,  it  is  possible  that  VN  stands  for  Qiiiitarius  Summus,  followed  by  a  sign 
denoting  that  the  letters  are  of  a  special  nature,  and  not,  as  usually  interpreted,  the  initials  of 
a  moneyer.  On  the  re-issue  of  the  quinarius  at  Eome  under  the  provisions  of  the  Lex  Clodia 
the  letter  Q  indicated  its  value,  but  V  was  the  sign  used  when  this  denomination  was  first 
struck.  In  making  this  suggestion  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  these  coins  were  most 
probably  of  local  issue,  and  that  the  fashion  of  the  Roman  mint  was  not  always  closely 
followed . 


317 


COINAGE    OF    THE    SOCIAL    AVAB 

CIEC.  B.C.  91—88;    A.U.C.  663—666 


The  coinage  issued  by  tl)e  Italian  insurgents  during  tlie  Social  or  Marsic  war 
is  closely  allied  to  that  of  the  Eoman  Eepublic  of  the  same  period,  though  it 
practically  forms  a  separate  series.  With  the  exception  of  a  unique  piece  in 
gold  it  consists  exclusively  of  silver,  the  only  denomination  issued  in  that 
metal  being  a  counterpart  of  the  denarius  in  size,  weight,  and  also  in  type. 

Without  entering  into  detail,  a  few  data  of  the  war,  which  occasioned  the 
issue  of  this  coinage,  may  help  us  not  only  to  form  some  idea  of  the  circum- 
stances under  which  it  was  struck,  but  also  its  extent  and  duration. ^ 

Eeduced  to  despair  by  the  refusal  of  the  Eoman  Senate  to  free  them  from 
many  disabilities  and  wrongs,  and  also  to  grant  them  the  right  of  citizenship, 
the  nations  of  the  north-east  and  south  of  Italy  formed  a  secret  Confederation 
with  the  object  of  obtaining  by  force  what  they  could  not  procure  by  persuasion. 
The  chief  nations  which  comprised  this  formidable  confederacy  were  the 
Marsi,  Picentes,  Vestini,  Peligni,  Marrucini,  and  Erentani  inhabitants  of  the  noi-th- 
east,  and  the  Samnites  and  Luoanians  who  dwelt  in  the  south.  The  principal 
organiser  and  promoter  of  this  union  was  Q.  Pompaedius  Silo,  a  Marsian.  The 
revolt  broke  out  prematurely  at  Asculum,  in  Pioenum,  in  the  autumn  of  B.C.  91, 
when  all  the  resident  Eomans  were  massacred.  The  insurrection  spread  quickly 
through  the  peninsula,  and  attempts  were  at  once  made  by  the  insurgents  to 
seize  the  numerous  fortresses  which  were  held  by  the  Eoman  colonists.  Little, 
however,  was  effected,  but  the  consul  Sextus  Julius  Caesar  in  an  attempt  to  re- 
lieve Aesernia  was  defeated  by  the  Marsic  leader,  P.  Yettius  Soato,  and  C.  Papius 
Mutilus  at  the  head  of  a  Samnite  army  invaded  Campania,  took  Nola  and  com- 
pelled the  consul  M.  Licinius  Crassus  to  seek  refuge  in  Grumentum.  An  attempt 
to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  with  the  Senate  at  Eome  having  failed,  the  winter 
was  passed  by  the  insurgents  in  organising  a  new  state  and  in  miHtary  pre- 
parations. Oorfinium,  the  metropolis  of  the  Peligni,  was  chosen  as  the  seat  of 
the  new  government,  and  its  name  changed  to  Italia  or  Italicum,  the  Oscan 
equivalent  being  Viteliu.  All  bm-gesses  of  insurgent  communities  were  declared 
citizens,  a  new  forum  and  a  senate  house  were  constructed,  and  a  senate, 
consuls,  and  praetors  appointed.  Italy  Was  divided  into  two  governments  or 
provinces,  to  each  of  which  was  assigned  a  separate  army  under  the  command 
of  the  two  consuls,  Q.  Pompaedius  Silo  in  the  north,  and  C.  Papius  Mutilus  in  the 
south  respectively.  The  Eoman  army  was  commanded  by  the  consuls  P.  Eutihus 
Lupus  and  L.  Julius  Caesar.     The  first  campaign,  B.C.  90,  was  favourable  to  the 


'  For  a  critical  study  of  the  history  of  the  Social  war  and  the  coinage  see  P.  Merimee, 
Htuics  sur  VUistoire  rumaine,  1844,  vol.  i.,  Guerre  Sociale,  and  l!cv.  Num.,  1845,  pp.  77f. 


318  COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 

Allies.  In  the  north  Eutilius  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Scato,  a  disaster 
which  was  to  some  extent  repaired  by  Marius,  and  shortly  afterwards  Pom- 
paedius  caught  the  Eoman  general  Q.  Servilius  Caepio  in  an  ambuscade  and  his 
army  was  cut  to  pieces.  In  the  south  the  Samnites  under  Papius  overran 
Campania,  took  most  of  the  towns,  and  compelled  L.  Julius  Caesar  to  seek 
refuge  in  Teanum.  Having  collected  the  remains  of  his  army  Caesar  attacked 
the  Samnites,  gaining  some  successes  which  restored  to  a  great  degree  the 
power  of  Eome  in  Campania. 

The  campaign  was  resumed  early  in  the  next  year,  B.C.  89,  when  the  Eoman 
armies  were  commanded  by  the  consuls,  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo  in  the  north,  and 
L.  Porcius  Cato  in  the  south.  The  latter  was  slain  at  the  commencement  of  the 
campaign,  but  his  loss  was  more  than  compensated  for  by  his  lieutenant,  Sulla, 
taking  over  the  supreme  command.  In  order  to  eclipse  the  military  renown  of 
his  old  general,  Marius,  Sulla  exerted  himself  to  the  utmost.  He  compelled  the 
enemy  with  the  loss  of  their  leader,  L.  Cluentius,  to  abandon  Campania,  subdued 
the  Hirpini,  and  having  penetrated  into  Samnium  defeated  Papius,  and  followed 
up  his  victory  by  the  subsequent  capture  of  Bovianum.  Meanwhile  the  consul 
Pompeius  was  pursuing  a  no  less  successful  course  in  the  north.  He  routed 
the  insurgents  under  Scato,  laid  siege  to  Asculum,  which  surrendered 
later,  and  took  Corfinium.  The  capture  of  Asculum  was  followed  by  the 
surrender  of  the  Marrucini,  Vestini,  Peligni,  and  finally  the  Marsi,  who  laid 
dowji  their  arms  before  the  end  of  the  year.  The  struggle  was  continued  into 
the  next  year.  The  brave  Marsian  chief,  Pompaedius,  was  forced  to  retreat 
into  Apulia,  where  he  ventured  to  give  battle,  but  was  defeated  and  slain,  and 
the  remnant  of  his  army  under  Pontius  Telesinus  took  refuge  in  Samnium. 

The  almost  sudden  collapse  of  the  insurrection  was  due  not  so  much  to 
force  of  arms  as  to  a  discreet  but  somewhat  tardy  policy  on  the  part  of  the 
Senate.  This  policy  was  embodied  in  two  notable  laws,  the  Lex  Julia  and  the 
Lex  Plautia  Papiria,  to  which  reference  has  been  frequently  made  in  the 
preceding  pages,  and  which,  as  we  have  seen,  had  such  important  effects  on  the 
coinages  of  Italy  struck  outside  the  capital  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  241,  and  above,  p.  144). 
After  the  disasters  of  the  first  year's  campaign,  B.C.  90,  the  Eomans  saw  the 
necassity  of  making  some  concessions  to  the  Italians,  and  the  Senate  empowered 
the  consul  L.  Julius  Caesar  to  draw  up  a  law  called  after  him  the  Lex  Julia, 
which  granted  the  franchise  to  all  the  Latin  colonies  and  to  those  of  the  Allies 
who  had  remained  faithful  to  Eome  or  had  laid  down  their  arms.  The  effect  of 
this  concession  was  immediate,  and  several  of  the  Allies  hastened  to  avail 
themselves  of  it,  and  division  and  discord  were  produced  amongst  the  rest.  In 
the  following  year  the  surrender  of  others  of  the  Alhes  was  further  facilitated  by 
the  Lex  Plautia  Painria,  proposed  by  the  tribunes  M.  Plautius  Silvanus  and 
C.  Papirius  Carbo,  which  was  supplementary  to  the  Lex  Julia,  and  which  in 
fact  granted  everything  that  the  Allies  had  demanded  before  the  war.  This  law 
extended  the  franchise  not  only  to  the  Italian  communities,  but  also  to  burgesses 
of  all  allied  cities  in  the  provinces  who  were  at  that  time  domiciled  in  Italy, 
provided  their  names  were  registered  by  the  praetor  within  sixty  days.' 

'  Merim^e,  J^tudes  sur  I'Hist.  rom.,  vol,  i.,  p.  199,  note. 


CIEO.  B.C.  91—88;   A.U.C.  663—666  319 

The  war  was  now  virtually  at  an  end.  The  only  nations  which  remained 
in  arms  were  the  Samnites  and  the  Lucanians,  who  still  maintained  a  guerilla 
warfare  in  their  mountains,  fighting  for  their  own  independence  and  not  for  the 
liberty  of  Italy,  and  who  were  not  finally  disposed  of  till  the  battle  at  the 
Colline  Gate  under  the  walls  of  Eome  in  b.c.  82. 

The  Coinage  ^  instituted  by  the  Confederate  States,  like  their  constitution, 
was  modelled  on  that  of  the  Eoman  republic.  If  we  except  the  unique  piece  in 
gold  which  bears  the  name  of  Minius  leius  (see  below,  p.  331)  it  was  exclusively 
of  silver  and  of  one  denomination  only,  which  in  size,  weight,  and  type  is  a 
counterpart  of  the  denarius.  The  policy  which  guided  the  Confederates  in 
selecting  this  denomination  is  apparent.  All  the  silver  autonomous  coins  of  the 
various  cities  of  Italy  and  Sicily  had  long  passed  out  of  currency,  and  the  only 
silver  money  in  circulation  throughout  Italy  was  that  of  the  Eoman  republic,  of 
which  the  denarius  was  the  unit.  It  was  also  the  only  silver  coin  which  up  to  that 
time  had  been  struck  by  the  local  moneyers,  and  it  was  important  that  any  money 
issued  by  the  Confederation  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  pass  in  currency  with  it. 

Types. — The  types  of  the  coins  may  be  divided  into  three  series  or  classes  : 
(1)  those  which  are  direct  copies  of  Eoman  denarii,  (2)  those  which  are  adapta- 
tions but  not  actual  copies,  and  (3)  those  which  are  of  original  design.  On  the 
obverse  is  always  the  head  or  bust  of  a  divinity,  and  on  the  reverse  a  com- 
posite design  recording  some  historical  event,  or  an  allegory  relating  to  the 
struggle  between  the  Confederate  States  and  Eome. 

The  most  common  type  of  obverse  is  that  of  a  female  head  helmeted  or 
laureate.  On  the  coins  of  the  Eepublic  it  is  the  personification  of  Eoma,  but  on 
those  of  the  Confederates  it  is  Italia,  not  a  simple  personification  of  the  city  to 
which  the  name  of  Italia  had  been  given,  but  the  divinity  who  was  to  guard  their 
fortunes  and  direct  their  actions.  Other  divinities  represented  are  Mars  and  one 
of  the  Dioscuri.  The  reverse  types,  even  when  they  are  only  copies  of  Eoman 
coins,  were  applicable  to  current  events.  The  Dioscuri,  who  had  assisted  the 
Eoman  army  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Eegillus,  were  now  invoked  to  aid  the  Confede- 
rates ;  the  oath-scene,  recently  illustrated  on  Eoman  denarii  struck  locally  (see 
above,  p.  281),  was  made  applicable  to  existing  circumstances  by  increasing  the 
number  of  the  Confederates ;  and  the  seated  figure  crowned  by  Victory  was  no 
longer  Eoma  but  Italia  (see  above,  p.  306).  The  original  types  are  few  in 
number,  and  refer  either  to  the  early  history  of  the  Samnites  in  relation  to  the 
foundation  of  their  state,  or  to  the  struggle  with  Eome.  Amongst  these  are  the 
Sabellian  bull  overwhelming  the  Eoman  she-wolf  (see  below,  p.  327),  and  the 
scene  of  a  warrior  or  Hercules  and  the  bull  (see  below,  pp.  328,  339).  More 
special  types  are  those  which  record  the  mission  to  Mithradates,  king  of  Pontus 
(see  below,  pp.  331,  337).  These  and  other  types  will  be  more  fully  dealt  with  in 
the  descriptions  of  the  coins. 


'  The  earlier  authorities  on  this  coinage  are  An.  Olivieri,  Saggi  di  Cortona ;  Swinton,  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  vols.  51,  52,  58,  59,  63  ;  Eokhel,  Doct.  imm.  vet.,  t.  i.,  pp.  103  f.  ;  Milliugen, 
Gonsidirations  sv/r  la  Num.  de  Vane.  Ital.,  1841;  subsequent  writers  are  M&imee,  Rev.  Num., 
1845;  Friedlauder,  Die  Osk.  ilunz.,  1850;  Bompois,  Types  monet.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  1873; 
Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  roni.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  420f.  ;  Dressel,  Beschreib.  der  ant.  Miinzen,  K6ni<j.  Museen, 
Berlin,  Bd.  iii.,  1891;  and  A.  Sambon,  Mon.  ant.  :h-  I'ltalie,  1904,  vol.  i.,  pp.  125  f. 


320  COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAR 

The  legends  are  in  Latin  or  Oscan,  one  piece  only,  that  of  the  Samnite 
general  L.  Papius  Mutilus,  showing  a  combination  of  the  two  languages  (see 
p.  331,  no.  33).  The  use  of  the  two  forms  of  epigraphy  indicates  that  there  was 
no  central  mint,  but  that  the  issue  of  the  coinage  extended  over  the  whole  area 
occupied  by  the  different  communities  which  formed  the  Confederation.  Those 
which  bear  Latin  inscriptions  were  struck  in  the  north-east,  where  that  language 
was  generally  in  use ;  and  those  with  Oscan  legends  in  the  country  occupied  by 
the  Samnites  and  the  Lucanians,  where  the  Oscan  language  prevailed.  The  coins 
which  bear  the  names  of  the  Confederate  generals  confirm  this  separation,  their 
names  appearing  in  Latin  or  Oscan  according  to  the  districts  in  which  the 
armies  under  their  command  were  engaged. 

The  coins  themselves  do  not  afford  any  evidence  of  the  towns  in  which  the 
officinae  were  estabhshed,  but  those  with  Latin  inscriptions  probably  emanated 
chiefly  from  Corfinium,  and  those  with  Oscan  from  Bovianum  and  Aesernia, 
both  of  which  places  were  for  a  time  the  head- quarters  of  the  Confederation 
after  the  fall  of  Corfinium.  The  style  and  fabric  of  the  coins,  which  is  often 
rude,  though  possessing  a  certain  amount  of  force  and  character,  do  not  assist 
us  in  localising  the  mints  at  which  they  were  struck. 

As  adjuncts  to  the  types  and  legends  many  issues  have  mint-marks  such  as 
were  used  at  the  same  period  at  the  Eoman  mint,  and  occasionally  in  the  local 
coinages.  These  mint-marks  consist  of  letters,  numbers,  symbols,  and  dots, 
placed  either  on  the  reverse  in  the  exergue  or  in  the  field  of  the  coin.  Attempts 
have  been  made  to  associate  the  letters  with  the  initials  of  the  cities  where  the 
coins  were  struck,  and  the  numbers  with  the  current  values  of  the  coins,  but 
in  neither  instance  is  this  feasible,  for  their  multiplicity  and  variation  show  that 
no  such  purpose  was  ever  intended.  The  numbers  sometimes  extend  from 
I — XX,  and  the  letters  occasionally  throughout  the  alphabet.  It  should  be 
noted  that  coins  with  Latin  legends  bear  Eoman  letters  and  numerals,  whilst 
those  with  Oscan  legends  have  Oscan  letters. 

Ceassification. — It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  establish  a  chronological 
sequence  of  the  issues  of  this  coinage.  The  repetition  of  types,  with  and  without 
legends  in  Latin  or  Oscan,  does  not  seem  to  afford  any  certain  basis.  In  general 
the  coins  maybe  divided  into  three  main  groups — those  with  Latin  legends,  those 
with  Oscan,  and  those  without  inscriptions.  It  might  be  presumed  that  coins  of 
all  three  groups  having  the  same  types  were  contemporaneous,  but  as  those  which 
bear  Latin  legends  and  those  which  have  Oscan  were  struck  in  different  districts, 
it  cannot  be  at  all  certain  that  the  same  types  were  adopted  simultaneously  in  each 
case.  The  denarii  which  bear  the  names  of  the  generals  were  issued  at  various 
periods.  Those  of  C.  Papius  Mutilus,  from  their  variety  of  type,  must  have  ex- 
tended throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  the  war  from  its  beginning  to  his  defeat  by 
Sulla  (see  below,  p.  330).  Those  of  the  Marsic  general,  Q.Pompaedius  Silo,  do  not 
relate  to  his  military  successes,  but  to  the  part  which  he  took  in  the  organization  of 
the  Confederation,  and  those  of  Numerius  Lucius,  or  Lucilius,  were  probably  not 
issued  till  the  war  was  well  advanced.  The  coinages  of  these  last  two  generals 
consist  of  only  one  issue  each.  As  any  attempt  at  a  chronological  arrangement 
by  types  would  result  in  breaking  up  the  sequence  of  the  issues  bearing 
Latin  legends  and  those  with  Oscan,  the  coinage  has  been  divided  up  into  four 


CIEC.  B.C.  91—88;    A.U.C.  6C3— 666  321 

series  or  groups,  as  follows:  (i.)  coins  bearing  the  Latin  legend  ITALIA; 
(ii.)  coins  with  the  Oscan  legend  Vlsl3Tm  (these  two  series  are  placed  first  as 
they  probably  extended  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  war);  (iii.)  coins 
bearing  the  names  of  the  generals,  &c. ;  these  were  issued  at  intervals ;  (iv.)  coins 
without  legends,  the  dates  of  issue  of  which  are  somewhat  uncertain.  In  each 
series  the  types  are  arranged  in  some  chronological  order,  those  which 
are  copies  of  Eoman  denarii,  presumably  the  earliest  struck,  being  placed 
first  in  order.i 

The  precise  duration  of  this  coinage  is  also  difficult  to  determine.  Bompois-^ 
has  placed  the  coins  with  legends  between  b.c.  91 — 88,  while  those  without 
legends  he  considers  to  be  purely  Samnite,  and  to  have  been  struck  between 
that  date  and  B.C.  82,  "  when  the  Samnite  nation  disappeared  for  ever  from  the 
political  scene."  M6rim6e  ^  held  practically  the  same  view,  for  he  observes  that 
"  it  may  be  concluded  that  all  the  coins  which  do  not  belong  exclusively  to  the 
Samnites  were  struck  in  b.c.  90  or  89  at  the  latest,  whilst  the  issue  of  those  which 
are  Samnite  may  have  been  prolonged  several  years,  as  that  nation  preserved  its 
independence  till  B.C.  82."  These  opinions  do  not  appear,  however,  to  be 
corroborated  by  the  coins  themselves.  If  we  are  to  assume  that  the  coins 
bearing  as  mint-marks  Latin  letters  or  numbers  emanated  from  the  districts 
where  the  Latin  language  prevailed,  then  most  of  the  uninscribed  pieces,  if  not 
all,  must  be  attributed  to  a  period  not  later  than  B.C.  88. 

Finds  of  Coins. — These  do  not  assist  us  much  in  determining  this  question 
of  date.  The  only  one  which  supplies  any  evidence  is  that  described  by  the 
Due  de  Blacas."*  It  was  obtained  by  M.  Hoffmann,  the  dealer  in  Paris,  from 
a  correspondent  in  Italy,  who  does  not  appear  to  have  divulged  its  pro- 
venance. The  hoard  comprised  140  Eoman  denarii,  some  of  which,  without 
and  with  symbols,  belonged  to  the  earliest  issues  (see  Tables  of  Finds,  "  Hoff- 
mann Find ").  Of  the  most  recent  coinages  struck  at  Eome  the  issues 
of  all  the  fifteen  moneyers  assigned  to  b.c.  90 — 89  were  represented,  with  the 
exception  of  those  of  P.  Vettius  Sabinus,  L.  Sentius,  M.  Serveilius  0.  f.,  and 
P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  M.  f.  There  were  also  denarii  of  D.  Silanus  L.  f.  and 
L.  Piso  L.  f.  Frugi,  whose  coins  are  alone  attributed  to  b.c  88,  but  none 
which  can  be  assigned  to  a  later  date.  Of  coins  struck  outside  Eome  there 
were  denarii  of  Q.  Thermius  M.  1,  b.c.  90,  and  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus, 
B.C.  89.  All  these  pieces  are  described  by  the  Due  de  Blacas  as  being 
in  very  fine  or  fine  condition.  Besides  these  140  pieces  there  were  14  denarii 
of  the  Confederate  coinages— with  ITALIA  (3),  with  VN3TI-3  (5),  of 
C.  Papius  Mutilus  (4),  and  without  legend  (2 — rev.  oath-scene  with  eight 
warriors).  It  would  therefore  appear  from  the  Hoffmann  hoard,  which  must 
have  been  buried  some  time  in  B.C.  88,  probably  in  the  spring  of  that  year,  that 
at  least  some  of   the  Confederate   pieces  without   legends  were   struck   before 


'  Pr.  Lenormant  (La  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  291)  divides  the  Osoan  coinages  into  two 
series;  those  with  the  legends  ITALIA  and  VN3TI-I1  only  he  designates  as  civil  raoncv, 
those  with  the  names  of  the  generals  as  military  money.  The  coins  without  legends  \\unld 
belong  to  the  first  series. 

^  Typef^  monet.  de  la  Guerre  Socialo,  p.  46.  ^  Rev.  Nam.,  1845,  p.  87. 

'  Morninsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  520. 
VOL.    II.  T    T 


322 


COINAGE    OF   THE   SOCIAL   WAE 


B.C.  88.  From  the  particulars  supplied  by  this  hoard,  and  also  from  the 
circumstance  that  most  of  the  uninscribed  coins  bear  Latin  letters  and  numerals 
as  mint-marks,  it  seems  fairly  conclusive  that  very  little,  if  any,  of  the  Con- 
federate money  could  have  been  struck  after  B.C.  88.  If,  therefore,  it  be 
presumed  that  the  coinage  began  early  in  the  insurrection,  the  limit  of  date 
which  can  be  assigned  to  it  is  from  B.C.  91 — 88. 


-Vo.       Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


54-2 


SERIES   I. 

O'bve'rse  Tteverse 

With  the  legend  ITALIA ' 

Denarius 


M    -75 


Type  I.^ 


Head  of  Italia  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head ;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked  ;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop  and 
necklace ;  hair  in  close 
locks ;  behind,  wreath ; 
below,  *  and  ITAl'[IA]. 


ITAHA  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
galloping  in  contrary  di- 
rections, but  looking  back 
at  each  other ;  their  spears 
are  pointed  downwards ; 
above  the  head  of  each, 
a  star. 


[Cf.  Bompois,  Types  monH.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  pi.  i., 
no.  10.] 


'  The  issue  of  coins  with  this  legend  in  Latin  extended  throughout  the  whole  period  of  the 
war.  They  were  probably  mostly  struck  at  Corfiuium,  the  principal  city  of  the  Confederation 
and  of  the  Latin-speaking  districts  in  the  north.  Some  of  them,  however,  may  hare  been 
struck  at  other  towns  in  those  districts. 

'  This  type  is  a  close  copy  of  the  denarius  of  C.  Serveilius  M.  f.,  who  was  a  local  moneyer 
of  about  two  years  previously  (see  above,  p.  279).  It  is  possible  that  the  dies  were  executed 
Ijy  an  engraver  who  had  been  previously  employed  at  one  of  the  Roman  officinae.  Millingen 
(Sylloge,  p.  8)  suggested  that  the  type  was  intended  to  allude  tauntingly  and  satirically  to  the 
defeat  and  death  of  two  members  of  the  Servilia  gens  during  the  Social  war,  one  of  whom  was 
killed  at  jisculum  at  the  commencement  of  the  hostilities,  the  other,  the  proconsul  Q.  Servilius 
f'aepio,  in  an  action  with  Q.  Pompaedius  Silo.  This  hypothesis  has,  however,  no  real  basis, 
especially  as  the  coius  of  this  type  were  probably  issued  quite  early  in  the  war.  The  type  was 
also  used  for  some  of  the  denarii  of  C.  Papias  Mutilus  (see  below,  p.  330),  which  may  have 
been  struck  about  the  same  time,  but  in  another  district,  as  in  that  case  the  legends  are  in  Oscan 
characters. 

The  only  specimen  known  bearing  this  type  is  in  the  Paris  collection.  The  legend  ITAHA 
under  the  head  on  the  obverse  is  somewhat  uncertain.  There  are  signs  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  first  four  letters  ITAk.  This  would  be  the  only  instance  in  this  series  of  the  legend  on  the 
reverse  being  repeated  on  the  obverse  of  the  same  coin.     On  the  original  pieces  from  which 


No.     Wi'ijM 


56-0 


tin  J  Siz' 


CIEC.  B.C.  91— 8J 


61-5 
61-5 
63-4 


M    -8 


Al    -85 
M    -8 
^    -75 


A.U.C.  663—666 

Type  II. 

]Vit]i  mimher  on  reverse 


323 


Reverse 


Head  o£  Italia  r.,  laureate, 
wearing  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace ;  be- 
hind, ITALIA  1  (down- 
wards). 


Similar. 


Similar;      head     of     Italia 
turned  to  1. 


Similar. 


A  youth  kneeling  front  at 
the  foot  of  a  standard  and 
holding  a  pig,  towards 
which  eight  warriors,  four 
on  each  side,  point  their 
swords ;  in  the  exergue, 
number  I* 

[PI.  xcviii.  1.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  number  III* 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar ;  number  1 1 1 1  • 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  number  V* 
[PI.  xcviii.  2.] 
(Millingen  Coll.) 


this  type  was  derived,  the  legend  ROMA  occurs  below  the  head  of  Roma.  For  this  legend  the 
Confederates  substituted  ITAHA. 

In  connection  with  the  coins  struck  by  the  Confederates,  the  types  of  which  are  derived 
from  Roman  prototypes,  we  may  here  mention  a  denarius  (?)  which-  Merimee  {Rev.  Num  ,  184.5, 
p.  109)  has  included  in  the  series  connected  wilh  the  Social  war.  It  is  of  bronze,  and  has 
for  the  obverse  type  a  female  head  (Eoraa)  wearing  the  winged  helmet  ornamented  with 
the  gryphon's  head;  behind,  X;  and  for  the  reverse.  Victory  iu  a  quadriga  to  right,  the 
horses  galloping  ;  in  the  exergue,  AX3!D_LVI.  In  this  inscription,  which  Merini^e  would  read 
IVTCEXV,  he  has  recognised  the  name  of  the  Confederate  chief,  C.  Judaoilius,  the  praetor  of 
the  Picentes,  mentioned  by  Appian  (Bell,  civ.,  i.  40,  42,  47,  48)  and  Orosius  (v.  18).  Bompois 
{Types  monet.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  p.  115)  questioned  this  attribution,  and  was  of  opinion  that 
neither  the  type  nor  the  fabric  is  of  such  a  nature  that  this  coin  can  be  assigned  to  the  Social 
war  series,  and  that  it  is  only  a  barbarous  imitation  of  a  Roman  denarius,  and  the  legend  a 
jumble  of  letters  witliout  any  meaning.  This  opinion  was  also  held  by  Muret  and  Chabouillet 
{Monn.  gaul..  p.  240,  no.  10074),  who  have  classed  this  coin  with  similar  Gaulish  imitations 
of  Roman  denarii. 

'  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  similar  to  that  on  the  coins  of  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus,  who 
held  the  office  of  a  local  moneyer  in  B.C.  90  or  89  (see  above,  p.  306).  If  this  type  was  adopted 
from  the  coins  of  Malleolus,  this  issue  could  not  have  occurred  till  some  months  after  the 
beginning  of  the  war.  The  reverse  type  illustrates  the  mode  of  oath-taking  as  practised  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Italian  provinces.  A  similar  scene  is  depicted  on  the  denarii  struck 
shortly  before  by  Ti.  Yeturius  (see  above,  p.  281),  and  on  earlier  Rojnano-Campanian  gold  coins 
(see  above,  p.  131),  but  in  both  those  instances  only  two  warriors  are  shown.  On  the  Con- 
federate coinage  the  number  of  warriors  represented  varies,  being  either  eight,  four,  or  two. 
Millingen  {Num.  de  Vane.  Itil.,  p.  186)  has  suggested  that  these  variations  in  the  types  indicate 
the  number  of  the  Confederate  States  which  at  a  particular  time  were  taking  part  in  the 
war,  the  reduction  from  eight  to  four,  and  further  to  two,  showing  the  gradual  falling  off 
of  such  States  as  were  unable  to  continue  the  struggle,  and  were  therefore  couipelled  to 
surrender.  But  eight  as  the  complement  of  the  Confederate  States  does  not  accord  with  the 
evidence  of  ancient  writers,  for  Livy  gives  the  number  as  nine,  Appian  as  twelve,  Yelleius 
Pateroulus  as  seven,  and  Diodorus  as  only  five.  Nor  is  it  at  all  probable  that  the  Allies  would 
have  thus  openly  declared  the  diminution  of  their  body.  The  scene  therefore  must  be  looked 
upon  as  one  purely  conventional,  the  designers  of  the  coins  illustrating  the  subject  according 
to  their  fancy.  This  type  was  repeated  with  the  legend  VN3TH1  instead  of  ITALIA  (sse 
below,  p.  327),  or  without  any  legend  (see  below,  p.  335),  while  a  more  important  variety 
bears  the  name  of  the  Marsic  general,  Q.  Pompacdius  Silo  (see  below,  p.  329j. 

Prom  the  variety  of   mint-marks  this  issue  must  have  been  a  hirgc  one,   and  probably 


324 


COINAGE    OP   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 


..        ,,-  .  ,  .        Metal 
"         and  Size 


9 

10 


11 


62-4 

61-3 

64-2 
62-0 

59-5 
60-7 


55-2 


Al  -8 

M  -75 

M  -8 

M  -75 

ai  -75 

M  -75 


M    -75 


Obverse  Reverse 

With  letter  on  reverse 


Similar;  head  of  Italia  to 
1.;  behind,  ITALIA  (up- 
wards). 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar;     in    the    exergue, 
letter  C 

[PI.  xcviii.  3.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  M 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  N 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  O 

[PI.  xcviii.  4.] 

(Sambon) 

Similar ;  letter  P 
(Sambon) 

Similar ;  letter  Q 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Type  III.i 
With  letter  on  reverse 


Bust  of  Italia  r.,  laureate, 
draped  and  wearing  ear- 
ring and  necklace ;  hair 
collected-  into  a  knot  and 
falling  down  her  neck ; 
beforehead,  mark  of  value, 
XVI ;  behind,  ITALIA 
(downwards). 


Female  figure,  Italia,  seated 
1.  on  pile  of  shields ;  she 
is  draped  and  holds  spear 
in  r.  hand  and  grasps  her 
parazonium  with  1. ;  be- 
hind, stands  Victory,  who 
places  wreath  on  her  head ; 
both  figures  are  helmeted; 
in  the  exergue,  letter  E 
[PI.  xcviii.  5.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


extended  over  a  considerable  period.  These  mint-marks  consist  of  numbers  running  at  least 
from  I — V,  of  single  letters  which  extend  throughout  the  Latin  alj  habet,  and  also  of  two 
letters  which  start  from  opposite  ends  of  the  alphabet,  as  A  X,  B  V,  C  T,  &c.  This  way  of 
marking  the  dies  was  much  practised  at  the  Roman  mint,  and  we  meet  with  the  use  of  two 
letters  starting  from  opposite  ends  of  the  alphabet  on  the  coins  of  M.  Serveilius  C.  f.  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  229),  but  in  that  case  they  are  separated,  one  being  on  the  obverse,  the  other  on  the 
reverse,  never  together  on  the  same  face  of  the  coin.  When  two  letters  occur  on  the  above 
coins  they  are  placed  on  the  reverse,  either  in  the  field  above  the  heads  of  the  Confederates 
and  on  either  side  of  the  standard,  or  in  the  exergue  (Bonipois,  op.  cit.,  pi.  i.,  nos.  3,  4).  These 
letters,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  have  been  interpreted  as  the  initials  of  mints,  but  the  fact 
that  they  include  the  whole  of  the  Latin  alphabet  shows  that  this  interpretation  cannot  he 
accepted  (Merimte,  Rev.  Num.,  1845,  p.  91).  Three  specimens  of  this  type,  with  head  of 
Italia  to  left,  and  one  with  head  to  right,  were  in  the  Hoffmann  find  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon. 
rviii.,  t.  ii.,  p.  530). 

'  This  type  is  copied  from  denarii  of  the  joint-moneyers,  L.  Caecilius  Metellus,  A.  Posturaius 
Albinus,  and  C.  Poblicius  Malleolus,  which  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  to  local  issue,  and  which 
were  struck  about  tlje  end  of  B.C.  90  or  early  in  B.C.  89  (see  above  p.  310).     If  this  date  is 


No.       Weiyht       ^f^^ 
■'         and  Sine 


CIEC.  B.C.  91—88  ;    A.U.C.  663—666 

Ohverse 


325 


Reverse 


12    [    59-7 


M    -7 


13 


Similar 


Similar;  the  mint-letter  is  off 
the  field. 

[PI.  xcviii.  6.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


I 


58-7  !  A\    -85 


14    j    60-6 


M.    -75 


15    !    59-0     M    -85 


AX.    -8 


16 

59-4 

61-2 

AX    -75 


Type  III.  var.  a 
With  letter  on  reverse 


Similar;  head  of  rude  de- 
sign; no  drapery,  and  hair 
not  collected  into  a  knot; 
before,  mark  of  value,  X  ; 
behind,  ITALIA  (down- 
wards). 


Similar ;  the  figures  are  not 
helmeted;  in  the  exergue, 
letter  A  (?). 

[PI.  xcviii.  7.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  III.  var.  b 
With  letter  cm  reverse 


Similar ;  head  of  rude  de- 
sign ;  mark  of  value,  X, 
under  chin  of  Italia ;  no 
legend  behind  head. 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  in  the  exergue, 
ITALIA;  in  the  field  on 
1.,  letter  C 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar;  in  the  field,  letter  3 

[PI.  xcviii.  8.] 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  F 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  IV.  1 


Head  of  Italia  r.,  diademed, 
wearing  necklace ;  hair 
rolled  back  and  collected 
into  a  knot  behind. 


Victory  draped,  seated  r., 
and  holding  laurel-branch 
in  r.  hand;  in  the  exergue, 
ITALIA 


[Bompois,  Tyioes  monit.  de  la  Giierre  Sociale,  pi.  i.,  no.  8.] 


correct,  the  Italian  copy  must  have  quickly  followed  the  Koman  original.  Both  series  are  of  rude 
design,  but  that  of  the  Confederates  is  somewhat  coarser.  The  type  would  record  the  successes 
of  the  Confederates  during  the  first  year  of  the  war,  but  probably  more  especially  the  defeats 
of  the  consul  P.  Eutilius  Lupus  by  Vettius  Scato,  and  of  Q.  Serviliua  Caepio  by  Q.  Pompaedius 
Silo.     These  engagements  took  place  in  the  northern  district,  whei-e  the  coins  were  struck. 

The  mint-marks  consist  of  letters  only,  but  since  they  are  limited  in  number  the  issue 
must  have  been  a  small  one.  Friedlander  {Osk.  Miinz.,  p.  86)  and  Sambon  {Mon.  ant,  de 
I'ltalie,  vol.  i.,  p.  132)  have  noted  the  following  letters  :  on  Type  III.,  D,  E,  F,  G  ;  on  Type  III., 
var.  II,  A,  B,  C,  3,  F;  and  on  Type  III.,  var.  b,  C,  E,  F. 

'  This  type  also  commemorates  the  successes  of  the  Confederates  during  the  early  part  of 


326 


COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAR 


SERIES   II. 


,T         IT'  ■  1 J        Metal 
No.       WeKihf  ,  „. 

•'         and  Size 


Obver.^<: 


Reverse 


17 


59-0 


M    '75 


With  the  legend  VN3ThD  ' 


Type  l.' 


Head  of  Italia  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked ;  ear- 
ring of  triple  drop  and 
necklace ;  below  chin, 
mark  of  value,  X  ;  before 
the  head,   ~2 


VN3Th3  (in  exergue).  The 
Dioscuri  on  horseback 
charging  r. ;  each  holds 
couched  spear  and  wears 
chlamys,  cuirass,  and 
pileus,  surmounted  by 
star;  below  the  horse's 
feet,  A 

[PI.  xoviii.  9.] 


the  war.  It  is  copied  from  the  denarius  issued  by  M.  Porcius  Cato  circ.  B.C.  90,  wliioh  is 
attributed  to  local  issue  (see  above,  p.  303).  It  is  very  doubtful  whether  it  was  intended  tu 
refer  specially  to  the  defeat  of  the  Roman  consul  L.  Porcius  Cato  by  Q.  Pompaedius  Silo  and 
his  death  (Bompois,  op.  cit.,  p.  82).  Cato  was  consul  B.C.  89.  On  the  coins  of  M.  Porcius  Cato 
the  bust  on  the  obverse  may  be  of  Libertas  or  Roma,  but  on  the  above  it  is  probably  a  per- 
sonification of  Italia.  Bompois  {loc.  cit.)  says  la  Liherte  (?),  but  Friedlander  (Osk.  Milnz., 
p.  86)  and  Merim^e  (Rev.  Num.,  184.'^,  15.  92)  leave  the  identification  uncertain.  "  The  only 
specimen  recorded  of  this  coin  is  in  the  Paris  collection. 

'  This  legend  has  somewhat  exercised  the  ingenuity  of  numismatists  and  others.  Olivieri 
(Saggi  di  Cortona,  t.  ii.,  p.  57),  who  only  had  an  imperfect  specimen  of  the  coin  at  his  disposal, 
interpreted  the  legend  as  P.  ITEEIV,  and  connected  it  with  the  name  of  a  Marsic  chief,  P. 
Insteius  Cato;  Swinton  (^Philosoph.  Trann.,  vol.  li.,  p  862)  read  VITEEIVD,  and  concluded 
that  it  was  the  name  of  a  member  of  the  Veturia  gens.  Eckhel  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  i.,  p.  104) 
rightly  read  the  legend  as  VITELIV,  but  connected  it  with  the  Vitellia  gens,  though  no 
member  of  that  family  is  recorded  amongst  the  generals  of  the  Confederates  enumerated  by 
Appian  or  Velleius  Paterculus.  Later  writers,  amongst  whom  may  be  mentioned  Micali, 
Niebuhr,  and  Grotefend,  have,  however,  shown  that  in  the  Oscan  tongue  it  signifies  ITALIA, 
and  that  it  has  preserved  to  us  the  ancient  name  of  that  country  (Merim^e,  Rev.  Num.,  1845, 
p.  93).  The  coins  clearly  show  from  analogy  of  types  that  VITELIV  and  ITALIA  are  synony- 
mous, and  that  it  is  therefore  the  Oscan  form  of  ITALIA,  which  the  name  took  when  borrowed 
into  Greek,  the  initial  f '  being  lost  in  the  Greek  dialects  of  Southern  Italy  soon  after  B.C.  400 
(Conway,  Ital,  Dialects,  p.  669).  Hellanicus  the  Lesbian,  cited  by  Dionysius  [Rom.  Ant.,  t.  i. 
35),  calls  Italy  OiiiTa\ia,  and  shows  its  connection  with  the  Latin  Vitulus. 

^  This  type  is  identical  with  that  of  the  denarius  struck  at  the  Roman  mint  about  the 
middle  of  the  previous  century.  The  position  of  the  mark  of  value  and  the  form  of  the 
earring  show  close  analogy  to  the  earlier  denarii  of  M.  Atilius  Saranus,  Q.  Marcius  Libo,  and 
L.  Sempronius  Pitio  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  92-95).  The  selection  of  this  type  by  the  Confederates  is 
appropriate,  for  besides  being  of  a  military  character,  the  Dioscuri  were  always  held  in  great 
veneration  by  the  peoples  of  Italy.     It  is  probably  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  series. 

The  letters  or  signs  "d  before  the  head  on  the  obverse  and  A  below  the  horses  on  the 
reverse,  appear  to  be  original  marks  in  the  dies,  as  similar  ones  are  found  on  the  specimen  in 
the  Berlin  collection  (Dressel,  Boschreib.,  t.  iii.,  p.  60,  no.  24),  and  on  that  figured  by  Garrucci 
(Moil.  ant.  rom.,  pi.  xci.,  no.  18).  Dressel  gives  the  letter  or  sign  on  the  obverse  as  >,  and 
Garrucci  as  L,  but  on  the  Museum  coin  T  is  quite  distinct. 

The  Hoffmann  find  contained  two  specimens  of  this  issue  (llomrasen,  H(sf.  more,  rom., 
t.  ii.,  p.  530). 


Xn.       Wi-I<jlit 


18 


61-7 


CIEG.  B.C.  91—88;    A.U.G.  663-666 

Metal 
and  Siz,                           O^™™*^ 

Type  II.i 

With  letter  on  rrveno 

327 


Revcrfu 


yR 


M    -8 


Head  of  Italia  1.,  laureate, 
wearing  earring  and  neck- 
lace ;  behind,  VN3Th3 


A  youth  kneeliag  front  at 
the  foot  of  a  standard  and 
holding  a  pig,  towards 
which  eight  warriors,  four 
on  each  side,  point  their 
swords ;  in  the  exergue, 
letter  3 

[Friedliinder,  Osh.  Miiiiz.,  p.  83,  no.  11. J 


Type  III.2 
Willi  letter  on  reverse 


Head  of  youthful  Bacchus  or 
Liber  r.,  wearing  wreath 
of  ivy,  tied  with  fillet ; 
around,  laurel- wreath. 


Bull  r.,  trampling  on  she- 
wolf,  which  it  strikes 
with  its  horn ;  below, 
VNsl3TI-13  {Vitelliu); 
above,  letter  n  (A). 
[PI.  xcviii.  10.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  Thi3  type  is  a  repetition  of  that  with  the  name  of  ITALIA  (see  above,  p.  323).  Frierl- 
liiuder  (loc.  cit.)  says  that  he  saw  an  example  of  this  coin  in  the  possession  of  a  dealer  in 
Naples  named  Ascherson.  Its  whereabouts  does  not  appear  to  be  known  at  present.  Bahrf  eldt, 
in  a  private  commnnioation,  states  that  he  has  never  met  with  a  specimen. 

-  The  allegorical  allusion  of  this  type  is  so  very  evident  that  any  comment  would  be 
superfluous.  It  is  the  bull,  the  emblem  or  symbol  of  Italy  and  the  Samnite  nation,  overcoming 
the  she-wolf,  the  emblem  of  Rome.  Eckhel  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  i.,  p.  103),  who  evidently  had 
before  him  an  imperfect  specimen,  describes  the  type  as  bos  animal  diibiae  formae  cornu  feriens. 
Later  he  adds,  taiorus  crocodilum  toto  corpore  premens,  et  cornu  fodicans.  Millingen  {Num.  de 
Vane.  Ital.f  p.  186)  thought  that  the  type  may  allude  to  the  allocution  of  the  Samnite  chief 
Pontius  Telesinus  to  his  army  at  the  Porta  Collina — ades^e  Uotnaiiis  ultimum  diem — ernend.ain 
delendamque  urhem — numqua^n  de'uturos  raptores  italicae  libertatis  hqjos,  nisi  silva,  in  quam 
refugere  solerent,  esset  excisa  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  27) ;  but  this  ingenious  explanation  falls  to  the 
ground  for  two  reasons,  first,  that  the  allocution  of  Pontius  Telesinus  took  place  at  the  Porta 
Collina  in  August  B.C.  82,  and  secondly,  that  as  the  coins  of  the  same  reverse  type  bear  the 
name  of  the  Samnite  leader  Papius,  they  must  have  been  struck  some  years  before,  i.e.  in 
B.C.  89  (Bompois,  Types  monet.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  p.  98).  Others  would  connect  the  type  with 
the  defeat  and  death  of  P.  Eutilius  Lupus,  the  wolf  being  a  punning  allusion  to  the  consul's 
cognomen.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  that  of  Liber  Pater,  the  divinity  who  presided  over  the 
fertility  of  the  fields  and  was  also  the  personification  of  liberty.  It  was  in  both  these  capacities 
that  he  was  worshipped  by  the  early  Italians  (Preller,  So m.  Myth.,  Srded.,  vol.  ii.,p.47).  Dressel 
{BeschTeib.,  Bd.  iii.,  p.  60,  no.  23)  describes  it  as  a  "female  head  bound  with  ivy,"  and  M&irnee 
{Rev.  Num.,  1845,  p.  104)  says,  "II  est  difficile  de  determiner  le  sexe  de  la  divinity  repre- 
sentee 9/U  droit.  Bst-ce  nn  Bacchus,  LIB  E  R  PATER  (?).  J'aimeraismieuxladtesse  LIB  E  RA. 
An  reste,  quelle  que  soit  oette  tete,  o'est  evidemment  un  symbole  de  liljerte." 

^  This  is  the  only  instance  on  these  coins  of  the  duplication  of  the  letter  U  in  Viielliu. 
Sambon(ikfofi.  ant.ital.,  p.  130,  no.  226)  describes  the  British  Museum  coin  as  reading  Vlsl3Tm, 
and  that  in  the  Naples  cabinet  (Santangelo  coll.)  as  VNJ3TI-I1  ;  but  this  is  an  error,  as  the 
letter  \l  is  duplicated  in  both  instances.  A  specimen  of  this  rare  tyi^e  was  in  the  Hoiimann  find 
(Mommsen,  Hist.  men.  rom.,  t.  ii. ,  p.  .531). 


328 


COINAGE    OP   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 


-KT  TTT   •  1 L       Metal 

No.       WevgU     ^^^  ^.^^ 


19 


20 
21 
22 

23 
21 


610 


M    -8 


Obverse  Revers 

Type  IV.i 

With  letter  mi  reverse 


Head  of  Italia  L,  laureate, 
wearing  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace ;  be- 
hind, VN3TH]  (down- 
wards). 


660 
62-2 
62-6 

55'3 
63-0 


M 

•85 

M 

■85 

M 

•8 

M 

■75 

M 

•75 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


standing   front, 
wearing  hel- 


A   warrior 
head  to  r, 

met  and  cloak,  which  is 
fastened  at  the  neck, 
covers  his  legs  from  the 
hips  and  falls  over  1.  arm  ; 
he  rests  r.  hand  on  spear 
with  point  downwards, 
and  holds  his  sword  in  1. ; 
his  1.  foot  is  placed  on 
the  upper  portion  of  a 
Eoman  standard;  on  his 
1, ,  a  recumbent  bull,  facing ; 
in  the  exergue,  letter  R  (A) 
[PI.  xcviii.  11.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  8  (B) 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  >  (G) 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  3  (E) 
[PI.  xcviii.   12.] 
(Sambon) 

Similar ;  letter  i  (Z) 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  I  (I) 
(Sambon) 


'  Like  that  of  the  bull  trampling  on  the  she-wolf,  this  type  seems  to  commemorate  the  suc- 
cesses of  the  Confederate  States.  In  this  instance  the  Sabellian  ox  is  shown  lying  down  as  if 
resting  after  its  recent  struggle,  and  near  it  stands  a  warrior  with  his  spear,  the  point  down- 
wards, a  sign  of  "victory,  and  resting  his  foot  on  a  Eoman  standard.  The  type  therefore  indicates 
that  the  coins  were  struck  at  the  end  of  B.  c.  90,  or  early  in  the  following  year.  It  is  also  met  with 
on  coins  bearing  the  names  of  the  generals  C .  Papins  Mutilus  and  Numerius  Lucius,  or  Lucilius, 
and  on  others  without  a  legend  (see  belowi  pp.  331,  333,  336).  In  the  last  instance  a  tree,  on 
which  hang  shields  as  trophies,  is  seen  near  the  armed  figure.  This  adjunct  seems  to  add  support 
to  the  interpretation  here  given  of  the  type.  Other  solutions  have  been  suggested,  based 
chiefly  on  an  ancient  tradition  recorded  by  Strabo  (v.  4,  12),  who  relates  that  the  Sabines  dedi- 
cated to  the  god  Mars  all  the  children  bom  after  a  period  remarkable  for  the  decrease  in  the 
population.  When  the  youths  had  arrived  at  the  age  of  manhood,  they  were  sent  forth  to  found 
a  new  colony.  A  bull  served  as  their  guide,  and  when  it  came  to  the  land  of  the  Opici  it  lay 
down.  The  youths,  taking  this  as  an  omen,  drove  out  the  inhabitants,  and  having  settled  in 
that  locality,  sacrificed  the  bull  to  Mars,  by  whom  it  was  sent.  The  new  settlers  called 
themselves  Sahelli  (Lat.  Samnites).  According  to  Pellerin  the  armed  figure  is  that  of  Mars, 
who  accepts  the  sacrifice,  an  opinion  shared  by  Eckhel  {Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  i.,  p.  106).  Olivieri 
(Saggi  di  Cortona,  t.  ii.,  p.  66)  recognised  in  the  warrior  C.  Papius  Mutilus,  the  Samnite  general, 
who  binds  captive  the  bull,  symbolical  of  the  Eoman  people  ;  and  Havercamp  interprets  the 
scene  as  Bos  procumbens  Italia  est.  Adstans  figura  muliebris(?)  So>na,  lirbs  violentct,  bovis, 
i.e.  Italiae,  cms  ped.e  laevo  p>remitj  tanquafn  quae  Italos  non  pro  sociis  haberet. 

The  issue  of  this  particular  type  must  have  been  of  considerable  extent,  as  the  mint-letters 
include  the  whole  Osoan  alphabet.  Friedlander  (^Osk.  iliinz.,  p.  76)  thinks  that  the  last  letter 
y^  may  be  E  and  k  in  ligature  and  not  the  Greek  +,  as  in  Oscan  inscriptions  this  last  letter 
was  expressed  by  ps. 

Two  coins  of  this  type  were  in  the  Hoffmann  find  (Monimsen,  Hist.  man.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  530). 


CIEC.  B.C.  91—88;  A.U.C.  663—666 


329 


No.     WeigU        ^f^^ 
■'  ana  Size 


Ohvers 


25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


59-8 
62-9 
56-0 
57-0 
60-0 
65-0 


M  -8 

JR  -75 

M  -75 

Ai  -76 

JR  -75 

M  -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar ;  same  letter. 
[PI.  xcviii.  13.] 

Similar ;  letter  l/M  (M) 
(Sambon) 

Similar;  letter  M  (N) 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar;  letter  fl  (P) 
(Sambon) 

Similar  ;  letter  ^  (R) 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar ;  letter  ^^  {■^) 
[PI.  xcviii.  14.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 


53-2 


M 


SERIES    III. 

With  the  names  of  (jeneral.^ 

a.siLo^ 

(QUINTUS  [POMPABDIUS]  SILO) 
Denafius 


Head  of  Italia  r.,  laureate, 
wearing  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace  of 
pendants  ;  hair  drawn 
back  and  falling  in  locks 
down  her  neck  ;  behind, 
ITALIA  (downwards). 


Q.  ■  SILO  (in  exergue).  A 
youth  kneeling  front  at 
the  foot  of  a  standard  and 
holding  a  pig,  towards 
which  eight  warriors,  four 
on  each  side,  point  their 
swords  (similar  to  no.  1, 
p.  323). 


[Bompois,  Types  monet.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  pi.  i.,  no.  5.1 

'  Quintus  Pompaedius  Silo,  the  leader  of  the  Marsi  in  the  Social  war,  and  the  soul  of  the 
whole  undertaking,  having  failed  to  obtain  for  the  Allies  the  Roman  franchise,  was  the  chief 
organizer  of  the  league  formed  by  the  Confederate  States.  When  the  new  government  was 
constituted.  Silo  and  C,  Papius  Mutilus  were  appointed  consuls,  the  former  to  command  the 
army  of  the  north-east  district,  the  latter  to  take  charge  of  the  forces  which  were  to  operate 
in  the  south.  During  B.C.  90  Silo  does  not  appear  to  have  taken  the  field  at  first,  but  was 
retained  at  Corfinium  to  consolidate  the  Confederation.  Later  in  the  year  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  his  army  and  defeated  and  slew  the  Roman  commander,  Q.  Servilius  Caepio 
whom  he  had  led  into  an  ambush  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  44).  In  the  following  year  he  was  a^aiu 
victorious ;  this  time  over  the  consul  L.  Porcius  Cato,  wiio  also  perished.  On  account  of  the 
losses  of  the  Samnites  he  was  compelled  to  retire  from  Aesernia,  but  gathering  his  forces  he 
attacked  and  retook  Bovianum,  which  he  entered  in  triumph.  This,  however,  was  his  last 
success,  for  in  B.C.  88,  almost  at  the  opening  of  the  campaign  of  that  year,  he  was  first 
defeated  by  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus  and  subsequently,  near  Teanuni,  by  the  praetor  Q.  Caecilius 
VOL.    II.  -i-  U    U 


330 


COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 


^0.       tl  ei'jnt  7  ,, 


31       604  ,  M     S 


Ohvcrse  Reverse 

vlhTVI/H  .  > .  inRRn .  > 

(GAIUS  PAAPIUS  GAII  [PILIUS]  i\[UTILUS  i) 
Denarius 


Type  I."- 


32 


■jf 


Al    -8 


Head  of  Italia  r.,  wearing 
Avinged  helmet,  orna- 
mented Tvith  grjrphon's 
head ;  the  visor  in  three 
pieces  and  peaked  ;  ear- 
ring of  single  drop  and 
double  necklace  of  pearls ; 
hair  in  close  locks ;  be- 
hind, wreath  and  mark  of 
value,  *  (see  p.  322); 
below,  NihTVkM 

Same  {savie  die). 


■  iriRIRin  .  >  (in  exergue). 
The  Dioscuri  on  horseback 
galloping  in  contrary  di- 
rections, but  looking  back 
at  each  other;  their  spears 
are  pointed  downwards ; 
above  the  head  of  each, 
a  star  (see  p.  322). 
(Milhngen  Coll.) 


Same  (same  die). 

[PI.  xcix.   1.] 

(Nott) 


Metellus  Pius.     He  perished  in  the  second  battle,  and  with  his  death  the  Tvar  practically  came 
to  an  end  (Appian,  op.  cit.,  i.  53). 

The  coin  which  bears  the  name  of  Q.  Silo  is  unique,  the  only  example  known  being  in  the 
Paris  cabinet.  It  was  probably  struck  in  B.C.  90,  as  it  does  not  commemorate  tlie  victories  of 
Silo,  but  only  refers  to  the  part  which  he  took  in  the  organization  of  the  Confederation.  As 
his  name  on  it  is  in  Latin  we  may  presume  that  the  coin  was  struck  at  Corfinium.  It  is  some- 
what remarkable  that,  though  8ilo  took  such  an  active  part  in  founding  and  upholding  the 
Confederation,  and  in  subsequent  events  connected  with  the  war,  this  is  the  only  piece  extant 
issued  in  his  honour.  It  is  a  marked  contrast  to  the  somewhat  prolific  coinage  of  his  colleague 
C.  Papius  Mutilus.  The  nomen  Ponipaedius  is  omitted  in  the  legend,  as  was  often  the  case 
with  the  Roman  denarii  at  this  and  in  later  times. 

'  Caius  "Paapius"  Mutilus,  who  with  Q.  Pompaedius  Silo  was  appointed  consul  of 
the  new  Confederate  government,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Samuite  forces  which 
were  to  operate  in  the  southern  districts.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  insurrection  in  B.C.  91 
and  in  the  following  year  he  invaded  Camp.inia  with  success,  but  having  attacked  the  camp 
of  the  consul  L.  Jiilius  Caesar  he  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss.  The  next  year  he  had  to 
contend  with  Sulla,  who  had  penetrated  into  Samnium,  but  he  experienced  a  total  defeat, 
being  himself  wounded  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.^  i.  42,  51).  He  was  in  consequence  compelled  to 
retire  to  .\esernia,  which  on  account  of  the  loss  of  Corfinium  had  then  become  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Confederation.  His  subsequent  history  is  uncertain,  as  it  is  not  known 
whether  he  died  of  his  wounds.  He  may,  however,  have  been  the  Mutilus,  one  of  the  pro- 
scribed by  Sulla,  who  committed  suicide  (Livy,  Epit.,  89),  or  the  Statins  mentioned  by 
Appian  {op.  cit.,  iv.  25),  who  was  proscribed  by  the  triumvirs  in  B.C.  43  on  account  of  his 
riches,  and  who  is  mentioned  as  having  distinguished  himself  as  a  leader  of  the  Sauiuites 
during  the  Social  war,  and  as  having  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  Roman  senator  on  account 
of  his  noble  deeds.  He  was  then  eighty  years  of  age  (Mdrimee,  £tudes  sur  I'Hist.  rom.,  vol.  i., 
p.  325,  note). 

The  coins  bearing  the  name  of  C.  Papius  Mutilus  are  comparatively  numerous,  and  their  types 
are  varied.  These  are,  however,  mainly  repetitions  of  those  which  occur  ^yitll  the  legends 
ITALIA  and  VN3TH].  There  are  a  few  special  obverse  types,  but  even  these  are  adaptations 
from  Roman  denarii  of  the  period.  As  the  coins  of  Papius  must  have  been  struck  during  B.C. 
90 — 89,  they  afford  some  clue  to  the  classification  of  the  series  generally,  more  especially  of  those 
pieces  which  bear  the  legends  ITALIA  and  VIvlSTHl.  On  some  of  the  coins  Papius  is  styled 
"  Embratur  "  (Imperator),  a  title  which  was  granted  to  him  on  account  of  his  early  victories. 

^  This  type,  like  similar  pieces  with  the  legend  ITAHA,  is,  as  we  have  already  shown, 
copied  from  denarii  of  C.  Serveilius  M.  f.,  which  were  struck  locally  shortly  before  the  w.ir 
(see  above,  p.  322).  The  coins  of  Papius,  which  have  the  legend  ITALIA  on  the  obverse  (see 
nos.  33,  34),  are  the  only  pieces  in  the  series  with  Latin  and  Oscan  inscriptions.  They  were 
struck  in  the  same  district  as  those  of  the  same  type  with  the  legend  ■jhTVU'l,  and  they 
may  have  been  specially  issued  for  the  use  of  the  Marsians  serving  in  the  army  of  Papius. 
Both  varieties  are  of  the  same  fabric,  and  in  each  case  the  National  Collection  possesses  two 
coins  struck  from  the  same  dies. 


CIEC.  B.C.  91—8 


A.U.O.  663— 66G 


331 


No.       Weight 

33    I    63-5 


34 


35 


36 


61-0 


61-0 


56'2 


57-5 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -75 


M    '85 


M    -8 


M    -75 


JR    -75 


Obverse 

Similar;  earring  of  triple 
drop;  below  head,  ITA 
LIA 

Same  (same  die). 


Type 
Bust  of  Mars  r.,  with  slight 
beard,  wearing  crested 
helmet,  ornamented  with 
feather  or  aigrette,  and 
chlamys  fastened  on  the 
shoulder ;  behind,  mark 
of  value,  X  and  VI^J3T^D 
(downwards). 

Similar. 


Type 
Head  of  Italia  r.,  wearing 
winged  helmet,  orna- 
mented with  gryphon's 
head ;  the  visor  in  two 
pieces;  earring  and  neck- 
lace of  pearls ;  around, 
between  two  dotted  lines, 

■jhTVn^.>  nn(\iNn.> 


Reverse 

Similar. 

[PI.  xcix.  2.] 

(Sambon) 

Same  (same  die). 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

II.i 

•>-|-inNNn.>(in  exergue). 
A  man  or  youth  kneeling 
front  on  1.  knee,  his  head 
turned  to  L,  and  holding 
a  pig,  which  four  warriors, 
two  on  either  side,  touch 
with  their  swords. 
[PI.  xcix.  3.] 
(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

A  warrior  standing  front, 
head  to  r . ,  wearing  helmet 
and  cloak,  which  is  fas- 
tened at  the  neck,  covers 
his  legs  from  the  hips,  and 
falls  over  1.  arm ;  he  rests 
r.  hand  on  spear  with 
point  downwards,  and 
holds  his  sword  in  1. ;  his 
1.  foot  is  placed  on  the 
upper  portion  of  a  Roman 
standard ;  on  his  1.,  a  re- 
cumbent bull,f  acing;  (simi- 
lar to  no.  19,  p.  328) ;  onl., 
VN3TI-I]  (downwards). 


[Bompois,  Types  monet.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  pi.  2,  no.  8.] 


'  The  obverse  type  is  adapted  from  coins  of  Ti.  Veturius  Barrus,  who  was  a  local  moueyer 
circ.  B.C.  93  (see  above,  p.  281),  with  the  reverse  the  oath-scene,  two  warriors  taking  an  oath 
over  a  pig  held  by  a  youth.  The  reverse  type  of  the  coin  of  Papius  is  similar  to  others  already 
noticed,  but  in  this  instance  four  warriors  only  instead  of  eight  are  introduced.  On  other 
coins  of  Papius  the  number  shown  is  only  two  (see  below,  p.  332,  no.  39).  It  may  be  noticed 
that  on  these  coins  and  on  those  showing  two  warriors  only  the  standard  in  the  centre  of  the 
reverse  is  omitted.  The  name  of  Papius  is  otherwise  inscribed  than  on  the  previous  coins,  the 
final  vowel  being  duplicated  and  made  long.  It  is  the  nominative  Paapiis,  the  final  s  being 
omitted  (Friedlander,  Osk.  Miinz.,  p.  82). 

The  Hoffmann  find  contained  two  specimens  of  this   type  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom 
t.  ii.,  p.  530). 

^  Of  this   coin  only  one  specimen  is  known.     It  is  in  the   Naples  Museum  (Santangelo 


332 


COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 


A'o.      Weight 


37 


38 


39 


61-2 


60-9 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


M    -8 


Olve 


Reverse 


Type  IV.i 
With  letter  on  reverse 


Head  of  Italia  1.,  wearing 
crested  helmet,  orna- 
mented Trith  crescents 
and  annulets,  and  neck- 
lace; below, -JhTVkH  •  > 

Similar. 


Similar;  the  warrior  is  three- 
quarters  to  r. ;  kMimsN^ 
(Safinim)   on   1. ;    in   the 
field,  above  bull,  letter  8 
(MilUngen  Coll.) 

SimUar ;  same  letter. 
[PI.  xcix.  4.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


TypeV. 


62-5     M    -8 


40 


62-0 


M    -8 


Head  of  Italia  1.,  wearing 
crested  helmet,^  orna- 
mented with  crescents, 
annulets,  &c. ,  similar  to  no. 
37  ;  no  necklace ;  below, 

avTPiaan/13  .  .jhtvh/i 

(Jilutil.     Emhratur,      i.e. 
Imperator). 


Similar;  legend, 

avTRaai/M3 


sIhTVIII 


>  •  inPinn  •  >  (in  exergue). 
A  man  with  long  beard 
kneeling  towards  1.,  head 
turned  to  r.,  and  holding 
a  pig,  which  two  bearded 
warriors,  one  on  either 
side,  touch  with  their 
swords ;  both  lean  with  r. 
hands  on  spears  and  wear 
short  swords. 

[PI.  xcix.  5.] 
(Payne  Knight  CoU.) 

Similar ;  legend, 

>.hnR!Rn-> 

[PI.  xcix.  6.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


coll.).  Fiorelli  (Mon.  ined.,  p.  18,  pi.  iii.,  no.  4)  was  the  first  to  publish  it.  The  rererse  type 
has  already  been  described  (see  above,  p.  328,  no.  19).  The  obverse  is  copied  from  the  denarius  of 
M.  Acilius  M.  f.,  a  moneyer  of  the  Roman  mint,  who  held  oflioe  circ.  B.C.  100  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  169). 
Carelli  (Nnm.  Hal.  vet.,  p.  116,  no.  24)  suggests  that  this  obverse  type  was  selected  in  contempt 
of  the  cowardly  conduct  of  the  consul  L.  Acilius,  who,  when  besieged  in  the  city  of  Aesernia 
by  the  Marsic  chief,  P.  Vettius  Scato,  escaped  in  the  guise  of  a  slave.  Similar  inferences  have 
been  drawn  from  other  types  also  derived  from  Roman  coins,  but  we  are  disposed  to  consider 
these  types  as  simple  adaptations. 

'  For  the  obverse  type  we  have  another  adaptation  from  a  Roman  denarius,  in  this  instance 
from  the  coins  of  Q.  Minucius  Thermus  M.  f.,  who  was  a  local  moneyer,  and  who  appears  to 
have  held  office  in  B.C.  90  (see  above,  p.  302).  There  are  some  slight  variations  :  Italia  wears 
a  necklace,  and  the  feather  on  the  helmet  takes  the  form  of  a  succession  of  crescents.  Eckhel 
{Doct.  nam.  vet.,  t.  i.,  p.  105)  was  the  first  to  recognize  in  the  legend  H/limSR?  the  genitive 
plural,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  Samnitium.  It  occurs  also  in  the  censor  inscription  of  Boviannm 
discovered  in  the  temple  at  Calcatcllo  in  1857  (Pauli,  Altital.  Studien,  ii.,  pp.  T7  f.),  which 
will  be  referred  to  more  fully  later  in  discussing  the  coin  of  Minius  leias  (see  below,  p.  334). 
It  is  probable  that  the  word  imperator  or  moneta  is  to  be  supplied.  The  same  form  of  genitive 
is  found  on  autononjous  coins  of  Aesernia,  which  read  AISERNIM  (Dressel,  Beschreib.,  Bd. 
iii.,  p.  55).  Conway  {Ital.  Dialects,  vol.  i.,  p.  l+i)  considers  kHimSfsl?  to  be  the  Oscan 
ethnic  adjective  in  the  accusative  singular,  i.e.  ad  Savniites  pertiiiens.  The  only  other 
letter  for  mint-mark  known  appears  to  be  R  (Friedlander,  Osk.  Miinz.,  pi.  ix.,  no.  3;  Dressel, 
op.  cit.,  Bd.  iii.,  p.  60,  no.  21).  Millingen  {Considerations,  p.  187)  thought  that  these  coins 
were  struck  by  the  Samnites,  when  they  alone  maintained  the  struggle  against  Rome,  and 
for  that  reason  the  legend  Safinim  was  substituted  for  Italia. 

-  Though  this  head  is  without  a  necklace,  it  is  probably  intended  for  Italia.  Carelli  (Kum. 
ital.  vet.,  p.  115,  no.  21)  has  identified  it  as  of  Mars,  and  suggested  that  it  was  copied  from 
coins  of  L.  Julius  L.  f.  Caesar  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  209),  in  order  to  deride  the  consul  L.  Julius  Caesar, 
who  early  in  the  war  was  driven  out  of  Campania  by  Marius  Egnatius,  the  Samnite  general. 
It  is  more  probably,  like  the  jirccediijg  coins,  copied  from  denarii  of  Q.  Minucius  Thermus  M.  f. 


CIEC.  B.C.  91—88;    A.U.G.  663—666 


333 


No.       Wei(jht 


41 


42 


59-2 


57-6 


62-5 


ifetal 
and  Size 


Al    -75 


Ohv 


Reverse 


M    -75 


M    -BS 


Type  VI.' 


Head  of  youthful  Bacchus  or 
Liber  r.,  wearing  wreath 
of  ivy,  tied  with  fillet 
(similar  to  no.  18,  p. 
327) ;  before  and  below, 
Q\/TPiQaiM3  ■  sIhTVI/M; 
border  of  dots. 

Similar ;  legend, 
QWTRaaiMS  .  vJhTVH/l 


iriRRn  ■  >  (in  exergue). 
Bull  r.,  trampling  on  she- 
wolf,  which  it  strikes  with 
its  horn  (similar  to  no. 
18,  p.  327). 

[PI.  xcix.  7.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar ;  bull  and  she-wolf 
tol. 

[PI.  xcix.  8.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


aw\ .  \>\3S/-i  .  IM 

(NUMEEIUS  LUCILIUS  MAECI  [FILIUS]  ?  2) 
Denafius 


With  letter 

Head  of  Italia  1.,  laureate, 
hair  collected  into  knot 
behind  and  falling  down 
her  neck  ;  she  wears  ear- 
ring of  single  drop  and 
necklace ;  under  chin, 
mark  of  value,  X;  behind, 
VN3Tn 


on  reverse 

A  warrior  standing  front, 
head  to  r.,  wearing  helmet 
and  cloak,  which  is  fas- 
tened at  the  neck,  covers 
his  legs  from  the  hips,  and 
falls  over  his  1.  arm ;  he 
rests  r.  hand  on  spear  with 
point  downwards,  and 
holds  his  sword  in  1. ;  his 
1.  foot  is  placed  on  the 
upper  portion  of  a  Eoman 
standard;  on  his  1.,  a  re- 
cumbent bull,  facing  (simi- 
lartono.l9,p.328);  around 
from  1.  to  r., 

an/i .  i>iiVnI  ■  in 

(Ni.  Luvhi.  Mr.) ;  [in  the 
exergue,  letter  PI] 


[Dressel,  Beschrcib.,  Bd.  iii.,  pi.  i.,  no.  16.] 


The  legend  "Embratur"  istheOsoan  form  of  "Imperator."  This  title  was  probably  conferred  on 
Papius  after  his  victories  in  B.C.  90,  or  when  the  Confederates  transferred  the  seat  of  the  govern- 
ment to  Aesernia  after  the  fall  of  Corfinium.  The  reverse  type,  in  which  only  two  warriors 
(Samuites)  are  shown,  is  very  similar  to  that  on  coins  of  Ti.  Vetnrius  Barras  (see  above,  p.  281). 
The  Hoffmann  find  contained  a  specimen  of  this  type  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  530). 

'  These  coins  and  those  of  similar  type  with  the  legend  V  N  si  3  ThU  were  probably  issued  about 
the  same  time.  They  only  vary  in  the  legends,  in  the  absence  of  the  wreath  on  the  obverse, 
and  in  the  bull  and  she-wolf  on  the  reverse  being  turned  to  the  left  as  well  as  to  the  right. 

A  specimen  of  this  type  with  the  bull  and  she-wolf  to  right  was  in  the  Hoffmann  find 
(Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  531). 

'■'  Swinton  {PhilosopJi.  Trans.,  vol.  Iviii.,  p.  253  ;  Ixiii.,  p.  22)  was  the  first  to  notice  this  coin. 


334 


COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 


TIT         TTT  ■  7  *        Metal 

■'         and  Si:e 


Ohve^-se 


Reverse 


131-3 


^r   -85 


(MINIUS  lEIUS  MINII  [FILIUS]) 
Aureus^ 


Head  of  young  Bacchus  r., 
■wearing  wreath  of  i-^-y, 
tied  with  fiUet. 


1 14/1  •  ^  1  h3 1  ■  I H^  (in  exergue). 
Attributes  of  the  worship 
of  Bacchus;  thecistamys- 
tica,  on  which  is  placed 
the  skin  of  a  fawn  (ncbris), 
and  against  which  rests  a 
thyrsus,  tied  with  a  fillet. 


[Bompois,  Types  monit.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale,  pi.  iii.,  no.  l.J 


In  the  first  instance,  owing  to  the  "worn  state  of  the  specimen  tmder  examination,  he  read  the 
name  on  the  reverse  as  JI.  or  Ni.  Lnponius,  whom  he  identified  with  the  Lucanian  leader, 
M.  Lamponius,  mentioned  by  Appian  (Bell,  civ.,  i.  40,  90,  93).  Later,  from  a  better  pre- 
served example  then  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  ililles.  Dean  of  Exeter,  and  President  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  he  proposed  to  read  the  name  as  .N  i.  Lujias  or  Lurvius  Mer.  {Men-ix  or 
Me'l'H'  f,  denoting  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  Oscans  or  Samnites).  Merimee  {Rev.  JV««!.,  1845, 
p.  103),  having  interpreted  the  letters  QM/1  as  MR  (Marii),  identified  the  name  as  "Xumerius 
Lurins,  son  of  Marcns,"an  Italiote  chief,  of  whom  history  mnkes  no  mention.  "  Or,"  headds,"may 
it  be  of  the  Lucanian  chief,  M.  Lamponius,  or  rather  the  Samnite  Clnentius,  whose  praenomen 
is  given  by  Appian  as  Aulus,  and  by  Eutropius  as  Lucius,  and  whom  Diodorus  designates  as 
Tiberins  Clepitins."  Friedlander  {Osl;.  Miinz.,  p.  77)  transliterated  the  inscription  as  Ni.LuvH. 
ilr.,  and  Garrucci  (Jinn.  ital.  avt.,  p.  107)  as  Sinmeres  Louci(es)  21{a)r(a)s  (Numerius  Lucius 
Marii  n^in.";),  but  there  is  no  mention  by  any  ancient  author  of  a  Xumerius  Lucius  or  Lucilius 
Mr.  f.  amongst  those  who  commanded  for  the  Confederates  during  the  Social  war  (Merimee, 
Hfudes  sur  I'Hist.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  135-137).  As  the  legends  are  in  Oscan  characters  it  may 
be  concluded  that  the  general  in  whose  name  these  coins  were  issued  was  in  command  of  a 
portion  of  the  Samnite  army  in  the  south-west  district. 

There  is  some  uncertainty  about  the  last  letter  of  the  nomen,  whether  it  is  I  or  J,  as 
on  all  the  specimens  known  its  base  is  wanting.  The  name  may  therefore  be  Lucius  or 
Lucilius.  Only  five  specimens  of  this  coin  are  recorded  :  in  the  Berlin  collection  (i),  at 
Paris,  at  Xaples  (Santangelo  coll.),  and  in  the  Hunter  Museum.  A  variety  at  Berlin  has  the 
mint-letter  8  in  the  exergue  (Dressel,  Besclireih..  Bd.  iii.,  p.  59,  no.  20),  where  it  is  also 
mentioned  that  one  of  the  two  specimens  in  the  collection  was  formerly  in  the  Northwick 
cabinet,  and  that  the  other  was  purchased  in  London,  November  12,  1855,  at  a  public  auction. 

'  The  exceptional  circumstances  connected  with  this  unique  coin,  more  especially  its  issue 
at  a  period  when  no  gold  money  was  struck  in  Home  or  in  Italy,  and  its  type,  at  one  time  raised 
considerable  doubt  as  to  its  genuineness.  The  coin  belonged  successively  to  the  Roman  dealer, 
Capranesi,  the  Rev.  Dr.  G.  F.  Xott,  and  Thomas  Thomas,  both  well-known  English  collectors. 
At  the  sale  of  the  Thomas  collection  in  18-14  it  was  purchased  by  the  Due  de  Luynes,  who 
bequeathed  it  to  the  French  cabinet.  In  the  catalogue  of  the  Thomas  sale  {no.  17),  which  was 
compiled  by  Thomas  Burgon,  an  eminent  authority  on  numismatics,  it  is  described  as /a?se,  this 
being  at  the  time  the  general  opinion  of  Italian  antiquaries,  who  included  Riccio  amongst  their 
nuniber  {Mon.  di  Citt.,  Append.,  pp.  2, 13).  Subsequent  critical  examinations  of  the  coin  have, 
however,  reversed  this  opinion,  and  on  grounds  of  style  and  fabric  and  the  correctness  of  the 
Oscan  legend,  it  is  now  generally  considered  to  be  authentic  (Friedlander,  Osk.  Miinz., 
p.  73;  Garrucci,  Mon.  itaJ.  anf.,  p.  107;  Bompois,  op.  cif.,  pp.  27  f.).  It  weighs  131'3  grs. 
(8'49  grammes),  and  its  type  is  a  direct  copy  of  copper  coins  of  Amisns  in  Pontus,  which 
are  assigned  to  the  reign  of  Mithradates  the  Great,  B.C.  121 — 63  (see  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  Or. 
Coins,  Fortius,  pi.  iii.,  nos.  7-9).  This  similarity  of  type  furnishes  a  solution  to  the  mystery 
which  formerly  surrounded  the  motif  of  this  piece. 

In  B.C.  88,  after  the  Allies  had  suffered  many  defeats,  an  embassy  was  sent  by  the  Samnites 


CIKO.  B.C.  91- 


A.U.C.  663—666 


335 


Metal 
and  Size 


43 


59-0 


M    -75 


SERIES    IV. 

Obverse  Reverse 

Without  legends  ^ 

Denarius 

Type  1.2 

With  nuviber  on  reverse 


Head  of  Italia  1.,  laureate, 
wearing  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace. 


youth  kneeling  front  at 
the  foot  of  a  standard  with 
flag  and  holding  a  pig, 
towards  which  eight  war- 
riors, four  on  each  side, 
point  their  swords  (similar 
to  no.  1,  p.  323) ;  in  the 
exergue,  number  1 1 
[PI.  xcix.  9.] 
(Sambon) 


to  Mithradates  asking  for  assistance  against  the  Romans,  and  at  the  same  time  inviting  him  to 
renew  the  expedition  of  Hannibal  with  the  prospect  of  greater  success  (Merimee,  Etudes  stir 
VHist.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  205).  The  enibassy  was  received  with  much  favour  by  the  Pontic  king 
at  Amisus,  where  he  had  established  his  residence  alternately  with  Sinope.  But  the  mission 
failed,  as  the  answer  given  to  the  appeal  was  vague  and  tantamount  to  a  refusal  ;  Mithradates 
promising  to  come  to  Italy  so  soon  as  he  had  completed  the  subjagation  of  his  revolted  Asiatic 
provinces. 

It  was  evidently  to  commemorate  this  event  that  this  coin  was  issued,  and  out  of  compli- 
ment to  Mithradates  the  type  selected  for  it  was  that  of  one  of  his  own  coins,  and  the  standard 
of  weight  that  of  his  own  gold  staters.  At  what  particular  time  this  coin  was  struck  may  still 
be  considered  an  open  question.  If  before  the  departure  of  the  embassy  for  Italy,  it  would 
have  served  as  s-  present  to  the  king  on  its  arrival  in  Pontus  ;  if  on  its  return,  it  might 
have  been  issued  as  a  memorial.  Bompoia  (op.  cit.,  p.  40),  however,  was  of  opinion  that  the 
issue  of  this  piece  did  not  happen  on  either  of  these  occasions,  but  that  it  was  actually  struck 
at  Amisus  immediately  after  the  arrival  of  the  embassy.  Its  fabric  and  style  and  the  high 
relief  of  the  design  certainly  support  the  opinion  of  Bompois.  Garrucci  {Mon.  ital.  ant, 
p.  107)  believed  that  the  coin  was  issued  by  "  Minatius"  leius  on  his  return  to  Italy  in  order 
to  sustain  the  courage  of  the  Confederates,  to  call  to  their  minds  the  promises  of  Mithradates, 
and  to  make  them  believe  that  the  gold  from  which  it  was  struck  had  been  brought  back  by 
the  embassy  from  Asia.  There  are  other  coins,  in  silver,  which  commemorate  the  arrival  of 
the  embassy  in  Pontus  (see  below,  p.  337,  nos.  48,  49),  but  these  must  have  been  issued  in  Italy 
during  the  absence  of  the  embassy  or  on  its  return. 

The  name  of  Minius  leius  is  not  recorded  in  Roman  history,  nor  does  it  appear  in  the 
list  of  generals  who  took  part  in  the  Social  war.  It  may,  however,  be  inferred  that  he  was 
at  the  head  of  the  embassy  which  visited  Pontus,  and  he  may  have  been  connected  with  the 
Aieius  Marius  whose  name  occurs  in  the  Oscan  censor  inscription  which  was  found  near 
Bovianum,  and  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made  (see  above,  p.  332,  and  Pauli, 
Altital.  Studien,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  76  f.).  This  inscription  records  that  Aieius  Marius  gave  large 
sums  to  the  temple  of  the  Samnites  in  that  city,  by  means  of  which  the  censor  was  able  to 
defray  the  expense  of  a  door  or  gate,  a  vestibule,  a  roof,  and  an  altar,  around  w^hich  was 
placed  a  strong  paling.  The  embassy  may  have  started  on  its  expedition  from  Bovianum, 
of  which  city  Minius  leius  was  probably  a  citizen. 

1  The  date  of  the  issue  of  these  uninscribed  coins  is  somewhat  uncertain.  Eeasons  for 
not  assigning  them  to  a  period  after  the  practical  closing  of  the  war  have  already  been  stated 
(see  above,  p.  321),  and  besides  these  the  style  and  execution  of  such  pieces  as  those  having 
for  obverse  type  the  head  of  one  of  the  Dioscuri,  and  for  the  reverse  Italia  in  a  biga,  will 
scarcely  admit  of  the  argument  that  they  were  produced  by  the  Samnites  when  driven  back 
into  their  mountain  homes.  As  some  of  the  types  occur  on  other  coins  of  the  series,  which 
must  have  appeared  not  later  than  B.C.  88,  it  seems  probable  that  we  have  in  this  money 
without  legends  the  contemporary  issues  of  some  of  the  smaller  and  less  important  cities, 
which  declared  themselves  in  favour  of  the  cause  of  the  Confederates  and  joined  with  them  in 
the  struggle  to  resist  the  oppressive  rule  of  Kome. 

-  This  type  has  already  been  met  with  in  three  separate  instances,  with  the  legend  ITALIA 


336 

No.      Weight 
58-7 


44 
45 

46 
47 


61-4 
56-7 

58-9 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -75 


COINAGE    OF   THE    SOCIAL   WAE 

Obverse 


M    -7 
M    -7 

M    -75 


630 


M    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 
Similar  ;  number  1 1 1 1 

Similar ;  number  A  (V) 
(Sambon) 

Similar;  number   IIIIX 
(Xllll) 

(Millingen  Coll.) 

Similar ;  number  XX 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  II.i 

With  numher  on  reverse 


Bust  of  Italia  1.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  and  aegis  ; 
behind,  stands  Victory, 
who  crowns  her  with 
wreath. 


warrior  standing  front, 
head  to  r.,  wearing  hel- 
met and  cloak,  which  is 
fastened  at  the  neck, 
covers  his  legs  from  the 
hips  and  falls  over  his  1. 
arm  ;  he  rests  r.  hand  on 
spear  with  point  down- 
wards, and  holds  his  sword 
in  1. ;  his  1.  foot  is  placed 
on  the  upper  portion  of  a 
Soman  standard ;  on  his 
1.,  forepart  of  bull  r.,  re- 
cumbent ;  on  his  r.,  tree, 
to  which  four  shields  are 
attached ;  in  the  exergue, 
number  IIIIV 


[Bompois,  Types  mondt.  de  la  Ghuerre  Sociale,  pl.ui.,  no.  11. J 


or  VIJBThl]  (see  above,  pp.  323,  327),  and  with  the  name  of  the  Marsic  general,  Q.  Pompaediua 
Silo  (see  above,  p.  329).  As  the  majority  oi:  those  coins  have  legends  in  Latin,  and  as  these 
uninscribed  pieces  bear  Roman  nnmorals  for  mint-marks,  they  should  be  assigned  to  the 
district  of  the  Marsi,  or  to  that  of  some  other  Latin-speaking  community.  Since  the  inhabitants 
of  the  northern  districts  had  submitted  before  the  end  of  B.C.  88,  their  issue  cannot  have 
occurred  later  than  that  date. 

The  numerals  as  mint-marks  do  not  appear  to  have  exceeded  XX  (Sambon,  Won.  ant.  de 
I'ltalie,  vol.  i.,  p.  134).  They  are  simply  mint-marks,  sometimes  inscribed  backwards  or  upside 
down,  and  not  signs  of  value,  as  Olivieri,  Merim^e,  and  others  have  conjectured  them  to  be. 
Olivieri  also  interpreted  lAX  (XVI)  as  PAX. 

A  specimen  of  this  type  was  in  the  Hoffmann  find  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  530). 

'  The  obverse  type  is  evidently  adapted  from  denarii  struck  at  the  mint  at  Rome.  The 
bust  of  Minerva  wearing  a  crested  helmet  and  the  aegis  is  found  on  coins  of  P.  Servilius  M.  f. 


CIEO.  B.C.  91—83;    A.U.C.  663—666 


337 


No.       Weight       ^'f^^ 
*^         ana  Sizt 


Obverse 


Reverse 


48 


65a     M. 


Type  III.i 
With  letter  on  reverse 


Bust  of  Italia  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  and  aegis  ; 
behind  stands  Victory, 
who  crowns  her  with 
wreath  (similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding). 


49 


Two  male  figures  grasping 
r.  hands,  both  in  military 
dress ;  the  one  on  the  1. 
holds  a  spear  in  his  l.hand; 
the  other  on  r.  appears  to 
be  holding  a  round  object 
in  his  1. ;  he  has  just  quit- 
ted a  vessel,  on  the  fore- 
part of  which  are  shown 
a  sceptre  bound  with  a 
fillet  and  two  spears  with 
shields ;  in  the  exergue, 
letter  K 

[PI.  xcix.   10.] 
(Blaoas  Coll.) 


With  ntunher  on  reverse 


61-7  :   .R    -75    Similar. 


Similar ;     in    the    exergue, 
number  1 1 

[PI.  xcix.  11.] 

(de  Salis  CoU.) 


RuUus,  who  filled  the  office  of  moneyer  circ.  B.C.  89  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  230),  whilst  the  helmeted 
head  of  Roma  crowned  by  Victory  is  met  with  ou  others  of  C.  Terentinus  Lucanus  issued  at  an 
earlier  date  (see  vol.  1.,  p.  103).  The  reverse  type  is  similar  to  that  on  coins  with  the  legend 
VInIBTHD  (see  above,  p.  328),  or  with  the  name  of  C.  Papius  Matilus  (see  above,  p.  331),  but 
with  the  addition  of  the  tree,  to  which  shields  are  attar-hed.  As  this  addition  evidently 
refers  to  the  victories  of  the  Confederates  this  coin  must  have  been  struck  not  later  than 
B.C.  88.  The  bull  also  is  turned  to  the  right  and  not  facing.  The  mint-marks  being  Roman 
numerals,  not  Oacan  letters,  this  issue  should  be  given  to  a  Latin-speaking  district.  Varieties 
have  the  numbers  I IV,  IIIV,  and  XI  in  the  exergue  (Friedlander,  Usk.  Munz.,  p.  79).  This 
type  is  very  rare,  and  only  four  specimens  appear  to  be  known,  two  of  which  are  in  the  Paris 
cabinet,  the  others  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 

'  Cavedoni  (Bull.  arch,  nap.,  Ann.  v.,  p.  8)  was  the  first  to  recognize  in  this  reverse  type 
a  record  of  the  visit  of  the  embassy  from  the  Confederates  to  Mithradates.  Borghesi  (CEurres 
compl.,  t.  ii.,  p.  274)  had  identified  it  as  relating  to  the  alliance  between  the  .Samnite  leader, 
Pontius  Telesinus,  and  Marius  on  his  retnrn  from  Africa  in  B  c.  87  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  90), 
when  the  democraiic  party  in  Rome  united  their  cause  with  that  of  the  remnant  of  the 
icsargent  Italians  (Fr.  Lenormant,  La  Mon.  dans  VAnt.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  296).  The  type, 
however,  will  not  quite  bear  this  solution.  Ancient  writers  do  not  say  what  was  the  extent 
of  the  promises  offered  to  Mithradates  on  the  part  of  the  Confederates  if  they  obtained 
the  assistance  demanded,  for  Diodorus  Siculus  (Reliquiae,  xxxvii.  2)  only  relates  that  when  the 
Italians  asked  him  to  come  to  Italy  with  his  army  to  assist  them  against  the  Roman 
republic,  he  answered  that  he  would  do  so  as  soon  as  he  had  subdued  his  Asiatic  pro- 
vinces. The  type  is  capable  of  two  interpretations.  Either  it  commemorates  the  arrival  of 
the  embassy  in  Pontus,  or  it  may  have  been  intended  to  disseminate  the  belief  amongst  the 
Confederates  that  Mithradates  was  actually  coming  to  their  aid.  In  the  first  instance  the 
figure  on  the  right  would  be  the  ambassador,  represented  as  bearing  gifts  to  the  king ;  in  the 
second,  it  would  be  Mithradates  himself  bearing  a  globe,  the  emblem  of  kingly  power.  The 
presence  of  the  sceptre  with  the  fillet,  which  is  similar  to  that  on  the  aureus  described  above 
(see  p.  334),  seems  to  favour  the  latter  interpretation. 

As  the  obverse  type  is  similar  to  that  of  denarii  of  Type  II. ,  and  as  the  mint-marks  consist 
of  a  Latin  letter  or  numerals,  this  issue  must  also  have  occurred  in  one  of  the  northern 
provinces.  A,  or  its  variant  A,  appears  to  be  the  only  letter  known  as  it  mint-mark,  but 
the  numbers  extend  at  least  to  XII  ( fricdliinder,  Osk.  Miinz.,  p.  84). 

VOL.    II.  X   X 


338 


COINAGE   OP  THE   SOCIAL   WAR 


No.      Weight 


50 


51 


52 


59-2 


63-2 


58-0 


Metal 
and  Sine 


M    -7 


M    -75 


JR.    -8 


Diverse  Reverse 

Type  IV.i 

With  letter  on  reverse 


Bust  of  one  of  the  Dioscuri 
r.,  wearing  pileus,  laureate 
and  surmounted  by  star, 
and  chlamys  fastened  on 
the  shoulder. 


Italia,  or  Minerva,  draped 
and  wearing  crested  hel- 
met, in  biga  r.,  horses  gal- 
loping; she  holds  spear 
and  reins  in  r.  hand,  and 
shield  in  extended  1. ;  be- 
low horses,  letter  T 
[PI.  xcix.  12.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


With  symbol  on  reverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  below  horses,  sym- 
bol, bucranium  placed  on 
its  side;  below,  exergual 
line. 

[PI.  xcix.  13.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  below  horses,  sym- 
bol, bucranium,  upright; 
on  1.,  •• ;  no  exergual  line. 
[PI.  xcix.  14.] 


'  The  types  of  these  denarii  appear  to  be  original,  as  no  precise  parallel  is  to  be  found  on  any 
of  the  Roman  series.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Dioscuri  on  coins 
of  Rhegium  (see  Garrnoci,  3Ion.  ital.  ant.,  pi.  cxv.,  nos.  11,  19,  20).  The  reverse  type  may 
have  been  suggested  by  that  of  Victory  in  a  biga,  or  by  the  coins  of  M.  Aurelius  Scaurus,  &c., 
which  have  for  reverse  type  a  biga  with  an  armed  figure  holding  a  shield  in  the  left  hand,  and 
hurling  a  spear  with  the  right  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  184).  The  Due  de  Luynes  (Ann.  deW  Inst,  arch., 
1841,  p.  129),  andBompois  {Types  mone't.  de  la  Guerre  Sociale, -pp.  52f.),  have  identified  the  bust 
on  the  obverse  as  that  of  Vulcan  ;  but  it  appears  to  be  rather  of  one  of  the  Dioscuri,  the  pileus 
being  surmounted  by  a  star.  In  support  of  his  identification  Bompois  (op.  «'<-,■  p.  53)  cites 
coins  of  Aesernia,  on  which  the  head  of  Vulcan  is  depicted  wearing  a  laureate  pileus,  some- 
times accompanied  by  his  usual  symbol  the  tongs,  but  his  cap  is  never  surmounted  by  a  star. 
As  the  cult  of  the  Dioscuri  was  held  in  special  veneration  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Italian 
States,  and  as  in  adopting  the  types  of  Roman  coins  for  their  own  money  the  Confederates 
selected  those  representincr  these  heroes,  it  seems  much  more  probable  that  the  bust  on  the 
obverse  is  that  of  one  of  the  Dioscnri  than  of  Vulcan.  Sihce  these  coins  evidently  refer  to  the 
victories  of  the. Confederates,  they  must  have  been  issued  before  the  close  of  the  war. 

The  mint-marks,  consisting  of  letters,  symbols,  numbers,  and  dots,  prove  that  this  issue 
was  somewhat  extensive,  and  of  longer  duration  than  some  of  the  others  without  legends. 
Bompois  (op.  cit.,  p.  62,  pi.  iii.,  no.  10)  describes  and  figures  a  specimen  in  the  Paris  collection 
on  which  three  dots  are  arranged  in  line  above  the  head  on  the  obverse,  and  the  same  number 
are  placed  triangularly  on  the  reverse.  He  thereupon  supposes  them  to  be  marks  of  value 
indicating  that  the  coin  was  of  the  intrinsic  value  of  three  scruples,  and  he  enters  into  a  long 
discussion  on  the  point,  extending  over  several  pages.  The  dots  on  the  reverse  are,  however, 
not  marks  of  value  but  only  mint-marks,  since  on  one  specimen  described  above  only  two  are 
seen  (see  no.  52).  and  those  on  the  obverse  are  only  intended  to  indicate  the  points  of  the  leaves 
of  the  wreath.  This  is  clearly  shown  on  two  of  the  coins  above  described  (see  pi.  xcix.,  nos. 
12.  14).  It  is  therefore  a  mere  accident  that  in  one  instance  three  dots  were  placed  in  line. 
Other  symbols  not  met  with  on  coins  in  the  National  Collection  are  the  heads  of  a  satyr  and  a 
ram,  the  latter  being  accompanied  by  the  letter  D,  which  may  be  an  imperfectly  formed  3,  and 
not  the  Oscan  form  of  V,  as  all  the  other  mint-marks  are  either  Roman  letters  or  a  numeral. 
(Sambon,  Mon.  ant.  do  Vltalie,  vol.  i.,  p.  135).  It  is  probable  that  these  coins  were  also  issued 
in  one  of  the  northern  districts  where  the  Latin  language  was  used. 


CIEC.  B.C.  91—8 


A.U.C.  663-666 


339 


No.       Weight 


63 


54 


65-0 


59-6 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


JR    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

With  symbol  and  number  on  reverse 


Similar. 


Similar ;  below  horses,  sym- 
bol, star,  and  number  III ; 
no  exergual  line. 
[PI.  xcix.  15.] 


Type  V.i 
With  number  (?)  on  obverse 


Bust  of  Italia  1.,  wearing 
crested  helmet  and  aegis  ; 
behind,  I 


Hercules  wearing  lion's  skin, 
which  falls  from  his  head 
and  is  girt  about  his  hips, 
standing  front,  head  to  1. ; 
he  places  his  r.  hand  on  the 
head  of  a  recumbent  bull 
facing,  and  rests  his  1. 
on  spear  with  the  point 
downwards. 

[PI.  xcix.   16.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  The  cult  of  Hercules  amongst  the  Sabines  was  of  a  somewhat  special  character.  He 
was  worshipped  as  the  god  Semo  Sancus,  the  reported  founder  of  Reate,  and  its  first  king  (see 
Preller,  Rom.  Myth.,  3rd  ed.  vol.  ii.,  p.  276).  He  was  also  the  father  of  Sabus,  from  whom  the 
Sabine  nation  took  its  name.  A  special  class  of  priests  was  set  apart  for  the  cult  of  this  divinity, 
who  were  called  cuipenci  (Servius,  Virg.  Aen.,  xii.  538 — Sciendum  cupencum  Sabinorum  lingua 
sacerdotem  vocari — sunt  autem  cupenci  Herculis  sacerdotes).  The  reverse  type  admits  of  the 
same  interpretation  as  that  which  shows  a  warrior  instead  of  Hercules.  It  represents  the  god 
or  hero  and  the  Sabellian  ox  resting  after  their  recent  successes,  a  type  which  would  scarcely 
warrant  the  attribution  of  these  coins  to  a  date  later  than  b.c  88.  The  obverse  type,  like 
that  of  Type  II.,  is  adopted  from  the  denarii  of  P.  Servilius  M.  f.  Bullus,  which  were  struck 
at  the  Roman  mint  circ.  B.C.  89  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  230). 

The  mark  I  on  the  obverse  behind  the  head  of  Italia  may  be  a  number,  but  there  are  no 
variations.  The  fabric  of  the  coin  shows  that  it  may  have  been  issued  by  the  Samnites.  It 
is  very  rare,  only  three  specimens  being  recorded,  viz.  those  in  the  British  Itfuseum,  the  French 
cabinet,  and  the  Maddalena  collection  (Sambon,  Mon.  ant.  de  Vital.,  p.  136). 


340 


COINAGES   OF   THE    PROVINCES 


In  the  preceding  pages  we  have  dealt  with  the  coinages  of  the  Eoman  EepubHc, 
which  were  struck  in  Italy  inside  and  outside  the  capital.  "With  them  have 
been  included  two  other  series,  the  Eomano-Campanian  and  Social  "War 
coinages,  which,  though  not  forming  an  integral  part  of  the  Eepublican  money 
proper,  were  more  or  less  directly  connected  with  it.  "We  have  now  to  turn  our 
attention  to  those  coinages  which  form  a  component  part  of  the  Eoman  Eepub- 
lican series  in  types,  denominations,  and  standard  of  weight,  but  which  were 
struck  in  the  various  provinces  outside  the  Itahan  Peninsula.  They  extended 
practically  throughout  the  Eoman  Empire  from  west  to  east,  and  they  have  been 
separated  into  the  following  geographical  series — Spain,  Gaul,  the  Bast  (which 
includes  Greece  and  Asia  Minor),  Sicily,  Africa,  and  Cyrenaica.  They  form 
a  distinct  class  from  those  issued  at  the  Eoman  mint,  and  also  from  the  local 
coinages  of  Italy,  as  they  do  not  bear  the  names  of  ordinary  moneyers  but  those 
of  the  generals  who  were  in  command  of  the  Eoman  armies,  or  of  their  legates, 
propraetors,  quaestors,  proquaestors,  or  others  to  whom  they  delegated  their 
authority.  They  are  usually  designated  "  military  comages,"  on  account  of  their 
having  been  struck  mainly  for  the  use  of  the  armies  in  the  field.  In  this  respect 
they  are  analogous  to  the  local  coinages  of  Italy.  Their  issue  was,  however, 
not  instituted  till  that  of  the  local  money  had  ceased.  These  coinages  comprise 
also  the  extensive  issues  of  the  triumvirs  Antony  and  Octavius. 

"We  do  not  include  in  these  military  coinages  those  of  gold,  silver,  and 
bronze  which  were  struck  by  the  governors  of  provinces,  or  by  their  quaestors, 
some  of  which,  however,  may  have  been  of  a  quasi- military  character.  These 
were  based  on  local  standards  of  weights,  and  do  not  therefore  form  a  part 
of  the  Eoman  monetary  system.  To  such  issues  belong  the  small  bronze 
money  of  Sicily,  Spain,  and  Macedonia,  bearing  the  names  of  quaestors,  the 
Macedonian  tetradrachms  with  the  names  of  the  governors  and  also  of  their 
quaestors,  and  the  cistophori  of  Asia  and  CiUcia  also  with  the  names  of  the 
governors.^  The  most  remarkable  coin  of  this  class  is  the  unique  stater  of  the 
consul,  T.  Quinctius  Elamininus,  issued  by  him  in  B.C.  197  after  his  victory 
over  the  Macedonians  at  the  battle  of  Cynoscephalae.  It  shows  on  the  obverse 
his  own  portrait,  and  on  the  reverse  Victory  holding  a  wreath  and  a  palm-branch, 
and  his  name,  T-QVINCTI.  This  coin  was  struck  on  the  Macedonian  gold 
standard,  and  the  reverse  type  was  borrowed  from  the  stater  of  Alexander  the 
Great.2 

Institution  op  the  Coinages. — It  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  coincidence 
that  this  provincial  military  money  was  instituted  in  the  three  principal  divisions 
of  the  empire.  West,  North,  and  East,  at  about  the  same  time.     The  coinage  in 

1  Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  59,  60.  -  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  391. 


COINAGES   OF   THE    PEOVINCES  341 

the  West  originated  with  the  war  in  Spain  with  Sertorius,  B.C.  82—72  ;  that  in  the 
North  with  the  revolt  of  the  Gauls,  B.C.  82 ;  and  that  in  the  East  with  the  first 
Mithradatic  war,  b.c.  82 — 80.  The  issues  in  the  "West  were  those  of  C.  Annius 
Luscus,  the  pro-consul,  of  Q.  Gaecilius  Metellus  Pius,  his  successor  in  the  command, 
and  of  Cn.  Pompey  the  Great,  the  colleague  of  the  latter.  G.  Annius  Luscus  dele- 
gated his  authority  to  his  quaestors,  L.  Pabius  Hispaniensis  and  G.  Tarquitius  ;  Q. 
Gaecilius  Metellus  Pius  struck  coins  in  his  name  only  ;  and  Pompey  also  delegated 
his  authority  to  his  quaestor,  Gn.  Gornelius  Lentulus  Marcellinus,  his  own  name 
not  appearing  on  the  coins.  In  these  issues  are  represented  the  three  chief  classes 
of  which  this  military  money  is  constituted.  First,  that  which  bears  the  name 
of  the  general  in  command  and  his  delegates ;  secondly,  that  which  gives  the 
name  of  the  general  only ;  and  thirdly,  that  on  which  the  name  of  the  delegate 
appears  to  the  exclusion  of  that  of  the  general.  In  Gaul  in  B.C.  82  the  only  coinage 
is  that  of  the  imperator,  0.  Valerius  Placcus,  who  was  in  command  of  the 
expedition  against  the  revolting  natives ;  and  in  the  East  in  B.C.  82 — 80  those  of 
Sulla,  his  proquaestor,  L.  Manlius,  and  his  quaestor,  A.  Manlius. 

The  formula,  EX  S  .  C.  [Ex  senatus  consulto),  which  occurs  on  most  of  these 
coinages,  shows  that  they  were  struck  under  the  express  sanction  of  the  Senate, 
and  that  their  issue  was  not  an  unconstitutional  act  on  the  part  of  those  whose 
names  appear  on  the  coins. ^  Even  in  an  early  stage  this  formula  is  sometimes 
omitted,  for  example,  on  the  coins  of  Q.  Gaecilius  Metellus  Pius  and  on  those  of 
Sulla  and  his  quaestors ;  but  these  omissions  may  have  been  due  to  the  circum- 
stance that  the  generals-in- chief  knew  that  they  were  acting  within  the  limit  of 
their  jurisdiction,  and  that  it  was  not  necessary  for  them  to  show  that  they  had 
been  invested  with  the  right  of  striking  money.^  The  coinages  of  Sulla  in  gold 
and  silver  may  have  been  considered  to  come  under  a  special  category.  Thty 
were  not  struck  for  the  payment  of  an  army  actually  in  the  field,  but  as  bounty 
to.  the  soldiers  who  had  by  their  valour  brought  a  campaign  extending  over 
several  years  to  a  successful  issue.  The  occasion  must  have  filled  the  hearts  of 
Sulla's  soldiers  with  pride  when  they  found  themselves  rewarded  with  the  fine 
gold  pieces,  the  like  of  which  probably  their  eyes  had  never  beheld  before. 

In  introducing  this  provincial  money  the  Senate  may  have  had  two  objects 
in  view :  one,  the  convenience  of  paying  the  armies  when  on  active  service  and 
the  consequent  relief  of  the  central  mint  at  Eome ;  the  other,  the  establishment 
of  a  local  currency  on  the  Eoman  standard,  a  mark  or  sign  of  the  sovereign 
power  which  was  claimed  over  the  districts  in  which  this  money  was  to  pass  in 
currency.  It  was,  as  we  have  already  remarked,^  a  policy  which  Eome  had 
adopted  for  a  long  period  in  Italy,  and  which  she  now  extended  to  her  provinces. 
In  the  East  (Greece  and  Asia  Minor)  there  must  still  have  existed  a  consider- 
able local  currency  in  silver  and  bronze,  and  in  some  districts  possibly  in  gold,* 
which  could  be   made  available   for   the   use   of   the   Eoman    legions ;    but  in 


'  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Marcellinus,  the  quaestor  of  Pompey,  adds  to  his  name  the  title 
of  Curator  denariis  fiandis  (see  below,  p.  359,  no.  57). 

"  Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  61.  ^  See  above,  p.  144. 

*  It  was  about  this  time  that  Mithradates  struck  gold  money  at  Athens,  Pergamum  and 
Ephpsua  (Wroth,  Num.  Ohron..  1897,  p.  106;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  Or.  Coins,  Pontus,  p.  xxvi. ;  and 
Head,  Num.  Chron.,  1880,  p.  153). 


342  COINAGES   OP   THE   PEOVINCES 

Spain  the  native  sUver  currency,  though  approaching  in  type  and  weight  the 
Eoman  denarius,  was  scarce  and  somewhat  debased ;  and  in  Gaul  the  coinages 
were  Greek  in  their  origin,  both  in  respect  of  type  and  weight,  and  besides  they 
were  also  much  debased.  By  receiving  payment  in  the  current  coin  of  his 
native  land  the  soldier  would  on  his  return  be  furnished  with  the  means  of  at 
once  procuring  the  ordinary  necessaries  of  life. 

Eevival  of  the  Coinages. — From  the  time  of  the  close  of  the  Sertorian 
war  in  B.C.  72  till  B.C.  50  there  are  no  Eoman  coins  in  any  metal  which  can 
be  assigned  to  provincial  issue,  if  we  except  the  gold  pieces  of  Pompey,  which 
were  probably  struck  in  B.C.  61,  after  his  successful  expedition  against  the 
Pirates,  and  at  the  close  of  the  third  Mithradatic  war,  under  conditions  similar 
to  those  of  Sulla  already  referred  to.  The  gold  coins  of  Pompey  are  those  which 
have  for  the  obverse  type  the  head  of  Africa  between  a  lituus  and  a  one-handled 
jug,  and  the  legend  MAGNVS  ;  and  on  the  reverse  Pompey  in  a  triumphal 
quadriga  and  the  legend  PR.0  •  COS.^  Julius  Caesar  was  the  first  to  resuscitate 
the  provincial  coinages  at  the  termination  of  his  long  and  victorious  campaigns 
in  Gaul.  The  coins  then  struck  by  him  are  the  denarii,  which  bear  his  name, 
CAESAK,  and  an  elephant  on  the  obverse  and  the  emblems  of  the  pontificate 
on  the  reverse. 2  This  revival  was  due  to  the  circumstance,  that  when  Caesar 
announced  in  B.C.  60  his  intention  of  standing  for  the  consulship,  the  Pompeian 
party,  which  was  then  dominant  in  the  Senate,  required  of  him  to  lay  down  the 
command  of  his  army,  as  the  Gaulish  war  was  finished,  and  to  come  to  Eome 
as  a  private  individual.  As  his  enemy  Cato  had  declared  openly  that  he  would 
bring  Caesar  to  trial  so  soon  as  he  arrived  in  Eome,  he  refused  to  accept  the  con- 
ditions proposed,  but  at  once  crossed  into  Cisalpine  Gaul  to  await  the  outcome 
of  events.  In  order  to  preserve  the  goodwill  of  his  veterans  Caesar  distributed 
large  sums  of  money  amongst  them,  and  for  this  purpose  he  struck  these  sUver 
coins,  as  no  doubt  supphes  were  not  forthcoming  from  the  capital.  The  issue 
must  have  been  a  very  large  one,  since  even  now  they  are  amongst  the  most 
common  pieces  in  the  Eoman  republican  series.  This  act  of  Caesar  was  repeated 
by  him  so  soon  as  he  arrived  in  Eome,  for  having  seized  upon  the  treasury  he 
struck  money  both  in  gold  and  silver,  placing,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Gaulish 
pieces,  his  name  only  on  it.^  Erom  this  time  till  the  dissolution  of  the 
triumvirate  by  the  death  of  Antony  in  B.C.  31,  there  is  an  almost  continuous 
series  of  provincial  coinages,  which  illustrate  and  mark  the  greater  military 
movements  which  took  place  during  that  period. 

The  example  set  by  Caesar  was  quickly  followed  by  similar  action  on  the 
part  of  the  Pompeian  party.  In  B.C.  49  the  consuls,  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  and 
C.  Claudius  Marcellus,  struck  coins  at  first  in  Sicily  and  then  in  the  East,  and 
Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  Terentius  Varro  in  Spain.  Later,  in  B.C.  47 — 46,  we 
have  the  issues  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio  and  M.  Porcius  Cato  in 
Africa ;  and  in  B.C.  46 — 44  those  of  Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey  in  Spain.  In 
the  meantime  Caesar  himself  struck  coins  in  his  own  name — in  Spain  on  two 
occasions,  B.C.  49  and  45 ;  in  the  East,  B.C.  48 — 47 ;  and  in  Africa,  b.c.  46. 

There  is  one  very  important  point  which  must  be  kept  in  view  in  connection 

1  See  below,  p.  464.  =  See  below,  p.  390.  "  See  toI.  i.,  pp.  505  f. 


COINAGES   OF  THE   PEOVINCES  343 

with  the  provincial  coinages  as  exemplified  by  Count  de  Salis's  classification.  It 
is  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  extraordinary  coinage  struck  by  Julius  Caesar 
in  B.C.  49,  none  was  issued  at  the  Eoman  mint  from  that  date  to  B.C.  37 
inclusive  without  the  names  either  of  the  properly-appointed  moneyers  or 
those  of  some  specially  authorized  officers  of  the  state,  such  as  praetors  or 
praefeots.  Any  coins  with  legends  at  variance  with  this  general  rule  are  here 
attributed  to  the  provincial  issues.  The  same  occurred  again  during  B.C.  16 — 3, 
when  there  was  at  Eome  a  succession,  year  by  year,  of  triumvirates  of  the  mint 
(see  above,  p.  43). 

After  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar  the  provincial  coinages  centred  mainly  in 
the  triumvirs,  Antony,  Octavius,  and  Lepidus,  more  especially  in  the  first  two. 
On  the  first  division  of  the  Eoman  Empire  in  B.C.  43  Antony  took  Gaul  on  both 
sides  of  the  Alps ;  Octavius,  Africa,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily ;  and  Lepidus,  Gallia 
Narbonensis  and  Spain.  Antony  alone  at  first  appears  to  have  issued  money  in 
the  district  assigned  to  him,  but  to  his  own  name  and  portrait  he  added  those  of  his 
colleagues.  In  the  following  year,  B.C.  42,  after  the  war  with  Brutus  and  Cassius, 
under  a  new  arrangement  Antony  assumed  the  government  of  the  eastern  pro- 
vinces, Octavius  that  of  the  western,  and  to  Lepidus  was  given  Africa.  Antony 
thereupon  transferred  his  issues  to  the  East,  Octavius  instituted  his  own  in  Gaul, 
but  as  Lepidus  remained  in  Eome  he  did  not  strike  any  money  in  Africa  tUl  after 
the  third  division  of  the  empire  in  B.C.  40,  when  the  arrangement  of  B.C.  42  was 
more  definitely  carried  out.  In  the  meantime  there  had  been  other  special 
issues,  more  particularly  those  of  Brutus  a"nd  Cassius  and  their  legates  in  the 
East,  B.C.  43 — 42,  and  of  Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily,  B.C.  42 — 36.  Antony  also 
delegated  his  authority  to  his  legates,  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  L.  Munatius 
Plancus,  and  others,  who  included  his  pro-quaestors,  quaestors,  and  praefecti 
classis.  In  Gaul  Octavius  pursued  the  same  policy,  but  in  a  modified  degree, 
exceptions  being  only  met  with  in  the  case  of  L.  Cornelius  Balbus,  Q.  Salvius 
Salvidienus  Eufus,  and  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa. 

The  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at  Naulochus,  B.C.  36,  and  the  deposition  of 
Lepidus  in  the  same  year,  put  an  end  to  the  issues  in  Sicily  and  Africa. 
Those  of  Gaul  and  the  East,  which  only  remained,  were  still  in  the  hands  of 
Octavius  and  Antony  till  the  battle  of  Actium,  when  the  former  was  left  without 
a  rival.  From  that  time,  as  in  the  case  of  Italy,  the  coinages  were  mainly  of  an 
imperial  character.  There  were,  however,  two  exceptions,  viz.,  the  issues  of 
Publius  Carisius,  the  legate  of  Augustus  in  Spain,  B.C.  24 — 22,  and  those  of 
L.  Pinarius  Scarpus  in  Gyrenaica,  who  had  previously  acted  as  legate  to  Antony 
in  that  district,  B.C.  31 — 27.  The  approximate  dates  of  the  closing  of  these 
provincial  issues  are — in  Sicily  and  Africa,  B.C.  36 ;  in  Gyrenaica,  B.C.  27 ;  in 
Spain,  B.C.  22  ;  and  in  the  East,  B.C.  18.  Gaul  alone  continued  to  strike  money  of 
Eoman  types  and  standard  down  to  and  after  B.C.  3 ;  and  at  some  time  later, 
during  the  reign  of  Augustus,  mints  were  revived  in  Spain. 

Between  the  provincial  coins  struck  from  B.C.  50  and  those  of  previous  date 
there  is  one  notable  difference ;  it  is  the  absence  of  any  mention  of  senatorial 
authority  for  their  issue.  As  the  denarii  of  Julius  Caesar,  which  are  assigned 
to  the  end  of  his  campaigns  in  Gaul,  circ.  B.C.  50,  could  not  under  the  existing  state 
of  affairs  have  been  struck  under  the  special  sanction  of  the  Senate,  it  is  evident 


34i  COINAGES   OF   THE   PEOVINCES 

that  he  assumed  a  right  which  constitutionally  he  may  not  have  been  entitled  to 
exercise.  This  assumed  power  was  repeated  by  Caesar  when  he  entered  Eome 
in  the  following  year  and  seized  on  the  bullion  in  the  State  treasury.  Prom  that 
time  with  or  without  the  special  sanction  of  the  Senate  the  generals  and  others 
seemed  to  have  claimed  a  right  to  issue  money  for  the  payment  of  their  legions. 
The  coinages  in  Africa  of  Scipio  and  Cato  in  B.C.  47 — i6  could  not  have  been 
issued  under  any  senatorial  sanction ;  nor  those  of  Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey  in 
Spain  in  B.C.  46 — 44  ;  nor  those  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  in  the  East  in  B.C.  43 — 42  ; 
nor  also  those  of  Sextus  Pompey  in  SicUy  in  B.C.  42 — 36.  To  these  may  even  be 
added  the  early  issues  of  the  triumvirs.  As  great  care  was  taken  to  adjust  the  gold  • 
and  silver  money  to  the  standard  of  weight  and  fineness  of  that  issued  at  the 
Eoman  mint,  the  Senate  would  seem  to  have  tacitly  consented  to  its  currency  with 
its  own  struck  in  the  Capitol.  This  is  shown  by  the  evidence  of  finds,  since 
those  discovered  in  Italy  contained  provincial  coins  in  considerable  numbers. 

Denojiinations. — The  metals  in  which  these  coins  were  struck  were  gold, 
silver,  and  bronze  or  copper.  The  gold  pieces  consisted  of  the  aureus  and  the 
half -aureus ;  the  silver,  of  the  denarius  and  the  quinarius ;  and  the  bronze  or 
copper,  at  first  of  the  as  only,  but  later  of  the  sestertius  and  its  divisions  to  the 
sextans.  Though  the  aureus  was  first  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint  by  Juhus  Caesar 
in  B.C.  49,  it  had  been  introduced  at  an  earher  date  in  the  provinces,  viz.,  in  the 
East  under  Sulla  and  Pompey  and  in  Spain  during  the  Sertorian  war.  These 
instances  are  exceptional,  and  it  is  not  till  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate 
that  a  regular  gold  currency  is  instituted  in  the  provinces.  The  principal  silver 
coin  was,  as  at  Eome,  the  denarius.  The  half-aureus  and  the  quinarius  occur  but 
rarely,  and  not  till  after  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar.  The  denarius  throughout  pre- 
served its  standard  of  -^^  of  the  Eoman  pound,  but  the  aureus  varied  a  good  deal 
in  weight  at  various  epochs.  Those  of  Sulla  average  g^  of  the  Eoman  pound, 
those  of  Pompey  -^,  those  of  Julius  Caesar  (at  Eome)  ^ij,-,  those  of  the  period 
of  the  triumvirate  ^-V,  and  those  of  Augustus  jV-  '^h®  weight  of  these  gold  coins 
appears  to  have  depended  mainly  on  the  supply  of  the  metal.  Sulla  had  amassed 
great  wealth  and  booty  during  the  first  Mithradatic  war ;  and  so  had  Pompey 
in  his  successes  over  the  Pirates  and  Mithradates.  When  Caesar  returned 
from  his  Gaulish  expedition  he  brought  with  him  so  much  gold  that  it  was 
exchanged  throughout  Italy  and  the  provinces  at  3000  sesterces  to  the  pound. 
During  the  time  of  the  triumvirate  the  supply  was  less  abundant,  and  in 
consequence  the  weight  of  the  aureus  fell  considerably,  and  was  still  further 
reduced  in  the  early  days  of  the  Empire.  The  ratio  of  gold  and  silver  at 
various  epochs  appears  to  have  been  as  follows : — under  Sulla,  1:9;  under 
Pompey,  1 :  lOf  ;  under  Julius  Caesar,  1 :  11^-| ;  under  the  triumvirate,  1 :  12  ; 
and  under  Augustus,  1 ;  121. 

An  interesting  feature  in  connection  with  the  bronze  and  copper  money  is  that 
it  was  struck  in  the  provinces  at  a  time  when  none  was  issued  at  the  Eoman  mint. 
In  dealing  with  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman  mint  it  was  shown  that,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  an  unsuccessful  attempt  made  in  B.C.  45 — 44,  there  was  a  total  suspension 
of  the  issue  of  bronze  money  from  B.C.  82  to  B.C.  15  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  317,  499,  and 
above,  p.  45).  In  the  provinces,  however,  various  attempts  were  made  to  establish 
the  currency  in  the  baser  metal,  though  in  each  case  it  was  of  short  duration.     In 


COINAGES   OF   THE    PEOVINGES  345 

Spain  Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey  struck  the  as  of  the  old  type/  and  of  the  uncial 
standard,  which  had  been  abandoned  at  the  Eoman  mint  since  B.C.  89.^  In  the 
Bast,  circ.  B.C.  40  and  36,  Antony  introduced  copper  and  bronze  coinages,  based 
on  the  semuncial  and  quarter-uncial  standards,  and  consisting  of  the  sestertius, 
tripondius  or  tressis,  dupondius,  as,  semis  and  sextans,^  a  system  partially 
adopted  at  Eome  at  a  later  period.  In  Gaul  about  the  same  time  Octavius 
instituted  a  bronze  coinage,*  and  later  in  B.C.  23 — 22  copper  coins  were  struck  in 
Spain  and  also  in  Gaid,  circ.  b.c.  10.  Details  of  these  issues  in  each  case  will 
be  given  with  the  descriptions  of  the  coins. 

Types. — The  types  of  the  provincial  coins  are  even  more  of  a  personal 
nature  than  those  of  the  Eoman  mint ;  that  is,  personal  to  those  who  actually 
issued  the  coins,  or  who  delegated  their  authority  to  others.  Many,  also,  refer 
to  current  events.  The  coins  of  Sulla  and  Pompey  record  their  triumphs ; 
those  of  Julius  Caesar  chiefly  his  victories  in  Gaul ;  those  of  Cnaeus  and  Sextus 
Pompey  either  the  victories  of  their  father,  Pompey  the  Great,  or  events  more 
intimately  connected  with  themselves  (the  landing  of  Cnaeus  in  Spain,  and  the 
victories  of  Sextus  in  Sicily) ;  those  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  their  successes  in 
Greece  and  the  Bast  after  the  murder  of  Julius  Caesar ;  and  similarly  those  of 
the  triumvirs,  who  showed  a  particular  inclination  not  only  to  exhibit  their  own 
portraits  but  also  those  of  their  colleagues.  Somewhat  exceptional  pieces  are 
those  of  Antony,  which  give  the  portraits  of  Octavia  and  Cleopatra.  The  legates, 
quaestors,  proquaestors,  praetors,  and  propraetors  usually  chose  subjects  which 
relate  specially  to  the  commanders  under  whom  they  served ;  but  in  some 
instances,  not,  however,  numerous,  they  followed  the  custom  of  the  moneyers  of 
the  Eoman  mint  and  recorded  traditions  connected  with  the  history  of  their  own 
families.  These  are,  however,  exceptional.  One  of  the  chief  innovations  in 
the  provincial  series  is  the  general  introduction  of  portraiture.  This  was  after 
the  foundation  of  the  triumvirate.  In  the  account  of  the  coinage  of  the  Eoman 
mint  ^  it  was  shown  that  the  first  portrait  of  a  living  person  introduced  in  the 
Eoman  coinage  was  that  of  Julius  Caesar  in  B.C.  41.  This  exceptional  honour 
was  due  to  a  special  decree  of  the  Senate.  In  the  same  year,  probably  in  con- 
formity with  a  similar  decree,  we  have  the  portrait  of  Antony.  These  instances, 
though  exceptional,  served  as  precedents,  for  from  that  time  the  main  obverse 
types  of  the  coinages  of  the  triumvirs  present  their  portraits.  Besides  these  we 
have  portraits  of  Brutus  on  coins  struck  by  him  in  Greece,  of  Sextus  Pompey 
in  Sicily,  of  Q.  Lalpienus  in  Asia,  and  others.^  When  at  a  somewhat  later  date 
the  powers  of  the  triumvirs  were  recognised  by  the  Senate,  their  portraits  were 
placed  on  the  coinages  issued  at  the  Eoman  mint,  and  subsequently  the  pre- 
vailing obverse  type  of  the  Eoman  coinage,  both  at  Eome  and  in  the  provinces, 
gives  the  portrait  of  Octavius  as  Caesar  or  Augustus,  thus  rendering  it  absolutely 
of  a  regal  or  imperial  nature. 

Classification.' — In  assigning  the  coinages  to  the  various  provinces  the  chief 
criteria  used  by  Count  de  SaUs  were  the  same  as  in  his  arrangement  of  those  struck 

1  See  below,  pp.  367,  371.  "  See  vol.  i.,  p.  2il.  =  Se3  below,  pp.  510  f. 

*  See  below,  p.  412.  ^  See  vol.  i.,  p.  500. 

'■  Cassius  alone  was  absolutely  faithful  to  the  republican  tradition,  and  there  is  uo 
numismatic  portrait  of  him. 

VOL.    II.  Y    Y 


3-16  COINAGES    OF   THE    PEOVINCES 

in  Italy,  viz.,  historical  data,  fabric  and  style,  finds  of  coins,  and,  later,  portraiture. 
Throughout,  and  particularly  from  B.C.  60  to  the  close  of  the  triumvirate,  the 
coinages  assigned  to  the  provinces  illustrate  the  principal  events  in  Eoman 
history,  more  especially  in  connection  with  the  districts  in  which  they  occurred. 
These  data  are  supphed  chiefly  by  the  types  'of  the  coins  and  the  legends  which 
they  bear.  In  addition,  the  coins  are  mostly  of  a  fabric  and  style  totally 
different  from  those  of  the  money  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint.  For  instance,  if  we 
compare  the  early  issues  of  Sulla  in  the  East,  those  struck  in  Spain  during  the 
war  with  Sertorius,  and  also  those  of  C.  Valerius  Flaccus  minted  in  Gaul  with 
contemporary  coinages  of  the  Eoman  mint,  the  differences  of  fabric  are  so 
marked  that  it  is  at  once  evident  that  they  form  a  class  absolutely  distinct  from 
the  money  of  the  Eoman  mint.  The  same  may  be  observed  of  the  issues  of 
Q.  Caecihus  Metellus  Pius  Scipio  and  of  M.  Porcius  Cato  in  Africa,  of  Cnaeus 
and  Sextus  Pompey  in  Spain,  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  in  the  East,  and  more 
especially  of  the  numerous  and  varied  coinages  of  Antony  and  Octavius,  whether 
struck  in  Gaul  or  in  the  East. 

In  a  classification,  wliich  is  geographical  and  also  chronological,  many 
diflSculties  present  themselves,  especially  when  the  types  of  the  coins  do  not  supply 
the  necessary  evidence,  and  when  the  attribution  of  coins  to  a  particular  district 
rests  almost  solely  on  fabric.  One  of  the  earliest  instances  is  met  with  in  the 
issues  of  Julius  Caesar,  which  are  assigned  to  Gaul,  Spain,  the  East,  and  Africa. 
These  coins  bear  no  distinctive  mark  of  the  district  in  which  they  were  issued ; 
yet  it  would  be  impossible  to  put  side  by  side  those  with  the  reverse  types, 
emblems  of  the  pontificate  (two  issues),  the  Gaulish  trophy  and  Aeneas 
and  Anchises.  One  fact  is  evident,  that  they  were  not  struck  at  Eome, 
and  so  must  belong  to  provincial  issues.  In  some  instances  finds  supply  us 
with  data,  but  in  most  we  have  to  trust  to  fabric.  The  same  criteria  have  to  be 
applied  to  the  coinages  of  the  triumvirs  Antony  and  Octavius,  more  especially 
to  those  given  to  Gaul  and  the  East.  A  critical  examination  of  these 
coins  reveals  great  differences,  not  only  in  style  and  fabric,  but  also  in  the 
portraits  of  these  two  members  of  the  triumvirate.  Those  of  Antony  attributed 
to  Gaul,  which  were  the  first  issued  in  his  name,  show  a  small  head  in  high 
rehef  and  carefully  modelled.  On  those  given  to  the  East  we  have  an  entirely 
different  style  of  portrait,  though  the  features  and  likeness  undergo  no  great  change. 
The  head  is  much  larger,  so  that  it  fills  nearly  the  whole  of  the  field  within  the 
legend,  and  it  is  in  low  relief.  These  characteristics  apply,  in  a  measure,  also 
to  the  portrait  of  Octavius.  His  early  coins,  which  were  also  struck  in  Gaul, 
are  similar  in  style  to  those  of  Antony,  but  the  head  is  not  so  small,  and  the 
hair  is  more  delicately  indicated.  Later,  from  B.C.  36,  the  portrait  becomes  more 
assimilated  to  that  on  the  money  of  the  Eoman  mint,  but  it  is  usually  in  lower 
relief ;  the  features  bear  a  stiff  and  conventional  cast,  and  the  general  details  are 
sketchily  executed.  When  compared  with  the  coins  struck  at  Eome  these 
differences  are  at  once  perceptible.  As  many  of  the  reverse  types  used  for  the 
Gauhsh  pieces  by  Octa^dus  after  he  became  Augustus  are  only  copies  of  those 
struck  at  Eome,  these  differences,  often  somewhat  minute,  have  to  be  carefully 
noted  in  any  attempt  to  separate  the  two  series.  The  coins  of  Augustus 
attributed  to  the  East  supply  us  with  still  another  portrait,  which  in  delicacy  of 


COINAGES   OF   THE   PEOVINCES  347 

execution  is  often  superior  to  tliat  on  the  Eoman  and  Gaulish  pieces.  The  head, 
more  especially  that  shown  on  the  gold  pieces,  is  modelled  with  great  skill  and 
precision. 

Finds  op  Coins. — The  evidence  of  the  issue  of  coins  in  the  provinces  which 
can  he  extracted  from  finds  is  somewhat  meagre.  This  is  due  mainly  to  the  cir- 
cumstance that,  though  numerous  hoards  have  been  unearthed  in  Spain,  Gaul,  and 
the  East  (Greece),  our  information  as  to  their  contents  is  so  incomplete  that,  for 
geographical  purposes,  they  are  of  little  service.  There  are  only  three  Spanish 
finds  of  Eoman  coins  of  any  importance  relating  to  this  period  of  which  particulars 
have  been  supplied.  These  were  discovered  at  Cazlona,  Oliva,  and  Liria.^  The 
first  two  were  buried  some  years  before  B.C.  82,  when  the  provincial  coinages 
began ;  but  that  of  Liria,  which  was  not  concealed  till  circ.  B.C.  44,  contained 
specimens  of  all  the  Spanish  issues  down  to  the  time  of  Sextus  Pompey,  B.C.  44. 
Of  finds  in  France  we  have  also  the  analyses  of  only  three ;  they  are  those  of 
Arbanats,  Chantenay,  and  Beauvoisin.'^  It  will  be  seen  from  the  Tables  of  Finds 
that  we  can  gather  but  little  from  these.  Of  hoards  discovered  in  Greece  there 
is  no  record,  but  there  must  have  been  an  extensive  circulation  of  Eoman  money 
there,  more  particularly  of  silver,  and  owing  to  the  constant  movements  of  the 
troops,  especially  during  the  triumvirate,  a  good  deal  of  treasure  must  have  been 
buried.^  In  some  cases,  however,  finds  enable  us  to  determine  the  dates  and 
even  the  sequence  of  the  issues,  and  in  no  series  has  this  evidence  proved  more 
useful  than  in  that  which  is  assigned  to  Spain,  where  several  attributions  which 
might  have  remained  doubtful  have  been  determined  with  a  considerable  degree 
of  certainty  (see  below,  pp.  350,  351).  This  subject  will  be  more  fully  dealt  with 
in  each  individual  case,  and  it  will  then  be  shown  that  finds  for  chronology  are 
often  quite  as  important  in  connection  with  the  provincial  issues  as  with  those 
which  emanated  from  the  Roman  mint. 

Mint-Places. — There  is  one  more  point  which  will  be  considered  in 
describing  the  coins.  It  is  the  localities  or  mints  at  which  they  were  struck. 
In  dealing  with  the  local  money  of  Italy  the  debased  fabric  of  many  of  the  coins 
was  suggestive  of  their  being  of  the  nature  of  camp-coins,  i.e.  that  they  were 
actually  struck  in  the  camps  of  the  legions  for  whose  use  they  were  intended. 
The  continuity  of  fabric  in  many  of  the  provincial  issues,  especially  those 
assigned  to  Gaul  and  the  Bast,  indicates  that  mints  were  set  up  by  the  Eomans 
in  certain  cities,  and  that  some  continued  in  operation  for  a  considerable  time. 
This  is  very  noticeable  in  the  coinages  of  Antony  and  Octavius  struck  in  Gaul, 
and  in  those  of  Brutus,  Cassius,  and  Antony  which  are  given  to  the  East. 
Attempts,  when  sufficient  reasons  can  be  adduced,  will  be  made  to  locate  the 
issue  of  the  provincial  coins.  In  some  cases  the  attributions  can  only  be  con- 
jectural;  but  in  many  we  have  both  historical  and  numismatic  evidence  which 
puts  the  matter  beyond  dispute. 

■  Vol.  i.,  pp.  190,  191,  502.  "  Vol.  i.,  p.  562,  and  above,  pp.  5,  6. 

'  A  find  occurred  recently  in  Greece  of  Roman  silver  coins  struck  during  the  triumvirate. 
It  contained  numerous  examples  of  the  issues  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  and  of  iMark  Antony.  It 
was  quickly  dispersed,  but  a  considerable  portion  found  its  way  to  England,  where  the  owner 
was  able  to  dispose  of  it  speedily.  Any  numismatic  and  historical  evidence  that  could  have 
been  supj^lied  by  this  hoard  was  therefore  lost. 


348 


COINAGE    OF    SPAIN 


The  coinages  which  are  attributed  to  Spain  may  be  divided  into  the  following 
chronological  groups  or  periods  : — 

i.  The  war  with  Sertorius,  B.C.  82 — 72.  The  issues  are :  (i.)  of  the  pro- 
consul, Caius  Annius  Luscus,  in  his  own  name  and  in  those  of  his  quaestors, 
Lucius  Fabius  L.  f.  Hispaniensis  and  Caius  Tarquitius  P.  f.,  B.C.  82 — 80 ;  (ii.)  of 
Quintus  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius,  B.C.  79 — 77;  and  (iii.)  of  Cnaeus  Cornelius 
Lentulus  Marcellinus,  the  quaestor  of  Pompey  the  Great,  B.C.  76 — 72. 

ii.  The  Civil  war  between  the  generals  of  Pompey  and  Julius  Caesar, 
B.C.  49.  The  issues  are  of  Cnaeus  Calpumius  Piso  and  Terentius  Varro,  the 
proquaestors  of  Pompey,  and  of  Julius  Caesar  himself. 

iii.  The  second  Civil  war  between  the  Pompeian  and  Caesarian  parties, 
B.C.  46—44.  This  epoch  comprises  the  following  issues  :  (i.)  of  Cnaeus  Pompey 
and  his  proquaestors,  Marcus  Poblicius  and  Marcus  Minatius  Sabinus,  B.C. 
46 — 45 ;  (ii.)  of  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  45 ;  and  (iii.)  of  Sextus  Pompey  and  his 
legate,  Marcus  Eppius,  B.C.  45 — 44. 

iv.  The  expedition  against  the  Cerretani,  B.C.  39 — 37.  The  only  issue  is  of 
Cnaeus  Domitius  Calvinus. 

V.  The  Cantabrian  war,  B.C.  24—22.  The  issues  are  of  Publius  Carisius, 
the  legate  of  Augustus. 

Classification. — It  will  be  seen  from  this  summary  that  the  coinages 
assigned  to  Spain  are  exclusively  of  a  military  character,  and  that  each  group  is 
limited  to  a  particular  campaign.  It  will  also  be  noticed  that  their  issue 
occurred  mainly  before  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate  between  Antony, 
Lepidus,  and  Ootavius.  With  the  exception  of  the  less  important  issues  of 
Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus,  b.c.  39 — 37,  and  of  P.  Carisius,  B.C.  24—22,  the 
coinage  consists  of  two  main  groups ;  the  first  including  the  Sertorian  war, 
B.C.  82 — 72,  the  second  the  campaigns  between  the  Pompeian  and  Caesarian 
parties  in  B.C.  49,  and  again  in  B.C.  46 — 44. 

The  protracted  struggle  with  Sertorius  furnishes  several  issues  of  coins 
which  mark  its  progress.  These  are  of  the  successive  commanders,  C.  Annius 
Luscus,  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius,  and  Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus,  the  latter  only 
issuing  money  in  the  name  of  his  legate,  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Marcellinus. 
It  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  circumstance  that  we  do  not  seem  to  possess 
any  money  struck  by  Sertorius  for  his  legions.  He  must,  therefore,  have 
made  use  of  the  Eoman  money  which  was  then  current  in  the  province,  or 
have  depended  upon  the  supplies  of  native  currency.  In  the  first  campaign 
between  Caesar  and  the  Pompeian  party  both  sides  struck  coins,  Caesar  in  his 
own  name,  and  the  Pompeian  commanders  through  then-  quaestors ;  and  in 
the  second  we  have  a  series  of  coins  commemorating  events  from  the  landing  of 
Cnaeus  Pompey  the  younger  until  the  temporary  reconciliation  of  Sextus  Pompey 
with  the  Senate  and  the  triumvirs.     Prom  this  time  the  coinage  is  of  no  great 


COINACIE    OP   SPAIN  349 

moment,  and  there  is  no  numismatic  record  of  the  six  generals  who  claimed 
triumphs  for  services  in  Spain  between  the  death  of  Caesar  and  the  sole  rule  of 
Augustus,  with  the  exception  of  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus.^  It  is  in  this  paucity 
from  the  time  of  the  triumvirate  that  the  provincial  issues  of  Spain  differ  so 
essentially  from  those  assigned  to  Gaul  and  the  East,  which  show  much  more 
continuity.  In  the  case  of  Gaul  they  extend  far  into  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and 
in  the  East  they  are  continuous  at  least  till  the  battle  of  Actium. 

Spain  held  a  somewhat  different  position  from  that  of  the  other  provinces 
under  Eoman  domination.  It  was  the  first  acquired  by  the  Eomans  beyond 
their  own  seas,  passing  by  right  of  conquest  at  the  downfall  of  Carthage  at  the 
end  of  the  second  Punic  war.  The  country  with  its  rich  mines  soon  became  the 
resort  of  traders  and  speculators.  The  first  Eoman  communities  established 
outside  Italy  were  planted  in  Spain,  and  the  Eoman  legionaries  married  Spanish 
women,  and  when  their  service  expired  settled  in  the  country  in  preference  to 
returning  to  Italy  (Livy,  xliii.  3).  In  consequence  Eoman  civilization  spread 
rapidly,  and  Spain  promised  to  be  more  Eoman  than  Eome  itself.  It  was  only  with 
the  wild  tribes  of  the  north  that  internal  difficulties  from  time  to  time  arose.  This 
appears  to  have  been  the  condition  of  the  country  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of 
the  triumvirate  between  Antony,  Lepidus,  and  Octavius.  It  differed  materially 
from  that  of  the  northern  districts  of  Gaul  or  from  that  of  the  Eastern  provinces. 
The  course  of  events  soon  compelled  the  two  principal  members  of  the 
triumirate,  Antony  and  Octavius,  to  turn  their  attention  to  the  other  districts 
of  the  empire.  In  consequence  we  have  a  succession  of  coinages  in  Gaul,  first 
of  Antony  and  then  of  Octavius  as  Caesar,  and  later  as  Augustus ;  and  in  the 
East,  which  portion  of  the  empire  Antony  took  under  his  special  care  after  the 
battles  of  Philippi,  we  meet  with  the  issues  of  his  coins  year  by  year  till  his 
death.  It  is  therefore  due  to  the  absence  of  the  direct  control  and  supervision 
of  the  triumvirs  in  Spain  that  the  scarcity  of  coin-issues  from  B.C.  43  is  to  be 
accounted  for.  Though  by  the  arrangement  entered  upon  between  the  triumvirs 
in  B.C.  42  Spain  was  allotted  to  Octavius,  he  did  not  then  visit  the  province.  It 
was  not  till  after  the  administration  of  the  empire  agreed  upon  in  B.C.  27  between 
Augustus  and  the  Senate,  when  Spain  became  an  imperial  province,  that  he 
resorted  there  in  person  on  one  occasion  only,  though  his  visits  to  the  neigh- 
bouring province  of  Gaul  were  of  frequent  occurrence. 

Types. — The  types  of  the  coins  are  somewhat  varied  in  character.  They 
commemorate  either  contemporary  events,  or  they  are  mainly  personal  to  the 
commanders  whose  names  are  inscribed  on  them.  It  is  only  in  a  few 
instances  that  we  meet  with  references  to  the  family  history  of  the  moneyers, 
who  acted  as  quaestors  or  proquaestors.  On  the  denarii  of  C.  Annius  Luscus 
the  traditional  descent  of  his  family  is  recorded  in  the  representation  of  the 
portrait  of  Anna  Perenna,  and  his  early  successes  over  Sertorius  form  the  subject 
of  the  reverse  type.  Those  of  Q.  Oaecilius  Metellus  Pius  are  personal  to  himself 
or  to  his  family,  and  those  of  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  seem  to  record  the  great  deeds 
of  his  kinsman,  Sulla.  This  last  moneyer,  besides  using  the  formula  EX  S  .  C  ., 
showing  that  the  coinage  was  specially  permitted  by  the  Senate,  adds  to  his  title 

'  Mommsen,  Prov.  of  the  Roman  ISmpire,  vol.  i.,  p.  63. 


350  COINAGE    OF   SPAIN 

of  quaestor  that  of  Curator  denariis  flandis,  as  if  specially  to  emphasize  the 
privilege  granted  to  him.  The  legend  EX  S .  C  .  occurs  also  on  the  coins  of 
C.  Annius  Luscus,  but  it  is  not  met  with  on  any  of  the  Spanish  issues  after  the 
Sertorian  war.  In  the  subsequent  campaigns  between  the  Pompeian  and 
Caesarian  parties,  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  Terentius  Varro  recall  the  victories  of 
Pompey  the  Great,  and  at  the  same  time  touch  on  their  own  family  history, 
whilst  the  conquests  of  Caesar  in  Gaul  and  his  descent  from  Venus  form  the 
themes  for  his  types  in  both  wars.  His  opponents,  Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey, 
mark  the  progress  of  the  campaigns  of  B.C.  46-44 ;  the  former  recording  his  arrival 
and  the  submission  of  Tarraco  ;  the  latter  his  determination  to  avenge  his  father's 
and  brother's  deaths.  The  types  of  the  coins  of  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus  are  also 
of  a  personal  nature,  and  those  of  P.  Carisius  celebrate  his  victories  over  the 
Cantabri  and  the  foundation  and  building  of  Emerita.  On  comparison  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  types  of  the  coins  issued  in  Spain  are  more  varied  in  character 
than  those  of  Gaul  and  the  East,  where  much  greater  prominence  is  given  to  the 
two  principal  members  of  the  triumvirate,  Antony  and  Octavius. 

Denominations. — The  coins  struck  in  the  province  of  Spain  are  of  gold, 
silver,  bronze  and  copper.  The  gold  consists  of  a  single  issue  of  the  aureus 
struck  by  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  probably  at  the  close  of  the  Sertorian  war  in 
B.C.  72  (see  below,  p.  360).  The  silver  includes  the  denarius  and  the  quinarius, 
and  the  bronze  or  copper  the  as  only.  The  denarius  is  common  to  all  the 
issues,  but  the  quinarius  is  limited  to  the  money  of  P.  Carisius.  The  bronze  and 
copper  as  is  also  of  a  limited  character,  and  is  only  found  with  the  names  of 
Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey,  or  his  legate,  M.  Eppius,  and  of  P.  Carisius.  The 
aureus  appears  to  have  been  struck  at  ^-V  of  the  Eoman  pound,  and  the  denarius 
at  -^f,  which  would  give  a  ratio  between  gold  and  silver  of  1:12-4;  but  the 
circumstances  connected  with  this  single  gold  piece  are  so  exceptional,  that  it  would 
be  rash  to  base  any  theory  on  it  or  to  accept  it  as  a  criterion  of  the  existing  relation 
between  gold  and  silver.^  The  gold  coins  struck  by  Sulla  a  few  years  before 
are  considerably  heavier,  and  so  are  those  of  Pompey  of  a  somewhat  later 
date.  The  bronze  and  copper  coinages  are  .of  two  standards  ;  that  of  Cnaeus  and 
Sextus  Pompey  being  based  on  the  uncial,  and  that  of  P.  Carisius  apparently  on 
the  semuncial  (see  below,  pp.  367,  371-2,  377). 

Finds  op  Coins. — The  evidence  of  finds  in  several  instances  is  of  consider- 
able importance  for  chronology,  and  also  of  material  assistance,  not  only  in 
determining  the  dates  of  the  issues,  but  also  their  sequence.  Though  this 
evidence  will  be  cited  more  fully  in  dealing  with  the  coins  separately,  a  few 
examples  may  be  mentioned. 

The  coins  of  0.  Annius  Luscus  occurred  in  the  Monte  Codruzzo  hoard,  which 
was  concealed  circ.  B.C.  82,  but  were  not  met  with  in  those  of  Fiesole  or  Cingoli, 
which  are  assigned  to  B.C.  87 — 86.  .Likewise  none  of  the  denarii  of  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius  were  discovered  at  Monte  Codruzzo,  but  some  were  present 
at  Carrara,  San  Miniato,  and  Hev-Szamos ;  and  again  no  coins  of  Cn.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  Marcellinus  were  found  in  any  of  the  above-mentioned  hoards,  but 
they  were  met  with  at  Eoncofreddo  and  Eignano,  the  burial  of  which  has  been 


irummscii,  Hist.  mon.  mm.,  t.  ii.,  p.  437. 


COINAGE   OF   SPAIN  351 

assigned  to  ciyc.  B.C.  75 — 74.  The  order  of  these  issues  is  therefore  determined 
not  only  on  historical  grounds,  but  it  is  also  fixed  with  equal  certainty  by  finds. 

In  the  war  between  Julius  Caesar  and  the  Pompeian  generals  in  B.C.  49  the 
date  of  the  coins  bearing  the  name  of  Varro  is  also  ascertainable  from  finds. 
Borghesi  and  Cavedoni  ^  were  of  opinion  that  they  should  be  given  to  the  time  of 
the  war  against  the  Pirates,  B.C.  67 ;  but  as  no  specimens  occurred  in  the 
San  Gregorio  di  Sassola,  Compito,  and  Cadriano  hoards,  which  were  buried 
circ.  B.C.  51,  their  issue  must  have  happened  subsequently,  and  we  have  a  limit 
of  date  from  B.C.  50 — 49.  The  same  evidence  applies  to  the  coinage  of  On. 
Calpurnius  Piso.  One  other  important  instance  may  be  mentioned  :  it  is  that  of 
the  coins  which  bear  the  name  of  Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus,  the  elder  son  of 
Pompey  the  Great.  His  name  being  precisely  the  same  as  his  father's  induced 
Cavedoni  to  assign  the  coins  struck  by  M.  Poblicius,  the  legatus  pro  praetore,  to 
the  period  of  the  Sertorian  war,  on  the  statement  of  Borghesi  that  one  specimen 
is  said  to  have  been  included  in  the  Eoncofreddo  hoard. ^  Their  absence,  how- 
ever, from  all  subsequent  hoards  down  to  B.C.  48  would  therefore  be  quite  un- 
accountable, whilst  then-  presence  in  considerable  numbers  in  those  of  Villola, 
CoUecchio,  and  Liria,  which  were  deposited  circ.  B.C.  45 — 44,  leaves  no  question 
as  to  their  date,  and  proves  either  that  Borghesi  was  wrong  in  including  the 
specimen  in  the  Eoncofreddo  hoard,  or  else  that  it  was  inserted  after  it  was 
unearthed,  a  not  uncommon  occurrence.  It  is  evident  therefore,  as  we  have 
already  remarked,  that  finds  for  chronology  are  often  as  useful  for  determining 
questions  of  dates  in  connection  with  provincial  issues  as  with  those  of  the 
Eoman  mint,  and  with  that  object  in  view  they  must  be  carefully  taken  into 
consideration. 

Mint-Places. — A  somewhat  difficult  problem  in  connection  with  the  coins 
assigned  to  Spain  is  the  location  of  the  mints  at  which  they  were  struck.  Being 
absolutely  of  a  military  character  the  mints  must  have  been  situated  within  the 
districts  included  in  the  operations  of  the  legions.  Some  of  the  attributions  are 
fairly  certain,  others  are  doubtful,  and  a  certain  number  remain  unsolved.  In 
most  of  the  wars  Corduba  played  an  important  role.  It  was  the  chief  city  of 
Baetica,  which  witnessed  most  of  the  military  operations  in  which  the  armies  of 
Eome  took  part  during  the  first  century  B.C.  It  is  to  this  place  that  we  shall 
propose  to  assign  some  of  the  coins  of  C.  Annius  Luscus  which  were  struck  after 
the  flight  of  Sertorius  in  B.C.  81  (see  below,  p.  353).  This  city  was  also  occupied 
by  Julius  Caesar  after  the  surrender  of  the  Pompeian  generals,  Afranius, 
Petreius,  and  Varro  in  B.C.  49,  and  it  may  have  been  there  that  he  established 
his  mint  for  the  striking  of  money  to  be  used  for  distribution  amongst  his  army. 
Caesar  was  there  again  in  B.C.  45,  after  the  defeat  of  Cnaeus  Pompey  at  Munda, 
and  as  that  town  was,  previous  to  this  decisive  battle,  the  head-quarters  of 
Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey,  we  may  conclude  that  the  former  used  it  as  a  mint 
also.  Another  ascertainable  mint  is  Osca,  where  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus  had 
his  head-quarters  during  the  Cerretanian  war,  and  the  name  of  which  city  he 
actually  inscribed  on  his  coins.  Emerita  also  is  inscribed  on  some  of  the  coins 
of  P.  Carisius,  showing  their  place  of  mintage.      These  attributions  may  be  con- 

'  Saggio,  p.  113;   Ei^podigli,  p.  210.  '  Momnisen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  533,  note. 


352 


COINAGE    OF   SPAIN 


sidered  as  fairly  proved,  but  amongst  those  mints  which  are  doubtful  are  Hispalis 
and  Gades,  -where  Varro,  the  legate  of  Pompey  the  Great,  had  his  chief  seats  of 
government  in  the  war  with  Caesar  B.C.  49,  and  Ilerda,  which  was  occupied  by 
his  colleagues  in  command,  Afranius  and  Petreius,  and  to  which  we  shall  venture 
to  assign  the  coins  of  the  proquaestor,  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso.  Whether  Sextus 
Pompey  struck  his  coins  at  Carteia  must  remain  an  open  question,  and  we  have 
not  ventured  to  assign  to  any  particular  locality  the  money  of  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius  and  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Marcellinus  of  the  time  of  the 
Sertorian  war.  This  is  mainly  due  to  the  circumstance  that  the  records  of  that 
war  are  so  scanty  and  incomplete. 


No. 


,„  .  , ,       Metal 
^'^^'"''^     and.  Si., 


59-5 


PERIOD    1/ 

Circ.  B.C.  82—72;   a.u.c.  672—682. 

Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  82—80;  a.u.c.  672—674. 

C.ANNI.T.  F.T.N:    L.FABI.L.F 


M    -8 


Hisr 


(CAIUS   ANNIDS   TITI   FILIUS   TITI   NEPOS 

[LUSCDS];    LUCIUS  PABIUS  LUCII 

FILIUS  HISPANIEl^SIS)  2 

Denarius 

Type  I. 
With  sy7nbol  cm  obverse 


Female  bust,  Anna  Perenna, 
r.,  draped,  wearing  dia- 
dem, earring  of  three 
drops,  and  necklace;  hair 
rolled  back  and  collected 
into  a  knot  behind,  and 
falling  in  one  lock  down 
the  neck;  before,  scales; 
behind,  winged  caduceus ; 
below,  symbol,  carnyx ; 
around,  CANNI-T-F. 
T-N-TRO.  COS-  EX- 
S  •  C  [Procotisul ;  ex  setia- 
tus  consulto). 


Victory  in  quadriga  r.,  horses 
galloping ;  she  holds  palm- 
branch  in  r.  hand  and 
reins  in  1. ;  in  the  exergue, 
L  .  FABI  .  L-  F  •  HISP; 
above  horses,  Q.  [Quaes- 
tor). 


'  The  coinages  included  in  this  Period  are,  as  mentioned  above  (p.  348),  those  which  were 
issued  for  the  Roman  army  in  Spain  during  the  war  with  Sertorius.  They  may  be  divided  into 
three  series  or  groups  :  (i.)  those  which  were  struck  by  L.  Fabius  L.  f.  Hispaniensis  and  C.  Tar- 
quitius  P.  f.,  quaestors  of  C.  Annius  Lusous,  who  was  the  iirst  to  command  in  the  war,  B.C. 
82 — 80 ;  (ii.)  those  issued  by  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius,  who  succeeded  Luscus  in  B.C.  79 : 
and  (iii.)  those  by  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Marcellinus,  the  quaestor  to  Pompey,  who  was  sent 
to  Spain  to  assist  Metellus  in  B.C.  76.  With  the  exception  of  the  rare  aureus  struck  by 
Lentulus  (see  below,  p.  360,  no.  61),  these  coinages  consist  of  the  denarius  only. 

-  Caius  Annius  Luscus  was  the  son  of  T.  Annius  Rufus,  consul  B.C.  128,  and  grandson  of 


CIEC.  B.C.  82—80  ;    A.U.C.  G72— 674 


353 


No.     Weijlit 


60-8 


Metal 
and  Size 


3 

59-7 

4 

59-2 

5 

59-7 

6 

60-0 

7 

57-8 

61'3 


59-5 


Al 

■75 

M 

■75 

M 

•8 

M 

■75 

M 

•75 

JR 

•75 

M 

■8 

JR 

•75 

Obverse 

Similar ;    below  bust,  sym- 
bol, falx. 

Similar ;  symbol,  helmet. 

Similar ;  symbol,  pelta. 

Similar ;  symbol,  plough. 

Similar;  symbol,  scorpion. 

Similar ;  symbol,  staff  with 
double  hook. 

Similar ;  symbol,  sword  with 
broad  blade. 


Similar;    symbol,   thunder- 
bolt. 


Rci'erse 


[PI.   c.    1.] 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  c.  2.] 

(Nott) 

(Nott) 


T.  Annius  Luscus,  consul  B.C.  153.  This  information  is  supplied  by  the  legend  on  the  obverse 
of  the  coins.  He  served  under  Q.  Caeciliiis  Metellas  Nuniidicus  in  Africa  in  the  war  against 
Jugurtha,  B.C.  107,  commanded  the  garrison  at  Leptis,  and  later,  in  B.C.  82,  was  sent  by  Sulla  to 
Spain,  with  the  title  of  proconsul,  to  oppose  Sertorius,  who  had  retired  there  after  the  collapse  of 
the  Marian  party  in  Rome.  On  account  of  the  murder  of  Julius  Salinator  (Plutarch,  Sertorius,  7), 
who  had  collected  forces  to  oppose  Luscus  in  the  Pyrenees,  Sertorius  was  compelled  to  embark 
at  Carthago  Nova,  and  to  take  refuge  in  Mauretania.  Returning  in  B.C.  80  Sertorius  defeated 
Cotta,  the  legate  of  Luscus,  in  a  naval  engagement  in  the  Straits  over  against  Mellaria,  which 
was  followed  by  the  repulse  of  the  Roman  army  in  Baetica.  In  consequence  of  these  disasters 
Luscus  appears  to  have  been  recalled,  and  the  command  of  the  army  in  Spain  was  transferred 
at  first  to  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  and  later,  in  B.C.  79,  to  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  (Plutarch, 
Hertorius,  7,  12).  It  was  during  these  years,  B.C.  82—80,  that  these  coins  were  struck  under  a 
special  mandate  of  the  Senate  in  the  name  of  C.  Annius  Luscus  by  his  quaestors,  L.  Fabins 
Hispaniensis  and  C.  Tarquitius.  Nothing  certain  appears  to  be  known  of  these  two  quaestors 
before  or  after  this  time,  but  Sallust  (Hist.,  iii.  4)  mentions  a  L.  Fabins,  and  Frontinus 
{Strateg.,ii.  5,  31),  a  Tarquitius  Priscus,  who  were  amongst  the  assassins  of  Sertorius.  If  these 
were  the  quaestors  of  B.C.  82 — 80,  it  would  appear  as  if  they  had  deserted  the  forces  of  the  Senate 
for  those  of  Sertorius  some  time  after  the  recall  of  C.  Annius  Luscus.  It  is  not  known  when 
Fabius  received  the  cognomen  of  Hispaniensis.  He  may  have  assumed  it  during  the  campaign. 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  139)  has  suggested  that  on  account  of  the  difference  in  the  style  of  these 
coins  one  was  quaestor  in  Hither  Spain,  the  other  in  Further  Spain.  The  difference  in  style, 
however,  only  exists  in  the  coins  of  Type  I.  of  Fabius;  fur  those  of  Type  II.  and  those  of  C. 
Tarquitius  are  in  this  respect  precisely  similar,  and  appear  to  have  been  issued  in  the  same 
district  if  not  at  the  same  officina.  It  may  be  suggested  that  these  latter  pieces  were  struck  for  the 
use  of  the  Roman  army  at  Corduba,  which  was  occupied  by  Luscus  after  the  flight  of  Sertorius. 

The  head  on  the  obverse  has  been  identified  as  of  Anna  Perenna,  who  according  to  Ovid 
(Fast,,  Hi.  523,  &c.)  and  Virgil  (Xen.,  iv.  31  f.)  was  the  sister  of  Dido,  and  was  worshipped  in  Italy 
in  the  character  of  a  rustic  deity.  It  may  have  been  from  her  that  the  Annia  gens  claimed 
descent.  The  caduceus,  the  symbol  of  commerce,  may  refer  to  the  corn -producing  wealth  of 
Spain,  or  even  to  Anna  Perenna  herself,  of  whom  Ovid  relates  that  when  the  people  of  Rome 
were  in  want  of  food  she  distributed  cakes  amongst  the  hungry  multitude,  who  in  gratitude 
erected  a  temple  to  her.  The  scales  may  have  a  monetary  significance,  whilst  the  Victory  in 
a  quadriga  on  the  reverse  is  no  doubt  intended  to  record  the  successes  of  C.  Annius  Luscus  at 
the  beginning  of  the  campaign. 

Specimens  of  this  issue  occurred  in  the  Monte  Codruzzo  and  Carrara  hoards  which  were 
concealed  circ.  B.C.  82—80;  but  none  were  met  with  in  those  of  Fiesole  and  Cingoli,  the 
burial  of  which  has  been  assigned  to  a  somewhat  earlier  date,  B.C.  87 — 86  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  242, 
243,  319,  361). 

This  coinage  was  of  considerable  extent,  not  only  on  account  of  the  variations  in  the 
types,  but  also  because  a  considerable  variety  of  mint-marks  was  used,  consisting  of  symbols 
and  letters.  The  former  only  occur  on  the  obverse,  but  the  latter  are  met  with  on  the  reverse 
as  well  as  on  the  obverse. 


VOL.    H. 


Z    Z 


354 


COINAGE   OF   SPAIN 


»•  itT  •  7  J       iletcd 


61-4 
61-0 


59-9 
60-8 

58-8 

61-5 
61-2 

584 


57-0 


65-5 


M 

•8 

M 

•8 

JR 

•8 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

■8 

Obverse 
Similar ;  same  symbol. 

Similar;  symbol,  trophy. 

Similar ;  symbol,  wing.^ 


Reverse 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


With  letter  on  obverse  ^ 


Similar;    below  bust,  letter 
•  D. 

Similar ;  letter  •  E  • 

Similar ;  letter  •  F  • 

M    -75  \  Similar;  letter  .  M 


M    -8 


M    -lb 


M    -S 


60-0 

m. 

•85 

69-8 

M 

•8 

59-0 

M 

■8 

60-6 

M 

•75 

Similar ;  letter  •  N  • 
Similar ;  letter  •  X  • 


Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  c.  3.] 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar ;  ■without  winged 
caduceus  and  scales  at 
sides  of  bust  of  Anna 
Perenna ;  below,  letter  A  ■ ; 
all  within  bead  and  reel 
border. 

Similar ;  letter  C  - 


Similar ;  letter  D  • 
Similar ;  letter  N  • 

Similar ;  same  letter. 

Similar ;  lettei:  O  • 


Type  I.  var. 
With  letter  on  obverse 
Similar. 


Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  c.  4.] 


Similar. 


'  For  other  symbols  see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  140. 

^  la  this  series  and  the  next  the  letters  extend  throughout  the  alphabet,  but  with  the 
difference  that  in  the  first  the  letter  has  a  dot  on  each  side,  but  in  the  second  it  is  placed 
only  on  the  right. 


CIRC.   B.C.   82—80;    A.U.C.   672—674 


355 


»T  Tf  ■  I  <        Metal 

Ko.       ^]euJhi     ^^^size 


25 

26 

27 
28 


30 


31 


60-6 

610 

56-5 
59-7 


29       620 


49-7 

(worn) 


60-i 


32       59-9 


M  -75 

M  -8 

J&  -8 

M.  -8 


jK    -85 


M    -75 


Obverse 

Similar ; 

letter  P  • 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  d  ■ 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  R.  ■ 

Similar. 

Similar ; 

letter  X • 

Similar. 

Revers 


(Nott) 


With  letter  on  reverse 


Similar;     no    letter    under 
bust. 


Similar. 


Similar;   below  horses,  let- 
ter A  • 

[PI.  c.  5.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  letter  E  • 


M    -75 


Type  II.i 
With  letter  on  reverse 


Female  head,  Anna  Perenna, 
r.,  wearing  diadem,  &c., 
similar  to  no.  1,  p.  352  ;  no 
drapery;  earring  in  form 
of  cross ;  hair  falling  in 
three  locks  down  the  neck ; 
before,  scales;  no  cadu- 
ceus  behind ;  around,  C  ■ 
ANNIVS.  T-  F-T-  N- 
PKO-COS-EX-S-C 


Similar ;     horses    walking ; 
below  which,  letter  T 
[PI.  c.  6.] 


M    -75 


Type  II.  var. 
With  letter  on  obverse 


Similar;     behind    head    of 
Anna  Perenna,  letter  G 


Similar ;  horses  walking ; 
in  the  exergue,  L  •  FAB  I  ■ 
L  •  F  • ;    above    quadriga, 

Hisr-a 

[PI.  0.  7.] 

(Nott) 


'  In  fabric  the  denarii  of  this  type  are  the  same  as  those  of  C.  Tarquitiua,  and  in  each 
instance  the  nomen  of  the  proconsul,  C.  Annius,  is  giren  in  full.  The  mint-letters  are 
unaccompanied  by  dots. 


356 

No.       Weight 

58-6 
61-3 


60-5 


60-2 

57-3 
56-5 
59-5 
61-1 

61-5 

56-5 


Mftid 
and  Size 

A\    -8 
^l    -75 


Al    -75 


COINAGE   OF   SPAIN 

Obverse 
Similar;  letter  N  Similar. 

Similar  ;  letter  X  Similar. 


Hcvi'i'sc 


(Nott) 


C.ANNIVS  T.  F.T.N:   C.TARaVITI .  P.  F 

(CAIUS  ANNIUS  TITI  PILIUS  TITI  NEPOS; 
CAIUS  TAEQUITIUS  PUBLII  EILIUS^) 

Denarius 

With  number  on  reverse 


M. 

•75 

JR. 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•7 

M 

■7 

Female  head,  Anna  Perenna, 
r.,  wearing  diadem,  ear- 
ring in  form  of  cross  and 
necklace;  hair  rolled  back, 
collected  into  a  knot  be- 
hind, and  falling  in  three 
locks  down  her  neck ;  be- 
fore, scales  ;  around,  C  • 
ANNIVS-  T.  F  .  T-  N  . 
PRO.  COS- EX -SC 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Victory  in  biga  r.,  horses 
galloping ;  she  holds  palm- 
branch  in  r.  hand  and 
reins  in  1. ;  below,  C  TAR 
Q.VITI  r  F;  above  name, 
Q.  {Quaestor) ;  above  biga, 
number  1 1 1 

[PI.  c.  8.] 


Similar ;  number  VT" 
[PI.  u.  9.] 

(Nott) 

Similar ;  number  X 


Similar;  number  XVI I II 
Similar ;  number  XX 


Similar;  number  XXVI 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar ;  number  XX  V 1 1 1 1 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar ;  number  XXXXIIII 


'  The  few  particulars  that  we  know  of  Caius  Tarquitiua  are  given  above  (see  p.  353). 
Hia  coinage  is  somewhat  limited  as  compared  with  that  of  his  colleague,  L.  Fabius  Hispaniensis, 
and  was  issued  from  one  officina  only,  probably  at  Corduba,  at  which  it  has  been  suggested  that 
the  coins  of  Fabius  of  Type  II.  were  also  struck.  The  two  series  are  of  precisely  the  same 
fabric  and  have  the  same  variety  of  obverse  type,  with  the  name  of  Annius  in  full.  For 
mint-marks  Tarquitius  used  numbers  only  and  not  letters  or  symbols.  These  numbers  run  at 
least  to  XXXXVI ,  as  shown  by  a  specimen  in  the  Haeberliu  collection  (see  Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit,, 
1896,  p.  21). 


CIRC.  B.C.  79—77  ;   A.U.C.  675—677 


357 


,,        ,,,  .  ,  .         Metal 
'  and  tiize 


43    i    59-2 


Al    -75 


Obverse  Reverse 

Girc.  B.C.  79—77;   a.u.c.  675—677 

a.c.M.  p 

(QUINTUS  CAECILIUS  MBTELLUS  PIUS ') 

Denarius 

Type  1.2 


44 
45 
46 


47 


58-6 
56-5 
56-5 


61-4 


M    -75 
M    -8 
M    -75 


M    -75 


Head  of  Pietas  r.,  diademed, 
wearing  earring  of  triple 
drop ;  hair  drawn  back, 
collected  into  a  knot  be- 
hind, and  falling  down  her 
neck ;  before,  stork  r. 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Elephant,  with  bell  hanging 
from  its  neck,  walking  1. ; 
in  the  exergue,  Q  .  C  •  M  ■ 
r  •  I  (Imperator). 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  c.  10.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  II.' 


Similar. 


Lituus  and  jug  with  handle 
(capis) ;  in  the  exergue, 
IMPER.  (Imperator) ;  all 
within  laurel-wreath. 


^  Quintns  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  lias  been  already  met  with  in  the  capacity  of  an  ordinary 
moneyer  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  156),  where  some  account  of  him  is  given.  In 
B.C.  79,  after  the  failure  of  C.  Annius  Luscus,  he  was  sent  by  the  Senate  as  proconsul  to 
Spain  to  prosecute  the  war  against  Sertorius.  After  frequent  failures  Metellus  gained  a 
victory  over  Sertorius,  with  which  he  was  so  elated  that  he  allowed  himself  to  be  hailed 
Imperator  by  his  army.  He  celebrated  the  event  with  magnificent  entertainments,  at  which 
he  wore  a  triumphal  robe  (Plutarch,  Sertorius,  22).  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  these  coins 
were  struck,  and  it  may  be  to  them  that  Sallust  (Fragm.  ap.  Donat.  ad  Ter,  Phorm.  I.,  i.  4) 
referred  in  the  passage,  Quae  pecunia  ad  Hispaniense  helium  Metello  facta  est  (Cavedoni, 
Riv.  Num.,  da  Olivieri,  1864,  p.  288).  The  date  of  Metellus'  victory  is  not  certain,  but  it 
must  have  occurred  before  the  arrival  of  Pompey  in  Spain  early  in  B.C.  76.  Count  de 
Salis  has  therefore  assigned  the  coins  to  the  years  B.C.  79 — 77,  when  Metellus  was  in  chief 
command.  They  were,  however,  probably  struck  towards  the  end  of  that  period,  but  we  have 
no  evidence  which  would  enable  us  to  locate  their  issue.  In  respect  of  finds  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  no  specimens  of  this  issue  were  met  with  in  the  Monte  Codruzzo  hoard,  which 
was  buried  circ.  B.C.  82,  but  that  they  occurred  in  those  unearthed  at  Carrara,  San  Miniato, 
and  Hev-Szamos,  the  burial  of  which  took  place  circ.  B.C.  78 — 77  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  361,  362). 

"  The  type  of  the  head  of  Pietas  was  selected  by  Metellus  in  recognition  of  the  title  Pius, 
which  he  received  on  account  of  the  affection  displayed  by  him  for  his  father,  when  in  B.C.  99 
he  sought  the  people  of  Rome  to  recall  him  from  banishment.  The  divinity  is  here  the 
representative  of  paternal  affection  and  not  of  piety  in  general.  The  stork  was  the  emblem  of 
Pietas  (Preller,  jtiom.  Myth.,  3rd  ed.  vol.  ii.,  p.  263),  and  occurs  as  an  adjunct  to  the  figure  of 
that  divinity  on  later  coins  of  Mark  Antony  (see  below,  pp.  400  f.).  The  elephant  was  the 
special  symbol  adopted  by  the  Caecilia  gens  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  155). 

'  The   lituus   and   the   capis   are   supposed   to    record   the   office   of   pontifex   maximus. 


358 


V  T17   ■  ij        Metal 

No.      Weight  ,  „  • 

"         and  Size 


COINAGE   OP  SPAIN 

Obverse 


48 
49 
50 
51 


60-6  I  M    -75 
60-0     Al    -8 


59-4 
59-2 


Ai    -8 

M    '8 


52    ;    60-7 


M    -75 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar ;  counter-marked  on 
face  of  Pietas  with  wheel- 
shaped  ornament. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ^.  11.] 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 


Circ.  B.C.  76—72;    a.u.c.  678—682 

CN  .  LEN 

(CNAEUS   [COENELIUS]   LENTULUS 
[MAECELLINUSi]) 

Denarius 


Bust  of  the  Genius  of  the 
Roman  People  r.,  bearded, 
draped  and  wearing  dia- 
dem ;  behind,  sceptre ; 
above,  G  •  P  •  R  (^Genius 
Populi  Bomani). 


A  globe  between  a  rudder 
on  the  r.  and  a  sceptre, 
to  which  is  attached  a 
laurel-wreath  with  fillet, 
on  the  1. ;  in  the  field,  EX 
S  •  C  [Ex  senaUis  consulto) ; 
below,  CN  .  LEN  •  a 
{Quaestor). 

[PI.  c.  12.] 
(Nott) 


which  was  held  by  L.  Metellus  Dalmatioua,  the  uncle  of  the  general  (Babelon,  vol.  i. ,  jj.  275). 
Metellus,  however,  was  himself  pontifex  maximus,  but  the  date  of  his  appointment  is  uncertain. 
It  may  have  been  as  early  as  B.C.  82  (Pauly-Wissowa,  vol.  iii.,  p.  1224).  These  symbols  are 
seen  on  the  coins  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio,  the  adopted  son  of  the  general,  which 
were  struck  in  Africa  some  years  later,  e.g.  47 — 46  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  280,  no.  52).  In  the 
above  instance  they  may  relate  to  the  auguries  which  were  taken  before  the  departure  of 
Metellus  for  Spain,  and  which  may  have  foretold  the  success  commemorated  by  these  coins. 
They  also  occur  on  coins  of  Mark  Antony  struck  at  Lugdunum,  which  refer  to  his  title  of  augur 
(see  below,  pp.  392 — 394).     The  wreath  commemorates  the  victory  over  Sertorius. 

^  Cnaeus  Cornelius  Lentulus  Marcellinus,  who  struck  these  coins,  has  already  been 
identified  as  the  member  of  the  Cornelia  gens  who  held  the  office  of  moneyer  at  the  Eoman 
mint  ciro.  B.C.  85  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  309;  Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  435),  and  who 
subsequently  served  in  the  war  against  the  Pirates,  B.C.  67,  and  was  praetor  B.C.  59,  and 
consul  B.C.  56.  We  know  very  little  of  his  early  career,  but  Cicero  (in  Verr.,  ii.  42, 
103)  qualifies  him  as  clarissimus  adolescens.  Mommsen  (op.  cit.,  p.  475)  has  suggested 
that  the  above  coins  were  struck  in  B.C.  74,  when  the  Senate  ordered  an  increase  both  of  the 
land  and  sea  armaments  to  operate  against  Mithradates  of  Pontus,  and  against  the  Pirates 
who  infested  the  Mediterranean.  To  meet  this  expenditure  a  sum  of  eighteen  millions  of 
denarii  (3000  talents)  was  voted  (Plutarch,  Lucullus,  13),  the  issue  of  which  under  the 
special  order  of  the  Senate  (ea:  senatus  consulto)  was  entrusted  to  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
Marcellinus,  who  at  the  time  filled  the  office  of  quaestor.  Mommsen  adds  that  "the  type 
is  perfectly  in  accord  with  this  explanation."  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  416),  whilst  accepting 
Mommsen's  view,  remarks  that  it  would  be  quite  exceptional  for  the  Senate  to  entrust  the  coin- 
age of  money  from  bullion  preserved  in  the  aerarium  to  a  quaestor  urbanus.  The  attribution  of 
these  coins  to  Spain  and  to  a  period  extending  from  B.C.  76 — 72  necessitates  tlie  association  of 


CIEC.  B.C.  76—72  ;   A.U.C.  678— C82 


359 


Ao.       11  eight  ,  „■ 

■'         and  Size 


53    I    60-2 


54 

55 
56 
57 


60-0 

59-5 
59-2 
60-3 


58 
59 
60 


59-6 
59-0 
61-6 


M 

■75 

M 

•75 

Ai 

•8 

M 

•8 

M 

•75 

M    -75 
M    -1 
M    -75 


Ohvevi>e 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar  ;  head  of  the  Genius 
larger. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Ueverse 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  mOneyer's  name, 
LENT.CVR  X  F.  {Lentu- 
lus  curator  denariis  flan- 
dis). 

[PI.  c.  13.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar ;  moneyer's  name, 
LEINT  CVK  ¥;  FL 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

(Incuse  of  Obverse). 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


their  issue  with  quite  different  circutiistances  from  those  suggested  by  Moramsen,  and  also  a 
somewhat  different  interpretation  of  the  types.  It  was  in  the  spring  of  B.C.  76  that  Pompey, 
with  the  title  of  proconsul,  arrived  in  Spain  to  assist  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  in  the  war 
against  Sertoriua.  Acting  as  his  quaestor  was  On.  Cornelius  Leutulus  Marcellihus,  who 
appears  to  have  received  from  the  Senate  a  special  mandate  to  strike  money  for  the  use  of  the 
army,  to  which  he  was  attached  as  paymaster  [curator  denariis  fiandis).  In  fixing  the  first 
issue  of  these  coins  to  B.C.  76  we  have  the  confirmatory  evidence  of  finds.  No  specimens  were 
met  with  in  the  hoards  unearthed  either  at  Carrara,  San  Miniato,  or  Hev-Szamos,  each  of 
which,  however,  contained  coins  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  described  above,  and  attributed 
to  B.C.  79 — 77.  It  is  to  B.C.  78 — 77  that  the  burial  of  these  hoards  has  been  assigned.  On 
the  other  hand  there  were  specimens  in  the  finds  at  Eoncofreddo  and  Eignano  which  con- 
tained coins  of  the  Roman  mint  of  a  somewhat  later  date,  and  the  burial  of  which  has  been 
put  at  circ.  B.C.  75  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  362  f.  and  Tables  of  Finds).  This  is  fairly  conclusive 
evidence  that  the  coins  were  first  struck  in  B.C.  76,  and  that  therefore  their  types  cannot  bear 
the  interpretation  suggested  by  Mommsen.  Following  the  usage  of  the  time,  and  also  the 
example  of  those  who  had  issued  money  under  similar  circumstances  in  Spain,  we  must  con- 
sider the  types  to  be  of  a  personal  nature,  i.e.  connected  with  the  history  of  the  moneyer  or  of 
his  family.  If  this  solution  is  accepted  there  seems  no  doubt  but  that  Lentulus  intended  to 
illustrate  the  great  deeds  of  his  illustrious  kinsman,  Sulla.  The  globe  may  be  emblematic 
of  the  extended  rule  of  Rome,  brought  about  by  the  recent  victories  in  the  East ;  the  rudder,  a 
record  of  the  naval  successes  of  Lucullus,  the  famous  general  of  Sulla,  which  placed  the  com- 
mand of  the  Hellespont  in  his  hands ;  and  the  sceptre  bound  with  a  laurel-wreath,  a  reference 
to  the  battles  of  Chaeroneia  and  Orchomeuos,  the  effect  of  which  was  to  compel  Mithradates  to 
evacuate  Europe  and  to  submit  to  the  harsh  conditions  of  Sulla.  These  victories  are  attributed 
not  as  usual  to  Roma,  but  to  the  protection  and  aid  of  the  Genius  of  the  Roman  People,  whose 
bust  is  placed  on  the  obverse.  The  cult  of  this  divinity  was  specially  houovired  by  the  Cornelia 
gens,  and  reference  is  made  to  it  on  coins  issued  by  other  members  of  the  family  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  234,  note).  This  seems  to  be  a  probable  solution  of  the  types  of  the  denarii,  but  it  might 
also  be  suggested  that  as  the  rudder  and  the  globe  are  the  special  symbols  of  Fortuna,  they 
may  relate  to  that  divinity.  It  was  to  Fortuna  that  Sulla  attributed  his  successes,  and  in 
consequence  assumed  the  title  Jfelix,  an  epithet  borne  by  the  goddess  herself. 


360 


COINAGE   OP   SPAIN 


■XT  ITT   •  Li        Metal 

Ao.       Weight  ,  „. 

"         ana  Size 


Obverse 


Rei'er.^e 


Circ.  B.C.  72;    .\.u.c.  G82 


61 


121-5 


CN  .  LEfTVL 

(GNAEUS  [COENELIUS]   LENTULUS 
[MAECELLINUS]) 

Aureus i 


Ji     '75  I  Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
i      bead  and  reel  border. 


CN  •  LEtsTVL  below  Eagle 
standing  1.  on  thunder- 
bolt, wings  spread,  head 
turned  to  r. ;  bead  and 
reel  border. 

[PI.  c.  14.] 
(Montagu  Ooll.) 


'  The  extreme  rarity  of  this  aureus  and  its  weight  and  peculiar  fabric  have  rendered  its 
identification  and  classification  a  matter  of  singular  difficulty.  Till  recently  the  only  example 
known  was  that  in  the  Paris  Cabinet,  but  in  1896  the  above  specimen  was  purchased  for  the 
National  Collection  at  the  Montagu  sale.  In  the  catalogue  of  that  sale  (no.  15)  it  is  stated 
that  the  coin  was  formerly  in  the  Borghesi  collection.  Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii., 
p.  437)  remarks  that  these  coins  are  of  the  weight  of  the  aurei  of  Augustus,  but  there  is  no 
moneyer  of  that  time  of  the  name  of  Cn.  Lentulus,  and  moreover  their  fabric  will  not  admit 
of  their  being  assigned  to  so  late  a  date.  He  therefore  decided  that  they  are  of  the  time 
of  Sulla  or  I'ompey,  and  has  classed  them  with  the  denarii  of  Lentulus,  which  he  struck 
as  a  moneyer,  not  as  a  quaestor,  and  which  are  given  to  B.C.  85  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  309).  By 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  418)  they  are  associated  with  the  denarii  issued  by  Lentulus  as  quaestor, 
and  he  adds  "  it  is  the  only  aureus  which  was  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint  before  Caesar." 
W.  V.  Yoigt  {Philologus,  1905,  pp.  341  f.)  offers  anothpr  solution.  On  account  of  their  weight 
he  considers  these  coins  to  be  Caesarian  or  post-Caesarian,  and  he  therefore  attributes  them 
to  P.  Cornelius  Dolabella,  who  in  B.C.  48,  when  standing  for  the  tribuneship,  had  been  adopted 
into  the  plebeian  family  of  Cn.  Lentulus.  V.  Voigt  would,  therefore,  assign  them  to  B.C.  43 
when  Dolabella  was  in  Asia,  and  being  in  want  of  money  plundered  the  cities  and  temples. 
There  are  two  reasons  which  preclude  the  acceptance  of  this  suggestion;  one,  as  Mommsen 
says,  fabric  and  style,  the  other  that  Dolabella  appears  nowhere  under  the  name  of  Lentulus 
or  Cn.  Lentulus.  In  attributing  these  gold  coins  to  Spain  with  the  silver  struck  by  Lentulus 
Tve  avoid  the  difficulty  raised  by  Babelon,  and  they  take  their  place  with  other  provincial  coins 
of  the  same  class  issued  a  few  years  before  by  Sulla  and  his  proquaestor,  L.  Manlius,  and 
his  quaestor,  A.  Manlius,  in  the  East.  The  fabric  is  strongly  in  favour  of  their  attribution  to 
Spain.  The  head  of  Jupiter  is  similar  in  style  and  fabric  to  that  of  the  Genius  of  the  Roman 
People  on  the  silver  money  of  Lentulus  ;  and  the  bead  and  reel  border,  which  does  not  occur 
on  any  coins  issued  at  this  time  at  the  Roman  mint,  is  found  also  on  those  of  C.  Annins 
Luscus,  which  are  likewise  Spanish.  This  coinage  was  therefore  a  very  special  one,  and  it 
was  probably  struck  at  the  end  of  the  campaign  in  B.C.  72  for  distribution  amongst  the  soldiery 
of  Pompey  who  remained  in  Spain,  or  it  may  have  been  issued  just  before  his  departure.  The 
great  rarity  of  the  specimens  may  be  due  to  the  limited  number  issued,  or  to  the  circumstance 
that  as  no  gold  coins  were  being  struck  at  the  Roman  mint  they  would  not  pass  readily  in 
circulation,  and  so  were  melted  down,  the  usual  fate  of  such  abnormal  pieces.  The  types  of 
Jupiter  and  the  eagle  have  no  doubt  a  reference  to  the  increasing  power  of  Rome.  Types  of  a 
similar  nature  are  found  on  denarii  struck  a,  few  years  later  (see  below,  p.  362)  by  Terentius 
Varro,  who  acted  as  proquaestor  to  Pompey  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war.  These  last 
coins  are  also  given  to  Spain  by  Count  de  Salis. 


CIRC.  B.C.  49;    A.U.C.  705 


3C1 


»-.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


PERIOD    ll.i 

Ciix.  B.C.  49  ;    a.u.u.  705 

Obverse 


Rcver.'^p 


62 


63 


61-2 


60-0 


M    -75 


Al    -75 


CN .  riso 


(CNABUS  [CALPUENIUS]  PISO  ^) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Numa  PompOius  r., 
bearded,  wearing  diadem, 
inscribed  NVMA;  behind, 
CN -r  ISO.  rKo.Q  (Pro- 

qziaestor). 

Similar. 


Prow    r.;      above,    MAGN 
(Magnus);    below,  PRO. 
Cos  (Proconsul). 
[PI.  c.  15.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  The  coins  assigned  to  this  period  are  those  which  were  struck  in  Spain  during  the  war 
between  Julius  Caesar  and  the  armies  of  Pompey.  They  are  of  two  series :  (i.)  that  struck 
for  the  Pompeian  legions  by  the  proquaestors,  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  Terentius  Varro  ;  and 
(ii.)  that  issued  by  Julius  Caesar  for  his  own  troops.  The  denarius  is  the  only  denomination. 
Alter  the  flight  of  Pompey  from  Brundusinm  for  the  East,  e.g.  49,  Caesar,  being  unable  to 
follow  him  through  want  of  ships,  determined  first  to  make  himself  master  of  Spain,  over 
which  Pompey  exercised  a  proconsular  rule,  and  which  was  held  for  him  by  his  three  legates, 
L.  Alranius,  who  had  the  command  of  Hither  Spain,  M.  Petreius,  who  was  stationed  in 
Lusitania,  and  M.  Terentius  Yarro,  to  whom  was  entrusted  the  protection  of  all  Further  Spain 
(Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  38).  On  his  way  Caesar  laid  siege  to  Massilia,  but  without  waiting  for 
the  result  of  the  investment  of  that  place  he  passed  on  into  Spain,  where  he  found  the 
Pompeian  forces  under  Afranius  and  Petreius  massed  near  Ilerda  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis. 
After  at  first  experiencing  some  reverses,  Caesar  reduced  these  generals  of  Pompey  to  such 
difiiculties  that  they  were  obliged  to  surrender.  He  then  marched  against  Varro,  who  had 
remained  in  the  southern  province  of  Further  Spain.  Deprived  of  the  assistance  of  his 
colleagues,  and  unable  to  resist  the  tide  of  opinion  in  favour  of  Caesar,  Varro  also  surrendered 
to  the  conqueror  at  Corduba. 

'  The  identification  of  the  proquaestor  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  is  not  quite  certain.     He  may 
have  been  Cn.  Calpurnius  Cn.  f.  Cn.  n.  Piso,  who  was  consul  suffectus  e.g.  23,  and  a  member  of 
the  aristocratic  party.     He  fought  against  Caesar  in  Africa,  e.g.  46,  and  after  the  death  of  the 
dictator  joined  Brutus  and  Cassius.     Being  pardoned  he  returned  to  Kome,  and  in  e.g.  23 
without  solicitation,  was  elected  consul.     From  these  particulars  it  is  quite  possible  that 
like  Varro,  whose  coins  are  next  described,  Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  served  in  Spain  as  proquaestor 
to  the  Pompeian  party,  being  attached  to  the  legions  of  Afranius  and  Petreius,  whom  he 
subsequently  joined  to  oppose  Caesar  in  the  war  in  Africa  (Pauly-Wissowa,  vol.  iii.,  p.  1891). 
As  the  legions  of  Afranius  and  Petreius  were  chiefly  engaged  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ilerda 
the  coins  of  Piso  may  have  been  struck  in  that  city,  where  there  had  already  existed  a  Celti- 
berian  mint  (see  Heiss,  Mon.  ant.  de  VEsp.,  pp.  133  f.).     The  date  of  the  coinage  of  Piso  is 
practically  fixed  within  a  limit  of  three  years  at  the  utmost,  E.G.  50 — 48,  by  the  evidence 
of  finds.     No  specimens  were  present  in  the  San  Gregorio  di  Sassola,  Compito,  or  Cadriano 
hoards  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  413,  414),  but  as  they  bear  the  name  of  Pompey  the  Great  they  could  not 
have  been  issued  later  than  B.C.  48. 

The  head  of  Numa  Pompilius  records  the  claim  of  the  Calpurnia  gens  to  be  descended 
from  Calpus,  the  son  of  Numa  (Plutarch,  Numa,  21),  and  the  prow  on  the  reverse  refers  to  the 
naval  victories  of  Pompey,  more  especially  to  those  over  the  Pirates,  though  no  member  of 
the  Calpurnia  gens  is  mentioned  as  having  taken  a  prominent  part  in  that  war  (Mommsen,  jffisi. 
mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  5'J5).  It  may  be  noticed  that  both  Piso  and  possibly  Varro  use  for  the 
obverses  of  their  coins  types  personal  to  their  own  families,  whilst  the  reverses  relate  to  the 
victories  of  Pompey,  under  whose  delegated  command  they  took  part  in  the  Spanish  campaign. 


VOL.   II. 


3    A 


3C2 


COINAGE    OF   SPAIX 


yo. 


H  eight  ,  o- 

"        and  Size 


Diverse 


Reverse 


64 


65 


66 


64-5 


60-2 


M    -88 


M    -75 


511     M    -6 

I 


VARRO 

([TEEENTIUS]  VAEEOi) 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


Bust  of  Jupiter  Terminalis 
r.,  wearing  diadem  ;  hair 
and  beard  in  small  curls  ; 
behind,  VAKKo.rRo.a 
[Proquaest<yr). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


An  upright  sceptre  between 

an   eagle   on  the  r.,  and 

a   dolphin   on   the  1. ;   in 

.,  MAG .  PRO 

the  exergue,  ,-- 

{Magnus,  Proconsul). 

Similar. 

[PI.  c.  16.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


'  Before  discussing  the  identiiioation  of  the  proqnaeator  Varro,  ic  is  necessary  to 
ascertain  the  date  when  the  coins  bearing  his  name  were  issued.  Bokhel  {Doct.  num.  vet., 
t.  v.,  p.  281),  Borghesi,  and  also  Cavedoni  (Saggio,  p.  115;  RiposHgli,  p.  210)  were  all  of 
opinion  that  they  were  struck  during  the  war  against  the  Pirates,  B.C.  67.  Mommsen  (Hist, 
mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  534),  however,  decided  that  though  the  types  might  admit  of  the  attribu- 
tion of  the  coins  to  that  date,  the  evidence  of  finds  established  beyond  doubt  the  fact  that  they 
miibt  have  been  struck  in  B.C.  49,  and  that  Varro  and  Cn.  Calpurniu.1  Piso,  whose  coins  cannot 
be  separated  from  each  other,  were  proquaestors  of  Pompey  in  Spain  in  that  year.  The 
evidence  of  finds  is  precisely  the  same  in  the  case  of  both  moneyers.  The  coins  of  Varro  are 
of  somewhat  coarse  fabric,  and  therefore  probably  the  work  of  a  provincial  die-engraver. 
Their  attribution  to  Spain  by  Mommsen  seems  to  be  beyond  question,  and  this  opinion  was 
also  held  by  Count  de  Salis. 

These  data  may  assist  us  in  identifying  the  moneyer  Varro,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Terentia 
gens.  He  is  usually  associated  with  M.  Terentius  Varro,  "  the  most  voluminous  of  Roman 
authors,  and  the  most  learned  of  the  Romans"  (Cicero,  ad  Att.,  xiv.  68).  Little  is  known  of 
Varro's  early  public  life,  but  at  the  age  of  forty-nine  (B.C.  67)  he  held  a  high  naval  command 
under  Pompey  in  the  war  against  thePirates,  and  later  in  that  with  Mithradates  (Pliny,  Hist.Nai., 
iii.  11,  vii.  30;  Appian,  Mithr.,  95),  and  for  his  services  was  awarded  by  Pompey  with  a  rostral 
crown  (see  above,  p.  96).  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  in  B.C.  49  he  was  serving  as  one  of  the 
legates  of  Pompey  in  Spain.  His  conduct  on  this  occasion  was  most  vacillating,  and  finally  with 
but  a  faint  show  of  resistance  he  surrendered  to  Caesar,  by  whom  he  was  pardoned.  Varro, 
however,  remained  faithful  to  his  party,  crossed  over  to  Greece,  and  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Pharsalns.  From  that  time  he  devoted  himself  to  his  various  literary  pursuits,  and  died  in 
B.C.  28.  When  the  above  coins  were  struck  Varro  was  sharing  with  Afranius  and  Petreius  the 
chief  command  of  the  Pompeian  army  in  Spain,  and  it  therefore  seems  impossible  to  identify 
him  with  the  moneyer  of  that  name  who  held  the  inferior  rank  of  a  proquaestor.  In  order 
to  reconcile  the  identification  of  the  general  with  the  issuer  of  these  coins,  Mommsen  (op.  cit., 
p.  535)  has  suggested  that  he  may  have  been  a  legatus  pro  quaestore;  but  if  this  had  been  so, 
this  rank  would  certainly  have  been  noted  on  the  coins,  as  was  done  a  few  years  later  by 
M.  Poblicius,  who  acted  in  Spain  as  legatus  pro  praetore  to  Cnaeus  Pompey  (see  below,  p.  364). 
This  moneyer  must  therefore  have  been  some  other  member  of  the  Terentia  gens,  possibly  a 
son  of  the  general  to  whose  legions  he  would  be  attached  in  the  capacity  of  proquaestor. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  sceptre,  the  eagle,  and  the  dolphin  may,  as  Mommsen  has 
suggested,  illustrate  the  position  of  the  partisans  of  Pompey  in  Spain,  whose  success  depended 
on  the  united  action  of  the  legions  of  the  West  with  the  fleet  of  the  East ;  or  it  may  relate 
to  the  previous  victories  of  Pompey  by  sea  and  land,  more  especially  in  connection  with  the 
wars  against  the  Pirates  and  Mithradates.  The  obverse  type  of  Jupiter  Terminalis  may  be 
a  record  of  the  great  powers  given  to  Pompey  by  the  Senate,  who  at  one  time  had  placed 
under  his  protection  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Roman  dominions,  by  granting  him  proconsular 
rule  over  all  the  coasts  and  islands  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  whole  of  Asia  so  far  as 
Armenia.  The  proconsular  power  was  now  vested  in  Pompey  over  Spain  on  the  terms  arranged 
with  Caesar  and  Crassns  in  B.C.  56  and  confirmed  by  the  Lex  Trehonia  in  the  following  year. 
Mommsen  {op.  cit.,  p.  533)  has,  however,  ingeniously  suggested  that  the  type  may  be  an 
allusion  to  the  name  of  Terentius,  which  Varro  may  have  associated  with  Terminus,  as  he 
derived  terminus  from   terra  or  terere  (de  Ling.  Jot.,  v.  21,   ed.  Miiller),   and   as   his   pupil 


CIEC.   B.C.    49;    A.U.C.    705 


363 


Tvr  TT'  ■  7  i        Metal 

•'         and  Size 


Ohvers 


67 


49-6 

{irolten) 


68 


69 


70 


47-4 

(•plated,) 

45-4 

(plated) 


66-5 


71 


52-9 


M    -8 


M    -8 
M    -75 


M.    -75 


iR    -8 


Similar. 


Reverse 

Type  II. 

Bust  of  Jupiter  Terminalis 
r.,  wearing  diadem  ;  hair 
and  beard  in  small  curls  ; 
behind,  VAR.KO.  PRO. a 
{same  as  obverse  type). 
[PI.  c.  17.] 
(Martinetti  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  c.  18.] 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


CAESAR 

(CAIUS  JULIUS  OAESAE) 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Venus  r.,  encircled 
with  a  broad  band  or 
fillet ;  hair  collected  into 
a  knot  behind. 


Similar. 


Trophy  of  Gaulish  arms;  at 
the  base  are  a  chariot  on 
one  side  and  an  oblong 
shield,  two  spears  and 
a  carnyx  on  the  other  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  IMP 
{Ini'perator). 

[PI.  c.  19.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Verrius,  quoted  by  Festus  (pp.  350,  351,  ed.  MuUer),  derived  terentum  from  terra.  In  sup- 
port of  this  view  it  may  be  noticed  that  Cu.  Calpurnius  Piso  selected  a  personal  type  for  the 
obverse  of  his  coins.  The  repetition  of  the  obverse  type  for  that  of  the  reverse  on  nos.  67 — 69, 
may  be  due  to  the  exigencies  connected  with  the  striking  of  the  coins,  and  to  a  scarcity 
of  reverse  dies.  The  coins  of  this  type  are  usually  of  base  metal,  and  two  of  the  specimens 
in  the  National  Collection  are  plated.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  486)  thinks  that  they  are  hybrids. 
Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  p.  115)  is  also  of  that  opinion.  It  is  diificult  to  say  where  these 
coins  were  struck,  but  it  may  have  been  at  Hispalis,  where  M,  Terentius  Yarro  the  legate 
had  his  seat  of  government,  or  it  may  have  been  at  Gades,  to  which  place  he  removed  all  the 
money  and  ornaments  which  he  had  taken  from  the  celebrated  temple  of  Hercules  in  the 
neighbourhood  (Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  ii.  18). 

The  small  bronze  coins,  as  and  semis,  with  the  reverse  type,  wolf  and  twins,  and  bearing 
the  moneyer's  initials,  P.  "E  (Publius  Terentius  ?),  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  487,  nos. 
16, 17),  are,  as  he  says,  of  Panormus  in  Sicily,  and  therefore  do  not  form  part  of  the  Roman 
series  proper,  whether  issued  in  Italy  or  the  provinces.  The  triens  (no.  18)  described  by 
Babelon  does  not  belong  to  this  issue,  but  is  a  coin  of  the  moneyer  Quintus  Caecilius 
Metellus  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  82,  and  vol.  i.,  p.  157,  no.  1060). 

'  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  these  coins,  on  account  of  their  fabric,  to  Spain,  and  to  the 
time  of  Caesar's  first  campaign  against  the  forces  of  the  Pompeian  party  in  that  province. 
In  style  they  resemble  the  coins  of  Varro  and  Cn.  Cornelius  Piso,  the  obverse  type  being  in 
high  relief.  The  evidence  of  finds  does  not  help  much  to  fix  the  precise  date  of  their  issue, 
but  they  must  have  been  struck  after  B.C.  50,  as  no  specimens  were  met  with  in  the  San 
Gregorio  de  Sassola,  Compito,  or  Cadriano  hoards.  Of  ihose  buried  about  B.C.  44  they  only 
occurred  in  that  of  Liria  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  413,  414,  502).  The  trophy  on  the  reverse  is  composed 
of  Gaulish  arms,  and  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  13 ;  Rev.  Num.,  1902,  p.  8)  has  suggested  that  the  war 
chariot,  on  account  of  its  special  form,  is  that  which  was  used  by  the  Britons,  and  which  was 
called  an  essedum,  and  that  these  denarii  recall  the  triumph  of  Caesar  over  the  Britons  in  his 
second  expedition  in  B.C.  54  (Caesar,  Bell.  Gall.,  iv.  33).  There  may  have  been  a  special  reason 
for  selecting  a  tjpe  which  did  not  record  a  contemporary  event,  but  one  which  had  happened 
a  few  years  previously.     In  Spain  Caesar  had  not  been  contending  against  the  Celtiberians,  but 


364 


COINAGE   OF   SPAIN 


,.,  TTT-     ,  s       Metal 

No.       Tfeinht  ,  ,,. 

■'        ana  oise 


72 


PERIOD   III/ 

Circ.  B.C.  46—44;   a.u.c.  708—710 

Diverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  46—45 ;  a.u.c.  708—709 

M  .  POBLICI :  CN  .  MAGNVS 

(MAECUS  POBLICIUS;   CNAEUS  [POMPEIUS] 
MAGNUS) 

Denarius 


62-8  '  M    -8 


Head  of  Eoma  r.,  -wearing 
helmet  with  crest ;  hair 
long;  around,  M-  POBLI 
CI .  LEG  .  PRO  .  PR.  (Lc- 
gatus  pro  praetore) ;  all 
within  bead  and  reel  bor- 
der. 


Hispania,  or  Baetica,  draped, 
standing  r.,  holding  in  1. 
hand  two  spears,  to  which 
a  shield  is  attached,  and 
with  r.  presenting  a  palm- 
branch  to  CnaeusPompey, 
who  stands  1.  on  a  prow ; 
he  is  armed  with  sword ; 
below  and  on  r.,  C  N  •  MAG 
NVS  •  IMP  (Imperator) ; 
plain  border. 

[PI.  ci.  1.] 
(Townley  CoU.) 


against  a  portion  of  the  Roman  army  composed  of  his  own  conntrymen.  On  the  surrender  of  the 
Pompeian  legions  Caesar  treated  them  with  great  magnanimity,  promising  them  security 
not  only  of  person,  but  also  of  property.  He  allowed  a  portion  of  the  troops  to  settle  in  the 
country,  and  to  the  rest  he  promised  a  safe  conduct  to  Italy,  no  one  being  compelled  against 
his  inclination  to  take  the  military  oath  under  him  (Caesar,  Sell.  civ. ,  i.  86) .  In  ordering  a 
coinage  for  distribution  amongst  his  own  troops  Caesar  therefore  selected  a  type  which  would 
not  be  offensive  to  those  of  the  Pompeian  pai-ty  who  had  surrendered,  but  one  which  would 
nevertheless  be  gratifying  to  his  own  legions,  and  which  probably  recorded  victories  in  which 
many  may  have  taken  an  active  part.  The  head  of  Venus  on  the  obverse  and  its  special 
application  to  the  Julia  gens  has  been  mentioned  in  dealing  with  the  coinage  struck  at  that 
time  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  542,  543). 

As  these  coins  were  probably  not  issued  till  after  the  surrender  of  Afranius  and  Petreius, 
their  mint-place  may  have  been  Corduba,  which  Caesar  held  during  the  greater  part  of  the  time 
that  he  was  operating  against  Varro  in  Western  Spain. 

'  After  the  defeat  of  Pompey  the  Great  at  Pharsalus,  B.C.  49,  and  after  the  capture  of 
Alexandria  and  the  subjugation  of  Syria  in  the  following  year,  Caesar  left  Rome  at  the  end 
of  B.C.  47  to  meet  the  Pompeians  in  Africa,  who  were  under  the  command  of  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius  Soipio  and  M.  Porcins  Cato  Utioensia  (see  Coinage  of  Africa,  s.a.,  B.C.  47 — 46). 
This  war  was  speedily  brought  to  an  end  by  the  battle  of  Thapsus  in  the  spring  of  B.C.  46, 
when  both  the  Pompeian  generals  perished.  Returning  to  Rome  for  a  short  time  to  celebrate 
a  series  of  triumphs,  Caesar  in  the  following  September  again  set  out  for  Spain,  where  the 
SODS  of  Pompey,  Cnaeus  and  Sextus,  had  rallied  the  scanty  remnants  of  the  African  army  to 
make  a  final  stand  against  their  implacable  enemy.  The  contending  forces  met  at  Munda  in 
Hispania  Baetica  on  the  14th  March,  B.C.  45,  and  after  a  desperate  struggle  the  Pompeians 
were  defeated,  and  Cnaeus  Pompey  fled  to  the  coast,  where  he  was  captured  and  slain. 
Sextus  Pompey,  who  was  at  Corduba,  escaped  into  Northern  Spain,  and  for  a  time  re- 
mained in  concealment  in  the  country  of  the  Lacetani  (see  below,  p.  370). 

The  coinages  which  are  attributed  to  this  campaign,  and  which  are  of  silver  and  bronze 
consist  of  three  separate  groups :  (i.)  that  issued  by  M.  Pobliciua  and'  M.  Minatius  Sabinus 
the  legatus  pro  praetore  and  the  proquaestor  respectively  of  Cnaeus  Pompey,  and  that  of 
Cnaeus  Pompey  himself  (b.c.  46 — 45);  the  former  is  of  silver,  the  latter  of  bronze;  (ii.)  that 
struck  by  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  45,  which  is  of  silver  only;  and  (iii. )  that  bearing  the  names 
of  Sextus  Pompey  and  of  his  legato,  Marcus  Eppius,  B.C.  45—44  ;    the  former  struck  in  silver 


CIRC.  B.C.  46—45;   A.U.C.  708—709 


365 


No.       Weirjht        ^/*?.^ 
•^         and  &iz( 

73 


74 


Obverse 


75 


76 


60-3 

59-8 

60-7 

58-8 

M 

•75 

M 

•8 

M 

•8 

M 

•75 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  border  o£  dots. 


Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

(Oraoherode  Coll.) 


Similar;  the  palm-branch  is 
longer  and  broader. 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Blacas  CoU.) 


Similar. 


and  bronze,  the  latter  in  bronze  only.  The  approximate  date  of  these  issues  is  ascertainable 
from  the  evidence  of  finds.  No  specimens  were  met  with  in  the  Carbonara  II.  hoard,  buried 
circ.  B.C.  48,  but  they  were  found  in  those  of  San  Niocold  de  Villola,  Collechio,  and  Liria, 
which  were  concealed  circ.  B.C.  45 — 44  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  501,  502,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

Marcus  Poblicius  was  legatus  pro  praetore  to  Cnaeus  Pompey  in  Spain,  and  it  was  in  that 
capacity  that  he  issued  these  coins  for  the  use  of  his  legions.  His  name  is  not  otherwise 
recorded.  The  identification  of  Poblicius  as  the  legate  of  Cnaeus  Pompey  has,  however,  not 
passed  unchallenged.  Eckhel  (Boct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  282)  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to 
recognize  in  the  type  of  these  denarii  a  reference  to  the  younger  Pompey,  who  bore  the  same 
praenomen  as  his  father.  This  view  was  accepted  by  Cavedoni  (Saggio,  p.  113)  until  the 
discovery  of  the  Roncofreddo  hoard  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  362),  in  which  a  specimen  of  the  coinage  of 
M.  Poblicius  ia  said  to  have  occurred.  In  consequence  Cavedoni  (EipostigU,  p.  205)  changed 
his  mind  and  assigned  the  coins  to  the  elder  Pompey,  and  to  the  period  of  the  war  against 
SertoriuB,  B.C.  75 — 74.  The  evidence  of  later  hoards,  however,  entirely  supports  the  later 
date,  and  it  is  therefore  possible  either  that  Borghesi  (Cavedoni,  Ripostigli,  pp.  26,  29)  was 
in  error  in  including  the  denarius  of  Poblicius  in  the  Roncofreddo  hoard,  or  that  it  was 
inserted  after  the  hoard  was  unearthed,  a  not  uncommon  circumstance  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon. 
rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  536). 

Cnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus,  whose  name  also  appears  on  these  and  the  following  coins,  was 
the  elder  son  of  Pompey  the  Great.  His  first  campaign  was  against  the  Pirates  under  his 
father,  B.C.  67,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  went  to  Alexandria  to  obtain  troops. 
After  Pharsalus  he  took  refuge  in  Corcyra,  and  from  thence  went  to  Africa,  where  he  heard 
of  his  father's  death.  Being  desirous  of  securing  Spain  for  his  party  he  crossed  thither  early 
in  B.C.  46,  and  at  first  was  opposed  by  C.  Didius,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  by  Caesar  himself. 
He  survived  the  disastrous  battle  of  Munda,  but  was  slain  shortly  afterwards.  Like  his 
brother  Sextns  (see  below,  p.  370)  he  took  his  father's  title,  Magnus,  and  he  was  probably 
proclaimed  Irnperator,  or  assumed  that  title  on  his  landing  in  Spain.  His  watchword  at  Munda 
was  Pietas  (Appian,  Bell.  civ.  ii.,  xv.  104),  a  representation  of  which  divinity  his  brother 
used  for  the  type  of  his  coins. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  denarius  of  M.  Poblicius  is  a  record  of  Pompey's  arrival  in  Spain, 
where  it  was  hoped  that  his  presence  would  revive  the  spirit  of  his  party.  His  landing  took 
place  before  the  battle  of  Thapsus  in  Africa.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  that  of  fioma,  whose 
aid  was  specially  invoked  by  the  Pompeian  party  against  the  "usurper,"  Caesar.  It  is  with- 
out a  beard,  and  the  hair  is  long,  which  is  against  its  being  a  representation  of  Mars.  It  may 
be  noticed  that  on  some  of  the  denarii  the  obverse  type  is  within  a  bead  and  reel  border.  A 
similar  border  is  found  on  earlier  denarii  of  L.  Pabius  Hispaniensis,  the  quaestor  of  C.  Annius 
Lusous,  and  on  the  aureus  of  Cn.  Lentulus  (see  above,  pp.  352, 360).  Though  often  well  struck, 
the  denarii  of  M.  Poblicius  are  of  somewhat  coarse  work,  showing  that  they  were  of  pro- 
vincial issue. 

In  addition  to  the  above  reasons  for  assigning  these  coins  to  B.C.  46 — 45  it  should  be 
mentioned  that  Pompey  the  Great  never  placed  his  praenomen  on  his  coins,  that  when  he  went 
to  Spain  in  B.C.  76  he  journeyed  by  way  of  Gaul,  and  also  that  the  coins  of  M.  Poblicius 
cannot  be  separated  from  those  of  M.  Minatius  Sabinus,  which  were  first  met  with  in  the 
Liria  hoard,  buried  circ.  B.C.  44. 

The  coins  of  M.  Poblicius  and  also  those  following  of  M.  Minatius  Sabinus  were  pro- 
bably struck  at  Corduba,  where  the  Pompeian  leaders  had  their  head-quarters  till  it  was 
captured  by  Caesar  alter  the  battle  of  Munda. 


366 


COINAGE   OF   SPAIN 


■XT  Ty  '  7  J       Metal 

No.       ^UigJit    ^^^g.^^ 


77 


78 


79 


80 


57-2 


54-0 


55-6 


57-7 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    '75 


m    -7 


CN  .MAGNVS; 


M  .  MINAT  .  SABIN 


(CNAEUS  [POMPEIUS]  MAGNUS;    MAECUS 
MINATIUS  SABINUS^) 

Denarius 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Pompey  the  Great 
r.,  bare;  before,  CN  • 
MAGN ;     behind,      IMP 

(Imperator). 


Similar;  legend,  before  head, 
CN  .  MAGN;  behind, 
IMP .  F  (Imperator,  filius). 

Similar;  legend,  before  head, 
CN- MAGNVS;  behind, 
IMP  .  F  (downwards). 


Hispania,  or  Baetica,  tur- 
reted,  standing  r.  on  a 
heap  of  arms,  and  holding 
spear  in  1.  hand;  with  her 
r.  she  grasps  the  hand  of 
Cnaeus  Pompey,  who  dis- 
embarks from  a  vessel, 
the  stem  of  which  is 
shown ;  in  the  exergue, 
M-MINAT 


SABIN 


;  onl.,  PR..Q 


(Proquaestor). 


[PI.  ci.  2.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ci.  3.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Pompey  the  Great 
r.,  bare;  before,  CN  ■ 
MAGNVS;  behind,  IMP 


Baetica  turreted,  standing 
r.,  her  r.  hand  raised  in 
the  act  of  greeting  Cnaeus 
Pompey,  who  turns  to- 
wards Tarraco,  turreted, 
kneeUng  on  one  knee  and 
presenting  shield  to  him ; 

.    ,,  M-MINAT 

m the  exergue,       r.ni 

[on  1.,  PK  .  a]. 
[PI.  ci.  4.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  Marcus  Minatius  Sabinus  is  only  known  to  history  from  his  coins.  He  was  proquaestor  to 
Cnaeus  Pompey  during  the  campaign  in  Spain,  B.C.  46 — 45.  His  name,  or  that  of  a  member 
of  his  family,  occurs  in  an  inscription  (Inscr.  regniNeapol.,  no.  277;  C.I.L.,  vol.  x.,  no.  291)  where 
a  "  M.  Minatius  M. f.  Pom.  Sabinus"  is  mentioned  (Mommsen,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  537). 
The  reasons  given  for  attributing  the  coins  of  M.  Poblicius  to  this  date  apply  equally  to  those 
of  M.  Minatius  Sabinus.  The  earliest  instance  of  their  occurrence  in  finds  was  in  that  dis- 
covered at  Liria,  which  was  concealed  circ.  B.C.  44  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  502,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

The  obverses  of  the  coins  of  M.  Minatius  Sabinus  bear  the  name  of  his  chief,  Cnaeus 
Pompey,  but  show  the  portrait  of  Pompey's  father,  who  had  in  past  days  played  such  an 
important  role  in  the  hiatory  of  Spain,  and  who  had  been  invested  from  B.C.  55  till  his  death 
with  proconsular  power  over  that  province.  The  reverse  types  are  varied,  and  illustrate  the  vic- 
torious progress  of  Cnaeus  Pompey  in  Spain  before  the  arrival  of  Caesar.  They  show:  (i.)  the 
arrival  of  Cnaeus  Pompey  in  Spain,  where  he  is  greeted  by  a  female  figure  representing  Hispania 
or  the  province  of  Baetica ;    (ii. )  the  greeting  of  Baetica  and  the  offer  of  assistance  or  the 


CIEC.  B.C.  46—45;    A.U.C.  708—709 


367 


Kn,     Weiijlit 


Metal 
and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Type 

III. 

81 

60-8 

JR    -7 

Head  of  Pompey  the  Great 
r.,    bare  ;      before,    CN  ■ 
MAGNVS ;  behind,  IMP 

Baetica    turreted,    standing 
r.,  holding  caduoeus  in  1. 
hand  and  with  r.  grasping 
the  hand  of  Onaeus  Pom- 
pey, who  is  crowned  with 
wreath   by  Tarraco,   tur- 
reted and  bearing  trophy ; 
intheexergue,^-^;NAT. 

onL,  PR.,  a 

[PI.  ci.  5.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Type  III.  var. 

82 

57-6 

M    -75 

Similar. 

Baetica    turreted,    standing 

r.,  holds   caduceus   in   1. 

hand  and  with  r.  presents 

laurel-branch    to   Cnaeus 

Pompey,   standing   front, 

leaning  with  r.  hand  on 

spear,    and    crowned    by 

Tarraco,  who  is  turreted 

and  bears  trophy ;  in  the 

M  •  MINAT 
exergue,       ^^g,^       ;  on 

1.,  PR. a 

[PI.  ci.  6.] 

(Sir  G.  Musgrave) 

83 

58-2 

M    -75 

Similar;   before  head,  CN- 
MAGN;  behind,  IMP  (up- 
wards). 

Similar. 

[PI.  ci.  7.] 

(Sir  G.  Musgrave) 

CN. AAG 

(CNABUS    [POMPEIUS]   MAGNUS) 

As* 

84 

451-0 

M  1-3 

Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  1 

Prow  r. ;  before,   1 ;   above, 
CN  ■  AAG;    below,    IMP 
{Imperator). 

[PI.  ci.  8.] 

85 

296-0 

[worn) 

M  1-25 

Similar. 

Similar. 

submission  of  Tarraco,  who,  in  the  form  of  a  kneeling  turreted  woman,  presents  Pompey  with  a 
shield ;  and  (iii.)  the  congratulations  of  the  two  proviDces,  probably  after  the  taking  of  Carthago 
•Nova,  Baetica  being  represented  as  either  grasping  Pompey's  right  hand  or  presenting  him 
with  a  laurel-branch,  and  Tarraco  as  crowning  him  with  a  wreath  and  bearing  a  trophy.  The 
legends  on  the  obverse  of  each  type  show  the  same  variations,  viz.,  CN  .  MAGN  .IMP  ; 
CN  .MAGNVS  IMP.  J  CN  .  MAGN  .  IMP  .  F.;  and  CN.  MAGNVS  IMP  .  F  (Bahrfeldt, 
Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  pp.  47,  48;  1900,  p.  72).  These  variations  are  only  the  result  of  an  inter- 
change of  obverse  dies. 

'  These   bronze   coins   were   issued   by  Cnaeus   Pompey  during   his   campaign  in  Spain, 


3G8 


COINAGE    OF   SPAIN 


Wo.       ]l'eight 


Metal 
and  Size 


86 


62-3 


.'R    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  45 ;    A.u.c.  709 

CAESAR 

(CAIUS   JULIUS  CAESAE') 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


Bust  of  Venus  1.,  slightly 
draped,  wearing  diadem 
and  earring  of  single  drop ; 
hair  rolled  back  and  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
which  is  ornamented  with 
a  star ;  before,  bust  of 
Cupid  and  lituus ;  behind, 
sceptre. 


Trophy  of  Gaulish  and 
Spanish  arms,  composed 
of  helmet  and  cuirass,  two 
shields,  one  oval,  the  other 
oblong,  two  spears  and  two 
trumpets  {carnyces) ;  at 
the  base  on  the  1.  kneels  on 
one  knee  a  naked  figure  (a 
Gaul)  with  long  beard, 
looking  upwards,  his 
hands  tied  behind  him ; 
on  the  r.  is  seated  a  draped 
female  figure  (Hispania) 
weeping,  and  supporting 
her  head  with  her  left 
hand;  in  the  exergue, 
CAESAR 

[PI.  ci.  9.] 
(Nott) 


B.C.  46 — 45.  They  were  probably  struck  in  the  province  of  Baetica,  a  region  specially  rich  in 
copper,  the  most  famous  mines  being  at  Cotinae  in  the  Mons  Marianus  (Sierra  Morena). 
The  Rio  Tinto  mines,  which  were  also  worked  in  antiquity,  were  probably  nearly  as  rich 
(G.  F.  Hill,  Handbooh  of  Or.  and  Rom.  Coins,  p.  23).  These  coins  are  quite  exceptional,  as  at 
that  time  no  bronze  money  was  struck  at  Rome.  They  are  also  of  the  uncial  standard,  a 
standard  which  had  long  been  superseded  at  Rome  by  a  seni  uncial  one  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Lex  Papiria,,  B.C.  89  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  241).  The  plentiful  supply  of  metal  in  the  above- 
mentioned  districts  may  have  been  the  cause  of  so  little  care  being  exercised  in  adjusting  the 
coin  to  the  right  standard.  In  adopting  the  old  type  of  the  as,  however,  the  current  value  of 
the  piece  became  at  once  apparent.  The  bronze  coins  struck  by  Sextus  Pompey  and  his 
legate,  Eppius,  soon  afterwards  (see  below,  pp.  371,  372)  are  of  the  same  standard,  but  those 
of  P.  Carisius  of  a  slightly  later  date  are  adjusted  to  the  semuncial  (see  below,  p.  377).  The 
analysis  of  the  metal  of  which  these  bronze  coins  of  Cnaeus  and  Sextus  Pompey  were  struck 
shows  that  it  was  composed  of  71  per  cent,  copper,  9-7  tin,  and  19-3  lead  (see  Num.  Chron., 
1904,  pp.  220,  244),  which  practically  confirms  what  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiv.  2)  says  of  the 
bronze  of  Corduba,  {Aes  Cordubense')  a  Liviano  cadmcain  maxim.e  sorbet  et  aurichalchi  bonitatem 
imitatur  in  sestertiis  dupondiarisque.  These  coins  were  therefore  struck  from  the  natural 
product  of  the  mines  in  Baetica.  Their  abnormal  weight  has  occasioned  their  attribution  to 
Pompey  the  Great,  and  to  a  period  before  the  passing  of  the  Lex  Papiria.  Cohen  (Mon. 
rip.  rom.,  p.  264)  assigns  them  to  B.C.  89,  and  Borghesi  ((Euvres  compl.,  t-  i.,  p.  219), 
in  order  to  account  for  their  exceptional  weight,  suggested  that  they  may  have  been  struck 
by  a  general  (imperator)  of  the  name  of  Cn.  Maguluius  or  Cn.  Magius,  a  purely  hypothetical 
suggestion,  as  those  names  are  not  known  to  history.  Subsequently  he  attributed  them  to 
Pompey  the  Great.  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  536)  points  out  that  as  Pompey  the 
Great  never  placed  his  praenomeu  on  his  coins,  these  pieces  must  have  been  struck  by  his 
son,  Cnaeus.  He  also  draws  attention  to  the  fact  that  they  are  of  precisely  the  same  weight 
as  those  of  Sextus  Pompey. 

Cohen  (op.  cit.,  p.  260,  pi.  Ixiii.,  no.  6)  describes  and  figures  a  coin  of  this  issue  with  the 
legend  ROMA  before  the  prow  as  well  as  the  mark  of  value;  but  this  is  incorrect,  as  no 
such  legend  occurs  on  any  of  these  pieces  (Mommsen,  op.  cit.,  t.  ii.,  p.  534). 

1  Within  twenty-seven  days  of   his  leaving  Rome   Caesar  met  the  Pompeian  forces  at 


A'o.      M'eight 


87 


89 


90 


58-3 
56-8 


C3-0 


61-5 


91       61-5 


92 


58-0 


Metal 
and  Size 

/R    -8 


Al 


CIEC.  B.C.  45  ;   A.U-.C.  709 

Obverse 


3G9 


Revers 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 
M    -75 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


Bust  of  Venus  r.,  not  draped ; 
hair  rolled  back  and  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind ; 
she  wears  diadem  orna- 
mented with  jewels,  ear- 
ring of  triple  drop  and 
necklace  of  pendants  ;  be- 
hind her  neck,  Cupid. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Trophy  of  Gaulish  and 
Spanish  arms,  similar  to 
no.  86  ;  but  both  shields 
are  oval  in  form ;  the 
positions  of  the  figures  at 
the  base  are  transposed ; 
Hispania  on  the  1.  sup- 
ports her  head  with  her 
r.  hand ;  and  the  Gaul  on 
the  r.  is  seated,  not  kneel- 
ing ;  in  the  exergue, 
CAESAR. 

[PI.  ci.  10.] 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Townley  Coll.) 


Munda  and  inflicted  on  them  a  total  defeat.      Cnaeus  Pomjjey  was  slain  shortly  afterwards, 
but  Sextus  Pompey  escaped  northwards. 

These  coins  of  Caesar,  which  are  assigned  to  Spain,  B.C.  4.5,  appear  to  commemorate  two 
events,  the  conquest  of  Gaul  and  the  defeat  of  the  Pompeians  at  Muuda.  It  is  possible  that 
the  reverse  type  was  specially  adopted,  as  many  of  the  soldiers  who  fought  for  Caesar  in  Spain 
may  have  taken  part  iu  the  previous  campaigns  in  Gaul  (see  above,  p.  363,  for  other  coins  of 
similar  type).  These  denarii  show  considerable  variation  in  fabric;  some  are  well  executed 
and  neatly  struck,  whilst  others  are  of  crude  workmanship,  and  have  all  the  appearance  of 
being  of  local  or  provincial  manufacture.  Count  de  Salis  has  therefore  assigned  them  to  Spain, 
where  they  may  have  been  struck,  not  only  as  rewards  to  those  who  had  taken  part  in  this 
short  campaign,  but  also  for  the  use  of  the  legions  which  Caesar  left  behind  to  quell  any 
further  resistance  on  the  part  of  Sextus  Pompey.  Babelon  (vol.  ii. ,  p.  12)  has  assigned  this 
issue  to  B.C.  50,  but  the  evidence  of  finds  proves  that  it  must  have  occurred  a  few  years  later. 
There  were  no  specimens  in  the  Cadriano  and  Carbonara  II.  hoards,  which  were  buried  circ. 
B.C.  50  and  48,  but  some  were  met  with  in  those  of  San  Niccold  di  Villola  and  Liria,  which 
were  concealed  a  few  years  later,  circ.  B.C.  44  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  414,  501  f.,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

The  bust  on  the  obverse  is  that  of  Venus  Genitrix,  to  whom  Caesar  in  the  previous  year 
had  dedicated  a  temple  in  the  Forum  Julium,  her  annual  festival  being  held  on  the  25th 
September  (Dion  Cassius,  Ixiii.  23).  The  sceptre  and  Cupid  are  her  usual  attributes,  and 
the  star  in  her  hair  may  represent  her  constellation.  The  lituus  ii  often  met  with  on  coins  of 
Caesar  struck  at  Borne  at  this  time  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  532  pass.).  The  male  figure  on  the  reverse, 
being  similar  to  that  on  the  silver  coins  struck  by  Caesar  on  his  arrival  in  Rome,  B.C.  49,  may 
be  intended  to  represent  the  Gaulish  chief ,  Yercingetorix  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  506),  whilst  the  female 
figure  is  Hispania.  Babelon  (Zoc.  cit.,  and  Rev.  Niini,  1902,  pp.  23  f.),  identifies  the  female 
figure  as  Gallia,  since  he  attributes  this  issue  to  B.C.  50.  As  these  coins  were  not  struck  till 
the  end  of  the  campaign  their  mint-place  may  also  have  been  at  Corduba,  which  surrendered 
to  Caesar  soon  after  the  battle  of  Munda  (Caesar,  Bell.  Hisp.,  33,  34.). 

VOL.    II.  3    B 


370 


A'o.        Weight 


Meial 
and  Size 


COINAGE   OF   SPAIN 

Obverse 


Reverse 


57-2 


M    -75 


Circ.  B.C.  i5— 44;    a.u.c.  709—710 

SEX  .  MAGNVS  PIVS 

(SEXTUS  [POMPEIUS]  MAGNUS  PIUS') 

Denarius 

Type  I. 


Head  of  Pompey  the  Great 
r.,  bare;  around,  SEX  ■ 
MAG  nVS-IMP  {Im- 
IKrator). 


Pietas  draped,  standingfront, 
head  turned  to  1.,  holding 
laurel-branch  in  r.  hand 
and  sceptre  in  1. ;  on  r., 
r  I  ETAS 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  350,  no.  16.] 


'  Sextus  Pompeius  Magnus  was  the  younger  son  of  Cnaeus  Pompeiua  Magnus,  the  triumvir, 
his  elder  brother  being  Cnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus  (see  above,  pp.  364-367).  The  title  Magnus, 
"which  had  been  accorded  to  Pompey  the  Great  on  his  return  from  Africa  in  B.C.  81,  was 
assumed  by  his  two  sons.  After  the  murder  of  his  father,  of  which  he  was  an  eye-witness, 
Sextns  Pompey  joined  his  brother  Cnaeus  in  Africa.  The  battle  of  Thapsus  in  B.C.  46  com- 
pelled him  to  rejoin  his  brother  in  Spain,  where  he  held  Corduba  till  the  defeat  at  Munda  in 
March  of  the  following  year.  So  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  loss  of  the  battle  Sesrtus  quitted 
Corduba  and  took  refuge  in  the  country  of  the  Lacetani,  where  he  collected  an  army,  invaded 
Baetica,  and  captured  Carteia  and  other  cities.  After  the  death  of  Caesar  his  hopes  were 
revived  by  his  defeat  of  C.  Carrinas  and  C.  Asinius  Pollio,  who  had  been  placed  in  command 
of  the  Bomau  legions  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv,  84;  Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  73).  A  reconciliation 
having  been  effected  by  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  the  triumvir,  who  was  governor  of  Hither  Spain 
and  of  Narbonese  Gaul,  Sextus  Pompey  received  his  patrimonial  inheritance,  and  on  the 
proposition  of  Cicero  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  naval  forces  of  the  Republic. 
Being,  however,  included  amongst  the  murderers  of  Caesar,  though  innocent,  he  was  declared  an 
outlaw  by  virtue  of  the  Lem  Pedia;  but  taking  refuge  on  his  fleet  he  soon  established  his  head- 
quarters in  Sicily,  where  he  drew  into  his  alliance  Q.  Cornuficius,  the  governor  of  Africa  (see 
CoiNAGK  OF  Africa,  s.o.,  b.c.  44 — 42).  The  following  year,  E,c.  42,  he  defeated  Q.  Salvidienus 
Salvius  Rufus  (see  Coinage  of  Gaul,  .«.a.,  B.C.  40),  the  legate  of  Octavius,  in  an  engagement 
in  the  Straits  of  Sicily,  for  which  his  soldiers  honoured  him  with  the  title  of  "  Son  of  Neptune" 
(see  Coinage  of  Sicily,  s.a.,  b.c.  38 — 36).  Pompey  did  not  avail  himself  of  the  advan- 
tages of  this  success,  nor  of  the  struggle  in  the  East  between  the  triumvirs  Antony  and 
Octavius,  and  Brutus  and  Cassius,  but  contented  himself  with  starving  Italy  by  ravaging  her 
coasts  and  seizing  all  the  supplies  of  corn  which  came  from  Egypt  and  the  eastern  provinces. 
Through  the  mediation  of  L.  Scribonius  Libo,  his  father-in-law,  a  treaty  was  negotiated 
between  the  triumvirs  and  Pompey,  which  was  concluded  at  Misenum,  B.C.  39,  and  under 
which  the  latter  received  the  provinces  of  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Corsica,  and  Aohaia,  and  a  large 
sum  of  money  for  his  private  fortune.  Hostilities  again  broke  out  between  Pompey  and 
Octavius  in  B.C.  38,  and  in  spite  of  a  serious  defection  in  the  ranks  of  his  forces  Pompey  was 
at  first  successful ;  but  Octavius  having  appointed  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa  to  the  supreme 
command  of  his  fleet  a  decisive  battle  was  fought  near  Nauloclius,  3rd  September,  B.C.  36,  in 


No.      }\'eight 


93        bb-o 


CIEC.  B.C.  45—44  ;    A.U.O.  709—710 

Obverse 


371 


94 


Metal 

and  Size 

f-.r-.-K.      ^j^    -75  [Similar;      legend     reading, 

SEX    MAGN    IMP    SAL 

(Inipcrator  sahitatus). 


Hcvcr- 


51-0 


95 


404-0 


96    1  322-0 


Similar. 


[PI.  ci.  11.] 


I  Type  II. 

^R  -75  [Similar;  head  of  Pompey  '  Similar ;  legend,  PI  ETAS 
the  Great  L,  bare;  around,  I  (^Obverse  and  reverse  of 
SEX- •  MAGN VSSA.  IMP        coarse  work.) 

[PI.  ci.  IS.] 

I  (de  Salis  Coll.) 


M  1-25 


M  1-25 


As' 


Head    of    Janus    laureate ;;  Prow     r. ;      above,     PIVS; 

below,  IMP 

[PI.  ci.  13.] 


above,  MGN 
Similar. 


Similar. 


which  Pompey  lost  the  greater  part  of  his  fleet.  With  the  few  vessels  which  remained  to 
hirn  he  fled  to  Greece,  where  he  atcempted  to  organize  a  new  fleet,  but  being  unable  to  cope 
with  the  superior  forces  under  M.  Titius,  the  legate  of  Antony,  he  determined  to  seek  refuge 
in  Armenia,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  put  to  death  at  Miletus,  B.C.  35. 

It  has  been  necessary  to  give  some  details  of  the  history  of  Sextus  Pompey,  as  we  shall 
have  to  deal  later  with  the  extensive  coinage  which  he  struck  in  Sicily,  and  also  with  those  of 
his  ally,  Q.  Cornuficius,  and  his  legate,  Q.  Nasidius. 

The  coins  struck  by  Pompey  in  Spain  are  of  two  series — those  which  give  his  name  only, 
and  those  which  bear  also  that  of  his  legate,  Marcus  Eppius.  As  Pompey  did  not  assume 
the  cognomen  Pius  till  after  the  battle  of  Manda,  when  he  vowed  to  avenge  not  only  his 
brother's  death  but  also  that  of  his  father,  his  coinage  must  have  been  issued  subsequent  to 
that  event.  It  was  therefore  probably  struck  after  he  had  left  Cordaba,  and  during  his 
sojourn  in  the  north  of  Spain.  He  may  have  established  a  mint  at  Carteia,  which  he  held  for 
some  time  before  the  defeat  of  C.  Asinius  Pollio.  He  issued  both  silver  and  bronze  money.  For 
the  obverse  of  his  denarii  he  followed  the  example  of  his  brother,  and  placed  on  it  his  own 
name  but  the  portrait  of  his  father.  His  own  portrait,  which  occurs  on  his  gold  coins  struck 
at  a  later  date  in  Sicily,  depicts  him  with  a  large  bead  and  wearing  a  thick  beard  (Babelon, 
vol.  ii,,  p.  353,  no.  24),  whilst  that  of  his  father  is  always  beardless.  The  reverse  type  of  Pietas 
is  illustrative  of  his  determination  to  avenge  his  father's  and  brother's  deaths,  and  also  of 
the  cognomen  Pius  which  he  assumed. 

There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  record  when  Pompey  assumed  or  received  the  title  of 
Imptrrator.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  349)  supposed  it  to  have  been  after  the  defeat  of  C.  Asinius 
Pollio,  but  it  was  more  probably  immediately  after  the  death  of  his  brother,  when  he  took 
over  the  command  of  the  remnant  of  the  Pompeian  army.  Cnaeus  Pompey  took  the  title 
as  soon  as  he  arrived  in  Spain  and  before  he  had  achieved  any  successes.  In  this  also 
Sextus  may  have  followed  the  example  of  his  brother.  The  denarii  of  Pompey  are  all  of 
somewhat  coarse  work,  but  those  of  Type  II.  are  specially  so.  They  show  the  peculiar 
high  relief  of  the  obverse  type  which  is  so  characteristic  of  imperial  denarii  struck  at  a  later 
period  in  Spain,  more  particularly  those  of  Galba. 

Varieties  of  Type  I.  read  on  the  obverse,  SEX.MAGNVS  IMP  .  SA-.and  SEX.  MAGN  . 
PIVS  IMP.  SA_.;  and  of  Type  II.,  SEX  .MAGN  .  SA_.  PIVS  IMP  (Bahrfeldt,  Witm. 
Zeit.,  1897,  pp.  .50,  51). 

The  bronze  money  of  Sextus  Pompey  is  precisely  similar  to  that  of  his  brother.  The  only 
denomination  is  the  as,  which  is  of  the  uncial  standard,  and  of  the  same  type  as  that  formerly 
used  at  the  Roman  mint.  An  analysis  shows  the  same  composition  of  metal  as  the  coinage 
of  Cnaeus  Pompey.  These  coins  are  mostly  of  rude  fabric,  whicli  distinctly  proves  them  to  be 
of  provincial  striking. 


372 

X.i.      Ueii/ht 
9 


iUtaJ 


and  Si  ze 

&80      ,E  1-2      Similar. 


COINAGE    OF    SPAIN 

Ohvcrse 


Ri verse 


98  ;  263-0     JE  1-15 

i  i 

I 

99  {  259-0  i  JE  1-3 

100  223-0  I  JE  1-15 

101  ^  341-0  !  JE  1-2 


Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar ;      above     head     of  :  Similar. 
Janus,  AAGN 


102    271-0  ,  2E  1-25  ,  Similar. 


Similar. 


103 


216-0 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


iE  1-25  I  Similar;      above     head     of  I  Similar. 

!      Janus,  MGNVS  i  [PI.  ci.  14.] 


101 


105 


375-0 


270-5 


.E  1-2 


MAGNVS  PIVS:   EPPIVS 

([SEXTUS  POMPEIUS]  MAGXUS  PR'S; 
[MAEGUS]   EPPIUS^) 


As 


Head   of    Janus,    laureate ;' Pro-\v   r. ;   above,    EPPIVS; 
bet-sveen  the  heads,  top  of  i      below,  LEG  [Lcgatus). 
altar;   above,  MAGNVS;!  [PI.  ci.  15.] 

below,  ^IVSIM^•F(I»^- 


.E  1-2 


Similar. 


Similar. 


'  Marcos  Eppius,  a  Roman  senator,  took  an  active  part  in  favour  of  Pompey  on  the 
breaking  ont  of  the  Civil  war  in  B.C.  49.  He  -was  one  of  the  legates  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus 
Pius  Soipio  in  the  African  ivar,  B.C.  47 — -16.  by -whom  lie -was  commissioned  to  issue  silver  coins 
Tvhich  bear  his  name,  EPPIVS  LEG  .  F  .  C  . — Eppiv^  Jeijatusjiandimi  curavit  (see  Coixagk  of 
Africa,  .".a.,  B.C.  47 — 46).  After  the  battle  of  Thapsus  he  is  said  to  have  been  pardoned  by 
Caesar  (Hirt.,  Bell.  Afric,  89),  but  he  shortly  joined  Sextus  Pompey  in  Spain  and  acted  as  his 
legate,  in  -n'liich  capacity  he  struck  the  above  coins.  From  this  date  there  is  no  further 
■mention  of  him.  The  cuius  which  he  issued  in  Spain  are  of  bronze  only,  and  the  only 
denomination  is  the  as.  It  corresponds  in  type,  weight,  and  fabric  to  those  of  Sextus  Pompey. 
It  must,  therefure,  have  been  issued  at  the  same  time  and  probably  in  the  same  district.  The 
representation  of  an  altar  between  the  heads  of  Janus  is  untisual.  It  occurs  in  a  previous 
instance  in  connection  with  the  coins  of  L.  Rubrius  Dossenus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  312,  nos.  2461-2). 

Garrucci  (Sylloge,  p.  124,  no.  3S4)  gives  the  following  description  of  a  bronze  coin  bearing 
the  name  of  Eppius  as  legate  to  Caesar; — C  .  CAESAR  .  DIC  .  TER  .  Caput  hicips:  rei-. 
EPPIVS  LEG  .  P^-oj-a.  Xo  specimen  is  now  known.  If  a  genuine  piece  and  correctly  described 
by  Garrucci,  it  must  have  been  issued  in  Spain  in  B.C.  45,  and  it  would  show  that  after  being 
pardoned  by  Caesar  Eppius  acted  as  his  legate  for  a  time,  but  soon  retiu'ned  to  the  Pompeian 
party.  As  Caesar  did  not  strike  any  bronze  coins  in  Spain,  the  genuineness  of  this  one  or 
the  accuracy  of  Garrucci's  description  is  open  to  question.  Balu-feldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  112) 
is  also  of  this  opinion. 


CIEC.  B.C.  39—37  ;   A.U.G.  715—717 


373 


■»r         T,.-  .  ,  ,         Metal 
^         and  bizt 


M  1-25 


106 

1990 

107 

190-5 

108 

207-5 

M  1-15 
M  1-25 


Obverse 

Similar;  MGNVS  for  MAG 
NVS  ;  a  complete  altar  is 
seen  between  the  heads  of 
Janus. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  no  legend  ? 


Reverse 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


109      60-3 


PEEIOD   IV. 

Girc.  B.C.  39—37;   a.u.c.  715— 717  i 

DOM 

([CNAEUS]  DOMITIUS  [CALVINUS]) 

Denarius 


M    -75 


Head  of  Heroulesr., bearded; 
around  neck,  chain ;  be- 
hind head,  OSCA 


Emblems  of  the  Pontificate ; 
apex,  secLiris  (sacrificial 
axe),  terminating  in  wolf's 
head,  "  aspergillum" 
(sprinkler)  and  simpulum ; 
below  and  on  r.,  DOM  ■ 
COS- ITEK.  IMP  (Coras;«J 
itenmi,  imperator). 
[PI.  cii.  1.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


1  The  only  coins  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  Spain  from  B.C.  44  to  this  date  are  the  denarii 
bearing  the  name  of  Cn.  Domitius  M.  f.  M.  n.  Calvinus,  who  led  an  active  public  life,  both 
political  aud  military.  His  name  first  appears  in  B.C.  62  as  legate  to  L.  "Valerius  Flaccus  iu  Asia 
(Cicero,  Place,  31,  68).  He  was  a  tribune  of  the  plebs  b.c.  59,  praetor  B.C.  56,  and  consul  b  c.  53, 
mainly  through  the  influence  of  Pompey.  After  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  in  B.C.  49  he 
was  engaged  iu  the  service  of  Caesar's  party  and  served  in  Africa,  Greece,  and  subsequently 
in  Asia,  but  returned  to  Africa  in  B.C.  46,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus  (Hirt.,  Bell. 
Afric,  86).  He  was  in  Rome  at  the  time  of  Caesar's  murder,  was  elected  consul  for  the  second 
time  in  B.C.  40,  and  in  the  following  year  was  sent  as  proconsul  to  Spain  to  quell  the  insurrec- 
tion of  the  Cerretani,  which  he  did  so  effectively  that  his  troops  saluted  him  Imperator  (Veil. 
Paterc,  ii.  75).  He  remained  in  Spain  for  some  time,  and  in  B.C.  36  was  rewarded  with  a 
triumph.  The  denarii  which  bear  his  name  were  struck  by  Calvinus  during  his  campaign  in 
Spain,  B.C.  39 — 37,  but  not  until  after  his  defeat  of  the  Cerretani,  as  they  are  inscribed  with 
the  title  of  Imperator.  They  were  issued  in  the  town  of  Osca,  where  Calvinus  had  his  head- 
quarters, and  which  was  situated  on  the  border  of  the  country  of  the  Cerretani.  The  head  of 
Hercules  on  the  obverse  is  copied  from  the  contemporary  Celtiberian  coinage  of  that  city.  It 
is  the  type  of  the  argentum  oscense  (Heiss,  lion.  ant.  de  VEsp.,  pi.  xiii.,  no.  2).  The  emblems 
on  the  reverse  refer  to  Calvinus's  election  to  the  pontificate.  The  precise  date  of  his  election 
does  not  appear  to  be  recorded.  The  title  of  pontifex  also  occurs  in  an  inscription  found  on 
the  Palatine,  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus,  Pontifex,  Cos.  iter.,  Tmper.  (C.I.L.,  vol.  vi.,  no.  1301).  This 
type  is  evidently  copied  from  coins  of  Julius  Caesar  struck  some  years  earlier  in  Gaul  (see 
below,  p.  390,  no.  27).  There  were  no  specimens  of  the  coinage  of  Calvinus  in  any  of  the  finds 
of  which  analyses  have  been  recorded. 

Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  457)  has  not  included  the  coins  of  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus  in  his 
descriptions,  as  he  considered  them  to  be  Spanish,  on  account  of  their  bearing  the  mint-name 
of  Osca.  They  are,  however,  of  the  Roman  standard,  and  the  reverse  type  is  also  Eomau. 
They  were  no  doubt  struck  for  the  use  of  the  legions  of  Calvinus. 


374 


COINAGE    OF   SPAIN 


No. 


„,   .  ,  ,         Metal 
^  and  Size 


PERIOD   V. 

Circ.  B.C.  24—22;  a.u.c.  730—7321 

Obverse 


Revenue 


110  ;    59-7 


P  .  CARISIVS 

(PUBLIUS    CAEISIUS) 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


M    -8 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  IMP  •  CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS 


A  circular  shield  ornamented 
with  central  boss,  within 
a  pentagon,  and  with 
studs,  between  a  spear 
on  1.,  and  a  sword  with 
handle  closed  with  bar 
{copis)  on  r. ;  below  and 
onr.,r.CAR.ISIVS-LEG. 
TRO  ■  PK  {Legatus  pro 
praetore). 

[PI.  cii.  2.] 
(Nott) 


'  There  do  not  appear  to  be  any  coins  of  Roman  types  and  standard  which  can  be 
attributed  to  provincial  issue  in  Spain  from  the  defeat  of  the  Cerretani  by  Cnaeus  Domitius 
Calvinus  in  B.C.  37  till  nearly  the  close  of  the  revolt  of  the  Cantabri  and  Astures,  B.C.  25 — 22. 

After  spending  the  summer  and  winter  B.C.  27 — 26  in  organizing  the  Gallic  provinces, 
Augustus  in  the  early  part  of  the  latter  year  proceeded  to  Spain  in  order  to  continue  his 
peacefal  reforms.  In  the  spring  of  B.C.  25,  however,  he  was  forced  to  enter  upon  a  campaign 
against  the  Cantabri  and  Astures,  but  he  fell  ill  from  fatigue  and  anxiety  (Suetonius,  Augustus, 
81),  and  being  obliged  to  return  to  Tarraco  left  the  conduct  of  the  war  to  Caius  Antestius 
Tetus  and  Publius  Carisius  (Dion  Cassius,  liii.  25).  In  B.C.  24  the  hardy  mountaineers  again 
rose,  and  the  chief  command  appears  to  have  been  handed  over  to  Carisius,  who  held  the  rank 
of  legatus  pro  praetore.  Little  seems  to  be  known  of  Carisius  beyond  what  we  learn  from  his 
coins.  His  greatest  success  was  the  capture  of  Lancia,  the  chief  city  of  the  Lanceati,  a  tribe 
of  the  Astures  in  Hiapania  Tarracouensis,  in  commemoration  of  which  and  of  subsequent  victories 
he  struck  denarii  and  quinarii  of  various  reverse  types  representing  Spa,msh  arms  and  trophies. 
In  B.C.  23  he  completed  the  building  of  the  city  of  Augusta  Emerita  in  Lusitania,  which  had  been 
founded  by  Augustus  two  years  previously,  and  which  was  destined  for  the  veterans  of  the  Yth 
and  Vllth  legions,  whose  term  of  service  had  expired  (emeritus)  at  the  close  of  the  Cantabrian 
war.  It  was  on. that  occasion  that  he  struck  the  silver  and  copper  coins  which  bear  a  view  of  that 
city.  The  obverse  type  of  all  the  coins  of  Carisius  shows  the  head  of  Augustus  bare,  similar  in 
treatment  to  that  on  c6ntemporary  pieces  struck  at  Eome.  The  actual  date  of  the  coins  com- 
memorating the  building  of  the  city  of  Emerita  may  also  be  determined  by  the  occurrence  of 
the  legend,  TRIB.  POTEST.  (Trihunitia  potestate),  a  power  with  which  Augustus  was 
invested  by  the  Senate  for  life  in  B.C.  28.  As  the  tribunitian  years  of  Augustus  were  dated 
from  the  27th  June,  B.C.  23,  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  these  coins  to  b.c.  23 — 22. 

The  arms  shown  on  Types  I.  and  II.  were  those  used  by  the  Celtiberians  of  that  period. 
Diodorus  Siculus  (Lib.  v.  33)  in  writing  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Celtiberians,  in 
which  they  copied  their  neighbours  the  Gauls,  says,  "  Some  of  the  Celtiberians  are  armed  with 
the  Gaulish  light  shields ;  others  with  round  bucklers  as  long  as  shields,  and  they  wear  greaves 
about  their  legs  made  of  rough  hair,  and  bronze  helmets  upon  their  heads  adorned  with  red 
plumes.  They  carry  two-edged  swords  exactly  tempered  with  steel,  and  have  daggers  besides 
of  a  span  long,  which  they  make  use  of  in  close  fights."  Previously  {Lib.  v.  30)  in  writing  of 
the  Celts  the  same  author  also  mentions,  "  Upon  their  heads  they  wear  bronze  helmets  with 
large  pieces  of  wood  raised  upon  them  for  ostentation  sake ;  for  they  have  either  horns  of  the 
same  metal  joined  to  them,  or  the  shapes  of  birds  and  beasts  carved  on  them.  .  .  For 
swords  they  use  a  long  and  broad  weapon  called  spatha,  and  for  spears  they  cast  these  and 


CIEC.  B.C.  24—22  ;   A.U.C.  730—732 


375 


No.     Weight 

46-5 


46-5 


58-6 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -8 


M    -75 


Ohven 


Reverse 


55-8 


60-i 


57-0 


59-6 

59-0 
56-6 


JR    -75 


M    -8 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    -75 

M    -75 
M    -75 


Similar;      legend    reading,  |  Similar;    spear    with    long 
IMP  .  CAESAK  AVGVST        shaft. 

[PI.  cii.  3.] 

(Nott) 

Similar ;      the    shield    and 
sword  are  larger,  and  the 
legendreads,P -CARISIVS 
LEG  IR.O  {sic)  PR. 
[PI.  cii.  4.] 


Similar ;    head  of  Augustus 
1. 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  IMP  CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS 


Similar;   legend,   IMP  CAE 
SAK  AVGVST 


Similar;    head  of  Augustus 
1. 


A  Celtiberian  helmet  facing, 
surmounted  by  two  crests 
in  the  form  of  cornu- 
copiae,'^  between  a  two- 
edged  sword  on  I.  and  a 
bipennis  on  r. ;  around, 
P  CARISIVS  LEG  PKO 
PK 

[PI.  cii.  6.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cii.  6.] 

(Craoherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  cii.  7.] 


Type  III. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  IMP  CAESAR 
AVGVST 


Similar;    head  of  Augustus 
1. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Trophy  of  Celtiberian  arms 
erected  on  heap  of  shields, 
spears,  swords,  bipennis, 
&o.;  around,  P  CARISIVS 
LEG  PRO  PR 


[PI.  cii.  8.] 
(Boyne  Coll.) 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


[PL  cii.  9.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


call  them  lamces,  whose  iron  shafts  are  a  cubit  or  more  in  length,  and  almost  two  hands  in 
breadth.  Their  swords  are  as  big  as  the  saunia,  but  the  points  are  larger  than  those  of  their 
spears,  some  being  straight,  others  curved." 

The  coins  of  P.  Carisius  were  the  latest  struck  in  Spain  which  come  within  the  scope  of 
this  work. 

'  The  helmet  appears  to  have  covered  the  face,  the  form  of  which  is  rudely  represented. 


376 

Xo. 


COINAGE    OF   SPAIN 


ireiQht 


28-0 


23-9 
290 

26-6 
61-0 


59-0 

57-5 
610 

58-6 


Metal 

and  Size 


55-0     JR    'S 


M    -6 


M    -55 


M    -55 


M    -55 


M    -lb 


Diverse 


E'Tverse 


TjTS  IV. 


Similar ;    head  of  Augustus 


Trophy  of  Celtiberian  arms, 
which  a  captive,  his  hands 
tied  behind  him  and  kneel- 
ing r.  on  r.  knee,  supports 
on  his  head ;  around,  P 
CAR.ISIVS  LEG  PRO  PK 
[PI.  cii.  10.] 


Quinar>ius 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare;  '  Victory  standing  r.,  and  with 
behind,  A VG VST  botli  hands  placing  wreath 

on  trophy  of  Celtiberian 
arms ;  against  the  base 
rest  a  two-edged  dagger 
and  a  sword  with  handle 
closed  with  bar ;  around, 
P  CAFLISI  LEG 

[PI.  cii.  11.] 
(Craoherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar ;    head  of  Augustus  '  Similar. 

1.  I  [PI.  cii.  12.] 

i  (Nott) 


Similar. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  IMP  CAESAR. 
AVGVST 


M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

;  Similar. 

Circ.  B.C.  23—22;    a.u.c.  731—732 
Denarius 

Bird's-eye  ■view  of  the  gate- 
way, with  two  entrances, 
and  walls  of  a  city;  above 
the  gate  is  inscribed, 
EMEKITA;  around,  PCA 
RISIVS  LEG  PRO  PR. 
[PI.  cii.  13.] 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar;   head  of  Augustus 

Similar. 

1. 

[PI.  cii.  14.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;   head  of  Augustus 
r.;  around,  IMP  CAESAR. 
AVGVSTVS 

Similar. 

[PI.  cii.  15.] 

(Nott) 

CIEC.  B.C.  23—22;    A.U.C.  731—732 


377 


No.      Weight 


166-2 


130 

131 

132 

133 
134 


135 


156-0 

174-4 

176-0 

137-0 
253-4 


164-5 


MelaX 
and  Size 


M  1-1 


Obverse 


Reverse 


2E  1-05 


M  1-0 

M  1-1 

M  1-0 

M  1-1 

M  1-05 


As' 


Type  1.2 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  AVGVST-TRIB 
POTEST  (Tribunitia  po- 
testate). 


Bird's-eye  view  of  the  gate- 
■way,  with  two  entrances, 
and  walls  of  a  city ;  above 
the  gate  is  inscribed,  EM 
ER.ITA  (similar  to  no. 
125);  around,  P  •  CAKISI 
VS  LEG  AVGVSTI 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  321,  no.  26.] 
Type  II. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVG 
TRIBVN  POTES 

Similar;  legend,  CAESAR. 
AVGVSTTR.IB  POTEST 

Similar;  legend,  CAESAR.- 
AVG- TR.IB.  POTEST 

Similar. 

Similar;  head  of  Augustus 
1. ;  legend,  CAESAR.  •  AV 
GV.  TR.IBVN  .  POTES- 


P.CAR.ISIVS 

LEG         across  the  field. 
AVGVSTI 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.   cii.  16.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cii.  17.] 


Type  II.  var. 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus 
r. ;  legend,  CAESAR.  AVG 
TR.IB  POTEST 


P  CAR.tS(VS  ,,     .  ,, 

I  cf-         across  the  field. 

[PI.  cii.  18.] 

(Pres.  by  W.  C.  Boyd) 


'  These  copper  coins  were  struck  on  the  semuncial  standard,  which  had  been  adopted  at 
Rome  in  e.g.  88  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  241).  They  are  half  the  weight  of  those  issued  by  Cnaeus  and 
Sextus  Pompey  in  b.o.  46—44  (see  above,  pp.  367,  371).  The  denomination  is  therefore  the 
as.  The  obverse  type  was  adopted  for  the  coin  of  that  denomination  issued  kt  Rome  some 
years  later. 

^  A  variety  of  this  type  has  the  head  of  Augustus  turned  to  the  left  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  322, 
no.  27).  There  are  other  copper  coins  struck  at  Emerita  similar  in  type  to  the  above,  but  as 
they  do  not  bear  the  name  of  the  legate,  Carisius,  they  are  classed  with  the  Spanish  local  series, 
VOL.    II.  3    G 


378 


COINAGE    OF    GAUL 


The  issues  of  coins  which  are  assigned  to  Gaul  begin  circ.  B.C.  82,  and  from  the 
time  of  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate  between  Antony,  Lepidus  and  Octavius 
in  B.C.  43  they  are,  with  the  exception  of  an  interval  from  B.C.  35 — 30,  con- 
tinuous down  to  circ.  B.C.  5 — 3,  which  is  our  limit  of  date  in  connection  with 
the  coins  of  the  Eoman  mint.  They  therefore  extend  over  a  longer  period  than 
those  of  any  other  province  of  the  Eoman  empire.  These  coinages  of  Gaul  fall 
into  the  following  six  groups  or  periods  : — 

i.  That  of  Gains  Valerius  Maccus,  which  he  struck  as  propraetor  in  Gaul, 
circ.  B.C.  82. 

ii.  That  of  Julius  Caesar,  struck  at  the  termination  of  his  campaigns  in 
Gaul,  circ.  B.C.  50 — 49. 

iii.  Those  of  Mark  Antony,  issued  after  the  siege  of  Mutina,  and  during  the 
first  two  years  of  the  triumvirate,  B.C.  43 — 42. 

iv.  Those  of  Octavius  from  the  second  arrangement  respecting  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Eoman  provinces  after  the  battles  of  Philippi  to  the  defeat  of  Sextus 
Pompey  in  Sicily,  circ.  B.C.  41 — 36.  In  this  Period  are  included  the  special 
coinages  of  Lucius  Antonius  struck  by  him  in  the  name  of  his  brother,  Mark 
Antony,  and  of  Publius  Ventidius,  and  also  those  of  Lucius  GorneUus  Balbus, 
Quintus  Salvius  Salvidienus  Eufus,  and  Marcus  Vipsanius  Agrippa,  legates  of 
Octavius. 

V.  Those  of  Octavius  as  Imperator  perpetuo,  circ.  b.c.  29 — 27. 

vi.  Those  of  Octavius  after  he  had  received  the  title  of  Augustus,  circ. 
B.C.  27—3. 

Classification. — If  this  summary  of  the  coinages  assigned  to  Gaul  is 
compared  with  that  of  the  Spanish  issues  (see  above,  p.  348),  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  latter  practically  cease  before  the  former  are  established  on  a  regular 
basis.  In  the  case  of  Spain  there  are  only  two  issues  which  were  struck  after 
the  death  of  Caesar,  B.C.  44,  while  in  Gaul  the  same  number  only  occurs  before 
that  date.  This  difference  in  the  periods  of  these  coinages  illustrates  in  a 
remarkable  manner  the  respective  conditions  of  these  provinces  during  the 
second  half  of  the  first  century  B.C.  The  coinages  of  Spain  were  mostly  confined 
to  B.C.  49 — 44,  when  that  province  was  used  as  the  fighting  ground  between 
the  rival  partisans  of  Pompey  and  Caesar.  These  wars  consisted  of  a  struggle 
between  Eoman  and  Eoman,  so  that  we  have  money  issued  by  both  sides.  In 
Gaul  the  positions  were  different,  as  the  Eomans  were  on  one  side  and  the 
native  tribes  on  the  other. 

Though  the  result  of  Caesar's  campaigns  from  B.C.  60 — 50  had.  been  to 
bring  Gaul  into  the  Eoman  sphere  of  influence,  the  numerous  tribes  who  dwelt 
within  its  limits  were  not  as  yet  reduced  to  a  state  of  subjection,  and  little  had 
been  effected  towards  the  organization  of  the  province.  Caesar  was  debarred  from 
doing  anything  of  great  moment  in  this  respect  on  account  of  his  wars  in  Spain, 
the  East,  and  Africa,  which  occupied  him  till  within  a  short  period  of  his  death. 


COINAGE   OF  GAUL  379 

When  the  triumvirate  was  formed  in  B.C.  43,  and  when  the  provinces  of  the 
West  were  partitioned,  it  was  agreed  that  Antony  should  rule  the  Gauls  on 
either  side  of  the  Alps,  with  the  exception  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  which  together 
with  Iberia  was  allotted  to  Lepidus.  Octavius  on  his  part  took  over  the  islands 
of  Sicily  and  Sardinia,  and  also  the  province  of  Africa.  The  government  of  Hither 
and  Further  Gaul  thus  fell  under  the  proconsular  rule  of  Antony,  and  he  at  once 
asserted  his  authority  by  strikiog  a  coinage  in  gold  and  silver.  In  fact  he  had 
already  exercised  that  power  on  his  arrival  in  Gaul  after  the  siege  of  Mutina,  and 
before  the  compact  at  Bononia.  He  did  not,  however,  accomplish  much  in  the 
administration  of  his  provinces,  as  his  presence  was  more  urgently  needed  at 
Eome,  and  in  the  following  year  (b.c.  42)  in  the  Bast  to  oppose  Brutus  and 
Oassius.  When  by  agreement  with  Antony  after  the  battles  of  Philippi  Octavius 
took  over  the  charge  of  the  western  provinces,  he  ruled  Gaul  almost  as  an 
independent  governor,  and  it  is  from  that  time  that  he  inaugurated  a  coinage 
in  his  own  name,  which  lasted  at  least  till  the  end  of  the  century. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  follow  the  course  of  Octavius's  policy  in  Gaul 
during  the  triumvirate,  in  which  he  was  so  ably  supported  by  his  intimate 
friend,  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa.  His  work  of  organization,  however,  was  in- 
terrupted by  his  disputes  with  Antony,  but  when  in  B.C.  27  he  entered  into 
an  arrangement  with  the  Senate  to  take  under  his  special  control  certain 
provinces,  which  from  their  position  and  character  seemed  to  require  the  vigour 
of  military  superintendence,  he  selected  amongst  them  the  Galliae  beyond  the 
Alps.  From  this  time  his  visits  to  the  province,  whether  for  the  suppression  of 
the  revolting  tribes  or  for  purposes  of  administration,  were  very  frequent,  and 
most  of  them  appear  to  have  been  commemorated  by  the  issue  of  coins.  It  is 
this  personal  control,  which  was  exercised  at  first  by  Antony  and  later  by 
Octavius,  which  gives  to  the  coinages  assigned  to  Gaul  an  element  of  imperiahsm 
which  is  not  met  with  in  those  of  Spain,  both  as  regards  their  mode  of  issue  as 
well  as  their  types.  When  we  come  to  consider  the  coins  which  are  given  to 
the  East,  it  will  be  found  that  these  show  a  combination  in  their  characteristics 
of  those  of  Spain  and  Gaul. 

In  order  to  avoid  repetition  we  will  not  at  present  discuss  in  detail  the 
succession  of  the  issues.  These  particulars  will  be  given  under  the  dates  to 
which  the  coins  are  assigned,  as  many  minute  points  will  then  have  to  be  dealt 
with.  Our  remarks,  therefore,  will  be  Umited  to  a  general  survey  of  the 
coinage,  and  to  an  attempt  to  explain  the  principles  on  which  Count  de  Salis 
based  his  classification. 

The  first  coinage  assigned  to  Gaul  is  that  of  0.  Valerius  Flaccus,  B.C.  82. 
It  relates  directly  to  his  successful  campaigns  in  Spain  and  Gaul,  in  which 
provinces  he  had  commanded  first  as  proconsul  and  later  as  propraetor.  His 
denarii,  which  are  inscribed  with  the  formula  EX  S  .  C  .  {Ex  senatus  consulto), 
show  that,  like  the  contemporary  issues  in  Spain,  they  were  struck  under  special 
senatorial  authority.  This  is  the  only  occurrence  of  this  formula  in  this  sense 
in  the  issues  assigned  to  Gaul. 

There  is  an  interval  after  B.C.  82  of  over  thirty  years  before  another  coinage 
of  this  nature  is  met  with.  This  was  in  B.C.  50,  when  Julius  Caesar  had 
completed  his  long  and  arduous  campaigns  in  Gaul  and  was  on  his  way  with  his 


380  COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

army  to  Eome,  having  already  crossed  the  Alps  into  Cisalpine  Gaul.  He  did 
not  strike  any  money  during  the  progress  of  his  campaigns,  and  it  was  only 
when  supplies  appear  to  have  ceased  from  Eome  that  he  resorted  to  the  then 
unusual  method  of  providing  his  own  money.  At  that  time  it  was  a  power 
which  perhaps  legitimately  he  was  not  entitled  to  exercise.  This  coinage,  as 
has  already  been  noticed,^  was  of  considerable  importance  in  the  history  of  the 
Eoman  monetary  system,  as  it  heralded  the  revival  of  military  issues  in  the 
provinces,  which  before  had  been  of  a  sporadic  character,  but  which  now  became 
frequent  in  the  Bast  as  well  as  in  the  West. 

From  B.C.  50 — 49  till  after  the  death  of  JuHus  Caesar  there  is  another  interval 
during  which  no  further  military  money  is  met  with  in  Gaul.  Its  resumption 
does  not  occur  till  after  the  failure  of  Antony  at  Mutina,  and  his  junction 
with  Lepidus  in  Gaul,  B.C.  43.  When  Antony  arrived  in  that  province  he 
took  up  his  head-quarters  at  Lugdunum,  where  he  immediately  established 
a  mint,  striking  coins  in  his  own  name  and  in  that  of  Lepidus.  This  renewal 
of  the  coinage  was  more  lasting,  and  it  extended  at  least  to  the  close  of  the 
century.  When  the  triumvirate  was  formed  a  few  months  later  its  foundation 
was  commemorated  by  an  extensive  series  of  gold  and  silver  pieces,  on  which 
Antony  placed  not  only  his  own  portrait,  but  also  those  of  his  colleagues.  To 
these  he  added  the  portrait  of  Julius  Caesar.  This  coinage  of  Antony  lasted 
for  less  than  two  years,  for  after  the  battles  of  PhUippi,  when  he  assumed  the 
direction  of  affairs  in  the  East,  his  immediate  connection  with  the  western 
provinces  ceased. 

The  government  of  the  western  provinces  of  the  Eoman  empire  now  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Octavius,  and  it  is  from  that  time,  B.C.  41,  that  the  succession 
of  issues  stamped  with  his  name  and  bearing  his  portrait  commenced  in  Gaul. 
On  some  of  his  earlier  pieces  Octavius  introduced  the  portraits  of  Antony  and 
of  his  adoptive  father,  Julius  Caesar,  but  there  is  an  entire  absence  of  reference 
both  in  name  and  portrait  to  Lepidus.  This  circumstance  shows  that  even  as 
early  as  B.C.  41  there  already  existed  that  want  of  confidence  on  the  part  of 
Antony  and  Octavius  towards  their  colleague  Lepidus  which  in  later  years 
became  still  more  pronounced.  The  same  circumstance  is  also  noticeable  in  the 
case  of  the  coinage  struck  by  Antony  in  the  East. 

For  a  guide  to  the  classification  of  the  coins  issued  by  Octavius  between  B.C. 
41 — 36,  i.e.,  tiU  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  which  in  their  types  do  not  record 
any  special  contemporary  events,  we  have  those  which,  besides  bearing  the 
portrait  and  name  of  Octavius,  give  also  the  names  of  L.  Cornelius  Balbus,  who 
was  propraetor  in  Gaul  B.C.  40,  of  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Eufus,  who  was  also 
commanding  in  Gaul  in  that  year  and  at  the  same  time  was  consul  designate,  and 
of  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa,  who  was  sent  by  Octavius  to  the  province  in  B.C.  39  to  put 
down  the  revolt  of  the  native  chiefs.^  The  fact  that  we  are  able  to  supply  the 
precise  dates  of  these  coinages  enables  us,  by  comparison  of  fabric  and  portraiture, 
by  the  succession  of  the  reverse  designs  and  by  the  legends,  to  classify  other  issues 
which  from  the  general  nature  of  their  types  are  chronologically  of  a  somewhat 
indeterminate  character. 

'  See  above,  p.  342.  "  See  below,  pp.  406,  407,  410—412. 


COINAGE   OP  GAUL  381 

There  are  two  remarkable  exceptions  to  this  general  rule  in  the  nature 
of  the  issues  assigned  to  Gaul  during  B.C.  41 — 36.  These  are  met  with  in  the 
two  series  which  bear  the  name  and  portrait  of  Mark  Antony,  one  of  which  was 
struck  by  his  brother,  Lucius  Antonius,  the  other  by  his  legate,  Publius 
Ventidius.  These  exceptional  pieces  were  associated  with  the  siege  of  Perusia, 
B.C.  41 — 40,  and  are  an  interesting  record  of  that  event. i 

A  break  in  the  coinage  again  occurs  from  B.C.  35 — 30  inclusive.  The  absence 
of  coins  at  this  particular  time  in  the  Gaulish  series  is  somewhat  remarkable,  as 
during  a  part  of  that  period  Octavius  was  carrying  on  a  war  against  several  of 
the  Gaulish  tribes  and  also  in  Dalmatia  and  Pannonia.  We  have  therefore  to 
wait  till  B.C.  29  for  a  revival  of  the  coinage,  and  even  then  it  is  supphed  in  a 
somewhat  meagre  form.  There  were  only  two  issues  between  that  date  and 
B.C.  27,  when  Octavius  received  the  title  of  Augustus.  One  of  these  has  for 
reverse  type  a  shield,  which  is  adopted  from  denarii  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint,  the 
other  is  a  memorial  of  the  XVIth  Legion,  which  supplies  the  portrait  of  Octavius 
but  not  his  name.'''  It  was  in  B.C.  29  that  Octavius  was  proclaimed  Imperator 
perpetiw,  and  on  coins  issued  at  Eome  the  only  title  given  to  him  is  "  Imp.  Caesar." 
On  those  attributed  to  Gaul  he  is  styled  "Imp.  Caesar  Divi  f.,"  which  is  also 
found  on  earlier  Gaulish  pieces,  but  usually  with  the  additional  title  of  triumvir. 
Previous  to  that  time  the  name  of  Octavius  and  his  titles  were  varied,  being 
"  0.  Caesar,"  "  Caesar,"  "  Divi  f .,"  "  Imp.  Divi  Juli  f.,"  or  "  Imp.  Caesar  Divi 
Juh  f." 

Babelon  in  his  classification  of  the  early  coins  of  Octavius  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  35,  36, 
nos.  59 — 63),  appears  to  have  laid  too  much  stress  for  chronology  on  the  evidence 
of  titles  given  to  Octavius  and  Antony,  and  he  considers  that  the  coins  with 
Imperator  only  were  struck  before  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate.  Within  a 
short  time  of  the  meeting  at  Bononia  the  relations  between  Octavius  and  Antony 
were  most  hostile,  and  though  later  there  was  the  intention  on  both  sides  to 
come  to  terms,  yet  the  result  of  the  negotiations  hung  in  the  balance.  It  seems 
extremely  improbable,  therefore,  that  Octavius  would  at  this  time  have  struck 
coins  bearing  his  name  and  that  of  Antony,  especially  those  with  the  reverse 
type  a  caduceus,^  which  is  one  of  a  commercial  significance.  Nor  can  we 
accept  the  assignment  to  the  same  date  of  the  denarii  with  the  reverse  type  an 
equestrian  statue,  on  which  Octavius  is  styled  IMP.  only,*  for  they  could  not 
have  been  struck  at  Eome  as  the  coinage  from  43 — 37  was  under  the  control  of 
the  appointed  moneyers,  who  never  failed,  even  when  giving  the  names  and 
portraits  of  the  triumvirs,  to  add  their  own  names  also.  It  must  therefore  be 
concluded  that  the  titles  given  to  the  triumvirs  are  not  always  to  be  considered 
as  criteria  for  dating  the  coins. 

In  B.C.  27  Octavius  received  the  title  of  Augustus  and  it  is  from  that  time, 
when  GaUia  became  an  imperial  province,  that  a  more  regular  issue  of  coins  is 
maintained.^  Though  they  are  somewhat  intermittent  and  dependent  on  special 
circumstances,  most  of  the  coinages  mark  the  actual  presence  of  the  emperor  in 
the  province. 

'  See  below,  pp.  400  f.  '  See  below,  pp.  416,  417. 

^  See  below,  p.  409,  and  pi.  cv.,  nos.  1,  2,         *  See  pi.  civ.,  no.  14.         ^  See  above,  p.  379. 


382  COINAGE   OF   GAUL 

The  last  series  with  which  we  have  to  deal,  and  which  extends  from  circ. 
B.C.  27 — 3,  may  be  divided  into  two  groups,  which  correspond  with  the  years 
B.C.  27 — 15  and  14 — 3.  The  order  of  the  coinages  from  B.C.  27 — 15  is  somewhat 
conjectural,  but  one  of  the  chief  guides  is  the  portrait  of  Augustus,  which  at 
first  approaches  in  style  and  form  that  on  contemporary  pieces  struck  at  Eome  ^ 
(B.C.  27 — 25).  The  head,  however,  soon  assumes,  as  will  be  shown,  a  form  which 
is  special  to  this  provincial  money  and  is  not  met  with  elsewhere.  The  reverse 
types  are  only  adaptations  of  those  used  for  the  coinages  of  the  Eoman  mint,  and 
as  they  record  events  which  are  not  quite  contemporary,  they  do  not  lend  them- 
selves to  any  certain  chronological  order.  In  classifying  this  group  care  has  to 
be  exercised  in  observing  what  was  occurring  at  Eome;  for  it  is  much  more 
probable  that  the  provinces  in  selecting  the  types  for  their  coins  adopted  those 
of  the  central  mint  than  that  Eome  copied  those  of  the  provinces.  The  titles 
given  to  Augustus  during  this  period  are  "  Caesar  Augustus  "  or  "  Augustus  " 
only. 

The  sequence  of  the  issues  from  b.c.  14  onwards  is  established  either  by  the 
legends  or  by  the  types,  more  especially  by  the  former.  These  record  the 
Xth,  Xllth,  and  XlVth  imperatorships  of  Augustus  and  his  Xlllth,  XVIth, 
and  XVIIth  tribunitian  years.  For  these  dated  pieces  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
establishing  a  sequence,  and  those  which  are  without  dates  can  be  brought  into 
order  either  by  their  fabric  or  types,  especially  in  connection  with  the  portrait 
of  Augustus.  From  B.C.  14 — 11  the  head  is  always  bare ;  from  B.C.  11 — 9  it 
is  laureate  or  bare ;  and  after  that  date  it  is  laureate  only.  Throughout  this, 
series,  B.C.  14 — 3,  the  only  title  given  to  the  emperor  on  his  gold  and  silver 
money  is  "  Augustus  Divi  f.,"  which  does  not  occur  previously  on  the  coins 
of  this  province. 

We  possess  in  some  degree  other  evidence  which  not  only  is  of  assistance 
in  determining  the  sequence  of  the  coinages,  but  serves  also  as  a  guide  for 
separating  them  from  those  of  the  capital  or  of  other  coin-issuing  districts. 
First  of  all  there  is  fabric.  Little  need  be  said  on  this  point  in  respect  of  the 
coins  of  C.  Valerius  Flaccus  and  Julius  Caesar.  These  fall  into  order  and 
place  on  historical  grounds.  During  B.C.  43 — 36  the  workmanship  is  of  a  very 
uniform  character,  much  more  so  than  in  the  case  of  the  Eoman  coinage.  It  is 
particularly  neat  in  style  and  of  careful  execution ;  the  letters  of  the  legends  are 
small  in  comparison  with  those  of  other  series,  and  carefully  formed,  and  the  reverse 
designs,  when  not  consisting  of  portraits,  are  in  low  relief.  During  these  years 
and  later  portraiture  is  a  most  important  factor.  The  only  portraits  which  we 
meet  with  in  this  series  are  those  of  Antony,  Lepidus,  Octavius  and  Julius  Caesar. 
The  heads  are  small  and  at  first  in  high  rehef,  and  in  this  respect  present  a 
marked  contrast  to  those  shown  on  the  coinages  of  Antony  struck  in  the  Bast, 
and  also  to  those  found  on  the  money  of  the  Eoman  mint.^  A  very  careful  attempt 
appears  to  have  been  made  to  give  a  portrait  as  true  to  life  as  possible.  Sub- 
sequently, when  the  portraits  of  Antony  and  Lepidus  are  excluded,  a  somewhat 
lower  relief  is  introduced.  This  change  is  so  gradual  that  we  are  able  to  trace 
its  variations  almost  year  by  year.      A  similar  portrait  of  Octavius,  but  without 

'  Cf.  pi.  Ix.,  nos.  12 — 14,  and  pi.  cvi.,  nos.  3,  4.        -  See  pi.  ciii.,  nos.  11 — 21,  and  pi.  civ. 


COINAGE   OF   GAUL  383 

a  beard,  was  used  for  the  coinage  of  B.C.  29 — 27,  from  which  date  for  a  short 
time  it  is  like  that  on  the  urban  coinage.  As  the  issue  of  coins  in  Gaul  had 
been  practically  in  abeyance  for  some  years,  it  is  not  improbable  that  when 
Augustus  visited  that  province  in  B.C.  27  he  took  with  him  engravers  from 
Eome,  who  would  naturally  follow  their  own  designs.  Prom  B.C.  24 — 15  the 
portrait  undergoes  a  very  marked  change.  It  is  very  characteristic  of  local 
workmanship,  and  very  different  from  any  met  with  previously.  It  has  lost 
much  of  its  original  scheme,  being  in  low  relief,  the  features  angular,  the  nose 
much  arched,  and  the  general  appearance  conventional,  inartistic  and  unrealistic.^ 
It  is  sometimes  adorned  with  an  oak-wreath.  In  B.C.  14  a  further  slight  change 
takes  place,  when  the  imperatorships  and  the  tribunitian  years  are  first  inscribed 
on  the  coins.  The  head  is  then  in  somewhat  high  relief  and  much  better  modelled, 
attempts  being  made  to  produce  a  more  realistic  representation.^  As  these  coins 
are  dated  the  precise  time  of  this  change  is  ascertainable.  The  laureate  head,  as 
already  mentioned,  was  first  introduced  in  B.C.  11 ;  but  the  bare  head  was  not 
entirely  excluded  till  after  B.C.  9. 

It  has  been  thought  necessary  to  enter  into  some  detail  respecting  portraiture 
in  connection  with  these  Gallic  pieces,  as  their  classification  and  separation  from 
other  series  can  often  be  based  on  this  characteristic  only. 

Types. — The  chief  feature  in  the  types  which  distinguishes  the  coinages  of 
Gaul  and  the  East  from  those  assigned  to  Spain,  and  also  from  those  of  the 
other  provinces,  Sicily  and  Africa,  is  the  portraying  of  living  personages.  True 
portraiture,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  not  introduced  on  Eoman  money  till 
the  year  of  Caesar's  death.  It  was  an  honour  which  was  decreed  to  him  by  the 
Senate,  and  which  later  was  extended  to  Mark  Antony.^  When  the  triumvirs 
assumed  a  quasi-regal  power  over  the  provinces  which  they  had  allotted  to  each 
other,  they  appear  to  have  assumed  as  a  matter  of  course  the  right  of  placing 
their  portraits  on  their  coins.  Er.  Lenormant  *  says  that  Antony  and  Octavius, 
even  before  they  had  taken  the  title  and  absolute  authority  of  triumvirs,  placed 
their  portraits  on  their  military  money,  but  the  classification  proposed  by 
Count  de  Salis  shows  that  this  did  not  occur  till  after  that  event.  Mark  Antony 
was  the  first  to  put  in  force  this  sign  of  imperialism,  and  the  earliest  money 
issued  by  him  in  Gaul  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate  gives  not  only  his 
own  portrait  but  also  those  of  his  colleagues,  Lepidus  and  Octavius.*  It  would 
appear  from  this  circumstance  that  Antony  was  anxious  to  show  his  colleagues 
that  he  was  not  disposed  to  assume  a  distinction  which  he  was  not  willing  they 
should  share  with  him.  It  may;  however,  be  noticed  that  the  heads  of  Lepidus 
and  Octavius  do  not  occur  on  the  same  coin,  but  separately,  and  always  in  con- 
junction with  that  of  Antony.  In  the  following  year  Antony  added  the  portrait  of 
Julius  Caesar,  and  when  later  he  transferred  his  coinage  to  the  Bast  he  included 
members  of  his  family,  his  brother  Lucius,  his  son  Marcus,  and  his  wife 
Octavia,  and  even  that  of  a  foreign  queen,  Cleopatra.^     When  Octavius  took  over 

'  See  pi.  ovi.,  noa.  5 — 17;  pi.  cvii.,  nos.  1 — 7. 

'^  See  pi.  cvii.,  no.s.  8—20;  pi.  oviii.  '  See  vol.  i.,  pp.  500,  548. 

*■  La  Man.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  330.  *  See  below,  pp.  395,  396. 

'  The  portrait  of  Fulvia,  Antony's  first  wife,  is  supposed  to  occur  on  the  early  issues  of 
Lugdunum  (see  below,  p.  395). 


384  COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

the  government  of  the  West,  at  the  end  of  B.C.  42,  he  followed  the  example  of 
Antony,  and  from  that  time,  with  very  few  exceptions,  the  obverse  type  of  his 
money  always  gives  his  portrait,  the  changes  in  which,  as  we  have  seen,  are  an 
important  factor  in  the  classification  of  his  later  issues.  Octavius  was,  however, 
more  conservative  than  Antony,  for  the  only  other  portraits  that  we  meet  with 
on  his  coins  are  those  of  Antony  and  of  his  adoptive  father,  Juhus  Caesar. 

The  types  of  the  coins  of  0.  Valerius  Flaccus,  the  first  assigned  to  Gaul,  are 
similar  in  character  to  those  of  contemporary  issues  in  Spain  and  the  East. 
They  commemorate  his  recent  victories  in  Spain  and  Gaul,  specially  empha- 
sizing the  devotion  of  his  troops  in  those  campaigns.  Julius  Caesar,  whose  money 
next  follows,  was  more  personal  in  the  selection  of  the  designs  for  his  denarii, 
as  he  recorded  on  the  reverse  his  election  to  the  of&ce  of  pontifex  maximus, 
and  on  the  obverse  his  recent  campaigns  in  Gaul,  the  elephant  being  symbolical 
of  the  name  of  Caesar  and  the  dragon  representing  the  war-trumpet  [carnyx] 
used  by  the  Gauls. ^  The  coinage  of  Antony,  struck  in  B.C.  43,  illustrates  the 
course  of  events  subsequent  to  the  siege  of  Mutina — his  meeting  with  Lepidus 
in  Gaul,  the  establishment  of  his  head-quarters  at  Lugdunum,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  the  triumvirate.  The  first  event  is  recorded  by  coins  with  the  names  of 
Antony  and  Lepidus  and  emblems  relating  to  the  offices  of  augur  and  of  the  chief 
pontificate,  held  by  them  respectively ;  the  second  by  a  lion,  which  may  be 
either  the  symbol  of  the  city  of  Lugdunum,  where  these  coins  were  struck,  or 
the  genethliao  sign  of  Antony  himself;^  and  the  third  by  aurei  giving  the 
portraits  of  the  three  triumvirs.  The  remaining  issues  struck  in  the  following 
year  are  of  a  similar  nature,  but  the  portrait  of  Lepidus  is  excluded  for  that  of 
Julius  Caesar ;  and  there  appears  to  be  a  reference  in  the  temple  of  the  Sun  to 
the  campaign  in  the  East  against  Brutus  and  Cassius. 

The  coins  of  Octavius  struck  by  him  in  Gaul  during  his  triumvirate, 
B.C.  41 — 36,  are  lacking  in  interest.  Their  types  refer  to  the  honours  paid  to 
him  by  the  Senate  in  the  erection  of  public  statues,  his  reconciliation  with 
Antony  in  B.C.  40  (aurei  with  portraits),  and  the  restoration  of  commerce  by  the 
treaty  of  Misenum  with  Sextus  Pompey  in  the  following  year  (rev.  caduceus), 
his  office  as  augur  {rev.  emblems  of  the  augurship),  &c.  His  generals,  L.  Cornehus 
Balbus  and  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Eufus,  whilst  placing  the  head  of  Octavius 
on  the  obverse  of  their  denarii,  use  types  for  the  reverses  which  are  personal  to 
themselves  (the  club  and  the  thunderbolt). ^  But  the  most  remarkable  group  of 
coins  of  this  period  is  that  of  Lucius  Antonius  and  the  legate  P.  Ventidius,  which 
was  produced  during  the  siege  of  Perusia.*  As  in  this  war  Octavius  was 
opposed  by  the  party  favourable  to  Antony,  the  portrait  of  the  latter  is  introduced 
into  both  issues,  but  on  the  reverse  of  the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Lucius  Antonius 
we  meet  with  the  figure  of  Pietas,  in  illustration  of  the  name  which  Lucius 
had  adopted  in  reference  to  his  conduct  towards  his  brother.  The  reverse  type 
of  the  denarii  of  P.  Ventidius  (figure  of  Jupiter  or  a  hero)  still  needs  explanation, 
but  it  may  also  be  personal  to  himself.  Prom  B.C.  29 — 15,  that  is  during  the 
period  of  the  imperatorship  of  Octavius  and  the  first  twelve  years  of  his  rule  as 

'  See  below,  pp.  390,  391.  ^  See  below,  pp.  394,  395. 

*  See  below,  pp.  406,  407.  *  See  below,  pp.  400  f.,  and  pi.  civ.,  nos.  2—9. 


COINAGE   OF  GAUL  -m 

Augustus,  the  types  of  his  coins,  both  gold  and  silver,  aro  merely  copies  or 
adaptations  of  such  as  had  already  appeared  in  the  issues  of  the  mint  at  Eome. 
These  refer  to  his  victories  generally  (a  shield),  to  his  birth  (the  sign  of  the 
Capricorn),  to  the  shield  of  valour  awarded  by  the  Senate,  as  also  to  the  corona 
civica  and  the  trees  'which  were  placed  on  either  side  of  his  house  in  Eome,  to 
the  comet  which  appeared  after  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar,  and  to  the  restora- 
tion of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians.  After  b.c.  15  the  battles  of  Naulochus 
and  Actium  find  a  frequent  record,  and  the  domination  of  Eome  is  illustrated 
by  a  butting  bull,  or  Victory  seated  on  a  globe.  The  victories  of  Tiberius  and 
Drusus  over  the  Ehaeti  B.C.  15,  the  submission  of  the  Germanic  tribes  B.C.  8, 
and  lastly  the  deductio  in  forutn  of  Caius  Caesar  and  his  election  as  Princeiis 
Jiiventutis  complete  the  series.  The  only  type  of  any  interest  on  the  bronze 
coins  is  that  which  commemorates  the  building  of  the  altar,  dedicated  to  Eoma 
and  Augustus  at  Lugdunum  ciic.  B.C.  10. 

Though  historically  this  section  of  the  provincial  issues  is  of  extreme 
importance  as  illustrating  the  position  which  Gaul  as  a  province  held  during  the 
last  years  of  the  republic  and  the  early  ones  of  the  empire,  the  types  are 
lacking  in  the  variety  which  we  meet  with  on  those  of  other  provinces,  more 
especially  of  Spain  and  the  East.  In  the  case  of  Gaul  contemporary  events 
meet  with  but  scanty  record,  in  the  others  the  coin -types  serve  as  a  table 
of  events. 

Denominations. — The  coins  struck  in  Gaul  are  of  gold,  silver,  bronze  and 
copper.  The  chief  denomination  in  gold  is  the  aureus ;  the  half-aureus  not 
being  introduced  till  quite  late  in  the  series.  The  gold  coinage  dates  from 
the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate,  B.C.  43,  and  is  continued  with 
much  profusion  throughout  the  rest  of  the  series.  It  shows  a  considerable 
uniformity  of  weight.  The  early  pieces  of  Antony  and  Octavius  give  a  maximum 
weight  of  126  grs.,  and  the  later  pieces  of  Augustus  of  122  grs.,  or  at  the 
rate  of  -^^  and  ^V  of  the  Eoman  pound  respectively.  These  weights  coincide 
with  those  of  similar  coins  struck  in  Eome.  With  the  exception  of  a  few 
quinarii  of  Antony,  which  were  struck  when  the  mint  was  established  at 
Lugdunum,^  the  silver  money  consists  of  the  denarius  only.  This  foUowed  the 
standard  in  use  at  Eome,  viz.  J^  of  the  Eoman  pound.  The  bronze  and  copper 
coins  are  limited  to  two  series  only,  viz.  circ.  B.C.  38  and  circ.  B.C.  10.  The 
earlier  issue  is  of  bronze  (^orichalcum)  and  consists  of  the  sestertius  only.  The 
later  one  is  of  pure  copper  and  comprises  the  dupondius,  as,  and  quadrans.^ 

EiNDS  OF  Coins. — With  the  exception  of  a  few  of  the  earlier  finds,  these  do 
not  throw  much  light  on  the  sequence  of  the  coinages.  The  date  of  issue 
ascribed  to  the  denarii  of  C.  Valerius  Elaccus  is  confirmed  by  the  evidence  of  the 
Monte  Codruzzo  hoard,  and  that  of  the  coins  of  Julius  Caesar  by  those  of  Cadriano 
and  San  Cesario  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  319,  414).  Of  finds  of  later  date  which  have  been 
unearthed  in  France,  sufficient  details  have  not  been  preserved,  and  there  are  only 
three  of  which  complete  analyses  have  been  supplied.  These  are  of  Arbanats, 
Chantenay,  and  Beauvoisin.  The  denarii  of  L.  Cornelius  Balbus  and  Q.  Salvius 
Salvidienus  Eufus,  circ.  B.C.  40,  were  the  latest  in  the  Peccioli  hoard,  which  was 

'  See  below,  pp.  394,  396.  ^  See  below,  pp.  412,  439,  aud  Num.  Ghron.,  1904,  pp.  223,  244. 

VOL.    II.  3    D 


386  COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

buried  circ.  B.C.  38  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  561).  Similarly  those  of  Octavius  and  Antony, 
with  the  reverse  type  a  cadueeus,  circ.  B.C.  39,  were  the  latest  in  the  Garlasco 
and  Arbanats  finds  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  561,  562),  concealed  circ.  B.C.  37.  Though 
the  Chantenay  and  Beauvoisin  hoards  contained  denarii  of  Octavius  struck  at 
Eome  after  B.C.  36  and  29  respectively  (see  above,  pp.  5,  6),  they  did  not  include 
any  atti-ibutable  to  Gaul  after  B.C.  36.  These  were  hoards  discovered  in  the  south 
of  Prance,  and  their  evidence  seems  to  confirm  Count  de  Sahs's  classification,  as 
he  has  not  assigned  any  Gauhsh  pieces  to  the  years  B.C.  35 — 30  inclusive.  The 
hoard  found  at  Palazzo  Canavese,  and  buried  about  B.C.  14,  contained  a  denarius 
with  the  reverse  tj'pe  of  two  laurel-trees,  assigned  to  B.C.  16 ;  and  that  of  Terra- 
nova  Pausania,  concealed  circ.  B.C.  6,  included  others  commemorating  the 
Xth  ^  imperatorship  of  Octavius  (;rcv.  butting  bull),  B.C.  14 — 12.  Though  the 
evidence  of  finds  is  very  sUght,  yet  they  seem  to  support  the  order  of  the 
coinages  in  a  general  way. 

Mint-places. — The  wealth  of  gold  money  assigned  to  Gaul  is  very  remark- 
able, and  is  in  marked  contrast  to  that  of  Spain,  where  only  one  issue  in  that 
metal,  and  that  of  a  very  special  nature,  is  met  with.  It  is  the  almost  unique 
piece  of  Cn.  Cornehus  Lentulus.-  This  may  perhaps  have  been  due  to  the  fact 
that  whereas  gold  was  scarce  in  Spain,  it  was  abundant  in  Gaul.^  Where  most 
of  the  Gaulish  coinage  was  struck  is  not  a  very  difficult  question  to  answer. 
In  the  case  of  the  provincial  coins  given  to  Spain  the  location  of  the  miats 
depended  upon  the  districts  in  which  military  operations  occurred.  There  is 
in  consequence  a  marked  absence  of  uniformity  of  style  and  fabric.  It  is  other- 
wise with  the  Gaulish  coinage.  From  the  foundation  of  the  triumvirate,  when  the 
series  begins  to  show  a  continuity  of  issue,  there  exists  not  only  a  tmitormity  in 
the  character  of  the  types,  but  also  a  progressive  uniformity  of  style  and  fabric. 
This  is  strong  evidence  that  the  coins  emanated  mainly  from  one  particular 
centre  or  mint.  This  point  seems  to  be  practically  settled  by  some  of  the  early 
issues  of  Mark  Antony,  which  from  their  inscriptions  and  tj"pes  must  have  been 
struck  at  Lugdunum,  where  as  recently  as  B.C.  43,  the  same  year  as  Antony  took 
up  his  residence  after  the  siege  of  Mutina,  a  Eoman  colony  had  been  founded 
by  L.  Munatius  Plancus.*  This  city,  which  was  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Ehone  and  Saone,  soon  rose  to  importance,  and  became  the  chief  mUitary  and 
commercial  centre  of  Southern  Gaul.  The  inhabitants  at  the  outset  being 
composed  of  Italians  were  in  possession  of  the  Eoman  franchise,  and  the  citv 
stood  forth  unique  in  its  kind  among  the  communities  of  the  Tres  Galliae,  of 
which  it  became  the  capital,  and  to  it  converged  a  network  of  roads.^  Here  was 
established  the  first  Gaulish  mint,''  the  only  one  for  imperial  money  which  can 
be  pointed  at  with  certainty  for  the  West  dm-ing  the  earher  period  of  the  empu-e. 
It  was  here  also  that  Augustus  resided  on  the  occasions  of  his  frequent  visits  to 
the  pro^-inoe,  over  which  he  exercised  an  imperial  jurisdiction.  It  is  therefore 
to  Lugdunum  that  we  may  assign  most  of  the  coinages  from  b.c.  43. 

The  fabric  of  the  coins  of  a  few  issues  during  the  triumvirate  shows  that 


'  See  above,  pp.  47,  48.  °  See  above,  p.  360.  ^  Diodorus  Siculus,  . .  27. 

*  See  below,  pp.  394,  395.  ''  Mommseu,  Prov.  of  the  RoDian  i:mpire,  vol.  i.,  p.  88. 

^  Strabo,  iv.  3,  2,  uud  bclov,-,  p.  396. 


COINAGE   OF  GAUL  387 

there  are  exceptions  to  this  general  rule.  They  are,  however,  limited  in  number, 
and  it  is  only  necessary  to  call  attention  to  a  few  instances.  The  coinages  of 
Lucius  Antonius  and  P.  Ventidius,  which  are  ascribed  to  the  period  of  the 
Perusine  war,  b.o.  41 — 40,  are  striking  examples.  Both  issues  have  for  obverse 
type  the  portrait  and  name  of  Mark  Antony,  and  certain  of  the  coins  show  con- 
siderable similarity  in  fabric  and  in  the  legends. ^  The  coins  of  Lucius  Antonius 
are  of  gold  and  silver,  and  in  each  metal  they  are  of  two  distinct  styles.  The 
style  of  one  series  is  similar  to  that  of  the  coins  of  Mark  Antony  struck  at 
Lugdunum,^  and  it  is  to  this  place  that  we  would  assign  their  mintage.  The 
style  of  the  other  series  is  very  rude.  As  it  is  evident  that  these  pieces 
belong  to  a  different  locality,  they  may  have  been  struck  at  Perusia  or 
in  the  neighbourhood.  The  coins  of  Ventidius  resemble  this  second  series 
and  may  therefore  be  given  to  the  same  district.'  There  are  also  aurei  with  the 
portraits  of  Antony,  Julius  Caesar  and  Octavius  of  somewhat  rude  fabric. 
Though  they  were  probably  issued  in  Gaul,  their  attribution  to  Lugdunum  is  a 
little  uncertain.*  With  these  exceptions  it  would  appear  that  most  of  the  coins 
of  gold  and  silver,  and  also  those  of  bronze  and  copper  issued  after  the  formation 
of  the  triumvirate  and  assigned  to  Gaul,  were  struck  at  Lugdunum. 

It  would  be  somewhat  speculative  to  attempt  to  assign  to  any  particular 
places  the  two  issues  which  occurred  before  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate. 
As  that  of  C.  Valerius  Flaccus  was  struck  after  his  campaign  in  Gaul,  we  may 
select  the  town  of  Narbo  as  a  likely  place  for  its  mintage.  That  city  was 
situated  in  a  convenient  position  on  the  road  connecting  Gaul  with  Spain,  and 
from  the  earliest  time  of  its  existence  it  was  a  commercial  centre.  There  is 
also  some  uncertainty  respecting  the  mint-place  of  the  denarii  of  Julius  Caesar. 
As  Count  de  Sails  was  of  opinion  that  they  were  not  issued  till  after  the  Gaulish 
campaign,  and  when  Caesar  was  watching  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  the  course  of 
events  at  Eome,  they  may  have  been  struck  at  Mediolanum,  even  at  that  time 
the  chief  city  of  the  province ;  or  at  Eavenna,  where  Caesar  during  the  winter  of 
B.C.  50 — 49  had  established  his  head-quarters,  and  where  he  waited  for  the 
answer  of  the  Senate  to  his  demands,  which  he  hoped  would  bring  to  a  peaceful 
termination  the  action  of  his  enemies  in  the  capital.^ 

'  See  telow,  pp.  400 — 403.  ^  See  pi.  civ.,  nos.  2 — 5.  '  See  pi.  civ.,  nos.  6 — 9. 

■■  See  below,  pp.  397,  398,  nos.  52,  59,  and  pi.  ciii.  15,  19.  "  Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  5. 


338 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


PERIOD   I. 


Circ.  B.C.  82;   A.u.c.  672 


\T        ITT  ■  7  1        lifetal 
No.     Wetfjlit  ,  „■ 

^  and  !:lize 


Obverse 


Reverse 


56-9 


C.  \A-.FLA 


(CAIUS  VALEEIUS  FLACCUS ') 


Denarius  ^ 


With  symbol  on  obverse 


M    -75 


Bust  of  Victory  r.,  draped, 
wearing  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace  of  pen- 
dants ;  her  hair  is  braided 
and  collected  into  a  knot 
behind ;  two  locks  are 
drawn  from  the  side  to 
the  top  of  the  head ;  be- 
fore bust,  symbol,  cadu- 
ceus. 


C.\A.- FLA  IMPER.AT(Iw- 

perator)  in  the  field.  A 
legionary  eagle  {aquilaj 
between  two  standards 
[signa) ;  the  one  on  1.  is 
inscribed  H  {Hastati) ; 
the  other  on  r.,  P  (Prin- 
cipes);  between  the 
standards,  EX  •  S  •  C  {Ex 
senatus  consulto). 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  The  earliest  coinage  of  Rom  an  types  assigned  to  Gaul  is  that  of  C.  Valerius  Flaocus. 
It  consists  of  denarii,  and  was  contemporary  with  the  issues  of  C.  Annius  Luscus  and  his 
quaestors,  L.  Fabius  Hispaniensis  and  C.  Tarquitius  in  Spain  (see  above,  pp.  352 — 356),  and 
with  those  of  Sulla  and  his  proquaestor  L.  Manlius  and  his  quaestor  A.  Manlius  in  the  Bast 
(see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  406;  vol.  ii.,  pp.  177 — 179). 

Caius  Valerius  Flaccus  was  propraetor  in  Gaul  during  the  consulship  of  L.  Cornelius 
Scipio  and  C.  Norbanus,  B.C.  83.  Previous  to  that  date  he  had  received  the  title  of  Tmperator 
(Cicero,  pro  Quinct.,  vii.  28).  It  was  this  Flaccus  who  accorded  the  right  of  citizenship  to 
the  Gaulish  chief,  C.  Valerius  Caburus  (Caesar,  Bell.  Gall.,  i.  47).  He  had  been  praetor 
urbanus  B.C.  98,  consul  B.C.  93,  and  later  succeeded  T.  Didius  as  proconsul  in  Spain.  For 
his  victories  there  and  also  in  Gaul  Flaccus  received  the  honour  of  a  triumph  B.C.  81 
(Lioinianus,  ed.  Bonn,  p.  39 — ex  Celtiberia  et  Gallia).  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  512)  thought  that 
these  denarii  bearing  the  name  of  Flaocus  were  issued  in  Spain;  but  the  evidence  of  finds  tends 
to  prove  that  they  were  struck  in  Gaul,  for  though  comparatively  common  at  the  present  time 
only  two  specimens  (in  very  fine  condition)  occurred  in  the  Monte  Codruzzo  hoard,  which  was 
buried  circ.  B.C.  82,  and  none  in  those  of  Fiesole  and  Cingoli,  the  concealment  of  which 
happened  a  few  years  earlier,  circ.  B.C.  87,  86  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  242,  243,  319).  They  were  also 
fairly  numerous  in  hoards  buried  subsequent  to  B.C.  82,  amongst  which  were  those  of  Carrara, 
San  Miniato,  Roncofreddo,  and  Frascorolo  (see  Tables  of  Finds).  The  coins  were  therefore 
struck  by  Flaccus  towards  the  end  of  his  Gaulish  campaign,  and  possibly  at  the  city  of  Narbo 
(see  above,  p.  387). 

^  The  obverse  type,  bust  of  Victory,  was  adopted  from  the  denarii  of  L.  Valerius  Flaccus, 
issued  in  Italy  circ.  E.c.  90  (see  above,  p.  300),  and  the  reverse,  which  was  afterwards 
copied  by  Cn.  Nerius,  the  quaestor  urbanus  at  Rome,  B.C.  49  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  504),  records 
the  services  of  the  cohorts  which  accompanied  Flaocus  to  Spain  and  Gaul,  and  which 
earned  for  him  his  victories.      The  legend  EX  S  .  C  .  (£.i!  senatus  consulto)  shows  that  Flaccus 


CIEC.  B.C.    82;    A.U.C.  G72 


.^MK 


jVo.     Weujht 


Ileial 


Obvf'vse 


and  St:c 

2    I    60'3  I  JR,    "7      Similar ;  symbol,  crescent.      Similar. 


Revers 


3    I    57-5  ;  .R    -7 


61-0 

60-3 
58-6 
60-6 

57-2 

55-6 
57-4 
60-8 
55-4 


60-0 


70-2 


.R  -75 

M  -75 

M  -7 

M  -75 

M  -75 

M  -75 

JR  '75 

Ai  -75 

M  -7 


^    -75 


^    -7 


Similar ;     symbol,     ear    of 
corn. 


Similar ;       symbol,     palm- 
branch. 


Similar ;  symbol,  spear. 


Similar;  symbol,  tripod. 


Similar  ;  behind  head,  sym- 
bol, cornucopiae. 


Similar ;  same  symbol. 


Similar;  symbol,  rudder. 


Similar ;  symbol,  star. 


Similar ;  symbol,  tripod. 


Similar ;     symbol,     wreath 
with  fillet. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  ciii.   1.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  ciii.  2.] 

Similar. 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  ciii.  3.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


With  letter  on  obverse  ^ 


Similar ;  behind  head,  letter 
B 


Similar ;  letter  C 


Similar. 


Similar. 


received  the  special  sanction  of  the  Senate  to  strike  this  issue.  It  is  the  only  instance  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  legend  in  this  sense  on  coins  attributed  to  Gaul. 

The  variety  of  mint-marks  consisting  of  symbols  and  letters  shows  that  this  issue 
was  of  considerable  extent. 

There  are  restorations  by  Trajan. 

'  The  letters  include  the  whole  alphabet. 


390 


COINAGE    OP   GAUL 


No. 

Weight 

15 

56-3 

16 

58-0 

17 

60-4 

18 

55-7 

19 

59-6 

20 

53-0 

21 

61-5 

22 

58-0 

23 

57-9 

24 

60-3 

25 

56-5 

26 

59-2 

Metal 

and  Size 

M  -7 

JR  -7 

/R  -7 

^  -7 

^  -75 

^  -75 

M  -75 

^  -75 

^  -75 

M  -75 

^  -8 

M  -75 


Similar ;  same  letter. 
Similar ;  letter  D 
Similar ;  letter  E 

Similar ;  letter  G 
Similar ;  letter  K 

Similar;  letter  N 
Similar ;  letter  O 
Similar;  same  letter. 
Similar;  letter  P 
Similar ;  letter  S 

Similar ;  letter  T 

Similar;  letter  X 


Reverse 
Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  ciii.  4.] 

(Sambon) 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 


27 


630 


PERIOD   11.^ 

Circ.  B.C.  50-49;   a.u.c.  704—705 

CAESAR 

(CAIUS  JULIUS  CAESAR) 
Denarius 


M    -75 


Elephant  r.,  trampling  on  a 
dragon;  in  the  exergue, 
CAESAR. 


Emblems  of  the  pontificate ; 
apex,  securis  (sacrificial 
axe)  terminating  inawolf  s 
head,  "aspergillum" 
(sprinkler),  and  simpu- 
lum. 

[PI.  ciii.  5.] 


'  Between  the  coinage  of  L.  Valerius  Flaocus  and  that  of   Julins  Caesar,  the  only  one 
assigned  to  this  period,  there  is  an  interval  of  over  thirty  years. 

From  the  evidence  of  finds  it  is  possible  to  ascertain  almost  the  precise  date  of  this 


CIEC.  B.C.  50—49  ;   A.U.C.  704—705 


391 


nT         ,,.  .  , ,       Metal 
No.      II  etiy/iS  ,  „  • 

•'         and  Size 


Obverse 


28 

29 
30 


'62-0 
60-0 
57-5 


M 

•75 

M 

•75 

M 

•7 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Reverse 


(Nott) 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


issue.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  10)  has  remarked,  "  Cette  monnaie  n'est  pas  anterieure  k  6P6 
(58  av.  J.C.),  mais  c'est  sans  raisous  sprieuses  qu'on  a  voulu  en  fixer  la  fabrication  k  I'an  704 
(50  av.  J.C.)."  Among  the  very  few  notes  left  by  Count  de  Salis  the  following  one  may  be 
quoted,  "  Cette  piece  extrfemement  commune  ne  s'est  pas  trouv^e  k  Gresigny  (Rev.  arch.,  1866, 
vol.  xiv.,  pp.  1 — 7),  mais  elle  faisait  partie  du  dep6t  de  Cadriano  prfes  de  Bologna,  qui  ne  con- 
tenait  aucune  des  monnaies  de  705  (b.c.  49)  et  dee  ann^es  suivantes,  et  doit  avoir  ete 
enfoui  au  moment  du  passage  du  Rubicon.  Si  elle  n'a  pas  iti  frappee  en  702  (b.c.  52) 
il  n'est  pas  probable  qu'elle  I'ait  et^  pour  la  campagne  bien  moins  importaute  de  I'anuee 
suivante.  Je  I'assigne  done  k  I'ann^e  704  (b.c.  50),  et  au  commencement  de  705  (B.C.  49), 
6poque  'k  laquelle  Jiiles  Caesar  en  rupture  ouverte  avec  le  senat  doit  avoir  commence  ses 
preparatifs  de  guerre."  The  evidence  of  the  Cadriano  hoard  cited  by  Count  de  Salis  ia 
confirmed  by  that  of  San  Cesario,  which  was  buried  about  the  same  time,  and  also  by 
those  of  San  Gregorio  di  Sassola  and  Compito,  which  did  not  contain  any  of  these  coins 
of  Caesar,  yet  included  pieces  which  must  be  assigned  to  b.c  52,  51  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  41.3, 
414,  and  Tables  of  Finds).  These  finds  therefore  confirm  the  date  given  to  this  issue  by 
Count  de  Salis. 

Special  interest  and  importance  are  attached  to  these  denarii,  as  they  mark  the  revival 
of  the  military  coinages  outside  Italy.  Under  the  existing  position  of  affairs  they  quickly 
spread  into  every  province  of  the  State  (see  above,  p.  342).  Previous  to  this  date  the  only 
province  which  issued  coins  in  any  number  and  over  a  period  of  some  duration  was  Spain  j 
those  of  Gaul  and  the  Bast  being  limited  to  a  few  years  only. 

The  obverse  type  of  the  elephant  trampling  on  a  dragon  refers  to  Caesar's  recent  cam- 
paigns in  Gaul,  and  more  especially  to  his  victories  over  Ariovistus  and  the  Germans  (Babelon, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  11;  Rev.  Num.,  1902,  p.  7).  The  etymology  and  origin  of  the  name  "Caesar" 
greatly  exercised  ancient  writers.  It  is  somewhat  uncertain  which  member  of  the  Julia  gens 
originally  obtained  it,  but  the  first  who  occurs  in  history  is  Sextus  Julius  Caesar,  praetor  in 
B.C.  208.  Spartian  (ad  Ael.  Ver.,  ii.)  mentions  four  dififerent  opinions  respecting  its  origin: 
(i.)  that  the  word  signified  an  elephant  in  the  language  of  the  Mauri  (see  Clermont-Ganneau, 
kec.  d'Arch.  orient.,  1888,  vol.  i.  8°,  p.  233),  and  was  given  as  a  surname  to  one  of  the  Julii, 
who  had  killed  an  elephant;  (ii.)  that  one  of  the  Julii  received  it  because  he  had  been  cut 
{caesus)  out  of  his  mother's  womb  after  her  death ;  (iii. )  because  he  was  born  with  a  quantity 
of  hair  (caesa/ries)  on  his  head;  and  (iv.)  because  he  had  azure-coloured  [caesii)  eyes  of  an 
almost  supernatural  kind.  Of  these  opinions  the  second  was  the  most  popular  one  with 
ancient  writers  (Servius,  Virg.  Aen.,  i.  290;  Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  vii.  7),  but  the  first  was  generally 
accepted  by  learned  men,  though  so  little  appears  to  have  been  known  of  the  language  of  the 
Mauri.  The  elephant  may  therefore  be  only  a  punning  allusion  to  the  name  of  Caesar, 
whilst  the  dragon  which  it  tramples  under  foot  is  a  representation  of  the  Gaulish  war-trumpet 
(camyx)  as  shown  on  coins  of  contemporary  date  struck  at  the  Roman  mint  by  D.  Postumius 
Albinus  Brntus  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  507,  ph  xlix.  17).  The  pontifical  emblems  ou  the  reverse  are  an 
allusion  to  the  office  of  pontifex  maximua,  with  which  Caesar  was  invested  in  B.C.  63. 

As  Caesar  crossed  over  into  Cisalpine  Gaul  in  the  spring  of  B.C.  50,  these  coins  may 
have  been  struck  at  Mediolanum  or  at  Eavenna,  where  he  spent  the  winter  of  that  year  (see 
above,  p.  387). 

The  small  bronze  coins  bearing  the  name  of  Aulus  Hirtius,  and  of  the  same  types  as 
the  above  denarii,  have  already  been  noticed  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  526). 


3j2  coinage   of   GAUL 

PERIOD    III. 

Circ.  B.C.  43—42  :    A.r.c.  711—712 
(.V'/?j<7</f-v  i.jMitrk  Antvi'y^ 

y::        Wei:\i        ^f^^  Oh;rs,  Reverse 

and  iize 

I  Circ.  B.C.  43 ;   a.u.c.  711 

M.  ANTON:   M.  LEPID 

MAECCS  AXTOXIUS:    MAKCUS  [AEMILIUS" 
LEPIDUS^) 

Denarius 

31        i'i'l     .H    -75    Liruus,      one-handled     jiig    Erab>m5  of  the  pontificaie ; 

(capi^)     and     raven     1.  :        apex,    securis    (saeiifici;u 

I      above,    M    ANTON     IMP        ase'i.    terminating    in     a 

I      {Iml',^rator).  wolf's  head,"a5pergillum" 

(spriuMer),    and    jimpu- 
lum  ;  on  1.  and  above,  M 
LEriD.lMr(J';j>t'ra:'c.7). 
[PI.  ciii.  6.] 
(NoTt) 

T  loogh  the  coins  given  to  tliis  period  bear  the  names  of  AntonT,  Lepidiis  and 
Ocravius  r  ;^iS  Caesar  K  tbey  appear  to  have  been  issued  under  the  direction  of  Antony  only. 
Some  t^nos.  31 — i-V  evidently  preceded  the  formation  of  the  trininvirate,  in  yovembor.  B.C.  43 
(Mcmmsen.  J?^>  je^tae.  p.  31 '.  By  tV.is  compact  it  was  arranged  that  Antony  should  have  con- 
tnol  of  the  iT  vernment  over  :i  o  Gauls  on  either  side  of  the  Alps  with  the  exception  of  Gallia 
Xarbonensis.  Trhich  together  Trith  Iberia  -was  allotted  to  Lepidns,  who  had  already  been 
appoiured  to  those  districts  by  Jnlius  Caesfir  in  the  previons  year.  Ooravins  received  as 
his  share  the  islands  of  Sicily  and  S..rJrinia  together  with  the  province  of  Africa,  Italy 
proper  ivas  declared  to  be  neutral  ground.  This  arrangement  remained  in  force  till  after 
the  ba::.i-?  of  Philippi,  October  and  Xoven.ler.  B.C.  -2.  when  a  fresh  one  was  entered 
upon  between  Antony  and  Ooravius,  the  former  lakini:  over  the  superintendence  of  the 
Eastern  provinces,  whilsr  Octavius  received  tliose  of  'he  ^'est.  Lepidus.  who  had  been 
s  spected  by  his  colleairues  of  holding  tiraso'aable  inrerc  nrse  with  Soxrus  Pompey,  was 
deprived  of  his  prov-i-oes  ;  but  it  was  a^n-eed  that  should  he  be  proved  innocent  of  the 
charge.  Antony  would  hand  over  Africa  to  him.  As  Lepidus  had  been  appointed 
consul  for  B.C.  42.  he  remained  in  Italy  during  that  year,  and  as  Octavius  was  engaged  with 
Antony  in  carrying  on  the  war  againsr  Brutus  and  Cassins  in  Greece,  Siciiv.  his  principal 
province,  beirc  then  occupied  by  Sextns  Pompey,  Antony  alone  of  ihe  rriamvirs  appears 
to  have  issnei  coins  at  this  time.  After  B.C.  42.  when  the  new  arrangement  of  the  State 
came  into  force,  Antony  transferred  his  coinages  to  the  East  and  Oct<vT.-ins  assumed  his  in 
the  ^est.  {.;.,  in  u.".::i.  As  Lepidus  was  net  ailowod  to  take  possession  of  Africa  till  B.c.  40. 
there  exist  in  consequence  no  coins  struck  bv  him  before  that  date  i^see  Coixag^e  of  Africa, 
s.a.  B.C.  40—36). 

During  b.c.  43  Antony  issued  coins  in  his  own  name  and  :\lso  in  those  of  his  colleagnes. 
On  the  gold  he  placed  the  portraits  of  Lepidns  and  Ocravins  as  well  as  his  own,  which, 
however,  always  formed  the  oo^erse  type.  In  the  following  year  tiie  name  and  portrait  of 
Lepidns  are  omitted,  and  Antony  represents  onlv  hiir.self  and  Ocravins.  if  we  except  the 
memorial  pieces  of  Jcdius  C.^csar  see  above,  p.  oSO).  The  coins  attributed  to  Gaul  diixii^i: 
B.C.  43,  42,  t: specially  those  be.uing  portraits,  are  well  executed,  though  in  their  style  there  is 
a  lack  of  force.  The  heads  are  sm;vll  but  the  features  are  modelled  with  considerable  care, 
attempts  being  made  to  portray  a  truthful  likeness.  For  iconography  they  are  therefore  of 
the  jfirst  importance.  The  mode  of  wearing  the  hair,  which  is  delineated  by  fine  lines,  is 
characteristically  shoA^Tt  in  each  case.  There  is  in  this  respect  a  marked  difference  in  style 
between  the  coins  struck  by  Aniouy  in  Gaul  and  those  issued  by  him  after  b.c.  42  iu  the  East. 
w^here  we  meet  with  quite  another  portrait,  bolder  and  larger.  The  same  characteristics 
are  noticeable  in  the  case  of  Octavius,  the  coins  firi-t  issued  by  him  iu  Granl  from  B.C.  41 
resL  nihliiig  in  style  and  fabric  those  of  the  previous  yeai-s  of  Antony. 

As  :h(.se    cius    with    the    name    ul    An:cnv  and    Lci'idus    make    no   reference    to   li^c 


CIEC.  B.C.  43 ;   A.U.C.  711 


393 


Ko. 
32 


jTT  .  T ,       Metal 
•^        and  Hize 


57-2 


M    -75 


A\    -75 


Obvers 


Similar;  legend,  above  and 
below  type,  M  ■  AI^TON  • 
COS  IMP  [Consul,  impera- 
tor). 


Similar;  legend,  above,  M 
AR"ON  .  IMP 


Reverse 

Similar;  legend  on  1.,  M- 
[LEPID-COS]IMP(Co;j- 
sul,  imperator). 

[PI.  ciii.  7.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  131,  no.  32.] 


triumvirate  it  would  appear  that  they  were  struck  before  its  constitution,  that  is  at  some 
time  between  April,  e.g.  43,  when  the  siege  of  Mntina  was  abandoned,  and  November  of 
that  year,  when  Antony,  Lepidus  and  Ootavius  met  at  Bononia  and  formed  their  famous 
compact.  After  the  failure  at  Mutina  Antony  crossed  the  Alps,  and  in  a  short  time  united 
his  forces  with  those  of  Lepidus,  who  was  then  in  Gallia  Narbonensis  watching  the  outcome 
of  events  in  Italy.  From  the  evidence  of  the  coins  (see  below,  p.  394,  no.  40)  it  would  appear 
that  Antony  made  Lugdunum  his  head-quarters,  where  L.  Munatius  Plancus  very  recently 
had  founded  a  colony,  the  settlers  being  the  people  of  the  neighbouring  city  of  Vienna, 
whence  they  had  been  driven  by  the  Allobrcges  (E.  JuUien,  Le  Fondateiir  de  Lyon,  Ann. 
de  I'Univ.  de  Lyon,  1892,  pp.  93  f.).  Here  Antony  established  a  mint,  at  which  most 
of  the  coins  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  Gaul  were  struck  (see  above,  p.  386).  This 
mint  continued  intermittently  in  operation  throughout  imperial  times  and  onwards  down 
to  almost  the  present  day. 

The  types  of  the  denarii  and  quinarii  relate  to  the  of&oes  of  augur  and  pontifex 
maximus,  which  were  held  by  Antony  and  Lepidus  respectively.  It  was  by  the  influence  of 
Julius  Caesar  that  Antony  was  elected  to  the  college  of  Augurs  in  B.C.  50  (Caesar,  Bell,  civ., 
viii.  50).  Lepidus,  after  the  murder  of  Julius  Caesar,  was  appointed  pontifex  maximus,  an 
ofi&oe  which  he  retained  till  his  death  in  B.C.  1 3.  On  the  denarius  bearing  the  portrait  of  Antony, 
struck  at  the  Soman  mint  by  P.  Sepullius  Macer  in  B.C.  44  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  550),  he  is  repre- 
sented with  the  attributes  of  the  augurship,  and  as  they  are  frequently  shown  in  his 
subsequent  issues  it  is  evident  that  he  held  that  office  in  great  repute.  Throughout  his 
coins  struck  in  the  East  the  title  "  Augur  "  occurs  frequently.  The  introduction  of  the  raven 
into  the  group  and  its  position  on  the  right  may  have  been  intended  to  point  to  a 
favourable  omen  (see  above,  p.  284).  The  reference  to  the  consulships  of  Antony  and 
Lepidus  on  some  of  the  denarii  is  somewhat  enigmatical,  as  neither  held  that  office  in  the 
year  that  these  coins  were  struck.  Antony  was  declared  Imperator  for  the  first  time  by  his 
troops  at  the  siege  of  Mutina  (Calland,  de  Num.  M.  Ant.,  p.  10 ;  Drumaun,  Gesch.  Rams,  vol.  i., 
p.  156),  and  Lepidus  had  assumed  that  title  in  B.C.  47  during  his  campaign  in  Spain 
against  the  proconsul  Q.  Cassius  Longinus,  for  which  he  claimed  a  triumph  though  he  did 
not  strike  a  blow  (Drumann,  op.  cit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  9).  But  at  no  time  did  Antony  and 
Lepidus  hold  the  consulship  together,  as  the  former  obtained  it  for  the  first  time  in 
B.C.  44,  and  for  the  second  in  B.C.  34;  and  the  latter  in  B.C.  46  and  B.C.  42.  Calland 
(op.  cit.,  pp.  28  f.)  has  therefore  suggested  that  the  legend  COS  might  be  attributed  to 
the  ignorance  or  negligence  of  the  engraver  of  the  dies,  and  that  in  each  case  PROCOS 
should  be  read.  It  is,  however,  more  probable  that  the  engraver  only  intended  that  this 
title  should  be  commemorative  like  that  of  Imperator.  The  absence  of  the  legend  COS  on 
the  denarius  figured  above  from  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  131,  no.  32)  is  in  that  case  either  an 
omission  of  the  engraver  or  it  may  be  due  to  an  interchange  of  obverse  dies,  some  of  the 
coins  of  this  issue  being  without  that  title.  This  particular  piece  cannot  possibly  be  assigned 
to  the  next  year,  when  Lepidus  was  actually  consul. 

A  variety  of  no.  31  reads  LE  P.  for  LE  PI  D,  and  another  of  the  denarius  figured  above,  M. 
AST.  IMP.  and  M.  LEP.  COS.  IMP.  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  pp.  130,  131). 

VOL.    II.  3    E 


394 

Ko. 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


34 
35 


36 


Wcijid 


Metal 
and  bize 


Ohveme 


Reverse 


33        28-9 


27-3 


25-3 


37 
33 

39 


27-4 


27-3 
26-7 

25-3 


JR    -55  i  Similar  ;      legend, 
IMP  above  type. 


Quinarius 
MAT 


M    -55 


M    -5 


M    -5 


M 
Al 


•55 
•5 


M    -55 


40 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;  legend  on  1.,  and 
above  type,  M  •  LEP 
IMP 

[PI.  ciii.-S.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


M.AT 

(MAECUS  ANTONIDS) 
Quinarius 


Lituus,  one-handled  jug 
(capis)  and  raven  1.  (same 
as  no.  31) ;  above,  M  •  ^  ■ 
IMP. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Victory  draped,  standing  r., 
and  placing  wreath  on 
trophy.^ 

[PI.  ciii.  9.] 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Withcnit  the  name  of  Antony 
Quinarius  3 


28-0     M    -55 


Bust  of  Victory  r.,  hair 
drawn  back  and  collected 
into  a  knot  behind,  from 
which  one  long  plait  is 
brought  and  arranged  in 
a  loop  along  the  top  of 
the  head. 


Lion    walking    r. ;    below, 

LVGV;  above,  DVNI(Iv?(- 

guduni) ;   on  1.  and  r.  of 

lion,  A  XL  {Anno  XL). 

[PI.  ciii.  10.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


1  Varieties  read  M.  ANTON  (or  ArT.  IMP.)  and  LEP.  IMP.  (or  LEPID.  IMP,)  (Babelon, 
vol.  i.,  p.  130,  no.  30). 

"  The  victories  to  wMoli  this  type  refers  do  not  appear  to  haye  actually  been  won. 
Though  successful  for  the  moment  in  some  of  his  assaults  at  the  siege  of  Mutina,  Antony 
was  defeated  in  each  of  the  principal  engagements  with  the  consuls  Pansa  and  Hirtius.  His 
troops,  however,  found  in  these  temporary  successes  an  occasion  to  acclaim  Antony  Tmperator. 
The  type  may  have  been  intended  to  foreshadow  victories  which  Antony  hoped  would  fall  to 
his  lot  when  he  united  his  forces  with  those  of  Lepidus.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  162)  thinks  that 
these  coins  were  struck  by  Antony  during  the  siege  of  Mutina  for  the  payment  of  his 
legions ;  but  if  they  are  to  be  assigned  to  Lugdunum  they  could  not  have  been  issued  till 
after  his  arrival  in  Gallia  Narbonensis. 

'  These  quinarii,  as  the  legend  on  the  reverse  shows,  were  struck  at  Lugdunum,  and 
their  date  is  ascertainable  by  the  inscription  A  XL  (Anno  XL),  which,  as  Borghesi  {QHuvres 
compl.,  t.  i.,  p.  498)  has  conclusively  proved,  represents  the  age  of  Antony  at  the  time  of 
their   issue  (see  also  others  with   A   XLI    below,  p.  396).      This   would  be   in  B.C.  43,  uud 


CIEC.  B.C.  43  ;    A.U.C.  711 


395 


J'o.     Weight 


41 
42 

43 
44 
45 


26-5 
24-5 
24-7 
24-0 
22-0 


46     125-5 


Metal 
and  Size 

M  -55 

M  -5 

M  -5 

M  -5 

M  -5 


Obverse 


N    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Morel  Coll.) 


M.ANTONIVS:  M.LEPIDVS 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS ;   MAECUS  [ABMILIUS] 
LBPIDUS) 


Aureus' 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
behind,  lituus ;  around,  M- 
ANTONIVS-  III  •  VIK  ■ 
R.  •  r  •  C  (^Triumvir  rei- 
publicae  constituendae). 


Head  of  Lepidus  r.,  bare; 
behind,  simpulum  and 
"  aspergillum  "  ;  around, 
M.  LEriDVS-lll  VIK. 
R.  •  P  •  C  (as  obverse). 
[PI.  ciii.  11.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


they  therefore  correspond  in  date  with  Antony's  presence  in  Lugdunum.  When  the  colony 
was  established  there  by  L.  Munatius  Plancus  in  or  about  June,  B.C.  43,  it  would  appear, 
from  a  bronze  coin  beSiring  the  legend  COPIA  FELIX  MVNATIA,  that  this  was  the 
name  given  to  the  city  by  its  founder  (H.  de  la  Tour,  Comptes  rendus,  Acad,  des  Inscr.^ 
1901,  vol.  i.,  pp.  82  f.).  On  later  coins  struck  there  by  Octavius  the  city  was  called  Copia 
only  (Muret  et  Chabouillet,  Cat.  Mon.  gaul.,  pp.  105,  106),  and  in  inscriptions  its  title  was 
C  .  C  .  C  .  AVG  .  LVG  .  (Golonia  Olaudia  Copia  Augusta  Lugdunensis).  Antony,  however, 
seems  to  have  adhered  to  the  original  name  of  Lugdunum,  the  precise  derivation  of  which 
is  uncertain.  The  lion  on  the  reverse  may  be  the  symbol  of  the  city,  as  it  had  been 
formerly  of  Massilia,  or  more  probably,  as  Dr.  Willers  {'Num.  Zeit.,  1902,  p.  83)  suggests, 
the  genethliac  sign  of  Antony,  as  the  Capricorn  was  of  Octavius.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  169) 
has  connected  it  with  the  passage  in  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.,  viii.  21),  who  relates  that  Antony 
tamed  lions  which  he  trained  to  drag  his  car,  and  that  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  he 
took  pleasure  in  appearing  in  public  in  a  biga  drawn  by  lions  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  553).  These 
coins  may  have  been  issued  for  distribution  amongst  his  legions  on  his  40th  birthday 
(Hirschfeld,  O.I.L.,  xiii.,  p.  251).  In  the  features  of  Victory  on  the  obverse  there  has 
been  recognized  a  portrait  of  Fulvia,  the  first  wife  of  Antony,  and  this  identification  seems 
to  receive  some  confirmation  from  a  coin  of  the  town  of  Fulvia  in  Phrygia,  named  after 
Antony's  wife,  which  bears  a  similar  portrait  with  the  hair  arranged  in  precisely  the  same 
manner  (Waddington,  Voy.  num.  en  Asie  Min.,  p.  149,  pi.  xi.,  no.  5).  Duohalais  {Rev.  A'um., 
1853,  p.  53)  identified  the  portrait  as  that  of  Octavia;  but  when  these  coins  were  struck 
Fulvia  was  still  living.  She  did  not  die  till  B.C.  40,  and  it  was  in  that  year  that  Antony 
married  Octavia,  the  sister  of  Octavius. 

'  This  aureus  with  the  portraits  of  Antony  and  Lepidus,  and  the  following  one 
with  the  portrait  of  Antony  and  that  of  Octavius,  commemorate  the  establishment  of  the 
triumvirate.  If  correctly  assigned  to  B.C.  43  they  must  have  been  issued  between  November 
and  the  end  of  that  year.  As  each  one  bears  the  portrait  of  Antony  it  is  presumed  that 
they  were  struck  by  his  orders.  They  are  therefore  not  only  a  record  of  one  of  the  greatest 
events  in  Roman  history,  but  also  remarkable  as  being  the  first  gold  pieces  issued  from 
Lugdunum,  where  a  mint  had  only  been  recently  established.     Their  fabric  leaves  no  doubt 


396 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


No.       Wdght 


Metal 
and  Size 


47 


122-5 


AT    -85 


48 


29-6 


/R    -55 


Ohverse  Reverse 

M.ANTONIVS:  C.CAESAR 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;  CAIUS  CAESAE) 
Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
behind,  lituus ;  around,  M  • 
ANTONIVS-III  •  VIK- 
fi.  •  P  •  C  (same  as  no. 
46). 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare; 

around,  C  •  CAESAK-lll- 

VIK.  R-P  -C-  (Triumvir 

reipuhlicae  constituendae). 

[PI.  ciii.  12.] 


Circ.  B.C.  42;   A.u.c.  712- 

ANTONI 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 
Quinanius^ 


Bust  of  Victory  r.,  hair 
drawn  back  and  collected 
into  a  knot  behind,  from 
which  one  long  plait  is 
brought  and  arranged  in 
a  loop  along  the  top  of  the 
head  (similar  to  no.  40); 
around,  TTTVIR.-R.-P-C 
(Triumvir  reipuhlicae  con- 
stituendae). 


Lion  walking  r. ;  above,  AN 
TON  I;  below,  IMP  (Ito- 
perator) ;   on  1.  and  r.  of 
Uon,  A  XLI  (^Anno  XLI). 
[PI.  ciii.  13.] 
(Nott) 


that  they  emanated  from  that  place.  Strabo  (iv.  3,  2)  states  that  there  existed  in  his  time 
a  mint  at  Lugdunum  for  the  issue  of  gold  and  silver  coins — koI  rh  voniafia  x''p'»''Touiri>' 
fVTavda  r6  T€  apyvpovv  Kal  rh  xP^^°^^  f*  "^^^  *Pw(Uaia>»'  Tiy^ij.6vis.  The  lituus  behind  the 
head  of  Antony  relates  to  his  membership  of  the  college  of  Augurs,  and  the  simpulum 
and  "  aspergillum "  behind  that  of  Lepidus  to  the  office  of  pontifex  mazimus,  to  which  he 
had  been  raised  after  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar. 

'  This  coin  is  a  companion  to  the  preceding  one  with  the  portraits  of  Antony  and 
Lepidus.  Octavius  is  also  only  given  his  official  title  of  triumvir.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
the  title  of  Imperator,  which  all  three  triumvirs  were  at  this  time  entitled  to  use,  is  in 
each  case  omitted.  Octavius  was  acclaimed  Imperator  for  the  first  time  at  the  siege  of 
Mutina,  15  April,  B.C.  43  (see  Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  11).  He  is  not  styled  consul, 
because  on  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate  he  resigned  that  office,  and  his  colleague  Pedius 
having  died  suddenly  at  Rome,  C.  Carrinas  and  P.  Ventidius  received  the  consulate  for  the 
remainder  of  the  year. 

-  The  coins  attributed  to  Gaul  during  this  year  were  struck  by  Mark  Antony ;  some 
bear  his  name  only,  others  also  those  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Octavius.  If  it  be  accepted  that 
A'ictory  on  the  quinarii  is  a  representation  of  Fulvia,  the  wife  of  Mark  Antony,  we  have 
a  portrait  or  portraits  in  each  issue.  The  proposed  order  of  these  issues  is  somewhat 
conjectural.  The  style  and  fabric  of  the  gold  and  silver  coins  are  very  similar  to  those 
assigned  to  the  same  district  in  the  previous  year.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  portrait  of 
Lepidus  is  not  here  met  with  (see  above,  p.  392). 

^  These  quinarii  have  been  placed  first  in  the  issues  assigned  to  the  above  date,  as 
they  are  only  a  repetition  in  type  of  those  of  the  previous  year ;  the  only  diB'erences  being 
the  omission  of  the  mint-name,  Lugdunum,  and  the  substitution  of  that  of  Antony;  and 
the  alteration  of  the  numerals  representing  his  age  from  XL  to  XLI. 


No.      Weight       ^'\'*S^ 
''        and  Size 


49 

50 
51 


52 


53 


54 


55 


27-6 

27-3 
25-5 


122-6 


59-i 


56-7 


62-2 


M    -55 

M    -5 
M    -5 


^    -85 


JR    -75 


M    -8 


M    -75 


CIEC.  B.C.  42 ;   A.U.C.  712 

Obverse 


397 


Reverse 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  ciii.  14  rev.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.^ 


Similar. 
Similar. 


(Morel  Coll.) 


M.  ANTON:  CAESAR 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;    CAIUS  JULIUS  CAESAE) 
Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
behind,  lituus ;  before, 
M  AhTO  IMP  (Iviperator). 


Head  of  Julius  Caesar  r., 
laureate ;  behind,  one- 
handled  jug  {capis) ;  be- 
fore, CAESAR.  Die  {Dicta- 
tor). 

[PI.  ciii.  15.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar;  head  with  slight 
beard;  legend,  MA  ^TON 
IMP 

Similar. 


Similar;  the  head  of  Antony- 
is  narro-wer  and  longer, 
and  has  an  attenuated 
appearance ;  before  and 
below,  M  AhTON  IMP 
R.  P  C  (Imperator  reipub- 
licae  constitue7idae). 


Similar;  legend,  CAESAK 
Die 


Similar. 

[PI.  ciii.  16.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ciii.  17.] 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


'  These  coins  -were  intended  as  memorials  of  Julius  Caesar.  Antony  may  have  issued 
them  with  the  object  of  instilling  into  the  mind  of  the  Roman  people,  and  more  especially  of 
the  army,  that  he  -was  about  to  avenge  the  murder  of  Caesar  in  declaring  "war  against 
Brutus  and  Gassius.  Though  the  title  Dl  VVS  is  absent  it  -was  in  B.C.  42  that  Caesar  -was 
decreed  divine  honours.  Bckhel  {Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  36),  -who  has  assigned  all  the 
coins  on  -which  Antony  is  represented  wearing  a  beard  to  B.C.  43,  42,  has  given  these  to 
the  earlier  date.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  161,  162)  considers  that  they  were  struck  soon  after 
the  death  of  Caesar,  at  the  time  of  the  siege  of  Mutina,  for  the  payment  of  the  army; 
and  that  the  legend  imperator  reipuilicae  constituendae  foreshadowed  the  title  which  was 
to  be  adopted  a  few  months  later  when  the  triumvirate  was  constituted.  The  date  B.C.  42 
seems  the  more  probable  one,  as  the  portrait  of  Antony  differs  slightly  from  that  on  the 
coins  assigned  to  the  previous  year.  The  absence  of  the  legend  III  .  V I R  may  have  been 
an  omission  on  the  part  of  the  die-engraver.  These  coins  are  of  somewhat  coarse  work, 
and  may  have  been  struck  at  some  local  mint  other  than  Lugdunum,  where  less  care  was 
used  in  making  the  dies.  The  one-handled  jug  (capis)  is,  as  we  have  seen  on  earlier  coins  of 
Antony,  the  symbol  of  his  augurship. 


398 


COINAGE    OP  GAUL 


,-        TIT-  •  li       Metal 
No.      Weight     ^^  g^^. 


56 

67 

58 


59 


60 


58-7 
60-3 

56-6 


124-0 


62-6 


M    -75 
M    -75 

M    -75 


AT    -75 


M    -8 


Ohverse 

Similar;    legend,    M    AN" 
ON  IMP- R.  p.  C 

Similar;   legend,   M   AN'O 
IMP  R.  P  C 


Similar;  legend,  M  •  A  NO  ■ 
IMP-K-PC 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  ciii.  18.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


M.ANTONIVS:  C.CAESAR 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;    CAIUS  CAESAE) 


Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare, 
with  beard ;  around,  M  • 
ANTONIVS-  IMP-  III- 
VIR..R.P.C.  A/G-(Im- 

perator,  triumvir  rei- 
publicae  constituendae, 
augur). 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard;  around, 
C  .  CAESAR.-  IMP  -  III  - 
VIK-R-P-C-PON- A/ 

(Imperator,  triumvir  rei- 
publicae       constituendae, 
pontifex,  aiigur). 
[PI.  ciii.  19.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


M.ANTONI 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 
Denarius  '^ 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  with 
beard ;  around,  reading 
downwards  and  inwards, 
M- ANTONI  IMP  {Im- 
perator'). 


!B'a9ade  of  distyle  temple, 
within  which  is  a  me- 
dallion bearing  the  radiate 
head  of  Sol,  facing  and 
draped;  at  sides,  and 
below.  III  VIK  R.  -  P  -C 
{Triumvir  reipublicae  con- 
stituendae). 

[PI.  ciii.  20.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  fix  the  precise  date  of  issue  of  this  aureus.  If  it  was 
Btruclj  in  Gaul  by  Antony,  or  under  his  direction,  it  must  haTe  appeared  not  later  than 
B.C.  42.  Octavius  wore  a  beard  as  a  sign  of  mourning  from  the  time  of  Caesar's  murder 
till  after  the  war  with  Sextus  Pompey,  B.C.  36  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  574).  In  this  he  appears  to 
have  been  more  consistent  than  Antony,  who  is  represented  either  with  or  without  a  beard. 
Though  the  fabric  of  this  aureus  is  somewhat  different  from  that  of  others  assigned  to 
Gaul  at  this  period,  especially  in  the  coarse  rendering  of  the  head  of  Antony,  yet  the  style 
approaches  more  that  of  the  Gaulish  than  the  Eastern  pieces.  The  type  was  repeated  by 
Antony  on  more  than  one  occasion  on  his  coinage  struck  in  the  East  during  B.C.  41 — 39; 
but  on  those  coins  his  portrait  is  quite  different,  and  therefore  they  cannot  be  separated  by 
style  from  others  assigned  to  that  district.  On  this  aureus  the  triumvirs  are  given  their 
full  titles.  Both  were  acclaimed  Imperator  at  the  siege  of  Mutina.  Antony  as  we  have 
already  shown  was  elected  to  the  college  of  Augurs  in  B.C.  50;  and  Octavius  was  made  a 
member  of  the  college  of  Pontiffs  by  Julius  Caesar  in  B.C.  48,  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus. 
The  date  of  his  augurship  is  uncertain ;  but  it  could  not  have  been  later  than  B.C.  41,  as 
his  portrait  accompanied  by  a  litnus  is  seen  on  coins  bearing  his  name  and  those  of  Antony 
and  L.  GelHus,  which  must  have  been  issued  in  that  year  (see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  177, 
nos.  53,  54  J  and  Coinage  of  the  Bast,  s.a.  B.C.  41). 

'•'  These  denarii  are  placed  the  latest  in  the  year  B.  0.  42,  as  the  reverse  type  seems  to  refer 


»T        7T7  ■  1 J       Metal 
No.     Weight     „,^^  g  .^^ 


61 

62 


62-0 
57-6 


M    -8 
M    -75 


CIEC.  B.C.  41  ;   A.U.C.  713 

Ohverse 


399 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar ;  legend  reading, 
I NV  for  IMP  ;  counter- 
mark, circle  above  head. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  ciii.  21.] 

(Nott) 


63 


64-2 


PERIOD   IV.^ 
Circ.  B.C.  41—36;   a.u.c.  713—718 
Coinages  of  Octavius  as  Triumvir 
j  Circ.  B.C.  41;   a.u.c.  713 

C  .  CAESAK 

(CAIUS  CAESAE) 
Denarius^ 


M.    -65 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
slight  beard ;  around,  C  • 
CAESAR..|llVIR-K-r. 

C    {Triumvir    reipublicae 
constituendac). 


Equestrian  statue  of  Octa- 
vius r.,  his   r.  hand   ex- 
tended;  in   the   exergue, 
S  •  C  {Senatus  consulto). 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


to  the  campaign  of  Antony  in  Greece  against  Brutus  and  Cassius.  Sol  was  the  emblem  of  the 
East,  and  Antony  about  this  time  placed  the  radiate  head  of  that  divinity  on  coins  struck  by  him 
in  those  districts  (see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  168,  nos.  28 — 31;  Coinage  of  the  East,  s.a.  B.C. 42). 
Vaillant  {Num.  fam.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  109)  has  suggested  that  this  type  might  relate  to  Antony's 
assumption  at  a  later  date  of  the  attributes  of  Osiris,  Cleopatra  having  taken  those  of  Isis  ; 
and  Havercamp  would  connect  it  with  the  Parthian  war  and  the  victories  of  Publius 
Ventidius.  As  Eckhel  has  assigned  the  coins  of  Antony  on  which  he  is  shown  wearing  a 
beard  to  B.C.  43,  42,  he  does  not  accept  either  suggestion  {Doct.  num.  ret.,  t.  vi.,  p.  .S6). 
The  date  here  ascribed  to  these  coins  seems  the  most  probable  one  if  they  are  considered  from 
the  standpoint  of  fabric. 

'  After  the  battles  of  Philippi,  when  by  mutual  consent  Antony  took  over  the  direction  of 
affairs  in  the  East,  and  those  in  the  West  were  entrusted  to  Octavius,  the  coinages  of  the 
former  in  Gaul  ceased  and  those  of  Octavius  began.  This  was  at  the  end  of  B.C.  42,  or  at  the 
beginning  of  the  following  year.  From  this  time  the  issues  of  Octavius,  first  as  Caesar  and 
later  as  Augustus,  were  continuous,  and  with  one  interval,  B.C.  35 — 30,  they  can  be  traced  year 
by  year  down  to  circ.  B.C.  5 — 3.  As  already  stated  (see  above,  p.  378)  the  money  of  Octavius 
assigned  to  Gaul  is  divisible  into  three  periods  or  groups: — (i.)  that  which  was  struck 
during  the  triumvirate,  B.C.  41—36;  (ii.)  that  issued  as  Imperator  perpetuo,  B.C.  29 — 27;  (iii.) 
that  after  he  had  received  the  name  of  Augustus,  from  B.C.  27. 

Besides  the  coins  of  Octavius  which  are  given  to  B.C.  41  there  are  two  other  issues  of  a 
quite  exceptional  nature.  They  are  of  Lucius  Autonius,  with  the  portrait  and  name  of  his 
brother,  Mark  Antony,  and  of  Publius  Ventidius,  the  legate  of  Antony,  with  a  similar  obverse 
type.  The  coins  of  Octavius  were  probably  struck  before  the  Perusine  war,  those  of  Lucius 
AntoniuE  and  Publius  Ventidius  during  its  progress  (see  below,  pp.  400  f.). 

^  The  attribution  by  Count  de  Salis  of  these  denarii  to  Gaul  at  this  particular  time  is 


400 


COINAGE   OP  GAUL 


Ho. 

64 


Weight  ,  o- 

■'         and  kize 


Oiverse 


Reverse 


64-4 


65 


M    -75 


Similar;  legend,  C  •  CAESAK  i  Similar. 


Ill  VIK  R.  P  C 


[PL  civ.  1.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


124-5 


66     122-6 


N'    -8 


.V    -8 


M  .  ANTONIVS 


(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 


Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare, 
■without  beard ;  behind, 
Utuus  ;  around,  M  ■  A  N 
TONIVS-IMrill-VIR.. 
R  •  P  •  C  •  (Imperator,  tri- 
umvir reipublicae  consti- 
tuendae). 


Similar. 


Pietas  draped  standing  to- 
wards 1.,  holding  in  her  r. 
hand  a  hghted  censer 
(turilnduni) ;  and  in  her 
1.  a  cornucopiae,  on  which 
stand  two  storks ;  across 
the  iield,  PIETAS  COS 
{Pietas  consul). 

[PI.  civ.  2.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar;      legend,      PIERS 
COS 

[PI.  civ.  3.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


somewhat  conjectural.  Finds  do  not  afford  any  evidence.  During  B.C.  41  Octavius  was  in 
Italy,  and  Gaul  was  mainly  held  by  the  legates  of  Antony.  Dion  Cassius  (xlviii.  12),  however, 
relates  that  when  the  soldiers  of  Octavius  in  Rome  rose  in  open  revolt  and  demauded  that  the 
convention  made  between  Antony  and  Octavius  relating  to  the  allotment  of  lands  should  be 
carried  out,  they  collected  money  in  all  parts,  even  from  the  temples  and  also  from  the  people 
of  Gallia  Togata,  who  supplied  troops  as  well  as  money.  It  was  also  in  B.C.  41  that  Octavius 
sent  some  legions  to  Spain  under  the  command  of  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Rufus.  These 
crossed  the  Alps  into  Gaul  unhindered  ;  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  between  Octavius 
and  Lucius  Antonius  they  were  recalled,  and  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Perusia.  It  is  possible 
that  these  coins,  if  correctly  assigned  to  B.C.  41,  were  struck  on  one  of  those  occasions.  The 
head  of  Octavius,  which  shows  a  slight  beard,  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the  aureus  of  Ma*k 
Antony  of  the  previous  year  and  also  to  those  on  coins  given  to  the  following  one.  The  reverse 
type  may  represent  one  of  the  equestrian  statues  which  by  order  of  the  Senate  were  erected 
to  Octavius  in  B.C.  43,  previous  to  his  departure  to  oppose  Antony  at  Mutina  (Tell.  Paterc, 
ii.  61).  The  legend  S  .  C  .  (Senatus  consulto)  does  not  in  this  case  imply  that  these  coins  were 
issued  in  compliance  vrith  a  special  mandate  of  the  Senate,  but  it  relates  to  the  order, given 
for  the  erection  of  the  statue  here  displayed.  The  type  was  repeated  on  the  coinage  of  the 
following  year  with  some  variations,  the  equestrian  figure  being  turned  to  the  left  instead  of 
to  the  right,  and  the  name  and  title  of  Octavius  being  also  varied. 

'  The  circumstances,  in  which  these  coins  bearing  the  name  of  Mark  Antony  and  the 
next  one  of  P.  Ventidius  were  struck,  were  aa  follows.  When  Octavius  returned  to  Rome  after 
the  battles  of  Philippi  he  commenced  at  once  the  task  of  the  allotment  of  lands  to  the  veterans, 
as  agreed  upon  by  him  and  Mark  Antony.  Lucius  Antonius,  who  was  consul  in  that  year, 
having  failed  to  get  himself  associated  in  this  work,  and  being  encouraged  by  his  brother's 


JN'n.      ]\'eicjlit 


67 


68 


60-7 


61-0 


M    -8 


CIEC.  B.C.  41;    A.U.C.  713 

Obverxe 


401 


Rcverfe 


Denarius 


JR.    -7 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;     legend,    PI  ETAS 
Cos 

[PI.  civ.  4.] 

(Crach  erode  Coll.) 


Similar;      legend,      PI  ESS 
COS 

[PL  civ.  5.] 
(Nott) 


ambitious  -wife,  Fulvia,  set  himself  up  as  the  patron  of  those  who  had  been  evicted  or  were 
threatened  with  eviction  from  their  lands.  A  civil  war  was  soon  inevitable,  but  the  actual 
outbreak  of  hostilities  was  delayed  till  Octavius  advanced  to  Rome,  when  Lucius  quitted 
the  city,  pursuing  a  northerly  course.  Octavius  followed  with  his  army  and  overtook 
Lucius  at  Perusia,  where  he  was  compelled  to  seek  refuge.  The  city  was  at  once  besieged, 
and  the  blockade  lasted  throughout  the  winter  till  March  of  the  following  year,  when  Lucius 
was  compelled  by  hunger  to  surrender,  receiving  from  his  successful  opponent  more  favourable 
terms  than  he  had  anticipated  (Appian,  Bell,  civ,,  v.  42-48). 

Eckhel  {Doct.  nuvi.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  42)  appears  to  have  been  the  iirst  to  recognize  in  the 
legend  PI  ETAS  the  cognomen  which  Lucius  Autonius,  the  brother  of  Mark  Antony,  assumed 
at  the  time  of  the  Perusine  war  in  order  to  signalise  his  fraternal  zeal  (Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  5). 
This  cognomen  is  also  met  with  in  various  versions  of  the  Fasti  (Mommsen,  Fast,  cons., 
C.I.L.,  vol.  i.,  2od  ed.,  p.  542).  Eckhel  has  therefore  assigned  these  coins  to  B.C.  41,  in  which 
year  Lucius  was  consul.  In  consequence  of  this  identification  they  are  supposed  to  have  been 
struck  at  the  time  of  the  siege  of  Perusia  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  175).  Though  this  attribution 
may  appear  conjectural  on  account  of  its  exceptional  nature,  the  legend  "  Pietas  Cos,"  if 
interpreted  as  Pietas  Consulis,  in  the  same  sense  as  we  meet  with  "  Clementia  Aug.," 
"Pietas  Aug.,"  &c.,  on  coins  of  Imperial  times,  could  scarcely  be  applicable  to  Mark  Antony, 
as  he  was  not  consul  at  any  period  within  which  these  coins  could  have  been  issued.  He  was 
consul  for  the  first  time  in  b.c.  44,  and  not  again  till  B.C.  34.  As  this  precludes  our 
connecting  the  reverse  type  and  legend  with  Mark  Antony,  the  solution  proposed  by  Eckhel 
must  for  the  present  be  accepted.  There  is  a  difficulty,  however,  associated  with  these  coins 
which  does  not  seem  to  have  been  commented  on,  but  which  is  apparent  in  the  case  of  a 
classification  based  on  fabric  and  style.  It  is  that  there  are  two  series  which  vary  not 
only  in  the  legends  and  the  types,  but  more  particularly  in  fabric.  In  one  series  the  head 
of  Antony  is  small  and  in  high  relief;  in  the  other  on  the  gold  coins  it  is  still  in  high 
relief  but  much  larger,  but  on  the  silver  the  relief  is  very  low.  The  name  of  Antony  shows 
even  more  marked  differences,  and  there  is  a  considerable  variation  in  the  representation  of 
the  figure  of  Pietas  on  the  reverse.  It  is  therefore  very  evident  that  the  two  series  cannot 
have  been  struck  at  the  same  mint,  or  even  in  the  same  locality.  As  the  coins  of  the  first 
series  resemble  in  their  fabric  and  in  the  obverse  legend  those  given  to  Lugdunum,  these  may 
also  be  assigned  to  that  district,  whilst  the  others,  which  are  of  ruder  fabric,  were  probably 
struck  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  for  the  use  of  the  troops  which  had  been  collected  there  for  the  relief 
of  Perusia.  It  is  also  to  be  noticed  that  there  is  a  certain  resemblance  between  these  rude 
coins  and  those  of  P.  Ventidius  issued  at  the  same  time  (see  below,  p.  403). 

Pietas  is  here  not  the  personification  of  piety  generally,  but  is  expressive  of  true  and 
self-sacrificing  attachment  of  kinsman  to  kinsman,  more  especially  of  parents  and  children 
(Preller,  Eiim.  Myth.,  3rd  ed.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  262).  In  the  present  instance  it  exemplifies  the  piety 
shown  by  Lucius  Antonius  towards  his  elder  brother,  whose  portrait  and  name  are  given  on 
the  obverse.  Other  instances  of  this  nature  have  already  been  met  with  (see  coins  of  M, 
Herennius,  vol.  i.,  p.  195,  with  the  representation  of  one  of  the  Catanaean  brothers;  of  Q. 
Caecilius  Metellus  Pius,  with  the  head  of  Pietas,  see  above,  p.  357 ;  and  of  Sextus  Pompey, 
with  the  figure  of  Pietas,  see  above,  p.  370),  The  object  which  Pietas  holds  in  her  right 
hand  is  probably  a  censer  {turihuluni).  It  is  usually  called  an  altar,  as  that  object  is 
often  found  placed  before  her.  The  stox-k,  of  which  two  are  seen  standing  on  the  cornu- 
copiae,  was  the  special  emblem  of  Pietas  (P.  Syrus  ap.  Petron.  Satyr.,  55 — Ciconia  eiiam 
grata,  peregrina,  hospita,  pieiatique  cidtrix,  gracilipes,  crotalistria,  Preller,  op.  cit.,  vol.  ii,,  p. 
263,  note  5). 

VOL.   II.  3   F 


403 


No.       Weigld 


Metal 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OP   GAUL 

Obt'(?rse 


Revertie 


AT 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 


Aureus ^ 


69 


124-3 


70 


71 


72 


63-2 


61-4 


58-0 


^r   -9 


M    -85 


M    -75 


.U    -85 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  in  high 
rehef ,  bare,  without  beard; 
around,  yST'/VG-lMP  III- 
V  •  R.  •  P  .  C  {Anton ius 
augur,  impcrator,  trium- 
vir rcipublicaa  constitucn- 
dac). 


Pietas  standing  1.,  holding 
rudder  with  r.  hand  and 
cornueopiae  with  1. ;  be- 
fore her,  at  her  feet,  stork; 
below,  PI  ETAS  COS  (Pie- 
tas Consid). 

[PI.  civ.  6.] 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar  ;  head  of  Antony  in 
low  relief. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;   legend,    PIETAS- 
COS 

[PI.  civ.  7.] 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  8.] 
(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  The  date  and  locality  of  issue  of  these  coins  have  been  discussed  in  connection  with 
those  immediately  preceding.  Their  very  peculiar  fabric  {pieces  de  Tiiauvaise  fahrique,  Ct.  de 
Salis,  note)  shows  that  they  were  struck  under  special  conditions ;  probably  for  the  troops  of 
the  Antonian  party  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  which  were  to  relieve  Lucius  Antonius  at  Perusia. 
These  were  commanded  by  C.  Asinius  PoUio,  L.  Munatius  Plancus,  Publius  Ventidius,  and 
others  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  35  f.).  Ventidius  struck  special  denarii  for  his  legions  (see 
below).  The  portrait  of  Antony  on  the  aureus  is  quite  unlike  those  on  other  coins  of  this 
series,  being  much  larger  and  probably  more  true  to  life.  It,  however,  resembles  somewhat 
closely  that  on  similar  coins  which  Octavias  struck  two  years  later  in  his  own  name  and  in 
that  of  Mark  Antony  (see  below,  p.  408,  nos.  90,  91,  pi.  civ.  18,  19).  What,  however,  should  he 
specially  noticed  is  the  form  in  which  Antony's  name  and  titles  are  given.  His  praenomen  is 
omitted,  his  nomen  is  in  monogram  only,  and  his  title  of  triumvir  is  abbreviated  from  1 1 1  ■ 
V I  R  to  III  •  V .  This  last  peculiarity  is  only  met  with  on  the  following  denarius  of  P .  Ventidius, 
which  is  assigned  to  the  same  date  and  district.  On  the  silver  coins  the  head  of  Antony  is 
in  very  low  relief,  and  unusually  spread.  The  reverse  type  gives  a  somewhat  different 
representation  of  Pietas.  Slie  is  shown  as  uniting  Avith  other  attributes  that  of  Fortuna, 
and  her  symbol,  the  stork,  is  placed  prominently  before  her,  and  not  standing  on  the  cornu- 
eopiae. On  the  coins  of  Q.  Gaecilius  Metellus  Pius  above  referred  to  the  stork  is  placed  before 
the  head  of  Pietas  on  the  obverse. 


CIEC.  B.C.  41 :   A.U.C.  7i:J 


403 


,r  ,,.   .   ,  ,         Metal 

■'         and  Size 


73 


56-7     M    -8 


Obverse  nevcrse 

M  .  AT":  r.  venTidi 

(MAEOUS  ANTONIUS;   PUBLIUS  VBNTIDIUS ') 
Denarius 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare, 
with  thick  beard;  behind, 
lituus ;  around,  M  •  ^ 
IIIV-  R..  P-C-  (Triumvir 
rcipuhlicaeconstitucndaa). 


Male  figure,  Jupiter,  beard- 
ed, naked  but  for  chla- 
mys  over  1.  shoulder, 
standing  front,  head  r., 
leaning  with  r.  hand  on 
long  sceptre  and  holding 
olive-branch  in  1. ;  around, 
P  ■  VErTlDI  PolT.  IMP 
{Pontifcx,  imjKratur). 
[P).  CIV.  9.] 


'  Publius  Ventidius  Bassus,  a  native  of  Pioenum  and  of  low  origin,  was  taken  prisoner 
during  the  Social  war  by  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  and  figured  in  his  triumph,  B.C.  89.  Dion 
Cassius  (xliii.  51)  says  "in  chains,"  but  Aulus  Gellius  (xv.  4)  states  "that  he  lay  in  his 
mother's  lap."  When  he  grew  up  to  manhood  he  maintained  himself  by  providing  mules  for 
magistrates  when  journeying  to  their  proyinces.  This  early  occupation  was  not  forgotten 
when  he  became  consul,  and  the  Romans  reminded  him  of  it  in  the  following  verse,  which  is 
recorded  by  Gellius  (loo.  cit.) : — 

Goncurrite  onmes  augures^  haruf^pices  ! 
Portentum  inusitatu-m  confiatum-  est  recens  ; 
Navi  mulas  qui  fricabat,  consul  facHts  est. 

Haying  attracted  the  notice  of  Julius  Caesar  he  was  taken  to  Gaul  and  obtained  the  rank 
of  tribune,  a  seat  in  the  Eoman  senate,  and  was  nominated  for  the  praetorship  in  B.C.  43. 
After  the  death  of  Caesar  he  sided  with  Antony  and  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Mutina. 
For  his  conduct  on  this  occasion  and  subsequently  he  received  the  thanks  of  Antony,  through 
whose  influence  he  was  appointed  consul  suffectus  with  C.  Carrinas,  though  he  was  filling  at 
that  time  the  oflBce  of  praetor.  In  the  following  year  Antony  made  him  one  of  his  legates  in 
Gaul,  assigning  to  him  the  district  of  Gallia  Narbonensis.  When  Lucius  Antonius  was 
besieged  by  Octavius  in  Perusia  "Ventidius  made  no  great  effort  to  relieve  him,  either  because 
he  could  not  safely  move  from  his  position,  or  as  Appian  (Bell,  civ.,  v.  32)  says,  "  because  he 
and  his  colleagues  did  not  know  what  Mark  Antony  thought  about  the  war,  or  in  consequence 
of  mutual  rivalry  they  werfe  unwilling  to  yield  to  each  other  the  chief  command."  Having 
collected  his  forces  and  those  of  Plancus  after  the  fall  of  Perusia,  Ventidius  joined  Antony  in 
the  East,  and  in  B.C.  39  was  sent  to  oppose  the  Parthians  under  Qnintus  Labienus,  whom  he 
defeated,  and  who  shortly  afterwards  met  his  death  in  Cilicia,  In  the  following  year  Ventidius 
renewed  the  war  with  the  Parthians,  who  were  commanded  by  Pacorus,  the  son  of  Orodes  I., 
and  a  battle  taking  place  at  Gindarus,  in  Cyrrhestica,  he  was  again  successful,  Pacorus  falling 
in  the  engagement.  Por  his  services  in  the  two  campaigns  Ventidius  did  not  receive  at  the 
time  any  reward  from  the  Senate,  as  he  had  not  the  chief  command,  but  was  only  the  legate  of 
Antony.  The  honours  were,  therefore,  decreed  to  Antony  on  account  of  his  superior  position 
and  in  conformity  to  law,  as  it  was  to  him  that  the  chief  command  was  entrusted  (Dion  Cassius, 
xlviii.  41;  xlix.  21).  Ventidius  next  attacked  Antiochus,  king  of  Commagene,  and  besieged 
him  in  the  city  of  Samosata ;  but  Antony,  who  had  become  jealous  of  his  successes,  took  over 
the  siege,  but  making  no  progress  was  glad  to  come  to  terms  with  Antiochus.  In  spite  of  his 
failure  the  Senate  decreed  Antony  a  supplicatio  and  a  triumph,  and  Ventidius  himself  on  his 
return  to  Rome  in  the  following  November  was  also  accorded  a  triumph,  being  the  only  Roman 
general  who  up  to  that  time  had  fought  with  success  against  the  Parthians  (Plutarch, 
Antonius,  34).  From  this  time,  B.C.  38,  nothing  more  appears  to  be  recorded  of  Ventidius  ;  he 
probably  died  before  the  battle  of  Actium. 

We  have  gone  somewhat  in  detail  into  the  career  of  Ventidius,  as  it  is  necessary  to  decide 
at  what  period  he  struck  the  denarii  bearing  his  own  name  and  that  of  Antony.  Pr.  Leuormant 
(La  Man.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  351),  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  527),  and  others,  including  Cavedoni 
(Ann  dell'  Inst,  arch.,  1850,  p.  164),  were  of  opinion  that  these  coins  were  struck  by  Ventidius 
after  the  victory  at  Gindarus,  and  when  "  doubtless  he  was  acclaimed  Imperator  by  his 
legions."  Borghesi(CEuCT'escompI.,  t.  ii.,p.  63)  has  put  their  issue  after  July,  B.C.  38,  when  Antony 
took  over  the  command  in  Syria,  that  is  some  time  during  the  autumn  of  that  year.  Ventidius's 
victory  at  Gindarus  would  seem  to  have  been  the  most  important  event_in  his  life,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  most  probable  occasion  on  which  these  coins  would  have  been  struck.  If, 
however,  the  coins  of  the  second  series  issued  by  Lucius  Antonius  are  to  be  given  to  the  time 
of  the  siege  of  Perusia,  then  from  similarity  of  fabric  and  style  those  of  Ventidius  must  also 


40i  COINAGE   OF   GAUL 

-\o.        Wcijht       -^'j'f   ■  OUv,\<c  Reverse 

■'         and  i'icc 

:  Circ.  B.C.  iO;   a.u.c.  TU^ 

C  .  CAESAR  :  C  .  CAESAR 

(CAIUS  CAESAE;    CAIUS  [JULIUS]  CAESAR) 

Aureus - 

74      12i-5      A'      S      Head  of   Octa\ius  r.,  bare,    Head   of   Julius   Caesao:   r., 

j  with  slight  beard ;  around,        laureate;  around,  C  ■  CAE- 

j  CCAESAFLCOSrON"-        SAR.        DICT   •   PER.P   ■ 

;  A/Q-     {Consul,    pontife.v,        POl^- /\f^X- {Dictator pcr- 

ai(ijiu).  petuo,  pontifcx  maximus). 

[PI.  civ.   10.] 
(Wi^an  Coll.) 

be  assigned  to  that  date.  There  ai-e  ocher  points  of  similarity  between  the  two  issues.  In 
each  case  the  name  of  Antony  is  given  in  monogram,  and  the  title  of  triumTir  (III  ■  V  for 
III  ■  VIR)  is  abbreviated  in  the  same  nnusnal  form.  Also  the  portrait  of  Antony,  though 
bearded,  is  very  similar  and  in  low  relief.  The  style  of  these  denarii  is  very  unlike  that 
of  the  coins  assigned  to  the  East,  B.C.  38 ;  at  which  date  Antony  had  entered  on  his  second 
if  not  his  third  Imperatorship.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  the  denarii  of  Lucius  Antonins 
of  flat  fabric  and  those  of  Yentidins  are  contemporary,  and  are  of  the  same  locality.  He 
must  therefore  have  received  the  title  of  Imperator  either  dm-ing  or  before  the  siege  of 
Pernsia  in  B.C.  41,  40,  and  not  in  B.C.  oS  for  his  victory  at  Gindarus.  As  he  is  the  only 
general  of  Antony  who  on  that  occasion  struck  coins  in  his  own  name,  it  is  possible,  though 
we  do  not  possess  any  other  record,  that  the  chief  command  of  the  troops  to  relieve 
Pertisia,  about  ■which  there  had  beeu  such  contention,  did  actually  pass  to  him,  and  that  it 
was  then  tliat  he  was  saluted  Imperatnr.  He  may,  however,  have  received  the  title  just  after 
the  siege  of  Mutina,  when  by  his  skilful  manoeuvring  he  kept  the  road  clear  for  the  retreat  of 
Antony,  who  was  in  consequence  spared  the  indignity  of  appearing  before  Lepidns  as  a 
fugitive  (Gardthansen,  Avgustus,  vol.  i.,  p.  229).  In  cither  case  it  would  not  afEect  the  date 
to  which  his  coins  are  here  assigned.  Ventidius  was  elected  to  the  college  of  Pontiffs  at  the 
same  time  that  he  was  appointed  coiisi'i  suTfectuf  (Aulus  Gellius,  loc.  cit.). 

Borghesi  {op.  cit.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  64)  has  identified  the  figure  on  the  reverse  as  represent- 
ing Antony  as  a  hero,  holding  in  his  hand  the  olivc-bi-anch  of  peace,  and  Babelon  (vol.  ii., 
p.  527)  as  commemorative  of  a  military  success.  The  figure  appears  rather  to  be  that  of 
Jupiter  Victor.  He  is  laureate,  his  mantle  hangs  down  from  his  left  shoulder,  and  his  right 
hand  leans  on  a  sceptre  and  not  on  a  spear.  The  type  may  Velate  to  some  successes  of 
Ventidius  during  the  siege  of  Pernsia  or  shortly  before. 

^  After  the  surrender  of  Pernsia  in  March,  B.C.  40.  Octavius  returned  to  Rome  for  a  short 
period  to  celebrate  his  victory  and  to  receive  the  congratulations  of  the  Senate.  Italy  being 
pacified  by  the  departure  of  the  generals  of  Antony,  some  to  the  East  and  others  to  join 
Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily,  Octavius  turned  his  attention  to  the  reorganization  and  administra- 
tion of  the  Gallic  provinces,  which  had  been  so  long  in  the  hands  of  his  enemies  (Dion  Cassius, 
slviii.  20).  He  did  not,  however,  remain  long  in  Gaul,  for  he  was  back  again  in  Rome  before 
the  autumn,  as  he  feared  a  coalition  between  Antony  and  Sextus  Pompey.  the  former  being 
urged  on  by  his  wife  Palvia,  who  had  gone  to  Athens  after  the  fall  of  Perusia.  Her  sudden 
death,  however,  removed  a  formidable  obstacle,  and  the  triumvirs  meeting  at  Brundusium  a 
third  division  of  the  empire  was  agreed  upon,  by  which  Octa,vins  received  Spain  and  Gaul 
together  with  Sardinia  and  Dalmatia,  Antony  took  over  the  whole  of  the  East,  including 
Macedonia  and  Achaia,  whilst  Lepidus,  who  does  not  appear  to  have  been  consulted  by  his 
colleagues,  had  to  content  himself  with  Africa  (see  Coinage  of  Africa,  b.c.  40 — 36;  Dion 
Cassius,  xlviii.  28).  As  a  pledge  of  the  renewed  friendship  Antony  maxried  Oct-avia,  the 
sister  of  Octavius.  This  last  division  of  the  empire  is  evidenced  by  coins  struck  in  Gaul  and 
the  East. 

The  coins  attributed  to  Gaul  dm-ing  B.C.  40  comprise  thi-ee  sei-ies: — (i.)  those  which 
Octavius  struck  as  a  memorial  of  Julius  Caesar  ;  (ii.)  those  which  record  the  honours  paid  to 
him  by  the  Senate  in  the  erection  of  statues;  and  (iii.)  those  which  wei'e  issued  in  his  name 
by  the  propraetor,  L.  Cornelius  Balbus,  and  the  legate,  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Rufus.  Count 
de  Salis  appears  to  have  arranged  the  issues  in  the  above  order  on  the  basis  of  slight  changes  in 
the  portrait  of  Octavius.  That  on  the  gold  coins  of  himself  and  Julius  Caesar  is  very  similar 
to  the  portrait  on  the  coins  of  the  previous  year ;  that  on  the  silver  of  this  issue,  and  of  the  next 
with  his  name  only,  is  like  the  portrait  on  the  coins  of  Balbus  and  Salvidienus,  which  in  turn 
resembles  that  on  the  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  39. 

-  These  aurei  and  the  following  denarii  were  struck  by  Octavius  in  honour  of  his 
adoptive  father,  Julius  Caesar.      Octavius  was  always  anxious  to   bring  before  the  eyes  of 


CIRC.  B.C.  40;    A.U.C.  714 


405 


Xii.       Weight 

75      123-5 


76 

77 
78 


60-5 

58-0 
58-0 


Metal 
and  Size  Obverse 

^    '75  !  Similar;  legend,C. CAESAR- 
COS -PONT.  AVG- 


Reverse 


Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  11.] 

(Cracherode  Coil.) 


AX  '8  I  Head  of  Ootavius  r.,  bare, 
witli  sliglit  beard;  around, 
CAESAK-IIIVIR.K-r.C 


Al    -85 
Al    -75 


Similar. 
Similar. 


79    I    62-8 


/R    -75 


Denarius^ 

Curule  chair  surmounted  by 
a   wreath   and  inscribed, 
C/ES/«fv.  Die  PER. 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  12.] 

Similar. 


C  .  CAESAR 

(CAIUS  CABSAE) 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Ootavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  around, 
C  CAESAK  .  ill  .  VIK  ■ 
R..  P  -C 


Equestrian  statue  of  Oota- 
vius 1.,  horse  galloping ; 
Octavius  extends  his  r. 
hand;-^  below,  POPVL  ■ 
IVSSV 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 


the  Eoman  people,  more  especially  of  the  army,  the  fact  that  his  claims  to  take  part  in  public 
affairs  and  high  command  were  based  on  his  being  acknowledged  as  the  adopted  son  and  heir  to 
the  great  imperator.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  36)  has  fixed  the  issue  of  these  aurei  to  between 
August,  B.C.  43,  when  Octavius  was  elected  consul  for  the  first  time,  and  the  November 
following,  as  no  mention  is  made  of  the  triumvirate.  If,  however,  they  are  rightly  attri- 
buted by  Count  de  Salis  to  Gaul  they  could  not  have  been  struck  earlier  than  B.C.  41,  so  their 
attribution  to  B.C.  40  seems  quite  admissible.  The  title  of  consul  given  to  Octavius  does 
not  therefore  signify  that  these  coins  were  actually  struck  during  the  year  of  his  consulship, 
B.C.  43,  but  that,  as  in  the  case  of  Antony  and  Lepidus  (see  above,  p.  393,  no.  32),  it  is  only 
commemorative  of  his  having  held  that  ofiice. 

A  variety  of  the  aureus  reading  PON  (no.  74)  in  the  Montagu  collection  showed  the 
heads  of  Octavius  and  Julius  Caesar  larger,  but  the  coin  is  of  the  same  style  of  work  (see  Sale 
Catalogue,  pi.  ii.,  no.  37).  De  Sauloy  (Syst.  monet.  de  la  Rfp.  rom.  a  I'ep.  de  Jules  Cesar,  p.  17, 
no.  xxxvii.)  mentions  after  Riccio  a  denarius  of  the  type  of  the  aureus,  but  no  such  piece 
appears  to  exist  (Cohen,  Hon.  rep.  rom.,  p.  161,  note). 

^  These  denarii  are  also  memorials  of  Julius  Caesar.  The  reverse  type  shows  the  gilded 
sella  and  the  jewelled  wreath  which  the  Senate  decreed  to  him  on  the  occasion  of  his  triumph 
in  B.C.  4.5,  and  which  Octavius  in  the  following  year  claimed  should  be  exhibited  in  their 
proper  place  at  the  celebration  of  the  festival  in  honour  of  the  "Victoria  Caesaris"  (Dramann, 
Gescli.  I!om.s,  vol.  iii.,  p.  596;  Dion  Cassius,  xliv.  6;  Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iii.  28).  Babelon 
(vol.  ii.,  p.  45)  has  attributed  these  denarii  to  a  somewhat  earlier  date,  B.C.  43 — 4:i,  as  Caesar 
is  not  given  the  title  of  Divus  which  was  decreed  to  him  in  B.C.  42;  but,  as  we  have  mentioned 
(see  above,  p.  381),  the  inscriptions  of  this  nature  on  coins  are  not  always  criteria  for  fixing 
the  precise  date  of  their  issue.  It  has  already  been  observed  that  in  the  portrait  of  Octavius 
and  also  in  fabric  these  coins  and  those  which  follow  and  bear  only  the  name  of  Octavius,  are 
very  similar  to  the  denarii  of  L.  Cornelius  Balbas  and  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Eufus,  which 
must  be  attributed  to  B.C.  40. 

Varieties  of  these  denarii  In  the  Vienna  collection  read  on  the  reverse  C/ESAR  and 
CAESAR  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  152).     This  coin  was  restored  by  Trajan. 

'  This  appears  to  represent  one  of  the  equestrian  statues  which  were  erected  to  Octavius 
on  his  return  to  Eome  in  the  previous  year  after  the  war  with  Brutus  and  Cassius.     It  is 


406 

No. 

80 


Weirjlit 

61-0 


81 


82 


62-8 


58-0 


123-5 


Metal 
and  Siic 

^l   -7 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

Obi'ci'tie 


Rtver.^c 


M    -75 


M    -65 


N-    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  13.] 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Type  II.i 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  around, 
C.CAESAR. -IMP  {Impe- 
rator). 

Similar. 


Equestrian  statue  of  Octa- 
vius 1. ,  his  r.hand  extended ; 
in  the  exergue,  S  •  C  (Se- 
natus  consulto). 
(Blacas  CoU.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  14.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


C . CAESAR :   BALBVS 

(CAIUS  CAESAE;    [LUCIUS  COENELIUS] 
BALBUS2) 

Aureus 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard;  around, 
C  •  CAESAR  ■  III  .  VIK  . 
K-r[-C]  [Triumvir  rei- 
publicae  cmistitucndae). 


Club  1.;  above,  BALBVS; 
below,  TKo  .  PK  (Pro- 
praetor). 


[Paris  Coll.] 


similar  to  one  represented  on  aurei  struck  at  Eome  at  a  somewhat  later  date  (see  above,  p.  9, 
no.  4325).  On  account  of  an  inscription  published  by  Orelli  {Inscr.,  no.  586;  C.I.L.,  vol.  i., 
no.  626),  which  is  on  a  plinth  in  the  Vatican  Museum,  and  which  reads,  D I VO  I V LI O  I VSS V 
POPVLI  ROMANI  STATVTVM  EST  LEGE  RVFRENA,  Babelou  (vol.  ii.,  p.  47)  has 
identified  the  equestrian  statue  on  this  coin  as  that  of  Julius  Caesar,  which  was  erected  in  his 
honour  on  the  occasion  of  his  apotheosis  in  B.C.  42,  but  as  all  the  public  statues  were  erected 
by  command  of  the  Roman  people,  the  inscription  on  the  coins  would  apply  equally  to  one  in 
honour  of  Octavius.  Dion  Cassius  (xliii.  14)  relates  that  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus 
amongst  the  honours  decreed  to  Julius  Caesar  was  a  statue  of  himself  in  bronze  standing  on  a 
terrestial  globe,  with  an  inscription  giving  him  the  title  of  demi-god.  The  inscription  iu  the 
Vatican  Museum  may  relate  to  this  particular  statue. 

'  This  type  is  practically  a  repetition  of  that  on  denarii  assigned  to  the  previous  year, 
with  the  exception  that  the  statue  on  the  reverse  is  turned  to  the  left  instead  of  to  the  right 
(see  above,  p.  399,  no.  63).  The  same  statue  is  probably  intended  to  be  shown  in  both  issues. 
Count  de  Salis  has  separated  them  on  account  of  a  slight  difference  in  the  portrait  of  Octavius, 
which  on  these  coins  is  very  similar  not  only  to  that  on  the  previous  denarii  assigned  to  this 
year,  but  also  to  that  on  the  coins  of  L.  Cornelius  Balbus,  which  follow.  Babelou  (vol.  ii., 
p.  36)  has  assigned  them  to  a  date  before  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate,  as  Octavius  is  only 
given  the  title  of  Imperator. 

^  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus  was  a  native  of  Gades.  He  served  in  the  war  against  Sertorius, 
distinguishing  himself  so  much  that  Pompey  conferred  on  him  the  Roman  citizenship.  After 
the  war  he  came  to  Rome  and  cultivated  the  friendship  of  Pompey,  but  later  paid  court  to 
Caesar,  who  appointed  him  praejcctus  fahrum  during  the  war  in  Spain,  B.C.  61,  and  ao-ain  iu 


No.        11  e^q/it  ,  o- 


CIRC.  B.C.  40;   A.U.C.  714 

Ohvcrse 


407 


83 


84 


85 


86 


87 


89 


60-4 
57-0 
51-0 


63-5 


61-7 


58-7 


67-7 


A\    -75 
M    -7 
M    -8 


M    -85 


M 


JR    -8 


/K    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Denarius 

Similar. 


Jiei'cr^e 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  15.] 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


C  .  CAESAR  :  a  .  SALVIVS 

(CAIUS  CAESAE;   QUINTUS  SALVIUS 
[SALVIDIENUS  EUFUS]  ') 

Denarius 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  around, 
C  ■  CAESAR  .  Ill  .  VIR.  ■ 
R.  •  r  •  C  {Triumvir  rcijnib- 
licae  constittiendac). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Winged     thunderbolt ;      a- 
round,       Q   .    SALVIVS 
IMP  ■  COS  .  DESG  {Impc- 
rator,  consul  designatus). 
[PI.  civ.   16.] 

Similar ;      legend     reading, 
G 
DBS 

Similar ;      legend    reading, 
l/W-CoS-DESIG 

Similar. 

[PI.  civ.  17.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


his  campaign  in  Gaul,  B.C.  58.  Balbus  appears  to  have  remained  neutral  during  the  Civil  -n-ar, 
but  on  the  death  of  Caesar  he  joined  Octavius,  who  made  him  praeior  UThanus.  In  B.C.  40 
Octavius  promoted  him  to  a  propraetorship  in  Gaul,  and  towards  the  end  of  the  same  year  he 
was  further  advanced  to  the  rank  of  consul  suffectus  (Drumann,  Gescli.  Roms^  vol.  ii.,  pp.  511  f.). 
This  was  the  first  instance  in  which  this  honour  was  conferred  upon  one  who  was  not  born  a 
Eoraan  citizen  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  vii.  136).  After  this  date  nothing  appears  to  be  known  of 
Balbus,  nor  has  the  year  of  his  death  been  recorded.  The  above  coins  were  evidently  struck 
by  him  as  propraetor  early  in  B.C.  40,  before  he  was  consul  suffectus.  The  club  on  the 
reverse  is  intended  to  refer  to  Gades,  the  birthplace  of  Balbus,  where  was  situated  the 
celebrated  and  wealthy  temple  of  Hercules  Gaditanus,  which  was  rifled  by  M.  Terentius  Varro 
during  the  first  Pompeian  war  in  Spain,  in  B.C.  49  (see  above,  p.  S63).  The  portrait  of 
Octavius  is  very  similar  to  that  on  previous  denarii  assigned  to  this  year. 

The  illustration  of  the  aureus  given  above  is  of  the  specimen  in  the  Paris  collection. 
Bahrfeldt  thinks  that  it  is  not  genuine,  but  a  cast  in  gold  of  the  denarius.  Babelon,  however, 
does  not  share  this  opinion,  and  is  convinced  of  its  authenticity. 

'  Quintus  Salvius  Salvidienus  Rufus,  with  whom  this  moneyer  is  identified,  was  of 
humble  origin,  and  owed  his  elevation  to  the  favour  of  Octavius,  which  he  repaid  with  base 
ingratitude.  He  was  with  Octavius  at  Apollonia  at  the  time  of  Caesar's  death,  and  is 
mentioned  alonpf  with  Agrippa  as  one  of  his  confidential  advisers  on  the  assassination  of  the 
dictator  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  59).  In  B.C.  42  he  commanded  the  fleet  of  Octavius  against  Sextus 
Pompey,  and  although  not  with  success  he  received  the  title  of  Imperator.  In  B.C.  41  he 
was  sent  by  Octavius  into  Spain  with  several  legions,  but  as  soon  as  he  had  crossed  the  Alps 
he  was  summoned  back  to  take  part  in  the  Perusine  war  (Appian,  JSel!.  civ.,  v.  2u).  On  the  fall 
of  Perusia  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Gallia  Xarbonensis,  and  Octavius  promised  him  the 


408 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


-T         IT-  •  7  i       Metal 
^"-       I'^^'S'''*     and  Size 


90 


91 


128-3 


124-5 


N    -75 


^    -75 


Circ.  B.C.  39;    .^.u.c.  715 1 

CAESAFL  :  ANTON IVS 

(CAIUS  GAESAE;    ilAECUS  ANTONIUS) 
Aureus^ 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  beard;  around,  CAE 
SAR.  IMP  [imiwrator). 


Similar. 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare, 
not  bearded ;  around, 
ANTON  IVS  IMP  (hnpc- 
rator). 

[PI.  civ.  18.] 

Similar. 

[PL  civ.  19.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


consulship.  Salvidienus,  however,  abused  this  confidence  by  encouraging  the  troops  in  his 
province  to  desert  to  Antony.  His  treachery  being  revealed  by  Antony  to  Octavius  he  vras 
summoned  to  Rome,  and  on  his  arrival  was  condemned  to  death.  Livy  {Epit.,  127)  relates  that 
he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  Mommsen  {Zeit.f.  Num.,  1884,  p.  73),  who  has  placed  the  consul- 
ship designate  of  Salvidienus  during  E.  c.  41 — 40,  has  assigned  these  coins  to  the  earlier  date,  but 
as  Salvidienus  did  not  go  to  Gaul  till  after  the  siege  of  Perusia,  B.C.  40  is  the  more  probable 
year  of  their  issue.  Their  fabric  seems  also  to  favour  their  having  been  struck  in  B.C.  40,  as 
the  head  of  Octavius  on  some  (nos.  86.  87)  approaches  in  style  that  on  the  previous  denarii 
described  of  this  year,  and  on  nos.  88,  89  it  is  very  similar  to  those  on  coins  which  are 
assigned  to  B.C.  39.  The  earliest  find  in  which  these  coins  were  met  with  was  that  unearthed 
at  Peccioli,  the  burial  of  which  took  place  in  B.C.  38  or  early  in  B.C.  37  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  561, 
and  Tables  of  Finds).  They  are  the  latest  in  date  of  the  provincial  denarii  which  occurred  in 
that  find.  The  coins  of  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus  were  also  met  with  for  the  first  time  in  that 
find. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  thunderbolt  may  refer  to  the  successes  of  Salvidienus  in  the  Pemsine 
war.  Leaden  sling-bolts  inscribed  Q  .  SAL .  IM  on  one  side  and  with  a  winged  thunderbolt 
on  the  other  are  in  the  Munich,  Reggio,  and  Catanzaro  Museuins.  These  furnish  us  with  a 
solution  of  the  reverse  type  of  the  coins  (Ephem.  Epig.,  vi.,  p.  50 ;  C.I.L.,  vol.  i . ,  no.  689) .  They 
were  probably  made  for  use  at  the  siege  of  Perusia  as  they  have  been  found  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  that  place,  and  previously  in  the  war  against  Sextus  Pompey,  since  they  have  been 
met  with  at  Leucopetra  (Pellaro)  in  South  Italy,  which  was  occupied  by  Salvidienus  in  B.C.  42. 
There  exists  a  legend  of  Salvidienus  that  whilst  tending  his  flocks  in  his  yoath  flames  fore- 
telling his  future  successes  appeared  above  his  head. 

There  is  a  hybrid  in  the  collection  of  M.  R.  Mowat  consisting  of  the  reverse  of  the  above 
denarius,  and  of  the  obverse  of  that  of  Q.  Sioinius  with  the  head  of  Apollo  (Babelon,  vol.  ii., 
p.  415). 

'  The  only  coins  assigned  to  Gaul  during  this  year  are  those  which  were  struck  by 
Octavius  in  his  own  name  and  in  that  of  Antony,  and  those  which  bear  his  name  only.  On 
the  gold  pieces  of  the  first  series  the  heads  of  Octavius  and  Antony  occur  as  obverse  and 
reverse  types,  but  on  the  denarii  the  portrait  of  Octavius  or  Antony  is  placed  on  the  obverse 
only.  The  portrait  of  Octavius  on  both  series  is  very  similar  to  that  on  coins  of  Q.  Salvius  Sal- 
vidienus Rufus  (see  above,  nos.  88,  89),  especially  in  the  arrangement  of  the  hair  and  in  the 
indication  of  the  beard ;  but  that  of  Antony  is  larger  and  of  bolder  style  than  those  previously 
seen  on  the  Gaulish  pieces.  It  approaches  more  closely  the  one  which  is  found  on  his  coins 
struck  at  this  time  in  the  East.  It  is,  however,  the  style  of  the  head  of  Octavius  which  fixes 
this  issue  to  circ.  B.C.  39.  As  Octavius  and  Antony  are  only  given  the  title  of  Imperator, 
Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  35)  has  assigned  this  issue  to  a  date  previous  to  the  formation  of  the 
triumvirate.  We  are,  however,  unable,  for  reasons  already  given,  to  accept  this  classification 
(see  above,  p.  381).  These  coins  were  the  latest  in  date  of  those  issued  in  Gaul  which  were 
met  with  in  the  Garlasco  and  Arbanats  finds  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  561,  562,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

^  These  aurei  and  also  the  following  denarii  with  the  reverse  type  a  caducous  were  probably 
intended  to  commemorate  the  reconciliation  of  Octavius  and  Antony  at  the  end  of  the  previous 
year,  which  brought  about  a  temporary  renewal  of  their  former  friendship,  and  which  was  con- 
firmed by  the  marriage  of  Antony  with  Octavia.  This  reconciliation  was  also  commemorated  by 
similar  gold  and  silver  coins  struck  in  the  East  by  Antony  (see  Coinage  of  the  East,  s.a.  n.c. 


i'li.       Weight 


92    '    62-5 


93 


94 


59'7 


60-5 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -76 


M    -8 


M    -75 


95 


122-4 


CIRC.  B.C.  39;    A.U.C.  715 

Ohi.'eyhe 

Denarius 

Type  I. 


409 


Reverss 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Caduceus  with  wings ;  a- 
round,  ANTONIVS  IMP 
(upwards). 

[PI.   cv.   1.] 

(Nott) 

Similar  ;leg6nd,downwards.^ 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare, 
not  bearded ;  around, 
ANTONIVS  IMn 


Caduceus  with  wings ;  a- 
round,  CAESAR  IMP 
(downwards). 

[PI.  cv.  2.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


N    -8 


CAESAR 

(CAIUS  CAESAE) 


Aureus 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
very  slight  beard;  around, 
CAESAK.III.VIR.R.P.C 

(Triumvir  reipublicae  con- 
stituendae). 


Equestrian  statue  of  Octa- 
vius 1. ;  2  he  holds  lituus 
in  r.  hand ;  the  horse  is 
without  bridle,  but  around 
its  neck  is  a  strap  with 
phalerae  attached;  in  the 
exergue,  rostrum  1.,  divid- 
ing S  C  (Senatus  comulto). 
[PI.  cv.  3.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


40 — 39).  The  caduceus  in  this  instance  may  he  the  syml)ol  of  peace,  or  it  may  relate  to  the 
agreement  which  had  been  entered  into  early  in  B.C.  39  between  Antony,  Octavius,  and  Sextus 
Pompey,  by  which  the  last  was  allowed  a  share  in  the  goTernment  of  the  State;  Sicily, 
Sardinia,  Corsica,  and  the  Peloponnesus  being  allotted  to  him,  on  his  undertaking  to  cease  his 
ravages  on  the  coasts  of  Italy  and  the  intercepting  of  the  corn-ships  from  Africa.  It  was 
hoped  that  this  compact  would  also  restore  the  commerce  between  Italy  and  the  East. 

1  A  variety  reads  ANTON   IMP  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.  p.  35,  no.  61). 

^  This  equestrian  statue  is  another  of  those  which  were  erected  by  order  of  the  Senate  to 
Octavius.  It  is  an  interesting  monument  as  it  shows  Octavius  in  his  capacity  as  an  augur, 
and  also  on  account  of  the  phalerae  which  decorate  the  horse.  The  opinion  expressed  by 
Prosper  Dupr^  {Recherches  sur  quelques  types  de  medailles  latines,  Paris,  1836,  pp.  38  f.)  that 
the  statue  represents  Eutyches  and  his  ass  Nicon,  who  were  met  by  Octavius  jast  before  the 
battle  of  Actium,  and  to  whom  bronze  statues  were  subsequently  erected  by  Octavius  (Suetonius, 
Augustus,  96)  cannot  be  accepted,  as  the  head  of  Octavius  is  represented  with  a  beard,  a  sign 
of  mourning,  which  he  abandoned  after  the  battle  of  Nauloohus  in  B.C.  36.  Also  for  some 
time  before  the  battle  of  Actium  Octavius  had  given  up  the  title  of  Triumvir  reipuhlicae 
constituendae,  which  does  not  appear  on  any  of  his  coins  struck  after  B.C.  86  (see  above, 
p.  2).  Oavedoni  {Rev.  Num.,  1857,  p.  358)  has  therefore  suggested  that  the  type  may  relate 
either  to  the  ovation  granted  to  Octavius  after  the  battles  of  Philippi,  or  to  his  reconciliation 
VOL.    II.  3    G 


410 


No.      Wcicilit 


96 


60-0 


97      58-5 


98 


99 


60-0 


58-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


/ll    -75 

JR    -7 
JR    -75 


100 


101 


61-6 


60-5 


M    -8 


M    -8 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


Fteverpc 


Denarius^ 


Bust  of  Mars  v.,  draped, 
•wearing  crested  helmet 
ornamented  ■with  feather 
or  aigrette ;  behind,  spear; 
around,  CAESAR.  HI  VIR.- 
RP.C 

Similar ;  legend,  CAESAR. 
for  CAESAR. 


Similar;     legend,     CAES/^ 
for  CAESAR. 

Similar. 


A  legionary  aqtdla,  sur- 
mounted by  a  trophy; 
on  either  side,  a  signum ; 
in  the  field,  S  C  {Senatus 
consuUo). 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cv.  4.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cv.  5.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Circ.  B.C.  38 ;    a.u.c.  716  - 

DIVOS  IVLIVS:   DM  F:  M.AGKimA 

(DIVOS  JULIUS;   DIVI  FILIUS;  MAECUS 
[VIPSANIUS]  AGEIPPA) 

Denarius 

M-  AGR.irrA.  COS 


Heads  of  Julius  Caesar  and 
Octavius  face  to  face ; 
Julius  Caesar  is  laureate ; 
Octavius  is  without  beard ; 
behind  Julius  Caesar, 
DIVOS.  IVLIVS;  behind 
Octavius,  DIVI  •  F 

Similar. 


AGR.irrA.  v-wj    ,ri 
DESIG  (^''"- 

sul  designatus)  across  the 
field. 

(Campana  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  cv.  6.] 


with  Antony  in  A.u.c.  714  (b.c.  40),  or  to  the  subsequent  agreement  with  Antony  in  B.C.  37, 
when  the  latter  handed  over  to  Octavius  a  fleet  of  over  one  hundred  and  twenty  vessels  to  be 
used  in  the  naval  war  which  he  was  prosecuting  against  Sextus  Pompey.  A  further  sugges- 
tion made  by  Cavedoni  is  that  the  statue  may  be  that  which  was  erected  by  order  of  the 
Senate  to  Octavius  after  the  fall  of  Mutina  in  B.C.  43,  and  which  was  placed  in  the  Rostra  in 
the  Forum  romanum  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  61— statua  equestris  in  rostris  posita).  Though  this 
occurred  before  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate,  this  identification  of  Cavedoni  seems  to  be 
right  on  account  of  the  rostrum  on  the  reverse.  In  assigning  this  aureus  to  B.C.  39  it  may  be 
noticed  that  the  portrait  of  Octavius  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the  preceding  aurei  with  his 
own  head  and  that  of  Antony,  and  also  to  that  on  the  coins  of  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Rufus 
which  are  classed  to  the  previous  year. 

'  It  is  still  more  difficult  to  give  a  precise  date  to  these  denarii.  The  trophy  may  refer  to 
the  victories  of  Philippi,  or  if  the  shields  of  the  trophy  are  Gaulish  to  some  successes  of  Salvi- 
dienus or  Agrippa  in  Gaul.  It  was  in  B.C.  39  that  Agrippa  was  sent  by  Octavius  to  Gaul,  and 
in  the  following  year  crossed  the  Rhine  and  penetrated  into  Germany,  and  afterwards  brought 
the  Aquitani  to  obedience  (see  below).  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  38)  is  of  opinion  that  these  denarii 
were  struck  shortly  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate. 

^  The  gold  and  silver  coins  assigned  to  this  year  are  of  considerable  importance  from  two 


No.     Wci.jhl 


Metal 
and  iSiit' 


102 


126-8 


N     -8 


CIEG.  B.C.  38;   A.U.C.  716 

Obverse 


■ill 


Rev  erne 


IMP.DIVI   IVLI   F:   M.AGRIPPA 

(IMPEEATOR   DIVI   JULI   FILIUS;    MAECUS 
[VIPSANIUS]    AGEIPPA) 


Aureus  1 


Deified  head  of  Julius  Caesar 
r.,  laureate,  witfi  sligtit 
beard ;  before  foreliead, 
star;  around,  IMP  •  DIVI  • 
IVLI  .  F.tER..|||.VIR- 
R.  •  P  •  C  •  (Imperator,  Divi 
Jiili  filius,  tertio,  triumvir 
reipublicae  constitue^idae). 


M.  AGR. I PP A    COS 
DESIG 

(similar  to  no.  100). 
[PI.  cv.  8.] 
(Trattle  Coll.) 


points  of  view ;  first,  because  their  date  of  issue  is  certain,  and  secondly,  because  they  are 
iu  fabric  and  style  a  criterion  for  fixing  the  locality  of  striking  of  the  preceding  and  follow- 
ing issues.  It  was  in  B.C.  38  that  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippawas  consul  designate.  In  the  previous 
year  he  had  been  sent  by  Ootavius  to  Gaul  to  quell  the  revolt  of  the  native  chiefs.  His  victories, 
especially  those  in  Aquitania,  earned  him  the  gratitude  of  Octavius,  who  oiSered  him  a 
triumph,  which  he  refused,  but  accepted  the  consulship,  to  which  he  was  advanced  in  B.C.  37, 
having  L.  Caninius  Gallus  as  his  colleague.  This  not  only  fixes  the  date  of  these  coins  but  also 
their  locality  of  issue.  In  style  and  fabric,  and  in  their  types  and  legends,  they  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  the  coinages  of  this  particular  epoch  which  are  assigned  to  Gaul.  The 
portraits  of  Octavius  and  Julius  Caesar  are  precisely  similar  to  those  on  previous  issues,  the 
former  more  especially  in  connection  with  the  coinage  of  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Rufna  ;  the 
latter,  though  given  a  somewhat  younger  face,  with  the  portrait  on  aurei  assigned  to  B.C.  40. 
The  reverses-  with  legends  only,  unaccompanied  by  any  device,  may  be  compared  with  the 
obverses  of  denarii  of  Octavius  assigned  to  the  following  year  (see  nos.  113,  114). 

The  ancient  form  of  DIVOS  for  Dl  VVS  is  not  unusual  at  this  time  in  inscriptions,  and  is 
found  on  other  coins  of  Ootavius  struck  at  AchuUa  and  Leptis  Minor  (Miiller,  Num.  de  Vane. 
Ajr.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  43,  49).  Its  occurrence  in  this  particular  instance  on  coins  with  the  names  of 
Julius  Caesar  and  Octavius  helps  us  to  assign  a  date  to  the  issue  of  the  following  bronze  money 
(see  below,  pp.  412,  413).  They  are  the  only  instances  on  these  provincial  coins  of  Octavius. 
A  very  important  circumstance  in  connection  with  the  gold  and  silver  money  of  this  year  is 
the  changes  in  the  name  of  Octavius.  Hitherto  on  his  Gaulish  coins  he  has  been  styled 
"  C.  Caesar,"  or  "  Caesar."  The  names  now  substituted  are  "  Divi  f.,"  "  Imp.  Divi  Juli  f." 
and  "Imp.  Caesar  Divi  Juli  f.,"  which  show  a  gradual  development.  The  last  title,  in 
the  form  of  "  Imp.  Caesar  Divi  f ."  was  that  adopted  on  subsequent  coinages  down  to  the 
lime  of  his  being  created  "Augustus,"  B.C.  27.  These  are  also  the  first  instances  of  the  title 
"  Imperator"  being  used  as  a  praenomen. 

Morelii  {Fam.  rom.  num.,  Vipsania,  no.  1)  quotes  an  aureus  with  the  heads  of  Julius  Caesar 
and  Augustus,  but  no  specimen  is  known. 

'  The  obverse  type  of  this  aureus  is  somewhat  anomalous,  as  it  furnishes  a  portrait  of  Julius 
Caesar,  but  the  legend  relates  to  Ootavius.  Some  difference  of  opinion  has  existed  as  to  the 
correct  reading  of  the  obverse  legend,  whether  it  should  be  IMP.DIVI  IVLI  F.TER.IIIVIR. 
R  .  P  .  C  .,  or  TER  (itemm)  .  IIIVIR  .  R  .  P  .  C  .  Borghesi  {(Euvres  compl.,  t.  i.,  pp.  105  f.) 
and  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,p.  56)  have  interpreted  it  as  TE  R  .  1 1 IVI  R  (iterum  trmirivir),a.nd  as  refer- 
ring to  the  renewal  of  the  triumvirate  in  B.C.  38,  butMommsen  (Staatsreclii ,  3rd  ed.,  1887,  vol.  ii., 
11.  708,  note  i.)  as  TER  .  IIIVIR  (tertio  triumvir),  i.e.,  imperator  tertio,  thus  connecting  TER 
with  the  imperatorship  and  not  with  the  triumvirate.  On  a  specimen  in  the  Vienna  cabinet 
figured  by  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pi.  vii.,  no.  147)  the  legend  reads  distinctly  TER,  but 
on  another  one  in  the  same  collection,  which  appears  to  be  a  duplicate  of  that  iu  the  l^ational 
Collection,  the  letters  of  the  legend  are  ill-formed,  and  this  has  been  the  cause  of  the  reading 
TER,  there  being  a  slight  defect  in  the  die,  the  word  being  given  as  TER.  Mommsen's 
reading  has  been  confirmed  by  Von  Sallet  (Comment.  pJiil.  in  honor.  Th.  Mommseni,  1877,  Die 
Miinzen  Caesars,  &c.,  p.  94  ;  Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1877,  p.  140;  1878,  p.  245),  who  cites  in  confirmation 
a  specimen  in  the  Paris  cabinet.  As  the  triumvirate  was  never  renewed  for  a  third  time  TER 
must  therefore  be  connected  with  IMP.  Mommsen(Ees  gestae,  p.  11)  says  that  Octavius  received 
his  third  imperatorship  before  B.C.  37.  It  may  have  been  accorded  to  him  for  the  victories  of 
Agrippa  in  B.C.  38,  and  of  this  the  present  coin  would  be  a  record.  It  should  be  mentioned 
that  Babelon  (loc.  oil.)  gives  two  reasons  for  not  accepting  Mommsen's  interpretation;  first. 


412 


■M        1,7  •  7.J       Metal 
A'o.     We^9M     ^^  ^.^^ 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

Obverse 


Rererse 


103 


1C4 


105 


60-7 


60-7 


551-0 

(worn) 


M    -75 


M    -75 


IMP  .  CAESAR    DIVI     IVLI    F  :  M  .  AGRIPPA 

(IMPEEATOE    GAESAE    DIVI    JULI    PILIUS; 
MAECUS  [VIPSANIUS]  AGEIPPA) 

Denarius^ 


M  1-4 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare 
and  with  beard;  around, 
IMP  ■  CAESAR  DIVI  . 
IVLI-F 

Similar. 


M-AGRIPPA.COS 
DESIG 

(similar  to  no.  100). 
[PI.  ov.  7.] 

(Nott) 
Similar. 


CAESAR  DIVI   F:  DIVOS  IVLIVS 

(GAESAE  DIVI   FILIUS;    DIVOS    JULIUS) 
Sestertius^ 
Type  I. 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard  ;  before, 
CAESAR.;  behind,  DIVI- 


Deified  head  of  Julius  Gaesar 

r.,    laureate;    before,    Dl 

VOS;  behind,  IVLIVS 

[PI.  cv.  9.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

(Trial-piece,  struck  on  a  large  flan.) 


that  the  namber  denoting  the  imperatorial  salutation  is  never  separated  in  this  manner  from 
the  title  Imperaior ;  and  secondly,  that  on  coins  of  Octavius  the  number  of  the  imperatorial 
salutation  is  never  given  when  the  title  Imperator  is  placed  as  a  praenomen  before  the  name 
of  Caesar.  He  also  draws  attention  to  a  very  important  point  connected  with  the  chronology 
of  the  coins  of  Octavius,  which  is,  that  hitherto  the  title  I M  P  has  followed  the  name  of  Caesar, 
but  that  from  this  time  it  is  used  as  a  praenomen  and  precedes  it. 

In  a  private  communication  G-eneral-Major  Bahrfeldt  states  that  he  has  examined  seven 
specimens  of  this  aureus,  all  struck  from  the  same  dies.  Of  these  only  the  examples  above 
mentioned  in  the  Paris  and  Vienna  cabinets  have  the  legend  TER  distinct.  All  the  others 
show  that  the  dies  were  more  or  less  inj  ured  by  use. 

For  the  date  of  the  deification  of  Julius  Caesar  and  the  appearance  of  the  comet  which 
heralded  his  apotheosis  see  above  p.  78.  It  is  there  also  noticed  that  deification  is  accompanied 
by  rejuvenation.  On  the  above  aureus  the  features  of  Julius  Caesar  have  a  much  younger 
appearance  than  on  the  previously  struck  pieces  showing  his  portrait  but  not  giving  him  the 
title  Divus. 

1  The  portrait  of  Octavius  is  very  similar  to  that  on  silver  coins  assigned  to  the  previous 
year,  but  it  shows  more  beard.  The  obverse  types  of  this  denarius  and  of  the  previous 
aureus  were  evidently  adopted  for  the  following  bronze  pieces. 

^  These  are  the  earliest  bronze  coins  of  the  Roman  standard  struck  in  Gaul  during  the  trium- 
virate. Their  date  of  issue  is  ascertainable  with  some  degree  of  certainty  from  the  portrait  of 
Octavius,  which  shows  a  slight  beard,  and  from  the  inscription  D I  VOS  for  D I VVS  which  occurs 
elsewhere  only  on  silver  coins  assigned  to  this  year.  Their  locality  of  issue  is  also  ascertainable 
from  their  fabric,  which  corresponds  with  that  of  the  silver  and  gold  coins  attributed  to  Gaul. 
They  were  probably  issued  at  Lugdunum  or  Vienna  (Vienne),  as  they  are  usually  found  in  the 
south  of  France.  Their  denomination  can  be  determined  by  their  weight  and  by  the  analysis  of 
the  metal  in  which  they  were  struck.  It  is  composed  of  81'2  per  cent,  of  copper,  3'9  of  tin,  and 
14'5  of  lead  (see  Nimi.  Ohron.  1904,  p.  244).  This  composition  is  known  as  orichalcum,  and  is 
])ractically  the  same  as  that  used  for  the  bronze  money  issued  in  the  East  a  little  later  by 


CIEC.  B.C.  38;   A.U.C.  716 


413 


AT       7T'  ■  It        Metal 
jVo.     H  eight  ,  „ . 

•'         and  Size 

M  1-25 


M  1-25 


Obverse 


Reverse 


106 

3604 

107 

282-0 

108 

373-5 

109 

352-0 

110 

301-0 

111 

253-5 

112 

2090 

M  1-2 


M  1-25 


M  1-2 


2E  1-15 


M  1-1 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cv.  10.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 
(Pres.  by  Mrs.  Annesley) 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  before, 
star;  behind,  DIVI  •  F 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar  ;  legend  effaced  ? 


within     Laurel- 


DIVOS 
IVLIVS 

wreath. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cv.  11.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar;   legend  blundered, 
CASER. 
IVLIVS 


the  praefecti  classis  in  the  name  of  Mark  Antony  (see  Coinage  of  the  East,  s.a.  B.C.  36). 
These  last  coins  have  the  advantage  of  bearing  their  values  marked  in  Greek  numerals 
A,  B,  r,  A,  representing  1 — 1  asses.  The  piece  of  4  asses,  the  sestertius,  averages  in 
"weight  400  grs. ;  that  of  three  asses,  the  tripondius  or  tressis,  330  grs. ;  that  of  2  asses, 
the  dupondius,  250  grs. ;  and  the  as,  130  grs.  Though  there  is  some  divergence  of 
weight  in  the  above  pieces,  which  would  naturally  occur  in  introducing  a  new  coinage  in  a 
provincial  district,  it  may  be  presumed  as  fairly  certain  that  they  were  intended  to  represent 
the  sestertius.  This  denomination  was  included  at  a  later  period  in  the  bronze  money  struck 
in  Bome  (see  above,  p.  45),  where  it  is  suggested  that  in  currency  oriohaloam  was  rated  at 
double  the  value  of  copper.  This  would  give  us  a  copper  semuucial  standard  also  for  these 
Gaulish  pieces. 

No.  105  is  quite  an  exceptional  piece.  Though  nearly  double  the  weight  of  that  of  the 
other  coins  of  this  issue  and  of  a  larger  fian,  the  dies  used  for  striking  it  were  the  same  as 
those  employed  for  the  smaller  pieces.  We  are,  therefore,  disposed  to  consider  it  a  "trial- 
piece  "  or  pattern.     Pieces  of  this  description  occur  occasionally  in  the  Roman  imperial  series. 

The  star  on  the  obverse  before  the  head  of  Octavius  may  be  the  Sidus  Julium,  and  there- 
fore connected  with  the  inscription  DIVI  F,  or  it  may  be  the  star  of  Venus,  the  foundress  of  the 
Julia  gens.  The  laurel-wreath  on  the  reverse  is  that  which  was  accorded  by  the  Senate  to 
Julius  Caesar,  and  which  he  was  empowered  to  wear  on  all  public  occasions  (see  vol.  i.,  p. 
543).  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  152,  153)  figures  two  coins  in  the  Capitoline  Museum 
from  the  Borghesi  and  Bignami  collections  which  show  an  interchange  of  the  obverse  and 
reverse  types  of  nos.  106,  108.  Prom  their  fabric  they  appear  to  be  local  hybrids.  Babelon 
(vol.  ii.,  p.  48,  no.  102)  describes  a  variety  of  no.  108  with  the  legend  on  the  obverse  CAESAR 
DIVI  F.  The  "middle  brass"  with  obverse,  laureate  head  of  Julius  Caesar  and  the  leo-end 
D.  IVLIVS,  and  with  reverse,  prow  of  vessel  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  47,  48,  no.  100),  seemsalso 
to  be  a  barbarous  production.  It  is  probably  not  ancient.  Cavedoni  (Num.  hihl.,  p.  126)  says, 
"non  avendo  io  mai  veduto  quelle  (sesterzo)  col  D  .  IVLIVS  di  conio  Romano  oolla  sua  testa 
laureata  e  coUa  prora  nel  rovescio  messo  in  fronte  dal  Vaillant  alle  sue  Numism.  praestantiora 
(t-i.,p.  1)." 


414 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


Ko.     Weicjht 


Metal 
and  Size 


113 


114 


59-0 

(pierced) 


58-6 


M    '8 


M    -75 


Obverse  Ueverse 

Circ.  B.C.  37;  A.u.c.  717 

IMP  .  CAESAR   DIVI   F 

(IMPEEATOR  CAESAE  DIVI  FILIUS) 

Denarius^ 

Type  I. 


IMP  •  CAESAR.  •  DIVI  ■  F  • 
III  •  VIR..R.  •  P  •  C  {Tri- 
umvir reipublicae  consti- 
tuendae),  around  field 
without  type. 


Similar. 


Emblems  of  the  pontificate 
andaugurship;  simpulum, 
"  aspergillum  "(sprinkler), 
one-handled  jug  (ca]jis) 
and  lituus. 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  cv.  12.] 


1  In  assigning  these  denarii  to  B.C.  37  Count  de  Salis  appears  to  have  been  guided  by  the 
sequence  of  the  types  and  by  the  legends.  On  all  the  name  of  Octavius  is  the  same,  "  Imp. 
Caesar  Divi  f.,"  and  in  Type  III.  the  obverse  legend  records  the  renewal  of  the  triumvirate 
in  B.C.  37  (Mommseu,  Res  gestae,  p.  31).  Type  I.  is  connected  with  the  previous  denarii  of 
M.  Agrippa  and  with  those  classed  to  B.C.  36  (seenos.  116-118),  in  having  on  one  side  the  legend 
without  any  device,  and  on  the  other  the  emblems  of  the  pontificate  and  augurship.  On  Types 
II.  and  III.,  which  are  practically  only  varieties  of  each  other,  the  obverse  and  reverse 
types  being  transposed,  we  have  the  same  reverse  legend  as  on  the  coins  given  to  B.C.  36 
which  bear  the  head  of  Octavius.  This  legend  records  the  second  and  third  consular  designa- 
tions of  Octavius  and  not  his  second  consulship  and  third  designation,  which  did  not  occur 
till  B.C.  32,  as  he  was  consv,l  iterum  B.C.  33  and  eonsul  tertio  B.C.  31  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  60, 
no.  140,  note).  These  coins  cannot  be  given  to  so  late  a  date  even  as  B.C.  33,  as  Octavius  is 
shown  with  a  beard,  which  he  did  not  wear  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  B.C.  36.  Also  after 
that  battle  Octavius  announced  his  intention  of  abandoning  the  title  of  triumvir,  and  in 
consequence  it  disappears  from  all  coins  bearing  his  name  or  portrait  issued  subsequently 
at  the  Roman  mint.  In  assigning  these  coins  to  a  date  before  B.C.  36  there  is  also  the 
confirmatory  evidence  of  Appian  [Bell,  civ.,  v.  73),  who  relates  that  on  the  day  following  the 
banquet  at  which  Sextus  Pompey  entertained  Antony  and  Octavius  to  celebrate  the  treaty  of 
Misenum,  B.C.  39,  "the  consuls  were  designated  for  the  next  four  years,  viz.  for  the  first  year 
Antony  and  Libo,  Antony  being  privileged  to  substitute  whomsoever  he  liked  in  his  own 
place ;  next  Octavius  and  Pompey ;  next  Ahenobarbus  and  Sosius ;  and  finally  Antony  and 
Octavius  again."  Thus  both  Antony  and  Octavius  received  from  that  time  their  second  and 
third  consular  designations.  Dion  Cassius  (xlviii.  35)  also  says  that  in  consequence  of  the 
preparations  for  the  Parthian  war  which  were  being  made  by  Antony  in  B.C.  39,  the  consuls 
were  designated  for  eight  years.  The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  a.  date  earlier  than  B.C.  33 
is  therefore  confirmed  by  both  these  authors.  Antony  himself  in  B.C.  39  struck  cistophori 
in  the  East,  which  record  his  second  and  third  consular  designations — COS.DESIG  .  ITER  • 
ET  TERT  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  179,  nos.  60,  61). 

The  emblems  of  the  pontificate  and  of  the  augurship  relate  to  the  election  of  Octavius 
to  these  oflSces,  and  the  tripod  and  wreath  on  Types  II.  and  III.  to  the  renewal  of  the  trium- 
virate which  had  been  created  for  five  years  and  expired  on  the  last  day  of  December  B.C.  38. 
It  was,  however,  not  renewed  till  the  summer  of  B.C.  37,  when  Antony  and  Octavius  met 
between  Tarentum  and  Metapontum  (Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  54). 

An  interesting  discussion  arose  at  the  time  of  the  publication  of  Cohen's  Hon.  de  la 
Hep.  rom.  in  1857,  as  to  the  genuineness  of  the  denarius  similar  to  no.  113,  figured  by  him 
on  pi.  21,  no.  33,  it  being  then  in  his  possession  (see  Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  156). 
Gavedoni  (Bull.  arch,  nnp  ,  vol.  v.,  p.  122,  and  Bev.  Num.,  1857,  p.  136)  pronounced  the  coin 
to  be  false  and  to  be  a  fabrication  by  Goltzius  (Morelli,  Aug.  Num.  Gnltz.,  pi.  49,  no.  3);  but 
M.  de  Witte  {Kev.  Num.,  loc.  cit.)  defended  its  genuineness,  as  it  had  in  the  meantime  passed 
into  the  French  cabinet.  Subsequently  Cavedoni  (Messagere  di  Mndena,  31  Agdsto,  1857)  with- 
drew his  condemnation,  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  M.  de  Witte  {Rev.  Num.,  1860,  p.  187). 
The  specimen  in  the  National  Collection  is  perfectly  genuine,  but  its  fabric  shows  that  it 
belongs  to  a  provincial  issue. 


CIEC.  B.C.  36  ;    A.U.C.  718 


415 


No.     Weight 


115 


61-7 


45-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


M    -85 


Obrerse 


IMP   ■  CAESAR. 
DIVI  .  F 

Laurel- wreath. 


Reverse 


Type  II, 
within 


Tripod ;  around  which,  COS- 
ITER..  ET.  TER.-  DESI/ 

{Consul    iterum   et   tertio 
designatus). 

[PI.  cv.  13.] 


Tripod ;  the  caldron  is  in- 
scribed R.  •  [P] .  C  (Beiimh- 
licae  constituendae) ;  a- 
round,  IMP  ■  CAESAR.  • 
DIVI  Fill  VIR.  ITER. 
(Triumvir  iterum).  See 
no.  116. 


Type  III. 

COS  .   ITER.  .  ET 
TER.T  .  DESIG 

Laurel-wreath. 


within 


116 


117 


118 


60-5 


604 


43-7 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 


[Berlin  Coll.J 
Circ.  B.C.  36;   a.u.c.  718 

IMP  .  CAESAR.   DIVI   F 

(IMPEEATOE  CAESAE  DIVI  FILIUS) 
Denapius^ 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  beard;  around,  IMP- 
CAESAR.  DIVI  ■  F  .  Ill  • 
VIR..  ITER..  R..P.C(rri- 

umvir  iterum  reipuhlicae 
constituendae). 


Similar;    head   with   slight 
beard. 


Similar. 


Emblems  of  the  pontificate 
andaugurship;  simpulum, 
"aspergillum"  (sprinkler), 
one -handled  jug  [capis) 
and  lituus  ;  above  and  on 
r.,  COS- ITER.- ET.TER.. 
DESIG.  See  no.  115. 
[PI.  cv.  14.] 

Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cv.  15.] 

(Cracherode  GoU.) 


'  Babelon  (vol.  ii.  p.  58,  no.  136)  gives  the  legend  as  III  .  VIR  .  ITER  ,  COS  ,  ITER  .  &c., 
but  there  is  not  sufficient  space  for  III. VIR, ITER. 

^  The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  this  particular  year  is  somewhat  conjectural,  as  they 
might  with  equal  reason  be  assigned  to  the  previous  one.  The  portrait  of  Octavius  is  slightly 
older  than  that  on  the  coins  of  M.  Agrippa  struck  two  years  earlier  (see  above,  no.  103), 
and  on  no.  116  his  beard  is  certainly  longer.  The  fact  of  his  wearing  a  beard,  however, 
shows  that  these  denarii  were  struck  before  the  battle  of  Nauloohus,  3  September,  e.g.  36. 
The  reverse  type  is  only  a  copy  of  that  of  the  coins  of  the  previous  year,  and  the  legend  on  the 
obverse  refers  to  the  renewal  of  the  triumvirate. 


41S 


COINAGE   OF   GAUL 


PERIOD   V. 

Circ.  B.C.  29—27;   a.u.c.  725— 727  i 
Coinages  of  Octavius  as  Imperator  Perpetuo 

Ko.     Weight     _._,  „.-.  Obverse  lieverse 


and  Size 


119 


61-6 


M    -75 


IMP.  CAESAR   DIVI   F 

(IMPEEATOE  CAESAE  DIVI  PILIUS) 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


A  circular  shield  with  bofs 
in  the  centre  and  orna- 
mented with  three  con- 
centric circles  of  studs ; 
above,  at  sides  and  below, 
IMP  CAE  SAK  DIVI  •  F 
[PI.  cvi.  1.] 
(Craoherode  Coll.) 


'  Count  de  Salis  has  not  assigned  any  coins  of  the  Roman  Eepnblican  series  to  Ganl  between 
B.C.  36 — 29,  though  Octavius  was  occupied  during  B.C.  35 — 33  in  successful  campaigns  against 
the  Salassi  in  the  Alps,  the  Liburni  and  lapydes  in  Dalmatia,  and  the  Pannonians.  Prom  B.C. 
33  to  B.C.  29  he  was  engaged  in  the  final  struggle  with  Antony  and  in  carrying  out  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Eastern  provinces.  It  is  possible  that  in  his  classification  Count  de  Salis  may 
have  been  guided  by  the  evidence  of  the  Chantenay  and  Beanvoisin  hoards,  which  contained 
coins  of  the  Roman  and  Eastern  mints  issued  during  that  period  (see  above,  pp.  5,  6),  but  none 
which  could  be  assigned  to  a  Gaulish  mint.  It  would  appear  that  the  only  provincial  coins 
struck  during  B.C.  3-5 — 31  were  those  issued  by  Antony  in  the  East;  if  we  except  those  of 
L.  Pinarius  Soarpus,  which  are  attributed  to  the  Cyrenaica,  B.C.  31 — 30. 

^  These  denarii,  like  those  of  the  Roman  mint  of  the  same  period,  must  have  been  issued 
after  Octavius  had  received  from  the  Senate  the  title  of  Imperator  perpetuo  in  B.C.  29  (see 
above,  p.  13).  They  resemble  the  contemporary  coins  of  the  Roman  mint,  but  are  of  somewhat 
different  fabric,  the  portrait  of  Octavius  showing  the  head  smaller  and  with  the  features  of  a 
somewhat  attenuated  appearance.  The  reverse  type  of  the  shield  is  similar  to  that  on  denarii 
stmck  in  the  Capitol  (see  above,  p.  17,  no.  4368).  In  the  present  case  it  may  be  intended  to 
refer  specially  to  the  recent  campaigns  of  Octavius  in  Dalmatia  and  Pannonia. 

We  would  mention  here  a  denarius  of  barbarous  fabric  which  may  have  been  struck  at  this 
time  or  a  little  earlier,  circ.  B.C.  30,  in  Gaul.  It  has  on  the  obverse  the  laureate  head  of 
Octavius  to  left,  and  around,  CAESAR  DIVI  F;  and  on  the  reverse,  Cupid,  or  a  winged  Genius, 
riding  on  a  dolphin  to  right ;  before,  a  star ;  under  dolphin,  S  .  P  .  Q  .  R  ,  This  coin  has  been 
described  by  Bckhel  (JDoct.  Num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  81),  Riccio  (Mon.  fam.  rom.,  p.  115,  no.  106), 
Cohen  {Hon.  rep.  rom.,  p.  165,  note  2;  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i. ,  p.  100,  no.  269),  and  by  Comm.  Fr. 
Gnecchi  [Riv.  Ital.,  1896,  p.  14).  Eckhel  remarks  that  the  laureate  head  is  exceptional  at  this 
time  [circ.  B.C.  35 — 28),  and  he  is  uncertain  whether  to  identify  the  figure  on  the  dolphin  as 
Cupid,  or  the  Genius  of  Neptune,  Riccio  describes  these  denarii  as  having  on  the  obverse  the 
head  of  Octavius  to  right  or  left,  and  (op.  cit.,  pi.  lix.,  no.  29)  he  figures  a  specimen  witb  the 
laureate  head  of  Octavius  to  right,  and  vrith  the  obverse  legend  reading  upwards  instead  of 
downwards,  and  that  on  the  reverse  in  the  exergue.  Cohen  (Med.  imp.,  loc.  cit.)  has  read  the 
obverse  legend  as  AVGVSTVS  DIVI  F,  which  Comm.  Fr.  Gnecchi  has  corrected  to 
CAESAR  DIVI  F,  from  a  specimen  in  his  own  collection  in  somewhat  better  condition. 
The  coin  is  in  fact  a  barbarous  production,  but  it  may  have  been  issued  in  Gaul  about  B.C.- 30. 
The  reverse  type  is  copied  from  the  denarius  of  L.  Lucretius  Trio,  struck  at  the  Roman  mint 
circ.  B.C.  76  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  396,  no.  3247).     In  the  present  instance  it  may  have  been  intended 


CIEC.  B.C.  29—27;    A.U.O.  725—727 


417 


No.    \re!,iht     ^^fS': 

and  Size 
120  1    60-0      JR    -85    Similar. 


Ohvei'fie 


liever^e 


121  :    59-5     JK    -75 
122]    58-6     .R    '75 


123  I    61-0 


M.    '75 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar;  head  of  Octavius  1. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


[PI.  cvi.  2.] 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 


51-0      M    -7 


Without  the  name  of  Octavius 

Denarius' 

Head  of  Octavius  1.,  bare,      j  Lion   galloping    r. ;    above, 

I      LEG  •  XVI  {Legio  XVI.) 


[Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1875,  p.  117.] 


to  refer  to  the  battle  of  Actium.  There  are  other  barbarous  denarii  of  this  nature,  which 
Count  de  Salis  has  not  included  in  his  classification,  as  they  were  not  issued  officially. 
Amongst  them  is  one  with  the  reverse  type  a  crescent  moon  and  stars,  which  is  also  a  copy 
of  another  denarius  of  L.  Lucretius  Trio  (see  below,  p.  430,  note). 

'  This  denarius  was  formerly  assigned  to  Mark  Antony  (Beger,  Thesaurus  Brandeniv/rgicus, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  538;  Morelli,  Fam.  rom.  mitm.,  Antonia,  p.  30,  pi.  xi.,  no.  4;  Eckhel,  JDoct.  num.  vet., 
t.  vi.,  p.  51).  This  identification  was  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  reverse  type,  a  lion,  is 
met  with  on  earlier  quinarii  struck  at  Lugdunum  by  Antony  (see  above,  pp.  394,  396).  Sestini 
(Lettere,  viii.,  p.  146)  thought  he  saw  on  the  obverse  behind  the  head  the  letters  NT  (i.e.,  IMP. 
ANT).  The  specimen,  of  which  an  illustration  is  here  given,  is  in  the  Berlin  collection,  and  was 
described  by  Dr.  J.  Priedlander  in  the  Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1875,  pp.  117 f.,  who  rightly  assigned  it, 
on  account  of  the  portrait,  to  Augustus  (Octavius).  From  the  resemblance  of  the  reverse  type 
to  that  of  coins  of  Juba  II.  of  Mauretania  (Miiller,  Num.  de  I'anc.  Afrique,  vol.  iii.,  p.  103, 
no.  21),  Dr.  Friedlander  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  coin  was  struck  in  Africa,  and  he  has 
therefore  given  it  to  the  period  between  the  death  of  Boechus  III.,  B.C.  33,  and  the  restoration 
of  the  kingdom  by  Augustus  to  Juba  II.,  B.C.  25.  He  also  suggested  that  the  lion  was  either 
the  sign  of  the  XVIth  Legion,  or  that  it  was  symbolical  of  Africa.  As,  however.  Count  de 
Salis  has  not  attributed  any  provincial  coins  to  Africa  after  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at 
Naulochus,  B.C.  36,  and  as  this  denarius  in  the  fabric  of  the  obverse  type  as  well  as  in  the 
portrait  of  Octavius  is  so  precisely  similar  in  these  respects  to  other  denarii  given  to  this  year 
with  the  reverse  type,  a  shield,  there  seem  good  grounds  for  supposing  that  it  belongs  to  a 
Gaulish  issue.  The  lion  may  therefore  be  either  the  symbol  of  Lugdunum  or  else  the  badge  of 
the  XVIth  Legion.  This  legion  was  stationed  in  Germania  Superior  under  Augustus,  and  had 
its  head-quarters  at  Mogontiacum  (Mainz).  It  may,  however,  have  taken  part  in  the  Gaulish 
or  Pannonian  wars  of  an  earlier  date.  Count  de  Salis  had  not  noticed  this  coin,  and  its 
attribution  to  Gaul  was  arrived  at  independently  of  the  same  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Willers 
{Num.  Zeit.,  1902,  p.  83).  The  absence  of  the  name  of  Octavius  renders  its  attribution  to 
B.C.  29 — 27  somewhat  conjectural.  Dr.  Willers  describes  it  as  a  quinarius,  but  its  weight 
shows  that  it  is  a  denarius. 

There  is  another  example  of  this  coin  in  the  Vatican  collection.     It  weighs  52  grains. 
VOL.    II.  3    H 


418 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


No.       WeigU 


Metal 
amd  Size 


54-0 


PEEIOD  YU 

Circ.  B.C.  27—3;  a.u.c.  727—751 

Coinages  of  Octavius  as  Augustus 

SERIES   I. 

Diverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  27—25;  a.u.c.  727—729 

AVGVSTVS 
Denarius 


M    -8 


Type  I. 


Augustus  wearing  crested 
helmet,  his  mantle  float- 
ing behind,  on  horseback, 
charging  r. ;  with  r.  hand 
he  hurls  spear ;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, IMP  (Imperator). 


Capricorn  r.,  holding  globe; 
on  its  back,  cornucopias ; 
below,  AVGVSTVS 


[Paris  Coll.j 


I  On  the  sixteenth  of  January,  B.C.  27,  the  Senate,  by  unanimous  consent,  conferred  on 
Octavius  the  illustrious  title  of  Augustus,  and  thenceforth  he  is  so  styled  on  hia  coins,  in 
public  documents,  and  in  inscriptions.  The  coinages  included  in  this  period,  the  last  to  be 
described  in  connection  with  the  province  of  Gaul,  may  be  grouped  into  four  series,  which 
follow  each  other  in  chronological  order. 

Series  I.,  B.C.  27 — 25. — These  coins  were  contemporary  with  the  visit  of  Augustus  to 
Gaul,  when  be  undertook  the  task  of  reorganizing  that  province. 

Series  II.,  B.C.  24—16. — The  coins  assigned  to  these  years  do  not  seem  to  mark  any 
particular  epoch  in  the  history  of  Gaul.  Augustus  at  the  time  was  either  in  Italy  or  visiting 
the  Eastern  portion  of  the  Roman  dominions,  Asia  Minor  and  Greece  (see  Coinage  or  the 
East). 

Series  III.,  B.C.  16 — 15. — These  issues  were  again  contemporary  with  the  sojourn  of 
Augustus  in  Gaul,  where  he  went  to  resist  the  inroads  of  the  German  tribes  and  to  complete 
the  arrangements  connected  with  a  further  organization  of  the  province. 


No.     Weight     ^^'*gte. 


CIRC.  B.C.  27—25  ;    A.U.C.  727—729 

Obverse  Reverse 


419 


124 


125 


126 


59-0 


57-5 


58-3 


JR    -8 


M    -75 


M    -75 


127      56-6     M    -8      Similar. 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare,  in 
high  relief. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Capricorn  r.,  holding  globe 
and  rudder;  on  its  back, 
cornucopiae ;  ^  below  AV 
(jVSTVS 

[PI.  cvi.  3.] 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvi.  4.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Series  IV.,  B.C.  14 — 3.  ■ —  These  coins  date  from  the  time  when  Augustus  received  his 
tenth  imperatorship,  to  which  he  was  acclaimed  after  the  defeat  of  the  Rhaeti  by  Tiberius  in 
August  of  the  previous  year.  As  most  of  the  pieces  of  this  series  are  inscribed  with  the 
successive  imperatorships,  or  with  the  tribunitian  years  of  Augustus,  their  chronological 
classification  presents  no  serious  difiioulties. 

Bach  series  has  some  special  characteristics,  either  in  the  titles  of  the  emperor,  or  in  the 
types,  or  in  the  style  of  workmanship.  Also  a  distinct  portrait  seems  to  characterize  each 
one.  From  B.C.  27 — 25  the  emperor  is  styled  "Augustus"  only  ;  from  B.C.  24 — 15  "Augustus," 
or  "  Caesar  Augustus  " ;  and  from  B.C.  14 — 3  "  Augustus  Divi  f ."  only.  These  titles  follow 
somewhat  closely  those  found  on  contemporary  issues  of  the  Roman  mint.  The  reverse  types 
from  B.C.  27 — 15  are  in  the  main  copies  of  those  of  the  central  mint,  but  from  that  date  they 
are  original  in  character,  though  rarely  relating  to  contemporary  events.  They  show  a 
great  deal  of  repetition. 

In  connection  with  the  coins  of  the  first  series  the  portrait  of  Augustus  is  in  high  relief  as 
compared  with  that  on  previous  issues  attributed  to  Gaul.  It  approaches  more  in  style  that 
on  the  contemporary  coins  of  Rome.  There  are,  however,  slight  diiierences  iu  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  hair,  in  the  shape  of  the  head,  and  more  especially  in  the  form  of  the  neck,  which 
is  in  lower  relief  and  is  somewhat  indented  at  the  base,  as  on  the  Gaulish  pieces  of  B.C.  29 — 27. 
As  already  mentioned  the  only  title  given  to  the  emperor  is  "  Augustus,"  and  the  reverse 
types  £(ire  copies  of  those  used  at  the  Roman  mint. 

The  equestrian  figure  on  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of  Type  I.  probably  represents  one 
of  the  numerous  statues  erected  to  Augustus  during  the  time  of  his  imperatorship  as  would 
indicate  the  legend  IMP.  It  is  of  somewhat  unusual  form,  Augustus  being  shown  wearing 
a  helmet.  It  may  therefore  be  a  reproduction  of  a.  local  statue,  not  improbably  raised  to 
him  at  Lugdunum.  The  coin  is,  however,  so  barbarous  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  was 
actually  struck  at  Lugdunum.  The  Capricorn,  the  genethliao  symbol  of  Augustus,  has  already 
been  noticed  in  connection  with  contemporary  issues  at  Rome  (see  above,  p.  19). 

*  This  reverse  type  of  the  Capricorn  is  so  similar  to  that  on  the  coins  of  Rome  assigned 
to  the  same  date  that  it  would  almost  seem  as  if  Roman  engravers  executed  the  dies  for  this 
issue.  It  is  not  at  all  improbable  that,  as  the  mint  at  Lugdunum  had  been  in  abeyance  for 
some  years,  engravers  were  summoned  from  Rome,  who  would  take  as  their  models 
the  coins  issued  in  the  Capitol.  The  denarii  assigned  to  the  next  period  are  certainly  of 
provincial  work,  and  the  dies  were  executed  by  quite  a  different  set  of  engravers.  They  were 
probably  local  artists. 


420 


COINAGE   OF   GAUL 


,T        ,,,  .  ,  .        Metal 
No.      ^^  eight     ^,^^g.^^ 


128 


129 


57-0 


56-7 


SERIES   II. 

Circ.  B.C.  24—16;   a.u.c.  730—7381 

Obverse  Reverse 

CAESAR   AVGVSTVS 

Cii-c.  B.C.  24—19;   a.u.c.  730—735 

Type  1.2 

Denarius 


M    -85 


M    -85 


130     58-6     JR    -85 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  low  relief ;  around, 
CAESAK  AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 


A  circular  shield  inscribed 
C  L   V      ('Jfi'MiiW  popu- 

lusque  romanus :   clypeus 
virtutis). 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ovi.  5.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  I.  var.  a 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus 
1.;  countermark  on  neck, 
O,  and  before,  I 


Similar. 


[PI.  ovi.  6.] 


1  The  coins  of  the  different  issues  assigned  to  these  years  are  remarkable  for  similarity  of 
style,  portraiture,  and  legends.  The  reverse  types  are  all  adaptations  of  those  found  on  con- 
temporary pieces  struck  at  Kome.  The  order  assigned  to  these  issues  is  based  mostly  on  the 
portrait  of  Augustus,  which  differs  materially  from  that  on  contemporary  coins  struck  at 
Rome,  the  latter  showing  rather  a  large  head  in  high  relief  and  of  realistic  appearance.  The 
head  of  Augustus  on  these  provincial  pieces  reveals  quite  a  different  appearance.  It  is  in  low 
relief  and  of  flat  fabric  ;  the  features,  though  somewhat  regular,  are  angular,  which  impart 
a  stiff  and  conventional  aspect,  and  the  nose  is  much  arched.  Considerable  care  was  bestowed 
on  the  graceful  and  delicate  rendering  of  the  hair.  These  remarks  apply  more  specially  to 
coins  of  Type  I  and  its  varieties.  The  portrait  on  the  other  Types  of  this  series  preserves  the 
same  form,  but  the  head  is  adorned  with  an  oak-wreath,  which  necessitated  it  being  in  slightly 
higher  relief.  This  slight  change  anticipates  the  portrait  on  coins  of  Series  III.  Besides  this 
uniformity  in  the  portrait  there  is  a  similar  uniformity  in  the  name  of  Augustus,  which  is 
always  "  Caesar  Augustus."  When  placed  on  the  obverse  it  occupies  the  same  position, 
"Caesar"  being  on  the  left  of  the  flan  and  "Augustus"  on  the  right,  whether  the  head  is 
to  right  or  left.  On  coins  of  Types  V. — YII.  the  name  of  Augustus  is  transferred  to  the 
reverse,  in  which  case  its  position  varies  to  suit  the  design.  These  variations  from  the  coins 
of  the  Roman  mint,  and  also  the  fabric  in  general,  show  very  clearly  that  the  issues  were 
of  provincial  striking. 

^  This  reverse  type  is  a  representation  of  "  the  golden  shield  of  valour"  {^dypeus  virtutis), 
which  was  decreed  to  Augustus  in  B.C.  27,  and  which  he  deposited  in  the  Curia  Julia  (see 
above,  p.  20).  It  occurs  on  contemporary  coins  of  Rome  (see  above,  p.  24),  but  accompanied 
by  the  civic  crown,  or  as  below  (see  Type  V.),  placed  between  Iavo  laurel-trees. 


CIRC.  B.C.  18—17;   A.U.C.  736—737 


421 


nT        Tn  ■  T.i       Metal 
No.      Wevght    ^^^  ^.^^ 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


131 


57-6 


132 


133 
134 


53-8 


M    -8 


Type  I.  var.  b 


M    -75 


55-6 
57-0 


135 


136 
137 


59-4 


56-8 
55-5 


^K,    -8 

M    -85 


Similar ;   head  of  Augustus 
r. 


Similar;     before     head, 
countermark,  h 


Similar ;  shield  inscribed 
CL- V;  above,  S-P;  be- 
low, a  •  R 

[PI.  cvi.  7.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Type  I.  var.  c 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus  1. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar;  but  R.  Q  for  Q-  R. 
[PI.  cvi.  8.] 


Circ.  B.C.  18—17;   A.U.C.  736—737 
Type  II.  1 
Denarius 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -85 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 
ing oak- wreath ;  around, 
CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Comet  of  eight  rays  and 
tail;  across  the  field  and 
between  the  rays,  DIVVS 
IVLIVS 

[PI.  cvi.  9.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  The  obverse  and  reverse  types  are  only  repetitions  of  those  found  on  denarii  struck  at 
Rome  circ.  B.C.  18  (see  above,  p.  29).  The  oak-wreath  worn  by  Augustus  is  that  which  was 
presented  to  him  by  the  Senate  in  B.C.  27,  and  the  comet  is  that  which  appeared  in  the 
heavens  shortly  after  the  death  of  Caesar.  Julius  Obsequens  (De  Prodigiis,  c.  131)  relates 
that  in  B.C.  17  (a.u.c.  737)  Ji'aa)  coelestis  a  meridiano  ad  septentrionem  extenta  luci  diurnae 
similem  in  node  fecit.  Dion  Cassius  (liv.  19)  mentions  also  the  appearance  of  a  celestial  torch 
{Xaimis),  but  he  puts  it  to  the  following  year,  B.C.  16,  and  states  that  it  was  visible  all  one 
night  (5icfc  TTiitnjs  ttjs  vvktIis  t}i'4xOv).  If  it  appeared  for  one  night  only  it  could  not  be  a  comet, 
but  most  probably  an  aurora.  Gardthausen  [Augustus,  p.  1010)  is,  however,  inclined  to  accept 
the  statement  of  Julius  Obsequens  and  considers  the  faj3  coelestis  to  have  been  a  reappearance 
of  the  Sidus  JuUum,  and  that  these  coins,  as  also  those  attributed  to  the  Roman  mint,  were 
struck  to  commemorate  this  second  appearance.  As  it  occurred  in  the  year  when  the  Saccular 
games  were  celebrated  he  calls  it  the  "  Saecularkomet." 

There  is  a  barbarous  imitation,  prob.ibly  Gaulish,  of  this  type  with  the  head  of  Augustus 
laureate  to  right,  but  smaller  and  in  higher  relief.  On  the  reverse  the  flames  of  the  tail 
of  the  comet  are  downwards  instead  of  upwards.  A  specimen  of  this  denarius  is  in  the 
National  Collection. 


422 

T.T       TIT  ■  7i       Metal 
No.      Weight     ^^^  ^.^^ 


COINAGE   OE  GAUL 

Obverse 


Reverse 


138 


139 


140 


141 


142 


59-0 


57-4 


57-0 


56-5 


61-4 

(pierced,) 


JR    -8 


M    -8 


M    -85 


M    -85 


M    -8 


Type  II.  var.  a 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvi.  10.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II.  var.  b 


Similar. 


Similar;    above   comet,    Dl 
VVS;  below,  IVLIVS 
[PI.  cvi.  11.] 


Circ.  B.C.  16;   a.u.c.  738 
Type  III.i 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  vpear- 
ing  oak-wreath ;  around, 
CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 


Victory  flying  r.,  holding 
wreath  with  both  hands ; 
below,  shield,  which  rests 
against  column  [and  is  in- 
scribed CL  •  V  {Clypeus 
virtutis)'] ;  above  column, 
S  ■  P  •  Q.  •  R.  (Senatus  popu- 
lusque  romanus). 
[PI.  cvi.  12.] 


Type  IV.2 
Denarius 


Similar. 


Victory  flying  r.,  bearing 
shield,  inscribed  CL  -  V, 
in  1.  hand,  and  laurel- 
branch  in  r. ;  behind  her, 

sn-a-n 

[PI.  cvi.  13.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


1  This  type,  -which  commemorates  the  presentation  to  Augustus  of  both  the  civic  crown 
and  the  "  shield  of  valour,"  differs  somewhat  from  similar  representations  on  coins  of  the 
Roman  mint.  The  head  of  Augustus  wears  an  oak-wreath,  and  the  legend  S  .  P  .  Q  .  R  .  on 
the  reverse  is  placed  above  the  column  (see  above,  pp.  21,  22,  and  pi.  Ix.  18). 

'  This  type  also  shows  similar  differences  from  the  original  design,  the  legend  S .  P  .  Q  .  R 
being  in  this  case  behind  the  figure  of  Victory  (see  above,  pp.  22,  23,  and  pi.  Ixi.  1). 


,-  rrr    '    7  I  Metal 

No.     Weinlit         ,  „■ 

•'  anil  Size 


143 


144 

145 
146 


544 


58-0 

57-4 
54-0 


M    -75 


121-2 


M    -8 

JR,    -9 

M    -8 


CIEC,  B.C.  16;    A.U.C.  738 

Obverse 

Type  V.i 
Denarius 


423 


Reverse 


Head  of  Augustus  1.,  wear- 
ing oak-wreath. 


CAESAK  AVGVSTVS  S  P 
Q  R.  arranged  above  and 
below  shield  inscribed 
CL-V  (Glypeus  virtutis), 
and  placed  between  two 
laurel-trees. 

[PI.  cvi.  14.] 


Type  VI.2 
Denarius 


N    -8 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Two  laurel  -  trees ;  above, 
CAESAI?. ;  below,  AVGVS 
TVS 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cvi.  15.] 

Similar. 


Type  VII.3 
Aureus 

Head  of  Augustus  r.,  wear- 


ing oak-wreath 


CAESAR. 
AVGVSTVS 

Laurel-trees 


between    two 


[Paris  Coll.] 


'  This  type  also  occurred  on  aurei  and  denarii  of  the  Roman  mint,  but  with  the  head  of 
Augustus  to  right  (see  above,  p.  35).  The  aureus  of  this  type  described  by  Cohen  {Med.  imp., 
vol.  i.,  p.  70,  no.  52)  probably  belongs  to  this  issue,  and  not  to  that  of  the  Roman  mint  as 
the  head  of  Augustus  is  to  left. 

^  The  lanrel-trees  are  those  which  were  planted  by  order  of  the  Senate  on  either  side  of 
the  portico  of  the  house  of  Augustus  (see  above,  pp.  30,  35,  103).  A  variety  in  the  Paris 
collection  has  the  head  of  Augustus  to  right  (Cohea,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  70,  no.  47). 

'  This  type  appears  to  be  known  only  of  Gaul.  It  forms  the  connecting  link  between  the 
coinages  assigned  to  B.C.  24 — 16  and  those  which  follow.  Cohen  (MM.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  70 
no.  46)  mentions  a  variety  with  the  head  of  Augustus  to  left.  It  was  formerly  in  the  Paris 
cabinet.  The  specimen  of  which  an  illustration  is  given  is  in  the  Paris  collection.  There  do 
not  appear  to  be  any  silver  coins  of  this  type. 


424 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


SERIES    III. 


No.      WeirjM 


Metal 
awl  Size 


147 


148 


120-7     A^    -85 


Circ.  B.C.  16—15;   a.u.c.  738— 739  i 

Obverse  Reverse 

CAESAK  AVGVSTVS  OR  AVGVSTVS 

Type  1.2 

Aureus 

CAESAK       ,    ,  ,1  Oak- wreath,    within    which 

AVGVSTVS    'between    two  Qg 


Laurel-trees. 


120-3 


CIVIS 
SERVATOS 

[PI.  cvi.  16.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


Type  II.-' 
Aureus 


M     -85  i  Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
I      below,  AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvi.  17.] 

(Campana  Coll.) 


'  The  issues  assigned  to  these  years  are  contemporary  with  the  presence  of  Augustus  in 
Gaul.  North  and  east  of  the  Alps  in  the  early  part  of  B.C.  16  there  was  open  insurrection. 
The  barbarous  tribes  of  the  Dentheletae  and  Scordisci  made  inroads  into  Macedonia,  and  the 
Sauromatae  invaded  Thrace ;  but  a  more  serious  danger  was  caused  by  some  warlike  tribes — 
the  Sicambri,  TJsipetes,  and  Tencteri,  who  crossed  the  Shine,  invaded  Gallia  Belgica  and  defeated 
the  governor,  LoUius.  The  situation  seemed  critical  to  Augustus,  especially  as  Gaul  was 
an  imperial  province,  and  he  therefore  hurriedly  crossed  the  Alps  to  take  command  of  the 
legions  (Dion  Cassius,  liv.  20).  The  Germans,  however,  had  no  wish  to  face  a  regular  imperial 
army,  so  they  retired  beyond  the  Rhine,  made  terms  and  gave  hostages.  Augustus  remained 
in  the  province  in  order  to  complete  its  reorganization,  and  he  appears  to  have  made 
Lugdunum  his  head-quarters  as  it  was  there  that  he  inquired  into  the  extortions  of  which  the 
procurator  Licinius  was  accused.  His  visit  lasted  till  the  end  of  B.C.  14  or  to  the  beginning 
of  B.C.  13,  when  he  returned  to  Rome  with  Tiberius,  who  had  recently  won  two  brilliant 
victories  over  the  Rhaeti  near  the  Lacus  Benacus  (Lago  di  Garda)  and  in  Gallia  Helvetica. 

The  arrival  of  Augustus  at  Lugdunum  appears  to  have  been  heralded  by  an  increased 
output  of  coins,  especially  of  gold.  Their  types,  however,  do  not  record  any  contemporary 
events,  but  like  those  previously  described  they  relate  to  such  as  had  occurred  a  few  years 
before,  and  which  had  already  been  illustrated  on  the  Roman  coinage.  The  designs  are,  there- 
fore, simple  adaptations,  and  they  relate  to  the  laurel-trees  which  were  planted  on  either  side 
of  the  house  of  Augustus,  the  civic  wTeath,  and  the  clypeiis  virtutis,  all  specially  decreed  to 
him  by  the  Senate  and  the  Roman  people,  and  to  the  restoration  of  the  standards  by  the 
Parthians  and  their  dedication  in  the  temple  of  Mars  Ultor.  There  is  much  uniformity  in  the 
obverse  types  of  these  issues.  On  the  aurei,  when  the  portrait  occurs,  Augustus  is  styled 
simply  AVGVSTVS,  but  on  the  denarii,  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS.  Also  on  the  aurei  the  name 
is  placed  below  the  head,  which  is  the  case  tvith  some  struck  at  Rome  with  the  reverse  type 
of  Victory  and  shield  (see  above,  pp.  22,  23).  The  portrait  is  an  intermediate  one  between 
that  which  is  seen  on  coins  of  B.C.  24 — 16,  and  that  which  occurs  on  pieces  issued  after  B.C. 
15.  It  is  in  somewhat  higher  relief  than  on  the  earlier  pieces,  yet  not  so  high  as  on  those 
which  follow.  Throughout  in  all  the  issues  there  is  so  much  uniformity  of  fabric  and  style 
that  their  attribution  to  one  particular  locality  becomes  practically  a  certainty. 

'  This  aureus  is  the  connecting  link  between  Series  II.  and  III.,  the  obverse  type  being 
the  same  as  that  of  the  reverse  of  the  preceding  piece,  and  the  reverse  type  as  that  of  no.  148. 

Denarii  of  this  type  do  not  appear  to  be  known. 

^  This  precise  type  does  not  seem  to  occur  in  silver.     The  reverse  connects  it  with  Type  I. 


CIRC.  B.C.  16-15  ;    A.U.C.  738—739 


425 


No.       )VeigM 


Metal 
and  Si-e 


Obverse 


Reverse 


149 


150 


59-0 


55-6 


M    -8 


JR    -75 


151 


120-8 


Type  II.  var.  a' 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,  CAESAR  AVGVS 
TVS 


Oak-wreath  tied  with  fillet ; 
above,  OB  CIVIS;  below, 
SER.VATOS 

[PI.  cvii.   1.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  II.  var.  b 
Similar;  head  of  Augustus  1 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  2.] 

(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


M     -85 


Type  III.2 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
below,  AVGVSTVS 


Victory  flying  r.,  holding 
wreath  with  both  hands  ; 
below,  shield,  which  rests 
against  a  column  and  is 
inscribed  CL  •  V  (Clypeus 
virtutis) ;  above,  on  1. 
and  r.,  S  •  r  .  Q  •  R. .  {Se- 
natus  populusque  roma- 
nus). 

[PI.  cvii.  3.] 
(Strozzi  Coll.) 


152 


44-5 


M    -75 


Denarius^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  AVGVS 
TVS 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  4.] 
(de  Sails  CoU.) 


'  This  variation  in  type  has  not  been  met  with  in  gold.     It  is  adoijted  from  the  denarius 
of  the  Koman  mint  issued  a  few  years  earlier  (see  above,  p.  24,  no.  4391). 

^  An  aureus  of  this  type,  but  with  a  different  portrait  of  Augustus,  was  struck  at  liome 
(see  above,  p.  22). 

'  This  denarius  was  also  issued  from  the  Roman  mint  (see  above,  p.  22,  no.  4382),  but 
with  a  different  portrait. 

VOL.    II.  3    I 


426 

No.        ]\'eighi 

153  i    59-4 


154'    59-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


COINAGE   OP   GAUL 

Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  IV. 
Denarius^ 


Similar. 


Victory  alighting  r.,  bearing 
shield,  inscribed  CL  •  V, 
in  1.  hand,  and  laurel- 
branch  in  r. ;  behind  her, 

sn-a.R. 

[PI.  cvii.  5.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


M    -8 


Type  V. 
Denarius  '^ 


Similar. 


Mars  helmeted,  his  chlamys 
fastened  at  the  neck  and 
falling  down  over  his 
shoulders,  standing  to- 
wards 1.,  head  to  r. ;  he 
holds  an  aquila  in  r.  hand 
and  a  signum  cohortis  di- 
rected over  his  shoulder 
inl.;  at  the  sides,  SIGN  IS 
RECEPTIS 

[PI.  cvii.  6.] 


155  ;  122-0 


Type  VI.^ 
Aureus 


M     -9 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
below,  AVGVSTVS 


Circular  domed  temple  show- 
ing four  columns ;  within 
it  a  figure  of  Mars  stand- 
ing towards  1.,  holding  an 
aquila  in  r.  hand  and  a 
signum  cohortis  in  1. ;  at 
the  sides,  MAR.TIS  VL 
TORIS 

[PI.  cvii.  7.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  The  type  of  this  denarius  varies  somewhat  from  any  issued  at  Rome.  Victory  is  seen 
rather  alighting  than  flying,  her  figure  being  more  upright,  and  the  legend  is  placed  behind  her 
on  the  left  and  not  below  the  shield  (see  above,  p.  23,  no.  4386). 

^  The  reverse  of  this  denarius,  which  commemorates  the  restoration  in  B.C.  20  of  the 
standards  captured  by  the  Parthians,  is  very  similar  to  that  of  one  struck  at  the  Roman  mint. 
It  differs  slightly  in  showing  the  chlamys  of  Mars  fastened  at  the  neck  instead  of  being  tied 
around  the  waist  (see  above,  p.  26,  no.  4405,  pi.  Ixi.,  no.  14).  There  is,  as  on  all  other  pieces 
assigned  to  Gaul,  a  difference  in  the  portrait. 

■*  There  is  no  corresponding  aureus  of  this  type  which  can  be  classed  to  the  Roman  mint. 
There  is,  however,  a,  denarius  with  the  same  reverse  (see  above,  p.  27,  Type  III.).  We  have 
also  not  seen  a  denarius  which  can  be  assigned  to  the  provincial  issue  to  which  the  above 
aureus  belongs. 

The  temple  is  that  of  Mars  Ultor,  where  some  of  the  standards  restored  by  the  Parthians 
were  deposited  (see  above,  pp.  25,  27). 


CIEC.  B.C.  14—12;    A.U.O.  740-74^ 


427 


SERIES   IV. 


No. 


Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


156 


121-0 


Oirc.  B.C.  14—3;   A.u.c.  740—751 

Obverse  Reverse 

AVGVSTVS  DIVI   F 

(AUGUSTUS  DIVI  [JULI]  PILIUS) 

Circ.  B.C.  14—12;    .v.u.c.  740—742 

Imperator  X 

Type  I. 

Aureus 


N    -75 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  rehef;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI   F 


Two  Eoman  soldiers,  wear- 
ing military  cloaks  and 
armed  with  short  swords 
standing  r. ;  each  presents 
a  laurel-branch  to  Augus- 
tus, who  is  seated  on  a 
sella  castrensis  placed  on 
a  platform  (sug  gets  turn), 
and  extends  his  r.  hand 
to  receive  the  laurel- 
branches;  in  the  exergue, 
IMP  •  X  {Imperator  deci- 
miim). 

[PI.  ovii.  8.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


'  The  coins  of  this  series  are  of  considerable  importance  as  a  guide  to  the  chronological 
classification  of  the  later  money  of  Augustus  assigned  to  Gaul.  Previous  issues  from  B.C.  27, 
when  Octavius  received  the  name  of  Augustus,  do  not  furnish  any  precise  data  which  enable  us 
to  establish  their  actual  sequence,  and  their  types  are  only  records  of  events,  which  are  not 
contempora.ry,  though  they  happened  but  a  few  years  before.  The  order  assigned  to  those 
issues  is  somewhat  conjectural,  but  the  portrait  of  Augustus  has  served  as  an  important  guide. 
Those  of  Series  IV.  have  the  advantage  of  bearing  upon  them  inscriptions  which  record  the 
Xth,  Xlth,  Xllth  and  XlVth  imperatorships  of  AugTistus,  and  also  his  Xlllth,  XVIth  and 
XVIIth  tribunitian  years.  These  inscriptions  furnish  data  which  enable  us  to  fix  the  actual 
year  of  issue  of  the  coins,  or  to  place  them  within  certain  limited  periods.  Some  contem- 
porary events  are  also  recorded,  viz.,  the  victories  of  Tiberius  and  .Drusus  over  the  Ehaeti, 
B.C.  15,  for  which  Augustus  was  acclaimed  Imperator  X ;  the  surrender  of  the  Sicambri  and 
other  Celtic  tribes,  B.C.  8,  when  Augustus  was  proclaimed  Imperator  Xllll;  and  the  election 
ot'  Caius  Caesar,  the  son  of  Agrippa  and  JuUm.,  as  consul  designate,  and  liis  elevation  to  the 
rank  of  ['rinceps  JitventuUs,  B.C.  6.  The  chief  non-contemporary  events  recorded  are  the  battles 
of  Naulochus,  B.C.  36,  and  of  Actium,  B.C.  31.  The  types  relating  to  these  last  two  events 
begin  in  B.C.  14,  and  are  repeated  in  several  successive  issues  marked  by  a  different  imperator- 
ship.  This  shows  that  at  Lugdunum,  where  we  gather  that  these  coins  were  struck,  the 
reverse  types  were  repeated,  as  was  the  case  with  the  money  issued  at  Rome.  During  the 
whole  period  from  B.C.  14  onwards  to  B.C.  3  the  only  title  given  to  Augustus  on  his  gold  and 
silver  coins  is  AVGVSTVS  DIVI  F.  The  variations  which  occur  are  to  be  met  with  on  a  few 
bronze  pieces  which  are  assigned  to  Gaul,  and  which  were  struck  circ.  B.C.  10  (see  below, 
p.  439).  On  contemporary  coins  struck  at  the  Roman  mint  there  is  no  definite  rule,  Augustus 
being  styled  AVGVSTVS,  AVGVSTVS  DIVI  F,  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS,  IMP.  CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS,  Ac.  There  is  also  great  uniformity  in  the  portrait  of  Augustus  on  the  Gaulish 
coins.     During  B.C.  14 — 11   (IMP  .  X — XI)  it  is  always  bare  and  in  high  relief.     The  same 


428 


nT        Tf  •  T,i       Metal 
JVC.      \\  einrit  ,  „ 

■'         una  Sue 


COINAGE    OP   GAUL 

Obverse 


Reverse 


157 
158 


159 


160 


58-4 
56-8 


122-0 


58-2 


M    -75 
M    -75 


Denarius 


Similar;  countermarked  on 
neck, S 

Similar;  countermarked  on 
neck,  X 


Similar. 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  9.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Type  I.  var. 
Aureus 


A'    -8    j  Similar;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  10.] 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Denarius 

I  Similar. 


[PI.  cvii.  11.] 


portrait  occurs  ou  the  issues  attributed  to  B.C.  11 — 9  (IMP  .  XII),  but  during  that  period  it 
gives  way  to  the  laureate  head,  which  only  is  retained  on  the  later  coinage. 

The  copper  coins  which  are  assigned  to  e.g.  10  and. later  are  somewhat  exceptional  pieces. 
The  principal  issue,  that  representing  the  altar  of  Lyons,  was  first  struck  to  commemorate  a 
great  occasion ;  the  other  issues  do  not  mark  any  special  epoch.  These  coinages,  as  we  shall 
see,  appear  to  have  been  based  ou  the  semuncial  standard. 

In  assigning  the  coins  of  Series  lY.  to  Gaul  it  is  important  to  bear  in  mind  one  or  two 
points  apart  from  the  question  of  fabric  and  style.  The  first  and  principal  point  is  that  Gaul 
was  an  imperial  province,  i.e.,  its  administration  and  organization  were  under  the  immediate 
control  of  Augustus,  and  so  was  separate  from  any  senatorial  jurisdiction  ;  that  from  B.C.  16 — 8 
this  province  was  visited  ou  several  occasions  by  the  Emperor,  each  of  which  was  marked  by 
some  special  event ;  that  during  those  years  it  was  the  scene  of  the  chief  military  operations  in 
the  Roman  empire,  and  that  it  was  on  account  of  the  victories  gained  in  this  and  more 
northern  districts  that  Augustus  ^vas  frequently  acclaimed  Imperator;  and  lastly,  from 
B.C.  16 — 3,  there  was  a  change  in  the  administration  if  not  in  the  organization  of  the  Eoman 
mint,  and  the  moneyers  were  permitted  to  resume  the  former  custom  of  placing  their  names  on 
the  coins.  When  this  custom  was  revived  it  may  be  presumed  that  all  coins  issued  from  the 
mint  in  the  capital  bore  these  marks  of  authority.  It  is  not  necessary  to  discuss  at  length 
these  various  points,  but  we  only  draw  attention  to  them,  as  no  doubt  Count  de  Salis  took 
them  into  account  when  separating  these  issues  from  those  of  the  central  mint. 

Augustus  was  acclaimed  Imperator  X  for  the  victories  of  Tiberius  and  Drnsus  over  the 
Rhaeti  in  Italy  and  Gaul,  B.C.  15.  The  first  victory  was  gained  by  Drusus  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Tridentiue  Alps,  near  the  Lacus  Benacus  (Lago  di  Garda)  ;  the  second  by  Tiberius,  near  Lake 
Constance  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  13).  It  may  therefore  be  possible  that  the  two  figures 
jireseuting  laurel-branches  to  Augustus  are  intended  to  represent  Tiberius  and  Drusus. 
Dr.  B.  Gabrici  (La  Ntimis.di  Aug. ;  Stvdi  e  Mat.  diArch.  e  Num.,  ed.  Milani,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  182  f.), 
who  has  specially  discussed  the  assignment  of  these  coins  to  Gaul,  has  identified  this  type  as 
illustrating  generally  the  passage  in  Suetonius  (Augustus,  60),  referring  to  the  honours  paid  to 
Augustus  by  other  kings  : — [Reges^  saepe  regnis  relictis,  non  Romae  modo,  sed  provincias  pera- 
granti  quotidiana  officia  togati,  ac  sine  regio  insigni,  inore  clientium  praestiterunt.  As  these 
coins  commemorate  the  10th  acclamation  of  Augustus  as  Imperator,  this  type  seems  capable  of 
a  more  definite  explanation.  In  his  study  of  the  coins  of  this  series  Dr.  Gabrici  has  attributed 
those  with  the  bare  head  of  Augustus  to  Lugdunum,  and  those  with  similar  reverse  types,  but 
with  the  laureate  head,  to  the  Roman  mint.  Reasons  for  assigning  all  these  coins  to  the  mint 
at  Lagdunum  and  not  to  that  at  Rome  have  been  given  above.  Dr.  Gabrici  in  his  classification 
of  these  coins  of  Augustus  appears  to  have  partly  adopted  that  of  Dr.  Head  in  his  "  Coins  of 
the  Ancients,"  who  in  turn  followed  the  classification  proposed  by  Count  de  Salis. 


AT        11/  ■  J.J        Metal 
No.     Weight  ,  „  ■ 

•^  and  iSi2e 


CIKC.  B.C.  14—12;   A.U.C.  740—742 

Ohvei'se  Reverse 


429 


161 


48-0 


M    -75 


162 


123-0 


^    -8 


Type  II.i 
Denarius 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief ;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  •  F 


Similar  to  no.  156 ;  but  only 
one  soldier  is  represented, 
who  presents  a  laurel- 
branch  to  Augustus,  seated 
on  a  sella  castrensis  placed 
on  a  platform  ;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, IMP  X 

[PI.  cvii.   12.] 
(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


Type  III. 
Aureus  "^ 


163 


164 


165 


59-0 

58-6 
48-8 


M    -75 

M    -75 
M    -8 


Similar;      AVGVSTVS     for 
AVGVSTVS 


Bull  butting  r. ;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, IMP  •  X 

[PI.  cvii.  13.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar;  countermarkedwith 
crescent  on  neck. 

Similar ;  no  countermark. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  14.] 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  This  type  evidently  refers  to  the  same  events  as  the  preceding.  As  only  one  soldier  is 
shown,  it  may  be  intended  as  a  general  representation  of  the  victories  of  Tiberius  and  Druaus 
without  any  special  allusion  to  them  individually. 

A  variety  consisting  of  the  aureus  and  the  denarius  shows  the  head  of  Augustus  to  left. 
Both  denominations  are  in  the  Paris  collection  (Cohen,  M6d.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  83,  nos.  130,  131). 

^  Dr.  Gabrici  (op.  cit.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  191)  thought  that  Augustus  adopted  the  type  of  the 
butting  bull  on  account  of  its  having  been  the  principal  one  used  on  the  bronze  coins  of  Massilia, 
which  had  a  wide  circulation  in  southern  and  western  Gaul,  and  to  which  the  inhabitants  of 
those  districts  had  been  long  accustomed.  It  was,  he  adds,  the  policy  of  Augustus  in  his 
reorganization  of  the  province  of  Gaul  to  interfere  as  little  as  possible  with  the  customs  of  the 
subjected  people,  and  to  act  at  all  times  with  due  consideration  for  their  feelings.  Pascal 
(XI  Quito  di  Apollo  in  Ro-nia  nel  secolo  di  Aug.  ;  Studi  di  Ant.  e  Mitolog.,  1896,  p.  64)  suggests 
that  the  bull  is  an  allusion  to  the  special  cult  of  Apollo,  and  that  it  denotes  the  victim  offered 
to  that  divinity,  pro  valetudine  Augusti;  and  Morelli  (Imp.  rom.  num.,  t.  i.,  p.  206)  to  the 
games  "when  Thessalian  horsemen  drove  mad  bulls  round  the  circus"  (Suetonius,  Claudius, 
21).  The  explanation  given  by  Dr.  Gabrici  may  be  plausible,  but  it  seems  much  more  probable 
that  the  type  refers  to  the  recent  defeat  of  the  fihaeti,  and  to  the  submission  of  the  Germans 
and  the  other  tribes,  and  is  symbolical  of  the  dominating  power  of  Rome,  especially  in  Gaul. 
This  interpretation  would  be  much  more  in  keeping  with  the  purport  of  the  following  types, 
which  commemorate  the  victories  of  Naulochus  and  Actium, 


430 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


So.        Wt'hili* 


Meial 


Obvfi\~e 


Recci\^e 


Type  III.  var.  a 


166    120-12  .  S"    -75 


Aureus 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus!.,    Similar. 

and  AVGVSTVS  for  AV  [Pi.  cvu.  15.] 

GVSTVS  (Strozzi  Coll.) 


Denarius 


167  '    oS-5     jR    -75 


163      59-2 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  16.] 


169    121-0 


170      57-5 


/R    -75,  Similar;      AVGVSTVS     for    Similar. 

AVGVSTVS  (Woodhouse  CoU.) 


Type  III.  var.  b^ 


Aureus 


■Vo 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus 
r.,  and  AVGVSTVS  for 
AVGVSTVS 


Similar ;  bull  butting  1. 
[PI.  cvii.  17.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Denarius 


.R    -75  i  Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  18.] 


'  The  British  Museum  possesses  all  the  published  varieties  of  this  type. 

A  denarius  of  barbarous  work  dated  the  10th  imperatorship  of  Augustus  is  described  and 
figured  by  Cohen  (Med.  imp.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  84,  no.  142).  It  has  for  obverse  type  the  head  of 
Augustus  r.,  laureate,  and  around,  [CAESAR]  AVG  .  DIVI  F  ;  and  on  the  reverse,  IMP  .  X 
above  a  crescent  moon,  around  "n'hich  are  seven  stars;  below  the  moon,  AVG  .  DIVI.  This 
coin,  which  may  have  been  struck  in  Gaul,  is  similar  to  the  denarius  described  above,  p.  416, 
note  2.  The  head  of  Augustus  is  of  the  same  form  and  style.  It  belongs  to  a  series  of 
barbarous  pieces,  which  extend  over  a  considerable  period,  when  the  Republican  and  early 
imperial  coins  were  issued.  The  reverse  type,  like  that  of  the  coin  previously  mentioned,  is 
copied  from  a  denarius  of  L.  Lucretius  Trio  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  396,  no.  3243). 


„         TI7  ■  I  .       Metal 
•'         and  Si; 


121-2 


CIEC.  B.C.  14—12;    A.U.C.  740—742 

Ohverse  Reverse 

e 

Type  IV.i 
Aureus 


431 


M     -8 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief ;  ,  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  .  F 


Diana  Venatrix,  wearing 
short  chiton  which  hangs 
over  r.  arm,  standing  to- 
wards 1. ;  head  to  r. ;  she 
leans  with  r.  hand  on 
spear  and  holds  strung 
bow  in  1. ;  at  her  side, 
dog  1. ;  in  the  field,  IMP 
•  X ;  in  the  exergue,  S I  CI  L  - 
{Sicilia). 


171 


59-0 


[Cohen,  Mid.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  84,  no.  145.] 


Denarius 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  19.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


'  The  reverse  type  is  unquestionably  a  record  of  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at  Naulochus 
in  B.C.  36  by  Augustus  and  Agrippa.  Naulochus  was  situated  on  the  north  coast  of  Sicily, 
near  to  Mylae.  It  was  at  Mylae  that  Sextus  Pompey  had  massed  his  land  forces,  but  just 
before  the  last  battle  he  changed  his  position  to  Pelorus,  abandoning  the  defiles  in  the 
neighbourhood,  which  were  immediately  occupied  by  Augustus.  In  their  account  of  this 
campaign  Appian  {Bell,  civ.,  v.  116)  and  Dion  Cassius  (xlix.  8)  mention  a  very  small  town 
named  Artemisium,  which  was  occupied  by  Augustus  at  the  same  time  as  Mylae,  and  which 
must  therefore  have  been  situated  near.  It  is  not  mentioned  by  any  of  the  geographers.  It  is 
obviously  the  same  place  alluded  to  by  Silius  Italious  (xiv.  260)  as  the  sedes  Phacelina  Dianae, 
and  called  by  Lucilius  in  a  fragment  of  his  satires  {Sat.,  iii.  13),  Facelitis  templa  Dianae, 
There  was  also  a  river  called  Phacelinus,  which  Vibius  Sequester  {de  Flmnen)  describes  as  jiixta 
Feloridein,  conjinis  tempJo  Dianae.  From  Appian's  account,  however,  it  is  evident  that  the 
temple  was  not  situated  near  Pelorus,  but  at  a  short  distance  from  Mylae,  though  the  precise 
spot  is  not  now  identifiable.  Appian  {loc.  cit.)  adds,  "  they  say  it  is  the  spot  where  the  sacred 
■  cattle  of  the  sun  were  kept,  and  where  Ulysses  fell  asleep."  The  Romans  therefore  associated 
Diana  with  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  as  they  did  Apollo  with  that  of  Aotium  (see  below). 
Dr.  Gabriel  {op.  cit.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  193)  has  made  a  similar  suggestion  regarding  these  types  of 
Diana  and  Apollo,  as  in  the  case  of  the  butting  bull,  and  supposes  that  they  were  adopted  by 
Augustus  on  account  of  the  special  cult  of  these  divinities  at  Massilia,  which  had  been 
illustrated  on  the  early  coins  of  that  city.  They  would  therefore  be  pleasing  to  the  Gauls  as 
acknowledging  the  cult  of  these  divinities,  and  to  the  veterans  of  his  army  who  had  sefciled 
in  Gaul  as  memorials  of  the  two  great  victories  which  probably  most  of  them  had  taken  a 
part  in  gaining.  The  repetitions  of  these  types  in  a  more  or  less  modified  form  in  sub- 
sequent issues  show  that  they  were  at  least  acceptable  to  the  Roman  section  of  the  population. 


432 


,T         TT-  ■  7  i       Metnl 
"        ana  bt:e 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


Reverse 


172 


173 


174 


175 


176 


54-7     M    -7 


Tjrpe  lY.  var. 
Denarius 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus  1. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cvii.  20.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


121-5 


AT    -8 


120-6 


A^    -75 


59-0 


JR.    -8 


56-8  I  M    -85 


Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief ;  around, 
AVGVSTVSDIVI-F(same 
die  as  no.  169). 


Similar. 


Apollo  in  citharoedic  dress, 
■  standing  towards  1.,  head 
in  profile ;  he  holds  plec- 
trum in  r.  hand  and  lyre 
in  1.;  in  the  field,  IMP 
•  X  ;  in  the  exergue,  ACT 
[Actium). 

[PI.  cviii.  1.] 

(Wigan  CoU.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Denarius- 


Similar. 


[PI.  cviii.  2.] 

Similar ;  the  plectrum  is 
pointed  downwards,  not 
towards  Apollo. 

[PI.  cviii.  3.] 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


'  This  type  commemorates  the  battle  of  Actium,  23  September,  e.g.  31,  the  greatest  and 
most  important  of  all  the  victories  of  Augustus,  as  by  the  subsequent  death  of  Mark  Antony 
he  became  the  supreme  and  practical  head  of  the  Roman  state.  These  coins  were  issued 
under  precisely  the  same  circumstances  as  those  with  the  type  of  Diana  Tenatrix.  The  type 
of  Apollo  was  also  continued  in  a  similar  manner  and  with  like  modifications.  There  appear 
to  be  varieties  with  the  head  of  Augustus  to  left,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Diana  types. 

'  These  denarii  were  couutermarked  by  Vespasian  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Xiim.,  1876,  p.  369). 
Cohen  (Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  84)  has  supplied  the  following  important  note  on  the  occurrence  of 
the  imperatorships  on  the  coins  with  the  reverses  of  Diana  and  Apollo:  "Dans  la  premiere 
edition  j'ai  d(5crit  d'apres  Morell  et  Vaillant  le  revers  IMP.IX.SICIL.  Diane  marchant,  en 
or  et  en  argent,  et  j'ai  dit  dans  la  note  que  ces  auteurs  ont  donne  encore  la  meme  m^daille, 
aveo  la  legeude  IMP  .  VIII,  et  qu'  Eckhel  la  rapportait  d'apres  leur  autorit^.  Le  fait  est 
premi^rement,  que  Morell  les  donne  d'aprfes  Goltzius,  et  que  Vaillant  avec  sa  legerete 
habituelle  dterit  le  revers  de  Diane  marchant,  tout  k  la  fois  avec  IMP  .  VIM,  IX,  X  et  XII  ; 
et  secondement,  que  je  n'ai  jamais  rencontre  que  IMP  .  X,  Xi  et  XII,  soit  avec  le  type  de 
Diane,  soit  avec  celui  d'Apollon.  Quant  h  celui  du  tanreau,  je  ne  I'ai  jamaisvu  avec  IMP  .  XI. 
Eiccio,  cependant,  dans  le  catalogue  de  sa  collection,  a  cit6  cette  m^daille  sans  la  d^crire ; 
mais  elle  ne  s'est  pas  trouv^e  k  la  vente  qui  en  fut  faite  k  Paris  en  1868."  The  occurrence  of 
I M  P  •  X I  on  any  of  these  coins  seems,  however,  very  doubtful  (see  next  page) . 


CIEC.  B.C.  12—11 ;   A.TJ.C.  742—743 


433 


No.       Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


177 


178 


60-7 


59-6 


M    -75 


Obverse  Heverf^e 

Circ.  B.C.  12—11;    a.u.c.  742—743' 

Imperator  XI  '■' 

Denarius  ^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
in  high  reHef ;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  •  F 


Capricorn  r.,  holding  globe  ; 
below,  IMP  •  XI  {Impera- 
tor undecimum). 
[PI.  cviii,  4.] 


Circ.  B.C.  11—10;   a.u.c.  743— 744  < 

Tvibunitia  Potestas  XIII 

Half-Aur-eus 


A^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
in  high  rehef ;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI    F 


Victory  seated  r.,  on  globe  ; 
she  holds  her  dress  with 
both  hands ;  below  and 
on  r.,  TK  •  POT-  XIII 
(Trihitnitia  potcstate  deci- 
vium  tertiuin). 

[PI.  cviii.  5.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  The  denarius  assigned  to  B.C.  12 — ^11  conamemorates  the  Xlth  imperatorship  of  Augustus. 
This  acclamation  is  only  found  on  coins  (Mommsen,  Ues  gestae,  p.  13).  It  was  accorded  to 
Augustus  in  consequence  of  the  victories  of  Tiberius  over  the  Pannonians  in  B.C.  12,  when 
with  the  help  of  the  Scordisci  he  laid  waste  their  country,  deprived  them  of  their  arms,  and 
sold  or  deported  all  their  youth.  The  Senate  decreed  Tiberius  a  triumph,  but  Augustus 
refused  his  permission  and  only  accorded  Tiberius  the  ornamenta  triamphalia.  He  also  forbade 
Tiberius  to  assume  the  title  of  Imperator,  to  which  he  had  been  acclaimed  by  his  legions,  but  he 
did  not  hesitate  to  add  another  to  his  own  imperatorships  (Dion  Cassius,  liv.  31).  It  was  of 
short  duration,  as  in  the  following  year  Augustus  was  acclaimed  IMP  .  XII. 

^  The  only  type  which  can  with  certainty  be  attributed  to  the  Xlth  imperatorship  is  that 
with  the  Capricorn.  Cohen  (Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  85,  nos.  148 — 150)  describes  aurei  of  the 
Apollo  and  Diana  types  with  the  laureate  head  of  Augustus,  and  also  a  denarius  of  the  former  ; 
but  Dr.  Gabrici  {Studi  di  Arch,  e  Num.,  &o.,  1903,  vol.  iii.,  p.  184)  says  that  the  laureate  head 
does  not  occur  with  IMP  XI,  and  that  Cohen's  descriptions  are  incorrect,  a  portion  of  the 
legend  being  "ofE  the  field."  The  specimen  of  the  denarius  of  the  Apollo  type  in  the 
Santangelo  collection  cited  by  Dr.  Gabrici  {loc.  cit.)  may  also,  for  the  same  reason,  be  of  the 
Xllth  imperatorship.     On  this  coin  the  head  of  Augustus  is  not  laureate. 

'  The  reverse  type  difiers  from  previous  representations  of  the  Capricorn,  which  does  not 
bear  a  cornucopiae  on  its  back  (see  above,  pp.  418,  419). 

*  The  tribunitia  potestas  was  accorded  in  perpetuity  to  Augustus  in  November,  B.C.  23,  and 
was  renewed  each  year  to  the  end  of  his  reign.  TR  .  POT.  XIII  therefore  extended  from 
November,  B.C.  11,  to  the  same  month  in  the  following  year,  so  that  this  half-aureus  must 
have  been  struck  during  that  interval.  The  reverse  type  of  Victory  seated  on  a  globe  may  be 
complimentary  to  Augustus  in  a  general  way  for  his  victories,  which  had  extended  over  all 
parts  of  the  Empire,  in  the  East,  Africa,  Gaul  and  Spain,  but  as  this  coin  was  issued  in 
B.C.  11 — 10  it  may  have  special  reference  to  the  successes  of  Tiberius  in  Pannonia,  where  the 
inhabitants  still  continued  in  a  state  of  revolt,  and  to  the  victories  of  Drusus  in  Germania 
(Dion  Cassius,  liv.  31,  33).  This  type  is  repeated  on  half-aurei  of  sabsequent  issues,  but 
it  is  limited  to  that  denomination. 

VOL.   II.  3    K 


43i 

Xo.        Weiikf 


Vftal 
and  Si-.c 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

Obverse 

Circ.  B.C.  11—9; 


Reverse 

A.r.c.  743—7451 


!  Imperator  XII 

Type  I. 

Aureus 

179  122-4  X  S  •  Head  of  Augustas  r.,  bare;  Bull  butting  r. ;  in  tbe  ex- 
in  his^h  relief;  aroimd,  j  ergue,  IMP  ■  XII  (I»;jvni- 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  •  F  I      tor  diiodccimum). 

I  [PI.  cviii.  6.] 


ISO      55-0      .R    -7    ^  Similar. 


ISl      53-7      .R 

(rl.ijq.-.l- 


Denarius 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cviii.  7.] 

Similar. 


Tj-pe  I.  Tar.  a 
Aureus 


1S2    1220      X     -S      Similar. 


Similar;  bull  butting  1. 
[PI.  cviii.  8.] 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


'  The  coins  Tvliich  bear  the  legend  IMP  .  XII  were  issued  between  the  snmmer  of  B.C.  11 
and  that  of  B.C.  9.  The  Xllth  imperatorship  was  accorded  to  Angustns  for  the  victories  of 
Drusns  in  Germany  in  B.C.  11  and  the  preceding  Tear.  On  his  return  to  Rome  in  B.C.  11 
Drusus  received  as  his  reward  a  vote  of  the  Senate  granting  him  an  ovation  with  the  insignia 
of  a  triumph,  and  decreeing  that  at  the  end  of  his  praetorship  he  should  have  proconsular 
authority.  He  was  also  acclaimed  Imperator  by  his  legions,  but  Augustus,  as  in  the  previous 
instance  of  Tiberius,  Tvould  not  confirm  the  title,  yet  did  not  hesitate  to  augment  the  number 
of  his  own  acclamations  (Dion  Cassins.  liv.  33).  As  Augustus  was  proclaimed  IMP  .  XIII  on 
the  occasion  of  the  triumph  of  Tiberius  for  his  victories  over  the  Dalmati.ins  and  Pannoniana 
14  September,  B.C.  9,  we  have  a  limit  of  date  to  which  the  coins  commemorating  his  Xllth 
imperatorship  can  be  assigned. 

The  coins  struck  in  Gaul  during  the  Xllth  imperatorship  of  Augustus  have  similar 
subjects  for  the  reverse  types  to  those  struck  during  his  Sth,  viz.  the  butting  bull,  Diana 
Tenatrix,  and  Apollo  Citharoedus.  Of  these  issues  there  are  two  series,  one  with  the  head 
of  Augustus  bai'e,  precisely  similar  in  style  to  that  on  coins  previously  assigned  to  Gaul, 
the  other  with  the  head  laureate,  which  approaches  somewhat  in  character  the  portrait  on 
contemporary  coins  of  the  Roman  mint.  The  representations  of  Diana  and  Apollo  are  also 
varied.  The  former  is  shown  rushing  forward,  her  bow  in  her  left  hand,  and  drawing  an 
arrow  from  her  quiver  with  her  right ;  the  latter  stands  in  profile  holding  a  patera  and  a 
lyre.  The  laureate  head  occurs  with  both  reverse  types ;  but  the  bare  head  with  the  earlier 
type  only.  It  is  owing  to  this  change  in  the  obverse  type  that  Dr.  Gabrici  (pp.  cit.,  p.  195) 
has  separated  the  two  series,  assigning  that  with  the  bare  head  to  Lngdunum,  and  that  with 
the  laureate  head  to  Rome.  From  general  similarity  of  style  and  fabric,  and  also  from  the 
circumstance  that  the  moneyers  were  at  this  pai-ticnlar  time  placing  their  names  on  coins 
struck  at  the  Roman  mint.  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  both  series  to  Gaul.  Xo  change  is 
met  with  in  the  reverse  type  of  the  btttting  bull,  tliat  animal  being  similarly  represented  on 
coins  with  the  head  of  Augustus  bare  or  laureate.  It  is.  however,  turned  to  the  left  as 
well  as  to  the  right.  This  variation  of  the  type  occurred,  as  we  have  seen,  on  the  issues  of 
p.c.  1-t — 12.  The  half-aureus  preserves  its  reverse  type  of  Victory  seated  on  a  globe.  The 
head  of  Augustus  is  not  laiu-eate. 


CIRC.  B.C.  11—9;   A.U.C.  743—745 


435 


No.      Weiijht 


183 


184 


185 
186 
187 


188 


57-7 


122-0 


69-4 

58-7 
58-4 


120-5 


60-7 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -75 


Obverse 


Rei'pT.'^e 


M    -75 


M  -75 
M  -75 
JR.    -75 


Denarius 


Simil; 


ar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cviii.  9.] 


Type  I.  var.  b  ^ 
Aureus 


Similar;   head  of  Augustus 
r.,  laureate. 


Similar ;  bull  butting  r. 
[PI.  cviii.  10.] 

(Montagu  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cviii.  11.] 


Type  I.  var.  c  ^ 
Aureus 


N 


ir    -6 


Similar. 


Similar ;  bull  butting  1. 
[PI.  cviii.   12.] 
(Claude  Stewart  Coll.] 


Type  II. 
Half-Aureus^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
in  high  relief ;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  ■  F 


Victory  seated  r.  on  globe; 
she  holds  her  dress  with 
both  hands ;  before  her, 
IMP- XII 


[Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  85,  no.  151. J 


'  Varieties  of  the  aureus  and  denarius  of  Type  I.  var.  b  have  the  head  of  Augustus  to 
left  (Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  86,  noa.  156,  157). 

'^  There  is  also  a  denarius  of  this  type,  and  varieties  of  both  the  aureus  and  the  denarius 
show  the  head  of  Augustus  to  left  (Cohen,  op.  cit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  86,  nos.  159 — 161). 

'  The  weight  given  of  this  coin  is  that  of  the  specimen  in  the  Paris  cabinet. 


436 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


iS'o.      Weiijht 


189 


57-0 


190 


191 


122-0 


122-0 


Metal 
and  Sizr 


M    -75 


N'    -8 


AT    -8 


192 


193 


59-2 


590 


M    -7 


M    -7 


Obverse  Reverse 

Type  III. 

Denarius  ^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
in  -high  relief ;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVl  •  F 


Diana  Venatrix  wearing 
short  chiton,  which  hangs 
over  r.  arm,  standing 
towards  1.,  head  to  r. ; 
she  leans  with  r.  hand 
on  spear  and  holds  strung 
bow  in  1. ;  at  her  side, 
dog  1.  (similar  to  no.  171); 
in  the  field,  IMP  XII;  in 
the  exergue,  SICILI  {Si- 
cilia). 

[PI.  cviii.  13.] 


Type  III.  var. 
Aureus  ^ 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus, 
laureate. 


Similar ;     in    the    exergue, 
SICIL  for  SICILI 
[PI.  cviii.  14.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Type  III.  var.  b 
Aureus 


Similar. 


Diana  Venatrix,  wearing 
long  chiton,  running  r. ; 
she  holds  strung  bow  in 
1.  hand  and  with  r.  draws 
an  arrow  from  her  quiver, 
which  is  slung  to  her 
shoulders ;  in  the  field, 
IMP  •  XI I ;  in  the  exergue, 
SICIL 

[PI.  cviu.  15.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Denarius^ 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cviii.  16.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  The  aureus  of  this  type  is  in  the  collection  at  Florence  (Gabrici,  op.  cit.,  p.  185). 
^  There  exists  a  denarius  of  this  type  (Cohen,   Mid.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  87,  no.  170),  and  a 
variety  of  the  aureus  with  head  of  Augustus  to  left  (Gabrici,  op.  cit.,  p.  196,  fig.  38). 

^  Cohen  (op.  cit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  87,  no.  173)  describes  a  denarius  in  the  Paris  cabinet  having 


CIEC.  B.C.  11—9;   A.U.C.  743—745 


437 


,,         ii»  •  T*       Metal 
No.       neicjM  ,  „. 

■^         and  Size 


120'2 


194 


195 


601 


56-0 


121-0 


N    -8 


Obvert<e  Reverse 

Type  IV. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief ;  around, 
AVGVSTVS  DIVI  ■  F 


Apollo  in  oitharoedic  dress 
standing  towards  1.,  head 
in  profile ;  he  holds  plec- 
trum in  r.  hand  and  lyre 
in  1.  (similar  to  no.  173) ; 
in  the  field,  IMP  XII;  in 
the  exergue,  ACT  (Ac- 
tium). 


M    -lb 


M    -7 


K    -8 


[Paris  Coll.] 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cviii.  17.] 

Similar. 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


Similar;   head  of  Augustus 
r.,  laureate. 


Type  IV.  var.  a^ 
Aureus 

Similar. 


[Paris  Coll.J 


on  the  obverse  the  radiate  head  of  Augustus  to  right,  and  the  legend AVG  .  DIVI  .  F  . 

P.P.  {Pater  Patriae),  and  on  the  reverse  Diana  running  to  right  and  bearing  a  bow  j  in  the 
field,  IMP  .  XII  (probably  with  SICIL  in  the  exergue).  This  is  another  of  those  barbarous 
imitations  of  which  other  examples  have  been  noticed  (see  above,  pp.  416,  430).  The  coin 
purports  to  have  been  issued  in  the  Xllth  imperatorship,  e.g.  11—9,  yet  gives  to  Augustus  the 
title  of  Pater  Patriae,  which  he  did  not  receive  till  B.C.  2, 

'  The  denarius  of  this  variety  does  not  appear  to  be  known. 


TlVf,: 


3'--- 
ahd  Size 


COINAGE   OF  GAUL 

Obi-erse 


Type  TV.  vai\  6 

Aureus 

122o      A'     S       Similar;   head  of  Ausustus    Similar. 
1.,  laureate. 


[Paris  CoU.] 


Denarius 


196     54-6     -II    -75    Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cviii.  18.] 


Type  lY.  var.  c 

I  Aureus 

197    121i      A"      S    .Similar;   head  of  Augustus  '  Apollo  in  citharoedic  dress 

I      r..  laureate,  and   AVGVS  standing  r.,   holding  pa- 

I      TVS  for  AVGVSTVS  tera  in  r.  hand  and  hre 

I  in  1.;   in  the  field,  IMP 

'  -Xll;  below,  ACT 

I  [PI.  cviii.  19.] 

I  (Wigan  Coll.) 

1  Similar 

!  (Wigan  GoU.) 

Similar. 
,       (Claude  Ste'wari  CoU.) 


19S   121-0     A"     S 

I  i 

199  1200     A'     -75 

i 
i 

200  60-3     JR    -lb 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar 


Denarius 

Similar. 

[PI.  cviu.  20.] 
(Cracherode  CoU.) 


201    121S     A^    '75 


202     43-2     .R    -7; 


Type  lY.  var.  d 

Aureus 

Similar;   head  of  Augustus    Similar. 

1.,  lam-eate.  [PI.  cix.  1.] 

!     (Bank  of  England  CoU.) 


SimUar. 


Denarius 

Similar. 

[PI.  cis.  2.] 
(Bank  of  England  CoU.) 


No.     WeigU 


Metal 
and  Sine 


CIEC.  B.C.  10;   A.U-.C.  744 

Oiverse 


439 


203   403-5 


M  1-45 


Circ.  B.C.  10 

and  later 

Dupondius 


Revers 
A.U.C.   7441 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  laure- 
ate ;  around,  CAESAK 
rONT-  MAX  {Pontifex 
Maximus). 


The  "  Ara  August!  "  at  Lug- 
dunum ;  ^  the  fa9ade  is 
ornamented  with  a  wreath 
between  two  laurel-trees, 
with  figures  beyond ;  the 
altar  is  surmounted  by- 
ornaments  or  statuettes ; 
at  each  end,  a  column 
with  Victory  holding 
wreath;  below,  KOM  ■ 
ET  •  AVG  (Bo?nae  et  Au- 
gusto). 

[PI.  cix.  3.] 

(Pres.  by  Dr.  Arthur  Evans) 


'  The  date  of  issue  of  these  copper  coins  is  determinable  by  their  types  and  legends,  and 
their  place  of  mintage  by  their  fabric.  The  laureate  head  of  Augustus  does  not  occur  on 
coins  assigned  to  Gaul  before  B.C.  11. 

2  The  reverse  type  furnishes  a  representation  of  the  "Ara  Romae  et  Augusti,"  commonly 
called  the  "  Altar  of  Lyons,"  which  was  erected  near  that  city  on  the  promontory  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Arar  and  the  Rhone,  and  which  was  dedicated  to  Rome  and  Augustus.  The 
time  when  this  altar  was  founded  is  fixed  by  the  Epitome  of  Livy  {Epit.,  137)  in  the  year  when 
Drusus  had  subdued  the  Germans  on  either  side  of  the  Rhine,  and  had  suppressed  a  rising 
caused  by  the  census  in  Gaul.  This  was  in  B.C.  12.  It  was  also  in  that  year  that  Drusus 
called  together  the  chief  of  the  Gallic  princes  at  Lugdunnm,  the  main  subject  for  consideration 
being  the  cult  of  Rome  and  Augustus,  and  the  erection  of  the  altar.  Suetonius  {Claudius^  2) 
has  put  the  consecration  of  the  altar  during  the  consulship  of  C.  Julius  Antonius  and  Q. 
Fabius  Maximus  Africanus,  B.C.  10,  and  on  August  1,  which  was  the  natal  day  of  Claudius, 
the  son  of  Drusus,  who  was  born  at  Lugdunum.  It  is  therefore  possible  that  the  erection  of 
the  altar  occupied  two  years  to  complete,  and  that  it  was  not  consecrated  till  August,  B.C.  10, 
when  Augustus  was  in  Lugdunum,  and  so  was  able  to  take  part  in  the  ceremony. 

The  altar  was  of  marble,  and  its  representation  on  the  coins  shows  that  the  facade  was 
ornamented  with  bas-reliefs,  consisting  of  «;  wreath  between  two  laurel-trees  or  branches, 
each  flanked  by  a  human  figure.  The  wreath  and  laurel-trees  were  no  doubt  intended  to 
illustrate  those  which  were  placed  above  and  at  the  sides  of  the  portico  of  the  palace  of 
Augustus  at  Rome  (see  above,  p.  103,  no.  4676,  pi.  Ixxii.  4).  On  the  altar  are  placed 
ornaments  or  statuettes.  At  each  end  is  a  column  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  Victory. 
These  columns  were  of  grey  Egyptian  granite,  and  the  figures  of  Victory  were  of  bronze  gilt. 
Strabo  (Lib.  iv.,  cap.  3,  2)  states  that  the  altar  bore  an  inscription  giving  the  names  of  the 
sixty  Gallic  civUates  which  participated  in  its  erection,  each  one  being  represented  by  an 
emblem  or  statue.  As  the  passage  in  Strabo  appears  to  be  corrupt  it  has  been  suggested 
that  these  statues  were  placed  round  the  altar  or  near  it.  The  representation  on  the  coins 
seems,  however,  to  bear  out  his  statement. 

The  most  important  circumstance  in  connection  with  the  erection  of  this  altar  was  the 
establishment  of  the  concilium  of  the  Tres  Galliae,  sometimes  called  the  conventus  arensis. 
It  consisted  originally  of  representatives  of  sixty,  and  later  of  sixty-four  eivitates,  who  met 
annually  on  August  1  on  the  promontory,  where  the  altar  was  placed,  for  political  and  religious 
purposes,  the  latter  specially  in  connection  with  the  cult  of  the  Rohian  people  and  the  Emperor 
(Tacitus,  Ann.,  iii.  44;  Servius,  Aen.,  i.  285).  It  was  the  first  concilium  of  its  kind  in  the 
West,  and  in  many  respects  was  similar  to  the  Koirir  'Aerias  in  the  East.  One  of  its  first 
duties  was  the  election  of  a  chief  priest,  whose  full  title  was  sacerdos  Romae  et  AugusU  ad 
Aram  ad  confluentes  Araris  et  Rhodani.  The  office  was  the  highest  one  to  which  a  native  Gaul 
could  aspire,  and  was  much  sought  after  by  members  of  the  chief  families.  The  functions  of 
the  chief  priest  consisted  in  offering  up  sacrifices  to  the  Roman  people  and  the  Emperor,  the 
general  regulation  of  the  festival,  and  the  superintendance  of  the  public  games  which  were 
held   in   the    neighbouring   amphitheatre    (Gardthausen,    Aur/ustus,   p.   672;   Pauly-Wissowa, 


440 

nr         -m  ■  7  J  Metal 

No.      Weiglit  ,  „. 

"  and  Size 


COINAGE   OF  GAUL 

Obverse 


204 

205 
206 

207 

208 
209 

210 
211 


212 


170-5 

170-5 
170-0 

168-5 

166-0 
159-0 

148-5 
145-0 


48-5 


1 

M  1-15 

M  1-0 

M  1-05 

M    -95 

M  1-0 

M  1-15 

M  1-05 

M  1-05 

As 


Similar. 


Similar. 


SimUar ;     countermark    on 
neck,  ft 

Similar ;  no  countermark. 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 


[PI.  cix.  4.] 


Similar. 
[ 

Similar. 
Similar. 


SimUar ;     countermarks    a- 
bove  altar  W  and  Tl  b 

Similar ;  no  countermarks. 
Similar. 


[PI.  cix.  5.] 


Similar. 
Similar. 


M     -75 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare 
around,  IMP  •  CAESAK 


Quad pans' 

Type  I. 

Bull  butting  1. ;  above,  AV 
GVSTVS ;  in  the  exergue, 
DIVI   F 

[PI.  cix.  6.] 


vol.  iv.,  p.  806).  This  annual  festival  was  still  held  in  the  time  of  Dion  Cassius  (liv.  32). 
Livy  (loc.  cit.)  has  preserved  for  us  the  name  of  the  first  chief  priest,  who  was  C.  Julias 
Vercundarins  Dubius,  an  Aeduan. 

Dr.  Willers  (Num.  Zeit.,  1902,  pp.  101 — 112)  has  questioned  the  identification  of  the  object 
shown  on  the  coins  as  an  altar,  and  prefers  to  see  in  it  a  representation  of  the  ovarium, 
which  usually  stood  in  the  circus,  and  on  which  an  egg  was  placed  on  the  completion  of  each 
lap  of  a  race  around  the  circus.  The  Victories,  he  suggests,  were  those  which  were  erected 
on  the  spina,  which  separated  the  track.  This  interpretation  has  been  challenged  by  MM. 
Ponoet  and  Morel  {Rev.  num.,  1904,  pp.  46  f.),  and  also  by  Strack  {Bonner  Jahrhiicher,  112, 
p.  442).  The  fact  that  the  type  was  repeated  on  later  coins  of  Augustus,  and  also  on  those  of 
Tiberius,  shows  that  more  importance  must  be  attached  to  it  than  suggested  by  Dr.  Willers. 
Also  as  these  coins  are  mostly  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lyons,  a  connection  between  the 
type  and  that  city  appears  to  be  established.  This  issue  must  have  extended  over  several  years, 
as  specimens  are  quite  common  even  at  the  present  time.  The  metal  from  which  these  coins 
were  struck  appears  to  be  practically  pure  copper  (see  Num.  Chron.,  1904,  pp.  223,  244).  The 
smaller  denomination  would  therefore  represent  the  as  of  the  semuncial  standard,  and  the 
larger  one  the  dupondius.  It  was  the  copper  as  which  at  this  time  was  being  issued  at  the 
Roman  mint,  and  which  was  the  only  coin  of  the  baser  metals  showing  the  head  of  Augustus. 

The  specimen  of  the  dupondius  described  above  was  in  the  collection  of  Sir  John  Evans. 
It  was  recently  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  his  son,  Dr.  Arthur  Evans,  in  order  to 
complete  the  series  of  these  coins. 

^  It  is  somewhat  diiBcult  to  assign  a  definite  date  to  the  issue  of  these  small  pieces, 
which  from  their  weight  appear  to  be  quadrantes,  a  denomination  at  this  time  met  with  at  the 
mint  at  Rome  (see  above,  pp.  75  f.). 

The  reverse  type  of  the  butting  bull  first  occurs  on  coins  assigned  to  Gaul,  B.C.  14 — 12 
(see  above,  p.  429).  The  quadrans  of  this  type  may  well  have  been  struck  before  B.C.  10,  but 
probably  not  later  than  B.C.  8,  when  the  bare  head  of  Augustus  appears  to  have  fallen  out  of 
use  on  the  Gaulish  pieces.  Their  attribution  to  Gaul  seems  to  be  confirmed  by  the  circum- 
stance that  they  are  chiefly  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lyons  (Fr.  Lenormant,  La  Mon, 
dans  VAnt.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  189:  Cohen,  Med.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  68,  no.  36). 


CmC.  B.C.  8—5;    A.U.C.  746—749 


441 


No.      Weight 


213 


214 


215 


43-0 


36-0 


119-9 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -6 


M    -75 


OhvcrsG 


Reverse 


AT    -85 


Type  II.i 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  laure- 
ate;  around,  IMP  CAE 
SAR 


Similar. 


Eagle   with    spread   wings, 
standing  front ;    head  1. ; 
above,  AVGVSTVS 
[PI.  cix.  7.] 


Similar. 


[PI.  cix.  8.] 


Circ.  B.C.  8—5;   a.u.c.  746— 749  ^ 

Imperator  XII II 

Aureus 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  lau- 
reate ;  around,  AVGVS 
TVS  DIVI  -F 


A  Gaul  or  German,  wearing 
cloak  of  skin,  standing  r., 
and  presenting  an  infant 
child  to  Augustus  seated 
on  a  sella  castrensis  placed 
on  a  suggestum  ;  Augus- 
tus extends  his  r.  hand 
towards  the  child ;  in 
the  exergue,  IMP- XI I II 
(Imperator  decimum  quar- 
tum). 

[PI.  cix.  9.] 
(Oracherode  Coll.) 


'  Though  these  coins  do  not  resemble  in  type  any  of  the  gold  and  silver  money  struck  in 
Gaul,  their  fabric  seems  to  connect  them  with  the  same  district  as  the  preceding  pieces. 
Cohen  (pp.  cit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  66,  no.  29)  considered  them  to  have  been  issued  outside  Rome. 
They  must  therefore  belong  to  the  provincial  series,  and  in  consequence  to  Gaul,  as  this  was 
the  only  province  which  at  this  time  was  issuing  such  money.  The  reverse  type  was  adopted 
from  the  aureus  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint  a  few  years  before  (see  above,  p.  18,  and  pi.  Ix., 
no.  10). 

^  In  B.C.  8  Augustus  commenced  the  third  decennial  term  of  his  imperium,  and  for  the 
fourth  time  he  went  to  Gaul  to  carry  on  a  campaign  against  the  Germanic  Celts.  He,  however, 
took  up  his  residence  at  Lugdunum,  and  sent  Tiberius,  who  had  accompanied  him  from  Rome, 
across  the  Rhine.  All  the  tribes  on  the  fi'ontier  at  once  tendered  their  submission,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Sicambri,  who  after  a  while  were  induced  to  join  in  the  deputation  to  Augustus, 
Bending  their  leading  chiefs  to  negotiate.  These  Augustus  seized  and  confined  them  in  various 
towns  as  hostages  (Dion  Cassius,  Iv.  6).  For  the  successes  of  this  bloodless  and  treacherous 
campaign  he  assumed  his  XIYth  imperatorship,  but  declined  for  himself  a  triumph.  He, 
however,  permitted  Tiberius  to  enjoy  that  honour  in  his  stead,  and  allowed  him  to  assume 
the  title  of  Imperator  for  the  second  time  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  p.  15).  Tiberius  was  also 
invested  with  the  consulship  for  the  following  year.  At  the  same  time  Augustus  gratified  his 
soldiers  with  an  extraordinary  largess,  not  for  the  victories  of  Tiberius,  but  on  the  pretext 
that  Caius  Caesar,  his  grandson  and  adopted  heir,  tlien  thirteen  years  of  age,  had  served  his  first 
campaign  among  them  (Dion  Cassius,  loc.  cit.).  It  was  to  commemorate  these  events,  more 
especially  the  surrender  of  the  German  tribes,  and  to  provide  for  the  largess  to  the  soldiers, 
that  these  gold  and  silver  coins  recording  Augustus's  XlVth  imperatorship  were  struck. 
Count  de  Salis  has  extended  their  issue  from  B.C.  8 — 5.  It  is,  however,  probable  that  they 
were  struck  at  the  earlier  date  only. 

There  do  not  appear  to  be  any  coins  attributable  to  Gaul  which  commemorate  the  Xlllth 
imperatorship  of  Augustus.  This  he  was  acclaimed  or  assumed  on  the  occasion  of  the  triumph 
of  Tiberius  for  his  victories  over  the  Dalmatians  and  Pannonians,  September  14,  B.C.  9  (Dion 
Cassius,  Iv.  2). 

VOL.    II.  3    L 


442 


,,         ,„  .  ,  ,        Metal 
No.     IT  eight  ,  ^,  ■ 

"         and  ii;e 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 

Obverse 


Reverse 


216 
217 

218 


Denarius 


58-0 
56-4 


M    -75 
.R    -75 


56-0     M    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 


219 


59-5     N    -5 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cix.  10.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Circ.  B.C.  8—7;    A.ii.c.  746—747 

Trihunitia  Potcstas  XVI 

Half-Aureus^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  lau- 
reate ;  around,  AVGVS 
TVS  DIVI-F 


Victory  seated  r.  on  globe ; 
she  holds  her  dress  with 
both  hands  (similar  to  no. 
178) ;  below  and  on  r., 
TK  •  rOT  XVI  {Tribii- 
nitia  potestate  decimum 
scxtum). 

[PI.  cix.  11.] 
(de  SaHs  Coll.) 


220 


60-0     ^V    -5 


Circ.  B.C.  7—6;   A.u.c.  747—748 

Trihunitia  Potcstas  XVII 

Half-Aupeus 


Similar. 


Similar;  legend,  TK  ■  POT 
XVII  {Trihunitia 'potestata 
decimum  septum). 
[PI.  cix.  12.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


1  The  dates  of  issne  of  this  and  the  following  half-aureus  are  fixed  by  the  tribunitian  years. 
The  ti-ihimitia  potestas  was  renewed  for  the  sixteenth  time  in  November,  B.C.  8,  and  for  the 
seventeenth  in  the  same  month  of  the  following  year.  These  half-aurei  may  both  commemorate 
the  recent  victories  of  Tiberius  and  his  second  triumph,  which  he  did  not  celebrate  till  B.C.  7, 
when  he  was  consul. 

Mionnet  (Med.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  106)  describes  a  half-aureus  of  the  Victory  type  .with  the 
legend  TR  .  POT  .  XV  (e.g.  9 — 8),  but  no  specimen  appears  to  be  now  known. 


Ho.     WeiyU 


Meiol 
and  Size 


221  '  121-4 


222 


121-3 


CIEC.  B.C.  5—3;    A.U.C.  749—751  443 

Obverse  Reverse 

Giro.  B.C.  5—3;   a.u.c.  749—751 

AVGVSTVS  DIVI   F  :  C  .  CAES  .  AVGVS  .  F 

(AUGUSTUS  DIVI  FILIUS ;   CAIUS  CAESAE 
AUGUSTI  FILIUS  i) 

Aureus 


iV     -75  I  Head  of  Augustus  r.,  lau- 
i      reate ;     around,     AVGVS 
TVS  DIVI  .  F 


N     -75 


Similar. 


Caius  Caesar  on  horseback, 
galloping  r. ;  he  holds 
svrord  in  r.  hand  and 
shield  in  1. ;  in  the  back- 
ground on  1.  are  three  miU- 
tary  standards,  an  aquila 
between  two  signa  cohor- 
tis;  above,  C-CAES;  in 
the  exergue,  AVGVS  •  F 

Similar. 

[PI.  cix.  13.] 

(Cracherode  Coil.) 


•  Cains  Caesar,  in  whose  honour  gold  and  silver  coins  had  been  struck  at  the  Roman  mint 
circ.  B.C.  17  (see  above,  p.  42),  was  the  son  of  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa  and  Julia  the  daughter 
of  Augustus,  by  whom  in  B.C.  17  he  was  adopted  as  his  son  and  heir,  together  with  his  brother 
Lucius.  Augustus  carefully  superintended  the  education  of  both  these  youths,  and  in  B.C.  8 
Caius,  in  order  to  become  acquainted  with  military  exercises,  accompanied  Tiberius  in  his 
campaign  against  the  Sicambri  (see  above,  p.  441).  Three  years  later,  B.C.  5,  he  assumed  the 
toga  virilis,  was  proclaimed  princeps  juvenUdii^  and  nominated  to  the  consulship,  but  by 
arrangement  he  was  not  to  enter  upon  that  oifice  till  five  years  later.  Of  these  events  we 
possess  not  only  the  record  of  ancient  writers  but  also  of  Augustus  himself.  In  the  Honu- 
mentum  Ancyranuin  (t-.hap.  xiv. )  Augustus  says:  Gaiuin  et  Lucium  Caesares  honoris  mei 
causna  SGvatus  populusque  Jicmanus  anmim  quintuvi  et  decivium  agentis  consules  desi'jnavit,  ut 
eum  magi^tratum  inirent  post  quinq^oenniutn.  Et  ex  eo  die,  quo  deJMcti  sunt  in  forum,  ut  in- 
teres^ent  consiliis  puhlicis  decrevit  setiatus.  Eqintes  autem  Boinani  universi  principem  iuventutis 
utrumque  eorum  parmis  et  hastis  argenteis  donatu-m  appellaverunt.  Tacitus  {Ann.,  i.  3)  also 
refers  to  the  circumstance  :  JVa?)?.  genitos  Agrippa  Gaium  et  Lucium  in  familiani  Caesarum 
induj>erat  necdum  posita  ptuerili  praetexta  principes  juventutis  appellari,  destinari  consules 
specie  recusa7i.tis  fiagrantissime  cupiverat.  From  the  evidence  of  Dion  Cassius  (Iv.  9)  it  would 
appear  that  the  populace  went  so  far  in  B.C.  6  (a.u.c.  748)  as  to  elect  Caius  to  the  consulship, 
but  the  proposal  met  with  the  stern  opposition  of  Augustus,  who  was  indignant  at  the  idea 
that  any  one  should  hold  that  oifice  before  he  had  attained  the  age  of  twenty.  Being  anxious, 
however,  that  his  adopted  sons  should  receive  their  legitimate  honours  he  voluntarily  stood  for 
his  twelfth  consulship  (B.C.  5),  and  three  years  later  for  his  thirteenth  (b.o.  2),  so  that  he  might 
whilst  invested  with  that  high  office  introduce,  according  to  custom,  Caius  and  Lucius  into  the 
forum  (Suetonius,  Augustus,  26).  The  deductio  in  forum  of  Caius  occurred  on  January  1,  B.C. 
5,  but  that  of  Lucius  did  not  take  place  till  three  years  later  (Mommsen,  Ties  gestae,  pp.  52  f.). 
Caius  became  consul  in  A.D.  1,  but  Lucias  died  before  he  arrived  at  the  legitimate  age. 

Count  de  Sails  has  assigned  the  above  aurei  and  denarii  to  e.g.  5 — 3,  being  of  opinion  that 
they  commemorate  the  proclamation  of  Caius  Caesar  as  princeps  juventutis.  It  seems,  how- 
ever, quite  possible  that  they  may  have  been  struck  in  B.C.  8,  when  Augustus  specially 
celebrated  Caiua's  first  campaign  by  distributing  large  sums  of  money  amongst  the  soldiers 
who  had  taken  part  in  it  (Dion  Cassius,  Iv.  6).  The  portrait  on  these  aurei  and  denarii  is  pre- 
cisely similar  to  that  on  those  assigned  to  B.C.  8 — 5,  and  they  could  so  far  as  fabric  and  style 
are  concerned  be  attributed  to  the  same  period.  On  the  other  hand  the  reverse  type  is 
appropriate  to  the  title  of  princeps  juventutis. 

Cohen  {Med.  imp.,  vol,  i.,  p.  69,  no.  41)  mentions  a  variety  of  the  aureus  with  the  laureate 
head  of  Augustus  to  left. 


Hi 


COINAGE    OF   GAUL 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Denarius 


223      59-7  \  M    -75  !  Similar. 


22i     58-4 


jR    -75 


225 '    57-5     M    "75 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cix.  14.] 


445 


COINAGE    OF    THE    EAST 


The  provincial  coinages  of  Eoman  standard  and  types  which  Count  de  Salis 
has  assigned  to  the  East  under  the  general  heading,  "  Coinage  of  the  East," 
include  those  which  were  struck  in  Greece  and  in  the  province  of  Asia.  In 
dealing  with  the  Western  coinages  it  was  quite  possible  to  separate  those 
which  belong  to  Spain  from  those  which  are  given  to  Gaul,  especially  as  they 
are  mostly  of  different  epochs.  A  similar  division  of  the  Eastern  coinages 
is,  however,  not  practicable ;  first,  because  of  the  difficulty  and  frequent 
impossibility  of  ascertaining  from  which  district,  Greece  or  Asia  Minor, 
the  coins  emanated ;  and  secondly,  because  any  such  division  would  some- 
times entail  the  separation  of  issues  which  together  form  a  complete  series. 
To  prove  our  case  we  need  only  mention  a  few  instances.  The  coins  of 
Sulla  and  those  issued  in  his  name  by  Lucius  and  Aulus  Manlius  assigned  to 
B.C.  82 — 81  vary  considerably  in  fabric,  so  much  so  that  some  of  them, 
especially  those  of  L.  Manlius,  may  have  been  struck  in  Greece,  whilst  the 
others  may  be  classed  to  Asia  Minor.^  Of  the  coins  of  the  consuls,  L.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus,^  some  are  of  ApoUonia,  in  Illyrioum, 
others  of  Ephesus,  and  those  of  the  praetor,  C.  Ooponius,^  which  are  of  the 
same  period  and  connected  with  the  same  circumstance,  the  retreat  of  the 
Pompeian  party  to  Greece  and  Asia,  may  also  be  given  to  Ephesus.  But  the 
most  notable  instance  of  a  somewhat  early  period  is  that  connected  with  the 
coinages  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  which  are  of  b.c.  43 — 42.''  There  is  strong 
historical  as  well  as  numismatic  evidence  that  all  the  coins  of  Cassius  were 
struck  in  Asia,  and  probably  at  Sardes.  With  these  must  be  classed  those 
of  Brutus,  which  bear  the  names  of  the  legates,  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther 
and  M.  Servilius,  who  also  struck  money  for  Cassius.  On  the  other  hand,  most 
of  the  coinage  of  Brutus  and  his  legates  must  be  assigned  to  Greece.  To 
separate  these  issues  into  different  districts,  which  would  be  quite  possible, 
would  certainly  destroy  their  connection  and  continuity.  Instances  could  also 
be  given  in  the  extensive  coinages  of  Antony,  which  begin  in  b.c.  42  and 
continue  down  to  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  which  form  the  bulk  of  the  money 
attributed  to  the  East ;  but  those  cited  above  clearly  show  that  the  coinages, 
whether  struck  in  Greece  or  Asia  Minor,  must  be  considered  as  one  series. 

Proceeding  on  the  same  lines  as  in  the  case  of  the  coinages  of  Spain  and 
Gaul,  that  of  the  Bast  may  be  divided  into  the  following  chronological  groups  or 
periods : — 

i.  The  coinages  of  Sulla,  his  proquaestor,  Lucius  Manlius,  and  his  quaestor, 
Aulus  Manlius,  &c.,  struck  at  the  end  of  the  first  and  possibly  during 
the  second  Mithradatic  war,  circ,  b.c.  82 — 80. 

'  See  below,  pp.  4J9  f.  "  Sec  below,  pp.  466,  467. 

■>  Sco  below,  p.  408.  *  Hve  bulow,  pp.  471  f. 


446  COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

ii.  The  gold  coinage  of  Pompey  the  Great,  which  commemorates  his 
triumph  after  the  war  against  the  Pii-ates  and  the  third  Mithradatic 
war,  circ.  B.C.  61. 

iii.  The  coinages  of  the  Pompeian  party,  struck  before  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salus,  and  those  of  Julius  Caesar  after  that  event  and  on  his  proclama- 
tion as  Dictator  itcrum,  circ.  B.C.  49 — 47. 

iv.  The  coinages  of  Caius  Antonius  as  proconsul  of  Macedonia,  and  those 
of  Brutus  and  Cassius  and  their  legates  in  Greece  and  Asia  after  the 
death  of  Caesar  and  before  the  battles  of  Philippi,  B.C.  44 — 42. 

V.  Those  of  Mark  Antony  as  triumvii-,  which  date  from  the  battles  of 
Philippi  to  that  of  Actium,  B.C.  42 — 31.  This  period  includes  the 
exceptional  issues  of  On.  Domitius  Ahenobarbiis,  Q.  Labienus,  C. 
Sosius,  P.  Canidius  Crassus  and  C.  Proculeius. 

vi.  The  issues  of  Octavius  as  Imixrator  pcrpctuo,  circ.  B.C.  29 — 27. 

vii.  Those  of  Octavius  as  Augustus,  circ.  B.C.  27  and  B.C.  19 — 18. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  epitome  that  the  Eastern  coinages  ran  parallel 
with  those  of  Gaul,  and  that  they  were  continuous  from  about  the  formation  of 
the  triumvirate  in  B.C.  43  till  Octavius  received  the  title  of  Augustus.  Soon 
after  that  event  they  come  to  a  rather  abrupt  termination,  and  unlike  those  of 
Gaul  they  do  not  extend  far  into  the  reign  of  Augustus.  "With  this  exception 
the  coinages  of  the  East  and  Gaul  are  contemporaneous. 

Classification. — The  rise  of  the  coinage  in  the  East  was  simultaneous 
with  those  of  the  West,  and  the  first  is  to  be  assigned  to  the  close  of  the  first 
Mithradatic  war  and  to  Sulla's  comparatively  short  campaign  in  Asia.  For  the 
future  destiny  of  the  Eomau  domination  in  the  East  these  campaigns  were  of 
great  moment,  as  they  brought  about  the  restoration  of  a  single  and  settled 
government  in  Greece  and  Macedonia,  and  the  establishment  of  Roman  rule  in 
Asia  on  a  firm  and  fixed  basis.  These  events  are  connected  with  perhaps  one 
of  the  most  important  innovations  in  the  Roman  repubhcan  coinage.  This  is 
the  introduction  of  a  gold  currency.  This  new  money  differed  materially  from 
that  instituted  shortly  after  the  adoption  of  a  silver  currency  in  Rome,  inas- 
much as  it  was  based  on  a  silver  standard  and  not  on  one  of  bronze. 

The  precise  date  of  the  gold  and  silver  coins  without  a  moneyer's  name 
and  having  for  types  the  head  of  Venus  and  the  double  cornucopiae  is  somewhat 
uncertain,  but  the  weight  of  the  gold  pieces  clearly  shows  them  to  be  con- 
temporary with  those  of  Sulla.  Count  de  Sails  was  of  opinion  that  they  are  of 
a  shghtly  later  date,  and  they  may  therefore  be  of  the  time  of  the  second 
Mithradatic  war,  though  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  quaestor  who  struck  them 
served  under  LucuUus  or  Murena,  Sulla  having  entrusted  his  legions  to  the 
latter  on  his  return  to  Italy. 

The  next  events  commemorated  by  the  Eastern  coinage  are  the  war  with 
the  Pirates  and  the  third  JMithradatic  war.  The  conduct  of  these  was  entrusted 
by  the  Senate  to  Pompey  the  Great,  and  in  B.C.  61,  hke  Sulla,  he  was  rewarded 
with  a  triumph,  an  occasion  which  served  for  the  issue  of  aurei  to  be  distributed 
amongst  his  successful  legions.  Some  difference  of  opinion  has  existed  as  to 
the  actual  date  of   these   rare  am^ei,  whether  they  were  struck  in  B.C.  61,  or 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST  447 

on  the  occasion  of  one  of  the  two  previous  triumphs  accorded  to  Pompey. 
These  opinions  are  discussed  with  the  description  of  the  coin,  but  the 
grounds  for  assigning  it  to  Pompey's  last  triumph  seem  on  the  whole  to  be 
preferable.! 

The  resumption  of  the  coinage  in  the  Bast  in  B.C.  49  was  due  to  precisely  the 
same  circumstances  as  occasioned  those  given  to  Spain  and  Gaul,  viz.,  the  out- 
break of  the  war  between  the  Pompeian  and  Caesarian  parties.  In  Gaul  Caesar 
struck  money  just  before  his  entry  into  Eome.  This  was  followed  a  few  months 
later  by  another  issue  in  Spain,  and  by  that  in  Greece  in  the  next  year,  B.C.  48, 
after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus.  This  last  issue  had,  however,  been  anticipated 
by  those  of  the  consuls,  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus, 
and  of  the  praetor,  C.  Coponius,  who  were  the  legates  and  partisans  of  Pompey, 
and  who  had  proceeded  to  the  Bast  before  Caesar  in  order  to  collect  troops  and 
ships  for  the  coming  contest.  These  coinages  are  historically  interesting,  as 
they  mark  the  journey  of  the  Pompeian  leaders,  first  to  Greece  (Illyricum)  and 
thence  to  Asia  Minor  (Bphesus).  They  are  the  only  coins  which  can  be  given 
to  the  East  during  the  dictatorship  of  Caesar,  and  it  is  not  till  after  his  death 
that  their  issue  is  resumed.  In  this  respect  there  is  again  great  similarity 
between  the  coinages  of  the  Bast  and  Gaul,  for  it  is  from  B.C.  44,  or  just  before 
the  foundation  of  the  triumvirate,  that  the  issues  in  the  East  become  continuous 
almost  year  by  year  till  the  battle  of  Actium. 

The  series  practically  re-opens  with  the  remarkable  coinages  of  Brutus  and 
Cassius,  the  types  of  which  commemorate  their  chief  successes  in  the  East 
during  B.C.  43 — 42.  The  issues  of  these  generals  may  be  separated  into  two 
distinct  groups.  One  is  assigned  to  Greece  and  bears  the  names  of  Brutus 
and  his  legates,  L.  Sestius,  C.  Elavius  Hemicillus,  Pedanius  Costa,  P.  Sei-viliua 
Casca  Longus,  and  L.  Plaetorius  Cestianus.  The  other  group  is  given  to  Asia, 
and  was  issued  in  the  names  of  both  Cassius  and  Brutus.  This  latter  com- 
bination is  due  to  the  circumstance  that  the  legates,  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
Spinther  and  M.  Servilius,  held  commands  under  both  generals  but  at  different 
times.  The  legate  M.  Aquinus  struck  only  for  Cassius.  There  are  two  other 
interesting  coinages  connected  with  these  groups ;  that  of  Caius  Antonius, 
the  brother  of  the  triumvir,  to  whom  the  latter  had  assigned  the  province  of 
Macedonia  in  b.c.  44,  and  that  of  L.  Statins  Murous,  who  was  'praefectus 
classis  to  Cassius,  and  who  in  that  capacity  issued  money  for  the  use  of  his  fleet. 

The  defeat  and  death  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  brought  about  a  great  revolu- 
tion in  the  administration  of  the  Eastern  provinces.  Hitherto  these  provinces 
had  been  placed  under  different  governors,  who  exercised  no  concerted  action, 
each  one  making  use  of  his  appointment  for  his  own  individual  advancement 
and  profit.  The  arrangement  entered  into  between  Antony  and  Octavius  after 
the  battles  of  Philippi  quite  changed  the  status  of  the  Eastern  provinces,  which 
now  passed  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  former,  while,  as  we  have 
seen,  the  latter  exercised  a  similar  control  in  the  West.  Erom  the  foundation 
of  the  triumvirate  till  this  time  Antony's  share  of  the  provinces  consisted  of 
Cisalpine  and  Transalpine  Gaul,  and  it  was  in  the  latter  that  he  established  his 

'  See  below,  pp.  464-466. 


448  COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

first  mint.  When  the  new  division  of  the  State  was  agreed  upon  Antony  trans- 
ferred his  coinage  to  the  East,  and  from  that  date  till  his  death  in  B.C.  31  we 
have  a  succession  of  issues  almost  year  by  year,  which  bear  not  only  his  name 
but  also  his  portrait. 

The  classification  of  the  coinage  and  the  sequence  of  the  issues  of  Mark 
Antony  can  mostly  be  determined  by  the  reverse  types.  It  is  in  this  circumstance 
that  the  chief  difference  exists  between  the  coinages  of  the  East  and  those  of 
Gaul,  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  a  point  of  connection  with  those  of  Spain, 
though  the  latter  are  mostly  of  a  somewhat  different  period.  It  is,  however,  in 
the  obverse  t%-pe  that  similarity  is  established  between  the  coinages  of  the  East 
and  Gaul.  In  one  case  we  have  the  portrait  of  Antony,  in  the  other  that  of 
Octavius.  This  portrait  of  Antony  is  one  of  the  criteria  for  distinguishing 
the  earher  coins  which  he  struck  in  the  East  from  those  of  the  West.  It  is  of 
quite  a  distinct  appearance  and  character  from  that  on  his  Gaulish  pieces. ^ 

Besides  the  issues  of  Antony  there  are  some  special  ones  which  help  to  fill 
up  the  record  of  events  between  B.C.  42 — 39.  These  are  of  On.  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus,  who  on  the  day  of  the  first  battle  of  Philippi  successfully  attacked 
the  fleet  of  Octavius  at  Brundusium,  and  of  Quintus  Labienus,  who  turned 
traitor  to  his  country  and  commanded  the  troops  of  the  enemy  in  the  war  with 
the  Parthians.  These  issues  correspond  in  a  measure  with  those  of  Lucius 
Antonius  and  Publius  Yentidius,  which  were  struck  in  Gaul  during  the  siege  of 
Perusia.^ 

A  brief  summary  of  events  as  illustrated  by  the  coins  will  be  sufficient  to 
show  the  sequence  of  the  issues  from  the  battles  of  Philippi  to  that  of  Actium 
and  their  historical  import. 

B.C.  42.     The  battles  of  Philippi  and  the  subsequent  campaign  in  Asia. 

B.C.  42 — 41.  The  victories  of  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  as  praefecttis 
classis  to  Brutus  and  Gassius. 

B.C.  41.  The  united  action  of  Antony  and  Octavius  in  the  administration  of 
the  Eoman  provinces  and  the  consulship  of  Lucius  Antonius. 

B.C.  40.  The  reconcihation  of  Antony  and  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  and 
its  effect  on  the  commerce  of  the  Empire,  and  the  appointment  of  L.  Munatius 
Plancus  as  proconsul  of  Asia. 

B.C.  40 — 39.  The  reconciliation  of  Antony  and  Octavius,  the  marriage  of 
Antony  and  Octavia,  and  the  victories  of  Labienus  in  Syria. 

B.C.  39.  The  marriage  of  Antony  and  Octavia  (commemorated),  the  victories 
of  Ventidius  over  the  Parthians,  and  the  second  (?)  imperatorship  of  Antony. 

B.C.  38 — 37.  The  second  campaign  of  Ventidius  against  the  Parthians,  the 
marriage  of  Antony  and  Octavia  (commemorated),  and  the  third  imperatorship  of 
Antony. 

B.C.  37.     The  conquest  of  the  Jews  by  Sosius. 

B.C.  36 — 35.  The  close  of  the  war  with  Sextus  Pompey  and  the  battle  of 
Naulochus.  The  coins  of  these  years  include  the  large  series  of  bronze  pieces 
struck  by  the  praefecti  classis  of  Antony,  who  took  part  in  the  war  against 
Pompey. 

'  See  below,  p.  451.  "  See  above,  pp.  400-403. 


COINAGE   OF   THE   BAST  449 

B.C.  35.     The  assignment  of  Lesser  Armenia  to  Polemo  I.  of  Pontus. 

B.C.  34.     Tlie  second  consulship  of  Antony  commemorated. 

B.C.  33.     The  consul-designateship  of  0.  Sosius. 

B.C.  33 — 32.  The  conquest  of  Armenia  and  the  triumph  of  Antony  at 
Alexandria  commemorated,  and  the  rupture  between  Antony  and  Octavius. 

B.C.  32 — 31.     The  war  between  Antony  and  Octavius. 

B.C.  31.     The  battle  of  Actium. 

After  the  battle  of  Actium  the  coinage  of  the  Bast  was  assimilated  to  those 
of  the  mint  at  Eome  and  of  Gaul,  the  portrait  of  Octavius  replacing  that  of 
Antony.  These  coins  date  from  B.C.  29,  when  Octavius  received  the  title  of 
Imperator  perpetuo.  There  is  no  change  in  the  character  of  the  reverse  types, 
which  relate  to  the  proclamation  of  a  general  peace,  the  conquest  of  Asia, 
and  also  that  of  Egypt.  As  these  coins  are  inscribed  with  the  seventh  imperator- 
ship  of  Octavius  and  with  his  sixth  and  seventh  consulships,  their  date  of  issue 
is  quite  certain. 

The  granting  of  the  title  of  Augustus  to  Octavius  appears  to  have  been 
commemorated  by  several  issues  of  coins  in  gold,  silver  and  bronze,  which  from 
their  fabric  are  assigned  to  Ephesus  and  Pergamum.  "With  each  group  are 
associated  some  cistophori.  The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  B.C.  27  to  some 
degree  rests  on  the  portrait  of  Augustus,  which  is  so  very  similar  to  that  on 
others  of  the  previous  year  that  the  two  series  cannot  be  separated  by  any 
length  of  time.i 

Between  B.C.  27  and  19  we  have  an  interval  during  which  no  money 
appears  to  have  been  struck  for  the  Bast,  but  in  the  last  year  it  was  revived  to 
commemorate  the  journey  of  the  Emperor  to  Asia  and  the  two  great  events 
which  occurred  at  the  end  of  his  visit,  viz.,  the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the 
Parthians  and  the  submission  of  Armenia.  Many  of  the  coins  are  inscribed 
with  the  ninth  imperatorship  of  Augustus,  which  was  accorded  to  him  in  B.C.  20. 
It  is  with  the  record  of  these  events  that  the  series  comes  to  an  end. 

Types. — When  referring  to  the  chief  characteristics  of  the  types  of  the 
coins  assigned  to  Spain  and  Gaul,  it  was  remarked  ^  that  whilst  the  former  in  a 
great  measure  record  contemporary  events,  the  latter  are  more  personal  to 
Antony  and  Octavius,  and  their  historical  value  is  in  consequence  of  minor 
importance.  In  the  coinage  of  the  East  these  characteristics  are  more  evenly 
balanced,  the  personal  element  being  mainly  limited  to  the  obverse  type,  whilst 
greater  prominence  is  given  in  those  of  the  reverse  to  the  recording  of  con- 
temporary events.  Eeferenoes  to  the  personal  history  of  the  moneyers,  whether 
proconsuls,  legates,  proquaestors,  or  others,  to  whom  the  coinage  was  entrusted, 
are  quite  exceptional.  As  in  the  case  of  the  Gaulish  pieces  portraiture  is  not 
introduced  till  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate,  and  the  first  instance  that 
we  meet  with  is  not  on  the  money  of  one  of  the  triumvirs  but  on  that  of  Brutus. 

The  types  of  the  coins  of  Sulla,  the  first  attributed  to  the  East,  are  of 
precisely  the  same  nature  as  those  of  the  contemporary  issues  of  0.  Annius 
Luscus  in  Spain  and  of  C.  Valerius  Flaccus  in  Gaul.  They  are  a  record  of 
Sulla's  victories  at  Chaeroneia  and  Orchomenos,  B.C.  86  and  85,  his  subsequent 

'  See  below,  pp.  539  f.  ^  See  above,  p.  385. 

VOL.   II.  3   M 


450  COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 

triumph  in  Eome,  and  the  restoration  of  commerce  between  the  East  and 
West. 

It  is  somewhat  singular  that  the  aurei  of  Pompey,  which  next  follow  but 
which  were  issued  some  twenty  years  later,  not  only  record  his  triumph,  but 
also  the  completion  of  the  struggle  with  Mithradates  of  Pontus,  which  had 
commenced  with  Sulla  and  which  had  occasioned  his  also  being  awarded  a 
triumph.  Both  generals,  too,  select  similar  types  for  the  reverses  of  their  coins, 
each  one  representing  himself  in  his  triumphal  chariot.  Though  this  strictly 
personal  representation  must  not  be  considered  in  quite  the  same  light  as  actual 
portraiture,  which  neither  Sulla  nor  Pompey  attempted  to  introduce,  yet  it  was 
the  first  step  in  that  direction.^- 

The  absence  of  any  personal  reference  to  Pompey  in  the  types  of  the  coins 
of  his  legates  is  very  striking  when  we  compare  them  in  this  respect  with  those 
of  the  coins  which  were  issued  in  the  same  year,  B.C.  49,  by  his  party  in  Spain. 
Pompey  was  actually  in  Greece  when  these  coins  were  struck,  yet  no  reference 
whatever  is  made  to  him  personally.  The  consuls,  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Cms 
and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus,  and  also  the  praetor,  C.  Coponius,  use  types  which 
are  to  some  extent  borrowed  from  those  of  the  cities  where  the  coins  were 
struck.  The  head  of  Apollo  connects  one  issue  with  Apollonia  in  Illyricum,  and 
the  cultus-statue  of  the  Ephesian  Artemis  and  the  club  with  the  lion's  skin 
associate  the  others  with  Ephesus.  The  types  chosen  by  Julius  Caesar  for  his 
coins  of  the  same  date,  head  of  Venus,  rev.  Aeneas  and  Anchises,  were  no  doubt 
intended  to  refer  to  the  Eastern  origin  of  his  family.  His  aurei  on  which  he 
records  his  second  dictatorship  are  still  more  personal,  and  commemorate  his 
offices  of  pontifex  maximus  and  augur. 

When  the  coinage  of  the  East  was  resumed  after  the  death  of  Julius 
Caesar,  the  historical  nature  of  the  types  increasingly  prevailed.  The  series, 
as  we  have  mentioned,  opened  with  the  issues  of  Brutus  and  Oassius,  which 
in  their  types  furnish  a  record  of  the  more  remarkable  events  of  the  years 
B.C.  43 — 42,  preceding  the  battles  of  Philippi. 

The  landing  of  Brutus  in  Greece  and  the  besieging  of  the  proconsul, 
C.  Antonius,  at  Apollonia  are  illustrated  by  coins  with  types  connected  with  the 
autonomous  money  of  that  city  ;  his  conquest  of  Thrace,  by  aurei  with  the 
reverse  type  an  eagle  and  the  legend  KOZflN  ;  his  victories  in  Greece  and 
Asia,  by  the  representation  of  a  trophy;  and  his  zeal  for  the  freedom  of  the 
State  from  sovereign  rule,  by  the  remarkable  types  of  Victory  holding  a  broken 
diadem  and  the  cap  of  Liberty  between  two  daggers,  an  allusion  to  the  recent 
assassination  of  Julius  Caesar.  It  is  on  these  coins  that  we  have  the  first 
representation  in  the  Eastern  series  of  the  portrait  of  a  living  personage.  No 
doubt  Brutus,  in  thus  displaying  his  own  portrait  on  his  coins,  followed  the  ex- 
ample set  by  Antony  in  Gaul,  since  those  of  Brutus  were  probably  not  struck  till 
early  in  B.C.  42,  whilst  the  portrait-money  of  Antony  dates  from  the  previous  year. 

The  money  of  Cassius  struck  in  Asia  followed  precisely  on  the  same  lines 
as  that  of  Brutus  in  Greece,  except  that  he  does  not  give  his  portrait.  It 
illustrates  amongst  other  subjects  his  extreme  republican  spirit  by  the  general 

'  Ft.  Lenormant,  La  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  325. 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST  451 

adoption  of  the  head  of  Libertas  for  the  obverse  type;  whilst  those  of  the 
reverse,  an  aplustre  and  a  crab  holding  an  aplustre,  relate  to  his  great  victory 
over  the  Ehodian  fleet  near  the  island  of  Cos.  On  his  coins  of  Asia,  Brutus 
commemorates  by  the  trophy  his  victories  in  Lycia,  where  he  captured  the 
towns  of  Xanthus  and  Patara.  It  is  in  this  group  of  Asiatic  coins  that  we  meet 
with  one  of  the  few  instances  of  a  personal  reference  to  the  moneyer  of  the  piece. 
It  occurs  on  the  coins  of  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther,  who  acted  as  legate 
both  to  Brutus  and  Cassius,  and  who  records  his  election  to  the  college  of 
Augurs,  to  accomplish  which  he  caused  himself  to  be  adopted  into  another  gens.^ 
When  Mark  Antony  assumed  the  government  of  the  Eastern  provinces 
after  the  battles  of  Philippi,  and  transferred  his  coinages  from  Gaul  to  the  East, 
he  made  no  change  in  the  obverse  type,  which  shows  his  portrait,  but  that  of 
the  reverse  becomes  more  historical.  Judging  from  the  earliest  coins  which  he 
struck  in  the  East,  there  appears  to  have  been  at  first  some  uncertainty  as  to  his 
true  ef&gy.  The  coins  are  those  which  have  for  their  reverse  type  the  radiate 
head  of  Sol.^  These  depict  two  very  different  portraits — one  a  large  round- 
shaped  head  with  a  beard,  the  other  a  small  narrow  head,  flat  at  the  back,  and 
without  a  beard.  The  origin  of  these  two  portraits  is  easily  traceable  on  con- 
temporary coins.  The  first  is  evidently  derived  from  the  veiled  head  of  Antony 
as  seen  on  the  denarii  of  P.  Sepullius  Macer  struck  at  the  Eoman  mint  in  B.C. 
44;^  the  second  one  from  Antony's  Gaulish  coins  with  the  reverse  type  head 
of  Julius  Caesar,*  of  which,  however,  it  is  somewhat  of  a  caricature.  From 
B.C.  41  inclusive  the  portrait  of  Antony  assumed  a  definite  form,  which  is  con- 
tinued with  slight  variations  (due  in  some  measure  to  changes  of  die-engravers) 
throughout  the  rest  of  the  series.  It  is  quite  distinct  in  its  chief  characteristics 
from  that  met  with  on  his  Gaulish  money.  The  head  is  large  and  round  at  the 
back,  the  forehead  broad  but  low,  the  nose  straight,  with  a  tendency  to  be 
aquiline,  and  the  chin  narrow  and  prominent ;  it  is  without  a  beard,  but  the 
hair  is  thick  and  usually  arranged  in  rows  of  tufts  or  thick  locks.  This  portrait 
bears  out  generally  the  description  of  Antony  given  by  Plutarch  [Antonius,  4), 
who  says,  "he  had  a  noble  dignity  of  countenance,  a  graceful  length  of  beard,  a 
large  forehead,  an  aquiline  nose,  and  on  the  whole  the  same  manly  aspect  that 
we  see  in  the  pictures  and  statues  of  Hercules."  There  does  not  seem  to  exist 
any  authentic  portrait  of  Antony  in  the  round  with  which  this  numismatic  one 
may  be  compared ;  °  but  as  it  was  generally  adopted  for  his  coins  struck  in 
Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  we  may  venture  to  claim  for  it  a  true  likeness.^  Its 
persistent  uniformity  is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  portrait  of  Octavius  met 
with  on  his  Gaulish  pieces,  where  slight  changes  occur  down  to  the  time  of  his 
receiving  the  name  of  Augustus,  after  which  date  it  shows  Httle  similarity  to 
that  of  the  earlier  period,  though  a  likeness  is  traceable.  This  portrait  of 
Antony,  coupled  with  a  certain  crudeness  of  fabric,  and  the  use  of  letters  in 
the  legends  of  unusual  size  and  often  slightly  misshapen,  are  characteristics 


'  See  below,  p.  481.  '^  See  below,  pp.  486,  487,  pi.  c:;)i.,  11,  12. 

^  Vol.  i.,  p.  550,  no.  4178,  pi.  \\v. ,  no.  12.  *  See  above,  p.  397,  no.  53,  pi.  ciii.,  no.  10. 

'  Bernoulli,  Rom.  Ikon.,  pp.  206  f. 
'  See  Coins  of  Byzantium,  Antiooh,  and  the  Cistophori. 


452  COINAGE    OP   THE   EAST 

which  enable  us  to  separate  his  Eastern  money  from  that  of  Ocfcavius  of  similar 
types  struck  in  Gaul.  They  serve  also  as  a  guide  for  the  general  classification 
of  the  series. 

Besides  his  own  efl&gy,  Antony  depicted  on  his  coins  those  of  Octavius, 
who  rendered  him  a  similar  tribute  on  his  Gaulish  money,  of  his  brother  Lucius 
Antonius,  of  his  wife  Octavia,  of  his  son  Marcus,  and  also  of  Cleopatra  of  Egypt. 
During  the  period  of  his  triumvirate  there  are  also  the  portraits  of  Brutus, 
already  referred  to,  and  of  Labienus,  which  these  placed  on  their  money. 
These  are  the  effigies  of  living  personages.  Of  memorial  or  traditional  ones 
we  have  those  of  two  members  of  the  Domitia  gens,  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus, 
the  consul  of  B.C.  192,  who  fought  in  the  war  against  Antiochus  of  Syria,  and 
L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  to  whom  the  Dioscuri  announced  the  victory  of  Lake 
Eegillus.  How  far  these  last  were  true  to  life  we  cannot  say,  but  it  seems 
probable  that  they  were  based  on  authentic  models. 

The  reverse  types  which  chronicle  the  chief  events  in  the  history  of  the 
Eastern  provinces  from  B.C.  42 — 31  are  too  numerous  to  give  in  detail.  We 
must  therefore  limit  ourselves  to  a  mention  of  a  few  only  of  the  more  important. 
They  mostly  relate  to  Antony  and  to  his  administration  of  the  government  of 
the  East.  Antony's  successes  at  Philippi  and  in  Asia  (b.c.  41)  are  recorded  by 
the  head  of  Sol ;  his  desire  for  unanimity  with  Octavius  and  his  brother  Lucius 
(b.c.  41),  by  coins  showing  their  portraits ;  his  reconciliation  with  Cn.  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus  (b.c.  40),  who  had  commanded  the  fleet  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  by  a 
ship's  prow,  surmounted  by  a  star,  the  Sidus  Julium  (?) ;  the  reconciliation  of 
Antony  and  Octavius,  by  gold  and  silver  money  with  their  portraits  (b.c.  40) ;  the 
marriage  of  Antony  and  Octavia,  by  aurei  also  with  their  portraits ;  the  restoration 
of  commerce  between  the  East  and  West,  by  a  type  showing  two  right  hands 
holding  a  caducous  (b.c.  40 — 39) ;  the  victories  of  Ventidius  over  the  Parthians,  by 
a  lion  holding  a  sword  in  its  paw  and  the  head  of  Sol  (b.c.  39 — 38) ;  the  conquest 
of  Judaea,  by  a  trophy  and  captives  (b.c.  37) ;  and  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  by  a 
combined  military  and  naval  trophy,  and  by  a  remarkable  series  of  bronze  coins 
bearing  types  of  a  naval  character  on  the  reverse,  and  representing  the  portraits 
of  Antony,  Octavia,  and  Octavius.  The  affairs  in  Armenia  find  an  illustration 
in  the  representation  of  an  Armenian  tiara,  and  the  final  struggle  at  Actium  in 
denarii  giving  the  portrait  of  Cleopatra  and  a  figure  of  Victory,  and  also  in  the 
large  series  of  gold  and  silver  coins  with  a  galley  and  military  standards,  which 
were  issued  for  the  navy  and  army  collected  just  before  the  battle. 

In  the  case  of  the  special  issues  outside  the  coinages  of  Antony  that  of 
Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  with  reverse  types  temple  of  Neptune  or  a  prow 
surmounted  by  a  trophy,  commemorates  his  defeat  of  the  fleet  of  Octavius  off 
Brundusium  ;  and  the  gold  and  silver  money  of  Labienus  with  his  portrait  and 
a  horse  is  a  reference  to  the  Parthian  cavalry  which  he  commanded  against  the 
troops  of  his  own  nation. 

After  the  battle  of  Actium,  when  the  Eastern  coinage  was  assimilated  to 
that  of  the  rest  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  portrait  of  Octavius  replaced  that  of 
Antony,  and  the  reverses  continued  to  record  current  events.  We  have  therefore 
a  figure  of  Pax  as  illustrating  the  general  peace  which  was  proclaimed  in 
B.C.  29,  when  Octavius  closed  the  temple  of  Janus  for  the  first  time ;  Victory 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST  453 

standing  on  a  cista,  relating  to  the  conquest  of  Asia,  and  a  crocodile,  to  tiiat 
of  Egypt.  Some  of  the  types  of  the  early  coins  of  Augustus,  which  appear  to 
record  his  receiving  that  title,  present  difficulties  as  to  their  precise  meaning ; 
amongst  these  are  the  temple  of  the  Olympian  Jupiter  and  a  heifer,  but  others, 
such  as  the  laurel-wreath  ornamented  with  prows  and  Victory  can  only  relate  to 
the  battle  of  Actium,  whilst  the  Capricorn  and  the  sphinx  are  personal  to 
the  Emperor.  The  coins  struck  during  the  short  interval  B.C.  19 — 18  are  devoted 
mainly  to  the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians  and  the  conquest  of 
Armenia ;  the  former  being  commemorated  by  a  Capricorn,  as  Augustus  con- 
sidered this  a  personal  success,  a  triumphal  arch  and  the  temple  of  Jupiter;  the 
latter  by  an  Armenian  tiara  and  arms,  an  Armenian  soldier  and  Victory  slaying 
a  bull. 

The  importance  of  a  chronological  classification  of  the  coinages  of  the 
Eoman  Eepublic  is  in  no  series  better  illustrated  than  in  that  which  is  assigned 
to  the  East.  The  coin-types  not  only  have  the  merit  of  being  historical,  but 
they  are  also  a  record  of  contemporary  events.  This  element  was  to  some 
degree  supplied  by  the  issues  given  to  Spain,  but  that  series  extended  over  a 
comparatively  limited  number  of  years,  and  practically  closed  before  the  death 
of  JuHus  Caesar.  The  coinage  of  Gaul,  which  was  mainly  contemporary  with 
that  of  the  East,  is  wanting  in  historical  interest  in  its  types.  In  the  main 
they  do  not  record  contemporary  events  of  great  moment,  too  much  promin- 
ence being  given  to  the  personal  history  of  Antony  and  Ootavius ;  and  when 
towards  the  end  of  the  series  the  types  became  more  historical,  they  are  mostly 
limited  to  depicting  events  which  happened  some  little  time  before,  and  which 
year  after  year  are  constantly  repeated  in  the  same  or  similar  designs.  It  is 
therefore  from  the  historical  point  of  view  that  the  Eastern  coinage  must  be 
studied,  and  that  can  only  be  followed  up  with  any  degree  of  success  by  a 
classification  which  establishes  the  sequence  of  its  issues. 

Denominations. — The  coinages  assigned  to  the  East,  like  those  of  the 
West,  are  of  gold,  silver,  bronze,  and  copper.  The  aureus  is  the  only  denomina- 
tion in  gold,  and  in  silver  we  have,  in  addition  to  the  denarius  and  quinarius,  a 
certain  number  of  later  cistophori  or  "  cistophoric  medallions,"  which  may  be 
introduced  on  historical  grounds  into  the  series.  The  bronze  coins  consist  of 
the  sestertius,  tressis,  dupondius,  as,  semis,  and  sextans.  The  copper  was 
probably  limited  to  the  as  only.^  As  already  mentioned,^  the  aureus  struck 
in  the  East  varied  considerably  in  weight  at  different  epochs.  Those  of 
Sulla  weigh  169  grains  {-^^  of  the  pound) ;  of  Pompey,  138  grains  (^'^  of  the 
pound) ;  of  the  period  of  the  triumvirate,  127  grains  (^-^  of  the  pound) ;  and  of 
Augustus,  123  grains  {^  of  the  pound).  These  weights  are  approximate,  as 
individual  specimens  vary  slightly.  The  early  pieces  do  not  correspond  in 
weight  to  any  of  the  gold  coins  struck  at  that  time  in  the  East,  whether  at 
Athens,  Bphesus,  or  in  the  kingdom  of  Pontus.  They  are  therefore  quite  ex- 
ceptional; and  as  the  ratio  between  gold  and  silver  would  be  1  :  9,  it  is  evident 
that  it  was  too  high,  and  they  must  therefore  have  soon  fallen  out  of  circulation. 
The  weights  of  the  gold  coins  of  the  triumvirate  and  later  correspond  with  those 


'  See  below,  p.  501.  ^  See  above,  p.  344. 


454  COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

of  similar  pieces  of  the  Eoman  mint  and  of  Gaul.  The  denarius  is  the  unit  of 
the  silver  coinage,  and  it  preserved  its  normal  weight  of  ■g'j-  of  the  pound.  The 
issue  of  the  quinarius  was  quite  exceptional,  and  only  occurs  at  rare  intervals. 
The  cistophorus  was  a  purely  Asiatic  coin  in  its  origin,  and  was  equivalent  to 
two  Ehodian  drachms  in  currency,  and  later  was  accepted  for  three  Eoman 
denarii.^  In  its  early  stage  the  cistophorus  bore  no  direct  connection  with  the 
coinage  of  Eome,  and  it  is  not  until  Antony,  ciro.  B.C.  39,  revived  it  and 
assimilated  its  types  to  those  of  the  denarius,  recording  current  events,  that  it 
can  be  classed  with  the  Eoman  money.  Its  issue  was  only  occasional,  and 
limited  to  special  occasions. 

If  we  except  the  re-introduction  of  a  gold  currency,  the  greatest  innovation 
in  the  coinage  of  the  East  was  the  new  system  of  bronze  money  instituted  by 
Antony  or  his  legates  in  B.C.  36,  at  the  time  of,  or  just  after,  the  battle  of 
Naulochus.  A  few  years  before,  an  attempt  appears  to  have  been  made  to  bring 
in  a  copper  currency,  but  it  was  confined  to  one  issue  only,  and  to  a  single  de- 
nomination.^ The  coinage  introduced  by  Antony  was  apparently  based  on  a  new 
standard,^  i.e.  quarter-ounce  or  quarter-uncial ;  but  as  the  coins  are  of  bronze, 
which  in  currency  appears  to  have  been  rated  at  double  that  of  pure  copper,  the 
standard  was  a  copper  semuncial  *  one.  The  weights  of  the  individual  coins 
struck  by  Antony  are  very  irregular ;  and  had  it  not  been  that  each  denomina- 
tion has  a  distinct  obverse  and  reverse  type,  and  is  also  suppHed  with  its  mark 
of  value,  considerable  difficulty  would  have  been  experienced  in  distinguishing 
the  current  values  of  the  various  pieces.^  In  the  later  issues,  during  B.C.  27 
and  B.C.  19 — 18,  much  greater  care  was  taken  in  adjusting  the  coins  to  their 
right  weight.  On  these,  however,  we  get  no  marks  of  value.  The  chief  interest 
in  this  bronze  coinage  as  instituted  by  Antony  is  that  it  appears  to  have 
formed  the  basis  on  which  the  subsequent  bronze  money  in  the  Capitol  was 
established,  both  as  to  standard  and  denominations.^ 

Finds  of  Coins. — If  the  evidence  of  finds  as  a  guide  to  the  sequence  of 
the  issues  was  somewhat  slight  in  the  case  of  the  Gaulish  issues,  it  is  even  more 
so  in  respect  of  those  which  are  assigned  to  the  East.  The  infrequency  in  finds 
of  coins  of  this  series  issued  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate  is  most 
remarkable,'  and  it  would  certainly  indicate  that  very  little  money  was  brought 
back  by  the  soldiery  from  the  East.  This  circumstance  is  the  more  striking 
since  the  coinages  of  the  East  previous  to  the  triumvirate  were  present  in 
considerable  numbers  in  most  of  the  hoards  buried  between  B.C.  82 — 44. 

The  date  b.c.  82 — 81  given  to  the  coinages  of  Sulla  is  confirmed  by  finds. 
Mommsen*  has  assigned  their  issue  to  B.C.  88 — 81 ;  but  their  absence  from  the 
Fiesole,  Cingoli,  and  Monte  Codruzzo  hoards  buried  between  B.C.  87 — 82,  and 
their   presence   in   those   of   Hev-Szamos,  Eoncofreddo,   Frascarolo,  &c.,   of   a 


'  Babelon,  Traite,  vol.  i.,  p.  513. 

^  See  Coin  of  Atratinus,  below,  p.  501.  The  district  in  which  this  coin  was  struck 
is  uncertain. 

^  It  was  on  this  standard  that  the  small  bronze  coins  of  C.  Sosius  first  struck  at  Zacynthus 
circ.  B.C.  39  were  based  (see  below,  p.  504). 

*  See  above,  p.  45.  *  See  below,  p.  511.  "  See  above,  p.  45. 

'  See  Table  of  Finds.  *  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  440. 


COINAGE    OP   THE  EAST  455 

slightly  later  time,  shows  that  the  date  B.C.  82 — 81  assigned  to  them  is  very 
approximate.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  denarii  with  head  of  Venus  and 
reverse  a  double  cornucopiae/  and  without  a  moneyer's  name,  as  they  were  first 
met  with  in  the  Carrara  hoard,  the  burial  of  which  occurred  circ.  B.C.  78. 

Though  there  can  be  no  question  in  what  year  the  coins  bearing  the  names 
of  the  consuls  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus  were  struck, 
yet  their  absence  from  the  San  Gregorio  di  Sassola,  Oompito,  and  Cadriano 
hoards  proves  their  issue  to  have  occurred  after  B.C.  50.  We  have  precisely 
the  same  evidence  for  the  denarii  of  Julius  Caesar,  with  the  reverse  type  of 
Aeneas  and  Anchises. 

It  is  at  this  point  that  the  evidence  of  finds  as  to  the  sequence  of  the  issues 
of  the  East  practically  ceases.  This  is  due  to  the  rare  occurrence  of  these  coins 
in  most  of  the  Western  finds  buried  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate,  as 
shown  by  the  analyses  given  in  the  Tables  of  Einds.  When  they  are  met  with, 
their  issue  is  rarely  contemporary  with  the  burial  of  the  hoard.  The  latest  coin 
of  the  East  which  was  found  in  the  Pieve-Quinta  hoard,  buried  circ.  B.C.  38,^ 
was  the  denarius  of  C.  Cassius  and  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther,  with  head  of 
Libertas  and  reverse  capis  and  lituus,  which  could  not  have  been  struck  after 
B.C.  42.  The  denarius  of  On.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  with  a  prow  surmounted 
by  a  trophy,^  struck  in  B.C.  42 — 41,  was  the  latest  Eastern  coin  in  the  Grasspold 
hoard,  the  burial  of  which  occurred  about  the  same  time  as  that  of  Pieve- 
Quinta.  The  latest  coins  which  occurred  in  any  of  the  finds  of  which  analyses 
are  given  are  the  legionary  pieces  of  Mark  Antony,  which  were  met  with  in 
considerable  number  in  the  Beauvoisin  hoard,  buried  circ.  B.C.  28.* 

From  this  somewhat  brief  statement  it  will  be  gathered  that  finds  afford  but 
slight  evidence  for  the  chronology  of  the  issues  during  the  period  of  the  trium- 
virate, and  that  in  order  to  establish  their  succession  we  must  depend  mainly 
upon  the  interpretation  of  the  types,  in  connection  with  which  there  is  still  a 
wide  field  for  future  research. 

Mint-places. — The  coinages  of  the  East  present  difficulties  in  the  de- 
termination of  their  places  of  mintage  which  are  not  found  in  those  of  Spain  and 
Gaul,  since  in  the  first  instance  it  is  necessary  to  arrive  at  a  definite  opinion  as 
to  the  province  to  which  they  are  to  be  assigned,  whether  in  Greece  or  Asia 
Minor.  By  the  light  of  history  it  is  possible  in  most  cases  to  determine  this 
question,  but  failing  this  we  have  to  turn  for  inspiration  to  the  coins  themselves, 
and  to  take  as  our  guide  their  types,  their  fabric,  and  not  infrequently  their 
legends. 

We  are  met  with  this  difficulty  at  the  outset,  as  there  exists  but  slight 
evidence,  historical  or  numismatic,  which  would  enable  us  to  locate  the  coinages 
of  Sulla  and  his  legates.  If  the  date  given  to  the  pieces  which  bear  the  name 
of  Sulla  only  be  accepted,  their  issue  in  all  probability  took  place  in  Asia  Minor, 
and  their  place  of  mintage  may  have  been  Bphesus,  where  we  find  other  gold 
coins  based  on  a  local  standard  which  have  been  assigned  to  him.^  The  coins 
of  Sulla  of  Eoman  standard  and  type  are  of  very  coarse  fabric,  differing  in  this 


'  See  below,  pp.  463,  464.  ^  See  vol.  i.,   p.  560.  '  See  below,  p.  488. 

■•  See  above,  p.  6.  *  tiue  below,  p.  460. 


456  COINAGE   OF  THE   EAST 

respect  from  those  of  his  legate,  L.  Manlius,  which  it  is  suggested  may  have 
been  struck  in  Greece,  and  not  improbably  at  Athens.  The  issues  of  A.  Manlius 
and  of  the  coins  without  a  moneyer's  name  but  with  the  initial  Q  {Quaestor) 
only,  must  for  the  present  remain  uncertain  as  to  their  place  of  mintage.  These 
last  pieces  have  been  given  to  Valentia,  in  Bruttium,  on  account  of  their  reverse 
type,  a  double  cornucopiae,  but  we  are  not  inclined  to  accept  this  attribution.^ 

Plutarch  {Pompems,  45)  relates  that  on  the  occasion  of  his  triumph  in  B.C.  61 
Pompey  distributed  16,000  talents  amongst  his  troops,  which  were  stationed  at 
Ephesus  after  the  Mithradatic  war,  and  as  most  of  this  sum  must  ultimately 
have  been  in  currency  it  may  be  presumed,  if  the  gold  coins  bearing  his  name 
are  to  be  given  to  the  East,  that  these  also  were  struck  at  Ephesus. 

So  far  the  attributions  have  been  somewhat  uncertain,  but  it  seems  quite 
possible  to  determine  the  locality  of  the  next  series  of  coins  given  to  the  East, 
those  of  the  consuls,  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Orus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus. 
The  course  of  their  journey  from  Italy  to  Sicily  and  thence  on  to  Greece  and 
Asia  is  marked  by  a  succession  of  issues.  Those  of  Sicily  will  be  described  under 
the  coinage  of  that  island  (see  Coinage  op  Sicily,  s.a.  B.C.  49,  p.  558),  but  those 
struck  in  Greece  are  identifiable  by  the  obverse  type,  head  of  Apollo,  which  is 
that  of  the  autonomous  coins  of  Apollonia  where  the  consuls  made  their  land- 
ing ;  2  and  those  of  Asia  by  the  figure  of  the  Ephesian  Artemis,  the  chief  symbol 
of  the  city  of  Ephesus.  Eor  the  mintages  of  these  coins  we  have  therefore  both 
historical  and  numismatic  evidence.  Precisely  the  same  may  be  said  of  the 
coinage  of  C.  Coponius,  who  had  command  of  the  fleet  of  Pompey  in  the 
Eastern  Mediterranean.  His  money  with  the  reverse  type,  a  club  and  a  hon's 
skin,  bears  the  stamp  of  having  been  issued  at  Ephesus,  as  this  was  the  type  of 
the  early  half-cistophori  of  that  city. 

The  locality  of  issue  of  the  coins  of  Julius  Caesar  of  the  same  period  is 
uncertain.  We  have,  however,  no  hesitation  in  assigning  them  to  Greece,  but 
the  types  do  not  afford  any  clue  as  to  their  place  of  mintage. 

The  next  important  series  to  be  considered  is  that  of  Brutus  and  Cassius 
which  was  issued  before  the  battles  of  Philippi.  This  series,  as  we  have  already 
had  occasion  to  remark,^  is  formed  of  two  groups,  one  struck  by  Brutus  in 
Greece,  the  other  a  joint  one  of  Cassius  and  Brutus  of  Asiatic  origin.  There  is 
little  doubt  that  the  main  coinage  of  Brutus  must  be  located  to  Macedonia. 
Similarity  of  fabric  affords  strong  evidence  that  many  of  the  issues  should  be 
assigned  to  the  same  locality.  We  might  select  for  them  one  or  more  of  the 
three  principal  cities  of  Macedonia — Amphipolis,  Pella,  or  Thessalonica. 
Amphipolis  would  in  some  respects  answer  the  purpose.  It  was  a  flourishing 
city  in  the  time  of  the  early  occupation  of  Greece  by  the  Eomans.  It  had  a 
remarkable  numismatic  record,  and,  besides  that,  it  was  situated  in  a  district 
rich  in  gold  and  silver  mines.  There  is  a  large  series  of  Imperial  coins,  extend- 
ing from  Augustus  to  Valerian,  which  belong  to  that  city,  but  none  apparently 


'  See  below,  p.  464,  and  Fr.  Lenormant,  La  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  t.  ii.,  p.  297. 
2  Cicero  {Ep.  ad  Fam.,  xiii.  29)  speaks  of  the  silver  money  which  waa  struck  at  Apollonia 
in  B.C.  49,  when  Pompey  and  his  partisans  had  their  head-quarters  in  that  city. 
'  See  above,  p.  447. 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST  457 

of  the  period  of  the  triumvirate.  Of  Pella  and  Thessalonica,  however,  there 
are  coins  of  both  Antony  and  Octavius,  showing  that  these  mints  were  in 
operation  about  the  time  of  Brutus's  sojourn  in  Greece.  It  is  therefore  very 
probable  that  Brutus  struck  his  coins  in  one  of  these  cities,  if  not  in  both.  If 
fabric  may  be  taken  into  consideration,  we  are  disposed  to  favour  Thessalonica, 
of  which  city  there  are  some  remarkable  bronze  coins  with  portraits  of  Julius 
Caesar  and  Octavius.  These  compare  favourably  with  the  somewhat  artistic 
pieces  of  Brutus.  On  the  evidence  of  type,  a  lyre  between  a  plectrum  and 
a  laurel-branch,  the  first  issue  of  Brutus  in  Greece  may  be  associated  with  the 
town  of  Apollonia,  and  on  historical  grounds  the  coins  of  C.  Antonius  may  also 
be  given  to  that  place.  The  aurei  of  Brutus  with  the  legend  KOZflN  are  of 
Thracian  origin,  but  their  place  of  mintage  has  not  been  determined. 

As  the  joint  issues  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  struck  in  Asia  could  not  have 
appeared  till  after  the  latter's  victory  over  the  Ehodian  iieet  in  the  waters  of  the 
island  of  Cos,  B.C.  43,  and  also  after  the  successful  expedition  of  Brutus  to 
Lycia  in  the  following  year,  they  may  be  assigned  to  Sardes,  where  the  com- 
manders joined  forces  before  their  departure  for  Greece  to  meet  Antony  and 
Octavius  on  the  field  of  Philippi.  For  this  attribution  we  have  again  both 
historical  and  numismatic  evidence. 

This  brings  us  down  to  the  long  series  of  coins  struck  by  Antony  in  virtue 
of  his  triumvirate.  In  discussing  his  portraits  on  his  coins  it  has  been  shown  *■ 
that  from  B.C.  41  inclusive  there  is  one  type  which,  with  some  exceptions,  is  pre- 
served with  but  slight  variations  throughout  the  whole  series  of  his  money,  due 
allowance  being  made  for  changes  of  workmen  engaged  on  the  coinage.  As  the 
first  issue  of  the  coins  with  this  stereotyped  portrait  is  contemporaneous  with 
the  visit  of  Antony  to  Ephesus  in  B.C.  41,  it  is  quite  possible  that  he  selected  that 
city  as  his  chief  mint-place.  Ephesus  therefore  in  the  East  would  correspond 
to  Lugdunum  in  the  West  in  their  relation  to  the  coinages  of  the  triumvirs.  To 
this  general  rule  there  are  exceptions.  The  denarii  of  Antony  which  are  given 
to  B.C.  42,  and  which  were  struck  soon  after  the  battles  of  Philippi,  are  different 
in  style,  fabric  and  portraiture.  These  may  have  been  issued  in  Greece,  but 
the  coins  themselves  supply  no  data  which  enable  us  to  locate  their  mintage. 
The  cistophori  assigned  to  B.C.  39  and  bearing  the  portraits  of  Antony  and 
Octavia  must  for  reasons  of  fabric  and  type  be  separated,  some  being  of  Ephesus, 
others  of  Pergamum.^  Another  important  exception  is  the  aureus  of  Antony  of 
the  same  date,  with  the  full-length  figure  of  the  triumvir  on  the  obverse,  and  a 
lion  on  the  reverse,  commemorating  the  first  campaign  of  Ventidius  against  the 
Parthians.  This  coin  on  historical  evidence  may  be  assigned  to  Athens.^  If 
this  attribtition  is  correct  then  the  denarii  which  follow,  with  the  reverse  head 
of  Sol,  and  the  aurei  with  the  portraits  of  Antony  and  ,  Octavia,  must  also 
have  been  struck  at  Athens,  as  all  these  issues  are  connected  by  the  obverse 
legend,  M  ■  ANTONIVS  M  •  F  •  M  ■  N  -,  which  supplies  the  initials  of  the 
triumvir's  father  and  grandfather.  This  legend  occurs  only  in  one  other 
instance,  on  the  aurei  of  Antony  and  his  son  Marcus,  issued  in  B.C.  34,*  which 


'  See  above,  p.  451.  ^  See  below,  p.  503. 

=  See  below,  p.  506.  "  See  below,  p.  521. 

VOL.    II.  3    N 


458  COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

may  on  the  same  grounds,  and  also  from  style,  be  attributed  to  Athens,  It  is 
also  with  this  city  that  we  would  associate  the  denarii  with  the  portraits  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra.  These  last  pieces  are  not  of  the  same  fabric  as  the 
contemporary  legionary  coins  struck  at  Ephesus,  and  as  in  date  they  correspond 
with  the  visit  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  to  Greece,  they  seem  to  be  connected  with 
the  honours  decreed  to  the  latter  by  the  Athenians.'- 

Of  all  the  coins  struck  by  Antony  or  his  delegates  none  are  more  difficult  to 
locate  than  those  of  bronze,  issued  by  his  praefecti  classis  after  the  battle  of 
Naulochus  or,  as  has  been  generally  thought,  during  the  period  of  the  war  with 
Sextus  Pompey.  As  this  question  will  be  discussed  fully  with  the  descriptions 
of  the  coins  themselves,  it  is  not  necessary  to  recapitulate  the  various  views  and 
theories  which  have  been  enunciated  from  time  to  time.^  That  they  were  struck 
in  the  East  there  is  a  general  consensus  of  opinion,  but  that  some  should  be 
given  to  one  locality  and  others  of  the  same  issue  to  another  seems  extremely 
improbable.  A  suggestion  is  therefore  hazarded  that  their  place  of  mintage  may 
have  been  Zacynthus.  This  attribution  may  be  considered  conjectural,  but  it  is 
based  principally  on  the  evidence  of  the  small  bronze  pieces  of  C.  Sosius,  who 
for  a,  period  of  at  least  eight  years  issued  money  at  intervals  in  that  island.^ 

In  such  a  large  and  varied  series  of  coins  as  those  of  the  East  during  the 
triumvirate,  which  extended  over  so  wide  an  area,  it  is  natural  that  not  a  few 
must  remain  uncertain  as  to  their  mintage;  but  the  proportion  is  small,  and 
limited  mostly  to  exceptional  cases  such  as  those  of  L.  Statius  Murcus,  Cn. 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  and  the  bronze  pieces  which  bear  the  name  of  Crassus. 
One  of  these  exceptional  coinages  is  that  of  Q.  Labienus,  the  fabrication  of  which 
may  with  some  degree  of  probability  be  given  to  Antioch,  which  fell  into  his 
hands  during  his  campaign  in  Syria. 

Though  it  has  been  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  that  most  of  the  coins  of 
Antony  were  struck  at  Ephesus,  it  may  be  found  on  further  study  that  there  are 
amongst  them  more  which  are  of  Greek  origin  than  we  have  ventured  to  suggest. 

When  Octavius  instituted  his  own  money  in  the  East,  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Actium  (B.C.  29),  it  would  appear  from  the  fabric  of  the  denarii,  and  also  from 
evidence  supplied  by  the  local  cistophori,  that  he  revived  the  mint  at  Ephesus. 
This  was  the  only  one  in  operation  till  B.C.  27.  After  Octavius  was  created 
Augustus  in  that  year  there  are  two  series  of  coins,  consisting  in  one  case  of 
silver  and  bronze,  and  in  the  other  of  gold  also.  These  differ  so  much  in  fabric, 
style,  and  portraiture  that  they  cannot  both  be  assigned  to  the  same  locality  of 
issue.  One  series  is  connected  by  the  style  of  portrait  and  by  general  fabric 
with  the  coinages  of  B.C.  29 — 27,  and  may  therefore  be  also  given  to  Ephesus ; 
the  other  series  we  have  ventured  to  assign  to  Pergamum.  To  each  one  may 
be  ascribed  some  cistophori  which  in  their  types,  legends,  &c.,  seem  to  confirm 
these  attributions.  When  the  coinage  was  again  revived  in  B.C.  19 — 18,  that 
of  gold  and  silver  appears  to  have  been  confined  to  Ephesus  only. 


1  See  below,  pp.  525,  526. 

'  Bahrfeldt,  Die  Milnz.  der  Flottenpriifekten  des  Marc.  Ant,  Num.  Zeit.  1905,  pp.  36  f. 

=  See  below,  pp.  504,  513,  514. 


CIRC.  B.C.  82—81;    A.U.C.  G72-673 


d5;j 


PERIOD   T. 


Cu-c.  B.C.  82—80;   a.u.c.  672—674 


No.     Weight 


Metfd 
aitd  8tze 


165-6 


161-8 


Obvevse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  82—81;   a.u.c.  672—673 

L  .  SVLLA 

(LUCIUS  [COENELIUS]  SULLA) 


Aureus 


M    -8 


N    -8 


He-ad  of  Venus  r.,  diademed, 
wearing  earring  and  neck- 
lace ;  hair  rolled  back,  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
and  falling  down  her  neck ; 
before,  Cupid  standing 
towards  1.  and  holding  in 
r.  hand  a  palm-branch ; 
below,  L  •  SVLLA 

Similar. 


Jug  with  one  handle  (cajjis) 
and  lituus  between  two 
trophies;  above,  IMPER. 
(Impcrator);  below,  ITEK 
VM 

[PI.  ex.  1.] 


Similar;  legend,  ITERVfor 
ITEKVM 


[PI.  ex.  2.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


^  The  earliest  "military  coins"  which  are  assigned  to  the  East  are  those  which  were 
struck  after  Sulla's  successful  campaign  against  Mithradates  VI.  of  Pontus  in  Greece  and  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  war  lasted  from  B.C.  87 — 81.  This  coinage  comprises  four  separate  issues. 
The  first  bears  the  name  of  Sulla  only,  two  others  give  his  name  and  those  of  his  proquaestor 
Lucius  Manlius,  and  his  quaestor  Aulus  Manlius,  and  the  fourth  is  without  a  moneyer's  name  but 
has  the  initial  Q,  showing  that  it  was  struck  under  quaestorial  authority.  These  issues  are  of 
gold  and  silver,  aurei  and  denarii.  Their  attribution  to  the  Bast  is  based  on  historical  as  well  as 
numismatic  evidence.  In  fabric  and  style  these  coins  differ  considerably  from  any  con- 
temporaneous pieces  of  the  Eoman  mint,  and  at  this  time  also  no  gold  money  was  struck  in 
the  capital.  The  local  issues  in  Italy  had  also  come  to  an  end  before  the  date  to  which  these 
coins  must  be  assigned  (see  above,  p.  144).  The  exceptional  issue  of  the  gold  money  of  Sulla 
can  only  be  accounted  for  in  the  circumstance  that  it  took  place  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor, 
where  there  existed  still  a  considerable  currency  in  gold  (Mommseu,  Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii., 
p.  441). 

After  mentioning  the  friendship  which  existed  between  Sulla  and  his  quaestor  LucuUus, 
Plutarch  {LucuUus,  2)  relates  that  "  amongst  other  things  Sulla  gave  Lncullus  the  direction  of 
the  mint.  It  was  he  who  coined  money  chiefly  for  Sulla  in  the  Peloponnesus  during  the  Mithra- 
datic  war,  and  from  it  it  was  called  Lucullia,  and  it  continued  in  use  for  the  army  during  the 
war,  as  it  was  readily  accepted."  When  the  war  with  Mithradates  came  to  an  end  Sulla  laid 
a  contribution  of  20,000  talents  on  the  cities  of  Asia  Minor,  and  ordered  LucuUus  to  collect 
the  tax  and  to  coin  money  (Plutarch,  LucuUus,  4).  It  would  appear  therefore  that  on  two 
occasions  LucuUus  was  ordered  to  strike  money ;  first  in  the  Peloponnesus,  and  again  on  the 
departure  of  Sulla  for  Italy  in  B.C.  83.  On  this  point  Mommsen  (loc.  cit.)  remarks,  "  Nos 
monnaics  s'accordent  parfaitemcnt  avec  ces  denudes  historiques,  seulement  elles  ne  portent 
pas  Je  nom  de  LucuUus.  En  effet,  conmie  nous  I'avons  deja  vu,  elles  ont  ct6  frappces  ^  diverses 
epoques,  les  unes  avant,  les  autres  apres  le  depart  de  Sylla."  To  the  earlier  epoch  Mommsen 
appears  to  have  classed  the  gold  and  silver  coins  with  the  triumphal  chariot  on  the  reverse, 
and  to  the  later  one,  those  with  the  legend  IMPER  .  ITE  RVM,  and  also  those  of  A.  Matdius 
on   which   Sulla  is   styled   Felix  and   Dictator   (sec   below,  p.  463,  no.  16).      The   coins   of 


4C0  COINAGE    OF    THE    EAST 

.\...       Weiilt        ""Vv' -  Ofci-ir,-.-  P.ererse 


and  Si:t 


Denarius 


3  63-5      .R    -7       Similar.  Similar;  legend,  ITER.VM 

[PI.  ex.  3.] 
,  (Blacas  Coll.) 

! 

4  56-5      JR     S      Similar.  Similar;  legend,  ITERwVfor 

ITEKVM 

[PI.  ex.  4.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


L.  Manlius.  however,  fi-om  their  reverse  type  appear  to  be  of  a  later  date,  as  they  record  the 
triumph  of  Sulla,  which  took  place  in  B.C.  81.  The  money  which  Lucullus  was  ordered  by 
Sulla  to  strike  in  the  Peloponnesus  consisted  most  probably  of  certain  Athenian  tetradrachms 
and  drachms,  which  are  of  the  usual  types  (ofcr.  head  of  Athene ;  rev.  owl  standing  on 
amphora  ;  Brit.  ili'S.  Cat.  Or.  Coins.  Attica,  p.  77.  pi.  xiii.,  nos.  7,  S:  Inirod..  p.  lv.),but  are  of 
peculiar  workmanship  and  differ  in  this  respect  from  the  oi*dinary  pieces  of  the  Athenian 
series.  They  are  without  eitber  the  usual  legend  AOE  or  the  names  of  the  magistrates,  but 
some  have  a  trophy  on  either  side  of  the  owl.  The  LticuUia  may  therefore  be  of  two  series, 
viz.,  Greek  coins  with  Greek  types,  and  Boman  coins  with  Honian  types.  It  is  possible,  as  we 
shall  see,  that  the  Greek  series  may  also  have  been  continued  after  or  about  the  time  of 
Sulla's  departtire  in  B.C.  S3,  not,  however,  at  Athens  but  in  Asia  Minor  (Ephesus).  The 
evidence  of  finds  is  in  favour  of  assigning  the  coins  above  described  to  the  later  date,  as  no 
specimens  were  met  "with  in  the  tiesole,  Cingoli  and  Monte  Codruzzo  hoards,  which  were 
buried  circ.  B.C.  S7 — S6  and  Si  respectively,  but  some  occurred  in  those  unearthed  at  Hev- 
Szauios,  Roncofreddo  and  Frascarolo,  which  are  assigned  to  a  somewhat  later  date  (see  vol.  i., 
pp.  242,  243,  319,  362.)  Theii'  absence  from  the  Monte  Codruzzo  hoard  may  possibly  be  due  to 
the  circumstance  that  being  struck  in  the  East  a  certain  period  wotild  elapse  before  they 
cii'culated  in  Italy. 

The  types  of  the  aiu-ei  and  denarii  are  in  honour  of  Stdia,  He  believed  himself  to  have 
been  in  particular  under  the  protection  of  Venus,  who  had  granted  him  victory  in  battle  as 
well  as  in  love,  and  hence  in  writing  to  the  Greeks  he  called  himself  "  Epaphroditus  "  (Plutarch, 
Sulla,  34).  Appian  {Bell,  civ.,  i.  97)  relates  that  he  sent  a  golden  crown  and  axe  to  Venus  with 
the  inscription : — 

To'rSe  ffvt  aifTOKpdrwp  St-AXas  orefiTjK*,  'AtppuSiril, 

us  tHov  Kar    tii  ej/joc  ava  fr-'paTtrji'  Stfjrovaaf 

Tei'^^efft  Tors^A/jeos  fjLapfafjLfvTjf  cvottAo*'. 

The  figure  of  Cupid  bearing  a  palm-branch  is  an  appropriate  adjunct  to  the  main  type  of  the 
obverse.  On  the  reverse  the  one-handled  jug  {capi.<)  and  the  lituus  refer  to  Sulla's  election  to 
the  college  of.Augms,  and  the  trophies  to  the  battles  of  Chaeroneia,  b,c.  S6,  and  of  Orchomenos, 
E,c,  S-3.  One  of  these  trophies  SuUa  erected  in  the  place  where  the  troops  of  Archelaus  began 
to  give  way  and  to  fly  to  the  river  Molos.  It  was  dedicated  to  Mars,  Victory  and  Venus.  The 
other  trophy  was  placed  on  Mount  Thurium  and  was  inscribed  to  the  ralour  of  Homoloiclms 
and  Anaxidamas  (Platarch,  ^uUa,  19).  These  trophies  are  also  represented  on  the  Athenian 
tetradrachms  above  mentioned,  which  are  supposed  to  have  been  struck  by  Lucullus.  It  was 
probably  after  the  battle  of  Orchomenos  that  Sulla  was  hailed  Xnipera (or  iterum,  but  it  is 
uncertain  when  he  received  his  first  imperatorship,  whether  after  the  campaign  in  Cilicia, 
B.C.  92,  when  he  acted  as  propraetor,  or  during  the  Social  war  (Mommsen,  Hist.  vwn.  rom., 
t,  ii.,  p.  440).  Fr,  Lenormant  (La  Hon.  dans  I'.ini..  vol.  ii.,  p.  296)  thought  that  the  trophies 
refeiTcd  to  the  two  imperatorial  acclamations  received  by  Sulla.  The  above  coins  may  have 
been  struck  in  e.g.  S3  and  their  issue  continued  into  B.c,  S2,  the  date  to  which  Count  de  Salis 
assigned  them. 

It  is  somewhat  difiicult  to  give  these  coins  to  a  particular  locality.  After  the  departtire 
of  Snlla,  Lucullus  remained  in  Asia  Minor  as  quaestor,  and  administered  that  province  for 
several  years  (Cicero,  Acad,  pr.,  ii.  i.  1),  and  it  is  therefore  possible  that  their  place  of 
mintage  may  have  been  Ephesus.  Their  rude  fabric  shows  some  similarity  to  the  gold  staters 
having  on  the  obverse  the  bust  of  Artemis  with  her  bow,  aind  on  the  reverse  the  cultus 
statue  of  that  divinity  with  the  legend  E4>EIinN  or  E4>,  which  are  supposed  to  have  been 
issued  by  Sulla  when  he  came  to  that  city  in  B.C.  S4  (Head,  Ephesus.  p.  69;  Mommsen, 
Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  444).  These  Eoman  gold  coins  do  not,  however,  correspond  in 
weight  to  those  of  Ephesus,  nor  to  those  struck  about  the  same  time  at  Athens  and  Pontus, 
which  average  130  yis.,  or  ^  of  the  lioman  pound;  the  former  aie  165  grs,,  or  j^  of  the 
Koman  pound. 


CIEC.  B.C.  82— bl  ;    A.U.C.  G72— G73 


461 


■Kr         Tw  ■  i,t       Metal 
No.      Weight  ,  „. 

"         and  Size 


169-3 


167-2 


167-3 


N-    -75 


^r    -85 


N    -75 


Obverse  Reverse 

L.MAN  LI:   L  .  SVLLA 

(LUCIUS  MANLIUS';  LUCIUS  [COENELIUS] 
SULLA) 


Aureus 


Roma  r.,  in  high 
■wearing     winged 


Head  of 
relief, 

helmet,  ornamented  -with 
gryphon's  head  ;  the  visor 
in  three  piecesandpeaked; 
earring  in  form  of  cross 
and  necklace  of  pen- 
dants and  pearls ;  hair 
long  and  arranged  in  three 
symmetrical  locks;  before, 
L-MANLI;  behind, 
PKo  .  Q  [Proquaestor). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Sulla,  togate,  in  triumphal 
quadriga  r.,  horses  walk- 
ing; he  holds  laurel- 
branch  in  r.  hand,  and 
reins  in  1. ;  above.  Victory 
flying  1.  and  bearing 
wreath ;  in  the  exergue, 
L  •  SVLLA  •  IM  {Impera- 
tor). 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  ex.  5.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  L- SVLLA-  l/V? 
[PI.  ex.  6.] 


'  Lucius  Manlius  was  proquaestor  to  Sulla  during  the  Mithraclatic  irar.  He  may  hare 
heen  the  L.  lHanlius  L.  f.  Torquatus  who  was  consul  B.C.  65  with  L.  Aurelius  Cotta,  and  who 
afterwards  obtained  the  province  of  Macedonia,  where  he  performed  some  exploits,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  Senate,  upon  the  motion  of  Cicero  {in  Pison.  19),  conferred  upon  him 
the  title  of  Imperator.  In  his  account  of  the  battle  at  the  CoUine  Gate,  r.c.  82,  Plutarch 
(Siilla,  29)  mentions  a  Torquatus  who  was  one  of  the  legates  of  Sulla.  The  proquaestor 
has  been  identified  with  this  member  of  the  Manlia  gens,  and  it  has  therefore  been 
concluded  that  the  coins  bearing  his  name  were  struck  by  him  in  Italy  after  the 
triumph  of  Sulla  in  B.C.  81  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  410;  ii.,  p.  177).  This  identification  is,  how- 
ever, very  conjectural,  and  it  seems  very  probable  from  the  evidence  of  the  coins  that  the 
Torquatus  who  was  in  Italy  in  B.C.  82  was  another  member  of  the  Manlia  gens.  This  was  the 
opinion  of  Count  de  Salis,  who  has  assigned  these  gold  and  silver  coins  to  the  Bast  chiefly  on 
account  of  their  fabric.  The  head  of  Roma  is  in  high  relief,  and  the  style  of  work  generally  is 
quite  difilerent  from  that  of  denarii  struck  in  the  Capitol  at  this  period.  The  work  is  more 
characteristic  of  a  Greek  engraver's  art,  than  of  a  Eoman,  and  it  might  be  suggested  that  these 
coins  were  struck  in  Greece,  probably  at  Athens,  where  L.  Manlius  may  have  acted  as 
proquaestor  to  a  portion  of  the  Roman  army  after  the  departure  of  Sulla  for  Italy.  If  the 
reverse  type  commemorates  the  actual  triumph  of  Sulla,  this  coinage  could  not  have  been 
issued  before  B.C.  81,  but  it  is  possible  that  the  type  may  have  anticipated  an  event  which  was 
certain  to  take  place.  The  evidence  of  finds  strongly  favours  the  date  B.C.  81,  as  no  specimens 
of  the  denarii  occurred  in  any  which  were  buried  previous  to  B.C.  81,  including  that  of  Monte 
Codrnzzo,  B.C.  82  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  319)  ;  but  they  were  present  in  considerable  number  in  all  the 
finds  the  concealment  of  which  is  assigned  to  the  years  B.C.  78 — 73.  These  included  those  of 
Hev-Szamos,  B.C.  78,  Roncofreddo  and  Frascarolo,  B.C.  75,  Licodia  and  Palestrina,  B.C.  74,  and 
Ossero,  B.C.  73.  The  reverse  type  of  the  triumphal  quadriga  is  scarcely  one  which  would  be 
adopted  for  coins  struck  during  the  siege  of  Athens  in  B.C.  87,  to  which  date  Mommsen  would 
assign  them  {Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  441).  In  support  of  this  attribution  Mommsen 
remarks,  "  Quoi  qu'en  dise  Eckhel  (Voct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  190)  le  triomphateur  qui  est  dans 
le  char  n'est  oertainement  pas  Sylla.  A  cette  dpoque  on  n'aurait  pas  encore  ose  representer 
ainsi  sur  les  monnaies  un  fait  contemporain, '  et  d'ailleurs  ces  pifeoes  ont  &ti  frapp^es  plusieurs 
annees  avant  le  triomphe  de  Sylla  qui  n'cat  lieu  qu'en  673  =  B.C.  81."  Mommsen  (op.  oit., 
p.  442)  describes  the  reverse  type  as  "Jupiter  in  a  quadriga  holding  a  branch  of  laurel  or  the 
caduceus  and  crowned  by  Victory."     The  figure  in  the  chariot  appears  to  hold  a  laurel-branch. 


4:6-2 


Is'o.      Weight 


ileM 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

OhvevAe 


Reverse 


Denarius 


628      -R    -65  j  Similar. 
61-5  !  JK    -65    Similar. 


10 
11 

12 

13 

li 
15 


60-i  '  M    -7 


Similar. 


59-2  i  .H    -65  i  Similar. 


62-0  I  -R  -S  i  Similar ;  the  bead  of  Eoma 
is  in  lower  relief  and  more 
spread,  and  the  legend 
follows  the  circumference 
of  the  edge. 

62-1  I  JR.  -T-J  Similar;  head  of  Eoma  in 
high  rehef,  as  on  no.  8 ; 
before  L- MAN LH;i  be- 
hind, PRO  .  a 


59-5     M    -8 
58-i     M    -7 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar;  legend,  L-SVLLA- 
IM 

Similar. 

[PI.  ox.  7.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  legend,  L-SVLLA- 
IMP 

[PI.  ex.  8.] 

Similar;  legend,  L-SVL LA- 
IM  and  the  quadriga  and 
figTire  of  Victory  larger. 
[PI.  ex.  9.] 

Similar. 

[PI.  ex.  10.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


but  it  does  not  portray  Jupiter.  Fr.  Leuorruaut  (La  Hon.  dans  VAnt..,  vol.  ii.,  p.  325)  has 
identified  the  figure  as  of  Sulla. 

'  The  interpretation  of  the  letter  H  which  follows  the  gentile  name  "  Manlius"  is  uncertain. 
It  has  been  identified  as  the  initial  of  Torquatus  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  410).  Mommsen  (o^J.  cit., 
p.  442)  has  suggested  that  like  XL  and  XLI  on  the  coius  of  Mark  Antony  (see  above, 
pp.  394,  396),  it  may  be  a  number  indicating  that  Sulla  had  arrived  at  the  age  of  50.  As  he 
was  born  iu  B.C.  13S  these  coins  would  therefore  have  been  struck  in  B.C.  ^7.  Cavedoni 
i^yuovi  St"-'-Ui^  p.  17),  who  has  associated  them  with  the  triumph  of  Sulla,  and  supposed  them 
to  have  been  issued  for  largess  amongst  the  legions,  has  interpreted  it  as  the  initial  of 
Triumphalis  ()iiniii/i«.s).  As  the  letter  occurs  only  on  some  of  the  denarii  it  is  probably  the 
initial  of  Torquatus  (Cavedoni,  Saggio,  p.  53),  the  engraver  of  the  die  in  making  this  addition 
to  the  name  of  the  proquaestor  having  placed  the  letter  sideways  instead  of  upright.  A 
blunder  such  as  this  could  well  have  been  made  by  a  Greek  artist  who  was  not  acquainted 
with  the  language  of  the  Romans. 

There  are  hybrids  of  the  denarius  of  L.  Manlius,  viz.  with  the  obverse  of  that  of  L. 
Torquatus  (see  above  p.  270,  no.  518),  and  with  the  reverse  of  that  of  Pinarius  >;atta  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  112,  no.  844;  and  Zeit.  f.  Num.  1S77,  pp.  33,  37). 

The  denarius  which  is  figtu'ed  and  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  408)  after  Morelli  (Fam. 
rom.  nuhi.,  pi.  v.,  no.  2)  as  showing  on  the  obverse  the  bust  of  Roma  helmeted  and  crowned 
by  Victory,  and  on  the  reverse,  Sulla  disembarking  from  a  ship  and  received  by  the  Genius  of 
the  Roman  people,  and  the  legend  L  .  SVLLA  IMP  .,  is  only  a  misreading  of  one  of  the  coins 
issued  by  the  Confederates  during  the  Social  war  and  commemorating  the  mission  to  !Mitlu-a- 
dates  of  Pontus  (see  above,  p.  337,  nos.  4M,  49,  pi.  xcix.,  10, 11) .  The  original  pieces  have  in  the 
exergue  either  a  letter  of  the  Roman  alphabet  or  else  a  number.  One  of  these  mint-marks 
was  evidently  misread  as  the  name  of  Sulla.  This  error  was  detected  by  Mommsen  (Borghesi, 
CEvvres  co.npl.,  t.  i.,  p.  373),  who  remarks  in  a  footnote,  "  II  me  parait  certain  quo  rinscriptiou 
SVLLA  IMP*  est  entierement  controuv(5e.  EUe  vient  d'Orsino,  qui  en  est  le  seul  garant; 
car  Morell  et  Visconti,  tout  en  corrigeant  son  dessin  dans  ses  autres  parties,  n*ont  fait  que 
repeter  I'inscription,  s'imaginant  jirobablement  qu'elle  u'etait  pas  venue  dans  les  exemplaires 
qu'ils  avaient  sous  les  yeux."  Neither  Babelon  nor  Fr.  Leuormant  {Li  Hon.  Jans  I'Ant., 
vol.  ii.,  p.  296,  note  3)  appears  to  have  accei)ted  this  view,  but  Bahrfeldt  {Xuni.  Zeit.,  1896, 
p.  97)  holds  the  same  opinion  as  Mommsen. 


CIEC.  B.C.  HI ;    A.U.C.  673 


463 


Nn.       Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


16 


167-7 


166-7 


M    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  81;   a.u.c.  673 

A.  MANLI    A.  F:   L  .  SVLL 

(AULUS  MANLIUS  AULI  FILIUSi;   LUCIUS 
[COENBLIUS]  SULLA) 

Aureus 


Bust  of  Eoma  r.,  draped, 
wearing  crested  helmet, 
ornamented  at  the  sides 
with  feathers ;  around, 
A  •  MAN  LI  [-A-F  .Q] 
{Quaestor). 


Illquestrian  togate  statue  of 
Sulla  L,  his  r.  hand  raised  ; 
in  the  exergue  and  field, 
L  .  SVLL  •  FE[LI  •  DIC] 

{Felix,  dictator). 

[PI.    ex.    11.] 

(Pembroke  Coll.) 


J^    -8 


Circ.  B.C.  81—80;   a.u.c.  673—674 

a 

(QUAESTOE) 
Aureus  ■' 


Head  of  Venus  r.,  diademed, 
wearing  earring  of  single 
drop  and  necklace ;  hair 
rolled  back  and  falling 
down  her  neck. 


Double  cornucopiae  filled 
with  fruit  and  flowers,  and 
bound  with  fillet;  below, 
Q.  {Quaestor). 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  408,  no.  32.] 


^  Nothing  appears  to  be  known  of  Aulus  Manlius  beyond  what  we  learn  from  his  coins, 
viz.,  that  he  was  a  quaestor.  He  niay  have  been  a  son  of  A.  Manlius,  who  was  a  legate  of 
C.  Marius  in  the  war  against  Jugurtha,  B.C.  107.  The  date  of  the  issue  of  his  am-ei,  the  only 
denomination  which  bears  his  name,  is  ascertainable  from  the  legend  and  type  on  the  reverse. 
It  was  in  November,  B.C.  82,  that  Sulla  was  declared  Dictator,  and  at  his  triumph  in  January, 
B.C.  81,  he  assumed  the  cognomen  Felix  (Plutarch,  Sulla,  34).  On  the  latter  occasion  the 
Senate  decreed  to  him  a  gilded  equestrian  statue,  which  was  erected  in  front  of  the  Rostra. 
It  was  inscribed,  KopvijKiou  SiiAAo  iiye^iouo?  evruxou'!,  a  title  which  corresponds  to  that  given 
on  these  coins  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  97;  Suetonius,  Caesar,  75).  The  style  and  fabric  show 
that  these  gold  coins  are  not  of  the  Boman  mint,  and  they  are  therefore  assigned  to  the 
East.  Manlius  may  have  been  a  quaestor  under  Lucullus,  and  his  coins  may  have  been 
struck  from  some  of  the  proceeds  of  the  contribution  or  tax  which  Sulla  ordered  Lucullus  to 
exact  from  the  cities  of  Asia  (Plutarch,  hncullus,  4).  Fr.  Lenormant  {La  Mon.  dans  I' Ant., 
t.  ii.,  p.  300)  has  suggested  that  A.  Manlius  acted  as  quaestor  to  Murena,  in  which  case  they 
would  have  been  issued  during  the  second  Mithradatic  war.  These  aurei  correspond  in  weight 
to  those  of  Sulla  and  his  proquaestor  L.  Manlius,  as  they  were  minted  at  ^  of  the  Roman 
pound. 

A  variety  has  the  legend  on  the  reverse  L.SVLLA  FELIX  DIC.  (Babelon,  vol.  i., 
p.  413  J  ii.,  p.  179). 

'  Cavedoni  (Ripostigli,  p.  147)  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  assign  these  gold  and 
silver  coins  to  Sulla  or  to  his  time.     They  are  without   moneyer's   name,  but  the  letter  Q 


464 


Xn.      Weight 


17 

18 
19 


Metal 
and  Size 


66-6 

610 
610 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

Obverae 


M 

■75 

M 

•75 

M 

•75 

Similar;  head  of  A^enus 
smaller,  and  hair  falling 
in  less  profusion  down 
her  neck. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Rererae 

Denarius 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PL  ex.  12.] 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


20 


137-8 


^    •SS 


PERIOD    II. 

Circ.  B.C.  61  ;   A.u.c.  693 

MAGNVS 

([CNAEUS  POMPEIUS]  MAGNUS) 
Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Africa  r.,  wearing 
elephant's  skin ;  before, 
lituus;  behind,  one- 
handled  jug  to  1.  {capis) 
and  legend,  MAGNVS; 
the  whole  within  laurel- 
wreath. 


Pompey,  holding  laurel- 
wreath  in  triumphal  quad- 
riga r.,  horses  walking ; 
a  youth  (Cnaeus  Pompey) 
rides  the  nearest  horse ; 
above,  Victory  flying  r. 
with  wreath ;  in  the  ex- 
ergue, PKo  .  Cos  {Pro- 
consul). 

[PI.  ex.  13.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


shows  that  they  were  struck  by  the  quaestor  of  a  general.  Cavedoni  points  out  that  not  only 
is  this  aureus  of  the  same  weight  as  the  gold  coins  of  Sulla,  but  "  la  maniera  della 
fabrica  di  questo  denario  in  certo  riguardo  confronta  con  quella  dell'  altro  denario  di  Silla 
insignito  del  gemino  trofeo,  tranne  che  quest'  ultimo  accusa  un  layoro  trascurato  ed  eseguito 
in  fretta."  As  the  reverse  type,  a  double  cornucopias,  occurs  on  bronze  coins  struck  at 
Talentia  in  Bruttium,  Fr.  Lenormant  (La,  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  297)  has  suggested  that 
they  were  struck  in  that  city  during  the  Civil  war  (b.c.  82),  where  Sulla  had  established 
a  mint  under  the  control  of  his  quaestor.  If  Count  de  Salis,  however,  is  right  in  assigning 
them  to  the  East,  the  double  cornucopiae  may  be  intended  to  refer  to  the  cessation  of 
hostilities  after  the  second  Mithradatic  war,  which  it  was  hoped  would  restore  commerce 
between  the  West  and  the  East.  It  is  uncertain  whether  these  coins  are  to  be  assigned  to 
G-reece  or  Asia  Minor,  but  it  may  be  noticed  that  the  treatment  and  form  of  the  head  of  Venus 
on  the  obverse  is  very  similar  to  that  on  coins  of  Julius  Caesar,  which  were  struck  some 
years  later  (see  below,  p.  469,  pi.  ex.,  no.  20).  No  denarii  of  this  issue  occurred  in  the  Monte 
Codruzzo  hoard,  B.C.  82,  but  they  were  present  in  that  unearthed  at  Carrara,  the  burial  of 
which  must  have  taken  place  circ.  B.C.  78  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  361,  and  Tables  of  Finds).  This 
supplies  us  with  the  approximate  date  of  their  issue. 

The  bronze  coins  sextans  and  uucia  with  the  reverse  type  a  double  cornucopiae,  and  the 
quadrans  with  that  symbol  above  the  prow,  the  issue  of  which  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  409,  410) 
T\ould  associate  with  the  above  coins,  have  been  assigned  by  Count  de  Salis  to  the  Roman 
mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  358).  Bahrfeldt  (_Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  98)  would  also  separate  the  two 
series,  especially  as  the  initial  Q  is  absent  from  the  bronze  pieces. 

'  This  aureus,  of  which  only  one  other  example  (in  the  Bologna  Museum)  appears  to  be 
known,  is  similar  in  type  and  character  to  those  of  Sulla  and  his  proqnaestor  Lucius  Manlius, 


CIEO.   B.C.    61;   A.U.O.    693  465 

which  have  been  described  above.  It  has  proved  somewhat  of  an  enigma,  more  especially 
in  respect  of  its  date  of  issue.  Before,  however,  discussing  this  point  some  explanation 
of  the  types  and  legends  may  be  given,  as  it  is  only  on  their  interpretation  that  its  date  can 
be  determined.  The  obverse  type  records  the  war  in  Africa  in  b.o.  81,  when  Pompey  held 
the  chief  command,  but  with  no  official  rank  as  consul  or  praetor,  but  only  as  propraetor 
(Mommsen,  His-t.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  456).  It  was  on  his  return  from  this  war,  when  the 
populace  met  Pompey  outside  Rome,  that  Sulla  saluted  him  with  the  title  of  Magnus,  and 
ordered  all  about  him  to  give  him  this  appellation.  Some  writers  state  that  this  title  was 
given  to  Pompey  by  his  army  in  Africa,  but  that  it  did  not  generally  obtain  till  it  was 
authorised  by  Sulla.  Pompey,  however,  did  not  use  it  himself  till  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  war  against  Sertorius  (Plutarch,  Pompeias,  13).  The  lituus  and  the  capis 
relate  to  Porapey's  election  to  the  college  of  Augurs.  The  reverse  type  records  one  of  his 
triumphs  together  with  his  rank  of  proconsul.  Pomj^ey  triumphed  on  three  occasions  :  on  his 
return  from  Africa  in  B.C.  81,  after  the  war  in  Spain  against  Sertorius  in  B.C.  71,  and  for  the 
third  time  in  B.C.  61  on  his  exteruiination  of  the  Pirates  and  his  victories  over  Mithradates  in 
Asia.  He  thus  obtained  triumphs  for  his  victories  over  the  three  continents,  Africa,  Europe, 
and  Asia.  In  his  expedition  to  Asia  he  was  accompanied  by  his  elder  son  Cnaeus,  who  on 
the  coin  is  shown  riding  the  nearest  horse,  and  thus  taking  part  in  the  triumph  of  his  father. 
Thetitleofj)roco)is«l  was  first  accorded  to  Pompey  ine.c.  77,  on  his  departure  for  Spain  to  opjjose 
Sertorius.  When  it  was  proposed  in  the  Senate  that  this  mih'tary  rank  should  be  accorded 
to  him,  an  objection  was  raised  by  one  of  the  body,  but  L.  Philippus  replied,  "  Non  ego  ilium 
mea  sententia  pro  consule  sed  pro  consulibus  mitto  "  (Plutarch,  Pompeius,  17).  Pompey  was 
again  invested  with  this  title  on  his  undertaking  the  expedition  against  the  Pirates  in  B.C.  67, 
and  his  powers  were  extended  in  the  following  year  when  he  superseded  Lucnllus  in  the 
command  of  the  army  against  Mithradates.  His  proconsular  rule  embraced  not  only  the 
islands  and  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  but  also  the  whole  of  Asia  as  far  as  Armenia.  These 
data  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  reverse  type,  which  records  a  triumph,  throw  some 
light  on  the  occasion  on  which  this  coin  was  issued.  This  must  have  occurred  either  in  B.C.  81 
after  the  African  war,  in  B.C.  71  after  the  war  against  Sertorius,  or  in  B.C.  61  after  the 
successful  expeditions  against  the  Pirates  and  Mithradates.  The  selection  of  one  of  these 
occasions  has  provoked  considerable  diversity  of  opinion,  which  may  be  briefly  stated. 
Mommsen  (Hist.  mon.  rom.,  t.  ii. ,  pp.  455 — 457)  has  assigned  this  aureus  to  the  period  of  the 
first  triumph,  B.C.  81,  on  Pompey's  return  from  Africa,  though  he  did  not  receive  the  title  of 
proconsul  till  four  years  later.  To  account  for  this  apparent  discrepancy  Mommsen  remarks, 
"  Le  titre  de  proconsul  pent  paraitre  singulier,  mais  Pompee  aprfes  avoir  refuse  le  titre 
i'imperator  et  avoir  ete  salu^  de  Magnus  par  ses  soldats,  se  montra  assez  avide  d'honnours 
extraordinaires  pour  qu'on  puisse  le  croire  capable  d'avoir  pref6r6  mettre  sur  ses  monnaies  le 
titre  de  MAGNVS  PRO  COS.  plut6t  que  le  titre  plus  ordinaire  i'imperator,  sans  mentionner 
son  nom  propre.  .  .  On  pent  objecter,  il  est  vrai,  que  Pompte,  4  sonretour  d'Afrique  triompha 
avec  le  titre  de  propreteur  et  non  aveo  celui  de  proconsul,  mais  il  y  a  entre  ces  deux  titres  nne 
distinction  de  rang  et  non  une  difference  d'autorite."  It  may  be  presumptuous  to  differ  from 
so  great  an  authority  as  Mommsen,  but  it  would  have  been  an  act  of  supreme  arrogance  for 
Pompey  to  have  assumed  so  high  a  title  as  proconsul  without  the  full  authority  of  the  Senate, 
and  this  is  the  more  evident  when  we  note  the  opposition  raised  to  his  receiving  this  rank  a 
few  years  later.  For  these  and  other  reasons  given  below  we  cannot  accept  the  date  B.C.  81  for 
the  issue  of  this  coin.  Cavedoni  {Sagr/io,  Appendice  B,  p.  149)  has  selected  the  second 
triumph  in  B.C.  71  for  the  occasion  on  which  this  aureus  was  struck.  This  might  be  a  more 
possible  date  than  B.C.  81,  but  as  Pompey  shared  that  triumph  with  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus 
Pius  it  is  very  unlikely  that  he  only  would  have  issued  coins  on  this  occasion.  There  still 
remains  Eckhel's  opinion  on  this  point  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  281).  He  has  assigned 
the  issue  to  the  third  triumph,  B.C.  61,  after  the  wars  of  the  Pirates  and  Mithradates.  This 
was  also  the  view  held  by  Fr.  Lenormant  (La  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  303),  who  aptly 
remarks,  "  Sans  doute  il  y  a  quelque  chose  de  singulier  k  voir  k  cette  derni^re  epoque  placee 
sur  la  monnaie  de  Pompee  la  t^te  de  I'Afrique,  theatre  de  ses  premiers  exploits,  an  lieu  d'un 
type  relatif  k  I'Asie  ;  mais  il  n'avait  triomphe  de  I'Afrique  qu'^  titre  de  propreteur  et  ce  n'est 
que  dans  la  guerre  des  Pirates  et  dans  celle  de  Mithridate  qn'il  pouvait  se  qualifier  de  pro- 
consul. De  plus  on  volt  uu  fils  du  triomphateur,  encore  enfant,  monte,  suivant  I'usage,  sur  un 
des  chevaux  du  char,  et  cette  circonstance  reporte  encore  impe^rieusement  k  I'epoque  des 
guerres  asiatiques  du  general,  alors  parvenu  au  faite  de  la  popularite.  II  me  semble  done 
qu'il  faut  en  revenir  k  I'opinion  d'Eckhel,  on  du  moins  admettre  que  nous  avons  Ik  une  monnaie 
militaire  frappde  par  I'ordre  de  Pompee  pendant  ses  campagnes  en  Orient,  monnaie  dans  le 
type  de  laquelle  il  escomptait  par  avance  son  triomphe  futur,  en  rappelant  les  precedents." 
The  precise  date  of  the  birth  of  Cnaeus,  the  elder  son  of  Pompey,  is  not  known.  It  occurred 
at  some  time  between  B.C.  80 — 75,  but  as  the  campaign  of  his  father  against  the  Pirates  in 
B.C.  67  was  the  first  in  which  he  took  a  part,  he  could  not  have  figured  on  a  coin  issued  in 
B.C.  81 ;  nor  is  it  at  all  probable  that  he  would  appear  on  one  struck  in  B.C.  71.  A  similar 
representation  of  a  youth  riding  on  one  of  the  horses  of  a  triumphal  chariot  is  met  with  on  the 
denarii  of  C.  Pundanius  struck  at  Rome  circ.  B.C.  89,  and  commemorating  the  triumph  of 
Marius,  who  was  on  that  occasion  acoompaoied  by  his  son  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  231).  Though 
Lenormant  appears  not  to  have  noticed  that  Pompey  received  the  title  of  proconsul  in  B.C.  77, 

VOL.    II.  3    O 


466 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 


PERIOD   III/ 

Cue.  B.C.  49—47;    a.u.c.  705—707 

JTo.       Wei,U     „f/*s°^^  Oiv^-se  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  49;   a.u.c.  705. 

L.LENT:  C  .  AAKC 

(LUCIUS  [CORNELIUS]  LENTULUS;   CAIUS 
[CLAUDIUS]  MAECELLUS) 

Denarius 

Type  I. 


21 


22 


59'0 


57-8 


M    -75 


M    -75 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  hair 
long;  around,  L  ■  LEW  •  C  • 
MRC  COS  {ConsuUs). 


Similar. 


Jupiter  naked,  standing 
front,  head  r.,  holding 
thunderbolt  in  r.  hand, 
and  eagle  on  1.  above  gar- 
landed altar ;  on  his  1., 
star  and  letter  Q  {Quaes- 
tor). 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ex.  14.] 

(Townley  Coll.) 


and  also  has  not  observed  that  the  head  of  Africa  was  no  doubt  adopted  for  the  obverse  type 
with  special  reference  to  the  title  Magnus,  his  arguments  for  assigning  this  gold  coin  to  the 
time  of  Porapey*s  third  triumph  are  so  convincing  that  we  have  no  hesitation  in  accepting 
his  view.  As  this  aureus  resembles  in  type  those  of  Sulla  assigned  to  the  Bast,  which  were 
issued  a  few  years  earlier,  and  as  it  is  of  somewhat  coarse  workmanship,  there  seems  good 
reason  for  classing  it  to  the  East  also,  and  in  concluding  that  it  was  struck  for  dis- 
tribution amongst  the  soldiers  who  had  served  in  the  Mithradatic  war  and  had  remained  in 
the  eastern  provinces  of  the  empire.  On  the  occasion  of  his  triumph  Pompey  not  only  brought 
20,000  talents  into  the  public  treasury,  but  also  distributed  16,000  amongst  his  troops  which 
were  stationed  at  Ephesus  (Plutarch,  Pompeius,  4.5).  It  is  quite  possible  that  this  money  was 
struck  from  some  of  the  bullion  thus  supplied,  and  that  it  was  minted  at  Ephesus. 

The  standard  of  weight  of  this  aureus  is  somewhat  lighter  than  that  used  for  the  SuUan 
pieces,  the  latter  being  at  jJjj  of  the  Roman  pound,  the  former  at  ^. 

The  obverse  of  the  specimen  in  the  Bologna  Museum  is  from  a  different  die,  the  capis 
being  turned  to  the  right  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  46;  Riccio,  Catalogo,  pi.  ii.,  no.  15). 
These  are  the  only  coins  which  Pompey  struck  in  his  own  name.  Those  of  the  proquaestors 
Cn.  Calpurnius  Piso  and  Terentius  Varro,  which  bear  his  name,  were  issued  in  Spain  in 
B.C.  49,  at  which  time  Pompey  was  in  Greece  making  preparations  for  the  coming  struggle 
with  Julius  Caesar  (see  above,  pp.  361,  362). 

'  The  coinages  assigned  to  this  period  are  those  which  were  struck  in  the  East  by  the 
partisans  of  Pompey  previous  to  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  and  by  Julius  Caesar  just  after  the 
engagement.  The  former  consist  of  those  issued  by  the  consuls  Lucius  Cornelius  Lentulus 
and  Caius  Claudius  Marcellus  in  Illyricum  and  Asia  Minor,  and  that  of  Caius  Coponius,  who 
was  in  command  of  the  fleet  of  Pompey  in  the  Eastern  Mediterranean. 

Lentulus  and  Marcellns,  in  whose  names  these  coins  were  struck  by  their  quaestor,  were 
the  consuls  for  B.C.  49.     Both  supported  the  party  of  Pompey  and  were  violently  opposed  to 


Ko.      VTeiglit 


23 


64-6 


Metal 

and  Size 


JR    -75 


CIEC.  B.C.  49;    A.U.C.  705 

Obverse 


467 


Reverse 


Type  II.i 


Head    of    Jupiter    r.,    with 
long  beard. 


Cultus-statue  of  the  Ephe- 
sian  Artemis  facing ;  her 
hands  are  extended  and 
from  each  hangs  a  fillet ; 
around,  L  •  LENTVLVS 
m^  ■  COS  (Goiisules). 
[PI.  ex.  15.] 
(Boyne  Coll.) 


Caesar,  on  whose  approach  to  Rome  in  that  year  they  fled  to  Sicily,  and  thence  to  Dyrrhachium 
iu  Illyricum.  Lentnlus  then  proceeded  to  Asia,  where  he  collected  two  legions  for  Pompey, 
and  returning  to  Greece  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalus.  He  followed  Pompey  to 
Egypf,  bnt  almost  immediately  on  his  landing  was  taken  prisoner  and  put  to  death  by  order 
ot  the  young  Ptolemy  (Plutarch,  Ptolemeius,  30).  Marcellua  was  in  B.C.  48  placed  in  command 
of  the  Rhodian  portion  of  the  fleet  of  Pompey  (Caesar,  BtJL  civ.,  iii.  5.)  As  nothing  appears 
to  be  known  of  Marcellus  after  this  date  it  is  possible  that  he  perished  in  the  Civil  war. 

There  are  three  series  of  denarii  bearing  the  names  of  these  consuls.  The  first  was 
that  struck  at  Rome  by  the  quaestor  urbanus  Cn.  Nerius  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  .504) ;  the  second 
that  issued  by  them  in  Sicily  ou  their  way  from  Italy  to  Greece  (see  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  425, 
no.  64;  and  Coinage  of  Sicily,  s.a.  b.c.  49);  and  the  third,  which  consists  of  the  above 
coins,  issued  when  the  two  consuls  landed  in  Illyricum,  and  when  Lentulus  was  collecting 
forces  for  Pompey  iu  Asia  Minor.  This  third  series  was  probably  minted  at  Apollonia  and 
Ephesus.  It  is  to  these  coins  that  Cicero  (Ep.  ad  Fain.,  xiii.  29)  refers  in  speaking  of  the 
silver  money  which  was  struck  at  Apollonia  in  B.C.  49,  when  Pompey  and  his  partisans  had 
their  head-quarters  in  that  city. 

The  reverse  type  of  Jupiter  is  practically  a  copy  of  that  used  by  Lentulus  and  Marcellus 
for  the  denarii  which  they  struck  in  Sicily.  In  that  instance  the  figure  is  supposed  to  have 
teen  selected  in  consequence  of  the  proximity  of  the  temple  of  the  god  near  Syracuse,  where 
the  coins  may  have  been  issued.  Furtwangler  (Meisterwerlce,  pp.  408 — 410)  thinks  that  in 
this  type  we  have  a  representation  of  the  colossal  figure  of  Zeus  Eleutherios,  the  work  of  the 
sculptor  Myron,  which  the  Syracusans  had  set  up  as  an  enduring  memorial  of  the  expulsion  of 
the  tyrant  Thra&ybulus,  and  of  the  establishment  of  a  democracy  in  B.C.  463  (Diodorus, 
xi.  72,  2).  He  also  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  intended  to  record  the  conquest  of  Sicily  in 
B.C.  214  by  the  consul  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  an  ancestor  of  the  consul  of  B.C.  49.  As  the 
denarii  of  Type  I.  were  probably  issued  soon  after  the  landing  of  the  consuls  in  Illyricum, 
this  reverse  type  was  preserved  with  some  modifications.  A  new  one  was,  however,  pro- 
vided for  the  obverse,  the  head  of  Apollo  replacing  the  triskelis.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  426, 
no.  65)  has  identified  the  head  as  of  the  young  Jupiter,  but  as  these  coins  were  very 
possibly  struck  at  Apollonia  it  is  more  probably  of  Apollo,  that  being  the  principal  obverse 
type  of  the  autonomous  silver  and  copper  coins  of  that  city  of  the  first  century  B.C. 
(see  Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Thessaly  to  Aetolia,  pp.  60 — 62).  Though  the  name  of  the 
quaestor  who  issued  these  coins  is  not  given,  but  only  the  initial  of  his  oiScial  title,  it  may 
be  presumed  that  it  was  Cnaeus  Nerius,  who  accompanied  the  consuls  in  their  flight  from 
Rome.  When  Pompey  left  the  capital  he  ordered  that  the  treasure  in  the  public  aerarium 
should  be  seized,  and  also  all  the  offerings  in  the  temples,'  in  order  to  defray  the  expenses 
which  would  be  incurred  in  the  levying  of  troops  to  oppose  Caesar  (Dion  Cassius,  xli.  6).  As 
Nerius  was  quaestor  urbanus  at  that  time,  and  in  virtue  of  his  ofiioe  one  of  the  guardians  of  the 
aerarium,  he  no  doubt  carried  out  the  instructions  of  Pompey  and  so  was  well  provided  with 
bullion,  which  he  almost  immediately  used  for  coining  money,  both  in  Sicily  and  Greece. 

'  Prom  its  reverse  type  it  may  be  concluded  that  this  denarius  was  struck  at  Ephesus 
when  Lentulus  was  in  Asia  Minor  collecting  levies  for  Pompey.  At  the  same  time  Marcellus 
was  in  command  of  a  portion  of  the  fleet  of  Pompey  which  was  operating  in  the  eastern 
Mediterranean,  off  the  coast  of  Ionia.  This  money  was  therefore  required  to  meet  the 
expenses  of  the  levies  and  of  the  fleet.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  somewhat  uncertain, 
but  it  may  be  of  Jupiter.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  426,  no.  66)  identified  it  as  Jupiter  Pluvius. 
Varieties  read  C.  A/?- .  COS  and  C  .  MARC  .  COS  (Babelon,  vol.  i  ,  p.  426,  no.  67;  Bahrfeldt, 
Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  102). 

Specimens  of  this  issue  occurred  in  the  San  Niccolc)  di  Tillola  and  Liria  hoards,  which 
were  buried  circ.  B.C.  45 — 44,  but  none  in  that  of  Carbonara  II.,  which  was  of  a  slightly 
earlier  date,  B.C.  48  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  501,  502,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 

The  ''aureus"  of  this  type  figured  by  Riocio  {Catalocjo,  pi.  i.,  no.  10)  must  either  be  a 
gilt  specimen  of  the  denarius  or  a  forgery. 


168 

y^o.      Wevjlit 


Meial 
and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

Otrcise  Reverse 

a.SICINIVS:  c.coroNivs 

(QUINTUS  SICINIUSi;   CAIUS  COPONIUS) 
Denarius 


24  '  62-8  M  -7  |  Head  of  Apollo  r.,  diademed; 
below,  star ;  around,  Q  • 
SICINIVS  III- VIK 


25 
26 
27 
28 
29 

30 


61-7 


M    -8 


61-6  I  M    -75 

61-0 

57-0 

60-0 

59-2 


M 

■75 

M 

•7 

Al 

■7 

M 

•75 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  no  star  below  bead 
of  Apollo. 

Similar ;  star  below  bead. 
Similar ;  head  of  Apollo  1. 


Tbe  club  of  Hercules,  upright 
and  supporting  the  Lion's 
skin,  with  scalp  of  lion  in 
profile  r. ;  on  r.,  strung 
bow;  on  L,  arrow;  around, 
CCOrONIVS-TK-S-C 
I  Praetor, scnatiis  consulto). 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Xott) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ex.   16.] 

Similar. 

(Townley  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  ex.  17.] 

Similar  ;  scalp  of  Uon  facing. 
[PI.  ex.  18.] 

(Nott) 

Similar ;    scalp   of    lion    in 
profile  r. 

[PI.  ex.  19.] 

(Nott) 


^  Quintus  Sicinius,  as  we  have  seen  (vol.  i.,  p.  .503),  was  a  triumvir  of  the  mint  at  Rome  in 
B.C.  49.  Early  in  that  year,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  he  accompanied  C.  Coponius  to 
the  East,  where  he  continued  to  exercise  his  duties  as  a  moneyer.  Cains  Coponius,  for  whom 
Sicinius  struck  money,  was  praetor  nrbanus  in  b.o.  49.  He  followed  Pompey  to  Greece  and 
was  placed  by  him  in  command  of  the  Hhodian  portion  of  his  fleet,  conjointly  with  Caius 
Marcellus  (see  above,  and  Caesar,  Belh  civ.,  iii.  5 — navHus  Rhodiis  C.  HarceUus  cvm  C. 
Goponio  praeerat).  He  was  proscribed  by  the  triumvirs  e.g.  43,  but  was  pardoned  by  Antony 
at  the  intercession  of  his  wife  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv.  40). 

This  coinage,  which  was  evidently  intended  for  the  use  of  the  fleet  commanded  by 
Coponius  in  the  East,  is  of  a  very  exceptional  nature,  for  we  have  an  ordinary  moneyer 
of  the  Roman  mint  still  using  his  official  title  and  striking  money  for  a  praetor  urbanus  who 
had  vacated  his  office.  To  justify  this  action  the  formula  S  .  C  .  (^Smaius  consulto)  is  added, 
in  order  that  it  might  appear  as  if  the  coins  were  struck  under  senatorial  authority.  This 
instance  is  quite  unique  in  the  wliole  series  of  military  coinages  of  the  Roman  republic  (see 
Fr.  Lenormaut,  Xa  Mon.  dans  VAnt..  t.  ii.,  pp.  305,  306). 

The  reverse  type  is  of  cistophoric  origin,  as  it  is  met  with  on  half  and  quarter  cistophori 
of  Ephesus,  and  of  other  cities  of  Asia  Minor.  It  is  probable  that,  like  some  of  the  denarii  of 
L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus,  these  were  also  minted  at  Ephesus.  Babelon 
(vol.  i. ,  p.  381)  has  suggested  Alinda  in  Caria,  as  coins  of  that  city  show  the  same  reverse 
type.  This  place  was,  however,  situated  too  far  inland  to  be  a  convenient  spot  from  which 
to  issue  money,  which  was  no  doubt  intended  for  the  use  of  the  fleet.  The  head  of  Apollo 
and  the  star  are  emblematic  of  the  East. 

By  the  means  of  finds  we  are  able  to  fix  the  precise  date  of  this  issue.  Specimens  not 
only  occurred  in  those  of  San  Niccol6  di  Villola,  Collecchio  and  Liria,  but  also  in  that  of 
Carbonara  II.,  which  was  buried  circ.  B.C.  48.  As  none  were  met  with  at  San  Gregorio  di 
Sassola,  Compito  and  Cadriano,  we  have  the  narrow  limit  of  date  B.C.  49 — 48  for  their  issue 
(see  vol.  i.,  pp.  413,  414,  501,  502,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 


CIEO.  B.C.  48;    A.U.C.  706 


469 


Ho.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


60-5 


60-3 


60'3 


59-3 


57-0 


JR    -7 


^l    -75 


M    -7 


M    -7 


Obverse  Reverse 

Giro.  B.C.  48;   a.u.c.  706 

CAESAR 

(CAIUS  JULIUS  CABSAE') 
Denarius 


Head  of  Venus  r.,  diademed 
and  wearing  necklace;  her 
hair  is  roUed  back,  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
and  falls  in  two  locks  down 
her  neck. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


JR    -7      Similar. 


Aeneas  naked,  walking  1., 
holding  in  r.  hand  the 
Palladium,  and  bearing 
on  1.  shoulder  his  father 
Anchises,  who  wears  long 
tunic  and  hood;  on  r., 
CAESAK 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  ex.  20.] 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 


Similar. 


'  According  to  Count  de  Salis's  view  the  denarii  and  aurei  assigned  to  these  years  and 
bearing  the  name  of  Caesar  were  struck  soon  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  the  scene  of 
Caesar's  victory  over  Pompey  the  Great,  9  August,  B.C.  48,  and  in  the  following  year.  He 
has  attributed  them  to  tlie  Bast.  They  differ  in  workmanship  from  any  others  bearing  the 
name  of  Caesar  which  have  been  assigned  to  Spain  and  Gaul  (see  above,  pp.  363,  368,  390). 
The  types  of  the  denarius,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  are  in  high  relief,  and  the  fabric  is 
somewhat  crude  and  coarse.  The  aureus  is  also  of  inferior  workmanship,  but  its  types  are  in 
low  relief,  and  in  general  style  it  is  not  altogether  unlike  similar  pieces  of  Brutus  struck  a  few 
years  later  (see  below,  p.  477,  note  1).  There  is  also  a  strong  resemblance  in  style,  especially 
in  the  form  and  treatment  of  the  head  of  Venus  on  the  obverse  between  these  denarii  and  those 
of  an  earlier  date,  with  the  reverse  type  a  double  cornucopiae  but  without  the  moneyer's  name 
(see  above,  p.  464,  no.  17).  They  seem  to  be  rather  of  Greek  than  Asiatic  work.  The  approxi- 
mate date  of  the  issue  of  these  denarii  is  ascertainable  from  finds.  No  specimens  were  met 
with  in  the  Cadriano  or  San  Cesario  hoards  buried  circ.  B.C.  50,  nor  in  that  of  Carbonara  I!., 
circ.  B.C.  48,  but  they  occurred  at  San  NiccoJ6  di  Villola,  Collecchio  and  Liiia,  circ.  B.C.  45 — 44, 
and  in  most  of  the  finds  buried  subsequently  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  414,  501,  502,  and  Tables  of  Finds). 
Their  absence  from  the  Carbonara  II.  hoard  may  be  explained  by  the  circumstance  that  they 
were  probably  not  issued  till  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  and  some  time  must  be  allowed 
to  elapse  before  they  would  reach  Italy.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  11)  remarks,  "11  n'est  pas 
certain  que  cette  piece  ait  et^  frappee,  commo  on  le  pretend  generalement,  vers  Van  704 
(50  av.  J.  C),  mais  elle  doit  figurer  parmi  les  plus  anciennes  de  Jules  Cesar."  The  evidence 
of  finds  does  not  quite  confirm  this  view. 

The  types,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  relate  to  the  mythical  descent  of  the  Julia  gens  from 
lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  542,  543).  This  subject  may  have  been  specially 
selected  by  Caesar  on  this  occasion  to  show  the  early  connection  of  his  family  with  the  East. 
The  watchword  of  Caesar  at  Pharsalus,  as  well  as  at  the  subsequent  battle  of  Munda  in  Spain, 
was  Venus  Victrix,  and  it  was  on  the  eve  of  the  former  battle  that  he  oifered  special  sacrifices 
to  Venus  and  vowed  that  he  would  build  a  temple  in  Eome  as  a  thank-oHering  to  her  as  the 
"  Bringer  of  Victory  "  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  ii.  68).  The  temple  was  dedicated  in  the  following 
year. 

This  denarius  was  restored  by  Trajan,  and  the  reverse  forms  hybrids  with  the  obverses  of 
that  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio,  with  the  laureate  head  of  Jupiter  (Babelon,  vol.  i., 
p.  278,  no.  47),  and  of  that  of  Augustus  with  his  head  and  the  legend  AVGVSTVS  (Bahrfeldt, 
Zeit.  f.  Num..,  1877,  pp.  42,  43). 


470 

Xo.       Weight 


^tetal 
and  She 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse  Eei-er.<e 

Circ.  B.C.  il;   A.u.c.  707 
CAESAK 
(GAIUS  JULIUS  CAESAE) 
Aureus  ^ 


36    '122-8 


A^  '75  '  Sacrificial  axe  and  simpu- 
lum ;  around,  CAESAK 
DICT  [Dktator). 


One-handled  jug  (cajns)  and 
lituus ;  below,  ITER. 
{Iterimi);  all  within  laurel- 
wreath. 

[PI.  cxi.  1.] 
(Nott) 


37 


61-0  I  Jl    -7 


Circ 


PERIOD   IV. 

B.C.  44—42;  .\.u.c.  710- 


-712- 


B.C.  44—43;   a.u.c.  710—711 

C.  ANTON  IVS  M.F 

(C.\IUS  ANTONIUS  MAECI  FILIUS=) 
Denarius 


Male  bust  r.  (the  Genius  of 
Macedonia),  wearing  chla- 
mys  and  cap  {ka  us  ia );  hair 
long;  around,  C  ■  ANTO 
NIVS-M.F.PRO.COS 
[Proconsul). 


Emblems  of  the  pontificate  ; 
two  simpula,  one  with 
foot,  and  axe;  below, 
rONTIFEX 

[PI.  cxi.  2.] 
(Nott) 


'  The  legends  on  this  aureus  furnish  us  with  the  date  of  its  issue,  as  it  was  in  B.C.  47,  on 
his  retm-n  from  the  Alexandrine  war  and  the  short  struggle  with  Fharnaces  of  Pontus,  that 
Caesar  was  appointed  dictator  for  the  second  time.  His  first  appointment  as  dictator  was  in 
September,  B.C.  48,  and  on  its  expiration  in  September  of  the  following  year  he  allowed  it  to 
be  renewed  (Drumaun,  Gesch.  Horns,  2  ed.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  507).  The  axe  and  the  simpulum 
relate  to  the  ofSce  of  pontifex  maximus,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  B.C.  63,  and  the  capis  and 
lituus  to  his  membership  of  the  college  of  Augurs. 

On  account  of  its  somewhat  rude  fabric  Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  this  coin  to  the  East, 
where  it  would  have  been  issued  for  distribution  amongst  the  legions  who  had  served  at 
Pharsalus,  and  also  in  Egypt  and  Pontus.  We  are  unable  to  decide  from  want  of  evidence 
where  it  was  minted,  but  it  was  more  probably  in  Greece  than  in  Asia  Minor.  It  was 
issued  at  the  rate  of  ^^  of  the  Roman  pound,  corresponding  in  that  respect  to  similar  pieces 
struck  at  Home  in  the  following  year  by  the  praefectus  Urbi  A.  Hirtius  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  525). 
It  is  slightly  lighter  than  the  gold  pieces  of  Caesar  issued  at  Rome  in  B.C.  49,  which  were 
at  ^  of  the  pound,  and  still  less  in  weight  than  the  coin  of  Pompey  issued  a  few  years 
before  and  also  attributed  to  the  East  (see  above,  p.  •164). 

-  During  the  period  which  elapsed  between  the  return  of  Caesar  to  Rome  in  B.C.  47  and 
the  struggle  between  Antony  and  Octavius  and  Brutus  and  Cassius  in  Greece,  there  is  no 
provincial  money  which  can  be  assigned  to  the  East.  The  coins  issued  in  Greece  and  Asia 
during  B.C.  44—42  are  of  two  series ;  that  of  the  proconsul  C.  Autonius,  B.C.  44—43,  and  that 
of  Brutus  and  Cassius  and  their  proquaestors  and  legates,  B.C.  43 — 42. 

'  Cains  Antonius  M.  f.  M.  n.  was  the  second  son  of  M.  Antonius  Creticns,  and  younger 
brother  of  the  triumvir.     In  B.C.   49  he   w.ts  sent  by  Julius  Caesar  as  one  of  his  lea-ates  to 


CIEC.  B.C.  43—42  ;    A.U.C.  711—712 


471 


„         ITT  ■  I,       iletal 
ho.       Weiqhi  J  ct- 

■'        and  Sue 


Ctrc.  B.C.  43—42;   a.u.c.  711—712' 

SERIES   I. 

Ohver»e 


Reverse 


38 


60-3 


M    -75 


CAEniO  BRVTVS 

([QUINTUS]  CABPIO  BEUTUS) 
Denarius 


Head  of  Libertas  r.,  hair 
rolled  back  and  collected 
into  a  knot  behind ;  before, 
LEIBERTAS 


A  lyre  between  a  plectrum 
and  a  laurel- branch,  tied 
with  in  list ;  around,  CAE 
rio.BR.VTVS-rB.o.CoS 
(Proconsul). 

[PI.  cxi.  3.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Illyricnm,  where  with  P.  Dolabella  he  took  charge  of  the  fleet.  Through  the  influence  of 
Caesar  he  was  elected  pontiff  and  praetor  urbanus  in  B.C.  44,  when  he  assisted  his  brother  to 
organise  his  party  in  Rome.  Later  in  the  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  province  of 
Macedonia  with  the  title  of  proconsul  (see  below),  but  soon  after  his  arrival  in  lUyricum  he 
was  besieged  by  Brutus  in  the  city  of  Apollonia.  After  a  somewhat  lengthened  siege  he  was 
compelled  to  surrender,  20  March,  B.C.  43.  He  was  Kept  a  prisoner  for  some  time  by  Brutus, 
who  put  him  to  death  at  the  beginning  of  B.C.  42,  chiefly  at  the  instigation  of  Q.  Hortenaius 
to  aveno-e  the  murder  of  Cicero  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  ii.  41;  iii.  14,  79;  Dion  Cassius,  xlvii. 
21,  24).° 

As  C.  Antonius  does  not  appear  to  have  reached  his  province  of  Macedonia  (Pauly- 
Wissowa,  vol.  i.,  p.  2583;  Drumaun,  Gesch.  Roma,  2  ed.,  vol.  i.,  p.  384,  note  5),  the  coins 
bearing  his  name  were  probably  issued  at  Apollonia.  The  bust  on  the  obverse  is,  however, 
intended  to  represent  the  Genius  of  Macedonia,  a  similar  head  (of  Hermes)  being  met  with  on 
autonomous  coins  of  Macedonia  (see  Cat.  Or.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Macedonia,  pp.  131  f.).  The 
reverse  type  records  his  election  to  the  college  of  Pontiffs. 

This  denarius  is  of  great  rarity,  and  of  all  the  fiuds  of  which  analyses  are  given  it  only 
occurred  in  that  of  Carbonara  I.  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  562,  and  Tables  of  Finds).  It  is  probable  that 
if  struck  at  Apollonia  the  issue  was  very  limited. 

'  The  coins  assigned  to  these  years  were  struck  by  Marcus  Junius  Brutus  and  Caius 
Cassius  Longinus  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  after  the  murder  of  Caesar,  in  their  own  names 
and  in  those  of  their  legates  and  proquaestors.  These  issues,  for  convenience  of  description 
and  classification,  may  be  separated  into  three  series.  The  first  series  consists  of  coins 
struck  by  Brutus  and  his  legates  in  Greece  ;  the  second,  of  those  issued  by  Cassius  in  the  name 
of  his  legate  M.  Aquinus  ;  and  the  third,  of  those  bearing  the  names  of  Cassius  and  Brutus 
struck  by  their  joint  legates,  P.  Cornelius  Lentulas  Spinther  and  M.  Servilius.  The  coinages 
of  the  last  two  series  were  struck  in  Asia,  probably  at  Sardes  (see  below,  pp.  480  f.). 

Some  particulars  of  the  life  of  Brutus  have  already  been  given  with  the  description  of  the 
coins  previously  struck  by  him  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  479),  when  he  held  the  office 
of  an  ordinary  moneyer.  A  few  further  data  which  are  specially  applicable  to  the  coinage 
issued  in  the  East  may,  however,  be  supplied. 

In  the  September  following  the  murder  of  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  44,  Brutus  went  to  Greece 
to  take  over  the  administration  of  the  province  of  Macedonia,  which  had  been  assigned  to  him 
by  Caesar.  Immediately  after  his  departure  the  Senate  transferred  the  province  to  Mark 
Antony,  who  in  turn  handed  it  over  to  his  brother  Caius  (see  above).  On  his  arrival  in 
Illyricnm  Caius  Antonius  was  forced  to  surrender  at  Apollonia,  and  later  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  Brutus.  Shortly  after  Brutus  became  engaged  in  a  war  with  some  I'hraoian  tribes, 
which  he  entered  on  in  order  to  procure  money  for  himself  and  booty  for  his  legions  (see 
below,  p.  474).  It  was  at  this  time  that  he  assumed  the  title  of  Imperator,  which  we  meet 
with  on  subsequent  issues  (Dion  Cassius,  xlvii.  25).  Plutarch  {Brutus,  34)  says  that  Brutus 
and  Cassius  were' saluted  with  the  title  Imperator  on  their  meeting  at  Sardes  early  in  B.C.  42. 
In  the  autumn  of  B.C.  43  Brutus  joined  Cassius  in  Syria,  and  dividing  their  forces  they  ravaged 
the  coasts  of  Rhodes  and  Lycia,  leaving  Lucius  Statins  Murcus  with  a  small  fleet  to  protect 
the  Ionian  sea  and  to  intercept  the  armies  of  Antony  and  Octavius  (see  below,  p.  485).  The 
fleet  was   inadequate  for   this   purpose,  and   in  the   summer  of   B.C.  42  Brutus  and  Cassius 


472 

No.       WeigU 


39 


40 


28-7 


26-5 


Metal 
and  Sue 


M    -55 


.R    -55 


123-5 


M     -75 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse  Reverse 

Without  the  name  of  Brutus 
Quinarius^ 


Head  of  Libertas  r.,  similar 
to  no.  38;  but  she  wears 
a  diadem,  and  her  hair 
falls  in  locks  down  her 
neck;  before,  LEIBER 
TAS 

Similar. 


Anchor  and  stem  of   prow 
in  saltire. 

[PI.  cxi.  4.] 

(Nott) 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


L.SESTI:  a.CAEPlO  BRVTVS 

(LUCIUS  SESTIUS2;    QUINTUS  CAEPIO 
BEUTUS) 

Aureus 


Bust    of    Ceres    r 
wearing   wreath 


veiled, 
of  corn 
and  necklace  ;  before, 
L-SESTI-;  behind,  PKo. 
Q.  {Proquaestor). 


A  tripod  between  a  sacrificial 
axe  on  the  1.,  and  a  sim- 
pulum  on  the  r. ;  around, 
a  .  CAEPIO  BFLVTVS 
PKo  Cos  (Proconsul). 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pi.  vii.,  no.  166.] 


crossed  over  to  Greece  to  meet  the  legions  of  the  triumvirs.  Two  months  later  the  battles  of 
Philippi  were  fought,  which  proved  fatal,  not  only  to  their  armies,  but  also  to  Brutus  and 
Cassius  themselves. 

The  coins  of  Brutus  struck  in  Greece  may  be  separated  into  two  groups.  On  one  he  is 
styled  Procongul,  and  on  the  other  Imperator.  As  he  was  not  saluted  Imperator  till  the 
Thracian  expedition,  all  coins  bearing  that  title  must  be  placed  subsequent,  but  those  with 
Proconsul  previous  to  that  event.  The  reverse  type  of  the  above  denarius  bears  out  this 
classification,  as  it  apparently  records  the  campaign  against  Cains  Autonius  and  the  capture 
of  Apollonia.  As  the  lyre  is  the  reverse  type  of  autonomous  coins  of  that  city  of  the  first 
century  B.C.  (see  Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit,  ifus.,  Tliessaly,  &c.,  pi.  xiii.  2),  it  may  be  con- 
cluded that  this  denarius  was  struck  there.  The  obverse  type  of  Libertas  is  adopted 
from  that  of  the  denarii  Issued  by  Brutus  in  B.C.  59  as  a  moueyer  of  the  Roman  mint  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  479).  Before  the  first  battle  at  Philippi  Brutus  and  Cassius  exhorted  their  soldiers 
to  keep  before  their  eyes  "  Liberty,  the  Republic,  and  the  destruction  of  Tyranny  and 
Despotism."  The  tesserae  which  were  distributed  amongst  the  legions  commanded  by  Brutus 
were  inscribed  with  the  watchword  "  Leibertas"  (Dion  Cassius,  xlvii.  42,  43). 

Brutus  is  styled  on  his  coins  Q.  CAEPIO  BRVTVS,  M  .  BRVTVS,  or  simply  BRVTVS. 
His  birth-name  was  Marcus  Junius  Brutus,  but  on  his  adoption  by  his  uncle,  Q.  Servilius 
Caepio,  he  took  the  name  of  Q.  Caepio  Brutus,  but  he  does  not  appear  from  his  coins  to  have 
adhered  closely  to  his  name  of  adoption. 

^  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  assign  a  specific  date  to  the  issue  of  these  quinarii  on  account 
of  the  absence  of  the  name  of  Brutus.  The  obverse  type  seems  to  connect  them  with  the 
previous  denarii.  That  of  the  reverse  may  relate  to  some  naval  success  which  occurred 
soon  after  the  landing  of  Brutus  in  Greece,  possibly  in  connection  with  the  arrival  of  Caius 
Antonius  in  Illyricum. 

^  Lucius  Sestius  was  the  son  of  Publius  Sestius  or  Sextius,  who  was  quaestor  B.C.  63, 


CIEG.   B.C.   43—42;    A.U.C.    711—712 


473 


No.      TVeigU 


41 

42 
43 

44 
45 


46 


47 


59-3 

57-7 
57-0 
54-5 
52-3 


27-8 


26-5 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -75 

M  -7 

JR  -7 

M  -7 

^l  -75 


Obi- 


Reverse 


M    -6 


M    -55 


Similar ;    legend  differently 
arranged. 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Denarius 

Similar. 


[PI.  cxi.  5.] 

(Nott) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Quinarius 

Type  I. 


Similar. 


Victory  walking  r.,  bearing 
wreath  in  extended  r.  hand 
and  palm-branch  in  1. ; 
around,  a  •  CAEPIo  . 
BKVTVS-PKo  COS 
[PI.  cxi.  6.] 
(Pembroke  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


quaestorial  chair  (subsel- 
lium),  against  which  rests 
&sisM{vinjaviatoris);  be- 
neath it,  a  modius ;  above, 
L.SESTI;below,  PKOQ 


A  tripod  between  a  simpu- 
lum  on  the  1.,  and  a 
flamen's  cap  (apex)  on  the 
r. ;  around,  Q.  CAEPIo 
BRVTVS  PRO  COS. 
[PI.  cxi.  7.] 


tribune  B.C.  57,  and  praetor  B.C.  53,  and  at  first  a  partisan  of  Pompey,  but  later  joined  Caesar. 
His  son,  L.  Sestius,  the  only  member  of  his  gens  of  whom  we  possess  coins,  served  as  pro- 
quaestor  to  Brutus  in  Macedonia,  and  although  he  cultivated  the  memory  of  his  commander 
with  pious  care,  he  earned  later  the  friendship  of  Augustus,  who  made  him  consul  suffeotua 
in  his  own  place,  e.g.  23  (Dion  Cassius,  liii.  32).  It  is  to  this  Sestius  that  Horace  addressed 
one  of  his  odes  (Oarm.,  1.  4).  His  coins  were  struck  during  his  proquaestorship  in  Mace- 
donia, and  from  the  obverse  type  of  both  gold  and  silver  (bust  of  Ceres),  it  may  be  con- 
cluded that  be  was  successful  in  supplying  Brutus  with  provisions  for  his  army.  The 
sacrificial  implements  record  the  office  of  pontifex  to  which  Biutus  had  been  elected,  and  the 
Victory  on  the  reverse  of  the  quinarius  of  Type  I.  to  the  successes  of  Brutus  over  Cains 
Antonius  at  Apollonia.  As  Brutus  is  given  the  title  of  Proconsul  these  coins  were  struck  before 
the  Thraoian  expedition.  They  are  of  exceptionally  fine  style.  The  illustration  of  the  aureus  is 
from  the  specimen  in  the  Vienna  collection. 

'  The  objects  on  the  obverse  of  this  quinarius  consist  of  the  quaestorial  insignia,  viz.,  the 
chair  or  subsellium,  the  rod  or  virga,  riatoris,  and  the  modius,  not  the  scrinium,  or  chest  for 
holding  documents,  as  identified  by  Friedlander  (Berliner  Blatter,  1885,  pp.  14-8  f.).     This  last 
VOL.   II.  3   P 


474  COINAGE    OP   THE   EAST 

Xn.      Vei.iht        ^f"^  Obverse  Reverse 

and  Size 

KOZnN 
Aureus  1 


48      130-1      A^    -8       The  consul,  Lucius  Junius 
j      Brutus,    walking    1.    be- 
I      tween   two    lictors,   each 
bearing  fasces  ;  on  1.,  mo- 
nogram, y^  (BButus) ;  in 
the  exergue,  KOZHN 


An  eagle  with  open  wings 
standing  1.  on  sceptre  and 
holding  wreath  in  r.  claw. 


object  is  clearly  a  modius  with  a  handle  on  either  side,  and  with  corn  appearing  at  its  month. 
Kor  is  it  a  fiscus^  or  raouey-chest,  which,  as  seen  on  coins  of  the  quaestor  in  Macedonia, 
Aesillas  (see  Oat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brif.  Mus.,  Macedonia,  p.  19),  is  of  the  same  circumference 
throughout,  and  sometimes  provided  with  a  cross-handle.  The  apex  on  the  reverse  shows  that 
Brutus  was  a  flamen  as  well  as  a  member  of  the  college  of  Pontiffs. 

In  connection  with  this  quinai-ius  we  may  mention  some  rare  bronze  coins  (size  I'O  and 
•85  in.),  which  have  on  the  obverse,  the  head  of  Brutus  bare,  and  on  the  reverse,  the  subsellium 
between  the  virga  viatoris  on  the  left  and  the  fiscus  on  the  right;  below,  Q  {Quaestor).  In 
this  instance  the  object  on  the  right  of  the  subsellium  is  certainly  a  fiscus.  In  style  these 
coins  are  similar  to  the  denarii  of  L.  Sestius,  and  they  may  have  been  struck  in  the  same 
district.  Imhoof-BIumer  {Mon.  grec,  p.  60;  Clooii',  pi.  i.  14),  who  has  assigned  them  to  Mace- 
donia, thinks  that  they  may  have  been  issued  at  Bella  or  Thessalonica  shortly  before  the  battles 
of  Philippi. 

The  reverse  of  the  quinarius  of  Type  II.  forms  a  hybrid  -n-ith  the  obverse  of  the  quinarius 
of  P.  Vettius  Sabinns  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  221 ;  Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  457,  no.  4,  note).  A  barbarous 
and  plated  denarius  of  Sestius  has  the  blundered  legend  on  the  reverse,  Q  .  CAEPIO  BRIVS 
IRO  CO  (Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  X'lm.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  49). 

Though  these  and  the  following  coins  of  Brutus  of  Series  I.,  with  the  exception  of  those 
inscribed  KOSQN,  may  be  assigned  to  Greece,  and  most  probably  to  Macedonia,  we  are 
unable  to  suggest  their  actual  place  or  places  of  mintage.  The  types  of  the  coins  do  not 
furnish  any  evidence  of  their  provenance.  They  may  have  been  struck  at  Amphipolis, 
which  was  made  a  free  city  by  the  Romans  and  the  capital  of  the  first  of  the  four 
districts  into  which  Macedonia  was  divided.  In  its  vicinity  were  the  gold  and  silver  mines 
of  Mount  Pangaeus,  which  had  been  worked  from  early  times  and  which  would  supply 
plentifully  the  necessary  metals  for  this  money.  There  was  also  PeUa,  for  long  the  capital  of 
Macedonia,  of  which  there  are  bronze  coins  extending  into  imperial  times,  and  including  some 
which  may  be  assigned  to  Mark  Antony — ohv.  Female  head  (Octavia.'),  rev.  Nike  or  laurel- 
wreath  with  name  of  city  (see  Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Macedonia,  p.  92).  But  in  preference 
to  these  we  might  select  Thessalonica,  which  rose  to  great  eminence  under  Roman  administra- 
tion, and  when  Macedonia  was  reduced  to  one  province  became  the  most  important  city  and 
virtually  the  metropolis.  During  the  first  Civil  war  Thessalonica  was  the  head-quarters  of  the 
Pompeian  party,  and  during  the  second  it  declared  for  Antony  and  Octavius,  but  this  may 
not  have  been  till  late  in  the  war  and  when  Brutus  was  in  Asia.  Besides  the  bronze  coins 
of  Brutus  above  mentioned  there  are  others  of  Octavius  and  Antony  which  belong  to  that 
city  (see  Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Macedonia,  p.  115).  Tlu-oughout  the  series  of  gold  and 
silver  coins  of  Brutus  there  is  a  considerable  uniformity  of  fabric  and  stvle,  which  suggests 
that  most  of  them  emanated  from  one  mint.  The  obverse  type,  consisting  of  a  head  or  bust, 
is  in  high  relief,  and  the  designs  of  the  reverse  are  also  in  high  relief  and  carefully  and 
distinctly  modelled.  The  letters  of  the  legends  are  uniformly  neat.  In  this  respect  these 
coins  resemble  those  above  mentioned  of  Octavius  and  Antony  struck  at  Thessalonica,  hut 
are  in  strong  contrast  to  those  of  Antony  which  follow  and  are  assigned  to  the  East.  The 
dies  for  the  coins  of  Brutus  were  evidently  executed  by  skilful  Greek  engravers. 

'  It  was  during  the  war  against  the  Thracian  tribes  that  Brntus  struck  these  gold  coins. 
The  obverse  type,  which  records  the  expulsion  of  the  kings  of  Rome  by  his  ancestor,  Lucius 
Junius  Brutus,  snrnamed  the  Ancient,  is  similar  to  that  used  for  the  reverse  of  the  denarii 
struck  by  Brutus  a  few  years  before  at  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  479),  whilst  the 
reverse  is  emblematic  of  the  dominant  power  which  Brutus  intended  to  exercise  on  behalf 
of  Rome  over  the  province  under  his  administration,  and  probably  against  his  enemies  at 
home.  The  eagle  with  a  wreath  and  standing  on  a  sceptre  is  found  in  connection  with  the 
obverse  type,  head  of  Jupiter,  on  coins  of  Q.  Pomponins  Rufus  struck  at  Rome,  ciro.  B.C.  74 
(sL'e  vol.  i.,  p.  -407),  and  the  eagle  alone  as  the  symbol  of  power  is  not  nnfrequently  met  with 
on  other  issues  oi:  about  this  period.  The  monogram  in  the  field  on  the  obverse  is  composed 
of  the  lettei-s  BR,  the  initials  of  the  cognomen  Brutus,  but  the  legend  KOZQN  still  needs 
a  satisfactory  explanation.      Kckhel    {Voct.   iiimi.  vet.,  t.  ii.,  p.  23)  suggested  that  it  ma\-  be 


CIEC.  B.C.  43—42  ;    A.U.C.  711—712 


475 


Ko.       IJ^Hijkt 


49 


50 


51 


52 


129-4 


131-7 

[pierced) 


130-8 


61-0 


Metal 
and  Size 

N     -85 


N    -8 


N    -75 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


M    -8 


Similar. 


Similar ;  no  monogram. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxi.  8.] 

Similar. 

(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxi.  9.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


a.CAEPIO   BRVTVS 

(QUINTUS  CAEPIO  BEUTUS) 


Denarius 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  lam-eate; 
hair  in  ringlets. 


Military  trophy,  consisting 
of  a  cuirass,  a  helmet  with 
two  plumes,  and  two  ob- 
long shields,  one  with  in- 
curved sides  ;  at  the  base 
are  seated  a  male  and  a 
female  captive,  both  sup- 
porting their  heads  with 
their  hands ;  the  male 
captive  wears  braccac ; 
around,  Q.  CAEPIO  BR.V 
TVS  IMP  (Lnperator). 


tho  nnme  of  a  Thracian  prince  who  had  been  killed  by  his  own  subjects,  and  whose  -widow, 
Polomocratia,  fearing  lest  her  son,  Cotya,  should  share  the  same  fate,  brought  him  to  Brutus 
and  sought  his  protection.  At  the  same  time  she  placed  at  hia  disposal  all  her  husband's 
treasures,  amongst  which  was  an  nnexpected  quantity  of  gold  and  silver  bullion.  This 
Brutus  stamped  and  converted  into  money  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv.  75).  The  name  of  the 
husband  of  Polemocratia  was,  however,  Sadala,  not  Koson  (Mommsen,  Ephem.  J^pig.,  vol.  ii., 
pp.  251  f.).  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  114)  has  therefore  suggested  that  these  coins  were  struck 
at  Cossea  in  Thrace.  Dion  Cassius  (xlvii.  25)  states  that  it  was  after  the  expedition  against 
the  Bessi,  or  Besi,  that  Brutus  assumed  the  dignity  of  hnperator.  Can  there  be  a  confusion 
between  BHZnN  and  KOZflN  ? 

These  coins  are  somewhat  heavier  than  the  Roman  aurei  struck  at  this  time,  but  they 
correspond  in  weight  to  the  phiUppi.  It  may  therefore  be  inferred  that  the  gold  philippus, 
though  no  longer  issued,  was  still  in  currency  in  Thrace  and  Macedonia  (Mommsen,  Hist.  raon. 
rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  283). 

'  As  Brutus  is  given  the  title  of  Imperator,  these  and  the  following  coins  bearing  hia  name 
must  have  been  issued  after  the  Thracian  expedition.  The  bullion  from  which  they  were 
struck  was  probably  that  which  was  obtained  from  Polemocratia,  the  widow  of  the  Thracian 
prince.  The  military  trophy  is  a  record  of  this  expedition,  and  the  head  of  Apollo  might 
be  a  personification  of  the  city  where  the  coins  were  struck,  the  place  of  mintage  being, 
however,  very  nnoertaiu.  It  may  relate  to  the  belief  held  by  Brutus  that  his  life  and  doom 
were  under  the  direct  influence  ol  Apollo.  Plutarch  {Brutus,  24)  mentions  that  at  a  feast 
given  on  his  birthday  at  Carystus  in  Euboea,  Brutus,  without  any  visible  relation  to  the  subject 
then  being  discussed,  shouted  out  the  dying-  words  of  Patroelus  (Homer,  lliiid,  xvi.  849)  ; — 

aAAa  fj.e  Mo7p'  oAo^,  Kat  Aijtovs  iKTav£V  vlhs 
His  watchword  at  tho  last  battle  of  Philiijpi  was  "Apollo"  (Plutarch,  loo.  cil.). 


476 

^0.       WeigU     J^lf.^^ 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


53       59-3 


M 


54       56-3     M 

(pierced) 


55 


60-0 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxi.  10] 


Similar. 


C.FLAV.  HEMIC:  a.CAEP.BRVT 

(CAIUS  PLAVIUS   HEMICILLUS;'   QUINTUS 
CAEPIO  BEUTUS) 

Denarius 


56 


58-7 


M    -8 


I 


Bust  of  Apollo  r.,  draped ; 
hair  rolled  back  and  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind ; 
before,  lyre  ;  around,  C  • 
FLAV  •  HEMIC  •  LEG  ■ 
PB^O  .  PR.  {LegaUis  pro 
praetore). 


Similar. 


Victory  standing  1.,  holding 
palm-branch  in  1.  hand, 
and  with  r.  placing  wreath 
on  trophy,  which  consists 
of  a  cuirass  surmounted 
by  a  crested  helmet,  and 
below  it,  a  short  sword  in 
a  sheath ;  to  the  arms  are 
attached  an  oval  shield 
with  incurved  sides  and 
a  long  thin  curved  sword 
with  closed  handle  {copis) ; 
around,  Q-CAEP  BRVT- 
IMP  •  {Imperator). 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxi.  11.] 
(Blacas  CoU.) 


'  Little  appears  to  be  known  of  Gains  Flavins  Hemicillns  beyond  what  we  learn  from 
his  coins.  He  was  acting  as  legatus  pro  praetore  to  Brutns  about  the  time  of  the  Thraoian 
expedition.  It  is  qnite  uncertain  whether  he  was  the  Flavins  who  was  praefectus  fabrum  to 
the  army  of  Brutus,  and  who  fell  in  the  second  battle  of  Philippi  (Plutarch,  Brutus,  51)  ;  nor 
can  he  well  be  identified  with  the  C.  Flavins  who  is  mentioned  among  the  enemies  of  Octavins, 
and  who  was  put  to  death  in  B.C.  40  after  the  taking  of  Pernsia.  The  interpretation  of  the 
legend  "Hemic"  as  the  cognomen  Hemicillus  is  also  open  to  question.  Eckhel  (Doct.  nvm. 
ret.,  t.  v.,  p.  214)  says,  "  Istud  indubitatum,  esse  cognomen  Flavii  qnomodoounque  ennn- 
ciandnm,"  and  Borghesi  {(Euvres  compl.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  168  f.)  supposes  it  to  be  of  Greek  origin, 
i.e.,  9i)i.i(Tvs  KiWos  =  dimidius  aainus,  which  would  be  analogous  to  other  cognomina  used  by 
the  Flavia  gens,  Aper,  Asellus,  Galipodon,  Leo,  Lupus,  Taurus,  &o.  Mommseu  (Borghesi, 
loc.  cit.,  note)  has  remarked  that  we  must  be  on  our  guard  in  accepting  Hemicillus  as  a  word 
and  as  a  Latin  cognomen.  The  reverse  type  of  the  denarius  relates  to  the  recent  campaign 
against  the  Thracians,  and  the  head  of  Apollo  has  already  been  explained  in  connection 
with  the  previous  issue.     It  occurs  on  other  coins  of  Brutus  (see  next  page). 


CIRC.  B.C.  43—42  ;    A.D.C.  711—712 


477 


Ko.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


57 


125'0 


58 


N    -8 


124-0 


59 


60 


61 


59-0 


N    -8 


M    -75 


Obverse  Reverse 

L .  BRVTVS :  M  .  BRVTVS  :  COSTA 

(LUCIUS  [JUNIUS]  BEUTUS ;  MAECUS  [JUNIUS] 
BEUTUS;    [PEDANIUS]  COSTA  i) 

Aureus 


Head  of  the  consul  Lucius 
Junius  Brutus  r.,  bare, 
with  beard ;  around,  L  • 
BKVTVS  •  TRIM  ■  COS 

[Primus  consul) ;  all  with- 
in wreath  of  oak. 


Similar. 


Head  of  Marcus  Junius 
Brutus  r.,  bare,  with  slight 
beard ;  above,  M  •  BRV 
TVS  IMP  (Imparator) ; 
below,  COSTA  LEG  {Le- 
gatus) ;  all  within  wreath 
of  oak. 

(Devonshire  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxi.  12.] 

(Dupr6  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


COSTA:  BKVTVS 

([PEDANIUS]    COSTA;     [MAECUS    JUNIUS] 
BEUTUS) 

Denarius^ 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laure- 
ate ;  hair  rolled  back,  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
and  falling  down  his  neck 
in  two  locks ;  around, 
COSTA  LEG  (Legatus); 
the  whole  within  radiate 
border. 


58-5     M    -lb    Similar, 


58-4 


M.    -75 


Similar. 


Trophy  composed  of  cuirass, 
crested  helmet,  oval  shield 
with  incurved  sides  and 
two  spears;  around,  BKV 
TVS  IMP  (Imperator). 
(Nott) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxi.  13.] 


1  This  legate  is  only  known  from  coins.  Costa  was  a  cognomen  of  the  Pedania  gens,  and 
also  of  the  Postumia.  Bokhel  (Boot.  num.  vet. ,  t.  v.,  p.  269)  identifies  the  legate  with  the  former. 
He  served  under  Brutus  during  the  Civil  war,  probably  in  Greece.  He  is  the  only  member 
of  the  Pedauia  gens  of  whom  we  possess  coins.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  that  of  Lucius 
Junius  Brutus,  the  Ancient.  He  was  the  first  consul  elected  after  the  expulsion  of  the  kings. 
It  was  the  Junia  gens  which  through  so  many  centuries  had  advocated  the  cause  of  Roman 
liberty.  The  oak-wreath  is  the  corona  civica  which  was  granted  to  those  who  had  saved  the 
lives  of  their  fellow-countrymen  in  battle,  or  had  rescued  the  State  from  imminent  peril.  By 
the  death  of  Caesar  Brutus  probably  claimed  for  himself  this  honour  also.  On  these  and  the 
following  coins  of  this  series  he  takes  his  birth-name,  Marcus  Junius  Brutus,  instead  of  his  name 
of  adoption,  Quintus  Gaepio  Brutus.  He  began  to  grow  a  beard  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
war,  B.C.  49,  as  a  sign  of  mourning  (Lucan,  ii.  372  —  376).  The  resemblance  in  fabric  between 
these  aurei  and  those  of  Julius  Caesar  struck  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  has  already  been 
noted  (see  above,  pp.  469,  470). 

■■'  The  reverse  type  refers  to  the  victories  of  Brutus,  probably  in  Greece.  The  head  on  the 
obverse  has  been  identified  as  of  Libertas  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  290,  no.  1),  but  the  radiate 


478 

T.T         1T^  •  1  ±  Metal 

Ho.      Weiglit  ,  r,. 

'  and  awe 


62 


63 


64 


65 


123-3 


N    -8 


62-5 


60-0 


M    -lb 


M    -7 


£8-3      M,    -8      Similar. 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

Obverse  Reverse 

BR.VTVS:  CASCA  LONGVS 

([MARCUS  JUNIUS]  BEUTUS;   [PUBLIUS  oe 
CAIUS  SBEVILIUS]   CASCA  LONGUSi) 


Aureus 


Head  of  Brutus  r.,  bare, 
with  beard ;  behind,  BRV 
TVS;  before,  IMP  {Im- 
perator) ;  the  whole  with- 
in laurel-wreath. 


A  combined  military  and 
naval  trophy,  consisting 
of  a  cuirass,  a  crested 
helmet,  an  oval  shield 
with  incurved  sides,  two 
spears  and  a  short  sword 
in  sheath ;  at  the  base 
are  two  prows,  two  shields 
and  a  rudder  (?);  on  1., 
between  the  two  spears 
of  the  trophy  the  letter  L 
[Libertas);  on  1.  of  trophy, 
CASCA  ;  on  r.,  LONGVS 

[PI.  cxi.  14.] 
(Dupre  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Head  of  Neptune  r.,  bearded 
and  laureate ;  below,  tri- 
dent ;  behind,  CASCA ; 
before,  LONGVS 


Similar. 


Victory  walking  r.,  bearing 
palm -branch  over  1.  shoul- 
der, and  holding  with  both 
hands  a  broken  diadem, 
hound  with  fillet ;  at  her 
feet,  a  broken  sceptre ;  on 
1.,  BR.VTVS  ;  on  r.,  IMP 
{Imperator). 

[PI.  cxi.  15.] 
(Nott) 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


border  whioli  surrounds  it  makes  it  more  probable  that  it  is  of  Apollo.     The  type  would  thus 
correspond  with  those  of  previous  issues  (see  above,  pp.  475,  476). 

^  There  were  two  members  of  the  Servilia  gens  with  the  cognomen  Casca  Longus,  to 
either  of  whom  these  coins  might  be  assigned.  Publius  Servilius  Casca,  one  of  the  conspirators 
ngainst  Caesar,  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  44,  joined  Brutus  in  the  East  and  fought  at 
Philippi.  His  brother  Cains,  who  though  a  friend  of  Caesar  also  took  part  in  hia  assassination, 
went  to  the  East  and  was  likewise  present  at  Philippi  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  ii.  113 ;  Dion  Cassius, 
xliv.  52 ;  xlvi.  49 ;  Plutarch,  Srutus,  45).  It  was  probably  Publius  Servilius  Casca  who  struck 
these  coins,  and  who  appears  to  have  commanded  the  fleet  of  Brutus.  The  doable  victory  by 
land  and  sea  which  the  aureus  commemorates  was  no  doubt  the  capture  by  Brutus  of  Xanthus 
and  Patara,  cities  of  Lycia.  At  Patara  Brntus,  besides  seizing  all  the  gold  and  silver  in  the 
public  treasury,  ordered  each  citizen  to  bring  in  separately  whatsoever  he  possessed  of  value 
(Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv.  76 — 82).  It  was  by  these  victories  that  Brutus  and  Cassius  hoped  to 
restore  freedom  to  Rome,  and  to  break  down  all  semblance  of  regal  power  which  had  been 


CIEC.  B.C.  43—42;   A.U.C.  711—712 


479 


No.       Weitfht 


Votal 
and  Size 


Ohvers 


Hoverse 


119-1 


M    -75 


L.PLAET.CEST:   BkVT 

(LUCIUS  PLAETOEIUS  CESTIANUS;i  [MAECUS 
JUNIUS]  BEUTUS) 

Aureus 


Bust  of  Ceres  r.,  laureate, 
wearing  veil  and  necklace; 
her  head  is  surmounted  by 
the  modius ;  behind,  L  • 
PLAET.CEST 


Emblems  of  the  pontificate  ; 
sacrificial  axe  and  simpu- 
lum,  -without  handle  ;  be- 
low, BB.VT-  IMP  {Impe- 
rator). 


66 


67 


69-0 


58-0 


M    -75 


M    -8 


Similar. 


Similar 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  119,  no.  50.] 

Denarius 

Type  I. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxi.  16.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


introduced  by  Caesar,  and  -whicli  -was  fostered  by  the  triumvirs.  This  is  symbolized  on 
the  denarius  by  Victory  holding  a  broken  diadem  and  crushing  beneath  her  feet  a  sceptre. 

A  variety  of  the  aureus  is  without  the  letter  L  (Libertas)  in  the  field  on  the  reverse 
(Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  118,  no.  45).  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  168)  states  that  the  aureus 
of  this  issue  in  the  British  Museum  is  the  finest  example  that  he  has  met  with,  and  also  that 
those  without  the  letter  L  on  the  reverse  are  rarer  than  those  with  that  letter. 

There  is  a  slight  difference  in  style  and  fabric  between  the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  this 
issue.  They  were,  however,  probably  from  the  same  mint,  but  the  dies  were  executed  by 
different  engravers.  The  style  of  the  reverse  of  the  aureus  is  not. unlike  that  of  the  denarius 
of  Julias  Caesar,  with  reverse  type  Aeneas  and  Anchises  (see  above,  p.  469). 

'  Lucius  Plaetorius  Cestianus  is  only  known  to  history  from  his  coins.  He  held  some 
command  or  post  under  Brutus  in  Greece,  possibly  as  quaestor,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the 
head  of  Ceres  on  the  obverse  of  his  coins.  The  reverse  types  relate  to  the  office  of  pontifex 
held  by  Brutus,  and  to  the  murder  of  Caesar  on  the  Ides  of  March.  On  the  eve  of  the  first 
battle  of  Philippi  Brutus  in  addressing  Cassius  said,  "  On  the  Ides  of  March  I  devoted  my  life 
to  my  country,  and  since  then  I  have  lived  in  liberty  and  glory  "  (Plutarch,  Brutus,  40).  Dion 
Cassius  (xlvii.  25)  after  recounting  the  victories  of  Brutus  in  Thrace  and  Macedonia  adds, 
"  These  were  the  exploits  of  Brutus ;  besides,  he  struck  coins  on  which  were  represented  a 
pileus  and  two  daggers,  to  show  by  this  design  and  also  by  the  inscription  that  he  had  in 
concert  with  Cassius  given  liberty  to  his  country." 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  the  denarius  of  Type  I.,  and  of  the  reverse 
of  the  denarius  of  L.  Mussidius  Longus  with  the  type,  globe,  rudder,  cornucopiac,  &c.  (Bahr- 
feldt, Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  169;  and  vol.  i.,  p.  576,  no.  4237). 


480 


No.     Weight       ^f^^ 
"        and  Size 


68 


69 
70 


58-7 


57-6 

52-8 


71 


72 


123-0 


118-8 


N    -75 


N    -8 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Diverse 


Reverse 


M 

■7 

JR. 

•76 

M 

-7 

Type  II. 


Head  of  Brutus  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  behind, 
L-PLAET.CEST;  above 
and  before,  BKVT  IMP 


Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxi.  17.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Pembroke  Coll.) 

SERIES 

11} 

Cap  of  Liberty  between  two 
daggers  with  points  down- 
wards ;  below,  E I D  •  MAR. 
(Eidibus  Martiis). 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 


M.AaVINVS:  C  .  CASSI 

(MAECUS  AQUINU8;   CAIUS  CASSIUS 
[LONGINUS^]) 

Aureus 


Head  of  Libertas  r.,  dia- 
demed, and  wearing  ear- 
ring ;  hair  rolled  back, 
collected  into  a  knot  be- 
hind, and  falling  down  her 
neck;  below,  LIBER.AS; 
behind,  M-AaVINVS- 
LEG  •  (Legatus). 

Similar. 


Tripod  surmounted  by  the 
cortina  and  two  laurel- 
branches  ;  on  either  side 
depends  a  fillet;  on  1., 
C  •  CASSI ;  on  r.,  PR.  • 
COS  [Proconsul). 
[PI.  cxi.  18.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  legend  on  1.,  C  • 
CASSI ;  on  r.,  IMP  (Iw- 
perator). 

[PI.  cxi.  19.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


1  The  only  issue  assigned  to  this  aeries  is  that  of  the  aurei  of  C.  Cassias,  struck  by  his 
legate,  M.  Aquinus  (see  above,  p.  471,  note  1). 

'  The  history  of  Caius  Cassias  Louginus,  one  of  the  assassins  of  Julius  Caesar,  is  so  well 
known  that  it  is  only  necessary  to  mention  here  the  circumstances  which  led  to  the  striking 
of  these  and  the  following  coins  which  bear  his  name  and  those  of  his  legates,  M.  Aqninns, 
P.  Cornelius  Lentulua  Spinther,  and  M.  Servilius.  Appointed  quaestor  in  B  c.  53,  Cassias  served 
with  Crassus  in  the  unfortunate  expedition  against  the  Parthians,  and  was  a  tribune  of  the 
people  B.C.  49,  ranging  himself  on  the  side  of  Pompey,  but  after  Pharsalus  he  was  reconciled 
to  Caesar,  and  in  B.C.  44  was  praetor  peregrinus,  with  the  promise  from  Caesar  of  the  province 
of  Syria  in  the  following  year.  It  was  at  this  time  that  with  Brutus  he  conceived  and  carried 
out  the  assassination  of  Caesar.  Though  promised  Syria  as  his  province,  the  Senate  at  the 
instigation  of  Antony  gave  Gyrene  to  Cassias,  but  later  confirmed  him  in  the  province  of 
Syria,  to  which  he  had  already  proceeded.  Here  he  was  opposed  by  Dolabella,  but  was 
successful  in  capturing  Laodiceia  and  Tarsus.  These  victories  he  followed  up  with  the 
capture  of  Rhodes,  from  which  island  he  extracted  booty  amounting  to  8,500  talents  (see  below, 
pp.  483,  484).  Early  in  B.C.  42  Cassiua  met  Brutus  at  Sardea,  where  both  were  greeted  with 
the  title  of  Imperator  (Plutarch,  Brutus,  34).  Soon  after  they  left  for  Macedonia  to  take 
up  their  position  at  Philippi,  where  both  perished. 

Of  Marcus  Aquinua,  or  Aquinias,  the  legate  of  Caaaius,  little  appears  to  be  knovni,  but 
from  his  coins  we  learn  that  his  service  extended  over  a  period  before  and  after  the  capture  of 
Rhodes,  as  on  them  Cassiua  is  given  the  titles  of  Proconsul  and  Imperator.  It  is  quite  possible 
that  the  moneyer  is  the  same  person  as  M.  Aquinius,  a  Pompeian,  who  took  part  in  the  African 


GIRO.  B.C.  43—42;    A.U.C.  711-712 


481 


SEEIES    II I. ^ 


No.      Weight       ^^f^^ 


Obverse 


Reverse 


73 


126-6 


A^    -85 


C  .  CASSI :   LENTVLVS  SriNT 

(CAIUS  CASSIUS  [L0NGIND8]  ;    [PUBLIUS 
COENELIUSJ  LBNTULUS  SPINTHBE'-') 

Type  I. 

Aureus 


Bust  of  Libertas  r.,  veiled, 
wearing  diadem,  earring 
and  necklace  of  pearls ; 
before,  LEIBER.TAS;  be- 
hind, C  .  CASSI  ■  IMP  {Im- 
perator). 


One-handled  jug  {capis)  and 
LENTVLVS 


lituus;  below. 


sniNT 


[PL  cxi.  20.] 


war  against  Caesar,  but  was  afterwards  pardoned  by  him  {Bell.  Afr.,  57,  89).  He  is  the  only 
one  of  the  legates  who  struck  coins  exclusively  for  Cassius,  aud  the  only  member  of  his  gens  of 
whom  we  possess  coins. 

The  aurei  of  Aquinus  were  probably  struck  from  the  booty  obtained  at  Rhodes  and  other 
cities  on  which  contributions  had  been  laid.  The  head  of  Libertas  on  the  obverse  symbolizes 
the  freedom  which  Cassius  and  Brutus  promised  to  restore  to  the  Roman  world,  and  the  reverse 
type,  the  tripod,  may  refer  to  the  aaoriflces  which  were  offered  to  Apollo  for  the  recent 
victories  of  Cassius.  This  type  is  a  common  one  on  coins  of  Greece  and  Asia,  but  Borghesi 
{(Euvres  compl.,  t.  i.,  pp.  343  f.)  would  connect  it  specially  with  the  dignity  of  quindecimvir 
sacris  jaciundiSy  with  which  Cassius  had  been  invested.  Though  a  slight  interval  may  have 
occurred  between  the  issue  of  the  above  aurei  on  account  of  the  change  in  the  titles  given  to 
Cassius,  it  is  clear  from  the  similarity  of  fabric  and  style  that  both  were  struck  at  the  same 
place  or  mint.  This  may  have  been  at  Sardes,  where,  as  we  have  seen,  Brutus  and  Cassius  met 
after  their  victories. 

No  silver  coins  are  known  of  M.  Aquinus. 

'  This  series  comprises  the  coins  of  Cassius  and  Brutus,  struck  by  their  joint  legates 
P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther  and  M.  Servilius.  They  were  also  probably  issued  at  Sardes, 
where  the  legates  appear  to  have  met  to  celebrate  the  victories  of  their  generals,  aud  to  have 
distributed  amongst  the  soldiery,  in  the  form  of  money,  the  booty  which  had  been  amassed. 

^  Publius  Cornelius  P.  f.  P.  n.  Lentulus  Spinther  was  the  son  of  Publius  Cornelius 
Lentulus  Spinther,  who  was  consul  B.C.  57,  and  of  whom  there  are  coins  struck  at  the 
Roman  mint  in  his  capacity  as  quaestor  (see  vol.  i.,  p,  40B).  The  son  was  born  in  B.C.  74, 
assumed  the  tnga  vr^lis  in  B.C.  57,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  into  the  college  of 
Augurs.  As  Faustus  Cornelius  Sulla  was  already  a  member  of  that  college,  and  as  two 
of  the  same  family  could  not  belong  to  it  at  the  same  time,  Lentulus  was  received  by  a 
sham  adoption  into  the  Manlia  gens.  He  attached  himself  to  the  Pompeian  party,  but  later 
was  pardoned  by  Julius  Caesar  and  returned  to  Italy.  After  the  murder  of  the  dictator  he 
was  sent  by  the  Senate  to  Asia  as  quaestor  to  C .  Trebonius,  at  whose  death  he  joined  Brutus 
and  Oassins,  serving  with  the  latter  against  Rhodes,  and  with  the  former  in  Lycia  (Appiaii, 
Bell,  civ.,  iv.  72,  82).  It  is  uncertain  whether  Lentulus  was  slain  at  Philippi,  but  he  is  not 
mentioned  after  that  time.  There  are  coins  which  were  issued  by  Lentulus  in  the  names  of 
both  his  generals.  The  reverse  types  of  both  series  record  his  early  appointment  to  the  college 
of  Augurs.  This  is  one  of  the  few  instances  in  which  the  moneyer  used  a  reverse  type  which 
was  personal  to  himself  (see  above,  p.  449).  The  obverse  type  of  his  coins  with  the  name 
of  Cassius  and  bearing  the  head  of  Libertas  (not  vailed)  is  so  similar  to  that  of  the  aurei 
of  M.  Aquinus,  that  both  issues  must  have  been  struck  at  the  same  mint,  and  the  dies 
probably  executed  by  the  same  engravers.  If  further  proof  is  needed,  it  is  to  be  found  in 
the  denarius  of  Type  II.,  where  the  reverses  of  the  coins  of  Aquinus  and  Lentulus  are 
united  on  one  piece.  The  obverse  type  of  the  coins  of  Lentulus  with  the  name  of  Brutus 
relates  to  the  office  of  pontifex  held  by  the  latter. 

Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  8i)  mentions  two  hybrids  with  the  obverse  of  the  denarius 
of  Type  I.  var.  One  has  for  reverse  type  that  of  the  denarius  of  Octavius  with  the  triumphal 
arch  (see  above,  p.  14,  pi.  lix.,  no.  17)  ;  the  other  is  also  of  Octavius,  but  with  the  rever.se,  the 
emblems  of  the  pontiacate  (see  above,  p.  415,  no.  116,  pi.  cv.  no.  14).  The  former  is  in  his 
own  collection,  the  latter  in  that  of  M.  de  Belfort. 

VOL.   II.  3   y 


482 

_^  .  ,  .       Metal 
No.      WezgU     ^^^  g.^^ 


63-5 


58-0 


124-3 


62-0 


60-3 


M    -7 


M    -5 


y  -85 


/R    -8 


/K    -85 


600 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse 

Denarius 


Reverse 


M    -75 


Similar  ;  Libertas  wears 
double  earring  and  neck- 
lace of  pendants. 

Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxii.  1.] 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Type  I.  var. 


Aureus 


Head  of  Libertas  r.,  not 
veiled,  wearing  diadem, 
earring  and  necklace  of 
pearls ;  hair  rolled  back, 
collected  into  a  knot  be- 
hind, and  falling  down 
herneck;  before,  LEIBER 
TAS;  behind,  C  •  CASSI  ■ 
IMP 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.  2.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar, 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxii.  3.] 

(Nott) 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


Tripod  sm-mounted  by  the 
cwtina  and  two  laurel- 
branches  ;  on  either  side 
depends  a  fillet;  on  1., 
C  •  CASSI  ;  on  r.,  IMP 
(similar  to  rev.  of  no.  72). 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.  4.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  This  denarius  shows  a  combinai;ion  of  the  reverse  types  of  the  issues  of  M.  Aquinus  and 
P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther.  It  proves  beyond  question  that  both  were  struck  at  the  same 
mint. 


CIEC.  B.C.  43—42;   A.U.C.  711—712 


483 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


Obveme 


Reeerse 


123-5 


N    -75 


BKVTVS:   LENTVLVS  SPINT 

([MAECUS  JUNIUS]  BEUTUS;    [PUBLIUS 
COENELIUS]  LENTULUS  SPINTHEE') 

Aureus 


Sacrificial  axe  (securis),  sim- 
pulum  and  sacrificial  knife 
(seccspita) ;  below,  BR.V 
TVS 


One-handled  jug  (capis)  and 

,.,         ,    ,       LENTVLVS 

lituus;  below,     jpij^y 

(similar  to  no.  73). 


80    1    59-5 


81       59-0 


[Paris  Coll  ] 


Denarius 


Al    -75  i  Similar. 


M    -8 


82 


124-7 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxii.  5.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


N    -8 


C.CASSI:  M.SERVILIVS 

(GAIUS  CASSIUS  [LONGINUS]  ;   MAECUS 
SEEVILIUSO 

Type  I. 
Aureus 


Head  of  Libertas  r.,  laure- 
ate ;  hair  rolled  back,  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
and  falling  down  her  neck 
and  over  1.  shoulder;  be- 
hind, C  .  CASS  I  •  IMP  {Im- 
perator). 


Aplustre,  the  branches  termi- 
natiag  in  flowers  (roses) ; 
on    1.,    M.SER.VILIVS; 
on  r.,  LEG  (Legatus). 
[PI.  cxii.  6.] 
(Dupr6  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


'  After  the  capture  of  Rhodes  Cassias  sent  Lentulus  to  assist  Brutus  in  Lycia.  He 
went  to  Andriaca,  the  seaport  of  the  Myreans,  broke  the  chain  which  closed  the  harbour  and 
ascended  to  the  city  of  Myra.  As  the  inhabitants  obeyed  his  commands  he  collected  money 
in  the  dame  way  as  had  recently  been  done  at  Patara  (see  above,  p.  478),  and  returned  to 
Brutus  (Appian,  Bell,  eiv.,  iv.  72,  82).  These  coins  were  struck  after  Lentulus  had  rejoined 
Brutus  at  Sardes.  The  obverse  type  records  the  membership  of  Brutus  of  the  college  of 
Pontiffs.  There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  and  of  the  obverse  of 
that  of  Augustus  with  his  portrait  and  the  legend  AVCVSTVS  DIVl  F  (Babelon,  vol,  ii,, 
p.  117,  no.  41,  note). 

-  Marcus  Sorvilius  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  4i,  and  is  spoken  of  by  Cicero  as  vir 


484 


lit         TI7  ■  ij       iletal 
No.       Wewht  ,  , .  ■ 

•'        and  bize 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse 


Reverse 


83 


60-0 


Denarius 


Ai    -8    I  Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  rxii.  7.] 

(Nott) 


84 


85 


Type  II. 
Denarius 


59-3 


JR    -8 


Head  of  Libertas  r.,  laure- 
ate, &o.,  similar  to  no.  82  ; 
behind,  C.  CASSEI  •  IMP 


121-2 


^     -8 


A  crab  holding  an  aplustre 
in  its  claws ;  below,  a 
loose  regal  diadem  and 
a  rose;  on  1.,  M-SERVI 
LIVS;  onr.,  LEG 
[PI.  cxii.  8.] 
(Nott) 


M.SERVILIVS:  a.CAEPIO  BRVTVS 

(MAEGUS  SEEVILIUS;   QUINTUS  GAEPIO 
BEUTUS) 

Aureus  1 


Head  of  Libertas,  r.,  laure- 
ate ;  hair  rolled  back,  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
and  falling  down  her  neck 
and  over  1.  shoulder  (simi- 
lar to  no.  82) ;  behind, 
M-SER.VILiVS;  before, 
LEG  {Legatus). 


Military  trophy  composed 
of  a  cuirass,  a  crested  hel- 
met, an  oblong  shield  and 
two  spears ;  on  1.,  Q.  • 
CAEPIO.;onr.,BKVTVS. 
IMP  (Imperator). 
[PI.  cxii.  9.] 
(Pembroke  Coll.) 


fortissimus  (ad  Fam.,  xii.  7  ;  Pldlipp.,  iv.  6).  Prom  his  coins  it  appears  that  he  served  in  the 
East  under  Cassias  and  also  under  Brutus ;  with  the  former  in  couueotiou  with  the  fleet  which 
captured  Rhodes,  B.C.  43,  and  with  the  latter  in  Lycia,  where  he  may  have  commanded  a  portion 
of  the  land  forces.  The  reverse  types  of  the  coins  bearing  the  name  of  his  general,  Cassius, 
relate  to  the  great  victorj'  over  the  Bhodian  fleet  and  the  subsequent  occupation  of  that  island. 
The  aplustre  is  the  common  symbol  of  supremacy  at  sea.  In  this  instance  the  branches  are 
floreate,  probably  a  reference  to  Rhodes,  the  emblem  of  that  island  being  a  rose.  The  reverse 
type  of  the  denarius  of  Type  II.  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  Roman  republican  series, 
and  is  full  of  incident.  The  crab  is  the  symbol  of  Cos,  and  is  a  well-known  coin-type  of  that 
island.  It  was  within  the  territorial  waters  of  Cos  that  the  Roman  and  Rhodian  fleets  met, 
and  the  crab  is  in  consequence  represented  as  holding  within  its  grasp  the  fate  of  the  con- 
tending parties  and  the  right  of  granting  victory.  The  rose  was,  as  mentioned,  the  emblem  of 
Rhodes,  and  is  also  a  frequent  coin-type  of  the  island.  The  loose  diadem  recalls  the  circum- 
stance that  when  Cassius  after  his  victory  entered  the  city  of  Rhodes,  the  terror-stricken 
inhabitants  saluted  him  with  the  title  of  king  and  lord  ;  but  he  contemptuously  answered  that 
he  was  neither  their  king  nor  their  lord,  but  was  the  chastiser  and  destroyer  of  one  who  would 
have  been  both  (Plutarch,  Brutus,  30).  Cassius  forbad  his  soldiery  to  plunder  the  city  in 
order  that  he  might  secure  the  booty  for  himself.  He  took  the  value  of  8000  talents  from  the 
temples  and  the  public  treasury,  and  in  addition  laid  a  contribution  of  5O0  talents  on  the 
inhabitants  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv.  73;  Plutarch,  Brutus,  32). 

As  Servilius  struck  coins  for  Brutus  as  well  as  for  Cassius.  and  as  they  resemble  in  style 
those  of  Lentulus,  it  is  probable  that  they  were  minted  at  Sardes  at  the  time  of  the  meeting 
of  the  two  generals  (see  above,  p.  481). 

'  This  aureus  was  struck  by  M.  Servilius  to  commemorate  his  service  under  Brutus  in 


No.      Weight       ^^f^^ 
and  /Sisc 


CIEC.  B.C.  43—42;   A.U.C.  711-712  485 

Olcerse  Keverse 


86 


52-4 


JR    -8 


MVRCVS 


([LUCIUS  STATIUS]  MUECUS') 


Denarius 


Head  of  Neptune  r. ;  behind, 
trident. 


MVRCVS  IMP  (Imperator) 
in  the  exergue.  A  mili- 
tary trophy,  before  which 
on  the  r.  stands  a  male 
figure  (Murcus)  holding 
a  short  sword  in  his  1. 
hand,  and  with  r.  raising 
a  kneeling  female  figure 
(Asia). 

[PI.  cxii.  10.] 
(Claude  Stewart  CoJl) 


Lycia,  where  he  held  a  military,  not  a  naval  command.  He  may  have  been  present  at  the 
taking  of  Xanthus  and  Patara  (see  aboye,  p,  478),  Brutus  is  given  his  name  of  adoption,  not 
his  birth-name,  as  on  previous  pieces  ascribed  to  Greece  (see  above,  p.  477). 

Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  119,  no.  48)  describes  a  denarius  of  the  type  of  the  aureus  as  being  in 
the  Sandes  collection,  Dublin.  This  coin  is  now  in  the  Berlin  cabinet  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit., 
1896,  p.  169).  Bahrfeldt  (Zoo.  cit.)  mentions  a  hybrid  in  silver  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  the 
above  aureus  and  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  C.  Numonins  Taala,  with  the  warrior 
attacking  a  vallum  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  571,  no.  4216).  It  was  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection, 
but  it  is  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum. 

'  Lucius  Statins  Murcus  was  legate  to  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  48,  and  one  of  three  com- 
missioners appointed  to  treat  with  the  Pompeians  at  Oricum  (Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  iii.  15).  In 
B.C.  45 — 44  he  was  made  praetor,  and  after  the  expiration  of  his  year  of  office  he  went  to 
Syria  with  the  title  of  proconsul  as  successor  to  Sextus  Julius  Caesar,  who  at  the  instigation 
of  Caecilius  Bassus  had  been  murdered  by  his  own  soldiers.  Murcus  besieged  Bassus  in 
Apameia,  and  compelled  him  to  surrender.  On  the  arrival  of  Cassius  he  handed  over  his 
legions  to  him  and  was  appointed  praefectus  classis,  having  previously  received  the  title  of 
Imperator.  He  defeated  Dolabella  and  the  Ehodians,  blockaded  Laodiceia,  and  then  cruised 
in  the  Ionian  sea  in  order  to  intercept  the  fleets  of  Antony  and  Octavius.  After  the  battles  of 
Philippi,  Murcus  took  his  fleet  over  to  Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily,  who  treacherously  caused 
him  to  be  put  to  death  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  69,  72,  77;  Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iii.  77,  pass. ;  Dion 
Cassius,  xlvii.  27,  pass.). 

The  denarius  of  Murcus,  which  is  of  rather  barbarous  fabric,  was  probably  struck  by  him 
in  Asia  before  the  battles  of  Philippi,  though  no  mention  is  made  either  of  Cassius  or  Brutus, 
as  was  the  case  with  the  other  legates,  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther  and  M.  Servilius.  The 
head  of  Neptune  on  the  obverse  is  an  allusion  to  his  rank  of  praefectus  classis ;  whilst  the 
reverse,  which  shows  the  submission  of  Asia,  may  have  special  reference  to  the  capture  of 
Apameia  and  the  surrender  of  Bassus,  and  the  trophy  on  it  to  his  victory  over  Dolabella 
(Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  466). 

Babelon  (op.  cit.,  p.  467)  describes  a  small  copper  coin  which  is  in  the  Paris  cabinet,  and 
which  has  on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Vulcan  wearing  a  conical  cap,  and  on  the  reverse  Victory 
in  a  quadriga  and  the  legend  ST  ATI  TRE  BO.  This  piece  is  of  local  issue  in  Italy  or  Sicily, 
and  does  not  belong  to  the  Roman  series  proper.  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  78)  illustrates 
a  quadrans  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  of  the  usual  type  : 
otv.  head  of  young  Hercules  and  rev.  prow,  above  which  is  the  legend  [MJVRCV  (  =  MVR 
CVS)  and  below,  ROMA.  If  correctly  idfentified  this  quadrans  was  struck  by  a  member  of  the 
Statia  gens,  and  would  be  of  the  end  of  the  second  or  beginning  of  the  first  cent.  B.C.  It 
weighs  38  grs. 


436 


COINAGE    OF   THE   BAST 


PERIOD   V.i 

Giro.  B.C.  42—31 ;    a.u.c.  712—723 
Coinages  of  Mark  Antony  as   Triumvir,  (jr. 


N,,      Weight     Jf^l^ 


87 


60-3 


59-6 


M    -8 


M 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  42;  A.U.C.  712 

M.ANTON  I VS 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS  ■-') 
Denarius^ 
Series  I. 


Head  of  Mark  Antony  r., 
bare,  with  beard  ;  behind, 
htuus. 


Similar. 


Head  of  Sol  r.,  radiate; 
around,  M-ANTONIVS. 
Ill  .  VIR.  K  •  r  ■  C  {Tri- 
umvir  reipublicac  consti- 
tuendae). 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.  11.] 


'  To  this  period  are  assigned  all  the  Roman  coins  of  Antony  and  others  which  were  struck 
in  the  East  between  the  battles  of  Philippi  and  that  of  Actium.  The  series  is  continuous,  but  is 
somewhat  varied  in  its  composition.  Some  of  the  coins  were  struck  by  Antony  in  his  own  name 
only,  or  in  those  of  his  brother  Lucius,  of  Octavius,  of  Octavia  his  wife,  of  his  son  Marcus,  and 
of  Cleopatra  of  Egypt.  Others,  the  more  numerous,  were  issued  in  his  name,  bat  by  his  legates, 
quaestors,  proqnaestors,  praefecti  classis,  &c.  A  third  series,  comprising  only  a  small  section, 
consists  of  extraordinary  issues,  the  more  important  of  which  were  those  of  Cnaeus  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus,  who  struck  coins  on  two  occasions,  first  as  commander  of  the  fleet  of  Brutus,  and 
secondly  as  the  legate  of  Antony  (see  below,  pp.  487-8,  494-5),  and  of  Quintus  Labienns,  as 
general  of  paxt  of  the  Parthian  forces  (see  below,  p.  500).  These  coins  are  of  all  three  metals, 
and  comprise  in  gold  the  aureus,  in  silver  the  denarins  and  quinarius,  and  in  bronze  or  copper 
the  sestertius  to  the  sextans.  The  bronze  pieces  are  mostly  of  a  very  special  character,  and 
were  mainly  issued  by  the  praefecti  classis  (see  below,  pp.  510  f.). 

^  When  the  triumvirs  had  secured  their  power  at  Rome  their  first  task  was  to  restore 
unity  to  the  empire.  Brutus  and  Oassius  were  in  possession  of  Macedonia  and  Syria,  and 
Sextus  Pompey  threatened  the  West  from  Sicily.  The  triumvirs  first  directed  their  atten- 
tion to  the  Bast,  and  the  conduct  of  the  war  was  committed  by  the  Senate  to  Antony  and 
Octavius,  but  chiefly  to  the  former,  who  throughout  showed  conspicuous  valour  and  great 
military  talents.  After  the  battles  of  Philippi  an  agreement  was  entered  info  between 
Antony  and  Octavius,  by  the  terms  of  which  Antony  undertook  the  administration  of  the 
Eastern  provinces,  whilst  Octavius  returned  to  Italy  to  superintend  those  of  the  West.  This 
agreement  was  confirmed  two  years  later  by  a  more  definite  division  of  the  empire.  An 
imaginary  line  was  to  be  diawn  through  Scodra  on  the  lUyrian  coast,  and  all  west  of  that  line 
was  to  be  under  the  care  of  Octavius,  except  Africa,  which  had  already  been  assigned  to 
Lepidus,  and  all  east  of  it  up  to  the  Euphrates  was  to  go  to  Antony.  From  this  time,  with 
the  exception  of  three  visits  to  Italy,  two  being  of  very  short  duration,  Antony  remained  in  the 
East,  and  the  coinage  throughout  shows  the  supreme  authority  with  which  he  exercised  his 
control  over  his  allotted  provinces.  His  portrait  is  the  prevailing  obverse  type  on  his  coins, 
whether  struck  by  himself  or  under  his  delegated  authority  by  his  quaestors,  proquaestors  and 
others.     In  this  respect  his  money  is  a  counterpart  of  that  of  Octavius  in  the  West. 

'  These  denarii,  which  are  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Eastern  coinages  of  Antony,  were  pro- 
bably struck  soon  after  the  battles  of  Philippi.     The  issue  consists  of  two  series,  one  showing 


»T        TT-  •  T  J        Metal 


CIEC.  B.C.  42—41;    A.U.C.  712—713  487 

Obverse  Reverse 


89 

90 
91 
92 


93 


61-5 


55'7 


M    -75 


M    -75 


60-5     M    -75 


57-4 


M    -75 


126-0 


Ji    -8 


Sebibs  II. 


Similar ;  the  head  of  Antony 
is  small  and  without  beard ; 
behind,  above  the  lituus, 
IMP  (Ivi'perator). 

Similar. 


Similar;    head    of    Antony- 
larger. 

Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.  12.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar ;  head  of  Sol  larger. 
[PI.  cxii.  13.] 

Similar. 


Circ.  B.C.  42—41;   a.u.c.  712—713 

CN.DOMITIVS   L.F 

(CNABUS  DOMITIUS  LUCII  FILIUS  [AHENO- 
BAEBUS  1]) 


Aureus 


Head  of  Cnaeus  (?)  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus  r.,  bare;  be- 
fore, AH  ENOBAR. 


Front  and  lateral  -view  of 
a  tetrastyle  temple ;  the 
upper  part  dividing  the 
legend  NE  VT  [Ncptxmo); 
at  sides  and  belo-w,  CN  • 
DOMITIVS  .L.F-  IMP 
{Imperator). 

[PI.  cxii.   14.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


Antony  wearing  a  beard  and  -without  the  title  Imperator,  the  other  beardless  and  with  that 
title.  The  head  with  the  beard  appears  to  be  copied  frotn  the  denarius  struck  in  Rome  in 
E.G.  44  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  5.50,  no.  4178,  pi.  liv.  no.  23),  and  the  beardless  cue  from  the  Gaulish  coins 
(see  above,  p.  397,  nos.  53,  54,  pi.  ciii.  no.  16).  The  two  series  show  such  variations  in  fabric 
and  style  that  they  must  have  been  of  different  localities,  but  both  probably  situated  in  Greece. 
Subsequent  to  this  year  Antony  is  given  quite  another  portrait  (see  below,  p.  490,  note), 
which  is  practically  continued  throughout  his  coinage.  This  would  serve  as  a  reason  for 
assigning  the  above  denarii  to  an  early  date.  The  reverse  type  is  a  general  reference  to  the 
Eastern  provinces,  more  especially  to  Asia,  which  were  under  the  personal  rule  of  Antony. 
His  first  task  after  the  battles  of  Philippi  was  to  proceed  to  Asia  to  crush  the  republican  party 
and  to  collect  money  suflScient  for  the  payment  of  the  promised  rewards  to  his  veterans.  It 
is  on  the  evidence  of  these  coins  that  we  have  associated  the  denarius  of  Antony  struck  in 
Gaul  with  the  reverse  type,  a  temple  and  head  of  Sol  (see  above,  p.  398,  no.  60),  with  the 
same  circumstance. 

Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  168,  no.  30)  describes  an  aureus  in  the  Vienna  collection  of  the  same 
type  as  the  denarius  with  the  bearded  head  of  Antony  and  -n'ithout  the  title  Imperator. 
Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  29)  says  of  this  coin  that  it  is  well  preserved  and  weighs 
7-20  grammes  (=  111-2  grs.),  which  is  somewhat  light.  He,  however,  doubts  its  genuineness, 
and  considers  it  to  be  a  cast  much  tooled.  An  illustration  is  supplied  by  Bahrfeldt  of  the  piece 
which  seems  to  endorse  his  opinion. 

'  Cnaeus  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  was  the  son  of  Lucius  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  who  was 
consul  B.C.  54.     Like  his  father,  Cnaeus  belonged  to  the  Pompeian  party,  and  was  present  at 


488 


•>•  rjr  •  7  i       Metal 

"         and  6j»( 


94 


95 

96 
97 


60-5 


57-5 

55-0 
46-8 


M    -75 


M    -8 

M    -8 

M    -75 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

Obverse 

Denapius^ 


Reverse 


Head  of  Lucius  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus  r.,  bare,  with 
beard;  before,  AHENO 
BAR. 


Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Prow  r.,  on  which  is  placed 
a  military  trophy ;  at  sides 
and  below,  CN  •  DOMI 
TIVS  •  IMP 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  exii.  15.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 


the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  but  returning  to  Italy  in  B.C.  46  he  was  pardoned  by  Ca«sar.  It  is 
somewhat  uncertain  whether  he  took  any  part  in  the  murder  of  Caeaar,  but  he  followed 
Brutus  to  Macedonia  after  Caesar's  death  and  was  included  amongst  those  condemned  under 
the  lex  Pedia  (Appiau,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  55).  In  B.C.  42  he  was  placed  by  Brutus  in  command  of 
a  fleet  of  fifty  ships  to  operate  in  the  Ionian  sea,  and  having  united  his  fleet  with  that  of 
L.  Statins  Murcus  (see  above,  p.  485)  he  completely  defeated  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus  (see 
above,  p.  373),  on  the  day  of  the  first  battle  of  Philippi,  as  the  latter  attempted  to  sail  out  of 
Brundusium  with  the  troops  of  Ootavius.  For  this  victory  he  was  saluted  rmperator  (Appian, 
op.  cit.,  iv.  88,  100,  108,  115  f.).  After  the  battles  of  Philippi  Ahenobarbus  acted  inde- 
pendently of  Sextus  Pompey,  and  with  a  fieet  of  seventy  ships  and  two  legions  plundered  the 
Coasts  of  the  Ionian  sea  and  attacked  the  fleet  of  Octavius  near  Brundusium,  which  he  besieged 
(Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  7;  Appian,  op.  cit,  v.  26,  61).  In  B.C.  40  he  was  reconciled  to  Antony, 
who  invested  him  with  the  governorship  of  Bithynia,  where  he  remained  for  some  years.  Later 
he  accompanied  Antony  in  the  campaign  against  the  Parthians,  B.C.  36  (Plutarch,  Antonius, 
40).  He  was  consul  B.C.  32,  and  on  the  rapture  between  Antony  and  Octavius  he  fled  to 
Ephesus  to  join  Antony ;  being,  however,  disgusted  with  his  conduct  with  Cleopatra  he 
deserted  to  Octavius  (Suetonius,  Nero,  3).     He  died  before  the  battle  of  Actium. 

The  coins  of  Ahenobarbus  are  of  two  periods;  those  struck  in  B.C.  42 — 41,  when  he  was 
ravaging  the  coasts  of  Ionia  with  his  fleet,  and  those  issued  in  B.C.  40,  on  his  reconciliation  with 
Antony,  when  he  was  invested  with  the  governorship  of  Bithynia  (see  below,  p.  494). 

The  reverse  types  of  his  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  42 — 41  relate  to  his  victory  over  Cn. 
Domitius  Calvinus  at  Brundusium.  The  temple  of  Neptune  on  the  reverse  of  the  aureus  is 
probably  that  which  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.,  xxxvi.  26)  relates  was  built  in  the  circus  of  Flaminius 
by  a  certain  Cn.  Domitius,  and  in  which  was  preserved  »  group  of  statues  representing 
Neptune,  Thetis,  Achilles  and  others,  a  much  esteemed  work  of  Scopas — in  maxima  digna- 
tione  deluhro  On.  Domitii  in  circo  Flaminio  Neptunus  ipse  et  Thetis  atque  Achilles,  Nereides 
supra  delphinos  et  eete  aut  hippocampos  sedentes.  A  reference  to  this  temple  also  occurs  in  a 
later  inscription  of  the  Empire,  Aedis  Neptuni  quae  est  in  circo  Flaminio  (C.I.L.,  vol.  vi.  8423). 
It  is  not  certain  by  whom  this  temple  was  erected,  but  it  may  have  been  by  Cn.  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus,  who  was  consul  B.C.  192,  and  who  two  years  later  was  legate  to  the  consul 
L.  Scipio  in  the  war  against  Antiochus  the  Great.  This  Ahenobarbus  had  already  founded  a 
temple  to  Paunus  in  the  island  of  the  Tiber,  which  he  dedicated  during  his  praetorship  in 
B.C.  194  (Livy,  xxxiii.  42 ;  xxxiv.  42, 43,  53).  It  is  not  impossible  that  this  act  of  devotion  to  the 
gods  by  erecting  a  temple  to  Neptune  was  performed  by  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  after  the 
war  with  Antiochus,  when  he  may  have  brought  back  with  him  to  Rome  the  group  of  figures 
by  Scopas  to  which  Pliny  refers.  The  head  on  the  obverse  is  therefore  probably  that  of  the 
founder  of  the  temple,  and  not  of  the  praefectus  classis  of  Brutus  as  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  466) 
and  von  Sallet  (Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1891,  p.  203)  suggest.  Judging  from  the  analogy  of  the  silver 
coins  the  name  on  the  obverse  is  also  not  that  of  the  moneyer,  but  was  intended  to  be  applied 
to  the  portrait. 

'  The  bearded  head  on  the  obverse  of  these  denarii  is  of  Lucius  Domitius,  to  whom  the 
Dioscuri  announced  the  victory  of  the  Romans  over  the  Latins  at  Lake  Regillus.  To  confirm 
the  truth  of  what  they  said  they  stroked  his  black  hair  and  beard,  which  immediately  became 
the  colour  of  brass  (Suetonius,  Nero,  1).  From  this  circumstance  the  Domitia  gens  assumed 
the  cognomen  Ahenobarbus.  The  reverse  type,  like  that  of  the  aureus,  relates  to  the  victory 
over  Cn.  Domitius  Calvinus  at  Brundusium,  the  trophy  no  doubt  specially  referring  to  the 
troops  which  were  being  conducted  to  Greece  for  the  struggle  against  Brutus  and  Cassius. 


CIRC.  B.C.    41;    A.U.C.  713 


489 


No.     Weighl 


Metal 
and  Size 


98 


99 


124-0 


123-4 


^    -8 


^     -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Girc.  B.C.  41 ;    a.u.c.  713  i 

M   ANT:   M.BARBAT:  CAESAR 

(MARCUS  ANTONIUS;   MARCUS  BARBATIUS 
[PHILIPPUS];    [CAIUS]  CAESAR) 


Aureus 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
around,  M  ■  ANT  •  \N^  ■ 
A/C  III  .  VIR.  .  R.P-C. 
M  ■  BAKBAT  -an 

[Marcus  Antonius,  inipera- 
tor,  augur,  triumvir  rei- 
imhlicaa  constiUoendae ; 
Marcus  Barbaiius,  quaes- 
tor Qjro]  praetore). 

Similar. 


Head  of  Ootavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  around, 
CAESAR.  IMP  ■  roNT. 
III.VIR..R.. p. C. (Caesar, 

imperator,  pontifex,  tri- 
umvir rcipublicaa  consti- 
tuendae). 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.   16.] 


'  There  are  three  issues  which  m-ay  be  classed  to  this  year.  These  are  of  Marcus  Barbatius 
Philippus,  Marcus  Cocceius  Nerva,  and  Lucius  Gellius  Publicola,  who  held  the  offices  of  'pro- 
quoestnr  or  quaestor  pro  praetore  under  Mark  Antony.  The  date  of  the  issues  of  Barbatius 
and  Nerva  is  certain,  as  they  both  record  the  consulship  of  Lucius  Antonius,  the  brother  of 
Mark  Antony,  which  was  in  B.C.  41.  No  coins  of  Gellius  with  the  name  and  portrait  of  Lucius 
Antonius  are  at  present  known,  but  like  Barbatius  and  Nerva  he  issued  a  series  with  those  of 
Mark  Antony  and  Octavius.  As  all  the  coins  are  of  the  same  fabric  and  style,  and  also  similar 
in  many  other  respects,  they  must  be  classed  not  only  to  the  same  year,  but  also  to  the 
same  place  of  mintage. 

Little  is  known  of  the  personal  history  of  these  moneyers,  but  as  each  one  unites  on  his 
coinage  the  portraits  of  Mark  Antony  and  Octavius,  their  issues  must  have  happened  before 
the  autumn  of  B.C.  41,  when  the  war  of  Perusia  broke  out,  which  lasted  till  March  of  the  following 
year  (see  above,  pp.  400  f.).  This  conflict  occasioned  a  rupture  between  Antony  and  Octavius, 
which  continued  till  the  tiiumvirs  met  at  Brundusium  in  the  summer  of  B.C.  40,  when  the  third 
division  of  the  empire  was  arranged.  If  these  coins  were  struck  during  the  consulship  of 
Lucius  Antonius,  their  issue  must  have  occurred  before  the  siege  of  Perusia. 

Let  us  see  what  Antony  was  doing  during  the  interval  between  the  battles  of  Philippi  and 
the  siege  of  Perusia.  After  the  deaths  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  Antony  crossed  over  into  Asia 
to  crush  the  fragments  of  the  republican  party  still  in  arms.  Heturning  for  a  short  time  to 
Greece,  he  ingratiated  himself  with  the  people  by  his  mild  administration  and  general  com- 
placency, but  he  soon  went  back  to  Asia  and  proceeded  to  Ephesus,  where  he  gave  himself 
up  to  luxury  and  fell  into  every  kind  of  dissipation,  allowing  himself  to  be  hailed  by  the 
name  of  Bacchus.  To  pay  for  these  extravagances  he  enriched  himself  with  the  wealth  of  the 
country,  and  raised  a  contribution  of  200,000  talents  (Plutarch,  Antonius,  24;  Appiau,  Bell, 
civ.,  V.  4-6;  Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.,  24).  It  was  jjrobably  at  this  time  that  these  coins  of 
Barbatius,  Nerva,  and  Gellius  were  struck,  and  we  would  assign  their  place  of  mintage  to 
Ephesus.  This  city  in  the  later  days  of  the  Republic  and  in  the  early  Empire  was  the  capital 
of  the  Province  of  Asia,  and  it  was  used  by  Antony  as  his  head-quarters.  It  was  there 
that,  circ.  B.C.  41,  Antony  would  appear  to  have  established  a  mint,  which  from  the  similarity  of 
style  and  fabric  of  later  issues,  and  also  on  account  of  the  portrait  of  Antony,  was  in  con- 
stant operation  at  least  till  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Actium.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  176)  and 
Pr.  Lenormant  {ha  Won.  dans  I'Ant.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  345;  were  of  opinion  that  these  three  moneyers 
were  quaestors  or  prnquaestors  of  the  army  of  Lucius  Antonius,  and  that  their  coins  were 
struck  after  the  capitulation  of  Perusia,  when  a  reconciliation  was  effected  between  Mark 
Antony  and  Octavius.  This  date,  however,  would  not  correspond  with  i;he  consulship  of 
Lucius  Antonius,  and  moreover,  as  already  mentioned,  the  reconciliation  of  the  triumvirs  did 
not  come  about  till  they  met  at  Brundusium  later  in  the  summer  of  B.C.  40.  Subsequently 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  pp.  256,  537)  attributed  the  coins  of  Barbatius  and  Gellius  to  the  East, 
assigning  them  to   B.C.  41.     lie  has  also  interpreted  the  legends  Q  .  P  .  and  PROQ  .  P  .  as 

VOL.    II.  3   E 


490 


COINAGE    OP   THE    EAST 


Xo.       Weight 


Metal 


Oi  verge 


Reverae 


100 

60-3 

101 

58-0 

102 

53-6 

103 

58-4 

104 

58-7 

105 

55'5 

JR    -8 


M    -75 


M    -85 


M    -8 


M    -75 


M    -7 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar;    head    of    Antony 
smaller. 


Similar. 


Similar;  no  stops  between 
words  of  legend  except 
M-ANT 


Similar;  usual  stops  between 
words  of  legend,  but  read- 
ing BAKR.AT  for  BAR. 
BAT 

Similar ;  rude  head  ;  legend 
blundered,  A^\  M  ANT 
\N?  NQ  III  VIR.  K  P  CM 
BAPkAlOA 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.  17.] 

(Gracherode  GoU.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxii.   18.] 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar ;    head   of  Octavius 
without  beard. 

[PI.  cxii.  19.] 
(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 

Similar ;    head   of   Octavius 
with  beard. 

[PL  cxii.  20.] 


Similar  ;  rude  head  without 
beard ;  legend  blundered, 
DAEBAKIMIPrOMTIII 
AIIR.KT3 

[PI.  cxiii.  1.] 


quaestor  provindalis  or  proquaestor  provincialis,  but  no  Buch  title  appears  ever  to  have  been 
held  by  the  quaestors  under  the  Republic  or  the  Empire  (Pauly-Wissowa,  vol.  iii.,  p.  2).  In 
an  inscription  lately  found  at  Karbous  (Tunis)  the  name  of  D.  Laelius  occurs  wilh  the  title 
of  Q  .  PRO  .  PR  .i.e.,  quaestor  pro  praetore  [Comptes  rendus,  Acad,  des  Inscr.  et  Belles-Lettres, 
1908,  pp.  120-125). 

Marcus  Barbatius  Philippus  was  a  friend  of  Julius  Caesar.  In  B.C.  41,  during  the  consul- 
ship of  Lucius  Antonius,  he  was  quaestor  pro  praetore  to  Mark  Antony  in  the  East.  He  appears 
to  have  had  some  dispute  with  his  chief,  for  on  returning  to  Italy  he  misrepresented  the  views 
of  Antony  with  regard  to  Octavius,  and  so  drew  off  many  of  those  who  were  assisting  Lucius 
Antonius  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  31).  Ulpian  (Digest,  i.,  14,  3)  states  that  Barbatius  was  a 
runaway  slave  who  ingratiated  himself  with  Antony,  and  through  him  obtained  the  praetorship 
— Barharius  (sic)  Philippus,  cum  servus  fiirjitivus  esset,  Bomae  praeturam  petiit  et  praetor 
designatus  est.  These  particulars  of  Barbatius  confirm  the  attribution  of  his  coins  to  a  period 
before  the  siege  of  Perusia  and  not  after.  They  are  of  gold  and  silver,  and  of  two  issues; 
one  with  the  heads  of  Mark  Antony  and  Octavius,  the  other  with  those  of  Mark  Antony  and 
his  brother  Lucius,  as  consul. 

The  portrait  of  Antony  is  characteristic  of  his  Eastern  coinage  (see  above,  p.  451).  It 
shows  very  little  variation  throughout  the  series.  It  is  large  and  nearly  fills  the  field 
of  the  coin,  and  in  this  respect  is  very  different  from  that  found  on  the  money  which  he 
struck  during  the  two  previous  years  in  Gaul.  It  is  by  means  of  this  portrait  that  many 
of  the  Eastern  issues  can  be  separated  from  those  struck  in  Gaul.  The  head  of  Octavius 
is  also  very  unlike  that  met  with  on  his  own  Gaulish  pieces.  It  is  less  true  to  life  and  not 
so  carefully  modelled. 

A  specimen  of  the  aureus  formerly  in  the  Montagu  collection  (Sale  Cataloiivp,  no.  61,  pi.  ii.) 
reads  on  the  obverse,  M  .  ANT  .  lA/V  .  A/G  .  Ill  .  VI  R  .  R  .  P  .  C.  M  .  R  .  AR'R  .  AT  .  Q  .  P. 
The  coin  is  above  suspicion  as  to  its  antiquity,  and  may  therefore  be  classed  with  the  denarius 
(no.  105),  which  is  also  of  barbarous  work.  These  barbarous  pieces  may  not  have  been  struck 
officially. 


CIEC.  B.C.  41  ;    A.U.C.  713 


491 


No.        Weiyht 


Metal 
and  tiize 


63-8 


43-3 


M.    -8 


M    -75 


Ohverf^e 


Reverse 


M.ANT:  M.BARBAT:   L.ANTONIVS 

(MAEOUS  ANTONIUS;   MAEOUS  BAEBATIUS 
[PHILIPPDSJ  ;   LUCIUS  ANTONIUS  i) 

Denarius 


Head  of  Mark  Antony  r., 
bare;  around,  M  •  ANT  ■ 
IWT.  A/G.  IIIVIR..R.r. 
CM-BAKBAT-Q.  P 

(see  no.  98). 


Head  of  Lucius  Antonius  r., 
bare;  around,  L  •  AN  TO 
NIVS  COS  {Consul). 


[Of.  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  175,  no.  49.] 

M.ANT:  M.KERVA:  CAESAR 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;    MAECUS  [COCCEIUS] 
NEEVA2;    [CAIUS]  GAESAE) 

Denarius 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
around,  M-ANT[IA/r. 
A/G  .  Ill  .VI]K-I?..P.C. 

M  .jNERVA  .  ri?.oa  r 

{Marms  Antonius,  imi^e- 
rator,  aicgur,  triumvir  rei- 
puhlicae  constittiendaa ; 
Marcus  Nerva,proquaestor 
{_pro2  p7-aetore). 


Head  of  Ootavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard ;  behind, 
lituus;  around,  CAESAR.  ■ 
IMP  :  PONT  .  Ill  .  VIR. 
[R.  P  •  C]  (similar  to  no. 
98). 


[Biv.  Ital,  1889,  p.  156,  pi.  iii.,  no.  l.J 


'  Lucius  Antonius,  of  whom  coins  have  already  been  described  (see  above,  pp.  4')0  f.),  was 
the  youngest  brother  of  Mark  Antony  the  triumvir.  He  was  quaestor  in  Asia  B.C.  50 — 49  and 
tribune  B.C.  44,  when  after  the  death  of  Caesar  he  introduced  an  agrarian  law  with  the  view 
to  conciliate  the  people  and  Caesar's  veteran  troops.  He  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Mutiua 
and  accompanied  his  brother  to  Gaul.  He  obtained  the  consulship  in  B.C.  41,  and  his  quarrel 
with  Octavius  brought  about  the  war  of  Perusia.  After  the  surrender  of  Perusia  his  life  was 
spared  by  Octavius,  who  appointed  him  to  the  command  of  Iberia,  from  which  time  we  hear 
no  more  of  him.  The  above  denarius  was  struck  during  his  consulship  and  before  the  invest- 
ment of  Perusia. 

Ricoio  (OataloQo,  pi.  i.,  no.  8)  figures  an  aureus  of  this  type.  It  was  not  described  in  the 
Sale  Catalogue  of  his  collection  (Paris,  1868).  It  is,  however,  quite  possible  that  as  Marcus 
Cocceius  Nerva  struck  aarei  with  portraits  of  Mark  Antony  and  his  brother  Lucius,  Barbatius 
did  so  also,  but  no  specimen  is  at  present  known. 

^  Marcus  Cocceius  Xurva  was  consul  B.C.  36  with  L.  Gellius  Publicola  (see  below,  p.  493). 


492 


No.     Weiaht         "  ,  „ 

^  and  Stze 


106 


107 


108 


124-1 


62-8 


58-5 


^    -8 


M    -75 


JR    -8 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 

Ohverse 


Reverse 


M.ANT:  M.NERVA:  L.ANTONIVS 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;   MAECUS  [COGCEIUS] 
NEEVA;   LUCIUS  ANTONIUS) 

Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Mark  Antony  r., 
bare  ;  around,  M  •  ANT  • 
IW  A'GIIIVIR.R.-PCM 
NER.VA  mOa  •  r  (see 
p.  491). 


Head  of  Lucius  Antonius  ^  r., 
bare;  around,  L-ANTO 
NIVS  COS  (see  p.  491). 
[PI.  cxiii.  2  ] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Denarius^ 


Similar. 


Similar;  behind  head  of 
Antony,  one-handled  jug 
[capis);  legend,  M  ■  ANT- 
IAA' •  A/G  ■  III  •  VIR..K.  P  • 

c.MisER.vA.rR.o.a.r 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxiii.  3.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxiii.  4.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


All  we  know  of  his  previous  history  is  that  he  was  a  proquaestor  pro  praetore  under  Mark 
Antony  in  the  East,  when  he  struck  the  coins  bearing  his  name.  At  the  Saccular  games 
held  in  B.C.  17  he  was  a  XVrir  sacris  faciundis  {C.I.L.,  vi.  32323,  151,  Acta  lud.  saec),  and  he 
was  the  father  of  M.  Cocceius  M.  f.  Nerva,  who  was  consul  suffectus  before  a.d.  24  with 
C,  Vibius  Eufinus  (Klebs,  Prosopogr.,  i.  428,  no.  972).  Like  Barbatius,  Nerva  struck  two 
series  of  coins,  one  with  the  heads  of  Mark  Antony  and  Octavius,  the  other  with  those  of  Mark 
Antony  and  his  brother  Lucius.  Babelon  (toI.  i.,  p.  366)  says  that  the  first  series  was  strnck 
during  the  siege  of  Perusia,  the  second  on  the  reconciliation  of  Antony  and  OctaTius,  but  it 
has  been  shown  that  if  these  coins  are  to  be  given  to  the  Bast  their  issue  must  have  occurred 
before  the  siege  of  Perusia  (see  above,  p.  489).  The  lituus  behind  the  head  of  Octavius 
relates  to  bis  membership  of  the  college  of  Augurs.  The  illustration  is  from  the  specimen  in 
the  possession  of  Comm.  Pr.  Gnecchi. 

Bahrfeldt  (Nnm.  Zeit.,  1900,  p.  15,  pi.  i.,  no.  13)  mentions  and  figures  a  plated  denarius 
of  this  type  in  the  Capitoline  Museum  without  the  lituus  behind  the  head  of  Octavius.  It 
came  from  the  Borghesi  and  Bignami  collections. 

'  There  is  an  example  of  this  aureus  in  the  Naples  collection  (Piorelli,  Oat.  Mus.  Naz.  di 
Nop.,  vol.  ii.,  Mon.  ram.,  p.  56,  no.  3167).  It  weighs  113-4  grs.  This  and  the  Museum 
specimen  appear  to  be  the  only  examples  known. 

2  The  portrait  of  Lucius  Antonius  differs  considerably  from  that  of  his  brother.  The  head 
is  small  and  narrow,  the  hair  not  so  thick  with  signs  of  baldness,  and  the  nose  more  aquiline. 

'  A  variety  of  this  denarius  in  the  Capitoline  Museum  from  the  Bignami  collection  reads 
A/C  ,  VI  R  .  for  A/C  .  1 1 1  .  VI  R  .  (Bahrfeldt,  Wum.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  33). 


CIEO,  B.C.  41;    A.U.C.  713 


493 


No.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


109 


110 


124-5 


55-7 


55- 


M 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M.ANT:  L.GELL:  CAESAR. 

(MAEGUS  ANTONIUS;    LUCIUS  GELLIUS 
[PUBLICOLA  1]  ;    [CAIUS]  CABSAE) 


Aureus 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
behind,  one-handled  jug 
(capis);  around,  M-ANT- 
l/vr.A^G.|||.VIR..K.P. 

C.L.GELL.a.r-(lfar- 

cus  Antonius,  imperator, 
augur,  triumvir  rei]]ub- 
licae  constituendae;  Lu- 
cius Gellius,  quaestor  \_'pro'\ 
praetor  e). 


Head  of  Ootavius  r.,  bare, 
without  beard ;  behind, 
lituus  ;  around,  CAESAR.  • 
IMP  ■  rONT  •  lll-VIK. 
B.  ■  r  •  C  (see  p.  491). 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  177,  no.  53.] 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar ;    head    of    Antony 
larger. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxiii.  5.] 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


Similar;   head   of   Ootavius 
larger. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


1  Lucius  Gellius  Publicola  was  the  son  of  the  consul  of  the  same  name  in  B.C.  12.  He 
was  accused  of  incest  with  his  step-mother  and  of  conspiracy  against  his  father's  life.  After 
the  death  of  Caesar,  Gellius  espoused  the  cause  of  the  republican  party  and  went  with  Brutus 
to  Asia.  He  conspired  against  the  lives  of  both  Brutus  and  Cassius,  and  being  pardoned 
through  the  intercession  of  his  mother,  PoUa,  showed  so  little  gratitude  for  that  act  of 
clemency  that  he  deserted  to  Antony  and  Octavius,  and  was  appointed  by  the  former  a  quaestor 
pro  praetore.  He  was  further  rewarded  by  Antony  with  the  consulship  in  B.C.  36,  having  as 
his  colleague  M.  Ooooeius  Nerva,  who  was  acting  in  B.C.  41  as  proquaestor  pro  praetore 
(see  above).  He  commanded  the  right  wing  of  Antony's  fleet  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  as 
no  further  mention  is  made  of  him  after  that  date  he  was  probably  killed  in  the  action  (Dion 
Cassius,  xlvii.  24,  xlix.  24;  Plutarch,  Antonius,  65,  66;  Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  85). 

His  coins  in  gold  and  silver  are  so  precisely  similar  in  type  and  fabric  to  those  of  M. 


494 


No.       Weight        ^ff 

^  and  bize 


111 


124-6 


N    -8 


COINAGE    OP   THE    EAST 

Oiverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  40;   A.u.c.  7141 

ANT:  CN.DOMIT.AHENOBARBVS 

([MAECUS]  ANTONIUS;    CNAEUS  DOMITIUS 
AHEN0BAEBUS3) 


Aureus 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
behind,  lituus ;  around, 
ANT  •  IMP.  ill  .  VIR  • 
R.  •  P  ■  C  •  [Antonms,  im- 
pcrator,  triumvir  reipuhli- 
ccw  constiiucndae). 


Prow  r.  ;  above,  star  of  six- 
teen rays;  around,  CN  ■ 
DOMIT  .  AHENOBAR. 
BVS  IMP-  (Imperator). 

[PI.  cxiii.  6.] 
(Dupr6  and  Wigan  Coll.) 


Barbatius  and  M.  Nerva,  that  they  mnst  have  been  struck  at  the  same  mint  and  nuder  the 
same  circnmstances.  Of  Gellius,  however,  no  coins  are  known  with  the  portrait  of  Lucius 
Antonius,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  these  also  were  struck  by  him. 

*  There  are  three  series  of  coins  which  may  be  attributed  to  this  rear.  That  which  was 
issued  by  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  relating  to  his  reconciliation  with  Mark  Antony,  that  of 
Antony  himself  recording  his  victories  in  the  Bast  and  the  consequent  re.«itoration  of  commerce 
with  the  West,  and  that  of  L.  Munatius  Plancus  commemorating  his  appointment  as  proconsul 
of  Asia. 

^  TTe  have  already  described  the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Ahenobarbus  commemorating 
his  signal  victory  over  the  fleet  of  Octavius  at  Brnndnsium,  B.C.  42  (see  above,  pp.  487-8).  Those 
which  are  now  described  relate  to  his  reconciliation  with  Antony,  B.C.  40.  Though  we  have 
already  given  some  account  of  the  history  of  Ahenobarbus,  a  few  details  of  the  remarkable 
circumstances  which  led  up  to  the  issue  of  these  coins  may  be  added.  There  appears  to  be 
no  record  of  the  life  of  Ahenobarbus  during  the  year  which  followed  his  return  to  the  Ionian 
sea,  but  in  B.C.  40  an  amicable  understanding  having  first  been  arranged  with  Asinius  PoJIio, 
a  reconciliation  was  brought  about  with  Antony,  the  fleets  of  the  two  commanders  meeting  in 
the  Adriatic.  This  meeting  is  somewhat  dramatically  described  by  Appian  (BeZl.  civ.,  v.  55,56). 
When  Antony  saw  the  fleet  of  Ahenobarbus  approaching  he  advanced  with  five  of  his 
largest  ships  to  meet  him,  at  the  same  time  ordering  the  rest  of  his  fleet  to  follow  at  a  certain 
distance.  His  general,  L.  Munatius  Plaaous,  fearing  treachery  on  the  part  of  Ahenobarbus, 
tried  to  dissuade  Antony,  but  he  replied  that  *'  he  would  rather  die  by  a  breach  of  the  treaty 
than  be  saved  by  an  appearance  of  cowardice."  When  the  ships  of  the  chiefs  were  alongside 
of  each  other  the  army  of  Aienobarbus  saluted  Antony  as  imperator,  and  the  two  commanders 
exchanged  greetings.  Antony  received  Ahenobarbus  on  his  own  ship  and  sailed  to  Paloeis, 
where  Ahenobarbas  had  his  infantry,  and  there  he  yielded  his  tent  to  Antony.  Shortly  after- 
wards the  two  fleets  proceeded  to  Brundusium,  but  the  citizens,  who  had  not  forgotten  that 
Ahenobarbus  had  on  a  previous  occasion  attacked  their  city,  closed  their  gates  against  him,  and 
Octavius  declining  to  accept  his  friendship,  Antony,  in  order  that  nothing  should  interfere 
with  the  impending  reconciliation  with  Octavius,  thereupon  appointed  Ahenobarbus  governor 
of  Bithynia,  to  which  province  he  at  once  departed  (Appian,  op.  cit.,  v.  61,  63). 

These  gold  and  silver  coins  which  bear  the  name  and  portrait  of  Antony  were  struck 
immediately  after  the  reconciliation  between  him  and  Ahenobarbus,  and  when  the  latter  was 
still  in  command  of  his  own  fleet.  A  few  weeks  elapsed  before  the  departure  of  the  fleets  to 
Italy,  and  it  was  during  this  short  interval  that  the  coins  were  issued.  As  they  are  pre- 
cisely similar  in  fabric  and  style  and  in  the  portrait  of  Antony  to  coins  assigned  to  the 
previous  year,  it  may  be  suggested  that  their  place  of  mintage  was  also  Ephesus.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  Ahenobarbus  returned  to  Ionia  for  a  short  time  to  take  in  provisions  before  his 
departure  for  the  West,  and  that  the  coins  were  struck  on  that  occasion.  Babelon  (vol.  i., 
p.  ITS)  has  suggested  that  Ahenobarbus  issued  these  coins  after  his  arrival  in  Bithynia,  but 
that  would  not  quite  account  for  the  reverse  type  of  a  prow,  unless  it  was  only  commemora- 
tive.    Yaillant  (2{um.  iynp.  praestaiit.,  p.  11)  thought  that  the  star  above  the  prow  denoted  the 


CIEC.  B.C.  40;    A.U.C.  714 


495 


No.       II  eight  ,  „ . 

•"  and  hize 


Obverse 


Reverse 


112 


113 


114 


115 


60-0 


56-4 


58-0 


60-3 


Denarius 


A\    -8 


M    -8 


M    -75 


M    -75 


Similar ;  counfcermarked  on 
neck  of  Antony  with 
circle. 


Similar ;  no  countermark. 


Similar ;    star    of    fourteen 


rays. 


[PI.  cxiii.  7.] 

(Nott) 


Similar  ;  star  of  seven  rays. 
[PI.  cxiii.  8.] 


M.ANT 


(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 


Denarius '^ 


Head   of   Antony   r.,  bare ; 
behind,  lituus. 


Similar;  countermarked  on 
face  with  crescent. 


A  winged  caduceus  between 
two  cornucopiae  bound 
with  fillets,  all  supported 
on  a  globe;  above,  M  • 
ANT  •  liW  •  {Imperator) ; 
below.  III  .  VIR.  •  R.  •  p. 
C  •  [Triumvir  raipuhlicae 
constitucndac). 

[PL  cxiii.  9.] 
(Bank  of  Engknd  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  legend  reading  M  • 
AN",  for  M- ANT- 
[PI.  cxiii.  10.] 

(Nott) 


name  of  the  admiral's  ship  in  the  fleet  of  Ahenobarbns,  and  Havercamp  that  it  signified  that 
these  coins  were  struck  at  Rhodes,  where  a  special  calt  of  the  sun-god  was  practised.  Borghesi 
((Envies  compl.,  t.  ii.,  pp.  50-54)  has  offered  a  third  sugt2;estion,  seeing  in  the  star  the  8idus 
JuUum,  which  was  placed  above  the  prow  of  the  ship  of  Ahenobarbus  to  show  that  he  had 
abandoned  the  cause  of  the  Pompeians  for  that  of  the  triumvirs.  None  of  these  suggestions 
is  quite  satisfactory. 

'  We  have  no  direct  evidence  for  fixing  the  date  of  these  denarii,  except  the  general 
interpretation  of  the  reverse  type  and  the  style  and  portrait  of  Antony  on  the  obverse, 
which  in  treatment  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the  coins  of  Ahenobarbus  and  of  the  preceding 
year. 

The  reverse  type  is  emblematic  of  the  state  of  the  Eoman  world  early  in  B.C.  40.  The 
globe  denotes  the  wide  extent  of  the  domination  of  Rome,  and  the  cornucopiae  and  caduceus 
the  restoration  of  commerce  and  plenty  between  the  Bast  and  the  West,  which  wag  effected 
by  the  victories  of  Antony  and  by  his  recent  reconciliation  with  Ahenobarbus  and  Sextua 
Pompey.  It  was  also  in  B.C.  40  that  Antony  and  Octa,vius  made  up  their  differences,  but  as 
no  mention  is  made  of  the  latter  on  the  coins  they  could  not  well  relate  to  that  circumstance. 
They  must  therefore  have  beeu  struck  previously. 


496 


A'-,  irr   ■   1  J  Metal 

iSo.       Weight  ,  ,. 

•'         and  ii;e 


116      61-0 


A   -75 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse 


Rcvd-se 


M.ANTON:   L.PLANCVS 

(MARCUS  ANTONIUS;  LUCIUS  [MUNATIUS] 
PLANCUS 1) 

Denarius 


Lituus  and  one-handled  jug 
{cains);  around,  M  •  AN 
TON  .  IMP     AVG-  III  . 

VIK-K.P-C.(Iw^jerato-, 
augur,  triumvir  reipubli- 
cae  constituendac). 


One-handled  jug  (capis)  be- 
t^Yeen  \yinged  thunder- 
bolt on  1.  and  winged 
caduceus  on  r. ;  around, 
L  •  PLANCVS  •  rR.0  • 
COS  {Proconsul). 
[PI.  cxiii.  11.] 
(Nott) 


'  Some  particulars  of  the  history  of  Lucius  Munatius  L.  f.  L.  u.  Plancus  have  already- 
been  given  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  537).  He  was  a  praefectus  Urbi  at  Rome  in  B.C.  45  under  Julius 
Caesar,  and  in  that  capacity  issued  gold  and  bronze  coins.  The  actual  date  of  the  coins  here 
described  is  somewhat  uncertain,  and  their  absence  from  the  Arbanats,  Carbonara  I., 
Chantenay  and  Beauvoisin  hoards  deprives  us  of  any  evidence  from  those  sources.  They  were 
struck  either  during  Plancus's  proconsulship  in  Asia,  B.C.  40,  or  during  his  governorship  of 
Syria,  B.C.  35.  The  difficulty  in  selecting  from  these  two  dates  is  due  to  the  circumstance  that 
it  is  not  recorded  when  Plancus  was  sainted  Imperator  iterum.  Borghesi  ((Eiivres  compl., 
t.  ii.,  pp.  83  f.)  was  disposed  to  accept  the  later  date,  and  mentions  the  circumstance  that  the 
thunderbolt  is  the  usual  reverse  type  of  the  coins  of  Seleucia  in  Syria.  He  was  also  of  opinion 
that  Plancus  did  not  receive  his  second  impGratorship  till  B.C.  34,  when  he  may  have  taken 
part  with  Antony  in  the  triumph  at  Alexandria  after  the  campaign  against  the  Armenians. 
These  conclusions,  however,  do  not  appear  to  be  substantiated  by  the  coins  themselves. 
Eckhel  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  43)  selected  the  earlier  date,  and  following  Vaillant  (Num. 
favi.  rom.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  155)  supposed  that  Plancus  received  his  second  imperatorship  at  the  time 
of  the  siege  of  Perusia,  B.C.  41,  when  he  achieved  the  greatest  success  of  all  the  partisans  of 
Mark  Antony  by  annihilating  a  whole  legion  of  the  army  of  Octavius,  which  was  on  its  march 
to  Eome  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  33).  The  following  reasons  may  be  adduced  in  favour  of  the 
earlier  date: — i.  that  the  name  of  Antony,  M  .  ANTON,  is  given  as  on  other  coins  assigned 
to  B.C.  40 — 39;  ii.  that  he  is  styled  IMP  ouly  and  not  IMP  .  Ill  or  TER  .  as  on  coins  of 
B.C.  38  and  later  (see  below,  pp.  506  f.) ;  iii.  that  the  reverse  type,  the  thunderbolt  and  caduceus, 
may  refer  to  the  restoration  of  commerce,  as  the  globe,  cornucopiae  and  caduceus  on  the 
coins  of  Antony  just  described  ;  iv.  that  the  types  of  the  gold  and  silver  pieces  are  the 
same  as  of  other  issues  of  this  period  (see  below) ;  v.  that  there  is  greater  similarity  of  fabric 
to  the  earlier  contemporary  pieces  of  Antony  than  to  those  of  the  later  date ;  and  vi.  that  the 
coins  with  PRO  .  COS  and  those  with  IMP  .  ITER  are  of  precisely  the  same  fabric  and  must 
all  have  been  issued  at  the  same  time, 

Vaillant  (loc.  eit.)  has  explained  the  type  of  the  thunderbolt  and  caduceus  as  relating  to 
the  power  of  the  triumvirs  and  the  haraiony  which  existed  between  them.  These  symbols 
have  probably  a  much  more  general  and  wider  significance,  as  in  the  case  oF  the  coins  of 
Antony  given  to  the  same  year,  and  they  may  refer  generally  to  the  extended  domination  of 
Home  and  to  the  revival  of  commerce.  The  one-handled  jug  is  similar  to  that  iigured  on  coins 
of  L.  Plancus  struck  at  Rome  in  B.C.  45,  and  is  a  record  of  his  membership  of  the  college  of 
Epulones  (G.I.L.,  x.  6087).  The  obverse  type  is  adapted  from  earlier  coins  of  Antony  issued 
in  Gaul  (see  above,  pp.  392  f.),  and  refers  to  his  offices  of  augur  and  pontifex. 

Before  the  theft  of  1831  there  wei-e  in  the  Paris  cabinet  two  aurei  of  Plancus  of  precisely 
the  same  types  as  these  denarii,  weighing  respectively  12.j-8  grs.  and  1230  grs. ;  and  also  a 
specimen  with  the  legend  IMP  .  ITER  .  (see  no.  118),  weighing  125 '5  grs.  (De  la  Nauze, 
Hem.  de  I'Acad.  my.  des  Inner.,  j'c,  vol.  xxx.,  1764,  Le  Folds  de  Vane.  Livre  romaine,  p.  382). 
Mionnet  (de  la  Rarete  et  du  f'rix  des  Med.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  92)  also  mentions  these  aurei  and 
values  them  at  40  francs  each.  No  other  examples  appear  to  be  recorded.  Cohen  (Mon.  rep. 
ruin.,  p.  222,  note  1)  doubted  their  existence,  as  Jlionnet  had  priced  them  so  low.  He  does 
not  appear  to  have  known  of  De  la  Xau/.c's  article. 


CIEC.  B.C.  40—39;    A.U.C.  714—715 


497 


No.     Weight 

57-0 


117 

118 


119 


120 


56-6 


54-5 


116-8 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -8 
M    -9 


Obvers 


M    -75 


N    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  legend,  L-PLAN 
CVS  •  IMP  •  ITER  {Im- 
perator  iteruni). 

[PI.  cxiii.  12.] 

(Blaoas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Circ.  B.C.  40—39;   a.u.c.  714—7151 
M  .  ANTON  :  C  .  CAESAR  ' 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;   CAIUS  CAESAE) 
Aureus 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare; 
around,  M  •  ANTON  • 
IMP  .  IIIVIR.  .  R.  .  P  .  C 

(^Impcrator,  triumvir  rei- 
pioblicae  constituendae). 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  slight  beard;  around, 
CAESAR- IMP -III -VIR- 
R  •  P  •  C  •  {hnpcrator,  tri- 
umvir reipublicae  consti- 
tuendae). 

[PI.  cxiii.   13.] 
(Devonshire  Coll.) 


'  The  coins  "which  are  ^iven  to  these  years  are  of  three  series;  the  first  records  the 
reconciliation  of  Antony  and  Octavius  ;  the  second  the  marriage  of  Antony  and  Octavia;  and 
the  third  the  snccesses  of  Quintns  Labienus,  who  commanded  the  Parthians  against  the  Komans. 

^  After  the  surrender  of  Perusia  (see  above,  p.  401)  Octavius  went  to  Gaul,  but  soon  after 
his  arrival  there  he  heard  that  Antony  was  on  his  way  to  Italy.  Fearing  lest  Antony  should 
unite  himself  with  Sextus  Porapey,  who  had  already  made  overtures  through  Fulvia,  Antony's 
wife,  Octavius  hurried  south,  and  the  two  triumvirs  met  at  Brundusium  where  a  conference  was 
held,  at  which  Asinius  Pollio  represented  Antony,  Maecenas  acted  for  Octavius,  while  L.  Oocceius 
Nerva  attended  as  a  friend  of  both.  A  reconciliation  was  effected  which  was  confirmed  by  the 
betrothal  of  Antony  (Fulvia  having  just  died  at  Sicyou)  to  the  high-minded  Octavia,  the  sister 
of  Octavius  and  widow  of  C.  Claudius  Marcellus.  This  reconciliation  was  followed  by  a  new 
division  of  the  Empire,  under  which  an  imaginary  line  was  to  be  drawn  through  Scodra 
(Scutari)  on  the  Illyrian  coast.  All  west  of  this  line  up  to  the  Ocean  was  to  be  under  the 
care  of  Octavius,  all  east  of  it  up  to  the  Euphrates  was  to  go  to  Antony.  An  exception  was 
made  in  the  case  of  Af^ca,  which  had  already  been  allotted  to  Lepidus.  Italy  was  to  remain 
neutral  ground  as  before.  This  was  practically  a  confirmation  of  the  agreement  entered  into 
between  Antony  and  Octavius  in  B.C.  42,  after  Philippi.  Antony  then  went  to  Rome  to 
celebrate  his  marriage  with  Octavia,  and  also  a  triumph  which  he  shared  with  Octavius. 
He  remained  in  Italy  till  the  following  year,  but  before  his  departure  for  Athens  with  Octavia 
the  triumvirs  came  to  terms  with  Sextus  Pompey,  who  undertook  to  cease  his  piratical  descents 
on  Italy  and  to  put  an  end  to  the  destruction  of  the  Roman  grain-ships,  in  consideration  of 
his  receiving  the  consulate  and  the  islands  of  Sicily,  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  together  with  the 
province  of  Achaia  (Pauly-Wissowa,  vol.  i.,  p.  2606). 

It  was  probably  to  cotamemorate  the  reconciliation  between  the  triumvira  that  the  above 
coins  were  struck  by  order  of  Antony.  As  some  of  them  may  have  been  issued  before  his 
return  to  Greece  in  the  summer  of  B.C.  39,  they  are  assigned  to  B.C.  40 — 3;i.  The  portrait  of 
Antony  confirms  this  attribution,  as  it  is  very  similar  to  that  on  coins  of  the  preceding  year, 
especially  as  seen  on  those  of  Ahenobarbus.  These  denarii,  like  those  of  M.  Barbatius  (see 
above,  p.  490),  are  often  of  somewhat  coarse  fabric.  The  star  below  the  head  of  Antony  on 
some  of  the  denarii  is  no  doubt  symbolical  of  the  East. 

VOL.    II.  3    S 


498 


No.     Weight 


121;    60-6 


Metal 
and  Size 


JR    -75 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 

Ohr.rso 


Reverse 


Denarius 


122  I    59-3  '  .R    -7 


123 


60-3  :  M    -75 


124 

125 
126 


127 


58-7  !  M  -75 

I 

58-0  j  JR.  -75 

56-7     .R  -8 


57-3 


M    -75 


128 


129 


26-7  I  .R    -55 


26-7 


130;    25-5 


JR    -55 


JR    -5 


Similar ;  below  neck,  star. 
Similar. 


Similar ;  no  star  below  neck, 
and  legend,  M- ANTON. 
IMP-  III  .VIR.-K.P-C. 

AVC  (Anqur). 


Similar. 

Similar ;  AVG  for  AVC 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxiii.  14.] 

Similar. 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 

Similar;  head  without  beard; 
legend,  CAESAR.  ■  IMP  • 
PoNT  .  (Pontifex)  ill  . 
ViR..R..P.C 

[PI.  cxiii.  15.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar ;      legend     reading 
PoN".  for  PoNT- 
[Pl.  cxiii.  16.] 

(de  Salis  CoU.) 

Similar ;  R.  -  C  for  K  ■  P  -  C 

(Nott) 


Quinarius^ 


Head  of  Concordia  r. ,  veiled 
and  diademed ;  around, 
lii  VIK  R.  P  C 


Similar. 


Two  right  hands  joined 
holding  a  caduceus ;  a- 
round,  M  ANTON  •  C 
CAESAR. 

[PI.  cxiii.  17.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


Similar;   head  smaller;   le- 1  Similar ;    legend,    M-  AN 


gend,   III  -  VIR..  R..  P-C 


TON   C  -  CAESAR. 
[PI.  cxiii.  18.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


It  was  at  this  time  that  Ootavius  struck  aurei  of  similar  types  in  Gaul  (see  above,  p.  408). 
These  coins  are  of  quite  different  fabric  and  vary  in  the  portraits  of  the  triumvirs.  They 
furnish  a  good  illustration  of  Count  de  Salis's  classification. 

'  These  quinarii  clearly  commemorate  the  reconciliation  of  Antony  and  Octavius,  and  they 
may  even  include  the  treaty  of  Misenum  with  Se.xtus  Pompey  in  the  following  year.  It  was 
hoped  that  this  double  alliance  would  bring  concord  to  the  State  and  restore  Roman  commerce. 
On  some  specimens  an  ear  of  corn  is  shown  between  the  veil  and  the  diadem.  This,  in 
Cavedoni's  opinion  (Rev.  A'«j».,  1857,  p.  191),  recalls  the  abundance  which  prevailed  at  Rome 
after  the  treaty  of  Brundusium.     Babelon  (_vol.  i.,  p.  173)  questions  this  date,  as  in  his  opinion 


CIEC.  B.C.  40—39  ;    A.U.C.  714—715 


499 


No.      jrcight 


Metal 
and  Size 


Obverse 


Rcvetse 


123-9 


N'    -9 


M  .  ANTONIVS 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 


Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Antony  v.,  bare; 
around,  M- ANTONIVS 
IMP-  IIIVIR..  K.r-  C 

(Imperator,  triumvir  rei- 
publicae  constituendae). 


Female  bust  r.,  Octavia, 
slightly  draped  ;  hair  col- 
lected into  a  kndt  behind, 
from  which  one  long  plait 
is  brought  and  arranged 
in  a  loop  along  the  top 
of  the  head. 


[Berlin  CoU.J 


the  legends  do  not  authorize  the  conjecture,  and  he  suggests  therefore  that  it  would  be  better 
to  assign  the  coins  to  B.C.  43  or  to  the  years  which  immediately  follow,  and  to  class  them 
with  the  denarii  with  the  same  inscriptions.  Count  de  Salis's  classification  of  the  previous 
denarii  of  Antony  and  Ootavius  to  the  same  date  gets  rid  of  the  objection  raised  by  Babelon. 

'  This  unique  coin,  which  is  in  the  Berlin  cabinet,  having  been  acquired  at  the  de  Quelen 
sale  in  1888  (no.  536),  was  found  with  about  twenty-five  aurei  of  Augustus  at  Castagneto,  near 
Volterra  in  Central  Italy,  in  the  spring  of  1883  (Notizie  dei  Scavi,  1883,  p.  205).  It  was  the 
earliest  gold  piece  in  the  hoard,  all  the  aurei  of  Augustus  being  of  a  date  later  than  e.c.  27, 
and  some  contemporary  with  the  Christian  era.  Considerable  diHerence  of  opinion  has  been 
expressed  respecting  the  portrait  on  the  reverse,  as  to  whether  it  is  of  Fulvia,  the  first  wife  of 
Antony,  or  of  Octavia  his  second  wife,  whom  he  married  in  B.C.  40,  the  death  of  Fulvia 
having  occurred  a  few  months  before  (see  above,  p.  497).  It  is  evident,  as  the  coin  shows 
Antony  still  in  his  first  imperatorship,  that  it  was  struck  not  later  than  B.C.  39.  This  supplies 
the  dates  B.C.  43 — 40  for  the  attribution  of  the  portrait  to  Palvia,  and  B.C.  40 — 39  for  its 
identification  with  Octavia.  Babelon  {Rev.  Num.,  1884,  pp.  407  f.)  was  in  favour  of  the  earlier 
date,  and  considered  the  portrait  to  be  of  Fulvia,  comparing  it  with  those  on  coins  struck 
at  Fulvia  (Bumenia)  in  Phrygia,  on  which  she  is  represented  in  the  character  of  Victory 
(Waddington,  Voy.  nvm.  en  Asie  Min.,  p.  149,  pi.  xi.,  no.  5),  and  in  a  similar  way  on  coins  of 
Antony  struck  at  Lugdunum  (see  above,  pp.  394-396',  of  C.  Nnmonius  Vaala,  and  of  L.  IVIussidius 
Lougus  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  570,  575).  Strongly  opposed  to  this  identification  was  von  Sallet 
(Znt.  f.  Num.,  1884,  pp.  167  f.),  who  insisted  that  the  portrait  is  of  Octavia,  comparing  it  with 
that  on  the  cistophori  struck  by  Antony  in  e.g.  39  (see  below,  p.  502).  Other  arguments  were 
adduced  on  both  sides,  which  need  not  be  given  in  detail ;  but  in  connection  with  Babelon's 
identification  there  is  a  difficulty  which  he  himself  admits;  it  is  that  all  the  portraits  cited 
by  him  of  Fulvia  represent  her  in  the  character  of  Victory  (Mon.  rep.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  170, 
no.  33,  note),  whilst  those  of  Octavia  are  treated  similarly  to  that  on  the  above  piece,  though 
in  this  instance  the  hair  is  less  elaborately  dressed  (see  below,  pp.  502  f .).  We  are  disposed  to 
accept  von  Sallet's  identification,  and  would  suggest  that  this  coin  was  struck  in  Greece  or  in 
Asia  immediately  after  the  marriage  of  Antony  and  Octavia,  or  early  in  b.ci.  39.  The  some- 
what crude  style  of  the  portrait  of  Octavia  may  have  been  due  to  the  circumstance  that  the 
die-engravers  were  supplied  with  an  inaccurate  model.  This  identification  appears  to  be  sup- 
ported by  historical  evidence  as  well  as  numismatic.  Fulvia  remained  in  Italy  till  after  the 
fall  of  Perusia,  and  did  not  join  Antony  in  Athens  till  the  summer  of  B.C.  40,  when  he  censured 
her  severely  for  having  caused  the  disturbance  between  his  brother  Lucius  and  Octavius. 
It  is  said  that  she  was  taken  ill  through  grief  at  his  unkind  treatment,  and  in  that  state 
was  left  at  Sicyon,  whore  she  soon  aftcv  died  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  59,  62).  This  does  not, 
therefore,  appear  to  have  been  a  time  when  Antony  would  strike  a  coin  with  his  own  portniit 
and  with  that  of  Fulvia. 


500 


■XT        IT'  ■  7  a       Metal 
jvo.      IT  eight  ,  „. 

"        and  Size 


COINAGE    OP   THE   EAST 

Obverse 


Reverse 


131 

122-3 

(pierced) 

132 

58-3 

N    -75 


M    -7 


a.LABIENVS 

(QUINTUS  LABIENUS  ') 
Aupeus 


Head  of  Labienus  r.,  bare, 
with  beard ;  around,  Q.  • 
LABIENVS  •  TAKTHl 
CVS  •  IMP  [Iniperator). 


A  horse  standing  r.,  with 
bridle  and  saddle,  to  which 
a  bag  (bow-case?)  is  at- 
tached. 

[PI.  cxiii.  19.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


Denarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxiii.  20.] 

(Nott) 


'  Must  moiiern  writers  say  that  Labienus  was  a  cognomen  of  the  Atia  gens,  but  there  is  no 
authority  for  this  statement  in  any  ancient  author  (Pauly-Wissowa,  s.v.  Attius,  vol.  ii.,  p.  22.54). 
Waddington  (Fosf  es  desProv.jisiat.,  p.  80)  rightly  considered  it  to  be  a  gentilicium,likeYetulenus, 
Trebellenus,  &c.  Quintus  Labienus  was  the  son  of  Titus  Labienus,  who  was  a  tribune  of  the 
plebs  B.C.  63,  commanded  for  Caesar  in  Gaul,  but  later  joining  the  Pompeian  party  was  present 
at  the  battles  of  Pharsalus,  Thapsus  and  Munda,  meeting  his  death  in  the  last.  After  the 
murder  of  Julius  Caesar  his  sod  Quintus  joined  Brutus  and  Cassius  in  Macedonia,  and  was 
sent  into  Parthia  to  seek  aid  from  Orodes,  but  before  coming  to  terms  with  the  Parthian  king 
the  news  arrived  of  the  battles  of  Philippi.  As  Labienus  had  but  little  hope  of  gaining  a 
pardon  from  Antony  he  persuaded  the  Parthians  to  attack  the  Roman  provinces  in  Asia,  and 
in  company  with  Pacorus,  the  son  of  Orodes,  he  overran  Syria,  taking  Antiooh,  and 
successively  Palestine,  Phoenicia,  Cilicia  and  Caria,  persuading  the  veterans  of  Cassius  and 
Brntus,  who  occupied  towns  in  those  districts,  to  join  his  ranks.  In  the  following  year 
Labienus  found  himself  opposed  by  P.  Ventidius,  the  legate  of  Antony  (see  above,  p.  403),  and 
failing  to  unite  his  forces  with  those  of  Pacorus,  who  had  experienced  a  repulse,  he  fled  into 
Cilicia,  where  he  remained  concealed  for  a  time,  but  was  at  length  apprehended  by  Demetrius, 
a  freedman  of  Octavius,  and  put  to  death  (Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  24-26). 

The  gold  and  silver  coins  which  bear  the  name  of  Labienus  were  probably  struck  at 
Antioch  in  Syria  after  he  had  assumed  the  titles  of  Parthicus  and  Imperator.  This 
would  be  either  at  the  end  of  B.C.  40,  or  at  the  beginning  of  B.C.  39.  They  were  no  doubt 
intended  for  the  use  of  the  Roman  legions  in  his  army,  the  remnant  of  those  who  had  fought 
for  Brutus  and  Cassias.  The  obverse  shows  the  portrait  of  Labienus  himself,  who  thus  followed 
the  example  not  only  of  the  triumvirs,  but  also  of  Brutus,  his  former  general.  In  connection 
with  his  adoption  of  the  titles  Parthicus  and  Imperator  Dion  Cassius  (xlviii.  26)  remarks  that 
Labienus  departed  from  the  custom  of  Roman  commanders,  who  took  such  titles  from 
tho  names  of  the  people  whom  they  had  conquered,  but  he  on  the  contrary  assumed  his 
from  the  victorious  nation.  It  was  in  reference  to  this  title  that  Hybreas,  the  defender  of 
Mylasa,  sent  Labienus  the  taunting  message  that  he  woald  call  himself  the  Carian'  Imperator 
(^4KeLt/ov  yap  avftirAifTos  eavrhv  UapBiKbi'  aifT0lipdT0f}a  ''  uvKouif"  €(p7j  ['YjSpeos]  ^^Kayw  \eyu  ^t^avrhv 
KaptKhv  avTuHparopa.*' — Strabo,  xiv.  2,  24).  Labienus,  however,  adopted  the  name  of  Parthicus 
to  show  that  he  was  an  ally  of  the  Parthians.     It  does  not  qualify  Imperatnr. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  horse  is  a  reference  to  the  light  cavalry  for  which  Parthia  was 
so  famous,  and  which  had  so  often  proved  disastrous  to  the  Roman  legions.  Justin  (xli.  3) 
relates  of  the  Parthians  and  their  horses — Equis  omni  tempore  vectantur;  illis  bella,  illis  con- 
i-ivia,  illis  puhlica  ac  privata  officia  obeunt ;  super  illcs  ire,  consistere,  mercari,  colloqui.  The 
figure  oF  the  horse  is  skilfully  rendered.  Its  small  head,  rather  thick  neck,  short  legs  and 
long  tail  were  probably  true  to  life.  It  contrasts  very  favourably  with  similar  represen- 
tations on  Republican  coins,  especially  on  those  which  were  struck  about  this  time  in  Gaul 
(s-c'opl.  civ.,  nos.  13, 14;  cv.,no.3).  It  is  a  living  animal,  not  a  mere  statue.  The  object  which 
hangs  from  the  saddle  appears  rather  to  be  a  buw-case  than  a  stirrup. 

Only  two  speciTnens  of  the  aureus  are  known  :  that  in  the  British  Museum,  which  was 
formerly  in  the  Bhieas  collection ;  and  that  in  (he  Paris  cabinet,  which  was  obtained  in  1898 
(Ke-r.  Num.,  1899,  p.  177). 


CIRC.  B.C.  iO— 39;    A.U.C.  714—715 


501 


No.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Sizt 


Obverse 


Reverse 


219-0 


M  1-9 


L.ATRATINVS:  ANTONIVS 

(LUCIUS  [SBMPEONIUS]  ATEATINUS  i ; 
[MAECUS]  ANTONIUS) 


As 


Head  of  Janus  without 
beard;  between  the  heads, 
mark  of  value,  I ;  below, 
L.ATRATINVS  AVGVR 


Prow  r. ;  above,  ANTON 
IVS;  below,  IMP  {hnpe- 
rator). 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  181,  no.  65.] 


'  Lucius  Sempronius  Atratinus,  who  struck  this  coin,  was  probably  the  accuser  of 
M.  Caelius,  who  was  defended  by  Cicero  {pro  OaeL,  i.  3,  7).  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
college  of  Augurs  in  u.c.  40,  was  appointed  consul  designate  in  B.C.  39,  but  did  not  enter  on 
that  office  till  B.C.  34,  when  Antony  resigned  in  Ms  favour.  The  date  of  his  augurship  is 
ascertainable  from  an  inscription  published  by  Fea  {Framvi.  di  Fasti,  p.  7,  no.  10),  and  it  may 
be  concluded  that  he  was  appointed  consul  designate  at  the  time  of  the  treaty  of  Misenum  in 
July,  B.C.  39,  when  the  triumvirs  not  only  nominated  the  consuls  for  the  following  eight 
years  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  73,  says  "  for  four  years  "),  bnt  also  those  who  were  to  serve  that 
office  for  portions  of  the  year  (Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  3.5).  There  are  two  series  of  coins  struck 
by  Atratinus  which  correspond'with  these  dates.  On  the  first  series,  which  consists  of  the  as 
only,  he  is  styled  "Augur,"  but  on  the  second  he  is  given  the  additional  title  of  "Consul 
designatus"  (see  below,  p.  515).  The  first  would  therefore  have  been  issued  before  the 
treaty  of  Misenum,  the  latter  after  that  date.  This  order  is  confirmed  by  the  titles  given  to 
Antony,  who  on  the  above  as  is  styled  IMP  only,  whereas  on  the  later  pieces  he  is  IMP  . 
TER  .  COS  .  DES  .  ITER  .  ET  TER  .,  showing  that  they  could  not  have  been  issued  till 
his  third  jmperatorship,  which  he  probably  assumed  in  B.C.  38  (see  below,  p.  505).  This  as  of 
Atratinus  may  therefore  be  assigned  to  the  second  half  of  the  year  B.C.  40,  or  to  the  first 
half  of  B.C.  39.  The  type  also  favours  the  early  date,  as  it  is  a  revival  of  that  which  had 
previously  been  used  for  the  Roman  coinage. 

The  weight  (219-0  grs.)  of  the  specimen  illustrated  is  supplied  by  Borghesi  from  the 
example  in  his  collection  {CEuvres  compl.,  t.  ii.,  p.  417).  If  the  coin  is  of  copper,  not  bronze, 
it  would  give  us  an  as  of  the  semuncial  standard.  This  is  of  importance  when  we  come  to 
consider  the  later  coins  of  Atratinus,  which  are  of  bronze,  and  which  he  struck  as  one  of  the 
praefecti  classis  of  Antony  (see  below,  p.  515).  Its  place  of  mintage  is  very  uncertain. 
Count  de  Salis  has  assigned  it  to  the  East  generally,  as  well  as  the  later  coinage  of  Atratinus. 
Borghesi  {loc.  cit.)  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  struck  in  B.C.  40  or  B.C.  39  for  public  con- 
venience, when  the  triumvirs  were  in  Rome,  and  when  on  account  of  the  great  distress  caused 
by  the  high  prices  and  scarcity  of  provisions  Ootavius  ran  the  risk  of  losing  his  life  at  the 
hands  of  the  populace,  and  was  only  saved  by  the  timely  intervention  of  Antony  (Appian, 
Bell,  civ.,  v.  67,  68).  At  this  epoch,  however,  no  copper  or  bronze  money  was  issued 
at  Rome. 

There  is  a  small  bronze  coin  attributed  to  Laconia,  having  on  the  obverse  a  male  head 
(Mark  Antony?)  and  the  name  ATPATINOC,  and  on  the  reverse  an  eagle  standing  r.,  and 
in  the  field,  ^.  ai  (size  -75  in.)   {Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Peloponnesus,  p.  128,  no.  69).     It 

is   possible    that    L.   Atratinus   was   appointed    praetor    in    Laconia    by  Antony   after    his 
consulate.     This  coin  is  assigned  to  circ.  B.C.  32. 


502 


No.     Weiqlit 


Metal 
anO-  Si^e 


133 


134 


189-0 


jR  1-05 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Circ.  B.C.  39;   a.u.c.  715  ^ 

M.  ANTON  IVS 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 
"  Cistophoric   Medallions"- 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bound 
with  wreath  of  ivy ;  be- 
low, lituus ;  around,  M  • 
ANTONIVS-IMr  COS- 
DESK.  ITEK  ETTER.T 
[Iviperator,  consul  dcsig- 
natus  iterum  et  tertio) ;  the 
whole  within  a  wreath  of 
ivy-leaves  and  berries. 


184-2 


^1-05 


Similar;    ANTON  IVS    for 
ANTONIVS 


The  oista  mystica  surmount- 
ed by  the  draped  bust  of 
Ootavia  in  profile  r. ;  her 
hair  is  collected  into  a 
knot  behind,  from  which 
one  long  plait  is  brought 
and  arranged  in  a  loop 
along  the  top  of  the  head 
(see  p.  499) ;  the  cista 
mystica  is  placed  between 
two  interlaced  serpents 
with  heads  erect ;  at  the 
sides,  IILVIK-  R.P.C 
[Triumvir  reipiMicac  con- 
stituendae). 

[PI.  cxiv.  1.] 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxiv.  2.] 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


'  It  is  sometvhat  difficult  at  this  period  (e.g.  39 — 35)  to  establish  the  sequence  of  the 
coinages  of  Antony  in  the  Eastern  provinces  of  the  Empire,  chiefly  owing  to  the  uncertainty 
■which  exists  as  to  the  precise  date  of  his  assuming  his  second  and  third  imperatorships.  There 
are  assigned  to  this  year,  B.C.  39,  three  distinct  issues,  viz.  (i.)  that  of  the  cistophoric 
medallions  -with  the  portraits  of  Antony  and  Octavia,  -which  record  their  recent  marriage, 
and  also  his  second  and  third  consular  designations;  (ii.)  that  of  C.  Sosius  as  quaestor; 
and  (iii. )  that  of  the  aureus  of  Antony,  -which  may  record  his  second  imperatorship.  The  first 
two  -were  struck  during  his  first  imperatorship. 

2  The  oistophorns,  -which  -was  so  named  from  its  type,  the  sacred  Bacchic  chest  or  cista, 
made  its  first  appearance  in  -western  Asia  Minor  about  the  end  of  the  3rd  cent.  B.C.  It 
had  its  origin  at  Bphesus,  and  its  issue  rapidly  extended  throughout  Mysia,  Lydia,  Ionia 
and  Phrygia,  in  -which  districts  it  became  the  chief  medium  of  exchange  in  silver  (Imhoof,  die 
Miinz.  der  Dyn.  v.  Pcrgamon,  pp.  30  f. ;  Head,  Hist.  Num.,  p.  461;  Babelon,  Traite,  vol.  i., 
pp.  511-513).  The  t-wo  cities  -which  preserved  the  issue  of  these  pieces  the  longest  -were 
Ephesns  and  Pergamura.  Of  the  former  place  there  is  an  almost  unbroken  series  struck  nnder 
Roman  influence  from  circ.  B.C.  134 — 48,  but  at  Pergamum  their  coinage  appears  to  have 
been  somewhat  intermittent,  to  be  re-vived  under  the  Roman  proconsuls  circ.  B.C.  57.  Of  these 
cities  there  do  not  seem  to  exist  any  pieces  between  b.  c.  48  and  B.C.  39,  when  they  -were  resumed 


Ttr        iir  ■  7  .        Metal 
An.       II  eiglit  ,  „ 

•'         and  Size 


135 


136 


137 


169-9 


Ml-1 


170-5 


166-5 


M  1-0 


zR  1-05 


CIEC.  B.C.  39;    A.U.C.  715 

Ohverse 

Type  II. 


503 


Reverse 


Heads  of  Antony  and  Octa- 
via  conjoined  r. ;  he  -wears 
-wreath  of  ivy;  around,  M  ■ 
ANTONIVS-IMP.COS- 
DESICITER.  ET-TEHT- 
(see  no.  133) ;  the  -whole 
■within  border  of  dots. 


Similar,     ANTONIVS 
ANTONIVS 


Similar. 


for 


The  cista  mystica  sm'- 
mounted  by  draped  figure 
of  Bacchus,  standing  1., 
holding  t-wo-handled  cup 
in  r.  hand  and  leaning 
■with  1.  on  thyrsus  ;  the 
cista  mystica  is  placed  be- 
t-ween t-wo  interlaced  ser- 
pents -with  heads  erect ;  at 
the  sides,  III -VIR-  R..r.C. 
[PI.  cxiv.  3.] 


Similar. 


Similar;  Bacchus  holds  t^wo- 
handled  vase. 

[PI.  cxiv.  4.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


by  Antony.  Besides  the  ciatophorus  there  ■were  also  the  half  and  quarter-cistophorus,  -which 
vary  in  type,  and  "which  belong  to  an  earlier  date.  The  full  "weight  of  the  cistophorus  "waa 
from  197 — 192  grs.,  and  its  current  value  represented  either  a  didrachm  of  the  Aeginetic 
standard,  four  Bhodian  or  three  Asiatic  drachms,  or  three  Boman  denarii. 

The  pieces  described  above  were  struck  to  commemorate  the  marriage  of  Antony  and 
Octavia,  "which  took  place  after  the  treaty  of  Brundusium  in  B.C.  40.  The  legend  on  the 
obverse  seems  to  supply  us  "with  their  almost  precise  date  of  issue.  It  "was  probably  in  the 
winter  of  B.C.  39 — 38  that  Antony  assumed  his  second  imperatorship  (see  below,  p.  505),  and 
it  was  in  the  summer  of  B.C.  39  that  at  the  treaty  of  Misenum  between  Antony,  Ootaviua  and 
Sextus  Pompey  an  arrangement  "was  entered  into  for  the  designation  of  the  consuls  and  other 
officers  of  the  State  for  the  next  four  or  eight  years  (see  above,  p.  501).  As  Antony  waa  ] 
nominated  for  the  years  B.C. ^8  and  B.C.  34  he  assumed  the  titles  of  consul  designatus  iterum  et  j 
tertio.  He  did  not,  however,  take  up  the  consulship  in  B.C.  38.  so  he  preserved  this  title  till 
B^c^_34j  when  for  a  short  time  he  held  his  second  consulship.  As  Antony  is  styled  IMP  only 
on  these  oistophori  "we  may  presume  that  they  "were  issued  some  time  during  the  summer 
of  B.C.  39. 

These  coins  of  Mark  Antony  preserve  their  cistophoric  character,  "which,  however, 
disappears  on  their  re-issue  a  few  years  later  by  Octavius.  The  portrait  of  Octavia  on  the 
reverse  of  Type  I.  and  on  the  obverse  of  Type  II.  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the  aureus 
described  above  (see  p.  499).  The  features  are  similar  and  the  arrangement  of  the  hair 
is  identical.  The  reverse  design  of  Type  II.  is  specially  Dionysiac.  Bacchus  was  the  god 
whom  Antony  affected  to  imitate,  and  when  he  returned  to  Athens  from  Italy  in  B.C.  39  he 
assumed  the  name  of  the  "New  Dionysus,  and  ordered  that  he  should  be  so  addressed" 
(Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  39).  Plutarch  (Aiitonius,  75)  also  relates  that  during  the  night  pre- 
vious to  Antony's  death  the  god  deserted  the  city  of  Alexandria  amidst  a  great  sound  of  music 
and  went  over  to  the  enemy's  camp. 

It  has  been  mentioned  that  the  two  cities  which  preserved  the  issue  of  the  cistophori 
the  latest  were  Pergamum  and  Ephesus.  It  is  to  these  mints  that  "O'e  would  assign  these 
coins  of  Antony.  Those  of  Type  I.,  in  their  high  relief  and  somewhat  better  execution,  , 
closely  resemble  similar  pieces  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio  struck  at  Pergamum 
B.C.  49 — 48  (Cot.  Or.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Mysia,  pi.  xxvi.,  no.  6);  and  those  of  Type  IE.,  with 
their  flat  fabric  of  reverse,  are  like  other  oistophori  of  Ephesus  of  the  praetor,  C.  Fannius, 
B.C.  48  (Cat.  Or.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Ionia,  pi.  xii.,  no.  11).  We  are  able,  therefore,  from  the 
legends  to  fix  the  approximate  date  of  issue  of  these  cistophori,  and  from  their  fabric  their 
places  of  mintage. 


-^ 


504 


COINAGE   OF   THE    EAST 


,r  rr'    •    ^J  Metal 

A",      n  eight  ,  .-, . 

•'         and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


138 


103-3 

(pierced) 


139 


140 


98-8 


95-0 


M    -9 


M    -85 


M    -9 


C .  SOSIVS 

(OAIUS  SOSIUS  1) 
AsP 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
behind  neck,  IMP  •  (Im- 
perator). 


Similar ;    countermark    be- 
hind head,  a  star-shaped 

ornament  ^^ 

Similar ;  same  countermark. 


Eagle  with  closed  wings, 
standing  r.  on  thunder- 
bolt; behind,  C -SOSIVS- 
Q.'  (Quaestor);  before,  ca- 
duceus    and   ZA   {Zolkw- 


[PL  cxiv.  5.] 


Similar. 


Similar. 


'  C.  So3ms  C.  f.  T.  n.  appears  to  have  been  the  first  member  of  his  family  of  any  repute. 
The  earliest  mention  of  him  is  as  quaestor  to  Mn.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  consul  B.C.  66.  He 
was  praetor  B.C.  49,  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  vpar  belonged  to  the  Pompeian  party. 
He,  however,  openly  united  himself  with  Caesar  (Cicero,  ad  .4ti.,  viii.  6;  ix.  1),  at  whose 
death  he  joined  Antony.  Having  accompanied  Antony  to  the  East  he  was  appointed  quaestor, 
and  in  B.C.  38  made  governor  of  Syria  and  Cilioia  in  the  place  of  P.  Ventidius.  During 
the  dissensions  amongst  the  Jews  he  supported  Herod  against  Antigonus,  the  representative 
of  the  Asmonean  line  of  princes,  and  in  B.C.  37  advanced  against  Jerusalem.  Having  cap- 
tured that  city  after  a  severe  struggle  he  placed  Herod  upon  the  throne.  In  return  for  these 
services  Antony  obtained  for  Sosius  the  honour  of  a  triumph  in  B.C.  34,  and  the  consulship 
along  with  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbas  in  B.C.  32  (Dion  Cassius,  xlix.  41 ;  Appian,  Bell,  civ., 
V.  73),  Sosius  was  acclaimed  Itnperator  after  the  fall  of  Jerusalem.  In  the  last  war  between 
Antony  and  Octavius  he  was  in  charge  of  a  squadron  of  Antony's  fleet,  and  defeated 
L.  Arruntius,  the  legate  of  Octavius,  but  his  victory  was  snatched  from  him  by  the  un- 
expected arrival  of  Agrippa  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  85  ;  cf.  Plutarch,  Antonius,  66).  He  commanded 
at  the  battle  of  Actium,  which  he  appears  to  have  survived,  and  was  subsequently  pardoned 
by  Augustus.  Dion  Cassius  (1.  14)  states  that  Sosius  was  slain  in  an  engagement  with 
Agrippa,  which  preceded  that  great  battle,  but  later  (Ivi.  38)  he  mentions  a,  Sosius  who  was 
amongst  those  pardoned  by  Augustus. 

Sosius  struck  four  series  of  coins  at  different  periods:  as  quaestor  circ.  B.C.  39;  as 
imperator  circ.  B.C.  37,  commemorating  the  capture  of  Jerusalem;  as  consul  designate  circ. 
B.C.  33  ;  and  as  consul  B.C.  32  (see  below,  pp.  508,  524).  This  succession  of  issues  covering 
a  period  of  eight  years  is  in  itself  remarkable,  but  the  more  so  as  they  were  all  struck  in 
the  island  of  Zacynthus,  where  they  are  not  infrequently  found.  This  island  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  Romans  by  the  Macedonians  B.C.  191,  and  though  we  know  but  little  of  its 
subsequent  history  it  appears  to  have  been  ».  possession  of  some  importance,  and  a  calling- 
place  for  the  Roman  fleets  to  and  from  Greece  and  Asia  Minor.  The  only  record  of  the 
connection  of  Sosius  with  Zacynthus  is  supplied  by  his  coins,  and  in  consequence  Gardner 
(Num.  Chron.,  1883,  p.  102)  has  suggested  that  he  may  have  been  master  of  its  revenues. 
This  is  quite  possible,  but  each  issue  appears  to  have  been  contemporaneous  with  his 
journeys  westwards  or  eastwards,  and  therefore  to  mark  his  presence  in  the  island.  The 
first  issue  occurred  circ.  B.C.  39,  as  Antony  is  styled  IMP  only.  Though  the  type  of  the 
eagle  and  the  thunderbolt  was  probably  borrowed  from  the  Ptolemaic  coinage  of  Egypt,  it 
may  in  this  instance  have  been  intended  to  relate  to  the  dominating  power  of  Rome,  and  the 
caducous  to  the  protection  given  to  the  commerce  of  the  island.  Gardner  (loc.  cit.)  has 
suggested  that  it  is  an  instance  of  that  complaisance  shown  by  Antony  to  Cleopatra,  which 
led  to  his  utter  downfall,  but  it  may  be  a  question  if  Sosius  would  select  a  type  for  his 
coins  with  this  import  so  soon  after  Antony's  marriage  with  Octavia.  These  bronze  coins 
appear  to  have  been  struck  on  the  quarter-ounce  standard,  so  they  may  be  identified  as 
asses.  The  metal  is  a  mixture  of  copper,  zinc  and  lead,  which,  like  oriohalcum,  in  currency 
was  rated  at  double  the  value  of  pure  copper  (see  above,  p.  45).  The  edges  of  the  flans  are 
bevelled,  so  that  the  reverse,  which  is  slightly  concave,  presents  a  wider  surface  than  the 
obverse.  These  characteristics  of  weight  and  fabric  are  specially  noted,  as  they  may 
point  to  some  connection  in  the  place  of  mintage  between  the  coins  of  Sosius  and  those  of 
thopraefecti  cloKsis  of  Antony  struck  afew  years  later  (see  below,  pp.  510f.).     The  countermark 


CIRC.  B.C.  39;   A.U.C.  715 


505 


So.       Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


122-5 


J7 


Obv 


Reverae 


M.ANTONIVS  M.  F.M.N 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS  MARGI  FILIUS  MAECI 
NEPOS) 


Aureus' 


Antony  in  military  dress, 
standing  r.,  leaning  with 
r.  hand  on  spear  and  hold- 
ing short  sword  in  1. ;  his 
.  1.  foot  is  placed  on  a  prow  ; 
around,  M- ANTON! VS. 
MF.MN-AVG.|W.|-E 
(Augur,  inqMrator  iteruni). 


Lion  walking  1.,  holding 
short  sword  in  r.  paw ; 
above,  star ;  around,  COS  • 
DESICITER.ET.TERT. 
lll-VIR.-Rr.C.  (Consul 
designatus  iterum  et  tertio, 
triumvir  reipublicae  con- 
stituendae). 


[Morelli,  Fam.  rom.  num.,  pi.  ii.,  no.  1.] 


of  the  star-shaped  ornament  has  not  been  explained  or  identified  with  any  particular  locality 
or  circumstance  (Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  222).  A  similar  countermark  occurs  on 
coins  of  C.  Proculeius  issued  circ.  B.C.  31,  in  the  neighbouring  island  of  Cephallenia  (see  below, 
p.  53.S).  Yaillant  (JViim.  fnm.  rom.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  429)  has  suggested  that  the  coins  of  SO'ius 
were  struck  at  Zabulon.  Of  those  in  the  National  Collection  nos.  138  and  140  were  found  in 
Zante. 

'  This  unique  aureus,  formerly  in  the  Biblioth^que  Nationale,  Paris,  disappeared  in  the 
robbery  of  1831.  It  was  melted  down,  and  no  other  specimen  has  since  been  met  with.  It 
bore  on  the  obverse  an  impressed  stamp  of  an  eagle,  the  crest  of  the  Bste  family.  Its  chief 
importance,  beyond  being  unique,  is  that  if  the  legend  on  the  obverse  reads  !"£  {Iterum),  it 
is  the  only  coin  recorded  which  gives  the  second  imperatorship  of  Antony.  This  must  have 
happened  during  his  second  and  third  consulship  designate.  His  first  imperatorship  occurred 
in  B.C.  43  (see  above,  p.  393)  at  the  siege  of  Mutina,  and  his  fourth  in  B.C.  31,  as  it  was 
coincident  with  his  third  consulship  (see  below,  p.  531)  ;  but  the  dates  of  his  second  and  third 
imperaforships  are  uncertain.  All  we  know  for  a  fact  is  that  they  occurred  during  his  second 
and  third  consulship  designate,  which  extended  from  B.C.  39 — 35,  as  he  did  not  take  up  his 
second  consulship  as  arranged  in  B.C.  38.  He  was  COS  I  .  B.C.  44,  COS  II  .  B.C.  34,  and 
COS  III  .  B.C.  31,  and  therefore  COS.  DES  .  ITER  .  ET  TERT.  from  B.C.  39—35,  and  COS  . 
ITER.  DES.  III.  from  B.C.  34-32. 

Von  Sallet  (Zeit.  /.  Num.,  1S84,  p.  169)  has  assigned  the  second  imperatorship  of  Antony 
to  B.C.  40,  when  with  Octavius  he  was  given  an  ovation  at  Rome,  and  the  third  to  B.C.  38  or 
36,  but  more  probably  the  former  on  the  occasion  of  the  second  great  victory  of  Ventidius 
over  the  Parthians  at  Gindarus.  Caland  {Be  Num.  M.  Ant.,  pp.  10  f  )  has  selected  June, 
B.C.  38  and  B.C.  36  respectively,  on  both  occasions  for  the  Parthian  campaigns.  Though 
in  the  later  one  Antony  suffered  a  signal  defeat,  he  claimed  it  as  a  victory  as  he  himself 
survived  it  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  82).  The  coins  do  not  seem  to  confirm  entirely  either  Von  Sallet's 
or  Caland's  views,  as  in  one  case  it  would  be  difficult  to  assign  a  date  for  those  here  attri- 
buted to  B.C.  39,  and  in  the  other  we  should  have  very  large  issues  of  gold,  silver  and  bronze 
money  of  Antony  for  two  years,  B.C.  36 — 35.  Though  differing  somewhat  from  Von  Sallet 
as  to  the  occasion  on  which  Antony  assumed  his  second  imperatorship,  we  are  disposed  to 
accept  that  to  which  he  would  attribute  the  third  one.  Dr.  Ludwig  Ganter  (Die  Provinzial- 
verwaltung  der  Triumvirn,  p.  61)  has  suggested  a  third  date  for  the  second  imperatorship  of 
Antony,  and  also  of  Octavius,  that  is  after  the  battles  of  Philippi,  when  both  resumed  the  title 
of  Iiaperator  on  their  coins,  though  neither  added  the  "figure  of  iteration"  [Iti-ration^ziffer). 

VOL.    II.  3    T 


506 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 


JVo.      Weight       " 
■'        ana  Size 


141 


58-2 


M    -8 


Ohverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  38—37;  a.u.c.  716— 717  > 

M.ANTONIVS  M.  F.M.N 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS  MAEGI  PILIUS  MAECI 
NEPOS) 

Denarius 


Mark  Antony  in  the  dress  of 
an  augur,  standing  r. 
holding  htuus  in  r.  hand 
around,  MANTONIVS 
M-F-M-NAVCVRINT 
TEH  {Augur,  imperator 
tertio). 


Head  of  Sol.  r.,  radiate  ;  a- 
round.COS.DESIG-ITER.. 
ET  TER.T  III.VIR..R.. 
r  •  C  •  (Consul  designatus 
iterum  et  tertio,  trimnrir 
reipublicae  con-stituendae). 
[PI.  cxiv.  6.] 


This  does  not  seem  at  all  a  probable  solution,  though  it  has  been  accepted  by  Bahrfeldt  {Chron. 
der  Munz.  M.  Anton.,  Berliner  Miinzildtter.,  1905,  pp.  332  f.). 

For  his  victories  over  the  Parthians  in  B.C.  39  Ventidius  did  not  receive  any  recompense 
from  the  Senate,  because  he  was  not  actually  the  commander-in-chief,  but  was  only  the 
lieutenant  of  another  (Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  41).  This  other  was  Antony,  who  was  always 
ready  to  avail  himself  of  any  distinction  or  honour  for  victories  gained  by  those  under 
him.  In  the  absence  of  any  direct  evidence  it  may  be  presumed  that  the  occasion  on  which 
he  proclaimed  his  second  imperatorship  was  in  the  winter  of  B.C.  39.  when  he  announced  at 
Athens  that  the  Parthians  had  been  routed  by  Ventidius,  and  that  Labienus  and  Pharnapates 
had  been  slain.  In  honour  of  this  victory  he  gave  an  entertainment  to  the  Greeks,  and  treated 
the  Athenians  to  an  exhibition  of  gymnastic  games,  in  which  he  himself  took  the  master's  part 
(Plutarch,  Antonius,  33).  For  the  third  imperatorship  of  Antony  we  are  of  Von  Sallet's 
opinion,  that  it  was  assumed  in  the  following  year,  B.C.  38,  after  the  victory  of  Ventidius 
over  Pacorus  in  Syria  Cyrrhestica,  when,  as  Dion  Cassius  (xlix.  21)  again  tells  us,  the  honours 
were  once  more  decreed  to  Antony  on  account  of  his  superior  rank  and  in  conformity  with 
the  law,  because  it  was  he  who  virtually  was  in  command. 

The  association  of  the  above  aureus  with  the  first  campaign  of  Ventidius  raises  a  ques- 
tion in  connection  with  the  obverse  legend.  Morelli  (loc.  cit.)  has  read  and  figured  the  last 
two  words  of  the  legend  as  I A^  •  I  "E  (Imperator  iterum),  but  Mionnet  (de  la  Rarete  et  des  I'rix, 
if^d.  EoTO.,  vol.  i.,  p.  93)  as  IMP.TER  {Imperator  tertio).  In  the  first  case  they  would  record 
the  second  imperatorship  of  Antony,  B.C.  39  ;  in  the  second  his  third  imperatorship,  B.C.  38. 
As  Count  de  Sails  accepted  Morelli's  description  the  coin  is  here  assigned  to  the  earlier  date. 
The  types  would  suit  either.  It  must,  however,  be  admitted  that  whilst  Morelli  is  sometimes 
inaccurate  in  his  descriptions  and  illustrations,  Mionnet,  on  the  other  hand,  does  not  reproduce 
the  legends  very  faithfully,  omitting  to  indicate  monograms  or  letters  in  ligature. 

In  assigning  this  coin  to  B.C.  39  there  is  no  difficulty  in  suggesting  an  explanation  of  its 
types.  On  the  obverse  Antony  is  represented  as  commander-in-chief,  not  only, of  the  legions 
serving  in  the  East,  but  also  of  the  navy.  On  the  reverse  the  lion  may  be  symbolical  of  the 
overwhelming  domination  of  Kome,  but  if  personal  to  Antony  it  may  be  his  genethliac  sign,  as 
has  been  suggested  in  the  case  of  the  quinarii  which  he  issued  a  few  years  previously  at 
Lugdunum  (see  above,  p.  395,  and  Bckhel,  Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  44).  The  star  symbolises 
the  East,  where  the  events  recorded  took  place. 

The  workmanship  of  this  coin,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  Morelli's  illustration,  appears 
to  have  been  of  some  excellence,  and  on  that  account  its  issue  may  be  given  to  Athens,  where 
it  would  have  been  struck  when  Antony  feasted  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  on  receiving  the 
news  of  the  victory  of  Ventidius.  It  is  to  Athens  also  that  we  would  assign  the  foUowiug 
denarii  of  Antony  with  the  reverse  type  head  of  Sol,  and  the  aurei  with  his  portrait  and 
that  of  Octavia,  as  all  the  issues  appear  to  be  connected  by  the  obverse  legends,  which 
give  not  only  Antony's  father's  initial,  but  also  that  of  his  grandfather. 

It  may  be  added  that  as  all  Morelli's  illustrations  of  gold  and  silver  coins  are  drawn  to  one 
scale,  the  size  of  the, coin  shown  in  the  figure  was  not  that  of  the  actual  piece.  De  la  Nauze 
{Mem.  de  I'Acad.,  vol.  xxx.,  1V64,  p.  385)  gives  its  weight  as  122'5  grs.  (149J  grs.  Fr.). 

'  The  coins  classed  to  these  years  record  the  second  and  third  consulship  designate  and 
the  third  imperatorship  of  Mark  Antony,  the  dates  of  which  have  already  been  discussed  (see 
above,  p.  505).  They  are  of  silver  and  gold.  Those  of  silver  appear  to  relate  to  the  victories 
of  Ventidius  over  the  Parthians,  and  possibly  also  to  the  victory  which  Antony  claimed  over 
Antiochua  of  Commagene.     The  gold  pieces  with  portraits  of  Antony  and  Octavia  may  either 


CIEC.  B.C.  38—37 ;   A.U.C.  716—717 


507 


No.      Weight       ^^f^^ 
•'         and  Sine 


Obverse 


142 
143 

144 


580 
54-5 

124-4 


M    -8 
M    -75 

N    -8 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Reverse 


(Nott) 


(Nofct) 


Aureus ' 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare  ;  a- 
round,  M.ANTONIVS- 
M-F-M-N-AVCVK-IMP- 
TER  (see  no.  141). 


Head  of  Ootavia  r.,  wearing 
earring ;  her  hair  is  col- 
lected into  a  knot  behind, 
from  which  a  long  plait  is 
brought  and  arranged  in  a 
loop  along  the  top  of  the 
head ;  two  locks  fall  down 
her  neck  ;  around,  COS  • 
DESIGN- ITER.. ET-TER. 
III.VIR.K.P.C  (see  no. 
141). 

[PI.  cxiv.  7.] 
(Strawberry-Hill  Coll.) 


comTnemorate  their  somewhat  recent  marriage,  or  refer  to  events  connected  with  their  visit 
to  Italy  in  B.C.  37. 

The  precise  circumstancea  to  which  these  denarii  relate  are  somewhat  nncertain. 
If  their  issue  is  put  so  late  as  B.C.  36 — 34  (Babelon,  vol.  i. ,  p.  188)  they  might  be  a 
repord  of  the  expedition  of  Antony  against  the  Parthians  in  B.C.  36,  but  that  war  was  a 
failure,  as  Antony  lost  a  great  number  of  troops,  and  returned  to  Syria  covered  with  disgrace 
(Dion  Cassius,  xlix.  27  f. ;  Plutarch,  AntovAus,  41-50).  This  would  not  be  an  event  which 
Antony  would  be  likely  to  commemorate  on  his  coins.  If,  however,  he  was  acclaimed  Jmjjera- 
tor  at  the  termination  of  each  campaign  of  Ventidius  against  the  Parthians  in  B.C.  39  and  38,  it 
is  much  more  probable  that  these  denarii  record  those  victories,  and  they  may  also  include 
the  successes  which  Antony  claimed  in  the  war  against  Antiochus  of  Commagene,  in  which 
he  supplanted  Ventidius.  This  would  place  the  issue  of  these  coins  at  the  end  of  B.C.  38, 
when  Antony  returned  to  Athens,  where  they  may  have  been  struck. 

On  the  obverse  Antony  is  represented  in  the  dress  of  an  augur,  to  which  office  he  was  j 
elected  in  B.C.  50  (Caesar,  Bell.  Gall.,  viii.  50),  and  which  he  appears  to  have   held   in  high  | 
esteem,  as  tEi~title  "Augur  "  is  met  with  so  frequently  in  connection  with  his  name  on  his  coins. 
The  head  of  Sol  on  the  reverse  is  symbolical  of  the  Bast. 

In  assigning  these  coins  to  Athens  it  may  be  noticed  that  not  only  is  Antony's  name  given 
in  the  same  form  as  on  the  preceding  aureus,  with  the  addition  of  his  father's  and  grand- 
father's initials,  but  also  that  in  each  case  his  figure  in  full  length  is  shown  on  the  obverse. 
These  are  the  only  instances  throughout  his  extensive  coinage  in  the  East  when  Antony  ia 
represented  in  this  manner.  The  initials  of  his  father  and  grandfather,  however,  occur  on  the 
following  aurei,  and  again  on  similar  coins  struck  in  B.C.  34,  and  bearing  the  portrait  of  his 
son  Marcus  (see  below,  p.  521).     For  this  reason  we  would  assign  those  coins  also  to  Athens. 

A  variety  of  the  above  denarius  reads  on  the  obverse  TERT  for  TETT  (Bahrfeldt,  Num. 
Zeit.,  1896,  p.  38).  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  188,  no.  79)  describes  after  Vaillant  an  aureus  of  this 
type,  but  no  specimen  appears  to  be  known. 

^  The  legends  on  these  aurei,  more  especially  that  of  the  obverse,  show  that  they  belong 
to  the  same  time  and  to  the  same  district  or  place  of  issue  as  the  previous  denarii.  If  it  be 
accepted  that  Antony  was  acclaimed  Imperator  tertio  in  B.C.  38,  we  have  n,  period  of  less 
than  two  years  within  which  they  could  have  been  issued,  as  at  the  end  of  b^o.  37,  or 
earlyin^the  iiext  year, ,  he  had  deserted  Octavia  for  Cleopatra.  These  aurei  may  therefore 
haveGeenlssued  after  Antony's  return  to  Athens  in  B.C.  38,  or  in  the  following  year,  to  com- 
memorate hia  reconciliation  with  Octavius,  which  was  brought  about  ohieiiy  by  Octavia's 
influence  and  skilful  intervention.  It  is  true  that  Octavia  remained  behind  in  Italy,  but  that 
need  not  have  prevented  Antony  giving  the  order  for  these  coins.  The  portrait  of  Octavia 
differs  somewhat  from  that  on  the  aureus  assigned  to  B.C.  40—39  (see  above,  p.  499),  not 
only  in  the  cast  of  the  features,  but  also  in  their  general  expression  and  in  the  elaborate  treat- 
ment of  the  hair.  It  is,  however,  very  similar  to  that  met  with  on  the  cistophori  given  to 
B.C.  39  (see  above,  p.  502).     Friedlander  {Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1875,  p.  289),  who  assigned  these  coins 


508 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 


No. 

145 


Weight 

121-3 
123-7 


Metal 
and  Size 

N    -8 


^     -8 


Obverse 


Similar : 
TER 


legend      ending 


Similar ;  legend  reading,  M- 
ANTONIVS-M-  F  .  M. 
N  .  AVGVR  •  IMP  •  Til 
R.T- 


Reverse 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxiv.  8.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 

Similar ;  legend  reading, 
COS-  DIISIC  ITIIK.  IIT 
TIIR.T.|I|.VIR-R..r. 


146 


70-0 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  592.] 


m,  -8 


Circ.  B.C.  37  ;   a.u.c.  717 

C  .  SOSIVS 

(CAIUS  SOSIUS^) 
Semis? 


Head   of   Antony  r.,  bare ; 
behind  neck,  ZA  (Zasui/- 


A  military  trophy,  at  the 
base  of  which  are  two 
captives;  on  the  left  is 
a  female  figure  (Judaea) 
seated  r.,  her  head  resting 
on  her  1.  hand;  on  the  right, 
a  male  figure  (Antigonus) 
seated  r.,  looking  back,  his 
hands  behind  him;  at  the 
sides,  C.  SOSIVS-  IMP- 
(Imperator). 

[PI.  cxiv.  9.] 
(Northwick  Coll.) 


to  B.C.  36,  or  preferably  to  B.C.  35,  -when  Antony  had  repudiated  Octaria,  htis  identified  the 
female  head  as  an  idealistic  representation  of  Victory. 

A  variety  in  the  Berlin  collection  reads  IMP  .  TE  for  TER  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896, 
p.  36),  and  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  184)  mentions  another  reading  TE  RT. 

'  This  interesting  variety  with  the  letters  1 1  for  E  in  the  legends  is  now  in  the  Metropolitan 
Mnseam,  New  York.  It  was  formerly  in  the  collection  belonging  to  Anthony  Lefroy,  which 
was  sold  in  London,  19 — 21  May,  1884  (Sotheby,  Sale  Cat.,  Bagot  coll.,  no.  91),  and  from  there 
it  passed  saocessively  into  the  possession  of  Connt  Alberic  du  Chastel  and  Mr.  Hyman  Montagu, 
at  the  dispersal  of  whose  collection  it  was  purchased  for  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York. 
Ad.  de  Longp&ier  (Rev.  num.,  1856,  pp.  73  f.)  has  taken  the  inscription  on  this  coin  as 
evidence  that  at  the  end  of  the  Roman  republic  the  letters  1 1  were  still  used  to  express  E,  and 
he  cites  amongst  numerous  other  instances,  chiefly  in  connection  with  stelae,  the  coins  of 
P.  Carisius  struck  at  Emerita  (see  above,  p.  377),  some  of  which  read  IIMIIRITA  (Bompois, 
Rev.  num.,  1868,  p.  75).  Eckhel  [Doct.  num.  vet.,t.  vi.,  p.  46),  who  described  the  coin  now  in 
the  New  York  collection,  cites  the  same  evidence,  and  adds  that  it  is  apparent  that  this  mode 
of  writing  was  in  use  at  a  much  later  date  than  is  generally  believed,  and  that  it  was  usurped 
by  a  number  of  moneyers  who  were  engaged  on  the  coinages  of  the  Roman  provinces.  This 
was  precisely  the  case  not  only  with  the  coins  of  Emerita,  but  also  with  this  aureus  of  Antony 
which  we  would  assign  to  Athens.  The  form  1 1  for  E  was  therefore  at  this  time  probably 
provincial  only. 

"  Earlier  coins  of  Sosius  as  quaestor  have  already  been  described  (see  above,  p.  501). 
This  one  commemorates  the  capture  of  Jerusalem  on  October  3,  B.C.  37,  after  a  long  and  severe 


CIEC.  B.C.  36;   A.U.C.  718 


509 


No.    Weight       ^'ff. 
■^         ana  Size 


147 


58-0 


M    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  36;  a.u.c.  718 

M.ANT 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS) 
Denarius  ^ 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
around,  ANT  •  AVGVR. 
lll-VIR-K-r-C  {Augur, 
triumvir  reipublicae  con- 
stitucndae). 


Military  trophy,  consisting 
of  a  stem  with  cuirass  and 
surmounted  by  a  crested 
helmet  with  cheek-pieces ; 
to  each  arm  is  attached 
an  oblong  shield ;  at  the 
base  two  round  shields 
with  crescent  ornaments 
and  two  spears ;  across 
the  field,  IMn.TER.(Jm- 
perator  tertio). 

[PI.  cxiv.  10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


siege,  Sosius  being  hailed  Imperator  by  his  legions,  a  title  which  was  coniimied  hj  Antony. 
Dion  Cassius  (xlix.  22)  concludes  his  account  of  the  siege  as  follows  :  "  The  Jews,  a  cruel 
nation  when  angered,  inflicted  heavy  losses  on  the  Romans,  but  they  suffered  still  more 
themselves.  The  first  prisoners  taken  were  those  who  defended  the  temple  of  their  god,  the 
others  later,  on  the  day  called  the  day  of  Saturn,  Their  religious  fervour  was  shown  to  such 
a  degree  that  the  first,  those  whom  Sosius  captured  with  the  temple,  asked  for  permission  on 
the  day  of  Saturn  to  enter  their  temple  to  perform  with  their  fellow-citizens  the  prescribed 
rites.  Antony  handed  over  the  government  of  this  country  to  a  certain  Herod.  As  to 
Antigonus,  he  caused  him  to  be  scourged  after  tying  him  to  a  post,  a  treatment  which  had 
never  before  been  inflicted  on  any  other  king  by  the  Romans.     He  then  put  him  to  death." 

The  captives  seated  at  the  base  of  the  trophy  represent  Judaea  and  Antigonus.  The  latter 
was  taken  in  chains  to  Antony,  and  at  the  instigation  of  Herod  was  ignominiously  executed 
with  the  axe  at  Antioch.  The  coin  described  probably  represents  the  semis.  Tt  is  also  found 
with  the  countermark,  a  star  (Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  217).  Though  it  com- 
memorates the  victory  of  Sosius  in  B.C.  37,  it  may  not  have  been  struck  till  a  somewhat  later 
date,  when  he  returned  to  Rome  for  his  triumph  in  E.c.  34.  On  his  way  he  would  probably 
touch  at  Zacynthus,  which  would  furnish  an  occasion  for  its  issue. 

'  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  187,  nos.  76-78)  has  identified  the  trophy  of  arms  on  the  reverse  as 
Parthian,  and  was  therefore  of  opinion  that  these  denarii  referred  to  the  successes  of  Mark 
Antony  in  the  recent  war  with  that  nation.  The  arms,  however,  are  not  Parthian  but 
Celtiberian,  being  similar  to  those  met  with  on  later  coins  issued  by  P.  Carisius  after  his 
campaign  in  Spain,  B.C.  23  (see  above,  pp.  374-376),  more  especially  in  the  form  of  the  sword 
with  the  closed  handle  (copis),  the  dagger  in  a  sheath  which  is  attached  to  the  waist  of  the 
cuirass,  and  the  circular  shields  at  the  base.  The  forces  of  Sextus  Pompey  were  mainly 
recruited  from  Spain,  and  from  the  existing  settlement  of  Celtiberians  in  Sicily  (Livy,  xxvi. 
21),  and  some  of  the  legions  which  fought  in  the  war  with  Octavius  had  come  with  him 
from  Spain  in  B.C.  43.  It  would  seem  therefore  that  these  denarii  were  struck  at  the  close  of 
the  Sicilian  war,  and  this  identification  is  supported,  if  not  actually  confirmed,  by  the 
occurrence  of  the  prow  on  one  variety  of  the  type  (see  no.  149).  Bckhel  {Doct.  num.  vet, 
t.  vi.,  p.  46)  has  also  identified  these  coins  with  the  Sicilian  war — "  Incerta  victoria,  quae 
tropaeum  istud  extulit,  et  ex  qua  verisimile  est,  Antonio  I M  P  .  T E  R  titulum  partum.  Forte 
propter  navis  proram  intelligenda  navalis  de  Sex.  Fompeio  victoria,  cujus  etiam  particeps  fuit 
missis  ad  id  bellum  navibus."  As  evidence  of  this  large  Celtiberian  population  in  Sicily  at 
this  time  we  may  mention  the  series  of  copper  coins  which  were  issued  in  the  island,  and 
which  have  for  obverse  type  the  head  of  Pallas,  or  a  male  head,  and  on  the  reverse  a  warrior 
on  horseback,  or  a  horse  and  the  legend  HISPANORVM  (see  below.  Coinage  op  Sicily, 
p.  562;  Holm,  Qesch.  Sicil.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  463). 

A  variety  of  Type  I.  reads  M  .  ANT  for  ANT,  and  another  of  Type  I.  var.  b,  A/G  for  A/GV 
(Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  38;  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  188). 


510 


COINAGE   OF  THE   EAST 


No.     Weight 


148 


149 


50-i 


Metal 
and  Size ' 


M    -8 


Obverse 


Similar;  legend,  M  •  ANT 
AVGVR.  ll|.VIK.R..rC 


57-0 


3940 


.R    -8 


Reverse 

Type  I.  var.  a 

Similar;  to  the  r.  arm  of 
the  trophy  is  attached  a 
curved  sword  with  closed 
handle  (copis) ;  and  to  the 
waist  of  the  cuirass  a 
dagger  in  a  sheath. 
[PI.  cxiv.  11.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Type  I.  var.  b 


Similar ; 
NQM  ■ 


legend,     ANT  . 

Ill  .  VIR.  R..r.c 


M  1'3 


Similar  ;   but  on  1.  at  base 
of  trophy,  prow  1.  instead 
of  shield  ;  no  spears. 
[PI.  cxiv.  12.] 
(Blacas  CoU.) 


Circ.  B.C.  36—35;   a.u.c.  718—7191 

M.AT:   L.BIBVLVS    M.F 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;    LUCIUS  [CALPUENIUS] 
BIBULUS  MAECI  FILIUS) 

Sestertius 


Heads  of  Antony  on  1.  and 
of  Octavia  on  r.,  face  to 
face  ;  her  hair  is  arranged 
as  on  no.  144 ;  around, 
M  -AT-  lA/T.  TR.  •  COS- 
[DES-  ITEK.ET-TEK. 
Ill  •  VIR  .  R.rC]  (Im- 
•perator  tertio,  consul  de- 
signatzts  iterum  et  tertio, 
triumvir  reipub  licaeconsti- 
tuendae). 


Antony  and  Octavia  facing 
each  other,  in  quadriga  r., 
drawn  by  hippocamps;  on 
1.,  K {sestertius);  below,  A 
( =  4  asses)  and  rock  (?) ; 
around,  L-BIBVLVS-M- 
F.rK.[DESIG]  {Praetor 
desicjnatus). 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  l.J 


'  Before  considering  the  denominations,  weights,  date  and  provenance  of  the  remarkable 
series  of  bronze  coins  which  are  given  to  this  time,  and  which  were  struck  by  the  praefecti  classis 
of  Mark  Antony,  we  must  draw  attention  to  a  recent  article  entitled.  Die  Miinzen  der  Flotten- 
prdfekten,  des  Marcus  Antonius,  by  M.  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1905,  pp.  9-56),  whose  studies  and 
extensive  researches  have  thrown  much  light  on  a  coinage  which  hitherto  has  presented  special 


CIEO.  B.C.  36—35 ;   A.U.C.  718—719 


511 


No.      Weight 


365-0 


Mefal 
and  8izc 


M  1-25 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Tfessis 


Conjoined  heads  of  Antony 
and  Octavius  r.,  facing 
that  of  Octavia  1. ;  around, 
M  • /ST.  I  W  [.  TEK  •  COS  . 
DES  •  ITER.  .  ET  •  TER  • 
III-]VIR.-K.P.C 


Three  galleys  under  sail  r.  ; 
below,  r  (  =  3  asses)  and 
triskelis;  around,  [L-BIB] 
VLVS.M-F.nK-DESIG 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  2.] 


difficulties.  These  difficulties  have  been  caused  mainly  by  incorrect  descriptions,  especially  as 
regards  the  legends,  due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  fact  that  most  of  the  specimens  which  are 
known  at  the  present  time  are  in  poor  condition  and  ill-struck.  The  number  of  pieces  which 
supply  in  a  complete  form  the  entire  legend,  obverse  and  reverse,  is  very  limited.  This  has  led 
to  much  confusion  and  to  wrong  deductions.  Bahrfeldt,  with  his  accustomed  zeal,  has  placed 
under  request  all  the  principal  public  and  many  of  the  private  collections  in  Europe,  with  the 
result  that  no  less  than  179  pieces  have  passed  under  his  personal  observation.  The  result  of  this 
examination  has  enabled  him  to  prove  conclusively  that  throughout  the  series  there  is  not  only 
uniformity  in  the  types,  but  also  uniformity  in  the  legends  on  the  coins  of  the  individual 
moneyers.  It  has  been  therefore  necessary  to  reject  many  descriptions,  both  as  regards  types 
as  well  as  legends,  which  have  been  handed  down  in  successive  numismatic  works.  One  of  the 
chief  originators  of  these  misreadings  and  false  descriptions  was  Vaillant,  who  supplied  legends 
when  they  were  wanting  on  the  coins  which  he  had  for  examination.  The  forger,  too,  seems 
to  have  paid  special  attention  to  this  particular  class  of  money. 

The  denominations  of  which  this  series  of  bronze  coins  is  composed  are  the  sestertius,  tressis 
(or  tripondius),  dupondius,  as,  semis,  and  probably  the  sextans.  They  are  distinguished 
respectively  by  the  following  marks  of  value: — A  (=4  asses),  f  (=  3  asses),  B  (=  2  asse.-), 
A  (=  1  as),  S  (semis),  and  •  •  (sextans).  We  need  not  comment  on  the  necessity  of  intro- 
ducing these  signs  of  value.  The  coinage  was  quite  a  new  departure  from  anything  issued  by 
the  Romans,  and  in  consequence  some  distinguishing  mark  showing  the  current  value  of  each 
individual  piece  was  almost  obligatory.  As  each  denomination  is  distinguished  by  its  mart 
of  value,  so  it  is  also  by  its  type.  On  the  sestertius  we  have  the  heads  of  Antony  and  Octavia 
facing  each  other,  rev.  a  quadriga  of  hippooamps,  bearing  on  it  full  length  figures  of  the  same 
personages ;  on  the  tressis,  the  conjoined  heads  of  Antony  and  Octavius  facing  that  of  Octavia, 
rev.  three  galleys  under  sail  and  in  line  ;  on  the  dupondius,  the  h^ds  of  Antony  and  Octavia 
facing  each  other,  rev.  two  galleys  under  sail  and  in  line;  on  the  as,  the  conjoined  heads  of 
Antony  and  Octavia,  rev.  one  galley  under  sail ;  on  the  semis,  the  Jiead  of  Antony  only,  rev. 
a  galley  without  sail ;  and  on  the  sextans,  a  janiform  head,  rev.  the  stem  of  a  prow.  ]5ach 
denomination  is  therefore  supplied  with  a  distinct  type  and  a  special  mark  of  value.  Besides 
these  some  bear  special  symbols — the  sestertius,  a  rook  (?)  (usually  identified  as  an  altar  or  an 
astragalus),  the  tressis,  a  triskelis,  the  dupondius,  the  caps  of  the  JJioscuri,  and  the  as,  the 
Gorgon's  head.  The  meaning  of  these  symbols  will  be  explained  when  we  consider  the 
question  of  the  occasion  on  which  these  coins  were  struck.  The  legends,  as  we  have  already 
remarked,  show  considerable  uniformity,  no  variations  being  made  even  on  the  smaller 
denominations,  with  the  exception  of  the  sextans,  which  on  account  of  its  size  rendered 
abbreviations  compulsory. 

In  a  recent  article  (Riv.  Ital.,  1908,  pp.  547  f.)  Sig.  G.  Dattari  has  made  an  impossible 
suggestion,  which  is  that  the  letters  A,  B,  T,  A,  S  are  not  marks  of  value,  but  the  numbers 
of  the  officinae  at  which  these  coins  were  issued. 

The  long  lists  of  weights  supplied  by  Bahrfeldt  {op.  cit.,  pp.  11-24)  are  of  great  importance 
for  ascertaining  the  standard  on  which  these  coins  were  based.  It  is  evident  from  them  that 
two  of  the  three  moneyers,  L.  Sempronius  Atratinus  and  M.  Oppius  Capito  (see  below,  pp.  515, 
517),  struck  two  series,  one  heavy,  the  other  light.  This  difference  in  weight  does  not,  in  our 
opinion,  suggest  two  different  standards,  but  it  was  probably  due  to  force  of  circumstances  (see 


512 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 


A'o.      Wciglit 


JJetal 
and  Size 


Obi'(?r>'*' 


Reverse 


Dupondius 


2iS-7  I  M  1-15  :  Heads  of  Antony  on  ].  and  |  Two  galleys  under   sail  r. ; 
I  i      *^^  Octavia  on  r.,  face  to  j      at  each  side  of  the  sail,  a 

I  I      face;  around,  [M•^•l^/^•]  j 

'  I      TER.  .  COS  •  DES  •  ITER,    i 

:      ET.[TER.III.V1R.R.  : 

:    r-c]  : 


cap  of  the  Dioscuri ;  be- 
low, B  ( =  2  asses) ;  around, 
LBIBVLVS  M-F-PR.. 
DESIG 


[Bahrfeldt,  Xiim.  Zcit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  3.] 


below).  In  order  to  ascertain  the  standard  of  these  coins  we  shall,  therefore,  only  take  into 
consideration  the  heavier  one  as  being  the  true  one.  Owing  to  the  worn  state  of  most  of  the 
coins  and  to  imperfect  striking,  the  following  figures  must  be  taken  as  approximate  only.  The 
sestertius  weighs  410 — 310  grs.,  the  tressis  350 — 300  grs.,  the  dupondius  SOO — 215  grs.,  the  as 
145 — 120  grs.,  and  the  semis  105 — 50  grs.  Bahrfeldt  (op.  cit.,  p.  50)  gives  the  average  weights 
of  the  coins  of  the  heavier  series  as — sestertius  385  grs.,  tressis  325  grs.,  dupondius  250  grs., 
and  115 12S  grs.  He  mentions  only  two  specimens  of  the  sextans,  which  are  of  65"5  grs.  and  35-5 
grs.  respectively.  If  the  Roman  ounce  be  taken  as  representing  421  grs.  (27'264  grammes), 
the  standard  on  "which  these  coins  were  struck  was  quarter-uncial.  The  question  of  metal 
must,  however,  be  taken  into  consideration.  Analyses  show  that  it  is  not  of  pure  copper, 
but  of  a  mixed  metal  consisting  of  76"5  per  cent,  copper,  14 '0  per  cent,  tin,  and  8"3  per  cent, 
lead  (see  Num.  Chron.,  1904,  p.  244).  This  metal,  like  orichalcum,  was  in  currency  rated 
at  double,  or  nearly  so,  that  of  pure  copper,  as  has  been  shown  in  the  case  of  the  coinage 
instituted  at  Eome  in  B.C.  15  (see  above,  p.  45),  which  was  of  orichalcum,  and  was  evidently 
based  on  the  same  system  as  this  Eastern  coinage.  Allowance  being  made  for  irregularity 
of  weight  arising  from  circumstances  in  casting  the  flans  and  also  for  wear,  it  would  appear 
that  these  coins  were  issued  on  the  quarter-onnce  standard  of  bronze  or  the  half-ounce 
standai'd  of  copper,  the  latter  having  been  adopted  at  the  Roman  miut  in  B.C.  8S,  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Lex  Papiri-a  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  189,  241).  Bahrfeldt  is  of  opinion  that  the 
light  series  was  issued  on  an  eighth-oance  standard,  but  "we  are  disposed  to  consider  that  this 
difference  in  weight  was  more  probably  due  to  the  very  special  conditions  under  wlijch  these 
coins  were  put  forth. 

The  date  of  issue  an^  the  locality  of  striking  of  these  exceptional  pieces  are  questions 
which  have  led  to  much  diversity  of  opinion,  so  far  resulting  in  no  satisfactory  conclusions. 
As  guides  for  their  date  there  are  two  main  criteria,  legends  and  types.  Of  the  moneyers 
themselves  our  information  is  limited.  The  legends  show  that  all  the  coins  belong  to  one 
period,  that  of  the  third  imperatorship  of  Antony,  and  when  he  was  consul  designate  for  the 
second  and  third  time,  i.e.,  from  B.C.  38 — 35  inclusive.  It  is  to  these  years  that  Count  de  Salis 
had  assigned  them.  The  types  also  show  that  the  coins  are  of  a  period  when  the  relations  of 
Antony,  Octavius  and  Octavia  were  of  a  perfectly  amicable  nature,  and  that  they  commemorate 
an  event  in  which  all  three  partiiipated.  This  amity  of  the  triumvirs  could  not  have  been  of 
the  time  of  the  marriage  of  Antony  and  Octavia  in  B.C.  40,  as  the  former  was  then  only  in  his 
first  imperatorship,  and  had  not  been  as  yet  designated  consul  for  the  second  and  third  time. 

After  the  departure  of  Antony  and  Octavia  for  Greece  in  B.C.  39  there  was  no  meeting 
between  them  and  Octavius  till  the  time  when  the  war  with  Sextus  Pompey  was  at  its 
height,  and  when  Octavius  had  experienced  heavy  losses  at  sea.  This  was  in  B.C.  37.  The 
circumstances  may  be  briefly  related.  In  B.C.  38,  on  account  of  the  renewed  attacks  of  Sextus 
Pompey  on  the  Italian  shores,  Octavius  determined  to  strike  a  decisive  blow,  and  at  once  set 
about  making  the  necessary  preparations.  Antony  hearing  of  this,  and  wishing  for  his  own 
purpose  to  prevent  a  breach  of  the  treaty  with  Sextus,  came  hurriedly  to  Brundusium,  but  left 
again  immediately  without  meeting  Octavius,  who  had  been  delayed  in  his  arrival.  Later  in 
the  year  two  engagements  and  two  heavy  storms  almost  annihilated  the  fleet  of  Octavius. 
Driven  to  despair  he  summoned  Agrippa  from  Gaul,  and  sent  Maecenas  to  Antony  requesting 


CIEO.  B.C.  36—35;    A.U.C.  718—719 


513 


No.       WeirjM 


128'0 


iletal 
and  Size 


M    -9 


Obverse 


Reverse 


As 


Conjoined  heads  of  Antony  j  Galley  under  sail  r. ;  on  1., 
and  Octavia  r. ;  around,  j  A  (  =  as) ;  below,  Gorgon's 
M[Ar.l(Vr   JTER..COS-        -      -  - 


DES  [ITER.  ■  ET  •  TER 
III   •  VIR.  •  R   ■  n   .   C]; 

countermark    behind 


liead  facing;  around,  [L  ■ 
BIBVLVJS  •  M  •  F  .  PR 
DESIG 


heads  (*e) 


I  [Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  4. J 

■help.  Antony,  who  had  jnst  i-etiirned  from  ESyria,  set  out  at  once  lor  _Brundusiuin  with  a  fleet 
of  300  ships,  but  in  the  meantime  Octavius  had  changed  his  mind  and  declined  to  meet  him. 
When  an  open  breach  between  the  triumvirs  seemed  imminent  a  reconciliation  was  elfected  by 
tlie  skilful  mediation  of  Octavia  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  93,  9-)-).  The  triumvirs  met  and  it  was 
arranged  that  Antony  should  supply  120  ships  to  Octavius,  who  in  return  provided  him  with 
20,000  legionaries  to  carry  on  the  campaign  against  the  Parthians.  This  fleet,  which  was  well 
equipped,  took  an  active  part  in  the  war,  and  it  was  with  it  that  Octavius  subsequently 
went  to  Sicily,  when  he  occupied  Tauromenium.  It  is  therefore  evident  from  the  types  of 
these  coins  that  it  is  to  the  events  of  B.C.  37 — 36  that  they  relate.  The  good  feeling  between 
Antony  and  Octavius  is  illustrated  by  their  conjoined  heads,  and  the  addition  of  that  of 
Octavia  shows  the  part  which  she  took  in  bringing  about  the  reoonoiliation.  The  reverse 
type  of  the  sestertius  depicts  Antony  and  Octavia  in  the  characters  of  Poseidon  and  Amphi- 
trite.  The  symbols  on  the  reverses  connect  this  coinage  still  more  intimately  with  Sicily. 
The  triskelis  was  long  the  symbol  of  the  island,  and  the  Gorgon's  head  usually  placed  in  the 
centre  of  it,  as  shown  on  the  coins  of  Agathocles  of  Syracuse  ( Read,  Coins  of  Syracuse,  pi.  viii., 
nos.  7,  8),  and  on  denarii  of  L.  Cornelius  Lentnlus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius  Maroellus  (see  Coinage 
OF  Sicir.Y,  below,  p.  558),  is  in  this  case  figured  separately.  The  caps  of  the  Dioscuri  point  to 
the  part  played  by  the  land  forces,  and  the  symbol  on  the  sestertius,  which  we  have  ventured  to 
identify  as  a  rock,  is  symbolical  of  the  rugged  coasts  of  Sicily,  which  had  proved  so  disastrous 
to  the  ships  of  Antony. 

The  opinions  expressed  as  to  the  locality  in  which  these  coins  were  issued  are  as  varied  as 
they  are  uncertain  (Bahrfeldt,  op.  cit.,  pp.  36  f.).  Cavedoni  {Num.  bibl.,  p.  119,  note  97)  con- 
sidered that  the  sestertii  with  the  hippocamp-quadriga  were  issued  at  Berytus  in  Phoenicia, 
and  the  tresses  with  the  triskelis  in  some  maritime  city  of  Lydia  or  Pamphylia.  Babelon 
(vol.  i.,  p.  187)  proposed  to  attribute  the  coins  of  Atratinua  to  Panormua,  those  of  Bibulus  to 
the  Bast,  Asia  Minor  or  Greece  (vol.  i.,  p.  304),  and  those  of  Oppius  to  Sicily  (vol.  ii.,  p.  277). 
Caland  (de  Num.  M.  Ant.,  p.  75)  selects  Pisidia  for  the  mint-district  of  the  coins  of  Oppius 
and  Atratinus;  but  Holm  (Gesch.  Sicil.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  460)  has  classed  both  issues  to  Sicily. 
As  provenance  would  be  under  the  circumstances  one  of  the  surest  guides,  Bahrfeldt  (op.  cit., 
p.  37)  has  put  himself  to  infinite  trouble  to  gather  evidence  about  it,  but  the  results  have 
not  been  altogether  satisfactory.  From  personal  inquiries  he  has  ascertained  that  none  of 
these  coins  have  ever  been  found  in  Sicily,  and  that  no  specimens  exist  in  the  collection  of  the 
Museum  at  Syracuse  nor  in  the  Naples  Museum,  nor  in  the  Santangelo  collection,  all  of  which 
are  rich  in  South  Italian  and  Sicilian  coins.  Those  of  Bibulus  and  Oppius  have  been  un- 
earthed at  Smyrna,  of  Atratinus  at  Constantinople,  and  others  in  Crete  and  the  Cyrenaica,  but 
none  in  Egypt.  In  the  face  of  these  unsatisfactory  results  Bahrfeldt  has  suggested  that  these 
coins  may  have  been  struck  on  board  of  one  or  more  of  the  ships  of  Antony.  It  is  in  this 
manner  that  he  would  account  for  their  rude  fabric  and  special  rarity.  They  must,  however, 
have  been  intended  to  circulate  somewhere,  and  if  they  are  to  be  excluded  from  Italy  and 
Sicily,  where  under  the  special  circumstances  it  may  have  been  possible  for  them  to  have 
originated,  they  must  be  relegated  to  the  East,  where  at  all  events  some  pieces  have  been 
found.  Bahrfeldt  {op.  cit.,  p.  33)  has  placed  their  issue  between  the  autumn  of  B.C.  37  (A.r-.c. 
717)  and  the  summer  of  B.C.  35  (A.U.C  719),  but  as  the  tyjjes  appear  to  record  an  accomplished 
fact  we  are  inclined  to  consider  that  they  did  not  make  their  appearance  till  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Sicilian  war.  They  may,  therefore,  be  assigned  to  B.C.  38—35.  Antony's  fleet 
did  not  return  ininipdi:itely  to  the  Bast  after  the  battle  of   Nanlochus,  but   it  was  .sent  by 

VOL.    n.  3   U 


514 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 


JTo.     Weight 


150  I    78-0 


65-5 


MetaJ 
and  Si:e 


.E    -8 


Olivcrse 


Reverse 


M    -7 


Semis' 


Head   of   Antony  r.,   bare  ;    Galley  without   sail  r. ;    a- 
around.M.ATlAA^-TER.  i      round,   L-BIBVLVS-M- 
COS  .  DES  •  ITER.  .  ET  •        F-TR-DESIG 
TER-IILVIK-KP-C  [PI.  cxiv.  13.] 

\  (Blaeas  Coll.) 

Sextans  ^ 


Janiform  head ;  around,  M  • 
AT  •  IM  TER. .  COS  •  DES  ■ 
[ITER.  •  ET  •  TER.  •  111  • 
VIR.-R..r-C] 


Stem  of  prow  in  the  form  of 
the  head  and  neck  of  a 
goose  (;(7)vtcrKos) ;  at  the 
sides  •  •  {sextans);  around, 
L-BIBVLVS-M.F.  TR.  • 
DESIG 


[Cf.  Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1905,  p.  13,] 


Octavius  to  Tarentum,  where  it  appears  to  have  remained  till  the  spring  of  the  following  year 
(Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  129).  It  is,  however,  possible  that  some  of  the  ships  may  have  been 
sent  back  at  an  earlier  date,  and  that  these  coins  were  strnck  by  their  commanders  on  their 
arrival  at  their  destined  station.  Though  it  must  be  admitted  that  evidence  of  provenance 
is  lacking,  we  would  suggest  as  a  probable  mint-place  the  island  of  Zacynthns,  which  would 
be  a  likely  calling-place  or  port  for  vessels  returning  eastwards.  It  was  in  that  island  that 
C.  Sosius  on  his  journeys  to  and  from  Italy  struck  money  on  four  different  occasions  (see 
above,  p.  504).  There  are  certain  characteristics  which  are  common  to  the  issues  of  Sosius 
and  to  those  of  the  praefecti  classis  of  Antony.  They  are  of  bronze  only  and  of  the  same 
standard,  i.e.,  quarter-onnce,  and  many  of  the  coins  of  Antony,  like  those  of  Sosius,  have 
the  edges  bevelled.  Is  it  therefore  in  these  coins  of  Sosius  that  we  can  trace  not  only  the 
origin  of  this  money  of  Antony,  but  also  of  the  subsequent  issues  of  the  Roman  mint  ?  A 
shortage  of  metal  in  the  island  would  also  account  for  the  lightness  in  weight  of  many  of 
the  specimens. 

Lucius  Calpurnius  Bibulns,  whose  coins  are  first  described,  was  the  son  of  M.  Calpurnius 
Bibulus  and  the  step-son  of  Marcus  Junius  Brutus,  who  married  his  mother  Porcia.  In  B.C.  45 
Bibulus  went  to  Athens  to  continue  his  studies  (Cicero,  ad  Att.,  xii.  32),  and  later,  after  the 
death  of  Caesar,  joined  his  step-father  in  Italy.  He  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  pathetic  leave- 
taking  of  his  parents  at  Telia,  which  he  himself  described  (H.  Peter,  Hist.  rom.  frag.,  p.  242; 
Plutarch,  Brutus,  23).  Being  proscribed  by  the  triumvirs  he  went  to  the  East  and  was  present 
at  the  battles  of  Philippi,  but  being  pardoned  by  Antony  entered  his  service.  He  was  a  prae- 
fectus  classis  and  commanded  a  portion  of  the  fleet  which  was  supplied  by  Antony  to  take  part 
in  the  Sicilian  war,  at  which  time  he  was  also  praetor  designate.  Appian  {Bell,  civ.,  iv.  38. 104, 
1 36 ;  V.  132)  relates  that  he  was  much  employed  by  Antony  in  his  negotiations  with  Ootavius, 
and  that  he  was  finally  promoted  by  him  to  the  government  of  Syria,  where  he  died  shortly 
before  the  battle  of  Actium.  Bibulus  struck  a  complete  series  of  the  new  bronze  moDey  from 
the  sestertius  to  the  sextans,  but  as  it  is  of  the  heavy  weight  only  Bahrfeldt  {op.  cit.,  p.  28) 
has  suggested  that  in  B.C.  35  be  quitted  his  fleet  and  went  to  Rome  on  a  diplomatic  mission 
to  Octavius.     This  would  be  before  pieces  of  the  light  weight  were  being  issued. 

The  coins  attributed  by  Vaillant  {Eist.  Ptol.,  p.  197  ;  J/on.  fam.  rom.,  pi.  xv.  53;  pi.  xxxiv. 
31)  to  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  on  some  of  which  Bibulus  is  given  the  title  of  PRO.  SIC 
(Propraetor  Siciliae),  are  considered  to  be  misreadings  or  fabrications.  PRO  .  SIC  .  may  be 
a  misreading  of  PR  .  DESIG  .  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  189,  note  1).  Bahrfeldt  (op.  cit.,  p.  27) 
considers  that  the  coins  of  Antony  and  Bibulus  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  189,  nos.  82-84) 
may  also  be  relegated  to  th»  same  category. 

'  Bahrfeldt  (op.  cit.,  p.  13)  mentions  fourteen  specimens  of  this  denomination,  varying  in 
weight  from  104 — 34  grs.     The  mark  of  value  S  is  omitted. 

-  The  only  specimen  known  of  this  coin  is  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.     It  was  formerly  in  ■ 


CIEC.  B.C.  36—35;   A.U.C.  718—719 


515 


No.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


151 


201-0 


M  1-15 


Obverse  Reverse 

M.AT:   L.ATRATINVS 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;   LUCIUS  [SEMPEONIUS] 
ATEATINUS  >) 

Sestertius 

Light  Series 


Heads  of  Antony  on  1.  and 
of  Octavia  on  r.,  face  to 
face;  around,  M-^-  IM"- 
TEK  ■  [COS -DES- ITER. 
ET-TER.  III.  VIR.  .  R. 
r  .  C]  (see  p.  510). 


Antony  and  Octavia  facing 
each  other,  in  quadriga 
r.,  drawn  by  hippocamps; 
on  1.,  HS  (sestertius) ;  be- 
low, A  ( =  4  asses)  and 
rock(?) ;  [above  the' hippo- 
camps'  heads,  htuus]  ;  a- 
round,  L-ATRATINVS- 
AVGVR.  ■  COS  .  DESIG  • 
{Augur,  consul  designatus). 
[PI.  cxiv.  14.] 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


264-0     M  ]-4 


Tressis 

Heavy  Sbbies 


Conjoined  heads  of  Antony 
and  Ootavius  r.,  facing 
that  of  Octavia  1. ;  around, 
M- AT.  lAA^-TER-COS- 
DES-  ITER  •  ET.  TER.  • 
lll-VIR.R..  P.C 


Three  galleys  under  sail  r. ; 
above,  lituus ;  below,  V 
( =  3  asses)  and  triskelis  ; 
around,  L.ATR ATI NVS • 
AVGVR.  COS -DESIG 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  8.] 


the  Borghesi  and  Bignami  collections.  It  was  first  described  by  Borghesi  ((Euvres  compl., 
t.  ii.,422;  Cavedoni,  Niim.  bihl.,  p.  133),  who  considered  that  the  janiform  head  on  the  obverse 
was  intended  to  represent  Antony  and  Octavia,  and  that  the  object  on  the  reverse  was  the 
XTjpifffcos,  an  ornament  resembling  the  head  of  a  goose,  a  not  unusual  form  of  the  prow-stem  of 
a  vessel.  The  identification  of  the  two  heads  as  portraits  of  Antony  and  Octavia  cannot  be 
sustained,  as  they  bear  no  resemblance  to  those  ou  the  larger  denominations.  Borghesi  also 
thought  that  the  coin  was  of  the  current  value  of  two  quadrantes  or  a  half-assarion,  as  the 
sextans  was  not  then  struck.  This,  however,  is  no  argument,  seeing  that  most  of  the  coins 
of  this  series  consist  of  denominations  not  hitherto  issued  in  bronze.  Bahrfeldt  {loc.  cit.) 
questions  the  presence  of  the  marks  of  value  {••)  on  the  reverse,  and  considers  that  the  slight 
excrescences  are  due  to  patination  or  oxidation.  There  is  certainly  a  •  on  the  right  of  the 
prow-stem,  but  that  on  the  left  is  somewhat  indistinct.  If  the  similar  piece  of  Oppius  (see 
below,  p.  520)  bears  these  marks,  one  would  expect  to  find  them  also  on  the  coin  of  Bibulus, 
so  that  both  would  represent  the  sextans. 

'  Some  particulars  of  L.  Sempronius  Atratinus  have  been  given  in  connection  with  a  coin 


516 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 


A'o. 


height 


340-0 


Metal 
and  Sizf 


JE  1-05 


Dupondius 

Heavy  Sekibs 


Heads  of  Antony  on  1.  and 
of  Ootavia  on  r.,  face  to 
face ;  around,  [M  •  AT  • 
l^/^.]  TER,  .  cos  ■  DES- 
ITEK.ET--ER..III.VIR.- 
K.P.C- 


Two  galleys  under  sail  r. ; 
at  each  side  of  the  sail,  a 
cap  of  the  Dioscuri ;  [on 
r.,  lituus]  ;  below,  B  ( =  2 
asses) ;  around,  L  •  ATR.A 
TINVS- AVGVR-COS  • 
DESIG 


147-7 


M  1-0 


[Bahrfeldt,  Nmn.  Zeit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  9.] 

As ' 
Heavy  Semes 


Conjoined  heads  of  Antony 
and  Octavia  r. ;  around, 
[M-AT.  INr.]TER..COS. 
DES- ITER. ET.TER.-rrT. 
VIR.R[-r.C] 


Galley  under  sail  r. ;  [above, 
htuus] ;  below,  A  (  =  as) 
and  Gorgon's  head  facing ; 
around,  L  .  ATR.ATIN 
VS  •  AVGVR.  .  COS  .  DE 
SIG 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1905,  pi.  i.,  no.  lOa.J 


which  he  struck  during  the  first  imperatorship  of  Antony,  and  before  he  became  himself 
consul  designate  in  B.C.  39  (see  above,  p.  501).  His  consulship  did  not  take  place  till  B.C.  34. 
He  appears  to  have  issued  two  series  of  coins  as  a  praefectus  classis  of  Antony  which  vary- 
only  in  weight,  not  in  type.  Of  the  heavier  series  Bahrfeldt  {op.  cit.,  pp.  14  f.)  describes  the 
sestertius,  tressis,  dupondius  and  as,  and  the  same  of  the  light  series,  with  the  exception  of  the 
tressis.  He  condemns  as  forgeries  or  as  misdescribed  pieces  the  sestertius  and  dupondius  (?) 
fio-ured  by  Babelou  (vol.  i.,  pp.  184,  185,  nos.  71,  72),  on  which  Atratinus  is  given  the  title 
PRAEF  .  CLASS  .  F  .  C  .  {praefectus  classis  flandiim  curuvit).  Riccio  {Catalogo,  pi.  vi.,  no.  4; 
Mon.  Jam.  roin.,  pi.  xlii.,  no.  10)  was  the  first  to  figure  these  two  coins,  which  were  sub- 
sequently copied  by  Cohen  and  Babelon.  Count  de  Salis  had  also  accepted  these  descriptions 
as  coriect.     These  errors,  like  others  mentioned,  have  led  to  wrong  conclusions. 

'  A  variety  has  the  mark  of  value  A  on  the  left  of  the  galley.     The  bcmis  and  the  sextans 
arc  not  known  of  this  issue. 


CIEC.  B.C.  36—35  ;    A.U.C.  718—719 


517 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


Ohverse 


Reverse 


152 


412-5 


M  1-4 


M.AN-;  M.OrnVS  CAPITO 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;   MAECUS  OPPIUS 
CAPITO  1) 

Sestertius 

Heavy  Sebies 


Heads  of  Antony  on  1.  and  of 
Octavia  on  r.,  face  to  face  ; 
around,  M  •  [AhT  ■  \N?  ■ 
■E-R.]COS-DESIG.[|-ER.. 
ET.T-R.III  •  VIR..]  R. 
P  •  C  (see  p.  510). 


153    121-5 


Antony  and  Octavia  facing 
each  other,  in  quadriga  r., 
drawn  by  hippocamps ; 
behind,  W  (^sestertius) ; 
below,  A  ( =  4  asses)  and 
rock(?) ;  around,  M  ■  OP  P I 
VS-CAPITO-PRO-PR. 
PR.AEF  .  CLASS  •  F  •  C 
[Projri'actor,  pixtefcctus 
classis,  flandum  curavit). 

[PI.  cxv.   1.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


Light  Series 


M  1-0 


Similar  ;    legend,  M  •  AN"  • 
COS  ■  DESIG  .  I"EK  • 


Similar ;   legend, S 

CAPITO      PKO  •  PR 

PKAEF.  CLASS-  F-C 

[PI.  cxv.  2.] 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


1  Of  this  moneyer  we  know  even  less  than  of  his  colleagues.  He  may  have  been  the 
M.  Oppius  who  with  his  father  was  proscribed  in  B.C.  43.  The  latter,  on  account  of  his  old  age, 
being  unable  to  leave  Rome  was  carried  by  his  son  on  his  shoulders,  both  ultimately  reaching 
Sicily  in  safety  (Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  53).  He  evidently  became  reconciled  to  Antony,  who 
appointed  him  propraetor  and  praefectus  classis.  He  is  the  only  one  who  gives  this  last  title 
on  his  coins,  a^d  also  his  authority  for  issuing  them  (fianduvi  curavit).  Of  all  three  praefects 
the  coins  of  Oppius  are  the  most  numerous  at  the  present  time.  Bahrfeldfc  (op.  cit.,  pp.  18  f.) 
mentions  of  the  sestertius  9  specimens,  of  the  tressis  8,  of  the  dupondius  38,  and  of  the  as  63. 
These  he  has  separated,  as  in  the  case  of  the  coins  of  Atratinus,  into  two  series,  a  heavy  and 
a  light  one ;  the  former  consisting  of  the  sestertius,  tressis,  dupondius,  as  and  semis ;  and  the 
latter  of  the  sestertius,  dupondius,  as  and  sextans.  In  describing  the  various  specimens  in 
the  National  Collection,  as  no  single  piece  gives  the  obverse  and  reverse  legends  complete, 
the  portions  legible  in  each  case  have  been  set  out.  From  these  it  will  be  seen  that  the  size 
of  the  coin  does  not  carry  with  it  any  variations,  and  that  from  the  sestertius  to  the  semis 
the  obverse  and  reverse  legends  are  precisely  the  same  throughout.  It  is  chiefly  on  this 
account,  and  because  of  excess  of  tooling,  that  we  have  not  included  in  the  descriptions  the 
tressis  in  the  National  Collection  from  the  Campana  cabinet,  which  has  the  obverse  legend, 
M.ANTON.  IMP  .COS.DES.  IIIVIR  .  R  .  P  .  C,  and  onthe  reverse,  M  .OP  PIVS  CAPITO 
rRO.PR..PRAEF.  CLASS  .  F  .  C  .  {Num.  Chron.,  1904,  pi.  xii.,  no.  2).  The  British  Museum 
has  lately  acquired  another  specimen  of  this  coin,  which  is  certainly  false. 

It  may  be  observed  that  whilst  Bibulus  and  Atratinus  give  the  name  of  Antony  as  M  .  ^ 
Oppius  abbreviates  it  into  M  .  AfT.  He  also  curtails  TE  RT  into  "ET?".  These  small  differences 
are  not  sufficient  to  assign  these  coins  to  another  locality. 

Bahrfeldt  (op.  cit.,  p.  25)  has  condemned  as  not  original  pieces  those  which  bear  the  name 
of  C.  Fonteius  Capito  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  182,  nos.  66,  67).  Throughout  his  researches  he 
has  not  met  with  an  original  specimen,  and  he  suggests  that  they  may  be  altered  coins  of 
Oppius.  Babelon  copied  from  Cohen,  who  followed  Eiccio,  and  who  in  turn  adopted  the 
illustrations  of  Vaillaut  and  Morelli.  In  one  case  the  obverse  and  reverse  legends  are  trans- 
posed.    Such  a  variation  does  not  occur  on  any  of  the  cuius  of  Bibulus,  Atratinus,  or  Oppius. 


518 


No.     Weight 


331-0 


268-0 


246-5 


234-0 


160-0 


142-5 


137-5 


Metal 
and  Size 


M  1-3 


M  1-05 


m  1-1 


M  1-1 


JE    -9 


M  1-0 


M    -95 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 

Oiverse 

Tressis 

Heavy  Seeibsi 


Reverse 


Conjoined  heads  of  Antony 
and  Octavius  r.,  facing 
that  of  Octavia  1. ;  around, 

[M.ArT-i/vr--E-R.]cos- 

DESIG  ■  [|-ER  •  ET.■E■R• 
II|.  VIK-R.P  -C] 


Three  galleys  under  sail  r. ; 
below,  r  ( =  3  asses)  and 
triskelis ;  around,  M  •  OP 

rivs.CAriTO[PR.o . 

PR.]  PRAEF.  CLASrS. 
F.C] 

[PI.  cxv.  3.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Dupondius 

Heavy  Series 


Heads  of  Antony  on  1.  and 
of  Octavia  on  r.,  face  to 
face;  around,  [M  •  AN" . 
IW."E"R.]  COS -DESIG. 
I"ER. [ET. "111.111. VIK- 
K  .  P  .  C} 


Similar;  legend,  M  •  AN"  . 
\N?-  -E-R.  ....  Ill  -VIR. 
K.P-C 

Similar;  legend,  ....  \N?  ■ 
■E-R  .  COS  .  DESIG  •  ITR 


Two  galleys  under  sail  r. ;  at 
each  side  of  the  sail,  a  cap 
of  the  Dioscuri ;  below, 
B  ( =  2  asses) ;  around, 
[M.OPjPIVS-CAPITO. 
PRO  .  P[R  .  PRAEF  • 
CLASS.  F.C] 

[PI.  cxv.  4.] 

Similar ;  legend,  M  •  O  P 
PIVS.  CAPITO.  PRO  . 
PR 

Similar;  legend, CA 

PITO.PRO-PR.  PRA 
EF.  CLASS... 


Light  Seeies 


Similar;  legend,  M  .  AN"  . 
IW?  .  T-R  .  COS  .  DESIG  . 
■■ER-ET.-E-R.III  .  VIR. 


Similar ;  legend,  AN"  • 
DESIG.  .... 


Similar ;   legend,  ^A  •  AN"  ■ 

Iivr.-E"RC0S. VIR. 

R.PC 


Similar;  legend,  .  .  .  . 
TO ....  . 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


CAP  I 


Similar;  legend,  ....  CAP  I 
TO. PRO. 

(Pres.  by  S.  Lysons) 

Similar ;  legend, CAP  I 

TO.  PRO.  PR.  PRAEF. 
CLASS-.. 


'  Bahrfeldt  {np.  cit.,  p.  22)  says  lie  has  not  met  with  the  tressis  of  Ihe  light  series. 


CIEC.  B.C.  36—35;   A.U.C.  718—719 


519 


No.     Weight 


1260 


114-5 
101-0 


140-7 


685 
62-0 

61-0 
55-5 
55-0 

54-5 
50-0 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -8 


M    -95 
M    -95 


M    -85 


2E    -6 


2E    -7 


M    -7 


M    -55 


M    -65 


M    -65 


M    -65 


Similar;    legend DE 

SIG  •  ITK  .  ET- III 

VIR.R..  r.c 


Similar ;      legend     entirely 
obliterated. 

Similar ;  legend, COS  ■ 

DESIG.|"ER..ET.TTl.|ll. 
VIR.K.P.C 


Reverse 

Similar  ;  legend, PR.  • 

TKAEF.  CLASS- 

[PI.  cxv.  5.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  legend,   OPriVS- 


Similar;   legend,   PR.0 
PKAEF.  CLASS- F. 
[PI.  cxv.  6.] 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


As 

Heavy  Sebies 


Conjoined  heads  of  Antony 
and  Ootavia  r. ;  around, 
M- Arr-  l/VT-fR-COS- 
DESIG  -  ITK  •  ET  .  "E'R  . 
Ill- VIR.-K-P  -C 


Light 

Similar;  legend,  M  •  ANT  • 
INT- 

Similar ;  legend,  M  •  ANT  • 
IM'  ■  tH  •  COS  .  DESIG  . 
J-ER  •  ET  • -E-R  • . . .  B.  ■  P  . 
C 

Similar ;  legend,  M  •  AfT  ■ 
\NV- 

Similar ;  legend,  M  •  AN"  • 
IW- 

Similar ;  legend,  M  •  AN"  • 
l/Vf  .  -E"R  .  COS  •  DESIG 

Similar ;  legend,  M  •  AN"  - 
livT.  ....  |-EK  -ET-'E'R- 
III  .  VIK-RP-C 

Similar;  legend,  M  -  AN"  - 
ilW  -  "EH  •  COS  •  DESIG  - 


Galley  in  full  sail  r. ;  belo-w, 
A  ( =  as)  and  Gorgon's 
head  facing ;  around,  [M  • 
OPPIVS  -  CAPITO  -] 
PKO  .  PR.  -  [PR.AEF  • 
CLASS-  F-  C] 
[PI.  cxv.  7.] 


Series 

Similar;    legend, O  • 

PR.O-PRPR.... 

Similar ;  legend, P  B,0  • 

PK.  PKAEF 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar ;  legend EF  • 

CLASS-  F.C 

Similar ;  legend  entirely 
obliterated. 

Similar;  legend,  M  .  OPPI 
VS -CAP-....  F- CLASS- 
F-C 

[PI.  cxv.  8.] 

Similar ;     legend,    .... 
PKAEF.  CLASS -F.C 


Similar  ;  legend,  M  •  OP  P I 
....  PKAEF.CLASSF.C 
[PI.  cxv.  9.] 


520 


COINAGE   OF   THE    EAST 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


Ohvers 


Reverse 


53-5     .E    -7 


35-5 


M    -6 


Semis 

Heavy  Series 


Head  of  Antony  r. ;  around, 
[M.AN"-l/V?.-E"R.]COS- 
DESIG  •  ITR.  •  ET  [•  -EH  • 
III.  VIKK-  PC] 


Galley  r.,  without  sail;  above, 
S  (semis) ;  around,  M  • 
OPriVS  •  CAPITO  ■ 
PR.ro  •  PR.  •  PR.AEF  •] 
CLASS-  F.C 


[Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zcit.,  1905,  pi.  ii.,  no.  18.] 


Sextans  ^ 

Light  Series. 


Janiform  head ;  around, 
III  VIR.  K  P  C 


Stem  of  prow  1. ;  below  •  • 
{sextans) ;  around,  [M  • 
OPPIVS  •]  CA  PR.AEF 
CI 


17i2     60-0 


M.    -8 


[Bahrfeldt,  Nu7n.  Zcit.,  1905,  p.  24.] 


Circ.  B.C.  35;   a.u.c.  719 


ANTON  I VS 

([MAECUS]  ANTONIUS) 
Denarius^ 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
around,  ANTONIVS  • 
AVGVR.  .  COS  .  DES  • 
ITER.  .  ET  .  TER.T  (Au- 
gur, consul  dcsignatus  ite- 
rum  at  tertio). 


An  Armenian  tiara  r.,  orna- 
mented with  stars  andwith 
lappets;  behind,  a  bow  and 
arrow  in  saltire  ;  around, 
IMP  TER.TIO  lll•VIR.• 
R.  •  P  •  C  {Imperator  tertio, 
ti  iumvir  rcipublicae  con- 
stitucndac). 

[fl.  cxv.   10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


^  Bahrfeldt  (op.  cit.,  p.  24)  mentions  two  specimens  of  this  denomination,  one  formerly  in 
the  Ranch  collection,  the  other  in  the  Welzl  v.  Wellenheim  cabinet.  Both  have  now  dis- 
appeared. Fortunately  Ranch  published  and  illustrated  his  specimen  in  the  Ann.  deW  Inst. 
Arcli.,  1847,  p.  283,  pi.  P,  no.  9,  from  which  the  above  illustration  is  taken.  The  two 
specimens  show  that  the  reverse  legend  in  full  would  read  M  .  OPPIVS  CA  PRAEF  . 
CLASS,  but  that  of  the  obverse  must  remain  uncertain.  As  Ranch  gives  the  marks  of  value  •• 
on  the  reverse  of  his  specimen  this  coin  must  represent  the  sextans.  It  is  on  this  account  that 
we  consider  that  the  coin  of  Bibulus  of  similar  type  is  of  the  same  value  (see  above,  p.  .■J14). 

■  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  195)  has  assigned  this  coin  to  B.C.  34,  and  he  concludes  that  the 


CIEC.  B.C.  34;    A.U.C.  720 


521 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


173 


122-4 


174 


123-5 


N    -75 


Ohi^eri^e  "Reverse 

Circ.  BC.  34;    a.u.c.  720  i 

M  .  ANTONI .  M  .  F  .  M .  N  :   M  .  ANTONIVS 
M.F.F 

(MAECUS   ANTONIUS    MAECI   FILIUS    MAECI 

NEPOS;  MAEGUS  ANTONIUS  MAECI  FILII 

FILIUS  ■') 

Aureus 


N     -75 


Head  of  Mark  Antony  r., 
bare;  around,  M  •  AN 
TONI.M-F-M.N-AVC- 
IMP  -  TER.T  {Attgur,  im- 
perator  tertio). 


Similar;  legend,  ANTON 
AVC-IMP-III. COS-TIES 
lll.lll.V.KP.C  {Augur, 
imperator  tertio,  consul  de- 
signatus    tertio,    triuvivir 
reipublicae  constituendae) 


Head  of  Mark  Antony  junior 
r.,  bare ;  around,  COS  • 
ITER^-AESigN-TERT. 
ll|.VIR..K.p.C(CoMSMZ 

iterum,  designatus  tertio, 
triumvir  reipublicae  con- 
stituendae). 

[PI.  cxv.   11.] 
(Montagu  Coll.) 

Similar ;  legend,  M  ■  ANTO 
NIVS-M-F-F 
[PI.  cxv.   12.] 

(Blaeas  Coll.) 


types  relate  to  the  victories  of  Antony  over  Artavasdes,  king  of  Armenia,  in  that  year,  which 
were  celebrated  by  n,  triumph  of  great  magnificence  at  Alexandria.  As,  however,  the  titles 
given  to  Antony  show  that  he  was  still  consul  designate  for  the  second  and  third  times,  this 
coin  must  have  been  issued  before  B.C.  34,  when  he  entered  on  his  second  consulship.  Nor 
can  the  reverse  type  refer  to  the  victories  of  Ventidius,  as  at  that  time  Antony  was  on  friendly 
terms  with  the  Armenians,  and  was  receiving  help  from  Artavasdes.  A  breach  with  that 
monarch  did  not  occur  till  the  latter's  desertion  of  Antony  in  the  Parthian  war,  after  the 
failure  of  the  siege  of  Phraata,  which  was  followed  by  the  disastrous  retreat  to  the  Armenian 
frontier  (e.g.  36).  It  was  to  revenge  that  base  treatment  that  Antony  in  the  following  year 
undertook  an  expedition  against  the  Armenian  king,  and  to  ensure  success  sent  Polemo,  king 
of  Pontus,  to  the  Median  king,  Artavasdes,  to  negotiate  with  him  a  treaty  of  alliance  and 
friendship.  For  this  service  Antony  handed  over  to  Polemo  lesser  Armenia,  and  permitted 
him  to  attach  it  to  his  own  dominions  (Dion  Cassius,  xlix.  33,  44).  As  Antony  did  not  invade 
Armenia  before  B.C.  34,  it  is  to  this  circumstance  that  the  reverse  type  of  this  denarius  seems 
to  refer.  The  tiara  is  of  the  same  form  as  that  worn  by  Tigranes,  and  as  seen  on  his  coins 
as  king  of  Syria  (see  Oat.  Qr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Seleucid  Kings,  pi.  xxvii.,  no.  6).  The  bow  and 
arrow  were  the  chief  offensive  weapons  used  by  the  Armenians. 

A  variety,  of  whicli  a  specimen  is  in  the  Vienna  cabinet  and  another  was  in  the  Bunbury 
collection,  reads  TE  R  for  TE  RT.  There  is  also  a  hybrid  in  the  Budapest  National  Museum 
with  the  obverse,  head  of  Antony;  behind,  lituus  ;  around,  ANT.  IMP.  1 1 1  .VIR  .  R  .  P.C.,  as 
no.  112,  p.  495  (Bahrfeldt,  Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  p.  43). 

1  Three  series  of  coins  which  were  struck  in  the  East  may  be  assigned  to  this  year. 
They  consist  of  those  of  Antony  issued  in  his  own  name  and  in  that  of  his  son  Marcus, 
of  Antony  and  his  quaestor  M.  Silanus,  and  of  Antony  alone.  The  inscriptions,  which  record 
Antony's  second  consulship  and  third  consulship  designate,  show  that  they  could  not  have  been 
struck  before  B.C.  34.  He  only  held  the  consulship  for  a  few  days,  resigning  in  the  kalends  of 
January  in  favour  of  L.  Sempronius  Atratinus  (see  above,  p.  501). 

'  Marcus  Antonius  the  younger,  whom  the  Greek  writers  called  Antyllus,  possibly  a 
corruption  of  Antonillus,  was  the  elder  son  of  the  triumvir  and  Pulvia.  After  the  fall  of 
Mutina  the  younger  Antony  was  taken  by  his  mother  to  Greece,  and  accompanied  his  father 
to  Asia  and  Egypt.  In  B.C.  36  he  was  betrothed  to  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Octavius.  After 
the  battle  of  Actium  Antony  conferred  on  his  son  the  torja  virilis,  and  sent  him  with  proposals 
VOL.    II.  3    X 


522 


COINAGE    OF   THE    EAST 


V        7T-  ■  T,t        Metal 
■'        anil  :>izf 


Obverse  Ri  rci-^e 

ANTON:  M.SILANVS 

([MAECUS]  ANTONIUS;    MAECUS  [JUNIUS] 
SILANUS  >) 


175 


59-5 


Denai'ius 


M    -75 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ;  ! 
around,  ANTON  •  AVG  • 
IMP.  III.COSDES-  III-  I 
III  .  VR  •  P  •  C  {Augur,  i 
imperator  tertio,  consul  ' 
dcsignatus  tertio,  triumvir 
rcipiihlicae  constitucndac). 


MSILANVS-AVG  ,  , 

a. PRO. COS    (-^"^'"■' 

quaestor  pro   consuh),  in 
two  lines  across  the  lield. 
[PI.  cxv.   13.] 
(Woodliouse  CoU.) 


to  Octavius,  which  were  rejected.  He  was  shortly  afterwards  put  to  death  by  Octavins  (Dion 
Cassius,  xlyiii.  54  ;  li.  6,  15  ;  Plutarch,  Antonius,  71,  81,  87  ;   Suetonius,  AugusUis,  17). 

These  aurei,  which  together  give  the  parentage  of  both  father  and  son,  were  issued 
possibly  at  the  time  of  the  campaign  against  the  Armenians,  B.C.  34.  The  young  Marcus, 
who  was  then  about  nine  years  old,  may  hare  accompanied  his  father  in  the  campaign.  In 
assigning  the  coins  to  B.C.  34  Count  de  Salis  appears  to  have  been  influenced  by  the  inscrip- 
tions on  the  obverses.  On  one  coin  Antony  is  styled  COS  .  ITER  .AESI^N  .TERT,  and  on 
the  other,  COS  .  DES  .  III.  This  second  form  may  have  been  due  only  to  the  necessity  of 
abbreviating  the  legend,  or  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  first  piece  was  struck  early  in  B.C.  34, 
before  Antony  had  laid  down  the  consulship,  whilst  the  second  was  issued  after  that  date.  In 
any  case  the  two  coins  must  be  placed  together ;  and  they  could  not  have  been  struck  later 
than  B.C.  32,  as  Antony  claimed  the  consulship  for  the  third  time  in  B.C.  31,  though  he  did  not 
actually  fill  the  office  (see  below,  p.  531). 

Owing  to  a  slight  malformation  of  the  letters  in  the  legend  on  the  reverse  of  no.  174,  a 
good  deal  of  discussion  has  taken  place  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  three  which  follow  the 
name  of  Mark  Antony  the  son.  Visconti  {Diss.  delV  Accad.  Rom.  A'  Archeol.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  289) 
has  suggested  Maginter  Equitum  Emeritus,  and  that  both  portraits  are  of  Mark  Antony  the 
triumvir,  one  representing  him  in  early  life  when  he  was  Truigister  equitum,  the  other  of  a 
later  period.  Madden  {Num.  CJiron.,  1867,  p.  273)  interpreted  the  letters  as  Marci  Filius 
Eques ;  but  Cavedoni  (kipostigli,  p.  12)  had  already  suggested  the  more  probable  reading, 
Marci  Filii  Filius,  the  filius  being  repeated  in  order  to  distinguish  the  son  from  the  father, 
as  both  were  the  sons  of  a  Marcus  (Fr.  Gneechi,  Riv.  Hal.,  1889,  pp.  157 f.).  Examples  of  this 
form  of  epigraphy  are  met  With  in  inscriptions  (C.I.L.,  vol.  x.,  Pt.  i.,  4887,  6071;  xiv.,  2691). 
The  whole  question  arose  from  the  circumstance  that  the  serifs  at  the  base  of  the  two  F*s  are 
slightly  extended  so  that  they  have  the  appearance  of  E's.  The  peculiar  forms  of  the  letter 
D  on  both  specimens  show  that  the  dies  were  probably  made  by  a  Greek  artist  who  was  not 
acquainted  with  Latin,  and  so  this  slight  epigraphical  error  was  occasioned.  Several  of  the 
letters  in  the  legend  on  the  obverse  are  similar  in  form. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  these  coins  were  struck  in  the  East,  and  their  mint-place 
was  identified  by  Havercamp  as  Alexandria,  an  attribution  which  Friedlander  (Zeit.  f. 
Num.,  1875,  p.  290)  was  disposed  to  accept.  Tisconti  {op.  cit.,  p.  298)  considered  them  to 
have  been  struck  at  Lyons ;  but  that  is  quite  out  of  the  question,  as  that  mint  was  at  that  time 
under  the  control  of  Octavius.  In  deciding  on  their  place  of  issue  we  have  not  only  the 
legends,  but  also  the  portrait  of  Antony  to  guide  us.  On  the  first  of  these  two  coins  (no.  173) 
the  initials  of  Antony's  father  and  grandfather  are  given  in  precisely  the  same  form  as  on 
aurei  and  denarii  assigned  to  B.C.  39 — 37  (see  above,  pp.  505—508).  These  are  the  only 
instances  in  the  whole  series  of  provincial  coins  of  Antony  where  these  initials  occur.  It  should 
also  be  noticed  that  the  portrait  of  Antony  is  precisely  similar  to  that  on  the  aurei  which  have 
for  reverse  type  the  head  of  Octavia  (nos.  144, 145).  The  long  and  thick  neck,  slightly  bulging 
at  the  back,  and  the  very  straight  features,  with  an  unusually  prominent  chin,  indicate 
that  both  these  issues  were  minted  at  the  same  place.  As  it  has  been  suggested  that  the 
earlier  aurei  of  Antony  and  Octavia  were  struck  at  Athens,  these  later  ones  of  Antony  and  his 
son  may  also  be  assigned  to  that  place.  This  attribution  seems  to  be  confirmed  by  the  somewhat 
crude  forms  of  most  of  the  letters  of  the  legends,  and  by  the  occurrence  of  the  peculiar  shaped 
D,  somewhat  resembling  the  Greek  A.  There  is,  however,  some  difficulty  in  accounting  for  the 
issue  of  these  coins  at  Athens  at  this  time,  as  we  have  no  direct  evidence  that  either  Antony  or 
his  son  were  there  in  B.C.  34,  unless  the  former  visited  Greece  before  he  proceeded  to  Armenia. 

'  Marcus  Junius  Silanus  was  the  son  of  Decimus  Junius  Silanus,  who  was  consul  in  e.c.  53, 


No.     Wuijht 

176!    54-5 


iU-tal 
and  Size 

Al    -8 


CIRC.   B.C.    34  ;    A.U.C.    720 

Obverse 


523 


Re\!eTtie 


Similar. 


Similar. 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


ANTONIVS 

([MARCUS]  ANTONIUS) 
Denarius' 


177     58-0 


178 


40-2 


/ll    -75 


M    -7 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
around,  ANTON  •  AVG  • 
IMP  III  COS  DES  III  III 
V  R  r  C  (similar  to  no. 
176). 


Similar. 


ANTONIVS  ,  , 

AVG  IMP  iiii^"'Jw>i>m- 

in  tor  tertio),  in  two  lines 
across  the  field. 

[PI.  cxv.   14.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar,    ANTONIVS 
AVG-IMrill 


and  the  step-fatkei*  of  M.  Junius  Brutus,  the  murdui'er  of  Caesar.  He  served  in  Gaul  under 
Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  53,  after  whcise  murder  he  returned  with  his  brother-in-law  Lepidus  to  Gaul. 
In  the  following  year  Lepidus  sent  Silauus  to  the  relief  of  Mutina,  which  was  besieged  by 
Antony ;  but,  on  the  plea  of  not  having  received  full  instructions,  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  Antony  (Dion  Cassius,  xlvi.  38).  Shortly  after  the  formation  of  the  triumvirate  Silanus 
joined  Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily,  and  after  the  treaty  of  Misenum,  B.C.  39,  he  returned  to  Rome 
(Veil.  Paterc,  ii.  77),  and  followed  Antony  to  the  East,  who  placed  under  his  charge  the 
administration  of  a  province  with  the  title  of  quaestor  pro  consulCy  but  it  is  not  known  which 
province  this  was.  It  was  during  his  governorship  that  Silanus  struck  these  denarii  in  his 
own  name  and  in  that  of  Antony.  As  they  must  have  been  issued  during  B.C.  34  or  33, 
we  know  at  least  the  approximate  date  when  Silanus  was  acting  as  quaestor  pro  consule. 
Later,  shortly  before  the  battle  of  Actium,  disgusted  with  the  conduct  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra, 
he  together  with  Delius  the  historian  went  over  to  Octavius  (Plutarch,  Antonius,  59).  He  was 
consul  with  Octavius,  B.C.  25,  and  governor  of  Asia,  B.C.  14  (Waddington,  Pastes  des  I'rov.  Asiat., 
p.  90).  He  niay  be  the  Silanus  to  whom,  as  arpaTT/^os,  Agrippa  in  B.C.  14  addressed  a  letter 
granting  certain  privileges  to  the  Jews  of  Asia  (Joseph.,  Ant.  Jud.,  xvi.  167,  168,  ed.  Naber), 
but  this  is  doubtful.     We  have  no  record  of  the  date  of  Silauus's  appointment  as  augur. 

As  we  do  not  know  in  which  province  Silanus  acted  as  quaestor  pro  consule  for  Antony,  it 
is  very  difficult  to  determine  the  place  of  mintage  of  his  coins.  The  obverse  legend  is  the 
same  as  on  the  preceding  aureus  (no.  174)  of  Antony  and  his  son,  but  there  is  just  sufficient 
difference  in  the  portrait  to  render  their  attribution  to  Athens  a  question.  It  is,  however, 
quite  probable  that  they  were  struck  in  Greece,  and  about  the  same  time  as  the  aurei  of 
Mark  Antony  and  his  son.  The  reverse  type,  consisting  of  the  name  of  the  issuer  only,  is 
met  with  on  coins  of  Agrippa  struck  in  Gaul  in  B.C.  38  (see  above,  pp.  410,  411),  which  may 
have  served  as  the  prototype. 

Morelli  (Fam.  rom.  num.,  Junia,  pi.  iv.,  no.  2,  and  vol.  ii.,  p.  232)  figures  and  describes  a 
denarius  of  Silanus  with  the  obverse  legend  ANTONIVS  .  AVG  VR  .COS  .  DES  .  ITER  .  ET  . 
TER.,ason  no.  172.  If  this  description  is  correct  this  coin  would  have  been  struck  in  B.C.  35, 
but  as  this  variety  is  not  mentioned  elsewhere  it  is  probably  wrongly  given  by  Morelli. 

'  Similarity  of  type  and  fabric  and  also  of  the  obverse  legend  shows  that  these  denarii  must 
have  been  issued  at  the  same  time  as  those  of  Silanus  and  in  the  same  locality.  It  is  difficult 
to  account  for  the  repetition  of  Antony's  name  and  titles  on  the  reverse.  They  may  have  been 
struck  by  Silanus  as  pieces  j ustificatives  for  his  own  money.  They  are  of  somewhat  coarse 
work. 


524 


COINAGE   OP   THE    EAST 


No.      Weight  ,  „■ 

"         and  (Size 


68-0 


M    -75 


Obverse  Reverae 

Circ.  B.C.  33;    a.u.c.  721 

C  .  SOSIVS 

(CAIUS  SOSIUSi) 

Semis  P 

Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate;  I  Tripod;  on  r.,  C  •  SOSIVS; 
hair  long;  behind  neck,  on  1.,  COS  •  DESIG  {Con- 
ZA  [ZaKwdos).  I      sul  designatus). 


*178 


81-5 


M    -6 


[Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  pi.  xiii.,  no.  5.] 
B.C.  32;   A.u.c.  722 

C  .  SOSIVS 

(CAIUS   S0SIUS2) 

Semis  P 


Head  of  Neptune  r.,  lau- 
reate; behind  neck,  ZA 
{ZoLKwdos). 


Dolphin  r.,  encircling  tri- 
dent; above,  C  SOSIVS; 
below,  COS  [Consul). 


[British  Museum.] 


'  For  earlier  coins  of  C.  Sosius  see  above,  pp.  504,  508.  The  precise  date  of  the  issue 
of  this  coin  is  somewhat  uncertain.  By  the  treaty  of  Misenum,  B.C.  39,  C.  Sosius  and 
Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  were  consuls  designate  for  e.g.  36  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  73), 
but  neither  entered  on  that  office  in  that  year,  probably  because  Sosius  was  in  Syria  and 
Ahenobarbus  had  accompanied  Antony  in  his  unfortunate  expedition  against  the  Parthians. 
For  his  successes  in  Judaea  (see  above,  p.  508),  Antony  obtained  for  Sosius  the  honour 
of  a  triumph  in  B.C.  34,  and  the  consulship  in  B.C.  32.  Though  Sosius  was  consul 
designate  from  B.C.  39,  yet  we  may  conclude  that  this  coin  was  not  struck  till  B.C.  33,  as 
the  title  COS  .  D  ESIG  .  is  not  given  on  any  of  his  earlier  pieces,  which  are  also  of  Zacynthus,. 
and  were  issued  after  the  treaty  of  Misenum.  The  head  of  Apollo  and  the  tripod  are  the 
types  of  the  early  staters  of  the  island  and  also  of  bronze  coins  of  the  same  time  as  those 
of  Sosius  (see  Cat.  Or.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Peloponnesus,  pi.  xix.,  nos.  17,  23;  pi.  xx., 
no.  16).  If  the  earlier  coins  described  above  (p.  504)  are  asses,  this  and  the  following  piece 
are  probably  semisses,  and  so  would  be  issued  on  the  same  standard  as  the  coins  of  Antony 
struck  by  his  praefecti  classis.  The  illustration  is  from  a  specimen  in  the  Capitoline  Museum. 
It  was  formerly  in  the  Borghesi  collection.  For  a  recent  account  of  the  coins  of  C.  Sosius, 
see  Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  pp.  216  f. 

'  It  was  in  B.C.  32  that  Sosius  was  consul  with  Cn,  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  (see  preceding 


CIEC.  B.C.  32-31;  A.U.C.  722-723 


525 


No.       Weiolit 


Metal 
and  ISize 


179  1    59-2 


180  i    55-2 


181  I    51-0 
182^    60-2 


A\    -75 


Ohverse  Uercrse 

Circ.  B.C.  32—31 ;    a.u.c.  722—723  i 

ANTONI:   CLEOPATRAE 

([MAECI]  ANTONII;   CLEOPATEAB) 
Denarius'' 


^l    -8 


Al    -75 
M    '75 


Head  of  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
behind,  an  Armenian  tiara; 
around,  ANToNI  •  AR. 
MENIA.  DEVICTA 


Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar;     AKMENTA    for 
ARMENIA 


Bust  of  Cleopatra  r.,  dia- 
demed and  draped;  row 
of  jewels  at  back  of  head; 
before  bust,  stem  of  prow ; 
around,  CLEoPATKAE  • 
KEgNAE  •  KE^VM  •  Fl 
LloKVM.RE^VM 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.   cxv.  15.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxv.   16.] 
(Payne  Knight  Coll.) 


coin).  In  that  year  the  war  between  Antony  and  Octavius  began,  and  both  consuls  having 
declared  in  favour  of  the  former,  left  Eome  early  in  January  to  join  him  in  the  East.  It  was 
on  their  way  there  that  a  halt  was  made  at  Zacynthus,  where  this  coin  was  struck,  and  where 
a  portion  of  the  fleet  of  Antony  may  have  been  assembled.  Antony  himself  was  at  Corcyra, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  join  the  main  portion  of  his  fleet  after  leaving  Athens  (Dion  Cassius, 
1.  2,  9). 

The  types  of  this  small  bronze  coin  do  not  occur  on  the  local  money  of  Zacynthus,  but 
they  are  such  as  would  be  quite  appropriate  to  the  island  or  to  the  commander  of  a  fleet.  The 
specimen  illustrated  is  in  the  National  Collection.  It  was  obtained  too  late  for  insertion  in 
the  plate. 

'  All  the  coins  attributed  to  these  years  are  connected  with  the  rupture  between  Antony 
and  Octavius. 

^  The  principal  events  commemorated  by  these  denarii  are  the  conquest  of  Armenia  by 
Antony  in  B.C.  34,  his  subsequent  triumph  at  Alexandria,  the  honours  which  he  conferred 
on  Cleopatra,  and  the  assistance  which  he  received  from  her  in  the  supply  of  ships.  Dion 
Cassius  (xlix.  41)  and  Plutarch  {Antonius,  54)  relate  that  on  the  occasion  of  his  triumph  Antony 
commanded  that  Cleopatra  should  be  styled  "  Queen  of  Kings,"  and  proclaimed  her  sovereign 
over  Egypt,  Cyprus,  Africa,  and  Coele-Syria.  Caesarion,  her  son  by  Caesar  the  dictator,  was 
nominated  her  colleague,  whilst  of  his  own  sons  by  her,  Alexander  received  Armenia  and 
Media,  and  Ptolemy,  Phoenicia,  Lycia,  and  Cilicia,  all  three  at  the  same  time  being  given 
the  title  of  "King  of  Kings."  These  coins  are  generally  considered  to  have  been  issued 
on  this  occasion.  Count  de  Salis  was,  however,  of  opinion  that  they  are  of  a  slightly  later 
date,  and  he  had  put  them  to  B.C.  33  or  32.  Already  at  the  beginning  of  B.C.  33  Antony  and 
Octavius  entered  upon  a  series  of  recriminations.  Antony  reproached  Octavius  with  having 
deprived  Lepidus  of  his  share  of  the  administration,  and  with  having  appropriated  the  lands  of 
Italy  and  the  armies  of  Sextus  Pompey.  Octavius  retorted  by  charging  Antony  with  having 
put  Sextus  Pompey  to  death,  with  seizing  the  person  of  Artavasdes  of  Armenia,  and  putting 
him  in  irons,  an  act  of  perfidy  and  a  blot  on  the  honour  of  the  Roman  people,  and  with  confer- 
ring honours  on  the  children  of  Cleopatra,  complaining  especially  at  the  intrusion  of  Caesarion 
into  the  family  of  Caesar  (Dion  Cassius,  1.  1).  The  Senate  was,  however,  unwilling  to  proclaim 
Antony  a  public  enemy,  chiefly  on  account  of  those  who  were  with  him  and  who  would  share 
the  same  condemnation,  so  war  was  openly  declared  against  Cleopatra.  In  anticipation  of  this 
result  each  side  had  entered  on  preparations  for  the  struggle.  Early  in  B.C.  32,  Antony  left 
for  Syria  to  collect  his  legions,  and  shortly  afterwards  Cleopatra  followed  with  her  navies,  both 
meeting  nt  Ephcsus.  Antony  being  unable  to  persuade  Cleopatra  to  return  to  Egypt,  thry 
sailed  together  ior  Samos,  accompanied  by  a  tribe  of  players  and  musicians,  so  that  "  whilst  the 


526  COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Ao.       WeMt       ^j*^^  Olvcne  Reverse 

^         and  ^>;e 

ANT 

([MAECUS]   AXTOXIUS) 

Lc^jionary  Coiiii,  • 

Series  I. 

Aureus 

3  S3    12i-i     X      S      Galley  r.,  with   rowers;    a    Three  standards,  a  legionaiy 
■  I      standard  is  placed  at  the  ,      aquila  between   two  sig- 

prow;  above,  ANT  AVG        7i«;  around, CHoRTIVM- 
(^«if«»);  below,   III VIR-j      PR^AEToRIARVM- 
'      R.  •  P  •  C    (Triumvir    rei-  ■  [PI.  cxvi.  1.] 

piihlicae  conatituendae).      j  {Wigan  Coll.) 


whule  world  was  venting  its  anguish  in  groans  and  lears.  that  island  aloue  was  piping  and 
dancincf."  From  Samos  they  went  to  Athens,  where  the  entertainments  were  renewed. 
Cleopatra,  jealous  of  the  honours  which  the  Athenians  had  conferred  on  Octavia,  endeavoured 
to  court  tlie  people  bv  every  mark  of  favour,  and  they  in  return  decreed  her  public  honours 
(Plutarch,  Anioni  ;.  57).  It  was  probably  on  this  occasion  that  these  coins  were  struck 
by  order  of  Antony,  as  a  final  retort  to  the  recriminations  of  Octavius  and,  to  the  declaration 
of  war  by  the  Senate  against  Cleopatra.  The  tiara  on  the  obverse  refers  to  the  conquest 
of  Armenia,  and  the  legend  on  the  reverse  to  the  honotirs  which  Antony  had  decreed  to  the 
sons  of  Cleopatra,  whilst  the  prow  of  the  ship  placed  before  her  bust  records  the  assistance 
given  by  her  in  furnishing  Antony  with  a  navy.  The  chief  reason  for  assigning  these 
coins  to  Athens  and  not  to  Ephesns,  the  only  other  place  at  which  they  could  have  been 
struck,  is  because  there  is  a  certain  resemblance  in  fabric,  in  the  shape  of  the  letters  of  the 
legend,  and  more  especially  in  the  portrait  of  Antony  to  the  previous  aurei  of  himself  and  his 
son.  This  resemblance  had  already  been  noticed  by  Friedlander  (Zed.  /.  yum.,  1^75,  p.  iyS), 
who,  however,  gave  both  issnes  to  Alexandria. 

The  legend  on  the  reverse  is  difficult  to  interpret.  It  may  perhaps  be  rendered  "  Of 
Cleopatra.  Queen  of  Kines  (and)  of  (her)  Sons,  the  Kings."  REGINA  REGVM  is  equivalent 
to  BASIAIEEA  BAZIAEQN,  a  verv  usual  Oriental  title. 

Varieties  of  these  denarii  read  CLEOPAT  for  CLEOPATRAE  and  SESINAE  for 
R  EG  I NAE  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  195).  The  names  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  are  in  the  genitive 
case. 

'  These  coins  were  struck  hy  Antony  for  the  use  of  his  fleet  and  legions  when  he  was  pre- 
paring for  the  stmegle  with  Octavius,  which  culminated  in  the  battle  of  Actium,  2  September, 
B.C.  31.  Count  de  saiis  had  given  rather  a  wider  range  of  date  for  this  coinage.  B.C.  39 — 31, 
but  uniformity  of  type  and  similarity  of  fabric  make  it  very  improbable  that  the  issue 
could  have  extended  over  so  long  a  period,  though  the  variations  in  the  legends  are  so 
numerous.  It  would  appear  to  have  been  commenced  as  soon  as  the  preparations  for  the  war 
were  entered  upon  by  Antony,  B.C.  32,  and  to  have  extended  till  nearly  its  close.  These 
coins  furnish  an  interesting  record  of  the  number  of  legions  of  which  Antony's  army  was 
composed.  If  all  the  thirty  legions  commemorated  by  the  coins  were  at  their  full  strength  it 
would  give  an  army  of  about  ISO. COO  men.  Plutarch  (Antoniv?.  61)  says  that  Antony  had  no 
fewer  than  500  armed  vessels,  100,000  foot,  and  12, COO  horse,  and  that  Octavius's  forces 
consisted  of  2-50  war-ships,  SCcOTtC)  foot,  and  a  ntimber  of  horse  equal  to  that  of  the  enemy. 
It  was  to  provide  this  enormous  body  of  troops,  both  naval  and  military,  with  money  that 
Antony  caus-.-d  tliese  coins  to  lie  issued;  and  as  the  first  massing  of  both  services  appears  to 
have  been  at  Ephesns,  it  is  to  that  place  that  we  would  attribute  their  mintage.  The 
uniformity  of  type  and  fabric  shows  that  this  issue  must  have  been  liuiited  to  a  single 
area. 

The  cn7i"/"ft\~  jyraetoriae  formed  the  body-guard  of  the  commanders.  They  consisted  of 
mixed  companies  of  horse  and  foot  selected  from  veterans  and  from  the  e7«iff*  extraordinarii. 
Caesar  had  only  one  praetorian  cohort,  but  towards  the  end  of  the  Republic  each  imperator 
had  one ;  and  after  the  battles  of  Philippi,  when  a  large  number  of  the  victorious  legions  were 
disbanded,  the  various  praetorian  cohorts  comprised  some  8000  men.  Later  each  of  the 
triumvirs  had  several,  and  at  the  battle  of  Actium  those  of  Octavius  nnmbered  at  least  four. 
Xo  doubt  those  of  Antony  were  not  fewer,  as  bis  great  army  was  composed  of  such  diversified 
elements  (Mommsen,  StoMtsrcclit,  3rd  ed.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  st^o.  StJi). 


CIRC.  B.C.  32—31;    A.U.C.  722—723 


527 


Wo.      Weinlit 


Metal 


and  6ize  Obverse  Reverse 

I  I  Denarius 

184^    58-6  j  .^    -7      Similar;      legend,     ANT  •  j  Similar. 

I      A VG  above  galley;     III-  [PI.  cxvi.  2.] 

I      VIR.  .  R. .  P  .  C  below.  ]  (Cracberodo  Coll.) 


185     55-0     M    -7 


Series  II. 
Denarius 


Similar;  legend  reading  A  VC 
for  AVG 


186 


187 


54-5 


112-7 


M    -7    I  Similar. 


M     -75 


188;  124-4      M     -75    Similar, 


Three  military  standards 
(signa),  each  ornamented 
■with  two  wreaths  and  a 
prow;  around,  CHoKTIS- 
SrECVLATol?,VMi 
[PI.  cxvi.  3.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Nott) 


Series  III.2 


Aureus 


Similar;  legend,  ANT-AVCJ 
above  galley;  III  .  VII?.  - 
R.  ■  r  •  C  below. 


Three  standards,  a  legionary 
aquila  between  two  signa 
(similar  to  no.  183) ;  be- 
tween them,  LE5  iV  (Le- 
gionis  quartae). 

[PI.  cxvi.  4.] 

(Blacas  Coll) 

Similar;  LECj  VI  {Legionis 
sextae). 

[PI.  cxvi.  5.] 
(Montagu  Coll.) 


Denarius' 


189      58-4      M    -7      Similar;   AVC  for  AVC 


190      53-4      M    -7      Similar. 


Similar;   LE^  PRI  {^Legionis 
jpri'inae). 

[PI.  cxvi.  6.] 
(Campana  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  II 


'  The  cohortes  speculatorum  are  first  mentioned  during  the  Social  war.  They  were  em- 
ployed to  carry  despatches  and  sometimes  to  act  as  executioners.  During  the  Empire  there 
wore  ten  for  each  legion,  but  they  were  more  numerous  than  the  praetorian  cohorts,  forming  a 
separate  corps  with  separate  officers  (Marquardt,  ESm.  Staatsverwaltung ,  3rd  ed.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  530). 

'  In  describing  the  denarii  of  this  series,  it  has  not  been  considered  necessary  to  trans- 
literate in  each  case  the  number  of  the  legion. 

'  These  denarii  are  of  baser  metal  than  the  ordinary  currency  of  the  time,  and 
plated  specimens  are  frequently  met  with,  which  prove  that  the  coinage  was  a  species  of 
"money  of  necessity,"  struck  to  meet  a  special  demand,  and  in  the  midst  of  great  military 
preparations.  Pliny  {Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiii.  46)  says,  Miscuit  dena/rio  triumvir  Antonius  ferrmn. 
In    finds    of  denarii,  the  burial  of  wliich   must    have    taken  place    after   the  reign    of   Nero, 


528 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 


191 

192 
193 
194 
195 
196 
197 
198 
199 
200 

201 


T,-  •  , .        Metal 
■'  and  ii!;e 

59-8     .R    -7      Similar. 


OJiverse 


48'5  j  M    -7 


58-0 


47-0 


51-0 


56-4 


54'0 


60-0 


50-4 


M    -7 


52-5     Al   -7 


560     M    -7 


.Tl    -7 


M    -7 


M    -75 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -7 


Similar. 


Similar;  AVq  for  AVC 


Similar;  AVC  for  AVq 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;  AVq  for  AVC 


Similar;  AVG  for  AVq 


Similar;  AVC  for  AVG 


Similar;  AVC;  for  AVC 


Reverse 

Similar;  LEC  II 

[PI.  cxvi.  7.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  II 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar;  LECj  III 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC;  llll 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  IV 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  V 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  VI 

(Cracherode  Coll.),,. 

Similar;  LE^  VII 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  VIII 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  Villi 
[PI.  cxvi.  8.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  IX 

[PI.  cxvi.  9.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


these  legionary  ooing  frequently  occur.  When  Nero  debased  the  silver  money,  reducing 
its  standard  from  99  or  98  per  cent,  to  86  or  84  per  cent,  of  pure  metal,  all  the  previous 
imperial  silver  coinage,  together  with  the  later  republican  passed  out  of  currency,  and  only 
these  base  pieces  of  Antony  were  retained.  In  order  to  make  their  tender  legal  some  were 
countermarked  during  the  reign  of  Vespasian  with  the  name  of  that  Emperor  (Mommsen,  Hist, 
mom.  rom.,  t.  iii.,  p.  28).  Exceptions  are,  however,  met  with  in  the  special  denarii  of  the 
cohortes  praetoriae  and  speculatorum,  and  ajso  in  those  of  the  Legio  Antiqua,  Legio  ClasMca,  and 
Legio  Lihyca,  which  appear  to  be  of  the  proper  standard  of  metal.  These  base  coins  would  appear 
to  have  been  struck  for  the  army  and  navy  in  general,  but  special  legions  were  honoured  with 
coins  of  a  true  standard.     This  is  strong  evidence  in  favour  of  a  short  duration  of  the  issue. 

Considerable  inequality  exists  in  the  abundance  of  the  coins  of  some  of  the  legions.  Some 
are  very  common,  whilst  others  are  very  rare,  such  as  those  of  the  1st,  XXIVth,  XXVth  and 
XXXth  legions.  Fr.  Lenormant  (La  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  t.  ii.,  p.  355,  note)  says  that  authentic 
pieces  of  the  XXTIth — XXIXth  legions  do  not  appear  to  exist;  but  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  204) 
describes  specimens  as  being  in  the  D'Ailly  collection.  The  aurei  of  this  series  are  also  very 
rare,  and  are  only  known  of  the  IV th,  Vlth,  XlVth  and  XlXth  legions.  Bahrfeldt  (Num. 
Zeit.,  1896,  p.  44)  thought  that  the  aureus  of  the  Vlth  legion  described  above  was  a  cast,  and 
therefore  not  genuine.  It  came  from  the  Ercolani,  de  Quelen  and  Montagu  collections,  and  was 
found  in  February  1883  at  San  Lazzaro  near  Bologna  {Notizie  dei  Scavi,  1883,  p.  44).  The 
coin,  however,  is  perfectly  genuine,  only  it  has  suffered  from  wear.  It  is  a  struck  piece,  not 
a  cast.  In  the  inscriptions  the  letter  G  is  found  in  five  forms,  G,  (J,  (J,  ?,  and  C;  otherwise  the 
types  throughout  show  no  variations,  except  in  the  stops  between  the  words  of  the  legends, 
which  are  sometimes  omitted. 


CIRC.  B.C.  32—31;    A.U.C.  722—723 


529 


]\'o.       Weight 


202 
203 
204 


206 


207 


208 


209 


210 


212 

213 

214 
215 


217 


56-2 
59-6 
52-4 


205     53-2 


51-6 


55-6 


57-4 


57-6 


211     52-6 


57-0 

53-0 

58-6 
58-4 


216     55-8 


57-4 


Metal 
and  Size 

M  -7 

M  -7 

M  -75 

M  -7 

M  -7 

M  -7 

M  -75 


54-7     M    -65 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -65 


M    -7 


M    -7 


Obverse 
Similar  ;   AVC  for  AVq 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar  ;  AVG  for  AVC 

Similar ;  AV^  for  AVG 

Similar ;  AVC  for  AVC 

Similar ;  AVG  for  AVC 

Similar ;  AVC  for  AVG 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar ;  AVq  for  AVC 
Similar  ;  AVG  for  AVq 
Similar ;    AVC  for  AVG 


Al    -65    Similar. 


M    -75 


Al    -7 


Similar ;  AVG  for  AVC 


Similar  ;  AVC  for  AVG 


Reverse 

Similar;  LEC  X 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  XI 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  XII 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  XIII 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;   LEC  XIII 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEq  Xllll 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  XIV 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  XIV 
(Nott) 

Similar;  LEC  XV 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  XVI 

[PI.  cxvi.  10.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;   LEC;  XVII 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEq  XVI I H 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEC  XIX  ^ 

Similar;  LEC  XX 

[PI.  cxvi.  11.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  XX P 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  LEG  XXII 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


'  A  variety  reads  XI IX  (Babolon,  vol.  i.,  pp.  2U3,  no.  131). 

^  This  occurs  also  in  gold  (Mionnot,  de  la  Raretc  et  du  Priai  des  Med.  mm.,  vol.  i. 
p.  19).  De  la  Nauze  {M6m.  de  VJcad  ,  vol.  xxx.,  1764,  p.  383)  gives  its  weight  as  1473  grains  Fr 
(=121-.5grs.). 

^  The  aureus  of  this  legion  appears  to  be  a  forgery  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  203,  note  1). 
VOL.    II.  3    Y 


530 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 


No.       WeigM 


218 

534 

219 

570 

220 

53-6 

221 

510 

222 

54-8 

223 

54-5 

224 

51-5 

225 

54-5 

226 

51-6 

Metal 
and  Size 

M    -75 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -65 


M    -7 


M    -7 


Al    -7 

M    -7 

M    -7 


Oiverse 

Similar;  AVG  for  AV^ 


Similar ;  AVC  for  AVG 


Similar ;  AVG  for  AVC 


Similar. 


Reverse 


Similar;  LEG  XXII 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar;  LEC  XXIII 
(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Similar;  LEG  XXV 

Similar;  LEC  XXX 
[PI.  cxvi.  12.] 


Seeies  IV.' 


Denarius 


Similar  type  ;  AVC  for  AVG 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;   AVG  for  AVC 


Similar ;   AVC  for  AVG 


Similar  type ;  legend,  LEC  ■ 
XII  .  ANTiaVAE  {Le- 
gionis  duodecimae  anti- 
quae). 

[PI.  cxvi.  13.] 
(Blaeas  Coll.) 

Similar;  legend,  LECj  •  XVI I  • 
CLASSKAE  {Legionis  sep- 
timae  decimae  classioac). 
[PI.  cxvi.  14.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar  ;      legend,      LE(j  • 
XyWlLYBKAE  {Legionis 
octavae  decimae  Lyhicae). 
[PI.  cxvi.  15.] 


Similar. 


(de  Salis  Coll.) 


'  This  series  consists  of  denarii  giving  the  rognomina  of  the  legions.  Mommsen  (Res 
gestae,  p.  76,  note  1)  remarks,  "  Legiones  XII,  XVII,  XVIII  quod  mode  simpliciter  ita  dicun- 
tur,  mode  adiectis  cognominibus  XII  aniiqua,  XVII  classica,  XVIII  Lybica  (sic),  inde  non 
recte  coUiges  geminas  has  Antonium  habuisse ;  quid  eniiu  vetabat  Cignomina,  quorum  in 
legionibns  usus  sollemnia  tempore  multo  posteriore  invaluit,  plerumque  omittere,  interdum 
adscribere  ?  "  The  Legio  XII  or  XII  Antiqtia  may  therefore  be  the  same  one,  but  in  one  case 
the  cognomen  is  added.  This  cognomen  does  not  seem  to  be  otherwise  mentioned  than  on 
coins.  The  Legio  XVII  Classica  was  probably  reserved  for  special  naval  service,  whilst  the 
Legio  XVIII  Lybica  no  doubt  took  its  name  from  the  province  in  which  it  was  levied,  like  the 
Legio  I  Qermanica,  Italica,  Partliica,  Legio  III  Cyrenaica,  &c. 


CIEC.  B.C.  31;    A.U.C.  723 


531 


A'o.       WeioU 


Metal 
and  Size 


227 


228 


229 


58-6 


58-2 


43-0 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    -8 


Obverse 

Giro.  B.C.  31 : 


Rei^en^e 

A.U.C.  723' 


M.  ANTON  IVS:   D.^ 

(MAECUS  ANTONIUS;    DECIMUS  TURULLIUS^) 
Denarius 


Head  o£  Antony  r.,  bare ; 
around,  M- ANTON  IVS- 
AVC  •  IMP  •  nil  •  COS- 
TERT-III-VIR-R-P-C 

{Augur,  imperator  quarto, 
consul  tertio,  triumvir  rei- 
publicae  constituendae). 

Similar. 


Similar. 


Victory  standing  1.,  holding 
laurel-wreath  tied  "with 
fillet  in  r.  hand,  and  palm- 
branch  in  1. ;  behind,  D  • 
V? ;  the  whole  within 
laurel-wreath. 

[PI.  cxvi<  16.] 

Similar ;  without  moneyer's 
name. 

[PI.  cxvi.  17.] 

Similar. 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


^  Of  the  three  coinages  struck  during,  this  year  two  are  those  of  legates  of  Antony, 
Deoimus  Turullius  and  P.  Canidius  Crassus;  the  third  of  a  legate  of  Ootavius,  C.  Proouleius. 
The  money  of  Turullius  is  of  silver,  but  that  of  Crassus  and  Procnleius  is  of  bronze. 

^  Decimus  Turullius,  Who  struck  these  coins,  is  probably  the  member  of  the  family  to 
whom  Dion  Cassius  (li.  8)  gives  the  praenomen  Publius  (IIoiiirAios  ToupouAAios).  He  is  also 
mentioned  by  Appian  (Bell,  civ.,  v.  2)  and  by  Valerius  Maximua  (i.  1,  §  19),  but  neither  gives 
his  praenomen.  He  took  part  in  the  assassination  of  Julius  Caesar,  was  quaestor  to 
Cassiu.1  in  B.C.  43,  and  received  the  command  of  the  fleet  which  had  been  raised  by  L.  Tillius 
Cimber  in  Bithynia,  when  it  is  said  that  he  cut  down  the  trees  of  a  wood  sacred  to  Aesculapius 
in  the  island  of  Cos,  wherewith  to  build  more  ships.  After  the  battles  of  Philippi,  Turullius 
went  over  to  Antony,  with  whom  he  lived  on  intimate  terms.  Turullius  was  surrendered 
by  Antony  to  Octavius  after  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  was  put  to  death  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
that  some  satisfaction  might  be  offered  to  Aesculapius  for  the  destruction  of  his  sacred  grove 
(Dion  Cassius,  loc.  cit.). 

The  date  of  this  coinage  is  fixed  by  the  third  consulship  of  Antony,  e.g.  31.  He  was, 
however,  only  nominally;^ consul  in  that  year,  for"  in  B.C.  32  the  Senate  expunged  his  name  as 
consul  deiignatel^Diou  Cassius,  1.  4).  This  same  writer  (1.  10)  says  that  Antony  claimed  the 
consulship  for  this  year  in  virtue  of  the  arrangement  made  at  Misenum  in  B.C.  39,  and  that  it 
was  the  last  year  of  that  arrangement.  The  actual  consuls  were  Octavius  and  Valerius 
Messala.  In  his  speech  to  his  army  before  the  battle  of  Actium,  Ootavius  mentions  amongst 
the  honours  granted  to  Antony  that  he  was  twice  consul  and  often  Imperator  (Dion  Cassius, 
1.  25).  Caland  (de  Num.  M.  Ant.,  p.  24)  has  assigned  Antony's  fourth  imperatorship  to 
B.C.  31,  because  he  is  styled  IMP  .  Ill  .  on  all  the  coins  recording  his  second  consulship. 
The  only  pieces  which  mention  his  second  consulship  are  those  which  are  assigned  to 
B.C.  34  (see  above,  pp.  521-523).  It  is  therefore  quite  possible  and  even  probable  that  Antony 
assumed  his  fourth  imperatorship  after  the  Armenian  war  and  when  he  celebrated  his  triumph 
at  Alexandria.  He  was  not  likely  to  let  such  an  occasion  pass  without  some  such  record. 
The  only  other  coins  which  record  Antony's  fourth  imperatorship  are  those  struck  by 
L.  Pinarius  Scarpus  in  Cyrenai'ca,  which,  like  the  above,  give  his  third  consulship  (see 
below,  p.  583).  The  victory  recorded  by  these  coins  appears  to  have  been  more  imaginary 
than  real.  Dion  Cassius  mentions  only  one  engagement  before  the  battle  of  Actium,  that  in 
which  he  said  Sosius  lost  his  life  (1.  14). 

On  some  of  the  coins  the  name  of  Turullius  is  omitted,  but  all  of  them,  signed  or  unsigned, 
must  have  been  issued  at  the  same  time.  The  portrait  of  Antony  and  the  general  fabric  of 
these  coins  are  very  similar  to  those  of  M.  Silanus.  They  were  probably  struck  in  Greece 
and  possibly  at  Athens. 


532 


■XT        If  •  7j        Metal 
No.     Weight  ,  „. 

"         and  Size 


COINAGE   OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse 


Revei'se 


230 


1591 


231 


M  1-1 


86-4     iE    -9 


CRAS 

([PUBLIUS  CANIDIUS]  CEASSUS>) 
Dupondius 


Crocodile  r. 


Eostrum  tridens  r. ;   above, 
CRAS 

[PI.  cxvi.  18.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


As 


Head  of  Apollo  r.,  laureate; 
hair  in  ringlets. 


Fasces   with    axe,    dividing 
CR  A 

[PI.  cxvi.  19.] 
(de  SaHs  CoU.) 


1  Cavedoni  (Bull.  deW  Inst,  di  Co/,-.  Arch.,  1844,  p.  48;  cf.  Rev.  Num.,  1857,  p.  348) 
proposed  to  identify  this  moneyer  with  M.  Canidius  Crassus,  the  proquaestor  of  M,  Cato,  who 
^vas  propraetor  in  Cyprus,  B.C.  57,  and  to  attribute  to  him  the  piece  with  the  head  of  Apollo 
and  the  fasces,  which  he  concluded  was  struck  in  that  island.  In  support  of  this  identification 
Cavedoni  draws  attention  to  the  similarity  of  the  obverse  type  to  that  of  coins  of  Nicocles,  and 
to  the  abbreviation  of  the  moneyer's  name,  which  may  be  compared  with  those  on  the  coins  of 
former  kings  of  the  island,  EYA  for  Evagoras  and  TN  f or Pnytagoras.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,p.  309) 
has  accepted  this  identification,  and  further  suggests  that  the  other  coin,  with  the  crocodile 
and  the  rostrum,  maybe  given  to  the  same  district,  on  account  of  the  strong  Egyptian  influence 
in  Cyprus.  If  we  consider  the  weight  of  these  coins,  which  appear  to  be  issued  on  the  same 
standard  as  those  of  C.  Proculeius,  and  also  their  fabric,  the  date  B.C.  57  is  much  too  early. 
The  moneyer  may  therefore  with  more  probability  be  identified  with  P.  Canidius  Crassus,  who 
was  with  Lepidus  in  Gaul,  B.C.  43,  when  Antony  was  compelled  to  seek  refuge  there.  He  was 
consul  svjfectus  withL.  Cornelius  IJalbns,  B.C.  40,  and  a  little  later  one  of  the  legates  of  Antony, 
whom  he  accompanied  in  the  Pai-thian  campaign.  He  remained  in  Armenia  till  B.C.  32,  when 
he  was  recalled  by  Antony  and  placed  in  command  of  the  land  forces  at  the  battle  of  Actium, 
of  which  he  was  only  aspectator.  After  this  engagement  he  went  with  Antony  to  Alexandria, 
where  in  B.C.  30,  by  order  of  Octavius,  he  was  beheaded  (Cicero,  ad  Fam.,  x.  21;  Dion  Cassius, 
xlix.,  24 ;  Plutarch,  Antonius,  34,  42,  63,  65,  67,  68 ;  Veil.  Paterc,  85,  87).  After  the  death  of 
Antony,  Crassus  was  in  charge  of  the  young  Caesarion,  the  son  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Cleopatra. 
There  are  coins  of  that  young  king  having  on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Cybele  and  the  legend 
riTOAEMAl,  and  on  the  reverse  a  crocodile  of  precisely  the  same  form  as  on  the  coin  given 
above,  and  over  it  the  legend  K  P  AS  (Crassus).  A  specimen  is  described  and  figured  by  Feuardent 
(-Vitiii.  £gypt.  anc,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1,  pi.  xxxvi.,uo.  538  bis).  It  is  therefore  evident  that  the  above 
coins  must  be  assigned  to  P.  Canidius  Crassus,  the  legate  of  Antony,  and  not  to  M.  Canidius 
Crassus,  the  proquaestor  of  M.  Cato.  They  were  struck  either  shortly  before  or  immediately 
after  the  death  of  Antony.  Feuardent  (op.  cit.,  p.  11)  has  given  these  coins  to  Egypt,  but 
Svoronos  (Mon.  PtoL,  p.  317),  on  account  of  their  provenance,  assigns  them  to  Gyrenaica. 
As  this  is  still  an  open  question  they  are  here  classed  to  the  East  generally, 

The  denominations  of  these  coins  are  a  little  uncertain.  The  specimens  in  the  National 
Collection  are  somewhat  worn,  so  ther  are  not  a  sure  criterion,  but  the  maximum  weight  of 
the  larger  pieces  in  the  Museum  at  Athens  is  203  grs.,  and  of  the  smaller  one  124  grs.  (Svoronos, 
op.  cit.,  p.  317).  A  specimen  of  the  larger  piece  in  the  Paris  collection  weighs  223  grs.  (Bahr- 
feldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  227).  If  these  coins  had  been  of  copper  they  would  have  been 
issued  on  the  semuncial  standard,  i.e.,  at  200  grs.  to  the  ounce  ;  but  from  an  analysis  made  of  a 
specimen,  the  composition  of  the  metal  is  8923  per  cent:  copper,  7 '80  per  cent,  tin,  2-10  per 
cent,  lead,  and  087  per  cent,  iron  =  lOO'OOO.  Though  this  analysis  does  not  coincide  with  that 
of  the  coins  of  Antony,  yet  considering  the  special  circumstances  under  which  these  pieces 
were  struck,  it  is  probable  that  they  are  also  of  the  quarter-ounce  standard.  The  larger  piece 
would  therefore  represent  the  dupondius  and  the  smaller  one  the  as. 


CIEC.  B.C.  31 ;    A.U.C.  723 


533 


No.       Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


232 


233 


109-7 


73-2 


M    -9 


M    -9 


Obverse  Reverse 

C.PKOCVLEI.L.  F 

(CAIUS  PEOCULEIUS  LUOII  FILIUS') 
As.t> 


Terminal  bust  of  Jupiter  r., 

diademed;  behiiid,(pC(Ke- 

<PAX>^r]VLa1);  bust  counter- 
marked  with  wheel-shaped 

ornament,  ^ft 
Similar ;  no  countermark. 


Eay-fish ;  below,  divided  by 
its  tail,  I  p 

(Col.  de  Bosset) 


Similar ;     countermark     on 
fish,  (g) 

[PI.  cxvi.  20.] 


'  Oaius  Proouleius  L.  f. ,  a  Koman  eques,  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Ootavius.  His  name 
is  first  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  failure  of  Octavius  to  seize  Sicily  early  in  B.C.  36, 
when  he  was  attacked  by  Sextus  Porapey  by  land  and  sea  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  109,  110). 
In  his  despair  Ootavius  appealed  to  Proouleius  to  put  an  end  to  his  life  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat., 
vii.  45).  After  the  battle  of  Actium  Octavius  sent  Proouleius  to  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  but 
the  former  was  Just  expiring  when  he  arrived.  Plutarch  (Antoniws,  77-79)  gives  a  long 
account  of  the  interview  between  Proouleius  and  Cleopatra.  It  is  to  this  Proouleius  that 
Horace  (Carm.,  ii.  2)  refers — 

Vivet  extento  Proculeius  aevo, 
Notus  in  fratres  animi  paterni. 

Porphyrius  relates  in  his  commentary  on  this  passage  that  Proculeiua  divided  his  property 
between  his  brothers  Caepio  and  Murcna,  who  had  lost  theirs  in  the  Civil  war.  Ancient 
writers  tell  of  the  great  intimacy  between  Proouleius  and  Octavius,  and  Tacitas  (Ann.,  iv.  40) 
states  that  he  was  one  of  the  Romans  to  whom  Augustus  had  thoughc  of  giving  his  daughter 
Julia  in  marriage.  Proouleius  put  an  end  to  his  life  by  taking  gypsum,  when  suffering  from  a 
disease  of  the  stomach  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  xxvi.  24). 

Some  uncertainty  has  existed  as  to  the  place  where  these  coins  were  struck,  on  account  of 
different  solutions  of  the  monogram  on  the  obverse.  Morelli  {Pam.  rom.  num.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ,361) 
and  Bckhel  (Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  289)  suggested  that  it  is  composed  of  the  letters  KOP 
KYPAI,  or  KO,  and  the  former  therefore  atiiributed  the  coins  to  Corcyra.  Babelon  (vol.  ii., 
p.  387)  has  accepted  this  attribution.  Gardner  {Cat.  Gr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Peloponnesus, 
pp.  xlii.,  83)  has  proposed  KPA,  which  he  identifies  as  the  initials  of  the  town  of  Cranium, 
m  the  island  of  Cephallenia,  where  these  coins  are  soaietimes  found.  Both  Woodhonse  and 
Col.  de  Bosset  collected  in  Cephallenia  (see  nos.  232,  234,  235).  Bahrfeldt  (Journ.  Inter., 
vol.  xi.,  p.  225),  however,  has  recognized  in  the  monogram  the  letters  K<t>AAO,  and  he 
therefore  connects  it  with  the  town  of  Cephallenia,  which  C,  Antonius  commenced  building 
when  he  was  residing  in  the  island  after  his  banishment  from  Italy,  B.C.  59 — 55.  Ptolemy 
(iii.  14,  §  12)  identified  Cephallenia  as  the  capital  of  the  island.  As  there  is  a  slight  differ- 
ence in  the  f(irm  of  the  monogram  on  the  larger  and  smaller  specimens,  it  may  be  that  the 
coins  which  vary  in  the  obverse  as  well  as  in  the  reverse  types  are  of  two  places,  Cephallenia 
and  Cranium.  In  any  case  they  are  to  be  attributed  to  the  island  of  Cephallenia  rather  than 
to  Corcyra.  Their  issue  probably  occurred  soon  after  the  battle  of  Actium,  when  Octavius 
may  have  left  a  portion  of  his  fleet  in  charge  of  Proouleius.  Cephallenia  is  situated  at 
a  very  short  distance  from  Actium,  and  its  harbours  would  afford  convenient  shelter  for  some 
of  the  damaged  vessels.  These  coins  cannot  be  assigned  to  a  date  earlier  than  B.C.  31,  as 
Proouleius  was  a  friend  of  Octavius,  and  he  could  not  have  held  any  oiHce  under  Antony,  who 
till  then  had  the  administration  of  the  Eastern  portion  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

The  type  of  the  ray-fish  is  suggestive  that  these  coins  belong  to  a  marine  city  or  to 
an  island.  The  bipennis  may  relate  to  the  recent  engagement  at  Actium  ;  or  it  may  be 
specially  connected  with  the  island,  since  we  would  recognize  in  the  pillar  or  obelisk  some 
local  structure.      The  countermarks  have  not  been  explained  (see  also  coins  of  Sosius,  p.  504). 

The  weights  of  these  coins  correspond  with  those  of  C.  Sosins,  which  were  issued  about 
the  same  time  at  Zacynthus,  and  they  may  therefore  represent  the  as  and  the  semis  of  the 
quarter-ounce  standard. 


534 


No.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Sim 


234 


235 


36-6 


29-1 


43-4 


24-0 


M    -7 


M    -6 


M    -7 


M    -55 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

O'bverse 

Semis  ? 
Type  I. 


Reverse 


Head    of    Jupiter    r.,    dia- 
demed; behind,  (V(KPA- 

VIOV  ?) 


Similar. 


Bipennis;  the  handle  dividing 
,         .    C   PRO  CVLEI 
legend,  |_ .       f.      '> 

countermark  on  bipennis, 


(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar ;  no  countermark. 
[PI.  cxvi.  21.] 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 


Type  II.  1 

Head  of  Apollo  (?)  1.,  lau- 1  Similar ;  no  countermark, 
reate  ;      monogram     not 
visible. 


[Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter,,  vol.  xi.,  pi.  xiii.,  no.  9.] 


Type  III. 


Eemale    head   r.,   turreted ; 
behind,  (K 


Pillar  on  base  (obelisk);  at 

,,       .,       C  PRO  CVLEI 

the  sides,  .  r 


[Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  pi.  xiii.,  no.  14.J 


'  This  and  the  next  piece  were  first  published  by  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  62).  He 
mentions  that  the  semis  of  Type  II.  now  in  the  Munich  cabinet  was  purchased  in  1895  at  the 
Bunbury  sale  in  London  (Sale  Oat.,  no.  518),  and  that  a  specimen  of  Type  III.  is  in  the 
Capitolino  Museum,  and  was  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection.  Another  one  of  Type  lllv 
is  in  the  Mourouzi  collection  in  Athens  (Bahrfeldt,  Journ.  Inter.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  224). 


CIEC.  B.C.  29—28  ;    A.U.O.  725—726 


535 


,,        TT'  •  7  i        Metal 
No.     H  eight  ,  „  ■ 

"  and  Size 


236 


237 

238 
239 


62-0 


60-5 

57-4 
51-5 


JR    -8 


PERIOD   VI. 

Giro.  B.C.  29—27;  a.u.c.  725— 727  ^ 
Octavius  as  Imperator  Perpetuo 

Ohverse  Revi^rse 

Giro.  B.C.  29—28;   a.u.c.  725—726 

CAESAR   DIVI   F  OE  CAESAR 

(CAESAE    DIVI     [JULI]     PILIUS) 
Denarius^ 
Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare. 


M    -8 

JR    -8 

M    -75 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Pax,  diademed  and  draped, 
standing  1.,  holding  in  r. 
hand  olive-branch,  and  in 
1.  cornucopiae ;  around, 
CAESAK  DIVI  •  F 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxvii.  1.] 

Similar. 

Similar. 


'  The  coinages  attributed  to  this  period  are  those  which  were  issued  in  the  East  after 
Octavius  had  received  the  title  of  Imperator  Perpetuo,  and  before  the  Senate  decreed  to  him 
that  of  Aurjustus,  16  January,  B.C.  27.  He  is  styled  CAESAR  DIVI  F  or  CAESAR  only, 
which  varies  somewhat  from  the  titles  given  to  him  on  his  coins  struck  at  Rome  or  in 
G-aul  at  this  particular  time.  The  attribution  of  these  issues  to  this  particular  epoch  is  con- 
firmed by  the  legends,  which  record  either  the  seventh  imperatorship  of  Octavius,  to  which 
he  was  acclaimed  in  e.g.  29,  or  his  sixth  consulship,  B.C.  28.  Their  classification  to  the 
East  is  based  not  only  on  their  types,  but  also  on  fabric  and  on  the  portrait  of  Octavius, 
which  varies  somewhat  from  that  met  with  either  on  the  money  of  the  Roman  mint  pr  of 
Gaul.  There  are  in  this  group,  B.C.  29 — 27,  two  somewhat  distinct  portraits,  which  are  repeated 
on  some  of  the  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  27,  after  Octavius  had  been  proclaimed  Augustus. 
The  early  portrait,  that  met  with  on  coins  given  to  B.C.  29 — 28,  is  carefully  modelled, 
showing  very  distinctly  the  anatomy  of  the  face  and  of  the  neck  ;  the  brow  is  slightly  over- 
hanging, which  lends  to  the  features  a  somewhat  stern  look,  very  diiferent  from  that  on  the 
urban  coinage,  where  the  expression  of  the  countenance  is  softer  and  wanting  in  character. 
The  later  portrait  is  executed  more  in  the  round  (see  nos.  246,  247,  pi.  cxvii.,  no.  5).  It  is  in 
higher  relief,  the  lines  showing  the  anatomy  of  the  face  and  neck  are  wanting,  and  there  is  also 
less  vigour  of  expression.  Both  these  portraits  are  met  with  on  denarii  assigned  to  B.C.  2y, 
which  have  the  same  reverse  type,  and  which  record  the  same  event,  the  subjection  of  Egypt ; 
and  as  they  recur  on  the  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  27,  tliey  may  be  considered  to  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  those  on  which  Octavius  is  styled  "Caesar"  and  those  on  which  he 
is  given  the  title  of  "Augustus."  This  interchange  of  portrait  on  the  same  issue  proves 
that  the  coins  emanated  from  the  same  mint  and  are  contemporary;  and  from  evidence  which 
we  shall  adduce  in  connection  with  those  assigned  to  B.C.  27,  it  is  very  probable  that  they 
were  struck  at  Ephesus,  where  Antony  had  established  a  mint  in  the  early  period  of  his 
government  of  the  Eastern  provinces. 

2  After  the  battle  of  Actium,  with  the  exception  of  a  hurried  visit  to  Italy,  Octavius 
remained  in  the  East,  and  did  not  return  to  Rome  till  the  summer  of  B.C.  29,  when  he  was' 
accorded  a  triple  triumph  (see  above,  p.  13),  which  was  accompanied  by  the  distribution  of 
largess,  the  celebration  of  public  games  and  the  closing  of  the  temple  of  Janus.  It  is  to  this 
last  circumstance,  and  to  the  restoration  of  a  [leriod  of  prosperity  to  Rome,  that  the  reverse 
type  of  these  denarii  relates. 


536 

No. 

240 


Ti-  •  7  J        Metal 
y\  eight  ,  e- 

^  and  bizc 


241 


242 


243 


29-5 


28-0 


27-0 


60-0 


M    -6 


M    -5 


M    -65 


^    -8 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Ohverse 

Quinarius  ^ 


Reverse 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAR.  IMP  • 
VII  {Imperator  septimo). 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Victory,  holding  wreath  in 
r.  hand  and  palm-branch 
in  1.,  standing  1.  on  the 
cista  mystica,  which  is 
placed  between  two  ser- 
pents erect ;  around,  AS  I A 
KECEPTA 

[PI.  cxvii.  2.] 
(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Circ.  B.C.  28.;    a.u.c.  726  ^ 

CAESAR    OR   CAESAR    DIVl    F 

(CAESAE   DIVI    [JULI]   FILIUS) 
Denarius 
Series  I. 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare 
(similar  to  no.  236) ;  be- 
hind, lituus;  around,  CAE 
SAFL  COS  •  VI  {Consul 
sexto). 


Crocodile,  standing  r.;  above, 
AEGVPTO;  below,  CAP 
TA 

[PI.  cxvii.  3.] 
(de  SaUs  Coll.) 


'  The  submission  of  the  Province  of  Asia,  to  which  these  quinarii  refer,  occurred  in 
B.C.  30,  after  the  annexation  of  Egypt  as  a  Roman  province,  and  when  Octavius  was  still  in 
the  East.  The  fact  is  specially  mentioned  in  the  Ancyrau  inscription  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae, 
V.  31  f.  :  Provincvxs  o'lnnis,  quae  t7-ans  Hadrianutn  mare  vergunt  ad  orientem,  Cyrenasque,  ia^ii 
ej}  parte  magna  regihus  eas  possidentihus,  et  antea  Siciliam  et  Sardiniam  occupatas  l)ello  serviH 
reciperavi).  The  provinces  alluded  to  were  those  which  by  agreement  had  been  assigned  to 
Antony,  and  included  not  only  Asia  but  also  Pontus,  Bithynia,  Cilicia,  Cyprus,  Syria,  Crete 
and  Gyrene.  The  reverse  type  of  the  cista  mystica  was  copied  from  the  cistophori  of  Asia. 
The  head  of  Octavius,  though  smaller,  is  similar  to  that  on  the  preceding  denarii  with  the 
reverse  type  of  Pax.  Octavius  was  proclaimed  imperator  for  the  sixth  time  after  the  battle  of 
Actium,  and  for  the  seventh  in  B.C.  29,  for  the  victories  of  M.  Licinus  Crassus  in  Thrace  and 
Dacia  (Mommsen,  op.  cit.,  p.  12).  These  quinarii  must  be  given  to  B.C.  29  or  28,  as  Octavius 
received  the  title  of  Augustus  early  in  January  of  the  following  year. 

^  The  coins  issued  in  this  year  are  denarii  and  cistophoric  medallions.  As  they  are  all 
inscribed  with  the  sixth  consulship,  their  precise  date  of  iss-ue  is  indicated.  Octavius  was 
COS.  VI  B.C.  28  and  COS,  VI I  b.c.  27.  On  the  denarii  wo  meet  with  the  two  portraits  of 
Octavius  mentioned  above.  The  portrait  on  the  coins  of  Series  I.  is  siinilar  to  that  met  with  in 
B.C.  29,  and  that  on  those  of  Series  II.  recurs  in  the  following  year.  They  therefore  form  the 
connecting  link. 

The  reverse  type  of  the  crocodile  is  also  commemorative  of  the  subjection  of  Egypt  after 
the  battle  of  Actium  and  the  deaths  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra.  It  became  a  Runrau  province, 
governed  by  a  prefect  appointed  by  Octavius,  who  later,  as  Emperor,  received  the  revenues 
as  his  private  property.  The  Capricorn,  the  genethliac  sign  of  Octavius,  occurs  as  the  reverse 
type  of  cistophori  and  denarii  assigned  to  B.C.  27  (see  below,  pp.  541,  oil). 


Ko.       WeigU       ^^ff. 
and  Sine 


CIEO.  B.C.  27;    A.U.C.  727 

Obverse 


537 


Reverse 


244 
245 

246 
247 
248 


55-4 
55-5 

56-5 

56-0 

181-5 


M  -8 
M    -8 

M  -7 
M  -7 
^1-2 


249 


250 


179-0 


124-7 


M  1-1 


M     -85 


Simil 


ar. 


Similar ;  head  of  Octavius 
1. ;  the  legend  is  also 
transposed. 


Similar. 

(Woodhouse  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxvii.  4.] 


Sbeies  II. 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief;  below,  Ca- 
pricorn r. ;  around,  CAE 
SAR.  .  DIVI  .  F.  COS  .  VI 

Similar. 


Similar ;  legend,  AECVPTO 
CAPTA 

[PI.  cxvii.  5.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  CAPTAforCAPTA 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 


"Cistophopic  Medallions"^ 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  lau- 
reate; around,  IMP -CAE 
SAR-  DIVI.  F-COS- VI  . 
LIBER.TATISP-R.VIN 

DEX  •  [hnperator  Caesar 
Divi  films,  consul  sexto, 
libertatis  populi  romani 
vindex). 


Similar. 


Pax  standing  1.  on  a  lighted 
torch,  holding  caduceus 
in  r.  hand ;  before  her, 
PAX ;  behind  her,  cista 
mystica,  surmounted  by- 
serpent  erect;  the  -whole 
-within  laurel-wreath. 
[PI.  cxvii.  6.] 


Similar. 


Gin.  B.C.  27;   a.d.c.  727 

CAESAR   DIVI   F 

(CAESAE  DIVI   [JULI]    FILIUS) 


Aureus^ 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief ;  below,  Cap- 
ricorn r.  (similar  to  no. 
246) ;  around,  CAESAR  • 
DIVI  •  F  COS-  VII  {Con- 
sul septimo). 


Crocodile  standing  r. ;  above, 
AECVPT;  below,  CAPTA 
(similar  to  no.  246). 
[PI.  cxvii.  7.] 
(Ashburnham  Coll.) 


'  These  cistophori  struck  in  B.C.  28,  that  ia,  during  the  sixth  consulship  of  Octayius, 
commemorate  the  general  peace  which  was  proclaimed  on  his  return  to  Rome  in  the  previous 
year,  and  which  it  was  hoped  would  restore  commerce  with  the  East,  and  thereby  increase 
the  prosperity  of  the  State.  As  Octavius  had  reduced  Egypt  to  a  Roman  province,  and  thus 
re-established  the  domination  of  Rome  in  the  Bast,  he  is  styled  "  Vindicator  of  the  Liberty 
of  the  Roman  People."  These  cistophori  were  probably  struck  at  Bpheeus.  The  reverse 
resembles  in  style  the  cistophorus  of  Octavius  (as  Augustus)  with  the  Capricorn,  assigned  to 
the  next  year,  but  the  portrait  is  very  different  (see  below,  p.  541,  no.  263). 

^  Octavius  entered  on  his  seventh  consulship  on  January  1,  B.C.  27,  and  he  received  the 
name  of  Augustus  on  the  16th  of  the  same  mouth.  This  aureus  must  therefore  have  been 
issued  quite  early  in  the  year,  before  the  news  of  his  new  title  had  reached  Ephesus,  where  it 
was  probably  struck.  The  types  were  adapted  from  the  denarii  of  the  previous  year,  on  which 
his  sixth  consulship  is  recorded.  The  portrait  of  Octavius  differs  slightly  from  that  on  the 
denarii  of  the  same  type.     It  is  an  intermediate  one  between  the  two  already  noticed. 

VOL.    II.  3    z 


538 


COINAGE    OP   THE   EAST 


No.      Weight 


251 

172-0 

(u'orn) 

252 

74-0 

253 

69-0 

(broken) 

254 

67-8 

255 

66-5 

Metal 
and  Size 


M  1-0 


Obverse 


Reverse 


M    -7 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -8 


Dupondius ' 


Head  of  Octavius  r., 
behind,  CAISAK 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


bare;  C  ■  A^  (Commune  Aside) 
within  a  wreath  of  laurel 
ornamented  with  rostra, 
and  between  two  plain 
circles. 

[PI.  cxvii.  8.] 

AsP 

I  Similar ;  the  wreath  of  laurel 
j      is  without  rostra. 
I  [PI.  cxvii.  9.] 

I        (Pres.  by  G.  F.  HillJ 

I 

I  Similar. 

I  (Hamburger  Coll.) 


Similar. 

(Eeichardt  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Pres.  by  G.  P.  Hill) 


1  The  bronze  coinage,  which  Octavius  rerived  in  the  East  early  in  B.C.  27  or  perhaps  in 
the  previous  year,  appears  to  have  been  based  on  the  same  standard  of  weight  as  that  of 
Mark  Antony  issued  a  few  years  before  by  the  admirals  of  his  fleet  (see  above,  pp.  510  f.).  The 
metal  of  which  these  coins  were  struck  shows  from  analysis  (Num.  Chron.,  1904,  p.  244)  that 
it  is  composed  of  76-5  per  cent,  copper,  0-7  per  cent,  lead,  and  20-0  per  cent,  zinc,  which, 
though  somewhat  different  from  that  used  for  the  coins  of  Antony,  yet  is  the  same  as  was 
adopted  for  the -bronze  money  first  issued  at  Rome  in  B.C.  15,  and  which  is  designated 
orichalcum  (see  above,  pp.  45,  57).  If  at  Rome  the  coins  of  orichaloum  had  a  higher 
rateable  value  than  those  of  pure  copper,  it  may  be  taken  that  the  denominations  of  the 
Commune  Asiae  coinage  (see  also  below,  p.  542)  were  the  sestertius  of  399-301  grs.,  the 
dupondius  of  237-159  grs.,  and  the  as(?)  of  74-66  grs.  It  is  possible  that  the  smallest  denomi- 
nation may  be  the  semis,  but  as  all  the  specimens  in  the  National  Collection  are  somewhat 
worn,  we  prefer  to  consider  it  as  representing  the  as.  The  reverse  types  of  all  three  denomi. 
nations  is  a  wreath  enclosing  the  letters  C  .  A,  but  in  the  case  of  the  dupondius,  for  distinction, 
the  wreath  is  interspersed  with  rostra. 

2  The  letters  C  .  A  were  usually  considered  to  be  the  initials  of  the  city  at  which  these 
coins  were  struck ;  in  consequence  they  have  been  assigned  to  Caesarea  Augusta  in  Spain, 
Caesareia  Paneas  in  Palestine  (Pellerin,  Milanges  de  Med.,  vol.  i.  36),  and  to  Caesareia  Area  in 
Phoenicia  (De  Saulcy,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  deNum.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  259).  But  Frohner  (Melanges  d'jSpig. 
et  d'Arcli. ,  oh.  xxii. ,  p.  77)  has  suggested  that  the  initials  are  not  those  of  a  city  but  of  the  legend 
Commune  Asiae  (/coir^v  'Am'as),  denoting  that  these  coins,  like  the  cistophori  with  the  legend 
COM  .  ASIAE,  were  intended  for  currency  within  the  area  of  the  Asiatic  cities  which  celebrated 
the  cult  of  Rome  and  Augustus,  of  which  Pergamum  appears  to  have  been  the  centre  (Dion 
Cassius,  li.  20;  Tacitus,  Ann.  iv.  37).  They  would  therefore  pass  in  currency  not  only  with 
the  Roman  denarius,  but  also  with  the  cistophorus,  the  value  of  which  was  equal  to  three 
denarii . 

Though  the  union  of  cities  for  political  and  economical  purposes  existed  at  an  early  date 
in  the  province  of  Asia,  and  in  other  districts  of  the  Roman  empire,  the  foundation  of  the 
Commune  Asiae  is  usually  credited  to  Augustus.  It  was  specially  established  for  the  cult  of 
Rome  and  the  Emperor,  but  it  had  also  its  political  aspect,  and  in  that  respect  resembled  the 
Confederation  founded  at  a  later  date  at  Lugdunum  (see  above,  p.  439).  The  community 
assembled  annually,  and  its  chief  priest  was  known  as  the  apxiepei/s  'Airlas,  whose  duties  were 
the  superintendence  of  the  religious  part  of  the  meeting  and  of  the  public  games  which  took 
place  at  the  same  time.  The  games,  however,  appear  to  have  been  quinquennial  (P.  Monceaux, 
de  Com.  Asiae  Prov.,  p.  46).  In  the  various  provinces  where  temples  for  this  cult  existed, 
there  was  a  local  a.p-xi(f,(vs.  The  first  temple  was  built  at  Pergamum  (Dion  Cassius,  lac.  cit.), 
but  others  were  also  erected  at  Ephesus,  Smyrna,  Sardes,  Cyzicus,  Laodiceia  and  Phila- 
delphia. This  cult,  as  established  by  Augustus,  appears  to  have  been  maintained  for  three 
centuries  (Pauly-Wissowa,  vol.  ii. ,  pp.  1556-1559). 


CIEC.  B.C.  27  :    A.U.C.  727 


539 


PERIOD    VII.i 

Circ.  B.C.  27—18;    a.u.c.  727—736 
Octavius  (IS  Augustus 


No.      ^YeigM 


Metal 
and  Size 


Obverse 


Reverse 


256     53-5 


M    -75 


Circ.  B.C.  27;   a.u.c.  727 

AVGVSTVS,  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS  OE 
IMP.  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS 

Series  I. 

Struck  at  Ephesios 

Denarius 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  low  relief,  showing  the 
earlier  portrait  (similar  to 
no.  243) ;  behind,  AVGVS 
TVS 


Fagade  of  hexastyle  temple  ; 
the  pediment  is  orna- 
mented with  acroteria  and 
with  a  globe  in  the  centre  ; 
at  the  sides,  lOVI  OLVM 
{lovi  Olympico). 

[PI.  cxvii.  10.] 


'  The  issues  of  this  Period  may  be  divided  into  two  groups,  separated  however  by  a 
considerable  interval.  The  first  group,  which  is  assigned  to  B.C.  27,  seems  to  have  made  its 
appearance  about  the  time  that  Octavius  received  the  title  of  Augustus,  an  event  which  we 
gather  from  the  coins  was  celebrated  in  the  Bast  with  much  honour.  The  second  group  is  of 
a  somewhat  later  date,  and  records  two  great  events  connected  with  the  rule  of  Augustus, 
the  restoration  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthiana  and  the  submission  of  Armenia.  The  first 
occurred  in  May,  B.C.  20,  the  latter  a  few  months  later,  probably  at  the  beginning  of  the 
winter.  Dr.  Gabiici  (Studi,  e  Mater,  di  Arch^__e.-Nwm.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  163-171)  has  assigned  the 
coins  of  the  first  group  to  a  somewhat^iater  date,  B.C.  19,  and  would  make  their  issue  con- 
temporary with  the  visit  of  Augustus  to  Athens,  on  his  return  journey  to  Italy  from  the  East 
in  that  year.  He  has  also  given  their  actual  mintage  to  that  city,  and  in  consequence  he  has 
proposed  explanations  of  the  types  which  would  accord  with  this  attribution.  In  the  classifi- 
cai  ion  of  these  provincial  coins  it  is  necessary,  as  has  been  frequently  observed,  to  follow  np 
very  closely  any  evidence  ai3^orded  by  style  and  fabric.  In  this  particular  instance  this 
evidence  is  forthcoming  in  the  portrait  of  Augustus.  The  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  29 — 28 
supply,  as  we  have  mentioned  (see  above,  p.  535),  two  portraits  of  Augustus.  Both  these  are 
repeated  on  the  issues  of  B.C.  27.  On  the  coinage  with  the  reverse  type,  the  temple 
of  the  Olympian  Jupiter,  we  meet  with  the  two  portraits,  but  on  that  with  the  reverse,  a 
rostral  wreath,  the  second  one  only  occurs.  This  continuity  in  portraiture  shows  that  the 
coins  of  the  first  group,  here  assigned  to  B.C.  27,  could  not  have  been  issued,  as  Dr.  Gabrici 
suggests,  some  eight  years  later,  and  tlipy  must  therefore  be  given  to  an  earlier  date,  most 
probably  that  proposed  by  Count  de  Salis. 

The  coins  assigned  to  B.C.  27  appear  from  style  and  fabric,  and  also  from  their  types, 
to  fall  into  two  series,  each  of  which  consists  of  denarii,  of  a  bronze  issue,  and  of 
cistophori.  The  second  series  has  in  addition  aurei.  If  the  denarii  assigned  to  B.C.  29 — 28 
are  to  be  attributed  to  Bphesus,  then  those  of  the  first  series,  bearing  the  same  portraits  of 
Augustus,  must  take  their  place  at  the  same  mint.  The  like  may  be  observed  of  the  bronze 
money  which  has  for  reverse  type  the  letters  C  .  A  (Oommune  Asiae)  within  a  wreath. 
The  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  second  series  show  quite  a  diiferent  style  of  work,  more 
especially  those  with  the  reverse  type,  a  heifer.  The  workmanship  of  these  pieces  is  so 
exceptionally  fine  that  the  dies,  both  obverse  and  reverse,  must  have  been  executed  by  a 
singularly  efficient  body  of  engravers.  There  is  also  no  continuity  in  the  portrait  of  Augustus 
which  would  connect  these  pieces  with  those  of  previous  years.     The  bronze  coins  assigned  to 


540 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 


No.     Weiylit 


257 

258 
259 

260 


261 


600 

56-6 
52-0 

53-5 


30-0 


Metal 
and  Size 

JR    -75 


M    -75 
^l    -75 

M    -7 


Ai    -5 


Obverse 

Similar ;  head  of  Augustus 
in  high  relief  (similar  to 
no.  246) ;  legend,  AVqVS 
TVS 

Similar. 

Similar. 


Reverse 


Similar;  legend,  lOVI  OLV 
[PI.  cxvii.  11.] 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief  (similar  to 
no.  246)  ;  behind,  AV^VS 
TVS 


Type  II.i 

Laurel-wteath  ornamented 
with  rostra  and  tied  with 
long  fillet. 

[PI.  cxvii.  12.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Quinarius 


Similar ;  same  portrait ;  AV 
qVSTVS  for  AV^VSTVS 


Victory,  holding  wreath   in 
r.  hand  and  palm-branch 
in  1.,  standing  1.  on  prow. 
[PI.  cxvii.  13.] 


this  series  have  also  a  different  reverse  type,  AVGVSTVS  within  a  -wreath,  and  on  the 
obverse  the  name  of  the  emperor  is  given  as  IMP   CAESAR  or  CAESAR. 

This  division  is  also  supported  by  the  evidence  of  the  cistophori,  which  show  from  differ- 
ence of  style  that  they  cannot  all  be  assigned  to  one  mint,  though  in  two  cases  out  of  three 
the  types  are  the  same.  This  was  the  opinion  of  Pinder  (Cistophoren,  p.  607),  more  especially 
in  relation  to  those  pieces  which  have  for  reverse  types  the  Capricorn  and  the  sheaf  of  corn. 
The  cistophori  which  give  the  name  of  Augustus  below  his  portrait  must  all  be  of  the  same 
mint,  and  their  place  of  issue  is  fixed  by  the  occurrence  of  the  Ephesian  altar.  Those  which 
have  the  head  of  Augustus  of  a  different  style,  and  with  his  name  always  placed  behind  it,  we 
would  assign  to  Pergamum,  which  city,  together  with  Ephesus,  had  issued  cistophori  under 
Mark  Antony  (see  above,  pp.  502,  503).  Prom  similarity  of  style  the  gold,  silver  and  bronze 
coins  of  the  second  group  may  also  be  given  with  practical  certainty  to  Pergamum.  Smaller 
differences  connecting  the  coins  to  each  distinct  series  will  be  noticed  with  the  descriptions. 

One  of  the  first  acta  of  Octavius  on  his  return  to  Eome  in  B.C.  29  was  to  offer  up  sacri- 
fices to  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  and  to  dedicate  a  temple  to  Minerva  (Dion  Cassius,  li.  22),  The 
temple  represented  on  these  coins  is,  however,  not  that  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitol,  but  a  local 
one ;  and  as  they  are  ascribed  to  Ephesus  it  may  be  that  of  the  Olympian  god  which  was 
erected  in  that  city  (Guhl,  Ephesiaca,  p.  124).  It  is  uncertain  at  what  period  the  cult  of 
Jupiter  Olympius  was  established  in  Ephesus;  but  on  its  coins  struck  during  the  reign 
of  Domitian  the  god  is  represented  seated,  holding  the  cultus-statue  of  Artemis  Ephesia, 
with  the  legend  E<t>ECinN  ZEYC  OAYMHIOC  {Brit.  Mus.  Cat,  Gr.  Coins,  Ionia,  p.  75, 
no.  215).  It  is  therefore  quite  possible  that  the  cult  of  this  divinity  dates  from  the  preceding 
century.  Dr.  Gabriel  {Studi  e  Mater,  di  Arch,  o  Num.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  169),  having  assigned  the  issue 
of  these  coins  to  Athens,  B.C.  19,  has  identified  the  temple  as  that  of  the  Olympian  Jupiter  in 
that  city,  which  Suetonius  (Augustus,  60)  tells  us  was  dedicated  to  Augustus.  This  temple, 
which  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  one  erected  by  Peisistratus,  was  originally  designed 
for  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  circ.  B.C.  170,  but  was  not  completed  till  the  time  of  Hadrian. 
Dr.  Gabrioi  has  given  the  date  of  its  dedication  to  Augustus  as  B.C.  19,  when  he  visited 
Athens  on  his  way  from  Asia  to  Italy.  The  temple,  as  completed  by  Hadrian,  was  octostyle, 
whilst  that  shown  on  the  coins  is  hexastyle.  For  reasons  already  given  we  are  unable  to 
accept  so  late  a  date  as  B.C.  19  for  these  coins. 

'  This  denarius  and  the  following  quinarius  both  record  the  battle  of  Actium.  The 
reverse  type  of  the  former  forms  part  of  that  of  the  dupondius  assigned  to  this  period 
(see  above,  p.  538,  and  below,  p.  542),  and  that  of  the  latter  is  met  with  on  denarii  struck  at 
Home  at  a  slightly  earlier  date,  which  commemorate  the  same  event  (see  above,  p.  13). 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


CIRC.  B.C.  27  ;   A.U.C.  727 

Obverse 


541 


262 


263 


264 


185-0 


186-0 


184-3 


M  1-0 


Reverse 

"Cistophoric  Medallions'" 

Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
below,  IMP  •  CAE  SAR; 
plain  outer  circle. 


M  1-1 


Al  1-0 


Altar  ornamented  with  two 
stags  facing  each  other, 
above  each  a  festoon  of 
flowers  enclosing  a  cir- 
cular ornament ;  a  long 
fillet  hangs  down  on  each 
side  of  the  altar ;  above, 
AVqVSTVS;  plain  outer 
circle. 

[PI.  cxvii.  14.] 


Type  II. 


Similar. 


Capricorn  r.,  head  turned 
back  to  1.,,  bearing  on  its 
back  a  cornucopiae ;  be- 
low, AVqVSTVS ;  all 
within  laurel-wreath. 
[PI.  cxvii.  15.] 


Type  III. 


Similar. 


Sheaf  of  six  ears  of  corn ; 
dividing  the   legend,  AV 
GVSTVS;  border  of  dots. 
[PI.  cxvii.  16.] 


'  This  series  of  cistophorio  medallions,  whioli  we  would  assign  to  Epheens,  has  precisely 
the  same  portrait  in  each  type,  and  the  name  of  Augustus,  which  is  placed  below,  is  in  the 
same  position  and  similarly  divided.  It  is  the  reverse  type  of  the  altar  which  enables  us  to 
connect  them  with  Bphesus.  The  altar  ornamented  with  stags  or  hinds  is  clearly  Epbesian. 
Though  Augustus  does  not  appear  to  have  had  a  special  temple  erected  to  him  at  Ephesus, 
yet  that  city  no  doubt  followed  the  example  of  others  in  the  provinces  in  providing  an  altar 
to  him  (Suetonius,  Octavius,  59).  The  inscription  AVGVSTVS,  which  surmounts  the  altar, 
permits  of  no  other  construction  being  placed  on  this  type. 

The  Capricorn,  the  genethliac  sign  of  Augustus,  has  been  noticed  in  connection  with  coins 
assigned  to  the  Roman  mint  and  also  to  Gaul  (see  above,  pp.  19,  418),  and  the  sheaf  of  corn 
is  emblematic  of  the  corn-producing  districts  of  Asia,  from  which  Italy  drew  her  main  supplies. 
The  latter  formed  one  of  the  principal  types  of  cistophori  struck  later  by  Nerva,  Trajan  and 
Hadrian  (see  Finder,  Cistophoren,  pi.  iii.).  The  Capricorn  and  the  corn-sheaf  occur  also  on 
contemporary  cistophori  assigned  to  Pergamum,  but  the  portrait  and  the  position  of  the 
Emperor's  name  on  the  obverse  differ.  There  are  also  slight  differences  in  the  treatment 
of  the  reverse  types  ;  the  hair  on  the  neck  of  the  Capricorn  being  indicated  by  horizontal 
lines,  giving  the  animal  a  crude  appearance,  and  the  stalks  of  the  ears  of  corn  are  without 
leaves  {."picae).  These  differences  in  the  details  and  also  in  style,  though  slight,  show 
distinctly  that  there  were  two  series  struck  at  two  different  mints;  the  one  certainly  at 
Ephesus,  the  other  most  probably  at  Pergamum  (see  Pinder,  op.  cit.,  pp.  607,  610). 


542 


No.     Weight       ^'f^^ 
"         ana  Size 


3940 

M  1-5 

378-0 

M  1-5 

366-0 

ZEl-4 

351-5 

M  1-4 

301-0 

M  1-45 

387-0 

M  1-3 

363-0 

M  1-4 

337-0 

M  1-4 

237-1 

M  1-05 

228-0 

M  1-1 

187-5 

iE  1-1 

159-0 

M  1-0 

COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Obverse 

BEONZE ' 
Sestertius 


Reveree 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
behind,  AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar;  AVqVSTVS 

Similar. 

Similar. 


C  •  k{Gommune  Asiae)  within 
a  wreath  of  laurel  between 
two  dotted  circles. 
[PI.  cxviii.  1.] 

Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Eeichardt  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Eeichardt  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Dupondius 


Similar;  AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;  the  wreath  of  laurel 
is  ornamented  with  rostra. 
(Eeichardt  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Similar. 


1  In  the  earlier  series  of  bronze  coins  of  similar  type  assigned  to  this  year  (see  above, 
p.  538),  the  only  denominations  met  with  are  the  dupondius  and  the  as  (?).  In  this  series  the 
smaller  denomination  is  not  issued,  but  in  its  place  we  have  the  sestertius,  which  is  varied  in  a 
similar  manner  from  the  dupondius  in  having  a  plain  wreath  on  the  reverse,  and  not  one 
ornamented  with  rostra.  As  these  later  coins  give  the  emperor  his  new  title  of  Augustus, 
they  must  have  been  struck  at  a  subsequent  date.  They  are  of  orichalcum  (see  Num.  Chron., 
3904,  p.  244),  and  of  the  quarter-ounce  standard.  On  some  specimens  of  the  sestertius,  as 
well  as  the  dupondius,  the  stop  between  C  A  is  omitted. 


CIEC.  B.C.  27;  A.U.C.  727 


543 


No.     Weight 


277 

278 

279 
280 


207-5 

I960 

186-0 
172-0 


281 


282 


283 


123-0 


121-6 


Metal 
and  Size 

M  1-05 


M  1-15 

2E  1-1 
M  1-25 


122-0 


^    -8 


^r  -8 


Oiverse 

Similar;      AVqVSTVS    for 
AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

[PI.     oxviii.   2.] 

(Northwiok  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 


Series  II.^ 

Struck  at  Pergainum 

Aureus^ 

Type  I. 


J^    -8 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  relief ;  behind, 
CAESAR. 


Similar ;   head   smaller  and 
CAESAR  for  CAESAR 


Heifer  -walking  1.,  head  lo-w ; 
above,  AVqVSTVS 
[PI.  cxviii.  3.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;      AVQVSTVS    for 
AVGVSTVS 

[PI.  cxviii.  4.] 


Type  II. 


Bust  of  Augustus  1.,  bare, 
head  laureate ;  behind, 
CAESAK 


Heifer  walking  r.,  head  lo-w; 
above,  AVGVSTVS 
[PI.  cxviii.  5.] 

(Wigan  Coll.) 


'  The  coins  of  this  series  may  be  assigned  to  Pergamum,  as  already  mentioned  (see  above, 
pp.  539,  540) .  The  anrei  and  denarii  are  of  exceedingly  fine  workmanship,  and  in  this  respect 
they  are  similar  to  the  cistophori  also  assigned  to  this  mint.  The  series  therefore  comprises 
gold,  silver  and  bronze  coins,  the  silver  including  the  cistophorus. 

^  It  is  difficult  to  explain  in  a  satisfactory  manner  the  somewhat  unusual  type  of  the  heifer 
on  these  aurei  and  denarii.  It  possibly  has  a  special  reference  to  the  sacrifices  which  were 
offered  up  in  all  the  Asiatic  cities  on  the  granting  to  Octavius  of  the  title  of  Augustus  in 
B.C.  27.  A  personal  reference  to  the  emperor  seems  too  obscure.  Dr.  Gabrici  (op.  cit.,  p.  167), 
having  assigned  these  coins  to  Athens,  has  identified  the  heifer  on  the  reverse  as  a 
representation  of  the  master-piece  in  bronze,  which  was  executed  by  the  artist  Myron, 
and  which  was  placed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Acropolis  (Cicero,  in  Verr.,  Act  ii., 
iv.  60) .  At  a  later  date  it  was  brought  to  Eome  and  was  placed  in  the  Forum  Pads,  which 
was  constructed  by  Vespasian  after  the  taking  of  Jerusalem  (Dion  Cassius,  Ixvi.  15).  It  was 
still  there  at  the  time  of  the  invasion  of  the  Goths  (Procopius,  de  Bell.  Goth.,  iv.  21).  The 
assignment  of  these  coins  to  a  somewhat  earlier  date,  B.C.  27,  and  to  a  difiereut  locality, 
renders  it  impossible  to  accept  Dr.  Gabrici's  solution. 

The  attribution  of  the  following  denarii  to  Pergamum  is  somewhat  uncertain.  It  may, 
however,  be  remarked  that  the  laureate  head  very  closely  resembles  that  on  the  aureus  (no. 
283),  and  the  treatment  of  the  Capricorn  on  the  reverse  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the 
cistophorus,  the  animal's  skin  being  modelled  with  great  care  and  skill.  This  mythical 
animal  occurs  also  on  the  contemporary  coinage  assigned  to  Ephesus  (see  above,  p.  511). 


544 


No.      ]Veiglit 


284 


285 


286 


61-0 


56-5 


58-6 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    -8 


M    -75 


^l    -75 


287 


65-8 


186-0 


COINAGE   OF  .THE    EAST 

Ohverse 

Denarius 

Type  I. 


Reverse 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare, 
in  high  rehef ;  behind, 
CAESAR. 


Similar. 


Heifer  standing  r.,  head 
raised ;  above,  AVGVST 
VS 

[PI.  cxviii.  6.] 
(Oracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  AVqVSTVS 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Type  II. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  laure- 
ate. 


Capricorn  r.,  holding  globe 
and  rudder  with  its  feet ; 
on  its  back,  a  cornucopiae; 
below,  AVCVSTVS 
[PI.  cxviii.  7.] 


Type  II.  var. 


M    -75    Similar. 


M  1-0 


Similar;  Capricorn  r.,  with- 
out globe,  rudder,  or  cor- 
nucopiae ;  above,  star ; 
below,  AVCVSTVS 


[Cohen,  Mdd.  imp.,  vol.  i.,  p.  65,  no.  18.] 
"Cistophoric  Medallions "^ 


Type  I.' 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
before,  lituus ;  behind, 
IMP  .  CAESAR,  (down- 
wards) ;  border  of  dots. 


Capricorn  r.,  head  turned 
back  to  1.,  bearing  on  its 
back  a  cornucopiae ;  be- 
low, AVqVSTVS ;  all 
within  laurel-wreath. 
[PI.  cxviii.  8.] 
(Dymock  Coll.) 


'  On  account  of  their  superior  workmanship  we  are  disposed  to  assign  these  oistophori 
to  Pergamum  (see  above,  p.  541).  Pinder  [Oisiophoren,  pp.  604  f.)  leaves  their  place  of 
mintage  uncertain. 

'  Types  I.  and  II.,  as  compared  with  similar  pieces  assigned  to  Ephcsiis  (see  above, 
p.  541),  are  more  skilfully  executed.     The  figure  of  the  Capricorn  is  treated  more   delicately. 


CIRC.  B.C.  27;    A.U.C.  727 


545 


No.      Weiijht 


288  i  178-0 


Metal 
and  Sii-c 


^10 


289  ;  185-0 


.11  1-0 


2C0 


187-7 


.R  11 


Ohvun 


HeveVtie 


Type  II. 


Similar;  head  of  Augustus 
1. ;  before,  lituus  ;  behind, 
IMP  .  CAESAR,  (down- 
■wards) ;  border  of  dots. 


Sheaf  of  six  ears  of  corn 
with  leaves,  dividing  the 
legend,  A  VC;  VST  VS;  bor- 
der of  dots. 

[PI.  cxviii.  9.] 


Type  II.  var. 

Similar ;    head  of  Augustus  ;  Similar ;  same  border, 
r. ;    no  lituus  before;    be-  i  [PI.  cxviii.  10.] 

hind,      IMP  .  CAESAR.;  i 
border  of  dots.  I 


Type  III.i 


Similar ;  head  of  Augustus 
in  lower  relief  and  more 
spread;  the  legend,  IMP  • 
CAESAR,  (upwards) ;  bor- 
der of  dots. 


Sphinx    with    open    wings 
seated  r. ;   above,  AVC^VS 
TVS  ;  border  of  dots. 
[PI.  cxviii.   11.] 
(Borrell  Coll.) 


the  skin  of  the  animal,  especially  that  of  the  neck,  being  more  faithfully  delineated,  and  in 
the  case  of  the  corn-sheaf  the  ears  of  corn  have  leaves.  With  the  exception  of  Type  III.  the 
head  of  Augustus  is  in  high  relief,  and  on  all  the  legend  is  placed  behind  it  and  not  below,  as 
on  similar  coins  given  to  Ephesus. 

'  The  sphinx,  though  it  was  not  an  unusual  emblem  on  coins  struck  in  the  Bast,  is  in  this 
instance  personal  to  Augustus,  as  it  was  engraved  on  the  ring  which  he  used  for  sealing 
public  documents — in  diploviatihus  libellisque  et  epistolis  signandiSj  initio  Sphinge  usii,s  est; 
mo3i  imagine  Magni  Alexandri ;  novissime  sua,  Dioscoridis  manu  sculpta  (Suetonius,  Augustus, 
50).  Pliny  (ffist.  Nat.,  xxxvii.  4)  mentions  that  Augustus  found  amongst  his  mother's  rings 
two  indiscretae  similitudinis,  and  that  he  gave  another  to  his  friends  Agrippa  and  Maecenas, 
in  order  that  in  his  absence  they  might  seal  edicts  for  him.  The  circumstance  that  the 
mother  of  Augustus  used  the  same  seal  as  himself  suggests  that  the  sphinx  had  not  only  a 
personal  but  also  a  religious  and  superstitious  significance,  and  Pliny  (loc.  cit.)  adds — Augustus, 
postea  ad  evitanda  convicia  sphingis,  Alexandri  Magni  imagine  signavit.  Owing  to  the  occur- 
rence of  the  sphinx  as  the  obverse  type  of  coins  of  Chios,  these  cistophori  have  been  assigned 
to  that  island.  Finder  (op.  cit.,  p.  608),  however,  remarks  that  the  form  of  the  animal  on  the 
two  series  shows  considerable  variation.  On  the  coins  of  Chios  it  is  represented  with  the 
breasts  of  a  woman,  whereas  on  the  cistophori  it  has  a  flat  breast  like  a  bird  (Vogelirust).  On 
the  ground  of  style  also  Pinder  does  not  accept  their  attribution  to  Chios,  and  he  therefore 
gives  them  to  Pergamum. 

Varieties  of  the  sphinx  type  have  for  the  obverse  the  head  of  Augustus  in  high  relief,  with 
or  without  the  lituus,  as  on  Type  I.  and  Type  II.  var.,  i.e.  with  the  reverse  a  Capricorn  or  a 
sheaf  of  corn.  This  interchange  of  obverse  dies  fixes  the  issue  of  all  three  types  to  the  same 
place  of  mintage  (Pinder,  op.  cit.,  pi.  ii.,  nos.  9,  10). 

Prof.  Milani  (Studi  e  Mater,  di  Arch,  e  Num.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  172  f .)  illustrates  and  describes  a 
gold  seal-ring  in  the  collection  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  (now  deposited  in  the  Museo 
Archeologico  in  Florence),  the  bezel  formed  of  a  black  agate  engraved  with  the  figure  of  a 
sphinx.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  Rome  early  in  the  seventeenth  century  on  the  site 
of  the  Palazzo  Corea,  not  far  from  the  mausoleum  of  Augustus.  From  its  style  and  workman- 
ship Professor  Milani  would  identify  this  riug  as  the  first  one  which  Augustus  used  for  sealing 
his  public  and  private  documents. 

VOL.    II.  4   A 


546 

Xo.       Weight       -"f,'*"' 
•'         and  bize 


291 


358-0 


M  1-4 


292 


162-5 

(loom) 


M  1-0 


293 

213-5 

M  1-1 

294 

165-0 

M  1-0 

295 

160-8 

^1-0 

296 

160-7 

M  1-05 

297 

160-0 

M  1-0 

COINAGE    OP   THE    EAST 

Ohrerae 

BEONZE 1 
Sestertius 


lieverse 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
behind,  IMP  •  CAESAK 


AVGV 


within  laurel-wreath, 


STVS 

between  two  dotted  circles. 
[PI.  cxviii.  12.] 


Dupondius 


Type  I.^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
behind,  CAESAR. 


Similar;  no  inner  circle  of 
dots. 
[PI.  cxviii.  13  rev.] 


Type  II. 


Similar;  legend,  CAESAR. 


Similar;  CAESAR,  for   CAE 
SAR. 

Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


AVGVSTVS  withiQ    laurel- 
wreath. 

[PI.  cxviii.  14.] 

Similar. 

(Eeichardt  Coll.) 

Similar;  AVCVSTVS 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 

Similar. 

Similar;  AV<;VSTVS 


'  These  bronze  coins,  if  issued  in  B.C.  27,  cannot  be  assigned  to  the  same  mint  as  those 
with  the  legend  C  .  A  {Commune  Asiae)  on  the  reverse.  They  differ  not  only  in  type,  style, 
the  portrait  of  Augustus,  and  the  legends,  but  also  in  the  composition  of  the  metal  of  which 
they  were  struck  (see  W«m.  Ghron.,  1904,  p.  244).  The  analyses  show  that  the  metal  of  the 
above  coins  is  composed  of  89-8  per  cent,  copper,  7'5  per  cent,  tin,  and  2-7  per  cent,  zinc ; 
whereas  that  of  the  coins  with  the  reverse  C  .  A  within  a  wreath  consists  of  78'7  per  cent, 
copper,  0-7  per  cent,  lead,  and  20-6  per  cent.  zinc.  Two  issues  of  metal  so  divergent  in 
its  composition  could  not  well  have  been  struck  at  the  same  time  and  at  the  same  place. 
Both  are  of  the  quarter-ounce  bronze  standard.  These  coins  are  therefore  assigned  to 
Pergamum. 

^  The  obverse  of  the  specimen  of  this  type  in  the  National  Collection  is  too  much  worn 
for  illustraliou. 


CIEC.  B.C.  19—18;    A.TJ.C.  735—736 


547 


No.      Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


298 


299 


119-5 


120-5 


AT    -75 


N    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  19—18;   a.u.c.  735—7361 

AVGVSTVS;  CAESAR   DIV.  F 

(AUGUSTUS;   CAESAE   DIVI  [JULI]    FILIUS) 
Series  I. 
Signis  Parthicis  Beceptis 
Aureus  ^ 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
below,  AVGVSTVS 


Similar. 


Capricorn  r. ;  above,  SIGNIS; 
below,  KECEPTIS 
[PI.  cxix.  1.] 

Similar ;  around  Capricorn, 
SIGNIS  PAKTHICIS  RE 
CEPTIS 

[PI.  cxix.  2.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


1  The  coins  assigned  to  this  date  commemorate  two  very  important  events  in  connection 
with  the  visit  of  Augustus  to  the  East,  B.C.  2i — 19,  which  occurred  within  a  short  interval 
of  each  other.  These  were  the  surrender  of  the  Roman  standards  by  the  Parthians,  and  the 
submission  or  restoration  of  the  kingdom  of  Armenia  to  the  suzerainty  of  Rome. 

The  first  event  was  commemorated  not  only  on  contemporary  coins  of  Augustus  of  the 
Roman  mint,  but  also  on  those  issued  some  years  later  by  the  moneyers  who  struck  money  in 
their  own  names  as  well  as  in  that  of  Augustus  (see  above,  pp.  25,  64  pass.).  It  was  on  the  12th 
May,  B.C.  20  (Gardthansen,  Augustus,  p.  827),  that  Phraates,  the  King  of  Kings,  set  at  liberty 
the  Roman  prisoners,  and  that  his  messengers  on  bended  knees  handed  to  Tiberius  the  captive 
standards  which  Augustus  had  commanded  him  to  receive. 

Claudi  virtute  Neronis 
Armenius  cecidit ;  jus  imperimTique  Phraates 
Caesaris  aceepit  genibus  minor  :  aurea  fruges 
Italiae  plena  defudit  Oopia  cornu. — Horeloe,  Bpist.  xii.,  26  f. 

The  joy  in  the  Roman  camp  and  throughout  the  whole  empire  knew  no  bounds.  Augustus 
was  proclaimed  Imperator  for  the  IXth  time,  and  he  claimed  the  event  as  a  great  victory, 
though  he  had  not  achieved  it  by  force  of  arms,  but  rather  by  a  stroke  of  discreet  diplomacy 
(Dion  Cassius,  liv.  8). 

The  submission  of  Armenia  took  place  shortly  after  the  surrender  of  the  standards.  In 
B.C.  34,  after  the  capture  of  the  unfortunate  Artavasdes  by  Antony  (see  above,  p.  525,  note  2),  his 
son  Artaxias  was  made  king  of  Armenia.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  Artaxias  was  to  put  to  death 
all  the  Romans  who  had  remained  in  the  country.  He  then  demanded  the  restoration  of  his 
relatives,  a  request  which  Augustus  refused.  In  B.C.  20,  the  Armenians  having  complained  to 
Augustus  of  the  conduct  of  Artaxias,  and  having  requested  as  king  his  brother  Tigranes,  who 
was  then  at  Rome,  Tiberius  was  sent  with  a  larg'fe  army  into  Armenia  to  depose  Artaxias,  and 
to  place  Tigranes  on  the  throne.  Before,  however,  Tiberius  arrived  Artaxias  was  murdered, 
and  in  consequence  Tigranes  was  proclaimed  king  without  opposition.  Tiberius,  however, 
took  to  himself  the  credit  of  a  successful  expedition  (Dion  Cassius,  li.  16,  liv.  9 ;  Tacitus, 
Ann.,  ii.  3 ;  Tell.  Paterc,  ii.  94).  Augustus  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  ch.  xxvii.)  says,  "  Armeniam 
maiorem  interfecto  rege  eius  Artaxe  cum  possem  facere  provinciam,  malui  maiomm  nostrorum 
exemplo  regnum  id  Tigrani  regis  Artavasdis  fiUo,  nepoti  autem  Tigranis  regis,  per  Ti.  Neronem 
tradere,  qui  turn  mihi  privignus  erat." 

The  coins  which  illustrate  these  two  interesting  events  are  of  gold  and  silver,  and  possibly 
of  bronze,  the  silver  including  the  cistophorus  as  well  as  the  denarius.  In  describing  the  coins 
of  the  preceding  issues  assigned  to  B.C.  27  reasons  were  given  for  attributing  one  series  to 
Ephesus,  the  other  to  Pergamum.  If  these  attributions  are  correct,  the  coins  included  in  the 
years  B.C.  19 — 18,  from  a  certain  similarity  of  type  and  fabric,  may  all  be  classed  to  Ephesus. 
On  the  anrei  and  denarii  the  portrait  of  Augustus  is  uniformly  the  same.  The  obverses  of  the 
cistophori  not  only  show  the  same  portrait  as  on  the  earlier  pieces  of  that  denomination 
ascribed  to  Ephesus,  but  the  legend  is  also  similarly  placed,  i.e.,  under  the  head.  Some  of  the 
bronze  coins,  too,  have  the  same  reverse  type,  the  initials  C  ,  A  within  a  wreath. 

^  As  Augustus  looked  upon  the  surrender  of  the  standards  as  quite  a  personal  matter,  the 
Capricorn,  his  genethliao  sign,  was  used  to  commemorate  the  event. 


548 

No.      Weight       ^^''^"J 
•'         and  6ize 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 

Ohverfie 

Denarius 


Bex'crse 


300      59-0  i  A\    -75    Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare  ;  I  Inscription    in    three    lines 
[below,  AVGVSTVS].       |      across  the  field,  SIGN  IS  | 

PArTHICIS(sic)  I   RECE 
t      TTIS 

[PI.  cxix.  3  ] 
I      (Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


Seeies  II.i 

Armenia  Eecepta 

Denarius 


Type  I. 


301      58-0  I  ^    -75    Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare;  :  An  Armenian   tiara   and  a 
below,  AVGVSTVS  quiver     and     bow  -  case, 

united;    above,  AR.MEN 
lA  ;  below,  RECEPTA 
[PI.  cxix.  4.] 
(Borrell  Coll.) 


Connt  de  Salis  may  have  assigned  these  coinages  to  B.C.  19 — 18  on  the  evidence  of  the 
cistophori,  which  record  the  5th  tribunitian  year  of  Angustus.  It  is,  however,  possible  that 
some  of  the  issues  appeared  in  B.C.  20 ;  especially  that  which  commemorates  the  surrender  of 
the  standards. 

'  The  coins,  aurei  and  denarii,  relating  to  the  submission  of  Armenia,  are  of  two  series; 
one  with  the  legend  ARMENIA  RECEPTA,  the  other  with  ARMENIA  CAPTA.  The 
legend  RECEPTA  was  no  doubt  used  to  emphasize  the  circumstance  that  Armenia  had 
already  been  conquered  by  Antony  in  B.C.  34,  and  that  it  was  now  received  back,  not  ao  much 
as  a  part  of  the  Roman  empire,  but  as  a  district  over  which  Rome  would  exercise  her 
suzerainty.  That  of  CAPTA  may  have  been  adopted  in  order  to  gratify  the  ambition  and 
pride  of  Tiberius,  who,  though  he  did  not  strike  a  blow,  claimed  the  submission  of  Armenia  as 
accomplished  by  his  own  military  skill  and  valour  (Dion  Cassius,  liv.  9).  At  a  later  date  the 
veterans  greeted  Tiberius  with  the  words,  Ego  tecum,  imperator,  in  Armenia  (Veil.  Paterc,  ii. 
104).  Each  series  has  the  same  reverse  types,  the  tiara  with  the  united  quiver  and  bow-case 
and  the  Armenian  soldier  j  and  the  same  variations  of  the  obverse,  the  head  of  Augustus  being 
with  or  without  his  name.  This  form  of  the  quiver  and  bow-oase  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  Armenia, 
and  the  tiara  differs  from  that  already  figured  on  earlier  coins  of  Antony,  in  being  less  orna- 
mented and  without  the  lappets.  In  this  instance  it  is  connected  with  the  accession  of  Tigranes. 
The  Armenian  soldier  is  clad  in  his  usual  dress,  a  conical-shaped  cap,  a  cloak,  and  loose  breeches. 

On  account  of  the  inscription  being  often  partly  "off  the  field"  some  uncertainty  exists 
as  to  the  number  of  the  imperatorship  inscribed  on  the  coins  relating  to  this  event.  It 
has  been  given  as  VII,  VIM,  or  Villi.  As  Augustus  was  IMP.  VII,  A.u.0.  72.5 — 729 
(B.C.  29—25),  IMP.  VIII,  A.n.c.  729—734  (b.c.  25—20),  and  IMP.  Villi,  a.tt.c.  734—739 
(b.o.  20 — 15),  these  coins  must  have  been  struck  during  his  Vllllth  imperatorship,  to  which 
Augustus  was  acclaimed  on  the  suiTender  of  the  standards  (Mommsen,  Res  gestae,  pp.  12,  13). 
The  specimen  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  which  is  described  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  61,  no.  146) 
as  reading  IMP.  VI  I,  and  by  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit,  1896,  p.  158)  as  IMP.  VI 1 1,  must 
therefore  be  connected  with  the  Tllllth  imperatorship. 

Count  de  Salis  has  noted  a  variety  of  Type  I.  without  the  name  of  Augustus  on  the 
obverse,  but  he  has  not  referred  to  any  existing  specimen. 


No.      WeigU       ^'fi': 
and  S%ze 


CIEC.  B.C.  19—18;   A.U.C.  735—736 

Obverse 


549 


Reverse 


57-4 


M    -75 


Type  II. 


Similar ;     without     legend, 
AVGVSTVS 


An  Armenian  soldier  stand- 
ing facing,  wearing  coni- 
cal-shaped cap,  close- 
fitting  cloak,  and  loose 
braccae ;  he  holds  spear 
in  r.  hand  and  rests  his  1. 
on  bow ;  across  the  field 
and  in  three  lines,  CAE 
SAR.  DlV-  F  I  ARJMEN 
R.ECE[n]  I  IMP  Vlll[l] 
(Armenia  recei^ta,  Imjpcra- 
tor  nono). 


[Berlin  Coll.] 


302 


303 


304 


57-4 


56-4 


55-8 


M    -76 


Ai    -75 


M    -8 


Series  III. 
Armenia  Cai^ta 
Denarius  1 
Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 


Similar. 


An  Armenian  tiara  and  a 
quiver  and  bow  -  case, 
united  (similar  to  no,  301) ; 
above,  AR.MENIA  ;  be- 
low, CAPTA 

[PI.  cxix.  5.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


Type  I.  var. 


Similar;    below   head,    AV 
GVSTVS 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxix.  6.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


1  The   types   of   these  denarii  are  only  repetitions  of   those  with  the  legend  "Armenia 
Recepta"  (eee  above  for  the  explanation  of  this  change  in  the  legend). 


550 


COINAGE   OF  THE  EAST 


No.       Weight 


305 


306 


307 


308 


60-0 


54-4 


51'5 


121'0 


Jfeial 
and  Size 


M    -8 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  II.i 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare. 


M    -7 


M    -B 


N'    -5 


An  Armenian  soldier  stand- 
ing facing,  wearing  coni- 
cal-shaped cap,  close- 
fitting  cloak,  and  loose 
braccae ;  he  holds  spear  in 
r.  hand  and  rests  1.  on 
bow  (see  p,  549) ;  across 
the  field  and  in  three  lines, 
CAESAR.  DiV  •  F  |  AK 
MEN  CAPT[A]  I  IMP 
VI 1 1  [I]  {Armenia  capta, 
Imperator  iiono). 
[PI.  cxix.  7.] 


Type  II.  var. 


Similar;    below    head,    AV 
GVSTVS 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxix.  8.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar;  CAPTA  and  IMP 
Villi 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Aureus 


Type  I.= 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
below,  AVGVS[TVS] 


Victory  r.,  slaying  a  bull ; 
she  is  seated  on  its  back 
and  plunges  a  knife  into 
its  neck;  with  her  1.  hand 
she  grasps  the  head  of  the 
animal  by  the  jaw  ;  above 
on].,  ARMENIA;  below, 
CAPTA 

[P].  cxix.  9.] 
(Wigan  Coll.) 


1  Cohen  {Med.  imp.  row,.,  vol.  i.,  p.  71,  no.  56)  describes  a  denarius  of  this  type  with  the 
legend  IMT  VIII.  The  legend  in  full  would  probably  read  IMP  Villi,  the  last  unit  being 
off  the  field  of  the  coin.  From  these  pieces  it  may  be  concluded  that  all  those  with  the  legend 
"  Armenia  Eeoepta"  should  be  of  the  Vllllth  imperatorship. 

'  The  subject  of  Victory  slaying  a  bull,  Nike  BovSuTovaa,  is  frequently  met  with  in  ancient 
sculpture  and  glyptic  art,  and  in  connection  with  the  worship  of  Mithras.  It  occurs  in  reliefs 
of  marble  and  bronze,  on  gems,  &c.  The  representations  vary.  Victory  being  shown  seated  on 
the  bull  or  standing  at  its  side,  or  over  it,  but  in  each  case  she  seizes  the  animal  by  the  jaw. 
In  this  instance  the  type  relates  to  the  submission  of  Armenia  more  in  the  sense  of  "capta" 
than  "recepta."  Eckhel  (DocS.  num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  99)  explained  it  as  illustrating  the  victory 
of  Roman  arms  over  those  of  the  Armenians,  and  Cavedoni  {Ann.  deW  Inst.  Arch.,  1850, 
p.  183)  as  recording  the  sacrifices  of  the  victors  after  their  success. 


CIEO.   B.C.    19—18;    A.D.C.    735—736 


551 


No.     Weight 


309 


120-0 


Metal 
and  Sine 


^r   -8 


310  :  186'2 


M  105 


311 


179-5 


Ml-0 


Obvorse 


Similar;  AVGVSTVS 


Reverse 


Type  II.i 


Sphinx    with    open    wings 
seated  r. 

[PI.  cxix.  10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Cistophoric  Medallions "^ 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
below,      IMP-JX-TR.. 

rO  •  V  (Imperator  nono, 
trilninitia  potestate  quin- 
tu). 


Triumphal  arch  surmounted 
by  a  quadriga  with  iigure 
of  Augustus  ;  the  entabla- 
ture is  inscribed,  IMP  • 
IX.  TR.  POT  .V;  the 
sides  are  ornamented  with 
legionary  aquilae ;  within 
the  space  formed  by  the 
archway  is  the  legend  in 
three  lines,  S  •  P  •  R-  {Sena- 
tus  Poj)ulus\_que\  Boma- 
mts)  I  SIGNIS  I  RECEPT 
IS 


[PI.  cxix.   11.] 


Type  II. 


Similar. 


Circular  domed  temple, 
showing  four  columns, 
within  which  is  a  Eoman 
standard ;  across  the  field, 
MART  .  VLTO  (Martis 
TJltoris). 

[PI.  cxix.  12.] 


'  This  type  of  the  sphinx  has  already  been  met  with  on  a  cistophorns  (see  above,  p.  545, 
no.  290).  Count  de  Salis  has  given  these  aurei  to  a  somewhat  later  date  than  the  cistophorus 
on  account  of  style  and  fabric.  The  cistophorus  is  assigned  to  Pergamum,  but  this  aureus 
to  Ephesus. 

^  These  cistophori  commemorate  two  events — the  surrender  of  the  standards  by  the 
Parthians,  and  the  erection  of  the  temple  dedicated  by  the  Commune  Asiae  to  Rome  and 
Augustus  at  Ephesus  (see  above,  p.  538). 

The  triumphal  arch  and  the  temple  of  Mars  are  probably  representations  of  those  at 
Rome.  They  may  not  have  existed  at  Ephesus.  Similar  representations  of  these  buildings 
are  met  with  on  Eoman  coins  of  this  period  (see  above,  p.  50,  pi.  Ixiv.,  no.  8,  and  p.  27, 
pi.  Ixi.,  no.  17). 

The  temple  shown  on  Type  III.  is  usually  identified  as  that  of  Pergamum  (Pinder, 
Cwto-phoren,  p.  613),  but  if  these  coins  are  to  be  assigned  to  Ephesus  it  must  be  the  one 
erected  in  that  city.  Dion  Cassius  (li.  20)  says  that  it  was  in  A.c.c.  725  (e.g.  29),  that  Caesar 
(Octavius)  gave  permission  to  the  inhabitants  of  Pergamum  and  Nicomedia  in  Bithynia  to 
erect  temples  in  his  honour.  It  is  therefore  quite  possible  that  the  first  temple  to  be  erected 
for  this  cult  was  at  Pergamum.  This  coin  may  commemorate  the  completion  of  the  Ephesian 
one.  References  are  made  to  this  temple  in  inscriptions  found  at  Ephesus  (Wood,  Ephesus, 
Inscr.,  from  site  of  temple,  p.  16,  from,  theatre,  p.  36). 


552 


.,  TT'  ■  -Li       Metal 

Nu.       n  ei'jM         ,  .  . 


COINAGE    OF   THE   EAST 
Type  III. 


Reverse 


312  I  ISi'O  i  M  1-05  ,  Similar. 


313    182-5     Al  105    Similar. 


Parade  of  temple  of  six 
columns ;  the  pediment 
is  surmounted  by  acro- 
teria,  and  the  entablature 
is  inscribed,  ROM-ET- 
AVGVST  {Bomae  et  Au- 
gitsli) ;  across  the  field, 
COM  •  ASIAE  [Commune 
Asiae). 

[PI.  cxix.  13.] 


Similar. 


3U   364-0  i  2E  1-5 

I  I 


315 


313-0  i  M  1-5 


IMP.  AVGVST 


(IMPERATOE   AUGUSTUS) 


Sestertius  I 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare ; 
around,  IMP  AVGVST 
TK  POT  {Trihunitia  po- 
tcstate). 


Similar;   legend,   IMP -AV 
(;VST.TK  -  POT 


Within  three  concentric 
circles,  an  oak-wreath, 
two  laurel-branches,  and 
the  legend,  OB  CIVIS  SER. 
VATOS 

[PI.  cxix.  14.] 


Similar ;  the  laurel-branches 
are  omitted. 


'  The  date  of  issue  of  these  sestertii  and  the  following  dupondii  is  somewhat  uncertain. 
It  was  in  B.C.  23  that  the  tribnnitian  power  was  granted  to  Augustus  in  perpetuity,  and  it  is 
from,  that  date  that  his  tribunitian  years  are  reckoned.  In  the  usual  way  TR  .  POT  .  would 
signify  that  those  coins  were  struck  in  B.C.  23,  but  as  they  are  of  provincial  issue  the  actual 
numeration  of  the  tribunitian  year  may  have  been  overlooked.  In  any  case  they  are  subse- 
quent to  B  0.  27. 

The  reverse  type  of  these  sestertii  may  have  a  double  signification.  The  oak-wreath  may 
represent  that  which  was  by  order  of  the  Senate  placed  above  the  doorway  of  the  house  of 
Augustus,  and  the  two  laurel -branches  the  trees  which  were  planted  on  either  side  of  the  portico, 
but  in  this  particular  instance  the  wreath  may  relate  to  the  service  he  had  rendered  to  the  State 
in  obtaining  the  restoration  of  the  standards  by  the  Parthians.  This  type  was  a  few  years  later 
adopted  for  the  sestertius  struck  at  Rome  (see  above,  p.  45),  which  is  further  proof  that  the 
bronze  coinage  introduced  in  the  capital  in  B.C.  15  was  modelled  on  that  previously  issued  in 
the  J'Jast.  As  these  coins  and  the  following  dupondii,  like  those  of  Antony  struck  by  his 
praefecti  c?««s/.s',  are  of  mixed  metal,  not  pure  copper,  it  may  bo  presumed  that  they  represent 
the  sestertius  and  the  dupoudius. 


CIEC.  B.C.  19—18  ;    A.U.C.  735—736 


553 


No.       Weight 


Metal 
f^ud  Sizt 


Obverse 


Ilevcrse 


316 

317 
318 

319 
320 

321 
322 


1760 

155-5 
121-8 

120-5 
174-0 

143-7 
1430 


M 

•9 

M 

•95 

JE 

•9 

^1-0 

M 

-9 

M 

-9 

M 

-95 

AVGVST 

(AUGUSTUS) 
Dupondius' 


Head  of  Augustus  r.,  bare; 
around,    AVqVST    TR  • 

roT 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar;   AVGVST   for  AV 

qvsT 


Similar. 


Similar. 


C  •  A  [Commune  Asiae)  with- 
in a  wreath  of  laurel  be- 
tween two  dotted  circles. 


Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxix.  15.] 

(Eeichardt  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Hamburger  Coll.) 

Similar ;      in     the     centre, 

AT''  above  C  •  A 
(Pres.  by  Sir  John  Evans) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxix.  16.] 

Similar. 


*  These  bronze  coins  belong  to  the  series  issued  bj  the  Gotrimicne  Asiae,  and  their  reverse 
type  would  appear  to  connect  them  with  Bpheaus  (see  above,  pp.  538,  542).  Their  weight 
shows  that  they  are  dupondii. 

^  The  solution  of  these  letters  A  T  has  so  far  proved  an  enigma.  Pellerin  (Melanges  de 
Med.,  vol.  i.,  p.  36),  who  has  assigned  all  the  coins  with  C.  A  to  Caesareia  Paneas  in  Palestine, 
and  de  Saulcy  (Ann.  de  la  Soc.  de  Num.,-v6\.  iii.,  p.  261),  who  placed  their  mintage  at  Caesareia 
Area  in  Phoenicia  (see  above,  p.  538),  both  considered  the  letters  to  be  a  date,  viz.  330,  and  to 
represent  in  each  case  the  era  of  Alexander  the  Great,  the  former  ascribing  the  coins  to  b  c.  3, 
the  latter  to  a.d.  6.  Frohner  (Melanges  d'Spig.  et  d'Arch.,  ch.  xxii.,  p.  77)  thought  that  they 
represent  the  number  of  cities  which  formed  the  Gonitmine  Asiae.  It  has  also  been  suggested 
(Wum.  Ctiron.,  1904,  p.  210)  that  the  letters  may  be  marks  of  value  such  as  are  occasionally  met 
with  on  the  coins  of  Midaeum  (Phrygia)  and  other  Asiatic  cities,  where  we  find  T  A  signifying 
tria  assaria,  or  A  B  dim  assaria.  Another  suggestion  is  that  they  may  represent  a  monetary 
alliance  between  two  cities,  Laodiceia  and  Tralles,  both  of  which  were  members  of  the  Commune 
Asiae  (P.  Monceaux,  de  Com.  Asiae  Prov.,  p.  38).  Such  alliances  did  exist  between  these  and 
other  cities  at  a  later  time  (see  Head,  Hist.  Num.,  p.  566;  Cat.  Gr.  Coini,  Brit.  Mui.,  Phrygia, 
pp.  324  f  ),  but  there  is  no  certain  evidence  that  one  was  formed  at  so  early  a  date  as  these 
coins  are  ascribed  to.  The  coins  on  which  these  initials  are  found  are  of  rude  work,  anc 
so  may  have  been  minted  at  some  other  place  than  the  rest  of  the  issue. 


VOL.    II. 


4    B 


554 


COINAGE    OF    SICILY 


The  coinage  assigned  to  Sicily,  which  comes  within  the  scope  of  this  work, 
does  not  commence  till  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  between  Caesar  and 
Pompey,  b.c.  49. 

Previous  to  that  date,  and  also  at  a  later  period,  there  was  struck  in 
Sicily  under  Eoman  influence  a  considerable  series  of  small  bronze  coins  based 
on  the  system  of  the  as.  Many  of  them  bear  the  names  of  the  magistrates  who 
issued  them,  together  with  the  names  or  monograms  of  the  cities  in  which  they 
were  struck.  Others  have  magistrates'  names  but  are  without  those  of  the 
mints  or  their  marks,  whilst  a  third  series  is  without  legends.  Their  chronological 
sequence  cannot  be  determined,  but  they  may  be  grouped  into  classes  in  the 
order  mentioned,  or  according  to  the  types  of  the  reverses.^  This  classification  is, 
however,  not  chronological,  since  many  pieces  of  the  various  classes  must  have 
been  issued  simultaneously.  The  mints  to  which  these  coins  have  been  assigned 
are  Agrigentum,  Panormus,  Segesta,  Lilybaeum,Cephaloedium,  Halaesa,  Tyndaris, 
Assoros,  Henna,  and  Catana,  but  more  especially  Panormus,  of  which  place 
there  is  a  large  series  bearing  magistrates'  names  and  the  monogram  of  the 
city,  and  having  for  the  obverse  type  the  head  of  Jupiter,  and  for  the  reverse 
a  warrior.2  These  coins  are  of  three  denominations,  the  as,  the  semis,  and  the 
qtiadrans,  and  their  weight  appears  to  be  based  on  a  quarter-ounce  standard, 
which  was  adopted  for  the  bronze  issues  of  the  East,  more  especially  for  the 
fleet-money  of  Antony.^  The  duration  of  this  coinage  is  also  quite  uncertain. 
Bahrfeldt  *  has  limited  it  to  the  period  from  the  turn  of  the  7th  century  a.u.c. 
(^circ.  B.C.  53)  to  the  year  a.u.c.  727  (b.c.  27),  when  a  division  of  the  provinces 
was  agreed  upon  between  Augustus  and  the  Senate.  If  the  seven  years, 
B.C.  42 — 36,  when  Sextus  Pompey  held  Sicily,  and  when  we  may  presume  that 
this  coinage  was  in  abeyance,  be  deducted  from  this  period,  the  limit  of  time 
prescribed  by  Bahrfeldt  would  be  much  too  contracted  for  the  issue  of  such  a 
varied  and  extensive  series,  even  supposing  that  some  of  the  cities  produced 
their  coinages  simultaneously.  It  seems,  therefore,  that  if  this  period  is  not 
extended  upwards  it  must  at  least  be  carried  down  considerably  later.  This 
later  extension  of  time  is  supported  not  only  by  the  fact  that  a  large  number 
of  coins  bear  the  portrait  and  name  of  Augustus,  a  title  which  he  did  not  receive 
till  B.C.  27,  but  also  that  on  some  pieces  of  Agrigentum  he  is  given  the  title  of 
Pater  Patriae,  which  was  not  accorded  him  till  b.c.  2,  and  on  others  of  Panormus 
he  is  figured  wearing  a  radiate  crown,  which  would  suggest  that  such  pieces 
were  issued  after  his  death.^    As  these  coins  therefore  do  not  lend  themselves 

1  Holm,  Qesch.  Sicil.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  727  f. ;   Bahrfeldt,  Rom.  Sicil.  Miinz-.,  p.  8. 

'  Bahrfeldt,  op.  cit.,  p.  79.  '  See  above,  pp.  511,  512.  ■•  Op.  cit.,  p.  15. 

»  Holm,  op.  cit,  p.  727,  no.  735;  p.  728,  no. 714. 


COINAGE   OF   SICILY  555 

to  any  chronological  order,  and  as  the  series  from  its  multiplicity  of  types 
seems  to  form  a  separate  class,  their  description  is  not  included  amongst  the 
following,  though  from  their  weight  they  may  be  claimed  to  belong  to  the 
Eoman  coinage.^ 

If  these  coins  are  eliminated,  those  which  are  here  assigned  to  Sicily 
are  limited  to  the  period  of  the  Civil  war  between  the  Caesarian  and  Pom- 
peian  parties,  B.C.  49—36.  They  are  of  two  separate  epochs  :  the  first  in 
connection  with  Julius  Caesar,  the  second  with  the  triumvirs,  more  especially 
with  Octavius. 

The  issues,  though  not  numerous,  may  be  separated  into  groups  or  periods, 
according  to  the  following  events  : — 

i.  The  war  between  Julius  Caesar  and  Pompey  the  Great.  The  only 
coinage  is  that  of  the  consuls,  L.  Cornehus  Lentulus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius 
Marcellus,  B.C.  49. 

ii.  The  war  in  Africa,  and  the  assistance  rendered  to  Caesar  by  the  pro- 
consul of  Sicily,  A.  Allienus,  B.C.  47. 

iii.  (a)  The  first  war  between  Octavius  and  Sextus  Pompey,  and  the  defeat 
of  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus  Rufus,  circ.  B.C.  42 — 38. 

(fl)  The  second  war  between  Octavius  and  Sextus  Pompey.  These  coins 
commemorate  the  successes  of  Pompey  and  the  assistance  of  Q.  Nasidius,  circ. 
B.C.  38 — 36.     There  are  none  of  Octavius. 

Classification. — Sicily  took  but  little  part  in  the  Civil  war  between  Caesar 
and  Pompey.  At  the  beginning  of  hostilities  the  island  was  held  by  M.  Porcius 
Cato  2  for  Pompey,  but  on  the  arrival  of  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  the  legate  of  Caesar, 
he  withdrew  to  Africa,  on  the  plea  that  he  did  not  wish  the  inhabitants  to  be 
compromised  by  a  vain  and  useless  struggle.  After  the  battle  of  Dyrrhachium 
the  Pompeian  fleet  attacked  Messana  and  other  places,  but  on  the  news 
of  the  defeat  of  Pompey  at  Pharsalus  it  retired,  and  the  island  remained 
in  the  hands  of  the  Caesarian  party.  There  are  no  coins  which  actually  com- 
memorate these  events.  The  only  ones  assigned  to  this  period  are  those 
of  the  consuls  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus  and  C.  Claudius  Marcellus,  who  from 
numismatic  evidence  appear  to  have  halted  in  the  island  in  B.C.  49  on  their 
way  to  Greece  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  504,  note  1).  Caesar  did  not  himself  visit  Sicily 
till  he  was  about  to  start  in  B.C.  47  for  the  African  war.  He  then  made  it  his 
naval  base,  and  it  was  at  Lilybaeum  that  he  collected  his  fleet  and  legions 
for  the  coming  campaign.  The  coins  of  A.  Allienus  are  a  memorial  of  this 
event,  and  of  the  assistance  which  Caesar  received  from  the  proconsul.  From 
this  time  till  after  the  death  of  Caesar  the  island  remained  undisturbed,  except 
for  the  rivalry  between  some  of  its  cities. 

On  the  foundation  of  the  triumvirate  in  B.C.  43  Sicily  was  allotted  to 
Octavius,  but  he  was  forestalled  in  its  possession  by  Sextus  Pompey,  who  on 
being  placed  on  the  list  of  the  proscribed  for  the  murder  of  Ceasar,  landed  there 
with  a  powerful  fleet,  the  command  of  which  had  been  entrusted  to  him  by  the 

'  Another  aeries  of  bronco  coins,  somewhat  analogous  to  this  one,  was  issued  by  Sevtua 
Pompey  during  his  occupation  of  Sicily.     It  is  referred  to  later  (see  below,  p.  562). 
^  See  his  coins  struck  in  Africa,  pp.  574,  575. 


556  COINAGE   OF   SICILY 

Senate.  Here  he  long  maintained  his  position  in  spite  of  the  attempts  of 
Octavius  to  dislodge  him.  The  first  attack  was  made  by  Octavius  in  B.C.  42, 
and  failed,  the  main  portion  of  his  fleet  commanded  by  Q.  Salvius  Salvidienus 
Eufus  being  defeated  at  the  entrance  of  the  straits  near  the  promontory  of 
Scyllaeum.i  Octavins  was  unable  to  continue  the  struggle  as  his  presence 
was  more  urgently  needed  in  Greece,  where  Antony  was  preparing  for  the 
coming  contest  against  Brutus  and  Cassius.  It  was  in  commemoration  of 
this  success  that  Sextus  Pompey  struck  the  coins  which  are  assigned  to  B.C. 
42 — 38.  This  victory  left  Pompey  in  possession  of  Sicily,  where  he  now  acted 
as  an  independent  ruler.  His  fleet  had  command  of  the  seas,  and  with  it  he 
intercepted  the  corn-ships  from  the  East  and  Africa.  Moreover,  the  supplies 
of  corn  from  Sicily,  upon  which  Eome  in  a  great  measure  depended,  were  entirely 
stopped.  The  situation  remained  unchanged  till  B.C.  40,  when  Antony  and 
Octavius  met  at  Brundusium  to  make  a  new  division  of  the  Empire.  The 
determination  of  the  triumvirs,  or  at  least  of  Octavius,  at  that  time  was  to 
declare  war  against  Pompey,  but  Eome,  threatened  with  famine,  compelled  them 
to  come  to  terms  with  tlieir  enemy,  and  a  peace  was  concluded  at  Misenum 
in  the  summer  of  B.C.  39,  which  gave  to  Pompey  a  share  in  the  government  by 
securing  to  him  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Corsica  and  Achaia.  He  was  also  nominated 
for  the  consulship  at  a  future  date.  The  compact  was,  however,  of  short 
duration,  as  Pompey  soon  renewed  his  piratical  attacks  on  Italy  on  the  ground 
that  Antony  had  failed  to  perform  his  part  of  the  treaty  in  retaining  the  province 
of  Achaia.  Octavius  now  determined  to  free  Italy  from  this  continuous  ravaging 
of  her  coasts  and  destruction  of  her  fleets.  The  war  broke  out  in  B.C.  38,  and 
opened  with  a  series  of  disasters  to  Octavius  and  of  successes  to  Pompey. 
It  was  to  commemorate  these  victories  that  Pompey  struck  the  coins  which  are 
assigned  to  B.C.  38 — 36.  With  the  assistance,  however,  of  Antony,  and  by  the 
superior  generalship  of  Agrippa,  Octavius  overcame  all  obstacles,  and  the 
complete  defeat  of  Pompey's  fleet  at  Naulochus  in  the  September  of  B.C.  36 
compelled  him  to  abandon  Sicily  and  to  take  refuge  in  the  East.^ 

Types. — These  series  of  the  coins  of  Sicily  present  no  difficulties  as  regards 
their  chronological  sequence.  The  types  all  refer  to  contemporary  events,  and 
in  each  case  they  identify  themselves  with  the  actual  circumstances  of  their  issue. 
Thus  the  triskelis  and  the  figure  of  Jupiter  on  the  coins  of  the  consuls  Lentulus 
and  Marcellus  illustrate  their  visit  to  the  island  on  their  way  to  Greece.  The 
figure  of  the  hero  Trinacrus  and  the  head  of  Venus  on  those  of  AUienus  record 
the  assistance  which  the  proconsul  rendered  Caesar  in  the  African  war.  The 
head  of  Pompey  the  Great  and  Neptune  and  the  Catanaean  brothers  associate 
Sextus  Pompey  with  the  defeat  of  Salvidienus  in  B.C.  42 ;  and  the  remaining 
coins  of  Pompey,  with  the  head  of  Neptune,  the  figure  of  Scylla,  and  the  Pharos 
of  Messana,  are  records  of  his  destruction  of  the  fleet  of  Octavius  in  the  Straits 
of  Messana.  Lastly,  the  coins  of  Q.  Nasidius,  which  represent  on  the  reverse 
a  galley  or  battle-scene,  and  which  give  to  Sextus  Pompey  the  title  of  "  Son  of 
Neptune,"  relate  to  the  signal  services  which  he  rendered  Pompey  in  the  final 
contest. 

'  Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv.  85. 

-   Appian,    op.  cit.,  v.  77-112;    Dion  Cassius,  xlix.  1-17;    Holm,   Gesch.   Sicil.,  vol.  iii., 
pp.  196  f. ;  p.  463. 


COINAGE   OF   SICILY  557 

Denominations.— Since  we  have  excluded  from  our  descriptions  the  series 
of  small  bronze  coins  issued  by  the  Roman  governors  in  Sicily,  the  only 
denominations  which  we  meet  with  are  the  aureus  and  the  denarius.  These 
are  of  the  same  standard  of  weight  as  similar  pieces  issued  at  the  same  time  at 
Eome  and  in  the  provinces,  "West  and  Bast. 

Finds  of  Coins. — The  evidence  of  iinds  is  not  of  great  moment,  when  the 
types  of  the  coins  tell  their  own  tale.  Such  evidence  as  we  possess  confirms, 
however,  the  sequence  in  which  the  coinages  are  here  placed.  The  coins  of 
the  consuls  of  b.o.  49,  Lentulus  and  Marcellus,  did  not  occur  in  any  of  the 
hoards,  the  burial  of  which  was  previous  to  that  date ;  but  specimens  were  met 
with  in  the  San  Niccol6  di  Villola  hoard,  the  concealment  of  which  took  place 
circ.  B.C.  45  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  502,  and  Tables  of  Finds).  The  earliest  find  in  which 
any  of  the  coins  of  Sextus  Pompey  were  met  with  was  that  of  Carbonara  I., 
which  could  not  have  been  concealed  before  B.C.  36 ;  but  those  of  Q.  Nasidius 
were  discovered  at  Peccioli  and  Garlasco,  in  hoards  which  have  been  assigned 
to  a  slightly  earlier  date,  circ.  B.C.  37 — 36  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  561,  562,  and  Tables  of 
Finds).  As  these  last  pieces  were  absent  from  earlier  finds,  it  shows  that  they 
were  struck  during  the  second  stage  of  the  contest  between  Octavius  and  Pompey. 

Mint-Places. — The  coins  in  the  series,  the  types  of  which  would  suggest 
their  place  of  mintage,  are  those  of  the  consuls  of  B.C.  49  and  those  of  Sextus 
Pompey  struck  in  B.C.  42 — 38  and  also  in  B.C.  38 — 36.  The  first  are  connected 
with  Syracuse  by  the  figure  of  Jupiter,  and  those  of  Pompey  of  B.C.  42—38 
possibly  with  the  city  of  Catana,  if  the  occurrence  of  the  representation  of  the 
Gatanean  brothers  is  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  such  a  suggestion.^  The 
denarii  of  A.  Allienus  may  have  been  struck  at  Lilybaeum,  which  was  one  of  the 
cities  that  produced  some  of  the  bronze  coins  mentioned  above,  bearing  magis- 
trates' names.  As  Pompey  made  Messana  the  base  of  his  operations  during 
the  second  war  with  Octavius,  we  may  with  some  reason  assign  his  coins  of 
B.C.  38 — 36  to  that  place,  especially  on  account  of  the  representation  of  the 
Pharos  and  of  Scylla.^  The  coins  of  Q.  Nasidius  from  similarity  of  the  obverse 
type  to  those  of  Pompey  of  B.C.  42 — 38  may  have  been  issued  at  Catana,  but  this 
attribution  is  quite  conjectural. 


See  below,  p.  558.  '  See  below,  p.  563. 


553 


COINAGE   OP   SICILY 


^-     "'-^''*     a^le 


62-0 


47-6 

(plated) 

63-6 


62-0 


M    -75 


iU    -7 


^    -75 


^    -75 


PERIOD   I. 

Circ.  B.C.  49;   a.u.c.  705 

06fer.se 


Rei'crse 


([LUCIUS   CORNELIUS]    LENTULUS ;    [CAIUS 
CLAUDIUS]    MAECELLUSi) 

Denarius 


Triskelis  with  facing  winged 
head  of  Medusa  in  the 
centre ;  between  each  leg, 
an  ear  of  corn. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Jupiter  naked,  standing 
front,  head  turned  to  r., 
holding  thunderbolt  in  r. 
hand  and  eagle  on  1. ;  in 
the  field,  LEN"  A*.  COS 
(Lentulus,  Marccllus,  con- 
sules). 

[PI.  cxx.   1.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;   LENT  A^  COS 
[PI.  cxx.  3.] 

Similar ;  LEtT  N^  COS,  and 
on  r.,  harpa  or  pruning 
hook. 

[PI.  cxx.  3.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  Of  Lucius  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus  and  Caius  Claudius  Marcellus,  who  were  the  consuls  for 
B.C.  49,  we  have  already  described  two  series  of  coins  bearing  their  names  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  504, 
and  above,  p.  466).  These  were  struck  in  Eome  and  in  the  East.  The  third  series  now 
described  was  intermediate  between  these  two,  and  is  to  be  assigned  to  Sicily  on  account  of 
the  types,  both  obverse  and  reverse.  It  may  therefore  be  presumed  that  as  the  consuls 
did  not  return  to  Italy  these  pieces  were  issued  during  their  passage  to  Epirus,  where  they 
were  despatched  by  Pompey  from  Brundusium  in  charge  of  a  considerable  portion  of  his  army 
(Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  25;  Plutarch,  Pompeius,  62;  Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  ii.  39;  Dion  Cassias, 
xli.  12).  As  none  of  the  historians  mention  the  circumstance  that  the  consuls  broke  their 
jnurney  in  Sicily  on  their  way  eastwards,  some  doubt  has  been  expressed  whether  these  coins 
were  actually  struck  in  that  island,  and  whether  they  relate  to  contemporary  events.  Eckhel 
(Doct.  num.  vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  182)  remarks  that  although  these  denarii  bear  Sicilian  types  it  does 
not  follow  that  they  were  struck  in  the  island,  and  the  designs  may  be  intended  to  refer  to 
the  capture  of  Syracuse  by  M.  Claudius  Marcellus  in  B.C.  212,  the  ancestor  of  the  consul  of 
B.C.  49.  As,  however,  the  coins  of  the  consuls  assigned  to  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  bear  types 
which  associate  them  with  their  places  of  mintage,  it  seems  only  reasonable  to  apply  the  same 
conditions  to  the  above  pieces,  and  to  conclude  that  the  consuls  made  a  short  stay  in  Sicily  on 
their  way  to  Greece.     Of  this  visit  these  coins  would  be  a  memorial. 

The  triskelis  or  triquetra  on  the  obverse  is  similar  to  that  seen  on  the  early  coins  of 
Syracuse  (Head,  Coinage  of  Syracuse,  pi.  viii.,  nos.  7,  8),  and  the  figure  of  Jupiter  on  the 
reverse  is  claimed  to  be  a  copy  of  the  famous  statue  of  Zeus  Bleutherios,  by  Myron,  which 
was  set  up  by  the  Syracusans  as  a  memorial  of  their  freedom  in  B.C.  460  (see  above,  p.  467, 
note).     The  harpa  was  the  weapon  with  which  Jupiter  wounded  Typhon  (Apollod.,  i.  6).     It 


CIEC.  B.C.  47;    A.U.C.  707 


559 


Kn.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Hize 


PERIOD    11. 

Circ.  B.C.  47 ;   a.u.c.  707 

Obverse 


Reverse 


60-0 


Al    '75 


58-0 


M    -7 


A.ALLIENVS 

(AULUS   ALLIBNUS') 
Denarius  2 


Bust  of  Venus  r.,  with  slight 
drapery,  wearing  diadem ; 
hair  rolled  back,  collected 
into  a  knot  behind,  and 
falling  in  two  locks  down 
her  neck ;  around,  C  •  CAE 
SAK  IMP  •  COS  •  ITER. 
(Imperator,  consul  itcrum). 


Similar  ; 
shown. 


more     drapery    Similar 


The  hero,  Trinacrus,  naked 
but  for  his  mantle,  which 
is  wrapped  around  his  1. 
arm,  standing  1.,  his  r. 
foot  resting  on  a  prow 
and  his  r.  arm  on  his 
knee ;  in  r.  hand  he  holds 
the  triskelis  ;  around,  A  • 
ALLIENVS  TR-O  .  COS 
{Proconsul). 

[PI.  cxx.  4.] 
(Nott) 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


may,  however,  in  this  instance  relate  to  the  corn -producing  districts  of  Sicily.  These  coins 
may  have  been  issued  under  the  superintendence  of  the  quaestor  urbanus  Cn.  Nerius,  who 
struck  at  the  Roman  mint  other  pieces  bearing  the  consuls'  names,  and  possibly  those  also 
which  are  attributed  to  Apollonia  in  lUyricum  (see  above,  p.  466).  In  the  first  issue,  that 
of  the  Roman  mint  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  50-1^),  we  meet  with  the  harpa  in  connection  with  the  head 
of  Saturn,  and  in  the  second,  that  of  Apollonia,  the  type  of  Jupiter  is  reproduced,  but  for 
the  harpa  is  substituted  an  altar. 

There  is  a.  hybrid  consisting  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius,  no.  3,  and  of  the  obverse  of 
that  of  Paustus  Sulla  with  head  of  Diana,  as  vol.  i.,  p.  471,  no.  3824  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  428). 

'  Aulus  AUienus  was  a  legate  of  Cicero  in  Asia,  B.C.  60,  and  praetor,  b.o.  49  (Cicero,  ad, 
Quin.  /r.,  i.  1,  10;  ad  AU.,  x.  l'>,  3).  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Sicily,  and  as  proconsul  in  B.C.  47 — 46  he  sent  a  large  body  of  troops  to  Caesar,  who  was 
then  carrying  on  the  war  in  Africa  against  the  Pompeian  generals  (Hirtius,  Bell.  Afr.,  26,  34). 
After  Caesar's  death  he  joined  the  party  of  the  Senate,  was  legate  to  Trebonius  in  Asia,  and 
later  to  Dolabella,  who  sent  him  to  Egypt  for  some  legions.  On  his  return  he  was  intercepted 
by  Cassius  in  Palestine,  whom  he  joined  (Appian,  Bell,  eiv.,  iii.  78;  iv.  59).  These  coins  were 
issued  by  AUienus  for  the  use  of  the  troops  which  he  levied  for  Caesar  in  B.C.  47.  They  may 
have  been  struck  at  Lilybaeum  (see  above,  p.  557). 

'  The  figure  on  the  reverse  has  been  rightly  identified  as  the  hero  Trinacrus,  the  reputed 
con  of  Neptune,  who  appears  to  have  been  invented  to  account  for  the  name  Trinaoria,  which 
Sicily  is  said  to  have  borne  originally,  and  by  which  it  was  first  known  to  the  Greeks  (Hill, 
Coins  of  Anc.  Sicily,  p.  225).  The  island  may,  however,  have  received  its  name  from  its  tri- 
angular form,  and  from  the  three  promontories  which  formed  its  extremities.  This  was 
evidently  the  origin  of  the  triskelis  symbol  (Thuc,  vi.  2 ;  Diodorus,  v.  2 ;  Strabo,  vi.,  c.  265). 
The  pose  of  the  figure  on  the  reverse,  which  is  the  same  as  that  in  which  Neptune  is  usually 
represented,  leaves  no  doubt  of  this  identification  (see  next  coin).  The  head  of  Venus  on  the 
obverse  was  complimentary  to  Julius  Caesar,  as  the  Julia  gens  claimed  descent  from  lulus, 
the  grandson  of  Venus  and  Anchises.  Caesar  entered  on  his  second  consulship  in  B.C.  48, 
but  he  coBtinued  in  oiflce  over  the  usual  time,  as  the  consuls  for  B.C.  47  were  not  elected 
till  late  in  the  year.  These  coins  were  struck  when  Caesar  was  holding  the  consulship,  but 
they  were  not  issued  till  B.C.  47.  Some  specimens  show  more  drapery  on  the  bust  of  Venus 
than  others  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.   138). 


500 


COINAGE    OF   SICILY 


,1-        IT-  •  7*       Metal 
•'         and  Size 


60-3 


PERIOD   III. 

Circ.  B.C.  42—36;    a.u.c.  712—718 

Obverse  Reverse 

MAG .  rivs 

([SBXTUS  POMPBIUS]   MAGNUS  PIUS>) 

Series!  I. 

Circ.  B.C.  42—38;   a.u.c.  712—716 

Denarius 


M    -8 


Head  of  Pompey  'the  Great 
r.,  bare;  behind,  one- 
handled  jug  (capis)  ;  be- 
fore, lituus;  around,  MAG  ■ 
riVS- IMP  •  ITER.  (Im- 
perator  iteruvi). 


Neptune  naked  but  for  his 
chlamys,  which  ia  wrapped 
around  his  1.  arm,  stand- 
ing 1.  between  the  Cata- 
naean  brothers,  Anapias 
and  Amphinomus,  bearing 
their  parents  on  their 
shoulders ;  Neptune  rests 
his  r.  foot  on  a  prow  and 
holds  aplustre  in  his  r. 
hand,  his  1.  is  placed  upon 
his  hip ;  above  and  in  the 
exergue,  PR^EF  CLAS  • 
ET  •  OR./E  •  A^IT  .  EX. 
S  •  C  (Praefectus  classis  et 
orae  maritimae  ex  senatus 
consuUo). 

[PI.  cxx.  5.] 
(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


'  In  dealing  with  the  coins  of  Sextus  Pompey  struck  in  Spain,  and  in  anticipation  of  those 
now  described  and  assigned  to  Sicily,  some  details  were  given  of  the  career  of  the  younger 
son  of  Pompey  the  Great  (see  above,  pp.  370-371).  It  was  in  B.C.  43  that  by  the  interven- 
tion of  M.  Aemilus  Lepidus,  the  triumvir,  a  reconciliation  was  effected  between  Sextus 
Pompey  and  the  Senate,  who  placed  him  in  command  of  the  naval  forces  of  the  Republic 
with  the  title  of  Praefectus  classis  et  orae  maritimae.  Later,  on  his  being  proscribed  by  the 
triumvirs,  he  sailed  for  Sicily,  seized  the  island  in  spite  of  the  ppposition  of  the  propraetor 
A.  Pompeius  Bithynicus,  and  established  himself  there.  His  forces  were  soon  increased  by  a 
number  of  refugees  who  had  been  also  proscribed,  and  also  by  the  slaves  (Appian,  Bell, 
civ.,  iv.  25,  36  f.).  The  first  important  attempt  to  dislodge  him  was  made  by  Q.  Salvias 
Salvidienus  Rufus,  the  legate  of  Octavius,  in  B.C.  42  (see  above,  p.  407),  but  it  utterly  failed, 
and  Sextus  Pompey  remained  in  possession  of  Sicily.  It  was  in  consequence  of  his  victory 
over  Salvidienus  that  the  soldiers  of  Pompey  hailed  him  with  the  title  of  "  Son  of  Neptune," 
and  acclaimed  him  Imperator  for  the  second  time  (Dion  Cassias,  xlviii.  19). 

The  money  issued  by  Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily  may  be  separated  into  two  series :  th.it 
which  was  struck  from  after  the  defeat  of  Salvidienus  till  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  with 
Octavius,  B.C.  42 — 38 ;  and  that  from  B.C.  38  to  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  3  September,  B.C.  36. 
The  coins  of  the  first  series  are  of  gold  and  silver,  the  aureus  and  the  denarius.  The 
silver  coins  have  fcr  obverse  type  the  head  of  Pompey  the  (Jreat,  similar  to  that  on  coins 
struck  by  Sextus  in  Spain  (see  above,  pp.  370,  371).  On  either  side  are  placed  the  capis 
and  the  lituus,  symbols  of  the  augurship,  which  also  occur  on  the  aurei  of  the  elder  Pompey, 
struck  in  honour  of  his  triumph  in  B.C.  61  (see  above,  p.  464).  On  his  Sicilian  coins,  as 
on  his  Spanish  pieces,  Sextus  gives  his  own  name,  but  with  the  title  of  Imperator  iterum, 
which  enables  us  to  fix  their  date  of  issue.  On  the  reverse  the  figure  of  Neptune  relates 
to  his  recent  victory  over  Salvidienus  and  to  his  accclamation  as  the  "  Son  of  Neptune," 
whilst  the  represent.atiou  of  the  Catauacau  brothers,  fiudanits   I'fUcrando  pondere,  may  either 


CIEC.  B.C.  42—38;    A.U.O.  712—716 


561 


No.      Weiijht 


58-4 


9 
10 

11 


12 


58-4 
56-0 

60-7 


57-0 


13 


14 


124-0 


Metal 
and  Sise 

M    -75 


M  -75 

M  -8 

M  -75 

M  -8 


Obverse 


jV    -8 


128-0 


Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 

Similar. 
Similar. 


Reverse 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxx.  6.] 
(Cracherode  Ooll.) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar ;      legend,     PR/EF 
OR./E    •    hfik\T    ■    ET    . 
CLAS. EX.S-C 
[PI.  cxx.  7.] 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxx.  8.] 


Aureus' 


Head  of  Sextus  Pompey  r., 
bare,  with  close  beard ; 
around,  MAG  •  PIVS  • 
IMP.  ITER,  (see  no.  7)  ; 
all  within  oak-wreath. 


^    -75 


Similar. 


Heads  of  Pompey  the  Great 
and  his  son  Cnaeus  Pom- 
pey, face  to  face ;  both 
are  bare,  the  latter  is 
bearded;  on  L,  lituus;  on 
r.,  tripod;  above  and  be- 
low, PK/EF  CLAS  ■  ET. 
OK/E  ■  AiS.IT.  EX-S.C 
(see'no.  7). 

[PI.  cxx.  9.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar;  but  OR.  for  OR./E 
[PI.  cxx.  10.] 

(Wigan  Ooll.) 


refer  to  the  title  Fius,  which  Pompey  had  assumed,  or  it  may  show  that  these  coins  were 
struck  at  Catana.  The  type  occurs  on  autonomous  bronze  coins  of  that  city  (see  Gat.  Gr. 
Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Sicily,  p.  52,  no.  70).  The  original  of  these  representations  was  doubtless  the 
group  of  statues  which  existed  at  Catana,  and  has  been  described  by  Claudian  (Hill,  Coins  of 
Anc.  Sicily,  p.  206).  The  legend  records  Pompey's  appointment  by  the  Senate  as  "prefect  of 
the  fleet  and  of  the  sea-coast."  This  title  was  retained  by  Pompey  on  all  his  Sicilian  coins. 
The  formula  EX  S  .  C  .  {Ex  senatus  consulto)  applies  to  this  appointment  and  not  to  any  order 
of  the  Senate  in  reference  to  the  issue  of  the  coins,  as  sometimes  suggested.  A  variety  of 
no.  11  reads  S  .  C.  for  EX  S  .  C.  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  354,  no.  26). 

This  denarius  was  restored  by  Trajan  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  582,  no.  41). 

'  The  date  of  issue  of  these  aurei  is  somewhat  uncertain.  Count  de  Salis  had  placed  it  at 
some  time  during  B.C.  42 — 36,  the  outside  limits  for  the  coins  of  Sextus  Pompey  struck  in 
Sicily.  It  is,  however,  most  probable  that  they  were  issued  soon  after  the  battle  with 
Salvidienus,  as  Pompey  may  have  considered  that  by  this  victory  he  had  not  only  saved  the 
lives  of  those  who  had  taken  refuge  in  Sicily  from  the  proscriptions  of  the  triumvirs,  but  had 
also  redeemed  his  oath  to  avenge  the  deaths  of  his  father  and  brother.  It  is  for  these 
reasons  that  Pompey  caused  the  oak-wreath  to  be  placed  on  the  obverse  as  a  sign  or  token 
that  he  had  preserved  the  lives  of  his  fellow  citizens,  and  that  he  depicted  the  tripod  on  the 
reverse  in  conjunction  with  the  portraits  of  his  father  and  brother  as  denoting  the  fulfilment 
of  his  oath. 

These  aurei  are  specially  interesting,  as  they  supply  the  only  identified  portraits  of  Sextus 
and  Cnaeus  Pompey.  That  of  Sextus  is  most  striking.  It  shows  a^  large  round  head  with  a 
slightly  retreating  forehead  and  a  prominent  brow.  The  hair  is  thick,  smooth,  and  arranged 
in  rolls,  and  the  beard  short  and  curly,  and  covering  the  cheek.  It  is  in  strong  contrast  to 
that  of  'his  brother,  with  its  high-arched  skull,  wig-like  hair,  slightly  aquiline  nose,  and  thin, 
VOL.    II.  4    C 


562 


COINx\GE    OF   SICILY 


No.       Welgld 


Metal 
and  Hize 


Obverse 


Reverse 


15 


62-3 


JR    -8 


Series  II. 


Circ.  B.C.  38—36;   a.u.c.  716—7181 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


Head  of  Neptune  r.,  bound 
with  diadem,  hair  and 
beard  in  long  curly  locks ; 
behind  his  shoulder,  tri- 
dent; around,  MG-  PIVS- 
IMP  •  ITEK  (see  no.  7). 


A  naval  trophy  placed  on  an 
anchor  and  with  a  trident 
above  the  helmet ;  the 
arms  are  composed  of  the 
stem  of  a  prow  and  an 
aplustre,  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  heads  of  two 
marine  monsters,  Scylla 
and  Charybdis ;  around, 
PR/EF.CLAS-ET.OR./E. 
A^l  •  "EX  ■  S  •  C  (see  no.  7). 

[PI.   cxx.    11.] 

(Gracherode  Coll.) 


sparse  beard  covering  only  the  lower  part  of  the  cheek  {Bernoulli,  Rom.  Ikon,  pt.  i.,  pp.  224- 
226).  From  their  portraits  the  two  brothers  must  have  been  of  quite  different  characters; 
the  one,  though  rough  and  uncultured,  yet  resolute  and  determined  (Veil.  Patero.,  ii.  73),  the 
other  weak  and  vacillating. 

There  is  a  forgery  similar  to  these  aurei,  but  having  on  the  obverse  the  portrait  of 
Pompey  the  Great,  and  on  the  reverse  those  of  Sextus  and  Cnaens  Pompey  face  to  face,  both 
without  beards ;  behind  the  head  on  the  right  is  a  one-handled  jug  (capis)  instead  of  a  tripod. 
An  example  is  in  the  Gotha  collection.  It  is  described  by  Von  Sallet  (Zeit.  f.  Num..,  1879, 
p.  59)  and  figured  by  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1896,  pU  x.,  no.  232).  There  exists  also  a  Becker 
forgery,  which  is  a  close  copy  of  the  original  piece  (Bahrfeldt,  loc.  cit.,  no.  233). 

Whilst  on  the  subject  of  forgeries  we  may  mention  another  one  which  exists  in  gold  in 
the  Museo  Archeologioo  at  Florence.  It  has  on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Sextus  Pompey  to 
left,  bare;  before,  S;  behind,  POAf;  and  on  the  reverse  a  galley  with  sail  and  oars;  above, 
the  iriskeUs  (wt.,  17'7  grs. ;  size,  '5  in.).  This  piece  was  considered  genuine  by  Eckhel  (Doct. 
num.  vet.,  t.  vi.,  p.  30),  by  Riccio  (Man.  fam.  rom.,  p.  184),  and  by  Cohen  {Mon.  rep.  ram., 
p.  264,  no.  28).  Mommsen  (Eist.  man.  rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  538,  note),  however,  condemned  it  as  a 
forgery,  remarking,  "  EUe  semble  fausse  on  du  moins  d'une  autheuticite  bien  douteuse,  quand  on 
pense  k  la  designation  inou'le  pour  ces  temps  du  prenom  de  Sextus  parune  simple  S."  Babelon 
(vol.  ii.,  p.  355,  no.  31,  note)  and  Miiani  {Riv.  Ital.,  1895,  p.  379)  both  plead  for  its  genuineness, 
the  former  remarking,  "  que  I'epigraphie  numismatique  s'^carte  souvent  des  regies  de  I'epi- 
graphie  lapidaire."  Milani  considers  it  to  have  been  of  the  current  value  of  20  sestertii.  On 
the  other  hand  Bahrfeldt  (Num.  Zeit.,  1897,  p.  55),  who  gives  an  enlarged  illustration  of  the  coin, 
not  only  endorses  Mommsen's  opinion,  but  adds  other  reasons  for  condemning  it  as  a  forgery 
of  the  17th  century — the  form  of  the  letter  P,  which,  he  says,  is  never  closed  at  this  time,  the 
dissimilarity  of  the  portrait  to  those  on  other  coins  of  Pompey,  and  the  fact  that  there  is  a 
piece  of  the  same  type  and  struck  from  the  same  dies  in  the  Gotha  cabinet,  but  of  silver. 
Bahrfeldt's  objection  as  to  the  closed  P  unfortunately  cannot  be  sustained,  as  on  the  aurei  in 
the  National  Collection  (nos.  13,  14),  and  on  some  of  the  denarii,  this  letter  is  of  that  form. 
It  is  certainly  most  unusual.  Though  we  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  coin 
we  are  disposed  to  accept  Mommsen's  and  Bahrfeldt's  opinion,  since  its  fabric  and  weight 
alone  make  it  impossible  for  it  to  be  genuine. 

There  is  a  considerable  series  of  bronze  coins  which  are  only  found  in  Sicily,  and  which 
were  struck  about  this  time,  and  perhaps  during  B.C.  38 — 36,  by  Sextus  Pompey  for  the  use 
of  the  Celtiberiau  population  in  the  island.  They  have  for  obverse  types  a  male  bearded 
head  or  head  of  Pallas,  and  for  those  of  the  reverse  a  warrior  on  horseback  or  a  galloping 
horse  only,  and  the  legend,  HISPANORVM.  The  reverse  types  ai-e  copied  from  the 
artjentum  Oscense  then  still  current  in  Spain.  Prohner  (Rev.  Num.,  1908,  pp.  15-17)  has 
published  two  such  pieces  recently  found  in  Sicily  of  this  series.  They  have  on  the  obverse 
a  male  head,  bare,  and  the  legend,  C.IVNI.LEC.SIC.;  and  on  the  reverse  a  horseman 
and  the  legend,  HISPANORVM.  This  C.  Junius  was  doubtless  a  legate  of  Pompey  in 
Sicily,  and  these  coins  were,  we  may  conclude,  specially  struck  for  his  Spanish  recruits. 

'  It  was  in  the  summer  of  B.C.  38  that  the  linal  struggle  began  between  Octavius  and 


CIEC.  B.C.  38-36;    A.U.G.  716—718 


563 


Nn.       Weight 


16 


17 


18 


19 


59-9 


59-0 


59-7 


59-6 


Metal 
and  Size 

JR    -75 


M    -75 


M    '75 


Obverse 


Reverse 


M    -7 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxx.  12.] 

(de  Salis  Coll.) 


Similar. 


Type  II. 


The  Pharos  of  Messana  with 
two  windows  and  a  bal- 
cony, surmounted  by  a 
figure  of  Neptune  wearing 
helmet,  leaning  with  r. 
hand  on  his  trident,  and 
resting  his  1.  foot  on  a 
prow ;  his  1.  hand  grasps  a 
rudder;  before  the  Pharos 
is  a,  galley,  in  the  prow  of 
which  is  a  legionary  eagle, 
placed  on  a  tripod;  and 
in  the  stern,  which  is 
ornamented  with  the  ap- 
lustre,  is  a  trident,  a  staff 
with  flag,  and  a  grappling- 
iron  ;  around,  MAG  •  PI 
VS.  IMP.  ITER. 

Similar. 


The  monster  Scylla  1.,  wield- 
ing with  violence  a  rudder 
with  both  hands;  her 
body  terminates  in  two 
fish-tails  and  the  foreparts 
of  three  dogs ;  around, 
PR./EF.CLAS.ET.OR.>€. 
A9.IT.EX.S.C 
[PI.  cxx.  13.] 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxx.  14.] 

(de  Sahs  Coll.) 


Sextus  Pompey,  whioli  oulminated  in  the  defeat  of  the  latter  at  the  battle  of  Nanlochus, 
3  September,  B.C.  36.  The  war  opened  disastrously  for  Ootavins.  In  the  first  sea-fight  off 
Cumae,  neither  side  could  claim  any  decided  victory,  though  the  Pompeians  held  the  advan- 
tage. The  second  engagement  was  off  the  Scyllean  promontory,  in  which  the  fleet  of  Octavius 
suffered  severely.  This  disaster  was  followed  the  next  day  by  a  violent  storm,  which  the 
experienced  mariners  of  Pompey  managed  to  avoid,  but  which  further  reduced  the  sea  forces 
of  Octavius.  It  was  at  this  juncture  that  Octavius,  having  solicited  the  aid  of  Antony  (see 
above,  pp.  512,  513),  and  having  summoned  Agrippa  to  his  assistance,  was  thus  enabled  to 
bring  the  war  to  a  successful  issue. 

These  denarii,  from  their  types,  were  evidently  struck  to  commemorate  these  successes  of 
Pompey  and  the  disasters  which  befell  the  enemy.  The  head  of  Neptune  was  no  doubt 
adopted  by  Pompey  as  a  record  of  the  title  of  "  Son  of  Neptune,"  which  he  had  received  in 
the  previous  war,  and  the  trophy  and  figure  of  Soylla  point  to  the  region  in  which  the  second 
battle  took  place,  and  where  the  tempest  destroyed  the  fleet  of  Octavius.  The  representation 
of  Scylla  tallies  with  the  descriptions  given  of  her  by  ancient  writers.  According  to  the 
Homeric  version  (Od.,  xii.  85  f.)  she  was  a  fearful  monster,  yelping  like  a  dog,  with  twelve 
feet,  six  long  necks,  and  on  each  a  hideous  head,  and  therein  three  rows  of  teeth  set  thick 
and  close,  with  which  she  devoured  those  whom  she  had  snatched  from  the  deep  or  from  the  ships. 
Other  traditions  describe  her  as  a  monster  with  six  heads  of  different  animals,  or  with  only 
three  heads,  but  the  hybrid  figure  on  the  coin  is  more  in  conformity  with  the  tradition  that 
originally  she  was  a  beautiful  maiden,  who  was  beloved  by  the  marine  god  Glaucus,  but 
through  jealousy  was  metamorphosed  by  Circe  in  such  a  manner  that  the  upper  part  of  her 
body  remained  that  of  a  woman,  whilst  the  lower  part  was  changed  into  the  tail  of  a  fish  or 
serpent  surrounded  by  dogs  (Ovid.,  Met.,  xiii.  732  f.,  905;  xiv.  36  f.).  The  pharos  is  that 
which  stood  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  of  Messana,  opposite  to  the  fatal  rock  Scylla, 
and  which  served  as  a  warning  to  mariners  to  avoid  Charybdis.  It  was  in  the  harbour  of 
Messana  that  the  greater  part  of  the  fleet  of  Pompey  took  shelter  during  the  tempest  which 
was  so  fatal  to  the  ships  of  Octavius. 

There  is  a  hybrid  consisting  of  the  obverse  of  no.  15,  and  of  the  reverse  of  the  denarius 
of  Mark  Antony,  with  a  military  trophy  with  prow  and  shield,  and  the  legend  IMP  .  ITER  . 
(see  above,  p.  510,  no.  149;  Bahrfeldt,  Zeit.  f.  Num.,  1877,  p.  48). 


564 

No.     Weight 


20 


Metal 
and  Size 

54-6  ]  M    -8 

I 


COINAGE    OF   SICILY 

Ohverfe 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar ;  legend,  PR./EF  • 
0R./E.A/9.I--ET.CLAS- 
SC 

[PI.  cxx.  15.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 


21 


a .  NASIDIVS 

(QUINTUS  NASIDIUSi) 
Denarius 


Type  I. 


61-6 


JR    -8 


22 
23 
24 


60-0 

58-8 
58-4 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -8 


Head  of  Pompey  the  Great 
r.,  bare ;  before,  trident ; 
below,  dolphin ;  behind, 
NErTVNI 


Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


A  galley  with  rowers  sailing 
to  r. ;  on  the  prow  stands 
the  pilot,  and  in  the  stern 
is  seated  the  steersman; 
above  on  1.,  star;  below, 
a.  NASIDIVS 
[PI.  cxx.  16.] 
(Nott) 

Similar. 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 

Similar. 


'  Quintns  Nasidius,  who  is  the  only  member  of  his  gens  of  whom  we  have  a  record, 
was  sent  by  Pompey  the  Great  in  B.C.  49  with  a  fleet  to  relieve  Massilia,  which  was 
besieged  by  Deoimus  Bratus,  the  legate  of  Caesar.  Failing  in  his  attempt  Nasidius  fled  to 
Africa,  where  he  appears  to  have  had  the  command  of  the  Pompeian  fleet  (Caesar,  Bell,  civ., 
ii.  3-7  ;  Cicero,  ad  Att.,  xi.  17).  After  the  conquest  of  Africa  by  Caesar,  Nasidins  repaired  to 
Spain,  where  he  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  Pompeian  party,  but  he  is  not  mentioned  again 
for  some  time.  Prom  the  above  coins  he  evidently  commanded  for  Sextus  Pompey,  and 
probably  took  an  active  part  in  the  engagements  in  B.C.  38.  He  appears,  however,  to  have 
deserted  to  Antony  before  the  battle  of  Naulochus  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  v.  139),  and  was  placed 
in  charge  of  that  part  of  the  fleet  which  was  defeated  off  Patrae  in  B.C.  81,  previous  to  the 
decisive  action  at  Actium  (Dion  Cassius,  1.  13) . 

The  denarii  which  bear  his  name  were  struck  by  Nasidins  some  time  during  B.C.  38 — 36. 
The  head  on  the  obverse  is  that  of  Pompey  the  Great,  and  is  very  similar  to  that  on  earlier 
coins  of  Sextus  Pompey.  The  legend  NEPTVNI  refers  to  the  title  "Son  of  Neptune," 
which  Sextus  Pompey  received  in  the  first  war  with  Octavius  (see  above,  p.  560).  The  galley, 
complete  with  its  sail,  rowers,  pilot  and  steersman,  is  an  interesting  representation  of  one  of 
the  period.  The  scene  on  the  reverse  of  the  denarius  of  Type  II.  is  probably  intended  to 
represent  a  naval  action,  as  the  ships  are  moving  from  opposite  directions. 

The  denarius  figured  by  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  252,  no.  3)  with  the  reverse  type  similar  to 
no.  21,  but  having  for  the  obverse  a  female  bust  to  right,  before,  one-handled  jug,  and 
around,  the  legend  RMAONT.A,  is  not  a,  hybrid  in  the  ordinary  sense,  but  a  Gaulish 
fabrication  of  which  there  exist  so  many  examples  and  varieties  (Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  587  f.). 


CIEC.  B.C.  38—36;   A.U.C.  716—718 


565 


No.      IVeialit 


62-0 


Metal 
and  Size 


M    ■& 


Ohver^e 


Reverse 


Type  II.  1 


Head  of  Pompey  the  Great 
1.,  bare ;  before,  trident ; 
below,  dolphin ;  behind, 
NEPTYNI 


Scene  of  a  sea-fight;  four 
galleys  with  rowers,  two 
to  r.,  two  to  1.;  below,  Q.- 
NASIDIVS 


[Copenhagen  Coll.] 


'  The  illustration  of  this  rare  type  is  from  the  specimen  in  the  National  Museum, 
Copenhagen.  Other  examples  are  in  the  Naples  and  Capitoline  Museums  (Bahrfeldt,  Num. 
Zeit.,  1907,  p.  24) 


566 


COINAGE    OF    AFEICA 


Though  differing  somewhat  in  its  composition,  and  also  in  its  dates,  the 
coinage  assigned  to  Africa,  like  that  of  Sicily,  relates  to  the  war  between  the 
Caesarian  and  Pompeian  parties.  The  two  series  practically  cover  the  same 
period,  but  that  of  Africa  commences  a  little  later,  B.C.  47,  instead  of  b.c.  49, 
and  continues  till  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus. 

The  chief  interest  of  the  Sicilian  coinage  centred  in  the  period  of  the 
triumvirate  of  Antony,  Lepidus,  and  Octavius,  but  that  of  the  African  series 
is  more  associated  with  the  war  between  Julius  Caesar  and  the  Pompeian 
leaders,  which  preceded  the  foundation  of  the  triumvirate.  Individually  the 
two  series  are  not  contemporary,  the  one,  so  to  say,  filhng  up  the  intervals 
of  the  other. 

The  groups  or  periods  into  which  the  coinage  of  Africa  may  be  classed  are 
marked  by  the  following  events  : — 

i.  The  arrival  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio  and  M.  Porcius  Cato  in 
Africa  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  and  the  subsequent  campaign  with  Julius 
Caesar,  which  was  brought  to  a  close  by  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  b.c.  47—46. 

ii.  The  propraetorship  of  Q.  Cornuficius  in  Africa  Vetus,  his  assistance 
to  Sextus  Pompey,  and  the  war  with  T.  Sextius,  B.C.  44 — 42. 

iii.   The  administration  of  Africa  by  the  triumvir  Lepidus,  B.C.  40 — 36. 

iv.  The  battle  of  Naulochus  and  the  return  of  the  legions  of  Octavius 
to  Africa,  B.C.  36. 

Classification. — At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  Africa  was  held  by  the 
Pompeian  or  senatorial  party.  It  had  been,  seized  for  the  Senate  by  P.  Atius 
Varus,  who,  aided  by  Juba,  king  of  Numidia,  defeated  and  slew  C.  Seribonius 
Curio,  the  lieutenant  of  Caesar.  Curio  had  proceeded  to  Africa  after  compelling 
M.  Porcius  Cato  to  leave  Sicily.  ^  After  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  and  the  death 
of  Pompey,  the  Pompeian  leaders  gathered  their  forces  for  a  final  stand  in 
Africa  under  the  leadership  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio,  Lucius  Afranius, 
and  Marcus  Petreius.  The  last  two,  as  we  have  already  seen,  had  previously 
conducted  the  war  in  Spain,  B.C.  49. ^  These  generals  were  joined  byM.  Porcius 
Cato,  who,  having  collected  an  army  in  Cyrene,  undertook  the  defence  of 
XJtica,  the  chief  city  of  the  province.  It  was  on  account  of  this  and  his 
residence  in  Utica  that  Cato  received  the  agnomen  Uticensis.  The  Pompeians 
were  supported  by  Juba,  king  of  Numidia,  but  soon  after  the  beginning 
of  the  war  he  was  kept  in  check  by  the  army  of  Bogud,  king  of  Mauretania, 
who  invaded  his  dominions.      Later  he  was  able  to  rejoin  the  Pompeians,  and 

'  See  above,  p.  555.  ^  See  Coixase  of  Spaix,  pp.  361  f. 


COINAGE   OF   AFEIGA  567 

took  part  in  the  battle  of  Thapsus.i  Just  before  the  close  of  B.C.  47 
Caesar  landed  in  Africa,  where  he  found  that  the  Pompeian  forces  were  far 
stronger  than  his  own.^  The  chief  command  of  the  Pompeian  army  was 
held  by  Scipio,  who  was  warned  by  Cato  not  to  risk  a  decisive  engagement 
with  Caesar.  After  several  minor  actions  the  two  armies  met  at  Thapsus  in 
April,  B.C.  46,  where,  after  a  fierce  battle,  the  Pompeians  were  totally  defeated. 
Both  the  Pompeian  leaders,  Scipio  and  Cato,  committed  suicide,  and  their 
example  was  followed  soon  after  by  Juba.  The  coinages  assigned  to  Africa  are 
mostly  connected  with  this  campaign.  Besides  the  issues  of  Scipio  and  Cato, 
we  have  those  also  of  the  former's  legates,  P.  Licinius  Crassus  Junianus  and 
M.  Bppius.  At  the  termination  of  the  war  Caesar  also  struck  a  series  of  coins 
to  be  used  for  the  payment  of  his  successful  legions. 

The  kingdom  of  Numidia  was  now  taken  possession  of  by  Caesar,  who 
created  it  into  a  separate  province,  which  became  known  as  Africa  Nova,  the 
older  province  being  designated  Africa  Vetus. 

Under  the  arrangements  of  the  triumvirate,  B.C.  43,  the  whole  of  Africa  was 
assigned  to  Octavius,  T.  Sextius,  a  former  legate  of  Julius  Caesar,  being  at  the 
time  governor  of  Africa  Nova,  whilst  Q.  Cornuficius  held  Africa  Vetus  for  .the 
so-called  republican  party.  True  to  his  principles,  Cornuficius  not  only  sent 
troops  to  the  assistance  of  Sextus  Pompey  in  Sicily,  but,  like  the  latter,  he 
provided  shelter  and  protection  to  those  who  had  been  proscribed  by  the 
triumvirs,  and  who  had  escaped  from  Italy.  Having  refused  to  hand  over 
his  province  to  Sextius,  who  summoned  him  to  do  so  in  the  name  of  the 
triumvirs,  a  war  broke  out  in  B.C.  42,  in  which  fortune  at  first  favoured  the 
republican  troops.  Eventually  Sextius  was  victorious,  and  Cornuficius  fell  in 
battle.  There  are  coins  of  Cornuficius  struck  during  his  government  in  Africa, 
but  it  is  doubtful  whether  they  were  actually  issued  during  the  contest  with 
Sextius,  the  period  to  which  they  are  usually  assigned.  It  seems  more  probable 
that  they  are  of  a  date  before  hostilities  commenced. ^ 

Of  the  events  which  happened  in  Africa  between  the  defeat  of  Cornuficius 
and  the  battle  o\.  Actium  we  have  but  slight  numismatic  evidence.  When  the 
triumvirs  made  their  last  partition  of  the  provinces  in  B.C.  40,  Lepidus  was 
confirmed  in  his  possession  of  Africa,  and  he  at  once  proceeded  to  take  charge 
of  its  government,  Sextius  being  compelled  to  resign  his  position.  The  coins 
which  Lepidus  issued  during  the  four  years  that  he  held  Africa  display  his 
own  portrait  and  that  of  Octavius.  These  constitute  his  only  issue.*  In  B.C.  36 
Octavius  summoned  Lepidus  to  Sicily  to  assist  him  against  Sextus  Pompey. 
Lepidus  obeyed,  but,  tired  of  playing  the  part  of  a  subordinate,  he  claimed 
Sicily  for  himself  when  the  war  was  at  an  end,  but  his  troops  failing  in  their 
allegiance,  he  was  obliged  to  surrender  to  Octavius,  and  to  plead  for  his  life 
on  his  knees.  Both  the  African  provinces  now  came  under  the  rule  of 
Octavius,  and  we  have  a  record  of  this  accession  to  his  government  in  the 
aurei  and  denarii  which  bear  his  portrait  on  the  obverse  and  the  temple 
of   the  divine   Julius  on  the  reverse,  and   in  the  quinarii  which  illustrate  the 

'  Hirtius,  Bell.  Afr.,  19,  25,  52.  ^  Hirtius,  op.  cit.,  1. 

'  See  below,  p.  578,  note.  '  See  below,  p.  579. 


568  COINAGE    OF   AFEICA 

return  of  his  legions  to  Africa.     With  these  pieces  the  series  assigned  to  Africa 
closed. 

Types. — In  consequence  of  the  short  period  over  which  it  extended,  and 
of  the  fact  that  each  issue  is  so  clearly  identifiable  from  the  legends  with  the 
circumstance  of  its  striking,  the  series  of  Africa,  like  that  of  Sicily,  presents 
but  slight  difficulties  in  the  solution  of  the  types.  There  is,  however,  a  difference 
in  the  nature  of  the  types  of  the  coins  of  the  two  provinces.  With  perhaps  the 
exception  of  the  last  coinage,  that  of  Octavius,  the  types  do  not  actually  record 
contemporary  events,  but  are  rather  illustrative  of  the  district  in  which  the  coins 
were  issued,  with  a  certain  amount  of  personal  reference  to  those  whose  names 
are  inscribed  on  them.  Thus  on  the  coins  of  Q.  Caecihus  Metellus  Pius  Scipio, 
and  of  his  legates  P.  Licinius  Crassus  Junianus  and  M.  Eppius,  the  obverse  types 
consist  of  representations  of  the  national  divinities  Jupiter  and  Sekhet,  or  of  heads 
symbolical  of  the  town  of  Utica  and  of  the  province  of  Africa.  The  reverses 
show  an  elephant,  a  type  applicable  to  Africa  as  well  as  specially  to  the  Metelli, 
a  curule  chair,  a  trophy  and  a  figure  of  Victory,  which  may  record  the  campaign 
of  the  adoptive  father  of  Metellus  in  Spain  against  Sertorius  (see  above,  p.  357), 
and,  not  improbably  a  representation  of  the  African  Baal  Melkart  or  Makar, 
who  may  be  identified  with  the  Hercules  of  the  Greeks  and  Eomans.  Cato 
for  his  coinage  adopts  a  type  which  had  been  used  by  an  ancestor  for  his  own 
money  issued  in  Italy  during  the  progress  of  the  Social  war,  viz.,  the  head  of 
Libertas  and  a  seated  figure  of  Victory.^  It  was  one  which  was  particularly 
apphcable  to  the  existing  circumstances.  Were  it  not  for  the  head  of  Ceres, 
a  local  divinity,  there  is  but  little  evidence  beyond  that  of  fabric  and  finds 
which  would  connect  the  denarii  of  Julius  Caesar  with  this  particular  epoch. 

The  coin-types  of  Q.  Cornuficius  are  similar  in  character.  The  obverses 
of  both  the  gold  and  silver  illustrate  the  local  divinities,  Jupiter  Ammon,  Ceres, 
and  Africa  herself;  whilst  the  reverse  is  of  quite  a  personal  character,  as  it 
shows  the  augur  himself  crowned  by  Juno  Sospita.  Whether  this  last  type 
relates  to  the  events  connected  with  the  early  period  of  the  war  with  T.  Sextius, 
B.C.  42,  or  to  some  earlier  successes  of  Cornuficius,  is  uncertain.  The  variations 
in  the  obverse  type  seem  to  suggest  that  the  issue  extended  over  some 
lengthened  period. 

The  remaining  issues  assigned  to  Africa,  those  of  Lepidus  and  Octavius,  call 
for  little  comment.  Lepidus  no  doubt  placed  the  portrait  of  Octavius  on  the 
reverse  of  his  money  in  token  of  his  gratitude  for  the  support  which  he  had 
received  from  his  colleague  in  gaining  possession  of  his  province,  from  the 
occupation  of  which  he  had  been  debarred  for  at  least  two  years,  since  Africa 
had  been  allotted  to  him  in  b.c.  42  under  certain  conditions  after  the  battles 
of  Phihppi.^  The  part  played  by  Octavius  on  this  occasion  was,  however, 
not  wholly  disinterested,  as,  in  case  of  a  rupture  with  Antony,  he  hoped  to 
attach  Lepidus  to  his  own  interests.  The  temple  of  the  divine  Julius  on  the 
reverses  of  the  am-ei  and  denarii  of  Octavius  was  no  doubt  a  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  his  adoptive  father,  whose  murder  had  at  last  been  fully  avenged 
by  the  annihilation  of  his  enemies  in  the  defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  at  Naulochus. 

'  See  above,  p.  303.  -  See  above,  p.  392. 


COINAGE   OF   AFEICA  569 

This  victory  and  the  return  of  the  successful  legions  to  Africa  provide  subjects 
for  the  quinarii  which  are  assigned  to  this  issue. 

Denominations. — As  there  are  no  bronze  coins,  the  only  denominations  are 
in  gold,  the  aureus,  and  in  silver,  the  denarius  and  the  quinarius.  The  aureus 
occurs  in  four  issues,  those  of  Scipio,  Cornuficius,  Lepidus  and  Octavius ;  and  the 
quinarius  in  two  only,  those  of  Cato  and  Octavius.  The  weights  of  these  coins 
are  the  same  as  of  those  of  the  central  mint  and  of  the  other  provinces,  which 
at  that  period  were  issuing  money  of  the  Roman  standard. 

Finds. — These  afford  the  usual  confirmatory  evidence  for  the  classification 
of  the  various  issues.  None  of  those  which  were  struck  during  the  African  war 
between  Julius  Caesar  and  the  Pompeians  were  met  with  in  any  of  the  hoards 
concealed  just  before  B.C.  49,  nor  in  the  later  discovered  one  at  Carbonara,  which 
was  buried  in  that  year.  Specimens  of  most  of  the  issues  were,  however,  found 
in  those  of  San  Niccolo  di  Villola  and  Liria,  the  concealment  of  which  was  circ. 
B.C.  45 — 44  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  601-502).  No  coins  of  Cornuficius  were  met  with  in 
any  of  the  finds  of  which  analyses  are  supplied. 

"We  have  precisely  the  same  evidence  in  regard  to  the  later  issues  of  Lepidus 
and  Octavius,  which  occurred  for  the  first  time  at  Garlasco,  Arbanats,  and  in  the 
earlier  discovered  hoard  at  Carbonara,  circ.  B.C.  36  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  561-562). 

MiNT-PiiACES. — During  the  whole  of  the  African  war  the  base  of  opera- 
tions of  the  Pompeian  generals  was  at  Utica.  It  was  there  that  the  main 
army  of  the  Pompeians  was  massed,  and  the  city  was  used  as  the  chief  place 
for  the  storage  of  provisions,  arms,  and  other  warlike  necessaries. ^  It  may 
be  concluded,  therefore,  that  all  the  Pompeian  coins  were  struck  there. 
Similarity  of  fabric  and  type  supports  this  attribution.  After  the  battle  of 
Thapsus,  Caesar  established  for  a  short  time  his  head-quarters  at  Utica,  and 
as  a  punishment,  levied  a  heavy  contribution  upon  its  citizens.^  It  was,  no 
doubt,  on  this  occasion  that  he  struck  money  for  the  use  of  his  legions  and 
others.^  As  Utica  was  the  chief  city  of  Africa  Vetus,  of  which  Cornuficius  was 
governor,  his  mint  was  probably  established  there  also.  The  difference  in 
fabric  of  the  coins  of  Lepidus  and  OctaVius  renders  their  assignment  to  any 
particular  locality  uncertain.  We  know  very  little  of  Africa  during  the  governor- 
ship of  Lepidus  ;  and  Octavius  did  not  himself  visit  the  province  after  the  battle 
of  Naulochus.  He  must,  therefore,  have  committed  the  issue  of  his  gold  and 
silver  coins  to  his  legate,  Statilius  Taurus.*  It  is,  however,  not  impossible  that 
the  coins  of  Octavius  may  also  be  of  the  same  mint  as  the  previous  issues. 

»  Hirtius,  Bell.  Afr.,  89.  =  Hirtiua,  op.  cit.,  90. 

=  See  below,  p.  576.  ■*  See  below,  p.  580. 


VOL.   II. 


4    D 


570 


COINAGE    OF   AFEICA 


„       TIT  ■  ij        Metal 
No.     WexgU     ^^^  ^  .^^ 


58-8 


58-5 


PERIOD   I.^ 

Circ.  B.C.  47—46;  a.u.c.  707—708 

Obverse  Reverse 

a.METEL.nvs  scino 

(QUINTUS   [CAECILIUS]   METELLUS 
PIUS  SCIPI0  2) 

Denarius 


M    -7 


M    -75 


55-5     M    -75    Similar. 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
beard  and  hair  in  ring- 
lets ;   around  and  below, 

a.METEL  rivs 


Similar. 


An  African  elephant  walk- 
ing r. ;  above,  SCI  PIG; 
below,  IMP  (Lnperator). 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxi.  1.] 
(Townley  CoU.) 


'  The  coins  assigned  to  this  period  were  those  struck  during  the  African  war  between  the 
Pompeian  generals  and  Julius  Caesar.  They  comprise  three  separate  issues :  (i.)  that  of 
Q.  Caeoilius  Metellns  Pins  Scipio  in  his  name  only,  and  in  those  of  his  legates,  P.  Licinius 
Crassus  Junianus  and  M.  Eppius ;  (ii.)  that  of  M.  Porcius  Cato  Uticensis ;  and  (iii.)  that  of 
Julius  Caesar.  The  first  two  series  extend  over  two  years,  B.C.  47 — 46 ;  that  of  Julius  Caesar 
is  of  B.C.  46  only. 

*  Quintus  Caecilius  Metellns  Pius  Scipio  was  the  son  of  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Nasica,  praetor 
B.C.  94,  but  was  adopted  by  Q.  Caecilius  Metellns  Pins,  who  as  proconsul  commanded  in  Spain 
against  Sertorius  (see  above,  p.  357).  He  is  first  mentioned  in  B.C.  78,  and  next  in  B.C.  70, 
in  the  latter  year  as  one  of  the  defenders  of  Verres  (Cicero,  in  Verr.,  iv.  79  f.).  In  B.C.  63 
he  disclosed  to  Cicero  the  Catiline  conspiracy  (Plutarch,  Cicero,  15,  1),  was  elected  tribune  of 
the  plebs  B.C.  60,  was  consul  with  Pompey  B.C.  52,  and  governor  of  Syria  B.C.  49.  Though 
unsnocessful  in  an  expedition  against  the  inhabitants  of  Mount  Amanus  he  assumed  the  titl'e 
of  Imperator  (Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  iii.  31),  which  he  placed  on  cistophori  struck  at  Pergamum 
B.C.  49 — 48  (see  Cat.  Qr.  Coins,  Brit.  Mus.,  Mysia,  p.  126).  He  commanded  the  centre  line  of 
Pompey's  army  at  Pharsalus  (Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  iii.  88;  Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  ii.  76),  after  which 
he  fled  to  Africa  and  formed  an  alliance  with  Juba,  king  of  Numidia.  Through  the  influence 
of  Cato  (see  below,  p.  574)  Scipio  received  the  command  of  the  troops  of  the  Pompeian  party, 
but  was  defeated  by  Caesar  at  Thapsus,  6th  April,  B.C.  46  (Hirtius,  Bell.  Afr.,  79  f.),  and  in 
order  not  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies  he  stabbed  himself  and  leaped  into  the  sea. 

The  above  coins  were  struck  by  Scipio  during  the  African  campaign.  The  obverse  type, 
head  of  Jupiter,  probably  relates  to  the  local  cult  of  that  divinity.  The  same  laureate  head 
with  the  hair  and  beard  in  ringlets  is  not  unfrequeut  on  coins  of  Numidia,  &c.  (see  Miiller, 
Num.  de  Vane.  Afr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  27;  vol.  iii.,  p.  59).  On  account  of  its  peculiar  form  and 
similnrity  to  the  bust  on  coins  of  Terentius  Varro  struck  in  Spain  B.C.  49  (see  above,  p.  362), 
Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  278)  has  identified  it  as  of  Jupiter  Terminalis.  The  elephant,  which  is 
also  a  common  type  on  African  coins,  may  in  this  instance  apply  to  Scipio,  as  it  was  the 
special  symbol  of  the  Metelli  (see  above,  p.  3u7). 


CIRC.  B.C.  47—46;    A.U.C.  707—708 


571 


No.       Weight        ^'f°''- 
and  i'lic 


124-2 


X    -9 


60-3 


59-3 


Obverse  Reverse 

METEL.niVS  SCin:   n.CRASSVS  IVN 

([QUINTUS   GAECILIUS]    METELLUS   PIUS 

SGIPIO;    PUBLIUS   [LICINIUS] 

CEASSUS   JUNIANUSi) 

Aureus 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  hair  and 
beard  in  ringlets ;  below, 
eagle's  head  and  sceptre  ; 
before,  METEL  •  PIVS; 
behind,  SCIP  -  IMP  (Im- 
perator). 


A  curule  chair  between  an 
ear  of  corn  and  the  head  of 
a  carnyx ;  above,  cornuco- 
piae  supporting  scales ; 
around,  on  right,  CRASS  • 
IVN;  on  left,  LEG.  TKO. 
PR.  (Legatus piv 2Jraetore). 


M    -75 


M    -75 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  279,  no.  48.] 

Denarius 
Type  I. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxi.  2.] 
(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


Similar, 


(Nott) 


'  Publius  Liciuius  Crassus  Junianus  was,  as  his  name  indicatea,  a  member  of  the  Junia 
gens,  and  was  adopted  by  a  Licinius  Crassus.  He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  51,  and  a 
friend  of  Cicero  (Cicero,  acJ  Quint.  Jr.,  iii.  8,  4).  In  the  Civil  war  he  fought  for  Pompey, 
after  whose  death  he  served  under  Scipio  in  Africa  with  the  title  of  legatus  pro  praetore. 
After  the  battle  of  Thapsus  he  made  his  escape  to  the  sea,  and  as  there  is  no  further  mention 
of  him  it  is  probable  that  he  perished  with  Scipio,  his  commander.  These  coins  were  struck 
by  Junianus  as  legatus  pro  praetore  to  Scipio. 

The  presence  of  the  eagle's  head  and  sceptre  identifies  the  head  on  the  obverse  with 
Jupiter,  and  the  ear  of  corn,  cornucopiae  and  scales  are  symbolical  of  the  corn- producing 
fertility  of  Africa,  whilst  the  curule  chair  and  the  carnyx  may  either  record  the  offices  held 
by  Scipio  himself,  or  they  may  relate  to  the  Spanish  war,  in  which  his  adoptive  father, 
Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  commanded  (see  next  coins).  The  specimen  of  the  aureus  of  which 
an  illustration  is  given  is  in  the  Paris  collection. 

Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  p.  28,  pi.  ii.,  no.  25)  mentions  and  figures  a  denarius  in  the 
Haeberlin  collection,  which  was  purchased  at  the  Hoffmann  sale,  and  which  reads  C  .  CASSI VS 
for  CRASS  .  IVN.  He  considers  the  piece  genuine,  as  also  does  Dr.  Haeberlin,  but  he  is 
unable  to  identify  the  mone^  or  or  legate.  The  illustration  of  the  coin  sliovvs  that  at  least  the 
letters  on  the  obverse  are  ill-formed,  which  is  not  the  case  with  those  of  Junianus.  As  this 
variation  in  the  lej;end  could  not  well  be  an  original  blunder  on  the  part  of  the  die-engraver, 
it  seems,  in  spite  of  contrary  opinions,  that  the  genuineness  of  the  coin  may  be  questioned. 


572 


COINAGE    OF   AFEICA 


No.       Weight 


60-0 


Metal 
and  Sine 


M    -75 


i 


55-0 


60-4 


594 


M    -7 


M    -7 


M    -76 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Type  II.i 


Turreted  female  head,  Utica, 
r.,  between  winged  cadu- 
ceus  and  corn-stalk ;  be- 
low, prow;  above,  corn- 
grain  ?  ;  on  r.,  CRASS  • 
IVN;  on  1.,  LEG- PRO- 
PR;  all  within  laurel- 
wreath. 


Similar. 


A  military  trophy  between  a 
lituus  and  a  one-handled 
jug  (capis) ;  the  trophy 
is  composed  of  Spanish 
arms,  consisting  of  cuirass 
with  sword  attached  to 
the  waist,  helmet,  bow 
and  quiver,  and  round 
shield;  on  r.,  METEL  • 
PIVS;  onl.,  SCIP.  IMP 
.  [PI.  cxxi.  3.] 
(Oracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Type  III.2 


The  Genius  of  Africa  (Se- 
khet)  with  head  of  lion, 
surmounted  by  a  disc, 
standing  facing  in  long 
robes;  she  holds  in  r.  hand 
the  ankh ;  above,  G  •  T  •  A 
{Genius  Tutelaris  Afri- 
cae)  ;  on  r.,  Q.  •  METEL  • 
PIVS;onl.,SClPIO.|MP 

Similar. 


Victory  standing  1.,  holding 
winged  caduceus  in  r. 
hand  and  round  shield 
in  1. ;  behind  her,  P  ■ 
CRASSVS  •  IVN  ;  before, 
LEG.  PRO -PR 
[PI.  oxxi.  4.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


'  The  tnrreted  head  is  symbolical  of  Utica,  which  was  used  as  the  base  of  operations  of 
the  Porapeians,  and  where  their  main  forces  were  massed.  It  was  also  the  principal  store-city 
for  provisions  and  all  munitions  of  war,  and  it  was  there  that  the  fleet  was  collected  which 
intercepted  Caesar's  transports  from  Sicily,  Sardinia  and  the  neighbouring  provinces.  This  is 
indicated  by  the  prow.  The  corn-stalk  and  the  cadnceus  are  other  emblems  of  Utica,  which 
was  situated  in  the  midst  of  an  exceedingly  fertUe  country,  producing  an  abundance  of  corn,  of 
which  there  was  a  great  export  trade  to  Rome  (Livy,  xxv.  31).  The  object  above  the  head  of 
Utica  is  uncertain ;  it  may  be  a  corn-grain  or  some  other  product  of  the  district.  It  cannot 
be  a  tiara  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  280,  no.  52).  As  the  lituus  and  the  capis  form  the  reverse 
type  of  some  of  the  denarii  struck  by  Scipio's  adoptive  father,  Q.  Caeoilius  Metellus  Pius,  in 
commemoration  of  his  victory  over  Sortorius  (see  above,  p.  357,  no.  47),  the  trophy  may  also 
be  a  memorial  of  that  event,  and  may  not  have  been  intended  to  relate  to  the  campaign  for 
which  these  coins  were  struck. 

2  The  figure  of  Sekhet  was  no  doubt  selected  for  the  coin-type  as  being  the  tutelary 
divinity  of  the  country.  This  goddess  was  the  personification  of  the  violent  heat  of  the  sun 
and  its  destroying  powers.  Her  cult  extended  not  only  over  the  whole  of  Egypt  and  Zeugi- 
tana,  but  also  to  Libya.  She  is  therefore  styled  the  "Tutelary  Genius  of  Africa."  Another 
interpretation  has  been  given  of  the  initials,  Uenius  Tutelaris  AegypH  (Eckhel,  Hist.  num. 
.vet.,  t.  v.,  p.  154),  but  as  the  coins  described  above  were  not  struck  in  Egypt,  that  of  Vaillant, 
Qenius  Tutelaris  Africae,  is  preferable  (Num.  fam.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  p.  194).  Babelon  (vol.  i., 
p.  280,  no.  51)  has  suggested  Qenius  Terrae  Africae,  but  another  solution  may  be  Oenius  Totius 
Africae.  The  symbol,  which  Sekhet  holds  in  her  right  hand,  is  the  ankh  or  symbol  of  lite.  In 
early  times  this  form  of  the  ankh  appears  to  have  been  limited  to  the  north-west  district  of 
Africa,  but  at  a  later  period  it  found  its  way  into  Egypt.  It  is  also  met  with  on  the  early 
coinages  of  Carthage,  and  on  those  of  the  western  islands  of  the  Mediterranean  (Cossura)  and 


No.       Weight       ^'f^^ 
and  aizc 


CIEC.  B.C.  47—46;   A.U.C.  707—708 

Obverse  Reverse 


573 


10 


59'3 


M.    -7 


a.METELL.SCIPIO:   EPPIVS 

(QUINTUS   [OAECILIUS]   MBTELLUS   [PIUS] 
SCIPIO;    [MAECUS]   EPPIUSO 


Denarius 


Head  of  Africa  r.,  wearing 
elephant's  skin ;  before, 
corn  stalk;  below, plough; 
on  r.,  a-METELL;  on 
1.,  SCIPIO  IMP  {Im- 
perator). 


Hercules  naked,  standing 
facing  in  attitude  of  re- 
pose ;  his  r.  hand  rests 
on  his  hip,  and  his  1. 
arm  on  his  club,  which 
is  covered  with  the  lion's 
skin  and  is  placed  on  a 
rock;  on  r.,  EPPIVS; 
on  1.,  LEG  •  F  •  C  {Legatus 
flandum  curavit). 
[PI.  cxxi.  5.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Numidia  (Miiller,  Num.  de  Vane.  Afr.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  81,  120;  vol.  ;ii.,  p.  18;  Hill,  Coins  of  Auc. 
Sicily,  pi.  XV.  18).  It  is  more  commonly  called  the  "  Sign  of  Baal,"  in  his  capacity  as  the  solar 
divinity  (Miiller,  op.  cit.,  vol.  ii.,p.  121).  The  Victiiry  on  the  reverse  with  the  winged  cadnceus 
and  the  shield  is  symbolical  of  commerce  and  war.  A  similar  representation  of  Victory  has 
already  been  met  with  on  the  coins  of  L.  Hostilius  Saserna  struck  at  Rome,  B.C.  48  (see 
vol.  i.,  p.  512).     In  that  instance,  however.  Victory  holds  a  trophy  instead  of  a  shield. 

'  We  have  already  met  with  Marcus  Bppiua  as  legate  of  Sextus  Pompey,  for  whom  he 
struck  copper  coins  during  the  war  in  Spain,  B.C.  45 — 44  (see  above,  p.  372),  When  acting  as 
legate  to  Scipio,  he  appears  to  have  had  special  charge  of  the  mint,  as  shown  by  the  legend 
Legatus  Jlandum  curavit. 

The  head  on  the  obverse  is  symbolical  of  Africa.  It  is  accompanied  by  the  emblems 
denoting  the  fertility  of  the  province,  the  corn-stalk  and  the  plough.  This  head  is  frequently 
met  with  on  coins  of  Numidia  and  Mauretania  (Miiller,  Witm.  de  Vane.  Afr.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  43  pass.). 
The  solution  of  the  reverse  type  presents  some  difficulties.  Cavedoni  (Cohen,  Med.  fam.  rom., 
p.  131)  thought  that  it  was  personal  to  the  moneyer  Eppius,  and  was  a  record  that  Hercules, 
having  enjoyed  rest  after  his  own  labours,  permitted  the  Epii  to  do  the  same  on  their  lands 
near  Some.  This  solution  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  477)  considers  too  ingenious,  and  he  therefore 
thinks  that  the  type  symbolised  the  "force  of  the  political  party  to  which  Eppius  was 
attached."  This  would  make  it  personal  to  the  legate,  which  was  not  the  case  with  the  coins 
of  P.  Orassus  Junianus.  We  would  therefore  otfer  the  following  suggestions.  The  first  is 
that  the  figure  represents  the  African  divinity  or  hero  Baal  Melkart  or  Makar,  who  has  been 
identified  with  the  Hercules  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  This  hero-god  was  much  honoured 
in  Africa,  and  was  looked  upon  as  the  founder  of  the  Numidian  dynasty.  It  is  related  that 
he  married  Kerthe,  the  personification  of  the  ancient  capital  and  royal  residence,  and  that 
he  was  the  father  of  Juba,  from  whom  were  descended  the  kings  of  Numidia  (Miiller,  op.  cit., 
vol.  iii.,  p.  24).  The  head  or  bust  of  this  divinity  occurs  frequently  on  coins  of  Numidia,  but 
usually  bearing  his  club  on  his  shoulder.  As  the  dies  for  the  coins  of  Scipio  were  no  doubt 
the  work  of  a  Roman  artist,  he  represented  Hercules  in  a  form  which  must  have  prevailed  in 
Italy.  It  is  of  the  Parnese  type  and  approaches  very  closely  the  figure  of  Hercules  in  the 
gallery  at  Florence  (Clarao,  Musee  de  Sculp.,  pi.  802  c,  no.  1984  b).  As  Juba  was  able  to 
return  to  the  assistance  of  the  Pompeians  before  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  the  type,  if  given  the 
meaning  proposed,  may  have  been  selected  out  of  compliment  to  him.  Another  suggestion  is 
that  as  the  types  of  the  coins  of  P.  Crassus  Junianus  appear  to  record  the  deeds  of  Scipio's 
adoptive  father  in  Spain,  this  one  may  have  the  same  significance,  and  the  figure  may  there- 
fore represent  Hercules  Gaditanus,  who  took  his  name  from  Gades,  where  he  was  specially 
worshipped  and  where  he  had  a  celebrated  temple  (see  above,  p.  363).  It  was  there  that 
Geryon  fed  the  oxen  which  were  carried  off  by  Hercules,  the  island  of  Erytheia  having  been 
identified  with  Gades. 


574 


COINAGE    OF   AFRICA 


nT          TUT  ■  1 1  Metal 

No.       Weight  ,  .-, . 

"  and  bize 

11       59-0  M    -7      Similar, 


Obverse 


Reverse 


12 


13 


14 


15 


60-2 


58-6 


56-7 


60-0 


M    -8 


M    -75 


M    -75 


M    -7 


Similar;     head     of     Africa 
smaller. 


Simil 


ar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxxi.  6.] 

(Nott) 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxi.  7.] 

Similar. 

(Claude  Stewart  Coll.) 


M .  CATO 


(MAECUS    [POECIUS]    CATO>) 


Denarius 


Female  bust,  Libertas,  r., 
with  slight  drapery ;  hair 
rolled  back  and  collected 
into  a  knot  behind ;  be- 
fore, M  •  CATO  .  TKo  . 
PR  {Propraetor). 


VICTIIX  (in  exergue).  Vic- 
tory, draped,  seated  r., 
holding  patera  in  extended 
r.  hand  and  palm-branch 
inl. 

[PI.  cxxi.  8.] 
(Nott) 


'  Marcus  Poroiua  Cato,  surnamed  Uticensis,  from  Utioa  in  Africa,  where  he  spent  the 
last  year  of  his  life  and  -where  he  died,  was  born  in  B.C.  95,  and  was  the  son  of  the  tribnne  of 
the  plebs  of  the  same  name  and  the  friend  of  Sulla.  His  father  dying  when  Cato  was  still  an 
infant  he  was  adopted  by  his  uncle,  M.  Livins  Drusus,  the  tribune,  who  was  assassinated  in 
B.C.  91.  It  is  not  necessary  here  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  Cato's  active  life,  during  which 
he  played  an  important  role  in  the  affairs  of  his  country,  but  reference  need  only  be  made 
to  the  immediate  circumstances  which  led  to  the  issue  of  the  above  coins  bearing  his  name. 
On  the  commencement  of  the  Civil  war,  B.C.  49,  Cato  was  appointed  by  the  Senate  propraetor 
of  Sicily,  but  on  the  landing  of  Curio,  the  legate  of  Caesar,  with  a  strong  force,  thinking 
resistance  useless  he  proceeded  to  join  Pompey  at  Dyrrhachium,  was  present  at  the  battle 
there  in  B.C.  48,  but  took  no  part  in  the  subsequent  engagement  at  Pharsalua.  After  which, 
proceeding  to  Africa,  where  he  had  hoped  to  meet  Pompey  in  the  spring  of  B.C.  47,  he  united 
his  forces  with  those  of  Scipio,  to  whom  he  entrusted  the  chief  command.  He  himself 
remained  at  Utica,  the  inhabitants  of  which  city  had  been  spared  by  his  intervention  from 
being  massacred  by  Scipio.  Here  he  was  active  in  collecting  provisions  and  all  kinds  of 
materials  for  the  campaign.  He  strongly  urged  Scipio  not  to  risk  a  decisive  battle  with 
Caesar,  bnt  disregarding  this  advice  Scipio  was  utterly  routed  iit  Tliapsus,  (6  April,  e.g.  46). 
Cato  being  unwilling  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies  committed  suicide  (Plutarch,  Cato 
min.,  53  pass.;  Caesar,  Bell,  civ.,  i.  30  f . ;  Hirtius,  Bell.  Afr.,  24,  36,  88;  Appian,  Bell,  civ., 
ii.  40,  87,  95f.,  99). 

Count  de  Salis,  like  Cavedoni  (Bull,  dell'  Inst.  Arch,  di  7?oin.a,  1843,  p.  13 ;  Nuovi  Studi, 
pp.  22-23)  has  assigiifd  the  coins  of  Cato  to  Africa,  but  llommson  {Hist,  moji,  roin.,  t.  ii., 
p.  539)  thought  that  they  were  struck  in  Sicily  on  Cato's  arrival  tlioro  in  B.C.  49,  as  no  mention 


CIEC.  B.C.   47—46;    A.U.C.  707—708 


575 


N'\      Weight 


16 


17 


18 


57-3 


60-0 


56-4 


19 


20 


30-4 


20-6 


Metal 
and  Size 

M    -7 


JR.    -7 


JR    -7 


JR    -55 


JR.    -5 


Obverse 


Reverse 


Similar. 


Similar;  the  bust  shows 
more  drapery  and  the 
head  is  bound  with  fillet ; 
below  and  in  front,  M  • 
CATO  .  PR.0  .  TK;  be- 
hind, ROM 


Similar. 


Similar. 


(Blacas  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxi.  9.] 
(Townley  Coll.) 


Similar ;       Victory      holds 
wreath  instead  of  patera 
in  r.  hand;    legend,  VIC 
RlXfor  VIC-RIX 
[PI.  cxxi.  10.] 


Quinarius 


Young  male  head  r.,  crowned 
with  ivy-wreath ;  hair 
long ;  behind  and  below, 
M  ■  CAO  .  PRO  •  PR 


Similar. 


Similar;  Victory  holds  pa- 
tera in  r.  hand;  legend, 
VIC-RIX 

[PI.  cxxi.  11.] 


Similar;     legend,    VICRIX 
for  VIC-RIX 

[PI.  cxxi.  12.] 
(Blacas  Coll.) 


is  made  on  them  of  Soipio,  who  was  in  chief  command  of  the  forces  in  Africa,  and  who  only, 
therefore,  had  the  right  to  strike  coins.  Cavedoni  has,  however,  shown  that  Cato's  stay  in 
Sicily  wag  of  so  short  a  duration  that  he  wonld  not  hare  had  time  to  strike  such  a  large  number 
of  denarii  (as  specimens  are  even  now  not  uncommon),  and  also  quinarii.  On  the  other  hand,  at 
Utica,  where  he  remained  nearly  twelve  months,  from  the  spring  of  B.C.  47  to  that  of  B.C.  46, 
not  only  did  he  need  money  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  fortifying  and  provisioning  the 
city,  but  also  for  the  payment  of  the  legions  commanded  by  Soipio  (Plato,^  Oato  min.,  58). 
The  absence  of  the  name  of  Soipio,  as  chief  in  command,  would  not  be  an  isolated 
instance,  as  Cavedoni  remarks,  for  there  are  others  in  the  case  of  the  coins  of  C.  Coponiua 
and  of  the  consuls  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Cms  and  0.  Claudius  Marcellus  struck  two  years 
previously  in  the  East  (see  above,  pp.  466  f.),  on  which  no  mention  is  made  of  Pompey.  In 
order  to  reconcile  both  these  opinions  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  375)  has  suggested  that  as  Cato 
would  need  money  in  Sicily  as  well  as  in  Africa,  his  mint  followed  him  in  his  peregrinations. 
This  would,  however,  be  most  unusual.  Though  there  are  slight  variations  in  the  form  of  the 
head  of  Libertas  and  in  the  obverse  legend,  these  differences  are  not  of  sufficient  moment  to 
justify  the  attribution  of  these  coins  to  different  provinces.  Moreover,  in  assigning  the  whole 
issue  to  B.C.  47 — 46,  we  have  the  confirmatory  evidence  of  finds,  as  no  specimens  were  present 
in  the  hoard  discovered  at  Carbonara  (II.),  which  was  concealed  circ.  B.C.  49,  whereas  they 
were  present  in  that  of  San  Niccol^  di  Villola  buried  a  few  years  later,  circ.  B.C.  45  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  501).  This  last  find  contained  specimens  of  all  the  coinages  struck  in  Africa  during  the 
war  of  B.C.  47 — 46,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  M.  Bppius  as  legate  of  Scipio  (see  Tables  of 
Finds). 

The  types  of  the  coins  of  Cato  are  all  copies  of  those  issued  by  his  namesake,  and 
probably  cousin,  in  Italy  at  the  commencement  of  the  Social  war  B.C.  90  (see  above,  pp.  3U3, 
304).      Both  series  contain  quinarii  as  well  as  denarii. 


576 


COINAGE   OF  AFEICA 


No.       Weight  ,  „. 

"        and  St«e 


21 


22 
23 

24 
25 


60-6 


59-4 
62-7 

61-0 
59-3 


JR.    -75 


M  -75 

M  -7 

JR.  -7 

^  -7 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  46;   a.u.c.  708 

JULIUS   CAESAR 

Denapius^ 


Head  of  Ceres  r.,  wearing 
corn-wreath ;  hair  rolled 
back  and  falling  down  her 
neck;  before,  DICT- ITEK 
(Dictator  iterum);  behind, 
COS  .  TEKT  {Consul  ter- 
tio). 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Emblems  of  the  pontificate 
and  augurship;  simpulum, 
"  aspergillum  "  (sprink- 
ler), one-handled  jug 
(capis),  and  lituus ;  be- 
low, PoNT-MAX  {Ponti- 
fex  maximus) ;  above,  AV 
GVR;  on  r.,  D  {Donati- 
vutn). 

[PI.  cxxi.  13.] 


Similar. 


(Nott) 


Similar;  on  r.,  M  (Munus) 
for  D 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxxi.  14.] 


'  Though  the  name  of  Julius  Caesar  does  not  occnr  on  these  denarii,  yet  the  legends  leaye 
no  doubt  of  his  having  struck  them.  He  was  appointed  dictator  for  the  second  time  in  B.C.  47, 
and  for  the  third  in  July  of  the  following  year  ;  and  he  was  consul  for  the  third  time  in 
B.C.  46,  and  for  the  fourth  in  B.C.  45.  These  coins  must  therefore  have  been  struck  somewhat 
early  in  B.C.  46,  as  Caesar's  election  to  the  dictatorship  for  the  third  time  occurred  before  his 
return  to  Rome  in  July  of  that  year.  As  the  letters  D  (Donaiivum)  and  M  (Munus)  show  that  the 
coinage  was  a  special  one,  it  may  be  presumed  that  it  was  struck  by  order  of  Caesar  immedi- 
ately after  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  6  April,  B.C.  46,  to  be  used  for  the  payment  of  his  successful 
legions.  These  coins  are  therefore  assigned  to  Africa.  The  head  of  Ceres  is  emblematic  of 
■Africa,  symbolizing  the  corn-producing  wealth  of  that  country,  and  the  sacrificial  implements 
refer  to  Caesar's  priestly  offices  of  pontifex  maximus  and  augur.  Babelon  (vol.  ii.,  p.  14,  note) 
has  suggested  that  this  issue  was  ordered  by  Caesar  to  recompense  his  soldiers  after  his 
victory  over  Pharnaces,  King  of  Pontus,  when  he  wrote  to  the  Senate  the  famous  letter: 
veni,  vidi,  vici.  He  also  identifies  in  the  head  of  Ceres  an  allusion  to  the  liberality  of  Caesar 
towards  his  soldiers.  This  solution  does  not  quite  coincide  with  the  date  supplied  by  the 
coins,  as  in  B.C.  47,  when  Caesar  defeated  Pharnaces  he  was  only  consul  iterum,  and  the 
dictatorship  was  not  renewed  till  after  the  war  (Plutarch,  Oaesar,  51).  The  coins  could  not 
have  been  struck  at  the  Roman  mint,  and  their  fabric  favours  their  assignment  to  Africa. 
Fr.  Lenormant  {La  Mon.  dans  I'Ant.,  t.  ii.,  p.  310)  gives  them  to  B.C.  46,  before  the 
triumph  of  Caesar  and  his  third  proclamation  as  dictator.  They  were  probably  minted  at 
Utica,  which  city  he  entered  shortly  after  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  and  from  the  proceeds  of  the 
contribution  which  he  levied  on  that  city,  and  also  on  Adrumetum,  Zama  and  other  places 
(Hirtius,  Bell.  Afr.,  89,  90,  97). 

Borghesi  (CEuvres  compl.,  t.  i.,  p.  287)  was  the  first  to  suggest  that  the  letters  D  and  M 
may  be  the  initials  of  Donum  and  Munus.  On  this  Cavedoni  (loc.  cit.,  note  1)  remarks,  "  oes 
deux  initiales  me  paraissent  mieux  s'expliqner  par  les  mots  Donativum,  indiquant  les  monnaies 
frapp^es  pour  les  soldats  (Tacit.,  Annal.,  i.  2;  Ann.  dell'  Inst.  Arch.,  vol.  xxii.,  p.  152)  et 
Munus,  indiquant  celles  qui  devaient  ^tre  distribuees  au  people."  Mommsen  {Hist.  mon. 
rom.,  t.  ii.,  p.  176,  note  3)  did  not  accept  Borghesi's  suggestion,  but  considered  the  letters 
D  and  M  to  be  only  mint  or  die-marks  such  as  are  met  with  in  great  profusion  on  the 
coinage  of  the  Republic  of  the  first  half  of  the  first  century  B.C.  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  167,  pass.). 
These    marks,   which    include    also   numbers   and   symbols,   fell    out    of    use   circ.    B.C.   64, 


CIEC.  B.C.  44—42:   A.U.C.  710—712 


577 


PEEIOD   11/ 

Circ.  B.C.  44—42;   a.u.c.  710—712 

No.       Weight    ^^^^  g^^^  Obverse  Reverse 

a.CORNVFlCI 

(QUINTUS   COENUFIOIUS) 
Aureus 


122-0     N    -8 


Head  of  Jupiter  Ammon  1. 


Quintus  Oornuficius  in  au- 
gur's dress  and  holding 
lituus  in  r.  hand,  stand- 
ing facing,  crowned  with 
wreath  by  Juno  Sospita 
standing  1. ;  she  wears 
the  goat's  skin  on  her 
head,  long  robe  and  san- 
dals, and  is  armed  with 
spear  and  shield;  on  the 
latter  stands  a  raven ; 
around  and  in  the  exergue, 
Q.COKNVFICIAVGVR.. 
IMP  (Imperator). 


[Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  434,  no.  l.J 


and  with  the  exception  of  two  solitary  instances  do  not  recur  in  the  coinage  of  the  Roman 
mint  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  411,  494,  543).  In  such  oases  the  letters  do  not  occur  singly,  but  form 
part  of  a  series  which  extends  usually  throughout  the  alphabet.  As  the  letters  D  and  M  are 
the  only  ones  which  are  found  on  the  above  coins,  and  as  this  way  of  marking  the  dies  had 
fallen  into  disuse,  Borghesi's  explanation  seems  to  be  quite  correct.  It  must  also  be  taken 
into  consideration  that  these  coins  of  Caesar  are  provincial,  and  that  mint-marks  were  not  in 
vogue  in  the  provinces.  They  occur  but  twice  in  the  whole  series  of  provincial  money, 
viz.,  on  the  Spanish  coins  of  C.  Annius  Lusous  (see  above,  pp.  352-356)  and  on  those  struck 
in  Gaul  by  C.  Valerius  Flaccus  (see  above,  pp.  388-390),  but  these  issues  were  contemporary 
with  those  of  the  Roman  mint  on  which  these  marks  are  so  frequently  found. 

'  The  coins  assigned  to  this  Period  are  of  Quintus  Cornuiicius  (or  Cornificius),  who  toot 
an  active  part  in  the  Civil  war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey,  being  sent  by  the  former  as 
quaestor  in  B.C.  48  to  Illyricum  with  the  title  of  propraetor.  By  his  prudence  and  skill 
Cornuflcius  reduced  the  province  to  a  state  of  obedience  (Hirtius,  Bell.  Alex.,  42),  and  in  the 
following  year,  on  his  return  to  Rome,  was  rewarded  by  Caesar  with  the  praetorship  and 
augurship  (0.  I.  L.,  vi.,  1300  a).  He  also  formed  an  intimate  friendship  with  Cicero,  who 
addressed  him  as  his  collega  in  the  augurship  (ad.  Fam.,  xii,,  17,  18).  In  B.C.  46  wo  find 
Cornuflcius  in  Cilicia,  of  which  province  he  was  appointed  governor  by  Caesar.  This  office  he 
did  not  hold  long,  for  two  years  later  on  the  death  of  Caesar  he  was  appointed  propraetor  of 
VOL.   II.  4   E 


578 

,.          ,,,    .  ,  ,  Metal 

ho.       Woujlii  ,  ., . 

^  and  bize 


COINAGE    OF   APEIGA 
Obverse 


Reverse 


26 


27 


28 


54-0 


66-2 


JR    -75 


Al    -75 


57-6     M    -75 


Denarius 

Type  I. 


Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxi.  15.] 

(Nott) 


Type  II. 


Head   of   Ceres  L,  wearing 
corn-wreath  and  earring. 


Similar. 


[PI.  cxxi.  16.] 

(Nott) 


Type  III. 


Bust  of  Africa  r.,  draped, 
and  wearing  on  her  head 
elephant's  skin ;  behind 
her  shoulders,  two  spears. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxii.  1.] 

(Cohen  Coll.) 


Africa  Vetus,  and  being  of  the  senatorial  party,  not  only  gave  shelter  to  those  who  had  been 
proscribed  by  the  triumvirs,  but  also  sent  ships  to  assist  Sextus  Pompey.  Having  refused  to 
give  up  his  province  to  T.  Sextius,  the  governor  of  Africa  Nova,  who  claimed  it  for  the  trium- 
virs, a  war  broke  out  between  them  in  B.C.  42,  the  details  of  which  are  differently  related  by 
Appian  and  Dion  Cassias  (Appian,  Bell,  civ.,  iv.  53-56 ;  Dion  Cassius,  xlviii.  21).  At  first 
Cornuficius  was  successful  and  compelled  Sextius  to  retreat  into  his  own  province.  To  com- 
plete this  success  Cornuficius  now  invaded  the  territory  of  his  rival,  but  his  army  being 
surrounded  near  Utioa,  he  himself  was  slain.  For  a  full  account  of  Cornuficius,  his  career 
and  relations  with  Cicero,  see  L.  Ganter,  Philologus,  vol.  53,  pp.  132  f. 

The  coins  of  Cornuficius  give  him  the  title  of  Aiu/ur  and  Imperator.  The  date  of  his 
appointment  as  augur  is  known,  and  it  is  generally  thought  that  he  did  not  receive  the  title 
of  Imperator  till  after  his  successes  against  Sextius  in  B.C.  42  (Pauly-Wissowa,  vol.  iv.,  pt.  i., 
p.  1627 ;  Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  434;  L.  Ganter,  op.  cit.,  p.  145),  but  as  there  was  so  short  an  interval 
between  his  success  and  his  defeat,  there  seems  hardly  time  for  the  issue  of  a  coinage  which 
offers  so  many  varieties  of  the  obverse  type.  It  is  therefore  possible  that  he  was  acclaimed 
Imperator  at  an  earlier  period  in  his  career,  not  improbably  for  his  successes  in  Dlyricum, 
where  he  captured  several  important  forts,  and  also  seized  the  Pompeian  fleet  under  the 
command  of  M.  Octavius  (Hirtius,  Bell.  Alex.,  42,  44). 

The  obverse  types  of  heads  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  Ceres  and  Africa,  are  frequently  met  with 
on  coins  of  Mauretania  and  other  districts  of  Africa.  They  refer  to  the  local  cult  of  those 
divinities.  A  symbolical  allusion  to  the  name  of  Cornuficius  in  the  head  of  Jupiter  Ammon  is 
scarcely  admissible  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  434).  The  objects  behind  the  bust  of  Africa  are  clearly 
two  spears  and  not  a  virga  as  has  been  suggested  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  435,  no.  4).  On  the 
reverse  Cornuficius  is  shown  in  his  capacity  of  augur,  crowned  by  Juno  Sospita,  who  is  accom- 
panied by  the  raven  (comix),  which  was  sacred  to  her  (Livy,  xxiv.  10 — Lanuvii  in  aede  intus 
Sospitae  Junonis  corvos  nidum  fecisse).  Amongst  the  prodigies  which  occurred  in  the  winter 
of  B.C.  217,  on  the  approach  of  Hannibal,  Livy  (xxi.  62)  relates  that  the  spear  of  Juno  at 
Lanuvium  moved  itself,  and  a  raven  fiew  down  into  her  temple  and  perched  in  ipso  pulvina/rio, 
i.e.,  on  the  couch,  whereon  the  goddess  was  supposed  to  recline  at  a  lectisternium.  The 
presence  of  the  goddess  appears  only  to  be  accounted  for  in  the  circumstance  that  Q.  Cornu- 
ficius was  a  native  of  Lanuvium,  where  the  principal  sanctuary  of  the  goddess  was  situated. 

Only  two  specimens  of  the  aureus  of  Cornuficius  are  known.  Both  came  from  the 
Brescello  find,  and  they  are  in  the  Paris  and  Vienna  collections.  The  weight  given  is  that  of 
the  Paris  specimen.  His  denarii  are  also  rare,  and  no  specimens  occurred  in  any  of  the 
finds  of  which  analyses  have  been  given  (see  Tables  of  Finds).  There  exist  several  forgeries 
of  the  denarius  of  Type  II.,  with  head  of  Ceres  to  right  or  left  (Num.  Zeit.,  1871,  p.  Ill ;  Riv. 
Ital.,  1900,  p.  154).  An  example  of  such  »  forgery  in  the  British  Museum  has  a  diademed 
female  head  to  right  on  the  obverse.  The  type  -nith  head  of  Ceres  was  restored  by  Trajan 
(Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  576,  no.  19). 


CIRC.  B.C.  40—37  ;    A.U.C.  714—717 


579 


No.     Weight 


Metal 
and  Size 


29 


30 


31 


58-7 


57-6 


57-7 


PERIOD    UU 
Circ.  B.C.  40—36  ;    a.u.c.  714—718 

Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  40—37;    a.u.c.  714—717 

LEPIDVS:  CAESAK 

([MAECUS   AEMILIUS]    LBPIDUS;    [CAIUS] 
CAESAE) 

Denarius^ 


M    -8 


M    -8 


M    -7 


Head  of  Lepidus  r.,  bare; 
around,  LEP I DVS-nOtsT. 

MX-  III .  V •  K -  r  •  c 

{Pontifex  maximus,  trium- 
vir reipublicae  constituen- 
dae). 

Similar. 


Similar;  legend  reading,  III- 
W-R.-r-Cfor  lll-VK- 

r-c 


Head  of  Ootavius  r.,  bare ; 
around,  CAESAK  •  IMP  ■ 
III  .  VIR.  •  R..P.C.  {Ivi- 
perator,  triumvir  reipub- 
licae constituendae) . 
[PI.  cxxii.  2.] 

Similar ;      legend    reading, 
lAV  for  IMP 

[PI.  cxxii.  3.] 

(Blacas  Coll.) 

Similar. 

(de  Sails  Coll.) 


'  The  coins  of  this  period  are  those  struck  by  Lepidus  as  administrator  of  the  province  of 
Africa,  and  those  of  OctaTius  issued  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus. 

^  The  fabric  of  these  denarii  is  unlike  that  of  any  others  of  the  series  of  the  triumTira. 
In  style  the  portraits  of  Lepidus  and  Ootavius  are  somewhat  similar  to  those  which  are  met 
with  on  the  early  coins  assigned  to  Gaul  (see  pi.  ciii.,  no.  11 ;  civ.,  no.  1).  The  attribution  of 
these  coins  to  Africa  affords  some  clue  to  their  date.  After  the  battles  of  Philippi,  when 
Ootavius  and  Antony  made  a  new  division  of  the  State,  Lepidus,  who  was  then  consul,  was 
temporarily  deprived  of  his  provinces,  being  suspected  of  having  treasonable  relations  with 
Sextas  Pompey.  At  the  close  of  the  Perusine  war  B.C.  40,  Ootavius  being  anxious  to  attach 
Lepidus  to  his  own  interests  allowed  him  to  take  possession  of  Africa,  which  had  been  allotted 
conditionally  to  him  in  B.C.  42.  The  triumvirate  was  renewed  in  the  summer  of  B.C.  37,  and 
Lepidus  remained  in  his  province  till  the  following  year,  when  he  was  summoned  by  Ootavius 
to  give  him  assistance  in  the  war  against  Sextus  Pompey.  Failing  in  his  attempt  after  the 
battle  of  Naulochus  to  seize  Sicily,  he  was  dejirived  by  Octavius  of  his  province  and  of  all  his 
dignities,  except  that  of  pontifex  maximus,  and  banished  to  Circeii,  where  he  survived  till 
B.C.  13.  If  correctly  attributed  to  Africa  these  coins  must  have  been  issued  some  time 
between  B.o.  40 — 36,  but  as  no  mention  is  made  of  the  renewal  of  the  triumvirate  we  may 
further  limit  them  to  B.C.  40 — 37.  The  above  data  sufficiently  explain  the  motive  which 
caused  Lepidus  to  use  the  portrait  of  Ootavius  for  the  reverse  type  of  his  coins  to  the 
exclusion  of  that  of  Antony.  Coins  of  similar  type  were  struck  about  the  same  time  by 
Antony  and  Octavius  in  the  East  and  in  Gaul,  giving  each  other's  portraits  but  not  that  of 
Lepidus.  Babelon  (vol.  i.,  p.  132)  has  assigned  these  coins  to  B.C.  43,  soon  after  the  con- 
stitution of  the  triumvirate.  If  they  are  to  be  given  to  that  period  they  must  have  been 
struck  in  Narbonese  Gaul  or  in  Spain,  which  provinces  were  allotted  to  Lepidus  in  the  first 
instance.  The  later  date  is  supported  by  the  evidence  of  finds,  as  these  coins  occur  for  the 
first  time  in  those  unearthed  at  Garlasco,  Arbanats,  and  Carbonara  (I.),  which  were  buried 
circ,  B.C.  36. 

The  unique  aureus  of  the  same  type  as  the  denarius  formerly  in  the  French  collection 
disappeared  in  the  theft  of  1831.  A  variety  of  the  denarius  reads  on  the  reverse  C  .CAESAR 
for  CAESAR  (Bahrfeldt,  T^um.  Zeit.,  1896,  pp.  18,  19,  pi.  i.  13). 


680 


COINAGE   OF   AFEICA 


TIT         TI7  •  7  J        Metal 
No.      We^gU     ^^^  ^  .^^ 


32 


33 

34 


124-4 


60-0 
59-2 


AT    -8 


M    -75 
M    -8 


Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  36;  a.u.c.  718 

IMP.  CAESAR   DIVI   F 

(IMPEEATOE  CAESAE  DIVI   [JULI]   FILIDS) 
Aureus' 


Head  of  Octavius  r.,  bare, 
with  beard;  around,  IMP  • 
CAESAK  •  DIVI  .  F  .  Ill  . 
VIK  .  ITER.  •  R  .  n  .  C 

{Triumvir  iterum  reipub- 
licae  constituendae). 


Temple  of  four  columns, 
within  which  is  the  statue 
of  Julius  Caesar  holding 
the  augur's  staff  (lituus) ; 
the  pediment  of  the  tem- 
ple is  ornamented  with  a 
star,  and  the  frieze  is  in- 
scribed, DIVO.|VL(£)wo 
Julio);  on  the  1.  is  a 
lighted  altar ;  around, 
COS-  ITER  .  ET.TER  ■ 
DESIG-  (Consul  iterum  et 
tertio  designatus). 
[PI.  cxxii.  4.] 
(Montagu  Coll.) 


Similar. 
Similar. 


Denarius 

Similar. 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxii.  5.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


'  The  date  of  issue  of  these  gold  and  silver  coins  is  ascertainable  within  a  comparatively 
short  limit  by  the  legend  and  portrait  of  Octavius  on  the  obverse.  It  was  in  the  summer  of 
B.C.  37  that  the  triumvirate  was  formally  renewed  for  the  second  time  (see  above,  p.  414),  and 
it  was  soon  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus  that  Octavius  shaved  hia  beard.  These  facts 
establish  a  limit  of  date  extending  from  the  summer  of  B.C.  37  to  the  autumn  of  the  following 
year.  Octavius  was  also  consul  designate  for  the  second  and  third  time  from  B.C.  39 — 34. 
The  attribution  of  these  coins  to  Africa  is  based  chiefly  on  their  fabric,  which,  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  other  provincial  series  is  very  crude.  For  this  reason  they  cannot  be  classed 
with  the  coins  struck  about  this  time  in  Gaul ;  they  cannot  also  be  given  to  the  East,  as 
there  all  the  issues  bear  the  name  of  Antony  ;  nor  could  they  be  assigned  to  the  Roman  mint 
from  B.C.  36,  as  on  those  coins  Octavius  is  never  given  his  title  of  triumvir.  They  must 
therefore  be  relegated  to  either  Sicily  or  Africa,  and  for  style  preferably  to  the  latter,  as 
there  is  a  certain  resemblance  in  the  portrait  to  that  on  the  previous ,  coins  of  Lepidus.  When 
Octavius  deprived  Lepidus  of  his  province  after  the  battle  of  Naulochus,  he  did  not  go  himself 
to  Africa,  but  sent  his  legate  Statilius  Taurus  to  take  charge  of  the  province.  It  is  therefore 
probable  that  these  coins  were  struck  in  the  name  of  Octavius  by  Taurus,  and  were  used  for 
payment  of  the  legions  which  had  fought  with  success  in  Sicily.  Though  not  completed  at  the 
time  of  the  issue  of  these  coins,  the  temple  on  the  reverse  may  represent  that  which  was  in 
course  of  construction  in  the  Forum  at  Rome  (Huelsen,  das  Forum  rom.,  p.  124),  and  which 
was  built  on  the  spot  where  the  body  of  Caesar  had  been  burnt,  and  where  a  temporary  altar 
was  erected.  The  motive  for  selecting  this  reverse  type  was  no  doubt  to  show  that  by  the 
defeat  of  Sextus  Pompey  the  last  remnant  of  the  Pompeian  party  had  been  wiped  out,  and 
full  atonement  had  thus  been  made  for  the  murder  of  the  Dictator.  The  star  in  the  pediment 
was  the  symbol  of  his  divinity,  the  sidus  Julium.  The  quiuorius  not  only  commemorates  the 
battle  of  Naulochus,  but  also  the  return  of  the  legions  to  Africa. 


Ko.      Weight       ^f?;} 
ana  Size 

35 
36 
37 


CIEC.  B.C.  36;   A.U.C.  718 

Ohvevse 


581 


Reverse 


38 


57-7 

A\    -75 

57-6 

M    -75 

57-3 

M    -75 

24-0 

M    -55 

Similar. 
Similar. 
Similar. 


Similar. 

Similar. 

Similar. 
(Bank  of  England  Coll.) 


Quinarius 


Galley  with  rowers,  sailing 
r.;  above,  IMP  CAESAK 


Victory  1.,  holding  wreath, 

long    palm-branch,     and 

rudder;  on  r.,  DIVI  •  F 

[PI.  cxxii.  6.] 

(Cracherode  Coll.) 


582 


COINAGE   OF   CYEENAICA 


Cyeenaica,  in  its  widest  sense,  included  the  whole  of  the  district  which  was 
subject  to  Cyrene,  when  that  city  was  most  flourishing.  It  extended  from  the 
borders  of  Carthage  on  the  west  to  those  of  Egypt  on  the  east.  From  B.C.  631 
to  about  B.C.  450  it  was  held  by  the  Battiadae,  a  dynasty  named  after  its 
founder,  Battua.  A  republican  form  of  government  then  prevailed  till  B.C.  321, 
when  Cyrenaica  was  made  subject  to  Egypt  by  Ptolemy  Soter,  son  of  Lagus. 
The  last  king  of  the  Egyptian  dynasty,  Ptolemy  Apion,  left  the  country  by 
testament  to  the  Eomans,  B.C.  95 ;  but  it  was  not  reduced  to  the  condition 
of  a  province  till  circ.  B.C.  74,  when  it  was  placed  under  the  rule  of  governors. 
There  are  bronze  coins  of  some  of  these  governors,  which  in  their  types  are  of 
a  purely  local  character,  and  were  not  intended  for  circulation  outside  the 
country.  The  earlier  pieces  appear  to  have  been  based  on  the  semuncial 
standard,  but  the  later  ones  on  the  quarter-ounce  standard,  which  was  generally 
adopted  throughout  the  Eoman  State  during  the  triumvirate.^  The  only  pieces 
which  come  within  the  scope  of  this  work  are  the  denarii  and  quinarii  of  the 
governor,  Lucius  Pinarius  Scarpus,  which  are  of  Eoman  types  and  standard. 
These  were  issued  specially  for  the  payment  of  the  legions,  but  were  intended 
for  general  circulation  in  any  part  of  the  State.  Scarpus  was  appointed 
governor  of  Cyrenaica  by  Mark  Antony  shortly  before  the  battle  of  Actium. 
Erom  the  coins  it  is  evident  that  this  appointment  was  confirmed  by  Octavius 
after  that  engagement,  and  that  Scarpus  continued  to  hold  it  after  Octavius  had 
received  the  title  of  Augustus,  b.c.  27. 

The  coins  of  Scarpus  are  of  two  Periods  : — • 

i.  Those  struck  by  him  as  legate  of  Antony,  B.C.  31 — 30. 
ii.  Those  issued  as  legate  of  Octavius,  ciro.  b.c.  30 — 27. 

Classification. — The  date  of  the  issues  bearing  the  name  of  Antony  is 
fixed  by  the  legend  on  the  obverse,  which  commemorates  his  third  consulship 
and  his  fourth  imperatorship,  B.C.  31.  The  coins  with  the  name  of  Octavius  are 
divisible  into  three  series :  1,  those  on  which  the  name  of  Scarpus  does  not 
occur,  but  which  from  their  fabric  and  type  must  have  been  struck  in  Cyrenaica, 
circ.  B.C.  30 — 29 ;  2,  those  which  give  the  name  of  Scarpus,  and  the  title 
of  "Imp.  Caesar"  to  Octavius;  and  3,  those  with  the  title  "Augustus."  These 
last  are  also  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Scarpus. 

Types. — The  types  relate  to  contemporary  events,  or  to  such  as  were 
nearly  so.  The  coins  of  Antony  record  on  the  reverse  the  number  of  one 
of  the  legions  which  Scarpus  took  with  him  to  Cyrenaica,  and  also  some 
slight  successes  which  Antony  appears  to  have  gained  just  before  the  battle 
of  Actium.      On  the  obverse  is  the  head  of  the  god  Jupiter  Ammon,  the  chief 


'  Miiller,  Num.  de  I'anc.  -ifr.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  152  f. 


CIEC.  B.C.  31—30;    A.U.C.  723—724 


583 


divinity  of  the  district.  The  Victory  which  constitutes  the  only  reverse  type 
of  the  coins  of  Octavius  relates  to  the  battle  of  Actium,  whilst  the  open  hand 
may  be  a  punning  allusion  to  the  cognomen  Scarpus,  or  it  may  represent 
the  line  of  action  which  Scarpus  professed  to  follow  when  he  changed  from 
the  party  of  Antony  to  that  of  Octavius.  On  some  of  these  coins  the  head 
of  Jupiter  Ammon  is  retained  for  the  obverse  type. 

Denominations. — The  coins  of  Scarpus  are  of  silver  only,  the  denarius  and 
the  quinarius.  These,  like  those  of  the  other  provinces,  are  of  the  Eoman 
standard,  but  they  seem  to  be  of  somewhat  base  metal. 

Finds. — None  of  the  coins  of  Scarpus  were  met  with  in  any  of  the  finds 
buried  after  the  battle  of  Actium,  of  which  analyses  are  given,  viz.,  Chantenay, 
Beauvoisin,  Palazzo  Canavese  and  Terranova  Pausania  (see  above,  pp.  5-7,  47,  48). 

Mint-place. — The  only  city  of  Cyrenaica  which  appears  to  have  retained 
its  right  of  issuing  coins  during  the  later  period  of  the  Eepublic  and  imperial 
times  was  Oyrene.  Of  this  city  we  have  a  succession  of  coins,  with  certain 
intervals,  extending  from  the  time  of  the  Battiadae  down  to  the  middle  of  the 
3rd  cent.,  a.d.  (Head,  Hist.  Num.,  pp.  725-733).  Barce  was  the  only  other  place 
of  importance  which  had  a  mint,  but  this  had  been  closed  long  before  the  Eoman 
period.  It  may  in  consequence  be  concluded  that  the  coins  of  Scarpus  were 
issued  at  Gyrene,  and  this  attribution  is  in  a  measure  confirmed  by  the  obverse 
type  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  which  is  that  of  the  early  money  of  the  city. 


„        TJ7  .  ,  i       Metal 
No.      n  eight  ,  „. 

■'        and  Size 


48-0 


PEEIOD   I. 

Circ.  B.C.  31—30;   a.u.c.  723—724 
Coinage  of  Antony  and  Scarpus 

Obverse  Reverse 

M.ANTONIO:  SCARPVS 

(MAECO   ANTONIO;    [LUCIUS   PINAEIUS] 
SOAEPUSi) 

Denarius 
Type  I. 


M    -75 


Head  of  Jupiter  Ammon  r. ; 
around,  M  •  ANTO  COS 
III  IMP  Mil  {Goiisuli  ter- 
tio,  imperatori  quarto). 


Three  standards,  a  legionary 
aquila  between  two  signa ; 
in  the  field,  LEG  VIII  (Le- 
gionis  octavae) ;  above, 
SCARRVS;  on  1.,  IMP 
{Imperator). 

[PI.  cxxii.  7.] 
(Nott) 


'  Luciu3  Pinarius  Scarpus  was  the  grandson  of  a  sister  of  the  Dictator,  and  heir  to  the 
eio-hth    jiart   of    hia    iiroperty    (Suetonius,    Caesar,    83;     Appian,    Bell,    cm.,    iii.    22   f.).     He 


584 


COINAGE   OP   CYRENAICA 


A'o.      Weight 


54-5 


520 


Metal 
and  Sine 


M    -7 


Olverse 


Reverse 


M    -75 


Type  II. 


Similar. 


Similar ;  legend  commencing 
above  head  instead  of  be- 
hind, M- ANTONIO  COS 

TiT  IMP  nil 


Victory,  naked  to  the  waist, 
walking  r.,  bearing  wreath 
in  r.  hand  and  palm- 
branch  in  1. ;  before  her, 

^^l^^^°  {Antonio  an- 

guri);  behind,  SCAR^rVS 

1^   (Imperator). 

[PI.  cxxii.  8.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxxii.  9.] 

(Imhoof-Blumer  Coll.) 


PEEIOD   II. 

Circ.  B.C.  30—27;  a.u.c.  724—727 
Coinage  of  Octavius  {or  Augustus)  and  Scarpus 
Circ.  B.C.  30—29;   a.u.c.  724—725 

IMP. CAESAR   DIVI   F 

(IMPEEATOE   CAESAR   DIVI    [JULI]    PILIUS) 
Denarius  1 


52-8 


M 


Head  of  Jupiter  Ammon  r. ; 
behind,  AVGVK ;  before, 
PONTIF  (Pontifcx). 


Victory  standing  r.  on  globe, 
holding  wreath  in  r.  hand 
and    palm-branch   in   1. ; 
across  the  field, 
IMP  CAESAR. 
CilVI    F 

[PI.  cxxii.  10.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


commanded  for  Antony  in  the  war  against  Brutus  and  Cassins  (Appiau,  Bell,  civ.,  ir.  107), 
and  shortly  before  the  battle  of  Actium  was  placed  by  Antony  in  charge  of  Cyreoe  with  the 
command  of  four  legions.  After  the  battle  of  Actium  Antony  sailed  for  Libya  and  ordered 
Scarpus  to  join  him  with  his  legions.  Scarpus,  however,  realizing  the  desperate  condition  of 
the  affairs  of  Antony  refused  to  comply  with  the  order,  put  the  messengers  to  death,  and  with 
the  view  of  gaining  the  favour  of  Octavius  handed  over  his  troops  to  C.  Cornelius  Gallus,  who 
was  then  governor  of  Africa  (Dion  Cassius,  li.  5,  9;  Plutarch,  Antonius,  69).  It  is  evident 
from  the  coins  that  the  policy  of  Scarpus  was  successful,  for  he  remained  in  Cyrenaioa  at  least 
till  B.C.  27,  Cornelius  Gallus  having  been  transferred  to  Egypt. 

The  date  of  issue  of  these  coins  is  fixed  by  the  legend  on  the  obverse,  as  Antony  claimed 

'  See  note  1,  p.  585. 


CIEC.  B.C.  29—27;    A.U.C.  725—727 


585 


No.  Wfi;lht 


Metal 
ayul  Sizt 


52-7 


53-2 


M    -75 


M    -7 


Otvcrse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  29—27;   a.u.c.  725—727 
IMn.CAESARI   DIVI   F:  SCARPVS 

(IMPEEATOEI   CABSAEI   DIVI    [JULI]    PILIO ; 
[LUCIUS   PINAEIUS]    SOAEPUS) 

Denarius 


An  open  right  hand  and 
wrist  1. ;  2  above,  IMP 
CAESAR. I;  below,  SCAR 
TVS  IMP  {Lnperator). 


Similar;  above  hand,  SCAR. 
PVS;  below,  IMP 


Victory  standing  r.  on  globe, 
holding  wreath  in  r.  hand 
and  palm-branch  in  1. ; 
before,  DIVI  F;  behind, 
AVG  PON  r  (Aiigiiri 
pontifici). 

[PI.  cxxii.  11.] 
(de  Sails  Coll.) 

Similar  ;  before  Victory,  CA 
ESAR.[I];  behind,  DIVI  F 
[PI.  cxxii.  12.] 


the  consulship  for  the  third  time  in  B.C.  31,  in  which  year  the  arrangement  made  at  Misemim 
in  B.C.  39  expired  (Dion  Cassiiis,  1.  10) ;  but  he  had  been  deprived  not  only  of  this  dignity 
but  of  all  his  other  powers  by  the  Senate  in  the  previous  year  (Dion  Cassius,  1.  4).  It  was 
also  in  the  early  part  of  B.C.  31  that  he  was  acclaimed  Ituperator  for  the  fourth  time  (Caland, 
(Je  Num.  M.  Ant.,  p.  22).  The  obverse  type,  head  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  is  that  met  with  on  the 
early  coins  of  Gyrene  (Head,  Hist.  Num.,  p.  728),  and  the  reverse  of  the  three  standards  is 
copied  from  the  legionary  coins  of  Antony  struck  atEphesas,  B.C.  32 — 31  (see  above,  pp.  527  f.), 
on  which  the  Legio  VIII  is  recorded.  No  doubt  it  was  one  of  the  legions  which  Scarpus  took 
to  Cyrena'ica.  The  reverse  type  of  Victory  is  adapted  from  the  coins  of  Antony  with 
the  name  of  Deoimus  TuruUius  (see  above,  p.  531),  which  commemorated  some  slight  successes 
at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  and  in  which  Scarpus  may  also  have  taken  some  part.  Ic  is  not 
recorded  when  Scarpus  was  acclaimed  Imperator,  but  it  may  have  been  on  his  taking  over  the 
command  of  the  legions  in  Cyrena'ica.  The  name  of  Antony  is  in  the  dative  case,  showing 
that  these  coins  were  dedicated  specially  to  him.  The  same  occurs  on  some  of  the  coins 
bearing  the  name  of  Octavius  also  struck  by  Scarpus. 

*  Though  this  denarius  does  not  bear  the  name  of  Scarpus,  it  is  evident  from  its  fabric  and 
the  obverse  type  that  it  was  struck  in  Gyrene,  and  no  doubt  by  his  orders.  It  is  possible  that 
Scarpus,  not  knowing  precisely  what  line  Octavius  would  take  after  his  faithless  conduct  to 
Antony,  thought  it  politic  at  first  to  omit  his  own  name  and  so  to  make  it  appear  as  if  the  coins 
were  struck  by  order  of  Octavius.  Octavius  no  doubt  overlooked  the  treachery  of  Scarpus  on 
account  of  their  relationship,  the  latter  being  the  grandson  of  the  Dictator.  The  reverse  type 
is  met  with  on  contemporary  coins  of  the  Roman  mint  (see  above,  p.  11,  no.  4338,  pi.  lix.  10), 
which  commemorate  the  battle  of  Actium.  Fr.  Gnecchi  (Riv.  Ital.,  1889,  p.  171)  has  noticed 
a  peculiar  formation  of  the  letter  D  in  the  legend ;  he  gives  it  as  A,  but  it  really  is  D.  The 
malformation  of  the  letter  is  due  to  provincial  striking  (see  also  p.  521,  no.  174  obv.). 

^  The  open  hand  and  wrist  is  probably  a  symbole  parlant  of  the  name  of  Scarpus,  derived 
from  the  Greek  word  KapirSs,  i.e.,  the  joint  of  the  arm  (wrist)  and  hand.  In  support  of  this 
solution  it  may  be  observed  that  the  open  hand  in  connection  with  the  name  Mulleolus(?)  is 
found  on  a  bronze  coin  attributed  to  Carthago  Nova  (Heiss,  Monn.  ant.  de  I'Esp.,  pi.  xxxvi., 
no.  26;  Delgado,  Med.  Autdn.  de  Esp.,  vol.  iii.,  pi.  cviii.,  no.  4),  and  a  closed  fist  (balio)  on  a 
copper  coin  of  C.  Allius  Bala  struck  in  Sicily  (Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  Ill,  no.  5;  vol.  ii.,  p.  306). 
In  the  case  ot  the  coins  of  Scarpus  this  type  is  capable  of  another  interpretation,  viz. ,  that  it 
may  be  symbolical  of  the  policy  which  Scarpus  meant  to  pursue  if  his  treachery  to  Antony 
was  overlooked. 

VOL.    II.  4    F 


586 

No.     Weight       ^f^^ 
"        and  Size 


COINAGE    OF   CYEENAICA 

Oiverse 


Reverse 


23-0 


21-6 


M    -6 


Al    -55 


M    -75 


Quinarius 


Similar. 


Similar. 


Victory  walking  r.,  holding 
wreath  in  r.  hand  and 
palm-branch  in  1. ;  before 

,      .    ,       ,.        CAESARI 

hermtwolmes,   ^.w.  r 

[PI.  cxxii.  13.] 

(Nott) 

Similar. 

[PI.  cxxii.  14.] 

(Nott) 


Circ.  B.C.  27;   a.u.c.  727 

SCARPVS:  AVGVSTVS  DIVI   F 

([LUCIUS  PINAEIUS]   SCAEPUS;   AUGUSTUS 
DIVI   [JULI]   FILIUS) 

Denarius  ^ 


An  open  right  hand  and 
wrist  1.;  above,  IMP  CAE 
SAR.I ;  below,  SCARrVS 
IMP  (similar  to  no.  5). 


Victory  standing  r.  on  globe, 
holding  wreath  in  r.  hand 
and  palm-branch  in  1. 
(similar  to  no.  5);  behind, 
AVGVSTVS;  before,  Dl 
VI  F 


[Babelon,  vol.  ii.,  p.  307,  no.  15.] 


'  This  denarius  was  described  and  illustrated  by  Riccio  (Mon.  fam.  rom.,  p.  169,  no.  10, 
pi.  xxxvi.,  no.  7),  but  no  specimen  has  been  met  with.  The  inscription  on  the  reverse  shows 
that  Scarpus  retained  his  government  of  Cyrena'ica  till  after  Octavius  had  received  the  title 
of  Augustus.  Of  his  subsequent  career  there  appears  to  be  no  record,  either  documentary  or 
numismatic.  Suetonius  (Aii^ustus,  27)  when  remarking  on  the  cruel  acts  of  Augustus  mentions 
that  on  one  occasion,  whilst  haranguing  some  soldiers,  he  observed  Pinarius,  a  Roman  knight, 
admit  a  number  of  strangers,  and  suspecting  him  to  be  a  spy  ordered  him  to  be  stabbed 
hefore  his  eyes.  It  is  very  doubtful  if  this  member  of  the  Pinaria  gens  can  be  identified  with 
Scarpus. 


587 


APPENDIX 


No,     Weight  ,  «. 

''         and  Size 


575-4 


396-0 


435-4 


595-3 


COINAGE    OF    EOME 

AES   GRAVE 

TEIENTAL    SEEIBS 
Circ.  B.C.  268—240;   A.u.c.  486—514 

Obverse 

Semis 


M  1-45 


2E  1-2 


M  1-15 


M  1-4 


Reverse 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate; 
behind,  8;  all  on  raised 
disk. 

Similar. 


Pro-w  r. ;   above,  S ;    all  on 
raised  disk. 


Prow  r. ;    above,  S ;    aU  on 
raised  disk. 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar ;  prow  1. ;  ^  mark  of 
value,  2 

[Pit  cxxiii.  1.] 
(Strozzi  Coll.) 

Similar.^ 

[PI.  cxxiii.  2.] 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 


Quadpans^ 


Head  of  young  Hercules  1., 
wearing  lion's  skin  ;  be- 
low, •  •  •  ;  all  on  raised 
disk. 


Prow  1. ;  below, 
raised  disk. 


all  on 


[PI.  cxxiii.  3.] 

(Strozzi  Coll.) 


'  D'Ailly  (Mom.  rom.,  vol.  i.,  pi.  xxxyiii.,  no.  10)  figures  the  previous  variety,  but  not 
thia  one  with  prow  to  left. 

-  This  is  a  hybrid,  caused  by  the  accidental  use  of  two  reverse  moulds. 

^  A  description  of  this  denomination  with  an  illustration  from  Babelon  has  already  been 
supplied  (vol.  i.,  p.  20).     It  is  a  somewhat  rare  piece  (Joe.  cit.,  note  1). 


SKS 


JVo.       H  eight  ,  „ . 

^         ana  Stae 


86-1 


83-6 


860 


M    -7 


^     -7 


M    -85 


APPENDIX 

ObvCT'se  Heverse 

Circ.  B.C.  90;   a.u.c.  664 

L.  H. '^ 

(LUCIUS  HOSTILIUS  TUBULUSi) 


Uncia 


Head  of   Eoma  r.,  wearing 
crested  helmet ;  behind,  • 


Similar. 


y  within  Laurel-wreath;  be- 
^    low  which,  RoMA 


^ 


(Borghesi  Coll.) 


Similar. 

[PI.  cxxiii.  4.] 
(Cracherode  Coll.) 


Circ.  B.C.  88;   a.u.c.  666 


With  moneyer's  symbol 


DOLPHIN 


Semis  2 


Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate ; 
behind,  S 


R.OMA  below  Prow  r. ;    a- 
bove,  S ;  before,  dolphin. 

[PI.  cxxiii.  5.] 
(F.  Parkes  Weber  Coll.) 


1  This  moneyer  has  been  identified  with  the  praetor  of  B.C.  142  of  the  same  name,  who 
was  accused  by  the  tribune,  P.  Scaevola,  of  corrupt  practices  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties 
(Babelon,  vol.  i.,  p.  548).  Being  unable  to  justify  his  conduct  Tubnlus  went  into  exile. 
Cicero  (ad  Att.,  xii.  5,  3;  de  Fin.,  ii.  16  pass. ;  de  Nat.  Dear.,  i.  23,  iii.  30;  pro  Scaur.,  i.  5) 
speaks  of  him  as  one  of  the  vilest  of  men.  If  these  coins  are  assigned  to  B.C.  90  this  attribu- 
tion is  not  possible.  The  coin  is  here  given  to  this  date  on  account  of  its  similarity  of  type 
to  one  of  the  same  denomination  of  L.  Appuleius  Saturninus  (vol.  i.,  p.  220).  Owing  to  the 
special  nature  of  its  reverse  type,  Babelon  {loc.  cit.)  is  of  opinion  that  it  was  issued  outside 
Eome,  but  there  is  no  coin  assigned  to  Italy  which  corresponds  so  closely  to  it  in  type  as  that 
of  L.  Appuleius  Saturninus.  Considerable  freedom  was  at  this  time  exercised  at  the  Roman 
mint  in  regard  to  the  types  of  the  bronze  coins  of  the  lesser  denominations. 

'  The  date  of  issue  of  this  coin  is  doubtful.  It  is  of  the  semunoial  standard,  and  corre- 
sponds in  work  and  style  to  similar  pieces  also  with  symbols  which  Count  de  Sails  has  assigned 
to  B.C.  88,  i.e.,  after  the  passing  of  the  Leie  Papiria  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  285,  nos.  2217-2219,  and 
note  1).  D'Ailly  (Moil,  rom.,  vol.  ii.,  pi.  Ixxix.,  nos.  10,  14)  figm-es  also  the  as  and  quadrans  of 
this  issue. 


No.     n-eiglit       ^^f'^^ 
and  Size 


10 


195-2 


2E  1-05 


56-9     M   -75 


63-6 


^l    -75 


APPENDIX 

Obverse  Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  84 ;   a.u.c.  670 

NEK:  QR^:  OCV 

(VEEGILIUS;  GAEGILIU8;  OGULNIUS) 
As  I 


589 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  I 


\£R.  .  G/^  •  0[CV]  above 
Prow  1. ;  no  letter  before 
prow. 

[PI.  cxxiii.  6.] 


Circ.  B.C.  58;   a.u.c.  696 

M  .  SCAVR  :   H  .  HYPSAEVS 

(MAECUS  [ABMILIUS]  SCAUEUS ;   PUBLIUS 
[PLAUTIUS]  HYPSABUS) 

Denarius 

Series  I.^ 


King  Aretas  kneeling  r., 
holding  in  extended  r. 
hand  an  olive-branch,  to 
which  is  attached  a  fillet, 
and  with  1.  camel,  with 
saddle,  by  the  bridle ; 
above,  M  ■  SCAVR ;  at 
sides,  EX  S  •  C  ;  in  ex- 
ergue, AED  •  CVR.  (similar 
to  vol.  i.,  p.  483,  no. 
3876). 


Jupiter  in  quadriga  1.,  horses 
galloping ;  he  hurls  thun- 
derbolt with  r.  hand,  and 
holds  reins  in  1. ;  above, 
r   HYPSAEVS 
AED  CVR      ' 
below  and  on  r., 
C  HYPSAE  COS  , .  p-rv 
PREIVER       '■'^'    '^ 
(similar  to  vol.  i.,  p.  483, 
no.  3876). 

[PI.  cxxiii.  7.] 
(Hamburger  OoU.) 


Series  I.  var.^ 


Similar ;  but  in  the  exergue, 
[R.E]X  AR.ETAS 


Similar ;  below  horses'  feet, 
scorpion. 

[PI.  cxxiii.  8.] 
(Hamburger  Coll.) 


1  This  is  another  variety  of  the  series  of  bronze  coins  of  these  three  moueyera  (see  vol.  i., 
p.  335,  note  2),  the  order  of  their  names  being  differently  placed. 

^  This  denarius  varies  from  those  previously  described  in  reading  CAPTV  for  CAPTVM 
or  CAPT  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  483). 

'  This  variety,  omitting  the  official  title  aedilis  curulis  on  the  obverse  and  substituting 
for  it  REX  ARETAS,  has  already  been  noticed  by  Bahrieldt  {Num.  Zcit.,  1896,  p.  17). 


590 

No.      Wcirjht 


11 


57-0 


Metal 

and  Size 


M    -75 


APPENDIX 

Ohvcrse 


Reverse 


Sbeibs  II. 1 


Similar ;  above  camel, 
M .  SCAVR. 
AED  CVR. 


Similar ;  above  quadriga, 
P   HYPSAE 
AED  CVR  •' 
and  below, 
C  HYPSAE  COS 
PR.EIVE 

[PI.  cxxiii.  9.] 
(Hamburger  Coll.) 


CAPTV 


'  This  coin  only  varies  from  vol.  i,,  p.  484,  no.  3878  in  reading  H  YTSAE  for  HYPSAE  VS 
and  PREIVE  for  PREIVER. 


APPENDIX 


591 


COINAGE    OF    ITALY 


No.      Weight 


98-2 


Metal 
ami  Size 


610-G 


Obverse  'Reverse 

Circ.  B.C.  217;   a.u.c.  537 
Double  Victoriatusi 


Al  -9  Head  of  Jupiter  r.,  laureate, 
in  low  relief;  slight  in- 
, dentation  at  back  (similar 
to  no.  149,  p.  179). 


RvOMA  (in  exergue).  Victory 
naked  to  the  waist,  stand- 
ing r.,  and  placing  wreath 
on  trophy,  which  consists 
of  shield,  helmet,  spear, 
sword  and  greaves,  at- 
tached to  stem  (similar  to 
no.  IM,  p.  178). 


[D'Ailly  Coll.,  Paris.] 


K^  AND  EAE  OF  COEN 
(CAPUA) 
Dupondius^ 

(Uncial  Standard) 


M  1-4 


Head  of  Minerva  r.,  wearing 
crested  Corinthian  helmet ; 
hair  long  and  tied  with 
band. 


RoMA  below  Prow  r. ; 
above,  mark  of  value,  II, 
and  ear  of  corn;  before, 
K^  (Capua). 

[PI.  oxxiii.  10.] 


1  Only  one  specimen  of  this  coin  is  known.  It  is  in  the  D'Ailly  collection.  Cabinet  des 
Medailles,  Paris,  and  was  found  in  Spain.  Count  de  Salis,  in  a  MS.  note,  states  that  it  was  in 
the  Cazlona  hoard.  In  style  and  fabric  it  resembles  very  closely  some  of  the  viotoriati 
assigned  to  local  issue  (see  pi.  Ixxxii.  5,  6).  The  head  of  Jupiter  is  in  low  relief,  and  the  hair 
straggling  and  the  beard  in  rolls.  Victory  appears  to  be  naked  to  the  waist.  The  coin 
was  therefore  of  local  issue,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  was  struck  in  Spain  as  D'Ailly 
has  suggested  {Mon.  mm.,  vol.  ii.,  pt.  1,  p.  100).  A  description  of  this  coin  should  have  been 
given  on  p.  178  of  this  volume. 

''  Of  this  rare  denomination  only  three  specimens  are  known.  The  first  specimen  is  that 
in  the  D'Ailly  collection  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  47).  It  came  from  the  Depoletti  cabinet.  The  second 
is  that  which  was  recently  found  ut  Ostia  with  other  bronze  coins,  numbering  about  HOG, 
of  couteraporary  and  later  dates  {Riv.  Ital,  1909,  pp.  11  f.).     Thu  specimen  above  described 


592 


APPENDIX 


,,         ,,.    .  J  .        Metal 
J\n.      II  ij{'iht  ,  ,, 

■^         and  Si^e 


357'0 


M  1-2 


Obverse  Reverse 

Ctrc.  B.C.  91-89;   a  u.c.  663—665 

CN.nSO  FRVGI 

(CNABUS  [OALPUENIUS]  PISO  FRUGI) 


Head    of    Janus,   laureate ; 
above,  mark  of  value,  I 


Two  galleys  side  by  side  r., 
with  lofty  prow  stems 
and  wphtstria ;  below, 
?N-riSO  FKVGI;  a- 
bove,  R.OMA 


[Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  pi.  ii.,  no.  30.] 


has  recently  teen  acquired  by  the  Britisli  Museum.  It  -n'as  formerly  in  the  Bignami  collection. 
This  third  specimen  differs  from  the  other  examples  in  having  on  the  reverse  the  legend  ROMA 
and  the  mint-initials  K^  (Capua),  with  the  symbol  an  ear  of  corn.  It  belongs  to  the  series 
of  uncial  coins  assigned  to  that  mint,  which  have  already  been  described  (see  above,  pp.  208, 
209).  This  piece  is  specially  interesting,  first  of  all  because  it  adds  another  denomination  to 
the  coinage  of  Capua,  and  secondly  because  it  shows  that  this  denomination  was  struck  outside 
as  well  as  inside  Rome.     It  is  over-struok  on  au  as  of  the  sextantal  standard. 

'  This  unique  coin,  which  is  in  the  Museo  Olivieri,  Pesaro,  was  first  published  by  Olivieri 
{Bella  Fondazione  di  Pesaro,  1Y57,  p.  50).  It  was  subsequently  inaccurately  illustrated  and 
described  by  Eiccio  {Mon.  fam.  rom.,  pi.  liv.,  no.  3,  p.  41,  no.  7),  who  read  the  moneyer's 
name  L.  PISO  FRVGI.  Bahrfeldt  has  recently  given  fuller  particulars  of  the  coin  with 
photographic  illustrations  in  Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  pp.  31-33,  pi.  ii.,  no.  30;  1909,  p.  77,  pi.  i., 
no.  9.  The  weight,  357'0  grs.  (23'11  gramm.),  proves  it  to  be  of  the  uncial  standard, 
and  it  therefore  cannot  be  attributed  to  b.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi,  who,  as  a  moneyer  in 
B.C.  88,  issued  bronze  coins  of  the  semuncial  standard  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  280  f.)  ;  nor  to  C. 
Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi,  who  did  not  hold  office  till  B.C.  64  (see  vol.  i.,  pp.  450  f.),  when  the 
issue  of  the  bronze  money  was  in  abeyance.  Bahrfeldt  {Num.  Zeit.,  1900,  p.  33)  has  noticed 
its  similarity  of  fabric  to  the  asses  of  C.  Fonteius  and  Cu.  Blasio  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  293,  296, 
pi.  xciv.  15,  xcv.  5),  which  are  assigned  to  local  issue.  He  further  sugge-sts  that,  on 
account  of  its  weight,  it  may  be  classed  with  the  coins  of  Sextus  Pompey  and  M.  Eppius, 
which  were  struck  in  Spain  in  B.C.  45 — 14  (see  above,  pp.  371-373,  pi.  ci.  13-15)  ;  but  as  it  is 
only  in  this  respect  that  there  can  be  established  any  connection  between  the  two  series  we 
are  disposed  to  propose  its  attribution  to  an  earlier  date,  B.C.  91—89,  when  the  issue  of  the 
uncial  as  was  resumed  locally  as  well  as  in  the  capital,  and  to  place  it  with  the  coinages  oi: 
C.  Fonteius  and  Cn.  Blasio,  which  it  resembles  so  closely,  not  only  in  weight  but  also  in 
fabric.  Its  attribution  to  local  issue  is  also  favoured  by  the  novel  reverse  type,  in  which 
respect  it  corresponds  to  similar  coins  of  Cn.  Blasio  (pi.  xcv.  5).  The  moneyer  must  re- 
main uncertain,  especially  as  there  is  no  member  of  the  Calpurnia  gens  of  the  early  part  of 
the  first  century  B.C.  with  whom  he  can  be  identified  ;  moreover  the  praenomen  on  the  coin  is 
somewhat  indistinct,  though  Bahrfeldt  considers  it  may  be  Cn.  (Cnaeus). 


END    OF   VOL.    II.